I'* A/: RESENTED TO i^i- :t:Mt. 0)^;-|mkP&RSrPH!UA: fyxmll ^nivmii^ ^iixm^ THE GIFT OF XJq <:5urvU^ C-.... |\.,..lUc^.gy.V%-. .^^..\.&|.o.a.. Cornell University Library arY896 The car-builder's dictionary; 3 1924 032 183 513 olin,anx Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924032183513 1895 EDITION THE CAR-BUILDER'S DICTIONARY AN ILLUSTRATED VOCABULARY OF TERMS WHICH DESIGNATE AMERICAN RAILROAD CARS, THEIR PARTS, ATTACHMENTS, AND DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION FIVE THOUSAND SIX HUNDRED EIGHTY-THREE ILLUSTRATIONS COMPILED FOR THE MASTER CAR-BUILDERS' ASSOCIATION By Professor John C. Wait, M. C. E. ASSISTED BV R. H. SOVLY., Superintendent of Motive Power, Norfolk ^-^ Western Railroad; A. E. 'iAlTZ'HtAJL, Superintendent of Motive Power, New York, Lake Erie 6^ Western Railroad ; C. A. Smith, Master Car Builder, Union Tank Line. the first edition was compiled bt Matthias N. Forney, M. E. and issued in january, 1880 THE SECOND EDITION WAS COMPILED BT A. M. Wellington, C. E. AND ISSUED IN DECEMBER, 1884 NEW YORK THE RAILROAD GAZETTE. 32 PARK PLACE 189s 1\ flCIlON OF IHE MSIEII CIIII-BIIILDERS* llSSOClflllOll. At the Fifth Annual Convention, held in Richmond, Va., in 1873 it was "Resolved, That a committee be appointed with power to pub- lish an illustrated book, defining the proper terms or names of each and every part used in the construction of railway cars, and a description of the use of the same." At the Fourteenth Annual Convention, held in Detroit in 1880, " The committee to whom was assigned the duty of preparing a Dictionary of Terms used in the Construction of Cars submitted a copy of the book and reported that they had finished tlieir work, and were discharged." At a meeting of the Executive Committee held in Saratoga, June 17, 1892, Messrs. R. H. Soule, A. B. Mitchell, and 0. A. Smith were requested to supervise the new edition (1895). WILLIAM P. ATKIN, Pbintes of Books and Newspapers, 16-18 Chambera St., New Tork. COPYRIGHT : THE RAILROAD GAZETTE, 1895. Pkesswork by THE FIDELITY PRINTING CO . 6 Barolay 8t», New York. PREFACE. The need of a Car Bmlder's Dictionary has been estab- lished by the earlier editions and its uses recognized by railroad men, so that its purposes require no explanation in this edition. Since the last revision, in 1884, the changes in oar con- struction and equipment have been so general that few of the engravings of the old book represent the best practice of to-day. The illustrated part of the Dictionary has therefore been recast, and. with the exception of a few pages, is entirely new. As a rule, plans, elevations and sectional drawings are placed side by side, or directly above and below one another, as if in projection. Tlie numbers of illustrations in the three editions of the Car Builder's Dictionary issued in 1879, 1884 and 1895 are respectively 811, 2188, 5683. The general arrangement of engravings adopted in the last edition has been retained, the engravings being classified and arranged alphabetically under the following subjects : Cars, Car-bodies, Car-body details, Car-furnishings, Trucks. Truck-details, Master Car Builder's Standards and Recommended Practice, Hand- cars, Street-cars. Considerable new matter has been introduced under the subject of details of separate parts of car-bodies with their forms and dimensions. This includes the details of parts of a box-car, a flat-car, a gondola-car, a four-wheel caboose-car, a baggage-car, and details of several freight and passenger car-trucks. Vestibules have come into use since the issue of the last edition and are therefore a new subject in the Car Builder's Dictionary. The leading types of vestibules in use are shown in general view and by detailed drawings. In illustrating car-furnishings, a departure is made in the attempt to give to car builders a variety of designs in fittings and furnishings and to that end, several of each type have been given, the number including at least one each of a plain and a decorated style. Street-cars have re- ceived much more attention than in the last edition, but no more than the general application of electricity to suburban street-car lines and the the threatening invasion of elec- tric-motor power to some existing steam lines would seem to warrant. The standards and recommended practice of the Master Car Builders' Association have been shown in full and in a group by themselves to facilitate ready reference. Working-cars have not been illustrated so fully as was desired, because few railroad companies build these cars at the present time, and manufacturers are not willing to give out detailed drawings of their machines and tools, representing, as they do, in many cases, the results of expensive tests and many years of experience, which explains the absence of detailed drawings of certain work- ing-cars. The number of illustrations of car-springs has been greatly djminished, the practice of carrying a large variety of springs in stock having been abandoned by the makers. Nowadays most springs are made to order ac- cording to specifications, and many of the numerous types existing in 1884 are quite unknown to-day. The increase in the total number of engravings is due to several causes ; somewhat to the increased number of sub- jects and in a measure to the greater number of types of cars shown, and more especially to the number of illustra- tions of each kind of car, showing the special features of tlio.p;3K:ut practice of different car-builders. These cars differ in structural details and in the appliances with which they are equipjaed, as well as in their dimensions, capacities and weights. This was a secondary feature in the earUer editions and it has been greatly enlarged in the 1895 edition, it being the intention to afford numerous de- signs for comparison and study and from which to select. The selection being made, the book becomes at once a book of reference between the car builder or purchasing agent and the supply man or manufacturer. Much corre- spondence and explanation may bo avoided by making direct reference to the engravings by their numbers. While primarily the book is a Dictionary and so called, the past has shown that it has been used and valued for the technical information it contains, quite as much as for the vocabulary of terms. Throughout it will be found that the drawings give the dimensions and structural de- tails and that these drawings, with the details of separate parts given, are sufficient data to enable a car builder or designer to make working drawings of the cars shown. The illustrations comprise in most cases drawings of several types of each kind of car, thus giving to the de- signer nmnerous features of construction. To assist in carrying out this scheme the following ar- rangement has been adopted : 1, general photographic views of the exterior and interior of cars; 2, general dia- gram drawings of cars giving genei-al dimensions; 3, drawings of car-bodies, showing structural details; 4, de- tail drawings of important parts and appliances; 5, the forms and sizes of each separate part or member; 6, car furnishings in various styles and patterns. In the selection of the subjects for engraving it has been the intention to illustrate only those devices and equip- ment which are in general use, or are being applied to new equipment, but some things have been inserted for the purpose of definition only. The fact that a certain car or device is illustrated and another is not, cannot be taken as evidence that the Connnittee or the Editor has made a selection as between those two, or that they believe one is better than some other. Many things have had to be con- sidered in selecting matter for engraving. The complete- ness of the drawings or photographs furnished, their fitness for engravings, and the success with which the Editor has been able to acquire information, as well as to obtain the drawings themselves, have all contributed to determine which cars or appliances should be illustrated. It should, Directioruk however, be stated that the engravings of cars and trucks shown in this edition have been selected from several thousand blue-prints and photographs, collected for the purpose. To bring the size of the book within reasonable bounds, matter that is merely historical has been omitted. With- out a careful survey of the field one can hardly realize the changes which ten years have made in American roll- ing stock. The sizes, weights and capacity of new cars have been increased by nearly one-half, and correspond- ing changes have been necessary in almost every struc- tural detail. The kinds of cars have been multiplied and the interchange of traffic greatly augmented. The illus- trations, therefore, have been confined, so far as possible, to what are generally considered to be good practice. In making this statement it is only fair to English car- builders to state that the English carriage and goods- wagon shown were illustrated in the last edition, and that no such care has been taken to bring them down to date, as was taken with the American equipment. The same should be said of the vocabulary of terms apphcable to the English cars. It is, however, confidently beUeved that the engravings and the text describing the English equipment fairly represent the present Enghsh practice. The space devoted to definitions and descriptive matter has been increased by about one-fourth. Considerable space has been saved and the duplication of definitions avoided, by embodying several definitions in one, by de- scribing the whole device or appliance and the parts com- prising it, and by explaining the use of each part as well as the distinctions which exist between the parts under the name of the device as a whole. The several parts have not then been defined under the name of each separately, but the reader has been referred to the primary definition and to the illustrations. Everything has been done to facilitate ready reference from the Dictionary to the engravings, and vice versa, " since it is obvious that no definition in words of a mate- rial object can be so effective and complete as a picture of that object." Drawings of almost every part and detail are given and definitions have been made brief, and, in some cases, omitted entirely where the name of a part in connection with the engi-aving is alone sufficient to de- scribe the object or j)art. Alternative names have been given, and when new names have been used, the old one (if such has been in general use) has been retained. The new names adopted have been approved by the Committee appointed by the Master Car Builders' Association. No doubt mistakes have been made which wi\l come to light. Some minor ones have been discovered by the edi- tor, but they are not oufficient in number or importance to re- quire that certain pages be reprinted or that a table of errata be added. They are typogi-aphical errors and mistakes in numbering which are apparent at once to the reader, and which, it is believed, will not lead to error. The engravings having been made up and printed before the text was prepared, some of the mistakes made in the illus- trated matter have been corrected in the definitions, to which the reader is referred. It is the earnest hope of the editor that no more serious mistakes have been made than have come to his attention. Much credit is due to the editors of the earlier editions, for it was the great labor undertaken and unfailingly car- ried out by them that rendered the completeness and full- ness of this revision possible. Few can appreciate the labor and application necessary to bring the Dictionary to its present state, imperfect as it may be ; and the editor must confess that his appreciation for the ' ' old book" and for the men who made it has grown with his work on this revision. New Yoke, March 1, 1895. J. C. W. DIRECTIONS Ibr Using the Car-builder's Dictionary. To find the meaning of a given word or term, refer to it in the alphabetical list wliicli constitutes the first half of the book, where a definition similar to those contained in ordinary dictionaries and a reference to some engraving illustrating the object — if it is capable of such illustration — will usually be found. To find the name of a car or part of a car, examine the alphabetical list of the different classes of engrav- ings in the index which immediately precedes them, until the class is found to which the object looked for belongs, bearing in mind the system of alphabetical classification for the engravings, which is as follows : CARS, CAR-BODIES, CAR-BODY DETAILS, CAR FURNISHINGS, TRUCKS AND TRUCK DETAILS, M. C. B. STANDARDS AND RECOMMENDED PRACTICE, HAND-CARS, STREET-CARS. By referring to the engravings included in that class a representation of the part or object sought will be found with either its name underneath or a reference number, by which number the name may be learned from the list of names of parts accompanying the illustration and usually to be found in the imme- diate vicinity. CLASSIRIED INDEX TO ADVERXISEMENXS- Air Brakes t Westinghoiiae Air Brake Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Air Brake Connections t Stanley G. Flagg & Co., Pljiladelphta, Pn. Air Brake Hose : Boston Belting Co., Boston, Mass.] Aspbalt Paint : A. E. Filley Mfg. Co., New York. Axles : Bass Fdy. & Maoh. Wks.. Ft. Wayne, Ind. Baume-Marpent, Haine St. Pierre, Belgium. Ensign Mlg. Co., Huniington, W. Va. Gould Coupler Co., New York. Krupp (Thos. Prosser & Son, New York). Lima Locomotive & Machine Co., Lima, O. A. Whimey & Sons, Philadelphia, Pa. Basket Racks : Adams & Westlake Co., Chicago, III. Dayton iVtfg. Co., Dayton, O. Stewart & Mattson Mfg. Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Bell Cord : Samson Cordage Works, Boston, Mass. Bell Cord (onpllnss : Samson Cordage Works, Boston, Mass. Boilers : Bass Fdy. & Mach. Wks.. Ft. Wayne, Ind. Bolsters, Body and Xrnck : Schoen Mfg. Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Sterlingworth Railway Supply Co., New York. Brake Beams : Chicago Railway Equipment Co., Chicago, ni. sterlingworth Railway Supply Co., New York. Brake Sboes : Lappin Brake Shoe Co. , New York, Ramapo Iron Works, Hillbum, N. Y. Ramapo Wheel & Fdy. Co., Ramapo, N. Y. Brake Slack Adjusters : Hinckley Brake Co., Trenton, N J. Pratt & Letchworth, Buffalo, N. Y. Q. &C. Co., Chicago, III. Brass and Bronze Castings : Central Union Brass Co.. St. Louis, Mo. Dayton Mfg. Co., Dayton, O. Stewart & Mattson Mfg. Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Oar Beplacers : Fairbanks, Morse & Co., Chicago. III. Oars : Allison Mfg. Co., Philadelohia, Pa. Barney & Smith Car Co., Dayton, O. Baume-Marpent, Haine St. Pierre, Bel- gium. J. G. Brill Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Cauda Mfg. Co., New York. Ensign Mfg. Co., Huntington, W. Va. Fox Pressed Steel Co., Chicago, III. Jackson & Sharp Co., Wilmingfon, Del. Lima Locomotiv it frame instead of an ash-pit front. Below are references to a few of the many such parts. Ash-pit (Baker heater). Fig. 2875. Ash-pit door (Baker heater). Figs. 2871, 2892, and 3066. Astral Argand-bumer. Fig. 3372. See Argand-lamp. Atmospheric brake. See below, also Air brake. Vacuum brake. Attachment of couplers to cars. Figs. 5506-37. See Drawbar attachments, etc. Attock's body-block (English). 186, figs. 503-3. At- tachment of Coupler. See India-rubber body-cushion. Automatic air-brake. One which is automatically applied by breakage of a coupling, derailment, etc. The term is indefinite, but usually refers to the Wcitingliouse auto- matic air-brake, figs. 1688-1748, which see, which is the one in most general use in this country. Automatic closet-ventilator. Figs. 3841-2. See Bell'a exhaust hopper-ventilator. Automatic freight-car coupler. Figs. 2073-2376. A coupler which will couple by impact vrithout the neces-' sity of a person going between the cars. The Master Car Builders' coupler is any coupler of the vertical-plane type which conforms to certain contour lines adopted by the M. C. B. Association. This coupler is shown in figs. 5502-5, the contour lines in figs. 5499-5501. Recom- mended practice in attaching couplers, 5506-11. This form of automatic coupler was adopted as standard in 1887 (see report for that year, pages 199-208, 243 and 253). Further de- tails were adopted in 1889 and 1893. An action of the Associaion in 18S9 permits Ihe use of a coupler 28 ins. long instead of 30 ins. as shown, for use only on cars already in service and requiring such length drawbar. The carrier iron as shown for this coupler adopted in 1889. The standard contour line shown was announced hy Executive Committee under instructions from the Association, April 8, 1888. The limit gages for preserving standard contovu? line adopted in 1891. These gages, properly proven by master gJges, may be pro- cured from Pratt & Wnitney Company, of Hartford, Conn. A duplicate set of master gages is held in the office of the Secretary for reference when desired Other types of couplers are American, figs. 2075-81. Broum's emergency, figs. 2085 Buckeye, figs. 2088-98. California, figs. 3104-11. C'/iicat/o, figs. 3111 a I) c. Drexel. 3113-34, figs. 2244-45, Elliott . figs. 213.5-40. OouM,. figs 2141-47. 2246-51. Hinson, figs. 2150-60. Janney, figs. 2161-83,2253. Van Dorsten, fl shown as follows : Johnston, figs. 3183-89. "7. Link and pin, figs. 2073-4. Pooley, figs. 2191-98. Smillie, figs. 3199-3201. Standard, figs. 2203-8. 23.56-66. Thurmond-McKeeu , figs. 22U9-23, 3377-Sl. Trojan, figs. 2333-39, 2267-74. gs. 2340-43, 3275 6. Except the Link and Pin, these are all of the so-called '• vertical pl^ne," type. The movements of their parts in AUT AXL coupling take place in a horizontal plane, and bear a close resemblance to the original Janney passenger coupler. Automatic lubricator. A device for feeding at regular intervals a certain quantity of oil or lubricant to a cylin- der or some mechanism requiring lubrication. Automatic ventilator. Figs. 4399-4339. A ventilator wbich is self-adjusting, so as to exhaust air from a car it the train runs in either direolion. A great variety of such devices exists, not all shown. See Ventilator. Bell's exhaust liopper-ventilator. Automatic window-catch. A device to hold a window snsh from being shoved up or down. See Sash-lock. Auxiliary arch-bar. 16, fig. 4750. A wrought-iron bar sometimes used, which forms the lower member of dia- mond-truck side-frame. In some cases such aich-bars are made continuous by transverse pieces which extend across from one frame to the other under the transoms. See Arch-bar. Auxiliary brake-equalizing-lever. 7, fig. 1540-3. (Six wheeled truck.) A short lever to which the brake-lever connecting-rod is fastened and which divides the press- ure equally between the center pair of wheels and the outside pair of wheels. Auxiliary buffer-spring. A spring placed back of a draw spring to give greater resistance to compression on the drawbar in buffing. In this manner two springs operate in buflSng, and only one in tension. Auxiliary draft-spring. A spring of low capacity and limited motion, placed back of the rear follower to compensate for absence of slack. Auxiliary drawbar follower-plates. Iron plates which bear against the ends of an auociliary buffer-spring. One plate of this kind bears against each end. The pressure on the drawbar is thus transmitted to the auxiliary spring. Auxiliary draw-spring. (English). 52, fig. 503. An India- rubber spring on the drawbar which assists in takmg the draft strain. Seldom used. Auxiliary reservoir. (Westinghouse automatic air-brake). Fig. Iii88; 1, figs. 1633-4 and figs: 1734-6. A cylindrical reservoir made of boiler iron, attached to the un- der side of a car or tender by auxiliary-reservoir bands attached through auxiliary reservoir beams. In freight cars, auxiliary-reservoir beams are termed brake-cylinder blocks and end-blocks. The reservoir serv< s to liold a supply of compressed air to operate the brakes of each car, and is supplied from the main reser- voir on the engine through the train -pipe. For freight service, the auxiliary reiservoir, triple-valve and brake- cylinder are combined in one piece, figs. 1738-9 and 1, figs. 1695-8. Atixiliary reservoir-bands, (air-brake). 17, figs. 1693-8. See above. Auxiliary reservoir-beams, (air-brake). Short wooden timbers bolted to the under side of the sills. In freight cars called brake-cylinder blocks. See above, and shown in figs. 1693-8. Auxiliary-reservoir bleeding-cock. 18, figs. 1693-8. Auxiliary reservoir-nipple. (Automatic air-brake). 21, figs. 1693-4. A short pipe by which the triple-valve is connected with the auxiliary reservoir. Auxiliary rubber bearing-spring. (English). 87, fig. 501. An electric washer interposed between the adjust- ing screw nut and the scroll-iron. Not in general use. Axle. 2, figs. 4580-4966; figs. 1974-5, etc. A shaft made of wrought iron or steel to which a pair of wheels is at- tached. They are distinguished according to use, as passenger-car, freight-car, hand-car, street-car axle, etc., and according to mode of manufacture as hammered, faggoted, much-bar axles, etc., which see. See also Car- axle. In nearly all cases the wheels are both rigidly fas- tened to the axle, but it has been attempted to make one, or both of them loose, so that they can turn independ- ently of the axle. Experience, however, has discoun- tenanced all these attempts and indicated that the gain is far less and the loss greater than had been supposed. The M. C. B. standard axle is shown in figs. 5419-31. The following are the names of the parts: 1, Center of axle; 2, Neck of axle; 3, W^eel-seat; 4, Dust-guard bearing; 5, Collar; 6, Journal. See Hammered car-axle. Axle (M. C. B. Standard). 1. With joui-nals 3f by 7 inches. Fig. 5419. This axle is the standard of the As- sociation for cars of 40,000 pounds capacity. In 1873 a standard for car axle was recommended, the form and dimensions of which, excepting the diameter in the middle, were substantially the same as shown in this figure. In 1884 the diameter at the middle was increased from aj inches to 4J inches, by letter ballot. 3. With journals 4J by 8 inches. This axle was adopted as a standard of the Association for cars of 60,000 pounds ca- pacity, by letter ballot, in 1889. Axles (M. C B. Rules for interchange of traffic.) The defects in axles for which cars may be rejected are as follows: (n) Axles bent or broken. ( •) Journals cut. (p) Axles Uss than the following limits: Capacity of Car. 60,000 50,000 40,0011 33.000 20,000 Journal. 39iln. m" 3M " S " Wi " Wheel-Seat. Center. 5 in. *i^ '"■ 3^ ■•' iVi " 3V4 " nalA)ox, which see. See Axle-box. (English). A Orease axle-box. Oil axle-box. Axle-box cover. (English). 36, figs. 348-51 and 503. A hinged movable cover on the axle-box through which the lubricant is introduced. On English oil axle-boxes the cover is generally bolted to the box, with a strip of leather interposed to make an oil-tight joint. The oil is replenished monthly through a small orifice closed by a screw-plug, or spring-hinge. Axle-box keep (English). 37, figs. 848-51 and 503. The lower part of an axle-box, which in an oil-box contains the lubricant, and in a grease-box simply protects the under side of the journal from dust. Axle-collar. Figs. 5419-30 and 5149. A rim or enlarge- ment on the end of a car-axle, which takes the end thrust of the journal-bearing. Sometimes called a button. Axle-gages. Gages for fixing the lengths and diameters of an axle. Were at one time standards of M. C. B. As- sociation. Axle-guard. 1. (English.) 14, figs. 501-4. American equivaU nt, pedestal. The ordinary or W pattern consists of a wrought-iron plate attached to the solebar, which permits vertical motion of the axle-box, but restrains movement in any other direction. 3. Axle-guard has of late been appUed to the axle safety-strap as at Figs. 5070-3. It has also been applied to the safety-beam. Axle-guard crown (English). 17, figs. 348-51. The main part of the axle-guard, which see. Axle-guard crown washer (English). 20, figs. 348 51. A piece of wrought-iron plate, used as a washer for three or more bolts, which secure the main part of the axle- guard to the solebar. Axle-guard keep, or horn-stay (English). 21, figs. 348 51 and 501-4. A piece of iron which secures the lower end of the jaws of the axle-guards together. Axle-guard stay-rod, or axle-guard stretcher (English). 15, fig. 501. American equivalent, pedestoi tie-bar. A longitudinal rod connecting the lower ends of the axle- guards, and keeping them at the right distance apart. Axle-guard strap. See Axle safety-strap. Axle-guard truss. Figs. 5137-9. 60, figs. 4963-6. A wrought iron forged bar connecting the iron transoms of a six-wheeled truck, and carrying the middle safety- beam. It were better called the middle safety-beam tru»». AXL BAL Axle-guard wing (English). 18, figs. 348-51. The in- clined part of an axle-guard, strengthening it fore and aft. Axle-guard wing-wash.er (English). 19, figs. 348 51. A piece of plate used as a washer for two or more bolts securing the wing ot the axle-guard to the solebar. See Axle-guard iving. Axle packing. A dust-guard, which see. The jmimal- pacMng is often called axle-packing. Axle safety -bearing, (passenger-car trucks). 64, figs. 4813 and 4842. A bar of iron like an inverted letter U, or a block of wood bolted to the safety-beam of a truck above the axle. The axle safety-strap, 55, goes below it, the t%vo parts together forming a circle around the axle. The axle safety-bearing thimbles, 56, are used as distance-pieces to hold both in their proper position . The details of the form of all these parts have some little variation, as will be seen from the illustrations, figs. 4806-4966. Axle safety-bearing thimbles. 56, figs. 4806-4966, figs. 4876-7. See above. Axle safety-strap. 55, figs. 4942-4963. See above. Axle-seat. The hole in a car- wheel which receives the axle. More properly, it is the inside surface of this hole which comes in contact with the axle, and not the hole itself. The corresponding part of an axle is called the wheel-seat or wheeJ-fit. Babbitt-metaL "An alloy, consisting of 9 parts of tin and 1 of copper, used for journal-boxes ; so called from its inventor, Isaac Babbitt, of Boston (patent, 1839). Some variations have been made, and among the pub- lished recipes are : Copper 1 1 Anlimony 1 5 lin 10 50 Another recipe substitutes zinc for antimony. The term is commonly applied to any white alloy for bearings, as distinguished from the box-metal or brasses in which copper predominates." — Knight. Babbitt-metal bearing. A style of bearing of which a great variety of forms exist, which in effect substitute babbitt-metal in some of its many forms for brass as a bearing surface. Lead-lined bearings, which see, are different in that they merely use a thin sheet of lead over the brass, to correct slight irregularities and give an even bearing-surface. The bearing or brass should be bored out to remove scale. Babcock fire-extinguisher. Fig. 3704. A device for causing the rapid generation of carbonic-acid gas when desired, by breaking a bottle of acid in the interior by means of the bottle-breaking head (the handle projecting up in the center of the top of the apparatus). The solu- tion within consists of about 2| lbs. of bicarbonate of soda in about 6 gallons of water. Back. See Seat-back. Slat seat-back. Back (for a pipe-clip). Fig. 2935. A metal strap sometimes used to attach the clips to, instead of attaching the latter directly to the surface to which the clip is attached. Back-arm. See Seat-arm. Back-band (car seat). 15, figs. 3917-25. The molding or metalUc band that protects the top, bottom, and side edges of a seat-back. A Seat-back molding. Figs. 4023-8. Back base-plate (Spear heater). Fig. 3058. See Base-plate. Back cylinder-head (Westinghouse and other brakes). 4, figs. 1726-7. The cover for the end of a brake cylinder which has an opening in the center for the piston rod. For convenience of designation the end of the cylinder opposite to the piston rod is always called the front end and that adjoining the piston rod the back end, as in locomotives. Back cylinder-liead (Westinghouse tender brake). 4, fig. 1786. Back face-plate. 4, figs. 2419-48. See Ooukl-vestibnle. Back face-plate (steel-tired wlieels). The inner one of the two plates connecting the tire ivith the hub. See Froni face-plate. Back foot-rest (Hartley chair). 6, fig. 3998. See Fonl-resf. Back-frame (car ."^eat). 47, figs. 3917-25. Back-gravity-bar. 28a, figs. 2431-6. See Gould vt'slibule. Back seat-bottom rail (longitudinal seat). Ill, figs. 5666-7. A horizontal wooden strip at the back edge, to which a wooden seat-bottom is attached. See also Front seat- bottom rail. Back seat-rail (street-car seats). 98, fig. 5656. A longi- tudinal strip of wood which extends along the back edge and is fastened to the window posts. Back seat- rail (English). 152, figs. 501-2. In a carriage, a small transverse wooden bar secured to the partition and supporting the seat-boards. Back squab (English). 197, figs. 501-4. American equiv- alent, seat-hack. In a carriage, that part of the seat which fits the small of the passenger's back, and also supports the head and a fixed back, covered with broad- cloth, and stuffed with curled horse-hair, and also made elastic by springs (which see). Back squab sofa springs (English). 202, fig. 501. Analo- gous to the American back-springs. One end of these springs butts against the partition, and the other against a sheet of stout canvas, the back squab resting against the latter. Back-stop-timbers. 212, figs. 229-66 and 278-82 and figs. 628-9, 647-8. Short sub-sills bolted and keyed by pack- ing blocks to the center-sills of car in line with the draft timbers, to assist the draft or center sills, in trans- mitting the biilBng shocks and strains. In the engrav- ings it is called a buffing sub-sill. Baggage-barrow. Figs. 5638-40. See Barrow-truck. Baggage " ivagon-truck.^' Baggage-car. Figs. 139-141, 167, 555-6, 571-598. A car for carrying the baggage of passengers. A combination baggage-car, figs. 137, 599-604, is one having compart- ments set off for express or mail, or both. A combina- tion car or coach, figs. 134-8, 175, 184, 430-1, 447-53, and 468-73, is a passenger-car with a baggage compartment. Apu.sh baggage-cnr, which see, is a light larry car for use at stations. Baggage-truck. See Baggage-barroiv, figs. 5638-9. Bag- gage wagon-truck, fig. 5640. Baggage wagon-truck. Fig. 5640. A four-wheeled vehicle with a frame or rack for carrying baggage, used to move the latter by hand about railroad-stations. A fwo-tvheeled vehicle is a baggage-barrow. Bail. A curved handle of a more or less semicircular form for a pail, bucket, lantern, or other utensil. As applied to lanterns, figs. 3352-62 ; to swing-barrel truck, fig. 5635. Bail (to Raoul journal-box). Figs. 5165-6. The latter is a yoke fastened to the sides of the journal-box, which passes over the lid and enables it to sustain the end- thrust of the axle. Baker car-heater. Figs. 2865-2957. A stove invented and patented by Mr. Wm. C. Baker for warming cars. It it arranged so as to heat water in a coil of pipe in the the inside of the stove, and cause it to circulate through series of pipes laid near the floor of the car. The original heater has undergone many changes, and only those forms are shown that are in current use. Thej' are: The .single- coil Fire-proof, figs. 2865-84 ; The Tico-coil Fire-proof. figs. 2885-2900 ; The Perfected, figs. 2901-2918 ; and The Mighty Midget, figs. 2919-29 ; with the parts belonging to them. Ball-bearing butt-hinge. Figs. 2593-7. A butt-hinge, the washer of which is a ball bearing. Ballast-plow. See Rodgers ballast car and plow. Ballast wagon (English). American equivalent, gravel car. BAIT BAS A four-wheeled gondola car, fitted with falling doors at the sides and ends, and used for conveying ballast, rails, and ties. Band. See Auxiliary Reser- Ouard-band. imr-band. Platform-timber band. Belt-rail band. Seat-back band. Corner-band. Spring-band. Door-guard band. Tank-band, etc. Band (for seat-backs). Figs. 3939-40 and figs. 4033-8. More properly Seat-back molding, which see. Bar. See Body-bolster com- Centre-bearing inverted pression-bar. arcfi-bar. Body-bolster tension-bar. Comjjression-bar. Bolt drawbar. Cross-bar. Buffer-bar. Pressure-bar. Draw-bar. Rocking-bar. Draw-timber tie-bar. Shackle-bar. Equalizing-bar. Side-hearing arch-bar. Grate-bar. Tension-bar. Ouide-bar. Tie-bar. Pedestal tie-bar. Transom tie-bar. Centre-bearing arch-bar. Truck-bolster guide-bar. Bar-lift. See Bar sash-lift. Barnes center-draft draw-bar and coupler. Figs. 2383-7. Barrel-car. Fig. 1.5. A flat car, racked so as to carry many empty barrels. They are made long, and the racks are very high in order to make up a carload weight. Barrel door-bolt. Figs. 3.53.5-8. A. door-bolt made of a round metal bar and held on its slide in a round tube or " barrel." It is constiTicted so that when it is either en- gaged or disengaged from its keeper, it can be turned by a short lever or knob, and held in either position by suit- able stops. Barrel seat-lock. Figs. 4039-33. See Seat-lock. Barrow-truck. Figs. 5638-9. Tliis term has been \ised to designate two-wheeled vehicles used about railroads for moving freight and baggage by hand; but the more usual practice is to speak of baggage barroivs and freight trucks, which see, although both are sometimes desig- nated as barrow-trucks. Barrett's double-acting lever-and-rack jack. Figs. 3740-1. A jack for trackwork consisting of a rack with sharp teeth, into which pawls engage as the lever is worked up and down. It is double-acting; that is, the load is lifted when the handle is lifted or thrust down. Bar sash-lift. Figs. 4518-36. A sash-lift having a short horizontal metal bar attached to two flanged studs or stanchions ; used for the large sashes of sleeping and drawing-room cars. Bar shackle (of a padlock). Fig. 3763. A rectangular, instead of U-shaped, shackle. Base. See Lever-post base. Revolving-chair-stand base. Window-molding base. Base (Hartley chair). 12, figs. 3998-9. See Pedestal. Barr vestibules. Figs. 3419, 2425-30. There are two types of vestibules designed by Mr. J. N. Barr, which are called the Wing vestibule and the Toggle vestibule. 1. Barr vring vestibule, Figs. 2419, 243.5-8, was pat- ented in February, 1890, and is manufactured by the Drexel Railway Supply Company, of Chicago. It is made up of folding walls, and does not require a rubber or canvas diaphragm between the face-plate and the car frame. It consists of a, face-plate, 1, two outer wings, 2, in the place of the flexible diaphragm of the Pullman vestibule. The outer wings, 2, are hinged to thefaie- plate, 1, and also to the inner wings, 3, which are in turn hinged to the end or corner post, 5. The system of folding partitions is shown in more detail in the plans figs. 2427-8. This device dispenses with rubber dia- phragms, permits the use of a single door, 7, at the side, gives two windows with wire screens for ventilation in the inner wings, 3. The top of the face-plate is kept forced out to meet its companion by its own gravity, bearing as it does upon the edge of a footing or angle plate, 13, which is to one side of the gravity Une of the face-plate ; the bottom is fastened to the platform buffer. The tilting of the face-plate forward and back- ward is provided for by slotting the holes through which it is bolted to the outer wing, 2. ' The hinged wings per- mit lateral and longitudinal motion, yet exclude the dust and smoke. 2. The Barr Toggle-vestibule, figs. 2439-80, was pat- ented in June, 1890, by Mr. J. N. Barr. It consists of a face-plate, 1, ^flexible diaphragm, 2, inclosing the space between the face-plate and end post, 5. The distinct feature is the toggle joint and bar, 30, designed to keep the face-plate forced out, and in contact with the one opposite to it. It has a threshold plate and double side doors. Barr contracting chill. Figs. 5364-7. A contracting chDl invented by Mr. J. N. Barr, in which steam and cold water are alternately circulated in the chill for the purpose of keeping the frame of the chiU of a uniform temperature so that the full effect of the elongation of the segmental block shall be obtained. See Chill. Base (of ash-pit. Spear heater). Fig. 3059. Base-board comer-molding. 306, fig. 560. Base-burner. A furnace or stove in which the fuel is contained in a hopper termed the magazine, so that it is fed by gravity to the fire as the lower stratum bums away. The supply is thus continuous. The device is in principle very ancient, and it has been in general use for years. Base-plate (of a derrick or crane). In figs. 390-1 and in figs. 393-3, the plate upon which 18 rests. A large plate placed on the floor of the car for supporting the mast. Another method is by a mast-p>ocket, which see. Base-plate. (Si^ear heater.) See also Back base-plate. A cast-iron cylindrical ring, which forms the bottom part of the heater. It has openings for cold and hot air and carries the ash-pit doors. Base-plate screen (Spear heater). Fig. 3060. A grating for covering the air opening of a base-plate. Base-washer (passenger-car platform posts). 40, figs. 447, 461-6, 539 and 572. A metal ring or plate, which forms a bearing for the post on the platform end-timber. Basin. 2, fig. 3468, and 1, figs. 3525-7. A hoUow vessel made of porcelain or metal, and in cars usually fixed in a suitable stand with pipes and other attachments for filling it with water and emptying it. Such basins are used as lavatories in sleeping and other passenger cars. They are emptied at the bottom through a pipe con- nected to the basin by a basin-coupling, or basin-bushing, which is closed by a basin-plug. The basin-plug is at- tached to a basin-chain, which again is fastened to a stanchion called the basin-chain holder. Basin-chain. Shown in fig. 3468. See Basin. Basin-chain holder. Figs. 3483-4. See Basin. Fre- quently called a basin-chain post or basin-chain stay. Basin couplings. Figs. 3469-75. See Basin. Basin-plug. Figs. 3470-1. See Basin. Basin-pump. 4, 5, 8, 9, fig. 3486, and figs. 3481-2. A pump of peculiar construction for supplying the basiu of sleeping and parlor cars from the tank carried under the slab. It is called single or double-acting, according as the upward stroke only, or both the upward and downward strokes, eject water. Double-acting are most used. For names of parts, which explain themselves, see illustrations. Basin-valve. 5, figs. 3525-7. Basket-rack (English, parcel-net). Figs. 3753-70 ; 145, figs. 447, etc. A receptacle made of cast metal ends, rods, or a combination of rods and wire netting for holding parcels. They are attached to the sides of passenger-cars, above the heads of the passengers, so as to be out of the way. A basket-rack of extra length with exhaust ventilators at each end is shown at 7, fig. 2418. Con- tinuous basket-racks extend the full length of the car and are increasing in favor. One is shown in A, fig. 541. Parlor cars usxially have no basket-rack, but BAB BEL sometimes package-racks are placed between the win- dows. Basket-racks are sometimes called bundle-racks. Basket-rack bracket. Figs. 3767-70. A light metal or wooden support for the end or center of a basket rack. Basket-rack netting. Figs. 3756-8. Wire or silk net- ting with very large meshes, which forms the bottom or back of a basket-rack. Basket-rack rod. Figs. 3756-64. A small round metal bar which forms the main portion of a basket-rack, and to which the netting, when used, is fastened. Basket-rack tip. Figs. 3757 and 3765. An ornamental knob or acorn on the end of a basket-rack rod. Bastard Howe (freight-car framing). Figs. 59, 239-43, and 351. A style of framing having the vertical rods and inclined posts like the familiar Howe truss, but having also an upright post connected with the rod and serving more or less as a part of the truss. The Howe truss proper has been used in freight-car construction on the Pennsylvania Railroad, but it is no longer a standard of that road. See fig. 55. Bastard Pratt framing. Is a similar modification of the Pratt bridge-truss, which differs from the Howe in hav- ing vertical posts instead of rods, and inclined rods in- stead of braces. A combination tniss embodying the essential features of both the Howe and Pratt trusses is quite common in new construction. Figs. 344, 354, 361, and 363. Batten. " A piece of board or scantling of a few inches in breadth."— "IFebsfer. Batten wagon (English). A four-wheeled flat car about 34 feet long, fitted to carry sawed timber about 83 feet long, termed battens. Bayonet-catch. A general term derived from the manner of fastening on a bayonet to a gun, applied to the mode used in many forms of hardware and mechanical con- struction for connecting separate parts so as to be firmly united and yet easily removable. Many lamps are held in place by a form of bayonet-catch. Bay-window parlor-car. Figs. 115, 116, 133, 190, 193, and 547. A common style of parlor-car construction, de- signed to give more variety to the interior and im- prove the line of vision of the passenger. Bead. " A small salient molding of semi-circular sec- tion. Also the strips on the sash-frame which form a guide for the sash. These beads are known as the inside bead, outside bead, and parting bead." — Knight. In car construction the place of the inside bead is taken by the window casing, or inside windotv-stop ; the place of the outside bead by the outside window-stop, and of the parting bead by the sash parting-strip, or stop- bead. The term is also frequently applied to any form of small, light molding of simple outUne. See Mold- ing and Stop-bead. Bead molding (English). See Bead and Planted inolding. Beam. ' ' The term beam is generally applied to any piece of material of considerable scantling, whether subject to transverse strain or not; as, for example, 'collar-beam,' 'tie-beam,' 'Brestsummer-beam,' the two former being subject to longitudinal strains of compression and ten- sion respectively, and the latter to transverse strain." — Stoney. 1. " Any large piece of timber, large in proportion to its thickness and squared or hewed for use." — Webster. 2. A bar of metal of similar proportions is also called a beam. 8. " A bar supported at two points and loaded in a direction perpendicular or oblique to its length is called a beam,." — Rankine. By analogy the term has of late years come to be ap- plied to similar pieces or bars of iron. Thus we have iron I-beams and deck-beams (which see), to take the place of wooden beams in buildings. The term is also used to dmignafift Buob things as the beam of a balauoe or Middle safety-beam Needle-beam. Platform-truss beam. Safety-beam. Spring-beam. Suspender-beam. Siving-beam. Truss-beam. Trussed brake-beam. scales, a plow-beam, the walking-beam of a steam- engine, brake-beam, etc. See Auxiliary-resei'Voir beam. Brake-bea ni. Buffer-beam. Biiffer-spring beam. Center-beam. Center-bearing beam. Compression-beam. fyrop-door beam. Floor-beam. Beamless brake-rigging. Fig. 1601. A method of hang- ing the brakes to a truck-frame and a system of levers and rods by which the brake-shoes are applied to the wheels without the use of bcafce-beanis. One form, fig. 1601, shows the shoe attached to a lever whose ful- crum is the extension of the aroh-bar and tie-bar of the truck-frame. It is not at present much in use, but is illustrated as a type of beamless brake. Bearing. That which supports or rests on something, and is in contact with it. Thus a block or stone on which the end of a timber rests is called a bearing. The metal block or bushing in contact with a journal is called a bearing. For M. C. B. standard journal-bearing see figs 5389- 5418. Rocker side-bearing. Safety-beam truss-rod bear- ing. Side-betiring. Spring-plank bearing. Stop journal-bearing. Stop-key journal-bearing. Swing-hanger-pivot bearing. Truck-bolster truss-rod bear- ing. Truck side-bearing. Truss-rod bearing. Upper brake-shaft bearing. See Axle safety-bearing. Body Truss-rod bearing. Brake-hanger bearing. Brake-shaft bearing. Center-bearing. Crank-shaft bearing. Cup side-bearing. Dust-guard bearing. Half -elliptic-spring bearing. Journal-bearing. Lead-lined journal bearing. Lever-shaft bearing. Lotver brake-shaft bearing. Rocker-bearing. Bearing-casting (Tip-cars). 17, 18, figs. 386-43. A cast- ing (one of a pair) attached to either the car body or to the truck which supports the car body and its loads. In tip-cars it is pivoted or hinged so as to permit the body to tip or rock laterally and to thus discharge its load. Bearing-spring. An occasional but not the conventional term for the bolster-spring. known by the following names in trade : Brass-wire covered ; fancy braided ; flaxen ; Italian hemp ; solid leather ; solid braided. The usual sizes are i-in. and /j- in. diameter. The bell-cord was first used by William Hambright, a locomotive engineman, in 1833, on the old horse-power railroad between Lancaster, Pa., and Philadelphia. Hambright affixed a common bell to the interior of the engine cab, and ran a rope backward through the in- terior of the car. The rope, in its present form, was devised by Captain E. A. Ayres, of the Erie Railway. The English term for a cord to answer the same purpose in a different way, is communication-cord, whicR see. Bell-oord beveled-bushing. Figs. 2458-9. See Bell-cord bushing. Bell-cord bushing. Figs. 3454-63. A thimble lining a hole through a partition for a bell-cord to pass through ; in distinction from a bell-cord guide, which is attached to the side or roof of the car or to a bell-cord hanger and serves solely the purpose which its name implies. For passing the bell-cord through inclined surfaces beveled- bushings are used, which are frequently provided with one or more pulleys to avoid friction. Bell-cord coupling. Figs. 2464-9. The hook attached to the end of a beU-cord to enable it to be connected or dis- connected at pleasure with another bell-cord ; not to be confused with a bell-cord splice., figs. 3470, 3473-4, which is intended as a permanent connection. Bell-cord end-hook. A common metal hook with a screw- shank by which it is attached to the end of a car. The hook is used to fasten the end of a bell-cord to the last car and thus hold it in its place, and prevent it from being drawn out of its guides. Bell-cord guide. Figs. 3454-2502. A metal eye or ring attached to the roof or ceiling of a car, or to the end of a hell-cord hanger (which see), and by which a bell-cord is carried or conducted. According to their method of attachment to the car they are designated as bell-cord guides, with flange, or with screw, or with screw and flange, and they are often provided with one or more pulleys, and are sometimes swiveled, when the bell- cord is to be conducted in an oblique line. Figs. 3490 and 2500. The pulleys are ordinarily at the bottom, but sometimes at the side of the bell-cord guide, according to the direction of probable strain. Certain tube-like forms of bell-cord guides are occasionally miscalled bell-cord bushings, which see. Bell-cord-guide ivaslier. An ornamental washer for making a finish for a bell-cord guide where it is attached to a car roof. Bell-cord hanger. Figs. 2503-26. A guide for the bell- cord, hanging usually from the center of the clear-story or upper deck. In its original form it consists of a bell- cord strap, attached to a bell-cord strap-hanger bracket, which latter is screwed to the top of the car. The simpler forms of these brackets, as figs. 2519-23, are called screw-top.'i. The lower end of the strap carries a ring called the bell-cord guide, which latter is often provided with a pulley at the bottom to obviate friction. To avoid xmpleasant vibration, the double strap-hanger has been used, giving lateral stability, and recently bell-cord rod-hangers, figs. 2519-23, have been introduced, swing- ing on a pivot. Bell-cord fixed-hangers, fig. 3514, are used where the drop is small. BeU-coid hanger-straps. Figs. 3527-34. See Bell-cord hanger. Bell-cord chain-liaiiger. Figs. 2517-18, 25S4. Bell-cord hanger bracket, or screw-top. Figs. 3505-7 and 2519-20. See Bell-cord hanger. Bell-cord pulley, or sheave. Figs. 2485-2502. A wheel in a beU-cord guide over which a bell-oord runs. BeU-cord rod-hanger. Figs. 3520-31. See Bell-cord hanger. Bell-cord sheave. A beU-cord pulley, which see. BeU-cord splice. Figs. 2470 and 2474. A metal coupling with right and left hand screws for permanently splicing the ends of a broken bell-cord. See Bell-cord coupling. BeU-cord strap. Figs. 2527-34. See Bell-cord hanger. BeU-cord strap-hanger. Figs. 2527-34. See Bell-cord hanger. BeU-cord strap-hanger bracket. Figs. 3503-15. See Bell- cord hanger. BeU-cord strap-hanger screw-top. Figs. 2519-20. See Bell-cord hanger. BeU-cord thimble. A bell-cord bushing, which see. BeU-crank. An L-shaped rectangular lever, often with the two extremities connected so as to be of triangular form, for changing the direction of motion by 90 degrees, more or less. BeU-crank (hand-car). 23, figs. 5592-5600. A crank at- tached to the propelling lever shaft giving more favora- ble direction to the power applied to the levers. BeU-crank (of sofa-puU). Fig. 4138. BeU-crank (Driver-brake). 13, fig. 1749. BeU-crank driving-wheel brake (American Brake Co.'s brake-gear). Fig. 1749. One of the styles of driving- wheel brake-gear manufactured by the company re- ferred to, taking its name from the peculiar manner of applying the brake power, as shown in the iUus- tration. BeU-crank pin (Driver-brake). Fig. 1749. BeU-punch. An instrument for punching a hole on a re- cording slip of paper or tickets, so as to register the fares ooUeoted by a conductor. The instrument has a bell attached which is rung every time a fare is recorded by punching the paper or ticket. The bell is intended to indicate or announce to the passengers that the conduc- tor has recorded the fares coUected. These instruments are made in a variety of forms. The punching of the slip is now usuaUy omitted, the device being then simply an alarm register, often made of large size and attached to the side of the car. See Fare register. BeU-rope. A bell-cord, which see. Bell's exhaust hopper-ventUator. Figs. 3841-2. An attachment placed underneath the_^oo/--^jpe of a closet- hopper, on the under side of a passenger-car to produce a downward draft through the hopper when the car is in motion. The attachment is of a concave conical form, which by the motion of the train in either direction causes the air to pass downward through the floor-pipe by creating a partial vacuum at the base. BeU-strap (street-car). 98, fig. 5654. A leather strap which extends along the under side of the rafters, from a signal beU on one end of the platform to one on the other end ; used by the conductor to signal to the driver, and by the driver to signal to the conductor. BeU-strap bracket. A bell-strap guide, wliioh see. BeU-strap giiide (street-car). A metal loop or bracket attached to the ceiling of a street car for carrying a signal-strap. They are frequently provided with roUers and have either screw tops or flanges. Belt-molding. A molding passing entirely around the interior of the passenger-car directly above the windows, in the middle of the vride board called the inside lining. Belt-rail. 65, figs. 440, 456, 540, 550, 560. A part of the framing of a passenger or street car frame below the windows on the outside, extending the whole length of the car-body and attached to each post. It is usually framed into the posts and supports the window-siUs The term is often applied to the girth of a box-car. The BEL BEB. upper belt-rail, 82, of the same figs., is a similar strip directly above the window. Belt-rail band (street-cars). 36, figs. 5654-67. An iron band on the outside of a belt-rail covering the joint of the latter with the panel. It extends around each corner of the car to the door-posts. Belt-rail cap. 81, figs. 540, 551, 560. A thin strip of wood nailed to the top of a belt-rail, and which forms a seat for the window-sill. Bemis truck (street-cars). Fig. 5646. A four-wheeled truck for long street-cars, two being required for a car. Bench-cap. 0, figs. 335-7. Transverse timbers resting upon the side-rails of a coal or ore car, to tie the rails together and prevent spreading, and also to support the doors or winding shaft about which the winding-shaft chain is wound. Bend (for iron pipes). Figs. 3940, 3945-6, etc. See Return- bend. They are distinguished as close and open return- bends. Bent ladder-round. Fig. 5546. The lower round of the ladder of box-cars, having an angle turned up at the in- side for the safety of trainmen, to prevent the foot shpping off the ladder-round. The use of such rounds has been recommended by the M. C. B. Association. See Ladder and Ladder-round. Berth. 1, 2, figs. 3409-13. A bed in a sleeping-car, which see ; also, the shelf or support on which the bed rests. There are two such beds in the space occupied by two double seats, which is called a section. The lower berth is made upon the seats and the upper one on a shelf, which can be raised or folded up out of the way in day-time, as shown in fig. 3410. A full section with both the upper and lower berths made up is shown in fig. 3411. Some recent improvements are shown by comparison of figs. 3408 and 3409. See Lower berth. Upper berth. Berth-arm. A herthAyrace, which see. Berth-bolt. See Berth-latch bolt. Berth-brace. A metal rod, chain, or wire rope sometimes attached to the side and near the top of a sleeping-car, and at the other end to the outer edge of a berth, which is supported by the brace. When a metal rod is used, it usually has a joint so that it can fold up like an ordinary two-foot rule, when the berth is raised up. In the later designs it is done away with, the berth being supported by the berth-chain. Berth-brace-eye. A metal plate with suitable lugs for fastening the brace to the top of the car or to the berth. Berth-bracket. Fig. 4169. A bracket on which an upper berth of a sleeping-car rests when lowered and the bed is made and in use. Berth-catch (emigrant sleeping-berths). Figs. 4364-6. Berth-catch and plate. Figs. 4143-4. Berth-chain. 25, figs. 3409 and 3413 ; C, fig. 4198 and 4308. A pitch-chain passing from the berth-spring through the overhead-pulley and to the comer of the upper berth to support it. The berth-spring is attached ■ to the chain to counteract the weight of the berth. The berth-chain does the service of the berth-spring rope and berth-brace. Berth-chain end-plate. See Berth-spri'ng lug. Berth-chain pulley. 24, figs. 3411-13. L, 4198 and 4208. A pulley attached to the roof of a sleeping-car, over which a berth-chain runs. Berth-curtain. 17, figs. 3409-13. A curtain hung in tron of a sleeping-car section to hide the occupants from sight. A single c\ui;ain covers both berths, and the privacy of the lower berth is secured by a second curtain. In boudoir cars there are separate curtains for each berth, fig. 3418. Berth-curtain hook. Figs. 4333-6. A metal hook attached to a berth-curtain, and by which the latter is hung on a rod above the berths ; usually covered with leather to prevent rattling. Berth-curtain pole. See Berth-curtain rod. Berth curtain-rod. 16, figs. 3409-13 and fig. 4194. A rod usually made of metal tubing, fastened above a section of a sleeping-oar and to which a berth-curtain is hung. They are now made in sections, supported by folding brackets, and swing into tlie upper berth out of sight, except when berths are made up. See Berth curtain-rod bracket. Berth curtain-rod acorn. See Berth oartain-rod tip. Berth curtain-rod bolt. In Figs. 4309-17. A small vertical bolt, usually tipped with an acorn, fastening the cur- tain-rod in the coupling on the bracket. Berth curtain- rod bracket. 15, figs. 2409-13 and figs. 4309-17. A metal bracket attached to the deck side of a sleeping-car, which forms a support for a berth curtain- rod. Such brackets usually have a coat and hat hook attached to them. A hanger, fig. 4209, is sometimes used as a substitute for a bracket at certain points. The stationary bracket is being i-eplaced by the folding curtain-rod bracket, which folds, with the rod attached, into the upper berth and out of sight when the curtains are not in use. See Curtain-rod foldi ng-bracket. Berth curtain-rod coupling. Figs. 4309-17. A fastening by which a bertli curtain-rod of a sleeping-car is secured to a bracket. It usually consists of a bolt or screw. Berth curtain-rod hanger. Fig. 4309. See Berth curtain- rod. Berth curtain-rod socket. Figs. 8614 and 3618. A metal flanged ring whicli is fastened to some part of a sleeping- car to cany the berth curtain-rod, also called berth cur- tain-rod bushing. Berth curtain-rod tip, or acorn. See Acorn. Berth extension-arms. Fig. 4183. Berth fixtures, etc. Figs. 4145-4371. Berth-front. R, fig. 514. The bottom of the upper berth when it is down. There are two parts : the upper part marked R, and the lower part, which is adjacent to the car-side. The berth-front panel is between these two berth fronts. Berth-front borders and comers. Figs. 3656, 3659. Berth-handle. A berth-lat'-h handle, which see. Berth headboard. 9, figs. 2409-13. See Headboard. Berth head-rest pivot and plate. Figs. 4154-5. Berth-hinge. Figs. 4147-8, 4183-6, 4189, 4193-3, and 43.53-6. A hinge or joint by wliich the back edge of an upper berth of a sleeping-car is attached to the side of a car. They are distinguished as loose and fa.tt. Fast hinge is shown in fig. 4189. The loose hinge fits in a pilate or bushing. Shown with the hinges. Berth-hinge bracket (emigrant sleeping-berths). Figs. 4353-4. Berth-hinge bushing. A hollow metal socket in which the sj)indle of a loose berth-hinge works. Berth-hinge plate. Figs. 4147, 4193. A plate which takes the place of a berth-hinge bushing. Berth-lamps. Figs. 4337^4. Electric lamps for the berths of sleeping-cars. There are two : 1. The Pidlmaii, which is detachable, being carried on a bracket, which may be inserted in a socket at the side of the car, and tlie current being taken from another socket by an insulated wire joining it with the lamp. 2. The Oibbs is fixed in the partition between two berths, and the one lamp may light two berths, there being a metallic cover or slide wliich shvits it off at anytime from either side of the partition. Berth-latch. 47 and 48. figs. 3409. 419.5-7, 4300-5. A spring bolt for holding the upper berth of a sleeping-car up in its place when not in use. To obviate the danger of the berth shutting up in case of overturning of the car, the safety-berth rope and attachments, 26, figs. 3409-13, are used. Safety-berth latches have also been used to obviate the necessity of using a safety-rope. See Safety-berth latch. Berth-latch bolt. 48, figs. 3409-12, and 6, figs. 4195-7. BER 10 VLB The bar or pin of a berth-latch which engages in a cor- responding strike-plate or keeper to hold the berth up. Berth-latch face-plate. Figs. 4218-33. Berth-latch handle. 47, figs. 1309-12 and 4218-33. Berth-latch keeper. H, figs. 4200-5. Also called strike- plate, which see. See Berth-latch bolt. Berth-latch lever. D, figs. 4200-5. The part by whicli the berth-latch handle operates the berth-latch bolt ; also called a berth-latch rocker-plate. Berth latch- (or lock) plate and bolt. Figs. 4173-3. Berth latch- (or lock) rods. Fig. 4191. Berth-latch rocker-plate. See Berth-latch lever. Berth-latch shell. A metal covering made in the form of a sea-shell for covering and protecting the handle of a berth-latch in a sleeping-car. Berth-lock. A berth-latch, which see. Berth-mattress. 18, flg. 2409. The mattresses which cover the seat-cushions of the lower berth and the springs of the upper berth. When the berths are made up for day travel the mattresses are stored in the upper berth, as shown in the figure. Berth-numbers. Figs. 4228-32. Figures or numbers, usually made of metal or porcelain, for numbering the berths or sections of sleeping-cars. They are frequently sewed to plush panels and hung from the berth curtain- rods. Berth or bunk partition. 8, figs. 2409-12. The parti- tion between the upper berths of two adjacent sleeping- sections. It is of the same outline as the upper berth's cross-section. Berth pivot. Fig. 4153. Berth-pivot socket. Figs. 4149-50. Berth-rattle stop. Figs. 4145-6, 4206, Berth-rest. See Upper-berth rest. Berth-rest (double). (Emigrant sleeping-berths.) M, figs. 3418-14. A shoiilder carried upon the upright berth- posts as a support to the outer edge of the upper berths. Berth-rest (end). (Emigrant sleeping-berths.) N, flgs. 3413-14 and 4259-62. Berth-rest (upper). (Emigrant sleeping-berths.) L, figs. 2413-14. Berth-rest bracket (upper). Fig. 4169. Berth-rest plate. (Emigrant sleeping-berths.) K, figs. 3413-14. Berth-rest plate (upper). (Mann boudoir car.) 11, fig. 3418. Berth safety-latch handle, in place attached to car. 47, figs. 3409-13. See Safety berth-latch. Berth safety-rope. 26, figs. 3409-13. A wire rope fasten- ing the upper berth of a sleeping-car to the fixed arms of the lower berth, to prevent accidental closing up of the upper berth in case of overturning of the car. The rope is fastened to the upper berth by a berth safety- rope fastener and to the lower berth by inserting a knob into a berth safety-rojye holder. Berth safety-rope fastener. See Berth safety-rope. Berth safety-rope hook. Fig. 4237. Berth safety-rope holder. See Berth safety-rope. Berth safety-rope knob. See Berth safety-rope holder. Berth spring. 23, figs. 3409-13, figs. 4199 and 4307-8. A spring usually made in a spiral form, like a watch spring, coiled within a device called the berth-spring fusee and attached to the upper berth of a sleeping-car by a berth- chain so as to counteract the weight of the latter and make it easy to raise and lower it. Berth-spring frame. 23, figs. 3409-12 and flgs. 4199, 4208; 1, figs. 1249-51. A metal support which holds a berth-spring and fusee. Berth-spring fusee. See Fusee. Berth-spring lug, or clip. M, fig. 4198. The means by which the end of a berth-chain is fastened to the upper berth, sometimes called a berth chain end-plate. Berth-spring rope. Fig. 4307. A cord, losually made of wire, which is connected to an upper berth of a sleeping. car at one end, and to the berth-spring at the other, and by which the tension of the spring is transmitted to the berth, thus counteracting its weight. Instead of the rope a pitch-chain is now used. Berth-stop (emigrant sleeping-cars). Fig. 4347-8. A bear- ing-plate carried on Tipper berth at K, flgs. 2413-14, to afford a bearing on the berth-rest, M. Berth striker-plate. A berth-latch keeper, which see. Beveled-bushing. Figs. 2458-9. See Bell-cord bushing. Beveled-washer. Figs. 3717-8. A washer used to give an even bearing for rods which stand at an acute angle to the surface on which the nut or bolt head bears. Some- times two such washers which come near together are cast in one piece, and are then called double-beveled washers. See Triangular washer. Bezel. " A term applied by watchmakers and jewelers to the groove and projecting flange or lip by jvhioh the crystal of a watch is retained in its setting. An ouch.' —Knight. Hence, Olobe-bezel (Pintsch gas-burner). 307, figs. 3238-42. Bibb. A curved nozzle for conveying liquids and chan- ging the direction of their flow, usually from a horizontal to a vertical current. Hence — Bibb-cock. Figs. 3491-2. Literally, a cock with a curved nozzle or spout, but commonly restricted to a cock with a plain valve without springs, moved by the hand only. Bird (F. W.) car-roof. Figs. 3393-4. See Car-roof, and Neponset roof. Bissell heater. A hot-air heater, taking in cold air by a wind-scoop and distributing it by pipes along the floor. Bissell stop-key journal bearing. Figs. 4970-3 and 5133-7. One with a projecting shoulder on the journal-bearing key to take up the end-thrust, so as to dispense with a collar. See Journal bearing. Also called stop-wedge journal-bearing. See Journal-bearing key. Bit (of a key). Figs. 3714-31 and 2767. The part of a key which enters the lock and acts upon the bolt and tum- blers. The bit consists of the web and wards. The web is the portion left after the wards are cut out. The wards (of a key) consequently are those parts of the bit which are not there and fit over the wards of a lock, which see. Some bits have no wards. Bit (of a padlock). E, flgs. 3771-2. The forward end of the sliding-bolt, which engages with the shackle in the act of locking. Bit or jaw-bit (passenger car trucks). A short bar closing the mouth of the jaw of a pedestal after inserting the journal-box. It is little used. Blackstone car-coupler. A form of platform invented by Mr. T. B. Blackstone, President of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, and used only on that road. It has projecting bars, which engage with the opposite platform to pre- vent one car from rising above the other and thereby lessening the danger of telescoping. Blake butt. An indeflnite term, meaning in general a plain cast-iron butt-hinge, having a washer, but no acorns or screw-pin. Blank hinge. A hinge which permits the door to swing open in either direction. It is intended as a substitute for one of a pair of double-acting spring hinges, which see, as being lighter and cheaper. Bleeding-cock. A small cock on the anxUiary reservoir, etc. Generally called a drain-cock. Bleeding-valve or Bleeding-cock. 18, figs. 1693-8. Another term for release-valve or release-cock. The operation of releasing the brake when applied upon a car detached from the locomotive is sometimes called bleeding. Tlie bleeding-valve is located in the auxiliary reservoir, and the brakes may be released by opening it. Bleed-valve (Frost light). Figs. 3137-8 and 6, flgs. 3131-3. A valve of the carburetor of the Frost system of gas lighting, which is attached to th.e fi.lling-can and affords a vent which permits the gasoline to flow freely from the can. The operation is shown in fig. 8168. BLI 11 BOD Blind. 140, fig. 435. Awiii(toiv-bUiid, which see. They lire sometimes single, but usually double, and then dis- tinguished as lon-cr and ji/i/jc;-. Flexible windoiv-bliiids ;ii-e rarely met now, having been displaced by window- f.hiiilea. Blind lifts, bushing, bolt, etc. Figs. 4403-64. See IT'in- diiir-hiiiid lifi. etc. Blizzard. A fierce storm with high wind. Hence the trade name b?('2;«an; signal-light, fig. 3333. to designate one of extra quality, with careful provisions to prevent extinction by wind. See Signal-light. Block. 1. "A heavy piece of timber or wood, usually with one plane surface; or it is rectangular and rather tliick than long." — 1]'eb.ster. 2. Fig. 3633: 2, figs. 307, 391, and 395. "A pulley or system of puUej's mounted on its frame or shell, with its band or strap. A block consists of one or more pulleys or slieaves, in a groove of which the rope runs, fastened in a shell or frame by pins on which they revolve ;'of a shell or frame inclosing tlie pulley or pulleys; and of a strap or band, consisting of a rope, encompassing the shell, and attached by an eye of rope or a hook to some object." — Ed. Eney. The interior wheels are termed sheaves, which latter term is often used to designate the whole block or pul- ley, but incorrectly. A suatvh-block is a block with only one sheave and with an opening at the side for the ready insertion and removal of the rope. Blocks with- out this opening, however, are sometimes loosely termed snatch-blocks. See Body-bolster spacing Stoxj-block. block. Centre-2Jlate block. Body-bohiev truss-block. Dead-block. Brai-.e-block. Sioing-hanger friction Buffer-block. block. Brake-cylinder block. Tran.wm bearing Distance-block. bolek. Floor-timber distance-block. Tramom truss-block. Follower-plate block. Truck-bolster guide- Guide-block. block. Packing-block. Truck-bolster truss Safety-beam block. block. Spring-block. Truss-bloch. Stirrup-block. Block and tackle. A general term applied to a pair or more of pulleys and accompanying rope. Also termed fall and tackle, or simply tackle. Block-car. A car generally attached to wrecking trains, behind the wreckmg-car proper, for carrying blocking, ropes, chains, and other tools. U.sually a common box- car, sometimes fitted up with bunks. Blocking-. 59b, figs. 533-8. A mode of seciu-ing together the vertical angles of woodwork by blocks of wood glued or nailed in the inside angle. The method is largely used in every form of carpentry, where great strength is not required in the joint. In carwork, generally known as furring-blocks. Blocking-strip. See Floor blocking-strip. Blow-oflf valve (special). (Gold car heating). Fig. 3007. See Excelsior steam-t raj), etc. Board. " A piece of timber sawed thin, and of consider- able length and breadth, compared with the thickness, used for building and other purposes." — Webster. See Brake foot-board. Letter-board. Deck soffit-board. Roof-boards. Eaves fascia-board. Roof rummig-buard. Fender-board. Running-board. Headboard. Seat-buck board. Inside-cornice fascia- Soffit-board. board. S] dash-board. Inside-cornice sub-fascia l^ead-board. board. Boarding-car. Figs. 165-6. A car fitted up for cooking and serving meals to men at work on the line of a road. It is sometimes fitted with sleeping-berths and bunks. Board roofs (freight-cars). A very indefinite term, usually meaning either one with a double layer of boards only, witti or without painted canvas or other packing, or a single layer of boards covered ^vith sheet metal. Figs. 3385-8. The Winslow and other roofs have boarding over the metal slieets. Figs. 2355-78 and 3380-4. A plain double roof is shown in fig. 2379. Bob-tail street-car. A term vised to designate a street-car with a platform in front only and a small step behind. Such cars are usually drawn by one horse onl3^ Body. 1. (Of a car). Figs. 339-615. The main or principal part in or on whicli the load is placed. American cars for steam railroads usually consist of a body carried on two trucks. Street-cars are usually carried on four wheels only. 3. (Of a valve cylinder, etc.) The main or principal part, to which the other parts are attached, as cyliyider- borly. etc. Body-bearing hinge-casting. 17, figs. 336-42. See Bcaiiug-castivg. Body-bolsters. Figs. 1438-57 ; also 12, figs. 239-66 and 410-13 ; 10, figs. 435-73 ; Freight Car Bolsters, figs. 1438- 50 ; Passenger, figs. 1451-7. Cross-beams attached near the ends of the under side of a car-body which is sup- ported on two trucks. Tlie body centre-plate and side- bearings, Avhich rest on the truck, are fastened to these bolsters. Such beams are made of wood, or of iron, or steel trussed, or of wood and iron combined. A body- bolster is sometimes called body-transom , or simply tran- som , but the term body-transom is more properly applica" ble, if used at all, to the needle-beams passing from side to side of the car between the trucks ; also known as cross- frame tie-timbers, or cro.is-bec(rcrs. A part analogous to a body-bolster and frequently called the Body bolster is the bunk of logging-cars, figs. 12,.352-4; but this rests above a reach connecting the trucks, corresponds more properly to the only car-body as it sustains the load. The body-bolsters of passengers-cars are sometimes very elaborate structures, as the double iron body-bolster, figs. 1455-7. Iron body-bolsters are in the form of a truss, the top member being known as the top plate or tension-bar, and the bottom as the bottom pilate or compression bar, the two being held apart by small castings called body- bolster thimbles. Body-balster compression-bar. 2, figs. 1428-57, and 12b, figs. 339-66. See Body bol>^ter. Bottom pjlate. Body-bolster end pocket-casting. Figs. 933-5. A cast cap that fits over the end of a composite body bolster, through which the truss-rods pass, and on which the trus-i-rod nuts bear. It is a body-bolster truss-rod washer enlarged so as to cover the entire end of the bolster. Body-bolster flitch-plates. 12A, figs. 387-9 ; figs. 1438- 30. Plates of iron or steel sandwiched in between pieces of wood and bolted together to .give it greater strength. Frequently' called Body-bolster sandwich-plates. Body-bolster sandwich-plates. See above. Body-bolster spacing-blocks. 12', figs. 339-66. See Body-biilstcr. Body-bolst'r tension-bar. 1, figs. 1438-57, and 12a, figs. 339-60. See Body-bolster. Top-pjlate. Body-bolster thimble. 3, 4, 6, figs. 1438-57. See Body- bolster. Body-bolster truss. Figs. 1455-7. See Body-bolster, Body-bolster truss-block. 15, figs. 329-66, 355-72, and figs. 1428-70. A block of wood or distance-piece, on the top of a wooden body-bolster, between the center floor- timbers and underneath the bolster truss-rods. Body bolster truss-rod. 13, figs. 339-66, 355-73; and 11, figs. 435-73. A rod which lies parallel with and passes above the center of the bolster over the trust-rjod bearing so as to form a truss ; generally two are used for each bolster. Body-bolster truss-rod bearing. Figs. 1438-30. See Body-bolster truss-rod. Body-bolster truss-rod saddle-straps. 13a, figs. 283-6, 298-315, etc. Straps that connect the truss-rods passing BOD 12 BOG diagonally through the two ends of the body bolster. The strap is a flat bar of iron about 3 X + inch with a rectangular bend at the ends into which the truss-rod heads fit, as in figs. 1438-30. These straps bear upon the center-sills. Body-bolster truss-rod washer. 14, figs. 229-66 ; 12, figs. 435-73, and 1438-57. An iron bearing-plate on the end of a body -bolster ; often made to take two or more rods. Body-brace. 33, figs. 239-66 ; 51, figs. 435-73, and 637-44 ; 55, figs. 570-83. An inclined beam or strip of timber in the side or end frame of a car-body, which acts as a brace. A substitute for body braces as well as for truss- rods is the Challender truss, figs. 568-9, which see. A compression-beam brace, 164B, fig. 536, answers to the definition of a body-brace, but is a Jong brace, constitutmg with the compression-beam, 164, a single truss or arch from bolster to bolster. A body-brace is an oblique brace in one of several panels included in this space. See Brace. Body counter-brace. End body-brace, 35, figs. 339-66, and Side body-brace. Body brace-rod. 34, figs. 339-66 ; 52, figs. 435-73. An inclined iron rod in the side or end of a car-body frame, which acts as a brace. They are distinguished as End and Side body brace-rods. A brace straining-rod is a short vertical rod in the side of a passenger-car under the window, ; 53, figs. 435-73. In figs. 485-73, the rod 167 and 220 has been improp- erly called body brace-rod. The proper term to be ap- pUed to this rod is ouer/wfng brace-rod. See also Inverted body truss-rod, or Hog-chain rod. Body center-plate. 11, figs. 1438-57; 17, figs. 329-66; 15, figs. 435-73. The upper of the two center-plates, which see, through which the king-bolt or center-pjin passes. Body check-chain eye. 19, fig. 447. An eye-bolt or cle- vis for fastening a check-chain to the car-body. See also Truck check-chain eye. Body check-chain hook. Fig. 1313. An iron hook on the check-chain which enters into the check-chain eye. Body counterbrace. 37, figs. 339-66, 355-73 ; 55, figs. 435-73 ; details, 641-4. A brace in the side-frame of a car-body bstween the bolsters and the end of the oar. These braces are incUned in a direction opposite to those between the bolster and centre of the car. Sometimes counterbraces are inserted in the central portion of the car between the two bolsters. They are then termed center counter-braces. See Counter-brace and Framing. Body coimter-brace rod. 37', figs. 339-66 ; 56, figs. 435- 73. Usually an inclined iron rod in the side-frame of a car-body, between the bolster and the end of the car. It may be a diagonal brace-rod in a Pratt truss which runs counterwise with tliose rods which caiTy the load. It may then be between the bolsters. Body center-bearing truss. Figs. 5038-9. See Center- plate truss. Body-cushion (English). 186, figs. 501-3. See India- rubber body-cushion. Body end-rail. See End-rail. Body end-furring (street-cars). 148a, figs. 5654-8. Fur- ring in the end of a car. Body end-plate. J, figs. 514-15. A plate across the end of the car joining the side-plates togetlier. They are frequently made very wide and heavy, as in the figm'e. See End-plate. Body-end rib (street-car). A rib in the end of a street- car. See Body-rib. Body hand-rail. 44, figs. 438, 444, 450, and 539. An iron rod or bar attached to the end of passenger an d street-cars for persons to take hold of in getting on or off the cars ; not to be confused with Platform-rail, which see. Body-knee (English). 82, figs. 348-51. No American equivalent. A heavy "wrought-iron knee, securing the sides of the body to the under-frame, and keeping them at right angles to one another. Body-post (freight-car bodies). 42, figs. 329-66, 355-73; 54, figs. 570-74. An upright timber which is framed into the sill and plate of a freight-car. The body-posts and corner-posts form the vertical members of the side- frame of a car-body. In passenger-cars such posts are called window-posts, which see. See Post. Body-post-pocket. 42', figs. 339-66, 355-73, etc. See Pocket. Body queen-post. 22, figs. 43.5-73, and 570-83. An iron rod, bar, or casting, on the under side of a car-body and against which the body truss-rods bear. It is often .stiffened laterally and longitudinally by a body queen- post stay. See also Queen-post. Body queen-post stay. 22a, figs. 450, 540-1. See Body queen-post. Body-rib or side-stud (street-car). 33, figs. 5654-67. A rib of car-body framing, which corresponds to the studs of a steam-oar car-body. They are curved to conform to the shape of the street-car car-body. Body roller-plate. 17, figs. 333-5. A bearing-plate for the center truck of a 13-wheel car ; corresponds to the center-plate and side bearings of the end truck. The rollers move transversely to the car when the car passes upon and over a curved track. Body side-bearings. 16, figs. 239-66; 14, figs. 435-73; 9, figs. 1438-57. The upper one of the two side-bearings, which see, attached to the body-bolsters. Body side-bearing truss. Figs. 5052-3. See Side-bearing bridge. Body-spring. A bolster-spring, which see. Bjdy-transom. 22, figs. 339-66, 387-9 ; 26, 435-73 ; and 26, 539-41, etc. A name sometimes given to the needle- beams or cross-frame tie-timber, which see, bolted to the under side of the sills. Body truss-rod. 19, figs. 339-66 ; 20, figs. 435-73, and 539-41. A long rod under a car-body to truss it, and prevent it from sagging in the center. This rod is con- tinuous from end-siU to end-siU, in well-designed modern freight-cars, but sometimes it is attached to a truss-rod anchor-iron on or near to the body -bolster. In passen- ger-cars the use of the truss-rod anchor-iron, 24, figs. 435-73, is very common, although some roads use a con- tinuous rod, as in figs. 435-8. The truss-rods are dis- tinguished as center and side or outside body truss-rods. The center truss-rods are universall}' continuous from end-sill to end-sill. There are usually four truss-rods to a car, but sometimes only two in number. See also In- verted body truss-rod. Body truss-rod bearing. 21, figs. 339-66. A cast or wrought iron plate or post on the under side of a truss- block or of a cross-frame tie-timber, serving the purpose of a body queen-post, which see. 22, figs. 435-73. Body truss-rod hopper-strap. 19a, figs. 398-315. A tie- strap passing under and supporting the hopper of a gondola-car, the ends of which strap are fastened to the round body truss-rods which carry the stress to the end-sills, as shown in fig. 305. Body truss-rod saddle. 20, figs. 339-66, etc. ; 21, figs. 435-73, etc. ; figs. 930-3. A block of wood or casting which forms a distance-piece on top of a bolster, and on which a con- tinuous body truss-rod bears. Properly speaking, a sad- dle means a common bearing for a pair of rods vsdth a central support, but it is not restricted to such use. Bogie (English). A swiveling ear truck, which see. All American eight-wheeled oars and coaches are what are termed in England bogie carriages, or ivagons. Bogie carriage (English). A vehicle for passenger service recently much used on the fastest trains. The body is from 40 to 54 feet long, divided into compartments, with side doors, and seating from 30 to 80 passen-ers. It is carried on four or six wheel trucks. See also Carriage. Bogus-plate (refrigerator-oars). A horizontal timber at- tached to the posts on the inside of the car, a short dis- tance below the plate. The bogus-plates support Lori- BOI 18 BOT zontal cross-timbers called meat-timbers or hanging-bars, to which hooks are attached for hanging meat. Boies car-wheels. Figs. 5382-91. A steel-tired wheel with a wronght-iron single plate or with a double plate center. The single plate seems most in favor and is fastened by what the manufacturers call an integral tire look. This lock and the manner of fastening the tire are shown in the engravings, with the cross section of the tire, fig. 5389. Boiler wagon (English). A six or eight wheeled car having two bogies or trucks at the ends with a drop-dowai plat- form between them, adapted to carry any exceptionally heavy or bulky load, such as a boiler, a heavy piece of machinery or a i^ortable engine. It is mechanically an American freight car with the middle portion dropped down to near the level of the rails. Bolster. Figs. 1433-5, etc. A cross timber or trussed beam on the under side of a car-body (body-bolster, which see), and in the center of a truck (truck-bolster, which see). The holsters carry the body and truck cen- ter-plates, the body-bolster resting on the truck-bolster. Special forms for passenger cars are Compound-bolster, Iron body-bolster. Double iron-body-bolster, which see. Figs. 1438-57. Truck- bolsters are either swing-bolsters, whisch see, admitting of lateral motion to ease off shocks, or rigid bolsters, which permit no lateral motion. All passenger trucks have swing-bolsters. In freight-car service the rigid bolster is gaining the preference, and rigid-bolster trucks are the more numerous. See American steel and Schoen. Bolster-bridge (six-wheel truck). 62, figs. 4957-66. A Side-bearing bridge, which see. Bolster center-casting. 12c fig. 381. A hollow rectan- gular shaped casting placed between the draft-timbers and body -bolster plates ; the king-bolt passes through it. Bolster distance-block. 3 and 4, figs. 1438-57. The same as a body-bolster thimble. Bolster flitch-plate. 13 A, figs. 387-8. The iron or steel plates of a built-bolster sandwiched between wood pieces. They are much in favor for body-bolsters and truck- bolsters and are placed on edge so as to resist bending. They are also called bolster sandwich-plates. Shown in figs. 899, 1439. Bolster I-beam separator-casting. Figs. 4685-7. Bolster jack-screws (wi-ecking cars). Jack-screws at- tached to the spring-plank for the purpose of taking the load off the springs and making the entire truck and car body one rigid structure when the derrick of the wreck- ing-car is in use. Tongs or crabs, which see, and de- tached jack-screws are used to accomplish the same end, as figs. 207, 389-96. Bolster-plates (passenger-oar trucks). Wrought-iron plates bolted to the sides of wooden body-bolsters to strengthen them. Bolster sandwich-plate. See above. Bolster-spriags. 80, figs. 4580-4966, and 5193-5334. The main springs of a car, carried on the spring plank and supporting the truck-bolster on which the weight of the car-body rests. Bolster-spring cap. 75, figs. 4580-4966. See Spring- plate. Bolster-spring seat. 74, figs. 4580-4966. See Spring- plate. Bolster truss-block. A timber serving as a distance-piece to fiU a vacant space between the bolster and the center- plate. There are two : a body-bolster truss-bloch and a truck-bolster truss-block, which see. Bolster truss-rod. See Body-bolster truss-rod. Truck- bolster tru3s-rod. Bolster truss-rod washer. See Body-bolster truss-rod washer. Truck-bolster truss-rod washer. Bolt. 1. A pin, rod, or bar of metal used to hold or fasten aaTtbJng i» its place ; ordinaorily a holt has a bead on one end and a screw and nut on the other, while a rod has a nut on both ends, as shown in figs. 3708-20, etc. Various forms of bolts, which see for further defini- tion, are as follows : Carriage-bolt. Key-bolt. Eye-bolt. Lug-bolt. Jaiv-bolt. Machine-bolt. Joint-bolt. Strap-bolt, or U-shaped bolt. For bolts whose names are derived from the purjiose for which they serve, see : Box-bolt. Journal-box-cover Brake safety-c h a i n bolt. bolt. King-bolt (or center- Column-bolt. P™)- Discharge-valve stopj- Piston-folloiver bolt, bolt. Rever sing-valve plate Draft-bolt (Janney). bolt. Drawbar-bolt. Stake-pocket V-bolt. Hub-bolt. Stox'-bolt. Journal-box bolt. Tire-bolt. 2. (Locks and latches.) A bar which enters the keeper or strike-plate and efilects the lock. Figs. 3535 et seq. See Berth-latch bolt. Door-sash bolt. Cupboard-holt. Door-sash-lock bolt. Door-latch bolt. Seat-lock bolt. Door-lock bolt. Sofa-bolt. 3. Figs. 3535, etc. A door-bolt, which see, moved in slides directly by the hand to fasten an opening. See also ; Barrel door-boit. Headboard bolt. Flush-boU. Window-blind bolt. Bolt-stop (Seat-lock). Figs. 4029-33. A small pin passing through the bolt to check excessive withdrawal. Bonnet (passenger-cars). A platform-hood, which see. Books, catalogues, pamphlets, etc. (M.. C. B. Standard sizes). See M. C. B. reports. Boom (of a derrick or crane). 1, figs. 391-6. Also called jib. The main inclined compression member carrying the hoisting gear and abutting at its foot against a boom- shoe or directly against the mast. Its upper end is sup- ported by stay-rods or tension-rods which, in a crane, are of fixed length, and, in a deiTick, of varying length, capable of adjustment. See Derrick. Boom-cap clevis (of a derrick or crane). Figs. 891-6. A cleTO, which see, sometimes attached to the upper end of the boom, to which the fixed end of the hoisting-rope is attached. In other cases, the clevis for this purpose is carried on the hoisting-block. Boom-sheave (of a derrick or crane). Figs. 391-6. A sheave carried at the upper extremity of the boom over which the hoisting-chain passes. Boom-shoe (of a derrick or crane). Figs. 393-8. A casting carried at the foot of the mast and constructed so as to be able to revolve against the boom base. It is supported by boom shoe-rods. Boom-shoe rods (of a derrick or crane). 16, figs. 339-3. Rods attached to the head-block or cap at the top of the mast and supporting the boom-shoe. Boom-shoe rollers (of a derrick or crane). Rollers at the foot of the mast uiion which the boom-shoe revolves. Bosley weather-strips. Figs. 2819-34, 4534-9. See Weather- strips. Boss, or hub (of a steel-tired wheel). Figs. 5355-5331. The central portion through which the axle passes. Boss is the usual English term, but little used in the United States. Boston-finish flush door-bolt. Fig. 3545. Bottle-breaking head (Babcock fire extinguisher, which see). Fig. 3704. It breaks the acid-bottle by screw- pressure. Bottom. " The lowest part of anything; as the bottom of a well, vat, or ship." — Webster. See A Icove-bottom. Hopper-bottom. Candle-lamp bottom. Lampj-bottom. Drop-bottom. Seat-boltom. lUxtreme-bottom. Slide-bottom. Fire-proof bottom. Water-bottom. BOT 14 BBA Bottom-arcli bar. 15, figs. 45764805. An inverted arch- bar. The pedestal tie-bar is sometimes called bottom arch-bar. See Arch-bar. Bottom cap (engineer's valve). 35, figs. 1710-15. Another term for a lower cap of a valve. Bottom-case (engineer's valve, etc.). 33, figs. 1710-15. Another term for a lower-case of a valve. Bottom-chord (of trusses). See Lower-chord. Neither term is regularly used to designate any part of car-trusses, but the side-sills are bottom-chords in trussed side- frames. Bottom cross-piece (English). 93, figs. 501-4. The trans- verse piece in the under-framing, which see, supporting the floor and partition. Also called bottom cross-bar. Bottom cylinder-head (Westinghouse driving-wheel brake). 4, fig. 1747. A circular cast-iron cover for the lower end of the cylinder. The piston-rod works through it. Bottom door-panel (EngUsh). 128, fig. 504. The lowest panel on the outside of the door of a carriage. Bottom, door-rail. 5, figs. 1783-93. The lower transverse piece of a Door-frame, which see. Bottom door-track. 66, figs. 229-66, 355-73 and figs. 1795 and 1823. A door-track below a sliding-door. Usually a metal bar. Sliding-doors are often provided with rollers or slides which rest on the track. Freight- car doors usually slide on a to2J door-rack, which see. See also Door-hanger and Car-door hanger. Bottom end-piece (English). 92, figs. 501-2. American eqiiivalent, end-sill. The transverse end-piece in the tmder-frame of a passenger vehicle. Bottom face-plate guide. (Gould vestibule.) 43, figs. 2431-6. See Oould vestibide. Bottom light-rail (English). 102, figs. 501-3. A part of the body framing of a carriage, forming the bottom of the windoTv opening. Bottom panel-batten (English). 105, fig. 501. Ameri- can equivalent, furring. In a carriage, a part of the body framing used to stiffen the p>anel, which is pinned to it. See Bottom-side pianel. Bottom-plate (iron body-bolster). 2, figs. 1428-57. See Body-bolster. Bottom-rail. 1. (Of a sash or door.) 147, figs. 444, 540 ; 5 figs. 1783-93. The lowermost horizontal bar or member of a frame. 2. (Of pipe-box.) 226, fig. 554. Bottom-side (EngUsh). 91, figs. 501-4. The lower longi- tudinal framing of the body of a passenger vehicle. Bottom side-and-end knee (English). 144, fig. 502. A wrought-iron knee joining together the side and end members of the bottom of the body framing of a car- riage. Bottom side-panel (EngUsh). 123, fig. 501. The lower panel on the outside of the body of a carriage. Bottom stove-plate (Baker heater). Figs. 2913, etc. Sea Ash-p)it bottom. Bottom stove-plate (Spear heater). A circular casting which rests on the floor of a car. Boudoir (bood'-warr, Fr.). A luxurious private parlor for a lady. Hence — Boudoir sleeping-car. Figs. 205, 2418. See Mann bou- doir sleeping-car. Bow. See Platform-hood bow. Bowl. 2, fig. 3468, etc. See Basin. Bowl (Pintsch gas-Ughting). 100, fig. 3300. A clear glass bowl used on aU center and vestibule lamps. Box. See Journal-box. 3, fig. 4580 ; and figs. 4758-60, 5133-75. Wheel-box (street-cars). Box-bolt (diamond trucks). 108, figs. 4581, 4669, and 4740. The bolts holding the journal-box in place. More prop- erly, journal-box bolts. Box-car. Figs. 1-14, 55-61, 229-66 ; details, 617-915. The most common form of American freight-car, with roof and sides inclosed, to protect its contents. They are mounted upon two four-wheel trucks, and rarely built with four wheels nowadays. The present tendency is to continually increase their length and capacity. They are usually lined for half their height with inside lining, and provided with an interior grain-tight grain-door. See Car. Freight car. Box-car details. Figs. 617-903. Box-cover. See Journal-box cover. Box-cushion. Figs. 3906, 3929-38, 3956-67, etc. A cushion for passenger-car seats made on a wooden frame. In distinction from a squab-cushion, now little used, which is a loose pad on the seat. Box-cushions are sometimes stuffed with hair or other elastic material alone, but usually steel springs are used in addition. Box-guide. See Journal-box guide. Pedestal. Box-Ud. 4, figs. 4576-4805 ; and figs. 5167-75. See Journal- . box cover. Davis, Drexel, Fletcher, Hewett, Morris, and Schoen jo nrnal-box lid. Box-packing. Journal-packing, which see. Box-room (on axle). The dust-guard seat, which see. Box-steps. 45, 46, 48, figs. 444-.50 ; and figs. 2419-45. Pa-ssenger-car .steps made with wooden stringers or sides. They are to be distinguished from the open steps shown in fig. 583. Ordinarily called the platfornrb stepis. Box stock-car. An ordinary box-car with large grated openings for ventilation, but excluding rain. Little . used except for horses. See Stock-car. Box fruit-car. Figs. 5, 6, 7. See Ventilated box-car. Box-hopper bottom. Figs. 305-9. A hopper of a gondola- car with inclined floors running longitudinally with the car, but with the sides of the hopper straight ; and sometimes straight with the side-sills of the car. To distinguish it from the pyraTnidal-hop>per bottom, whose floors are incUned both on the sides and ends as in figs. 310-15. Brace. 3S, figs. 239-66 ; 165, fig. 4.56. An incUned beam, rod, or bar of a frame, truss, girder, etc., which unites two or more of the points where other members of the structure are connected together, and which prevents them from turning about their joints. A brace thus makes the structure incapable of altering its form from this cause, and it also distributes or transmits part of the strain at one or more of the joints toward the point or points of svipport, or resistance to that strain. A brace may be subjected to either a strain of compression or ten- sion. In the former case, in car construction, it is called simply a brace ; in the latter it is called a brace-rod. They are called right or left-handed, according to the in- clination of their top to a person standing facing the car. See Berth-brace, Corner-post brace. Body-brace. Door-brace. Brake-lever bracket End body-brace. brace. Floor-timber brace. Brake-shaft brace. Pedestal-brace. Brake-shaft step Roof-brace. brace. Seat-bracket brace. Compression-beam Side-lamp brace, brace. Stopi-brace. Brace-block. E, fig. 5660. Brace-pocket. 39 and 41, figs. 239-66, 35.5-72, and figs. 696-710. A casting which forms a socket for holding the ends of braces, especially of car-bodies. See Brace, also Double-brace pocket. Brace-rod. 34, figs. 339-66, 353-73; 51A, fig. 574. An inclined iron rod which acts as a brace. A vertical rod acting in conjimction with a brace is caUed a sill- and-pilate rod, or, in passenger-cars, for short rods below the window, brace straining-rod. See Body-brace rod. Counterbrace-rod. Prop)elling-lever brace-rod. Brace-rod, straining-rod. 53, figs. 435-73. It should read brace straining-rod. Brace-rod washer. 38, figs. 239-66; 57, figs. 435-73. A bearing-plate for the nut or head of a brace-rod, some- times made a triangular or beveled shape, which see, and sometunes a flat bar of iron, bent to fit into a notch cut in the timber. BRA 15 BBA Brace straining-rod (passenger-car framing). 53, figs. 449-53, etc. A vertical iron rod in the side or end frame of a car-body by which the upper end of a brace is con- nected or tied to the sill of the car. The brace-rods are members of the truss, of which the sill, braces, posts or plates, etc., form parts. Such rods often have hook- heads at the upper ends against which the braces bear, and nuts at the lower ends by which they are screwed up, and are thus brought into a state of tension and the braces into compression. An equivalent in freight service is the siU-and-plate rod. Bracket. 1. " An angular stay in the form of a knee to support shelves and the Like." — Webster. See Arm-rest bracket. Basket-rack bracket. Bell-cord strap-hang- er bracket. Berth bracket. Berth-corner bracket. Berth-cu rtain-rod- bracket. Brake-lever bracket. Brake-shaft bracket. Brake-step bracket. Coupling-spring bracket. Lamp bracket. Lamp-chimney bracket. Longitudinal-step bracket. Post-bracket. Release-spring bracket. Running-board bracket. Scheme-rod bracket. Seat-bracket. Seat-rail bracket. Side-lamp bracket. Signal-light bracket. Cylinder-lever bracket. Sliding-door bracket. Door-track bracket. Smoke-bell bracket. Hand-rail bracket. Tender-spring bracket. Iiiside-hand-rail Towel-bracket, bracket. Window-curtain bracket. 2. (Iron framing for bridges or cars.) An L-shaped angle-plate riveted to each of two members which it is desired to connect at right-angles to each other as an end-sill bracket, or SiW knee-iron, 8, figs. 451, 517. A stronger form, little used in car construction, is called a triangular gu^set-plate. which see. Bracket (of cast-iron wheels). Figs. 5336-88. The stiffen- ing ribs cast on the plate. Bracket berth-hiuge (emigrant sleeping-berths). A, figs. 2413-14. A berth-hinge with a shoulder to directly sup- port the inner edge of the berth without relying on the hinge-pin. Bracket gas-burner. A gas-burner attached to the side of a car. Bracket lamp. Figs. 3288-3304. A side-lamp, which see. See Pintsch gas-lamp and Frost lampjs. Bracket-nut. A small spanner-nut, which see. Brake, or brake-gear. Figs. 1458-63. The whole com- bination of parts by which the motion of a car is retarded or arrested. Passenger-car brakes are now almost ex- clusively atmospiheric, being either aiV-&rafces, operating by compressed air, or vacuum-brakes, operating by creat- ing a vacumn. Of the former the most important by far is the Westinghouse, although the Neiu York is in limited use. The air-brake is now almost exclusively used in its automatic form, and by the term air-brake the automatic brake is understood. On freight-cars the continuous or train brakes have been introduced in large numbers. All new equipment of first-class cars is now supplied with automatic air- brakes. So far the Westinghouse Air-Brake Company has supplied the bulk of the equipment. Of the many methods of combining brake-levers to apply brake-power, there are but a few in current favor. The Hodge system is used almost entirely on Passenger and Freight cars. The Elder and Stevens are rarely met on new equipment. They are shown in figs. 1458-63. The levers move the brake-beams, which carry the brake-shoes bearing against the wheels. The brake- beams are either inner-hung, figs. 4580-3, 4735-8, or outer-hung, figs. 1528-9 and 4740-6. Inner-hung brakes are also termed compression-rod brakes, the brake-lever coupling -bar or Brake-lever strut which unites them being in compression. Driving-ivheel brakes, both steam and air, are in increasing use. See any of the words in italics for further information. See Beamless brake. Brake (for drop-bottom oar). Figs. 310-17. A brake arranged so that none of the rods or levers will interfere with the drop doors. Brake-axle (hand-car). A shaft carrying an S-brake shoe, which see. Brake-beam. Figs. 1504-5, 1.546-1600 ; 84, figs. 4580-4966. Transverse iron, steel, or wooden bars to which the brake block and shoes are attached. They are either inner-hung or outer-hung, and often trussed, especially in passenger service. See Trussed brake-beam. Detroit brake-beam, figs. 1594^8. Kewanee brake-beam, figs. 1581-6. Marden brakebeam, fig. 1600. National hollow brake-beam, figs. 1546-60. Universal brake-beam, figs. 1599, 4863-71, 4899. Westinghouse brake-beam, figs. 1561-74. Brake-beam adjusting-hanger. 122, figs. 4580-4966; 15, figs. 1528-9, etc. A link attached to a brake-beam so as to cause the latter and the brake head and shoe to maintain the same relative positions when the brakes are released, so as to prevent the ends of the brake-shoes from coming in contact with the wheel when the brakes are released. It is attached to the truck transoms or truck bolster in freight trucks, and to the truck-frame end-piece in passenger trucks by a projecting brake- beam adjusting-hanger carrier, and to the brake-beam by an eye or clip. Sometimes called a Parallel brake- hanger. Brake-beam adjusting-hanger carrier. 121, figs. 4580- 4966. See above. Brake-beam adjusting-hanger eye or clip. 123, figs. 4580-4966. See above. Brake-beam ohafing-plate. A plate attached to a brake- beam against which a brake-spring bears, designed to resist the wear due to the action of the spring. Brake-beam data. (M. C. B.) Fig. .5432. Certain dimensions and capacities of brake-beam were adopted as standard of the Association, by letter ballot, in 1889, and these standards, as modified by subsequent action, are shown for iron brake-beams. All beams must be capable of withstanding a load of 7,500 pounds at center without more than 1-16 inch deflection ; where it is necessary to use a stronger beam, it must be capable of standing a load of 15,000 pounds at center without more than 1-16 inch deflection. The angle of brake-beam lever is 40 degrees from ver- tical. Standard heights of brake-beams, when meas- ured from the tops of the rails to the center of the face of new shoes, were adopted in 1894, as follows : For inside hung beams, 13 inches. For outside hung beams, 14| inches. Brake-beam eye-bolt. Properly an eye-bolt for fastening a Icnver brake-rod to a brake-beam. They have threads cut nearly their entire length, and usually a nut is placed on each side of the brake-beam, which can be screwed up so as to take up the wear of the brake-shoes. The term has been misapplied to the brake-lever fidcrum in figs. 4582, 4647, and 4740-1. Brake-beam fulcrum. See Brake-lever fulcrum. Brake-beam hanger (hand-car). 28, fig. 5595. A brake- hanger, which see. Brake-beam king-post. A post or distance-piece, which forms a bearing for the truss-rods of a brake-beam. In metal brake-beams the brake-lever is attached to it and it then becomes a brake-lever fidcrum and is misnum- bered 85 in figs. 4581-2, 4647. Brake-beam release-spring. See Release-spring. Brake-beam safety-chain. See Brake safety-chain. Brake-beam safety-guard. See Brake safety-chain. Brake-beam sleeve. Figs. 4863-3. A sleeve that fits the brake-beam in the middle and takes the swiveling brake-beam king-post of the Universal brake-beam. Brake-beam strut. Figs. 1568-71. A brake-beam king- post. BBA 16 BRA Brake-beam truss-rod. Figs. 1546-1600. A rod used to truss or strengthen a brake-beam. Brake-block. Figs. 1603-161; 82 and 83, figs. 4576-4966. A piece of wood or metal which carries a removable shoe which bears directly against tlie tread of the wheel when the brake is applied. The brake-blocks are attached to the ends of a brake-beam. A brake-head is supposed to be a combined brake-block and shoe, but break-block and brake-head are often used as equivalent terms. 2. ("American" driver-brakes). 17, fig. 1749. 3. (English). 63, figs. 348-9. See Wooden brake-block, wood being the material of whicli they are composed. 4. (Westinghouse driving-wheel brake). 17, fig. 1747. Brake-block pin (Westingliouse driving-wheel brake). 26, fig. 1747. A pin by whioli the susjx'nding links are attached to tlie brake-block. Brake-block pin-rod (Driving-wheel brake). &7, fig. 1747. A tie-rod connecting the brake-shoes on opposite sides of the locomotive, to resist the tendency of the coned wheels to throw the brake-slioes outward. Brake-block safety-hang'er (Driving-wheel brake). 23a fig. 1747. Brake-block suspending-link (driving-wheel brakes). 23 figs. 1747-9. An iron bar attached to the sunpending-stud at tlie top and to tlie brake-block pin at the bottom. Brake-block suspending-plates (driving-wheel brakes)- 24, figs. 1747-9. Wrought-iron plates bolted to the loco- motive frame and carrying the stud furnishing a support to the upper end of the brake-block suspending-link. Break-block suspeuding-stud (driving-wheel brake). 25, fig. 1747. See above. Brake-block tie-rod. See Brake-block pin-rod. Brake-carrier. See Brake-hanger carrier. Brake-chain. See Brake-shaft chain. Brake-chain worm.. 1. 160, fig. 444. A conical casting attached to the brake-shaft with a screw-shaped groove for the brake-chain. Its object is to produce a rapid motion at first and increase the power when the brake- shoes are brought to a bearing. 3. 160, figs. 441-4 ; 17, fig. 2441. A cylindrical cast- ing with a screw-shaped groove, intended only to make the chain wind evenly. Brake-clevis. A brake-lever fulcrum, which see. Brake-connecting-rod. More properly, Brake-chain con- necting-rod. Brake cord-guide. A guide similar to a bell-cord guide for the air-brake cord which passes through every car fitted with the Westinghouse automatic brake, and operates the conductors valve, 22, figs. 1693-4. Brake cut-out cock. 19, figs. 1693-8; fig. 1744. Brake cylinder (Westinghouse automatic brake). 2, figs. 1683-8, and figs. 1726-31. A cast-iron cylinder attached to the frame of the car or locomotive, by which the brakes are operated. Upon passenger-cars and loco- motives the brake-cylinder is fitted with two heads, while in the freight brake the auxiliary reservoir and brake-cy- linder ax-e cast in one piece. The cylinder contains a piston which is forced outwardly by the compressed air to ajjply the brakes, and is returned to its normal position, when the compressed air escapes, by a release-spring which is coiled about the piston-rod inside the cyUnder. The piston-rod of the passenger-car cylinder (fig. 1727) has a crosshead upon its extremity, which is attached to the cylinder lever. The piston-rod of fi eight car cylin- der (figs. 1728-9) and tender cylinder (fig. 1726) is hol- low and loosely incloses a push-bar, which latter is attached to the cylinder lever. The piston of the driving-brake cylinder (fig. 1748) has a crosshead to which brake connections are attached. In the Fames vacuum-brake a diaphragm takes the place of the brake- cylinder. 3. (Westinghouse driving-wheel brake.) Fig. 1748. A cylinder attached to a locomotive in a vertical position between the driving-wheels. The force of the com- pressed air is transmitted to two levers, by a cam mo- tion, which act against the brake-heads and thus apply the brakes. The main casting of the cylinder is called the cylinder-body. Brake-cylinder block (Westinghouse freight-brake gear). Fig. 1697. A stick for attaching the combined cylinder and auxiliary reservoir to the under side of the sills. See Auxiliary-reservoir beam, a similar part for passenger- cars. Brake-cylinder pipe (Westinghouse brake). 21, Figs. 1693-4. The pipe which connects the brake-cylinder with the triple-valve. Brake-cylinder plate (Westinghouse freight-brake). The plate to which the brake-cylinder is bolted and by which it is attached to the sills. Brake-dog. A brake-piawl, which see. Brake-drum. A brake-shaft drum, which see. Brake-equalizer block, or center brake-lever block (El- der brake). A block directly rmder the center of the car to which the brake-equalizing lever or center brake- lever (10, fig. 1462) is attached. Brake-eqalizing lever (Elder brake). 10, fig. 1462. More properly, Center brake lever, which see. Brake-equalizer strap. A strap directly under the center of the car serving as a fulcrum for the center brake- lever. Brake-finger. A brake-paivl, which see. Brake foot-board. A brake-stexj, which see. Brake-gear (Air) for Freight Cars (M. C. B. Standards). Figs. 5438-41. See Air-brakes— general arrangements and details. Brake-gear, Foundation (M. C. B. Standard). Figs 5442-83. ^ Brake-gear. (Rules for Interchange of TraflSc.) The de- fects of brake-gear and parts for which cars may be rejected are as follows : (s) Brakes in bad order. Brakes shall be considered in bad order unUst the following twenty-three conditions are complied with : 1. Brake "wheel secured to the shaft with properly fitted nut. 2. Bottom o£ brake shaft secured by a nut or key or some other suitable device to prevent thaft lifting out of position. 3. Brake chain secured to shaft with bolt, and bolt' properly se- cured by nut or by rivet. i. Upper brake shaft bearing properly secured to the end and top of box and stock cars by either two bolts or one bolt and one lag screw not less than one-half inch in diameter 5. Brake ratchet wheel sound and well secured to shaft. 6. The brake pawl, when attached to brake step or to upper brake shaft bearing, secured with bolt and nut. When applied to roof of car, secured with either bolt or lag screw. The pawl sound and point effective. 7. Brake steps secured by bolts in each of the two brackets The brackets secured to car by either four bolts or four lag screws The brake step sound at outer edges through both bolt holes. 8. Brake shaft step secured to car by either two or four bolts or lag screws. When the drawbar cany irons form the step two bolts passing throuch draft-timbers should bu effective. 9. Brake hangers secured to car body or trucks with full comple- ment of bolts and nuts the hanger is drilled to receive and also se curedtobrakeheadandbeamsinlikemanner. Brake-beame levers and attachments not less than 2% inches from the top of the rail ' appiifd'^''*' '"""^' '° '^ condition to hold the shoes in place when 11 . Brake-shoes secured to brake head by either key bolt, bolt and nut, or key, as required by form of bead. 12. Brake-bhoes % inch thick or more at center. 13. Brake u heels must be free from any defect' 14 Brake-beams sound, and when hung to body provided with guide irons. .ij-.'..vicu mm 15. Brake-beam fulcrums (cast-iron) sound, and secured to brake- beam by two bolts. Wrought-iron fulcrum firmly secured 16 Brake connections properly secured to brake-beam and to brake levers with key bolt and key. ■»"■ anu m 17. If the car has air-brakes, the cylinder and triple valve must have been cleaned and oiled within twelve months, and the date o the last cleamng and oiling marked on the brake cylinder 18. If the car has air-brakes, the brake-shoe slack muBl h« =.^ a lusted that under the full application of the brak^ th^ 'Lf' trave s not less than five inches nor more than nine tches BBA 17 BKA 20. Triple valves and auxiliary reeervoire nmst be free from water. 2'. Air pipes and all connections thereto must be free from leaks, and the pipes properly secured t > the car body so that injury shall not occur to the apparatus nor leaks be produced by shaking and vibration of the pipe. 22. If the car has air-brakes, it must have two hose and couplings, in good order, which must be properly secured in the dummy coup- lings when not coupled to other cars. 23. If the car has air-signal pipes or air-brake pipes, but no air- brakes, the hose and couplings on the car are at owners' risk, un- less the car is stenciled that it is so equipped. See Interchange of Traffic . Brake-handle. 216, flg. 5654. See Brake-shaft crank. Brake hand-rail. 190, figs. 339-31, 3.58, 344-0, etc. ; de- tails, figs. 878-9. A hand-rail, on the roof of box and stock cars, ustially made of gas-pipe, for the protection of brakemen when applying brakes. It is stiffened by a hand-rail brace. Master Car Builders' Recommended Practice ■svith regard to the same is shown in figs. 5546-7. Brake hand-wheel. 93, figs. 339-66. See Brake-wheel. Brake-hang'er. 86, figs. 4580-4966. A link or bar by which brake-beams and attachments are suspended from a truck-fi'ame or car-body. It is attached to truck and car-body by a brake-hanger carrier. Brake-hangers are distinguished as hooked, linked, and U-shaped. 3 (English.) 61, fig. 348. A wrought-iron bar by which the brake-block is suspended. No brake-beam is used. Brake-hanger bolt. A bolt which fastens the brake- hanger to the brake-hanger carrier. Brake-hanger bracket (English). 62, figs. 348-9. American equivalent, brake-hanger bearing. A bear- ing for the brake-hanger, generally made of wrought iron. Brake-hanger bearing. 87, figs. 4943-56, 4963-6. A cast- ing which is held by a brake-hanger carrier, and which forms a bearing for a brake-hanger. Brake-hanger carrier. 87, figs. 4580-4966. An eye or U -bolt, a casting or other fastening by whicla a brake- hanger is attached to the truck or body of a car. See also Parallel brake-hanger carrier and Brake-beam ad- justing-hanger carrier. Brake-hanger pin. Fig. 4670. A pin passing through the brake-hanger carrier and brake-hangm: Brake-hanger timber. 6, fig. 233. A short traverse timber between the floor-timbers of a car-body, and which is framed into them, and to which the brake- hangers, which are hung from the body of a car, are attached. Brake head. Figs. 1603-1 6f ; 83, figs. 4586-4966. A piece of iron or wood attached to a brake-beam and which bears against the wheels, and combines both a brake- block and brake-shoe in one piece. The term is also commonly apjilied to brake-blocks which cany a detach- able shoe. See Christie. Collins, etc. Brake head and shoe. Figs. 5435-31. The brake head and shoe shown, known as the Christie brake head and shoe, were adopted as a standard of the Association, by letter ballot, in 1886 with the exception of some slight modification in details made since that date Brake-hose (air-brakes). 26, figs. 1693-8, and 1737-42. Flexible tubes made of India-rubber and canvas by which the cars are connected togetlier and compressed air, which operates the brakes, conducted through the train. The hose is made with a coupling at each end of each car, so tliat they can readily be connected or dis- connected. See Armored brake hose, 1668 a b c. 3. (Fames vacuum brake.) Figs. 1677-9. A coiled wire is used inside to prevent collapsing. Brake-hose armor. See Armored brake-hose. Brake-hose coupling (air-brake). Figs. 1740-1. A con- trivance for coupling or connecting the end? of a pair of brake-hose together, so that the air by which the brakes are operated can pass from one vehicle in a train to another. The couplings for train-signal apparatus are made witli thicker lips than brake-hose couplings, though otherAvise similar, to avoid danger of wrong connections. 3. (Eames vacuum braise.) Figs. 1684-7. Accomplishes the same resvilt as the Westinghouse coupling, in a some- what dilTerent manner. Brake-hose coupling-case (air-brake). Figs. 1740-1. A hollow casting which joins the main part of a coupling to which the hose is attached. Brake-hose nipple (air-brake). Fig. 1739. A tubular elbow connecting the coupling-hose and the brake-pipe. Brake-lever. 92, figs. 4580-4966 ; 5, fig. 1535 ; details, 4598-4601, 5133-5, etc. A lever by which the power em- ployed to apply the brakes is transmitted to the brake- beams. The brake-levers are connected to the brake- beams at or near the short ends of the former, and the brake-shaft connecting-rod, or some equivalent part, to the other end. When only one brake-lever to a truck is used, the pressure of the two brake-beams is unequal. To obviate this two brake-levers are used, as shown in figs. 4580- 4966, which are fm'ther distingiushed as dead-lever and live-lever. The upper end of the dead-levers is then at- tached to a brake-lever stop or dead-lever guide. Dead- levers are also called fixed brake-levers. See Centre- brake-lever. Floating-lever. 3. (English.) 57, figs. 348-51. A long bar attached to the brake-shaft in order to apply the brake by hand. See Guard's van. Brake-lever bracket (hopper-bottom coal cars). A wrought-iron knee on the under side of a car, to which the fulcrmn of a brake-lever is attached. Brake-lever-bracket brace. A diagonal \vrought-iron brace, to stiff'en the brake-lever bracket. Brake-lever clevis. A Brake-lever fulcrum, which see. Brake-lever coupling-bar (inner-hung brakes). 93, figs. 4575, 4580-3, and figs. 4593-4. A compression-bar con- necting the two brake-levers (dead-lever and live-lever), to which it is fastened hj th.e couj^ling-bar 2}in. When the brakes are outer-hung, this member becomes in ten- sion instead of compression and is known as the lower brake-rod. It is called a Brake strut. Brake-lever fulcrum. 85, figs. 4580-3, 4647, 4740-1 ; 93, figs. 4751, 4953, and 4955-66. A forked iron attached to a brake-beam by means of which a brake-lever is connected to the beam. It is usually a Jaw-bolt, figs. 4740-1. In some cases a casting is vised, brake-lever jaw. In the trussed iron brake-beam the king-post of the brake- beam becomes the brake-lever fulcrum. In the list of names with figs. 4560-75, 85 should be called a brake- lever fulcrum, which it designates in the figures. See Brake-beam king-post. Brake-lever guard (English). 58, figs. 348-51. No American equivalent. A curved wrought-iron bar which confines the movement of the brake-lever \^'ithin proper limits. See also Bralx-lever ratchet. Brake-lever guide. 94, figs. 4580-4966 ; details, figs. 4591-3 and 5067-9. An iron bar which guides the upper end of a brake-lever. Further distinguished as live-lever and dead-lever guides, the latter provided ■with pins for readjustment as the brake-shoes wear, and also called a brake-lever stopt. Brake-lever handle (EngUsh). 60, figs. 348-51. The handle at the end of the brake-lever. Brake-lever hanger-bridge. 17, figs. 1540-3. A wrought- iron bar borne by the iron transom of a six-wheeled truck, and carrying the brake-lever connecting-rod, 4, and the live-lever, 3, by the hanger, 5. Brake-lever jaw. A brake-lever fulcrum, which see. Brake-lever ratchet (English). 59, figs. 348-51. Teeth cut in the brake-lever guard (wliich see), to prevent the brake coming ofl: after being appUed. BKA 18 BRA Brake-lever sheave (Elder brake-gear). Figs. 963, 976, and 1462. A pulley attached to a brake-lever, over which a chain by which the brakes are applied runs. Brake-lever stop. 95, figs. 4581, 4644, 4943-6, and figs. 4591, 4737, 4783. An iron bar or loop attached to a truck or car frame, and which holds the upper end of a fixed or dead brake-lever. It usually has holes in it in which a fulcrum pin is inserted. By moving the pin from one hole to another the lever is adjusted so as to take up the wear of the brake-shoes. Also called Dead-lever guide. Brake-lever strut. A brake-lever coupling-bar. Brake-mast. A brake-shaft, which see. 94, figs. 329, etc. Brake-pawl. 103, figs. 239, etc., and figs. 770, 940, and 1137. A small pivoted bar for engaging in the teeth of a brake ratchet-wheel, which see. It is placed in such a position as to be worked by the foot. Brake-pawl carrier. Fig. 900. See Brake-pawl and Brake ratchet-wheel. Brake-pawl dog. A pivoted casting serving as a weight to tlirow up the brake-pawl so as to engage with the ratchet when the i-atchet is on the under side of the brake ratchet-icheel. Also applied to an eccentric which holds a pawl against a ratchet-wlieel. Brake-pin. Fig. 4671. A pin used in the &rafce-Zewr cowf- ling-bar and other connections. Brake-pipe (Air-brake). 16, figs. 1693-8. An iron pipe extending from one end of the car to the other under the car-body, and connected to the pipes on the adjoin- ing cars by flexible brake-hose, serving to convey the air from the air-pump on the engine to the auxiliary reservoirs attached to the cars. These pipes are filled with compressed air when the brakes are not on. When the latter are to be appHed, the air is allowed to escape from the pipes, which causes the triple-valves to open communication between the auxiliary reservoirs and the brake cylinders, so that the compressed air stored up in the reservoirs acts on the pistons and brake-levers. The popular term for this pipe is a train-pipe, or more properly a train brake-pipe, to distinguish it from the train signal-pipe or steam-heating pipes. Brake-ratchet gear, complete. Includes the ratchet-wheel, the pawl, the dog, the carrier. Brake ratchet-wheel. 103, figs. 239, etc. A wheel at- tached to a brake-shaft, having teeth shaped like saw- teeth, into which a pawl engages, thus preventing the wheel and shaft from turning backward. In some forms the ratchet wheel has the ratchet upon the under side, instead of on the edge; the brake-pawl being automati- cally pressed upward against the teeth by a counter- weight called a brake-pawl dog and without being ad- justed by the foot of the brakeman. Such a ratchet- wheel is minutely shown, 103, figs. 344-6, and in figs. 714-17 and 769. The brake-pawl is pivoted in the brake- pawl carrier, fig. 900, which latter is bolted to the roof of the car. In 1879 the M. C. B. Convention recommended that the practice of placing the ratchet-gear on a small plat- form or brake-step) be discontinued, and that they be fastened to a suitable casting on the roof. Their recom- mendation has not been universally adopted, though it is a very common practice. (In most of the standard EnKlish dictionaries, as well as in Kniglit's "American Mechanical DioUonary," the term ratchet IS defined as the dop: or pawl which catches into the ratchet- wheel, as well as the ratchet-wheel itself. The same dictionaries, however, also give pau-^ as the name for the part servine: this purpose, and it is believed that 'his is an error in deflniiion, at least as respects American practice, which has been copied from one diciionary to another, and which does not correspond with the praC'ice in mechanical work, in which the term "ratchet" is confined to the serrated edge, whether straight or on a wheel, into which the pawl engages, and does not designate the pawl itself as a ratchet.] Brake-rod. Any rod serving to connect brake-levers, but especially the lower brake-rod, 97, figs. 4576-4966, which see, and the secondary brake-rod, which see. The brake- shaft connecting-rod is .sometimes called the main brake- rod. The long brake-rod extends the entire length of the car in the Stevens brake-gear. See Loiver brake-rod. Secondary brade-rod. i\Iain brake-rod. 3. (English.) 58, figs. 348-51. A bar of iron con- necting the brake-shaft arms to the brake-blocks. Brake-rod guide. Any form of special support for a brake-rod. Brake-rubber. A brake-shoe, which see. Brake safety-chain, or link. 88, figs. 4580, 4966; fig. 4659; 9, figs. 1538-9; and 13, figs. 1540-3. A chain attached by brake safety-chain eye-bolts to a brake-beam and to the truck or body of a car. It is intended for the same pur- pose as a brake safely-strap, or a brake-beam safety hang- er, which see, to hold the brake-beams in case a brake- hanger should break. Sometimes made of a single link or bar. A brake-beam safety-guard is not bolted or fas- tened to the brake-beam, but is usually a x-sliaped forging, the stem being bolted to the truck frame, the cross-bar hanging under the brake-beam to prevent it falling upon the track if the hanger break. See 13, figs. 1540-3, and figs. 4580-3, 4943-6. Brake safety-chain eye-bolt. 89, figs. 4580-4966. An eye-bolt attached to a truck or car-body, and which holds a brake safety -chain. Brake safety-strap. 90, figs. 4593, 4963-6, and figs. 4897, 5130. A strap of iron fastened to the end-piece or tran- som of a truck and bent into such a shape as to embrace the brake-beam. In case any of the hangers should give way, the safety-strap is intended to catch and hold the beam and prevent it from falling on the track. Some- times it is made of steel, and used as a brake-spring for throwing off the brake. A brake safety-chain, which see, is another device for the same purpose. Brake-shaft. 94, figs. 339, etc.; 152, figs. 435, etc. A vertical shaft on which a chain is wound and by which the power of a hand-brake is applied to the wheels. It is sometimes made horizontal and so called, as 95, figs. 333-4, etc. In box and stock cars it extends above the roof and is called a long brake-shaft. The M. C. B. Association (1879) recommended " that all brake-shafts be placed on the left-hand corner of the car when a person is standing on the track facing the end of the car, as in figs. 49 and 388. See Horizontal brake-shaft . 'Long brake-shaft. 2. (English.) 53, figs. 348-51. A horizontal shaft to which are attached brake-shaft arms, which actuate the brake-blocks. A long lever is attached to it, provided with a handle by which the brakes can be applied. Brake-shaft (M. C. B. position and dimensions). Figs. 5546-7. In 1893 the following recommended practice was adopted to protect trainmen from accident, under the sub-heads as given. The brake-shaft to be placed on what is the left-hand corner of the car when a person is standing on tlie track facing the end of the car; the ratchet-wheel and brake-pawl to be fastened to a suita- able casting attached to the roof; a railing or guard to be attached to the end and the roof of the car around the brake-shaft, the center of the brake-shaft to be 30 ins. from the middle of the car; the nuts on the ends of the brake-shafts to be secured by split spring cotters. Brake-shaft arm (English). 55, figs. 348-51. See above. Brake-shaft bearing. A metal eye by which a brake- shaft is held in its place, and in which it turns. See Brake-shaft step. Lower brake-shaft bearing. Upper brake-shaft bearing. Brake-shaft brace (Miller coupler and platform). 1, fig. 3392. A brace which holds the bottom of the brake- shaft and forms a step for it. Brake-shaft bracket. 99, figs. 333-4. A support for holding a horizontal brake-shaft in its place. Brake-shaft bushing (Miller coupler and platform). Figs. 3290-3. A thimble on the brake-shaft. BBA 19 BKA Brake-shaft chain. 150, figs. 239, etc.; 3, figs. 14.58-63. A chain connecting the brake-shaft with the brake-levers through the brake-shaft connecting-rods, to the end of which it is attached. The force exerted on the shaft is transmitted by this chain. See Horizontal brake-shaft chain Brake-shaft-chain sheave. 1. (Elder brake-gear.) Fig. 1462; 105, fig. 334. A roller over which a brake-shaft chain passes. 3. A sheave attached to the end sill for the chain of a horizontal brake-shaft to work in, 105, figs. 233-43. Brake-shaft connecting-rod. 151, figs. 329, etc.; 4, figs. 14.58-63. A rod which is attached at one end to a brake-chain, and at the other to a brake-lever, or to the center-lever of the Elder brake, or to the floating- lever of the Hodge brake. Brake-shaft crank (street-cars). 216, fig. 5654. An elbow attached to the upper end of the brake-shaft, carrying a handle for turning the brake-shaft and operat- ing the brakes. Brake-shaft crank-handle (street-cars). Called also a brake-shaft crank or a brake-handle. See above. Brake-shaft cross-bearer (English). 7, figs. 349, .351. A piece of timber secured to the under-frame and carrying a wrought-iron bracket in which the brake-shaft works. Brake-shaft drum. The part of a brake-shaft on which the brake-chain is wound. See Brake-chain worm. Brake-shaft gear-wheel. 16, figs. 3441-5. A bevel gear- wheel attached to the brake-shaft by which the power applied to the brake hand-ivheel is conveyed to a hori- zontal winding shaft or worm, 17, fig. 2441, called a Brake-chain guide-casting. Brake-shaft hanger (English). 54, figs. 348-51. A bracket by which the brake-shaft is carried and in which it is free to revolve. Brake-shaft holder. A Brake-shaft bearing, which see. Brake-shaft stand ( Janney) . A Brake-shaft step, which see. Brake-shaft step. 100, figs. 229-66, etc.; figs. 435-73. A bearing which holds the lower end of a brake-shaft. It usually consists of a U-shaped bar of iron, the upper ends of which are fastened to the car-body, with a hole in the curved part of the bar which receives the end of the shaft. The brake-shaft step should not be confounded with a brake-step, which latter is a shelf on which the brake- man may step when applying brakes. Brake-shaft-step brace. A wrought-iron ^brace to resist the pull of the brake-chain. Brake-shaft thimble. An iron bushing attached to some part of the car to form a bearing for a break-shaft. Brake-shoe. 1. Figs. 1633-60. 98, figs. 4580, 4966. A piece of metal shaped to fit the tread of a car-wheel and at- tached by a key or otherwise to a brak^-block or brake- head. The latter term, however, is more properly a combined brake-shoe and brake-block in one solid cast- ing. The brake-shoe rubs against the tread of the wheel when the brakes are applied. Such shoes are made of cast, wrought, or malleable iron or steel, usually cast iron. The Congdon brake-shoe, fig. 1656-7, is of cast- iron, with sections of wrought iron or steel, cast in it, greatly increasing its durability, and, it is claimed, im- proving its holding power. English brake-shoes (brake- blocks), 63, fig. 348, are sometimes of wood, but metal .shoes are coming into use. Christie brake-shoe. Reversible-hook brake-shoe. Lappin brake-shoe. Ross brake-shoe. Meehan-Sheppard shoe- Ross-Meehan brake-shoe, brake. Schoen brake-shoe. 3. (Westinghouse driving-wheel brake.) 16, flg. 1747. Brake shoe-hanger (" American" bell-crank driver-brake). 23, fig. 1749. In the Westinghouse brake called the sus- pending link. Brake-shoe holder (Driving wheel brake). A brake-head to which the shoe is fastened. Brake-shoe key. Fig. 1637 and 5431. A key or wedgp by which a brake-shoe is fastened to a brake-block. Brake-slack adjusters. Figs. 1761-82, A device to auto- matically take up any slack in the brake-gear between the air-brake cylinder and the brake-shoes, so that tlie piston travel shall not be too great. It is applied to tlic cylinder-lever tie-rod, figs. 1761-8, to the brake-cylinder piston-rod, fig. 1770, or to the truck brake-lever con- necting-rod, fig. 1776-7. There are several made and those illustrated are the Eureka, Hinckley. 0. K., and Q. & C. Brake-spool. Also called Brake-shaft drum. An enlarge- ment by a sleeve or otherwise of a "break-shaft to give greater speed and less power to the brake-gear. A brake- chain worm, which see. is a somewhat similar device. Brake-spool step (logging-cars). A U-shaped strap in- closing the brake-spool and equivalent to a brake-step, which see. Brake-spring. A release-spring, which see. Brake-staff. A brake-shaft, which see. Brake-step. 100, figs. 339-66, etc. A small shelf or ledge on the end of a freight-car near the to]), on which the brakeman stands when applying the brake from the top of a car. Also called a brake-footboard. A brake-step should not be confounded with a brake-shaft step, which see, which is a bearing for the lower end of a brake- shaft. The use of brake-steps has been discouraged by the Master Car-Builders' Association, which recommended (Chicago, 1879) "that the small platform (brake-step) placed at one end of freight cars, to fasten the brake- pawl, etc., be discontinued, the ratchet-wheel and pawl to be fastened to a suitable casting on the roof." Brake-step bracket. 101, figs. 239-66, etc. An iron bracket to support a brake-step. Brake-strut. 93, figs. 4580-3, 4644-7, and figs. 4593-4, 4734-6. A compression-bar or strut between the live and dead levers of a truck with inside-hung brakes. Prolj- ably the term Brake-strut is more common than Brah^- lever coupling-bar. Brake-strut should not be confused ■\vith Brake-beam strut. A Brake-lever coupling-bar. In the list of names, page 328, 93 is named a brake-lever ful- cru7ti, which is a misnomer, according to the terminology here- tofore adopted, though technically it be a fulcrum. Brake-treadle (hand-cars). Shown in figs. 559.5-5600. A lever for applying brakes with the foot. Brake-valve (of air or steam brakes). The valve operated by the engineman to apply brakes. See Engineer's brake- valve (Westinghouse), figs. 1710-13. Brake ■van (English). American equivalent, caboose or baggage-car. A covered vehicle in which the conductor (guard) of a train travels, and which is fitted with a powerful screw hand-brake. On passenger trains it car- ries the passengers' baggage (luggage), express matter (parcels), and dogs, etc. On freight (goods) trains it is weighted with pig-iron, and is primarily used as a source of brake power. Also called guard's van. Brake-windlass. A term sometimes used to designate the brake-shaft, which see, with all its attached parts. Brake-wheel. 93, figs. 229-66 ; 157, figs. 435-73, etc. A liand-wheel attached to brake-shaft, and by which the latter is turned. Sometimes on coal-cars and elsewhere a mere bent rod is used. Fig. 354. Brass. " An alloy of copper and zinc. The term is com- monly api^lied to the yellow alloy of copper with about half its weight of zinc, in which case it is called by engi- neers 2/t'/?0(c-6;'ass; but copper alloyed with about one- ninth its weight of tin is the metal of brass ordnance or gun-metal. Similar alloys used for the ' brasse.'i' or bear- ings of machinery are called hard brass, and when em- ployed for statues and metals they are called bronze." — Toml. Cycl.Useful Arts. According to present usage, alloys of copper and tin. or of copper, tin, and zinc, are termed bronzes, whicli BRi 20 BTTF see. Railroad joiirital-bearings, which see, are often termed brasses, but they have the composition of bron- zes. Bridge. In car construction the term bridge means a tim- ber, bar, or beam which is supported at each end. See Bolster-bridge. Center-bearing bridge. Side-bearing bridge. Bridging. (Passenger-car framing.) 6, figs. 435-73. Short transverse distance bloclvs between the sills of an under- frame to keep the sills from displacement or buckling. A sill tie-rod is usually employed to keep the sills drawn tightly against the bridging. It is toenailed and some- times tenoned into the sills, with small tenons. " Brilliant " Argand-bumer. Fig. 3369. See Argand- burner. Brill's Eureka maximum-traction pivotal-trucks (street- cars.) Fig. .jC44. Brill's standard street-car truck. Fig. 5668. Broad-band elliptic spring. Fig. 4004. See Seat-spring. Broad-base jack. Figs. 3738-3745. See Jack-screw. Hy- draulic-jack. Broad-gage. A term applied to a gage when the distance between the head of the rails is greater than 4 ft. 9 ins. The principal broad gage was 5 ft. ; other gages were 5 ft. 3 ins., 5 ft. 6 in., 6 ft. 00 in., etc. These gages have been abandoned and the 4 ft. 8^ in. or 4 ft. 9 in. gage adopted throughout this country on all lines. The broad gages, if any exist, are confined to short branches of no importance. Tracks of 4 ft. 8A and 4 ft. 9 in. gage allow cars which are gaged by the Interchange rules to pass over them. See 2\arrow-gage. . Standard-gage . Broad-lace (English). 206, fig. 503. A woolen fabric made in bands about 4 ins. wide and used as an orna- mental border to the upholsteiy of a carriage. Broad-tread wheel. A wheel of which the tread is wider than iisual, so as to be able to run over 4 ft. 8^ in., 4 ft. 9 in. and 4 ft. 10 in. gages. Also called comproniise- iclieels. They are no%v rarely, if ever, used, the stand- ard tread having superseded all others. Brooks-car seals. Figs. 3877, etc. Broom-holders. Figs. 369.5-7, 3699-3700. Bronze. An alloy composed of copper and tin, sometimes with a little zinc and lead. Bronzes also often contain various other metals and chemical substances, as phos- phor-bronze, which see. Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. Most journal-bearings are bronzes. The variety of proportions of the variovis metals is very great. Brown's emergency-link coupler. Figs. 2083-7. Brunswick wheels. Figs. 5292-7. A type of steel-tired wheels made by Page, Newell & Co., Boston, supposed to take its name from the Brunswick tire-fastening, which is a modified form of the Gibson tire-fastening. Other wheels made by this company and fastened by Mansell rings, Gibson, and bolted fastenings are also called Brunswick wheels by the manufacturers. Brush. Figs. 3698, etc. See Car-windoiv brush. Brush-and-comb rack. Figs. 3511-24. Buckeye (Little-giant) car-coupler. Figs. 2088-96. Buckle (English). 23, figs. 348-51, 501-4. See Bearing- spring buckle. Buda corrugated steel wheel (for hand-cars.) Figs. 5620-2 A wheel, the tread, flange, and web of which are tonnad from a single plate of steel by the "drawing" and "spinning" i^rocesses, which is calculated to prevent the shocks and strains to which the metal might be sub- jected under a drop hammer. Buda hand-cars. Figs. 5591 and 5598-5600. Details are fully shown. Buffer. An elastic apparatus or cushion attached to the end of a car to receive the concussions of other cars run- ning against it. The term is generally applied to those attachments in which springs are used to give the appa- ratus elasticity. The term is often applied to a draicbar, which see. The buffing apparatus now largely in use on new equipment are: The Janneij-Buhoup, 2301-3350 ; The Gould (which embodies features of the Miller and Coivell platform and buffer), figs. 2296-2300 ; The Miller platform and buffing apparatus, figs. 33904. The Thurmond-McKeen, figs. 2278-81. In addition the Leonard Hydrostatic Buffer deserves notice, though its application has been limited, figs. 2351-4. Others not illustrated but in use are the Janney, the Buhoup-Miller, and Janney-Miller. For the combination of buffing apparatus with Vesti- bule face-plate see figs. 2425-45. Buffer-arm. A Draivbar timber, which see. Buffer-band (street-cars). 87, figs. 5654-8. A band of iron or steel fastened to the buffer-beam to save it from wear and bruising. Buffer-bar. A wrought-iron bar at the end of a car, car- rying a buffer, wliich see. Tliey are used with the lliller, Janney, Gould, Tliurmond, McKeen, and Leon- ard Hydrostatic buffing apparatus. See Buffer-stem. Buffer-beam. 1. (Freight-cars.) 32a and 32', figs. 329-66, etc. A transverse timber bolted to the outside of an end- sill of a car to which the buffer-blocks are attached. 3. (Passenger-cars.) A term sometimes used to desig- nate a platform bend-timer. Buffer-blocks. 29 and 32, figs. 229-66, etc. Two blocks of wood or iron attached to the end-sill or buffer-beam of a freight-car, in contradistinction to buffer-beam, which is a single block in the middle of the end-sill, al- though the latter also is sometimes designated as a single dead-block. Buffer-blocks are sometimes called dead-blocks. Buffer-blocks, dimensions and location (M. C. B. Re- commended Practice) . 1. Figs. 5440-2 and .5548-51. The M. C. B. standard dimensions of buffer-blocks and their location, recommended in 1873, are shown in figs. 5540-2 and 5548-51. Buffer-blocks are to be made 8 ins. square on the face and 6 ins. thick, and are to be placed 23 ins. apart from center to center, and to have 14 ins. space between them. Single dead-blocks are to be not less than 30 ins. long, 7 ins. tliick, and 8 ins. deep measured vertically. In 1893 a Recommended Practice as shown was adopted for buffer blocks, single and double, and location for same suitable for the old link and pin couplers. The beam 36 by 8 by 4 inches shown with the location of double-buffer blocks may be omitted if construction of car permits. 3. (English.) A piece of hard-wood packing, inter- posed between the buffer-rod guide and the head-stock. This term is also improperly used to describe the buffer- rod guide, which see. Buffer-block face-plate. A metal plate bolted to the face of a wooden buffer-block to protect the wood from wear. Buffer-block front-plates. Figs. 1371-3. Buffer-chafing plates. Figs. 1388-9. Buffer-cushion. A circular rubber pad, to prevent the platform or buffer-springs from being overloaded. Buffer-guide. 22, figs. 3396-9, and 186, figs. 2301 and 2326. The malleable iron sleeve carrying the buffer- shank tlirough the platform end-timber. Buffer-head. 21, figs. 2296-9; 168, fig. 2301; 35, figs. 2290-2. A broad flat end of a buffer in draw-gear. In English cars they are about 13 ins. in diameter; in Ameri- ca the side and center buffer-stems are often connected by a buffer-plate varying from 6 by 36 ins. to 7 by 40 ins. when the vestibule is applied. See figs. 2395-3354. In the Hydrostatic buffer the plate extends the fuU width of the car. See Buffer. 3. (English.) 47, figs. 348-5 and 501-4. See above. Equivalent, side-buffer. Buffer-plate. 22, figs. 3393-5 ; 21, figs. 3396-9. A plate (usually bolted to the end of the buffer-sterna) which BtTF 21 BTTB. bears and rubs against tlie opposing plate of the next car of the train. The vestibule face-jjluie is bolted or riveted to, and carried by, the buffer-plate. Figs. 2438-45. Buffer-rod (English) . 48, figs. 348-51 and 501-4. A rod which transmits buffing strains from the tnijfer-heacJ to the Imffcr-npring. See also Buffer-stem. Buffer-rod guide, or buffer-block (English). 49, figs. 348-51 and 501-4. A casting bolted to the outer side of the end-sill or head-stock. Buffer-rod shoe (English). 50, figs. 349 and 503. A casting keyed to the end of the buffer-rod which bears on the buffing-spring. Buffer safety-lug. Figs. 2079-3243. A projecting horn cast on top of freight drawbars to bear against a buffer- block and relieve the draw-gear from excessive compres- sive strains. Is very common on freight-car couplers. Buffer-shank. 36, figs. 2390-3. The square part between the buffer-head and buffer-stem. Buffer-side-spring yoke (Gould platform). Figs. 1413-15- Buffer side-stem thimbles (Gould platform). Figs. 1426-7 ; 42, figs. 3396-3300. They are short pieces of IJ-inch gas-pipe fitted over the end of the side-stems be- tween the side-stem guide and the stem-key. Buffer-spring 1. (Passenger-cars.) 140', fig. 2301 ; 49 and 47, figs. 2396-9, In the Janney, Gould, and other platform equipments, the springs that resist the com- pression of a train or the impact when they come together as in coupling. In passenger equipment this thrust is not taken by the draw-bar alone, but by the buffers, which transmit it to the buffer-springs, which absorb or transmit it to the car-body. In the Janney platform there are two side buffer-springs, figs. 2301- 2350 ; the Gould has two side buffer-springs and a center buffer-spring, figs. 2296-9. In the Miller and Thurmond- McKeen, each has one center buffer-spring ; but see a modified type of the Miller platform in figs. 3298-5, with two side buffer-springs. 2. (Freight-cars.) Figs. 1936-3073. A synonymous term for draft-spring, there being but one spring for buffing and draft strains. Draft-spring is the preferred term, although both are used. Buffer-spriag beam (Miller coupler). 24, figs. 2290-2. A short transverse timber framed between the draw- timbers, against which the buffer-spring bears. Bviffer-spring bed (English). 8, figs. 348-51 and 501-4. Serves the purpose of the American draft-timber. A timber in the center of the under-frame wliich receives the thrust of the buffing-spring. Buffer-spring cup (Miller coupler). 6, figs. 2290-2. An iron seat in which the inside end of the buffer-spring rests, when a volute spring; wlien a spiral spring is used, the sprmg-cup is the same as the buffer-spring ivaiher. Buffer-spring washer (Miller coupler). 7, figs. 3390-3. See Buffer-spring cup. Buffer-stems. 37, figs. 3390-3 ; 45, 46, figs. 2296-2300 ; 133, fig. 2301. Bar or stem connecting the buffer-pilnte with the bufjing-springs through stem-followers. They transmit the thrust against the buffer-p>late to the springs, and in the Janney-Buhonp platform equipment, fig. 2301, they connect with the equalizer bar, with the spring between. In the Gould platform equipment, figs. 2396- 3300, there are tliree stems : a center buffer-stem, and two side buffer-stems. The Janney-Buhoup has two side buf- fer-stems, and the Miller-platform has only a center-stem. Buffer-stem (Miller buffer-bar). The roimd part which passes through the buffer-springs. The term is some- times applied to the buffer-bar which includes the round stem and the square shaiik. Buffer-stem cylinders and pistons (Leonard Hydrostatic buffer) . D, E, G, H, figs. 3351-4. Cylinders into which the center and side buffer-stems fit, and the pistons which they contain. Buffer-stem guides. Figs. 1404-37 and 22, 23, 36, 37, 43, figs. 3396-3300. Iron bushings inserted in the pluf- form-end sill, in which the buffer-stems work. They are to protect the wood from abrasion and wear. There are in the Gould pilatform si^ such guides, three outer and three inner guides. They are ; one outer-center-stem- guide, two outer-side-stem-gnides, one inner-center-stem- guide and two inner-side-stem-guides. Buffer-stem washer (Miller coupler). The bearing for the key in the end of the buffer-bar. Buffer-thimble (Miller coupler). A cast-iron bushing in the platform-end timber. Buffet (boo-fay',Fr.). Figs. 114, 128, 133, 175, 178, etc. A sideboard. Hence — Buffet-car (boo-fay'-car). A term (meaning, literally sideboard-car) applied to a style of sleeping-car or parlor-car which has an ornamental buffet where light lunches can be prepared for the passengers. Buffet- smoking cars are also built in the same general style of finish. Buffing and draw spring (English). See Plate buffing and draw-spring. Buffing sub-sill. 212, figs. 378-83. A sub-sill bolted to the center-sills on the under side and forming a continu- ous buffing sill in conjunction with the draft timbers. They are bolted and keyed to the center-sills with key blocks and bolts. Also called Back-stop timber, figs. 638-9 and 647-8. Bullion-van (English). A covered veliicle adapted to run on passenger trains for the conveyance of specially valu- able property. The body is built of stout iron plates and the doors provided with special locks. Bull's-eye. A convex glass lens, which is placed in front of a lamp to concentrate the light so as to make it more conspicuous for a signal. They are used to close the opening in fixed lamps at the ends of cars, and also in signal lanterns. See Semaphore lens, figs. 3443-3, and Fresnel lens, figs. 3440-1. Bull's-eye lamp. See Signal-lamp. Bumper. An indefinite term used to designate a buffer or drawbar, or a buffer-block, which see. Bumper-block. A buffer-block, which see. Bundle-rack. See Basket-rack. Bunk. 1. A rough form of sleeping-berth pennanently built against the side of a car. Is also apj^lied to the upper berth of a sleeping-car, though it be finished and decorated. 3. (Logging-cars.) 12, figs. 363-4. A cross-piece similar to a body-bolster on wliich timber is loaded. See Body-bolster. Bunk-apron. B, fig. 2408. In a sleeping-car, aboard nailed to the upper-deck sill and projecting several inches below it to cover the edge of the upper-berth when it is folded up. In the latest Pullman pattern of berths it has been done away with, by rounding the edge of the xipper-berth or hunk and closing the upper edge against the upper-deck sill as shown in fig. 2409. Bunk-partition. 0, fig. 2408. The partition between the two upper-berths of two adjacent sleeping-car sections. Bunk-panel. 21, figs. 2409-13. A window panel below the inside-cornice fascia-hoard of a sleeping-car, in the upper-berth. It shuts off the vipper part of the car win- dow, marked H, fig. 2408. Bunk-truss (logging-cars). Fig. 352-4. An iron strap to stiffen the bunk. Bunter-beam. 7, figs. 410-13. A buffer-beam. Buntin's car-seat frame; also termed Reversible seats. Fig. 3993. A mode of comliining the seat and seat-back into one piece, the whole seat reversing by swinging the combined seat and seat-back downward, so that what was the seat becomes the back, andviceversa, instead of tm-ning the back only as in the usual manner. Burlap. A coarse canvas for use in car upholstery, gen- erally manufactured 24 or 40 ins. wide. BTTR CAN Burner. Figs. 3363-97. "That part of a lighting appa- ratus at which combustion takes place." — Knight. See Lamp-burner. Special varieties, which see, are — Minot heating-burner. Pintsch burner. Screw burner. Spring burner. Sun burner, etc., etc. A rgand-bumer. Bracket gas-burner. Dual burner. Oas-biirher. Hinge burner. Burner cock (Pintsch system gas-hghttng). 21, fig. 3183. It is used in ivoll-lamj^yo. 205 (fig. 3247) only. Tliis cock is handled with Jcey 46 (fig. 3315). Burton stock car. 1. (For horses.) Figs. 45-7. A car specially designed for the transportation of valuable horses and trotting stock. 2. (For cattle.) One of the older and best aiTanged cars for the proper transportation of cattle. Arrange- ments are made for feeding, watering, and protection of the stock. Bushing. "Alining for a hole." — Knight. Usually a metal cylindrical ring which forms a bearing for some other object, as a shaft, valve, etc., which is inserted m the hole. Often contracted into b^tsh. Button. This term, besides its usual meaning, has been used to designate an axle-collar, but the term is now ob- solete. See Bell-cord bushing. Berth-curtain-rod- bushing. Berth-hinge bushing. Brake-shaft bushing. Pipe bushing. Reversing-valve bushing. Sash-lock biishing. Steam-valve bushing. Uppier steam valve bushing. Deck-sash pivot bushing. Window-blind bushing. Head-board bushing. Window-rod bushing. Loicer steam-valve bushing. 2. (Pipe-fitting, wliich see.) Fig. 2942, 2955. A short tube with a screw cut inside and outside, used to screw into a pipe to reduce its diameter. Generally, a bus h ing has a hexagonal head by which it is turned, and is some- times called reducer. Bushnell-seats. Figs. 3901-8. A car seat the special features of which are the upholstering, and especially the adjustment of the springs. The seat frame has been improved and is of the modern type, tilting the cushion and inclining the back. Bushnell seat-cushion. Figs. 8904-8. A seat-cushion patented by E. L. BushneU. See Seat-cushion. Business-car. A term often applied to an officer's or direc- tor's-car, and sometimes appUed to a-piay-car. Bujrrowe's automatic car-shade. Figs. 4548-9. A car shade with an automatic shade holder at the bottom, which consists of two rods with rubber tips and springs which keep the tips pressed out against the win- do'w casings. The shade is released by pressing the two rods together by thumb latches. Butler draw-bar attachment. Figs. 2007-17. A form of attachment using the strap-pocket or yoke with thim- bles, which engage in wliat is termed a case or housing with lugs on the side that engage in grooves cut in the draft-timbers. In the Graham draft-rigging this case is called a check-casting. Butt. A contraction of butt-hinge, which see, and gener- ally used as a substitute for the longer term. Butt-hinge. A hinge for hanging doors, etc., which is fastened with screws to the edge of a door, so that when the latter is closed the hinge is folded up between the door and its frame. A hinge like that represented in fig. 2616, the two parts of which are so fastened together that they cannot readily be detached, is called a fast- Joint butt-hinge. Other forms are: loose-joint butt-hinge. fig. 2591-2, and loose-pin butt-hinge, fig. 2598. In fig- 2586 the wear is taken by a hinge-pin screwing into the knuckle and bearing against a washer. The hinge-pin is often ornamented with an acorn; and those having a washer between the two knuckles, but no acorns, are known as Blake butts, which see. The best butt-hinges have washers, which are generally plain, but figs. 2593-7 show a butt-hinge with ball-bearing washers. Butt- hinges are commonly termed simply butts. See Door-sash button. Door-base-sash button. Eccentric urindow but- ton. L-window button. Pull-rod button. Tufting-button. Solid-leather button. V-window button. Wheel-box button. Window-button. Cabin (pile-driver car). Figs. 401-4. A small house for the engine and hoisting-gear, usually built on the swing- ing platform. Cabin-car. Figs. 50-1, 385-8. A term sometimes applied to caboose cars, which see; more particularly four- wheeled caboose cars. Cabin-scantling (pile-driver car). Figs. 401-4. See .S'ca?if- ling. Cabin-shutter (pile-driver car). 13, figs. 401-4. Cable-car. Figs. 5642, 5645. A car designed for a street railway in which the tractive power is a cable. The cable is usually placed between the rails and under groimd in a conduit. Caboose-bolster-springs. Fig. 5218 a-b. Caboose-car. Figs. 50-4, 880-8. A car attached to the rear of all freight trains, for the accommodation of the conductor and trainmen, and for carrying the various stores, tools, etc., required on freight trains. Also, but rarely, called conductor's car or train-car. Cabooses are made with a lookout for displaying train signals to the locomotive and trains following, and to give the train- men a view of the train. Caboose cars are either /our- ivheel or eight-wheel, and both are in general use ; four- wheeled cabooses are sometimes termed cabin-cars. The eight-wheel cabooses are frequently provided with lock- ers, cooking-stove, writing-desks, and other conveniences for living. Caboose-stoves. Figs. 3061-3105. A stove for heating a caboose-car and by which trainmen may warm their lunch, and even do some cooking if necessary. Cafe-car. Figs. 104, 114. A buffet-dining car, in which only a light lunch is served. It differs from a dining- car in that the food is not cooked or prepared on the car. Cage. See Tank-valve cage. California car-coupler. Figs. 3099-2111. Caldwell sash-balance. Fig. 4548. See Sash-balance. Cam (driving-wheel brake). 15, fig. 1747. See Eccentric levers. Camber. The upward deflection or bend of a beam, gu-der, or truss. Freight-cars are usually heavily cam- bered when new by screwing up the body truss-rods. Passenger cars have Uttle or no camber. Cam-screw (d^i^^ng-wheel brake). 19, fig. 1747, Cauda cattle-car. Figs. 40, 859-64. A stock-car having some novel features of construction, which include a deck-roof, fig. 363, end-door trussing to prevent bulging of end, figs. 363-4 ; alternate-doors, and a flexible fold- ing partition in the middle of the car, fig. 359. The partition and arrangements for feeding and water- ing may be folded out of the way at a moment's notice. It is provided -with end-doors for loading lumber and rails, and is equipped with Cauda swing-motion trucks, flgs. 4793-4803. Cauda contraoting-chill. Figs. 5368-73. See Chill. Cauda draw-bar attachnient. Figs. 3018-26. The essen- tial feature of this attachment is the housing which con- tains the draft-spring. It is built of foirr malleable iron plates ; the top and bottom plates interlock -svith the sides and make substantially a soUd spring pocket. The side- plates are bolted and gained into the draft-timbers and bolted in such a manner that the bottom plate can be removed and the strap-end of the draw-bar with the draft-spring dropped down, without the side and top CAN 23 CAR plates being detached from the draft-timbers. The con- struction is said to effect considerable saving of time in making repairs. Canda freight-car truck. Figs. 4792-4803. This is a modified type of the ''Suspension-car truck" with the number of parts considerably diminished. The essential features of it are : 1, the lateral motion of each pair of wheels in the truck-frame, which is accomplished by hanging the truck-frame in stirrups, over the journal- boxes ; 2, the carrying of the car-body and load on V- shaped body side-bearings, which bear upon swing-links supported in a body-bearing casting, which last is also the S2)ring-cap. The truck has a coifer-jj/a^e, but it acts only as a guide and does not carry the car-body or load. The truck has transoms, but no body-bolster or sxwing- plank. Canda refrigerator-car. Figs. 12, 283-6. A refrigerator- car whose chief features are : (1) the insulation, (2) the economic method of efiecting it, (3) the arrangements for icing, (4) the circulation of air within the car. The insulation (see also figs. 1800-2, 2020) consists of an ex- terior sheathing of boards which are fluted on inside and allow a circulation of free air beneath them. This is to put the car in the shade and to give a free circulation of air around about the inclosed and shaded car, thus pre- venting the heat of the sun penetrating to the insu- lated part of the car. Beneath this exterior sheathing of weather-boards is a sub-sheathing, several layers of tar paper, one of felt 1 in. thick, two |-wood partitions and a li nin g -J in. thick. The tar paper is tacked upon both sides of triangular frames, which frames wedge the felt in place, thus saving any nailing and fitting. The construction of the ice-crates is shown in the en- graving, the air circulating through the crate and through its slats in at the top and out at bottom, beneath the slatted floor and up into the car. Canda refrigerator car-do.or. Figs. 12, 1860-2. A door that is set in 54 ins. so that the outside frame may be flush with the siding. The door is made tight by forcing it bodily into the door-casing against rubber packing, by toggle-joints actuated by a lever on an eccentric rod, as shown. The door is carried on a frame that slides on a track somewhat like an ordinary freight-car door. Canda sliding-bottom gondola. Figs. 321-4. See Slide- bottom gondola. Candelabrum. 10, figs. 2452-3a. A bracketed or sus- pended chandelier cariying several candles, or gas-jets in imitation of candles. Candle. A special kind of large diameter called car- ca ndles are used for lighting passenger-cars and burned in candle-lamps, figs. 32.59 and 3294-6, which see. Since the introduction of high-proof mineral oils they are now rarely used. The best car-candles are made of paraffin and hydraulic pressed. Candle-bottom. Figs. 3248, 3259, and 3383. See Candle- lamp. Candle bracket-lamps (Pintsch system). Figs. 3244^5 and 3248-9. Are for use in emergency, as in case gas gives out. May be attached to wall or to any center- lamp at will. Candle-holder. Fig. 3384. See Candle-lamp. Candle-holder cap. 21, fig. 3384. See Candle-lamp. Candle-holder cup. 22, fig. 3384. See Candle-lamp. Candle-lamp. Figs. 3243-4, 3248-9, 3259, 3294-6. A lamp for burning candles, sometimes elaborated into a ohun- delier with two or three burners. Candles, however, are now but little used except in Emergency bracket- lamps, to be used when the gas or electric lights fail. A pattern is shown in figs. 3243-4 and 3248-9. The can- dle is placed within a candle-holder, fig. 3384, carried within a candle-bottom, fig. 3383. The candle-holder consists of a candle-holder cup and candle-holder cap connected by the candle-rods, fig. 3384, and having a Ught spiral candle-spring within. As the candle burns away it is pressed upward by the candle-spring against the cap so as to keep the flame always in one position. Candle-rods. 23, fig. 3384. See Candle-lamp. Candle-spring. 24, fig. 3384. See Candle-lamp. Calamiued iron. See Kala mined iron. Callander lamp-bumer. Fig. 3381. One of the no-chim- ney burners. Cam (Yale lock). The revolving-disk, usually of a spiral eccentric or heart-sliape, fixed on the outside of the shaft which carries the tumblers. Cane-seat. Figs. 3943-6, 399U. A seat made of woven strips of cane or rattan. For additional strength it is now often canvas-lined, the cane seating then coming in rolls. The cane, or rattan, is woven close and ce- mented to the canvas. Fig. 3912. Cannon-car. Fig. 4804. A car specially constructed for carrying heavy cannon. Also called gun-car. Canopy. Figs. 3438-53. See Lamp-canopy. Also called a smoke-bell, which see. A platform-hood is sometimes called a canopy. Canopy return-ribs. Figs. 1239-40. Canopy-ventilator. Fig. 4304. See Ventilators. Cantilever-truss (overhang of underframe). Shown in fig. 512, and V, fig. 514. An inverted truss which bears upon the side-sill directly over the body-bolster. The inner end is connected by a tie-rod to the inner end of the truss at the other end of the car-body, while the outer end supports the overhang of the underframe by a vertical tie-rod and by a diagonal brace-rod similar to the overhang truss-rod of the old Pullman framing. It is clearly shown in fig. 512. Cant-rail (English). 98, figs. 501-4. American equiva- lent, plate. A horizontal timber running along the top of the upright pieces in the sides of the body, and supporting the roof and roof-sticks. Its upper edge is cut to the bevel of the roof ; hence its name. Canvas. A coarse cloth, made of cotton, used for outside covering of street-car roofs and for upholstering seats. Roofing-canvas is used for covering street-cars. Caavas-lined seating. Fig. 3912. See Cane-seat. Cap. The top or covering of anything. See Arm-cap. Belt-rail cap. Bolster-spring cap. Brake-hose coupling-cap. Candle-holder cap. Equalizing-bar-spring cap. Inside-lining cap. Leakage-valve cap. Left-chamber cap. '^ever-frame cap. Main cap of triple-valve. Reversing-cylinder cap. Reversing-valve cap. Right-chamber cap. Smoke-pipe cap. Spiral-spring cap. Spi'ing-cap. Tank-nozzle cap. Trimming cap. Truss plank cap. Uppier cap of triple-valve. Lower cap of tripjle-valve. Window-sill cap. Cap-casting (H. & K. recUning seat). 55, fig. 3922. Cap-screws (air-pump). Ill, figs. 1691-2. Car. The terra used in the United States to designate a vehicle or carriage for running on a railroad. As the term is usvially employed, it denotes any vehicle used for transportation and not belonging to the motive power of a railroad. The term Coach, which see, is synonymous with pas- senger car. In England passenger-cars, or coaches, are called carrtagcs [first, second, and thirdclass), and freight cars, wagons, or trucks, and vans, all of which see. Cars are divided into two general cls^sses, passenger-cars and freight-cars. The latter is also fui'ther subdivided into freight-cars proper and working or construction cars. the latter including a great variety of types, but a com- paratively small nvunlier of each type. The prices allowed by the Master Car-Builders' Association for the various forms of freight-cars will be seen under Freight-car, which see. Street-cars, for cit}' and suburban use, take their names from the motive power employed to move them, as Horse-cars, Electric-motor ears. Cable-cars. etc. They constitute a class by themselves, which see. Hand-cars, which see, are a light vehicle moved by CAR 24 CAB hand-power, and under this head should be classed Veloclpedc-cars. Among passenger-equipment cars the following vehicles are usually classed, not because they carry passengers alone, but rather for the reason that they are r\ui in trains which carry passengers: Baggage cur. Mail car. Bay-window parlor Officers' car. car. Palace car. Buffet sleeping car. Parlor car. Combination baggage Passenger car or coach car. (Jirst-class and second- Dining car. class). Drawing-room, or Pay car. . parlor car. Postal car. Excursion car. Private car. Express car. Sleeping car. Hotel car. Smoking car. Among the cars for regular freight service are: Box car. Grain car. Box fruit car. Gravel car. Box stock car. Gun car. Caboose car or cabin Heater car. car. Hopper-bottom car. Cannon car. Ice car. Coal car. Iron hopper coal car. Coal clump car. Lumber car. Club car. Milk car. Double-deck car. Mine car. Drop-bottom, car. Oil or tank car. Dump car. Ore car. Flat car. Poultry car. Emit car. Refrigerator car, Eurniture car. Stock car. Gondola car. Tip car. Among working cars are: Air-brake-instruction Locomotive crane, car. Pile-driver car. Boarding car. Push-pole car. Derrick car. Sweepiing ear. Ditching car Snow-plow ovflanger. ■ Ferry push-car. Tool car. Inspection car. Wrecking car. Freight-cars are also generally designated as four- ivheel or eight-wheel, the latter carried on two trucks of four wheels each, and including an immense majority of American roUing-stock. In fact the four-wheeled freight-car may be counted one of the things of the past. Iron cars having the siUs, cross-tie timbers and bolsters of structural iron shapes have been built in late years and some have been built entirely of iron and steel, but they have not fomid much favor with American rail- roads. Many so-called tubular-iron cars, whose framing was of wrought-iron pipe, have also been built and are in limited use. There are three prime reasons why iron cars have not found favor : First, those who designed the cars already built did not anticipate the development which American roUiug-stock has undergone, and pro- vide for the greater burdens which their cars have had to endure ; secondly, there has been considerable diffi- culty experienced in matters of repair, repair-shops not having been equipped for, nor the car repairers trained to, iron-work ; thirdly, the additional first cost over and above that of wood cars has forbidden their uni- versal adoption. Car-axle. Figs. g-llQ-SO. M. C. B. Standard. Also, 2, figs. 4580-4966. A sha,ft made of wrought-iron or steel to which a pair of car-wheels is attached. In nearly all cases the wheels are both rigidly fastened to the axle, but sometimes one or both of them are made so that it can tm-n independently of the axle. The following are the names of the parts of an axle : Center of axle, Neck of axle, ^Vheel-seat, Dust-guard bearing. Collar, Journal. See Axle. Hammered car-axle. Car-bodies. Figs. 329-61.5. Car-body details. Figs. 617-3453a. Car-box. A journal-box, which see. Car-box jack-screw. Figs. 37.30-1, 3731, 3753. A low screw or hydraulic jack to fit under a journal-box so as to take the load ofi the joumal-bearing and enable it to be re- moived. Carburetor (Frost system of car-lighting). Figs. 3131-3, 3130-3. The carburetor is a square box, hermetically sealed, which is provided with an internal spiral cham- ber, 15, figs. 3131-3, sixty feet long, filled with capillary material. It has also a carburetor flue, which provides for the passage of air from the inside of the car. As a means of furnishing heat to the carburetor, it is sur- rounded with an air space wliich commimicates with the inside of the car, so that warm air from the car con- stantly passes around the outside of the carburetor and out through the ventilator. To protect the car from the extremes of heat and cold, it is surrounded by a double mantle lined with hair-felt. The air is supplied to the carburetor by means of the roof-pipe, and is conducted through the tee, 9, and the air-pipe, 10, to the copper-coil, 11, where it is heated by the lamp. From the coil, the heated air passes to the air-inlet, 12, where the cmrent is divided. The greater part of the air passes down through this casting into the interior of the carburetor and the remainder continues its course through the air tube to the by-jjass nipple, 14, in which is located a diaphragm,-with a hole of sufficient size to admit of the passage of a limited amount of un- carbureted air. The air which has entered the car- buretor at the air-inlet, 12, moves slowly through the spiral-chamber, 15, fUled with capillary material partly saturated with gasoline. While following this passage, the air absorbs the gasoline vapor, and the gas thus formed issues from the gas-outlet, 16, where it is brought in contact with the uncarbureted air, which has passed through the by-pass nipple, 14, as previously described, and is thereby diluted. From the gas outlet, the gas passes downward through the gas-nipple, 17, and the gas-arm-ell, 18, to the lamp. The process of filling the carburetor is as follows : The filling can, fig. 3143, is inverted and connected with the carburetor valves, as shown in fig. 3153. After opening the carburetor Jilling-valve, 5, and the carburetor bleed- valve, 6, on both the carburetor and can, the gasoline flows by gravity into the carburetor and is conducted through the trouglis, 19, to the absorbent wicking. Carbureted air to replace the gasoline passes up through the bleed-well tube, 21, and nipple, 22, to the bleed-valve, 6, and thence into the can. As soon as the wicking has become satui-ated, the excess oil collects in the bleed-well and prevents the further flow of oil from the can. Car-candle. See Candle. Car-coupler. An appliance for connecting or coupling cars together. AU passenger-car couplers and the greater part of the freight-car couplers in use are auto- matic. By Act of Congress, Feb. 37, 1893, all engines, pas- senger and freight cars engaged in interstate com- merce must be equipped vsrith couplers.- that couple auto- matically by impact and that may be uncoupled without going between the cars, on or before Jan. 1, 1898. A penalty of $100 is imposed for each violation of this act, unless the time shall have been extended for each road by the Interstate Commerce Commission after a hearing and for a good cause. This act and the anticipation of such legislation by the roads have been strong factors in the abandonment of the old link-and-pin drawbar, and the adoption of the vertical-plane automatic coupler. Of automatic couplers there are a great many; the freight couplers aU conform to the Unes adopted by the M. C. B. Association and shown in fig. 5499; they differ chiefly in the lock and the device for uncoupling. The general dimensions of the coupler universally adopted for freight service are given under flgs. 5499-5505 with the limit gages to which aU M. C. B. couplers should conform The same gages are applicable to passenger couplers. The method of attachment of coupler recommended by CAR 25 CAE, the M. C. B. Association is shown in figs. 5507-24. Of the many couplers in use the following are frequently met: Janney. Figs. 2161-82, 2252-4, 2301-50. And various other means of attacliment not shown. Gould. Figs. 2H1-7, 2246-51, 2296-2300. American. Figs. 2075-81. Brown's Emergency. Figs. 2082-6. Buckeye. Figs. 2088-96. California. Figa. 2102-11. Chicaoo. Figs. 21Ha d. Drexel. Figs . 2112-24, 2244-5. Elliott. Figs. 2125-40. Wnson. Figs. 2150-60. .Tuhnston. Figs. 2183-89. Smillie. Figs. 2199-2201. Standard. Figi. 2202-8, 2256-66. Thurmond-McKcen. Figs. 2209-22, 2277-9. Trojan. Figs. 2229-39, 2267-74. Van Dorstcn. Figs. 2240-3, 2275-6. Link and pin. Figs. 2073-4 and 2282-89a. Car-cylinder (air-brake). Any one of several kinds of brake-cijlinders shown in figs. 1727-31. Card Electric Company's street-car motor Fig. 5676. Car-discharge-valve (train signaling-apparatus). 32, figs. 1693-8, and fig. 2403. A valve placed in the end of the car and connected with the signal-cord. When the cord is pulled the car-discharge-valve is opened and the air escapes, which blows the whistle in the locomotive cab. See Train signaling-apparatus. Car-door hangers. Figs. 2825-45, 1800-52. A device for hanging a sliding door so that it may be movable. In common practice the simple hooks upon which most fi eight-car doors are hung are termed simply door- hangers, which see, while more elaborate forms vpith rollers have their names expanded mto car-door hangers. Car-door hangers with wheels or rollers to prevent friction are termed Door-sheaves, of wliich there are various types. The type in most common use for heavy doors is shown in figs. 2825, 2837, 2839, 2834-6, in which the door carries a slotted plate, which rests upon the pivot of a large wheel which rolls upon the track ; another class, figs. 2831-4, are of the "grindstone-bear- ing " type, the journal of the bearing-wheel proper resting upon other wheels. Other types in use are shown in figs. 2830, 2837, 2839-43, which have the single wheel in a fixed bearing. Car-door lock. 19, fig. 1788; figs. 2644, 2735. A lock .for a car-door, usually meaning for a passenger-car door. See Freight-car lock. Padlock. Car-door sheaves. See Door-sheaves and Car-door hangers. Car drain-cup (Automatic air-brake). Figs. 1746 and 1758-60 ; 6, figs. 1693-8. An attachment to the brake- pipe of every car to collect the water of condensation, which is drawn off from time to time by a cock at the bottom, it is usually combined with an air-strainer and so-called. Card-rack. 80, fig. 254. A small receptacle on the out- side of a freight-car to receive cards giving shipping directions. Card-table. See Table. Carey asbestos-asphalt car-roof. Figs. 339.5-6. A roofing material the body of which is composed of a very heavy layer of woolen felt, thoroughly saturated with a secret compound which it is claimed preserves the roofing itself and also the upper and lower boarding with which it comes in contact. See Car-roof. Car-furnishings. Figs. 2454-4575. The hardware, uphol- stery materials and other fittings, such as lamps, venti- lators, water-coolers, etc., used in finishing a passenger- car. In general it includes those parts of a car that are applied after it has left the paint-shop. Car-heater. Any apparatus for heating cars by convection ; that is, by conveying hot water, steam, or warmed air into, or through, the car. It generally refers to any arrangement for warming cars, other than stoves. See Baker, Spear, Consolidated, Gold and Safety heating-systems. See also Stove. Cook-stove. Range. Carline, or carling. 81 and 82, figs. 229-66, etc.; 100, figs. 435-73, etc.; and 100, figs. 536-608. A transverse bar of wood or iron which extends across tlie top of a car or from one side to the other, and which supports the roof -boards. In passenger-cars carlines are divided into main carlines, figs. 1248-9, passing entirely across the car ; short carlines or deck carlines, which are confined to the upper-deck, and rafters, 101, figs. 435-73, and fig. 1215, wliich are confined to the lower-deck. The carlines of freight-cars are also rarely called rafters. The main carlines are usually compound, i, e., built up of wood and iron. They sometimes pass directly from side to .side of the car across and under the upper-deck, when they are termed continuous or straight carlines, but usually are bent to the outline of the clear-story, when tliey are termed profile carlines. In freight-cars the main carline is one made stronger than the others for carrying the purlins and roof. Other carlines having special names, which see, are : End carline. Platform-hood line. Platform-roof carline. Platform-roof -end carline. Carline kuee-iron. b, fig. 515. An angle iron which con- nects the end carline to the plate. Carlton & Stroudley fastening (steel-tired wlieels). Fig. 5313. See Tire fastening. Car-moldings. See Moldings. See also Car- seat moldings, figs. 4023-8, which latter are metal bands for seat-backs. Carpet eyelet. Fig. 2853. See Eyelet. Carpet-knob. An eyelet-nail, which see. Car-platform. More commonly, simply pilatform, which see. See Platform furnishings. Car-pump. A hasin pumx), which see. Car-replacer. A device for getting a derailed truck back on to the track. It usually consists of two inclined planes by which the wheels are raised so that the fiange of the outside wheel can ride upon and over the rail. They are placed at an acute angle with the track so as to guide the wlieels and force them upon the track. See Wrecking-frog. Carriage-bolt. Fig. 3710. A bolt made square under the head so as to prevent it from turning when in its place. They usually have button -shaped heads and are used for fastening wooden objects together. Carriage, or raUway carriage (English). Figs. 501-4. American equivalent, passenger-car, or coach. A vehicle for passengers, having four, six, eight, or twelve wheels (usually six wheels). It is divided into compartments by transverse partitions extending the full width of car. A first-class compartment seats six or eight passengers, and a second or third class compartment ten passengers. About 89 i per cent, of the total number of passengers travel third-class, which really corresponds to the so- called ' ' first-class " here, the real first-class being canied in sleeping and parlor cars. The English first-class is used by about 3-} per cent, of the passengers. The second is an intermediate class which is gradually going out of use. See also Bogie carriage. Second-class carriage. Composite carriage. Smoking carriage. Corridor carriage. Sleeping carriage. , First-class carriage. Third-class carriage. Lavatory carriage. Tri-composite carriage. Saloon carriage. or tri-compo. Carriage-truck (English). An open four-wheeled vehicle, with low sides, adapted to run on passenger trains, and carry a road vehicle. Carrier. See Bi-ake-hanger carrier. Brake-pawl carrier. Foot-rest carrier. Parallel brake-hanger carrier. Spring-plank carrier. Car-roof. Figs. 2355-94. A covering for a car, supported by the carlines and purlins. The various forms in use in freight-cai construction may be divided generally CAB 26 CAK into the four following classes : Ist, what is known as a double-board roof, with or without felt or other material between boards. Fig. 2379 is a simple and very largely used form. To this class belong also the Hutchins, fig. 3396; Careys, fig. 2395; and many other roofs in which the boards are tongued and grooved and have a sheet of painted canvas, asphalt roofing ma- terial, or other prepared materials between them. 2d, Single-board roofs, covered with tin or other sheet metal, figs. 2385, 3388-91, the Excelsior galvanized car-roof. 3d. Roofs made of metal sheets, fastened to purlins and roof strips, and protected by a single layer of roughly matched boards. To this class belong the Winslow, figs. 3355-67 ; the " Chicago" car-roof, figs. 3368-78, which is very similar to the Winslow, except that in the Winslow the sheets run clear across the roof of the car, whereas in the Chicago they are in sections, corrugated, and divided by the ridge-pole ; and the Excelsior car-roof, in which the sheets are divided by the ridge-pole. 4th, a type of double-roof consisting of inside roof covered with felt, tar paper, or asphalted canvas, and an outside roof built over it to protect the roofing material from injury. This type is illustrated in the Drake cfc Weir's roof, fig. 3393, and the Neponset red-rope roofing, figs. 3398-4. Passenger car-roofs are commonly of tin, zinc, or gal- vanized iron or steel of about 33 W. G., painted. For street-cars, painted canvas is used. See also Board-roof, and the various kinds above specified. In respect to form, see Arched-roof, Deck-roof, A car-roof, and X car-roof. Carry-iron. See Drawbar carry-iron. Inner drawbar carry-iron. Drawbar stirrup. McKeen carry-iron. Draw-timber carry-iron. Car-seal. Figs. 3877-3900. A device to secure freight-car doors against opening, by making it impossible without destroying the seal. The original form consisted of a lead disk with two holes to receive a piece of twisted wire, which is compressed by a die so as to leave a seal- mark which must be defaced or the wire cut before the door can be opened. To prevent stripping the seal from the wire and re-inserting it, a detective wire of irregular cross-section is used, figs. 3886-7 and 3900. Sheet-metal eyelet-shackles, in a variety of other forms, are now also used, with or without tin return tags, and also a simple lead rivet with a tin shackle. Tin shackles often have the name of the road printed on them. Of seals there are a great variety, some of the more common of which are shown. See also Seal-locks. Seal-press. Car-seat. Figs. 3901-4115 ; 122, figs. 450, and 540-1. The complete set of fixtures on which passengers sit in a car. It ordinarily consists of a seat-frame, seat-cushions, seat-back, arm-rest, foot-rest, and their attachments. Ordinarily, the seats in American cars are placed cross- wise of the car, and are made for two passengers. The backs of the seats are generally made rever.sible. In the Buntin seat end, wliich see, etc., the seat and back are in one piece and both reversible together. These seats, and, less properly, ordinary car seats, are sometimes called reversible seats. The seats of parlor cars are com- monly called chairs (see Revolving chair, Hitchcock cliair. Hartley chair, etc.). To replace chair-cars these chairs have been superseded by so-called twin-seats, which see. In private and parlor cars, sofas, placed longitudinally against the side of the car, are sometimes used. In order to give an inclination to the seats which makes them more comfortable, various devices have been intro- duced. In fact all first-class car seats not only incline the seat-cushion but they move it bodily forward, as well as automatically adjust the back. Other improve- ments in seats, are the head-roll, figs. 3901, 3918 ; the curved seat-back, fig. 3968 ; the extra-high seat-back, figs. 3973 ; the adjustable foot-rest, figs. 8973-3. Other types of seats are shown as follows: Swing-back seats, figs. 3981-3, another type, figs. 3917-18 ; Scarritt-Famey seats, figs. 3968-76 ; and revolving- seat, figs. 3980, and 3984-6. The covering of seats is usually plush, but sometimes cane or rattan seats, canvas-lined cane seats, perforated- veneer seats, woven-wire seats, which see, are used. The seats of street-cars are usually placed longitudinally on each side of the car, as shown in fig. 3947, but in open- cars they are usually transverse and in length equal to the full width of car, figs. 5644 and 5648-9. See also Cane-seat. Rattan car-seat. Mason rocker-seat. Side-seat. Perforated-veneer seat. Woven-wire seat. Car-seat connecting-rod. 25, figs. 3971-3. A rotind rod connecting wall and aisle seat-ends of a Scarritt seat with adjustable foot-rests. Car-seat moldings. Figs. 4033-8. Metal bands, usually nickel-plated, iised to finish seat-backs. They are either plain or beaded. See Moldings. Car-signal valve (train signaling-apparatus). Figs. 3403- 4. A valve placed in every car and attached to the bell- cord or signal cord, by which air is allowed to escape from the signal-pipe, thus blowing the signal-whistle on the engine. It is more often called a car-discharge valve. Carson and Gurganus refrigerator car-doors. Figs. 1853-9. An insidated door, carried upon a frame which is hung in sheaves on a lower track. When the frame has been slid into position the door is forced into place against rubber packing by an eccentric placed upon a rod and operated by a lever. Car-spring. Figs. 5193-5340. See Spring. Spiral spiring. Elliptic spring. Bolster-spring. A general term ap- plied to springs on which the weight of a car rests, and also to draw and buffer springs. Car-steps. See Platform steps. Car-truck. Figs. 4580-4966. Mechanically, a small low four-wheeled (or sometimes six-wheeled) car, carrying as a dead load one-half the weight of a long car-body. The car-body is usually carried on a pair of center-plates (truck center-plate and car-body center-plate), with a center-pin or king-bolt passing through them, about which the truck or, more properly speaking, the car- body, can swivel. In England such trucks are called "bogies." See Truck. Carving- table (dining-cars). Figs. 475-6. Car-washer. Figs. 3701-3. A brush made for washing the outside of passenger-cars. It is made of bristles or feathers. Car-wheel. Figs. 5255-5363; 1, figs. 4580-4966 and 5654-67. A wheel for a railroad car. ChiUed-wheels are called .^ingle-plate wheels or double-plate wheels, according to the number of plates between the hub and rim. When one plate is used, it is sometimes made flat, with ribs called brackets on the back, and sometimes corrugated, \vithout ribs. The disks of double- plate wheels also are generally corrugated. What is known as the Washburn wheel has two corrugated disks extending from the hub about half way to the tread, and a single plate, with curved brackets on the back, between the tread and the double plates. This wheel is generally known as a double-plate wheel. Cast-iron wheels are also made with spokes, either solid or hollow, principally for locomotive use. Those in use in this country are either cast-iron with a chilled tread and called chilled-wheels, or are steel tired with wrought or oast iron or combination center. For freight-cars the cast-wheel with a chilled tread is still largely in use. As to passenger-cars the M. C. B. Committee on Steel-Tired Wheels of 1894 reported that replies from car-builders representing 57 per cent, of the passenger car equipment in this country gave the number of wheels in use as 51,863. These members reported 145,830 wheels under passenger equipment, of which 36 per cent, were steel- tired. Of the entire passenger equipment in the country, probably not more than 25 per cent, has steel-tired wheels. Of the 57 per cent, reported, of the Allen wheels CAR 27 CEN there were 13.943, the Paige 8,184, the Krupp 6,021, the Snow 3,575. tlie Arbel-Cockeril 3,218, the Boies 2,830, the Washbvirn 1,(581, tiie Brunswick 1,287; of the other types there were less than 1.000. The standar.l diameter of freight-car wheels may be said to be 33 ins. ; 30 and 31-in. wheels, and wheels as small as 28 ins., and even less, are used for locomotive trucks. The average weight for a 33-in. wheel is 575 lbs. For several years there was a tendency to use wheels of large diameter for passenger cars. Forty-two inch wheels became quite common, but there has been a reaction against 42-in. wheels in favor of 3(5-in. wheels, which are now practically standard for passenger equipment. In England passenger wheels vary from 42 to 48 ins. in diam- eter, and freight-car wheels are always 36 ins. Both always have steel tires. Prices of wheels and axles and cost of work on same has been fixed at various rates by the rules for inter- change of cars of the M. C. B. Association. See Inter- change of Trajffic. The parts of wheels are the flange, tread, rim, tire, retaining-rings. plate, ribs. spoJce-s, center, hub and axle- seat. The varieties of cast-iron wheels beside the single-plate, double-plate, and Washbru-n, above mentioned, are the combination plate-wheel, combination wheel, hollow-spoke wheel, open-jjlate wheel, spoke-wheel. Cast-steel wheels have been made, but cannot be said to be in general use. See Steel-tired ivheel and any of the above. In 1893 the M. C. B. Association adopted specifications for cast-iron wheels and a form of guarantj' by manufac- turers as Recommended Practice. These had formerly been standards of the Association ; figs. 426, 7-8, M. C- B. Reiiort. See Wheels, specifications and guarantee. See also the following wheels : Allen, figs. 5255-73. McKee-Fidler, figs. 5306-7a. Arhel-Cocheril,fLgs.521A-8\. Paige, figs. 5308-13. Boies, figs. 5282-91. Snows, figs. 5331-29. Brunswick, figs. 5392-97. Taylor's, figs. .5316-19. Chilled-cast. figs. 5335-8. Teakioood, fig. 5330. Hand-car, figs. 5620-34. Vauclain, figs. 5314-15. Knipp, figs. 5298-5305. Washburn, figs. 5330-34. Car-window blind. See Wiudoiv-blind. Car-window brush. Fig. 3701. Case. " A covering, box, or sheath; that which incloses or contains : as a case for knives ; a case for books ; a watch-case ; a pillow-case." — Webster. See Brake-hose coupling- Leakage-valve case, case. Spring-case. Door-case. Tool-ease. Lamp-case. Triple-valve case. Lock-case. 2. (Rack-tmnbler sj^ring padlock.) 8, fig. 3766. Casing. 1. (For heaters.) See Heater-jnpe casinij. Perforated smoke-piipc Inside-casing. casing. Outside-casing. Smoke-pipjc casing. 3. (For Spear heater.) Figs. 3058-60. A cylindrical sheet-iron cover by which the fire-pot is inclosed so as to leave an air-space between the two. 3. (For windows.) The frame which surrounds a window. See Window-casing. Caster. Fig. 4115. A small wheel on a .swivel attached to furniture and on which it is rolled on the floor. By custom of the trade, furnishings wliich are in reality mere sockets or knobs, like figs. 4112-14, are termed cast- ers, although they are, strictly speaking, not such, not having any rollers. They are distinguished as chair- casters, table-casters, sofa-casters, etc., according to size and probable use. Caster-holder (dining-cars) . Figs. 107-9. A shelf or tray for holding bottles of condiments. Castiag. Any piece of metal which has been cast in a ■ mold. See Corner-casting. Roller side-bearing cast- Drawbar side-cast- iiig. ing. Roof corner-casting. Eccentric-lever cast- Side-casting- ing. Transom-casting. Cast-iron double-plate wheel. Figs. 5259-60, 5270-1. See Double-plate wheel. Car-wheel. Cast-iron spoke-center wheel. Figs. 5357-8, 5292-3, 5304-5, 5312-13, etc. Cast-iron top (Baker heater). Figs. 3901, 3912, 2921. A plate which forms the top of the fire-chamber. It has lierforations around the outside and an opening in the center through which the stove is supplied with coal. Cast-wheels. Figs. 5335-63. See Car-wheel. Chilled ivheel. Chill. Catch. See Cupboard- catch. Deck-sash catch. Door-holder-cateh. Ratchet-catch. Second catch. . Sliding-door-holder catch. Vestibale-gate catch. 3. (Janney coupler.) 136, fig. 3301. A latch which engages with the point of Janney knuckle and secures it in position when coupled. Catch-lever (Janney coupler). 136, fig. 3301. A crank- lever passing verticallj' tlirough the catch, by means of which it is caused to release the knuckle for uncoupling. Catch-spring' (Janney coupler). 25, fig. 3301. A coiled spring on the catch-spring bolt operating the catch. Catch-spring bolt (Janney coupler). 15, fig. 3301. The bjli o 1 which the catch of Janney coupler slides. Cittle-2ar. Figs. 38-41 and 355-73. More properly Sfocfc- car. which see. Cattle-wagon (English). American equivalent, four- wheeled stock-car. A four-wheeled vehicle suitable for freight service, and adapted to carry cattle, sheep, or pigs. The floor boards are laid 1 in. apart to facilitate drainage, and are covered ^vith strips to prevent the cat" tie slipping, C, B. & a. journal-box for collarless-joumals. Figs. 5138-45. Ceiling. The inside or under surface of the roof or cover- ing of a room or car opposite the floor. This term is sometimes used to mean sheathing, which see. When the ceiling of a passenger-car is made of painted canvas, or other decorated lining it is termed head-lining ; the term ceiling in modern usage being restricted to wood ceiling. The term panel-ceiling is also used as synony- mous with wood ceiling, although cloth head-lining is also sometimes put on in panels. Deafening-ceiling, which see, is boarding under the sills of the car, making an air-space between the sills. See Lignomur. Veneer- i"g. Pa neliiig. Ceiling- veneers. Thin boards with wluch the ceilings of passenger-cars are covered. The term is also misap- plied to the thin preparations of papier e mache, etc., in imitation of natural wood veneers. Ceiling-furring. 0, P, fig. 514. Strips or pieces fas- tened to the carlines overhead, and to which the pan- eling or veneering of the ceiling is applied. Cement-car. Fig. 31. A car specially designed for use in cement quarries and about the works. The one shown is of steel with a hopper-bottom and drop-doors. Central filling-piece (steel-tired wheels). Figs. 5310-11, etc. The part surrounding the hub and connecting it with the tire. Also termed the .skeleton. A ivheel-center is a hub and central filling-piece combined in one. Center-bearing. The place in the center of a truck where the weight of a car-body rests. K body center-plate at- tached to the car-body here rests on a truck center-plate attached to the truck. The general term center-bearing is used to designate the whole arrangement and the func- tions which it performs, in distinction from sirfe-beaj-ing, which see. Center-bearing arch-bar. 66, figs. 4955-66. See Center- bea ring-bridge. Ceater-beariag beam. 65, figs. 4957-66. See below. CEN 3S CBTT Center-bearing bridge (six-^vheel trucks). 66-7, figs. 4957-66. A longitudinal iron beam, formerly sometimes a wooden beam, the ends of which rest upon the spring- beams and by which the truck ceHter-bearin[i-beam, 65, carrying the center-plates, is supported. It consists of the center-bearing arch-bar and inverted arch-bar, in- closing between them the center-bearing beam. Truck side-bearings, 61, similar in form to, an arch-bar, are also attached to the extremities of the spring-beams, con- necting them together. Center-bearing inverted arcb-bar. 67, figs. 4957-66. See above. Center-block. A center-bearing beam, which see. Center-block-column. Figs. 4990-2. A column placed on top of the center-plate block and between it and the cen- ter-bearing arch-bar. Center-block flitcb-plate. Figs. 5086-7. See Centre-block and Flitch-plates. Center-body truss-rods. Those nearest the center, when two or more body truss-rods are used under each side of a car-body. Center- brake-lever (Elder brake). 9, fig. 1462. A hori- zontal lever placed underneath the bottom of a car-body, and attached by a fixed fulcrum in the center of the body and of the lever. It is connected to each of the brake- beams by secondary brake-rods attached near to the ful- crum, and to the brake-shaft on each platform by a brake-shaft connecting-rod. Center-brake-lever chain (Elder brake). 10, fig. 1462. A chain which runs over the center-brake-lever sheaves, on the center brake-lever. Center-brake-lever sheave (Elder brake). 11, fig. 1462. See above. Center-brake-lever spider. A wrought-iron support, re- sembling the letter H , for the center brake-lever. Center-buffer follower-guide. See combination follower- guide. Center buffer-spring. Fig. 1401. See Buffer-spring. Center-buffer-spring (Janney-Miller coupler). A spiral spring situated above the draft springs, intended for buffing purposes only. Center buffer-stem. Figs. 1393-4. See buffer-stem. Center-buffer-yoke (Janney-MiUer coupler). The yoke connecting the central Miller buffer with the Janney equalizer. Center-counterbraoe. 165, fig. 456. A counterbrace in the body of the car between the trucks, to stiS'en a com- pression-beam brace. See Counterbrace. Center-cross-bar (English). See Brake-shaft cross- bearer. Center cross-beaiD.. A, figs. 325-7. A cross-timber framed into the two intermediate sills of a coal or ore car, to which the center doors are hung. Center cross-beam-cap. B, figs. 325-7. A cap-piece to cover the center cross-beam. Center-cross-tie-timber. Fig. 299. A cross-tie timber in the middle of a car, generally jjlaced between the double drop doors of a gondola-car. The 22a of figs. .310-11 is a misnomer ; the piece is a transverse floor-timber instead of a center-eross tie timber. Center door-hinge and stop (Enghsh). 179, fig. 501. The center of three brass hinges securing the door to the body. The insertion of two rubber plugs into striking pieces or side wings on the hinge constitutes Cross's pat- ent stop, which is used to prevent the d6or striking the outside of the body when thrown violently open. See also Seat-rail support. Center door-rail. See Middle door-rail. Center-draft draw-bar. 32, figs. 2382-89a. A draw-bar wliich is connected directly with the king-bolt of a truck. It is a style specially designed for use on the very sharp curves (of 90 and 100 ft. radius) of elevated railroads, and is confined to those Unes See Barnes and Manhattan draft-gear. Center draft-tube (Argand lamp). A, figs. 3371-3. The hollow passage for air in the center of the burner. Center floor-timbers. 4, figs. 229-66, etc. The center-sills, which see. Center-girth. See Door-center girth. Centering-gage. A gage to fix the middle point of an axle. Center-lamp. 135, fig. 447 ; L, fig. 540-1, 8352-76. A lamp suspended from the center of the ceiling of a car. The term is used to distingnsh center-lamps from side- lamps, the latter being attached to the sides of cars. Center-lamps having two or more burners are commonly called chandeliers. 2. (Pintsch-gascenter-lamps, which see.) Figs. 3235-43. Center-piece (air-pump of Westinghouse brake). 4, fig. 1689. An iron casting which forms the lower head of a steam-cylinder, and the upper head of an air-cylinder. Center-pin, or king-bolt. 18, figs. 229-66, etc. ; 16, figs. 435-72, etc. A large bolt which passes through the center-plates on the body-bolster and truck-bolster. The truck turns about the bolt. It normally has no strain upon it and no key or nut at the lower end. It is there- fore a mere pin and not a bolt in the usual sense, but in wrecking-cars the center-pin is sometimes provided with keys to fasten the truck and car-body firmly together. The name king-bolt is derived from the name of the cor- responding part for the front wheels of a wagon. Cen- ter-pin, however, is the more common term. Center-plate. 15, figs. 435-73, 4636-8, 4716-23, 4979-81, and 5176-82. One of a pair of plates made of cast or mallea- ble iron or pressed steel, which support a car-body on the center of a truck. There are two, the body center- plate and the truck center-plale, which are sometimes also called the male and female center-plates. The center-pin or king-bolt, which see, passes through them but carries none of the strain except in emergencies. See Swinging-platform center-plate. Center-plate block. Fig. 4644. A piece of wood placed under a truck center- plate to raise it up to the proper height. Center-plate bolster-truss (double iron bolster). Fig. 1331. Center-post (side dmup-car) . Ill, Figs. 333-5. A post standing on the center-sills and bolted to the trans- verse filling-pieces, and helijiiig with other center-posts to caiTy longitudinal floor timber to which the planking of the inclined floor is spiked. Center-shaft (liopper-bottom cars). 70, figs. 298-315. A winding-shaft , which see. Center-sills. 4, figs. 329-66, 435-73, etc. The two main longitudinal timbers underneath the floor which are nearest the center of the car. In iron-frame oars they ai'e usually I-beams, which see. 3. (Hand-car.) 10, figs. 5593-5600. Center-spring washer (Janney coupler). The washer against which the Janney centre-buffer spring impinges. Center-stay (of a chandelier). 30, figs. 3361, 3371-76. The central support around which the lamps are grouped. In some cases it is the only method of attaching the chandelier to the ceihng, and in others there are several inclined [roof-braces or vertical lamp-arms in addition. In "hurricane" or "tornado" lamps, which see, the center-stay is usually a hollow tube for the passage of air. Center-stem chafing-plates. Figs. 1369-70. Center-stem follower. Figs. 1385-6. Center-stop (tip-car) . A bracket or block attached to a draw-timber to restrain the body fronr moving longitu- dinally. Center suspension-lamp. Figs. 3335-8. See Pintsch lamps. Center-truck. Figs. 333-5. The middle one of tln-ee trucks of a car. Center-truck roller. 122, figs. 333-5. A roUer placed be- tween two plates, oae attached to the car-body and tho CEN CHE other to the center-truck, so that the truck can move laterally and permit the car to pass over cui-ved track. Center-truck roller-pe jestal. 133, figs. 333-5. A pedes- tal with projecting horns which engage with the bosses on eitlier side of the roller and prevent displacements. Chafing-clip. (National hollow brake-beam.) Figs. 1637, 1639a-b. Chafiag-plate. A metal plate to resist wear, used on brake-beams, tnick-transoms, swinging spring-beams, etc. See Brake-beam- chafing- Drawbar chafiiig-plate. plate. ' Tram^oia chafing-plate. Check-chain chafing- Truck-bolater chufing-plate. plate. Coupling-pin chafing-plate. 3. (Janney-Miller coupler.) A bar across the top of the stirrup. Chain. "A series of links or rings connected, or fitted into one another, usually made of some kind of metal." — ■ Webster. Hoist ing-ehain. Horizontal brake-shaft chain. Lock-chain. Manhole-cover chain. Fitch-chain. Platform-railing chain. Railing-chain. Safety-coupling chain. Tank-nozzle-cap chain. Unco upling-chain . Wedge-chain. See Basin-chain. Berth-chain. Brake safetfi-chain. Brake-shaft chain. Center brake-lever chain. Check-chain. Connecting-chain. Coupling-chain. Door-pin chain. Driving-chain. Drop-bottom chain. Chain and eye (for door-bolt, postal-car fittings). Fig. 3837. Chain-box (of a denick). A box below the hoisting-gear for holding loose chain or rope. Chain coupling-lmk. Two or more coupUng-links at- tached together like a chain. Used with a draxv-hopk, which see. Chain-holder (for basin-plug). Figs. 34-83-4. A stanchion, which see, provided with screw-thread and nut for pass- ing through the marble slab. Also called a chain-post, chain stay. Chain-lock (for glass seals). Fig. 1016. One of the sim- plest forms of seal locks, relying solely for secmity on the protection of the seal. Chain-post. See Chain-holder. Chain-sheave. 37, figs. 3431-6. (Gould vestibule.) A restraining chain-sheave, it is attached to the front-face plate by a chain sheave-bracket, 36. See Face-plate restraining-chain. Chain-stay. See Chain-holder. Chair. Figs. 3931, 3936-7, 3977-9, 3988-93. The usual designation for the seats of j)arlor-cars. See Revolving- chair. Hartley chair. Hitchcock chair. Chair-arm plate. A metal plate for the top of a chair- arm. If for common passenger-car seats it is called an arm-cap, which see. Chair-back (Hartley chair). 9, figs. 3998-9. Chair-car. Fig. 98. Another name for piarlor or draic- ing-room cars, fitted with arm-chairs vvhichare usually adjustable arm-chairs, like the Hartley or Hitchcock, when this distinctive name is used. The term chair-car generally is applied to a car equipped with reclining- chairs or twin car-seats, and which car is run on local night trains so that people may rest and take cat-naps. Chair-caster. See Caster. Chair-leg caster or socket. Figs. 4113-15. A hollow casting which fits on the end of a chair-leg. Such casters, when casters proper, are provided with wheels, but frequently in car construction they are without wheels, and are then by custom of the trade still called casters {fixed or rigid casters), although properly not such. Challender truss. Figs. 568-9. A substitute for the truss- plank and side body-bracing of passenger-car frames, and used on tbe Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Eailroad. It consists of a thin plate of iron with an angle iron riveted to the bottom and sometimes one at the top and bottom. It is fastened to each post by large wood screws, and is bolted to the side-sills. It is sometimes made to serve as a .substitute for truss-rods under the car, and to forms a part of the inside finish under the window. Cars trussed in this way are .said to be as light and cheap as those in which tlie ordinary form of construc- tion is used, but the truss has not so far found sufficient favor to be adopted as standard, not even by a few roads. Chamber. See Dnst-gnard chamber. Chamber-cap ( Westinghouse brake) . See Right chamber- cap. "Champion" lamp-burner. Fig. 3380. One of the no- chimney burners. Chandelier. A center-lamp having two or more burners, but generally meaning only those of very elaborate form or having more than two burners, as the two and four light chandeliers, figs. 3361-76. Channel bar. Figs. 4661-3. A general term applied by makers to iron rolled with the following section: [. They are in use for the side-sills of iron-frame cars, for tran- soms and spring-planks of trucks. X-bars, which see, are used for inside sills of under-frames and for truck-bol- sters, figs. 4664-6. Chapel-car. Fig. 303. A car, a number of which have been built, in which church services are to be held. They have been used in the West and Northwest, where missionary work has been carried on quite actively in them. They are encomraged by the railroads, and the meetings are said to be largely attended by railroad employes. Chaplet. A piece of iron used in a mold for casting, to hold a core in its place. Chapman's screw-jack. Figs. 3743-4. See Screw-jack. Chase refrigerator-car. Fig. 14. An ice and salt car. In each end of the car are placed cylinders, in the center of which is a pipe larger at the top than at the bottom. The cylinders are filled from the roof with broken ice. Drain- age is had by a valve at the bottom of the cylinders operated by a rod running to the top. Check-chain. 68, fig. 4343. A chain attached to a truck and the body of a car to prevent the former from swing- ing crosswise on the track in case of derailment. Such chains are usually attaclied eitlier to two, or to each of the four corners of a truck and to the sills of the cars. At 8th Annual Convention, Cincinnati, 1874, it was " Resolved, That truck and car-bod}' check-chains are, when properly applied, a valuable acquisition on passen- ger equipment, and your committee recommend their general use." In 1803, the use of truck and car-body check-chains, properly applied, was adopted as a Recom- mended Practice. A difficulty with check-chains has been that the eyes by which they are attached to the body and truck were not strong enough to resist the strain, and that the chains themselves have been too long to come to a bearing soon enough to have the trucks controllable. Check-chain chafing-plate. A plate attached to a truck timber to resist the wear of a check-chain. Check-chain eye. 70, figs. 4943 and 4938-9. See Body c'leck-chain eye. Truck check-chain eye. Check-chain hook. 69, figs. 4943 and 4938-9. See Body check-chain hook. Truck check-chain hook. Check-gage for mounting wheels. Fig. 5486. The check- gage for mounting wheels shown was adopted as stand- ard in 1894. The gage is shown as applied, in one posi- tion, to a pair of standard wheels mounted to standard distance, and it is important that such gage be univer- sally used after September 1, 1894, in mounting wheels, in order to have them pass inspection at interchange pouits. Check-val^e (triple valve). 15, figs 1706-7. Check-valve case. 13, figs. 1706-7. See above. CHE 80 CLA Check-valve case-gasket. 14, figs. 1706-7. See above. Check-valve spring. 12, figs. 1706-7. Chicago & Northwestern grain-door. Figs. 1927-8. Chicago car-coupler. Figs. 3111a-d. Chicago grain-door. Figs. 1870-5. One of several grain- doors, which slides up and down on a grain-door rod fas- tened to the door-post and is hung to the carUnes when not in use. The top of the door is fastened to the rods by a ring and a door-arm, fig. 1872. " Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul " refrigerator-car. Figs. 278-83. The car as shown is built after the Wickes system of refrigeration, and contains Wiokes ice-boxes, and was intended for fruit business and ordinary i>erish- able freight. Salt is not used. The cars for meat busi- ness, in which salt is used, have a different style of ice- box. The dimensions of each box are 3 ft. by 3 ft. 3J ins. by 4 ft. 10 ins. high, and the boxes are made of Nos. 20 and 24 galvanized-iron basket-work, built on oak frames. Each box has a roof hatchway, with a BoHd wooden cover which may be lifted partially and held in position for ventilation. In this case hatchways are covered with wire netting of 13-mesh, No. 33 brass vidre. The car thus serves as a refrigerator, or as a ventilated car, as occa- sion requires ; the ventilators are of the Earle patent. The insulation on sides and roof-lining is as follows : Outside sheathing, layer of Neponset insulating paper, air space, |-in. lining, Neponset paper, ^in. hair felt, air space with furring strip spacings, Neponset paper, inside lining. Data not given in the figures are as follows : Length inside lining .'?3ft. 1!4 ins. Width inside lining. 8 ft. lJ4ins. Length between ice-boxes 24 ft. ^ ins. Height, rail to top of running-board i2ft.ll^ ine. Ueight, rail to top of braKe-staff 13 ft. 8H ins. Capacity of ice-tanks 7,500 lbs . Average weight of car-bod? 26,100 lbs. A verage weight per pair of trucks 11,320 lbs. Total weight of empty car 37,420 lbs. Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul system, of direct steam- heating. Figs. 30-56-7. Chicago sectional-corrugated car-roof. Figs. 2868-78. See car-roofs. Chill. A kind of crystallization produced when melted cast-iron is cooled suddenly. It is usually accomplished by bringing the molten iron in contact ^Wth a cold metal (usually iron) mold. The hardened part of a car- wheel is called the chill. The mold in which a chill is produced is sometimes called a chill, but the name chill- mold has been given to this. Chilling was invented in Philadelphia in 1847. The name of the inventor is not known. The process was never patented. All cast-iron railroad car-wheels are chilled wheels. Many wheels are now chilled in what are termed con- tracting chills. Figs. 5364-73, which are made in such form that the heat from the molten metal automatically keeps the chilling surface (in contact with the wheel- tread) very nearly a uniform size and shape; even though the mold does expand as a whole. The chilling surface may even contract to less than its normal size. The re- sult of this, it is claimed, is to give a deeper and more uniform chill and a more perfect wheel. This contrac- tion is accomplished by cutting the chilling surface into radially divided segmental blocks which are con- nected to the mold by radical arms. These radial arms are several inches long and are of less cross-section than the segmental blocks. When molten metal is poured against the segmental chilUng-blocks, the heat travels by conduction to the radial arms which exj^and in the direction of their radial lengths and thus crowd the seg- mental blocks in toward the center of the wheel, con- tracting its size ; hence the name contracting chill. Therearethree tj^pesof chills in general use. The Whit- ney, figs. 5374-6; the Barr, figs. 5.364-7; and the Canda, figs. 5368-73. The Whitney contracting chill was first in- vented and patented in 1886 by John E. "WTiitney, of Philadelphia. The Barr chill is alternately heated and cooled by forcing cm-rents of steam and cold water through the periphery of the chill to keep it normal so as to intensify the contraction. In the Canda chill the mold is made up of three rings with the alternate seg- mental chilling-block joined successively to the two upper rings and the two lower rings. Different kinds of iron have the property of chilling in different degrees, and the different kinds are mixed fre- quently to secure the best results. There are nimaerous theories advanced to explain and describe the phe- nomena, for which see the scientific books on metal- lurgy. Chill-crack. An irregular crack developed in casting upon the chilled surface of the tread of oar-wheels. Chill-cracks not over \ in. wide, and not extending to the flange, are not considered as injuring the wheel or as indicating weakness or inferior quality. Iron which makes the most durable car- wheels is most liable to chill - cracks. See Wheel sxjeciflcations. Interchange of Traffic. Chimney (for lamps). Figs. 3412-23. See La7np-chimney for table of standard dimensions. See also Globe-chim- ney. Lamp-case chimney. Lamp-globe chimney. S)n oke-pipe. Stove-jnpe. Chimney-holder and reflector combined. Fig. 3436. Chipping (of chilled car- wheels). A scahng off of small portions of the chilled metal, due to imperfect or irregu- lar crystallization. Wlieels chipped on the tread to a depth of more than ^ in. or leaving the tread less than 3i in., are rejected under rules for interchange of car. See Literchange of Traffic. Chock or chock-piece (snowplow framing). Figs. 408-9. In shipbuilding a wedge or triangular-shaped block or timber used to unite the head and heel of consecutive timbers : Century. Also intended as a filling-piece to give form or shape. Hence in a snow-plow a timber which joins successive timbers, and fills out to give shape, as shown. Chord (of a truss) . The long horizontal members at top and bottom of a truss. The side-sills and plates of a oar-body are top and bottom chords of the side trusses, but the terms are not used in car-building. In England the chords are termeil booms. Christie brake-shoe and head. Figs. 1656-7. One of the many forms of this detail in wliich combined strength and convenience of removal have been sought. See Brake-bloch. Church-car. See Chapel-car. Chute (Baker heater). Fig. 2870. The interior frame of the feed-door forming a passage for the fuel. Cigar-holders. Figs. 4277, 4283. Circulating-drum (Baker heater). Figs. 3893, 3903-3. A cast-iron vessel with hemispherical ends, on top or inside of the car, filled with water, and connected by two pipes ■with the coil in the stove and -svith the pipes which extend through the car. As the water in the coil be- comes heated it ascends to the drum, and from there it descends through the other pipe to the radiating pipes in the car. After passing through them it is brought back by return pipes to the coil, when it is again heated. Thus a continuous circulation is kept up. It is also called the e.cpanMon-drum. There are several styles, among them the upiright, fig. 2903; the horizontal, figs. 3903. 3893. etc. Circulating pipes (Baker and other heaters). Figs. 2957 and 3959. A general name for the pipes which carry the steam or other heated fluid through the car and retm-n it again to the heater. The term radiating pipes is also used. Circraar tail-light. Fig. 3363. See Signal-light. Circumference measure (M. C. B. Standard). Figs. 5423-3. A steel tape-m -^asure specially designed jo mea- sure the circumference of car-wheels. Clamp. 1. "In general, something that fastens or binds CLA 81 COA a piece of timber or of iron used to fasten work to- gether."— Webster. 3. (Joinery.) "A frame with two tightening screws, by whicli two portions of an article are tightly com- pressed together, either while being formed or while their glue joint is drying." — Knight. See Deck-saah quadrant clamp. Deck-sash pivot clamp. Platform- timber clamp. Ridge-clamp. Clasp. Fig. 3837. See Door-bolt clasp. Clay car-seal. Fig. 3893. A seal made of a wire hooked at the ends into a piece of burnt clay in such a manner that it can be unfastened without breaking the clay -seal. Clearance (of track gage). The total difference between the gage of tlie rails and the gage of the exterior bearing surface of the flanges is at present fixed at about I of an inch, as adopted in June, 1894. See figs. 5421, 5485-6. The method of testing wheels for this purpose has been by measuring the distance in the clear from inside to inside of car-wheel. By resolution of the Mas- ter Car-builders' Association, 1883, the standard dis- tance, fig. 5421, for flanges was fixed at 4 ft. .51 in. The Umit of I in. either way from 4 ft. 5| in. was adopted in 1885. In 1894 a standard check-gage for mounting wheels was adopted (see fig. 548G) which is intended to make the clearance of flanges a fixed distance. The re- lation of wheel-gage to track and guard-rails is shown in fig. 5485. Clearance-car. Fig. 315-16. A car with a light frame built out on all sides to the extreme width and height required for any car that is to pass over the road. It is nm over the road first to ascertain if the car can with safety be sent over the road. The car shown may also be used to ascertain what is the maximiun cross-section of tunnels, bridges, etc., over a road so that cars can be built within the limits determined by the car. Clear-story. 110-11, figs. 435-73. An upper story or row of -svindows in a church, tower, or other erection, rising clear above the adjoining parts of the building," — Webster. Also spelled clerestory. Hence, the portion of a passenger-car roof which riaee above the roof proper, in the manner which is now customary in nearly all American passenger cars, has been termed the clear- story, and this name was exclusiveiy used in the former edition of tbisdicrionary. Since the issuing of Ihe first edition the use of the ferm deck tor clear-story seems to have become practically universal among car-builders and manufacturers, especjally in compound words. Those manufacturers consulted have unani- mously replied that they used no other term than deck, and that they do not find the term clear-story used in the letters receiyed from railroad officers. Therefore the term deck or upper deck, which Bee, has been exclusively used in this edition 141 designating the various furnishings and parts of the framing formerly designatei clear-story, as deck sill, deck set.sh, deck- ,sash opener, etc., for clear-story .Hll, clear-story window, clear-story window ovener. Asa genera] name for designating the entire space included within the upper deck, however, the term clear-story is frequently used. The clear-story was first used in American car-framing about 1860. Certain forms of cars, as figs. 95-6, have no clear-story. The part corresponding to a clear-story in freight cabooses, figs. 50-4, 81-4, is termed a lookout. Cleat. " 1. A narrow strip of wood nailed on in joinery. 3. A term applied to small wooden projections in tackle to fasten ropes by." — Webster. Cleveland Turnbuckle. Fig. 3737a. See Turnbuckle. Clevis. " A stirrup-shaped metallic strap used in connec- tion with a pin to connect a draft-chain or tree to a plow or other tool." — Knight. The term is apjjhed to various kinds of irons resembling a plow-clevis in shape, and also to bolts with forked ends. See Boom-cap clevis. Brake- lever clevis. Draic-clevis, Hoisting-block clevis. S. (Of padlock.) 7, figs. 3766-7. The means for attach- ing the guard-chain which prevents carrying off the pad- lock when unlocked. 3. (Of pile-driving hammer.) 2, figs. 401-4. See Ham- mer. Clevis-hook (of "American " tender-brake). The connec- tion of the brake-chain to the brake-lever. Clinch nail. A ^vrought-iron forged nail, so named be- cause it can be bent or clinched without breaking. Cut nails, the common and cheapest kind, although of wrought-iron , will not clinch. Clip. A U-shaped strap for attaching any body, more par- ticularly a pipe, to the side of a partition. See Berth- spring clip. Deck-sash-quadrant clip. Pipe-clip. Closed car. Figs. 5643-6. Generally a car with end doors, and the sides closed by the car panels or sheathing, and windows, so that the passengers are protected from the wind and weather. The term is tLsed for a winter car to distinguish it from an open or summer-car, in which the seats are usually transverse to the car, the sides open, except for curtains as shown in fig. 5649. Closed-door stop (freight-car doors). 72, figs. 229-66, 355- 73. A block of wood or iron to prevent outside sliding- doors from moving too far when they are closed. See also Open-door stop. Close return-bend. Fig. 2945. A short cast-iron tube made of a U-shape, for uniting the ends of two wrought-iron pipes. It differs from an open-return bend in having the two branches in contact with each other. Closet. 1. A small room, usually for storage. Q&& Linen- closet, Wine-closet, etc., figs. 483-4. A locker is, a closet of less than the full height of car, but this distinction is not always observed. 2. A retiring-room for sanitary purposes, more com- monly called a saloon, which see. Closet-hopper. Figs. 38.54-68 ; 131, figs. 439, 448. Also called soil-hopper. A metal or porcelain hopper used in saloons. Closet-hopper ventilator. Figs. 3841-3. See Bell's ex- haust hopper-ventilator. Club-car. Figs. ,161-2. A bufliet-parlor car built and owned by railroad companies but kept expressly as a private car for members of a club, which members live in the suburbs of a large city. The car makes such trips each day as suit the convenience of the club members, and none others ride in the car. Clutch-coupling'. See Brake-hose coupliiig. Clusters (Pintsch lamps). The four-flame cluster, No. 337 (fig. 3209) is the one ordinarily used in center- lamps. Where a large amount of light is required, as in compartments having but one lamp, five or six flame clusters (Nos, 328, 239) may be used. Where a small amotmt is needed, as in central corridors at ends of cars, two-flame clusters, No, 236. may be used. For vestibule lamps. No. 194 (fig. 8339), the two-flame cluster. No. 336A (flg. 3310), is required. Fortr-flame vestibule lamps, No, 195 (fig. 3341), use the ordinary four-flame cluster, No. 337. All clusters are provided with check screws, placed at the base of the burner arm, by means of winch the fiow of gas to each burner can be regulated. These check screws are locked in place by small nuts. Cluster-spring. Fig. 5221. A group-spring. See Spiral- spring. Coach. Figs. 89-96, 155-9, 419-460. A term used to desig- nate cars for the conveyance of passengers, in distinction from freight, baggage, and express cars. The term was originally proposed by John B. Jervis. See "Railway Property," page 178. By increasing usage the term is used as an equivalent for day-car in distinction from .sleeping-cars as well as freight and baggage cars, but "sleeping coach" is a common expression. Coach-bolt (EngUsb). American equivalent, carriage-bolt, which see. Coach-screw (English). American equivalent, lag-screiv, but coach-screw is also used. A square-headed screw with a pointed end ttsed to screw into wood. Coal-box. A box for carrying coal. It is usually a long narrow deep box, placed between the heater and the end of the coach. Coal-car. Figs. 33-36, 65-73, and 298-324. A car especially designed for carrying coal. The standard cars btxilt for COA COM coal service to-day are largely what are termed gondolas. They are from 27 to 36 feet long and carry 60,000 lbs. They are usually designated by the character of the dumping devices applied ; as, Drop-bottom, Hnpper- bottom. Box hopper-bottom. Pyramidal hopper-bottom, Twin hopper-bottom, etc. Four-wheeled coal-cars are discarded as rapidly as they are worn out, and being replaced by 60,000 Ib.-gondolas with hopper- and drop- bottoms. Where railroads have a large lumber business, the drop-bottom cars like figs. 298-304 are in favor in prefer- ence to figs. 305-320. See Eight-wheeled ear. Hopper-bottom car. Four-ivlieeled car. Twin hopper-car. Drop-bottom car. Coal-hopper. See above and Hop^ier. Coal-oil burner. See Mineral-oil burner. Figs. 3368-97. Coat-and-hat-hook. Figs. 3666-92. Coat-hook. Figs. 8688-92. Cobb's Elliptic seat-springs. 1. H. B. Cobb's broad- hand elliptic seat-springs, fig. 4004. 2. Z. Cobb's narrow-band elliptic seat-springs, figs. 4003. The differ- ence is shown in the illustrations. Cobb's pivoted seat-arm. Fig. 4093. A device by which the seat-arm is lunged at the seat-back by swing-joint so that in reversing the back is raised up, making a narrow 22-mch seat-back give as high a support to the back as a 28-inch seat-back hung in the ordinary man- ner. Also called Cobb's striker-arm, which see. Cobb's sectional seat-cushion. Figs. 403-4. 3ee Seat- cushion. Cock. 4 and 6, figs. 3525-7, and 3489-94. "A spout; an instrument to draw out or discliarge liquor from a cask, vat, or pipe." — Webster. See Faucet for the various forms ; also Bibb-cock. Release-cock. Comhinat ion-cock. Reservoir drain-cock. Compression faucet. Self-closing cock. Drain-cock. Stop-cock. Draw-off cock. Telegraph-cock. Four-ioay-cock plug. Three-umy cock. Main-cock. ' Vertical telegraph-cock. Cocoa matting. Matting for the floors of cars made from the coir-fiber, growing in East India and the east coast of Africa. CoU (Baker heater). Figs. 2874, 2894, 2906-7, 3919-20. (Gold car-heating) figs. 8002-3, 3006. An iron pipe which is bent in a spiral form and placed in the fire, for heating water wliich circulates through the car. Coil-jacket steam heating system (one of the Safety's car-heating systems). Figs. 3024-7. This system is primarily a system devised to meet the requirements of those who demand that all the jackets and circulation piping be retained entirely within the car. The prin- ciple is the same as indicated under the head of Standard Systems. The jackets are shown in figs. 3025-26, and in figs. 3043-5; and in these the circulating water is heated by steam from the locomotive. See Safety's Car Heating Co.'s Systems of Car-heating. Coke-car. Fig. 21. A gondola or flat oar with extra high sides or a rack, made necessary by the Light character of the load. Box-cars are often used as coke-cars. Coke-rack stake-pocket. 39a, figs. 310-15. A stake- pocket fastened to the side or end planks of a gondola- car which are to take the stakes of a coke-rack. Cold-air pipe (Spear heater). Figs. 3058-60. A pipe by which cold air is conducted from a hood on top of the car to the bottom of the stove, and into the air-space between the stove and the stove casing. 2. (Pulhnan system of heating and ventilating. ) Fig. 4039. A pipe extending to the roof and sui-mounted with a funnel-shaped wind scoop, through which the cold air is forced by the motion of the car down into boxes surrounding the hot-water pipes. The heated air escapes to the car through a register in the end of the seats. Cold-shot. Small globules of iron resembling ordinary gun-shot, which are found in the chilled portion of cast- iron vrheels. Collar. 1. "A ring or round flange upon or against an object."— Knight. Ordinarily an axle-collar, below, is meant. See Deck-collar. Dust-collar. Expanding-collar. Lamp-collar. Reducing-collar. 2. (Of journaL) Fig. 5420. A rim or enlargement on the end of the car-axle which takes the end-thrust of the journal-bearing. A muley axle has no coUar. Collins brake-head. Fig. 1616. The shoe is fastened by a dove-tail, which is wedge-shaped. Color-coat (painting). The coats which follow the rough- stuff or scraping filling-coat in painting passenger car- bodies. It is applied before the lettering and striping. The colors are mixed with turpentine and dryers, as little oil as possible bemg used, only sufficient to pre- vent the color from rubbing off. Twenty-four hours are allowed to each coat to diy, and the processes of lettering, striping, and varnishing then follow, which vary greatly in the time and care given to them, but which are always very carefully done. See Finishing varnish and Painting. Columbian deck-ceiling. Figs. 107, 109, 116-7, 132, 126, 130, 133. A style of interior finish and decoration intro- duced first by the Pullman Palace Car Company, and exhibited at the World's Columbiar. Exposition in 1893. It consists of an arched-deck ceiling divided up by promi- nent ribs, elliptical arched-deck windows, whose arches groin with the deck ceiling as in figs. 133, 136, and pro- duce a very pleasing effect. Column. 1. (Diamond and other trucks.) 37, figs. 4580- 4805. Another and perhaps more common name for a Bolster guide-bar, which see. 2. (Of crane.) Another name for the nwist, especially when entirely supported from below. - 3. (Hartley chair.) 12, figs. 3998-9. See Pedestal. ColTunn-bolt. 109, figs. 4580-4805. A bolt passing through the arch-bars and holding the column in place and the truck-frame together. Comb-and-brush rack or case. Figs. 8510-24. Combination. An adjective often prefijsed to the parts of the Janney-MiUer combination coupler. Tlie parts in the following list are designated sometimes with and some- times without the prefijc "combination." See Janney- Miller coupler and the names of the several parts, omit- ting the word " combination." Combination ball-joint icasher. Combination barrel. The barrel or shank to which thQ Janncy head or Miller hook is secured. , Combination chajiiig-plate. Combination connecting-pin. Combination face-plate. Combination eye-bolt (for Miller Combination follower. hook). Combination follower-guides (rigbt and left). Combination head (Janney-MiUer coupler). A head for the Janney coupler substantially similar to the ordinary form, but adapted for use in the Janney-MiUer combination coupler. GombinaHon horn. Combination Janney barrel. Combination Janney head. Combination large equalizing- Combination lever jaw-pin. guides (right and left). Combination Miller buffer. Co^nbination Miller buffer-yoke. Combination Miller head. Combina'ion Miller stop. Combination Miller stop-bolt. Combination platform-lever ja\c . Combination platform-lever Combination open link fofr Miller plate. hook. Combination platform-lever . Combineition pull-rod. Combination side-spring. Combination side-spring holt. Combination side-spring bolt- Combination clevis. pin. Combination side-spring eye-bolts Combination side-spring plate, (long and thort). Combination side-spring plate- Combination side spring stirrup. washer. Combination side-spring trigger. Combina'ion side-spring Convbination small equalizing- loasher. guide Combination stirrup. Combination swivel. Combination swivel-hook. Combination trap-door. Combination trap-door spring. Combination yoke, Janney. Combination yoke-bolt, Janney. Combination baggage-car. Figs. 136-7, 596-7. A bag- gage-car having compartments for express or mail, or both, as well as for baggage. See Combination-car. Combination-car. Figs. 133-6, 138, 444-53, 468-73. A pas- senger-oar, one portion of which is devoted to passengers COM 88 CON and the other to the conveyance of mail, baggage, or express. A combination baggage-car, which see, is also a combination-car. Combination cock. Figs. 3914, 2932. (For Baker heater.) A cock with funnel attached, used at the top of a tank for filling. When opened with the key it allows tlie Inward passage of the water, and at the same time the outward passage of air through a separate channel. Hence the name. Combination follower-guides (Janney-Miller Coupler). Two guides (R. & L.) bolted to the principal platform timbers and which guide the centre buffer-spring fol- lower. Combination hand-cars. Figs. .5583-4, 5589-90. A car so constructed that the propelling levers or walking-beam can be removed and the car used as a larrij or push-car. Combination hot-and-cold water-faucets. 6, iigs. 3525-7, and figs. 3494, 3528. Combined label-holder and drawer-pull. Fig. 3029-30. Combined reflector and chimney-holder. Fig. 3436. Combined triple-valve, reservoir, and brake-cylinder (Westinghouse freight-brake) . Figs. 1728-9. To lessen the complication and reduce the cost of freight brake- gear these three parts, which are separate in passenger brake-gear, are coml)ined in freight. Commingler storag'e-system of oar-heating (Consoli- dated Car-Heating Co.). Figs. 2973-74. A small com- mingler is placed under the middle seats on each side of the car, between the floor of the car and the deafening- ceiling. The outflow comiection of this commingler is the side piping, and the other end, forming the return, is connected with a valve, and thence into the base of the commingler. A complete circuit is thus established, through which a continuous flow of water may take place, as shown by the arrows. The overflow, through which sui'plus water is removed from the system, is connected with the fitting, wliich is placed at the high- est point in the system, 3K. When the pipes are en- tirely filled, the surplus water flows from this fitting through the restricted opening in the trap-cock, and thence down through the channel-way, 3A, cast in the base of the commingler, and out at the drip-pipe. The connection of the overflow-pipe to the base of the com- mingler is made to prevent possibility of freezing of the drip-pipe in cold weather. When the pipes are fllled with water of condensation, all surplus is carried off through the overflow-pipe. The entire system is quickly emptied of water, and the car is then ready to stand out in the cold without danger of freezing, and it is also ready to be quickly heated by direct steam when again brought into service. Commingler-system of car-heating. Figs. 2969-74. See MoElroy commingle)' fiysiein. Commode-handle (English). 177, flg. 501. Nearest American equivalent, body hand-rail, A piece of brass or iron secured to the sides of the body, and shaped so as to be conveniently grasped by the hand in entering and leaving carriage or in passing along the train outside the carriages. Communication-c^rd pulley (English). 170, figs. 501-4. American equivalent, bell-cord pulley. A small brass pulley fixed to the eave of the roof and carrying the com- munication-cord (bell-cord) running outside the tram. Compartment (English and American). Figs. 176, 187, 20.5, and 501-4. A subdivision of a passenger-car. In Eng- lish carriages it rvms entirely across the car. In Ameri- can parlor and sleeping-cars, in which alone compart- ments often occur, it runs only partially across, leaving room for a passage or corridor at the side. Often called staterooms. Compartment sleeping-car. Figs. 123, 176, 187. A sleep- ing-car which is divided up into staterooms all open- ing into a common corridor which runs the whole length of car. See Sleexnng-car. Composite carriage, or composite (English). A coach in which compartments for more than one class of pas- sengers are provided. A compartment for baggage is generally' iiiclutled. Composite end-framing. Figs. 523-30. A type of fram- ing adopted by tlie Wagner Palace Car Company and by tlie Vanderbilt system of railroads, which combines iron and wood, in the sills, posts, jjlates, etc. The sills and plates of the body and deck consist of two pieces of wood with an iron or steel flitch-plate between, the three pieces being bolted together as one. To these iron flitch- plates and mortised into the wood flitch-planks of the sills and plates are bolted or riveted upright iron posts. These iron posts are also sandwiched between wood studs making a composite post of great stiffness and strength. The end plate is also strengthened in the same manner, as are all the imiaortant members of the car-body frame. Composite end-post. C, figs. 539-30. See Composite end- framing. Compound-bolster. Fig. 1428-30. A bolster composed of one or more sticks of timber stiffened with vertical plates of iron. Compound-oarline. 100, figs. 435-78. A carUne of which the main or central portion is made of wrought-iron, ivith a piece of wood on each side. They are commonly used for cars with clear-stories, and either extend directly from one plate to the other, or are bent to conform to the shape of the clear-story. In the latter case they are called profde-ca7-lines. See Carline. Compression-bar. See Body-bolster compression-bar. Compression-beam. 163, fig. 456. A horizontal timber in the center of the side of a car-body, which acts as the compression-member of a truss for strengthening the body. The compression-beam-brace abuts against it. An end compression-beam is sometimes used. The com- pression-beam is sometimes made double, one above the other, with separate braces (main comj)ression-brace and center compression-brace) acting upon each. Compression-beam brace. 164, fig. 456. A brace used in connection with a compression-beam to form a truss in the side of a passenger-car. It is sometimes stiffened by a center-counterbrace, 165 ; and sometimes two or more braces are used, as in fig. 456. It is then termed main compression-brace. Compression-faucet. Fig. 3485 and 4, figs. 3525-7. A spring faucet with a flat disk on top, letting on the water by direct vertical compression. Telegraph-cocks , which see, are in a sense compression-faucets, but are not so called. Compression-member. Any bar, beam, brace, etc. , which is subjected to strains of compression, and forms part of a frame truss, beam, girder, etc. Struts, body-braces, etc., are compression-members. Sunilarly a tension- member is used for tensile strains. Compression-rod brake. Fig. 1458. An inner-hung brake with a single lever, whicli is connected with a brake- beam farthest from it by a rod or bar which is subjected to a strain of compression when the brakes are applied. The pressure on t)\e brake-blocks is not equal. Compromise-wheel. A broad-tread wheel, which see, for running over slightly different gages. Little used. Concave elliptic spring. Fig. 5233. A style of spring in which the plates are dished or concave, with the object of stiffening the plates, holding them more firmly in their relative positions, and throwing the edges of the jjlates wholly into compression so as to diminish the danger of fracture by the gradual development of cracks. Concealing urinal. One designed to be opened for use by a handle at the top, and then closed up flush with the wood-work so to be invisible. They are in limited use, but not generally approved. Concealing water-closet. A form of closet covered with a seat to resemble an ordinary chair or sofa. Condensing diaphragm (refrigerator-cars). Sheets of CON 34 COS metal placed in the cold-air flue on which moisture may be precipitated. Conductor (refrigerator-car.) The drip-pipe from the ice- pan. See also Heat-conductor. Conductor's car. Figs. 50-4. A caboose-car, which see. Conductor's lantern. Figs. 33.52-60. One with an extra sized bail attached to it by which it can be lield on tlie arm, leaving the hands free. It is sometimes provided "vvitli a reflector. They are often elaborately finislied and sometimes bear the name of the conductor cut on tlie globe. Concave-panel corner-iron (street-car). 52, figs. 5656, etc. Conductor's-valve. (Westinghouse brake). 22, figs. 1693-8. A valve for applying the train brakes placed at some convenient point in a car, usually in the saloon, and operated by a cord extending through the train within reach of tlie conductor. Conductor's-valve discharge-pipe (Westinghouse brake). A pipe leading from the conductor's valve down through the floor of the car. Conductor's-valve pipe (Westinghouse brake). 23, figs. 1698-8. Connects the brake-pipe i^ath tlie conductor's- valve. Cone. 1. (For berth-spring.) Aberth-spring fitseejV^hicii see. 2. (Graduated bolster-spring.) Fig. 5318. A project- ing sleeve on the spring-plates to serve as guides or dis- tance for the springs. They are distinguished as loiver and upper. Cone-and-apron ventilator. Fig. A303. See Ventilators. Cone-cap ventilator. Fig. 4303. See Ventilators. Cone lamp-shades. Figs. 3433-5. See Lamp-shade. Coned closet-hopper. Figs. 3866-7. See Closet-hopper. Congdon brake-shoe. Figs. 1656-7. A brake-shoe in- vented and patentee by Mr. J. H. Congdon, then Master of Machinery of the Union Pacific Railroad. The patent has expired. It consists of a cast-iron shoe with 7 pieces of -^vrought-iron cast in it in the face or rubbing surface so as to give it greater endurance. See Brake-shoe. Connecting chain (pile-driver car and steam shovel). 44, fig. 403, and 18a, fig. 405. A pitch-chain, which see, connecting the pjitch-gear on tlie two axles of a truck used for making tlie car self-propelling. Connecting-pin (Janney-Miller coupler). The steel jiin secm-iug either the Janney head or the Miller hook to the shank of the Janney-Miller combination coupler. Connecting-rail. 48, figs. 3917-35. The wood or metallic bars that join the wall and aisle ends of a seat. Connecting-rod. 1. A rod which connects two or more parts or objects together. See Brake-shaft connecting- rod. Floating-lever connecting-rod. Car-seat connecting- rod. 3. (Hand-car.) 24, figs. 5593-5600. The iron rod which connects the bell-crank and the crank-shaft together. Consolidated car-heating systems. Figs. 3959-95. Several systems of car heating including a Direct-steam system, a Direct-steam storage-system, a Multiple-circuit drum- system, the McElroy commingler system, and the Com- mingler storage-system, all of which see. Continuous basket-rack. Figs. 98, 3756-8. See Basket- rack. Continuous brake . A system of brakes so an-anged that by connecting together the brake apparatus on the diflierent vehicles farming a train it can be operated on all of them from one or more points on the train, as from the engine or from any of the cars. See Air-brake. New York air-brake. Eames vacuum- Westinghouse Automatic air- brake, brake. Continuous carline. A carline, which see, which passes directly from side to side of the car, across and under the clear-story or upper deck, in distinction from a p/rofile carline, which is bent to follow the outline of the clear- story. Continuous counterbrace-rod. The body counterbrace- rods are sometioies combined into one long rod passing from one end of the car to the other, as in fig. 533, wliich is then sometimes termed a continuous counterbrace-rod ; also, overhang truss-rod, inverted truss-rod, or hog-ohain rod. Continuous drawbar. A draft-gear, having a continuous rod or rods extending throughout the length of the car from the drawbar at one end to the drawbar at the other end, whose ofiice is to transmit the tractive strains and relieve the draft-timbers. The American, figs. 1940-58, and Wadley, figs. 1936-9, are types most frequently met. Continuous-frame truck. A car-truck with an iron frame, the sides and ends of which are all made in one piece. It is a type of truck largely in use on the Boston & Albany road, but which is no longer standard on any road. It was a truck equipped with pedestals. Continuous top-side (English). 69, fig. 350-1. Nearest American equivalent, top-side rail. A side-board run con- tinuously from end to end of a wagon in order to stifi:en it vertically and assist in tying the ends together. Continuous truck-frame. An iron bar which is welded together in a rectangular shape so as to form the sides and ends of a truck-frame. Contracting-chill. See Chill. Cook-stoves. See Ranges. Caboose stoves. Cope. The upper portion of a mold or flask used in mak- ing metal castings. Coping (English). 74, flgs. 348-51. A bar of iron secured to the top of the sides and ends of a gondola-car (open wagon), and protecting them from local distortion and the friction of a chain or any heavy body. Corbeled shelf. 2, figs. 3453-3a. Also in figs. 107 and 109. Cord. "A string or small rope composed of several strands twisted together." — Webster. See Hat-cord, Window-curtain cord, neither of which is used, how- ever, to any appreciable extent. Cording lead-seal. Figs. 3891-a. It is used to seal up the cords by which bags are tied, used largely on bags of coffee when put in bond. Cord -lever (of car-signal valve, Westinghouse train-signal apparatus, which see) . Fig. 3403. The lever by which a pull on the signal-cord actuates the valve. Cork wall (refrigerator-cars). Fig. 379. One of the means of insulation. Comer angle-post. F, figs. 514-15. A corner-post which consists of an angle-bar, usually in combination with a wooden-post. Corner-brace (street-car). D, fig. 5660. A diagonal floor timber between the end-sill and Transverse floor timber. Comer-casting. A knee-iron, or a corner-plate, wliich see. See also Roof corner-casting. Corner-handle, more commonly a hand-hold or a grab- iron, which see. 102, figs. 239-66. Comer piUar (English). 94, figs. 501-4. American equiv- alent, corner-post. An upright piece at the corners of the body. Comer-plate. 1. (Freight-car bodies.) 55, 56, 57, figs. 339-66. A wrought or cast iron angle-plate or knee on the outside corner, to strengthen and protect the frame. There are usually three corner-plates, upper, lower, and middle. Very commonly a Push-jmle corner-iron or Push-block. 191, figs. 239-66, is cast upon the lower corner-plate. 3. (Pulhnan end-framing.) An angle-iron apphed to the corner of a stick of timber (the deck end-plate) to keep it from abrasion and to strengthen it. Comer-post. 1 . 43, figs. 339-66 ; 61, flgs. 435-73. The upright stick which forms the corner of the frame of a car-body. Comer-post ornament. An ornamental casting on the outside corner of a passenger-car. Modern cars are not so ornamented. eoA 8S GOtr Corner-post knee-iron. 1. E, figs. 514-15. (Pullman end- framing.) An angle-brace used to connect the foot of the corner angle-post to tlie side sill. 3. (Barr wing-vestibule and Pullman extended-vesti- bule. ) An angle-brace for the outside corner-post of a vestibule resting upon the platform end-sill. Corner-post grab-handle (street-car). 30, figs. 5654-67; fig. 3831. Corner-post pocket. 45, figs. 339-66. See Pocket. Corner-post strap (street-car). 29, figs. 5654-67. Comer-seat. A seat for the corner of a car, the back of which is not reversible. They are called left-hand or right-hand, as for a person sitting in them. Comer seat-end. A seat-end bracket secured to the wall of a passenger-car for supporting the outer end of a corner-seat , which see. Comer transom-muntin or mullion (street-cars). 176, fig. 5663. A side mullion in the transom-frame of an open car, to distinguish it from the center transom-muntin, 177. Corner-urinal. Figs. 3874-6. So called in distinction from a side-urinal. Comer urinal-handle. Fig. 3847. See above and Urinal- handle. Cornice. 93 and 94, figs. 435-73. The moldings at the eaves of the roof outside of a car, and where the ceiling joins the sides and ends of the oar inside. There is, therefore, an inside and outside cornice. See also Deck inside-cornice. Window-cornice, etc. Corridor (sleeping and compartment cars). Figs. 176, 187, 198, and 304-5. A passage ruiming at one side of a car from one door to the other, affording access to the compartments. The Mann Boudoir cars are the only American cars having corridors for the whole length of the car, it being the later practice to have the corridor on different sides for the two halves of the car as in fig. 187. All sleeping, dining, and private cars have longer or shorter corridors to pass the staterooms, smoking- compartments, etc. Corridor-carriage (Enghsh), A passenger veliicle having a passage from end to end along one side, the various compartments having doors which open into this passage. Little used. See also Carriage. Corrugated car-wheel. See Car-wheel. Corrugated copper tubes (Consolidated car-heating). Figs. 3977-8. Tubes used in the systems of heating in which the heat of steam is transferred from the copper tube to the water. These tubes are extra heavy and will stand 800 pounds pressure. They are good con- ductors of heat and allow a longitudinal compression or extension not belonging to iron pipe. They present a broken surface to the flow of water, causing the water to circulate more and to come in contact with the heated surface. These are used altogether in the Consolidated Multiple-Circuit system. Corrugated key ( Yale lock, which see). Corrugated-metal car-roof (freight-cars). Figs. 3368-78. A roof consisting of iron, steel, or zinc plates covered with boards, and resting on roof-.strips on top of the raft- ers and carlines. See also Car-roof. Corrugated moldings. See Waved moldings. Corrugated-rubber floor-mat. So called in distinction from perforated-rubber Jloor-mats. Corrugated-steel g^ain-door. Figs. 1939-35. A steel grain-door which swings to one side on end when not in use, and is held from tipping over laterally by a rod. Corrugated steel-wheel (hand-car). See Buda corrugat- ed steel-wheel. Corrugated Yale lock. See Yale lock. Gosper's metallic weather-strips. Figs. 4540-1. See Weather-strips. Corticine. A form of floor covering much like linoleum, wliich see, composed of linseed oil, prepared by a special process, mixed with ground cork and placed upon a strong backing of water-proof canvas. Counter-boring. An enlargement or other alteration of form, for a certain portion of its length, of a hole bored in any substance. Counterbrace. 55, figs. 435-78, and 165, fig. 456. Ju bridge-building, a brace which carries a load in the oppo- site direction to a main brace, or resists the tendency to buckling of panel, when the shear due to dead load ex- ceeds that of the live load. In oar-building, a counter- balance usually means a brace in the side of the body between its ends and the body-bolster. Sometimes there are two styles of counterbraces : one, near the middle of the car, is alone a counterbrace proper, in the technical sense, and called centre counterbrace; while the other is designated as the counterbrace or overhang brace, and generally the only counterbrace recognized in car-build- ing. See Bodg counterbrace. Counterbrace rod. An inclined rod which acts as a coun- terbrace. See above und also Bodi/ cou)iterbrace-rod. Counterbraoe-rod plate-washers. 34b, 34c, figs. 339-66, etc. Washers that rest upon the plate and receive the end of the covmterbrace-rod. Coupler. That Avhich couples. In relation to cars the term usually designates tlie appUances for coupling or connecting cars together. The word is more appropri- ately applied to the automatic oar-coupler, which per- forms the act of coupling itself. The term is sometimes . used to designate the coupling of steam pipes between oars, but tlxis is imfortunate, as it seems desirable to maintain the distinction already estabUshed. To apply the term coupling to an M. C. B. automatic coupler would be an innovation, and it wotdd seem equally so to call a steam-hose coupling a coupler. See Automatic freight-car couplers. Coupler-gages. Gages adopted by the M. C. B. Associa- tion in 1891 to preserve the contour line for couplers. These gages may be obtained from Pratt & Whitney Company, Hartford, Conn. Couplers, automatic. For M. G. B. Rules for Interchange of traffic with i-egard to couplers, see Drawbar and at- tachments and Interchange of traffic. Couplet (of springs). 80, figs. 4748-49. Two eUiptio springs, which see, placed side by side, to act as one spring. Three springs united in this way form a triplet, four a quadruplet, five a quintuplet , six a se.vtuplet. Coupling. " That which couples or connects, as a hook, chain, or har."— Webster. A coupling-link was called simply a couphng. See Coupler. See Basin-coupling. Coupling-link. Bell-cord coupling. Head-board coupling. Berth curtain-rod Hose-coupling. coupling. Pipe-coupling. Brake-hose clutch- Reducing pipe-coupling. coupling. Screw-coupling (Eng- Brake-hose coup>ling. lish). Clutch-coupling. Steam hose-coupiling. Coupling-bar. See Brake-lever coupling-bar. Coupling-bar pin (brake gear). A pin for the brake-tever coupling-bar, which see. Coupling-case. See Brake-hose-coupling case. Coupling-chain, or chain coupling-link. A three-link chain used in coupling to draw-hooks, wliich see. See also Safetij-coupling-chain, figs. 5538-9, 5553-5; 55, figs. 3441-5. Coupling-hook. Fig. 1746a. A bracket wdth a hook pro- jecting on which tlie hose coupling is hung when im- coupled. Coupling-hook. Figs. 5538-9, 5553-5. A hook for coupling cars together. See Drawbar coupling-hook (of Miller coupler). Coupling-hose (Fames" vacuum brake). 1. Figs.1668, 1677-9. A flexible rubber hose lined with wire coil. Usual sizes, 1, IJ, and 1* in. diameter aud 33 to 34 in. long. 3. (Westinghouse brake.) Figs. 393, etc. More com- monly bralce-hose. Coupling-Link. 2, figs. 3073-4. A ^\^■ought-iron link or COTT 36 CRd open bar by which freight-cars are coupled togetlier by coupling-pins. Chain coupling-links are used with draw- hooks. In consequence of the danger to trainmen at- tending the use of coupling-links, and legislation forbid- ding their use after January 1, 1898, automatic car- coupleis are rapidly replacing them. See Car-coupler. 2. (English.) 42, figs. 348-.51. A link forming part of a wagon-coupling or draw-chain. Tlie open-ended link connected to the draw-hook or draw-bar is the covpling- shackle. The intermediate Unks are sometimes termed the short links, and the end link the long link. A single long-link is often used instead of three short intermediate links. Coupling-pin. 1. Figs. 2073-4. A short bar of iron ^vith which a coupling-link is connected to a brawbar. 2. (Automatic couplers. ) One carried for emergencies or occasional use, to couple with a link. Coupling-pin chaflng-plate (Miller coupler). An iron plate attached to the outside of a platform end-timber to protect it from being worn by the coupling-pin chain. Coupling-pin chain. A small chain attached to the car by a suitable eye to prevent the coupling-pin from being lost. Coupling-pin plate (Miller coupler). An iron plate on top of the platform end-timber near the outside end, and which forms a guard for a hole in the timber to hold the coupling-pin. Coupling-screw (English) . 43, flgs. 501-4. A right- and left-handed screw used in a Screw-coupling, which see. Coupling-shackle (English) . 41, flgs. 348-50, and 501-4. The end link of the coupling which is secured by a pin to the shank of the draw-hook, which see. Coupling-spring (Miller coupler). 49, figs. 2290-3. A spring made of two or more flat and nearly straight plates which bear against the back of the drawbar coupling-hook so as to cause it to engage with the hook of the adjoining oar ; also called the leaf-spring. Coupling-spring bracket (Miller coupler). A cast-iron lug attached to one of the drawbar timbers, to which a bolt is fastened for increasing the tension on the coup- ling-spring. Cover. Urinal-cover. Window -molding-joint cover. See Drum-cover. Journal-hox cover. Man-hole cover. Molding-joint cover. Covered wagon (English). A roofed vehicle used for conveying freight Uable to be stolen or to be damaged by damp. It has side doors which can be locked, and occa- sionally doors in the roof so that the contents can be readilly hoisted. As a rule, tarpaidins, %vhich see, and open cars are used in English. Cover-plate. A face-plate of a steel-tired wheel is a disk connecting the tire and and hub. A ring covering the packing inside the tire of an Atwood hemp-packed wheel. Cover-strip. 1. (Refrigerator car.) Metal plates covering a gutter in the floor. 2. A strip of metal, or sometimes wood, to cover a joint in the roof-sheets. Crabs, or tongs (pile-driver car). 22, figs. 401-4. (Wreck- ing car). See Tongs, also called rail-clip)S or rail-clamps. Crane (pile-driver car). 34, figs. 401-4. See Pile-driver car and Derrick. Crane-post. 4, figs. 389-96. The post of a crane, and cor- responds to the mast of a derrick. Crank. 1. "Literally a bend or turn ; hence an iron axis with a pai"t bent like an elbow, for producing a horizon- tal or perpendicular motion by means of a rotary motion or the contrary." — Webster. See Bell-crank. See also Brake-shaft crank. Door-shaft crank (street-cars). 2. (Of a derrick or crane.) 33, flgs. 393-3. The L- shaped handle by which the driving-gear is actuated. 8. (Of a lever hand-car.) 6, flgs. 5592-5600. The bell- crank (which see) of a hand-car; 23, is at the upper end of the connecting-rod, the crank at the lower end. Crank hand-car. Fig. 5616. A hand-car which is worked by one or two cranks connected by gearing with the axles of the car. Originally in very general use, it is now nearly obsolete in favor of lever hand-cars, which see. Crank-shaft (lever hand-cars). 6, figs. 5593-5600. A short wTought-iron sliaft to which a crank of a hand-car is attached, which is turned by suitable levers and is connected by gear-wheels vsdth one of the axles of the car. Crank-shaft bearings (hand-car). 5, flgs. 5593-5600. Creamer automatic ventilator. Figs. 4314, 4318. See Ve7i- tilafor. Crib-rail (English). 64, figs. 348-51. A longitudinal piece of timber secured to the upper part of the outer side of the sole-bar and supporting the body of the vehicle. Cricket-iron. A Seat-stand, which see. Cripple-post. 195, flg. 5666. (Street-cars.) A post of an end window, where the window is not of the fuU width, between the door-piost and corner-post. Crooked end-piece (wooden truck-frames). 17, figs. 4944, and 5109-10, 4833. An outside end-piece hollowed out on top by cutting away the wood so as to clear the draw- timbers and drawbar fixtures. Cross-bar (swing hnk-hanger). Fig. 4914. The bar sup- porting the cross-bar casting which carries the spring- plank. Also called mandrel-pin and lower swing-hanger pivot. Cross-bar casting, or spring-plank carrier (swing link- hanger). See Cross-bar. Cross-beam (on sills) . D, flgs. 335-7. A transverse floor- timber placed upon the sills to support the incUned floor of a coal or ore car. Cross-bearer (English). 3, flgs. 348-51, 501-4. American eqiiivalent, eross-/ranie tie-timber, needle-beam, and some- times cross-bearer. A transverse member of the under- frame, placed between the ends of the vehicle. It serves to transfer the weight of the body and lading to the sole- bars, and keep the latter apart Also called cross-bar or transom. Cross-frame king-post, or truss-block. See Cross-frame truss. Cross-frame tie-bolt. A sill tie-rod, which see. 10, flgs. 339-66. Cross-frame tie-timber. 22, figs. 339-66, 133-8 ; 26, figs. 435-73. A transverse timber bolted to the under-side of the longitudinal sills and floor timbers of a car-body be- tween the bolsters, and to which the body king or queen posts, or truss-blocks, are attached when truss-rods are used under a car-body. Tbe term needle-beam, which see, taken from bridge engri- neering is also used, but cross-frame tie timber is in greatest favor. Other names are body-transoin, cross-bearer, cross- berth, etc. Cross-frame truss. 26t, fig. 536. A truss for a needle- beam or cross-frame tie-timber. The various parts, king- post, truss-rod, tr}iss-rod washer, etc., are shoMTi. Cross-frame truss- rod. See above. Cross-head. 1. (Westinghouse driving-wheel brake.) 6, fig. 1747. A wrought-iron T-shaped head attached to the lower end of the piston-rod, and to which two eccentric- lever links are attached, to connect the piston-rod with the eccentric-levers which work the brake-blocks. 3. (Westinghouse brake.) A forked casting attached to the outside end of a piston-rod, to which the brake- levers are connected. Cross-sill castings. Figs. 1039-30. Cross tie-timber. 22, flgs. 239-66, etc. A cross-frame tie- timber or needle-benm, which see. Cross-tie-rod (street-car). Figs. 5655, etc. A sill tie-rod. Cross-tie-timbar truss-rod seat. Figs, 1347-8. A body- truss-rod bearing. Cross-tie-timber-trxis3-rod. See Cross-frame truss. CRO 87 CYB, Oil-cup. Side-hearing cup. Cross-tie-timber truss-rod bearing. See Cross-frame king-post, etc. Cross-timber hopper-ends. C, figs. 325-7. A transverse floor-timber framed between the intermediate sills, to which the lower end of the inclined floor is spiked and to which the outer hopper-doors are hung. The ends of the draft-timbers are bolted to it and the short-center- sills abut against it. Crown lamp-shade. Fig. 3428. See Lamx>shade. Crown-molding (street-cars). Figs. 5654-6. A molding on the inside above the deck sask and tacked to the deck-posts and carlines. Crown-piece (street-oars). 67, figs. 5654-67. A platform end-timber or sill. Crown-piece corner-iron (street-cars). 68, figs. 5656, et^. A strap-iron that protects the corner of the crown-piece. Cuff-rack. Figs. 3519, 3515. For lavatories. Cup. 1. ''■ A small vessel used commonly to drink out of, but the name is also given to vessels of like shape used for other purposes." — Webster, See Buffer-spring cup. Candle-holder cup. Drain-cup. Cupboard-bolt. Figs. 2550-3. See Door-bolts. Cupboard-catch, or flush-bolt. Fig. 2548. A very in- definite term for a light spring catch nearly or quite flush with the surface to which it is attached. It has a beveled bolt which snaps shut. Cupboard-latch. Fig. 2548. See above. Cup-holder, or tumbler-holder. Figs. .3495-8501. A stand or rack for holding a drinking-cup. See Alcove cup- holder. Cup-leather (for piston-rod of Westinghouse driving- wheel brake-cylinder) . A substitute for ordinary gland- packing. Cup side-bearing. A side-bearing for trucks, with a re ceptaole for holding oil and waste. Little used. Cup-washer. A socket-washer, which see. Curled-hair. Hair from the tails or manes of cattle, horses, etc., which is first spun into ropes, then wound into coils, and either steeped or boiled in water. After this the coil is dried and the hair unwound, which leaves it in a curly and elastic state, suited for stufllng cushions, etc. Curtain. 1 7, fig. 2409. A cloth hanging in front of or around any space or object, as a window or sleeping-car berth, and which may be contracted or spread at will. The term, however, is usually restricted to loosely -hung drapery, suspended on a curtain-rod by curtain hooks or rings, in distinction from a shade, which is flat and rolls up. Curtains in cars are chiefly used for sleeping-car berths (berth-curtains, which see) and for the sides of summer street-cars, which see. Window-curtains are used in dining, parlor, and private cars. Except in the saloon, blinds have been abandoned and window-shades are in almost universal use on steam raih'oads. Blinds are still in general use in street-oars. Curtain brackets (Hartshorn and McKay, which see). Figs. 3567-4575. One bracket lias a circular hole and the other a rectangular. Curtain fixtures. Figs. 3559-66, 3578-3623. Curtain -holder. See Magnetic curtain-holder. Curtain-hooks (sleeping-berths). Figs. 4233-6. Curtain-rings. Figs. 3579-82. Rarely used. See Curtain. Curtain-rod. Fig. 3578 (English) ; 190, fig. 501. A bar to carry a curtain hung upon rings and sliding freely along the rod. Curtain-rod bracket. Figs. 3564-66, 3607-15. Curtain-rod bushing. Figs. 3618-23. A socket or bush- ing for the end of a curtain-rod as it abuts against a wall or partition. Curtain-rod folding-bracket (sleeping-car). Figs. 4194, etc.; 15, figs. 2409-13. A bracket for a curtain-rod in a sleeping-car, which may be folded into the upper berth, in such a manner that it is out of sight when the upper berth is shut up. See Folding-curtain rod-bracket. Curtis Electric Company's street-car motor. Fig. 5678. Curved seat-slat. Figs. 4000-7. Curved seat-stop. Figs. 4053-7. See Seat-stop. Cushion. 1. Figs. 3937-51, 3957-67. Cushions used in jias- senger-car upholstery are of the box type, being built upon and connected with a wooden framework {cushion- frame). See Seat-cushion. 2. See Ruhbrr-cushion. A platform buffer-spring. Cushion back-rail (English). 151, figs. 501-3. In a car- riage a small transverse bar which confines the hind end of the seat-cushion. Cushion-frame. Figs. 3917, 3929-38, 3960-7. A wooden frame to which the seat-springs and upholstery of a car- seat are attached . Cushion weather-strip. Figs. 4538-41. See Weather-strip. Cuspidor. Fig. 2859. A vessel to receive discharges of spittle, and having a wide rim so that if it is upset its contents will not be spilled. It is the modern substitute for a spittoon, fig. 3858, from which it diff'ers only in form. Cut-out-cook. Fig. 1744. See Brake cut-out-cock. Cylinder. 1. A chamber or vessel whose ends are circu- lar, and with straight parallel sides, as the cylinder of a steam-engine. The cylinders used in connection with cars and locomotives are made of cast iron, and have pistons fitted so as to work air-tight in them. Cylinders used in brake apparatus are shovm in figs. 1726-31, 1748. Also see Air-cylinder. Brake-cylinder. 3. A name sometimes given to the fire-pot of a stove or heater, as in fig. 3888. Cylinder-body (Westinghouse brake). The main central portion closed by the cylinder-heads. Cylinder-head. A metal cover for the end of a cylinder, held on by cylinder-bolts or cylinder-stnd'i. The cyUnder- head through which the piston passes is commonly termed the back cylinder-head, and the other the front cylinder-head, corresponding to locomotive practice. In the Westinghouse air-pump and engine they are desig- nated as top and bottom cylinder-heads. See Cylinder. Cylinder-levers (Westinghoiise brake). 7, figs. 1693-4. Two levers which are connected together by a tie-rod attached near their centers. One end of one lever is attached to the cross-head of the brake-cylinder, and the corresponding end of the other is attached to a bracket on the brake-cylinder head at the opposite end of the cylinder. The other ends of the levers are connected with the floating levers bj' rods. Cylinder-lever and Hodge-lever connecting rod. 8, figs. 1693-8. Cylinder-lever bracket (Westinghouse brake). Fig. 1693. A T-shaped piece of iron bolted to the front cylinder- head, to which one of the brake-levers is attached. Cylinder-lever-guide. 15w, figs. 1693-8. Cylinder-lever support (Westinghouse brake). Figs. 1693-8. A wrought-iron bar bolted to one of the center sills, on which the ends of the cylinder-levers rest. Cylinder-lever tie-rod (Westinghouse brake). 14, fig. 1694. See Cylinder-lever. Cylindrical gages. Gages made for measuring the size of cylinders and cylindrical holes, often called Whit- worth gages. They consist of steel cylinders and rings hardened and ground very accurately to standard sizes. These fit into each other. The first is used for measur- ing the size of holes and the last for measuring the out- side of cylindrical objects, and they are called internal and external cylindrical-gages. They are generally used as standards alone, from which other tools and gages are made of the pi-oper size. Cylindrical stove. See Stove. "Cyrus Roberts" steel-tired wheel (hand-car). Figs. 5636-8. An all steel wheel, except the hub. The spokes are threaded at the hub and felloe. New steel-tires maj' be shrunk on the wheel center. CYE. 38 DEC "Cyrus Roberts" truss-frame combination hand-cars. Figs. .5583-4. A hand-car having several new features, viz.: 1. Truss-rods secured to the four corners of the cai--frame, forming two diagonal trusses, each provided with "tumbuckle" adjustment, to keep axles in line, impart rigidity to the frame, and to overcome the ten- dency to "twist" or "wring.'' 2. A compound brake apphed simultaneously to both wheels, with the foot lever h\mg back of center of car. 3. Steel pedestals supporting the frame of car, pro- viding a secure and firm seat for the boxes. 4. Propelling levers that may be detached at a mo- ment's notice and the car converted into a push-car. D Damper. See Stove-pipe damper. A valve for regulating the draft. Damper-handle. See Stove-pipe damper-handle. Danger-signal. Usually a signal made by a person with a flag or lantern to warn a train that there is danger ahead. For such warning, flags, lights, and torpedoes and fusees are \ased, red flags and lanterns being usually a sign of danger. On a train a danger-signal is a red light or flag attached to the rear of the train ; green is used to signify caution ; white for safety. Dasher or dashboard. See below. Dash-guard (street-cars). 79, tigs. 5664^67. A plate at- tached to the platform-railing to prevent mud or snow from being thrown upon the platform. Called a dash- hoard and a dasher. Dash-guard straps. 81, figs. 56.54r-67. Small clips by which a dash-guard is fastened to the platform posts. Also called dasher-post clip. Dasher-post (street-cars). 80, flgs. 5654-67. A post sup- ported by the crown-piece which carries the dasher and the platform, rail. Called on steam-cars a platform rail- ing-post. Dasher-post washer (street-cars). 82, flgs. 5654-67. Dasher-rail (street-cars). 82, flgs. 5654-67. A Platform rail. Dasher-rail caps (street-cars). 85, figs. 5654-67. A wood or metal cap bolted to the dasher-rail for decoration and to prevent injuries. Davis automatic car-shades. Figs. 4544-7. A car-shade, the automatic feature of which is the holding-device in- serted in the bottom of the shade by which the shade may be left at any height desired. It consists of two rods in a metalhc case connected in the middle with an eccentric, turned by a thumb-latch. At the outer ends of the case rubber wheels are placed which bear against the window casing, and these rods carry a braking de- vice which restrains these rubber wheels from turning, thus holding the shade. Davis journal-box lid. A pressed steel journal-box lid of the Fletcher type, but with the spring on the inside. Davis shade-holding device. See Davis automatic car- shades. Day coach. Figs. 89-96. A common term for an ordinary passenger-car in distinction from sleeping-cars. It ought in strictness to include parlor-cars, but in general does not. It is often termed a coach simjjly, which see. Dayton freight-car door-lock. Figs. 2736-7. See Door- hasp. Dead air-space (insulation of refrigerator-car). Air- spaces which have no communication with the atmo- spheric air outside, so there can be no free circulation or change of air as there is in a free air-space. Dead-block. 1. Fig. 5549. A single wooden block or stick of timber attached to the end-siU of fi eight-cars to pro- tect persons between the cars from injury, by prevent- ing the cars from coming together in case the drawbar or its attachments should give way. They are called dead-blocks from the fact that they are blocks which subserve no function in the construction of the car proper. See Buffer-block. The M. C. B. standard dimensions recommended in 1883 were amended in Saratoga, 1884, as follows : Buffer-blocks are to be made 8 in. square on the face and 6 in. thick, and are to be placed 22 in. apart from centre to centre, and to have 14 in. space between them. Single dead-blocks are to be not less than 30 in. long, 7 in. thick, and 8 in. deep measured vertically. 2. (English.) A piece of hard- wood packing, inter- posed between the buffer-rod guide and the head-stock. This term is also improperly used to describe the Buffer- rod guide, which see. Dead-center. " One of the two points in the orbit of a crank in which it is in line with the connecting-rod." — Knight. To avoid the annoyance of a dead-center two cranks are frequently applied to a shaft at 90 degrees with one another. Deadening, or Deafening. The filling placed between the floor and the deafening-ceiling to serve as a non-conduc- tor to heat and noise. Mineral irool, which see, is some- times used for deadening, but commonly shavings, when anything at all is used. An intermediate floor (between the siUs) and deafening-ceiUng (under the silLs) are used in refrigerator cars, as in figs. 277, 281. Dead-lever (of brake-gear). 7, figs. 1535-7. 92A, flgs. 4581, etc. The one of a pair of levers to which the brake- shaft connecting-rod is not attached. The upper end of the dead-lever is confined within a dead-lever guide, or brake-lever stop, which latter is provided with pins to adjust the end of the brake-lever as the brake-shoes wear. The lever to which the power is first applied is termed the live lever. Dead-lever guide, or brake-lever stop (brake-gear). 95, flgs. 4580-4756. See above. Dead-lock. Figs. 2734-5. A look in which the bolt is thrown each way by the key, and not in one direction by a spring, as with a spring-lock or night-latch. Dead-padlock. A padlock in which neither the lock, bolt, nor hasp has a spring, but the former is thrown each way by the key, and the hasp must be opened by the hand. Dead-wood. A dead-block, which see. Deafening-ceUing. 28, figs. 435-73. Boarding on the under side of the floor-timbers of a passenger-car to ex- clude or deaden the noise of the car. When cut and in- serted between the sills it is called a deafening-floor, but quite as often, though improperly, a deafetiing-ceiling. See Deadening. Deafening-floor. See Deafening-ceiling. Decatur grain-door. Figs. 1896-1926. A door suspended from the carlines over head when not in use. The door- posts are gained out and fitted with angle-irons, behind or between which the door fits. A lever is provided by which the door may be started from the bottom and the grain allowed to discharge itself automatically. Deck. 102, figs. 435-73, 539-41. A term applied to the roof of a passenger-car by analogy from the deck of a ship. The term is not applied in general use, however, to freight-cars. The deck of passenger-cars is subdivided into the upper-deck (also called clear-story, which see) and lower-deck, the roof at the side of the clear-story ; but in designating parts which belong to the clear-story alone and which are not repeated in the lower deck the term deck alone is used. Since tbe issuing o( the first edition of this work the use of the terra rf«* instead of clear-storn in compound words seems to have become practically universal among manufacturers of furnishings and in far more general use than anv other among car builders. The manufacturers and radroad officers consulted almost unanimously replied that they used no other term than Deck-beam. 1. A beam in the form of an inverted T with a round knob on the upper end, used in some forms of iron car construction. The Harden steel brake- beam, fig. 1600, is a deck-beam. 2. Y, figs. 325-7. Transverse beams extend across a car from side-rail to side-rail to which the deck-planks are spiked. DEC 39 DBF Deck bottom-rail. 112, figs. 539-67. A horizontal timber running lengthwise of a car, fastened to the rafters and carlines of the main roof, or to the deck-sill, which forms the base for the dock-posts. The term is some- times applied to the deck-sill. Deck-bridging. See Bridging. Deck-carline, or upper-deck oarline. 118, figs. 435-73, and 536-67. A timber wliich extends from side to side of the upper deck, and supports the roof-boards. Corre- sponding parts in the lower deck are generally called rafters. Deck-collar (Spear and other heaters). A sheet-metal ring to line the smoke-pipe openmg throvigh the roof, having a double sheet-metal tube to leave an air-space as a heat-guard, and a flange on the outside to exclude rain. Deck-cornice filling-block. 121, figs. 551, 556, 560. Deck eaves-molding, or upper-deck eaves-molding. 119, figs. 435-73, 543-67. A molding under the outside edge of the upper deck. Deck end-panel. 116, figs. 435-73, 539-67. It is frequently used as a ventilator. Deck end-plate. K, figs. 514-15. A member that fulfills the same oflice for a clear-story that the body-end-plate does for the body. See End-plate. Deck end-sill. 113, figs. 435-73, 539-67. A horizontal timber connecting the ends of the deok-sills, and form- ing the base for the end of the upper deck. Deck end-ventilator. See Deck end-panel. Deck end-ventilator hood (street-cars) . 165, figs. 5654-8. A projecting screen, placed over the aperture of an end- ventilator, to exclude snow and rain. Also called upper- deck hood. Deck inside cornice. 120, figs. 539-67. A molding which fills the interior angle where the upper deck joins the deck-side. Deck-planking. V, figs. 325-7. Planking nailed to the side and end rails of a coal or ore car to form a deck. Deck-plate. 117, figs. 536-67. A horizontal timber on top of the deck-posts or mullions to which the deck car- Hues are attached. Also called a deck-top-rail. Deck-post. 115, figs. 536-67. An upright piece of wood which connects the deck-plate with the bottom rail. Deck-sash. 144, figs. 539-67. A glazed sash in the sides of the upper deck. Deck-sash-oatch. Figs. 4375. A hook giving a simpler equivalent for a deck-sash latch. Deck-sash double-ratchet. Fig. 4400. A special form of deck-sash pivot-plate, used with spring ratchets. Deck-sash flush-catch. A Deck-sash latch mortised into the sash rail flush with the sash. Deck-sash latch. Figs. 4369-74. A spring-bolt attached to a deck-sash, which engages with a deck-sash latch keeper or strike-pylate. See Keeper. Deck-sash latch-keeper. Figs. 4381-4. See above. Deck-sash lintel. See Lintel. Deck-sash opener. Figs. 4330-41. A lever attached to a revolving rod by wliich a deck-sash is held in any de- sired position. A great variety of forms exists, including many patented devices. See engravings. A pull-hook, figs. 4376-80, is sometimes called a deck-sash opener, but a more elaborate contrivance is generally meant. Deck-sash, outer. 144a, figs. 550-67. A deck-sash which carries the screen, and prevents the admission of dust and cinders. Deck-sash pivot. Figs. 4351-64. A metal stud or spindle attached to a suitable flange by which it is fastened to a deck-sash, and on which the latter turns. A variety of forms exists, including several patented devices, as Moni- tor, fig. 4397-8 ; Morgan, figs, 4385-8, etc., to render the sash readily removable and adjustable. Deck-sash, pivot-bushing'. Same as figs. 4407-8. See Bushing, Deck-sash pivot-plate. Figs. 4355-6. A plate attached to ttie wittdow -casing, with a hole or eye in which a deck-sash pivot works. Sometimes they are provided with springs to prevent the sash from rattling. Deck-sash puU. Figs. 4342-50. A screw-ring attached to a deck-sash to open and close it. Made either with screw or ivith flange. Deck-sash quadrant. Figs. 4390, 4396. A curved bar or plate of metal used as a guide or stop to control the movement of a deck-sash. Little used. Deck-sash quadrant clip. Fig. 4390. A guide-strap em- bracing a deok-sasli quadrant. Deck-sash ratchet-plate. Figs. 4397, 4399, and see 4391-3. A part usually attached to the side of the car, but some- times to tlie sash, carrying a ratchet in which the ratchet- catch engages. Deck-sash socket. Fig. 4394. A hook attached to a peculiar form of deck-sash pivot. See engravings. Deck-sash spring pivot. Figs. 4353-5, 4363. A deck- sash pivot, which see, provided with a spring to make the sash removable. Deck-screen. 144b, figs. 542-67. Deck-screen bottom-rail. 112 A, figs. 470. A rail rim- ning the entire length of the clear-story, and closing the space between the bottom of the screen and the roof. 2. (Of ventilators, which see.) Figs. 4300-24. Deck-screen sash-sill. 180, fig. 560. Deck-side. The entire part, consisting of a plate, rail, posts, and panels, or sashes, which forms the side which occupies the vertical space between the lower and upper deck. Deck side-ventilator. Figs. 4319-22. This term is also used to designate the sash or valves and their attach- ments for opening and closing the aperture. Deck-sill. Ill, figs. 531-67. A horizontal timber at- tached to the inner ends of the rafters, or short carlines, on which the deck-side rests. Deck-sill bottom-molding. 114a, figs. 542, 560. Deck-sill facing. 114, figs. 531-67. Thin boards or mold- ings attached to the inside of a deck-sill, for ornament. Deck-sill side-molding. Ilia, figs. 554, 560. Deck-sill top-molding. 11 IB, figs. 554, 560. Deck soffit-board. 121s, figs. 539-67. A board on the under side of tlie overhanging cornice of an upper deck. Deck top-rail. 117, figs. 539-67. A deck-plate, vfhich see. Deck-ventilator. See Deck end-ventilator. Deck side- ventilator. The deck-sashes are frequently hung and operated as deck side-ventilators as by the continuous deck-sash opener. Fig. 4349. Deck window-screen. S, figs. 539-41. An outside sash with a screen over it to exclude dust and cinders. Deck-timber (snow-plow framing). 23, figs. 410-1.3 A rail, capping the throat-pneces and side-posts of a snow- plow frame. Decorated-ceilings. 9, figs. 2452-3a, and in genei'al inter- ior views, figs. 90-133. Defiance improved asphalt car-roofing. A composition car-roofing material luade by satui'ating and coating a heavy web of burlap with refined Trinidad asphalt tem- pered with a mixture said to contain no coal-tar or petroleum residuum. On the face of the satm-ated and coated web is run another web of heavy burlap, and on the back is run a tough sheet of rope fiber paper. While the material is still fresh it is run through pressure roUs which imbed and set the surface web of burlap into the asphalt, making a compact sheet of heavy roofing ma- terial which is strong, flexible, elastic, and water-proof. The material is used between boards, of double roofs, similar to the Carey and Hutchins roofs. It is made by the A. E. Filley Mfg. Co. Deflector. 1. (For windows.) Figs. 4527-30. A piece of thin board attaclied to the jamb of the window and left projecting two or three inches beyond and at right angles to the car. When the car is in motion it deflects the cinders and diist from the window, and also produces an exhaust draft. Also called a window dust-guard. DEF 40 DIA Deflector-springs (of ventilators). Springs controlling the movement of the deflectors. Deflector ventilator. A name given to the Pancoast ventilators, fig. 4317. Derrick. Figs. 77-80, 306, 393-3. "A fonn of hoisting machine. The peculiar featui-e of a derrick, which dii- - tingiiishes it from other forms of hoisting machines, is that it has a boom stayed with a central post " (termed the masO, "which may be anchored, but is usually stayed by g2iys. " A derrick has one leg, a shears two, and a, gin three, A crane has a post and a /i'b," and is a rigid machine, not having a movable boom. '^ A. whin or whim has a vertical axis on which a rope winds. The capsian has a vertical drum for a rope, and is rotated by bars. The windlass has a horizontal barrel, and is rotated by hand- spikes. The winch has a horizontal barrel, and is fre- quently the means of winding up the tackle-rope of a derrick; it is rotated by cranks. The crab is a portable winch and has cranks. " The derrick is more commonly used in the United States than in Europe, and has attained what appears to be maximum effectiveness with a given weight. Two spars, three guys, and two sets of tackle — one for the jib and one for the load — complete the apparatus, except the winch, crab, or capstan, for hoisting. "The invention is nautical, the original being the sail- or's contrivance, made of a spare topmast or a boom, and the appropriate tackle. Such are used in masting, put- ting in boilers and engines, and hoisting heavy merchan- dise on board or ashore. ' ' The derrick-crane is a combination of the two devices, as its name imports, having facihty for hoisting and also for swinging the load horizontally." — Knight. Derrick-car. Figs. 77-80, 206-7, 393-6. A strong platform- car which carries a derrick-crane which is used for re- moving wrecked cars and engines, erecting bridges, or handling any hea-s'y objects. Also called ivrecking-car. They are distinguished as hand or steam den-ick-cars, according to the power used. Derrick truss-rod. Figs. 393-3. A rod attached to the side-sills of a derrick-car at each end and passing under the mast-pocket or other equivalent compression-block, constituting a truss to resist the pressure of the derrick. Destination-board bracket (English). 183, fig. 501. A small shelf of cast or wxought-iron secured to the upper part of the outside of the body, in order to carry a wooden board or enameled metal plate, giving the des- tination of a train. It is universally used on aU English carriages, and carried throughout the entire trip. Destination-card and rack (freight-cars). 80, flg. 354. A convenience in increasing use, but usually conspicuous by its absence. Detachable globe-holder. A globe-holder arranged so that a lamp-globe can readily be attached or removed. Many lamps have the globes fixed or plastered. Hence, often called plaster-lampa. Detaching-slot (of deck-sash ratchet). B, flg. 4397. A slot in the ratchet-plate to facilitate removal of the sash. Details of cars : Box-car. Figs. 617-902. Mat-car. Figs. 916-1024. Baggage car. Figa. lJ76-li27. Oondolacar. Figs. 1025-1131. Body-bolsters. Figs 1128 57. Roofs. Figs. 2355-97. Bralce-gear. Figs. 1458-1782. .'iignal-apparatus. Figs. 2388-2107. Caboose-car. Figs. 1132-75. Slccping-berths. Figs. 2108-18. floors. Figs. 1783-1935. Vestibules. Flg'. 2119-50. Draft-gear. Figs. 1936-2354. Windmos. FigB. 2451 53a. Detective wire (for seals). Figs. 3886-7. A flat twisted wire or other equivalent device to prevent the seal being stripped from the wire without destroying one or both. Detroit brake-beam. Figs. 1594-8. A built steel beam of imique design. Instead of a truss-rod and king-post, the tubular beam, with a sUt throughout its length, and its edges flanged, is stiffened by a web, through which the braka-leYer passes. Diagonal (English). 4, figs. 349 and 502. American equivalent (used chiefly in street-cars), diagonal floor- timber. A member of the under-frame. One end butts against the rear side of the transverse end member of the under-frame (the head-stock), and the other end butts against an intermediate transverse member of the under- frame (the cross-bearer) near its center. The diagonal. take the strain of the side-buSers, and distribute it so as to prevent distortion of the imder-frame. Diagonal floor-timbers. Floor-timbers which are placed in an incUned position to the sills. Used chiefly on street- cars. Diagonal roof-strap (street-cars). A band of hoop-iron placed diagonally on the top of the roof -boards to stiffen the roof. Dial-cock (Consolidated car-heating). Fig. 3979. A -|-inch asbestos packed cock, the flange of which is made in the form of a dial to indicate the amount of opening of the cock. It indicates to the eye the exact position of the plug and the size of the opening for the admission of steam. Diameter testing-gage (for car- wheels). A gage for testing wheels and axles. Sometime, an M. C. B. stand- ard. Diamond-truck. Figs. 45804748. A car-truck with iron side-frames consisting of two or more arch-bars, which see, and a pedestal tie-bar. The spaces between the arch- bars are diamond-shaped, whence the name. The joiu:- nal-boxes are rigidly bolted to the sides. The cross- members of the truck, bolster, spring-plank, etc., are either of wood or iron, or of both wood and iron com- bined. Iron transoms, bolsters and spring planks may be said to be in general use and increasing in favor. See figs. 4576-4805. At the Master Car Builders' Convention (1884) it was voted that this form should be the type used in preparing designs for a standard freight-car truck, to have a 5 ft. wheel-base, channel-bar transoms, and either siving or rigid bolster, which see. It is the type in almost univer- sal use for freight-cars, and the rigid-bolster is appHed to aearly all new construction. The swing-bolster truck remains a standard on a few important roads that have a large traffic of live-stock. Diaphragm. 1. (Eames vacuum brake.) 1, figs. 1669- 73. An equivalent for the Westinghouse brake-cylinder, serving to operate the brakes. It consists of a cast-iron bowl-shaped shell, to which the diaphragm-rubber is at- tached by diaphragm-rings. A rubber diaphragm-hose connects it to the brake-pipe. Three sizes of diaphragms are manufactured : No. 4, for narrow-gage cars, No. 3 for standard-gage cars, and No. 2^ for heavy driver- brakes. 2. (Pintsoh gas pressure-regulator.) Fig. 3168. 3. (Refrigerator-oar.) See Condensing diaphragm, 4. (Westinghouse brake and train-signal apparatus.) Some valves are regulated by diaphragms or diaphragm- plates, to wliich are attached springs, nuts, stems, etc., etc., whose names explain themselves. See figs. 2403-4. These diaphragms all operate on the same principle. They are spring-plates which guide the rod and, assisted by spiral springs, cause the attached valves to seat or unseat at a fixed pressure. 5. (Of avestibiile.) 2, figs. 2419-48; fig. 3423a. A piece of rubber, ducking, or canvas in folds attached to the diajihragm face-plate a.nd platform-inclosure to ex- clude the dust and cinders, and at the same time to allow the face-plates free movement, laterally and longi- tudinally, in the Barr and Gould vestibules, and longitu- dinally only in the PuUman vestibules. The Barr wing- vestibule has no diaphragm. Diaphragm face-plate. 1, figs. 2419-48. See Face-plate. Diaphragm. Vestibules. PuUman, Barr, and Wagner Vestibules. Die 41 DOO Dictionary of Terms (Master Car Builders). At the fifth Annual Convention, held in Richmond, Va., in 1873 (see page 18 of the report of that meeting), it was "Resolved, That a committee with power to publish an illustrated book, defining the proper terms or names of each and every part used in the construction of rail- way cars, and a description of the use of the same." At the Fourteenth Annual Convention, held in Detroit, in 1880, "The committee to wliioh was assigned the duty of preparing a dictionary of terms used in the construc- tion of cars submitted a copy of the book and reported that it had finished its work, and it was discharged." See Fi-oiit part of book. Differential car-door hanger. Figs. 3831-4. See Car- door lianger. Differential screw-jack. Figs. 3736-9. See Screw-jaek. Dining-car. Figs. 101-10, 179, 191, 474-86. A car provid- ed with a kitchen and cooking appliances and arrange- ments for serving meals as in a hotel. Hotel-ears which are now quite out of use, had similar arrangements on a smaller scale, but they were mainly given up to sleeping- berths. The term diner is in bad taste, since the car has not the capacity to dine. The first dining-cars were probably those run on the Philadelphia, Wilmington & Baltimore road in 1868-5, but these cars had no arrangements for cooking, but received cooked provisions at the end of each run. On the more modern cars nearly all their cooking is done on the car itself. Dining-cars are usually luxurious in their appointments and are run by the companies themselves and at a slight pecuuiaiy loss, with the object of attract- ing travel. Tliey are in general use. Dining-cars are to be distinguished from lunch-cars. A dining car is a place where a full-course dinner may be cooked and served with the service usually furnished in hotels, and the whole car is given to that end. They are frequently attached to a train for a few hours only at about meal- time. A lunch-car partakes more of the character of a lunch-counter, and the food served is not cooked on the car. It is a revival of the earliest dining-car above men- tioned. Dining-car range. Figs. 474 and 3106-8. See Range. Directors'-car. Figs. 119-30. A car built and maintained expressly for the Directors and oflicers of the road. An officers' car. Directors'-car range. Fig. 3108. See Range. Direct steam-heating systems. Figs. 3959-60, 3999, 3033, 3036. A system of car heating in which the steam from the locomotive or heat-tender is carried directly to the radiators or heating-pipes. The term is used to dis- tinguish the system from those in which the steam is employed to heat the water which circulates in the radi- ators or heating-pipes, usually in connection with the Baker-heater. See Consolidated, GokVs and Safety's systems of car-heating. Direct steam-storage system. Figs. 3001, 3009-10. A direct system of car heating, in whicli the radiating- pipes are enlarged and inclose a smaller pipe or tube which is filled with salt water or other lieat-retaining substance, and which when heated continues to radiate heat after the steam is shut off. In the Gold terra-cotta storage-heater the radiating pipe contains a fluted cylinder of terra-cotta of the same extreme diameter as the inside diameter of the radiating pipe. These storage- heaters are shown in detail in figs. 3961-7, 3009-10. See Consolidated and Gold's car-heating systems. Direct steam-storage system (Consolidated car-heat- ing). Fig. 3959. A system of heating in which a 3-inch pipe is divided into chambers and each chamber being half full of water, steam occupying the space above this water. As the pipe is but partly filled with water it is not liable to injure the heater by freezing. It heats quickly and makes a cheap and efl:ective storage system. Disc, Wrought-iioa, car-wheel center. Figs. 6296-5303. Discharge-pipe (air-pump for Westinghouse brake, also called reservoir-pijie). 8, fig. 1699. A pipe by which the compressed air is conveyed from the air-pump to the main air-reservoir. Discharge-valve. 1. (Of oar-signal valve, Westinghouse train-signal apparatus. ) 3403 ; 32, fig. 2388. The valve in the attachment called the car signal-valve. The whole device is also sometimes so called. 3. (Of air-pump for Westinghouse brake.) 30-33, fig. 1689. The valve tlirough wliich the air as compressed jjasses to the main reservoir. There are two — -upper and lower. See also Auxiliary discharge-valve. Discharge valve-seat wrench (Westinghouse brake). See Wrench. Discharge-valve stop (air-pump) . 44, fig. 1689. Disengaging-bolt (Howard's parlor-car water-closet). Figs. 3388-9. An attachment by which the water- supply valve and the pan are disconnected from the bowl proper, so that the closet can be used as a plain hopper in case the water supply gives out. Dished-cap ventilator. Fig. 4306. See Ventilators. Distance-block. A short, thick piece of wood placed be- tween two or more objects to keep them apart, or to preserve an interval of space between them, as floor-tim- ber distance-block, truck-hohter distance-block, etc. Distance-gage (between backs of wheel-flanges). Fig. 5431. One of the M. C. B. standard wheel and axle gages. Distance-piece. A metallic distance-block. See Draw-bar di.itance-piece. Distributing-table (postal-car.) 4, figs. 599-604. A table upon which the mailbags are emptied of their contents, and from which they are distributed to the various boxes or pouches. Distributing-table hinge. Fig. 3610. Ditching-car. Fig. 317. A car provided with derricks and scoops for excavating the ditches of cuts by the power of a locomotive. The contrivance has been pat- . ented by the American Ditching Co., of La Crosse, Wis. Dividing attachment (Fames, for engines fitted with drum-brakes). Figs. 1683-3. A device to regulate the application of the brakes to either the locomotive or train, or both. Division-arm (twin-seats). Figs. 3934, 3955, 3974-6, 3981, etc. The middle seat-arm between the two seats. Dog. 1. A general term in mechanics for all devices which bite or take hold of or give motion to other parts. See Ratchet-dog. 3. (For pawl of winding-shaft.) 69, figs. 305-15. A disk or button eccentrically pivoted in such a way as to hold the rachet-wheel pawl of a winding-shaft in its place. The pawl itself of a ratchet-gear is also some- times termed the dog in other forms of ratchet-gear where no dog to hold the pawl is necessary. 3. A brake-pawl dog, which see. A very similar part of that defined above. Dome. A clear-story or upper deck is sometimes erro- neously called a dome. See also Tank-dome. Dome-head (tank-car). 109, fig. 373. The top of the dome. " Dome " lamp-shade. Fig. 3436. A Zamp-s/iode, which see, of curved or ogee outline. Door. Figs. 1783-1935. A frame of boards for closing a doorway. See Door-frame for names of parts. See also Ashpit door. Lamp-case door. Double-door. Overhung-door. Double fire-door. Platform trap-door. Draft-door. Shaker-door. Dust-door. Sliding-door. Dust hand-hole door. Smoke-box door. Fare luicket-door. Sub-door. Feed-door. Tip)-car door. Fire-door. Underhmig-door. Orain-door. Ventilator-door. Grated-door. Door-apron (street-cars) . A sheet-iron cover attached to a swiagiug door to inclose the step. DOO 42 DOO Door-bolt. Figs. 2535-r)3. A metal bar attached to a slide and fastened to a door so as to hold it shut from the in- side. They are either round, or barrel, or square. A square-neck door-bolt is one with an angle or shoulder in it. Fhisli door-bolts are gained in so as to be flush with the surface, there are nmnerous styles shown in figs. 3544-53. A cupboard-catch is a form of door-bolt having a beveled latch and actuated by a spring, but bolts so formed are commonly termed latches, which see. Door-bolt keeper. Figs. 2541-2. A catch attached to a door-frame, in which the bolt engages. Door bottom-rail. 147, figs. 539-41; 5, fig. 1788. See Door-frame. Door-bottom ventilator-rail (English). 112, iigs. 501-4. A piece of wood running horizontally and supporting a sHding ventilator. Door-brace (freight-car doors). A diagonal piece of tim- ber framed to stiffen the door. Door-butt. A butt-hinge, which see. Door-button. " A small piece of wood or metal swiveled by a screw tlirough the middle, and used as a fastening for a door or gate."— Knight. They are often attached by a rivet or pin to a metal door button-plate, which is fastened on with screws. Sometimes the button is an eccentric disk. Door-cap (freight-car doors). 177, figs. 229-66. A hori- zontal board across the top of the door. Door-cap rail. 170, fig. 557. Door-case. Fig. 1788. 1. The frame which incloses or stuTOunds the sides and top of a door. The separate parts are the door-jambs, or door-posts, door-sill, and door-lintel, which see. 2. A partition at the end of a street-car which incloses a sliding door when open. See Fare-ivicket door-case. Door-case intermediate-rail (street-cars). A rail of a door-case above the window. Door-case panel (street-cars). A panel in a partition which incloses the sliding door. There are two, the top- panel and seat-panel. Door-case sash (street-cars). A window-sash in the par- tition which incloses a sliding-door. It opens on hinges and is placed opposite to another in the end of the car inside of the door. Door-case sash-button. See Door-button. Door-case seat-panel. See Door-case panel. Door-case top-panel. 194, fig. 5656. See Door-case panel. In some cases a mirror is used in place of a panel. Door-case top-rail. A stick parallel with the Door-lintel, which see. Door center-girth (freight-car doors) . A horizontal board across the middle of the door. A middle door-rcnl, ex- cept that it is not framed into the door but simply nailed on. Door chain-bolt. Fig. 2579. A device which permits a door to be opened a short distance, yet not far enough to gain admission. Door-check (Norton's). Fig. 2818. An automatic device consisting of a piston in a cylinder, whicli forms a pneu- matic cushion and prevents the door from slamming. Door fence-rail (English). 118, figs. 501-4. A horizontal piece of wood forming, on the outside of the door, the bottom of the window aperture. It is reinforced with a band of brass or iron against which the window-sash bears when it is closed. EngHsh carriage windows drop down to open, like an omnibtis or street-car window. Door-frame. Fig. 1783-93. The structm'e in wliich the panels of a door are fitted. It is composed, as is also a window-sash, of tlie stiles, or upright pieces at the sides; the midlions, or central upriglit pieces ; the bottom-rail; the lock, or central rail, and the top-rail. The Door- case, which see, surrounds it. See Fire-door frame. Door friction-roller. Figs. 2846-51. See Sliding-door friction-roller. Car-door hanger. Door glass-frame stop-rail (English). 115, figs. 501-4. In a carriage, a small horizontal piece of wood m the lower part of the door against which the window drops when opened. See Door-fence rail. Door-guards (baggage and freight-car sliding doors) .175, fig. 573. Strips of wood which inclose the space occu- pied by the door when open to keep the freight from interfering with its movement. Door guard-band (street-cars) . 140, figs. 5656. A metal band fastened crosswise on the middle door-rail to pro- tect the door from being chafed. Also called a sliding- door strip. Door guard-rod. 12, figs. 2442-5. See vestibule door-rod. Door-guide. Fig. 2828. Door-handle (freight-cars). 1. 78, figs. 239-66. A U-shaped wrought-iron bar attached to the door, sometunes hori- zontally and sometimes vertically. A Sliding-door han- dle, which see, is for passenger cars. 3. (EngUsh.) 181, figs. 501-3. Serves the piirpose of an American door-knob. An L-shaped brass-bar attached to the outer end of a door-spindle, and conveni- ently shaped to be grasped by the hand, so that the door can be opened by a person either inside or outside the carriage. Door hand-rail (street-cars) . A rail attached to the inside of a door, that swings out, for passengers to take hold of in getting on and off the car. Door-hanger. 21, fig. 1792, and figs. 2825-43. A hook- shaped piece of metal by wliich a sUding-door is suspend- ed at its top, and which slides on an iron track at the top of the door. For freight-cars they are usually made of wrought-iron, but sometimes of cast-iron, with fric- tion rollers, or sheaves, on which the door rolls. They are also used in sleeping and drawing-room cars, and are then generally made of brass and plated. The name of these more elaborate forms is commonly extended into car-door hanger, which see. See also Anti-friction car- door hanger. Door-hasp. 73, figs. 239-66. A metal clasp attached to car-doors, by which they are fastened to a staple on the body of the car. Used chiefly on freight-car doors seciu:ed with a pin or bolt. They are now made of mal- leable iron and the pin fixed so it cannot be lost, as in figs. 3736-41. Padlocks are rarely used on freight-cars. Door-hasp pin (seal-lock). A projecting lug on which a carefully shaped door-hasp enters, and is secured in place by the clasp. Door-hinge. 1. See Hinge. 2. (English.) 178, fig. 501. Three brass hinges, upper, middle and lower, securing the door to the body. These hinges generally differ slightly to allow for the curvature or fall-under of the door. Door-holder. Figs. 2803-14. A device for holding a door open or shut. They are also called door-stops, as they are also intended to check momentum of the door when swung open violently. Lamp-case door-holder. Sliding- door holder. Door-holder catch, or door-holder stop. Figs. 2803-14. A metal bracket attached to the floor (floor-stop)) or side {partition-stop)) of a car, with which a door-holder en- gages, to hold a door open. Door-hook. Figs. 2556-7. A sliding-door holder, which see. Door-jam. 1, fig. 1788. The side piece or post of a door- case. Also called door-post. Not to be confused with the stiles of the door itself. Door-knob. Figs. 3621-43. A ball attached to the end of the spindle of a door-latch to take hold of in moving the latch or opening the door. The knob is often made in various peculiar forms, as T door-knob, fig. 2643. Door-latch. Figs. 2558-69. An attachment to a door to hold it shut. See Latch. A door-latch is often made in combination with a lock, having a separate bolt and key to secure or fasten the door from the outside, as in figs. 3637, 2653, etc. DOO 43 DOO Door-latch arbor. A Door-latch spindle, which see. Door-latch bolt. See Latch. Door-latch hook. Figs. 2558-69. The part of a sliding- door latch which engages with the keeper and holds the door shut. Door-latch beeper. Figs. 3554-78. Also called Strike- plate, which see. Door-latch rose, or escutcheon. Figs. 3644-81. A plate fastened to a door as a guard or bearing for the spindle. A rose is frequently called a rosette. See Escutcheon. Door-latch spindle. 10, figs. 3631, 3639-41. A small metal shaft to which the door-handle or knob is attached, and by which the latch is tiu-ned. Door-latch spring. A spring which acts on the latch- hook or bolt and causes it to engage with its keeper ; usually made of a flat piece of cast-steel. Door-light (English). 138, figs. 501-3. In a carriage, the window in the door which in English carriages is lowered to open it like an omnibus or street-car window. Door-light bottom sash-rail, or glass-frame bottom sash-rail (English). 140, figs. 501-3. The bottom part of the door window framing. Door-light stile, or glass frame stile (English). 141, fig. 501. The upright members of the window framing. Door-lintel. 99, figs. 533-41. The horizontal part of a door-casing above the door. It is usually of wood, but in passenger-cars it is somtimes made of a thin shell of cast-iron. See Door-frame. Door-lintel backing. 172, fig. 557. Door-lintel top-rail. 99b, figs. 555. Door-lock. Figs. 3631-3746. See Loek. A latch, which see, is usually combined with a passenger-car door-lock. Door-lock bolt. See Lock. Door-lock keeper, or nosing. See Keeper. Door-muUion. 146, figs. 435-73 ; 2, figs. 1783-93. A ver- tical bar of wood between the panels of a door. See Door-frame. Door-wiiidoio mullion. Door name-plate. 3, fig. 1788. A metal plate on the in- side of a passenger-car door with the name of the builder inscribed on it. This is now more commonly painted on. Door-paneL 151, figs. 435-73; 10 and 11, figs. 1783-93. "A piece of board whose edges are inserted into the groove of a thicker surrounding frame of a door." — Webster. They are distinguished as loiver, middle, and upper. Any panel, but especially the lower, is some- times cut up into two tivin panels by a door mullion, as in figs. 1783-4. Door-panel batten (English). 109, fig. 501. American equivalent, furring. In a carriage, a piece which stiffens the door-panel, which is pinned to it. Door-pillar or door-stile (English). 139, figs. 503-3. American equivalent, door-stile, which see. The outer sides of the stiles are beveled in a peculiar manner, so as to shut tight, and the inner sides are grooved to allow the movement of the window. Door-pin (freight-car doors). 74, figs. 339-66, 355-73. A pin used to fasten a hasp to a staple. Leaden seals are sometimes attached thereto. Door-pin chain. 75, figs. 344, etc. A chain by which a door-pin is attached to a car. Door-plate. 3, fig. 1788; figs. 3778-83. A notice-plate. See Door name-plate. Door-post, or door-jamb. 44, figs. 329-66 ; 62, figs. 435- 73, 539-41 ; 1, fig. 1788. A vertical post which forms the side of a doorway. Door-post pocket. 44, figs. 339-66. See Pocket. Door-pulL Figs. 2580-81. A D-shaped handle attached to a door to take hold of in opening or closing it. Door-rail. Fig. 1788. A horizontal member or bar of the framing of a door. The upper one, 4, is called the top- rail ; the lower one, 5, the bottom-rail ; 6, the middle or lock-rail ; 7, the parting-rail. Minor variations often occur, as in figs. 1784-6 and 1790-1. Door-rail bracket (car-doors). Figs. 1817-80. A bracket to carry top door-rail, serving as a guide for the door. See Door track-bracket. Door-roller. Figs. 3846-51. Also called a door-sheave. The term Door-roller is applied to a fiat tread wheel pivoted in a bracket and attached to the bottom of a door to roll upon a flat surface rather than a narrow track. Door-sash. 12 and 13, fig. 1788. A wooden frame, contain- ing one or more panes of glass, placed in a door. In some cases one of these sashes is made to slide, so that it can be opened for ventilation. They are distinguished as lower and upper door-sash. The lower sash is com- monly movable for ventilation and held open by a door sash-lift or bo?? entering into a door-sash plate. Door-sash bolt. 14, fig. 1788, fig. 4465-9. A metal pin attached to a sliding-door sash to hold it in any desired position. Door-sash lift. Fig. 4470. See also above. Door-sash plate. Figs. 4450-1 ; and 15, fig. 1788. See above. Door-shaft (single-platform street-cars). An iron shaft extending through the car for the purpose of enabling the driver to open the rear door. A door-shaft lever is attached at the front end, and a door-shaft crank at the back end, Avhich is fastened to a slotted door-shaft-crank plate on the door. Door-sheave, or sliding-door sheave. 21, figs. 1793, 3835-43. A small wheel on which a sliding door rolls. It is visually placed at the top of the door and some- times at the bottom also. It is carried in a door-sheave holder. A grooved casting called a door-shoe or door- slide is sometimes used as a substitute on freight-car doors, especially when the load does not rest upon the lower door-track. See also Door-roller . Door-sheave transom (street-cars). 191, fig. 5656. A long narrow panel which is hinged and with catch so that access may be had to the car-door sheaves and track. Door-shoe. 70, figs. 339-66. See Door-sheave. Door-sill. 64, figs. 339-66. A cross-piece attached to the fioor on the under side of a door-opening. In car con- struction the term is usually applied to an iron plate used under passenger-car and occasionally freight-car doors. Door-sUl plate (English). 208, figs. 501-3. American equivalent, door-sill or door-sill plate. A roughened brass wearing piece placed in the doorway entrance. Door-slide. See Door-sheave. Door-spindle. Figs. 2639-41. The bar passing through the door which carries the door-knobs. Door-spring. Figs. 2815-18. An attachment to make doors self-closing. Three of tlie great numbers of de- vices in use are shown. Double-action spring hinges, figs. 2617-30, are in general used instead for the few doors requiring them. Door-stile. 150, figs. 435-78; 8, fig. 1788. One of the two \ipright pieces on the outer edges of a door-fraine, which see. Door-stop. 1. A peg or block against which a passenger- car door strikes when opened, often provided with a rub- ber cusliion, especially for swinging-doors. Door-hold- ers, which both stop the door and retain it, are often called door-stop, as figs. 3803-14. 2. (Freight-car sliding doors.) 71, 72, figs. 339-66. Blocks or strips of wood or iron to restrain excessive motion. They are distinguished as closed door-stop and open door-stop. Door-strap (street-cars). A leather strap or cord by which the back-door is opened and shut from the front plat- form. See Door-shaft. Door top-ran. 113. figs. 501-8. Sea Door-rail. Door-track. 65, 66, figs. 344-66, etc. A metal bar or guide which supports a sliding-door, and upon which it moves, or by which it is held in its place. Tliey are either top door-tracks or bottom door-tracks. The former usually carry the weight of freight-car doors, being hung DOO u SKA thereon by door-hangers. The lower track serves only as a guide for the door-shoes. Door-track bracket. 67, figs. 244-66. An iron or wooden block, fastened to the side of a freight-car, to which a door-track is attached or which holds a sUding-door in its place. See also Door-rail bracket. Doorway. The passage or opening formed by a door- casing which is closed by a door. Door-wedge and clasp. Fig. 8827. A postaZ-cor furnishing. Door-window mulUon. A middle uprio-ht bar. See Door-frame. Dope. A mixture of waste, oil, and grease, for journal- box packing, which is not fluid. Double-acting spring hinge. Figs. 2617-20. A device to permit a door to open either way and also to make it self-closing. They are from 21 to 7 ins. in length of flange, 4 ins. being the most usual. They consist in their original form of a hinge on a hinge, the two opening in opposite directions. The " Utility " double-acting hinge is much like an ordinary butt-hinge, the tendency to re- store the door to its normal position when opened in either direction being caused by a spring. Double-board root Fig. 2379. Hen Car-roof . The upper layer of grooved boards is sometimes laid with the grooves under, so as to form a kind of tube between the two layers. Double brace-pocket. 41, figs. 229-66. See Pocket. Double-chair. Figs. 3932-5, 3955, 8974-6. A twin car-seat. Formerly two reclining-chairs combined in pairs to save room. They were used three abreast, two on one side and one on the opposite side of the aisle. Double-coU hot-water circixlation (Gold's car-heating system). Figs. 2996-7. A system of car heating in which the hot-water circulation does not differ materi- ally from that of the Baker and other systems, but in which the water may be heated with steam from the loco- motive, in the heater itself, instead of in a drum or jacket, as is done in the Consolidated and Safety's systems. This is accomphshed by making the coils in the heater double; the smaller one, which is the steam pipe, being inside of the larger pipe coil which is a part the hot-water circulation. This double-coil in the heater is a feature of all the Gold systems using hot-water cir- culating pipes. See Gold's car-heating systems. Double-coil jet-system (Gold's car-heating system). Figs. 8003 and 3008. A system of car-heating which combines the drum or jacket features with the jet or commingler system of injecting steam into the hot-water circulation. The steam is first sent through the inner or steam coil of the double coil in the Baker heater and then through an an- nulus F into the circrdating pipe. Tlae jet is so directed as to aid the circulation in the pipes. It is clanned to be noiseless. A feature of the system is the carrying of the steam pipe to the full height of the circulating-drum before it enters the coils of the heater. Double-coU nest-spring. Fig. 5429. A spiral-spring, which see, with another inside of it. Double-cone lamp-globe. Fig. 3434. See Lamp-globe. Double-deck stock-car. Figs. 37, 75-6, 355-8. One with two floors, or stories, one above the other, for caiTying sheep, hogs, etc. The intermediate floor is called the uiyper floor or dotible-deck. Double-deck street-car. Figs. 5650-2. A street-car with seats on the roof, much used abroad and in increasing favor in the United States, especially in Philadelphia. Double-door. 1. A door made in two parts. These are sometimes fasted together by hinges, so as to fold back on each other, figs. 1790-1, and sometimes each part is hinged to one of the door-posts. Sliding doors are also sometimes made in two parts, figs. 5656 and 5665. 2. (Friiit-car.) Fig. 257. Doors in pairs, one inside the other, as in refrigerator-cars, etc., are also called double-doors. Double elliptic spring. See Elliptic apring. Double-guard (lanterns). See Guard. Double iron body-bolster. Figs. 1455-57. A common form for passenger-cars with six-wheel trucks, composed of two parallel iron trusses connected by iron plates or bars. It is sometimes apphed to freight-cars, fig. 1448. Double-lens tail or signal-lamp. Figs. 8324, etc. A lamp with two lenses on opposite sides. See Signal-light. Double-lever brake. Fig. 1460. A brake which has two levers to a true*. The object of using two levers is to equalize the pressure on the two brake-beams. See Brake-gear. Double pipe-oUp. Fig. 2935. An iron band made with two bends for holding two pipes (as heater pipes) in their place. See C'hjj. Double plate-wheel. Figs. 5259-60. A cast-iron car-wheel, the rim and hub of which are united by two cast-iron plates or disks. Wlieels in which the double plates ex- tend only part way between the hub and rim, the con- nection being made by a single plate, are often caUed dovble-p)late wheels. Figs. 5316, 5349. See Car-wheel. Wheel. Washburn Wheel. Double ratchet (Morgan's deck-sash pivot). Figs. 4885-8. A pair of radiaUy ribbed disks which engage with each other in any position, there being no separate dog or ratchet- bolt. Another style of double ratchet, so called from its working when the sash is moved either way, is shown in fig. 4400. Double sash-spring. See Sash-spring. Double sliding-door fixtures. Figs. 2843-5, 5665. Double-spoke car-wheel. Figs. 5294-5. See Car-wheel. Double strap-hanger (for beU-cord). See Bell-cord hanger. Double-spring drawbar. Figs. 2283-89. A form of draw- bar in which two springs are used, either side by side or one in front of the other. In the latter case only one of the springs acts at once, one under tension and the other under compression. Drawbars vrith auonliary draw- springs, are stiU another class, which are double springs de facto, but not so called. Double-spring drawbar-tunber. Figs. 369-72. Two tim- bers extending longitudinally from the needle-beams to the follower plate-hlock, bolted to and under the center- sills and connected thereto with packing-blocks. Double-track snow-plow. Figs. 234, 408-9. A push-plow which plows the snow to one side of a track only, so as to not crowd it upon the other parallel track. Double-washer. A washer that answers for two bolts. See Twin-washer. Double window-blind. The xisual form of window-blind. They are made in two parts, so as to require less height when raised. See Window-blind. Double window-blind lift. Figs. 4435-7, 4445-7. See Windoiv-blind lift. Dove-tail. "A flaring tenon adapted to fit into a mortice having receding sides so as lo prevent the withdrawal of the tenon in the directions to which it will be exposed to strain." — Knight. There are many forms of dove-tail joints. Draft-bar slide. Draw-bar slide. (Street-cars.) 89, figs, 5654-67. A drawbar sector which supports the coupler end of the drawbar and over which it swings. Draft-bolt (Janney coupler, which see). 157, fig. 3301. A draft spring-bolt. Draft-door (Baker heater). Figs. 2868, etc. A door in the smoke-flue base, automatically opened and closed by the fire-regulator, and by which the fire is regulated. Draft-gear. Figs. 1936-72 and 2375-2354. A term used to designate the drawbars, draft-timbers, buffing appa- ratus, and all their attachments — in short, the whole of the arrangements by which a car is drawn and which resists concussions. See the various heads above. Also Draiobar, Draw-head, Draft-timbers, etc. DBA 45 DBA Draft-gear check-casting. Figs. 2000-3. (Graham and Mitchell-Graham draft-rigging, which see.) A casting which inclose the thimbles or followers, and carries the thrust to the draft-sills and draft-timbers, with which they engage. Draft-gear, freight. Figs. 1936-2243. " (M. C. B.) Figs. 5499-55.37. " " (automatic couplers). Figs. 2073-2243. " " (continuous). Figs. t936-58. (link-and-pin drawbars). Figs. 2073-4. " " (Enghsh). Figs. 348-51. " '• (Graham). Figs. 1959-75. (Graham-Mitchell). Figs. 1976-3006. (Butler). Figs. 3007-17. '■ (Cauda). Figs. 2018-36. " " (sundry railroads). Figs. 3037-72. passenger (Gould). Figs. 2296-00. (Janney-Bulioup). Figs. 2301-50. (Miller). Figs. 3390-5. " " (center-draft). Figs. 2283-89a. " " (English). Figs. 501-4. " " (VanDorsten). Figs. 3275-6. " " (Thurmond-McKeen). Figs. 2277-81. " " (Leonard-Hydrostatic). Figs. 2351-4. Draft-gear tie-rod. 162, fig. 463 ; 51, fig. 3391. A rod which connects an end-sill or platform end-timber with a body-bolster or drawljar cross-timber to tie them to- gether. The term is sometimes applied to the continu- ous draft-rods that run frona one drawbar to the one at the other end of the car. Draft-iron (Janney coupler, which see). Fig. 3301. The equivalent of a diairbar-jaw, which see. Draft regulator. See Fire regulator. Draft-rod (continuous draw-gear). Figs. 1936-58. A rod wliich unites two drawbars at opposite ends of a car, and relieves the draw-timber attachments from strain. Draft-sills. The center-sills. Draft-spring. 1. 9, figs. 1936-3031, 3136-7 ; 28P, figs. 2301, 5235-6. A spring attached to a coupler or drawbar (which see) to give elasticity. They are usually so arranged by means of follower-plates at each end as to resist either tension or compression. The usual size for draft-springs is 5i inches in diameter and from 6 to 8 inches in length, double-coil spiral springs. See Auxiliary buffer-spriiig. In 1893 a Recommended Practice was adopted by the M. C. B. Association for attaching M. C. B. Automatic couplers to cars as shown in figs. 5507-37, and by a sepa- rate vote the use of a draft-spring 6^ inches diameter by 8 inches long with 2* inches motion and 33,000 lbs. ca- pacity was recommended. An occasional substitute for draft-springs in narrow- gage and other cheap cars is the spring-end sill, which see. 2. (EngUsh.) Figs. 349, 502. A long, half -elliptic spring reaching entirely across the car. Rubber draft-springs are niore generally used, especially with continuous drawbars. Sometimes called a draw-spring. Draft-spring casting (street-car). 93, figs. 5654-67. A sort of a, follower-plate for a street-car draft-gear. Draft-spring cradle-plate (English). 146, figs. 348-51. A longitudinal plate in the under-frame, which supports the draxv-spring. Draft-spring pocket. A drawbar spring-pocket, which see. Draft-spring stop. A metal sleeve or thimble in the center of a spiral or volute draw-spring to resist exces- sive compression. Not to be confused with a draw-bar stop, which see. Draft-timbers. 10, figs. 1936-3033. A pair of timbers, carrying the drawbar attachments, placed below the center-sills, and usually extending from the platform end-timber of passenger-cars, or the end-sill of freight- cars, to the body-bolster. In passenger-cars these tim- bers are usually the principal supports oi ihe platf pfpfl- See Platform-sills and Platform short-sills. The draw- timber in a tip-car is also termed a ear-perch. Draft-timber lock-plate. Figs. 946-8. Draft-timber pocket. A casting attached to the body- bolster or center-sills of a car to receive the end of a draft timber. Draft-timber tie-bar. Figs. 1970-1. A transverse iron bar attached to the under sides of a pair of draft-timbers to tie them together. Draft-timber tie-plates. Figs. 1367-8. Draft-washer (.Janney coupler). The washer for the rear end of the auxiliary draft-spring. Drain-cock. (Of Westinghouse air-pump.) 41, fig. 1689, and 105, figs. 1691-3. A faucet attached to the lower end of the steam-cylinder to draw off water of condensation. See also Reservoir drain-coeh and Tender drain-cup cock. Drain-cup, or drip-cup (Westinghouse brake). 19, figs. 1706-7. A globular receptacle under a triple valve to coUect water of condensation. Drain-pipe union (Westinghouse air-pump, etc.). 41, fig. 1689. Drake & Weir car-roof. Fig. 3393. See Gar-roofs. Drapery-curtains. D, figs. 2452-3a. Drawbar. 1. (Link and pin.) An open-mouthed bar at the end of a car in which the coupling-links enter and are secured by a coupling-pin. They are provided with a draft-spring, which see, to give elasticity to the con- nection between the cars. Drawbars are made either of cast, malleable, wrought iron, or cast-steel, and in re- spect to their form are either (1) bolt or spindle draw- bars, in which the draw-sjjring is attached by a bolt pass- ing through its center; or (2) spring-pocket or strap drawbars, in which the draw-spring is inclosed within a yoke surrounding it. The elevated railroads use the center-draft drawbar, which see. figs. 3283-89a, attached directly to the center-pin of the car. The solid-head is a wrought-iron drawbar forged in one piece instead of having a drawbar face-plate riveted on. The drawbar is frequently called draiv-head, especially cast-iron draw- bars. With certain coal cars a cheap form of drawbar, called a draw-hook, is used. In England this style is almost vmiversal in combination with plain links in freight-car service, and with a screw-coupling , which see, for passenger-cars. The drawbar of the ililler couplers is also very frequently called a coupling-hooJc. See be- low. See figs. 3007-3036. 3. The word drawbar is used indiscriminately to desig- jiate both the old link-and-pin drawbar and the modern uutomaiiccar-coxipler. There has been an effort to con- fine the name drawbar to the old link-and-pin type, but in the Proceedings of the M. C. B. Association, in speak- ing of the height of drawbars, the term is manifestly ap- plied to the M. C. B. standard automatic coupler. The general adoption of the word to mean the old link-and- pin drawbar is hardly desirable if it were possible; for the link-and-pin drawbar will in a few years, without doubt, be a thing of the past, which will end all confusion of terms. The standard height of passenger-car drawbars adopted in 1890 by the M. C. B. Association is 35 inches from the top of the rail to center of drawbar, where the car is light. Tlie standard height of drawbar for freight- cars from level of top of rails to center of drawbar is 34^ inches, adopted in 1893, with no greater variation than 3 inches, minimum height 31i inches. See Automatic Car-coupler, Coupler, and Car-coupler. 3. (Miller coupler.) The drawbar coupling-hook, 11, figs. 3390-3. Drawbars and attachments (Rules for interchange of traffic). Figs, a-k in the text. Drawbars and attachments shall he considered in had. order unless the following ten conditions are complied with: 1. M. C. B. oouplers with such minor defects only as DRA 46 DBA do not impair their efficiency and safety. The following defects will not be considered as impairing the efficiency or safety of M. C. B. couplers: A. Chipped to 1-} in. vertically and 2i in. horizontally from outer edge of guard-arm, provided not less than 5 in. of metal is left intact On outer edge of guard-arm at A. (See fig. a.) E. Chipped on lugs in which knuckle swings, to i in. vertically, f in. back, and 3 in. transversely, as shown in fig. e. F. Having combination of chipped places within limits given above, as shown in figs, f and g, provided that de- fects shown in figs, a and b, do not together exist in the same coupler. Fig. g. Fig. h. Fig. J. Fig. le. B. Chipped to 3^ in. vertically and 1 in. horizontally in center of guard-arm, provided both top and bottom corners are perfect. (See fig. b. ) C. Chipped on side wall to 3 in. verticaUy and li in. horizontally, as shown in fig. c. D. Chipped on front wall or center front fac« to 3 in. horizontally and i in. vertically in top, bottom, and throat, as shown in fig. d. Fig. i. G. Having rib in front of locking-dog bent inward, provided rib is chipped off so as to allow dog to drop into position. H. Having cracks at one or both top corners just behind the horn if such cracks do not ex- ceed f in. horizontally, or vertically, or both. (See figs, h and i.) I. Having cracks in front walls or face of coupler, either at top or bottom, as shown in fig. 3, provided these cracks do not extend back into the main body or horizontal walls of the coupler. J. 1. Knuckles with lugs chipped to f in. ver- tically and f in. horizontally at A, B, C. and D. (See fig. k.) 2. M. C. B. couplers must be equipped with a steel or a wr ought-iron knckle. 3. Where wrought-iron drawbars are used they must not be broken off outside of tenons, nor broken nor cracked in the opening of face-plate, nor in the angles of the pocket, nor through rivet holes, nor must the filling be lost. Wtere cast-iron drawbars are used DRA 47 DBA they must not be broken nor cracked through pin-hole nor back of head, nor must bolts or rivets be missing where wrought pocket is used. 4. Drawbar stem, rod, and bolt must be sound and secured back of drawbar follower-plate by a nut or flat key. This to be secured by either a ring or spring cotter. 5. Drawbar stops must be sound, with all bolts and nuts in proper place. 6. Drawbar keys and followers must be sound, keys secured by cotter or ring, and followers held in proper place by drawbar-guides. 7. Draft-springs composed of two or more coils must not have more broken parts than one inside coil. 8. Drawbar carrier-irons should have two effective bolts on each side. 9. Diaw-timbers must not be more than | in. down, and this only where bolts are effective. 10. Dead-blocks, wood sound, castings free from cracks through bolt-holes and properly secured in place ^vith bolts or rods. Drawbar attachments and dimensions. Figs. 5506-37. In 1893 a Recommended Practice was adopted for at- taching M. C. B. automatic couplers to cars, as shown, and by a separate vote the vise of a draft-spring 6J inches diameter, 8 inches long, with 2^ inches motion and 23,000 pounds capacity was recommended. Drawbar bolt. 14, figs. 1936-3033 ; 5, fig. 3031. A bolt or spindle which connects a drawbar to a draw-spring and follower-plates, passing through the center of the latter. A tail-bolt. See Draivbar. Drawbar carry -iron. Figs. 3318, 3381, 5507. Atranverse iron bar bolted to the rmder side of the draft-tiinbers, and on which the drawbar rests. It is usually U-shaped, and the ends are bolted to the end-siUs, but sometimes fiat, with draft-timber guards at the side, figs. 1968-9. A ■ drawbar carry-iron is sometimes called a stirrup. Drawbar chaflng-plate (Miller coupler). An iron plate framed into the platform truss-beam, 22, figs. 2390-3, above the drawbar coupling-hook, to protect it from abrasion. Drawbar coupling'-hook (Miller coupler). 11, figs. 2290-3. The Miller draivbar, which see. Drawbar distance-piece (wrought-iron drawbars). A block of iron between the upper and lower plates. In many cases it serves as a thimble for the rivets. Drawbar follower-plates. 7 and 8, figs. 1959-2004, 207-9. The term is misused as applied to 8 A. The piece marked 8A should be called a checlc-casting. Two iron plates which bear against each end of a draw-spring, and trans- mit the tension and compression on the drawbar to the draft-springs and to the draft-timbers. See Auxiliary drawbar follower-plate. Drawbar friction-plate (street-cars). A cast-iron plate through which the drawbar passes, attached to the plat form end-timber, to protect it from abrasion. Drawbar guides. 13, figs. 2293-5, also shown in fig. 3399. Wrought-iron bars which are fastened in pairs to the top and bottom of the lugs or stops bolted to the draft- timbers on each side, forming guides in which the draw- bar follower-plates move. A drawbar jaw, which see, is sometimes used as a substitute for both the guides and stops. Drawbar guide. Cast-iron lugs, or wrought plates, bear- ing against the sides of draft-timbers over the drawbar carry-iron, to resist lateral strains and protect the draft- timbers from wear. Drawbar head (wrought-iron drawbar). 3, fig. 2074. The outer end of a drawbar, which bears against a sim- ilar head on the adjoining car. Drawbars, Height of (M. 0. B. Standard). The stand- ard height of drawbars for passenger eqmpment cars is 35 inches from top of rail when car is light. Adopted in 1890. The standard height of drawbars for freight-cars, measured perpendicular from the level of the tops of rails to center of drawbars, adopted in 1893, is 34| inches, with no greater variation allowable than 3 inches, mini- mum height 31 i inches. Drawbar horns (Janney-Buhoiip platform). 49, figs. 3440-5. Drawbar packing-blocks. 186, figs. 339-06; 11, figs. 1959-2009. A rectangular piece gained into the draw- timbers and center-sills and serving to prevent longi- tudinal movement. See Packing-block. Drawbar pin (street-cars). A coupling-pin. Drawbar pocket (straji or spring-pocket drawbars). Figs. 3005-6. A drawbar spring-pocket , which see. Drawbar safety-lug. Figs. 3075-3343. A horn on the upper side of a drawbar to bear against the end-sill on a single dead-block on the end-sill, to relieve the draft- spring, etc., from excessive buffing strains. Drawbar sector (center-draft draw-gear). 20, figs. 3388-9a. A guide for the drawbar, shaped liked an arc of a circle, fastened underneath the platform. Drawbar side-casting. Figs. 2015-17, 3035, and in fig. 2031. An iron casting, of which a pair serve as com- bined drawbar guide and stop, which see, for the fol- lowers to hold them in their places. A drawbar-jaw is a wrought-iron substitute and equivalent. Drawbar side-spring. Fig. 2318. A spring attached to the stirrup, or drawbar carry-iron, to give the drawbar the necessary lateral motion in coupHng. It takes the place of the Miller leaf-spring or coupling-spring. Drawbar spindle, or stem. 14, figs. 1936-3033. The drawbar bolt which passes through the center of the draw-spring and follower-plates in a bolt or spindle drawbar. Drawbar spring-pocket. 6, figs. 1936-2033. The space at the back end of a spring-pocket or strap drawbar which receives the draft-spring and follower-plates. Drawbar stem. A drawbar bolt, or tail-bolt, which see. Drawbar stirrup. A drawbar carry-iron, which see. Drawbar stop. A casting which hmits the movement of the drawbar-followers, bolted to the draft-bar timbers and forming distance-pieces to which the drawbar-guides are bolted. The castings for the drawbar-stop are some- times made long enough to bear against the body-bolster, or a filling-block interposed between it and the draw- bar, thus relieving lugs and bolts of strain. Drawbar stop-block. Figs. 661-3. Drawbar washer (logging-cars). A foUower-piate on a small scale. Drawbar yoke. 1. A drawbar carrying-iron, which see. 3. The yoke or strap-pocket that incloses the draft- spring and is bolted to the end of the drawbar is also called a yoke. Drawbar-yoke filler. See Drawbar-yoke guide. Drawbar yoke-guide. Figs. 1993-5. A casting that fits into tlie rear-thimble and transmits the draft from the yoke to the thimble and thence to the spring. A draiv- bar yoke-Jiller. Draw-chain (English). See Wagon coupling. Draw-clevis (street-cars). A wrought-iron bar with forked end attached to the platform, to which the horses are at- tached. Two kinds of these are used, one fastened to the platform so as to be immovable ; the other, a spring draw-clevis, can slide lengthwise, and its motion is re' sisted by a spring. Drawer-pull. A wooden or metal attachment to a drawer to take hold of in pulling it out. In postal-cars they are combined with label-holders, figs. 3839-30. Draw-head. The head of an M. C. B. coupler exclusive of the knuckle, knuckle-pin and lock. See also Draw- bar-head. Draw-hook. 1. (Coal-cars and street-cars.) Figs. 343-4a. An iron hook attached to the end of a car, by which it is drawn and by wliich it is coupled to other cars. DBA 48 DBU The Miller draw-hook is called the drawbar coupling- hooh, which see. 2. (English.) 40, figs. 348 and 501. A strong hook at the end of the drawbar, which receives the link of a coupling-chain of the adjoining vehicle, in order to transmit the draft. A precisely similar arrangement to that used on many American coal-cars. In England, universal for freight-cars (goods- wagons) . A screiv- eoupling, which see, is generally used on passenger-cars (carriages) . Draw-hook washer, or drawbar front-plate (English). 145, figs. 348-.51. American equivalent, draiv-liook plaie. A wrought or cast iron plate secui'ed to the head-stock, guiding the drawbar and receiving its rebound. Drawing-room car. Figs. 111-117, 163, 178, 190. A lux- urious passenger-car for day travel, furnished vnXh arm- chairs, sofas, carpets, etc. An extra charge is usually made to passengers who travel in them, and they are run by separate companies, like sleeping-cars, under contract with the railroads. Also, and perhaps more commonly, termed parlor-car or chair-car, which see; sometimes extravagantly palace-car. See Bay-windoiv parlor-car. Draw-ofiF cock (Baker heater). Fig. 2957. A cock at- tached to the pipe, R, for emptying the pipes. It is a comhination cock, which see. Draw-spring. See Draft-spring. Draw-timbers. See draft-timbers. Dressing-room. Fig. 3468 and 3545-7. Another name for a saloon, especially one provided with wash-bowl and toUet faciUties. The ladies' saloon of sleeping and par- lor cars is commonly so fitted. Drexel car-coupler (freight). Figs. 3113-24. Passenger, figs. 2244-5. Drexel journal-box-lid. Figs. 5172-5. Drexel roller-side-bearing car-truck. Figs. 4747-9. See Roller side-becmiig truck. Drexel vestibules. See the Barr vestibules. Drilliiig. A term used in New Jersey for switching, which see, or making up trains. Regulating is another term sometimes used. The EngUsh term for this is marshaling or shunting. Drip. 1. A receptacle to collect waste or superfiuous hquid, as the water-drip of a water-cooler. See Urinal drip- pan, fig. 3873. 2. (Dining-car kitchens.) A lower sink receiving the drainage therefrom. Drip-cock (Westinghouse brake). Fig. 1718. The cock at the bottom of the drip-cup. Drip-coupling, or basin-coupling (wash-basin). Fig. 3474. The connection of the waste-pipe or drip-pipe with the basin. Drip-cup. 1. (Westinghouse brake.) Figs. 1719, 1758-60. A receptacle inserted in the brake-pipe of each car to receive water condensing therein. A drain-cup. 2. (Student-lamp.) D (or 20), figs. 852-4. Drip-cup screw (Student-lamp). E, fig. 3399. Drip-dish (refrigerator-car) . A dish or pan at one comer or end of the car for receiving the water from the melting ice, usually permitting it to escape by a trap, which see. Drip-pipe (alcove). Fig. 3553. Drip-tray. Figs. 3860-1. An enameled piece of sheet-iron placed directly under the seat of a closet, and over the bowl. Driver-brake tie-rods. 21, figs. 1699, 1707. See Brake- block pin-rod. Driving-chain (pile-driver car). 43, figs. 401-4. A pitch- chain (which see) used to make the pile-driver car self- propeUing, by engaging with the pitch-gear attached to one of the axles. Such cars are not usually made self- propelling. Driving-gear (lever hand-car). 4, 5, figs. 5593-5600. It consists of the spur-wheel, or gear-wheel, and pinion. Driving-wheel brake, or driver-brake (air-brake). Figs 1747-9. A brake applied to the driving-wheels of a loco- motive. They are in very general use on locomotives in all kinds of service. All of the air-brakes are or may be so applied. A brake, manufactured by the American Brake Co., has also been quite largely introduced, but this brake apparatus now employs air instead of steam. The two forms of brakes illustrated are the ones in most general use and in highest favor. Driving-wheel brake-cylinders (Westinghouse). Fig. 1748. (American Brake Co.) Fig. 1749. Drop (of lamp). " The drop of a center-lamp is its ex- treme length," measured from the ceiling to the lowest part of the lamp. Drop-bottom. See Drop-door. Drop-bottom car. Figs. 30-26, 31, 298-336. A car so con- structed that its contents can be readily unloaded from the bottom by means of drop-doors. A distinct-ion i^ sometimes made between hopper-bottom cars, flffs. 24-26. .305-24a, 325-7, which will discharge nearlj all their contents without assistance, on opening^ the drop-doors; and a drop-bottom car, as fl^s. 21-23, 298-304, will not do this. Drop-bottom cars are usually gondola-cars. Drop-bottom car, brake for. Figs. 35, 310-19, 1459, 1731, etc. A brake specially arranged to have no parts under the center of the car to interfere with the drop-doors. See Brake and Brake-gear. Drop-door. 61, figs. 398-315. A door at the bottom of a drop-bottom or hopper-bottom car for iinloading it quick- ly by allo-iving the load to fall through. Drop-doors are usually, if not invariably, in pairs, and are supported by a drop-door chain wound upon a winding-shaft, which see. A drop-door beam extends across the car above the wind- ing shaft to assist in supporting it and to stiflien the car. The subject of drop-doors has received a great deal of attention of inventors, and numerous designs and de- vices have been patented, yet the original drop-door with winding-shaft and chain is in very general use. Two other designs are illustrated — King's door, and the Canda slide-door — both of which possess novelty, and are in service on a considerable number of cars, espe- cially the former. Drop-door beam. See above. Drop-door chain. 64, figs. 398-315. A chain attached to the winding-shaft and the dropi-doors, which see. Also termed hopper-chuin. Drop-door hinge. 63, figs. 398-315. See above. Drop-down frame (seat-cushions). Fig. 3906. One made so as to drop the slats supporting the seat-springs below the level of the seat rails so as to enable higher and easier springs to be used. The same thing is also effected by iising curved seat-slats, as in figs. 4006-7. Drop-forging. One made under the drop-hammer by the use of a die. Drop-table (dining-car kitchens). A table hinged to the wall so as to drop against it out of the way when desired. Drop-letter-box plate. Fig. 3830-3. A letter-drop, which see. Drop-rack (Hartley chair). 4, figs. 3998-9. A rack by which the position of the back of the chair is regulated. Drum. 1. " A cylinder over which a belt or band passes. 3. " A chamber of a cylindrical form used in heaters, stoves, and fiues. It is hollow and thin, and generally forms a mere casing, but in some cases, as steam-drums, is adapted to stand considerable ^vessva-e."— Knight. See Brake.-shaft-dram. Circulating-drum, or Expansion- drnm (Baker-heater). 3. (Hoisting-gear.) 7, figs. 389-96 ; 41, figs. 401-4. The main cylinder upon which the hoisting -rope is rolled up. The spur-wheel is carried on the same shaft. Drum-cover. 1. (Baker-heater.) Fig. 3933. A sheet-iron covering for the circulating-drum on the outside of the oar. Brums for direct storage (Consolidated car-heating). Figs. 3961-7. A pipe containing salt-water, or a solu- tion of acetate of soda, placed within a larger pipe DB,U 49 DUT tlie steam being admitted to tlie space between the two pipes. The outside pipe is therefore heated with steam. "Wlien steam is shut off, the lieat from the inner tube containing salt-water, or solution of acetate of soda, maintains the tempera ttu-e in the outer pipe. The two pipes at one end connect into the same fitting through which access is had to the space within the inner tube as well as the space between the tubes, so that the inner tube may be charged with salt-water, or witli solution of acetate of soda, after the drum is made up and placed in position in the car. Drum systems of car-heating. This method of heating eniploys a hot- water circulation within the car, to which a '■ Baker " or other similar heater is attached. To pro- vide a means for maintaining heat in the car when steam from the locomotive is used, a drmn is employed to transfer the heat of the steam to the water of circulation. Simple forms of drums are shown in figs. 2961-7, .3039-43, 3051-5, which consist simjjly of a cylinder or pipe within another pipe of larger cross-section, provision being made for the unequal expansion of the pipes ; and outlet and inlet orifices being provided for the circulation of the steam and water. Another type is the coil-drum or coil-jacket, figs. 3043-5, which see, which generally consists of a large sized pipe or casting capped at both ends. In this drum is placed a coil of copper pipe, which coil is made a part of the hot- water circuit within the car. Steam from the locomotive is admitted to this drum around the copper coil, through which heat is imparted to the water of circulation. Tliat part of the circuit above this drum becoming relatively lighter than the water of the circuit, a movement of the circulating medium is produced, creating a steady flow up through the coil. The amount of heat communicated to the circulating medium depends upon the surface of the coil and upon its conductive power to heat. A press- m-e of from 10 to 20 lbs. of steam is carried in the drum. See also Double-coil systems. Gold's systems car-heating. Safety car-heating. Drummond fastening (English). Fig. 5313. As applied to railroad wheels, a mode of securing the tire to the wheel, which prevents their coming asunder should the tire break or become loose. The tire is turned to the dotted Une on the left hand of the figure, and when hot is hammered into shape shown in full lines in section, securing the retaining-ring in position. See also Tii-e- fastening. Drum-shaft (of a derrick or crane) . Figs. 389-96. The shaft on which the winding-drum is carried. Drum-support (Baker-heater). A bracket on the roof to hold the circulating-drum. Dual-burner. Figs. 3367-8. A coal-oil lamp-burner with two wicks, each in a separate-tube, by which a double flame is obtained. The Taber burner has two wicks in a single tube. Duck. A flax fabric, lighter and finer than canvas, for use in car upholstery. It is usually manufactured in roUs 18, 24, and 40 inches wide and about 40 yards long. Roofing-duck (used for street-oar roofs) is manufactured of many different widths up to 12 feet, so as to entirely cover the roof when desired. Dudgeon's hydraulic jack. Figs. 3745-6. See Jacks. A jack with a base and head, and two cylinders, one cylin- der sliding within another. To the inner one (which is termed the ram) is attached the head having a socket to receive the lever which operates the force pmnp in the lower end of ram ; the remaining space is the reservoir containing the liquid which when forced into the lower chamber causes the ram to rise, and to lower, when al- lowed to return through the lower valve and back pass- ages which are operated by the same lever. These jacks are Ught, portable, and easy of application, worked by one man; who can lift 20 tons 1 foot in ,3 minutes. Dummy coupling-hook (M. C. B. Recommended Prac- tice). Figs. 5579-80. In 1894 a Recommended Practice was adopted of enlarging the point of the hook on dmnmy couplers for air-hose, to prevent damage to gas- kets by improper use of the dummy coupling-hook. Dump-car. A term used to designate both drop-bottom, side-dump, and tip-ears, which see. Dunham storm-proof car-door. Figs. 1807-16. Duplex double-coil jet-system (Gold's car-heating sys- tems). Figs. 3005, 8006-8. A system using two double-coils (which see) in a Baker-heater and also em- ploying a jot in the circulating-pipes to promote the cir- culation. The duplex-double coils are plainly shown in fig. 3006, and the jet, M, fig. 3006, and in fig. 3008. In consequence of the jet an overflow pipe, P, is necessary to carry off tlie increase of water from the condensation of the steam blown into the circulating-pipes. The ar- rows and letters plainly show the circulation of the steam and hot water. Duplex double-coil overflow system (Gold's car-heating system). Figs. 3002, 3004-5. A system of heating which employs two double-coil steam jackets in a Baker- heater, to the inner coils of which steam is admitted. Each of the coils is connected independently with the retmrn pipes from one side of the car, making two com- plete circulations. It may be understood from the figure, the arrows and the lettered parts showing the Circula- tion and names of parts. Duplex ventilator. Fig. 4308. See Ventilators. Duplicate elliptic-spring. Fig. 5333. A double elliptic spring, which see. Dust-arrester (of Pintsch gas pressure-regulator). A cav- ity closed at each end by a perforated jjlate to prevent dust entering to clog the regulating-valve. Dust-collar. 9, figs. 5146-9. A grooved wrought-iron ring sometimes but not generally placed on a car-axle between the hub of the wheel and the journal to receive and hold a dust-guard. It is a feature of the Adams journal-box. Duster. See Feather-duster, Dust-guard. 15, fig. 5133; fig. 5154; 10, figs. 5146-9. A thin piece of wood, leather, felt, or vulcanized fiber, inserted in the dust-guard chamber at the back of a journal-box, and fitting closely around the dust-guard bearing of the axle. It is to exclude dust and prevent the escape of oil and waste. Sometimes called axle-packing or box-packing. See American and Stier dust-guards. Dust-guard and check-valve (Frost system of car light- ing). Figs. 3112-13. The air from the auxiUary res- ervoir, of the air-brake service, enters this valve from the direction indicated by the arrow and passes through the valve-body, 1, and air-inlet-pipe, 5, into the dust- cup, 2, where is deposited dirt which the air has caiTied along with it. After forcing its way through the felt-dust-screen, 6, the air reaches the chamber di- rectly beneath the valve-disc, 9. If its pressure is suffi- cient, it raises the vcUve-disc, 9, against the resistance of the spiral valve-spring, 10, and, passing out beneath the valve-disc, takes its course through the chamber to the air-tank. When the pressure is reduced in the auxiliary reservoir, the pressm-e in the air-tank acts upon the valve-disc, forces it firmly against the seat, thus pre- vents the leakage of air from the tank. Dust-guard bearing (of an axle). See above. Dust-guard chamber (of a joumal-box). 16, fig. 5133. See above. Dust-guard spring-holder. Fig. 4533. See Window dust- guard or deflector. Dust hand-hole (street-car). An opening in the door- casing, which see, under the seat, to give access to the space into which the door slides, for the purpose of re- moving dirt. Dutchman. A block or wedge of wood driven into a crevice to hide the consequences of bad fitting in con- struction. A kind of sh im. EAK 50 ELK Eames vacuum brake. Figs. 1661-87. A system of con- tinuous brakes, invented by Fred. W. Eames, operated by exhausting the air by an ejector, which see, from behind flexible india-rubber dia^ihragms attaclied to each truck. These diapliragms are directly connected to the brake- levers, and the pressure of the air on the outside of the diaphragms is thus communicated to the brake-shoes. The rubber diaphragms cover the mouth of a large cast- iron diai'ihragni-shell or bowl. This brake is in use on the New York Elevated rail- roads, on which the number of stops is very great, and on several other lines. The advantage of the plan is its simplicity. The disadvantage, especially for high-speed trains, is that it does not act so quickly as the Westing- house automatic. Ear. A general name for projections to which handles or other exterior parts are attached, but more especially applicable to projections intended for movable attach- ments. See Ear to padlock ; and Ear-hail, below. Ear-bail (lanterns). Figs. 3355-62. An attachment formed of %^'ire connected with the wire-guard, to which the bail is attached instead of to the body of the lantern. Earthen-hoppers. Figs. 3865. Eastlake style. A style of ornamentation consisting of lines intended to indicate structural featm-es, or some idea appropriate to the construction. The expression is also loosely applied to any style of construction where the framing is exposed to view, and made ostentatiously strong. It had its origin in Charles L. Eastlake's book, " Hints on Household Taste." ^uee*!. ^(iHe style is an entirely different thing, though the two are often im- properlj' confused. Eastman, heater car. See Heater car. Eaves fascia-board. 1. (Freight-cars.) 91, figs. 229-66, 855-72. A plain board connecting the sheathing with the roof. 2. (Passenger-cars.) 92, figs. 539-41 ; 93, figs. 542-69. A projecting board on the outside of the lower deck, im- mediately imder the eaves, which comes below and under the eaves-molding. Eaves-molding. 1. (Freight-cars.) 90, figs. 229-66, etc. A plain strip sometimes iLsed outside an eaves fascia- hoard, which see. 2. (Passenger-cars.) 93, figs. 539-41, etc. An orna- mental finish to the exterior angle of the lower deck, outside of and above the eaves fascia-board. A similar deck eaves-molding is used for the upper deck. Eccentric-lever (Westinghouse driving-wheel brake). 13, fig. 1747. An arm consisting of an eccentric-lever casting and screw, or eccentric-lever stud, one end of which is attached to a brake-head and the other connected with the piston-rod by the eccentric-lever links. The end or head of the casting is made of a cam-shaped or eccentric form, and bears against another lever of the same kind, so that, when the two are forced downward, the brake- shoes are forced against the driving-wheels. The stud or screw is intended to either lengthen or shorten the lever so as to adjust the pressure of the brake-shoes against the wheels when the shoes become worn. Also called a cam. Eccentric-lever casting'. 15, fig. 1747. See above. Eccentric-lever links. 28, fig. 1747. See above. Eccentric-lever nut. 18, fig. 1747. A lock-nut which screws on an eccentric-lever stud. See above. Also called a cam-nut. Eccentric-lever stud. 19, fig. 1747. See above, Eccentric pivot-plate (for seat-arms). A seat-arm jpvoot- plate, made eccentric only to get room for screw-holes. The eccentricity has no functional purpose. Edge-rolled spiral-spring. Fig. 5252. A spring formed by rolling a flat bar edgewise. See Spircd-spring. Egg-shaped lamp-globe. Fig. 3432. See Lamp-glohe. Egg-sliaped stove. A stove resembling an egg in form. It is conmionly known simply as a cast-iron stove, and is very largely used for cabooses, etc., where appearance is not important. Eight-group spiral-spring. Figs. 5221-2. See Spiral- spring. Eight- wheel car. The standard type of American rolling- stock, consisting of a car-body carried upon two trucks or car-trucks (both of which see) of four wheels each. A considerable nmnber of torn:- wheeled coal-cars and a very few fom--wheeled box-cars are in use. Sleeping, parlor, and dining cars are twelve-wheeled. Even six- teen-wheeled cars have been built, but car always means in America an eight-wheeled car unless otherwise speci- fied. Ejector. Figs. 1663-68. An appliance for operating a vacuum-brake by exhausting or " ejecting " air. It con- sists essentially of a pipe. 1, fig.1664, placed in the center of a surroimding shell or casing, 2, with an annular opening, 3, between the pipe and the casing. When a cmrent of steam is admitted at the lower end of 1, and escapes at the upper end, the air in the casing at 4 is drawn out through the annular opening by the current of the escaping steam. The space 4 is coimected by a pipe 5 with the appliances on the cars for operating the brakes. Suitable valves are also used in connection with the ejector to shut off and admit steam and air. Ejectors are very noisy. In the ejector for Eames vacuum brake, a muffler is used to render noiseless the escaping steam. It consists simply of a box of small round balls, like shot, through which the steam must pass to escape. Elastic fiber journal-packing. A compound, principally of cocoanut fiber mixed with jute, to serve as a substi- tute for waste. It is lighter, cheaper, and claimed to be more effective. Elastic wheel. Any car-wheel in which some elastic material is intei-posed between the tire and the wheel- center or hub to resist the concussions. Different sub- stances are used, such as paper, wood, india-rubber, oakum, etc. English passenger-wheels are made of teak- wood (fig. 5320) to effect this purpose. Elbow. Fig. 2947, etc. A short L-shaped cast-iron tube for uniting the ends of two pipes, generally at right angles to each other. Elbow-rail (English). 108, fig. 501. In a carriage, a part of the body framing running horizontally along the sides at about the height of the elbow of a passenger in a sitting position. Elbow-rest (English). See Folding arm-rest. Side arm- rest. Elder brake. Fig. 1462. A brake for eight-wheeled cars, with a horizontal center brake-lever in the middle of the car connected to the brake-shaft, having a fixed fulcrum under the car-body and pulleys at each end, over which a chain passes. The live lever (which see) of each truck also has a pulley or hrake-lever sheave at its end, over which the same chain runs to apply the brakes. In very limited use. Electric-car. An electric motor-car. Electric lighting. Various plans for the lighting of car by electricity have been tested with promising success, but none of them as yet has obtained general in- troduction. The system that has been longest in use and most satisfactory on the whole is that shown in fig. 149,where the plant, consisting of an engine and dynamo, installed in one end of the baggage-car, the steam being taken from the engine. This system has been in use for several years with the Pullman Palace Car Com- pany, and on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Ry. Numerous attempts have been made to connect the dynamo with the axle of cars, one of the latest being a method of attacliing the dynamo directly to the axle. These systems are yet in the experimental stage and no illustrations of them are given, as it is impossible to say what prominence they may gain. ELE 51 END Electric motor-car. Figs. 5643-4, .'5646-9, etc. A car which is propelled by an electric motor, which is carried on the axle and truck and is geared to the axle and wheels. Such cars are also described as Trolley-car, if they receive the current from a live wire througli a trolley which is kept in contact ^vith it ; or as Storage-battery cars if they carry and derive the current for their propul- sion from a storage battery. An excursion in a Trolley-car is popularly known as a "trolley party," and special cars have been designed for such parties, as shown in fig. .'5644. Electrolier. Figs. 3381-2, 8305-7. A chandeher of electric lights. Elliott car-coupler. Figs. 3125-40. Elliptic seat-spring. See Seat-spring. Elliptic spring. Figs. 5229-34. A spring of elliptical form made of two sets of parallel steel plates of con- stantly decreasing length. Such springs are generally used for bolster-springs for passenger-cars. Their use in freight service has been practically abandoned in favor of spiral springs. Half-elliptic springs, are for loco- motive springs. In England they are almost the only bearing-spring used, and are also used as draiv and buffing-springs, which see. The set, 2, fig. 5330, of elliptic springs is the total amount of bend or compression of which the spring is capable. The arch differs from half the set by the amount of the thickness of the spring-band. The con- nection between the two halves of the elliptic spring at its extremities is termed the scroll. Elliptic springs in service are termed double or duplicate, triplets or tj'i- plicate, quadruple, quintuple, sextujjle, etc., according to the number of springs used side by side and connected by a single eye-bolt so as to constitute practically one spring. In passenger-car service elliptic springs are usually triplicates, quadruples, or quintuples. The length of the spring is the distance from center to center of .scrolls when unloaded; and the height, the height over all unloaded. See figs. 5330-1. EE-lock (Freight-car doors). Q. & C. Co. Figs. 3747-9. E-lock (Freight-car doors). Q. & C. Co. Fig. 2758. Emergency candle-lamp. Fig. 3395. See Pintsch-brack- et candle-lamp. Candle-lamp. Emergency-valve (triple-valve). 10, figs. 1706-7. See Triple-valve. Emergency-valve piston (triple- valve). 8, figs. 1706-7. Emergency valve seat (triple-valve). 9, figs. 1706-7. Emergency tool-box. T, fig. 540. See Tool-case. Emigrant-car cook-stove. A form of car stove used only on emigrant-cars, designed for cooking or heating food as well as for warming the car. Emigrant car-seat (for day-oar.) Fig. 3995. — (For sleep- ing-car.) Figs. 2413-17. Emigrant sleeping-car. Figs. .505-11. A cheaply fin- ished car without springs or mattresses, but in other re- spects similar to ordinary sleepers, for the u.se of emi- grants. Now used chiefly on the long runs west of Chi- cago, and to some extent used for ordinary travel, espe- cially by parties of excursionists. Enclosed step (street-car). A step which is covered or enclosed by a sheet-iron apron attached to a swinging- door to prevent persons from riding on the .step. End arch-rail (English). 99, figs. 501-4. American equivalent, end-plate. A piece of timber run across the upper portion of the end of the body, its upper side being cut to the curve of the roof which it supports. End ascending-step (English). 174, figs. 501-4. See ascending-rail. End belt-rail. 50, figs. 229-66. (Freight-car.) A belt running across the end of a car about midway between the sills and plate, and with the side belt-rail forming a continuous gii-th around the car except across the doors. It is usually the top of the inside lining and is framed into the posts and braces. See End-girth. End belt-rail tie-rod. 51, figs. 239-66. A ((>-ru(? parallel to and alongside of the end belt-rail to keep the posts drawn tight and close against the end-belt-rad. End berth-rest, or single berth-rest (emigrant sleeping- berths). N, figs. 2414. So called in distinction from the regular (double) berth-rest used on the berth-posts in the body of the car. End-board (English) . 68, figs. 348-.51. American equiva- lent, end-jilank. A plank in the end of a "goods wagon'' or gondola-car. End-brace. 35, figs. 239-66, etc. See Body-brace. End brace-pocket. 35', figs. 229-66, etc. See Pocket. End brace-rod. 34', figs. 229-66, etc. See Brace-rod. End-carline. A carline (which see) at the end of a car- body. See also End-plate. Platform-roof enrj-carline. End chute-plank. R, figs. 33.5-7. The planking of an in- clined fioor of a car which discharges its load longitudi- nally from the end toward the middle of a car, or vice- versa. End compression-beam (passenger-car framing). Shown in fig. 439. A timber directly above the sills over the body-bolster against which the com2yre.ssion-beam brace and the end-connterbrace abut. The compression-beam proper is situated at the middle of the car directly under the window-sills. The end compression-beam is some- times omitted. End-counterbrace (passenger-car framing) . Shown in fig. 439. More commonly, simpl3' counterbrace. A brace in the side of a car-body, between its ends and the body- bolster. See C'otinterbraee. End-door (box-cars). Fig. 4. A door frequently appUed to afford means for the insertion of long pieces of freight or Imnber that cannot be entered by the main .side-doors. End-doors (passenger-car). Figs. 1783-8. End-door locks. Fig. 2644, etc. See Locks. End-door sash-bolt. Figs. 4465-9, etc. See Sash-bolt. End-door sash-lift. Fig. 4470. See Sash-lift. End dump-car. Figs. 29, 33-3, 343-4a. A car with an end-door through which the contents of the car may be discharged bj' tipping the car or by having the floor in- clined. End face-plate. (Janney coupler). 147, fig. 3301. The wrought-iron plate on the nosing of the Janney platform. End-frame (of a car-body). The frame which forms the end of a car-body. It includes the posts, braces, end- rail, end-girth, etc. End-girth. 50, figs. 339-66, etc. A girth in the end of a box-car. An end belt-rail. End-girth tie-rod. 51, figs. 329-66. A rod extending across the end of a freight-car body along the end-girth, from one corner-post to the other. An end-belt-rail tie- rod. End grab-iron. See Grab-iron. End half-longitudinal (English). 6, figs. 348-51, .501-6. American equivalent, intermediate-sill. A part of the underframing extending from the cross-bearer to the headstock. End-hook (bell-cord). Figs. 2466-7. A hook sometimes used on the ends of passenger-cars, high up under the platform roof, for fastening the end of the bell-cord to. End lamp-iron (English). 185, figs. 501-6. American equivalent, tail-light holder. A wrought-iron holder secured to the solebar or the end of the body in order to carry one of the colored signal or " tail'' lamps, denot- ing the last vehicle of the train. See also Side lamp- iron. End-lining hinged-sash (street-cars). 192, figs. 5654-67. End-lining panel. 196, figs. 5654-67. End-muntin (English). See End-stanchion. End-panel. 1. Figs. 441, 446, and 46, fig. 56.56. A panel at the end and on the outside of a passenger or street car below the window. In street-cars distinguished as loirer and upper, both luider the window. In passenger-cars ElTD 53 TO distinguished as end iciudoi-C-panel. alongside of the win- dow, and end-panel, below it. 2. (English). 127, iig. 504. A panel in the outside end of the body of a carriage, extending from the arch- rail to the bottom end-piece. End-piece (wooden truck-frame). 17, figs. 4806-4966. A transverse timber or bar of iron by which the ends of the two wheel-pieces of a truck-frame are connected to- gether. A crooked end-piiece is one cut away on top to clear the draw-gear. The inside end'piece is the one nearest the center of the car, in distinction from the outside end-piece. They are frequently designated as the front and back end-piece, as in figs. 4833-40. End-piece comer-plate (passenger-trucks). 130, figs. 4843-4966. See Truck-frame corner-plate. End-piece plate. Figs. 5022-3. A top-plate for the end- piece of a passenger-truck. End-pillar (English). 97, figs. 501-4. An upright post in the end of the body. End-plank (of a gondola-car). They are often hinged to the car-floor so as to di-op down upon it as in figs. 302-4, when they are called dropi-ends. End-plate. 48, figs. 239-66, 278-86, etc. A timber across the end and top of car-body and which is fastened to the two siAo-pjlates. It is usually made of the proper fonn to serve as an end-carline. End-plate strengthening-angle. H, figs. 514-18. An angle iron bolted or lag-screwed to the top of the end- plate between the side-plates to strengthen the end-plate and the connection between the sides. End-Play. 1. (Of an axle.) The movement, or space left for movement, endwise. 2. (Of a truck-bolster. ) Usually called lateral-motion. See Swing-bolster. End-post. See Vestibule end-post. End-post knee-iron (street-cars). 28a, figs. 5654-67. See Knee-iron. End-rafter. A term erroneously applied to the end-car- lines, which see. End-rail. 1. See TFaiizscof e»d-rai7 (lower and upper). 2. (English.) 106, figs. 501-4. A part of the body framing running horizontally across the end of the ve- hicle. See Side-rail, X, figs. 325-7. End roof -panel. The panel above the door and below the clear-story. End scroll-iron (English). 89, figs. 501-4. A wrought- iron support for the spring-link adjusting-screw. The upper face is attached to the under side of the solebar, and the lower part is bored horizontally for the ad- justing-screw. It is placed near the end of the vehicle, and hence differs somewhat in pattern from the ordinarj^ scroll-iron . End-seat panel (street-car). An inside panel at the end of a longitudinal or side seat. End-sill. 2, figs. 229-66, etc., 435-73, etc. The main out- side transverse timber of a car-body into which all the floor-timbers are framed. In passenger-cars it comes directly under the door, the plcdform (which see) with its various parts, being a separate construction. A spring end-sill, which see, is sometimes added outside of the end-sill proper as a substitute for a draft -spring. In England the end-sill is termed the head-stock. In iron frame cars a wooden end-sill is commonly used, and bolted to an end-sill channel-bar with which the iron sills are connected, and which is the true end-sill. End-sill brackets (of iron-frame cars) . L-shaped angle- plates used to connect the iron siUs and the end-sill channel-bar. In bridge-building such plates are termed brackets. Wben of triangular section they are termed gussets. End-sill channel-bar. See above. End sill and plate tie-rod. S, flgs. 514-18. A tie-rod joining the end-sill, 2, with the end-plate, J, fig. 514. End-sill comer-plate. Should read End-piece corner- plate. End-sill flitch-planks. D, figs. 529-30. The planks or sticks of timber which are placed on the sides or between the flitch-plates, and are part of a composite end-sill. End-siU flitch-plates. A, figs. 529-30. The iron or steel plates sandwiched between the wood members of a com- posite end-sill. End-siU protection-plates. Figs. 1265-6. End-sill stiffening-angle. B, figs. 514-18. Pullman anti- telescoping device. A | x 3 x 4 angle iron riveted or bolted to the end-sill stiffeiiing-plate and to the end- sill on the inside. The inner body-truss rods pass through it, the end-siU and the truss-rod washer-plate. . End-sill stifiening-plate. A, flgs. 514-18. Pullman anti- telescoping device. A |-inch plate, 20 inches wide in the middle by 13 inches at the ends, bolted on the under side of the end-sill and to the under side of the center, inter- mediate, and side sills. End-stanchion, or end-muntin (English). 65, flgs. 348- 51. An upright bar at the end of a wagon, stiffening the end against shocks in switching. End-step (street-car). 73-5, figs. .56.54-5. End-stop (journal-box). Figs. 5133-48 and 5165-6. A brass block inserted upon the inside of the lid to take up the end- thrust of the axle. In the Raoid journal-bo.v the end-stop is a part of or attached to the box-Ud. In the Adams, Bissel, and C, B. & Q. boxes the end-thrust is taken up by a stop-wedge which is held in place by lugs. End- stops were at one time in considerable favor and in quite general use; subsequently their use became very limited, but to-day they are in increasing favor. They have been in constant use on the six-wheel trucks of parlor and sleeping cars for many years. See Stop-journal bearing and Stop-key journal bearing. End-timber. See Platform end-timber or buffer-beam, also End-sill. End truss-plank. See Truss-plank. End ventilator. An aperture for the admission or escape of air at the end of a car, usually placed over the win- dows. See also Deck end-ventilator and the end-ven- tilator for fruit-car. End-ventilator-opener. See Deck sash-opener. End ventilator top-rail. 173, fig. 557. End wainscot-panel. See Wainscot-panel. End window-panel. A panel at the end and on the out- side of a passenger-car alongside of the window, in dis- tinction from the end-panel proper, which is below the window. Engine and air-pump complete ("Westinghouse brake). Figs. 1689, 1691-2. A machine attached to a locomotive for compressing air. It consists of a steam and an air- cylinder, the pistons in which are connected to the same piston-rod, so that the air-piston is worked directly by the steam-piston. Suitable valves are provided for ad- mitting and exhausting the steam and air to and from the cylinders. See Rcversing-valve, etc. Engineer's brake and equalizing discharge-valve (West- inghouse brake). Figs. 1710-13. The valve now used in- stead of the old tliree-way cock, figs. 1708-9, for ap- plying and releasing the brakes. A valve device located in the cab of the locomotive for applying and releasing the air-brakes. It is operated by the engineer through the medium of a projecting handle or lever. In the re- lease position of the handle, the air from the main res- ervoir has direct access, through a large port, to the train-pipe. In the running position the air from the main reservoir has access to the train-pipe only through the feed-valve attachment which operates to limit the pressure in the train-pipe to 70 lbs. when it is 90 lbs. in the storage reservoir. In the position for service appli- cation of the brakes the air pressure is partially released from the chamber above a piston which is then forced upward by the train-pipe pressure below it and opens a ENG 58 EXP valve to the atmosphere through which the train-pipe air is discharged at such a rate that tlie emergency action of the triple-valves on the cars cannot take place. Any degree of reduction of train-pipe pressure may he ef- fected in this way for graduated applications of the braljes. In the position for the emergeitcij ax'plici-ttion of the brakes, a large direct port from the train-pipe to the atmosphere is opened, which causes the instantaneous appUcation of the brakes throughout the train. Engiae-lamp. Fig. 3318. English first-class carriage. Figs. 501-4. See Carriage and First-class carriage. English wagon. Figs. 348-51. See Wagon a.nd Van. English wheels. Figs. 5320 and 5347. See Steel-tired- wheel. Maiisetl wheel. Teakivood-center rcheel. Equal-bar nest-spring. A nest-spring of any number of coils, each bar of which is, or is supposed to be, of the same total length, so that the resistance of each coil may be more nearly equal. The name means little. SeeSjnral- spring. Equalizer. 1. A short term for an equalizing bar, which see. 2. (Janney coupler). 51, figs. 2442-2; 134, figs. 2301, etc. The bar connecting the two bufl;ers and having a bearing against the center-buffer spring. 3. (Pullman vestibule). 27, figs. 2437-45. A bar in the hood of a platform which equalizes the pressure of the two upper face-plate springs and keeps the oppos- ing face-plates together in contact, so as to maintain frictional contact and exclude dust and smoke. Equalizer-block. See Brake-equalizer block. Equalizer connecting-chain. 26, figs. 2437-45 (Pullman vestibules). Three hnks of a chain connecting the upper ends of the vertical equalizing-levers with the ends of the horizontal equalizing-lever . Equalizer-guides ( Janney-Miller coupler) . Cast-iron chaf- ing-plates bolted to the main knees of the Janney plat- form, above and below the equalizer. Equalizer-spring. 79, figs. 4942-66, and figs. 5223-8. A spring which rests on an equahzing^bar and carries the weight of a car. Single or two-group spiral springs are generally used for this purpose. Rubber and volute springs are out of use. Equalizer-spring cap. 72, figs. 4942-66. A casting on top of the spring, which bears against the under side of the wheel-piece and holds the spring in its place. Equalizer-spring seat. 73, figs. 4942-66. A casting which sets on an equaUzing-bar and on which the spring rests. See Spring-plate. Equalizer-strap. See Brake-equalizer strap. Equalizing-bar (passenger-car trucks). 71, figs. 4942-66; figs. 4889-90, 5064-6, etc. Commonly abbreviated into equalizer. A wrought-iron bar wliich bears on top of the journal-boxes and extends longitudinally from one to the other. Equalizer-springs rest on it between the two boxes. It is used to transfer part of the weight on one wheel to the other, and thus equalize it on l>oth ; hence its name. Equalizer-bars are sometimes used to connect the ends of semi-elliptic springs, as in the four- wheel caboose-car shown in fig. 51. The use of equaliz- ing-bar on such caboose-cars has been abandoned gen- erally, and the style shown in fig. 50 adopted. Equalizing-bar pedestal (four-wheel caboose-cars). Fig. 51. A casting serving to give a fulcrimi to the center of an equalizing-lever. Equalizing-bar seat. The surface on top of a journal-l)ox on wliich an equalizer rests. Equalizing brake-lever. A floating-lever, which see. The center brake-lever is also, with little propriety, so called. Equalizing-lever. An equalizing-bar, v/hichaee. A float- ing-lever is also called an equalizing-lever. Equalizing reservoir. lOe, figs. 1699-1707, and fig. 1714. A reservoir placed on the side of the locomotive under- neath the cab, the office of which is to increase the vol- ume of the cliamber above the piston in the engineer's- bralce and equalizing discharge-valve. Equalizing- valve ( Westinghouse brake). A valve for use on long trains to equalize tlie pressure in the brake-pipe and prevent the inequality of pressure in the front por- tion of the pipe during the brief period in Avhich the brakes are being applied by release of air from tlie brake- pipes, from tending to first apply and then immediately release the brakes on the forward cars, owing to the rush of air from the rear portion of the train. "Erie" caboose-stove and details. Figs. . 3061-72ab. A stove in use on the N. Y., L. E. &"W. R. R. on caboose- cars. Escutcheon. 1. Figs. 2621-7, etc. A plate or guard for a key-hole of a lock. Similar plates for the holes through which door-knob spindles pass are also caUed escut- cheons, but more commonly rose or rosette. See Seat- lock escutcheon. An escutcheon-plate is often attached to an escutcheon to cover the key-hole. 2. (Yale lock.) A revolving post provided with holes to carry the pins which act as tumblers. When the key with corrugated edge is inserted, each of these tumblers is raised so that the joint comes exactly at the edge of the escutcheon, thus permitting revolution. 3. (Padlock. ) Fig. 2765. More properly an escutcheon- plate. See above. Escutcheon-plate. See Escutcheon. Eubank car-door. A patent door said to be spark and storm proof. Tlie door sUdes upon an overhead track, and is divided horizontally so that it may be pushed past the cleats between which it closes. To bend the door at the hinged division, an eccentric rod and lever is at- tached. Eureka brake-slack adjuster. Figs. 1776-7. See Brake- slack adjusters. " Eureka" spiral seat-spring. Fig. 4013. See Seat-spring. Excelsior oar-roof. Figs. 2380-88. See Gar-roof. Excelsior galvanized car-roof. Figs. 2385-91. See Car- roof. Excelsior steam-trap, sediment well, gravity relief trap and special blow-off valve. (Gold's car-heating.) Fig. 3007. See Thermostatic steam-trap, Sediment-ivell, Gravity relief-trap and Blow-off valve. Excursion-car. 1. Fig. 151. A light, open-sided oar, with reversible seats running entirely across it, largely used for short-distance summer travel, to resorts near large cities. 3. Figs. 153-4. A car for excursionists or troops hastily built or converted, and whose service as an excursion-car is limited to the occasion for which it was constructed or rebuilt. Under such a head may be classed cars shown in figs. 153-4 and 497-500, wlijph are ultimately and chiefly intended for freight service. 3. Figs. 119, 180-1, 193-303. A special form of palace- car kept for rent at fixed rates per da}' to parties or indi- viduals. They are similar in arrangement to the ordinary forms of officers' or other i^rivate cars, except that they usually have a greater number of berths, commonly six- teen, and two or more staterooms in addition. They are provided with kitchen and other conveniences like a hotel-car, and are kept for lease by the leading sleeping- car companies. They vary in length from 59 to 69 feet in car-body. Exhaust-pipe (Westinghouse pmnp). 7, figs. 1699-1707; 57, fig. 1689. A pipe through which the exhatist steam is conveyed from the steam-cylinder to the smokestack. Exhaust-pipe (Eames ejector). 53, figs. 1663-4. Exhaust-pipe union (Westinghouse air-pump, etc.). 15, fig. 1689. Exhaust ventilator (for closet-hoppers). Figs. 3841-3. See BeWs exhaust hopper-ventilator. Expander (Westinghouse brake). See Piston-packing e.vpander. iEXP 54 FEE Expanding collar (for lamp). Fig. 3405. One used to enable a larger-sized burner to be used. See Collar. Expansion-drum (Baker-heater). Figs. 2893, 3903-3. A circulating-drum, which see. Express car. Figs. 87, 139-41, 168-70, 367-73, 570-98. A car for carrying light packages of freight for express companies on passenger trains. Also see Comhination baggage-car, figs. 599-604. The express business was originated in 1839 by Will- iam F. Harnden, who traveled for some time as a mes- senger between New York and Boston ; but it was not for a long time thereafter that it grew to sufficient dimensions to require separate cars. Alvin Adams, founder of the Adams Express Company, began business in 1840. At present complete trains of express-cars are occasionally required. Express hand-car. A liand-car -svith large wheels to mn at a high speed. Several different designs exist not called by this name, but accomplishing, or seeking to accomplish, the same end. See Hand-car. Extension-reach (logging-cars). Fig. 36. The reach is a long bar connecting the two trucks. The extension- reach is adjustable. Extension-reach end (logging-cars). A strap for the end of the extension-reach. External cylinder-gage. A steel ring with a cj'lindrical hole which is very accurately made of a precise size, and used as a standard of measurement for the diameters of solid cylindrical objects. External screw-gage. A steel ring with a very accu- rate screw-thread in the inside for testing screw-threads. See Internal scretv-gage. Eye. " A small hole or aperture." — Webster. See Body check-chain eije. Lamp-case eye. Berth-brace eye. Brake-beam adjusting- Bidl's-eye. hanger eye. Chain-check eye. Sivitching eye. Coupling-pin-chain eye. Truck check-chain eye. Eye-bolt. 1. " A bolt having an eye or loop at one end for the reception of a ring, hook, or rope, as may be re- quired." — Knight. See Bolt; also Brake-beam eye-bolt. Lock eye-bolt. Brake safety-chain eye- Lock-chain eye-bolt, bolt. 2. jFbr JfiZZer Tioofc (Janney-Miller coupler). The part by which the swivel connected to the uncoupling lever is secured to the Miller hook. It is a f-inch bolt. 8. For .nde-sprixg {.Jeinnej-'MilleT coupler). The eye- bolt by which the side-spring stirrup is secured to the horn. It is a -{-inch bolt. Eye-bolt link-hanger. A special form of swing-hanger, which see, having a very short link attaclied to an eye- bolt passing through the transoms. Eye-head coupling-pin. So called in distinction from a solid-head or beni-head coup>liiig-p)in. Eyelet. 1. Figs. 3852-4. " A short metalhc tube, the ends of which are flanged over against the object through which it passes. Used as a bushing or reinforce for holes." — Knight. In metallic eyelets of the usual form, the two halves which when compressed together form the eyelet are known as grommets. See Carpjet-eyelets. 2. (Window-shade.) 3, figs. 4560-1, 4553-4. A slot in the window-shade leather to fit over the sash-lift, to hold the shade fast. Eyelet-nail. Fig. 28.55. A vnre naU with turned knob, for use vidth carpet-eyelets. Eyelet-shackle oar-seal. Figs. 3883, 3889. See Car-seal. R Pace (of rim of car-wheel). The vertical surface of the outside of the rim. Face-board circle (street-cars). 190, figs. 5654-67. Face-plate. 1. A metal plate by which any object is cov- ered, so as to protect it from wear or abrasion. A jour- nal-box lid is sometimes called a face-plate. See Berth-latch face-plate. Lrairbar face-plate. Buffer-block face-plate. End face-plate. S. (Steel-tired wheels.) Figs. 5355-6, 5308-11. The plates connecting the tire and hub, and bolted to each. They are distinguished as. front and back face-pilates. Face-plate. See Vestibules. Face-plate buffer. 8, figs. 2425-46. A buffer-plate to wliich a vestibule face-plate is attached. Face-plate bufang-stem (Pullman vestibule). See Faee- pAaie pjiston . Face-plate piston (vestibules). 24, figs. 2425-45. A face- plate buffing-stem corresponding to side buffer-stem, beneath the platform floor. The end is contained by a Face-plate piston-guide, 29. Face-plate restraining-chain (Gould vestibule). 26, figs. 2431-6. A chain the two ends of which are fastened to the back face-plate, as in fig. 2433, and the loop work- ing in a sheave on the front or diaphragm face-plate. It limits the longitudinal and lateral motion of the front face-plate. Facing. "A covering in front for ornament." — Webster. See Deck-sill facing. Faggoted axle. See Axle. Car-axle. Fall (hoisting-tackle). That part of the rope to which power is applied. Fall and tackle. Another name for block and tackle, which see. Falling-door, or flap-door (English). 70, figs. 348-51. In a gondola-car {open wagon) a door opening down- ward and outward, the hinges being on the lower side. It is generally arranged as shown, but is also made to open up to the top of the side, or to extend the whole length and depth of the side. Falling-door latch (English). 79, figs. 348-51. A latch which automatically secures the falling door when ele- vated into a closed position. Fall-under, or turn-under (English). 116, fig. 503. The distance which the bottom of the body curves in from a vertical line let fall from the sides or ends. Fare-box street cfir. A street-car in which the fare is deposited by the passengers in a box under the observa- tion of the driver. They usually have an inclosed plat- form in front, and are entered only from the rear. They are turned around at the end of each trip, either on a turn-table or (rarely) on their own truck. Fare-register (street-cars). 206, figs. 5654, etc. A mech- anism with a clock face and index or with a numbering dial which shows the number of fares collected and re- gistered. For every fare collected the conductor is expected to record it by pulling a cord or tui'ning a rod connected with the register. The register is attached to & fare-register block wloioh is fastened to the car frame. Fare-wicket (street-cars). An opening in the door for collecting fare or making change. Fare- wicket door-case. See above. Fascia-board. See Eaves fascia-board. Inside-cornice fascia-board, hiside-cornice sub-fascia-board. Fascia-molding (English). See Wr ought-molding. Fast berth-hinge. Fig. 4189. See Berth-hinge. Fastener. See Berth safety-rope fas- tener. Lamp-fastener. Sash-fastener. Tire-fastener. Window-fastener. Fast-joint butt-hinge. Figs. 3601, 2606-7. See Hinge. So called in distinction from a loose-joint butt-hinge or loose-pin butt-hinge. Fast lamp-globe. One which cannot be detached. Also caXi-ed. a, plastered globe. See Lamp-globe. Faucet. Figs. 3485-94. A synonymous term with cock, which see for fuller definition. Faucet-alcove. Figs. 3553-3. A imter-alcove, which see. Feed-door (Baker-heater). Figs. 2873, etc. A door for closing the aperture giving access to the fire-pot or (in base-burners) magazine. See also Fire-door. FEE 86 FLA Feeder-cup and collar (for lamps). Figs. 3394-5. Feeder-screw and hoop (for lamps). Figs. 3409-10. Feed-tube (student-lamp) . K, fig. 3399. The tube con- necting the reservoir with the burner. The standard by which the entire lamp is supported passes through it. Feed-tube collar (student-lamp). G, fig. 3399. Feed-valve. 1. (Westinghouse air-brake.) Fig. 1711. An auxiliary-valve attached to the engineer's brake and equalizing discliarge-valve, a.nAcowistmg of a feed-valve body, 62, cap-nut, 65, a piMon, 74, piston-rod, 66, a spring, 64, piston-nut, 73, a stud, 59, a case-gasket, 56, a friction-ring, 67, and other essential parts. 2. (Of engine signal-valve, Westinghouse train-signal apparatus.) 6, fig. 690. The valve regulating the sup- ply of air from the main reservon-. Felt-edge (for car-seats). A device for building up the edges of car-seat cushions. It is simply a roll of felt stitched in such a manner as to fit over a cleat ; and when tacked down it forms an even elastic face to the cushion. Female center-plate. The body and trxick center-plates are sometimes called male and female plates. See Oen- ter-plaie. Female-gage. An external gage, which see. Fender. See Door-fender (street-cars.) Fender-board. A board at the end of passenger-car steps to prevent mud and dirt from being thrown on them by the wheels. More commonly, string-board. The splash-board, if used, goes on the back side of the steps. Fender-guard. 42, figs. 5654-67. A guard-fender. See below. Fender-rail (street-car bodies). 41, figs. 5654-67. A longi- tudinal exterior rail, between the belt-rail and the sill, and to which an iron strip called a fender-guard is attached to protect the panels from contact with other vehicles. Ferry push-ear. A very long platform-car used for push- ing or pulling other cars on or off a ferry-boat when the latter is approached by an incline too steep for locomo- tives, so that the latter can push or pull the cars with- out running on the incline. Fiber-packing. See Elastic-fiber journal-packing. Patent loaste. Fillet. A small Hght molding, more generally termed beads. See Molding. Filling-fujmel (Baker-heater) . Fig. 2914. A funnel at- tached to the combination cock for filling the circulating- drum with brine. Filling-piece. 175-6, fig. 557 ; 121, figs. 551, 556, 560. Any piece of timber which has no other structural pur- pose than to close a gap. FilUng-board. 208, 209, fig., 560. FiUing-valve (Pintsch .system). 65, fig. 3163. This valve is a soft metallic seated valve of peculiar construction. Is handled with key No. 45 (fig. 3314) and is a left-handed valve. It is placed on each side of a car, bolted to iron bracket, 118-A, flg. 3163, by bolts 171, fig. 3188. The pipe connection (I in.) is made to connection piece, 9, fig. 3182, which is slipped through the bracket 118-A from the outside and screwed to the pipe. The flUing valve is then bolted back against this flange connection piece, a lead and rubber gasket forming the tight joint. The valve has a sheet-iron cover 89, fig. 3161, secm-ed to it by four screws. It is shown at F, fig. 3160; fig. 3163. Finger-guard. (Brake-beams.) Figs. 1630-3. Finished upper-seat back-rail (Street-cars). 110, fig. 5656. The topmost rail or molding of a longitudinal seat-back. Finishing varnish (painting). An elastic (oily) varnish applied in two coats. The first is allowed at least 34 hours to dry. The second and fuller coat of the same vanush is then, applied and allowed 24 hours to dry. A first-class job can be turned out in 10 days. Additional time between coats will give additional safety. See Painting. Fire-box or fire-pot (Baker-heater). Figs. 3888, 2909, 3936, etc. The inside cast-iron cylinder which contains the fire. It is cast in one piece and contains the coil. Also called fire-ckamber, fire-box, furnace, and some- times cylinder. Fire-grate, and fire-grate support. See Orate and grate support. Fire-extinguisher. Fig. 3704. See Babcock fire-extin- guisher. Fire-proof heaters (Baker's). 1. Single coil. Figs. 3865- 3884. A Baker-heater having a single coil, 30 feet in length, fig. 3874 or a double coil, fig. 3894, in a flex- ible steel, jointless fire-proof safe, with no aperatures large enough to permit the escape of live coals. This inner fire-pot or safe is enclosed in a flexible steel outside casing, with asbestos sheets between the safe and casing, and between the ash-pit bottom and sheet-iron bottom; a safety-plate covers the feed chute at the top, and a cinder-proof door effectually closes the ash-pit at the bottom. The smoke-pipe and smoke-flue base may be destroyed and leave the fire-pot practically fire-proof. 3. Two-coil. Figs. 3885-3900. Fire-regulator and pressure-indicator. Fig. 2865-8. The device is attached to the hot-water circulating- pipes at a point a little above the coils, and is some- what after the old " ball-and-lever safety valve," the ball or weight in this case being the draft-door. The fire-regidator bou-l consists of two concave plates bolted together, with a corrugated-steel diaphragm and two copper duplicates, top and bottom, between (for preser. vation). On this set of diaphragms rests a piston con- nected with a lever, on one end of which hangs the counter-draft damper in the base of the smoke-flue. On the front end of this lever is the spiral adjusting spring, and the figures denoting the pressure within the heater. The " adjusting spring " is to be hooked into the hole at the figures denoting the pressure and consequent temperature desired. First-class car. Figs. 89-96, 155-9, 163-4, 189, 419-467, 531-67. The ordinary American day coach used by the great bulk of short trip passengers. So called to dis- tinguish it, on the one hand, from those of an inferior grade, as emigrant and (rarely) second-class cars, and on the other hand from sleeping and parlor-cars (which see), and in which an extra charge, in addition to the ordinary fare, is made, and wliioh are the true American first-class cars. First-class carriage (English). Figs. 501-4. Nearest American equivalent, parlor or drawing-room car. A coach for passengers paying the highest rate of fare. It is divided into four or more compartments, each about 7 feet cube, and seating six or eight passengers. Fish van (English). A covered vehicle adapted to run on passenger trains, and fitted to carry fresh fish in crates or boxes. When without a roof it is termed a,fi.sh truck. Fittings. Figs. 3454-4575. Furiiisliings^ which see. Five-group spiral-spring. Figs. 5195-6. See Spnral- spring. Fixed brake-lever. 7, figs. 1535-6, More commonly, dead-lever. A brake-lever, the upper end of which is fastened to a brake-lever stop or dead-lever guide. Fixed or stationary freight-car lock. Figs. 2736-41. A lock which is attached to the side of a car. The bolt or hasp is fastened to the door. Fixed hanger (bell-cord). Fig, 2514. See Bell-cord hanger. Fixed ratchet (in Morgan's deck-sash pivot). Figs. 4385-8. The piece attached to the side of the ivindow-f rame with which the sash-ratchet engages, the latter being pressed against it by a spring. Flag (for train-signals). The standard size of flags adopted by the Americaa Eailway Association Is 16 x 16 FLA 56 FLO inches, and the colors indicate their purpose as follows : Red signifies diuiger and is a signal to xfnp : green signi- fies caution and is a signal to go sloiohj ; ii^hitc signifies safety and is a signal to go on ; bine denotes that car inspectors are at work under or about the train or car, and that it cannot be moved or coupled to until the blue signal is removed by the car inspectors. In tlie night- time lanterns with colored glass globes are used instead of flags and the colored lights have the same meaning as the colored flags. Flag-holder (for corner-post of passenger-car). Figs. 8343-4. A cast or malleable iron receptacle for a signal- flag staff. It has a lug cast on it which engages into a flag-holder plate attached to the corner-post. Flag-holder plate. See above. Flange. 1. (Of bell-cord gvudes, etc., etc.) Figs. 2479 8481, 2503, 2523, etc. A projecting riui for attaching the part to any surface by wood screws. 2. (Of a car-wheel.) Fig. 5424. A projecting edge or rim on the periphery for keeping it on the rail. The in- side edge of the flange which connects with the tread of the wheel is termed the throat, and the extreme outer point the toe of the flange. "Worn flanges having flat vertical surfaces extending more than 1 inch from tread of wheel, or 1 inch thick or less, are a cause for rejection under the rules for interchange of traffic. See Wheels. The standard distances fixed by the Master Car-Builders' Association, from outside of fiange to inside of tread in surface, is 4 feet 5| ins., as shown in fig. 5431, with J- inch variation either way. See Intercliange Rides. See Flange gage. See also Wheel-center flange in figs. 5266 and 5269. Flange brake-shoe. Figs. 1644-5, etc. See Ross brake- shoe. Flange-collar (of a passenger-car door lock). C, fig. 2630. Flange-fittings (Pintsch system). Figs. 3166, 3169-78. Si^ecial fittings required for the Pintsch system are all flanged and made of brass, the flanges held together by screws. The joints are made tight by the use of special lead and rubber washers. Flange-gage, or distance-gage. Fig. 5488. A gage for detennining the correctness of the distance between inside and outside of flanges. The dimensions shown in the engravings are those adopted by the M. C. B. Asso- ciation, Flanger. See Snow-flanger. Flap-door (English). See Fcdliiig-door. Flashing. Figs. 3390-1. "Plumbing. A lap-joint used in sheet-metal roofing, where the edges of the sheets meet on a projecting ridge. A strip of lead leading the drip of a wall into a gutter." — Knight. Hence extended to mean any strip of sheet-metal of an L-section used to make a water-tight joint. Flat-bar spiral-spring. Fig. 5344. One made by winding a flat bar flatwise, in distinction from edge-rolled, which is a similar bar wound edgewise, flg. 5353. Flat-car. Figs. 16-19 and 287-97. A car, the body of which consists simply of a platform, which is not inclosed on the sides or top. If sides are added it becomes a gondola- ear. See Car and Freight-ear. Flat door-bolt. Fig. 3547. See Door-bolt. Flat or oval coupling-pin. Figs 2286-7. S&e Coupling-pir}. Fletcher journal-box lid. Figs. 5152-3. A flat plate held down by a spring at the pivot. The drawings given are somewhat in error. There is a sleeve-washer which fits in over the pivot-bolt to afford a bearing for the nut, and no pin is used to hold the latter in place, as represented. Figs. 5167, 5169, 5172-5 are modified types of the Fletcher- lid. Flexible frame (logging and other cheap cars). A frame so constructed that the natur-al spring of the wood may serve in part as an equivalent for metallic springs, the latter being dispensed with. Many narrow-gage freight cars use spring endsiUn, which see, in a similax manner. Flexible-top seat-cushions. Figs. 3929-38, etc. A seat- cushion, the top of which is in detached parts so that one part can yield without carrying down the other. FUtch-plates. Figs. 899, 1428-30. An iron or steel plate sandwiched between pieces of wood and bolted together to give the member which they comprise greater strength. Also called sandtrich-plates. Floating connecting-rod. 1. (Hodge brake). 8, flg. 1463. A horizontal rod which connects the two floating-levers together. 8. (We.stinghouse brake). 8, figs. 1693-4. A rod which connects a cylinder-lever with a floating-lever. Floating-lever. 1. (Hodge brake). 7, fig. 1463; 13, figs. 1693-8. One of two horizontal brake-levers which are used under the center of a car-body. They are each connected at one end with one of the brake-levers on the truck, and at the other end with the brake-windlass. The centers of the floating-levers are connected together by a rod called a, floating connecting-rod. 3. (Westiughouse freight-brake.) 7, figs. 1695-8. A lever, to the middle of which the pnsli-rod is attached, each end being connected directly to the live- lever of each truck. Floating-lever bracket. Figs. 1467-70. A bracket bolted to the underf rame of a car to carry the floating lever of the Hodge brake-gear. Floating-lever guide. 15a, figs. 1693-8. Floating-lever connecting-rod. (Westiughouse freight brake-gear). 14, figs. 1695-8. More properly a c^/Zireder- lever tie-rod, which see. Floor. 1. " That part of a building or room on which we walk; the bottom or lower part consisting, in modern houses, of boards, planks, or pavement. 2. " A platform of boards or planks laid on timbers as in a bridge or car; any similar plstUorm."— Webster. 3. 27, figs. 339-473, etc. The boards which cover the sUls of a car. In passenger-cars the floor consists of two and sometimes three courses of boards, called respect. ively the flooring, intermediate floor and deafening ceil- ing, the latter being on the under side of the siUs. An intermediateor Mjjper/oor, 28, more conunonly called the double-deck, is used in stock cars for carrying sheep and hogs. Hopper-bottom cars have an inclined floor subdivided into inclined ejid-floor and sWe-floor when both are used, which is not usual. This floor is infre- quently made of iron plates called hopper-plates. Floor-beam. A sill, which see. Floor-frame. The main frame of a car-body underneath the floor, including the sills, body-bolsters, needle- beams, etc. The under-frame. Floor-furnishings. Figs. 3852-64. Flooring. Tongued and grooved (which see) boards of which a passenger-car floor is made. The floor of freight cars is conunonly two-inch planking. Floor-joist. A floor-timber. Floor-mat. Figs. 2856-7. A texture or structure of hemp, cocoa-fiber, rattan, india-rubber, wood, or other material laid on the floor of a car for passengers to clean their boots and shoes on. Mats are placed on the floors of street-cars to take up the dirt and dust. See Cocoa-fiber. Wood floor-mat. Rubber floor-mat. The latter is either perforated or corrugated. Floor-pipe (for closet-hoppers.) Figs. 3838-9. A pipe passing through the floor of the car only, with which the hopper proper is connected. Floor-stop. 1. (For door-holder.) Figs. 2803-4, 2809-10. A catch for a door-holder attached to the floor, in dis- tinction from a partition-stop attached to the wall or partition. See Door-holder. 3. (Grain-door.) g, flg. 1869. Floor-strip. 20, flg. 5656. The strips that make the grated floor frames of a street-car. Floor-timbers, i 3, 4, figs. 229-473, etc. The main timbers in the frame of a car-body imderneath the floor, aad on FLO 67 fox; which the latter rests. They are chiefly the sills (side, center, and intermediate) and the end-sills. They are a part of the underframe. See also Diagonal floor-tim- ber. Inclined floor-timber. Transverse floor-timber. Floor-tiaiber braces. 7, figs. 436, 448, etc. Diagonal timbers let into the sills under the floor to stiffen the floor-frame laterally. Floor-timber distance-block. A short transverse piece of timber placed between adjoining floor-timbers and sills to stiffen them, the whole being fastened together with bolts in connection with a cro.s'.s--/rfnHe /I'e-hoZf. In iron frame cars, tie-plates are riveted across the top of the sills to subserve the same purpose. They are little used to-day. See Bridging. Flush-bolt. Figs. 2544-5. A bolt attached to a slide which is let into a door, sash, or window, so as to be flush with its sui'faoe. A spring flush-bolt is commonly called a cupboard-catch. Figs. 2548-9. Flush-bolt keeper. Figs. 2549. A plate which is attached to a door, sash, or window frame, and has a suitable hole in which a flush-bolt engages. Wlien for spring- bolts, as in the engraving, they are also called strike- plates. Flush-catch. Figs. 2548-9. Flush-handle. Figs. 2569, 3574, 2576-S, etc. A handle for a lock or latch which is placed in a recess, as of a door, sash, or berth, and which does not project beyond the surface of the object to which it is attached. Flush sash-lift. Fig. 4512. A metal plate with a recess, to take hold of, which is let into a sash so as to be flush with its surface. Fluted weather-boards. 52S, figs. 283-6. Sheathing that has one or several grooves cut out, longitudinall}', and for the whole length of the piece. The object of such grooving is twofold: 1. To make the sheathing much fighter without weakening it in the same ratio ; 2. In figs. 383-6, to secure a free circulation of air behind the sheathing. Fig. 285 shows the weather-boards in detail. Fogg's upper-berth-hinge. Figs. 4186-7. See Berth-hinge. Folding arm-rest, or elbow-rest (English). 198, figs. 501-4. A wooden support for the elbow, upholstered on both the upper and lower sides, and fitted with a spring- hinge, so that it can be tui'ned up to lie flat against the back of the seat, in order to allow a passenger to lie down at full length on the seat. Folding-curtain rod-bracket. Fig. 4194. See Curtain- rod-bracket. Folding-laboratory. Fig. 3508-9. A device for the state- rooms of sleeping, private, and business cars, which can be folded out of the way and out of sight. Folding-platform tail-gate. Figs. 3805-6. A gate for the end door or face-plate door of a vestibule. Folding-side gondola-car. A gondola-car, the sides of which are attached -with, hinges, so that they can be folded up or down. Rarely met with to-day, but fold- ing-end gondolas are quite common. Folding wash-stand (Pullman). Figs. 3529-32. A lava- tory for the staterooms of compartment sleepers. Follower. 1. A very oonamon abbreviation for a /oMow- er-plate, which see. 3. (Janney and Janney-Miller coupler.) A drawbar follower-plate. 3. (Pistons, which see.) A common abbreviation for the follower-plate, which holds on the packing of a piston. Follower-bolt. A. piston follower-bolt. See Piston. Follower-guide (Janney-Miller coupler). A draivbar guide, which see. Follower-lug. A drawbar stop, which see. Follower-plate. Bee Buffer-spring follower-pilate. Draw- bar follower-plate. Piston follower-plate. The word " plate " is frequently omitted from these names. X'oot-1x>ard. 1. (Freight-cars). See Brake-step. 2. (English.) {Upper and lower.) 172, figs. 501-4. American equivalent (street-cars), longitudinal step. Two continuoiLS steps running alone the sides of a car- riage or brake van, the upper a short distance below the doors, and slightly above the level of highest station platform ; the lower about 18 ins. from the rail level, They form steps and prevent any person falling between the train and tlie platform. American excursion cars. which see, fig. 151, have a single foot-board, often so called. Foot-board bracket. See Brake-step bracket. Foot-plate (Janney coupler). 169, fig. 2301. A cast-iron wearing-plate on the upper side of the passenger-plat" form end-rail. In platforms taking vestibules a sliding foot-plate is attached to the buffer-plate and works or slides back and forth in a, foot-plate housing. Foot-plate housing. 139, figs. 2301, etc. See above. Foot-rail. 23, figs. 8917-23, 3976-83. A horizontal wooden bar underneath a car-seat for the passengers who occupy the next seat, to rest their feet on. These fixed foot- rails are often called foot-rests, but such use is confusing, since the term foot-rest, which see, is applied to many forms of adjustable foot-rests. 23, figs. 3971-3. See Side foot-rest. Foot-rest. 1. 23, figs. 3971-3, and29, figs. 3924,3974-5. Any movable support for the feet of passengers, especially two horizontal wooden bars underneath a car-seat, and attached to two iron rockers called foot-rest carriers, pivoted in the center so that it can be adjusted to a comfortable position for the passenger occupying the next seat, or moved out of the way if desired. Another style is an adjustable foot-rest, figs. 3974-5, sUding In a grooved channel. A portable stuffed carpet foot-rest is usually termed an ottoman or hassock, fig. 3706. 2. (Hartley and Hitchcock chairs.) 2, figs. 3998-9. An extension of the chair, consisting of two leaves, front and back, carried within the foot-rest frcwie and supported from below by a, foot-rest carrier. In the for- mer, it is in the form of the arc of a circle, and its posi- tion is regulated by the adjusting-lever, 15. Some of the chairs also cany a back foot-rest, 5 and 6, for the benefit of the occupant of the chair in the rear. 3. (Scarritt-Forney seat.) An adjustable foot-rest or rail; consists of two foot-rest arni-s hinged to the seat- stand and carrying a foot-rest stop or rail which may be adjusted to any height, that the height of seat will per- mit, by a foot-rest pawl that engages in a foot-rest ratchet screwed to the floor. Foot-rest carriers. See above. Foot-rest rod-bracket. Figs. 3616-17. Foreign oar. Any car not belonging to the particular raihoad on which it is running, including line cars, which see. By the established rules for interchange of traffic all such cars are, or are supposed to be, inspected before entering on the lines of a foreign coi'poration, and ■' if an accepted foreign car is injured upon a road it shall be repaired by and at the expense of the company in possession thereof as promptly as it repairs its own cars." The cost thereof is sometimes charged to the owner of the car and sometimes not, according to an elaborate system of rules adopted by the M. C . B. Asso- ciation, revised annually. See Interchange Rules. Forney seats. Figs. 3968-76. See Scarritt-Forney .seats. Fount. See Lamp-fount. Fountain car-washer. Fig. 3702. A car-washer which has a stream of water passing through the brush at the will of the operator. Four-arm lamps. Figs. 3240, 3373, 3336, etc. See Pintsch lamps. Frost lamps, and Chandeliers. Fouj-place boudoir (Mann boudoir-car). Fig. 2418. Four-way cock (Westinghouse brake). 13, figs. 1708-9. A tapered conical spindle, with two passages in it which form a faucet for opening and closing communication between the brake cylinder, reservoir, and brake pipe. rou 58 FBI Four-wheel oar. The original type of railway vehicle, still almost universal in England and on the Continent. There are a few four-wheeled coal-cars in existence still in this country, but a four-wheeled box-car is met but rarely and then only on the road to which it belongs. No new four-wheeled cars are being built for inter- change of traffic: the tendency being to make short heavy trains in preference to long trains of equal weight. The truck of an ordinary American eight-wheel car is simply a four-wheel car carrying half the weight of the car-body as a dead load upon it. Four-wheel trucks. Figs. 4.')76-4y.56. Fox pressed-steel frame (for street-car trucks). Fig. 5669. Fox solid-pressed-steel car-truck. Figs. 4578, 4753-85. A truck, the frame of which is wrought and hydraulic- forged of plate .steel consisting of few pieces which are all riveted together. It is a pedestal truck with journal- system of screw-threads, which see, is often called the Franklin Institute system because the former was first propased in a report to, and was recommended by, the Franklin Institute. Free air-space (refrigerator-car insulation). An air space which has free communication with the outside air so that the air it contains can circulate and be replaced by fresh air. Freight barrow-truck. Figs. 5687, etc. More commonly a .supply freight-truck, which see. See also Barrow-truck. Freight-car. Figs. 1-48, 329-879, 570-1181. A general term used to designate all kinds of cars which carry goods, merchandise, produce, minerals, etc., to dis- tinguish them from those which carry passengers. Eng- lish term, ivagon. Figs. 348-51. The cost of various styles of freight-cars, as established by the rules for interchange of traffic, has varied in dif- ferent years as follows: Eight-wheel box oar, 'M ft. long or over '■ box car, 34-36 ft. lone '• box car, .32 to 35 or 34 ft " " box car, 32 ft. or under " slock car, 31 ft. long or over " stock car, 32-34 ft. or over " ■■ stock car, 32 ft. or under " ** goniioU car, 20-tun or over, drop-bottom ■' " gondola coal oar, 20 tons cr over, hopper bottom. " " gondola coal-c=ir, 25 tons or over, hopper bottom. " gondola coal-car, 15 tons or less *' gondola coal-car, 15 tons or over, hopper bottom. " gondola, 31 or 32 ft. or ov"r " ordinary gondola, less than 31 or 32 ft " ordinary fl^t car, 31 or S2 ft. or over " ordinary flat car, under 31 or 32 ft. long Four-wheel gondola car, with truck and drop bottom boxcHr " •' ordinary coal-car » One pair four-wheel trucks " " " " " with metal transoms 189i. 1887. 1886. 1885. 1884. 1883. 1882. 1881. 1880. 1879 $325 300 275 S27o ?450 ?450 8,500 8520 $575 $575 \ 550/ $450 $42. 240 210 430 430 480 500 550 300 .... 275 W5 450 450 500 520 210 240 435 425 470 490 550 550 450 ... 220 240 220 210 400 425 400 450 430 505 450 \ 525/ 525 525 375 ... 275 275 450 !80 IHII 375 .... .... ■ • •• •. . 200 200 400 150 150 350 350 380 400 125 125 325 300 355 375 475 450 125 125 300 300 340 360 460 460 100 100 290 300 330 350 425 425 350 ... 300 300 300 305 305 325 3.50 350 230 230 230 230 230 250 300 300 250 . . 200 200 200 205 205 225 250 250 225 ... 200 200 200 200 222 230 275 275 225 21i 250 250 Note.— Between the years 1887 and 1894 there \Yas no change in the prices of cars. box springs, with transoms, but no bolster or spring plank. The details are fully shown. Frame. 1. The outline or skeleton uxjon which a struct- ure is built up. In a car the framing is usually sup- ixjsed to mean the sideframe as distinguished from the floor or uiiderframe, unless otherwise so expressed. The leading t3T5es of freight-car frame are shown in figs. 229- 376, etc. See Bastard Howe. Bastard Pratt. The leading styles of passenger-car framing are shown in figs. 419-604, and, in perspective view. figs. 531-8. The framing of street-cars is showTi in figs. 5654-67 with the dimension of parts and over all. A marked innovation in the framing of passenger-cars is the introduction of iron in combination with wood. This is shown in the so-called coiiipotiite framing of figs. 428-.34, 523-30, 574-83; in the " anti-teleacopitig" end-framing ot Pullman's Palace Car Company, shown in figs. 512-22 and 456-60; in tlie use of jilates with bohters, end-aills, draft-timbers of figs. 448. 451. These with the Challender Truss, figs. 568-9, which is considerably older, show consider- able progress toward an iron or steel car-frame. In freight-oar framing the general use of flitch-jilates or sandwich plate and structural shapes for bolsters, spring planks, etc., should be noted. 2. (Of a door, ventilator, window-sash, mirror, etc.) The rectangular or curved border surrounding or inclos- ing it. See Berth-spring frame. Continuous Truck-frame. Cushion-frame. Door-frame. End-frame. Fire-door frame. Orate-frame. Lever frame. Match-striker frame. Mirror-frame. Name-panel frame. Register frame. Signal-hell frame. Frame cross-bar ('■ walk-over" seat). 39, figs. 3917-18. A short bar between the connecting -rails. Framed spring-plank. Figs. 4813-14, etc. A spring- plank composed of several different pieces framed to- gether. Franklin Institute system of screw-tiireads. The SeZZers For varieties of freight cars, see Car. Freight-car lock. Figs. 2736-41, 2747-59. A lock for fasten- ing the doors of freight cars. The usual freight-car look is simply a hasp, staple, pin and seal, but stationary or fixed freight-car locks are in increasing use. Freight-car trucks (diamond type, which see). Figs. 4576-7,4580-4749. (miscellaneous types.) Pigs. 4750^03. Freight-house truck. Figs. 5635-41. A freight truck, which see. See also Barroiv-truck. Wagon-truek. Freight-train brake. Brake-gear, Figs. 1458-1531. See Westinghou.se brake. Freight-truck. Figs. 5635-41. A two-wheeled vehicle, universally used about stations for loading and unload- ing freight. A baggage-barrow is much the same. Bag- gage-barrows and freight-trucks are both sometimes des- ignated as freight or baggage harroiv-tnicks. See Freight barroic-trtick, Freight wagon-truck. Push baggage-car. Freight wagon-truck. Fig. 5637. A four- wheeled vehick for moving freight by hand. Fresnel lantern. Figs. 3440-1. A lamp inclosed in t cylindrical Fresnel lens, which see. They are more used in marine than in railroad service. Fresnel lens. Figs. 3440-1. A lens formed of concentric rings of glass or other transparent substances, one or both sides of which are bounded by spherical surfaces. The object of making a lens in this form is to reduce its thickness in the centre, and thus lessen the liabiHty of having flaws and impurities in the glass, and also to re- duce the absorption and aberration of the rays which pass through it. Such lenses are also made of a hollow, cylindrical form, and used to inclose signal lamps. The outside of the glass is formed of successive rings, the external surfaces of which are bounded by spherical sur- faces. What is known to the trade as a semaphore lens is a Fresnel lens with the inner surface concave. Friction-block. See Suring-hanger fricticm-hlock and Friction plate. Friction-plate. 1. The body and truck side-hearings, which see, are sometimes called friction-plates. See FBI 69 nxL Chafing-plate. Drairbar friction-plate. 2. A plate screwed to the wall to protect the wood work from cliaf- ing by the seat back anus when the seat back is tilted. Friction-roller. A wheel or pulley interposed between a sliding object and the surface on which it slides to di- minish the friction. See Car-door hanger. Sliding- door friction-roller. Frieze. That portion of a passenger or street car body on the outside, between the cornice or eaves of the roof and the tops of the windows. The letter-board occupies this space. Frieze-ventilator. See Ventilator. Frieze ventilator-plate. A perforated metal plate placed on the outside of a frieze-ventilator to exclude rain and cinders from the car. Front. See Afth-pit front. Alcove-front. Water-alcove front. Front cylinder-head. 1. (Air pump.) 6, fig. 1689. For con- venience of designation, the end of the cjdinder opposite to the piston-rod is called the front end, and that ad- joining the piston-rod, the back end, as in locomotives. 2. (Westinghouse tender-brake.) 5, fig. 1736. Front face-plate (steel-tired wheels). See Face-plate. Front seat-bottom rail (street-cars). 103a, figs. 5656. See Seat bottom-rail. Front seat-rail. 1. (Street-cars.) 103, figs. 5656-67 ; 97, figs. 5654-67. 2. (English.) 104, figs. 501-4. Frost deck-lamp No. 2 (Frost system of gas lighting). Figs. 31.38, 3139. The gas flows from the carbm-etor through the 5ra.s-a™i, 29, and needle-valve, 30, to the?-c- generative casting, 1, and thence to the burner, 7, from which it issues by means of the horizontal holes. Air to supply the flame enters under the cone-top, 1 5, and a por- tion of it passes through ports in the regenerative casting, where it is brought to a high temperature, and thence down through t\\e perforated flame-plate, 8, to the vipper side of the flame. The renaainder of the air required passes through a series of small holes near the outer edge of the top-plate, 2, and taking a downward course cools the glass-globe, 12, and supplies the under side of the flame. The products of combustion pass upward through openings in the topj-pdate, 2, s.nd regenerative casting, 1, and escape by means of the ,flue, finally leaving the car through the smoke-bell (fig. 3132). In order to light the lamp, it is necessary to drop the glass-globe which is held by a globe-ring, 4, hinged to the top-plate, and this gives easy access to the burner. Deck lamp No. 3. Figs. 3133, 3136. The gas flows through the needle-ivjlve and gas-arm to the gas-body and thence to the burner, 24, fig. 5139, from which it issues from the lower ends of the small tubes. The air required to supply the flame enters through the injector, 27, and the perforations in the air-controller, 26. A portion of this air passes between the burner and porcelaincylirider, 25, and passing downward supi^lies the upper side of the flame, while the remainder entering through the perfor- ations in the lower part of tlie controller supplies the under side of the flame. The products of combustion pass upward through the gas-body, 1, fines, 10, and ejector, 6, and escape from the car b}- means of the smoke-bell (fig. 3133). In order to light the lamp, it is necessary to press in the injector latch, 28, and drop the injector one notch. A lighted match or taper can then be introduced between the injector and the globe and tlio gas lighted, after which the injector must be pushed up into its former position. Frost dry-carburetor system, of car-lighting. Figs. 3109-59. The light in this system is produced by burning at the lamps a gas generated in the carburetors, which are placed on top of the car. The gas is simply air car- rying a certain amount of gasoline vapor. The air is taken from the air-brake service; the gasoline, absorbed by wicking, is contained in the carburetors, and the ob- ject of the details of this system is to bring these two elements together and thus produce a gas. Figs. 3109-10 and figs. 3112-24 show how the supply of air is taken from the end of the auxiliary reservoir and enters the air-tank after passing through the combined dnsf-guard and check-valve. This valve frees from dirt the air which passes through it and acts as a check , to retain tlie sup- ply of air stored in the tank at such times as the pres- sure is withdrawn from the brake system. The air-tank also serves as a storage reservoir, and its capacity is such that, when charged to the pressure ordinarily car- ried in the air-brake system, the air contained therein will sustain the lights several hours after the car is de- tached from the train. A tardc-vedve placed at each end of the tank controls the retention of air. The air-pipe conducts the air to the saloon where the air-gage indi- cates the pressure in the air tank, and the closet-valve directly controls the supply of air to the carburetors. From the closet-valve the air jjasses through the regu- lator, where it is reduced in pressure to IJ pounds, which pressure is practically constant on all parts of the system beyond this point. The course of the air next taken is through the mercurial-check- valve and the roof pipe to the carburetors. After entering the car- buretors, the air moves slowly through a spiral passage, sixty feet in length, packed solidly with cotton wicking satui'atetl with gasoline, and absorbs sufficient of the volatile oil to produce the desired gas which is consumed by the lamp directly beneath. This system is in general use on the Pennsylvania, Norfolk & Western, and sev- eral other prominent roads. The property and patent rights of the system liaving been recently acquired by a rival gas-lighting oomjjan}', its future is uncertain. For lines which are isolated and have no plant for compress- ing gas, as is re(iviired for the Pintsch system, the Frost system will find favor. Frost gas-lamps, bracket and vestibule (Frost Sj^stem of Gas-Lighting). Figs. 3134, 3137, 3140. The burners used upon these lamps are strictly modified forms of the Argand-burner in common use. The air to supply the flame enters the lamp through the perforated phde or gauze, 3, near the top of the lamp and flowing downward between the glass chimney and the globe, passes through openings in the burner, 7, and burner- gallery and supplies both the center and the outside of the flame. The ring which holds the globe of the vestibule lamp is hinged to the lamp-body, and in order to reach the burner it is necessary to drop the globe anl raise the chimne}'. To light the bracket lamp, a shutter may be opened in the metal bottom of the lamp and a taper or match introduced between the burner and its gallery, thus rendering it unnecessary to raise the chimney in order to light the lamp. Fruit car. Figs. 5-7, 11-13, 357-63, etc. A car of special design for the carrj'ing of fruit and other perishable products requiring ventilation. The ventilators are so arranged that they can be ojiened and closed while tlie car is in motion, so that there may be a constant stream of fresh air passing through the car. Ice is not used generally, liut it is coming into use in cars carrying fruits from California to eastern markets. Fulcrum. 1. "In mechanics, that by which a lever is sustained, or the point about which it moves." — IVeb- .^ter. See Brake-lever fulcrum. 2. (For propelling-lever of hand-oar.) 32, figs. 5593-00. Fulcrum-bolt (Janney platform). The bolt passing through a fulcrum fcrride in the knee-timber and forming tlie fulcrimi upon which the yoke-lever works. Fulcrum-ferrule (Janney platform). See above. Fulcrum-hanger carriers. Figs. 5003-6. A cast bracket which is Violted to the iron transom of a six-wheel truck to carry the Brake-lever hanger-bridge, as shown in figs. 1540-3. FUN 60 GEN The Brake-level- connection-rod, 4, is sometimes called a Brake-lever fulcrum, hence the name. FunneL 1. "A vessel for conveying fluids into close ves- sels ; a kind of inverted hollovr cone with a pipe ; a tun- nel." — Webster. See Filling-funnel. Furnishings. A term designating the smaller fixtures, hardware, etc., which are usually applied to cars after they shall have left the paint shop. The engravings are very nearly alphabetical in their arrangement and a complete list is given in the index to engravings, which see. Furniture car. Figs. 4, 247-50. An extra-sized box car. The dimensions given in the engravings are not unusual. More particularly designed for carrying furniture and made extra large. Furring. 59, figs. 435-73, etc. Pieces of wood placed in a wall or other position to naU something to, as a panel or molding. The term is also applied to angle blocks ■glued or nailed in the inside angle of wood work, where strength and stiffness are required. See Blocking and Furring-hrace blocks. See Panel-furring. Furring-blocks. 59b, fig. 538. See Blocking and above. Furring-brace blocks. 205, fig. 560. Blocks of tri- angular cross section glued in the angles between the sheathing and furring to give it greater stifl'ness. Fusee or fuse. A tube, casing, rope or ribbon filled or saturated with a slow burning composition, as nitre, sul- phur, etc. , and used prinmrily for firing blasts. They are also made to give warnings to approaching trains. They are carried on a train and dropped or placed upon the track at night to warn other trains following that a train has passed that point within a short time before. Trains meeting vsdth a fusee burning on the track are required to stop and wait until it has burned out. Fusee. The cone or conical part of a watch or clock, round which is wound the chain or cord. It is a very ancient mechanical contrivance, and is made of a cone form in order to equalize the power of the spring, the leverage of the cord increasing as the resistance of the spring increases and vice versa. A fusee is shown in fig. 4207. See Berth-spring fusee. G Gage. 1. (Of track.) The distance in the clear between the heads of the rails of a railroad ; 4 ft. 8* ins. is the standard gage ; if greater than this by more than i inch, a broad gage, which see ; if smaller, a narrow gage, which see. Wide gage usually means a minor and irregular or exceptional enlargement of a given fixed gage, in distinction from tight gage, a corresponding contraction. 3. A tool or instrument used as a standard of measure- ment of pressure or size. See Air-gage. Cylindrical-gage. Pressure-gage. Screw-gage. Screw piteh-gage. Screw-thread gage, Whitworth-gage, etc. Gagger. A ehaplet, which see. Gain. " In architecture, a beveling shoulder, a lapping of timbers, or the cut that is made for receiving a timber." —Webster. In car work the term generally means a notching of one piece of timber into another. Boxing is almost a synonymous term. The timbers are boxed out in order to gain them into each other. A mortise, which see, is usually deeper and does not extend clear across the stick. Galvanized iron. Sheet iron covered with sal-ammoniac, after first cleaning it in a bath of 'lilute acid, coated with zinc by immersing it in bath of the liquid metal. An amalgam of 11.5 zinc and 1 mercury is sometimes used. It is usually made in sheets about 2 feet wide by 6 to 9 feet long, and its thickness measured by its num- ber, wire-gage (W. G.). See Kalainina. iron. Ganet air-brake. A system of air-brakes for electric and cable cars, in which the air is compressed by a com- pressor operated from the axle of the car by an eccentric The apparatus includes (1) an air pump or compressor to furnish the compressed air; (2) an eccentric and connecting rod to work the piston of the air compressor ; (3) a controlling valve by which the brakes are applied and released; (4) a jam cylinder or brake-cylinder to move the brake levers ; (5) a main reservior ; and (6) an auxiliary reservoir. Gardner's geared seat-arm. Fig. 3995. A device for giving a backward slope to oar-seats with reversible backs by a rack and pinion movement in the seat-arm and seat-arm pivot. Several other devices for the same pm-pose exist. See engravings. Garnish rail (English). Ill, figs. 501-4. A horizontal piece of ornamental wood curved on the upper surface and placed on the inner side of the mouth of the slot into which the movable window falls. It carries the glass string roller, which see. Gas-burner. Fig. 3209-11. " The jet-piece of a gas- lighting apparatus at which the gas issues and combus- tion takes place." — Knight. A system of gas burning has been in use on the Pennsylvania Railroad by compressing ordinary city gas. Another and more elaborate system is the Pintsch, which see, figs. 3160-3251. Gas lamps. See Frost-bracket, deck and vestibule lamps; and Pintsch lamps. Gasolier. A recent attempted addition to the English language signifying a chandelier burning gas. It is unauthorized by good usage. Gas-pipe. See Pixje. Gas-pipe fittings. Figs. 3161-98. See Pipe-fittings. Gasket. "A strip of leather, tow, or textile fabric, to form a packing or calk a joint."— .Eriigi/i^. This term is also applied, probably with perfect correctness, to sheets of lead, copper, etc., used for the same purpose. The "Westinghouse engine and air-pump gaskets, 36-41, figs. 1689, etc., are copper. A peculiar gasket or packing- ring of rubber faced with lead to prevent the gas injur- ing the rubber is used in all joints of the Pintsch gas apparatus, figs. 3218-21. Gaskets take their name from the parts which they are used with. Gate. 1. See Platform-gate. 2. (Of a casting-mold.) The opening through which the melted metal is poured. Also called Ingate. Gates. (For open suburban cars.) Figs. 3801-8. Gates or bars at either end of the transverse seats of an open car, connected by a bar so that by one movement of a lever all the gates on one side of the car can be opened, facilitating the rapid unloading of a car. See Platform- gate. Gauze. See Wire-gauze. Gear. 1. Apparatus: In mechanics the term is used to designate a combination of appliances for effecting some result, as valve-gear. See Brake-gear, Draw-gear, Siving- motion gear. 2. Wheels are said to be in gear when they have cogs interlocking. Geared seat-arm. Fig. 3995. See Gardner's geared seat- arm. Gear-wheel. 7, fig. 207. Any cogged wheel is a gear- wheel, but the term is usually restricted to the larger one of two cog-wheels in gear, the lesser one being called the pinion. The gear-wheel is also called spur- wheel. Gelatinized fiber. Another name for vulcanized fibre, which see. , " Gem " door-spring. Fig. 2817. See Door-spring. General Electric Company's Electric Motor (For street cars). Fig. 5675. Generator coils (Heaters, Baker's, Gold's, etc.). Figs. 2874, 2894, 2906-7, 2920, 3002-3, 3006. Wrought-iron pipe coiled into a variety of spiralic shapes as shown in the figures, and put into the fire-pot of a heater, to heat the GIB 61 GOL water they contain and create a circulation througli the hot-water pipen oi the CUT. Among tlie different types may be mentioned the i?j;jjnndiu(7 generator coil, figs. 2S94, 3906, in which the diameter of the pipe increases as the heated water ascends in it; the Gold diqilex-clouhle coil, figs. 3003, 3006, which has a steam-pipe inside of the hot-water coil, to be used wlien steam from the lo- comotive is used to heat the water instead of a fire in the heater. Gib (for journal-bearings). A journal-bearing key, wliich see. This word should not be pronounced jib ; tlie g has the hard sound. Gib and key. A fastening to connect a bar and strap to- gether by a slot common to both, in which a E-sliaped gib with a beveled back is first inserted and then driven fast by a taper Icey. Gibbs-Johnson Steam Coupler. Details of construction of this coupler, with its proper position on tlie car, are shown by figs. 3037-78, 3046-50. This coupler is of the same type as the Westingliouse air-bralie coupling. It is automatic in action, and tiglit under pressure. The gasket, No. 666, can be renewed witliout removal of coupling. The blowing off of hose is prevented by tlie device shown on figs. 3049-50. Gibson fastening (English). Figs. 5341 and 5337. One of the earliest applications of the principle of securing a tire to a wheel by means of clips instead of bolts, studs or rivets. The original Gibson fastening shown in fig. 5341 has been superseded by that shown in 5337, which is a very common fastening. Figs. 5374-9, 5393-99, 5333-4, are modified types of the Gibson fastening. Gimlet-pointed screw. Tlie common wood-screiK, whicli see, of carpentry and joiner work, having its screw cut to a point like a gimlet, so that it can force its own way into wood. Girder. "In architecture, the principal piece of timber in a floor. Its ends are usually framed into the summers, or breast-summers, and the joists are framed into it at one end. In buildings entirely of timber, the girder is fastened by tenons into the posts." — Webster. " The term girder is restricted to beams subject to transverse strain, and exerting a vertical pressure merely on their points of support. " — Stoney. The term is almost synonymous with frits.?. Thus, engineers speak of a "Howe triisn," a "Pratt tniss," a "Warren girder," and a " lattice girder." Tlie distinction is that a truss consists of separate parts held together by pins, or even simply by pressure, which may be taken down and re-ereoted ; whereas a girder is a single solid struc- ture, either all one solid piece (rolled girder), or of plates riveted together {plate girder), or of combined plates and riveted latticework {lattice girder). Girt (snow-plow). 5, 6, figs. 410-3. A name for a small wooden girder, used in roof and bridge frames. Applied in snow-plows to cross-tie timbers, on top of the sills. Girth. 49, figs. 339-66. A belt-rail. A long horizontal piece of wood on the side of a box-car body fitted to the posts and braces so as to embrace them, placed about half-way between the floor and the roof. The end-girth is a similar stick across the end of the car. The inside lining reaches up to the girth. Girth, tie-rod. Fig. 51. Belt-rail tie-rod. A horizontal rod extending from the door to the corner-post along the girth of a freight-oar and intended to tie the two posts together. Gland. 28, fig. 1689, 97, figs. 1691-3. A cover of a stuff ing-box, as for a piston-rod, etc. See Piston-rod packing- gland. Glass. See Windoiv-glass. Cut-glass. Sand-blast. Glass-frame bottom sash-rail (English.) See Door-light bottom sash-rail. Glass-frame stile (English). See Door-light stile and quarter-light moulding. OlasB seal (se^l lock). Fig. 3897a. Glass-string, or glass-strap (English ) . 204, fig. .501. A leather strap by which the window in the door of a car- riage is raised or lowered. The strap is pierced with a number of holes' which fit a small brass or ivory knob placed on the door immediately under the glass-string roller, which see. Glass-string roller (English). 195, fig. 501. In a car- riage, an ornamental roller attached to the upper edge of the garnish-rail in a door. The leather strap (glass- string) by which the window is raised and lowered passes over this roller. Glass water-gage. A gage consisting essentially of a vertical glass tube connected at top and bottom with a boiler so as to make the height of water therein visible. Globe (of Pintsch gas-burner). Fig. 8300. A globe of hemispherical form, admitting air only from the top. It is an almost universal type of car lamp-globe in Europe. A glass-botvl. See Adjustable globe. Lamp-globe. Fast lamp-globe. Loose-globe. Globe-chimney. Figs. 3430-4. A lampi-globe chimney, which see. Globe-holder. 7, figs. 3361-3317, for lantern, fig. 3353. Any contrivance for holding a globe on a lamp. Usually it consists of a metal ring, at the base of the globe, on which tho latter rests, and to which it is fastened with springs, screws, or by the pressure of the globe-cliimney on top when the latter is adjustable. See Adjustable and Detachable globe-holder. "Globe" lamp-shade or lamp-globe. Fig. 3439. See Lampj-shade. "Globe" ventilator. Figs. 4300-1, 4313-3. A ventilator of spherical form, with annular oiienings which produces an induced exhaust current in whatever direction a cuiTent of air strikes against it. They are made erect and horizontal. Glue. A preparation from the hoofs, horns and hides of animals, washed in lime-water, boiled, skimmed, strained, evaporated, cooled in molds, cut into slices and dried upon nets. If good, it is a hard cake, of a dark but almost transparent color, free from black or cloudy spots and with little or no smell. The more transparent and amber colored the better. Inferior glue made from bones will almost entirely dissolve in cold water; other kinds are contaminated with lime. Glue is better for re- melting. The strength of glue for common work is in- creased by adding a little common chalk. Glue size. One pound of glue in a gallon of water. Double size has about twice this quantity of glue. Palcut size is a kind of gelatine. Gold's compression coupling. Fig. 3016. In the " Com- pression " Coupling, the seats are immovably in the head of each body and are held in position by thimbles, in- stead of being mounted on circular diaphragms. In order to use the internal pressure of steam to force the seats together there is a diaphragm on the outer side of each coupling head, so situated that the internal pressure thrusts the diaphragms outwardly. To utilize this internal pressure on the diaphragms to bring the seats together a lever arm is made so that one end of the arm is the lug or tooth which engages with opposite coupling body, and the other end enters a recess and is held in place by a set screw. As the internal pressure of the steam is exerted on the diaphragms from the in- terior of heads, they are thrust outwardly and press the inside of the lever arm. The amis being pressed out- wardly, will draw the seats to. This constitutes the "Compression" theory, from which the name. The movable arm is adjustable. The Compression Coupling interchanges with the Gibbs Steam Coupling. Gold's interchangeable coupling. Fig. 3017. The coup- ling consists of two bodies, exactly alike, fitted with case-hardened, steel discs, or special composition discs. The joint is made by the faces of the discs being brought GOIi 63 GKA together. In the arm of each coupling is an adjustable lug, which, sliding around an inclined plane at the back of each coupling body, tightens as it is allowed to drop, the principle being that of a gravity lock. A set screw and lock nut are apijlied to the arm for the purpose of taking up any wear. The couplings uncouple automat- ically when cars are drawn apart, the coupling being brought to a horizontal position again, and the lug dropping down the inclined plane. A chain prevents the coupling dropping onto the track. Each body of the coupling is fitted with an automatic relief-trap so that when steam is shut off the traps dis- charge the water while hot without having to be un- coupled. Gold's platform-gate. Figs. 3797-8. A gate extensively used on elevated and other rapid-transit roads. Tiie two gates on one side, of two cars coupled together, can be opened simultaneously by one trainmau. The details are shown in the figru'es. Gold's systems of car-heating. Figs. 3996-3022. Several systems of car-heating designated as the Double-coil hot water-circulating syatem, the "Plain-pipe system" (see Direct steam-heating system), the "Steam-heat storage system " (see Direct steam-storage si/stems) , the Duplex double-coil overflow system, the Double-coll jet system, and the Duplex clouble-eoil Jet system with sediment-ivell and hloto-off. Gold's universal straight-port steam coupling. Figs. 3013-15, 3021-2. A steam-hose coupling somewhat re- sembling the Seioall coupling. The coupling is effected by locking arms or lugs, which px'oject beyond the end of the body, and engage with the projecting rollers and stud on the opposite side dru-ing the act of coupling. To couple, the heads are brought together so that the locking projections on either side engage with one another ; then the bodies are tilted downward, bringing the seats together. To insure the bodies locking firmly together, a spindle or stud is cast on the side of each body, and a roller is placed over the stud, so that when lugs of coupling bodies engage with the rollers they tui-n on the studs and the friction is reduced to a minimmn. The seat is made of the Asbestos composition, formed externally as a segment of a sphere, and movuited in a tubular metal thimble or ring, which is made with two opposite guide fingers projecting inwardly and engage with the base of the socket in coupling head. This limits the movement of the seats. This coupling interchanges with the Sewall. Gondola-car. Figs. 31-26, 398-324. A flat-car inclosed with low side-pjlank, usually fixed, but sometimes hinged so that they can be let down, and in some cases removable. They are made with drop-bottoms and drop-ends, so that they may be used for luuiVjer as well as coal. They are then made with single drop-doors as in figs. 23-3 and 303-4, or with double drop-doors as in figs. 31 and 398-301. When built for coal alone they are built with Itopper- hottoms and inclined floors as in figs. 30.5-9. The hoppers built are pi/ramidal or box hoppers, a type of the former being shown in figs. 34-26 and 310-15, and of the latter in figs. 305-9. A double or twin-hopper gondola saves nearly as much shoveling as any of the coal-cars, and may also be used for kunber. They are in increasing favor and shown in figs. 36 and 310-30. Gong. A signal-bell, which see. Goods wagon (English). Figs. 348-5. American equiv- valent, freight-car. See Wagon. Goose-neck (Eames coupling). 16, figs. 1677-9. A brake- hose nipple connecti'ig the coupling-hose to the brake- pipe. Gould buffer and continuous platform. Figs. 1380-1437, 2396-3300. The engravings show the application of the Gould bufl:er and platform arrangement to a Miller plat- form, which application is deemed the best. The fram- ing is essentially the same as the Miller, except that the platform truss-beam, is made longer so as to cross the in- termediate and p>latforrn sills, the addition of two more platform truss-rods and the addition of two buffiing-sills imderneath the intermediate-sills and between the plat- form truss-beam and body-bolster. These additional parts greatly increase the buffing strength of the plat- form and greatly assist in preventing the platform from sagging under the increased load due to the vestibule. The buffing an-angement comprises a center and two .side buffer-stems connected by a short buffer-plate, or by a long vestibule buffer-plate. These buffer-stems pass through guides and thimbles and are backed up by spi- ral buffer-springs. The Gould coupler with its long shank is connected with the long center buffer-spring by a pressure or push-bar in such a manner that when the drawl:)ar and coupler are pulled out the push-bar acts against the Imffer-spring and tends to force out the cen- ter buffer-stem and the buffer-plate. The coupler and shank being so long must have some lateral motion and a wide carry-iron is recommended \vith a Miller side-spring, as shown in the engraving, or with lateral springs, as shown in figs. 1303-4 and 3281. This buffer and platform accompanies and is a part of the Gould vestibule. Gould car-coupler. Freight, figs. 3141-4 ; passenger, figs. 2346-51. Gould pendulum vestibule. Figs. 2430-3, 3431-6. A ves- tibvile designed to evade the original vestibule patents the principles of which are described under Vestibule. It consists of a face-plate (1) with a diapihragm (3) and a back face-pilate (4). The face-plate is made up of several pieces and consists of an outer plate (1), hinged, as shown, so as to permit lateral motion or vertical motion. It is kept forced out by the back gravity-bar (28a) by which it is supported. The face- plate is hinged and supported also by the front face- plate gravity-bar (41) and is prevented from frictional resistance against its opposite plate by clips or lugs (38) and (43), riveted to one face-plate and covering or engaging the opposing face-plate and caUed face-plate guides. Lateral motion is opposed by a system of levers and a restraining-chain (36), which latter limits the lateral saving of the face-plate, as well as its longitudinal motion. These are so arranged that the weight of the face-plate is utilized to keep it in position. The Unk motion gives all the lateral motion necessary to go aromid curves and to permit lateral oscillation. The face-plate is kept crowded out by its own gravity supported upon the back gravity bar (38a) hinged at (35), a point several inches outside the gravity hne of the face- plate. The buffer and platform are continuous, and have the usual spring pressm-es devised for the purpose. A piish-bar connects the buffer spring to the drawbar, so that when the coupler is drawn out the face-plate is made to follow, and the springs of both the buffer stem and drawbar assist one another. The top of the face- plate is held from falling out too far by the face-plate retaining-chain (36) which passes through the sheave (37). This vestibule was first applied to cars in 1893, and is in exclusive use on the Vanderbilt systems of railroads. Gould platform. See Gould buffer and platform. Gould tender-hook. Figs. 2145-9. Governor (Westinghouse brake). 3g, figs. 1699-1707. See Pump governor. Grab-handle and bracket. 30, 31, figs. 5654-67 Grab-irons. 60, figs. 339-66, etc. Also termed' corner- handles or ladder-handles and hand-holds. The handles attached to freight-cars for the use of trainmen in board- ing the cars. They are often more definitely specified as roof, side or end grab-iron. For Recommended Practice of M C R AKor,oion„ -.i. gard to hand-holds Ot orcU>-ironsiseeSa^holds° ^^ "". GRA 63 GRO The grab-irons or hand-holda shown in figs. 5546-7 are in the positions recom mended. The term hamile, though often nsed to designate these attach- ments, is not strictly approonate to eueh a part, nor is it so widely in use as grab-iion. See note to handle. Similar parts on passenger-cars are called hand-rails, which see. Graduated spring. Figs. 5218-30. A form of compound spring in which only a certain number of the individual spirals come into action with a light load and the others only tinder a heavy load. Another method of accomp- lishing the same end, graduating the resistance of the spring to the load placed upon it, is the use of the keg- .ihaped or spool-sliaped spring, fig. 5243. Under a load the part of larger diameter closes first and that of smaller diameter is much stiff er. These springs are much used on horse-cars, but rarely for steam-cars. Gradu- ated springs have formerly been constructed by combin- ing rabber and spiral springs, btit they are now out of use. Graduated springs have been superseded by single and double nest coil, of equal length, and few, if any, are being applied to new construction. Graduating spring. 22, figs. 1706-7. (Triple-valve of Westinghouse brake. ) A spiral spring which acts against a collar on the graduating-stem to hold the latter against the triple- valve piston when it is forced downward. Graduating-stem (triple-valve of Westinghouse brake). 21, figs. 1706-7. A slender rod or pin which works in a hole drilled in the center of the triple-valve piston, and wliich, by the movement of the latter, opens and closes communication from the chambers above and below the piston. Graduating- valve (of Westinghouse triple- valves). 7. Figs. 1706-7. See above and Triple-valve. Graduating-valve (Consolidated car-heating). Fig. 3975. A valve constructed so as to open slowly and designed to give better regtilation of the temperattire of the car after a car is heated. This is accompUshed by attaching a movable piston to the valve-stem, which has a loose fit in an inwardly projecting ledge cast with the valve-case. As the valve opens the piston exposes V-shaped notches above this ledge through wliich steam passes up under the valve-seat in its cotu'se to the heating apjaaratus opening the valve wider, exposing more of the V-shaped ports and increasing the flow of steam. When the valve is closed the steam is entirely shut off by means of the valve-disc and seat attached to the same stem. Graham draft-rigging or gear. Figs. 1659-75. A draft- rigging that has been in mrtch favor which employs a tail-bolt, instead of a yoke-strap. It has two check- castings which engage in the draft-sills and draft-tim- bers, and in these two thimbles or draw-bar followers fit, through which the tail-bolt passes. These, with two follower pjlate-strap)S, 1 camj-irons, three strap-pla.tes, the chaflng-plates and filling pieces between center-sills, con- stitute the attachments. Graham-Mitchell Draft-rigging. Figs. 1976-2006. This is a modified form of the Oraham draft-gear, so that a yoke or strap-pocket can be used instead of a tail-bolt. The check-castings are essentially the same, except that they are cored out so that the yoke may pass through them. The thimbles or followers are the same as are the other parts. A hole is cut through the floor so that the bolts of the yoke may be taken out. Grain-car. A box oar with tight inside grain-doors. Nearly aU box cars are provided with them. Grain-door. 62, figs. 354 and 1866-19.35. A close-fitting movable door on the inside of a box oar by which the lower part of the door-opening is closea, when the car is loaded with grain, to prevent the latter from leaking out. Such doors are usually made so that they can be thrown over on one side of the doorway, or sttspended from the roof, and thus be out of the way when they are not used. A great variety of mechanical de- vices are used for accomplishing this purpose, of which the Van, Lieiiw grain-door, figs. 1866-69, Chicago grain- door, figs. 1870-5, McOuire grain-door, figs. 1870-95, Decatur grain-door, figs. 1896-1936, Chicago and North- ivesteru Ry. grain-door, figs. 1937-8, The Corrugated Steel grain-door, figs. 1939-35, are shown with names of parts. Grain-door flap. Fig. 619. The upper part of a grain- door. Hinged horizontally with the door proper. Grain-door lock (Van Lieuw grain-door). 6, figs. 1866-9. Grain-door rod. K, figs. 1876-95. An iron rod attached to the door-posts on the inside of a box car, to which a grain-door is fastened or hinged. The door and rod are generally arranged so that the former can be moved to one side and out of the way when the car is not loaded with grain. In other styles the door slides upon the rod to the roof and is there susjiended. Grate. (Baker heater.) Figs. 3881, 3893a, etc. (Spear caboose stove.) 5, and 26, figs. 3075-3105. (Erie caboose stove.) Figs. 3061-3. A frame of iron bars for holding coals in a stove, fire- place, etc. It is usually capable of a shding or rocking motion, or both, to clear away ashes and clinkers. See Anti-clinker grate. Safety-grate. Grate-bar (for Erie caboose stove). Figs. 3067a-b. A cast-iron bar below the grate, and on which the latter rests. Grated-door. Figs. 5, 11, 357-60. A door consisting of a wooden frame with iron or wooden bars, used on cars for carrying fruit, live stock, etc. Grate-shaker (Baker-heater). Figs. 3880, 3893d, 2918. An iron bar which can be attached to a grate to move it in shaking the fire. Grate support (Baker-heater) . Figs. 3883, etc. A crow- foot shaped bracket, fastened to the sides of the ashpit to carry the Jire-gj-afe. i Grating. See Clinker grating. Ventilator grating (fruit- lee-box grating (refri- car) . gerator-cars). Window grating. Gravel-car. Figs. 28, 314, 328-31, 336-8, 339-42. A car for carrying gravel; usually either a tip-car or a. flat-car, the latter most used. They are often fitted with a cen- tral rail, over which a ballast plow, drawn by the loco- motive after detaching it from the cars, works to unload the cars. Sometimes a hoisting plant is motmted upon one of the cars, for moving the plow. Gravity relief-trap (Gold's car-heating). Figs. 3007, 3019- 22. An auxiliary trap, automatic in its action, which is closed by the escape of steam and held closed by the steam pressure. When the pressure is removed the weight of the valve stem tips the valve and allows the escape of the water of condensation. The pressure under which it closes is dependent on the weight of the valve stem. Grease axle-box (English). 34, figs. 348-51, and 501-4. An axle-box which is lubricated from above by a grease composed of tallow, soda, and water, which is solid at ordinary temperatures and melts should the box get warm. This form is being superseded by the oil ixxle- bo-v, wliich see. Grease-box. A journal-box, which see. Grease-chamber (English). 35, figs. 501-4. A cavity above the journal-bearing which contains the lubricating material in a grease axle-box, wliich see. Grille (interior decoration). Figs. 3647-55. Generally a piece of wrought work in wood or metal for decoration. Used in the place of panels, over door ways and in bulk- heads and sometimes employed as brackets as at G, figs. 2453-3a. Grommet. Figs. 3853-4. "A ring formed with spliced rope {Nautical}." The separate parts of any metallic eyelet are known as grommets. The two grommets, when compressed together (with a setting-die) , form the eyelet. Ground glass. Glass whose surface has been roughened by mechanical or chemical process so as to break up the light passing through it and destroy its transparency. GUO 64 HAN Several processes exist: by the wheel, sand blast, rotat- ing with pebbles, or by fluoric acid. The sand-blast is at present most commonly used. Group-spring:. Figs. 5199-5313. A spiral oar-spring formed of a number of separate springs, single or nested, united together by a common pair of spring-plates. It is called a double, or Iwo-group, a three-group, four-group spring, etc. , according to the number of separate springs. Guard. 1. See Dash-guard. Heat-guard. Door-guard. Lining-guard. Draw-timber guard. Mirror-guard. Dust-g uard. Windou)-g uard. Fender-guard. 2. (English.) American equivalent, conductor. A railway official traveling with and having charge of a railway train. He unites the functions of the conductor, baggage-master, express agent, and brakeman, but sel- dom collects or nips tickets, and never issues them or receives fares. An assistant guard is sometimes, but not always, carried. 3. (For lanterns.) The exterior wire cover surround- ing the globe and protecting it from accident. They are termed either single, double, or tripile guard, accord- ing to the number of horizontal wires. Guard-band (street-cars). See Door-guard band. Guard-fender. See Fender-guard. Guard linin g-strips. 53S, fig. 281. Horizontal bars or strips which are placed in a car to keep freight from a door, ice-box, ventilator, etc. When placed vertically as they usually are they are termed guard-posts. Guard-posts (fruit-car). A row of posts standing inside of the ventilators and serving as a fender for the load packed within so as to prevent obstruction to the ven- tilators. Guardrail (street-oar). 41, figs. 5654-67. See Fender- rail. Guard-rail and frog-wing gage. Fig. 5484. The guard- rail and frog-wing gage shown were adopted as standard in 1894, to define the dimensions of track to which M. C. B. standard wheel and flange gages have been made to conform. Guard's van (English). American equivalent, caboose or baggage-car. See Brake-van. Gudgeon. The bearing portion of a shaft, especially an upright wooden shaft. A rude jom-nal-bearing for slow motion. See Screw-coiipling nut and gudgeon. Guide. " That which leads or conducts." — Webster. See Bell-cord guide. Draivbar guide. Bell-strap guide. Olass-plate guide. Brake-lever guide. Journal-box guide. Brake-rod guide. Stop-bar guide. Dead-lever guide. Strap-hanger guide. Guide-casting. 27, figs. 3968-7.3. A strip or plate of metal screwed to the wall or arm-rest of a seat for the striker arms to rub against to save the wood. Called also a Friction-plate, figs. 3967-76. Guide-bar. 1. See Truck-bolster guide-bar or column, 37, figs. 4580-4739, and figs. 4698-0, 5184-5. Guide-block. See Truck-bolster guide-block. Guide-rail. A door-track, which see. Gum-spring. A term used by Philadelphians to desig- nate india-rubber car-sp>rings, which see. Gun-oar or cannon-car. Figs. 4804-5. A specially heavy car for transporting ordnance, often having sixteen wheels. Gunpowder-van (English). A covered vehicle adapted to run on freight trains, and specially fitted for the con- veyance of explosives. The outside of the body is made of or covered with iron plates to guard against fire, and the inside is lined vrith sheet lead to prevent any sparks being caused by friction. The doer-openings are lined with felt to secure a tight joint. Gim-shaped lamp-chimney. Fig. 3431. See Lamp-chim- ney. Gurring-piece (snowplow). 10, figs. 410-13. Probably from gurr, a fort, hence a piece built out to protect or fortif}' a structure. In a snowplow, timbers bolted to the posts to build out and give shape to the sides. Guy. A rope used as a stay. Guy-rings (of a derrick or crane) . 20, figs. 392-3. Bings attached to the head-block at the top of the mast to which guy -ropes may be attached. Guy-rope (for leaders of pile-driver car). 35, figs. 401-4. H Hale-and-Kilbum car-seats and upholstery. Figs. 3901-3947. Hair. See Curled-hair. Half-elliptic spring. See Spring. Elliptic spring. Half-elliptic spring-bearing. A cast or wrought-iron plate. Half-oval washer (Janney coupler). The washer of the catch-spring bolt. Half-round bar spiral-spring. See Spring. Spiral-spring. Hammer of a pile-driver car. 1, fig. 401-4. The heavy weight (4000 to 4500 lbs.) by which piles are driven. It falls between the leaders and is provided with a ham- mer-eye or clevis to which the shears of the hoisting-rope or hammer-rope are attached. In England called a tup, which also means a ram or male sheep. Hammered car-axle. An axle made by forging under a hammer. Sometimes called /agrgrofed-axZe. Hammered axles are made either of slabs or bars of iron, which are piled together and then heated, welded and forged into the form of the axle by hammering, under a steam ham- mer. The slabs are made by piling small pieces of scrap- iron, which are then heated and welded together by forging, forming a scrap axle. The bars used for making such axles are sometimes made of rolled iron muck-bars, which see, and hence called a muck-bar axle. Hammer-eye, or clevis (of a pile-driver car). 2, figs. 401-4. See Hammer. Hammer-rope (for pile-driver car). 39, figs. 401-4. See Hammer. Hammer-rope pulley (for pile-driver car). 40, figs. 4014. A pulley sometimes attached to the floor of the swing- ing-platform directly in front of the hoisting-gear. Hammock (sleeping-car berth). 52, fig. 2411. A light small hammock of tvidne in which to put wearing ap- parel in a sleeping-car berth. One is furnished to each berth. Hand-car. Figs. 5581-5634. A small and Hght car ar- ranged with cranks or levers and gearing so that it can be propelled by hand by persons riding on the car. One of these cars is provided for each section of 3 to 6 miles of track. Originally the crank hand-car, fig. 5616, was most used, but the lever hand-car, figs. 5581, etc., has now almost whoUy supplanted it, as being much less laborious. Inspection hand-cars are a special variety, either from their fitting up, as those in fig. 5586-7, or from their lightness, as the three-wheel hand-car, figs. 5605-11. Hand-cars for regular section service weigh from 450 to 600 lbs. , generally about 500 lbs. Telegraph hand-cars, figs. 5611, 5615, are a Ughter class for the use of telegraph linemen. Hand-car lever or propelling lever. 19, figs. 5593-00. Hand-car truss-rod. 26, figs. 5593-00. A transverse or longitudinal rod by which the floor-frame of a hand-car is trussed. Hand-car wheel. Figs. 5630-34. A Hght wheel for hand- cars, with cast-iron rim and hub and wrought-iron spokes, or sometimes with a wooden center. Hand derrick-car. Figs. 7780, 206, 393-3. See Derrick- car. Hand-hold. Another term for grab-iron, which see. The M. C. B. Association recommends that on aU freight-cars which are not equipped with ladders (such as flat-cars) two hand-holes should be attached to each end-sUl. HAN 65 HEA Hand-holds on end-sills should have at least 3 inches clearance behind them, and all other hand-holds should have at least 2| inches clearance behind them. All hand-holds should be made of iron not less than |-inoh diameter ; hand-holds on sides and ends of cars should be at least 2 feet long in the clear ; those on end- sills to be made shorter only when it is impossible to use this length. Hand-holds are sometimes distinguished by their loca- tion as roof, ladder, end-sill, etc., hand-holds. Hand-hole. See Dust hand-hole. Fai-e-icicket. Handle. "That part of anything by which it is held in the hand. A haft. As the handle of a knife or other instrument."— Worcesilate. Head-rest. 1. (Hartley chair.) See Head-rest carrie>: 2. 199, figs. 501-4; 32, figs. 3409-12. In a first-class carriage and sleeping-cars a fixed vertical projection from the back of the seat, thickly padded with horse- hair and covered with broadcloth or leather. It serves to support the side or back of the head of a passenger. That at the end of the seat is a head-rest, but it is also called a seat-head, end or end-head rest, 14, figs. 2409-13. Head-rest carrier (Hartley chair). 10, figs. 3998-9. Arms pivoted to the upper portion of the back frame and carrying the head-rest. Their position is regulated by a thumb-lever at the side of the cliair. Head-roll (of a seat). Figs. 3901, 3918, 3932, etc. A imdded projection at the top of a seat or chair back, which is to support the head. It is cylindrical and extends full width of the seat. Head-room (sleeping-car berths). E, D, fig. 2408. Headstock (English). 2, figs. 348-51,501-4. American equivalent, end-sill. The transverse end member of the underframe, which see. It is pierced transversely in the center for the drawgear, and the buffing-gear is carried near the ends. Headstock and diagonal-knee (English). 83, fig. 501-4. A wrought-iron knee connecting the headstock to the diagonal and the sole-bar, and thus binding three of the four main members of the underframe together. Headstock-cap (English). 13, figs. 501-4. A cast-iron cap fitting the end of the headstock in order to prevent its splitting, and to prevent any access of water to the end grain of the wood. A wrought-iron strap is some- times used. Heat and light tender. A special oar coupled in a train carrying a steam generating plant by which the cars are heated, and an electric light plant for lighting the train. Heater. 1. Figs. 2865-3060. Any apparatus for warming a car, room, or building by convection; that is, by convey- ing hot water, steam, or warmed air into or through the apartments. The term generally refers to any arrange- ment for warming apartments other than stoves, which heat by direct radiation. There have been many varie- ties in use, but the one remaining and which has the field practically to itself is the Baker heater. There are numerous heating systems, but they, for the most part, use Baker heaters in connection with their apparatus. Nearly all the systems use heaters which circulate hot water. They are usually placed in a small closet called the heater-room, which see. In emigrant-cars cook- stoves are used for heating. The ranges of dining- cars, although used for cooking purposes only, are shown in connection with the heaters. 2. (For lamps or lanterns.) A metallic attachment passing around and above the flame (fig. 3397) or other- wise immediately adjacent to it, by which heat is con- veyed to the oil in the reservoir below, to prevent freez- ing, or, in some cases, to assist combustion by heating or volatilizing the oil. Heater-car. One constructed for the carrying of fruits, vegetables, and other perishable products in winter. They are heated by special forms of mineral oil lamps, the supply to which is automatically controlled by the ex- pansion and contraction of metallic rods. They are principally in use for the transportation of potatoes and other vegetables. Heater-room. 128, fig. 448. A small closet, cased with sheet metal interior heat-guards, to contain the heater and prevent all direct radiation. All heaters proper are placed in some ecjuivalent for such rooms. Heater-pipe casing. L, figs. 2996-3001 ; O, fig. 540. A wooden or iron shelf over a heater-pipe in a passenger- car to prevent the feet of passengers from coming in contact with the hot pipes. The casing also forms a foot-rest. Heater-plate (of oil lamp) . Fig. 3386. A device to con- duct the heat of the flame downward so as to keep the oil from congeahng. See also fig. 3397. Heat-guard. A sheet-metal covering for the woodwork of a passenger-car, to protect it from the heat of a stove. It is nailed to the side and ends of the car, and some- times surrounds the stove, as the conical Russia-iron heat-guard of the Baker heater. Heating-burner (Minot). Fig. 3397. See Heater-plate. Heel (of shackle of paddock). D, figs. 3771-2. The inner point of the shackle, which see. Height of drawbar. See Drawbar. Helper. A term used to designate either an assistant engine for trains, or a horse to help street-cars up grades. Helper-ring (street-cars). An iron ring fastened to the platform end-timber to attach an extra horse to pull up steep grades. "Hercules" bearing. One of the forms of so-called Babbitt metal bearings, which see, Hewitt journal-box lid. Figs. 5170-1; and in fig. 4579. An invention, patented June 19, 1877, which consists in adding grooved lugs or ears on the outside edges of a journal-box, in which the lid slides, but is prevented from escaping, after the truck has been put together, by striking against the arch bars or wheel-piece of the truck. It has been very largely used. It has several featm-es, by reason of which it is being abandoned. It is being superseded by the M. C. B. lid. Hibbard spring. Fig. 5354. A spiral spring composed of several coils of steel of rectangular section. The coils are placed inside of each other and are made of different diameters and wound in opposite directions, or "right and left." High-back seat. Figs. 93, 3911, 3919, 3952, 3968-73, etc. A class of seats lately introduced with extra high back and frequently a head-roll or head-rest. High-sided wagon (English). A four-wheeled gondola car, with sides about 4 feet high. Resembles wagon EtlN ai HOO shown in figs. 348-51, except that the sides are liigher. Used chieily for bulky freight, wheat, potatoes, sacks and bales. See Wagon. Hinge. Figs. 2586-3630. " A hook or joint on which a door, gate, etc., turns." — Webater. They are provided with a tube-like knuckle through whioli the hinge-pin, which see, passes. See Ball-heaving butt hinge. Door-hinge. Double-acting hinge. Drop-door hinge. Man-hole hinge. Seat-hinge. Sofa-hinge. Stop-bar hinge. The common door-hinge is usually a bntt or butt-hinge, the varieties of wliich are the acorn-butt, a large orna- mental hinge, Blake-butt, which see, and the hopp>er- butt, so called from its pointed form. The parliament hinge is a sort of T-shaped butt-hinge to afford more room for screws. It is little used excejjt for ornamental purposes. 1\i6 strap-hinge \s a common form of rougli hinge for heavy doors, but it is sometimes made very elaborate and ornamental, figs. 3603-4. A T-hinge is a combination of the butt and strap-hinge, one-half being of each form. Butt-hinges are eit\\er fast-joint , loose- joint or loose-pin. A double-acting hinge is one which permits the door to swing either way. Berth-hinges, flgs. 4183-93 are also loose or fast-joint. Sofa-hinges, figs. 4136-7, and seat-hinges, fig. 4111, are used in sleep- ing cars to connect the seat and seat-back. Hinge-burner (mineral-oil lamp). Figs. 3373-4. A burner of which the chimney-seat is hinged to the lamp-top so as to give access to the wick. They are in decreasing use. Hinged-sash bar (street cars). 193, figs. 5654-67. Hinge-pin. Figs. 2588, 3599, etc. The jjin passing through the knuckle of a hinge and holding the two parts to- gether. A loose-joint butt-hinge has the pin fast in the lower half of the knuckle and projecting upward, so that the other half is held on only by gravity. The hinge-pin in the best hinges, screws into the kniickle. Hinkley brake-slack adjuster. Figs. 1761-8. A device consisting of a screw working in a swiveled sleeve actu- ated by a ratchet- wlieel and pawl. When the rod to which it is attached travels as it mnst when the brakes are applied the screw is turned so as to take up the slack and if it be more than a certain amount, the pawl engages in the next tooth when the rod returns in its movement to release tire brakes. Hinge-plate washer (English). 73, figs. 348-51. A long wrought-iron waslier taking all tlie bolts securing the main part of the hinge to the door. Hinson car-coupler. Figs. 3150-60. Hitchcock chair. Figs. 3996-7. A revolving and reclin- ing chair witli leg and foot rests, somewhat after the style of the Hartley and Horton chairs. Hitchcock combination hot-and-cold-water faucet. Fig. 3494. Hix drop-lock. Freight-car doors. Figs. 3756-7. Hodge brake. Figs. 1463, 1465, 1538, 1693-8. An ar- rangement invented by Nehemiah Hodge, patented 1849, for operating the brakes on each truck of a oar simul- taneously, and equalizing the pressure on all the wheels. The brake may have either one or two levers on each truck. Underneath the car-body are two levers called Hodge or floating levers, with movable fulorums in their centers, which are connected together by a rod. One end of each of these levers is connected by a rod and chain to the brake-shaft, and the otlier end of tlie float- ing lever is connected by a rod with the long arm of a brake-lever on a truck. Hodge lever. 12, fig. 1693-8. See above. The Hodge brake-gear is used altogether with the Westinghouse air brake apparatus. Hodge lever-guide. See Floating lever-guide. Hog-chain " (Shipbuilding.) A chain in the nature of a tension-rod passing from stem to stern of a vessel, and over posts nearer amidships ; designed to prevent the vessel from drooping at the ends." — Knight. Hence applied to certain forms of trusses in car con- struction, as iu the pile-driver car, 36, figs. 401-4, and in fig. 400. A hog-chain is an inverted truss-rod, and usually so called when applied in connection with and in similar form to a body truss-rod, as in fig. 513, and 220, fig. 505, the object (jf a truss-rod being to prevent a beam from sinking in the middle, and of a hog-chain to prevent sinking at the ends when supported at the midille. Also called an overhang truss rod. Hog-chain queen-post. 221, fig. 505. See above. The struts over which the hog-chain passes. Hog-chain rod (of a passenger-car) . 167, fig. 456. See above. More properly a continuous counterhrace-rod or an overhang triiss-rod. Hoisting-block (of a derrick or crane). 2, figs. 389-96. The main block at the lower end of the hoisting-chains carrying the slieave-hook, or hoisting-hook, to which the load is attaclied. Hoisting-block clevis. A clevis caiTied at the top of a hoisting-block to which the fixed end of the hoisting- chain is attached. In some oases, as in L, figs. 151-3, it is attached to a clevis at the upper end of the boom. Hoisting-chain (of a derrick or crane). 5, figs. 389-96. The chain attached to the hoisting-drum at one end and to the hoisting-block or boom-clevis at the other, by which the loads are raised. Hoisting-chain sheave. 21, figs. 389-96. A pulley placed in some wrecking-cars at the foot of the mast, when the hoisting-gear is at some distance from it. The term is equally applicable to the must-sheave and boom-sheave at the top of those parts of a derrick, but the latter are generally otherwise distinguished. Hoisting-hook. See Sheave-hook. See also Hoisting- block. Holder. ' ' Something by which a thing is held. " — Webster. A great variety of parts which serve this purpose are so called, as door-holder, lamp-holder, etc., which take their names from the thing which they hold. Hollow piston-rod. (Westinghouse freight and tendei- brakes. ) A bi'ake-cylinder piston-rod which is hollow to receive the pjusli-rod or push-bar, which see. Hollow spoke-wheel. Figs. 5333, 5851-2. See Car-wheel and ivheel. Hood. 1. See Platform-Jwod. Ventilator-hood. Aroof- ajjroji which is attached to both platform-roof s and pjlat- form-hoods is sometimes called a liood. 2. (Spear-heater.) Figs. 3058-60. More properly a ventilator or wind-scoop. A horizontal tube or covering on the outside of a car, and on top of the cold-air pipe, so as to give the latter a T-shaise. The air is admitted to the pipe through the ends of the hood, which are covered with wire-netting to exclude cinders. It has a valve which is moved by the current of air so as to admit it whichever way the car runs. 3. (For urinal.) Figs. 3874-5. More properly ijenfiZa- for-cap. Hood-support (street-cars, etc.). 83. figs. 5654-6. A platform end-post. Hook. See Bell-cord end -hook. Bertli-catch hook. Berth-eurtain hook. Body check-chain hook. Check-chain hook. Coat-and-hat hook. Coat-hook. Couplimg-hooh. Door-hook. Door-latch hook. Drawbar conpling-hook . Draw-hooh. Hat-hook. Hat-post and hook. Pouch-hook. Lamp>-case hook. Seal-liook. Stake-hook. Table-hook.. Table-leg liook. Tiuck check-chain hook. Window-curtain hook. Hooked brake-head. Fig. 1614-15. Hoop (for oil-lamps). Figs. 3393. A ferrule with an in- terior thread into whicli the burner screws. Hoopstiok (English). See Roof stick. HOP HTA Hopkins' journal-bearing'. A lead-lined journal bear- ing.^, which see, which use a tliin coating of lead inside an ordinary brass-bearing. Hopper. 1. (Passenger-cars.) Figs. 3855-68. A closet- hopper, or noil-hopper. 2. (Freight-cars.) See Hopper bottom-car. Hopper-bottom car. Fig. 24-36 ; also figs. 305-320, 334a. A car with an inclined bottom sloping from every side (or simply from the ends) , to drop-doors in the center, so that the entire contents can be discharged. They are chiefly used for carrying coal, but sometimes other min- erals. New hopper-bottom cars are chiefly eight-wheeled hopper-bottom cars, though many old four-wheeled hopper-bottom cars are still in service. Hopper-bottom gondola-cars, figs. 34-36, etc., have a similar bottom in their center, and those shown in figs. 305-9 are designed to completely discharge their contents without assist- ance. The four-wheeled hopper-bottom cars are being superseded by eight-wheeled gondola cars with single or twin hoppers. Hoppers are distinguished as box-hoppers, those whose sides slope from the ends only, and as pyramidal, or those whose sides slope from the sides and ends. A hoi^pier-bottoni car should be distinguished from a ch'op-hottom. The latter not being provided with a hopper. See Gondola-ear. Hopper butt-hinge. Figs. 2601, 3616. A hinge so named from its pointed form. Hopper carry-irons. Figs. 1076-9. A hoppier-supporting strap, which see. Hopper-chain. See Drop-door chain. Hopper-plates. The sheets of iron constituting the bot- tom of a hopper-bottom coal-car. Wlien this part is of wood it is termed the inclined floor. Hopper siding. 28, fig. 334a. The planking that foims the side of a box-hopper. Hopper stayrods. 71, 71a, figs. 305-15. Inclined rods passing through the center sill and to the hopper sup- porting-strap at the hinged end of the doors to prevent the hopper from sagging in the middle. Hopper supporting-strap. 72, 73, figs. 305-15. A heavy U-shaped iron strap bent to the shape of the hopper of a gondola car, and the ends bolted to the side sills. Its office is to support the hopper, and it is usually applied at the end of the inclined floor, and in the middle of the hopper at which point the doors are hinged. Hopper ventilator. Figs. 3841-2. See BelVs exhaust hopper ventilator. Horizontal brake-shaft. 95, figs. 332-43. A brake-shaft usually at the end of a car-body, whose position is hori- zontal instead of vertical, so that it can be applied from below. When used it is commonly in combination with a long brake-shaft of the ordinary kind at the other end of the car. It is for use in grain elevators, tunnels and in city yards, and chiefly on the Pennsylvania Railroad. Horizontal brake-shaft chain, 104, figs. 233-43. A chain attached to a brake-rod at the end of a car and nlnning over a pulley to a horizontal shaft on which it is wound. Horizontal equalizing-lever. 27, figs. 3437-45. Piill- man Vestibule. See Eqiializer. Horizontal telegraph-cock, or faucet. Fig. 3489-90. See Faticet. Horn. (Janney coupler.) 49, fig. 2440. A part rigidly fastened to the coupler or drawbar, by means of which the coupler and buffer springs are connected. See Pedes- tal-horn. Horn-bolt. (Janney coupler. ) The bolt securing the horn in place. Homplate (EngUsh). The name given to the part of a locomotive or tender which on other railroad vehicles is termed axle-guard (American, pedestal), which see. Horsebox (English). A four-wheeled covered vehicle adapted to run on passenger trains. It is fitted with large side-doors and mangers, and is divided into three stalls by movable padded partitions. See also Racehorse box. Horse-car. 1. Figs. 42-7. A box-car fitted up especially for carrying horses, by leaving certain slatted openings, etc. They are then classed under the general name of box-stock car. Some horse-cars are very elaborate. 2. Fig. 5653. Street-cars, which see, drawn by horses, are very frequently called horse-cars. Horse-hook, or towing-hook (English). 81, figs. 348-51. Nearest American equivalent, roping-staple. An iron hook attached to the 'sole-bar and forming an attach- ment for a rope by which the vehicle can be drawn. Horses are largely used for switching in England. Horseshoe-seal. Figs. 3890-a, 3877-8. A cast-in wire and lead seal. Hose. Flexible tubing, made of leather, canvas, or india- rubber, for conveying water, air, or other fluids. It is sometimes armored, which see. See also Brake-hose. Coupling-hose. Tender-hose. Hose-couplings. See Brake-hose couplings. Hose-clamp. Fig. 1742. A clamp to bind the hose to the hose-nipple and coupling. Hose-nipple. Fig. 1739. Its use is shown in figs. 1737-8. Hot-air box (Spear-heaters). A box, called also the run- ning-pipe or hot-air ptipe, passing along the sides of the car under the seats with a register adjacent to each seat and connecting with the air space around the stove, so as to deliver hot air through the car. See Ventilator. Hotel-oar. A sleeping-car with a kitchen for cooking and arrangements for serving meals. Dining-cars have kitchens, etc., but no sleeping-berths. Hotel-cars have passed out of use, in favor of di n ing-cars, with sleeping cars attached. Hotel-car range. See Range. Hot-water heater. See Baker-heaters. Hot-water pipes. P, figs. 2453-3a. Pipes running along- side of a car and under the seats, which contain hot water, and by which the car is heated. They are usu- ally naked iron pipes, and the car is heated by convection as well as radiation. Between the seats the pipes on the side of the car have a hot-water guard-r ail r\XD.ning along over and above them. House-oar. An occasional term for a box-car, which see. House of the drawbar. Figs. 1936-3020, 2021. See Draw- bar. Housing-box. A journal-box, which see. Howard look (freight-car door). "Q. & C." Co. Figs. 2752-5. Howard's parlor-car water-closet. Figs. 3838-40. A de- vice, the essential feature of which is the connection be- tween the seat-lid and the pan and service measiu'e, by which no water is carried to the pan except on opening the lid. See Parlor-car water-closet. Howard safety berth-latch. See Safety berth-latch. The Daijton is another kind. The two differ very slightly. Hub (of a car- wheel). The central portion into which the axle is fitted. It is usually cylindrical in form, and projects beyond the disks or spokes of the wheel on each side. In England termed the boss. Hub-bolts (steel-tired wheels, which see). Figs. 5308-13. Bolts fastening the face-plates to the htib. Hurricane-lamp (another name for tornado-lamps, which see). Figs. 3361-3 are hurricane or tornado-lamps. Hutchins freight-oar roof. Fig. 3396. A form of roof consisting of two layers of boards, 6 inches wide and matched, and separated by a continuous sheet -of Hut- chins three-ply plastic roofing. See Car-roof. Hyatt-elastic roller-bearing. Figs. 5682-3. A bearing the rollers of which are of flat bar steel wound spirally like a close spiral spring, wliich gives flexibility to the roller. By virtue of tliis flexibility it is claimed that they adapt themselves to inequalities of the axle and box-lining and do not jam and wedge. The rollers are said to yield and distribute the load over several of their HYD 69 INS number, thus reducing the pressure upon the top roller. The rollers are kept parallel by a frame carrying parallel pins or rods on which the spiral-rollers revolve loosely. Wrought iron axles are fitted with a steel sleeve, and the cast boxes are lined with a steel bushing. The boxes have dust-guards and are made narrow enough to fit in existing car-trucks of steam and electric roads. Hydraulic jack. Figs. 3738-53. A tool or machine in which the power is exerted by means of the pressure of some liquid acting against a piston or plunger, for rais- ing heavy weights, like a car. The head and interior tube or ram, fig. 3734, forms a reservoir from which the fluid flows to the pump, and to which it is returned in lowering. From the pump it Is forced, by the down- ward stroke of the piston, past the lower valve into the cyUnder, and, this being closed at the bottom, the ram rises. The lever, which is made with a projection on one edge, slips into a socket at the side of the head. This socket passes through an arm on the interior of the head, and to this is fastened the piston of the pump. The claw attachment, figs. 3739, 3734, is a third tube, which screws into the head, below the ram-collar and outside of the cylinder, at the lower end of which is a claw projecting out at one side. They are rated so that one man can raise the weight for which they are de- signed. The speed of lifting is inversely proportionate to the amount Uf ted. Ten tons can be hf ted one foot in about a minute and a half. See Dudgeons hydraulic- jacks, and Watson and Stillmans hydraidic-jacks. Hydraulic-pressed car-candles. Candles made of paraf- fin by hydraulic pressure. See Candles. Hydrostatic-buffer. A platform and buffing apparatus designed by Mr. A. G. Leonard and first appUed to the Empire State Express between New York and Chicago. It consists of a buffer plate extending the full width of t\ie plaif arm end-sills, with two side, two intermediate, and one center buffer stems. These center stems are backed up by springs as is usual in other buffing appar- atus, and in addition the center and side stems are enlarged at their ends and fitted so as to act as pistons in buffer-stem cylinders. The two side and center cylinders are fiUed with a liquid and they are connected with suitable piping. The drawbar has attached to it a pressure-bar which is also fitted to a cyUnder, which has pipe connection with the center and side buffer stems. The effect of this arrangement is to equalize the pressure upon the buffer-plate. If one side-buffer stem receives more than its proportion of the thrust, the fluid conveys the hydrostatic pressure to the other side and center, and tends to equahze it. When the drawbar is drawn out the pressure-bar piston forces the fluid from its cylinder into the buffer stem cglinders and forces out the buffer-plate, insuring contact at all times between the buffer-plates. Folding steps are required, since the buffing apparatus takes up the full width of the platform. I-beam. A general term applied by makers to any form of rolled iron having an I cross-section. The top and bottom parts are termed the flanges and the middle the web. The usual dimensions are given by the total height from out to out, and vary from three to fifteen inches. When one of the flanges is simply a round bar it is termed a deck-beam. I-beams are used in car construction, with channel-bars and also for trucks. I-beams are used for center and intermediate sills, also for truck-bolsters, as in figs. 4576, 4644-66 ; channel-beams for side-sills, truck- transoms, figs. 4729, etc., for plating truck bolster, figs. 4738-9, and for spring-planks, 4580, 4644, 1748, etc. Ice-car. A car for transporting ice, usuall constructed with double roofs, floors and sides, filled in ^vith saw- dust or other non-conducting substance. Ice-pan (refrigerator-cars) . The receptacle for carrying ice, especially roof ice-pans, in distinction from ice-racks at the ends of the car. Igniter, or signal-holder (for blue-hght signals). A wooden handle having a piston in the end for igniting the blue-light by compression. Inclined floor (coal-cars). 37h, figs. 305-9 ; 27a, figs. 310- 15. Subdivided into inclined end-floor and inclined side- floor, the latter not always used. Inclined floor cross-bar (hopper-bottom coal-car) . Cross- bars passing from one sill to the other, in the modem cars usually of iron, supporting the inclined hopper- plates, or wood floor. Inclined floor-timbers (coal-car). The wooden sills to which the inclined floor of a coal-oar is nailed. Inclined-plane car. A passenger street-car which is drawn by a wire rope on a steep inclined plane. The car is so arranged that the floor will be level when the wheels are on the incline, by making the wheels at one end larger than at the other, or by raising up one end of the car-body. Inclined side-floor (coal-oar). See Inclined-floor. India-rubber body-cushion, or Attock's body-block. (English.) 186, figs. 501-4. A piece of rubber about 6 in. by 3 in. by 1 in. thick, interposed between the body and the underframe, serving to deaden noise and vibra- tion and permit a free circulation of air to the fioor timbers. India-rubber. A gum which exudes from a tropical tree growing in the East and West Indies, Mexico, South America, etc. It is prepared for use by vulcanizing with a greater or less proportion of sulphur, according to the stiffness required. India-rubber car-spring. A spring consisting of a cylin- drical block of india-rubber. Such springs have been used both for carrying the weight of cars and for buffer and draw-springs. Now rarely used in this country, but largely in Eirrope. India-rubber floor-mat. Figs. 2856-7. See Floor-mat. They are eifhev perforated or corrugated. Ingate. "The aperature in a casting-mold at which the melted metal enters." — Knight. Often called a gate. Injector. Figs. 4327-9a. A large hood or wind-scoop on the roof of the car to catch the air and force it through the various pipes into the car. Corresponding parts are called hoods, jacks, ventilators, ventilator-jacks, wind scoops, etc. Inner centre-stem guide. Figs. 1424-5. 43, figs 3396- 2300. See Buffer stem-guides. Inner-coil (graduated bolster-spring). See Spiral spring. Inner draw-bar carry-iron (Miller coupler). 32, figs. 3390-2. A U-shaped strap of -nTOught-iron bolted to the suspender beam to support the drawbar coupling-hook. Inner face-plate. Fig. 2433, and 4, fig. 2435. Also called a back face-plate. See Gould vestibule. Inner hung-brake. Figs. 1530-1,4580-2, 4644-8, etc. When the break-shoes and beams are between the wheels. Figs. 4740-2. When attached on the outside, it is an outer hung-brake. Inner intermediate-sills. Figs. 329-66. Those two in- termediate-sills next to the center-sills. See Outer in- termediate-sills. Inner lamp-ring (English). 168, fig. 501. An ornamen- tal or wooden ring in the inner surface of the roof sur- rounding the aperture for the roof-lamp, which see. Inner side-stem guide. Figs. 1416-18, 36-37, figs. 2296- 2300. See Buffer stem-guides. Inside body-corner knee (English). 76, figs. 348-51. American equivalent, sill knee-iron or comer plate, which latter is used outside instead of inside. A wrought- iron knee placed in a horizontal plane securing the end and side of the body together. Inside-casing (Baker heater). Figs. 2901, 2916. Sheet- iron, or steel-plate, bent and riveted into the shape of a frustum of a cone which forms the top of the fire-pot. Inside casing. (English). 129, figs. 501-4. Boards in INS 70 INT the inside of the body attached to the framing of the sides and ends. Also called inside-lining. Inside-cornice (passenger-oar interiors). 94, figs. 435-73, 539-41. A molding which fills the angle where the roof joins the side of the car. Inside-cornice fascia-hoard. 95, figs. 485-541. A pro- jecting board which forms a molding or ornament un- der the inside-cornice. The sub-fascia board lies under it. The arrangement of these details, however, is fre- quently varied. Inside-cornice sub-fascia board. 96, figs. 542-67. See above. Inside end-piece (of truck-frame). Figs. 4836-40. The end-piece which is nearest to the center of the car. It is usually straight while the outer one is curved so as to make room for the draft-rigging. Inside frieze-panel (street-cars). A panel on the inside over a window. Inside hand-rail (street-cars). 185, figs. 5654-67. A rail, usually made of wood, attached to the rafters by metal brackets, and caiTying leather straps in the form of loops for passengers to hold fast to. Inside hand-rail bracket. 187, figs. 5654-67 and figs. 3626-70. See above. Inside-lining. 1. 53, figs. 229-66, etc. The boarding which is nailed to the insides of the posts of freight, baggage and other cars. In box-cars it extends half way up only, to the girth. Inside-lining becomes some- times inside-sheathing when it is carried up to the roof, and is the only sheathing for the car, the frame being left exposed. 2. (English.) See Inside-casing. Inside-lining cap. A girth or belt-rail, which see. See also above. Inside-lining stud. A stud extending from the side-siU to the girth to serve as a " nailer" for the inside-lining. Inside-shell (Kirby's car-door lock). H, fig. 2628. A kind of escutcheon on the inside face of the door in- closing the latch-pull ■s^'ithin it. Inside spring-case. A shell cast on the spring-plates to keep the coils in place. Inside wheel-piece plate. 12, figs. 4842-4966. See Wheel- . piece. Inside -window-panel. 89, figs. 539-41, etc. A panel in- side of a passenger-car between the windows. Inside window-sill. 78, figs. 435-73,539-41, etc. A hori- zontal piece of wood under the window on the inside. Inside window-stop. A wooden strip attached to a win- dow-post on the inside of a ivindow-blind or an inner sash of a double window. It forms a groove in which the bhnd or window-sash slides. Also called ivindow- casing. Sometimes the window-molding forms a stop on the inside. Inspection-car. 1, A car used for inspecting track of a railroad. In inspecting the track it is pushed in front of a locomotive. 2. Figs. 5586-7, 5605-8, 5613-16, 5592-4. A hand-car used for very much the same pui'pose. Th.ree-wheeled hand-cars are also used by roadmasters for inspection. See Hand-car. 3. Fig. 5612. A small car propelled by steam with seats for 4 to 6 persons. Inspector's lantern. A general term, commonly meaning some form of bi-colored or tri-colored lantern, with col- ors changeable at will, usually by means of shdes, but sometimes by other devices. See Bunnell signal-lantern . Instruction-car. Figs. 218-20. (Air-brake. ) A car main- tained by the Westinghouse Air-Brake Co. and by some railroads, to send out over the line in charge of experts, and with a full equipment of air-brake apparatus for the piu;pose of instructing employes required to operate or inspect air-brakes, as to their constniction, operation and proper maintenance. The same end is accomplished by iome roads by establishing instruction-shops or schools at certain points along the road and requiring employes to attend the same. Interchange of traffic (rules for). A code of rules adopt- ed and amended from year to year, by an organization composed of master car-builders and others, who have held their meetings dm-ing the session of the Convention of the Master Car-Builders' Association. The rules of 1894 make the follovsdng provisions, viz. : Code of Rules Governing the Condition of, and Repairs to, Freight-Cars for the Interchange of Traffic. Rule 1 . Each railway company shall give to foreign cars, while on its fine, the same care as to oiling and pack- ing that it gives to its own cars. Rule 2. Cars must be delivered in good running order, and returned in as good general condition as when re- ceived. Rule 3. Cars may be refused for any of the following defects : ■ ■ (a-r') Defects in wheels. See Wheels. (n-p) Defects in axles. See Axles. (s) Defects in brakes. See Brake-gear. (t) Defects in steps, etc. See Steps, ladders, etc. (h) Defects in drawbars and attachments. (M. C.-B. Automatic couplers.) See Drawbars and attachments. (v) Center sills or draft timbers sphced. (io) Intermediate or outside siU recently spliced in a manner not prescribed by the Rules. {x) Leaky roofs on merchandise or gram cars. (y-t) Cars with doors missing; or in condition which wiU improperly protect the lading, or wdth door shoes worn or loose so as to allow the door to swing outwardly. (2/-2) Cars with four-hole center plates and long center pins through bolster, unless two of the bolts are effective. (?/-3) Cars with four-hole center plates and short center pins which rest in upper plate, unless three of the bolts are effective. {yA) Cars with two-hole center plates, unless both bolts are effective. (2/-5) Cars with two-hole center plates if center plate is broken. (z) Special or general defects of bodies or trucks, which render cars unsafe to run. Rule 4. A car with defects which do not render it un- safe to run nor unsafe to trainmen must be accepted, but in such cases the company to which the car is offered may require that a defect card shall be securely attached to the car with four tacks, preferably on the outside face of the intermediate-sill between the cross-tie timbers. Duplicate cards shall be fui-nished for lost or illegible defect cards. Rule 5. Defect cards shall be 3^ inches by 8 inches, and of the form shown below. They shall be printed on both sides and shall be filled in on both sides with ink or black indelible pencil. The card must plainly specify in full each item for which charges are authorized. M. O.-B. Defect Card. (Name of Road.) Car No Date Initial Line WiU be received at any point on this company's line with the following defects. Note- ill! m de- fects oil both Bides with ink or Dlack in- delible pencil. At- tach thl8 card with four lacks onoulside facj o*' intermediate sill, between cross- tie timbers. ■Inspector at. Rule 6. Any company finding a oar with defect card attached may make the repairs noted by the card, provided such repairs are necessary for the safe running of the car, and render bill for same to the company attacliing card, INT 71 INT stating upon the bill the date and place when the repairs were made ; the card to accompany the bill as voucher for the work done, but no bill shall be rendered for repairs which have not been made. Any company finding a oar with defect card attached, may make such partial repairs as may be necessary for the safe running of the car. It shall strike the iteius repaired from the card by drawing two lines in ink throvigh such items on both sides of the card, and replace the card upon the car. It shall notify the company which issued the original card of the items repaired, and the latter company shall issue a defect card covering the partial repairs made, that card to be used as a voucher and to accompany the biU for such partial repairs. Defects for which owners are responsible: Rule 7. Locks and grain doors in cars are at owner's risk. Rule 8. Car owners shall be chargeable with the repairs of their ovm cars when such repairs are necessitated by: (a) Roofs lost from cars on account of decayed con- dition or faulty construction, and owners notified before the repairs are made. (&) Brake shoes worn out, no charge to be made for labor of renewing ; no credit to be allowed for scrap. (c) Joiurnal bearings needing renewal, no charge to be made for labor of renewing, and an arbitrary scrap credit shaU be allowed for one-half the weight of the bearing applied. (d) Truck or body bolsters, truck transoms, spring planks, or truck springs broken or lost, or arch bars broken or cracked, providing the car was not derailed or wrecked. (e) Wheels and axles worn out as provided in Rule 9. (/) Oil box hds lost off when not caused by wreck or breakage due to rough usage. (g) Brake beams, levers or attachments less than 2^ inches from rail. (h) Center plate bolts broken or missing. Rule 9. When wheels or axles are renewed, they shall be treated as follows : Wheels shall be charged to the company owuing the car, if the cause of removal is : (a) Shelled-out spots. (d) Worn flange. (6) Seams. (e) Tread worn hollow. (c) Worn through chill. (/) Burst. (g) Broken flange, if the breakage is caused by seams worn through chill or worn flange. (h) Broken rim, if caused by rim being hollow. (i) Cracked thread, if caused by being worn through chill. (./) Cracked plate. (l) Broken in pieces. (fc) One or more cracked (m) Loose, brackets. (n) Out of gage. Wheels shall not be charged to the company owning the car, if the cause of removal is : (a) Flat sliding. (b) Chipped flange. (c) Broken flange, if the breakage is not caused by seams, worn through chill or worn flange. (d) Broken or chipped rim, not caused by rim being hollow. («) Breakage of any kind caused by derailment. Axles shall be charged to the company owning the car if the cause of removal is : (a) Wheels having defects which are chargeable to the owners. (b) Axles bent or broken, or with[oollars worn ofl; under fair usage. (c) Axles less than the prescribed limits. Axles shall not be charged to the company owning the oar if the cause of removal is : (a) Wheels having defects for which the owner is not chargeable. (&) Axles damaged by derailment or wreck. (c) Out journals. Rule 10. In the case of oars belonging to private par- ties and corporations other than railway companies, or that are not cared for or controlled by a railroad company, the repairs or renewals of all parts that fail under fair usage, or on account of ordinary wear and tear, or bad or inferior design, may be made by railroad companies, and shall be paid for by the owners, except as already provided in Rule 8. Rule 11. A car unsafe to load on account of general worn-out condition, due to age or decay, shall be reported to its owner, who must be advised of all existing defects. If the owner elects to have it sent home, he shall furnish two home cards, noting upon them existing defects and the route over which the car is to be returned to its owner. If the route coincides with that over which the car passed to the point where it became unserviceable, no liability shall be incurred as between the owner and the road handhng the oar, either for freight charges in handling the car or for car service during this movement. Such cards shall be attached to each side of the body of the car. They shall be 3^ by 8 inches, and of the form shown below. The}' shall be printed on both sides, and shall be filled in on both sides with ink or black indehble pencil : R. R. .R. R. To be shopped for. (Head of Car Department.) In case of private line cars, the cars shall be regularly billed home, and the owner notified. Rule 13. Bills rendered for wheels and axles shall be in accordance with the following schedule of prices for ma- terial, with the proper debits and credits : New. Second- hand. Scrap. One 36-inch wheel $10 00 97 00 $4 60 8 50 6 00 4 00 7 00 5 00 3 SO One axle, 60,000 lbs 10 00 6 00 4 00 One axle, 40,000 lbs. (or under) 9 00 5 50 S .50 and with an additional charge of $1.50 for all labor for each pair of wheels and axle removed from the the truck. If new wheels and axles are substituted for second-hand wheels and axles, proper charges and credits shall be allowed, although such substitution be made on accoxmt of only one loose or defective wheel or a defective axle, with the following exceptions : In case the o\'nier of a car removes wheels on account of defective axle, the road responsible for damaging the axle shall not be charged for any difference in value between the wheels used and those removed. In case the owner of a car removes axle on ac- count of defective wheels, the road responsible for damag- ing the wheels shall not be charged for any difi:erence in value between axle used and that removed. INT 72 INT Rule 13. Bills for wheel and axle work shall be in tlie following form : fe *- o O S ^ 1^1 ^ 00 . ■r— to ©OP ^ o nj 32 >r s a o 5 « Sf ST3 ^ fl (U ,• CO ccJ^ 2 a a f'" e. Bills for wheel and axle work must make specific men. tion of each axle and wheel removed or applied. Bills which do not embody all the information called for by the headings of the colmnns may be declined until inade to conform to the requirements of the rule. If no marks are found on wheels or axles removed, a notation to that effect must be made on face of bill. EuLE 14. In noting on bills the cause of removal of wheels and axles, the terms used in Kule 3, Sections a to r, shall be used, and the dimensions of the defect or variation from the prescribed limits should be carefully specified. EEPAiKma AND Settling foe Foreign Caes. Rule 15. Foreign oars, if damaged, shall be promptly repaired by the company causing the damage ; such re- pairs shall be thoroughly made and the work shall con- form in detail to the original construction and with the same quality of material originally used, except as herein- after provided ; new standard parts may, however, be used if agreed to. Rule 16. In repairing damaged cars M. C. B. Standards may be used when of design and dimensions that do not mar or impair the strength of the cars, in lieu of the parts forming its original construction. Any company finding a link and pin drawbar in a car originally equipped with a drawbar of the M. C.-B. type and so marked and carded for wrong material, may re- place the link and pin drawbar with an M. C.-B drawbar, and bill upon the card to the railroad company carding the car for the wrong drawbar. When M. C.-B couplers of another make are placed upon a car the uncoupling arrangements shall be made opera- tive. Cars equipped with M. C.-B. couplers should be marked to show whether a drawbar pocket or stem attach- ment is standard thereto, and whenever such attachment or the uncoupling arrangements are changed, a defect card shaU be applied to the car for wrong parts used in such uncoupling arrangements or such attachments including a wrong drawbar in the latter case. Rule 17. Wheels on the same axle must be of the same circumference. New wheels must not be mated with second-hand wheels. Prick-puncliing or shimming the wheel fit must not be allowed. Wheels applied must be marked on the inside with the initials of the road doing the work. The wheel seats of foreign axles must not be reduced more than ^^ inch to fit wheels. Rule 18. AU siUs other than center sills to which draw timbers are attached may be spliced once. When the siUs are less than 13 inches in width the plan shown in fig. a is to be followed: Fig. a. When the sills are 13 inches or more in width the plan shovsm in fig. 5 is to be followed : Fig. b. The splice may be located either side of body bolster, but the nearest point of any splice must not be within 12 inches of same. The splicing of two adjacent sills at the sBjne end of the car or between cross-tie timbers will not be allowed. Rule 19. Any company repairing foreign cars with wrong material and not in compliance with Rules 15, 16, 17 and 18, shall be liable for the cost of changing such car to the original standard or to the requirements of Rule 18. Cars originally equipped with link and pin couplers shall be accepted, provided drawbars fit properly and have suffi- cient strength and are in good condition; a card may, however, be required for any alterations which may have been made to rear end attachments. Rule 20. A company using wrong materials in such repairs shall place upon the car, at the time and place that the work is done, a defect card, except as provided in Rules 16 and 19, which defect card shall state the wrong material used, and shall pass the car back to the owning road. Rule 21. The company on whose line the bodies or trucks are destroyed shall report the fact to the owner not later than 30 days after their destruction, and shall have its option whether to rebuild or settle for the same. INT INT Rule 23. If the company on whose lines the oar is destroyed elects to rebuild, either body or trucks, or both, the original plan of construction must be followed, and the original kind and qualities of materials used. The rebuild- ing must be completed within 60 days from the original date of damage or destruction. In such cases no allowance shall be made for betterments. Rule 33. The settlement prices of new eight-wheel cars shall be as follows, with an addition of $40 for each car equipped with air-brakes. The road destroying a car with air-brakes may elect to return the air-brake apparatus, in- cluding all attachments, complete and in good condition. (See Freight-car for the prices of car for several years.) Note. — The lengths of cars mentioned refer to the lengths over-all of the car-bodies, except in the case of flat-cars, in which case the lengths referred to are the the lengths over end-siUs. When cars of 60,000 pounds capacity or over and so stenciled have trucks with journals 4 inches or over in diameter when new, $35 per car shall be added to the figures as given above for the values of car-bodies. Depreciation due to age shall be estimated at six per cent, per annum upon the yearly depreciated value of the bodies and trucks only ; provided, however, that allow- ances for depreciation shall in no case exceed sixty per cent, of the value new. The amount, $40, for air-brakes shall not be subject to any depreciation. Refrigerator-cars, special stock-cars, and other freight- cars designed for special purposes, not specially referred to above, shall be settled for at the present cost price, as may be agreed to by the parties in interest, but the deduc- tion for depreciation due to age shall be on the same basis as for regular freight equipment. Rule 34. If only the body of a car is destroyed and the company destroying it elects to return the trucks, they shaU be put in good order, or accompanied by a defect card and delivered free of freight or other charges to the nearest point on the line of the company operating the car, and the number, line, and class of car destroyed shall be stenciled or painted on each truck so returned. FUENISHINa MATEEU^L AND BILLING WOEK DONE. Rule 35. Companies shall promptly furnish to each other upon requisition, and forward free over their own road, material for repairs of their cars injured upon for- eign Unes that cannot be procured in open market. Requi- sition for such material shaU state that it is for repairs of cars, and shall give the number and lettering of such oars and pattern mmabers of castings required when possible. Rule 36. Bills for work done on defect cards or for ma- terial furnished on requisition shall be on the basis of the following charges and credits : Material. Cast Iron per lb. Mailable Iron Bolts, Nuts »nd (orginga Steel Castings " Spring Steel (not Springs) Brass and Phos. -Bronze Journal Bear- ings ' I Lumber : Yellow, Wbite and Norway Pine, Poplar, Oak, Hickory and Elm., per ft. Lnbor per hr. 1 Box or Stock Har Side Door appld, 1 Box Car Ventilfited Side Door. Wooi en Frame with Iron Kods 1 Box or Stock Car Framed End Door.. 1 Box or Stock Car Half Side Door Chain per lb. Air-Brake Hose and Coupling, com- Slete appld. I. C.-B. Standard Journal Bearing for 4H inches by 8 inches, Journal to weigh 1.3 lbs 1 M. O.-B, Standard Journal Bearing for 3?i inches by 7 inches, Journal to weigh 10 lbs Chakgb, Chedit, ( .01 6-10 .03!4 .04 .06 .05 .13 .03 .20 5.00 8.00 3.00 3.00 .05 2.00 1.69 1.30 % M. C.-B couplers or parts of same to be charged at current market prices, which are to be quoted by the secretary September 1 and March 1 of each year. Credits to be al- lowed at scrap rates as given in above list. Manufactured articles not included in above list at cur- rent market prices without freight charges. When M. C.-B. couplers are changed in Canada, on de- fect card acknowledging wrong material, the couplers may be charged at prices fixed in the Rules, plus the cus- toms duty which must be paid on entering Canada. No percentage to be added for either material or labor. The following table shows the number of hours which may be charged for labor in doing the various items of work enumerated, which includes all work necessary to complete each item of repairs, except in so far as labor is already included in charges for materials : sills sill and 1 inter, sill replaced. 1 side sill replaced. 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 Bills ' sill sills 1 center sill replaced 2 " sills " 1 side sill &nd 1 center sill replaced. 1 • " ■■ 2 " s'Us 2 " Bills ■' 1 " sill 2 " ■' " 2 " sills 1 intermediate Bill replaced 2 '• sills '' 3 ■' " " i " '• " 1 inter, aiil and 1 center sill replaced Refrigerator- Cars. Hrs. sills ' sills sill sills sill Bills Sill sills ;ide, 1 inter, and 1 center sill repl. sills 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 side sill spliced. 1 intermediate siil spliced 1 side plate, replaced 1 running board, replaced 1 end plate, replaced 1 " sill under Biding, replaced I " *' outside '' 1 end sill under siding, replaced wben one or more defective sills have been replaced 1 end sill outside Biding, replaced when one or more defective sills have been replaced . 1 end or corner post, replaced 1 door or Bide " *' 1 platform plank. " 1 plain m e tal or wood body hols ter.rep 1 composite body bolster, replaced. 1 plain metal or wood body bolster, replaced when one or more de- fective sills are replaced 1 composite bolbter, replaced wben one or more defective sills are replaced .... 1 cross tie timber, replaced 1 cross-tie timber, replaced when one or more detective sills are repl. 1 draft timber, replaced 1 draft timber, replaced when its center sill has been replaced 2 draft timbers on same end, replaced 1 carlin. replaced I truck bolster, replaced 1 spring pliink, 1 truck bolster and 1 spring plank in same truck, replaced. . . 1 brake beaoi, replaced 1 drawbar, " 1 M. C.-B. knuckle, replaced Replacing center plates, 1 ,or 2 atone end Replacing center plate boltsinpart or all at one end Replacing draft-timber bolts com- plete at one end of car Replacinsdeidwood at oneendof car Charge for Labor. H 65 60 70 80 90 81 91 101 111 44 65 63 107 40 66 66 76 60 81 70 91 80 101 90 111 81 102 91 112 101 122 Ul 132 102 123 112 122 132 133 143 153 15 14 30 6 14 15 7 1 10 10 10 12 2 2 5- 3 3 3 13.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 16.20 18 20 20 20 22.20 8.80 13 00 13.00 17 20 17.20 21.40 8 00 11.20 13.20 15 20 12.00 16.20 14.00 18.20 16.00 20.20 18.00 22.20 16.20 20 40 18.20 22.40 20.20 24 40 22.20 26.40 20.40 24.60 22.40 24.40 26.40 26.60 28.60 30.60 3.00 2.80 6.00 1.20 2.80 3.00 1.40 .40 1.00 LOO .20 2.00 2.40 .60 .20 1.20 .20 2.00 2.00 2,00 2.40 .40 .40 .10 .60 .60 .60 .40 All other Cars. Hrs. 38 53 44 60 66 62 58 64 70 76 38 53 63 C8 68 83 29 35 41 47 44 58 50 64 56 70 62 76 58 74 64 80 70 86 76 92 74 86 92 95 101 107 12 11 30 6 14 15 7 1 10 2 10 10 Charge for Labor. S7.60 10.60 8.80 10.00 11.20 12 40 1 60 12.80 14.00 15 20 7.60 10.60 lo.eo 13.60 13 60 16.60 5.80 7.00 8.20 9 40 8.80 11.60 10 00 12.80 11.20 14.00 12.20 15.20 11.60 14.80 12.80 16.00 14.00 17.20 15.20 18.40 14.80 17.80 16.00 17.20 18.00 19.00 20.20 21.40 2.40 2.20 6.00 1.20 2.80 3.00 1.40 .40 .60 .60 .20 L60 2.00 .60 .20 1.20 .20 2.00 .40 2.00 2.00 2.40 .40 .40 .10 .60 .60 .40 An addition.il charge of $\ for 5 b replacing intermediate or center si brakes. ours' labor shall be allowed in is on cars equipped with air- INT 74 INT MISCELLANEOUS. Rule 27. In rendering bills, cars shall be treated as be- longing to railwaj^ companies whose name or initials they bear, excspt in case of Line Cars, ivliere the equipment list of the general officers of the Line designates a party to make settlement. Rule 38. For the mutual advantage of railway compa- nies interested, the settlementfor a car owned or controlled by a railway company, when damaged or destroyed uj)on a private track, shall be assmned by the railway company delivering the car upon such track. Rule 39. Any railway company may become a party to this Code of Rules by giving notice through one of its general oflBcers to the Secretary of the Master Car-Build- ers' Association. Any railwaj' company which is a party to this Code of Rules shall be bound by same through its successive re- visions, until one of its general officers files with the Sec- retary of the Master Car-Builders' Association its notifica- tion of withdrawal. Acceptance or rejection of this Code of Rules must be as a whole; and no exception to an individual rule or rules shall be valid. Rule 30. In order to settle disputes arising under the rules, and to facilitate the revision of the rules at the annual conventions of the association, an Arbitration Committee of five representative members shall be ap- pointed annually by the Executive Committee; three members of this comjuittee to constitute a quorum. The committee shall ask for suggestions of changes, amend- ments and additions to these rules prior to each annual convention, which it shall consider, and it shall report its recommendations to the succeeding annual convention. In case of any dispute or question arising under the rules between the subscribers to said rules, the same may be submitted to this committee through the Secretarj', who shall, before referring the case to the committee, no- tify both parties to the dispute to submit their reasons in support of their claims to the committee in order to enable it to decide intelligently. Should one of the parties refuse or faU to furnish the necessary information, the committee shall use its judgment as to whether, with the informa- tion furnished, it can properly give its opinion. The de- cisions of the committee shall be final and binding upon the parties concerned. This committee shall report its decisions to the association, and their report shall be incor- porated in the annual report of proceedings of the asso- ciation. RxjLE 31. In the revision of these rules by the associa- tion a two-thirds vote shall be necessary for adoption. Voting powers shall be the same as prescribed in the constitution of the Master Car-Builders' Association on matters pertaining to the adoption of standards and the expenditure of money. Rule 33. This Code of Rules shall take effect September 1 , 1894, and shall be introduced for discussion and revision at one session of the Master Car-Builders' Association Convention each j'ear. Interchange of Traffic. Rules governing the condition of, and repairs to, passenger-cars: 1. Each railway company shall give to foreign cars, while on its line, the same care and attention that it gives its own cars, except in case of cars on which work is done under special agreement existing between the company owning the cars and the road operating the same. 8. Cars must be delivered in good running order, and returned in as good general condition as when received. 3. The receiving road is authorized to make such alter- ations and repairs as are necessary for the safe movement of cars over its line, and must immediately notify the de- livering road of all such alterations and repairs, upon re- ceipt of which notification the delivering road shall fui-nish proper authority to render bill for such alterations and repairs. 4. Authority must be furnished for the replacement of wheels and axles if in the following condition : Wheels. (a) Loose wheels. (/)) Variation from gage beyond the limits as pre- scribed in the Rules of Interchange for freight-cars. Wheels, Cast-Iron. (a) Shelled out, with treads defective on account of circular pieces shelling out, leaving round, flat spots, deepest at the edges, with raised centers, if 1:^ inches or more in diameter. (b) Tread worn hollow; if tread is worn sufficiently hollow to render flange or rim liable to breakage. (c) Worn flange ; flanges having flat, vertical surfaces, extending more than f inch from tread. (d) Flat spots ; if flat spots, caused by sliding, exceed IJ inches in length. (e) Burst ; if wheels are cracked from the wheel fit out- ward by pressure from the axle. (/) Flanges, rim, tread, plate or brackets, either cracked, chipped or broken in any manner. Wheels, Steel-Tired. (a) Loose, broken or cracked hubs, plates, bolts, retain- ing ring or tire. « a; 4 33 ^ gj (U c— » it: 9 ° o rt C pS 8h INT 75 JAN (&) Worn flange or tire ; with flanges less than | inch thick, or having flat, vertical surfaces extending more than f inch from tread, or witli tire tlxinner than is shovrn in fig. 5489. (c) Flat spots; if flat spots, caused by sliding, exceed li inches in length. Axles. Axles bent or broken, or having journals cut or less than Si inches in diameter. 5. Brakes must be in perfect working order (adjust- ment based on seventy pound s as the initial pressure), with a piston travel of not less than 5 inches, nor nrore than 8 inches. 6. Bills for wheels and axles shall be of the accompany- ing form, and must make .specific mention of each wheel and axle removed or applied : Second- New band. Scrap. 1 36-inch Cast Wheel .$11.00 $8.00 *5.0i. 1 33-inch Cast Wheel 9.00 6. .50 4.50 1 axle. 60.000 lbs 10 00 6.00 4.00 1 axle, 40,0001b? 9.00 5.50 3.60 T. Bills rendered for labor and material furnished shall be in accordance with the following prices, with the proper debits and credits : Credit New. forScfdp. Journal bearings 15 cents. 9 cenis. Malleable Iron 3]4 " Va " Bolts, Nuts, WrouKbt Washers and all vVrouffht Iron excep. Axles 4 " 1 Castings 16-10" % " ■Spring Steel (not Springs) 5 " % " Lumber: Oak, Pine, Poplar, Hickory and Elm 3 " Labor 25c. per hour. All steel castings and steel wheels of the different makes to be charged at current market prices. Removing, turning and replacing a pair of steel-tired wheels, $7. Removing and replacing a pair of cast-iron wheels, $3. Loss of service metal from steel-tired wheels as a result of slid spots or other causes, to be charged at the rate of $2 per yV inch thickness of tire. Glass, paints and other materials to be charged at cur- rent market prices. Interior screw-tube (of .student-lamp) . One of a pair of tubes having a screw on them in such manner as to raise or lower the wick by revolving the burner. Intermediate floor (passenger-cars) . 28, figs. 550-560. A floor consisting of boards placed between the sills and between the deafening-ceiling, or under floor, and the npper or main floor. Its purpose is to exclude noise and cold. The tendency is to use no other deadeni > g material in oar-floors. Intermediate gear (of hoisting-gear). One or more shafts carrying additional gear-wheels to give more power and slower motion when the Hhifting-jnnion, which see, is shifted into the gear-wheel. Intermediate platform timbers. Figs. 1328-39. Intermediate-seat cross-rail. 256, fig. 5663. Intermediate sills. 3, figs. 329-567, etc. The two main longitudinal timbers underneath the floor between the side-sills and the center-sills. Internal cylindrical gage. A very accurately made solid steel cylinder used as a standard of measurement of cylindrical holes. Internal screw-gage. A solid steel cylinder with a screw- thread on it, for testing the diameter of female screws. Internal tire-flange (steel-tired wheels). Figs. 5339-5366. A flange by which the tire is bolted to the wheel -center. Inverted arch-bar (diamond-truck side frames). 15, figs. 4576-4805. A wrought-iron or steel bar which rests on top of the journal-boxes with the arcti-bar, which see, on top of it. Also sometimes called the middle or louvr arcli-bar, as in logging cars. See Center-bearing in- verted arch-bar (for six-wheel trucks), 67, figs. 4961-6. Inverted body-queen-post. A jjost in the side of a car- body which supports the inverted body-truss rod or over- hang truss-rod. Inverted body- truss-rod. A tru.ss-rod used as a hog-chain. whicli see, to prevent tlie ends of a car-body from .sag- ging. It rests on two iiueen-ponts on top of the sill, and is attached to the latter at each end, bearing against an inverted truss-rod phite. An overhang truss-rod. Inverted truss-rod plate (street-cars). 25, fig. 1843. See above. Safet!/-beam iron. Step- iron. Truck-frame knee-iron. Truss-rod iron. Iron. See (Jarry-iron. Cricket-iron. Kiicc-iron. Pull- iron or switching iron or roping staple. Iron body-bolster. Figs. 1431-57. A body-bolster, which see, of iron, usually made in the form of a truss, con- sisting of two flat bars, the body-bolster top-plate and body-bolster bottom-plate. Double-iron body-bolsters, which see, are also used. Iron car-seat. Figs. 3954-5. See Car-seat. Iron truck. A car-truck of which the side-frames are made wholly of iron. See diamond truck, which is the principal type. These are often made of iron with wooden transoms and si^ring-planks, although iron tran- soms are now used in many cases. Figs. 4576-8, 4644-8, 4753-7, are illustrations of iron freight-car trucks, and figs. 4809-13 of passenger-car trucks, the latter being rarely of iron. Italian hemp bell-cord. See Bell-cord. Jack. See Jack-screw, also hydratdic-jack, figs. 8728-53 ; lamp-jack and lever rack-jack ; screvi-jack, figs. 3733. 3736-9, 3743-4 ; .smoke-jack, or stove-pipe jack ; ventilator- jack, etc. Jackets for Steam-heating (Safety's). Figs. 3039-48, 3043-45, 3051-55. The figures show in detail the construc- tion of the single jackets, coil jackets and double jackets respectively. The inner or the water circulation pipes are of brass or copper, and therefore most efficient con- ductors of heat. Leakage of steam from steam spaces past the water pipes is prevented by packed glands shown. Coil jackets are always furnished in pairs, right and left, as shown. See Drums. Jack-screw. Figs. 3738, 8736-9, and 3743-4. 1, A tool or machine for lifting or raising heavy weights. It consists of one or more screws, turned by a lever and working in a case, which rests upon the floor or ground, as shown in the figure. Jacks take various names from their forms, sizes and shapes, and are designated as Bell-base, Broad-base, CUiiv, and Low, and also from the uses for which they are designed, as Journal-box jacks, Tr aver sing-jacks. Track-jacks, etc. See Hydraulic jack. 3. (For pile-driver car.) 21, figs. 401-4. A jack-screw working on a jack-screw pin attached to the body, for relieving the springs of the cars from action and mak- ing the platform a rigid body. Tongs or crabs attached to the track are used to prevent the car body from ris- ing upward when on the jack-screws. Another device for this same purpose is a bolster jack-screw. Jamb (of a door). 1, fig. 1788. The door-post on each side of the door proper. Ash-pit jamb, which see, is a similar use of the term. Janney car-coupler. Figs. 3161-83, 3353-4. A drawbar arranged to couple cars automatically, invented and patented by E. H. Janney in 1870. The outer end of the drawbar is made of a forked or U -shape, and to one arm an L-shaped knuckle is pivoted. When the two drawbars come together, the two knuckles engage into each other. The axis of the drawbar therefore remains always fixed, and does not move sidewise to couple as in the Miller coupler. In the passenger coupler, when the knuckles engage, the rear point of one or both of them is thrown back, and in its rearward motion it displaces a catoh, which JAN 7(5 JO0 snaps back overtlie point of hook and secures it in place. The motion of tlie catcli is controlled by the caich- spring, which slides on the catch-apring holt. The draw- bar is cast hollow to contain the knuckle, catch and attached parts. The buffers are caused to act simviltaneously with the draft-gear, so tliat the stronger the tension on the latter the stronger the compression on the buffers, by means of the horn and yoke-lever. The buffer comes forward whichever way you move the coupler. The manner in which this is effected is highly ingenious, and is de- scribed under Janney-Buhoup platform-equipment. The main draft-sirring acts as a buffer-spring in compres- sion. The centre buffer-spring acts as a buffer-spring in either compression or draft. Whether in buffing or in draft the faces of the buffers are always kept in con- tact ; the buffers follow the movement of the coupler forward. To uncouple, a platform-lever draws a pi'M-rod which operates a catch-lever and unlocks the knuckle, permit- ting the same to swing upon the knuckle-pin. A recent improvement is the Janney-Buhoup, which see. A long list of parts, as follows, are eometimes named with and sometimes without the pretis: Jaftjiey. The following is a snhstantially complete list of all parts of the Janney and Jan- ney-Miller coupler, except those entitled combination, etc., which see. Auxiliary draft-spring. Barrel of Janney-Miller coupler. Brake-ihaft stand. Buffer (flat face). Buffer (round tii.ce), Buffer, guide, Buffer-wastier, Catch, Catch-lever, Catch-spring, Catch- spring boU,Center buffer-spring, Center:Spring washer, Chafing- plate,Co7nbination stop-brace,Comhination yoke. Coupling-pin, Coupler-pin spring, Coupler-pin ivasher. Draft-bolt. Draft-iron, Draft-washer, End-face plate. Equalizer, Follower, Foot-plate, Fulcrum-bolt, Fulcrum-ferriile, Half -oval washer. Head (Jan- ney-Miller coupler), Horn, Horn-bolt, Knee-strap, Knuckle, Knuckle-pin, Lever-guard, Long T-bolt,Main draft-spring, Pas- senger coupler. Platform lever. Platform lever jaw. Platform lever pin. Pull-rod. Pull-rod button, Pull-rod plate, Short T-bolt, Stirrup, Tail-pin, Thimble, Tie-bolt. Janney-Buhoup platform equipment. Figs. 2301-50. A draft-gear of the Janney type now in quite general use, and which is replacing the other types of Janney draft- gear. Like the Janney equipment the coupler has 'a direct and a Reverse connection with the buffers by which they are forced out whichever way the coupler is moved. The direct coimection by which the buffers are pulled out with the couplers is made by interlocking the back- folloioer plate with a thrust-bottom, 150, fig. 2301, which impinged against the buffer-stem equalizing-bar, 134, through the top of the Yoke-lever, 135, and the U-bolt, 144. Any outward movement of the coupler is given directly (after the lost motion has been taken up) to the buffer-stem equcdizer, 134, and through the buffer springs to the buffer-stems, 133, and buffer-plate, 168. The movement of the buffer-stem equalizer is greater than that of the coupler in consequence of the greater leverage which it has over the bottom tlirust, as shown m fig. 23.50. The reverse connection by which the buffers are thrust out when the coupler is forced in, is effected by the yoke lever, 135, the lower end of which is connected to the coupler by a yoke connecting bolt, 143, the upper end to thebiiffer-stemegualizerhyaU-holt, 144, and pivoted near the middle to the draft timbers hj a, fulcrum-bolt, 12. When the coupler is forced in, the movement is carried by the yoke-connecting rod to the lower end of the yoke- lever and the yoke-lever reverses the motion and conveys it to the equalizer, 133, and by the buffer springs to the buffer-stems and buffer-plate. The connection between the coupler and lower end of yoke-lever is such that it holds only when the coupler is thrust in; the bolt beino- loose to outward movements of coupler, as may be seen. Janney freight-coupler. Pigs. 3161-82. One of the M. C- B. automatic couplers, with a gravity lock. Janney-Miller coupler. A modification of the Jarmey coupler so as to enable it to be rapidly changed into an equivalent of the Miller coupler, tltus enabling cars pro- vided with it to be run in connection with either Janney or MiUer draw-gear. The principal changes to effect this end were as follows : A joint was made in the barrel of the ordinary Janney coupler to provide for the removal of the head when it was desired to change to the Miller. There was added the part called the center buffer-yoke in order to provide a connection between the center buffer spring and cen- ter buffer when used as a Miller coupling, the same siirings being used, whether in use as a Janney or as a Miller coupler. A spiral spring called the side-spring, with its bracket and clevis, was added to give the necessary side resist- ance to the Miller hook. The platform lever was length- ened for the purpose of conforming to the difference in heights between the Janney catch-lever and the chain by means of which the Miller hook is moved in uncoupling, the same lever serving for either draw-gear. Followers and guides were provided and placed back of the center buffer-spring to form a better base for that spring when used in connection with the Miller buffer. The Miller stop was added to the Janney platform. After a little practice the change from the MiUer to the Janney gear was made in from two to five minutes. Since the general adoption of the M. C.-B. Coupler, this coupler and buffing apparatus has been changed, whenever opportunity has been afforded, to the Janney- Buho^tp, figs. 2301-49, the Janney, the Oould, or othei- platform equipments. Before many years it wiU doubt' less be obsolete, if indeed it may not be so called now. Jaw. Pedestal-jaw, figs. 5480-3. Jaw-bit. A bar extending across the mouth of a|pedestal= jaw underneath a journal-box and bolted to the horns of the pedestal. Jaw-bolt. 85, figs. 4740-1. A bolt with a U-shaped spUt head, perforated to carry a pin. Used largely as a brake- lever fulcrum on break beams. Jaw-spring. A journal spring , which see. Jib (of a derrick or crane). 3, figs. 389-96. More properly boom, which see. Johnston-coupler. Figs. 2183-90. Joint. See Head-joint. Scarf-joint. Tliree-way joint. Joint-bolt. Fig. 3720 ; fig. 559, etc. A bolt used for fastening two timbers when the end of one joins the side of another. The lug-bolt is another form for the same purpose. Joint-cover. See MHndow-molding joint-cover. Joint-strip (of Winslow roof). 1, figs. 2357 and 3361. A strip of wood with rabbeted grooves for inserting the corrugated roof-sheets. A cover-strip is a U-shaped strip of metal for uniting flat roof -sheets. Journal (M. C. B. standard). Figs. 5133, 5138, 5149, 5419- 20. The part of an axle or shaft on which the journal- bearing rests. A gudgeon is a rough form of journal, usually of wood with an iron strap around it, as for the mast of a derrick or crane. The journals of bodies of irregular shape, Kke cannon or leaders of pile-driver cars, are more commonly designated trunnions, which see. For standard minimum dimensions for various roads, see Interchange of Traffic. Journal-bearing. Figs. 5394-8, 5411-18. A block of metal, usually some kind of brass or bronze, which see, in con- tact with a journal, on which the load rests. In car construction the term when unqualified means a car- axle j ournal-bearing. A standard form has been adopted by the Master Car-Builders' Association, and is shown in the engi-avings, but its composition is not specified. The Hopkins or lead-lined journal-bearing is one coated on the inside with a thin sheet of lead to make it self -fitting on journal. Babbitt-metcd in some of its many forms is used for car-journal bearings occasionally, and almost universally for the bearings of machinery. In order that jotr 77 KAL the journal-bearing may be more easily removable, and to distribute the load more equally, a, journal-hearing key, also called a wedge, etc., is used to hold the journal- bearing in place. The term ■■ wedge " is in very com- mon use, perhaps more common than the name here given. To remove the brass a journal-box jack, figs. 3730-1, 3743-4, 3753, is used to take the load off the bear- ing by inserting it under the journal-box, when the wedge or key can be readily removed, and afterwards the bearing itself. See Stop journal-bearing and stop- key joiirnal-bearing. Journal-bearing and wedge-gage. Figs. 5556-71. In 1894 a Recommended Practice was adopted for gages for journal-bearings and wedges, to insure their proper interchangeability and freedom from binding when in place. The set comprises : Two bearing and wedge cross-section gages. " " " " longitudinal-section gages. " " flanged side-lug gages. " " bore-gages. One " thickness-gage, common to both sizes. See figiu'es. Journal-bearing key or wedge. M. C. B. standard, figs. 5389-5418. See above. Journal-bearing stop-key. 27, figs. 5133, and figs. 5135- 7. M. C. B. Figs. 5889-5418. A journal-bearing key with a projection to which a utop-xtlate is attached to re- strain lateral play, so that a collar on the axle may be dispensed with. Journal-box. Figs. 4970-3, 5133-66, 5377-87, etc. A cast- iron box or case which incloses the/o!(r(i(/Zof acar-axle, t\ie journal-bearing SiTiA key, and which holds the pack- ing for lubricating the journal. Also called an axle-box, car-box, grease-box, housing-box, oil-box, and pedestal- box. English, usually axle-box. The weight of the Master Car-Builders' Standard journal-box is 74 lbs. All car journal-boxes are outside- bearing. In certain larrj' or push-cars, and also in loco- tive trucks, !i(.s(rfe-5ea)-i'»(/ journal-boxes are used. To dispense with the need of a collar on the axle, various devices, like the Raoul journal-box, figs. 5165-6, as well as stop-key and stoi^-journal bearings, 5133-48, have been introduced, and they are in increasing favor. Journal-box and details. (M. C. B. standards.) 5377-88. 1. Journals, 3f by 7 inches. The journal-box and de- tails as shown were adopted as standards of the asso- ciation, by letter ballot, in 1893, and revised in. 1894. The revision made in 1894 consisted in correcting the drawing at the top of the journal-box, and in leaving off the lugs at sides of arch bars. Also in changing the wedge and bearing so as to make the latter flat on top instead of curved, as theretofore, and in curving the top of the wedge, as in figs. 5389-5401, thus making this construction similar in general arrangement to the standard forms for the 4J by 8 inch journal box. Figs. 5406-18. The figs. 5377-82 shows the standard journal-box of 1893 with the arch-bar lugs, and bearing curved instead of the wedge. The width of the box over all where the lid fits should be 7| inches, in accordance with ballot of 1891, instead of 7 inches as shown, so as to take the same lid, figs. 5402-5, that the journal-box for the 4^ x 8 in journal takes. 2. For journals, 4^ by 8 inches, 5383-8. The journal- box and details as shown were adojited as standards of the association, by letter ballot, in 1893. Journal-boxes. M. C. B. journal-boxes, figs. 5377-87 ; Pullman, figs. 4970-8; Bissell, figs. 5133-7; O. B. & Q., figs. 5138-45; Adams, figs. 5146-51; Sehoen solid pressed steel, figs. 5161-4; PmouI, figs. 5165-6. Journal-box cover, or lid. Figs. 5167-75. M. C. B. Figs. 5402-5. A door or lid covering an aperature on the out- side of a journal-box, by means of which oil and jjack- ing are supplied and journal-bearings are inserted or re- moved. Such covers are made of cast-iron, malleable- iron. pre.ssed-.steel, and sometimes of wood. Tliey are usually closed by a spring, as in figs. 5402-5, 5152-3, 5167-75, which see, and sometimes not. as in the Hewitt lid, figs. 5170-1. Journal-box cover-bolt. A bolt used to fasten covers which have no hinge to the box. Two of these are usually employed to each cover. A gasket of canvas, rubber or leather is used to make a tight joint. Journal- box covers are, however, now almost invai'iably held on by hinges and springs or some arrangement of lugs or grooved joints. Journal-box cover gasket. Nearly obsolete. See above. Journal-box cover hinge-pin. Fig. 5405. Journal-box-cover spring. 1. Figs. 5883, 5167-9, 5172-5. A flat spring -shade, which flares at the bottom, but are often made of different shapes, as round, pear- shaped, egg-shaped, melon-shaped, douhle-cone-shaped, etc. Lamp-globe chimney. Figs. 3259, 3308. A metal tube attached to the top of a lamp-globe for conducting away the smoke. A shade-cup is an equivalent device for a lamp-shade. Lamp-holder. See Side-lamp holder. Lamp-hoop. Figs. 3393. A ring with an iaterior screw- thread for attaching to cheap oil lamps to receive the burner. Lamp-iron (EngUsh). American equivalent, tail-light holder, or signal-light holder. See End lamp-iron and side lamp-iron. Lamp-jack. V, figs. 539-41. A cap or covering over a lamp'Vent on the outside of a car to exclude rain and prevent downward currents of air. Also see Lamp-case chimney. Lamp-key (Pintsch gas). Figs. 3314-15. A substitute for the ordinary cock of gas fixtures used to prevent un- authorized tampering with the burners. Lamp-plug (English). 162, fig. .501. A cylindrical piece of wood secured to the lamp-case by a chain, and used to block up the lamp aperture in the roof when the lamp is not in its place. See Roof-lamp. Lamp-plug stand (English). 163, fig. 501. A cast-iron stand on which the lamp-pilug rests when the roof-lam^) (which see) is in use. Its object is to prevent the lamp- plug bumping on the roof of the carriage when the train is moving. Lamp-reflector. 14, figs. 3361-3317. See also Alcove-lamp reflector. Lamp-reservoir. 6, figs. 3361-3317. The portion of a lamp which holds the oil. Also called lamp-fount. Lamp-ring. 5, figs. 3261-3317. A metal ring at the base of a lamp, to which the lamp-bottom or resers'oir and lamp-globe are attached. In center-lamps the ring is supported by the lamp-arms. Lamp-screw. Figs. 3385-95. A more elaborate tamp-Zioop, which see, with a flange. Lamp-shade. 2, figs. 3261-8317. A conical shaped re- flector placed over a lamp to reflect the light downward. Figs. 8433-29 give what are known as standard forms, the dimensions of which in inches are as shown in the figures. Lamp-socket. Figs. 3335, etc. A socket or dove-tail joint to which a lamp or flag is attached at the corner of a car. They are flat, inclined, angular or projecting, as may be desired. Lamp-stay. 1, figs. 3261-3817. A horizontal bar, usually reaching from side to side of the clear-story, by which a car-lamp is steadied and also made more ornamental. Lamp-vent. An opening in the roof through which the gases from a lamp escape. Lantern. Figs. 3352-63. A portable lamp, the flame in which is protected from wind and rain by glass, usually in the form of a globe surrounded by wires called guards. According to the number of these wires the lantern is called single, double or triple-guard. The conductor's lantern is one with a large bail, so as to be carried on the arm, leaving both hands free. It is usually pro- vided with a reflector above. Inspector's lanterns are generally arranged to give blue light. See Lens. Signal- light. Lantern and flag-holder. A device for displaying sig- nals on rear of trains. See Flag-holder. The novelty is the convenience of attachment for either a lamp or flag. Lappin brake-shoes. Figs. 1633-9. A brake-shoe cast from a mixture of metals, which is a solid casting with alternate sections of hard-chilled and soft parts. The chilling of the harder sections is done in the usual man- ner by chilling blocks brought into contact with the molten metal. The process gives no sharply defined lines between the hard and soft sections, to make a cutting edge, as the chiUed parts radiate into and mingle with the soft metal and thus disappear. The number and area of the soft sections can be increased or diminished by changing the nmnber and size of the chilling-blocks in tlie mold, and the holding power of the shoe thiLS varied to suit the conditions of service. La-"d-lamp screw. Fig. 3387. Lard-oU ratchet-burner. Fig. 3396. Large equalizing-guide (Janney-Miller coupler). See Equalizing-guide. Small equalizing-guide. Large main-valve piston-head (air-pump). 77, figs. 1691-2. Larry. Figs. 5603-4. See Lorry. Latch. Figs. 2548-78:2637, 2644-3733. The primary sense of this word is — to catch, to close, stop, or make fast : hence, an attachment to a door, window, etc., to hold it open or shut, is called a latch. The ordinary distinction between a latch and a lock is that a lock is closed and opened with a separate key and usually has a square bolt, whereas a latch has no separate key and usually has a beveled bolt which snaps shut automatically by contact with the kce2)er or strike-plate. Tlie most exact dis- tinction between a latch and lock seems to be the form of the bolt and not the use or disuse of a key. See Sa.s/!- lock. Latches named from the use which they subserve are the following, which see : Berth-latch. Deck-sash latch. Safety berth-latch. Safety strap-latch. Saloon-latch. Sliding door-latch or lift- latch. Spring door-latch. A sliding door-latch or lift-latch, flgs. 3558-78, has a beveled hook msteadof a beveled bolt, but operates upon substantially the same principle. Nearly all forms of latches are spring latches. A night-latch is a large and carefully made form of an ordinary latch, which can be opened from the outside by a key. A cupboard latch is any form of small latch. A rim-latch, like a rim-lock, LAT 81 LET is one attached simply to the outside of tlie door in dis- tinction from a mortise or riihheted latch (both rarely used) , which is boxed into the door. Lateral motion. A movement sidewise, more particu- larly meaning, as generally used, a side or swinij motion of the bolster of a swing-motion trvick, in distinction from the end-play of an axle under the journal. A lateral-motion spring, which is slipped over a lateral- motion spring-pin , in sometimes used to check the lat- eral movement of such spring bolsters, but this end is more commonly accomplished by splaying the swing- hangers outward. Lateral-motion spring. 40, figs. 4806-4966. See above. Lateral-motion spring'-pin. 41, figs. 4806-4966. See above. Lateral-play. Side motion of any part of a car or ma- chinery ; the space left to permit of such side-motion. See Lateral-motion (of a truck-bolster). End-play (of an axle). Lauder-monitor deck-sash opener. Fig. 4335. See Deck- sash opener. Lavatory. Figs. 3468-3.572. A room provided with wash- bowl, towels, combs, brushes, etc., in which passengers may make their toilet. Parlor and sleeping-oars are pro- vided with separate lavatories for men and women, which are separated from the saloons. The best and most modern coaches have a lavatorj'. See Wash-room. A saloon is sometimes termed a lavatory. Lavatory carriage (EngUsh), A passenger vehicle in which two or more compartments have access to a small lavatory, urinal, etc. See also Carriage. Lead car-seal. Figs. 8877-93a. Lead seals are either in the form of rivets or buttons. Both are in common use. See Car-seal. Leaders (of pile-driver car, which see). 3, figs. 401-4. The long vertical timbers serving to guide the hammer (which see) in its fall. The leaders swing upon leader trunnions carried on the leader-trunnion pedestal. They are stiff- ened at some point midway of their length by top- dringei-s 6, leader-braces 7, and commonly by pilasters 5, at the outside, which latter serve to support the top- stringers. They are connected at the top by a leader-cap and at the bottom by a leader cross-piece, the latter at- tached at the side in such a manner as not to interfere with the fall of the hammer. Leader-brace (pile-driver car). 7, fig. 403. See above. Leader-brace pocket (pile-driver car). 17, figs. 1831-4. See above. Leader-cap (pile-driver car). 9, fig. 403. A cross-piece connecting the two leaders at the top and carrying the main-sheave and pnle-hoisting sheave of the hoisting- gear. Leader cross-piece. 23, fig. 403. See Leader. Leader-stay. 25, fig. 403. An oblique diagonal brace attached at the upper end to the top-stringers seiwing to stiffen the leaders. Leader-trunnion. 15 and 51, figs. 401-4. See i>arf,er and trunnion. Lead-lined journal-bearing. A journal-bearing which has its inner surface covered with a thin layer of lead, so that it may fit itself to the journal as soon as subjected to wear. Such bearings were patented by Mr. D. A. Hopkins, and are often called Hopkins journal-bearings. A variety of other bearings are more or less similar, but a greater quantity of lead, or babbitt-metal is frequently used. Lead-rivet car-seal. Figs. 3879-85, etc. See Car-seal. Lead seal. Figs. 3877-92a. See Car-seal. Lead car-seal. Leaf spring (for Miller coupling). 49, figs. 3390-93. Also called coupMng-spring. The long spring pressmg the drawbar coupling-hooks together in the act of coupling. Leakage-groove (of Westinghouse brake-cylinder). A small passage past the brake-piston to prevent applica- tion of the brakes by trifling leakages of air. Leather. See Piston-packing leather. Packing-leather. Window-shade leather. Solid leather nails. Leather bell-cord. See Bell-cord. Leatheroid. A substance somewhat resembling leather, and somewhat similar to vulcanized fiber, vfhich. see, in its general character and appearance. It is made by treating paper with sulphate of zinc. Leather-seat. A dnst-gitard, bearing, which see. Left-hand brace-pocket. See Pocket. 40, fig. 356. If the brace were on the other side of the post and inclined the opposite way, the pocket would be right-hand. Left-hand seat. A car-seat with a stationary back in such a position that the seat-end is on the left side of a person sitting on the seat. Left main-valve cylinder-head. (Air-pump.) 85, figs. 1691-3. Left main-valve head-gasket. (Air-pump.) 108, figs. 1691-3. Leg. See Seat-leg. Leg-iron (English). 173, figs. 501-4. See Step-iron. Leg-rest. (Reclining seats.) 30, figs. 3934-5, 3974-5, 8996- 9. A bracketted and adjustable shelf, which may be used on a chair or car-seat to support the limbs when the seat or chair is in a reclining position. It is adju.sted by a Leg-rest ratchet and. leg-rest pivot-casting, as in figs. 3934-5, or by a Leg-rest slide, fitting in a Leg-rest socket- easting, as in figs. 3974-5. Length (of elliptic springs) . The distance from center to center of scrolls when the spring is unloaded. Lens. Figs. 3440-3. An optical instrument for convey- ing rays of light upon a fixed path or fixed point. Lenses for lanterns consist of three types, Bull's eye, a double- convex or plano-convex lens ; semaphore (a mere modi- fication of the Fresnel), figs. 3443-3, and the Fresnel proper, figs. 3440-1, the latter rarely used. Leonard hydrostatic-buffer. Figs. 3351-4. See Hydro- static-buffer. Letter-board (p'assenger-oar exteriors). 91, figs. 435-73, 539-69. A horizontal board imder the cornice, extend- ing the whole length, on which the name of the com- pany to which the car belongs is usually painted. The letter-board occupies the frieze of the car, and is often so called. Letter-box plate. See below. Letter-case label-holders. Figs. 3815, 3836. Letter-drop (postal-cars). Figs. 3830-3. A plate with a spring flap for recei-snng letters for the post. A letter- box lid. Lettering (of freight-oars.) Figs. 5548-5. In 1893 the M. C.-B. Association adopted a Recommended Practice for Marking Fast Freight Line-cars, as shown in figs. 5543-5. It was resolved : "1st. The half of side of car on which the doors do not slide to show the name of the ' Fast-freight line ' spelled out in full and the car number in the Fast-freight line series immediately below it. In the same panel and within 3 ft. of the sill shall appear, in letters not over 4 in. high, tlie name of the railroad company own- ing or contributing the car, and between the same and the sill shall appear the light weight of the car, with such other information as it is found advisable to give in connection with same. "3d. Side doors to bear the initials of the road to wiiich the car belongs, or the name of the line on which the car is used, together with the niimber of the car. " 3d. The ends to show the initials of the 'Fast-freight Une' with the car number in the fast-freight line series and the light weight just below them ; no other marks will appear on ends of car. " 4th. The half of sides of cars on which the doors do slide to be reserved for advertising symbols or trade- marks where used. The use of profuse lettering in this panel is to be discouraged, however, and it is recom- mended that only the simplest trade-marks or advertis- LEV 83 MN ing signs should be used ; the capacity of tlie car to ap- pear near tlie sill in this same panel." Lever. "In mechanics, a bar of metal, wood, or other substance, turning on a support called a fulcrum." — Webste7\ See Brake-lever. Brake equalizing-lever. Center brake-lever, Compression-lever. Cylinder-lever. Dead-lever. Door-shaft lever. Eccentric-lever. Floating-lever. Hand-car lever, or pro- pelling-lever. Live lever. Platform-lever. Release-lever. Roof-lever. Thiimb-lever. Tripping-lever. Uneoupling-lever. Lever-and-rack jack. Figs. 3740-1. See Barrett's jack. Lever-bracket (air-brake). 4, fig. 1697. I^ever-faucet. Figs. 3489-90. A self-closing faucet shut by a spring and opened by the movement of a handle or lever. Also called telegrapth faucet. They are called vertical or Iwnzontal according to the direction of the pipe or opening into which they are fastened. Lever-frame (hand-car). 17, 18, figs. .5.593-0, 5590. A wooden frame shaped somewhat like a letter A, on top of a hand-car, which supports the lever-shaft and lever. Lever-frame cap (hand-car). 18, figs. 5593-0. A short horizontal piece of timber to which the lever journal- bearings are fastened. Lever-frame post (hand-car) . 17, figs. 5593-00. See also Lever-post. Lever-frame tie-rod (hand-car). 25, figs. 5593-00. A vertical rod by which the lever frame-cap is bolted to the floor-frame. Lever-guard. A guide on the platform-rail for the plat- form uncoupling lever. Lever-guide. See above and Brake-lever guide. Lever hand-car. Figs. 5581-5600. The common style of hand-car, which see, worked by levers connected to cranks. These levers are usually placed horizontally, but sometimes they are vertical, as in figs. 5583-4. Double-lever hand-cars, to avoid danger of trouble with the dead center, have been in use. See Hand-cars. Lever-handle (hand-car). 20, figs. 5593-00. Lever-jaw (Janney platform). The oast-iron jaws upon which the platform lui coupling-lever has its fulcrum. Lever-jaw pin (Janney-Miller coupler). A pin for the lever-Jaw. See above. Lever-shaft (liand-car) . 21, figs. 5593-00. A short iron shaft to which the propelling levers are attached. Lever-shaft bearings (hand-car). 22, figs. 5593-00. Lid. See Journal-box cover. Journal box-lid. Saloon seat-lid. Lift. A finger-hold attached to windows and window- blinds to take hold of in raising or lowering them. See Sash-lift. Window-blind lift. Lift-latch, or sliding-door latch. Figs. 3558-78. A lock, the latch of which is lifted by turning the knob instead of drawing it backward. Lift-latch lock. Fig. 3.560, etc. "A lock in which the latch is pivoted and lifted free of the keeper, passing through a notch in the box instead of being simply retracted." — Knight. Lignomur. A decorative head-lining made from straw- board or paper, with figures stamped or embossed upon it. The figures are usually light colored, while the back- ground is darker. It is glued to a thin narrow matched ceiling or may be applied directly to an old veneered ceiling. Lim.it gage. Figs. 5490-1. A term applied to many forms of gages which are used for determining whetlier pieces do not exceed or fall below a certain specified range of dimension. In 1893 limit gage, and diameters for round iron were adopted as a Recommended Practice ; these had formerly been standard of the Association. Limit- gages, such as shown herewith for IJ-inch iron, arerecom- mended for use in procuring round iron to take the Seller's standard screw threads ; round iron used to be of such size as will enter the large or -i- end of the gage in- tended for that size, in any way, and also of such size as will not enter the small or — end in any way. The limiting diameters for certain nominal sizes of iron, together with the maximum variation allowable by such use of these gages, are given in the following table : Sizes of Limit Oagesfor Round Iron. Nominal diam- Lai ge size. Small size. Total eterofiron. -I- end. —end. variation. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. W 2550 .2450 .010 J-. 3180 .3070 .011 % 3810 .3690 .012 X 4440 .4310 .013 U, 5070 .4930 .014 JL 6700 .5550 .015 SI" 6330 .6170 .016 y.W 7685 .7415 .017 71 8840 .8660 .018 1 1.0095 .9905 .019 lU 1.1350 1.1160 .020 ly^. 1.2605 1.2395 .021 Lincrusta^Walton. A decorative material for walls and ceilings, having something of the appearance and tough- ness of leather. It is made from the residum of boiled linseed oil mixed with sawdust. Designs of any form are pressed upon it and it is furnished in a great variety of colors. It is attached to walls, generally with paste or glue, like wall-paper, but is water-proof and very flexible. Line-car. Figs. 3, 9, 14. A short term to designate cars belonging to the various fast-freight lines which run over several roads between the leading shipping points east and west. The number of these lines is large, and at the present time they are nearly all owned by associa- tions of the roads themselves and not by private individ- uals. Their object is to make it possible to issue through bills of lading and to avoid breaking bulk, as well as to obtain greater dispatch. At the 17th M. C. B. Convention, Chicago, 1883, the following resolutions were adopted : ' ' Whereas, It is a common practice to store line cars on side tracks during .summer months or dull times away from home, after they have been in severe service ; and, " Whereas, Many of the cars after being so stored are found to be more or less out of proper condition, so that they need more or lesss repairs, and when put into ser- vice cause much detention to traffic and many trans- fers ; "Be it resolved, therefore, That it is the sense of this meeting that all line cars owned by foreign companies should be returned to their owners instead of being stored on foreign tracks, and that a competent man should be detailed to inspect the stored cars and to arrange to have the necessaiy repairs made during the time such cars are out of service." For standard lettering of line cars, figs. 5543-5, see Lettering. Linen-closet lock. Figs. 2647-8. Liner-blocks (Janney freight-coupler). 202, flgs. 2161' 83. Blocks of cast or malleable iron bolted to the top and bottom of the tail end of the coupler or drawbar. Lining. See End-lining. Head-lining. Inside-lining. Feed-door lining. Inner, outer and intermediate linings of refrigerator cars are those linings or partitions inter- mediate between the inside lining and the sheathing, which usually consists of J or | stuff, whose purpose is to make dead air spaces for insulating the contents of the car. Lining-strips. Wooden or metal strips put on the inside of freight or baggage-cars to protect the inside of the car from being injured by freight or baggage. Lining strips serve very much the same purpose as inside- lining. Lining studs. 54, figs. 278-86. Vertical studs placed between the posts and over or under the braces, and to which the lining is nailed. "Last 83 LOO Link. 1. "A short connecting piece, of circular or other equivalent shape; as one of the oval rings or divisions of a chain." — Knight. 3. (Coupling-lioks.) 3. Figs. 2073-4. A short bar with an eye at each end for connecting two things together or for supportiQg one from another. When used alone the term in railroad service always means a couplbig-Unk, which see. See also Brake-block suspending-link. Ec- centric-lever link. Hanger-link. Link-and-pin coupler. An old type of drawbar by which cars were connected together by a link and a pin. There were a great vai'iety of shapes and devices, but they are rapidly going into the scrap pile and being re- placed by the M. C. B automatic coupler. Link-hanger. 46, fl-g. 4745a. A swing-hanger, which see, in the form of a link. liink-hanger eye-bolt. 47, fig. 474oa. A bolt passing through the transoms from which a very short swing- hanger is suspended. Link-pin. A coupling-pin, which see. 3, fig. 2073. Linoleum. A form of floor covering manufactured from linseed oil, prepared by a special process, mixed with ground cork and backed with canvas. Another floor covering of substantially the same nature as linoleum is known as coriicine. Lintel. 90 and 99, figs. 539-67. The horizontal part of a door or window-frame above the sash. See Deck-sash lintel. Lip. See Retaining-lip (steel-tired wheels). Lip lamp-chimney. Figs. 3414-15, 3419-21. One with an indented ring near the bottom, for use with screw lamp- burners. Live-lever. 92, figs. 4580-2. The one of a pair of brake- levers to which the brake-power is first applied is some- times given this title, the other lever being termed the dead-lever. 92a. Loading poles, logs and bark on cars. Figs. 5572-6. In 1893 a Recommended Practice was adopted for loading logs and poles on cars and for racking cars for loading bark, as shown on Sheet B. The lines across the stakes indicate ties across the car. Lock. 1. Figs. 2554-78,2644-2773. " Anything that fastens — particularly an instrument having one or more bolts moved by a key, used for fastening doors, drawers, etc." — Worcester. Accordingly, in this dictionary, looks which have a bevelled bolt, especially if they do not re- qiiire a key to move them, are termed latches, and those with a square-ended bolt, locks. See Sash-lock and latch. According to their jjui-pose locks are divided into berth- locks, door-locks, freight-car locks, grain-door locks, seat- locks, sliding-door or lift-latch locks, etc. According to their manner of application, they are distinguished as mortue locks, inserted entirely within the door; rabbeted locks, visible on the exterior of the door, but boxed more or less into it; and rim-locks, entirely exterior to the door. A dead-lock is one which has no springs within it, but is moved entirely by key; in distinction from a spiring door-lock or night-latch, which is moved by a key from without, but has a beveled bolt so that it snaps shut automatically. A jja/Uock is one used with a staple and hasp, and which is not otherwise permanently attached to the opening which it fastens. The Yale lock, which see, is a special form largely used. Freight- car locks are usually seal locks. See Oar seal. See also Private lock (English). 2. (Of an M. O. B. Automatic Coupler.) The catch which drops in front of the knuckle-horn and holds it shut, thus looking the couplers together. Lock-case. 8, figs. 2766-7. The outside or covering part of a lock, more especially a padlock. Lock-chain. Figs. 3766-7. A chain by which a padlock is fastened to a car. Locker. A small compartment or closet for storage. A closet is usually the same height as the room and a looker is of less height. Lockers are frequently attached under cars, as in figs. 105, 110, 118, etc. In street-car see 105, fig. 56.54. Locking-bar and plate. Figs. 1813-13, 1827-9. American flush car-door. Lock-keeper. Figs. 2541, 2578, and 2644-2735. The box on a door-jamb into which the bolt of a lock protrudes when shut. See Keeper. Lock-nut. The outer one of a pair of nuts on one bolt, which, by screwing up separately to a tight bearing, locks the inner one. Lock-seal. Fig. 3897. A piece of glass, lead or paper, which forms a seal for a lock, so that the latter cannot be opened without its being known. See Car-seal. Locomotive crane. Figs. 209-11, 389-91. A self-pro- pelling car, with a steam crane, mounted upon it, which crane has three independent motions, viz.: that of hoisting, slewing or rotating and raising of the the boom. They are not often made of more than 15 or 30 tons capacity. Lodging-car. A passenger or box-car fitted up with sleeping accommodations for men at work on the line of a road. More commonly called boarding-car. Logging-cars. Figs. 34-6, 352-4. A special variety of light and strong cars used for getting out lumber, run- ning usually on cheap logging railroads, of which a great number now exist. Long brake-rod (Stevens brake.) 12, fig. 1461. A rod which connects two levers, one on each truck, together. Long brake-shaft. 94, figs. 239-66. One which extends up above the top of a car so that brakes can be applied by a person on the roof. Long center-bufBng-spring. Fig. 1403. See Buffer- spring. Long flat-car. Fig. 19. A flat-car of extra length for long timbers, piling, etc. A barrel-car is an example, shown racked in fig. 15. Long gondola-car. Figs. 36, 310-30. See Oondola-car. Longitudinal rising-timber. 110, figs. 328-31. See iJis- ing-timher. Longitudinal-seat (street and suburban cars) . Figs. 99, 3945-47, 5654-6. A seat which extends lengthwise of a car. Longitudinal-step. 1. Figs. 151, 5647-9. 75, fig. 56.59. A board which extends along the side of an open car, or a car with doors on the side, used as a step in getting on or off the car or for passing from one end of the car to the other. 3. (English.) See Foot-hoard. Longitudinal-step bracket. A bracket to carry a longi- tudinal-step. See above. Longitudinal tie-rod (EngUsh). 9, figs. 349 and 503. Cor- responds in part to an American truss-rod. A long bolt binding the timbers of the underframe together longi- tudinally. It is generally horizontal, and if inclined slopes downward to the ends of the vehicle to prevent them sagging or drooping. In English eight-wheeled vehicles truss-7-ods are used, but in four-wheeled vehicles the ends are more likely to sag than the center. Long seat-end. Fig. 3995. A vertical frame of wood or (usually) iron which combines a seal-end. and seat-stand together, supports the end of the car-seat and also forms the arm or seat-end. A short seat-end is a seat-end proper, which is supported on a separate stand. Long T-bolt (Janney equipment). A bolt by which the combination-yoke acts against the center buffer-spring. Lookout (freight caboose). Figs. 5054, 380-8. A small cupola or upper deck in the i-oof to afford opportunity for the display of signal-lights and to enable train hands to keep a better lookout on the train. They ax-e in very general use. Loose berth-hinge. Figs. 4183-6. A berth-hinge the two parts of which are detachable. It enters into a loose berth-hinge bushing, fig. 4187 or Plates 4183 and 4185. See Bert] I -hinge. LOO 84 McE Loose-globe. See Lamp-globe. Loose-globe lamp. A lamp or lantern in which the globe is attached to the frame by springs, screws or catches, so that it can be easily removed. Loose-joint butt-hinge. Figs. 3.591-2. A butt-hinge, which see, permitting the door to be lifted off its hinges when desired. Loose-pin butt-hinge. Fig. 2598. A butt-hinge, which see,, having a removable hinge-pin. Loose-wheel. A term applied to various devices for en- abling the two car-wheels on the same axle to revolve independently of each other. Many of these devices have been patented, but none of them are in general use. Experiment seems to indicate that the advantages are more theoretical than practical. See especially a series of tests by Reuben Wells in the transactions of the Master Car-Builders' Association, 1870. Lorry, or larry. Figs. .5583, 5589, 5603-4. Push-cars used in construction for moving rails, ties, etc. Often made with only a half bearing for the journals so that the frame can be removed from the wheels at any time. Lower-air-cylinder gasket (air pump). 39, fig. 1689; 104, figs. 1691-3. Lower arch-bar. The inverted arch-bar. See Arch-bar, Lower-berth (sleeping cars). 1, figs. 2409-13. The bed nearest the floor made up by pulling out the seats and dropping down the seat-backs. The mattress for it is carried by day in the pocket formed by the upper berth. In the Mann boudoir cars, figs. 2418, the lower- berth intact forms a sofa by day, the sofa-back forming the upper berth. See Berth. Lower-berth curtains. (Mann bourdoir oars.) 13, figs. 2418. Lower-berth curtains are also used in the Pullman and Wagner sleeping-cars, being hung upon a cord stretched across the edge of the bunk. See Berth-cur- tain. Lower-berth stop-bar. 49, fig. 2409. See Stop-bar. Lower bolster-plate. 12b, figs. 435-73. Should read Body-bolster bottom-plate. See Body-bolster. Lower brake-rod. 97, figs. 4740, 4806-4966. A rod which connects the two break-beams or levers of outer-hung brakes. When two levers are used the rod is attached to each lever. It is sometimes supported in case of ac- cident by a lower brake-rod carrier. With inner-hung brakes the substitute for the lower brake-rod becomes a part in compression and is called the brake-lever coupling- bar. 93, fig. 4581. Lower brake-shaft bearing. 97, figs. 339-66. An eye or support for a vertical brake-shaft, near the lower end. The support at the lower end is called the brake- shaft step. The lower bearing is above the step. Lower-cap (plain triple valve for Westinghouse brake). 3, figs. 1708-9. (Of reducing -valve. Westinghouse train signal apparatus.) 3, fig. 3406. Lower-chord (of a truss). The lower outside member. In the side trussing of a freight or passenger car the side-sill is the lower-chord. boZ<, which see, with a lug turned up at one end to enter a mortise in the timber and in part relieve the attaching bolts from strain. Lumber. Timber of all kinds sawed into merchantable form, but more particularly such as is not sawed into boards. The term, however, is often used in the broad sense. Lumber-car. Figs. 19, 394-7. 1. A car of extra length, sometimes 40 ft. long, more particularly intended for car- rying long timbers. Box and stock-cars frequently have end-doors to facilitate the loading of limiber. Gondola- cars, with flat bottoms and drop doors, are largely used for Imnber. Lumber lorry. See Lorry-car. IVl McElroyCommingler System. (Consolidated Car-heating Co.) This system depends upon the direct action of the steam upon the water of circulation, caused by the steam McE 85 MAI discharging within the body of the water itself. The contact of the steam and water takes place within the pear-shaped body of the commingler, a sectional view of which is shown in Fig. 3970. The flow of steam is broken into small jets within a body of quartz pebbles, to destroy the noise and to silently force the water through the commingler. The steam jets give a forced as well as a gravity circulation, which feature of forced circulation enables the commingler to move the water through large circuits. The heating systen\ is kept con- stantly filled from the condensation which takes place within the commingler, and the water in the expansion- drum kept level with the top of the overflow-pipe. It is claimed that five lbs. steam-pressure in the train-pipe at the car is sufficient to heat a car in the coldest weather. McElroy commingler storage-system (Consolidated Car- heating). Fig. 2973. Asystemof heating in which a small commingler is placed under the center of the oar and so ar- ranged that when the car is not in use there is no water in the system. In heating up a car the heating is ac- complished by forcing live steam into the pipes and the water of condensation that collects is circulated by the commingler through the pipes, thus automatically operating as a hot water circulating system whose tern-' perature may be run high or low, depending upon the amovmt of inflovsring steam. On laying off a car a valve is turned and the water of circulation allowed to drain to the ground. McElroy steam, hose-coupler (Consolidated Car-heating). Figs. 2985-9. A steam hose-couphng used for connecting train-pipes between the cars. Its important feature is in presenting a straight-port and having a construction in which gaskets do not rotate on each other in the act of coupling or uncoupling. Its construction is shown in the figures. McGuire grain-door. Fig. 1876-95. A grain-door fastened to a grain-door rod by a U -strap or arm and hung to the carUnes when not in use by an Overhead door catch. The door post is protected by a Door-poat angle-iron. The door is held in place hj a door-lieeper , G, and a Button head, L, and the corners are shod with a shoe, N. McKay's curtain brackets. Figs. 4567, 4574-5. A form of bracket for holding the various forms of spring roller curtains, one bracket having a rectangular hole and the other a circular. A variety of patterns are made besides those shown. The McKay and Hartshorn shade roller accomplish the same end in much the same way, but the McKay works with a cam, while the Hartshorn works with a pawl. See Shade-roller. McKee-Fuller Company's steel-tired car-wheels. Figs. 5306-7a. Machine-bolt. Figs. 3708-9. A bolt with a metal thread out on it, and with a square or hexagonal head, especially if turned or finished. The word holt, unqualified, usually means a machine-bolt. Magazine (base burning stoves). A general term for a receptacle for coal before it reaches the fire-pot proper, usually situated directly above the latter. Magnetic curtain-holder. A device for holding a win- dow-shade fixed in any position, while still leaving it . easily movable. It consists simply of a bar magnet running across the lower edge of the shade, bearing against two fixed bars of soft iron, one on each side of the window, to which the magnets attach themselves. Mail-car. A car for carrying mails. More properly a pos?a/- car. Figs. 142-8, 599-615. Mail-cars are sometimes defined as those used only for carrying mail-bags and not for dis- tributing mail-matter, but the distinction is not always observed. Distributing mail-cars are, however, always called postal-cars, which see. See also Combination baggage-car. Mail-car lamp. Figs. 3266, 3373, 3289-90. See Postal-car lamp. Mail-catcher or collector. Figs. 142, 3819. 13, fig. 600. A contrivance consisting of a bent iron bar, attached to the door of a postal car for taking up or "catching" mail-bags while the train is in motion. The English system of collecting mail-bags is different from the American, and relies upon the use of nets. The leather bag is fastened by a spring to an iron bar in the oar and when the exchanging station is near the bar is turned out, the bag hanging suspended. At the same time, the catching apparatus, consisting of a net attached to a bar, is put out. The bag from the car is caught in a net attached to a stationary post and the bag for the car caught in the car net in a similar manner. The Ameri- can plan has been copied in Australia and India. Mail-catcher socket or mail-collector socket. 14, figs. 599-604. The brackets or sockets on either side of the postal-door which hold the collector. Mail-van (English). A vehicle adapted to run on pas- senger trains and fitted with apparatus for sorting and conveying letters, and generally with apparatus for taking up and dropping mail-bags while the train is at full speed. A mail-van in which letters can be posted and letters are postmarked is termed a traveling post- offlce. When fitted only for conveying mail-bags and not for sorting, it is termed mail-van tender. Every projecting piece of either wood or metal is carefully padded to prevent injury to the post-office officials in collisions, etc. Main-carline (freight-cars). 82, figs. 239-66. A carUne stronger than the ordinary carlines, so as to support the roof and tie the two plates together. Main-cock (Pintsch gas-lighting). Figs. 3169, 3334. A cock usually jolaced in the saloon for the control of the low-pressure supply. It regulates all the burners at once, in addition to which there are separate cocks to each. 25, 25b, 25c fig. 3169, are respectively for iin., I in. and -l- in. pipe, and are used in all classes of cars according to size of main low-pressure pipe re- quired. 25c (A in.), is in most general use. This cook is handled with kejj 46, fig. 3215. Main-cock. (Pintsch system.) 22, fig. 3234. A J in. tee-handle cock for postal or express cars. Main-cook covers (Pintsch system). No. 135, 135C, fig. 3170. For main cocks. No. 35, 25B, 25C, fig. 3169. They are of cast-iron, with hinged lid to fit over key- shaft of cock. Are to be screwed to side of car or to bulk-head. Main draft-spring (Janney). So called in distinction from the auxiliary draft-spring. The center buffer- spiring lies above both. Main-pipe (air-brake). 16, figs. 1693-8. The brake-pipe. Main piston-valve (air-pump). 76, figs. 1691-3. Main-rafter. A main-carline, which see. Main-reservoir (air-brake). 1, figs. 1699-1707. A cylin- cb-ical boiler-plate tank, carried on the locomotive, under the foot-board, to hold a supply of compressed air. So called in distinction from the auxiliary reservoirs under each car. Main-sheave (pile-driver car). 10, figs. 403-4. The sheave at the top of the leaders over which the hoisting-rope passes. Main slide-valve (air-pump) . 83, figs. 1691-3. Main steam casting (consolidated car-heating). Fig. 3973. A casting connected into the train pipe and pro- vided with side ports, not connected to the train pipe ports, but connected to a drip port through which water drops to the ground. The return pipe from the heating apparatus is connected into these side ports from one or from both sides of the car. The pipe leading to the casting is heated by the train pipe and the casting pre- vents the drip from freezing. Main steam-valves (Westinghouse air-pump). 7, fig. 1689. Two piston valves admitting and exhausting HAI MAS steam above and below the main piston. The upper is of larger diameter than the lower, both being rigidly connected by a rod, so that the pressure of steam (always between them) keeps them in the highest position, admitting steam above the main piston and exhausting from beneath it. At the end of the stroke they are moved downward by steam being admitted above the reversing piston by the reversing valve, 16, which see. They are usually called simply viain-valves. Main-valve, upper and lower. (Westinghouse air-pump, etc.) 7, flg. 1689. The main steam-valves, which see. Main- valve bush, upper and lower (air-pump). 25, 26, fig. 1689. Main-valve packing-ring's, upper and lower (air-pump). 8, 9, fig. 1689. Main-valve stem (air pump). 81, figs. 1691-3. Main-valve stop (air-pmnp) . 50, fig. 1689. Male center-plate. The body and truck center-plates are sometimes called male and female. See Center-plate. Malleable iron. Castings whose brittleness has been re- moved by packing them in powdered hematite (per- oxide of iron) in tight fire-brick oases and subjecting them to a continued red heat for about a week. They are then allowed to cool slowly. The oxygen of the hematite combines with and removes a part of the car- bon of the iron, making the castings almost as tough as wrought iron, but they are ordinarily not truly malle- able, or capable of being rolled or forged. Malleable iron is much used for pipe fittings and similar small castings, and even for brake-shoes. Mammoth lamp-chimney. Fig. 3417. &ee Lamp-chimney . Mandrel. 1. (For lathes.) A shaft serving as a temporary axis for objects to be turned. 3. (Foundry.) A plug around which a body of metal is cast. Mandrel-pin, or cross-bar (swing link-hanger). 44, figs. 4580-4805 and 4806-4966. The bar which supports the spring-plank. See Swing-hanger. Manhattan center-draft drawbar. Figs. 3388-9a. See Center-draft drawbar. Man-hole. 110, figs. 373-9. An opening in a boiler or tank through which a man can creep to the inside. The tanks for tank-cars always have man-holes on top. Man-hole cover. Ill, figs. 373-6. A plate or lid to close a man-hole. Man-hole cover chain. A chain with which a man-hole cover is fastened to a tank to prevent it from falling of£ the tank when the man-hole is opened. Man-hole hinge. 113, figs. 373-6. A hinge by which a man-hole cover is attached to man-hole ring. Man-hole ring. A metal ring riveted around a man-hole, and which forms a seat for the cover. Mann "boudoir" sleeping-cars. Figs. 205, 2418. A style of sleeper the distinguishing feature of which is the subdivision of the car into small state-rooms or "boudoir" running transversely of the car, and all opening into a common corridor at one side of the car. These cars were for a time the only sleeping cars in Europe, and were introduced in this country in about 1883, the first cars having been run between Boston and New York. There are only a few in seiwice now in this country and no more are being built. They are being replaced by Compartmenl-sleepers, as shown in figs. 133, 176 and 187. The roof of figs. 95 and 96 are like those of the original Mann boudoir-car. Mansfield deck-sash opener. Figs. 1635-6. One of the nmnerous styles of deck-sash openers, the peculiarity in which consists in the manner of connecting each end of each deck-sash to an opener in such manner that either the front end or the back end of the window may be thrown open, producing draft either into or out of the car at discretion . Mansell retainiag ring. Figs. 5361, 5339-40, 5347. A mode of connecting steel tires to the wheel-centers by a ring of an approximate L or U cross-section, which secures the tire to the %vheel, so that every part of the tire is securely held, into however many pieces it may be rup- tured. This ring is almost universally used in English passenger service. Various applications of the ring are shown in the figures. ManseU wheel (English). Figs. 5330, 5347. A railroad wheel in which the hub is composed of two wrought or cast-iron rings bolted together, and gripping the ends of contiguous tapered teak blocks which serve as spokes, and are secured to the tire by two rings fitting into grooves in the tire, and bolted to the teak blocks. This wheel is almost universally used in English pas- senger service. Marden's brake-beam. Fig. 1600. A brake-beam, brake- head and clamp, patented by A. H. Harden, of Charles- town, Mass. The beam is a steel deck-beam. The malleable iron head is adapted to several forms of shoes, and is fastened to the beam by a slot in the lower edge of the T-flange. The brake-beam, with its attachments complete, weighs 87 pounds. Marking (cars) . In 1893 a Eecommended Practice was adopted as follows : That all railroad companies having the same initials as other railroad companies should stencil the name of the road in full on some part of the car where it may be readily seen. See Lettering. Marshaling (English). American equivalent, switching or drilling. Arranging the cars of a freight train in proper station order. Mast. 1. (Of a derrick or crane.) 4, fig. 393. The main upright member against which the boom abuts. 3. (Of brake-gear.) A brake-shaft, which see. M. C. B. Reports. — In 1893 a standard size of 6 inches by 9 inches was adopted for M. C. B. reports. In 1894 a standard size for Pamphlets, Catalogues, Specifications and publications of that nature were adopted, as follows : For postal-card circulars, 3| inches by 6^ inches. ( 3i in. by 6 in. For pamphlets and trade catalogues •< 6 in. by 9 in. ( 9 in. by 13 in. For specifications and letter paper, 8J inches by lOi inches. In connection with these standards it was de- cided that a standard practice shordd be to have the pro- per standard dimensions, and the word "standard" printed on the upper left-hand corner of title-page or cover whenever practicable. Master car-builders' standards and Recommended Prac- tice. A variety of standard details for cars, or recom- mendations in respect to them, which have been adopted and promulgated by the Master Car-Builders' Associa- tion, and are separately described in this volume. By a letter-ballot, cast in 1893, the standards of the Associa- tion prevailing at that date were modified-— Fii-st. — By abolishing certain standards because they had either become obsolete or nearly so, or because they were simply forms of gages for shop use to produce cer- tain other standard forms, and it was believed that such gages were not essential as standards of the Association, and it had been ascertained that they were not generally used. The old standards thus abolished were : Wheel-diameter testing-gage. Wheel-fiange and journal gage. Wheel-bore testing-gage. Wheel-boring, use of six dogs. Journal-length and diameter-gage. Journal-shoulder and centering-gage. Journal-distance gage. Guard-rail gage. (Made standard again in 1894.) Attachments and dimensions of drawbars. Train-pipe fitting for steam heat. MAS MEN Second. — By ordering that the three items formerly printed at the end of the standards, namely : Storage of line-cars on foreign roads, Dictionary of terms, Entertainments, be printed with the proceedings as heretofore, but not among the standards. Third. — By dividing the remaining standards into : (a) Standards of the Association. (b) Recommended Practice, as follows : a. Standards: Air-brakes, general arrangement and details. Figs. 5433-4, etc. Automatic-coupler. Figs. 5499-5505. Axles. Figs. 5419-21. Brake-beam data. Fig. 5432. Brake-gear, for freight-cars. Figs. 5433-41. Brake-gear, foundation. Figs. .5442-83. Brakehead, shoe and kei/. Figs. 5425-31. Bolts-and-nuts, dimensions for. Figs. 5490-8. Check gage for mounting wheels. Fig. 5486. Drawbar, height of Flange-distance gage (inside to inside). Figs. 5421, 5486. Guard-rail and frog-wing gage. Figs. 5484-5. Journal-bearings and key. Figs. .5389-5418. Journal-box and details. Figs. 5377-88, Journal-bo.v lid. Figs. 5402-5. Knuckle, contour line of and gages. Figs. 5499-5501. M. C.-B. Reports, Proceedings, etc. Pedestal. Figs. 5480-83. Screiv-threads. Fig. 5498. Wedge, journal-box. Figs. 5389-5418. Wheel and track, terms and gaging points. Fig. 5485. Wlieel-circumference measure. Figs. 5422-4. Wheel distance gages, betiveen flanges. Figs. 5421. 5486. Wheel-flange (max. and miii. thickness). Figs. 5488-9. Wheel-tread and flange. Fig. 5487. Eecommended Practice : Air-brake cut-out and defect card. Figs. 5577-8. Air-brake repair-card. Figs. 5577-8. Brake-shaft and brake-step. Figs. 5546-7. Buffer-blocks. Figs. 5548-51. Check-chains. Draft-springs, capacity of. Drawbar attachments and dimensions. Figs. 5507-37. Dummy coupling-hook. Figs. 5.579-80. Interchange of Traffic, rules for. Journal-bearing and wedge-gage. Figs. 5556-71. Ladder and grab-iron attachment. Figs. 5546-7. Lettering for line cars. Figs. 5543-5. Limit gages for round-iron. Figs. 5490-1. Line-cars, storage of. Loading bark, poles, etc. Figs. 5572-6. Marking of cars. Rules of Interchange. Running-boards. Figs. 5546-7. Safety-chains, freight-cars. Figs. 5552-5. Sagety-ohains, pjlatform. Fig. 5539. Steel-tire, minimum thickness. Fig. .5489. These Standards and this Recommended Practice are given under their respective heads in these pages as modified by letter ballot on these or other subjects, and revised by the ballot of 1894. New drawings of the Standards and Recommended Practice have been made on sheets of uniform size, and lithographed and printed on transparent paper so that blue prints may be taken from them ; such sheets are for sale by the Secretary of the M. C. B. Association in con- nection vvdth pamphlets containing explanatory text as given in the Proceedings. See Standards. Recommended Practice. Master-key. " A key which commands many locks of a certain set, the keys of which are not interchangeable among themselves. While neither one of a series of keys may suffice to open any lock, besides the one for which it is constructed, a master-key is one which may operate any one of the set." — Knight. Mast-pocket (wrecking-car). A heavy casting under the car supported by a derrick truss-rod serving a.y a socket for supporting the mast of a derrick to hold it upright. Another method of supporting the mast is by a large ba.ie-plate, bolted to the floor of the car. Mast-sheave or pulley (of a derrick or crane). 21, figs. 392-3. A .sheave or pulley-wheel placed at the top of the mast. Mat. Figs. 2856-7. See Floor-mat. Match-box holder. Fig. 4280. (Which is shown bottom- end-up). Match-lighter. Figs. 4284-5. A match-striker, which see. Match-safe. Fig. 4281. Match-striker. Fig. 4284-5. A metal plate with a rough surface. Match-striker frame. A metal frame for holding a piece of sand or emery-paper. Matting'. See Cocoa matting. Mattress (sleeping-cars). Figs. 2408-12. D, E, fig. 2418. In ordinary sleeping-cars both mattresses are stowed away by day above the upper berth. In the boudoir-cars they go in boxes under the seats. Mattress-box (Mann boudoir cars). J, tigs. 2418. See above. Mea,t timbers (refrigerator-car). The vertical and hori- zontal timbers inside the refrigerating chamber on which the meat is suspended. They are usually independent of the fraraework of the car and fastened to it with coach-screws. Medium-sided wagon (English). Figs. 348-51. Ameri- can eqaivalent, four-ioheeled gondola-car. A vehicle for freight service, with sides and ends about thirty inches high, and no roof. The doors are genei'ally arranged as shown, but often extend the whole depth, and some- times the whole length and depth of the side. About half of all the freight-cars in England are of this variety, a tarpaulin, which see, being used to protect the freight from the weather. Meehan brake-shoe. Fig. 1648. The Meehan brake-shoe is solely for use upon steel-tired and cast-iron wheels. It is a cast shoe with crucible steel slugs cast in it so that they bear upon the surface. The steel slugs are in the flange and on the outside edge of the wearing sur- face of the shoe, thereby wearing the wheel-tread with the hard steel slugs where the rail does not come in con- tact with the wheel. The principle has proven to be very advantageous. See Ross-Meehan brake-.ihoe. Figs. 1646-54. Meehan-Shepard brake-shoe. Fig. 1659. A shoe used en- tirely on bald or blind-tire wheels. Lips are cast on the side of the shoe, as shown in section Fig. 1653, lapping over the outside of the wheel and holding the shoe in place. Steel slugs are inserted in the shoe each side of the center. This shoe has the Ross feature when it is used, namely, the hollowed center. The Fig. 1659 is not strictly a Meehan-Shepard brake-shoe, for it has not the lips on either side to lap over the edge of the wheel. Melon-shaped lamp-globe. Fig. 3431. See Lamp-globe. Meneeley roller-bearings. Figs. 5680-1. A roller-bear- ing which consists of a cast-iron housing, lined with plate steel, inside of which and surrounding the jouimal are three sets of weldless steel-tubes or cylindrical roll- ers. The rollers of each set are of equal length, and are placed in a ring about the journal, forming three inde- pendent rings or groups of roller-bearings. The middle set is then revolved until the axis of each roller is mid- way between the axes of the inner and outer sets of roll- ers, the axes of the latter being in ii straight line. Cold- rolled steeJ rods, called separators, are then passed MEB TSIR through the hollow rollers, coupling the middle ring of rollers to the outside rings each to each, which insures their keeping in line and working together. See figures 5680-1. A malleable-iron cap or lid with a brass-bearing abuts against the end of the axle to take up the end thrust. They are in use on electric-motor cars and increasing in favor. A train has been equipped with them on the Delaware & Hudson Canal Company and favorable re- sults obtained. One car has been in service for some time on the Boston & Albany Railroad. See Roller- hearings. Mercurial check- valve. (Frost system of gas lighting.) Figs. 3119-3130. The howl. 1, of this valve is filled with mercui-y up to the height of the set-screiv, 5, in the side. The air from the regulator enters the valve at the bot- tom and flows thi-ough the inverted U air-pyie , 4, issvdng from the bottom end of this j^ipe, which is one inch below the surface of the mercury, rises up through the mer- cui-y into the chamber of the valve and thence to the carburetors by means of the roof-jnpe. If, at any time, the pressure is withdrawn from the inlet end of this valve while there is pressure remaining in the car- buretors, this remaining pressure acts upon the surface of the mercury in the valve and forces the mercury up into the U air-XJipe to a height corresponding to the pressure. It is, however, impossible for the mercury to be forced to such a height that it flows over and down into the regulator for the reason that before sufficient pressure could be accumulated to act thus upon the mercury, the pressure is relieved by means of the Mer- curial safety -valve. See below. Mercurial safety-valve. (Frost system of gas lighting.) Fig. 3124. This valve is filled with mercury up to the set-screw, 8, in the side of the chamber and is connected by means of a pipe leading to the pressure chamber with the roof-xnp>e at some convenient point. It will then be seen that whatever pressure is in the carburetors and roof -pipe \\all be transmitted to the surface of the mer- cm:y in the pressure-chamber, 1, of this valve. The distance from the set-screw in the side of the chamber to the top of the return-beiid is ten inches. Therefore, as the pressure in the carburetors increases, the surface of the mercury in the pressure chamber of this valve vsdll be depressed until the pressure reaches flve pounds, at which time the mercury wnR be blown out of the relief pipe, thus freeing the gas, which will find its way past the deflector, 10, and out through the cap to the atmosphere. The deflector catches the mercury, and, as soon as the pressure has been reduced below five pounds, the mer- cury flows back into the lower part of the valve and stops the fxu-ther escape of gas. Metal screw-thread. A form of screw-thread used when both the male and female screws are made of metal. Metal threads are made of the same size as the spaces be- tween them, whereas the spaces between wood screw- threads are made wider than the projections. See figs. 5492-8. See also Sellers system of screw-threads. Metal-seal. Figs. 3387-93. See Car-seal. Mica chimney. (Pintsch system.) 109, flg. 3199. A chim- ney for use on all center lamps, being placed immedi- ately above the ring reflector, allowing a portion of the light to be directed towards the roof of the car. See figs. 3238-39, 3342, and Pintsch lampjs. Micrometer gage. A general term for any form of gage giving very minute and exact measurements. There are several varieties ; the most conmion is one wdth an accurate screw-thread and an index to give the number of revolutions and fractions thereof. Middle comer-plate. 56, figs. 329-66. See Corner-plate. Middle door-panel. 11, figs. 1788, etc. See Door-panel. Middle door-rail. 148, figs. 435-73 ; 6, fig. 1788. A hori- zontal bar intermediate between the top and bottom rails. See Door-frame, Middle longitudinal. (English.) 5, figs. 348-51, 501-4. American equivalent, intermediate sill. A part of the uiiderframlng supporting the body or floor, and in many cases transmitting the buffing and the draft strains. Middle of axle. The portion of a car-axle between the two sloping necks which come next to the xoheel-seat. See Axle. Car-axle. Middle safety-beam (six-wheel trucks) . 52, figs. 4957-66. A beam attached to the two transoms to hold the center axle in case of breakage. Middle-transoms (six-wheel trucks). 21, fig. 4957-66. The two cross-pieces nearest the center in distinction from the two outside transoms. They are sometimes made of iron to allow the two swinging spring-beams to be connected to each other by the bolster-bridge. Milk-car. Figs. 367-73. A car for carrying milk in cans, usually built with jjlatforms similar to baggage cars, and equipped with passenger-car trucks. They are usually provided with tight-doors, ice racks or boxes, and insulation. Miller coupler-buffer and platform. Figs. 2290-5, An arrangement for coupling cars automatically. It oper- ates in coupling by the beveled faces of the hoohs push- ing each other to one side, compressing the center buffers at the same time, imtil they snap past and engage with each other, in which position they are held by a leaf- spring or coupling-spring, sometimes also called side- spring. On sharp curves the hooks sometimes disengage from each other, and the fact that this is unusual with the Januey couplers (which see) is one of the advantages claimed for it. The Miller coupler has been in extended use on American passenger-cars, but is now giving away to the M. C. B. form, which is a modified form of the Janney. The patents on the device have expired. A Janneij-Miller coupiler, which see, has been introduced by the manufacturers of the Janney coupler, in order to enable the latter to be used with rolling stock equipped with the Miller. The platform is arranged so that the line of draft and the compressive strains on the car are in a direct line with the siUs. Miller buffer. See Janney-Miller coupler. Miller buffer-guide. See Janney-Miller coupler. Miller buffer-yoke. See Janney-Miller coupler. MUler combination-hook. See Janney-Miller coupler. The hook used to convert the Janney coupler to the Miller. Miller stop. See Janney-Miller coupler. Miller stop-bolt. See Janney-Miller coupler. Mine-and-tunnel velocipedes. Figs. 5617-19. A light Velocipede-car, usually with four wheels, made specially for underground service. Mine-car. Figs. 29-33 and 343-7. A smaU car for carry- ing minerals in mines, usually four-wheeled, and pro- vided vsdth a dumping device by which the load may be quickly and completely discharged. Mineral wool. A substance having much the appearance which its name implies, manufactured from the slag of iron furnaces by throwing against it while in the molten state a strong blast of air. It is used for deadening in passenger-cars and also largely as a non-conductor for coating steam-pipes and boilers. Miuot heating-burner. Fig. 3397. See Heating-burner. Mirror (for wash-rooms of sleeping-cars). 7, fig. 3468. A looking-glass. Mirror-frame. Figs. 3653, 3657-8. A frame for a looking- glass. Mirror-frame spring. A Mirror-sash holder. Mirror-guard (wash-rooms, etc., of sleeping-cars). A fender of various forms to protect mirrors. Usually nickel-plated bars across the face, and a tray for towels or brush and comb at the bottom of the mirror. Mirror-panel. (Mann boudoir cars. ) 3, fig. 2418. A panel above the central window of four-place boudoirs, filled by a mirror. MIK 89 NEP Mirror-sash. A frame of a mirror which covers a lamp- alcove in the side of a car. It slides up and down like a window-sash. Miscellaneous furnishings. Figs. 3578-3770. Miscellaneous types freight-car trucks. Figs. 4747-60. See Diamond truck, Moehring argaud burner. Fig. 3371. See Argaiid burner. Mold. See Ohill-mold. Molding. 1. " A mode of ornamentation by grooved or swelling bands or forms, following the line of the ob- ject." — Knight. Small moldings are of ten termed heads, and also fillets. A cove molding is one of concave sec- tion. There are a great variety of other special technical terms for different forms of moldings. Moldings are either straight or tvaved, which see. See also Deck eaves-molding. Window cove-molding. Eaves-molding. Window-molding. Platform hood-molding. Widdow-sill molding. 2, (For car-seats.) Figs. 4033-8. Also 'called Seat- back bands or seat-molding. A' m.etal band to finish the edge of the sea,t-baok. Plush or leather-covered strips are also used. Molding-joint cover. A piece of wood or metal in some ornamental form for covering the joints of two pieces of molding. See Window-molding joint cover. " Monarch" burner. Fig. 3376. A double-spring burner. Monitor deck-sash pivot and ratchet catch. Figs. 4397-8. A device for regulating the opening of deck-sashes by means of a small fixed ratchel-plate in which a ratchet- bolt engages, holding the sash fixed in any one of four different positions. See Deck-sash pivot. Monitor-top. A clear story, or upper deck, which see. Moore car-door. Figs. 1863-5. A box-car door, which by the bevel-shape of the shoe and hanger is wedged against the car side by its own weight. By a system of levers the door may be hfted and its weight thrown on to sheaves when it can be moved. Moore ventilator. Fig. 4307. See Ventilators. Morgan's automatic deck-sash pivot. Figs. 4385-8. A device for regulating the openings of deck-sashes, the essential feature of which is the use of a double circular undulating ratchet, one attached -to the sash and the other to a fixed part of the car, the two ratchets being pressed together by springs so as to admit of easy motion ■ of the sash by hand at the same time that it is held in any position when released. Morris journal-box lids. Figs. 5167-9. Mortise-look. Figs. 3650, 3706. "A lock adapted to be inserted into a mortise in the edge of a door, so as only to expose the selvage or edge-plate. " — Knight. See Lock. Mould. See Mold, Movable foot-rest (car-seats). 29, figs. 3934, and 23, figs. 3971-3. More properly, simply /ooi-re.s<, which see; in distinction from fixed foot-rails under the seats. Muck-bar. "Bar-iron which has passed once through the rolls. It is usually cut into lengths, piled, and re-rolled." — Knight. Certain grades of iron axles are made directly from muck-bars and contain no scrap. See Axle. Muffler (Fames vacuum brake). A device to render noiseless the emission of steam at the ejector when brakes are applied. It is simply a lot of beads or shot, through the interstices of which the steam forces its way. Muley-axle. Figs. 5133, 5138 and 5146. An axle without collars. It is in much more favor than formerly and promises to be more generally adopted. Mullion. A slender bar between panes of glass or panel work. See Door-mullion. 2, figs. 1783-93. Window- blind mulUo7i. Window-miillion. Multiple-circuit drum system. (Consolidated Car Heating Co.) Figs. 3961-8. A system of oar heating by circu- lating hot water heated by steam from the locomotive by means of a Drum, 38, iV^. 3903, plac? 1 longitudinally beneath the floor of the car, as shown. The piping in the car is connected from this drum in a number of cir- cuits so that there is a quick flow of water through the different circuits and all parts of the apparatus is run at practically the same temperature. Its time of circula- tion is about one-sixth of the time of circulation of a heater in which piping is arranged in series. The advantages claimed for multiple circuits, are: 1, a low pressure of steam; 3, no limit, practically, to amount of heating surface, that can be supplied; 3, a more uniform heat is supplied to all parts of car; 4, short circuit of hot water circulation. The circulating system, as shown, is also connected with a Fire-proof heater, which may be used when steam is not available, and in those States where the law per- mits a stove or heater. Muntin. A corruption of the word mullion, chiefly used in England. See End-stanchion or muntin. rsj Nail. " A small pointed piece of metal, usually with a head, to be driven into a board or other piece of timber, and serving to fasten it to other timber." — Webster. The common nails of conmierce are divided into cut nails, and clinch nails, and ivirc nails, which see. They are distinguished in size by the number of pennies, as lOd., 2M., etc., nails. Other varieties, which see, are eyelet-nails, fig. 3855, head-lining nails and solid-leather nails. See also PaTiel-pjin (English). Name-panel. A panel, usually of elliptical form, on the outside of a passenger-car body below the windows, on which the name or number of the car is painted. They are no longer seen, having been replaced by a scroll or decorated ellipse, as in figs. 115, 133, 139, 135. Name-plate. See Door name-plate and Notice-plates . Narrow gage. The distance in the clear between the heads of the rails of a railroad when less than 4 ft. 8^- in. See Gage. What may be called the standard narrow- gage is 3 ft. In India and elsewhere the meter gage, 3 ft. 3-| in. , is the standard narrow gage. Less frequently 3 ft. 6 in. is used. The narrow gage at the present time is confined to short isolated lumber and coal roads and in mountainous districts. Narrow-tread wheel. A wheel with the ordinary width of tread, which is usually about 4 in. See Wheel. Car- wheel. National hollow brake-beam. Figs. 1546-60. A brake- beam consisting of a hollow tube 3-3 J- ins. diameter, trussed by a rod passing through cast end pieces and over a king-post, through which the brake-lever passes. Neck door-bolt. Figs. 3539, 3543. See Door-bolt. Neck of axle. The sloping portion of a car-axle just inside of the hub of the wheel. Needle-beam. " (Civil engineering.) A transverse floor- beam of a bridge, resting on the chord or girders, ac- cording to the construction of the bridge." — Knight. The term seems, however, to be more particularly used in bridge construction, as applying to the cross-pieces of queen-post trusses, supporting the floor and themselves supported by the truss. Hence {car-building), 22, figs. 339-66 ; 26, figs. 485-73. The cross-frame tie-timber, a transverse timber bolted to the under side of the longi- tudinal sills and floor timbers of a car-body between the bolsters, and to which the body king or queen-posts, or truss-blocks, are attached when truss-rods are used under a car-body. The lercns crosa-frame tic-timber, body-transom cross-bearer and needle-beavi are all more or less used, but eros-^-frame tie- timber is in most general use, and seems more precieely descriptive of its character than any other. Needle-beam truss, or cross-frame truss. Fig 536, which see for names of imrts. Neponset red-rope car-roof. Figs. 3393-4. A car roofing, the lining of which is a tough manilla paper, made from so-called "manilla red-rope " and treated and prepared. See Car-roof, NES 90 OBM Nest-spring. Figs. 5249-51, etc. A spiral spring with one or more coils of springs inside of it. See Spiral spring. Netting. Figs. 3756-8. See Basket-rack netting. New York air-brake. Figs. lT50-tiO. Air-brake apparatus made at the Fames Vacuum-Brake Company's works and sold by the New York Air-Brake Company. The devices sold are as identical with the Westinghouse equipment as the law will allow. Infringement cases have been brought and the matter is still in litigation. The apparatus was calculated to work in the same train with Westinghouse equipment, and to that end nearly all the parts are the same as those made by the Westing- ho\ise Air-Brake Company. The parts which differ from the Westinghouse are shown in figs. 1750-4 and 1758-60. And of these few, fig. 1751, the Quick-action triple-valve, is a subject of litigation. ThePZaiw triple-valve, Duplex air-pump. Engineers'' brake-valve and Drain-cup and Air-strainer, with the names of parts, are shown in the illustrations referred to. Night-lalch. Figs. 2714-25. A spring door-lock which requires a key to be opened from the outside, but which can be opened from the inside without one. A Spring door-lock. See Latch. Nine-group spiral spring. See Spiral spring. Nipple. 1. In mechanics "a small rounded perforated protuberance, as the nipple of a gun." — Knight. It is often used, however, in a more general sense. 2. (Pipe fittings.) Figs. 2952-29.54. A short wrought- iron pipe with a screw-thread cut on each end, used for connecting couplings, tees, etc., together or vriXh some other object, as a tank or heater. See Auxiliary-reser- voir nipple. Brake-hose nipple. Solid nipple seat-arm. No-ch.ininey lamp-bujrners. Figs. 3378-82. A style of burner so formed as to produce a sufi5oiently intense draft to avoid the production of smoke without the use of a chimney. Norton door-ch.eck. Fig. 2818. See Door-cheek. Nosing. 1. (Of a lock.) A fceeper, which see. 2. (Of steps.) Figs. 3790-2. The part of a tread- board which projects beyond the riser, hence the metal- lic moldings iised to protect that part of the tread- board. The nosings should be distinguished from the step /acings, figs. 3788-9. Notice-plate. Figs. 2773-93, and in place, 3, fig. 1788. Varieties are the platform notice-plate, saloon notice- plate, etc. See Name-plate. Nozzle. See Tank-nozzle. Number. Fig. 4228-32. See Berth-number. Number-panel. See Name-panel. Now rarely used on modern cars. The number is simply painted on between horizontal bars. Nut (standard sizes for) . Fig. 5498. " A small block of metal or wood containing a concave or female screw." — Webster. Nuts take their name from the bolts, rods or other parts to which they are attached. They are usually either square or hexagonal. A spanner nut, which see, is one with eight or more sides. They are usually more truly couplings than nuts, properly so called, which screw on to a bolt or rod. O Oblique closet-h.opper. Fig. 3867, See closet-hopper, Observation-end of a car. Figs. 121-2, etc. A car, one end of which is fitted with an extended platform, and large windows, from both of which passengers may get a good view of the country and especially of the track and structures. They are coupled at the end of the train and the observation-end is a feature of many olficers- cars. Odometer velocipede-car. Figs. 5605-6. A car with a sprocket-wheel and chain connecting one of the wheels with a series of dials which indicate the number of revolutions the wheel has made and the distance traveled. Offlcers'-car. Figs. 118, 119, 120, 494-6. A car for the pri- vate use of the higher officers, directors, etc., of rail- roads in traveling over their lines. They are usually provided with kitchens. They are sometimes very elab- orate and costly— sometimes merely business cars. A pay-car, figs. 487-93, is a special variety, found on nearly all roads from 300 to 600 miles long. Offset butt-Mnge. Fig. 3607. Oil axle-box (English). Ajoiw'naZ-&o.r in which oil is used instead of grease as a lubricant. The oil is fed to the under side of the journal bymeans of a worsted pad held lightly against the journal by spiral steel springs. See Axle-box cover, and Greass axle-box. Oil-box. Ajourn'tl-bo.v, which see. Oil-oar. A car made especially for the transportation of mineral oil. Some oil-cars are built for carrying bar- rels of refined oil. Crude oil and refined oil are usually carried in tank-cars, which see, figs. 48-9, and 373-6; or in combination box and tank cars. Oil-cellar. A cavity in the lower part of some exceptional forms of journal-boxes for collecting the oil and dirt which runs off the axle at the dust-guard. The oil- ceRnt isbelow the space occupied by the axle-paoking. Oil-cup. (Air-cylinder of Westinghouse pump.) A small metal pump attached to an air-pump to hold oil for lubricating an air-piston. Oil-lamp. A cheap metal lamp for burning lard or whale oil. A lamp for mineral oil is an oil-lamp, but generally not so termed. Oil-screws. Figs. 3385-6. Fittings for oil-lamps, which see. Oil-tube (of student-lamp). T, figs. 3398-9. The vertical tube in which the wick Ues. The horizontal-bar is the feed-tuhe. 0. K. (air) brake slack-adjuster. Fig. 1770. A device consisting of a rack and lever-pawl, by which the length of the cylinder piston-rod is adjusted so as to take up the slack of the brake-gear. See brake-slack adjusters. O. K. Gardner sash-balance. Fig. 4512. A sash-balance which is placed in the roof near the eaves of the lower deck, as shown in fig. 447, 102a, and in fig. 491. Opalesoent-Wart dome. (Pintsch gas lighting.) 101. Fig. 3201. May be used on any center-lamp, as may Jitso opal-dome, 104, fig. 3208. Opal-globe. (Pintsch gas lighting.) 102. Fig. 3316. It is for use on bracket-lamps of all descriptions. One-horse street-car. Also called bob-tail street-car. See street-car. Open-door stop. 71, figs. 239-66. A block of iron or wood fastened to the side of a freight-car to prevent a sliding- door from sliding too far when opened. Opener. See Deck-sash opener. Ventilator-opener. Open excursion oar. Fig. 151. An open car with cur- tained sides for short suburban runs to summer resorts. Open link for Miller hook. See Janney- Miller coupler. Open plate-wheel (street-cars). Figs. 5363-3. A light cast-iron single plate wheel, with openings cast in the plate between the ribs. See Wlieel. Car-wheel. Open return-bend (pipe fittings). Fig. 2946. A short cast or malleable iron U-shaped tube for uniting two parallel pipes. It differs from a close return-bend, fig. 3945, in having the arms separated from each other. Open wagon (English). Figs. 348-51. American equiva- lent, four-wheeled gondola-car. A vehicle with sides and ends from 6 in. to 5 ft. high, and having no roof suitable for the conveyance of freight. A tarpaulin, which see, is used to protect the freight from the weather. See also Wagon. Ore-car. Figs. 30, 37, 335-7, and 333-5. A car made espe- cially for carrying iron or other ores. Ordinary gondola- cars, which are sometimes lined with sheet iron, and drop-bottom and tip-cars are also used for this purpose. Ormolu. Literally, ground gold, a style of bronzing- metallic surfaces. ORM 91 PAO Ormolu-hook (postal cars). Fig. 3814. A kind of pouch- hook. Ornamental-carlines. 4, ligs. 3453-3a. Also in figs. 103, 107, 111-3, 116-7, 133, 136, 130, 133. A recent innovation of breaking up the interior of a oar into section by very heavy, prominent and highly decorated compound car- hnes. Ottoman. Fig. 3706. A carpet-covered movable cushion serving as a foot-rest. Outer-center-stem-guides. Fig. 1407-9. 22, tigs. 2396- 2300. See Buffer stem-guides. Outer-cone (graduated bolster-spring). See Spring. Spind spring. Outer double floor, or floor underlining (English). 143, figs. 501-4. American equivalent, (leafe)i.ing-eeiUng. In a carriage, planking attached to the under side of the framing and floor of the body. The space between it and the true floor is generally filled with sawdust. Outer-hung brake. Figs. 1538-0, 4740-6. Brake-shoes and beams attached to the outside of the wheels of a truck or four-wheeled car. They are usvially hung from the car-body, but sometimes the truck-frame is extended and brakes are hung from it . Wlien hiing between the wheels it is an inner-huiig brake. Outer-hung brakes were formerly the favorites. The more common prac- tice now is inner-hmig brakes. Outer intermediate-sill. Figs. 339-66. A term applied to the two intermjdiate-sills next to the side-sills, to dis- tinguish them from the two intermediate-sills adjacent to the center-sills, which are the inner i)iteriiiediafe-iiills. Outer side-stem guides. Figs. 1404-6. 23, figs. 2396-3300. See Buffer stem-guides. Outside body-truss-rod. When two or more truss-rods are used under each side of a car-body, those farthest from the center are called outside hody-triiss-rods, in dis- tinction from the inside truss-rods. Outside-casing. (Heaters.) Figs. 2908-2934. An outside shell made of Russia-iron or ■'iheet steel and bent and riveted into the form of a cylinder or a frustum of a cone. Outside comer-plate (English). 77, figs. 348-51. A plate placed outside of the body, securing the side and ends together ; made, as shown, a continuous plate, or in sev- eral knees, each 3^- in. deep. Outside cornice (EngUsh). See Side gutter. Outside cylinder (of student lamp). B, fig. 3899. The sheet surrounding the reservoir. Outside end-piece (of wooden truck-frame). Figs. 4883-5. The cross-piece next to the end of the car, in distinction from the inside end-piece. Outside end-sill. Figs. 3, 333-43. A type of box-car framing in which the end-sill projects outside the sheath- ing, forming a naiTow platform at the ends of the car. It is not the general practice, but is peculiar to the Pennsylvania Railroad and a few other lines. Outside-panel. 67, figs. 435-73; 43, figs. 5654-67. A panel in the outside of a passenger or street-car under the win- dows. Those between the windows are called outside wiiidow-paneh. Above the windows comes the freize or letter-board. Street cars have lnu-er, 44, outside-panels, below the outside panels proper. In standard car con- struction outside paneling between and below the windows has been superseded by sheathing. Outside-sills. The side-sills. See Sills. Outside transoms (six-wlieeled trucks). 22, figs. 4957-66. The two transoms farthest from the center of the truck, in distinction from the middle transoms. Outside wheel-bars (iron six-wheel track) . An iron sub- stitute for wooden wheel-pieces. Outside wheel-piece plate. 11, figs. 4842-4966. An iron plate fastened to the outside of a wheel-piece to strengthen it. There are two when any are used, outside and inside. They are usual on six-wheel trucks and frequently met on late construction of four-wheeled trucks. Outside window-panel. 68, figs. 488. See Outside panel. Outside window-siU. 77, figs. 435-73, 589-41. A horizon- tal piece of wood or iron under a window on the outside of a car and on which the sash rests. Outside window-stop. 84, figs. 435-73. A wooden strip attached to a window-post on the outside of a sash to hold the latter in its place. Often called a bead, which see. Oval coupling-pin. Figs. 2284-7. A flat aoupling-pnn. See Couj)linij-pin. Overhang (of a roof). The projection beyond the sides. Overhang (of a car-body). That part of a car-body be- tween the body bolster and end, and which is not supported by the body truss-rod. Overhang brace-rod (passenger-car framing). 167, and 220, figs. 437, 456, 513. A truss-rod extending over the side-sills and between the sheathing and wainscoting. Its office is to sustain and stiffen that part of the under- frame which overhangs at the ends and outside the bolsters. It may pass from end to end of the side-sills, as in fig. 437, or equal distances on both sides of the bolster, as in fig. 456. Usually it passes from the end of ^he side-sill diagonally up to the belt rail and over a queen-post called the overhang brace-rod strut, and then along close under the belt rail to the other end of the car and down to the end of the side-sill. Frequently they extend diagonally down on both sides of the overhang brace-rod strut (which then becomes a king- post), and diagonally through the sill. The overhang brace-rod stnit stands upon the sill directly over the body bolster. It is sometimes called an inverted truss rod, a continuous body brace-rod, body chain-rod, and a liog chain-rod. Overhang brace rod-strut. 331, figs. 437, 456, 513. A vertical cast or wrou.ght-irou strut seated upon the side- sill directly over the body bolster and acting as a king-post or queen-post for the overhang brace-rod.' (See Overhang brace-rod.) Overhang truss. Shown in fig. 513. An inverted truss, forged or oast, the office of which is to support and stiffen the overhang ends of a passenger-car underframe. It is used only in very long and heavy cars and is in- tended as an auxiliary to the overhang truss-rod. Its use is confined to palace and sleeping cars. Overhead equalizer spring (Pullman vestibule). 23, figs. 2437-45. A Face-plate buffer-spring is a more ap- priate term, as it corresponds to the side-stem buffer- spiring of a platform equipment. It affords the spring pressure on the face-plate stem, which is attached near the top of t\\e face-phtte and keeps it forced out. Over-hung door. A sliding-door which is hung from or supported on a rail above the door. If the door is sup- ported by a rail below it is called an under-hung door. Over-hung doors are almost universal for freight-cars. See Door-hanger. Car-door hanger. Package-rack (drawing-room cars). Figs. 8753-70. A small rack analo.gous to the basket-racks of ordinary passenger-cars and the only substitute therefor used in drawing-room cars. Packing. .Journal-packing, which see. Packing-blocks. 186, figs. 339-66. Rectangular blocks gained into the center-sills and draft-timbers, and serv- ing the purpose of connecting them firmly together longitudinally. The term is borrowed from bridge work, in which the form of packing-block shown is very com- mon. They are called key-blocks. Packing-expander (Westinghouse brake). 12, fig. 1689. A spring wire ring for sjireading out the leather-packing of the piston so as to make it fit air-tight. See Piston packing-e.rpander. Packing-gland. See Piston-rod. PAO 93 PAN Packing-leather. 1. (Of journal-boxes.) Figs. 5155, 5159. A dust-guard is sometimes called packing-leather. 3. (Westinghouse brake.) A ring of leather used in connection with brake cylinder pistons to make an air- tight joint. When so used it is always accompanied with a packing-leather expander. A packing-leather for a piston-rod is called a cup-leather, and is compressed by a, piisto7i-spring. See Piston packing-leather . Piston- rod packing-leather. Packing-nut. (Westinghouse brake.) See Piston-rod pack- ing-nut. Packing-nut wrench. (Westinghouse brake.) See Wrench. Packing-ring. 1. (Westinghouse brake.) 12, 13, figs. 1689, etc. See Piston pjacking-ring. 2. (Hose-coupling.) An india-rubber ring in a coup- ling-case, which makes a tight joint between the two parts of the coupling. Packing-spring (for piston-rod of Westinghouse driving- wheel brake-cylinder). A spiral spring clutching the piston-rod cup-leather, and pressing it air-tight against the piston. Padlock. Figs. 2760-73. A loose lock having a semi- circular shackle jointed at one end so that it can be opened, the other end of the link being locked when desired by the entrance of the sliding-bolt into it. Such locks are used to secure a ha.sp or the hke on a stabile or similar device by passing the link through the staple. A spring padlock is one which snaps shut and locks by pressure only. A dead padlockhsLS no springs. Padlock-hasp (car-door fastener). See above. Paige steel-tired wheel. Figs. 5308-11. A type of steel- tired wheel, the hub and skeleton {icheel-center) being in one piece, and the tire secured thereto by front and hack face-plates, htib-holts aaAtire-bolts. It has no re- taining ring, although the company does make a wheel whose tire is fastened by retaining rings. Figs. 5313-13. Painting (of passenger-cars) consists usually of t\ie prim- ing, rough-stuff or scraping-filling coats, color coats and varnishing, all of which see. The care and expense de- voted to the process and the order and number of the various coats are often varied, but the following is among the most approved processes, and the order of the coats and time required for each coat to dry are about as follows : Hours. Priming (which see) with drier 24 Scraping fllllDg coat (2 coats) 48 Color coals (which tee) (3 coats) 72 Color and varniah 24 StriDing... 24 Finiahin? varnish (which see) (2 coats) 48 Total 10 days or hours 210 A process known as " Murphy's A, B, C system is also used. A, being a liquid used for priming or first coat on new wood; B, a liquid heavier in body than A, which is used for the second and third coat. C is a still heavier hquid, applied over B, and when thoroughly dry and hard is rubbed down to a smooth surface with water and block pumice stone, leaving the surface ready for the Color coat. Other systems are the ' ' lead and oil" and the " M, J, S." The former being a very old method and the latter a very simple method, consisting simply of a priming or filling coat, followed by a surface coat that is rubbed down with pumice stone or sand paper, preparatory to the Color coat. Pair of trucks. A^aiVof trucks means two truck- frames, each with two or more pairs of wheels, etc., complete for an entire car, and does not mean one truck-frame with wheels and axles for one end of a car only. Pair of wheels. This term is used to designate two oar- wheels fitted on one axle, including the axle. Palace-car. An extravagant term used to designate sleep- ing, drawing-room, parlor and chair-cars (which see), which are fitted up with more than the ordinary amount of oroaroent and elaborate finish and furniture, Palace stock-car. An extravagant general term applied to cars designed for carrying stock with less injury and greater comfort than the common stock-car. Cars built after the plans of so-called palace stock-cars are in gen- eral use, and are shown in figs. 89-47 and 359-73. They are provided with apparatus for feeding and watering, and those for very valuable stock have separate stalls partitioned oflf. Pan. 1. (Refrigerator cars.) I, fig. 384. The ice-pan. 3. (Howard's parlor-car water-closet.) Figs. 3838-9. The basin forming the bottom of the bowl, so con- structed that it is only brought into position and filled with water on raising the lid. Pancoast-patent ventilators. Figs. 4319-24. See Ven- tilators. Panel decorations. Figs. 3660-3. Panel. 1. A board inserted in the space left between the stiles and rails of a frame or between moldings. Some- times metal plates are used for this purpose. Door- panels, figs. 1783-93, in passenger-cars are usually only the middle and lower or twin door -panels. The upper door-panel is usually of glass. Window-panels come between the windows and are distinguished as outside and inside. Wainscot-panels come below the windows, between the upper and lower wainscot-rails. Other in- terior panels are deck-side panels and end-panels, the latter sometimes called ventilator-panel, and the end-roof panel over the door. The exterior panels are the end- panel below the windows and the end-window panel alongside of the window. A name-panel is now quite obsolete. In street cars additional panels to those above named are an upper-eitd panel, which also sometimes occurs in passenger-cars, a lower outside-panel or con- cave below the outside panels proper; inside frieze-pan- els, end-seat panels and door-case seat-panels and top- panels. 3. (Of a truss.) The space between two vertical posts or braces and the two chords of a truss. 3. (English.) In a carriage, the outside sheathing of the body. Teak and mahogany are generally used for this purpose in England, and sheet-iron on the Continent of Eui'ope. See Bottom door-panel. End-paiiel. Qiiar- tei--liglit ptanel Panel ceiling. Properly any form of ceiling divided up into panels, but in popular custom used as sjoionymous with wood ceiling, which is always divided into panels, in distinction from a head-lining of canvas, lignomur, etc. Panel-furring. 59, figs. 435-73 and 59, 59b-e, figs. 536- 8. Horizontal bars or strips of wood between the posts of a passenger-car, and to which the outside panels are nailed. When a strip is made continuous and extends from one end of the car to the other, and is notched into the posts, it is called a panel-rail. Window-panel fur- ring is included in the general term, and is that coming between the window-posts. Panel-lamp. An alcove-lamp, which see. Panel-pin (English). A small headless nail of copper, brass or iron, used to secure the outside sheathing (panel) of a passenger car to the framing of the body. Panel-raU. 66, figs. 531-8. See Panel-furring or Sheath- ing-furring. Panel-strip. 69, figs. 435-73. A narrow piece of wood or metal vpith which the joint between two panels, or a panel and a post, on the outside of a oar, is covered. Panel-washer. 53, fig. 5654. The washers of the trans- verse floor-timber tie-rod of a street-car. Pantasote. A substitute for leather and in extensive use for upholstering and decorating cars and steam-ships. The material was first made by R. P. Bradley, a chemist, and the ingredients are a secret. That it contains rub- ber or any animal substance is denied, it is made by sheeting two or more pieces of cloth or canvas together, with the warp running in difiEerent directions to give PAP 93 PAW strength. The sheet making the leather side is passed between heavy rollers many times, and each time it re- ceives a very thin coat of pantasote material, and this is kept up until the cloth or canvas is literally saturated and coated. The color is added to the pantasote mate- rial and is incorporated into the fabric. It is very like leather and is not readily distinguished from it. Paper-case casting. Fig. 3833. A cast-side or bracket- frame for a paper-case in Poatal-car. Paper-holders. Figs. 3850-1 (which take rolls of closet paper.) See Paper-liook. Paper-hook (for saloons) . Figs. 3853-3. A hook for carry- ing closet paper in sheets. A carrier for perforated con- tinuous-roll paper is in larger and increasing use. Figs. 3850-1. Paper seal-holder. Fig. 3897. A style of seal-holder (of which several patterns exist), in which a sheet of paper or printed label is used to protect the lock against un- authorized opening. The paper is usually protected by glass. Paper wheel. More properly, Allen paper-wheel. Figs. 5355-6. A car-wheel with a steel tire and a center formed of compressed paper held between two plate-iron face-plates. It is in general use. The compressed paper can be turned and polished like wood. Parallel brake-hanger. 122, figs. 4580-4966. See Brake- beam adjusting-hanger. Parallel brake-hanger carrier. See Brake-beam adjust- ing-hanger carrier. Parallel brake-hanger eye. See Brake-beam adjusting- hanger clip or eye. ParaUel-rod (walk-over seat). 36, figs. 3117-18. A rod which carries two gear-wheels, one at each end, and which insures the Seat-back ar?(is remaining parallel. If one seat-back arm be moved the arm at the other must move the same amount. The parallel-rod also car- ries two seat-tilting levers which tilt the seat-rocker or tilting-casting , thus tilting the cushion. Parcel-net (English). 194, figs. 501-4. American equiva- lent, basket-rack. In a carriage, a netting placed trans- versely above the seats for the purpose of carrying light baggage, parcels, etc. The front edge is attached to a wooden bar called the parcel-net rod, which is supported by a bracket. Parcel-net bracket (English) . 193, figs. 501-4. See above. Parcel-net rod (English). 192, figs. 501-4. See above. Parcel-rack. See Basket-rack. Parcel-van (English) . American equivalent, express-car. A closed vehicle adapted to run on passenger trains and to carry parcels and packages, rather than passengers' baggage. Such business in England is done by the rail- way companies themselves, and not by separate corpora- tions. Parliament-hinge. Fig. 2590. See Hinge. Parlor-car. Figs. 111-17, 163, 178, 190, 513-30. See Draio- ing-room car. The names parlor-car, drawing-room car and chair-car are all used somewhat indiscriminate- ly, but chair-car ordinarily refers to a parlor-car with adjustable or reclining chairs, for riding in which no extra fare is charged. Parlor and drawing-room cars are usually run by separate companies. See Bay-window parlor-car, figs. 547-9. Parlor-car chairs. Figs. 3936-7, 3977-9, 3988-93. Themost common type of chair for parlor-cars is a simple arm- chair revolving on a pivot which enters a fixed pedestal. The Hartley and Hitchcock chairs, figs. 3996-9, which see, have for some reason been mainly confined to a class of parlor-cars run without extra charge as ordinary first- class passenger coaches. See above. Parlor-car water-closet (Howard's, which see). Figs. 3838-9. Parting-bead, or partmg-strip. A long thin piece of wood which acts as a distance-piece between two objects, as a window and a window-blind. See Sash parting-strip. Parting-rail (of door-frame, which see). 7, fig. 1788. A vertical rail between the bottom and middle or middle and top rails of a door or partition, dividing a panel into tivin-panels. Partition (English). 130, figs. .501-4, etc. A vertical di- vision dividing the interior of the body into separate compartments, generally extending completely across the vehicle from side to side, and from floor to roof, but occasionally made to extend only some four or five feet from the floor, leaving a clear space between the top and the roof. Tliis pi-actice is, however, going out of favor. Partition-stop (for door-holder). Figs. 3803-6. So called in distinction from & floor-stop, with which a door-holder engages. Partition- wall (Mann boudoir-cars). 16, fig. 3418. The wall between the separate boudoirs. Passenger car or coach. Figs. 89-100, 419-467, 539-41, 531- 567. Literally, a car used for carrying passengers, but in popular practice restricted to ordinary vehicles for day travel in distinction from sleeping-cars, and some- times in distinction from the moreluxuriouspa?'Zor-cars, drawing-room cars or chair-cars (which see), as ^vell. Passenger-cars are also very commonly termed day- coaches or "first-class" coaches. Second-class coaches are very rarely run, although there are large numbers of emigrant-cars. A smoking-car is usually attached to aU trains, and holders of second-class tickets or tickets bought at reduced rates are often required to ride in the smoking-car. See Car. Coach. Passenger-car truck. Figs. 4806-4966. A truck for carry- ing a passenger-car body. Such trucks are usually wooden frame and have two sets of springs, bolster springs under the truck-bolster between the two truck- frames and equalizer springs attached to the outside truck-frames. They always have swing-bolsters. The wooden truck-frames are usually reinforced with iron plates, especially for six-wheel trucks, which latter are almost always used for sleeping and parlor cars. Other passenger-cars usually have four-wheel trucks. See Truck. Car-truck. Passenger couplers. Figs. 3344-3354, showing the Drexel, Oould, Janney, Miller, Standard, Thurmond-McKcen, Trojan and Vandorsten. The coupler heads are all forms of the M. C. B. Automatic Coupler, excepting the Miller. The differences being devices to unlock the knuckle and the manner of attaching the couplers to cars. A marked difference is in the length of the shank, which varies from 67 inches in the Brexel to 33-J inches in the Janney. Center draft draw-hars (the i?ac ife.s and the Manhattan) are shown in figs. 3383-9. See Automatic car-coupjler. Pasting-lace (English). Figs. 501-4. An ornamental woolen fabric, made in bands about -J-inch wide, and used to finish and cover the seams and joints in up- holstering against the woodwork of a carriage round the quarter -lights and front seat-rail, and to form borders to the broad lace above the back squabs. It is fastened by tacks driven in the tape edge, the main part being then turned over to hide the tacks, and pasted in position. See also Seaming lace. Patent overflow (for wash-basins). Fig. 3869. A tube formed in tlie basin itself for connecting the upper waste holes with the regular waste pipe from the bottom of the basin, so that but one pipe connection need to be made. Patent waste. A preparation of cotton-seed hulls used for journal packing. See Elastic fiber. Pawl. 1. (For brake ratchet-wheel.) 103', figs. 339-66. ' ' A pivoted bar adapted to fall into the notches or teeth of a wheel as it rotates in one direction, and to restrain it from back motion. Used in windlasses, capstans and similar machinery." — Knight. In mos'^^ofihe English dictionaries ratchet is given as an- other name for pawl, but this is believed to be incorrect, accord- ing to present practice. See Ratchet-wheel 2. (For ratchet-wheel of winding-shaft.) See above. and 67, figs. 305-315. PEA 94 FIN Pear-shaped lamp-globe. Fig. S433. See Lamxi-glohe. Peckham car-trucks. (Street-car.) Figs. 5670. Other types not shown are built. Pedal alarm-gong. (Street-oars.) 199, fig. 5655. A large bell sounded by striking a stem, connected by a lever with the clapper, to warn teams and persons of the car's approach. Pedestal. 1. 5, figs. 4806-496, 4967-9. M. C. B. standard, figs. 5480-3. A casting of somewhat the form of an inverted letter n bolted to the wheel-piece of a truck frame, to hold the journal-box in its place, while permitting a ver- tical movement. The two projections of a pedestal are caXleA pedestal-hoiiis, and the space between them a, jaw, which is closed at the bottom by a jaw-hit, which see. In Great Britain, pedestals are called axle-guards on cars and horn-plates on locomotives, and are there made of wrought iron. The M. C. B. pedestal, shown in Figs. 5480-3, was recommended in 1874, and again approved as standard in 1881, and approved by the Master Mechanics' Association, in the same year. Again adopted as stand- ard in 1893. Weight, 141 pounds. 2. A casting serving as a fulcrum. See Equalizing-bar pedestal {cahoose-cajs, etc.). Leader trunnion pedestal (pile-driver cars). 8. (Hartley and other revolving chairs.) 12, figs. 3998-9, 4109. The stand by which the chair is sup- ported consists of three portions, hase, column and seat- frame. Pedestal-box. A journal-box, which see. Figs. 4758-60, 5133-66. Pedestal-brace. 8, figs. 4806-4966. A diagonal bar or rod staying the lower end of a pedestal longitudinally. It is often combined into one piece with a pedestal tie-bar to form a p)edestal hrace-fie-bar. Pedestal brace tie-bar. 8', figs. 4806-4966. A pedestal- brace and a pedestal tie-bar combined in one piece. See above. Pedestal-horns. See Pedestal. Pedestal-jaw. It is closed at the bottom by a /cnt'-bif. See Pedestal. Pedestal-spring. A journal-spring, which see. Pedestal stay-rod. 7, figs. 4806-4966. A transverse rod connecting the pedestal tie-bars on each side of a truck so as to prevent them from spreading apart. Pedestal tie-bar. 6, figs. 4806-4966. An iron bar or rod bolted to the bottom of two or more pedestals on the same side of a truck or car, thus holding or tying them together. The pedestal tie-bar is to get a low truck. Sometimes it is given a half -turn for additional stillness. It is also sometimes combined with a pedestal-brace to form a,p>edestal brace-tie-bar, which see. Pedestal-timber. 1. (Four-wheel cabooses, etc.) 169, figs. 385-88. A longitudinal timber sometimes used on four-wheeled cars, which is placed under the floor or alongside the sill and to wliich the pedestals are bolted. 2. 10, figs. 4806-4966. Aterni sometimes used to desig- nate the wheel-piece of trucks, which see. " Penfold" card-rack (freight-cars). A i-ack for cari-ying destination cards, which see. Pennsylvania hand-car. Figs. 5595-7, gives details and dimensions. Perch. Another name for the draw-timbers of a tip-car, on which the floor is not directly built. The name comes from the perch of wagons connecting the front and hind running-gear. See Car perch. Perfection car-seal or shackle. Figs. 3888-a. Perforated-rubber floor-mat. Fig. 2857. Another style is the corrHgated-rubber floor-mat. ' Perforated smoke-pipe casing. Fig. 3085. An outside pipe which incloses the smoke-pipe of a stove, perforated with holes through which the air circulates, and thus comes in contact with the pipe. The casing also protects the wood-work of the car from radiated heat. Perforated veneer. Figs. 3993-4. A form of seat-covering which consists of three and sometimes four layers of wood veeneering, glued together and perforated with holes for ornament and ventilation. It is in very general use for the seats of second-class and smoking-cars. Philadelphia water-closet. Fig. 3870. Phosphor-bronze. " A term applied to an alloy of bronze or brass (which see), or to a triple alloy of copper, tin and zinc, which has been given special purity and excel- lence by skilful fluxing with phosphorus. It is supposed that the presence of phosphonis gives the tin a crystalline character which enables it to alloy more completely and strongly with the copper. Whether for this reason or not, the phosphor-bronzes, when skillfully made, are greatly superior to imphosphorated alloys." — Thurston. Piece. See Center-piece. End-piece. Distance-piece. Wheel-piece. Pilaster. 1. (Architecture.) "A square pier, like a flat column built against a wall, and having cap and base." — Knight. 3. (Car construction.) Any stick or timber fastened against another piece to serve merely as the supporting block or a cross-piece, as pttos?er (pile-driver car). 5, fig. 403. Pilaster-pocket (pile-driver car). 16, fig. 403. Pile-driver car. Figs. 221, 397-404. A class of cars, one of which at least is kept upon most large railways, the details of which vary, but which are similar to one of the two types shovsm. The essential features of a pile- driver car are the swinging-platform, or iipper-platform, 27, figs. 401-4, carrying the cabin and frame-work upon which the leaders and hoisting-engine and the accom- panying gear are carried. The swinging-platform is to enable piles to be driven at a considerable distance from the rails on either side. To enable the cabin to be swung through a wider arc, adjustable wings, 20, are fixed to the side of the car, which are removed when not required for use by the crane, 34. The leaders are usually long enough to take a 35 to 40 ft. pile and swing upon leader- trunnions, 15, so that the leaders may be dropped back upon the roof of the cabin for transportation over the road. The hammers weigh from 4,000 to 4,500 lbs. Pile-hoisting sheave (pile-driver car) . 11, fig. 401-4. A wheel placed at the side of the main sheave for use in hoisting piles. It projects a little further forward than the other, so as to swing the pile more easily clear of the leaders. Pillar. 1. "A kind of irregular column. 2. "A supporter; that which siistains or upholds ; that on which some superstructure rests." — Webster. See Transom-pjillar . Pillar cran.e. Fig. 393-3. A style of crane (used on wrecking-cars), having the mast supported from below, either by a mast-pocket or a hase-p)late. See Derrick. Pillar-supported center-lamp. Figs. 3235, 3237-8, 3252-7. Pillow-box (Mann boudoir-cars). G, fig. 2418. (Sleeping- cars.) 19, fig. 3413. Pin. "A peg or bolt of wood or metal having many uses." — Knight. In railroad service the word, when used alone, commonly means a coupling-pin. See also Brake-block pin. Journal-box-cover hinge- Center-pin. »jMi. Door-pin. Lateral-motion spring-pin. Head-block pin. Platform-lever pin. Hanger-pin. Push-bar pin. Pinion. 1. The smaller cog-wheel of two wheels in gear. See Shifting-pinion. 3. (Hand-car.) 4, figs. 5593-5600. A small gear-wheel attached to the axle of the car, into which the larger wheel on the crank-shaft gears. 3. Pinion is sometimes incorrectly used in the sense of a sro&W. x>ivot-pin or journal. Pintle. "A pivot-pin, such as that of a hinge. The king- bolt of a wagon."— .Em'sr/i<. See Brake-lever pintle (hand-car). PIN" 95 PiTf Pintsch gas-burner. 222, fig. 3311. Used on all Pintsoh lamps other than the bracket lamps. It consists of a small lava tip of the " fish-tail " type, held in a special brass pillar. Its consumption is about | cubic ft. per hour. A larger burner of the same type, 223, is usu- ally employed on bracket lamps. Its consumption is about 1 cubic foot per hotu-. Pintsch gas-lamp. Figs. 3235-43, and 3350-1. A lamp for burniug gas, the essential featui-es of which are the closed globe at the bottom, the white porcelain reflector, 113, above the flames near the top of the globe, and the peculiar method of supplying air. Various forms of center-lamps are made, all on the re- generative principle, the inlet air being highly heated before reaching the flames, thereby producing extreme whiteness and steadiness of light. Some of these lamps are supported by four ornamental arms, figs. 3336, etc., one of which forms the gas-way ; others are supported by central columns of graceful de- sign, figs. 3335-3337. In. all, the interior of the lamp is so constructed that a portion of the light is reflected outward and upward toward the roof of the oar, illumi- nating the same. In all standard center-lamps, figs. 3338, 3340, 3343, air is admitted to the lamp immediately above the upper dome, 101, or 104, fig. 3243. Passing thence through the orifices in chimney, 313, it comes in contact with the sheet-iron flues, 312, and in its downward passage becomes highly heated. It then issues into the space within the dome, 101, between the dome and the mica- chimney, 109, fig. 3199, and continuing its com-se is by the diaphragm, 315, deflected and constrained to pass close to the mica-chimney, where it is still further heated. It now passes outward between diaphragm, 315, and the ring reflector, 110, fig. 3307, and through the orifices near the outer rim of this reflector into the bowl and to the flames. In its tortuous course the effect of drafts against the lamp is entirely nullified. The products of combustion escape directly through the annular space between mica-chimney, 109, and the cup-reflector. 111, fig. 3206. Thence by flues, 312, out through the crown at the top of the lamp, in the case of the four arm lamps, and through the flues, 333, and of the center suspension lamps, fig. 3238, through 336. In vestibule-lamps, two or fom- flame, figs. 3239-41, air is admitted to the annular space between the parts of ventilating chimney, 324, through the shielded opening above the roof, immediately below the ventilator. Be- coming heated in its downward passage, it passes through the diaphragm, 323, and through the orifices in the body, 320, to the flames, as shown by the arrows. The products of combustion escape througli the flues, 321, and the chimney, 324, to the outside air. Any excess of air, over and above what is required for proper combustion of the gas, will also be carried off by the ventilating chimney, which the air reaches from the space above the body by means of the passage around the outside of the chimney, 321. Bracket-lights, ivall lavips for express cars, and vesti- bule-lamps, flgs. 3328, 3339, 3241, 3346 and 3347, are sup- pUed in various designs and forms. The burner is of the " fi,sh-tail " type, and from one to six are used in each lamp or light, fom- being the nrun- ber generally adopted. See Pintsch burners. Consump- tion of gas is at the rate of about f cubic feet per hour for each burner enclosed in a lamp, or 1 cubic foot per hour for single open burners. Pintsch gas-lamps. (Method of securing and connecting.) Four-arm lamps. Figs. 3336, 3340. The arms are se- cured by means of nipples, 26, passing through the roof ; 1 I till.' -,, ^.-r)^^fl pjoimd the nipple, with a - — „., ind the iron-?t'as7ier, ts, 27, are then put on and forced down until the excess putty is forced out and the arm drawn firmly up to its place. The gas-arm- nipple is then supplied with the reducing-ell, 28, the three blank-arms with ccq^i, 29. The ell, 28, is then connected by the ^in. pipe to the flange-tee, 16o, on the roof line. The roof around the smoke-bell is protected witli a tin thimble, large enough to give a -^-in. air-space around the smoke-bell flue. The upper end of this thim- ble is made of proper size to receive the ventilator, 204. Center suspension-lamps (fig. 3338) are supported by means of the gas-tvay pipe, 329, which passes through a roof-casting, 337, being secured above the roof-casting by a locknut, 56, and the reducing elbow, 28A. The roof -casting is set in putty and screwed to the roof, the ventilator, 204, fitting down closely over the upper part of the casting. Pintsch pillar. 230, fig. 3313. Used on bracket lamps below the bmrner, 222, fig. 3311. Where no globe holder is used, mill check, 231, flg. 3333, is placed imms- diately below the pillar, 230. Pintsch system of gas-lighting. Figs. 3160-3351. A system of car-lighting which burns gas taken from a storage tank, where it is carried under a pressure of 150 lbs. , or less, per square inch. The system is well and favorably known. It is applied to over 6,500 cars in this country, 700 of which are street-cars. The gas is. an oil-gas, made from crude petroleum or s'imilar oils, and is able to withstand a high degree of compression with- out vmdue loss of luminosity. The pressure of 150 lbs. of the receiver-tank is automatically reduced by the Pintsch regulator (fig. 3168) to a uniform pressure at the burners of about | oz. , regardless of the pressure in the gas-receiver. Works for the supply of the gas are now established in all the large cities. The supply carried on a car varies with the service, but is, in general, calcu- lated to supply the car for from two to four nights. The arrangement of the apparatus is shown in fig. 3160. The receiver or gas-holder, A, suspended beneath the car-floor, is connected by a system of extra heavy J-iu. pipes, with soldered joints and special fittings, to the regulator, R. The charging of the receiver is effect- ed (from either side of the car) by means of hose, con- necting the charging lines from the gas station with the filling-valves, F (fig. 3162). The gage, G, communicat- ing -with the high-pressure pipes connecting the various parts of the apparatus below the car, serves the double purpose of registering the amount of pressure in the re- ceiver at any time and of showing the amount of gas consumed in lighting the car for any given period. From the regulator, E., the gas (with its pressure re- duced to about i oz. per sq. in. ) passes upwards through the car toward the roof. At some convenient point, as in a saloon or locker, a main cock (No. 25c, fig. 3169) is placed as shown, whereby the flow of gas to the lamps is controlled. A ^-inch pipe is run along the roof, with .J^-inch branches to each lamp or bracket. These branches are made by means of special _^angreci-^ee.s (No. 16c, fig. 3177). Where ^inch connections are necessary passing down- ward from the |-inch low-pressure line on the roof to brackets or vestibule-lamps, the flanged elbow or angle fitting (No. 17A, fig. 3176) is used. For lamps and methods of suspending and connecting them see Pintsch gas-lamps and figs. 3238-40. Pintsch washers. Figs. 8318-21, etc. These washers are of lead and rubber, in three sizes, and are always used in pairs. Tlie rubber is always placed first on the fitting, the lead outside with the collar inwards. When pres- sure is brought upon the washer, the lead collar protects the inner edge of the rubber, and the body of the lead washer protects the outside surface of the rubber, and the rib protects the outer edge of rubber. The rubber is entirely enclosed in metal, and protected from the action ^'f the gas, wliich woidd otherwise destroy it. The PIP 06 PIT scored surfaces of the flanges entering into the soft lead make a perfectly tight joint. These washers are used on all classes of flanged fittings, whether high or low pressure. Pipe. "A tube for conveyance of water, air, or other fluids." — Knight. The -nTought-iron pipes used for con- veying gas, steam, etc., and commonly called gas-pipe, is usually meant by compoimd words beginning with pipe, as below. Running-pipe. Signal-pipe. Smoke-pipe. Steam-pipe. Stove-pipe. Supply-pipe. Triple-valve branch-pipe. Waate-pipe. Water drip-pipe. Urinal drip-pipe. Urinal ventilating-pipe, etc.. See Brake-cylinder pipe. Brake-pipe. Cold-air pipe. Conductors' valve dis- charge-pipe. Condtictors'-valve pipe. Deflector-pipe. D I sell arge-pipe. Exhaust-pipe. Ouard-pipe. Hot-air pipe. Injector-pipe. Pipe-bushing. Fig. 3955. See Bushing. Pipe-clip or strap. Figs. 2935-6. See Clip. Pipe-coupling. Figs. 2941-2. A short cast-iron tube with a thread out on the inside at each end, which is screwed on the ends of two pipes and used for uniting them to- gether, or uniting one pipe with another object, as a cock or valve. In some couplings the thread at one end is right-hand and the other left-hand, but generally they are both right-hand threads. Also see Reducing pipe- coupling. Pipe-fittings. Figs. 2928-56, etc. The connections for systems of wrought-iron gas, water, and steam-pipes. The more usual pipe-fittings are bushings, elboics, tees, return-bends (close or open), reducers, couplings, nipples, plugs, clips, etc., which see in Dictionary. Pipe-reducer. See above. Bushings, tees and couplings may be and are aU so made as to serve as reducers. Pipe-screw threads. Screw-threads used for connecting wrought-rion pipes together. Such screws are cut "tapered " ; that is, the end of the pipe, or the inside of the coupling where the thread is cut, forms part of a cone, so that in screwing up the pipe a tight joint can be made. Pipe-threads are of a V-shape, sharp at the top and bottom, and their sides stand at an angle of 60° to each other. The following is the number of threads per inch for pipes of different sizes. The size is given by the inside diameter, but the actual bore of the smaller sizes is considerably larger than the nominal. The ex- terior diameter of ordinary gas-pipe is from .27 to .37 inches greater than the inside diameter. AMRRICiN STANDARD SYSTEM OF PIPE THREADS. Size of pipe. Outside diam- eter. Ins. Inside diam- eter. Ins, Inside diam. Extra strong. Ins. Inside diam. Double extra strong. Ins. Threads per inch. Whit- worth's thread. ^, in. .405 .27 .205 27 28 .64 ..364 .294 18 19 % " .675 .494 .421 18 19 it " .84 .623 .542 .244 14 14 Vi " 1.05 .824 .736 .422 14 11 1 1.315 1.048 .915 .587 UM 11 m " 1.66 ].38 1.272 .884 im 11 m •■ 1.9 1.611 1.494 1.088 11"^ 11 2 " 2.375 2 067 1933 1.491 iiH 11 2}4 " 2.875 2 468 2,315 1.755 8^ 3 " 3.5 3 067 2.892 2 284 8 3H •' 4. 3.; 48 3.358 2.716 8 I " 4.5 4.026 3.818 3.136 8 i% •' 5. 4.508 8 5 ■' 5.563 5.045 8 6 " 6.625 6.065 8 7 •• 7.625 7.023 8 8 " 8.625 7.982 8 9 •' 9 688 9.001 8 10 " 10.075 10.019 8 (The European standard is the Whitworth pipe-thread, which la quite different.) Taper of Thread % in. per foot. Pipe-clip, or strap. Figs. 2935-6. An iron band for fas- tening a pipe against or to some other object. They are usually single, but sometimes double, for two or more pipes. See Clip. Pipe-support (Baker heater). Figs. 3937-38. A cast-iron stand screwed to the floor, with a receptacle at the top to receive and hold a pipe. Pipe tumbuckle. See Turnbuckle. Piping (Baker's plan) . For heating passenger-cars. Fig. 3957. Piston. A metal disk with packing, etc., made to fit air- tight and work back and forth in a cylinder. Those shown in this volume are chiefly in connection with air- brakes, figs, 1688-1760, to which more detailed reference seems unnecessary. The piston consists of a piston-head attached to a piston-rod. The piston follower or fol- lower-plate lies at the back of the piston-head, inclosing between them the piston packing-rings, or (in the West- inghouse air-brake cylinders) , the piston packing-leather, which latter is provided with a packingleaiher expander. The foUower-plate is secured to the piston with /oZZower- bolts. All these parts are essentially the same In all the various cylinders shown, and for distinctness should be designated with the name of the cylinder within which they work. The reversing-piston, which see, of the West- inghouse 8-in. air-pump, shifts the main steam-valves which admit steam to the cylinder. See also Triple-valve piston, etc., of Westinghouse apparatus. Piston-packing expander ("Westinghouse brake). See below. Piston packing-leather (Westinghouse brake). 12, Fig. 1689, a circular ring of leather used as a substitute for piston packing-rings, which see, pressed into the cylin- der so as to have an L -section, which is attached to and surround the piston and bears against the inside sur- face of the cylinder, being pressed against it by a round steel rod called the piston-packing expander. Piston packing-ring. 12-13, fig. 1689. A circular metal ring of rectangular section which is placed in grooves in the edge of a piston-head to make it work air-tight in its cylinder. The rings are turned slightly larger than the cylinder and cut in two diagonally at one point, so that when compressed they wiU tend to spring open. Piston-rod cross-head (brake-cylinder). 3, figs. 1693-8. Piston-rod cup-leather (Westinghouse driving-wheel brake) . A circular ring of leather similar to the piston packing-leather, which see, used to pack the piston-rod instead of the ordinary gland and stuffing-box of steam machinery. Piston-rod nut fair-pump) . 58, fig. 1689 ; 68, figs. 1691-2. A screw-nut on the lower end of the piston-rod, which holds the piston on the rod. Piston-rod packing-gland (air-pump.) 28, Fig. 1689. A metal ring which encircles the piston-rod, and which is forced into the stuffing-box and against the packing, which is then compressed by the packing-nut 27. More commonly called a Stuffing-box gland. Piston-rod packing-nut. 1. (air-pump.) 27, figs. 1689, etc. See above. Called Stuffing-box nut. 2. A nut which is used for holding the piston-rod cup- leather in its place, which thus makes an air-tight joint in which the piston-rod works. Piston-rod packing-spring (driving-wheel brake cylin- der) . A spiral spring serving to compress the piston-rod cup-leather. Piston stufflng-box (air-pump). 56, flg. 1689; 95, figs. 1691-3. Piston-travel indicator. Figs. 1778-83. A graduated scale abutting against the piston of a brake-cylinder and passing through the end of the cyUnder so that it can be seen. It shows the maximum movement of the piston since it was last adjusted. Pit. See Ash-pit. Pitch. 1. (Of a screw.) The advance made by the thread t>I* 97 PLA in one complete revolution, usually expressed by the number of threads in a given space, as (in U. S. and Eng- land) an inch. See figs. 5492-8. (Of a roof.) The ration of the rise of a roof to the hori- zontal distance covered. Pitch-cliain. 43 and 44, figs. 401-4. One composed of alternate single and double metallic plates bolted and riveted together sidewise, usually intended to work in the teeth of wheels, shaped so as to accurately engage with the chain. Such chains are sometimes used for berth-chains. Figs. 4199, 4308. Pitch-gear (for pile-driver car). 45, fig. 401-4. See Pitch- chain and driving-chain. Pitch i Tig-roof. A roof formed of one or more inclined plane surfaces. When the pitch becomes steep, the term is used to distinguish a roof formed of plane sur- faces from one formed of curved or arched surfaces. Pivot. 1. "A pin or short shaft on which anything turns." — iVebster. Seat-arm pivots are inaccurately called rivets. Plastered lamp. A lamp with a fixed globe which is fas- tened to a lamp-frame with plaster of Paris. Plate. 1. A piece of metal flat or extended in breadth. Rocker-pivot . Seat-arm. pivot. Upper-berth-rest pivot. Ventilator-pivot. Upper swing-hanger pivot. The pin on which the hasp See Deck-sash pivot. Lower sioing-hanger pivot. Monitor deck-sash pivot. Ratchet-pivot. 2. (Of car-door fastener.) turns. 3. (Monitor deok-sash pivot.) E, fig. 4397. Also in figs. 4391-3. The pin held in place by a spring upon which the deck-sash turns. 4. (Of rack-tumbler spring padlock.) 6, fig. 2766, More properly the key-pin. Pivot-bearing. 49, figs. 4806-4966. See Swing-hanger pivot-bearing (passenger-car trucks). Pivoted seat-arm (Cobb's, which see). Fig. 4093. A seat-arm which is attached to the seat-back by a loose pivot, instead of by a rigid connection, enabling the seat-back to be throvsm higher without increasing its total width. Pivoted-seat or seat-cushion. 8, figs. 2452-3a. A seat commonly called an "opera-seat," -mth the cushion pivoted so as it may be raised to permit easy access. Used in dining-cars. Pivoted seat-back arm. Figs. 4092-8. Pivot-plate. See Seat-arm pivot-plate. Window pivot- plate. Ventilator pivot-plate. Pivot spring (Monitor deck-sash pivot). H, fig. 4398. The spring retaining the pivot in its proper place after the sash has been placed in position. Planished iron. One of the attempted substitutes for Russia iron. One of many processes consists of the formation of an oxidized surface on each sheet over and above the surface secured in ordinary working. The oxidized surface is then reconverted into metallic iron, which will enter readily into combination with an oxi- dizing agent applied throughout. The surface thus given to the sheet is fixed by planishing or hammering until the desired polish is secured. The recent imitations of Russia iron have been very successful, but nothing yet made out of Russia is quite as good as the original. Plank. " A broad piece of sawed timber, differing from a board only in being thicker. In America, broad pieces of sawed timber, which are not more than an inch or an inch and a quarter thick are called boards ; like pieces from an inch and a half to three or four inches thick are called planks." — Webster. See Spring-plank. Truss-plank. Plank car-roof. More commonly single-board roof, which see. See also Car-roof. Planted molding, or bead molding (English). 121, figs. 501-4. American equivalent, panel-strip molding, ""'"'"' -'-'■- T-- , ---r;f:::;.r::::.aall molding which is - ' — ■ ~ .~- ,™-.]jg(j Qyt Qf the solid ..„ ,„„,. — „,,. ,..,,, „,,, ,,, ,,. •,.r;rr„„„r .ffiolding, whicli see. See Base-plate. Berth-rest plate. Berth-latch face-plate. Body-bolster trnss-plate. Bolster -plate. Bottom stove-plate. Buffer-block face-plate. Buffer-plate (Miller) . Center-pjlate. Chafing-plate. Cha ir-arm plate. Corner-plate. Coupling-pin plate (Mil- ler). Cover-plate. Dead-pilate. Deck-sash pivot-plate. Door-button plate. Door-hook plate. Door-.^ash plate. Drawbar face-plate. Drawbar follower-plate. Drawbar friction plate (street-cars) . Draw-hook plate. Drop letter-box plate. Face-plate. Flag-holder plate. Folloiver-2)late. Friction-plate. Frieze ventilator-plate. Hopper -plate. Inscrip tion-pla te. Inside top>-plate. Inverted truss-rod plate (street-cars). King-bolt plate. Letter-box plate. Match-plate. Mirror-plate. ISiame-plate. Notice-pjlate. Outside top-p>late. Outside u heel-piece plate. Piston follower-plate. Pivot-plate. Reversing valve-i:)late. Sash-lock plate. Seat-arm pivot-plate. Seat-lock plate. Sliding-door-la tch plate. Slanting table-leg plate. Stop-xtlate. Strike-plate. Suspending-plate. Table-hook pta te. Table-leg-hook plate. Threshold-plate . Transom, chafing-p/late. Trui-k-bolster chafing- plate. Uncoupling-lever plate. Uncoupling-lever trun- nion-plate. Upper berth-rest plate. Ventilator pivot-plate. Vestibule face-plate. Wheel-piece plate. Winding-shaft pilate. 2. (Architecture. ) "A piece of timber which supports the ends of the rafters." — Webster. 3. (Car-building.) 46, figs. 239-66 ; 93, figs. 435-73, 539-67. A horizontal piece of timber on top of the posts of a car-body supporting the roof-carlines or rafters. Also sometimes called side-plate in distinction from an end-plate, which see, which is a similar stick across the end of the car. A deck-plate is used to cap the deck- posts of an upper-deck. Main carlines, which see, are sometimes called tie-plates. In refrigerator-cars bogus- plates (which see) are used. In figs. 332-5, the term pZaie is misapplied to a Body side-rail. See side-rail. 4. (Of a cast car-wheel.) Figs. 5348-63. The central portion connecting the hub and tread, sometimes single- plate, sometimes do%d)le-plate. The plate is stiffened by brackets. See Car-wheel a,nulley. Side-pulley. Chain-pulley. Window-curtain pulley. i Hammer-rope pulley. Pull-hook or deck-sash opener. Fig. 4376-80. A shaft with a small hook on the top for opening deck-sashes. Also called ventilator-staff. Pull-iron. 58, figs. 329-66. A roping-staple. A U-bolt passing through the side-siU for the purpose of attaching ropes in switching. A. push-pole corner-iron, 191, is a lower corner-plate with a socket cast or forged thereon, levL 101 PtJL and in which the end of a pole is inserted for pushing instead of pulling the car. Pullman car. A name strictly applicable only to cars operated by the Pullman's Palace Car Company, but in common usage not unfrequently applied to "palace" sleeping, parlor or drawing-room car built after the same designs as those adopted by Pullman's Company, the Pullman oars having been the first of this class intro- duced on a large scale and in modern style of finish, and being much more in use than any other class of parlor or palace cars. Included among Pullman cars are sleep" ing-cars, parlor or drawing-room cars, dining-cars and combination-oars, which see. Late designs differ from the earUer designs in the use of a " buffet," etc., and in being finished in much lighter-colored woods than the former dark styles prevalent. The latest pattern of pas- senger-cars built by Pullman's Company are shown in the following illustrations : Dining-cars, figs. 107, 109-10. Parlor-cars, figs. 115-17. Private-ear, figs. 121-3. Sleeping-cars, figs. 133-26, 129-31. Smoking-car, etc., figs. 133-4. The most marked changes shown in these figs, are the arched deck-ceiling, the half-round or oval deck-win- dows and the elaborate decorations. The plans of Pull- man cars are shown in figs. 182-197. Framing, figs. 513- 22, 531-8 ; Sleeping-car berth, figs. 3409-13 ; Vestibules, figs. 2434-5, 3437-50 ; Truck, figs. 4963-6. Pullman extended- vestibule. Figs. 3424, 2437-41. A vestibule which incloses and utilizes the whole of the platform of a car. It is provided with equal- izing devices above and below and employs the same frictional resistance to prevent lateral oscillation as the earUer type. The improvements are chiefly con- iined to the platform inclosui'e. Windows are introduced at the end of the car in this construction which permits of better ventilation. The platform may be utihzed, the steps being covered with trap doors so that the entire area of the platform is available. A single door (7) may be used at the sides and avoid the double folding doors of the other pattern. Pullman passenger-car trucks. Figs. 4963-6. Nearly, if not all, Pullman cars are equipped with six-wheeled trucks, similar to the illustration, which is the latest standard at this writing, 1894. Pullman sliding'-door (street-car). Fig. 5665. Pullman system of water pressure. Figs. 3534-48. This system of water supply under air-pressure replaces the old method of using pumps for raising water for wash purposes in sleeping cars. The system consists of forcing water into the wash-bowls by air-pressure taken from the brake system * as applied to cars. When the auxiliary air-brake reservoir is filled with air to a pres- sure of 60 lbs., an Air-governor, Q,, admits air through a Drip-cup into an Air-tank, 36 inches long by 22 inches in diameter. This is a storage tank for use when cars are disconnected from the locomotive. The pressure carried is about 75 lbs. From this tank the air passes through a reducing-valve, R, (set for 32 lbs. pressure) , into the water-tank. At the end and center of the tank is a special three-way valve, P. This valve performs the triple service of admitting water and air, and also allow- ing the air to escape when the tank is filled with water. The valve, P, is operated from inside the car by a stem, marked W, to which is attached a pinion and gear. The air before passing into the water-tank passes through a Check-valve, which is to prevent the water in the tank from backing into the air-pipes ; the water being forced out of the tank passes through a strainer or screen, T. ™ ' ' ■ ' ::'::-- -ci v^ -^jTS --■"?, Z, whlch when screen in such a " .. - . • :, .:,::;r passing through \ r is led by pipes to the different wash-stands and closets. One pipe passes to the heater and the water goes through a check-valve, I, and a shut-off valve, H, when it enters the copper coil which encircles the fire magazine. The hot water passes by gi'avity to a tank marked N, which has a connecting pipe back to the coil. Through these pipes there is a constant circulation from the heater which keeps the water hot. A connection is made from the top of this tank to the various washstands and bath-tub where hot water is required. At each end of the car a fire hose is placed which can be used at a moment's notice, under the tank pressure. At the top of tank N is a safety-valve marked M. The water-tank is insulated to prevent the water freezing in cold weather. This in- sulating box contains about 30 ft. of heater pipe which is connected with the heating pipes of the car. Pullman-vestibules. Figs. 3424, 2437-48. To the Pull- man company belongs the credit for having introduced and perfected the vestibule. There are two types, the original which encloses the platform exclusive of the steps ; and the Pullman improved extended-vest ibxde , which encloses the platform steps, to the full width of the car. The peculiarities of the Pullman-vestibules is explained under Vestibules, which see. The frictional resistance of the Diaphragm face-plates to oscillation under opposing spring pressure is accomplished by an in- genious mechanism shown in the figures. The plate equalizer, shown in figs. 2437-45, is intended to keep the upper part of the face-plate thrust out and adjusted to its companion plate. It is shown in the hood and plan and the parts are numbered from 33 to 29 inclusive. The two sides are equalized at the top by the face-plate equalizing lever (27), and at the bottom by a platform- equalizer (51). Another adjustment of the vestibule face-plate is the Buhoup vestibule equalizer-kicker, a mechanism forming a part of the Pullman vestibule. It is shown in figs. 2442, and in more detail in fig. 3440, and the parts are numbered 45 to 53. The object of this device is to have the bottom of the vestibule plate follow the movements of the draft rigging, and by a system of levers it is so arranged that whether the drawbar be in tension or compression the bottom of the face-place and buffers are forced out, in the former case to prevent any opening between the two opposing face-plates, and in the latter case to aid in resisting the buffing effect caused by sudden stops or collisions. When there is a pull on the coupler (45), the spring (46) is compressed; the drawbar-horn (49) is forced against the combination yoke (48), which impinges against the buffer stem (53) and spring (50) ; when the coupler is under compression the spring (46) is compressed and the bolt below the bar is foi'cedagainsttheyoke(48)andforcesout the buffer stem (53) as before. So that in case of collision the shock is met by the combined resistance of the drawbar and buffer- springs, and in tension the buffer and face-plates follow up any movements of the drawbar, thus insuring fric- tional contact and resistance at all times between the face-plates of the cars coupled together. Pull-ring. Figs. 4342-50. A metal ring with a screw at- tached by which it is fastened to any object, as a sash, drawer, etc., to take hold of in opening it. Chiefly used for deck-sashes. Pull-rod (Janney coupler). 141, fig. 3301. The rod con- necting the uncoupling-lever with the catch-lever, also called an uncoupling-rod. 2. (English brake-gear.) Any rod transmitting tension when the brake is applied. Pull-rod button (Janney coupler). The " T " button upon the end of thepuH-J'od. Pull-rod carry-iron. 146, fig. 2301. A caiTy-iron for an uncoupling-rod. Pull-rod plate (Janney coupler) . A small chafing-plate on the Janney platform knee-timber through which the pull-rod passes. A pull-rod carry -iron. PtTL 108 RAB Pull-up brake. Fig. 16. Pump. 1. (Westinghouse brake.) Figs. 1691-3. An air- pumv, wliich see. 8. (Wash-rooms.) Figs. 8481-3, and 9, fig. 3468. A basin-pump, which see. Pump drain-cock (Westinghouse brake). 105, figs. 1691-3. Pump-governor (Westinghouse brake) . Figs. 1716, 1755. An attachment designed to automatically cut off the supply of steam to the pump when the air-pressure in the main resciToir exceeds a certain limit, usually about 90 lbs. The governor not only prevents the caiTying of excessive air-pressure, but also causes the accimiulation of a supply of air in the main reservoir while the brakes are applied, which insures the release of the brakes, without delay. It also obviates the unnecessary work- ing of the piunp, when the desired air-pressure has been obtained. Punch. See Bell-punch. Purlin. 83, figs. 839-66, etc., 205, figs. 97-101. A longi- tudinal piece of timber over the rafters, extending from one end of the car-roof to the other, to which the roof -boards are fastened. Sometimes called a roof-strip, but the latter more correctly applies to strips sometimes used above the purlins, as E, fig. 8.381. Push, baggage-car. A light lorry-car used at station for moving baggage or freight from one train to another. Push-bar. Figs. 1397-8 ; 40, figs. 3397-9. (Gould coupler, etc.) A pressure-har . Push-bar (Westinghouse brake). 3, figs. 1786, 1738-9, etc. Usually called pMs7i-?'od. A campression-bar which butts up against the piston of a brake-cyUnder, being guided by a Hollow piston-rod, wliich see, in such man- ner as to transmit the pressure of the piston when the air-brake is used, but to simply move away from the piston, without moving the latter, when brakes are ap- plied by hand. Push-block. 191, fig. 339-66, etc. See Push-pole comer- plate. Push-car, or lorry-car. Figs. 5583, 5589, 5601-3. A four- wheeled car, also called larry-car, used to carry ma- terials and tools, moved or pushed by hand. Also see Ferry push-car. Push-down (H. &K. reclining car-seat). Figs. 3988-5. A thumb-latch, which, when pushed down, permits the seat-back to be tilted to a reclining position. Push-pole. A pole or wrought-iron tube, which is used as a strut to span diagonally the distance between the corners of a locomotive and a car, standing on two parallel tracks, and which is used to push such car with- out switching the locomotive on to the same track as the car occupies. Push-pole car. A flat car with a push-pole attached to the side-sill so that it can be used in "poling " cars. The pole of former days has become a wrought-iron tube, and one end is pivoted to the side-sill of the car. A post and lever is attached to the pivoted end so it can be swung out over the side track by the operator who stands upon the Push-pole car. See Push-pole. Push-pole corner-plate or iron. 191, figs. 339-66. A plate for inserting poles or bars in switching to enable the car to be moved from the side by an engine on a parallel track. It is usually a cavity cast upon the lower corner-plate, and not a separate attachment. A Roping staple, which see, sei-ves the same purpose for the use of a rope. Push-rod (Westinghouse freight and tender brakes) . See Push-har. Push-rod (Westinghouse freight-brake). The rod which butts ■ against the brake-cylinder piston and transmits its thrust. Putty. A mixture of linseed oil with whiting, which lat- ter is chalk finely pulverized. Wateris sometimes added in adulteration, causing the putty to stick to the fingers, and making it hard and brittle when dry. Pan^l-putty, used lor filling nail holes in car work, is an extra quality made from whiting, white lead in oil, japan or varnish, and a small quantity of turpentine. The whiting is used merely to prevent the white lead from sticking to the fingers, and no more than necessary for this purpose is required. This putty forms a hard cement which does not shrink. When dry it can be rubbed down with pumice-stone or dusted with sand-paper. Olycerine putty is made of good thick glycerine and white lead or litb arge. It hardens in 15 to 45 minutes, and stands water and acids. Pyramidal hopper bottom. Kgs. 310-15. See Box hop- per-bottom. " a & C " brake-slack adjusters. 1. Figs. 1771-4. An adjuster by which the slack is taken up by washers or small plates, which drop into the space left by any lost motion in the rod. 3. Fig. 1775. A combination of a ratchet and pawl, which ratcliet svheel is also a gear wheel, which engages in a pinion, that is the female screw sleeve of the cylin- der-lever connecting-rod. See Brake-slack adjusters. ftuadrant. A piece of metal curved in the form of the arc of a circle. See Sector. See also Deck-sash quad- rant, figs. 4389-90. Lever-quadrant (Fames ejector). Fig. 1668. Quadruple coil nest-spring. Fig. 5854. A rarely used sjnral-.ixtring. Quadruplet (of elliptic springs, which see) . Figs. 4947-8. Four springs side by side acting as one. ftuarter-light, or side-light (English). 137, figs. 501-4. American equivalent, window. In a carriage, the win- dow in the body as distinguished from the windows in the doors. The quarter-lights, in English practice, are always fixed, but on the continent of Europe they are invariably made to fall or open, and this is also the case A^-ith the vehicles made in England and exported to warm climates. ftuarter-light molding, or glass-frame stile (EngUsh). 142, fig. 501. The upright member of the fixed window framing. The glass is very generally fitted direct to th*" body, a strip of rubber being interijosed, and the mold- ing screwed on outside, keeping the whole in position. Q,uarter-light panel (English). 126, fig. 501. A panel on the outside of the body, placed above the window. Other exterior panels are quarter-panel, waist-panel, and bottom side-panel. Interior panels are the partition panel, inside top-light panel and roof panels. ftuarter-light pillar (English). 110, figs. 501-4. A part- of the body framing of a caiTiage. A vertical post form- ing one side of the window aperture. Quartette (elliptic spring) . Also called quadruplets, whicl see. Queen-post (of a truss) . One of a pair of vertical post; against which the truss-rod bears. When one post only is used, it is called a king-post, which see. Such posts are used for the body truss-rods under car-bodies and occasionally trucks. See Body queen-post. Inverted body queen-post. Truck-frame queen-post. Queen-post stay. A bar attached to a queen-post to stay it laterally. See Body queen-post stay. Qiuck-aoting passenger triple-valve ( Westinghouse air- brake). Fig. 1706. See Triple-valve. Quintuplet (of elliptic springs, which see). Five springs side by side, acting as one. 30, figs. 4948-3. Rabbet. "A rectangular groove made longitudinally along the edge of one piece to receive the edge of an- other. It is common in paneling, and in door-frames for the door to shut into."— Knight. Babbet is a corruption of the word rebate. BAB 108 BED Babbeted-lock. "A kind of lock whose face-plate is sunk within a rabbet cut in the edge of a door." — Knight. See Lock. Baoe-horse box (English). American equivalent, horse- car. A four-wheeled covered vehicle adapted to run on passenger trains and to carry valuable and excitable horses. The mangers, stalls, etc., are carefully padded, and a compartment provided for the jockey, who can reach the horse's head. See also Horse-boa-. Back. 1. " A frame for receiving various articles." — Webster. See Basket-rack. Bible-raek. Brimh and comb rack. Card-rack. Head-board rack. Towel-rack. 3. "In machineri/, a rectilineal sliding-piece, with teeth out on its edge for working with a wheel." — Brande. A ratchet , which see. See also Beveled-rack. Sash-lock rack. Sleiring-gear rack. Back-catcli (for head-board). A small "cupboard catch'' to hold the head-board pocket closed. Badiating draft-bar (street-cars). 88, fig. 5654-ti, A draw-bar pivoted so that it may be swung oblique to the car length over a draw-bar sector. A center-draft drnii>- bar is an example of a radiating draft-bar. Badiator. 1. Baker and other steam and hot- water heat- ers. Fig. 3943-4; shown in plan, fig. 3997. A piece of iron pipe bent into a U -shape under the seats of a car, through which the hot water or steam circulates. Badiator-stand (Baker and other heaters). Figs. 3937-8. A support for a radiator. Bafter. A timber to support the roof of a car, which ex- tends pa7-t wat/ across the top, either from the plate to the ridge of the roof, or to the base of the deck-side only, as 101, figs. 435-73, etc., and figs. 1315-6. "When such timbers extend all the way across they are called carlines. See Main-rafter. Bail. "The horizontal part in any piece of framing or paneling. " — Webster, See Belt-rail. Bottom-rail. Deck bottom-rail. Door-case interme- diate rail. Door-case top-rail. Door rail. End-rail. Fender-rait. Top end-rail. Top side-rail. Upper belt-rail. Guide-rail. Hand-rail. Lower seat-back rail. MiddJe door-rail. Panel-rail. Parting-rail. Platform-rail, Sash-rail. Seat-back rail. Seat-bottom rafl. Seat-rail. Wainscot-rail. Window-blind rail. Bailing. "A series of rails; a tenoe."— Webster. See Platform-railing. Step-railing (street-cars). Bailing-chain. See Platform railing-chain. Bailroad-car. See Car. EaiLroad-lantem. Figs. 3353-63. A lantern used in large munbers by trainmen and other employes of railroads. A variety of patterns exist and are shown. Bailroad-padlocks. Figs. 3760-73. See Padlock. BaU roof-molding (street-car). 160, fig. 5656, a roof deck-sill molding. Its use is to make a tight joint be- tween the roof boards and deck-sill, or upper-deck bottom rail. Baised-roof. An upper-deck or clear-story, which see. Eanges and cook-stoves. Figs. 3106-8, and also 3061- 3105. A range is a fixed and more elaborate cook-stove attached to the wall, and, in houses, usually built in with brick so as to need no stove-pipe to connect with the chimney. Baoul journal-box. Figs. 5165-6. A jom-nal-box with a U-shaped bar called the yoke or hail attached to the box so as to embrace and hold the lid, which latter carries an end-stop so as to dispense with a collar on the axle. In much favor for narrow-gage cars, such as planta- tion, mine, and logging-cars. In very limited use on ;ht and some- )S, for produc- ing or (more commonly) restraining motion. See -Bra^e ratchet-icheel. Wiiiding-sliaft ratchet-wheel. An undu- lating ratchet is one having no sharp edges, so that the ratchet-catch will slide over them without removal on the apphoatiou of IVui-e. as in deck-sash pivots, figs. 4391-3. See BottoiiL-ratclict. XJncoupling-lever ratchet. See also deck-sash pivot, figs. 4385-8, 4391-3, 4397-8, for vari- ous forms of ratchets and attached parts used in conneC'- tion therewith. In most of the EakI'sIi dictionaries the term ratchet is de- fined not only as the serrated edge, but also as the dog or pawl which engages therewith. This definition however, is believed to be an error, which has been copied froD one dictionary to another, and which does not correspond with practice in nae- ehanical worli, at least as respects American practice, which latter seems to confine the use of the term ratchet to the ser- rated edge only and doe^ not designate the jiairl also as a ratchet. Batchet-burner (for lard oil). Fig. 8396. One in which the wick is moved up and down by a pointed wheel en- gaging in it, like mineral oil burners. Batchet-wheel. See Brake ratchet-wheel. Winding-shaft ratchet-wheel. Battan car-seat. Figs. 3943-6, 3968-9, 3980-3. See Car- seat. Battan-seating (canvas-lined) . Fig. 8948. See Canvas- lined. Eave. 15A, figs. 5595-7. A vertical side-piece to the frame of a wagon-body or other vehicle. The term is applied to such parts on hand-cars (the raves being also called seat-risers) , but not to other railroad cars, although lit- erally applicable, for instance, to the sides of a gondola-car. Reach. See Extension-reach. Sear foot-rest (Hartley reclining-chair). Figs. 3998-9. A foot-rest for the benefit of the occupant of the chair in the rear. See Foot-rest. Rebate. " In architecture, a groove or channel sunk on the edge of a piece of timber." — W-ebster. Usually written rabbet, which see. Beceiving-valvea (upper and lower), (air-pump). 31 and 33, figs. 1689. Puppet valves, which see, at the top and bottom of the air-pump cylinder, to admit the air. Receiver (Pintsch system). Figs. 3160, 3165. A cylindri- cal steel tank, with rivetted and soldered seams, adapted to receive and retain gas at high pressures. The sizes vary in diameter from 16^ ins. to 30i ins., and in length from 6 ft. 1 in. to 9 ft. 6 ins. According to require- ments, cars are equipped with from one to four receivers, connected by I in. high pressure piping, etc. See Pintsch gas apparatus. Each receiver is fitted with a special valve, 53b, (figs. 3166). See Holder fittings. Receiver filling-valve (Pintsch gas-lighting). F, fig. 3160 ; figs. 3161-3. A valve of pecuhar construction for the admission of the compressed gas to the receiver, so that it can be transmitted to the regulator for con- sumption. Beceiver-valve (Pintsch gas-lighting). B, fig. 813 ; fig. 817. The cock attached to the recipient to connect it with the filling -valve or the regulator, as desired. Reclining-chair. Figs. 3996-9. A chair, the back of which can be inclined to almost any angle, and which is provided witli leg and foot rests. The Horton is an- other design. Beolining car-seat. Figs. 3933-5, 3974-6. A car-seat, the back and cushion of which can be tilted into a comfort- able reclining position, and which, together with a leg and foot rest, make a seat in which people try to sleep. They are always divided by a division-arm and intended for two persons. Becommended Practice. Figs. 5490-1, and figs 5507-5580. "Those forms, parts, constructions, units, measure- ments or systems which are conducive of sound con- struction, good practice, and safe operation, but whicli do not affect either interchangeability of parts or inter- changeability of cars as a whole. See Master Car Bitili,- ers' Standards, REO 104 RES Recording-bell (street-cars) . A bell attached to a bell- punch or other instrument on which the conductor re- cords the fares collected, to indicate that fact to the passengers. Reducer (pipe fittings, which see). Fig. 3942. A means of decreasing the diameter of the pipe used. They are either bushings, couplings or T's, which see. Reducing coUar (for lamps). Fig. 3403 ; 24, fig. 3388, See Collar. Reducing pipe-coupling. Figs 3943, etc. See Reducer. Reducing tee or T (pipe-iittings, which see). See also Reducer and T. Reducing-valve (Westinghouse train signal apparatus). Figs. 3405--6. A valve for reducing the pressure of air admitted to the train signal-pipes below that maintained in the brake-pipes and main reservoir. In the train- signal apparatus a very low pressure, not usually ex- ceeding two atmospheres, is used. Reflector. 1. (Lamps.) 14, figs. 3361-3317. "A polished surface for reflecting light." — Webster. Lamp-chimney Reflector, 15, figs. 3361-3317. 3. (Lanterns). Figs. 3553-62. Reflector and chimney- holder combined (for lamp) , fig. 3436. Reflectors (Pintsch syptem): SO (flK. 3232); for use only on bracket-lamps in postal or expreas-ca' 8 Enamelled iron, white under surface. Has a Bhe-^t i'on flue, as sbown. 110 (flpr. 3207); reflector for all center lamps. Enamelled iron, white surface. 111 (fie. 3206); cup-reflector for a'l center lamp. Enamelled iron or solid porcelain. 1 1 1 A, as desired. In the latter case is known as No llli. 112 (fli. 3203); reflector for four-flame vestibule-lamp. 195 (fl(?. 3241) Enamellert iron, white sarface. 113 (fl?. 3204); reflector for iwo-fln me vestibule-lamp. 194 (fl.:. 3239); Enamelled iron, white suiface. 114 (ig. 3205): reflectnr for wall-lamp. 205 (fig. 3247); En- amelled iron, white surface. 115 (fig. 3243); reflector for mail-cars. Fits any center lamp. Enamelled iron, white under surface. Refrigerator (of a refrigerator-oar). Figs. 374-86. The chamber, constituting the main body of the car, in which the paying load is placed. Refrigerator-car. Figs. 9-14, 274-86. A car for carrying perishable articles, especially meat, constructed with compartments in which ice is carried, and with double floor, sides and roof, to keep the ice from melting. A great variety of types have been designed, but they can all be reduced to four general classes, viz.: Those which use ice and salt, or ice only, for refrigerating, and those which carry ice overhead in ice-pans or in the ends of the cars in ice-racks or tabes. The most important dif- ference of all in refrigerator-cars, the difference in the character of the circulation and dryness of air, is not touched by the classification, nor can it be gone into. The temperature aimed at is about 40° F. or 8" above freezing. Many of the older cars were mere air-tight boxes, without any circulation whatever, with the effect that an unnecessarily low temperature was required in one part of the car to keep all cool enough. The princi- pal difference in the external appearance of refrigerator- cars, as may be seen, is their greater height and width. Refrigerator-cars using salt use from 1 to 3 bushels for each 100 lbs. of ice. Of the Refrigerator-cars now in service, the following deserve to be mentioned : The Ayer ; the Cauda, figs. 13, 383-6 ; the Chase, fig. 14 ; the Ham-ahan, figs. 10, 274-7 ; the Tiffany ; the Wickes, fig. 13. Refrigerator-door hinge. Fig. 3613. Refrigerator express-car. Figs. 168-70, and 596-7. A car that does not differ from a regular baggage and express car, except that about one-third of it is partitioned off, insulated and iced to maintain a low temperature and in which to carry perishable goods. Register. R, figs. 4337-9a. An aperture for the passage of air, provided with suitable valves, doors and sUding or revolving plates, by which the aperture is opened or closed. See Feed-door register. Frieze-ventilator regis- ter. Ventilating register. Register-face. A grating with which the opening of a register is covered. It is usually of some ornamental pattern. Regulating. An unusual term for switching, or the act of moving cars from one track to another in making up or separating trains. Also called drilling, or, in England, marshaling, or, less correctly, shunting. Regulating-nut-spring, etc, (Pump governor.) 65 and 66, fig. 1716. Regulating-valve (Pintsch gas pressure-regulator). See Pressure-regulator. Regulator (Frost-system of gas-Ughting). Figs. 3117- 3118. Air from the tank enters the regulator at the inlet, as indicated by the arrow, and, the valve being held away from its valve seat by the action of the graduating- spring, 6, upon the diaphragm, 7, to which the valve is connected, passes between the valve and its seat into the chamber back of the diaphragm and thence through the roof-pipe to the carburetors. As the pressure in the carburetors yises, it sets back into the chamber of the reg- ulator, and, acting against the diaphragm, overcomes the resistance of the graduating spring, 6, and displaces the diaphragm from its normal position. The diaphragm thus displaced carries the valve toward its seat, and in this manner gradually closes the air port until the pressure in the carburetors has reached 1^ lbs. per square inch, at which pressure the valve is seated and prevents the further fiow of air. As soon as the pressure in the car- buretors falls below 1^ lbs. , the resistance of the gradu- ating-spring, being greater than that of the air pressure upon the diaphragm, forces the valve off from its seat and allows sufficient air to pass to keep the pressure up to that for which the regulator is adjusted. Regiilator (Pintsch system of gas-lighting). 344, fig. 3168. An automatic regulator which receives the gas from the receiver at its inlet at any pressure from 1 to 300 lbs. and automatically reduces it to an outlet pressure of i oz. It is screwed to a board, having a recess 13} in. diameter and| in. deep to receive the upper surface of the regulator, this board being held against the under side of the car floor by straps and suitable lag screws. The regu- lator is sealed and is gtiaranteed by the makers for 5 years, if returned intact and seal unbroken. Regulator. See Heat and draft-regulator. Fig. 3867. Pressure-regulator. Regulator-straps (Pintsch system). 243, fig. 3337-a. An iron strap used to secure the regulator to under side of car. One is passed across each end of the board carry- ing the regulator, and is lag-screwed to the board and to the car sills. Release-cock (Westinghouse brake). Fig. 326; 18, figs. 1693-8, and figs. 1733. More properly an a^txiliary reser- voir bleeding-valve. A cock attached to the auxiliary- reservoir for permitting the compressed air to escape therefrom, when the locomotive is detached or when the apparatus is out of order, so as to release or " bleed " the brakes. Release-spring. 1. (Passenger-car trucks.) 91, figs. 4806- 4968. A spring attached to the end-piece of a truck for the purpose of throwing the brakes out of contact with the wheels. The name is also applied to any spring used to throw the brakes off from the wheels. 3. (Westinghouse brake.) 12, fig. 1737. A spiral spring which acts so as to move the brake-piston inward and thus release the brakes from the wheels after the compressed air is allowed to escape from the cylinders. It was formerly carried outside the brake-cylinder by a release-spring bracket, etc., but is now placed inside the cylinder. Reservoir. 1. (Air-brake apparatus.) The main reser- voir, figs. 1733, 1690 and 1, figs. 1699-1707, goes under the locomotive, and the auxiliary reservoir, figs. 1734-6, under the tender and each car. In the latest and most approved designs the driver brake also is operated from KES 105 BIG a separate triple-valve and auxiliary reservoir is com- bined with the triple-valve and brake-cyHnder placed on the engine. In the Westinghouse freight-brake, figs. 1728-9, the auxiliary reservoir is connected with the brake-cylinder and triple-valve. 3. See Lamp-reservoir, or lamp-fount. 3. (Pintsch gas-lighting apparatus.) See Receiver. 4. (Student lamp.) 6, figs. 3399. The removable cylinder carried within the shell caUed the outside- cylinder. Reservoir drain-cock (Westinghouse brake). 18, figs. 1693-8 and 1733. A cock for emptying the reservoir of any water condensed from the air. Also used as a re- release-cock, or cylinder release-cock, which see, for let- ting oflE or " bleeding " the brake. Beservoir drip-chamber (student lamp). C, fig. 3399. A cavity in the outside cylinder below the reservoir. Used only in the best lamps. Beservoir pipe (for Westinghouse brake). 8, figs. 1699- 1707. Also called air-pipe and discharge-pipie. The pipe conveying the air from the air-pump to the reser- voir. Beservoir-union. Fig. 1721. See Union. Best. That which supports something or on which it rests. See Arm-rest. Berth-rest. Foot-rest. Oi'ate-rest. Side foot-rest. Side-r&it (tip-car). Stake-rest. Upper herfh-rest. Windoif-blind rest. Window-sash rest (street cars). Bestaiirant car. Fig. 104. A cafe or lunch car. Betaining-ring (for wheel tires). Figs. 5255-68, 5374-81, 5292-99, 5823, 5337-47. A ring securing the tire to the wheel. See Mansell retaining-ring, and tire fastening. Beturn-bend (pipe-fittings) . Figs. 3945-6. A short cast- iron U-shaped tube for uniting the ends of two wrought- iron pipes. They are called close return-heads, or opien return-bends, according as the section of the pipe is kept a distinct circle at all points. The close return-bend has simply a partition dividing the two parts for a short distance. Betum heating system (one of the Safety's heating sys- tems) . Figs. 3028-30. In this arrangement of the Stand- ard system, the method of application of jackets to the circulation piping is not materially changed, but, by means of a second drain pipe, the condensed steam, after performing its work, is returned to the locomotive in- stead of being discharged to the ground. Special valves on the car, and a suction pump on the tender, are necessary adjuncts of this system. By means of the pump, a vacuum of 15 to 22 inches is constantly maintained on the second or return train pipe. The re- turned condensation being at a high temperatui'e when reaching the tender tank, a saving of fuel is thereby effected. Lower steam pressures can be used with this system than with the others, the exhaust of the suction pump alone is sometimes sufficient to keep up the circu- lation. Betum tag. Fig. 3884. A tag attached to cars, usually by slipping it on to the shackle of the seal, and used as an evidence of the due arrival of the car or as a direction to what point the car itself is to be returned. Beversible car-seat. Fig. 3993. A name sometimes ap- phed to the common form of car-seat in which the back only reverses, but more properly applied to such a seat as the Buntin reversible car-seat, which see, in which the seat is moved and not the seat-back only, what was the seat becoming the seat-back, and vice versa. Beversing-cylinder (Westinghouse 8-in. air-pump). 22, fio* IftftQ A email Viollnw mf^ta.l cvlinder in the steam .-. ■: ■:■■ -^ : r. : ::,.-:;: ^v -R--S-.;; -r-^;- /:;0J!, which 866, 21, fig. 1689. A metal screw-plug screwed into the recess which receives the reversing-cylinder and holds the latter in its place. Reversing-piston (8-in. air-pump). 23, fig. 1689. A small piston placed above the steam- valves and which moves the latter downward. The excess of steam-pres- sure on the under side of tlie upper steam-valve, owing to its being larger than the lower one, moves them up- ward when the pressure on the reversing-piston is re- leased by the movement of the reversing-valve, at the top of the stroke o£ the main steam-piston, which then strikes the reversing-valve stem, whicli see. Reversing-piston packing-ring (8-in. air-pmnp). 24, fig. 1689. See Piston. Reversing-valve (8-in. air-pump). 16, fig. 1689. A slide-valve working in a small cylinder in the steam- cylinder head, and thus controlling the admission and exhaust of steam to and from the reversing-piston. See Reversing-valve stem. Reversing valve-bush, or bushing (Westinghouse 8-in. air-pimip). 19, fig. 1689. See Bushing. Reversing-valve cap, or chamber-cap (Westinghouse 8-in. air-pump). 20, fig. 1689. A screw-plug which holds the reversing-valve bashing in its place. Reversing-valve plate (Westinghouse 8-in. air-pxrmp). 18, fig. 1689. Reversing-valve stem. (Westinghouse 8-in. air-pump). 17, fig. 1689. A rod attached at the upper end to the reversing-valve. It extends downward into a hole bored into the piston-rod, and is moved by the piston at each end of its stroke. The admission and exhaust of steam above the reversing piston is changed at each end of the stroke of the main steam-piston, and by this means the main- valves are shifted and made to admit steam, alternately, above and below the steam-piston. Revolving-chair. Figs. 3926-7, 3989-93, 3996-9, 4109. See Parlor-car chair. Hartley chair. Rib (of a cast-iron wheel). A bracket. See Wheel-rib. Car-wheel. Ridge. See Roof-ridge. Ridge-clamp. Figs. 3355-67. The grooved stick on top of the boarding of a pitched roof directly over the ridge- pole. In the Winslow car-roof they are called simply roof strips, which see. Ridge-pole. 84, figs. 329-66, etc. A longitudinal timber in the center of a roof, supported by the carlines or rafters on which the roof -boards rest. In some cases the rafters are framed into the ridge-pole, and in some cases, as figs. 2870-4, the ridge-pole is grooved to receive the roof -sheets. Ridge-timber. 110, figs. 332-5. A timber which caps the intersection of two inclined floors meeting in the center of the car as in side-dump or ore-cars. If the inclined floors were the two sides of a gable-roof the ridge-timber would then become a ridge-pole. Right and left of a seat is as for a person sitting in a seat; of a stove or of the end of a car is as for a person facing it ; of a brace is one which leans to the right or left of a person standing facing the side of the car. Right and left screw. A pair of screw-threads cut turn- ing in opposite directions, so that a common nvit or pipe- coupling tapped with similar threads will, according to the direction in which it is tui-ned, draw the two rods nearer together or press them farther apart. Right-and-left-screw tumbuokle. Figs. 3736, 3737a. See Tnrnbuckle. Other forms are sttuvel turnbuckle, fig. 3735, and tube tiu-nbuckle, fig. 8737. Bight-hand brace-pocket. See Right and left and Left- hand brace-pocket. Right-hand seat (of car-seats with a stationary back). See Right and left. Right-hand seat-end. See above. Rigid-bolster truck. Figs. 4576-4739, etc. A car-truck with a bolster whicli has no lateral or swing motion, which see. See also Bolster and truck-bolster. mo 108 ROL Kigid caster (for tables). Fig. 4114. See Caster. A ' ' rigid caster " is a mere socket and not properly a caster at all, except from being used in the same manner as a finish for legs of tables and chairs. Kira. 1. (Of a car- wheel.) That portion of a car-wheel outside of fhe. plate. The /ace of the rim is the outside vertical edge or face. 3. (Of a wrought-iron wheel.) The wrought-iron ring which is welded to the outer ends of the spokes and sur- rounded by the tire. Kim-latcli. Figs. 2558-9, 3570, 3731-3. A latch which is attached to the outside of a door and is not let into it. Rim-lock. Figs. 3653-2703, etc. "A lock having an ex- terior metallic case which projects from the face of the door, differing thus from a mortise-lock." — Knight. Bing. 1. See Ash-pit ring. Casing-ring. Grate-ring. Helper-ring. Inside-ring. Lamp-ring. Mansell retaining-ring. Man-hole ring. Paching-ring. Pull-ring. Rubber-packing ring. Slewing-ring. Stove-pipe ring. Top>-Hng. . Ventilator-ring. Window-curtain ring. 2. (Baker-heater). Figs. 3869, 2893e, 3939b. A cast- iron ring attached to the smoke-top to stiffen it and hold the feed-door. Also an ash-pit ring. Riser. 3, figs. 3535-7. A piece of marble or metal set on edge around about the wash-bowls to prevent water from running against the walls. See Step-Hser. Seat- riser. Rising-timber. 110, fig. 338-31. A timber placed upon another parallel or transverse timber to get greater height. Rivet. " A pin of iron or other metal with a head drawn through a piece of timber or metal, and the point bent or spread and beat down fast to prevent it being drawn out, or a pin or bolt clinched at both ends." — Webster. See Coiipling-liiik rivet. The seat-arm pivot, which see, figs. 4034-9, is usually in the trade termed a rivet, but incorrectly. Rivet-fastening (English). Fig. 5344. As appUed to railroad wheels, the oldest and most defective mode of securing the tire to the wheel. Little used. See Tire- fastening. Rivet-seal. Figs. 3879. A seal wdth a lead rivet which is closed by a die. See Car-seal. Roadmasters' hand-car. Figs. 5586-7. RoTjerts, Throp & Company hand and velocipede cars. Figs. 5583-4, 5589-90. Roberts' woven-virire car-seats and fabrics. Figs. 3952-67. Robinson radial-truck (street-cars). Figs. 5671-3. A truck, so-called, which consists of three pairs of wheels, each pair carrying a frame. One pair of wheels is placed under each end of the car, and the third pair of wheels with the frame is in the middle of the car. The three truck-frames or so joined together that when on a curve the middle pair of wheels rotates the end-trucks about their center-pins and tend to keep the axles perpendicular to the track, as showm in the fig- ures. Rocker (tip-car). A crescent-shaped casting bolted to the rocker-timbers of the car-body on which the body rests and rolls when the body is tipped. Becker-bearing (tip-car). The iron-cap for the rocker- bearing timber to support the rocker. Rocker-bearing timber (tip-car). A horizontal timber at the end of the car on which the rocker-bearing rests. Bocker-bearing-timber hangers (tip-car). Vertical tim- bers or iron bars framed and bolted to the end-piece, to which the rocker-bearing timbers are fastened. Rocker car-seat. Figs. 3917-30, 3933, 3970-1, 8983, etc. A seat having the bottom adjustable so as to give it an inclination towards the seat back La aU cases, on which. ever side the seat-back may be placed. AU modern car- seats have mechanism by which this inclination is auto- matically given to the seat when the back is reversed or swung back. See Rocker and car-seat. Rocker-casting. ("H. & K." reclining and " walk-over" seat.) Figs. 64-5. A casting forming a part of the cush- ion carrier or stand, which is moved back and forth by the seat-back arms and moves the cushion forward, as well as giving it some inclination toward the back. Rocker side-bearing. See Side-bearing. Rocker-timbers (tip-car). See Rocker. Rocking-bar (heaters). Fig. 3067. A horizontal bar which supports the grate, and on which the latter is at- tached by a pivot in the center so that it can be ttimed horizontally and thus shake down the ashes. Rocking-lever. J, fig. 334a. A bell-crank which oper- ates the toggle-joint, to open and close King's-door for hopper-bottom cars. Rock-plank, A truss-plank, which see. Rock-shaft arm (Hartley chair, -which see). 8, figs. 8998-9. Rod. In car building this term generally means a slender bar of iron with a nut on each end, in distinction from a bolt which has a head on one end and a nut on the other. Very long bolts, however, are often called rods. Rods in general take their name from the parts with whicli they are connected or the use which they serve. Among the rods used in car framing are : Body-bolster truss- Draw-rod. rod. End-girth tie-rod. Body brace-rod {cen- Girth tie-rod. ter and end) . Inverted body-truss- Body counterbrace- rod. rod. Overhang brace-rod. Body truss-rod. Plate-rod. Brace straining-rod. Platform tie-rod. Center draw-rod. Platform truss-rod. Cross-frame, or Nee- Sill-and-plate rod. die-beam truss-rod. Sill tie-rod. Among the rods connected with brake-gear are : Brake-beam, truss- Floating connect- rod. ing-rod. Brake-block tie-rod. Long brake-rod. Brake-shaft con- Lower brake-rod. necting-rod. Release-lever rod. Cylinder-lever tie- Secondary brake-rod. rod. Among the rods in trucks are : Pedestal stay-rod. Truck-bolster truss- Safety-beam tie-rod. rod. Safety-beam truss- Wheel-piece tie-rod. rod. Wheel-piece tmss- Transom truss-rod. rod. Among rods for interior fittings of cars are : Basket-rack rod. Window-curtain rod. Berth-curtain rod. Windoiv-shade rod. Grain-door rod. See also Candle-rod. Piston-rod. Hand-car truss-rod. Tank-valve rod, etc. Lever-frame truss-rod. Rodgers baUast-car and distributing plow. Figs. 218-4. A hopper-bottom car with bottom-doors by which crushed stone or gravel ballast can be distributed be- tween the rails, and a flat-car with a plow attached beneath it, by which the ballast is levelled and plowed out over the ends of the ties and cleaned from the rails. Rod-hanger (bell-cord). Figs. 3519-33, etc. See Bell-cord hanger. Roe-ventilator. Fig. 4309. See Ventilators. Roll (of upholstery). Figs. 3943. See I elt-edge. Rolled-axle. An axle made of rolled iron. See Axle. Car- axle. Roller. 1. "That which rolls; that which turns on its own axis, particularly a cylinder of wood, stone, metal, etc." — Webster. See Adjustable roller car- Side-bearing roller. seat. Sliding-door friction-roller. Frictionrrolkr, BOL 107 BOO 2. (Window-shades.) Fig. 4'565. The cylinder on which the shade is rolled up, containing within it the springs which actuate it. See Hartsliorn and McKay shade-roller. 3. (Of pile-driver car.) 19, figs. 404-1. The small wheels under the swiuging-plaiform rolling upon the track attached to the floor of the car. Boiler-bearings. Figs. 5680-83. 1. Journal bearings in which the load is carried upon small cylindrical rollers inserted between the shaft or axle journal and the bush- ing or box which surrounds it. The.se cylinders roll be- tween the joui'nal and the box bearing, thus substituting roUing friction for rubbing friction. There are numerous types, but the ones in most favor to-day are the Meneely and Hyatt (which see). The Meneely bearings have been in use for some years on steam roads under passenger-cars, and have given good satisfaction to the roads using them. Their use on steam roads is very limited, being confined to two roads; and to only a few cars. The sentiment prevailing seems to be that the saving effected on steam roads where stops are infrequent, does not warrant tiieir adoption. In start- ing a single car the difference in initial horse-power re- quired is, however, very great, and roller-bearings are in considerable favor on street and suburban oars making very frequent stops and starts. This field is promising for their general adoption. 2. For window shades. See Hartshorn and McKay shade roller. Figs. 4.567-75. Boiler side-bearing. Fig. 4747. A side-bearing, with one or more rollers on which the car-body rests. See Side- bearing. Boiler-side bearing truck. Figs. 4747-50. A lateral mo- tion diamond truck whose frame is very like a swivg- motion truck (tigs. 4740-6), with a rigid spring plank. Lateral motion is given to the truck bolster by placing it upon cylindrical rollers resting upon the spring-caps, The spring-cap and bolster bearing plate are concaved, so that the motion of the rollers is restrained and the truck bolster given stability. The rollers and their bear- ings are shown in figs. 4748-9. BoUer-thimble (Gould vestibule). 44, figs. 2431-6. The top of the Front face-plate gi-avity-bar , which is rounded to carry a roller wheel, to reduce the friction between the bar and fnmt face-p>late. Boof. Figs. 2355-97. "The cover or upper part of a house or other building, consisting of rafters covered with boards, shingles, or tiles, with a side or sides sloping from the ridge for the purpose of carrying off the water that falls in rain or snow." — Webster. The roof of pas- senger-cars is in two parts, commonly called the upper and lower deck, which see. See Car-roof. Also Arched-roof . "A" car -roof. Asphalt-roof. Corrugated metal car-roof. Double-hoard roof. Platform-roof. P itching-roof . Single hoard-roof. Winslow-roof. "X" roof. Boof-apron. 106, fig. 435-73, etc. A vertical or inclined metal or wooden screen attached to the end of a pas- senger-car roof to prevent cinders, rain, or snow from being driven on to the platform and into the doorway. Boof ascending-rail (English). 176, figs. 501-4. See ^4s- cending-rail. Roof-hinder, fig. 633. Boof-boards. 1. 8 d, figs. 229-66. The boards which form a covering of a roof. They run longitudinally on pas- senger cars and usually transversely on freight-cars. See Car-roof. 3. (EngUsh.) 131, figs. 501-4. The planking forming the roof. It invariably runs longitudinally. Boof brace (of a center lamp or chandelier). Figs. 3370, . __ .1 the lamp to the .. ^. . . ■•-■--.- ......f s-,.-,-.*..r-;> ■rr-.-^^viiasZanip-ar7».s, Boof commode-handle (English). 176, figs. 501-4. See Ascending rait. Boof corner-casting (passenger-cars). A cast-iron mold- ing for the corners of platform-roofs. They are made rights and lefts, and are specified as for a person stand- ing and facing the end of the car. Boof cover-strip (single-board roofs). A metallic U- shaped strip used to cover the joints of the roof-sheets. See Roof-strip. Boof grab-iron (box and stock cars). 60, fig. 229, etc. A hand-hold. An iron bar fastened to the I'oof to be grasped when ascending the ladder at the end of the car. Also called ladder-handle. See Orab-iron. Boof hand-rail. 190, fig. 229, etc.; figs. 878-9, 5.546-7. A Imnd-rail usually made of gas-pipe in front of the brake- wheel, designed to protect the brakeman when applying the brakes. It is stiffened by a hand-rail brace. The whole arrangement shown in these figures is designed to take the place of the brake-step, which has been dis- approved of by vote of the M. C. B. Association. See Brake-step. Boofing-eanvas. A heavy duck for covering the outside of the roofs of cars, chiefly used on street cars. In England it is universally used for all cars with roofs. It is bedded on fresh thick white lead or snindge (which see) , and then receives several coats of the same paint. Boofing-duck. The trade name for the cloth used for head linings, manufactured in any width up to 12 ft. It is lighter than roofing-canvas. Boof-lamp (English). 160 to 168, figs. 501-4. A lamp used to illuminate the inside of a carriage or other cov- ered vehicle. A circular hole, about 8 in. diameter, is cut through the rocf , and the roof lamp placed in this aperature from the outside, the glass and burner when in position being a little below the inner surface of the roof, and entirely inaccessible from within. This form of lamp is wasteful of oil, yields a dim and uncertain light, is costly to handle and the glass is constantly broken. It is therefore being superseded in German}' and England by Pintsch's, Pope's, and similar methods of using compressed oil-gas. See Lampi-ca.te. Lamp-hurner. Lamp-cover. Lamp-glass. Lamp-plug. Lamp-case base. Lamp-plug stand. Lnner lampj-ring. Lamp-cover spring-catch. Boof-landing. 150, figs. 5654-6. A small platform built on the roof of a trolley-car on which inspectors step in climbing upon the roof to inspect the trolley. In freight- cars it is called a roof step. Boof-light. A deck-sash, which see. See also End roof- light (street-cars). Boof-panel (end). The panel over the door of passenger- cars. Boof-ridge (freight-cars). The intersection of the two plane surfaces forming a pitching-roof . Boof running-board. 87, figs. 229-66, etc. See Running- hoard. Boof running-board bracket. 89, figs. 229-66. etc. See Running-hoard bracket. Boof running-board extension. 88, figs. 229-66. etc. See Running-board extension. Boof-sheets. Figs. 3355-97. Metallic sheets, sometimes corrugated and sometimes not, for covering freight-car roofs. Their joints are sometimes closed by a roof cover- strip, and sometimes the edges fit into grooves in wooden carlines or joint-strips. See Car-roof. Boof-step (freight-car roofs). A horizontal board which extends side wise from the running-board to near the side of the car above the ladder, its object being ^.o give a secure foothold and protect the roof from wear It is not much in use. Eoof-stick, or hoop-stick (English). 130, flg. 501. American equipment, curline. A piece of timber which BOO 108 BUN supports the planking of the roof, and is either bent or cut to the curve of the roof. Roof-strap (street-cars). See Diagonal rouf-strap. Boof-strips. 1. Used quite frequently, but somewhat confusingly to designate a purlin, which see. 2. (Passinger-cars.) Narrow wooden strips attached as stiffeners to the under side of the carlines of the lower deck. ^ 3. (Winslow and other car-roofs.) Figs. 2355-94. A longitudinal wooden strip on top of the metal roof-sheets to which the roof -boards are attached. The central roof -strip is called in other roofs a ridge-clamp. Some- times at the ridge a single ridge-clamp is used. Boof -ventilator. See Ventilator. Bope. "A large string or line composed of several strantis twisted together." — Webster. See Berth safety-rope. Berth-spring rope. Boping-staple. 58, figs. 229-66. A U-bolt secured to the side-sill near the end of a car into which the hook of a switching rope may be caught, so that a switching loco- motive may pull cars on side tracks while it is on the main track, or vice-versa. Bose. Figs. 2640-1, 2671. See Door-latch rose. Sometimes called a rosette. Boss flange brake-shoe. Figs. 1644-5, 1655, 1660. A brake-shoe with a hollow in the middle where most of the rolling wear comes upon the wheel, and with a lip projecting over the flange of the wheel. The brake-shoe is held in position laterally by the out- side and inside flange-lips. The two side portions having a bearing upon the wheel are termed the flange and tread bearing-blocks. The shoe rests on the flange and on the outside of the tread of the wheel, as shown in the figures, the throat of the shoe being en- tirely open. This shoe keeps the flange and the outside of the tire worn down so that the driving-wheels or car- wheels do not have to be turned down so frequently as they would with ordinary shoes. It is used largely on steel -tired icar- wheels. This shoe is in great favor, especially the combination Eoss-Meehan shoe, which see. Figs. 1646-54. Boss-Meehan brake-shoe. Figs. 1646-7, 1649-52. A com- bination of both the Ross and Meehan patents, using the Ross shape and the steel slugs of the Meehan brake-shoe, making a shoe that not only bears on the proper part of the wheel-tire, but also gives a shoe that will outlast several sets of ordinary cast-iron brake-shoes. At the present time there are made about 450 tons of the Ross-Meehan shoes per month. Another important advantage is the additional mileage that is obtained from a tire before it has to be turned down, over the ordinary iron brake-shoe. Botary snow-shovel. Fig. 238. See Snow-shovel. Eotary-valve (engineer's valve, etc.). 43, figs. 1710-15. Botary valve-key (engineer's valve, etc.). 41, figs. 1710-15. Botary valve-seat (engineer's valve, etc.). 33, figs. 1710-15. Boug'h-stuff, or scraping filling-coat (painting). The next coat after the priming, which see. Its purpose is not to protect, but to level the surface of the wood. Therefore, none of it is left on the higher portions of the surface, but used merely to fill the hollows to a level with these. The surface is scraped to an even plane- level with the highest level of the bare wood. After 24 hours to dry, a second coat is put on, scraped down to the level of the highest portions of the bare wood. After a second 24 ho>irs to dry, the car is sand-papered or rubbed down, pumioe-stoned, and is ready for the color-coats, which see. See also Faulting. A common material for this coat is 6 lbs. keg white lead, 7 lbs. whiting, mixed thick with coat-japan and ground in a paint-mill. This mix- ture is thinned with txirpentine, so as to be thin enough to work easily, and so thick as not to run. It is put on vsdth a leveler or scraper, often made of an old saw-blade. Bound-bar spiral-spring. Figs. 5193-5238. A spiral spring made of one or more round bars of metal. See Spiral-sp)7'ing. This form is the most common of all and the most efficient in theory for a given weight of metal, Bound-cornered car. A method of finishing the ends of passenger-cars by omitting the corner-posts and round- ing them off to a very large radius. It is exceptional and quite out of use. Bound (of a ladder). 59, figs. 239, etc. The horizontal bars on which the foot rests. They are called rounds, whether of wood or iron, and whether round or square. See Ladder-rounds. Bound seat-stop. Figs. 4065-8. See Seat-stop. Bubber gasket See Gasket. Bubber floor-mat. Fig". 2856-7. There are two leading styles, corrugated rubber and perfot ated rubber. Bubber spring. A car-spring made of india-rubber. They are rarely used, it having been found difficult to secure uniform quality, and the cost of a really good quality being higher than steel spiral-springs of equal efficiency and durability. The same is true of the vari- ous rubber and steel compound springs. Rubber springs are in occasional use on platform safety chains for pas- senger equipment, figs. 5538-9, and in England they are used for draft and buffing. Bubber-tread (for step). An india-rubber covering fas- tened to a step or threshold-plate, of a car to prevent persons from slipping when ascending or descending the steps. Bules for Interchange. See Interchange of Traffic. Bunners (foundry). Apertures which connect the ingate of a mold for casting metals with spaces to be filled with molten metal. Bunning-board. 1. 87, figs. 229-66, etc., and figs. 682, 895-6. A plane surface, made usually of boards, for train men to walk or run on. It is placed on the roof of box or stock cars and at the side of tank cars. Gondola and fiat cars usually have none, but hopper-bottom cars sometimes have a running-board passing over the tops of the end-rails and drop-door beam. In 1888 the M. C. B. Association recommended ''that the ends of the running- boards of box-cars be made to project over the ends of the cars, so that the minimum distance between the ends of those on adjoining cars will not be over 12 inches; and that the running boards be made not less than two feet wide, and made of three boards 7 by 1 mch. The projecting ends to be supported on two brackets, at each end of the car, made of | by IJ inch iron, with a hard wood cleat 3 by 1 inch on upper ends, fastened with one -J inch bolt and nut in each bracket. The lower end of each bracket to be fastened to the end of the car with two i inch bolts and nuts." In 1893, pursuant to a recommendation of the Com- mittee, this standard was revised with the idea of elimi- nating the dimension of detail parts and confining the recommendations of practice to a few general sugges- tions. The recommendation of the committee were fol- lowed and the following adopted as Recommended Practice, viz.: that "the ends of the running-boards of box cars be made to project over the ends of the cars, and be properly supported, so that the minimum dis- tance between the ends of those on adjoining cars shall not be over 12 inches, and that the running-boards be made not less than two feet wide. See Proceedings, 1888, pages 34 and 128, and Proceedings, 1893. Figs. 5546-7 shows the running-boards as recommended in 1888, and it conforms to the Recommended Practice of 1893. 2. (Tank-car.) 119, figs. 374-6. The only substitute for a car-floor. BUN 109 SAI" Runniiig board-blocking. 86a, figs. 378-86. Rectangular- shaped blocks, the acute angle of which is the same ar; the slope of the oar-roof. Inserted under the running boards to level them up and to give them a bearing on the roof boards over the carlines. Running-board bracket. 1. Figs. 89.5-6; 89, figs. 339-66, etc. See above. 8. (Tank-car.) Cast-iron knees attached to the main- sills of a tank car, and projecting outward to support the running-board. Running-board extension. 88, figs. 339-66, etc. The part which extends beyond the end of the car-body so as to bring the ends of the running-boards on adjoining cars nearer together to facilitate the passage of trainmen from one car to another. See Running-board. Russell snow-plows. Figs. 333-5, 408-9. A type of push plow built by the Ensign Manufacturing Company, whose special features are the heavy and compact fram- ing, figs. 408-9; the use of a power-bar by which the push of the locomotive is transmitted to the forward end of the plow; and the use of an extra heavy truck, fig. 4579, with truck frames and journals inside the wheels as well as on the outside. The wing elevator plow, figs. 333, 335. has adjustable -ivings or projections on each side with inclined planes, operated from the interior of the plow to carry or throw the snow out of the cut, and to increase its width. Russia iron. A form of sheet iron manufactured in Russia the exact process for making which has hereto- fore been kept secret, but which consists essentially in forming a chemical compound of iron upon its surface at the same time that it is highly polished, so that it is not likely to rust. Modern substitutes for this iron are also known as planished iron, which see. Saddle. " A seat or pad to be placed on the back of an animal to support the rider or the load." — Knight. Hence, a block or plate which acts as a bearing or sup- port for a rod, beam, etc., in construction, is called a saddle. See Body truss-rod saddle. Spring-saddle. Truss-rod saddle. Bolster truss-rod saddle. Safety-beam (passenger-car trucks). 51, figs. 4843-4966. A longitudinal timber connecting the end-piece and transom above the axles and inside of each «7i eel-pit ce. Iron straps {axle safety-hearings) are attached to the beam and pass under the axles so as to hold them in po- sition in case of a breakage of axles or wheels on either side. An additional middle safety-beam is used on six- wheel trucks, 52, fig. 4957-66. Safety-beam block. 53, figs. 4843-4966. A block fastened to the under side of a safety -beam and to which a safety- strap is attached. It is put there to bring the safety- beam nearer to the axle, and is usually cut out so as to conform to the shape of the latter. In some trucks a sort of a queen-post truss is used as in fig. 4813. Safety-beam. iron. 60, figs. 4957-66. A wrought-iron bar or casting bolted to the transom (six-wheeled truck), by which the middle safety-beam is attached to the tran- soms. Safety-beam tie-rod. 59, figs. 4943-66. A longitudinal rod alongside a safety-beam, tying the end-piece and transom together. A safety-beam truss-rod sometimes serves as a substitute and equivalent. Safety-beam truss-rod. A long longitudinal rod parallel with a safety-beam, extending from one end-piece truck to the other, under the transoms, so as to support them, in addition to serving as a substitute for safety-beam tie- rods, which see. Not much in use to-day. Safety-beam truss-rod bearings. Cast or wrought iron nieces attached to the transoms. See above. Not much ■ng for the safety- Safety-bearing thimbles. Fig. 4813. See A.Tle safety- hearing thimbles. Safety berth-latch. A device by which it is made im- possible for the berth to shut itself automatically in case of accidental overturning of the cars. These devices enable the bcrtli safety-rope, which see. 26, figs. 3409- 13, to be dispensed with. Several deaths have been caused by the upper berth closing up and locking a pas- senger within it in cases of overturning for lack of one or the other of these devices. Safety Car-Heating and Lighting Co.'s (systems of steam-heating). Figs. 3033-55. (Standard systems.) The fundamental principle of these systems is the re- placing of the heat of the Baker-Heater fire, by the heat of steam from the engine, applied by means of jackets on portions of the circulation piping, but in all cases leaving the Baker-Heater system in such condi- tion that a fire or steam can be used, separately, or in conjunction, without its being necessary to alter or ad- just any valves or other devices whatsoever. These systems are all clo.ied circulation, the seal of the Baker- Heater being unbroken, and, therefore, no reduction of the water in the pipes, and danger of burning out of the coil. Salt water may be used and is recommended. Details of the various applications to single and double circulation are given in figs. 3033, 3037, 3039, etc. The water circulation being heated at from three to six different points (instead of one point, as when fire is used in the Baker-Heater) it produces more rapid and more equable heating of the car. See Coil-jacket system and Return-heating system. Safety-chain. 1. See Brake safety-chain (for brake- beams), 9, figs. 1538-9. Safety coupjling-chain (for draw- gear) , figs. 5538-9 and 5553-5. 8. (English.) 46, figs. 501-4. American equivalent safety coupling-chain. An additional coupling-chain provided at one end with a hook, and intended to hold the train together should the main coupling part. Two are secured at each end of the vehicle, one on each side of the main-coupling. Also called side-chain. Safe y-chains, platform (M. C. B. Recommended Prac- tice). Fig. 5539. Safety-chains, freight-oar (M. C. B. Recommended Practice, as to location of). Figs. 5553-5. Safety-chain eye-bolt, or strap-bolt. 10, figs. 1538-9. See Brake safety-chain eye-bolt. Safety coupling-chain (passenger-car platforms). 55, figs. 3435-45 ; figs. 5538-9. A chain attached to the plat- form end-timber and hooked to an eye in the platform of an adjoining car or tender so as to prevent the train from being separated in case the coupling should be de- tached. They are necessarily used in pairs, an eye and a chain with hook being attached to opposite sides of the same platform. In 1893 a Recommended Practice was adopted for loca- tion and details of platform safety-chains for passenger- cars, as shown in figs. 5538-9. In 1894 a Recommended Practice was adopted for safety-chains for freight-cars when such chains are used, which is shown in figs. 5553-5. The use of safety-chains on freight cars was not recommended, but when they are used on cars for special service their location is recom- mended as shown in figs. 5553-5. Safety's direct steam system (The Safety's Regulating System, L. 188). Figs. 3031-4. By this system it is sought to control the temperature of car by variations of the radiating surface. The regulating cock, 775, is capable of adjustment so as to admit steam to one or both radiating pipes on either side of the car, thereby permitting the use of one to four pipes as radiators, according to the requirements of the weather. The con- densation is discharged from each radiator pipe separ- ately, through a slotted angle drip-valve, 603B. The slot prevents the valve ever being entirely shut off, and SAF 110 SAS is of sufficient area to drain the pipes, if steam is shut off and the trainmen neglect opening the drip-valve. Direct steam system, L. 111. Fig. 3035-36: This is simpler than the Regulating System, and depends for its efficiency upon the close regulation of steam supply possible with the special inlet valve, 603A. This valve has a Jenkins Seat, and is so constructed that the first full turn of the handwheel only opens the valve enough to give ^55 sq. in. area of the inlet port. It can be adjusted by the wheel so as to give any desired inlet area from that point to the full area of 1 inch pipe. By this means the flow of steam to the radiator pipes (and therefore the car temperature) can Be closely regulated. Safety-gate. See Platform-gate. Safety-guard (for spring -plank). An iron strap attached to the truck transoms and passing under the spring- plank to hold up the latter in case of accidental breaking of the link-hangers. More properly apring-jjlank safety- strap, which see. Safety-hanger. See above, also Brake safety-chain Brake- safety-strap. Safety-hanger (for lower brake-rod). Safety-hanger (for lower brake-rod) . A metal loop or eye attached to a truck and through which the lower brake- rod passes. It is intended to prevent the brake-rod from falling on the track in case it or its connections should break. See note to fig. 1967. Safety-hanger clip. Figs. 1616g, 1628-9. (National hollow brake-beam.) Safety-latches. See Safety berth-latch. Safety-plate. (Baker fire-proof heaters.) Figs. 2883, 2899. An iron plate which covers the hole in the partition be- tween the fire-pot and base of smoke-flue, marked 12, fig. 2866. Its office is to prevent the ignited coals from falling out if the heater be overturned. It is operated by a safety-plate handle, figs. 2883, 2899, the safety-plate sliding between safety-plate guides, fig. 2896. The safety- plate is held closed by a safety-plate spring, figs. 2884, 2891, bearing upon the safety-plate handle, as in figs. 2885 and 2886. Safety-plate guide. See Safety-plate. Safety-plate handle. See Safety-plate. Safety-plate spring. See Safety-plate. Safety-plate and gas-preventor. (Baker's perfected heater.) Fig. 2917. This is a cover for the fire-pot with an upturned fiange, and is fitted to the top, fig. 2912. It has an upturned flange along its hinged axis, whicli de- flects the cool air that enters when the door is opened, and prevents its mixing with the gases which escape from the fire-pot through the holes in the top, fig. 2912. The gases remaining hot pass'up through the smoke-fiue and do not escape into the car. Safety-rod. (Postal-cars.) 12, figs. 599-604. A rod sus- pended from overhead, over the pouch-racks, within easy reach, to serve as a hand-hold or grab-iron in case of derailment, etc. Certain fittings, figs. 3816-18, are used to fasten it to the roof or sides of car ; they are the safety-rod brackets, bushings and 1-joints. Safety-rope (for sleeping-car berths). 26, figs. 2409-12. More properly berth safety-rope, which see. See also Safety berth-latch. Safety-strap. See Axle safety-strap. Brake safety-strap. Spring-plank safety-strap. Safety-valve. 1. (Baker heater.) Fig. 2930-1. A valve formed of an India-rubber ball with which an opening on tcp of the circulating-drum, is closed. When the pressure in the drum exceeds the elasticity of the rubber ball, the latter permits the steam or hot water to escape, and thus relieve the former. This safety-valve is little used now, it having been replaced by a safety-vent or bushing, fig. 2919a. The latter is simply a cast-iron cap, the top of which is cut out so that if the pressure in the pipes becomes too high, the top will blow out and re- lieve it. A new cap must be supphed whenever the pressure exceeds the limit and the head of the safety- vent is blown out. Safety-valve ball (Baker heater). See Safety-valve. Safety vent or bushing. Fig. 2919a. See Safety-valve. Saloon. 1. " A lofty, spacious apartment." — Worcester. 2. The main room in a compartment car (rarely used) . 3. One of the smaller subdivisions or state-rooms of a sleeping or parlor-car. 4. 130, figs. 439, 448, 488. A retiring room furnished with urinal and closet-hopper, or sod-hopper ; and in the more luxurious cars with a water-closet. The saloon is commonly also provided with washing facilities. Other terms are lavatory, closet, toilet, etc. Saloon carriage (English). Answers the same purpose as an excursion-car, or American private-car. A luxurious vehicle, one or more of which is kept for hire on most English railways, having one or more large compart- ments, about 15 ft. long, fitted with tables, sofas, etc., and termed saloon, is never used in England in the American sense (4) above. See also Carriage. Saloon door-plate, or notice-plate. Figs. 2788-2802. Saloon furnishings. Figs. 3838-76. Saloon-handle. Figs. 3844-9. See Urinal-handle. Saloon-hopper. Fig. 3855-69. See Closet-hopper. Also called soil-hopper. Saloon hopper-ventilator (Bell's, which see). Figs. 3841-3. Saloon-latch. Fig. 3704-5, 3731-3, etc. A latch for saloon doors, which consists of a spring-bolt, usiially with a sto}} on the inside, which locks the bolt fast, or with a separate bolt for fastening the door from the inside. See below. Saloon-lock. Figs. 3682-96. The same as a saloon-latch, with provision for locking the door from the outside. Saloon latches without locking facilities are rarely used. Saloon paper-hook. Figs. 3852-3. See Paper-hook. Saloon-plate. See Notice-plate. Saloon-roof. Fig. 3857. In some of the more modem cars the saloon is entirely roofed over so as to be distinct from the body of the car. Sometimes the partitions are carried up to the roof of the car. Saloon-seat. 131, figs. 3854-9. The wooden seat over a closet-hopper. Saloon side-light (Pintsch gas) . Fig. 3346-7. Saloon stop-latch. See Saloon-latch. Saloon ventilating-jack. Pigs. 4335, 4300-1. See Ven- tilator. Sand-blast process. A process of cutting glass by blow- ing sand upon it with a strong blast of air. The glass ia covered with paper or other elastic sm-face which it is found the sand does not cut at all while rapidly cutting away the glass itself. The process was invented by ob- serving the action of sand blown by the wind upon the rocks in the western plains of the United States and is now largely used in place of wheel-cutting. Sand-box (street-cars). 127, fig. 5655. A box placed under the seats containing grit for sanding the tracks. It is provided with a spout a.nd valve operated hy a, lever, coiiuecting-rod and lever-holder. See fig. 5656. Sand-plank. 43, figs. 4580-4757. A common name for spring-plank. Sandwich-plates. See Flitch-plates; body-bolster flitch- plates, etc. Sash. The frame of a window or blind in which the glass or slats are set, but commonly used, especially in com pound words, as a substitute for windoiv, meaning the window and sash complete. The various members used in framing a sash are the same as a door-frame, which see. See Deck-sash. Swinging-sash. Door-case window-sash. Upper door-sash. Ventilator-sash. Windoiv-blind sash. Window-sash. Door-light (English). Door-sash. Loiver door-sash. Mirror-sash. Sash-balance. A spring or weight with or without a cord, so connected to a sash as to counterbalance its SAS 111 SCK weight, and make it easy to raise or lower. There are numerous devices of the kind, only two of which are illustrated — the Caldwell and the O. K. Oardner. Sash, bar-lift. Figs. 4518-36. A sash-lift having a pro- jecting bar sufficiently large to be grasped by the entire hand. Chiefly used for heavy double windows, in parlor- cars, etc. Sash-fastener. A Sasli-lock, which see. Sash-holder. See Sash-lock. Spring sash-holder. Sash-lift. 21, fig. 24.'51 ; figs. 4491-4536. A metal finger- hold attached to the bottom-rail of a window-sash for raising and lowering it. They are sometimes let in _^Ms/i. and so called (fig. 4313), but usually attached on the outside. Sometimes, but rarely, the sash-lift is a mere knob, fig. 4470, and so called. A windozv-bliiid lift, figs. 4433-49, which see, is a somewhat similar device. See Sash bar-lift. End door sash-lift. Sash-lock. 22, fig. 4465-90. A spring-bolt attached to a window-sash, or (rarely) a window-blind, provided with thumb-lever (sash-lock trigger), to withdraw the bolt with by one hand, while the sash is lifted by the other. Both bands must thus be used. To accomplish this end less awkardly Sash-balances, figs. 4543-3, have been adopted. See also Deck-sash latch. In the common form of sasli-lock, fig. 4476-7, the sash- lock bolt, 1, is pressed outward by the .s'as/i-Zocfc spring, 2, and moved inward when desired by the sash-lock trigger, 3. Tlie bolt enters into a sash-lock bushing. figs. 4407-8, let into the parting-strip or other part of the window-casing. In place of the bushing, sash-lock stops, figs. 4455-64, or sash-loclc plates, fastened upon the out- side of the window-casing, or let in fiush, are sometimes used, and occasionally a sash-lock rack, figs. 4453-4. A sash-lock lower stop is often added at the bottom to hold the sash shut and|prevent it from being opened from the outside. "A variety of t ermB are used to designate this part of a car. In most of the trade catalogrues it is called a .■^ash-lock, bat VV^eb- ster pays the word lock is 'now appropriated to an instrument composed of a spring, wards and a DOlt of iron or &teel, used to fasten doors, chests and the like. I'he bolt is moved by a key.' Knight says a lock is 'a device having a bo]t inoved by a key, and serving to secure a donr, lid or other object.' The device used for fastening car-windows is tberet'ore not properly a lock, because it has no key. Of the word laich Webster sajs: 'The primary sense of the root is, to catch, to close, stop, or make fast.' Therefore, window-latcti was the term adopted to designate this device." Sa,sfi-lock, however, seenisto continue to be the established and almost universal designation, and there is room for question, as noted under lock and latch, which see, whether the true distinc- tion between them is not rather that a latch has a beveled bolt and a lock a square bolt, instead of whether or not a key is used. Sash-lock bolt. 1, figs. 4476-7 and 4475. See above. Sash-lock bushing. Figs. 4407-8. See above. Sash-lock lower stop. See above and Sash-lock stop. Sash-lock plate. Fig. 4450-8. A sash-lock stop. See above. Sash-lock rack. Fig. 4453-4. Sash-lock spring. 2, fig. 4477. See SaJih-lock. Sash-lock stop. Figs. 4450-64. There are two kinds of stops, upper stops for holding the window open, and loiver stops to hold it shut. Sash-lock bushings, p)lates, or racks, are substitutes and equivalents for sash-lock stops. See Sash-lock. Sash-lock trigger. , fig. 4477. See Sash-lock. Sash-opener. Figs. 4876-80, 4330-41. A contrivance, as a lever or rod, for opening a window, used chiefly for the deck-sashes, which are out of reach. See Deck-sash opener. Sash parting-strip. A strip of wood attached to the window-post of a passenger-car which acts as a distance- piece between two sashes and against which the latter slide. Also called bead and parting bead, which see. Sash-pivot. Figs. 4351-64. A metal pin or pivot attached to a sash on which the latter tiorns. The term almost always means a deck-sash pivot. — :-.:::, ;;"j: ;,,..;, .i^. 5663. Theinter- car, between the Sash-prop. A loindoiv button, which see. Sash-pull. Figs. 4343-50. See Deck-sash pull. Sash-pull hook. Figs. 4376-SO. See Pull-hook. Sash-rail. 12, fig. 3451. A horizontal bar in the outside frame of a window or blind. See Window-blind rail. Sash-rest (street-cars). See Window-sash rest. Sash-spring. Figs. 4403-5. A metal spring attached to the edge of the stile of a window or blind scsli to prevent it from rtittling. They are made of various forms. A single window-sash spring consists of a metal pilate, like fig. 4405, attached to the sash at one end. A double windoic-sash spring is a metal plate fastened in its center to the sash. Another is of a spiral form, spiral ivindow-sasli springs, let into the sash. " Savage " lamp-burner. Fig. 3379. One of the no- ohimne}'' burners. Scantling (carpentry). " Lumber under 5 inches square used for studs, braces, ties, etc. It is expressed in terms of its transverse dimensions." — Knight. An upright scantling is termed a stud. Scarf. "A joint uniting two pieces of timber endwise. The ends of each are beveled off and projections are sometimes made in the one corresponding to concavi- ties in the other, or a corresponding concavity in each receives a jiggle" (or packing-block). — Knight. It is technically known as a ship-spilice, prescribed by the rules for interchange of traffic for splicing any broken siUs but the center sills. See Interchange of Traffic for the splice recommended for sills. Scarritt-Forney seats. Figs. 3968-76. Seats made by the Scarritt Furniture Company under the Forney patents. The featui-e of the Forney-seat is the seat back arms and the tilting of the cushion and inclina- tions of the back given by these arms. This is fully shown in the figures. Another feature of these seats is the adjustable foot-rest, which permits luggage to be set under it out of the way as shown in fig. 3973. Scheme-rod (postal-cars). A rod supported upon the scheme-rod bracket, and carrying the scheme or schedule of the proper distribution of mail matter for the various post-offices used in distributing mail. Schoen's pressed steel. Body and ti'uck-bolsters ; Brake- beam, figs. 1575-80 ; Brake-Shoes, figs. 5185-6 ; Bolster- columns, figs. 5184-5 ; Center-plates, figs. 5176-83 ; Jour- nal bos, figs. 5161-4, 5188, etc. The parts are made of a mild low carbon steel in dies, under hydraulic pressure. Many of them require a ntunber of operations to produce the desired form. The advantages claimed over malleable iron are greatly in- creased tensile strength, and therefore lighter and better shapes. The tensile strength claimed for pressed steel is 60,000 to 65,000 lbs. per square inch. Schroyer-Thompson piston-travel indicator. Figs. 1778- 83. See Piston-tra,vel.indicator. Scraper. See Snow-scraper. Screen. 1. (For heater-room doors, wash-room panels, etc.) Fig. 3639. A perforated plate of sheet metal, usuallj' japanned, which see, used as an ornamental finish. 3. (For hood of Spear-heaters). A perforated plate or wire netting, through which the air admitted is screened to exclude cinders. Screen, deck-window. S, fig. 540-1. A wire netting ex- tending the entire length of the clear-story outside the deck-sash to exclude cinders. It is usually a very fine wire netting, 64 meshes to tlie inch. Screw. 1. " A cylinder surrounded by a spiral ridge or groove, every part of which forms an equal angle with the axis of the cylinder, so tliat if developed on a plane sui'fac3 it would be an inclined plane. It is considered as one of the mechanical powers." — Knight. When used alone the term commonly means a wood-screw, having a slotted head and gimlet point, for driving in with a screw-driver. Machine screws are similar, except that SCR 113 SEA they have no gimlet point and have a metal screw- thread. They are used for uniting metallic parts. All ordinarj' forms of bolts have screw-threads cut on them, but are not commonly called screws. A special form of wood-screw is a lag-screir, fig. 3711, which is a large- sized screw with a head like a bolt, so that it may be in- serted with a wrench instead of a screw-driver. See Screw-thread. 3. See OU-screiv. ScreTW-bumer. Figs. 3376-7, etc. A lamp-burner to which the chimney is fastened by a small screw passing over a lip or rim on the bottom of a chimney. It is the old- est form of burner, but now little used. See Lamp- burner. Screw-coupling' (English). 41 to 45, figs. 501-4. The means by which passenger train vehicles are coupled together. On the Continent it is used for both pas- senger and freight cars. It comprises a right and left handed screw provided with a hinged weighted handle, which always hangs downward, so that it has no tend- ency to unscrew and slacken the coupling, and two nuts with gudgeons taking in tlie eyes of U-shaped coupling links or shackles. The screw-coupling may be either loose, or one shackle may be attached to the drawbar. Screw-coupling' nut, and gudgeons (English). 44, figs. 501-4. See above. Screw-couplmg weighted lever (English). 45, figs. 501- 4. See above. Screw-gages. Instruments for measuring the diameter or size of screws. They are of two kinds : external, for measuring male screws, and internal, for measuring female screws. See also Screw-pitch gauge. Screw-thread gauge. Screw-jack. Figs. 3733, 3736-9, 3743-4. A jack, the power of which depends upon a screw, turned by a lever_ There are several such jacks in use, the BeU-busc, Ratchet screw-jack, the Lifferential screw-jack, which has two screws, one working within the other, and the Chapman screw-jack, which has a capstans head, into which a bar may be inserted. Screw-pitch gage. " A gage for determining the num- ber of threads to the inch on screws and taps. It consists of a number of toothed plates turning on a com- mon pivot, so that the serrated edge of each may be applied to the screw imtil one is found which corre- sponds therewith. The figures stamped on the plate in- dicate the number of threads to the inch." — Knight. In the ordinary single thread screw the pitch is indicated by the number of threads to an inch. Screw-thread. Figs. 5493-8. The groove, or the material between the grooves, which is cut on the outside surface of a cylinder to form a male screw, or on the inside sur- face of a cylindrical hole to form a nut or female screw. Met'd screw-threads and trood screw-threads, which see, are of different form. Pipe screw-threads, which see, are usually V-shaped, but all other threads in common use for ordinary purposes are made by the Whitworth or Sellers standard screiv-th reads, which see, the former being the European and the latter the American standard. At the M. G. B. Convention, 1883, it was "Resolved, That this Association deprecates the use of screws larger or smaller in diameter by a small fraction of an inch than the sizes specified for the Sellers or Franklin Institute system, and that all the membsrs of the Asso- ciation are urged to abandon entirely the use of over or under size screws." The Sellers nr Franklin Institute system of screw threads, bolt headd and nu's is tbe standard of tlie .^. s=ocirftion, and repeated action of t:je Ae-ociatioii has deprec-it' d ihe nse of any o'her system, and encouraged tbe careful maintenance of these siat d- ardi. See Priice'dings 1872, paKe^ 18 and 21; Proceedings 1879. pafres 82 and 83; Proceedings 1882, page 229. A set of gauges for standard screw threads and a Ftindard Inch scale, 2 feet loug, are held in the office of the Secretary lor reference. Mr. Sellers, who proposed this system of screw threads, de- scribed if in an essav read before the Franklin Institute of Phila- delphia, April 21, 1864, as f jllows: " The proportions lor thcpioposed thread and its comparative relation lo the Fharp and rounded Threads will be teadily under- stood from the diagrams, flgs. 5492-7. Tbe angle of the proposed thread is tixed at 60 degrees, the same as the sharp thread, it being more readily obtained than 55 degrees, and more in accord- ance with th" general practice in this country. Pivide the pitch, or, which is the sam'! thing, the side of the thread into eight equal parts, fake off ore part from the top and fid in one part in the bot om of tbe thread, then the flit top and bottom will equal one-eighth of the pitch; the wearing !-urface will be threequar ters of the pitch, and the diameter of screw at bottom or the thread will be expressed by the formula: Diameter, 1,299 Number of threads per inch. The tables, flgs. 6i98, are reprinted from Mr. Sellers' essay; they ^ive tbe proportions of his standard screw threads, nuts and bolt heads. Thf Sellers or Franklin Institute System is also called the United States standard system. Screw-thread gage. A steel plate with notches ia the edge of the precise form of screw-threads, used for giv- ing the proper form to the edges of screw-cutting tools. See Sellers' .^crew-thread and Screw-threads. Screw-top (bell-cord hangers). 3505-7. A sunple form of bell-cord hanger bracket, which see. Scribing. The fitting of the edge of a piece of timber or metal to another more or less irregular surface. Scribing is usually done by marking a parallel line to the surface which it is designed to fit by a pair of compasses or with a scribe-awl. ScroU-iron (English). 88, 90, fig, 501. A wrought-iron forging, carrying a vertical spring-link adjusting-screw. The form shown is a special pattern. The upper face is attached to the under side of the sole-bar, and the lowei joart is bored horizontally for the adjusting-screxB. In general use on passenger service. Scutcheon (of a lock). Fig. 3631-7. Properly, escutcheon. which see. Seals. Figs. 3877-93. See Car-seals. See also Glass-seal. Lead-seal. Lock-seal. Rivet-seal. Seal-holder. Figs. 3745-6, 3897. See Paper-and-glass seal holder. Seal-lock (freight car). Figs. 3898-99a. A lock in which a seal made of glass, paper, or other material is inserted in the lock in such a manner as to cover the bolt or the key hole. The lock cannot be opened without breaking the seal. See Car-seal. Seal-press. Fig. 3894-6. A pair of levers arranged like a pair of pincers, with two dies in which lead oar-seals are compressed on the wire to which they are attached, leaving an impression on the lead so that if the seals are removed or defaced it can be known. Similar seal-presses are used for eyelet shackles. Seal-wires. Fig. 3900. Several strands of fine wire twisted together like a rope, or single bars of twisted flat wire, by which leaden seals are attached to car-doors. There are various special forms, called detective ivires, as figs. 3886-7a, to prevent stripping the seal. Seal-wire opening (car-door fastener). A hole for in- serting the shackle of a seal. Seaming-lace (English). 205, figs. 501-4. An ornamental woolen fabric made in bands about i inch wide, and used to cover the seams and joints in the upholstery of a carriage. It is sewn to any textile fabric and has two tape edges, and is wrapped round a piece of seaming- cord which is stitched inside. It differs from pasting- lace, which see. Searle heater. A heater which relied upon the circula- tion of hot water through the car. The water was kept from freezing by the addition of salt. It had a strong general similarity to the old Baker heater. The especial features claimed for the heater were the arrangement of the expansion-drum and some similar minor details. It is quite out of use. Seat. 1. " That on which one sits." — Webster. 2. Figs. 8901-4115. " The flat portion of a chair or sofa SEA 113 SEA to support the person:"— Knight. See Car-seat, special forms, which also see, being — BushneU's seats. Reversible seat. Cane seat. Revolving chair. Corner-seat. Right and left hand Forney's seats. seat. Hale and Kilburn seats. Roberts' seats. Hartley chair. Scarritt-Forney seats. Hitchcock chair. Scarritt seats. Longitudinal seat. Side-seat. Parlor-car chairs. Slat-seat. Perforated-veneer seat. Wakefield rattan-seats. Rattan-seat. Wheeler seats, etc. See also Saloon-seat. 3. In Mechanics: "The part on which another thing rests, as a valve-seat." — Knight. See Axle-seat. Rubber-seat. Bolster-spring seat. Side-seat. Discharge-valve .seat. Slat-seat. Equalizing-bar seat. Spring-seat. Fjqualizing-bar spring- Tank-valve seat. seat. Wheel-seat. l£ather-seat. 4. (For hand-car.) 12, figs. 5995-7. A horizontal board placed lengthwise over the wheels above a rave, for the occupants to sit on. Seat-arm. 9, figs. 3917-25, figs. 4099-4103. An arm by which the back of a seat is attached to the seat-end or to the side of the car . Such arms are usually attached by a. pivot, so that the seat-back can be reversed. Some- times called striker-arm, seat-back arm and also seat- back reversing-arms. Special forms of seat-arms are Cobb' s pivoted seat-arm, fig. 4093, designed to enable the back to be raised higher; Gardner's geared seat-arm, fig. 3995, designed to change the slant of the seat when the back is reversed, and Buntin's seat-arm, fig. 3993, which unites the seat and seat-back in one piece. These are aU old patterns. Later forms are the Forney, figs. 4099- 4103, 3968, etc.; the Siving-back, figs. 3981-3, etc.; the Hale & Kilburn, figs. 3919-30; and the Walk-over (H. & K.'s), figs. 3917-18. This term is also used to fleaignate the portion of a seat-end (more properly called seat-end arm), which supports the arm of a person sitting in rhe seat, as 3, fi£rs. 3917 25; and sometimes, incorrectly, to designate an arm-cap, tigs. 4017-1'!, which see. Seat-arm cap. A piece of metal shaped to the form of the seat-arm and screwed to the top to take the wear and as an ornament. Seat-arm pivot. Figs. 4034-50. A metal pivot by which a seat-arm of a reversible seat is attached to a seat-end or the side of a car. In some oases, as figs. 4081-5, the pivot is made in one piece with the seat-arm plate,vhich is attached to the seat-end. The two combined then be- come a seat-arm pivot-filate, which see. A seat-back arm pivot or swing-joint is used in Cobb's pivoted seat- arm, fig. 4093. A seat-arm pivot is sometimes called in the trade a seat-arm livet. Seat-arm pivot-plate. Figs. 4077-86. See above. Note.— Figs. 4069, 4077, 4080 and 4086 should be entitled in the engravings seat-arm plate instead of seat-arm pivot-plate, since they carry no pivots attached to them. Figs. 4081-4 is a true seat* arm pivot-plate. Seat-arm plate. Figs. 4069, etc. A plate fastened to a seat-end with a hole in the center, which receives and holds a seat-arm pivot. In some cases the pivot is made in one piece with the plate. The part formed by com- bining the two is then called a seat-a,rm pivot-j)late, which see, sometimes a seat-arm pivot-plate or washer and a bolt is used, fig. 4043, 4047-50. See also note to seat-arm pivot-plate. Seat arm.-rest bracket. Figs. 4014-16. A bracket to be screwed to the wall to carry a wood arm-rest. Seat-arm. rivet. See Seat-arm pivot. Seat-arm rocker (Cobb's pivoted seat-arm). A bar re- sembling the rear portion of an ordinary seat-arm, which is attached to the seat-arm proper by a swing-joint or A metal lug or sometimes to the side of the car on which the seat-arm rests. Seat-stops are either attached to a long plate {curved or straight seat-step) , a,s in figs. 4051-9, etc., or as in round sea f- stops, figs. 4063-9, etc., and have a flange entire suiTouud- ing them, by which they are attached to the seat-arm or side of the car. They are made in a variety of forms shown in figs. 4051-76. They are also called seat-stops. Seat-arm thimbles. Figs. 4040-1. Seat-arm washer. A small washer for the head of a screw by which a seat-arm is fastened to a seat-end. Now little used. Seat-back. Figs. 4044-9. That part of an ordinary Ameri- can car-seat which forms a support for the back. It has an arm called the seat-back arm attached to it, by which it is attached to the seat-ends with a scat-arm pivot, so that it can be swung over so as to face the other way. In some styles the seat-back arm is pivoted below the seat cushion and the seat-back swings over the cushion so that both sides are used alternately. See Seat. On some suburban cars, and usually on street-cars, longitudinal seats are used, with the backs against the side of the car. See Slat seat-back. Flexible-top seat-back. Sec- tional seat-back. The Buntin seat, which see, has the seat and seat- back in one. Seat-back arm. A seat-arm, which see. Seat-back-arm lock. See Seat-lock. Seat-back-arm pivot. 1. Pivoted seat-arm. Figs. 4092-3. The swing-joint or seat-back pivot in the seat-arm. 2. A Seat-arm pivot, which see. Seat-back band. Figs. 4023-8. A seat-back molding, which see. Seat-back board (street cars). 109, figs. 5654-67. A board placed between the two seat-back rails of a longitudinal seat. Usually made in the form of a raised panel so as to make a comfortable rest for the back. A seat-back. Seat-back bottom-rail. Ill, figs. 5654-67. See Back- seat bottom-rail. Also called a Lower seat-back rail. Seat-back comer (emigrant sleeping-cars). A brass cor- ner-plate carrying a lug to guide the back when making up the seats into berths. Seat-back comers. Figs. 4103-4. A metallic corner-piece to screw to the backs of seats and protect the upholstery from ■wear. Seat-back curved-stop. Figs. 4053-7. A seat-back stop, which see, of a curved form, resembling somewhat a letter S. Seat-back molding. Figs. 4028-8. A wood or (usually) metal band or molding fastened around the edge of a seat-back to give it a finish and protect it from wear. Seat-back pivot (Cobb's striker-arm). The pin by which the seat-arm is pivoted to the back. See Cobb's pivoted seat-arm. It should not be confused with a seat-arm pivot, which see. Seat-back rail (street-cars) . 110-11, figs. 5654-67. Two narrow rails, upper and loiver, which form the top and bottom of a longitudinal seat inclosing the seat-back board between them. Seat-back reversing arms. 9, figs. 3967-76. A seat-back arm of a Scarritt-Forney seat. Seat-back round-stop. Figs. 4065-8. A round seat-stop, which see. Seat-back slats. Figs. 3983. Narrow strips of wood used to form a seat-back; used chiefly for seats which are not upholstered. Seat-back spring. A weak spring placed in the uphol- stering in the back of a seat. Usually called simply back-spring. Seat-back stop. See Seat-stop. Seat-back top-rail. 112, fig. 6656. Seat-bearing cross-bar. 100, fig. 5656. (Longitudinal seat of street-car.) The bearing bar transverse to the seat and resting upon the seat-leg and the back-seat rail. Seat-board (English) . 150, figs. 501-4. In a carriage, the support for the seat sofa-springs. These springs are SEA 114 SEA tied down, and a piece of canvas is stretched tightly over them, the cushion resting on this canvas. Seat-bottom (street-cars). 95, figs. 56.54-7. The boards or floor in a seat-frame on which a cushion rests, or on which persons sit when no cushion is used. It is at- tached to the hack and front seat-bottom rails. Seat-bottom rail. See above. Seat-bottom cross-bar. 101, fig. 56.56, A filling piece shaped like the seat-bottom, to which the slats are screwed. It rests upon or over the seat-bearing cross- bar. Seat-bracket (hand-car). 13, figs. 5595-7. A wrought- iron knee which supports the seat. Seat-bracket brace (hand-car). 14, figs. 5595-7. Seat-cord (Mann boudoir-car). 5, fig. 2418. A cord used toxoid up the lower seat while removing the bedding for night use. Seat-cove. 99, fig. 5656. The rail that takes the place of the back-seat bottom slat. Seat-cover (street oar). A piece of tapestry or seat cov- ering with which the bare seat is often covered. Seat-cover guard-ralL 103b, fig. 5667. A strip of wood tacked to the flap of the seat-cover to keep it straight. Seat-comer. Fig. 4105. A metal corner plate to protect the wood corner from abrasion. Seat-cushion. 1. Figs. 3917, 3929-38. A soft pad or pillow on which passengers sit. Two kinds of cushions are used on cars; a squab-cushion, which is a loose pad and is now little used, and box-cushion, which is a cushion built upon a cushion-frame, with springs, etc. See Back-squab (English). A great variety of foi-ms of seat-cushions exist, the leading ones of which are shown. Special forms, sepa- -rately defined, are, as respects material, tmven wire, rat- tan or cane, canvas-lined ; as respects mode of construc- tion, jiexible-top, elliptic, broad-band elliptic, spiral-ellip- tic, Bushnell, spring-edge, sectional, drop-doivn frame, etc., etc. 2. (English.) 196, figs. 501-4. American equivalent, squab cushion. In a first-class carriage, a flat, loose squab cushion, about four inches thick, covered with broadcloth on one side and leather on the other, and stuffed with curled horse hair. It is reversible, and often so called. Seat-division (longitudtaal seats). Shown in figs. 99 and 464-6. A bar of wood or metal to separate the space oc- cupied by a passenger from that adjoining it. Seat-end. 123, figs. 540-1; 3, figs. 3917-25, 4106. A frame of wood or metal at the end of a car-seat which supports the arm of the occupant and to which the seat-back arm is attached. Seat-ends are designated long or short, ac- cording to whether they extend entirely to the floor or are supported upon a seat-stand. They are also desig- nated as aisle seat-ends, or wall seat-ends, and, for corner seats, as left-hand or right-hand seat-ends, which see. Seat-end arm. 4, figs. 3917-25. The portion of a seat-end which supports the arm of a person sitting in the seat. An arm-rest. Seat-end panel-rib (open street-car). 254, fig. 5659. A piece of fiirring to which the seat-end panel of an open car is fastened. Seat-end (cross) rail. 6, figs. 3917-20 ; 255, fig. 5659. The end-rail between the posts of a loood seat-end. Seat-end rest. 5, figs. 3917-25. The end-posts or upright members of a wood seat-frame. Seat-frame (Hartley chair, which see). 12, figs. 3998-9. See Pedestal. Seat-front (street-car). 102, figs. 5656. The rave or seat riser. Seat-front raU. 103, fig. 5656. A rail fastened to tlie ends of the seat-bearing cross-bar and running along at the top of the seat-front and under the front-seat rail. Seat-front panel (street-oar). 104, fig. 5666. The panel beneath the seat, the same as a rest-front. Seat-hinge (sleeping-cars). Figs. 4111, 4357. A strap- hinge used to connect a seat with the seat-back. See also Sofa-hinge. Seating. Fig. 3942. See Canvas-lined rattan-seating. The plush which is commonly used to upholster car-seats is also sometimes called seating. Seat-joint bolt. Fig. 4042. A bolt for fastening a seat- rail to aisle seat-ends. It is also used at the wall ends. Seat-leg (longitudinal seats). 96, figs. 56.54-67. A wooden post which supports a front seat-rail. Seat-leg plate. A metal plate with which the front of a seat-end or leg is covered to protect it from injury. Seat-lever (Howard's pai-lor-car water-closet). Figs. 8838-9. A lever projecting backward from the seat-Ud, to which the connecting-rod is attached. , Seat-lid (Howard's parlor-car water-closet). Figs. 3838-9. A lid connected with the pan and service-measure by the connecting-rod in such a manner that on raising it the pan is brought up into position and about half a gallon of water is discharged from the service-measure. Seat-lock. Figs. 4029-33. A lock for holding the back of a seat so that its position cannot be reversed. Such locks are attached either to the seat-end, seat-back arm, or seat-back stop. A form for iron seat-ends with a smaller escutcheon, not provided with screw-holes, is sometimes distinctively called a barrel-lock, although the term is almost equally applicable to any form of seat-lock. Seat-locks operate by pushing the key inward, turning it a little, and then puUing on the key. Seat-lock bolt. Fig. 4029. The beveled bolt by which locking is effected. Seat-lock key. A key for a seat-lock. Some work by pushing in and not turning ; others, see Seat-lock. Seat-lock spring. Fig. 4029. The spring which moves the bolt. Seat-pull (sleeping-cars). Figs. 4041-2. A flush handle for pulling out the seat in making up the berth so as to drop the back and seat to the same level. Seat-rail. 48, figs. 3920-3 ; 97, 98, figs. 5654-67. One of a pair of wooden rails, f7-ont and back, resting on and attached to the seat-end and to the side of the car, and which supports a cushion-frame or seat-bottom. Seat-rail bracket. A support for a wooden seat-rail. In iron seat ends it is frequently cast upon it. Seat-raU knee (EngUsh). 119, figs. 501-4. A piece of wood secured to the door pillar and supporting the seat- rail. It is generally slotted to receive a leather-strap, restraining the undue opening of the door. Seat-rail support (Enghsh). 119, figs. 501-4. A piece of hard wood supporting the seat and securing it to the side of the body of a carriage. It is often pierced for a leather strap limitmg the opening of the door. Seat-riser. 1. (Street-cars.) 102, figs. 5654;67. A vertical board or front of a seat, extending from the seat-rail to the floor; seldom used with reversible seats. A seat front. 3. (Hand-car.) 15, figs. 549.5-7. A mwe, which see. Seat-slat. A narrow strip of wood which forms part of a seat-bottom, or seat-back. Seat-spring. Figs. 3904-7, 8929-38, 3948-51, 3956-67, 4000-13. A spiral or other metal spring used to give a seat elas- ticity. Sjnral springs are the most common, the dliptie and spiral-elliptic having become nearly obsolete in new seats. A special form of seat-springs called back-springs, of little resistance, is used for seat-backs. English seat- springs, 203, fig. 501, are called sofa-springs, and the back springs back-squab sofa-springs. Seat-stand. 124, figs. 540-1, 4107-9. A support, usuaUy made of cast-iron, on which an aisle seat-end rests. Very commonly the seat-stand and seat-end are in one part, which is then called a long-seat end. Seat-stand tie-rod. Figs. 3967-76. A rod connecting the aisle and waU seat stands of a Scaxritt-Foraey seat. SEA 115 SET Seat-stop. See seat-arm stop. Seat-tilting levers. 35, figs. 3917-18. See Parallel rod. Seat-webbing. Figs. 3935, etc. A form of coarse canvas used in upholstering car-seats. Second catcb (of car-door fastener). Fig. 2744. A double hook or eye placed in the hasp of a car-door lock in such manner that the door can, if desired, be looked, leaving a crack open for ventilation. Secondary brake-rod. 1. (Hodge brake.) 6, fig. 1463. A rod which connects one end of a floating-lever with one of the brake-levers. 3. (Elder brake.) 6, fig. 1463. A rod which connects the center brake-lever, Elder brake, with one of the brake-levers on the truck. On a four-wheel car it is the rod which connects the center lever with one of the brake-beams. Second-class car. A plainly-finished passenger-car for carrying passengers who pay a lower rate of fare than flrst-class passengers do. Such cars are rarely used, the smoking car usually serving this purpose for the small number of so-called second-class (in reality, third-class) passengers. See Coach. First-class car. Second-class carriage (English). A vehicle adaj^ted to carry passengers paying an intermediate rate of fare, the fittings being less expensive and comfortable than in the fijst-class. Each compartment measures about 6 feet in the length of the carriage and seats 10 passengers. It is rapidly going out of use, so much so that several of the English roads have discontinued the running of second- class-carriages. See also Carriage. Section. 1. See Sectional seat-cushion. 2. (Of a sleeping car.) Figs. 2408-13. Two double berths, one above the other, making up into two seats facing each other by day. There are from 8 to 13 sec- tions in a car, generally 10, besides the state-rooms. See figs. 177, 186. Sectional seat-cushion. Figs. 3939-38, 3948-51, 4000-8. One with spiral springs separately attached to narrow slats so that the seat can be made up or repaired in sections. Sector. In geometry: "A part of a circle included by an arc and the two radii drawn to its extrenrities." — Davies. Hence, any object whose shape is that of a part of a circle ought to be called a sector, but as a matter of fact it is generally called a quadrant. See Deck-sash quadrant. Drawbar sector. S diment well (Gold's car-heating). Fig. 3007. See Thermostatic steam-trap, etc. Self-acting ventilator. Figs. 4399-29a. An automatic- ventilator, which see. Self-adjusting spring (brake) head. Figs. 1609-11, 1616a-f. A brake head which fits a ratchet ,'ileeve and which con- tains a srjringpaid with sharp projections which engages in the indentation of the ratchet sleeve and allows the head to adjust itself to the wheel, but which shortly beds itself and holds the nead firmly in one position, Self-closing faucet, or cock. Fig. 3493. A faucet having a horizontal bar-handle provided with a spring by which it is closed when released. Telegraph-cocks, which see, figs. 3489-90, and also comijression-cocks, fig. 3485, are also self-closing, but not distinctively so-called. Self-locking or spring padlock. Figs. 3768-70. One which snaps, locked by pressure only, without using a key, in distinction from a dead padlock. Sellers system of screw threads. Figs. 5492-8. A system of screw threads designed by William Sellers, of Philadelphia. The following table gives the number of threads to the inch and the proportion of the threads of the Sellers system. See also fig. 5498. The form of the threads is an essential part of the system and is shown in fig. 5497. The angle at which ■• •- " ■■ " :-.-^ -'-.--: rl t" r — i- other is 60 degrees, - - ,.,-_... ,.„ -eads are made flat. fi'/,,. .v... -...„ .^, -i-5 .-»Mt -■ (::<-(3=f*,ds ar:e determined by the TABLE GIVING PROPORTIONS OF THE SKLL'-: TU HEADS. syst^;m of screw- c % !»0 2 O 2: .0^ S-P % s P.^ 5* G'P II ■ re B b"^ o o B 13 ^a^ ^5' O : B : ° 0^^ ^p--^ o 171 CD CO : ap ■ O & ■ Bo- ■ O '. *^ : o • cr . P r4 P- 1 ■o ^,| . ■-! a,g- ^ '^ . 5-g- : £.5 I ■ ^ . ■ "-1 : 3-g' ati Vi If) .185 .0062 1 8 .837 0156 ^ i« .240 .0074 IH 7 .940 0178 ifi .294 .0078 IH 7 1.065 0178 /. !♦ .344 .0089 i% 6 1.160 0208 !^ IS .400 .0096 m 6 1.284 0208 il 12 .454 .0104 m 5^ 1.389 02-.'7 11 .507 .0113 1*. 5 1.491 0250 % 10 .620 .0125 1.616 0250 % 9 .731 .0138 4H 1.712 0.'77 following rule given by Mr. Sellers: "Divide the pitch, or, icliat is the same thing, the sides of the thread, into eight equal parts; take off one part from the top aadfill in one pjart in the bottom of the thread ; tiien the flat top andbottom will equal one-eighth of thepritch, the wearing surface will he three-quarters of the pitch, and the diameter of screw at bottom of the thread ivillbeexp>ressed by the formula : D 1.299 in which D = diameter of the screw and N= the num- ber of threads per inch. " This system was recommended by a committee ap- pointed by the Franklin Institute in 1864 ; was adopted as the standard by both the Army and Navy depart- ments of the United States, and has been recommended by both the Master Car Builders' and the Master Me- chanics' associations as the standard to be used in the construction of cars and locomotives. It is often called the Franklin Institute standard and also the United States standard; but, as it was designed by Jlr. Sellers, it should be known as the Sellers .'system. See Screw- thread. Semaphore lens. Figs. 3442-3. A trade name for a cheap modification of the Fresnel lens, the latter term being more generally restricted to those having the back a plane or nearly cylindrical surface. Service-measure (Howard's parlor-car water-closet). Figs. 3838-9. An auxiliary tank holding about a half-gallon of water connected with the seat-lid and water-tank and discharging the water on raising the lid only. Set (of elliptic springs). 2, fig. 5330. The amount of com- pression of which the spring is capable. The distance between the spring-bands when unloaded. The arch is half the set, plus the thickness of the spring-band. Set of springs. All the springs for carrying the weight of one car, not including draw-springs. A set of holster- springs consists of the springs which are placed between the truck-frames and carry the weight of the body only. A set of equalizing-bar springs means all the springs for a car on the equalizing-bars. A set of wheel or journal springs means all the springs which are placed directly over the journal-boxes of one car. Set of wheels. This term means a number of wheels suf- ficient for one car. A set of wlieels and axles means the requisite number of wheels fitted to axles complete for one car. A 2Mir of wheels means two wheels already fitted to an axle, including the axle ; but a set of wheels does not include the axles unless specified. Set-screw, or stud-fastening (English). Figs. 5345-6. As applied to railroad wheels, a mode of securing the tire to the wheel which is becoming obsolete. A modification is the set-screw fastening (English), plain-end, fig. 5346. Though superior to the other, it is being superseded by better methods. See Tire-fastening. SET 116 SHE Setting-die (for carpet eyelets) . No illustration. A device, one form of which is very similar to fig. 2853-4, for form- ing eyelets by compressing the grommets together. Usually, however, with large eyelets, it is done with a hammer. Seven-group spiral-spring. See Spiral-spring. Sewell steam-coupling. Figs. 2990-5. This is a straight- port, abutting-face, and insulated steam-coupler. The cuts show its construction. The passage for steam is unobstructed. On the coupler-head are a tooth and space in such a position as to serve the double purpose of a guide for the interlocking devices when being coupled, and also to retain the coupler-heads in proper relation while uncoupling. The locking features are constructed upon epicycloidal ciurves, thereby drawing the gaskets together in a direct line after contact. The center line of pressure exactly coincides with the center line through the locking devices, and hence gravity tightens the gas- ket faces. The coupler is automatic in uncoupling in consequence of the curvature of the hose-nipple, the center line of draft being brought above the center line of pressure as soon as hose begins to approach a horizon- tal position. The gaskets are of rubber. Sextuple (of elliptic springs). Six elliptic springs coupled together, side by side, to act as one. Shackle. 1. (Of a padlock.) A, figs. 3771-2, etc. A U- shaped bar which is passed through the staple in front of the hasp by which the padlock is used to lock the ob- ject. The inner end D of the shackle is termed the heel, which is sometimes provided with the shackle-spring Gr and I to hold the shackle open or shut. The shackle of cheap padlocks is attached to projecting ears, but in those of better quality the heel is entirely within the lock itself. The shackle is sometimes termed the hasp, but this usage is incorrect. 3. (Of car -seals.) Figs. 3877-89a. The wire or metal strip passing through the fastening to be sealed and closed together at the end. See Car-seal. Shackle-bar. A coupling-link, which see. Shackle-guard (of a padlock). A plate used in some pad- locks lying immediately under the point of the shackle when locked in place, serving to exclude dirt and wet from the interior. Shackle-lock (car-door fastener). A term used in distinc- tion from the seal-lock. Shackle-spring. D and G, figs. 3771-3. See Shackle. Shackle-stop (Miller's padlock) . H, figs. 3768-70. A stop to prevent the shackle escaping too far in unlocking. Shade. See Lamp-shade, figs. 3423-5. Window-shade, figs. 4.546-62. Shade-cap (of a lamp). 33, figs. 3361-3317. A vertical tube extending the shade upward and constituting in effect an extension of the chimney. A similar part for a lamp-globe is called a globe-chimney. Shade-holders (Pmtsoh system). 80-A, fig. 3231, is for postal-car shade. 80, fig. 8232, only. Holder 80-B, fig. 3217, is for use with 4-iu. globe 102, fig. 3216, on any bracket-lamp. Contains a check-screw for adjustment of the flame. Shade-ring. Figs. 3435-7. See Adjustable shade-ring. Also called ivire tripod. Shade-roller (for window shades). Fig. 4565. A device serving the pui-pose which its name implies, the only forms of which now in general use are the automatic forms, which hold the shade in any position when re- leased by means of centrifugal-pawls, which see. The leading styles are the Hartshorn shade-roller and the McKay shade-roller, which see. The Hartshorn works with a pawl on the end, while the McKay has a cam. See Burrowes and Davis car-shades. Shaft. " That part of a machine to which motion is com- municated by torsion." — Webster. See Brake-shaft. Drum-shaft. Crank-shaft. Horizontal brake-shaft. Door-shaft. Lever-shaft (street-cars). Driving-shaft. Winding -shaft. Shaker. Fig. 3893d, etc. See Orate-shaker. Shaker- handle. Shank (Kirby's car-door lock). A, fig. 3638. The spindle. See also Buffer-shank. Grate-shank. Lock-shank. Shank, (of a coupler or drawbar) . That part of a coup- ler or drawbar between the dratv-head and tail-end. The body of the coupler. It may be round, square, and corrugated in different couplers. Shank-facing (Kirby's car-door lock). P, fig. 3638. Shear beams. (Snow-plow framing.) 13b, 14, 15, figs. 410-3. The timbers forming the inclined plane and part- ing ridge of a plow. They are placed in positions so that they resemble the knives of a pair of shears, hence the name. Shears (of a pile-driver car). Figs. 401^. The tongs which grasp the hammer, which see. Sheathing. 52, figs. 339-66, etc.; 70a, figs. 485-73. Boards which are tongued and grooved, and with which the sides of cars are covered. The sides of a gondola car are ordinarily termed side-pla7ik and end-plank, and are much heavier than the sheathing of a box-car. Inside lining, which see, is in addition to the ordinary outside sheathing. Formerly passenger-cars were covered with panels, but it is now the universal practice[to use sheath- ing. Sheathing-furring. 59, figs. 435-78. Pieces of wood nailed, screwed, or glued in a wall to nail the sheathing to, inserted where the distance between rails is so great as to require intermediate pieces to back up the sheath- ing. Corresponds to panel-furring, which see. Sheathing rail. See panel-furring. A sheathing-rail, or sheathing-furring is the same as a, panel-rail or a panel- furring, the paneling having been superseded by sheath- ing. Sheathing-strips. 69, figs. 43.5-73. It should read paJieZ strij)S, "which see. Sheave. A wheel, roUer, or pulley over w^hich a cord or rope runs, or on which any object, as a door or window, rolls. Sheave is often used to designate a block or pul- ley, but more properly it designates simply the grooved wheel in the block. See Pulley. See also Bell-cord sheave. Main sheave. Brake-lev r sheave. Pile-lioisting sheave. Brake-shaft chain-sheave. Slidinq-door sheave. Center brake-lever sheave. Strap-sheave, Door-sheave. Sheave-hook (derrick-cars). 2,389-96. The hook carried at the lower end of a hoisting-block to which the load is attached. Sheave-pin, or pintle. The axle of a sheave. See Pintle. Sheet-iron. Iron rolled thin and, in car work, usually galvanized. Its thickness is given by its nimiber of wire gage, which see. The standard sizes are 6 and 8 ft. long and 34, 26, 38, and 30 in. wide. It is, however, manufactured to order up to 10 ft. long and 44 in. wide. Sheet steel, galvanized or not, is now also largely manu- factured. Sheet-ring and staple (English). 80, figs. 348-51. A small -wrought-iron ring to which are tied the cords at- tached to the edges of the tarpaulin protecting the con- tents of an open wagon from the rain. Sheffield hand-car. Figs. 5585-88, 5605-8, etc. A name applied to several varieties of hand-cars, taken from the name of the designer, but more particularly applied, first, to an ordinary section hand-car with wooden wheels, and, secondly, to a three-wheel hand-car for inspection purposes. Sheffield aU-steel car-wheel (hand-cars). Figs. 5633-5. A steel wheel made from a sheet of toughened homo- geneous steel, which by a series of operations is brought to the shape shown. The center is dished and radially SHE 117 SID corrugated, the flange returned upon itself, the hub a drop forging made from a single piece of steel, addi- tional support being given by a separate wrought-steel flange upon the opposite side of the plate. The whole is firmly bound together by steel rivets. Sheffield ■wooden hand-car wheel. Figs. 5629-31. A car wheel with wooden spokes and felloe and a steel hub and tire. The steel tu-e is made by special machinery, the hub is forged out of solid steel, and securely bolted to the web portion of wheel. An advantage claimed for this wheel over the steel M'heel is that, without any extra labor, they are practically insulated when on their axle, the wood-center portion completely insulating them, for use on roads where the block signals are in operation. Shelf. See Spring-shelf (street-car journal-boxes). Shell. See Berth-latch shell. Shelled-out (car- wheels) . A term applied to wheels which become rough from circular pieces shelling out of the tread, leaving a rounded flat spot, deepest at the edge, with a raised center. The M. C. B. rules for interchange of traffic, which see, specify that no wheel shall be con- demned for this fault unless the spots are over 2i in. in length, or are so numerous as to endanger the safety of the wheel. Shifting-pinion (hoisting-gear). A pinion attached to the crankshaft or driving-shaft ot a hoisting-gear which is constructed to slide laterally a few inches so as to have a slow-motion or quick-motion gear according to the position of the shifting-pinion. Shim. A thin piece of wood or metal used as a distance- block to save more careful fitting. In track-work, shims are very largely used in order to remedy the heaving of the rails from frost. Shimming has been used in fitting on car-wheels when the wheel-seat of the axle was a Uttle too small, but the M. C. B.jniles for interchange of trafiic forbid this. See Interchange of traffic and Wheels. Shinier journal-bearing. A bearing, the shell of which is made of bronze or brass, with filling of lead and alter- nate layers of sheet metal previously tinned over so that in the process of manufacture the lead filling unites with the sheet metal and forms a solid bearing. Ship splice. One of the many forms of splicing or scarf- ing broken pieces of timber. It is that selected for splicing broken car-sills under the regulations for inter- change of traffic, which see. See Scarf. Shoe. A plate, block or piece of any material on or against which an object moves, usually to prevent the latter from being worn. See Boom-shoe. Brake-shoe. Door-shoe. Short-sill, or short floor-timber. Fig. 5664. An aux- iliary longitudinal timber used in a car-floor, but not ex- tending its whole length. The term short floor-timber is also applied with ques- tionable propriety to short auxiliary cross-pieces used in freight-car floors as distance-blocks between the sills and not extending across the whole width of the floor. Corresponding timbers in passenger-cars are termed floor-timber distance-blocks. See also Bridging. Short plate-rod. Hoi-izontal bolts passing through the plate-holt strip and the plate, serving to stifl'en the latter horizontally. It is rarely used. Short seat-end. Figs. 4106-8. A seat-end which does not extend below the seat or support it, but is supported upon a separate seat-stand. See Seat-eiid. Shot (in chilled car-wheels). See Cold-shot. Shovel. 1. (Steam shovel. ) Figs. 308, 405-7. A car upon which is mounted a steam derrick-frame .so adjusted and connected with proper mechanism that it will scoop up bucketfuls of dirt and gravel and deposit them in a car or other conveyor. , Ing cars from one - separating trains. In this country usually called sinfvhiiig. Marshaling which see, has a nearly similar meaning. Sometimes the word drilling or regidnting is used. Shutter (for cabin of pile-driver car). 13, figs. 401-4. A wooden cover for a window, especially one having no sash. Side. See Deck-side. Ladder-side. Truck-side. Side arm-rest, or elbow rest (English) . 201, figs. 501-4. A wooden support for the elbow attached to the inner sides of a carriage beneath the windows, and padded with horsehair and covered with broadcloth or leather. See also Folding arm-rest. In American cars a loindoio- ledge is made to serve the same purpose, but arm-rests, 2409, are general in sleeping-cars. Side-bearings. Supports placed on each side of the cen- ter-pin of a car to prevent too much rolling or rocking motion of the car-body. Usually there is a plate of iron or steel attached to the body-bolster on each side of the center-pin, called a body side-hearing, 16, figs. 229-66, etc. ; 14, figs. 435-73 — and a corresponding plate, block or roller on the truck-bolster, called the truck side- bearing, which see, 61, figs. 4580^757. They are also distinguished as lower and upper side-bearings. Gen- erally there is a little space left between the bearings, so that the truck can turn freely on the center-plate, although in some cases the weight of the car-body rests on the side-bearings instead of the center-plates. Other types are the King's yielding side-hearing, fig. 5190-1, and the Hubbard anti-friction side-hearing. To obviate friction, cup side-hearings are so formed as to hold a lubricant. Rocker side-bearings and roller side-bearings are also used. Side-bearing block. Figs. 4974-5. A filling casting bolted to the truck bolster and forming an abutment for the Truck-side bearing-bar. Side-bearing bridge or arch-bar (six-wheeled truck). 62, figs. 4842^966. An iron bar, truss, or wooden beam attached to the spring-beams to support the truck side bearing. Side-bearing roller. Fig. 4747-9. See Side-bearing. Side-bearing spring. 16, figs. 389-42. (Side-dump or tip-car.) Bearing springs upon which the body bears at the side to steady the box and to receive the shook when the body is returned to its normal position after dump- ing. Side bearing-timbers. L, figs. 335-7. Longitudinal or transverse floor timbers framed or bolted to the side- posts of a coal or ore-car, which supports the upper ends of the inclined floor planking. Side-board. 1. (Dining-cars.) Figs. 102-3, 474-8. An ornamental receptacle for dishes, etc., usually placed so as to face the central compartment of the car. See Buffet-car. 2. (English.) 67, fig. 348. American equivalent. side-plank. A planking constituting the sides of the car. Side-body brace. 33, figs. 229-66, etc.; 51, figs. 4.35-73. Com- monly, simply body-brace or brace, which see, except when the end-braces are to be distinguished from them. Side body-brace rod. 34, figs. 229-66. 52, figs. 435-73. See above. Side body-truss rods. 33, figs. 398-315. See Side truss- rod or Side-trussing. Side buffer-spring. Fig. 1403. See Buffer-spring. Side-buffer stem. Figs. 1395-6 and 2290-3301. Side-casting. See Drauibar side-casting. Side chute-plank, ft, figs. 325-7. The planking of an in- clined fioor which discharges its load transversely to the car, either toward or from the middle of the car. Side deck-lamp. Figs. 3386, 3303. A bracket-lamp fast- ened above the windows and to the deck-sill, or to the lower deck-ceiling and the deck-post. Side-doors. 1. (Baggage-car.) Figs. 1792-3. SIX) 118 SI£ 2. (Side dump-cars ) 123, figs. 332-5; 62, figs. 336-42, Side dump-car. Figs, 27-30, 328-42. A car so constructed that its contents may be discharged to one side of the track tlirough side doors, either by having the floor in- clined or by tipping it sidewise. See Dump-car and Tip-car. Side foot-rest (passenger-cars). L, figs. 2996-3001, A metal plate fastened to the truss-plank between the seats, for passengers to rest their feet on. Chiefly used over heater-pipes as a guard to prevent the feet of pas- sengers from coming in contact with the hot pipes. Also called shields. Side-frame. 1. (Of a car-body.) Figs. 485-73, 531-8, 542- 70, etc. The frame which forms the whole side of a car- body. It includes the posts, braces, plate, rail, girth, etc. See Framing. 2. (Of a truck. ) Figs. 4576-4757 and figs. 4587-90, 4649- 52. See Truck side-fravie. Diamond-truck. Side-gutter, or outside-comice (English). 132, figs. 501-4. A piece of wood secured on the outside of the vehicle at the angle of the roof to the sides. It is chan- neled on the top to catch the rain and to convey it to the ends of the vehicle, to prevent it running down the sides. Side-gutter moulding (English). 133, figs. 501-4. A moulding which is attached to the outer side of the side- gutter in order to hide the heads of the bolts by which it is secured. Side journal-spring (street-cars) . One of a pair of spiral or rubber springs which rest on ledges on each side of a journal-box, as in figs. 5642, 5645, etc. Side-lamp. 1. Figs. 3288-3304. A lamp attached to the side of a passenger-car. In distinction from a center-lamp. which hangs from the roof ; they are usually made with brackets by which they can be conveniently fastened. 2. (English.) American equivalent, side tail-light. A colored signal lamp carried at the side of the last vehicle of a train. Two red side-lamps and one red tail- lamp are generally carried, arranged in the form of a triangle. Side-lamp braces. 18, fig. 3302. Diagonal bars attached to a side-lamp and to the side of a car to steady the lamp. Side-lamp bracket. 17, figs. 3288-3304. See Side-lamp. Side-lamp holder. Fig. 3287. A metal ring or bowl- shaped receptacle usually attached to a bracket to hold a lamp. Side-lamp iron (English). 184, figs. 501-4. American equivalent, tail-light holder. A wrought-iron lamp- holder secured to the outer side of the body to carry the colored side-lamp, which see. See also Signal-lamp). Side-links. (Gould tender-hook.) 79, figs. 214,5-9. Links by which the tender-hook is fastened to the buffer-head, and which permit a lateral motion of the hook. The hook is centered by springs pressing against the side- links. Side-piece (for platform-hood). A thin block cut to the curve of the hood. Side-plank (gondola-cars). 52, figs. 305-822. The boards bolted to the stakes constituting the sides of the car. They vary from 2 to 5 ft. in height according to its ca- pacity and are 2| to 3 ins. thick. Those at the end of the car are termed end-planks, and are usually hinged at the bottom so as to drop down inwardly on to the floor of the car. Side-plank tie-rod. 36, figs. 310-15. A vertical rod pass. ing through the side-sill and side planking and tieing theni together. A side-plank tie-strapi fulfills the same office, but the planks are bolted or riveted to the plank, the end of the strap being forged round and threaded to take a nut. Side-plank tie-strap. 37, figs. 305-15. See above. Side-plate. 46, figs. 229-66 ; 98, figs. 435-73, 536-67. More properly, sinrgily plate. The longitudinal stick on top of the posts of the car-body. So called as distinguished from the end-pjlate. Side-post strap-bolt. 27, fig. 5654. A strap-holt joining the post to the side-sill. Side-pulley (of bell-cord guides, which see). 16c, flgs. 339-42, Side-raU, W, figs. 325-27. A longitudinal timber, ex- tending along the top of a side-frame of a coal or ore car. It rests upon posts and braces and connects with end-rails which go across the end of the car. It corre- sponds to the plate of a box-car, but does not carry any rafters or carlines, as does a plate. Side-rest (tip-car) . 16c, flgs. 339-42. A block of wood or metal, or a spring, on top of the frame on which the body rests when tipped. Side-seat. Figs. 3947, 5650-8. A longitudinal car-seat, the back of which is against the side of a oar. See Car- seat. Side-siUs, or outside-sills. 1, figs. 229-66, etc. ; 435-78, etc. The exterior sills, which see. Sometimes the out- side-sills only are referred to by the single word, sill, but this use of the word is unconamon. The side-siUs are usually made deeper than the inside-siUs in flat and gondola-cars, but rarely in box and stock-cars. When the side-sills are deeper than the center and inter- mediate sills, bolsters similar to figs. 1428-81, and 1433-7 are used. Iron side-sills are usually 8-in. chan- nel-bars, and the center and intermediate sills are 8-inch 1-beanis. In passenger-cars the side-sill, and the end- sill as well, are sometimes plated with steel or iron to give greater stiffness. See figs. 428-31, 523-30, 574-83, and 1178-9. Side-spring (Janney-Miller coupler). A spiral spring actu- ating the Miller hook laterally. The Janney coupler, from its peculiar movement of the knuckle or coupling- hook in coupling, requires no side-play. Side-spring bolt (Janney-Miller coupler) . The bolt secur- ing the side-.sprlng in place. Side-sUl flitch-plank. E, flgs. 529-30. The two wood parts which enclose the ^iteft-ptaie and make up a cow- posite-side sill. Side-sUl flitch-plate. B, figs. 529-30. See above and t litcJi-plate. Side-spring eye-bolt (Janney-Miller coupler). The eyes attached to the Janney horn in which the side-spring stirrup engages, for use only with the Miller hook. Side-spring plate (Janney-Miller coupler) . The plate or bracket sustaining the side-spring. Side-spring stirrup (Janney-Miller coupler). The part inserted in the eye-bolts fixed to the Janney horn con- necting the side-spring bolt to the Miller hook. Side-spring trigger (Janney-Miller coupler). A kind of detent-latch used for relieving the tension of the side- spring while the couplers are being changed. Side-spring washer (Janney-Miller coupler). A collar and cup washer used in connection with the side-spring. Side-step (street-cars). 75, figs. 5654-62. A ledge usu- ally made of a wrought-iron plate attached to the side of the platform. Also called foot-board. Side-stop. 1. (Grain-door.) H, fig. 1867. 2. (Tip-cars.) A cast-iron support attached to the wheel-piece, on which the body rests, and by which it is held in a horizontal position. Side-straps (gondola-cars). 37, figs. 298-315. The straps to which the end-plank and sometimes also the side- plank are bolted. They are also called side-plank tie- straps. Side thrust-spring. 16c, flgs. 389-43. A spring fastened to the truck-bolster or truck-bolster raising -block, L, to receive the thrust of the body as it is tipped in dumping. Side top-panel rail (English). 117, figs. 501-4. A part of the body-framing running horizontally in the upper part of the side of a carriage. Side truss-rod or side-trussing. Figs. 25, 298-315, 816-24. SID 119 SIN" A Body-side truss-rod, a horizontal truss-rod extending longitudinally along the sides and fastened to the end- planks. Its office is to prevent the sides from bulging; it is in increasing use on long gondola cars. Side truss-rad bearings. 34, figs. 398-315. The queen- posts of the side-truss rods. Side truss-rod block. 35, figs. 398-315. A block of wood or cast-iron inserted in the corner at the junction of the side and end-planking to guide the side truss-rod. Side-urinal. Fig. 3873. A urinal to fit against the flat side of a room, in distinction from a corner urinal. The latter are almost imiversal in car work. Side urinal-handle. Figs. 3845-6. So called in distinc- tion from a corner urinal-handle, which see. Siding. 1. A side track. 3. See Sheathing. Signal-bell. 1. (Street-cars.) 197, flg. 5654. A saucer- shaped bell attached to each platform . They are rung by a clapper, to which a strap is attached which extends from one platform to the other. 2. (Locomotives.) A similar bell to which the bell- cord is attached. Signal-hose. 29, figs. 1698-8. See Hose. Signal-hose coupling. 34, figs. 1693-8. See Hose-coup- ling. Signal-bell-cord. See Bell-cord and Bell-strap. Signal-branch-pipe. 30, figs. 1693-8. A pipe leading from the Train-signal 2npe to the Car-discharge-valve. Signal-branch-pipe cut-out-cock. 30s, figs. 1693-8. Signal-car discharge-valve. 33, figs. 1693-8. See Car discharge-valve. Signal-cord. 31, figs. 1693-8. See Bell-cord. Signal-lamp, or signal-light. Figs. 3318-47. A name aphed to lanterns of extra power and quality of several kinds, but usually meaning those provided with sema- phore or hulVs-eye lenses, which see, of which from one to four are used, whence the name single-lens, double- lens, etc. They are also called side tail-lights, tail-lights, operator's signal-lights, etc. Signal-lens (street-car). 270, fig. 5663. A lens in the clear-story of colored glass, behind which a lamp is placed. Signal-pipe (Westinghouse train-signal apparatus, which see). 27, fig. 3388, 1693-4. A continuous pipe running from car to car through the train, substantially a dupli- cate of the brake-pipe, but working with a much lower pressure of air. The signal-pipe couplings are also sub- stantially similar to brake-hose couplings, figs. 1737-41, but have a thicker lip, so that they cannot be miscon- nected with the brake-pipe. Signal-pipe coupling (Westinghouse train-signal appara- tus). See above. Signal-pipe stop-cock ("Westinghouse train-signal appa- ratus). 28, figs. 2388. A cock placed at each end of every car for closing the signal-pipe at the rear of the train. Signal-reservoir (Westinghouse train-signal apparatus). lOE, figs. 1699-1700. A smaU auxihary reservoir for operating the train signals carried on the locomotive and connected with the main reservoir through a rediic- ing-valve, 24, for the purpose of reducing the pressure to about two atmospheres, which is all that is required for operating the signals. Signal-strap (street-cars). A bell-strap, which see. Sigfnal-valve (Westinghouse train-signal apparatus) . 26, flg. 3388 and fig. 2404. A valve attached to the signal- pipe on the engine, which, on the opening of the car discharge-valve in any car, and the consequent reduction of pressure in the signal-pipe, permits the air to escape to blow the signal- whistle, 23. Signal- whistle (Westinghouse train-signal apparatus). valve. ■ ■ ■ tion of a thing; ■ ».,-:■,■.. ; -.BMjMu«r .,i.. which a building rests. Tlie lowest timber in any structure, as the sills of a house, of a bridge, of a loom, and the like. 3. "The timber or stone at the foot of a door; the threshold. 3. "The timber or stone on which a window-frame stands, or the lowest piece in a window-frame." — Web- ster. 4. (Car-building.) Fig. 339, etc. The main longitu- dinal timbers, usually six, but sometimes eight in nmn- ber, which are connected together transversely by the end-sills, body-bolsters, and cross-frame tie-timbers. Sills are divided into side-sills, intermediate-sills, and center- sills. A few cars, such as dump-cars and tank-cars, have but two sills, and others only four. For the splice for broken sills required by the regulations for the inter- change of cars see Interchange of Traffic. See also Deck end-sill. Deck-sill. End-sill. Platform end-sill. Platform-sill. Platform short-sill. Short-sill. Sivinging platform-sill. 5. The lower horizontal member of the frame sur- roimding a window or door. See Door-sill. Windotc-sill. Sill and plank rod. 31, fig. 834a. A rod passing through the sill and planking to tie them together securely. A side-plank tie-rod. Sill-and-plate rod. 36, figs. 339-66 ; 54, figs. 43.5-73, etc. A vertical iron rod which passes through the sill and plate of a car-body frame and ties the two together. A brace straining-rod, which see. is a similar part for low passenger-car trusses below the windows. Sill knee-iron. 9, figs. 339-66; 8, figs. 4:35-78. An L- shaped or right-angled iron casting or forging bolted into the inside corner of a car-frame to strengthen it. Sill-splice. See Ship-spilice, and Interchange of Traffic. Sill-step (freight-oars). 30, figs. 339-66, etc. ; figs. 897-8. A U-shaped iron attached to the sill of a oar, below the ladder, as a step for getting to or from the ladder. Ipl893 the M. C. B. Association recommended that " That two good substantial steps (silt-steps), made of wrought- iron, } bj' IS in. section and be fastened, one to each side-sOl, next to the corner of the car to which the lad- der is attached. The steps to be not less than 13 inches long, measured horizontally between the sides, and the tread to be not less than 8 inches below the bottom of the sill. The side of the step next to the corner of the car to be as near to the end of the car as is practicable. Each side of the step to be fastened to the sill with two -|-in. bolts and nuts.'' Sill-step stay. A diagonal iron rod or bar attached to one of the sills and to a sill-step to stiffen the latter. Not commonly required or used. SiU strap-bolt. Figs. 339-66. A strap-bolt, fig. 3712, used to fasten the side and end sills together. When set into the sill is called a joint-bolt, fig. 8720. Sill tie-rod. 10, figs. 339-66 ; 9, figs. 448-73. A trans- verse tie-rod in the floor of a car for holding the sills to- gether. Simms lock (for freight-car doors). Fig. 2759. Single-board car-roof (freight-cars). Figs. 2368-79. A roof, of which several varieties other than those shown exist, in which one layer of boards covered by some kind of sheet metal is used in place of double boards. All single-board freight roofs use a sheet metal cover, either above or below the boards, but those only having sheet metal on top are commonly so called. Single or end berth-rest (emigrant sleeping-berths). N, figs. 3414. A bracket to support the berth when open. So called in distinction from the berth-rests proper (double) on the berth-posts. Single-edge weather-strips. Fig. 4537. See Weather- strip. Single-guard (for lanterns). According to the number of horizontal wires surrounding the globe, lanterns are designated as single, double or triple-guard. SIN 130 su Single-lever brake. Fig. 1458. A brake which has but one lever to a truck or foiu'-wheeled car, which see, to apply to two brakp-beams. In some cases applied to but one of the trucks of a car ; in other cases, to both. An objection to tliis form of brake is that the pressure is not equal on each brake-beam. To overcome this difficulty two levers are used, and the brake, assliown in fig. 1460, is then called a double-lever bvake, which see. Single pipe-strap. Fig. 293G. A pipe clip, which see. Single-plate wheel. Figs. 5355-61. A cast-iron wheel, in which the hub and tire are united by only a single plate, which is strengthened usually by ribs called brackets, figs. 5335-8, 5355, or sometimes by corrugations. See Wlieel. Car-ivheel. Single sash-spring. Fig. 4405. See Sash-spring. Single-screw tumbuckle. Fig. 3725. A turnbuokle, which see, shaped like a link of a chain with a screw at one end and a swivel at the other. Single window-blind. A blind which is made in one piece or section and large enough for one window. They require a lower window, and hence are rarely used in the better grades of passenger-cars unless flexible, which see. See also Window-blind. Single window-blind lift. Figs. 4417, 4434. See Windoiv- blind lift. Sink (dining-cars). Figs. 474-5. A shallow metallic box to receive and carry off dirty water. Six-group spiral-spring. Fig. 5198. See Spiral spiring. Six-wheel truck. Figs. 4957-66; details, figs. 4967-5133. Six-wheel trucks are the standard for sleeping, parlor and dining cars. They are sometimes, though rarely, bmlt of iron. The parts peculiar to six-wheel trucks will be seen in Roman type under fig. 4806. See Truck. Car-truck. Skeleton (steel-tired wheels). Another term for the wheel- center or central filling-piece, which see. The word skeleton is principally used when the wrought or cast wheel-ceater consists of open bars. Skifw-back. 1. (Masonry.) The face on the edge of the abutment against which the arch proper abuts. 2. (Of a truss.) A casting on the end of a truss or a trussed beam to which a truss-rod is fastened. It is usually made in the form of a cap, and forms a bearing for the truss-rod nuts. 3. (Car-builduig.) A truss-rod tcasher, -which see. Slab. 2, figs. 3525-7. See Wash-stand slab. Slanting table-leg. Fig. 679. One which abuts against a slanting table-leg pjlai e in the side of the car instead of standing vertically, as in fig. 678. Slanting table-leg hook. Fig. 4291. See above. Slat. A narrow piece of board or timber, such as seat- back slats, seat-slats, unndow-blind slats, which see. Slat cattle-car. A stock-car, which see. Slatted-floor. 27s, figs. 283-6. An open-floor made of slats nailed to cross-pieces with a space left between them so that air can circulate beneath and through be- tween the slats. Slat-seat. A seat composed of narrow strips of wood. These are usually placed longitudinally on the seats with a space between them. Sleeper. 1. The ties or cross-timbers on which the rails of a tramway are Hid and spiked. 2. A misnomer for a sleeping-car, since it is the pas- sengers who sleep and not the car. Sleeping-car. Figs. 123-31, 176-7, 185-7, 2408-18. Fram- ing, figs. 512-30. A car provided with sleeping-berths or beds for the use of passengers at night, which make up by day into ordinary seats, as shown in fig. 2410. The greater number of the sleeping-cars are operated by the Pullman Palace Car Co., and are hence often re- ferred to simply as Pullman cars. The Wagner Palace Car Company have a great many cars in service on the Vanderbilt system and allied lines. Tlie Mann boudoir car, which see, is an American invention re-introduced from Europe, but there are only a small number in ser- vice in the United States. Emigrant sleeping-cars, figs. 505-11, which see, have recently been introduced, re- sembling ordinary sleeping-cars, but without upholstery. Tbe first", sleepinff-car built in the United Slate' was made in the "hops of the 'I'erre Haute. Alton & St. Louis Bailroad by a mechanic named Woodruif. 'the coach provided seats for sixiy PH85engers which were conv ruble info flar, berths. 'I he paienr wta secured in 1856-7. the nexi sleepers were two of the sime kind run on ihe New Yorki'entr.l Railro d. Web- Bt;er Waener, founder of the Wagner Palace Cur Co . built and patented four sleepers for Ihe New York Central Railroad in 1858. The modern p.lace sleeping-car wa? in reduced by Georgfi M Pullman, who built his first car in 1859. Some of the e irlv Pullman cars h .d sixteen wheels instead of twelve. Tbe first Aagner palice-car was built in 1867. Both Wagner and Pullman paid royalties to V\ oodrutf. See Sleeping-car section. Lower-berth. Upper-berth. Sleeping-car furnishings. Figs. 4143-4271. See Oar-fur- nishings. Sleeping-car section. The space in a sleeping-car occu- pied by two double seats in day-time and by two berths or beds at night. Fig. 2408 shows a recent design of a sleeping-car section, many of which are in service, but figs. 2409-12 show the latest or " Columbian 1893" style. See note to fig. 2408. There are usually 10 sections, but sometimes 8 or 12 in a car, in addition to a state-room, smoking compartment, etc. Sleeve. See Piston-sleeve. Stake-sleeve. Sleeve. 1. (Of car-door lock.) The part connecting the knob to the shank. 2. Sleeve for adjustable brake-head. Figs. 1620-1. See Self-adjusting spring brake-head. Slewing-gear. 1. (For swinging-platform of pile-driver car.) 48 and 49, figs. 401-4. The means for causing the swinging platform to revolve. It consists of a hand- wheel and spur-wheel, the latter engaging in the slewing- rack fixed to the floor of the car. 2. (Of a crane or derrick.) 18, figs. 389-93. Slewing-rack (of pile-driver car). 50, figs. 401-4. See above. Slewing-rings (of a derrick). Eings attached to the upper end of the boom for attaching a rope by which to move or steady it when loaded. Slide-valve (Westinghouse triple-valve) . 3, figs. 1706-7. A D- valve controlled in its motion by the piston, by means of which the air is admitted to, and exhausted from, the brake-cylinder, applying and releasing the brake. See also Rever sing-valve. Sliding-bolt (of a padlock). B, figs. 2771-2. The bolt in the interior of the padlock which engages with the shackle, locking it to place. The forward end of the bolt is termed the bit. The movement of the sliding- bolt is controlled by the sliding-bolt spring. Slide-bottom gondola. Figs. 321-4. A gondola-car with the Center and Intermediate sills separated and a Slide door inserted between. The door is moved by a lever, winding shaft and chain, shown and described in the figin:es. The side framing is an improvement, the anchorages being directly at the ends of the boards. The advantage? claimed for the Sliding doors is that car may be used for transportation of lumber and other freight, and that it possesses a dumping device without sacrificing any of the essential parts or features of the underframe ; that the cost is less, and the doors more secure. Sliding-door. A door opened by sliding sideways instead of swinging on hinges. Suoli doors are almost univer- sally used on freight-cars. They are hung by a hook called the door-hanger, which slides on a top door-track. See also Car-door hanger. They are also in general use on baggage-cars and street-oars. See figs. 1792-3, 3843-5, 5654-67 and 5665. Sliding-door bracket. A door-track bracket, which see. SUding-door fixtures. Figs. 2825-51, 1794-1935. See also Car-door hanger, sliding-door lock and latch. Sliding-door friction-roller. Figs. 2846-51. A small wheel attached to the top or bottom of a sliding-door to SLI 131 SNO make it run easily. It may or may not carry the weight of the door. SUding door-handles. Figs. 2583-5. See Door-handles. Sliding-door hasp and staple (mail-car). Figs. 3554-5. See Hasp and staple. Sliding-door holder or hook (street-cars). 142, figs. 5654-67. A metal hook by which a sliding-door can be fastened on the inside. SUding door hook and button (baggage-car). Figs 2556-7. SUding-door latch. Figs. 3554-78. A latch made with a hook lifting vertically instead of a bolt sliding horizon- tally, for fastening sliding-doors. Sliding-door latch-keeper. Figs. 3558, 2567-8, etc., also called a strike-plate. Sliding-door lock. Figs. 3566, 3574-8. A lock made especially for fastening sliding-doors. Such locks usually have a hook which engages in a corresponding catch attached to the door-post. The hook is secured in con- nection ^vith the catch by means of a bolt which is operated by a key. Sliding-door roUer. Figs. 3846-51, 144, figs. 5656-67. Sliding-door sheave (street-cars) . See Door-sheave. Sliding-door track. See Door-track. Sliding foot-plate. 169, fig. 3301. See foot-plate and threshold-plate. Slide-valve spring. (Air-brake, triple valve.) 6, figs. 1706-7. Slip lamp-burner. Fig. 3370 A burner in which the chim- ney is held in place by springs or screws, and so con- structed that the entire slotted cap to tlie burner may be removed at once by lifting, still carrying the chimney, without removing any spring. Slip lamp-chimney. Figs. 3422. A chimney with cylin- drical base, held in place by lateral springs, so as to be removable by lifting only. Similar to a stm chimney which see, but smaller at the base. Sloping closet-hopper. Fig. 3864. See Closet-hopper. Slow-motion gear (of a derrick or crane). A system of gearing, intended to be used or not at will by means of a shifting-pinion, to decrease the speed and increase the power of the hoisting-gear. Called also intermediate gear. Small equalizing-guide (Janney-Miller coupler, which see). See also Equalizing-guide. Small main-valve piston-head (air-pmnp). 79, figs. 1691-2. Smillie car-coupler. Figs. 3199-3301. Smoking-eompartment furnishings. Figs. 4373-85. Smoke-bell. 13, figs. 3361-3317; 3444-53. A cover or screen of glass, porcelain or metal, shaped somewhat hke a bell, and placed over a lamp to protect the ceiling of a car or room. Large smoke-bells are often called canopies. . Smoke-bell bracket. Figs. 3451. A separate carrier for a smoke-bell. Smoke-ball stem (of lamps). A tube attached to the upper part of a smoke-bell and serving to conduct away the gases so as to bring the smoke-bell lower and nearer to the lamp. Smoke-flue. A Smoke-pipe. Smoke-flue base (Baker heater). Figs. 3387, etc. Smoke-jack. See Lamp)-jack. Stove-pipe jack. Smoke-pipe (heaters). Figs. 3904, etc. The pipe by which the smoke is conducted to the outside of the car, usually called stove-pipe, but the stove-pipe of heaters is called a smoke-pipe or smoke-flue to distinguish it from the air- pipes. Smoke-pipe cap. Kgs. 3058-60. A covering on top of the smoke-pipe to exclude rain and wind. Also called ia.clc. - — -I-..-, ,, ....-,,„,-,. ,,,-,; -,,i;,,.^ heaters). Fig ses a smoke-pipe, ugh which air is admitted from the top and is thus warmed. See also Perforated smoke-pipe casing. Smoke-screen (Baker heaters). Fig. 2877, etc. A conical shaped box, the front of which is the feed door and the bottom of which is the hole through which the coal enters the fire-pot, and which is covered by the safety- plate. Smoke-top (Baker heater). Fig. 3919b, etc. The upper part of the heater, made of Russia iron, in a conical form. A base of Smoke-flue. Smoking-car. A car usually attached to all passenger trains immediately behind the baggage-car, in which smoking is permitted ; also, in general custom, the only one open to passengers with second-class tickets. Buffet smoking-cars, which see, and some others, are more luxu- rious. "Wrongfully called a Smoker, as if it did the smoking. Smoking-carriage (English). A passenger vehicle in which smoking is allowed. The whole of a vehicle is seldom devoted to this purpose, separate compartments of each class being set apart for smoking in every train, as required by law. See also Carriage. Smoking-chair (parlor-cars). Fig. 3991. A chair dis- tinguished from other parlor-car chairs chiefly in being less roomy and comfortable. Smoking-room (sleeping-cars). The right-hand half of fig. 540. A comi^artment now almost universal in modern sleeping-cars and parlor-cars. It is generally kept for the free use of the passengers, and separate seats or berths are not sold in it. Smoking-room furnishings. Figs. 4273-85. Smoking-room gate. Figs. 4273-4. A gate sometimes used to close the entrance to a smoking compartment which is shut off by a portiere and has no door. Smudge (English) . The scrapings and cleanings of paint pots collected and used to cover the outer side of the roof -boards as a bed for the roofing canvas, which see. Snatch-block. Properly a single block which has an opening {notch) in one clieek to receive the rope. The snatch-block is usually provided with a sivivel-hook. The term is also popularly applied to any form of single block provided with a hook, although more properly it applies to only one with an opening at the side for readily inserting or removing the rope. Snow-flanger. A plate of iron or steel attached to a car or engine to scrape away snow and ice on the sides of the heads of the rails so as to make room for the flanges of the wheels. The term is sometimes applied to an ad- justable plow fitted to a locomotive or car which extends low down onto the track and has a plate or tool for cutting and scraping the snow and ice from the rail. See figs. 414-18. Snow-plow. Figs. 222-5, 408-18. "A machine operated like a plow, but on a larger scale, for clearing away the snow from railroads." — Webster. The parts of a snow- plow corresponding with the plow-share and mold- board of an ordinary plow are mounted on running-gear similar to that used for freight cars. Small snow-plows are also attached to the cow-catchers of locomotives and regularly carried throughout the winter. See Russell snotv-ploir and Portland Company's snow-plotv. Other machines, ca\\e& Vae rotary steam snow-stiovel, flg, 228, and the Jull centrifuftal snow excavator, figp. 226-7, onerated in a manner altogether different from ordinary snow-plows, are made and are in nse on roads in mountainous districts where the snow fall is verygrfat. They haye found considerable favor in the Western states. The -Roia?*// steam snow-shoyel is a po"ierful machine, carried in a heavy frame, made ol! steel I and channel beams. A boiler and double cylinder engine of the locomotive type are carried, which are connected by heavy steel pinions to a bevel gear on a ho-izontal ehaft. Upon this shaft ii mounted the Rotary wheel, consisting of a series of 12 rotary shovels with automatic reversible cutting blades. This is rotated in a drum, or casing, having a square front which curs the snow not reached by the knives to a width of 10 feet 6 inches or more if required. The cutting blades slice the enow from the bank into the shovels, which, with the centrifugal force of the wheel, discharge the snow in a solid stre vm ihr >ugh a ehute on top of the drum to either side of the tracts desired, and to a disrance of from one to two hundred feet, the speed of rhe wheel is from one to two hundred revolutions per minute. This machine is equipped with 8N0 123 SPI an ice-plow aud flanser— the former to protect it from derail- ment by snow and ice— tlie latier, for cleanmp: the flange and rail every iime it passe? over the road. Coal and water for the Rotary are carried in an oidmary lijc^motive tender, coupled to the Kotary for this purpose. One Standard locomotive is re- quired to pu^h this machine in any kind of snow. 'J 'he " Rotary " has been in euccesstul operation for 10 years and between 50 and 60 of the machines are in service at the present time. The JiUl centrifuual snow excavator has a "scoop iti fron', 10 feet or more wide and 11 feet high, consistiiiR of a square- shaped open front box, withm whicli revolves the "'snow cut- ter " The *'biiu\v cugiit" consists of an inverted truncated cone, inclined downw.ird and laterally upon which are rivetted four helical, sharp edged cutting blades, which slice off the snow, gather it into the"scoop" and, by centiifUHal force, dis- charge it t ) eiiher side of the track separately, or to both sides at OQCe. through openings in the '"scoop." 'J he diameter of the cone from t be outer edge of one cutting blade to thatof ilsopposile blade is. at the large or upper ei d 10 feet, at the small or lower end 3 feet. 'I'he "snow cutter" is operated by an engine of loco rnotive design, having I wo c,\ linders, IS-inchdianeter 21-incb stroite. The esc ivntor is equipped will] separate flangerand ice cutters, which are controIlPd and operated by tbe pitoi by means of compressed air, and it is equipped with V\eetinehouRe air- brake. Two hundred revolutions of the "snow cutter" are m'-ide to 175 revolutions of the engine. In actual service, f he number of revolutions of the "snow cutter" varies from 150 to 250 revolu- tions per minute according to the aifflcuity of the work to be done. Eleven of these machin. s are now in service. Snow-scraper. A plate or bar of iron or steel attached to an engine or car to scrape away the snow and ice from the rails. Snow's boltless steel-tired car-wheel. Figs. 5321-9. One of the many forms of steel-tired car-wheels in use. The tire is prevented from crowding in toward the center of the axle by a heavy cast-steel lip on the tire, which en- gages in the cast center, and the tire is held in place against this lip or lug by & retaining-ring somewhat of the Gibson form, and shown in figs. 5322-4 and 5329. The other parts of the wheel are the tire with its internal flange, or lip, the retaining-ring and the cast-iron center. Soap-dish. Figs. 3502-7 ; 6, figs. 8468. Soap-holder. A soap-dish attached to a partition like a bracket. Socket. "Any hollow thing or place which receives and holds something else." — Webster. As the socket for water-cooler valve. See also Berth-curtain rod hushing, or socket. Flag-holder socket. Revolving-chair stand socket. Socket-caster. Fig. 4114. A fixed or rigid caster. Not properly a caster at all, except by custom of the trade. See Caster. Socket-washer. Fig. 3732. A large washer with a cavity to receive the head or nut of a bolt or rod so that it will not project beyond the surface of the wood to which it is attached. Also called cup-washer. Sofa (sleeping-cars) . A longitudinal seat which makes up by pulling out sidewise so as to drop the back. Now used only in staterooms. Sofa arm-rest bolt. Figs. 4138-9, Sofa arm-rest fixtures. Figs. 4116-33. Sofa-back (Mann boudoir cars). B, iigs. 2418. The part which makes the upper berth. Sofarback pivot-hing'e and plate. Figs. 4124-5. Sofa back-leg socket. Fig. 4130. Sofa bed-hinge and socket. Figs. 4131-5. Sofa-bed support. Fig. 4136. Sofa-bolt (sleeping-cars). Figs. 4138-9. A sliding bolt used for holding a sofa in its place. It is operated from the front by a sofa-pull working through a sofa-crank, flg. 4138. Sofas standing against the side of the cars are now little used, except in private cars. Sofa-caster. Fig. 4112-5. See Caster. Sofa-furnishings. Figs. 4116-4140. Sc fa-hinge. Figs. 4136-7. A hinge by which the seat and back of a sofa are fastened together so that they can be changed from a sofa into a bed. See Seat-hinge. Sofa leg-hook. Fig. 4140. Sofa rail-end and socket. Figs. 4131-2. Sofa-spring (English). &e& Seat sofa-spring. Back-squab sofa-spring. Soffit-board. 131s, figs. 539-41. A board which forms the under side or ceiling of some subordinate part or mem- ber of a building or a oar, as of a staircase or cornice. See Deck soffit-hoard. Soil-hopper. Figs. 3855, etc. See Closet-hopper. Sole-bar (English). 1, figs. 348-51; 501-4. American equivalent, side sill. One of two longitudinal bars which are the main members of the underframe, which see. In English car-construction the side sills are rela- tively more important than in America, as will be seen in figs. 348-51. Sole-bar angle-iron (English). 12, figs. 501-4. An angle- iron secured to the sole-bar, to stiffen it. A plate is sometimes used instead of an angle-iron. Solid-braided bell-cord. Figs. 2471, etc. See Bell-cord. Solid-head drawbar. Fig. 2073. A wrought-iron draw- bar having the head and shank in one solid forging in- stead of being united by riveting. Solid-leather nails. Figs. 3643-4. A form of ornamental nail for finishing work, in which the head is of solid leather, the mode of attaching the metal pin to the same having been patented Oct. 18, 1881. The same principle is applied to the manufacture of solid-leather buttons, also much used for decorative ptirposes. Solid wrought-iron single-spoke wheel. Figs. 5374-5, 5378-9, 5393-3. A wheel in which the spokes, hub (boss) and rim are all welded together, each spoke consisting of one single bar. The tire is shrunk on. Spacing-block. See Body-bolster spacing-block. Spanner. Fig. 1735. A wrench for uncoupling hose, etc., formed like the arc of a circle, with notches or lugs for engaging into dogs or grooves on a spanner-nut. An ordinary wrench is termed a spanner in England. Spanner-nut (Fames ejector) . 10, figs. 1663-4. A nut with many sides Uke a hose-coupling, so as to ap- proximate more closely to a circular form, and com- monly provided with lugs or vertical grooves cut in its circumference for engaging with a spanner. Thepiston- rod packing-nuts of Westinghouse air-pump are of this pattern. Spear anti-clinker car-heaters. Heaters or stoves man- ufactured by Mr. James Spear, of Philadelphia, for heating cars, and made vrith a sheet-iron outside casing which leaves an air-space between the stove and casing, into which a current of air is admitted, and is warmed by coming in contact with the stove, and then escapes into the car. Several different patterns are made. In fig. 3058 the cold air is admitted through a hood on top of the car, is carried down to the bottom of the stove by a pipe, and then circulates around the pipe, as shown by the arrows, and enters the car through a hot- air pipe which extends the whole length of the car, with registers at each seat. In fig. 3060 the hot-air pipe is not used, the warmed air escaping directly into the car through openings in the base and top of the stove. In this pattern an independent cold-air pipe is not used, but the smoke-pipe is enclosed in a casing, with a space be- tween the two, through which the cold air descends and passes over the stove and escapes, as shown by the arrows. The " anti-cUnker " feature of these heaters consists in a pecuharly arranged grate, shown in the section, fig. 3059, with an annular opening between it and the base of the stove, through which the clinkers can be removed from the grate. Spear's caboose stove and details. Figs. 3073-8105. A favorite stove for caboose-cars. Spear's draft-regulator. A device by which an air inlet is opened in the smoke-pipe in such manner that the draft is checked, but no gas is permitted to escape, the current being entirely inward. Specifications, cast-iron wheels. See Wheels, specifica- tions for cast^ron ivheels. Spider. See Center brake-lever spider. Tank waste-cock spider. Spider-plate, or underframe plate (EngUsh). 16, figs. SPI 133 SPR 348-51 and 501-4. A flat horizontal -wTought-iron bar connecting two or more timbers of the imderframe to- gether, and being placed beneath them prevents one sinking below the others. It is often made with three or more arms radiating from a common center ; hence its name. The form shown is a plainer form. Spindle. Figs. 2631, 2639-41. See Door-latch spindle. Spindle, or bolt drawbar. Figs. 2073-4, 2100-1. See Draifbar. opiral-eUiptic seat-spring. Figs. 4001-2. A spring made of a thin band of steel wound in a spiral coil, the trans- verse section of which is elliptical. Spiral sash-spring. See Sash-spriiig. Spiral seat-spring. Figs. 4009-13. The common form of seat-spring, which see. Spiral spring. Figs. 5192-5228, 5235-40a. A spring made of a metal rod or bar coiled in the form of the thread of a screw so that it can be compressed or expanded in the direction of the axis around which it is coiled. Most of the springs now in use in car- work, except the bolster- springs of passenger-cars, are spiral springs. Volute springs, india-nCbber springs, cotnpoiind or irool-packed springs, are quite obsolete. Spiral springs are designated as single, double, triple, or qtuulntple-ooil springs when nested one inside the other. Such springs are also called nest-springs. Usually, the single springs or nest-springs are again combined into tivo-groiii>, four- group, sir-gronp, etc.. springs. Two to eight-group springs are the most common. Graduated-springs, figs. 5218-20, seem to have had their day and are not often specified for new construction. The various springs in them come into action successively as the load increases instead of all at once. Spiral springs are also designated according to the section of bar as round-bar, flat-bar, square-bar, half-round bar, oval-bar, edge-rolled, etc., but nearly all springs are now made from round-bar steel. Equal-bar is a term applied to nest-springs made from bars of such size that the resistance of the coil is proportioned to its diameter. Spiral springs are also designated according to their use as equalizer-springs, journal-springs, pedestal-springs, holster-springs (which latter are the main springs of a car), buffer-springs, draft-springs, etc. Spiral-spring cap. 75, figs. 4742-5 ; figs. 5193-5232. A casting or plate which forms a bearing for the top of a spiral spring, and which also holds it in its place. A seat is used at the other end, but both these parts in bolster- springs are commonly called spjring-plates, which see. Spiral-spring seat. 74, figs. 4742-5. See above. Spittoon. Fig. 2858, etc. A vessel to receive discharges of spittle and other abominations. A cuspidor, which see, is the same thing in a different form. Splash-board. A board attached in an inclined position covering up the back of passenger-car steps. It serves much the same purpose as the risers of steps, and pre- vents mud and dirt being thrown on the steps. Not in general \ise. Splasher (English). 188, figs. 501-4. An iron plate at- tached to the floor above the wheels. Only used when the wheels are too large in diameter to clear the ordinary floor. Also called wheel-cover or wheel-plate. Splice. 1. " The union of ropes by interweaving the strands." — Webster. Hence any appliance by which the ends of a rope, cord, beam or bar, are united. See Bell- cord splice. 2. (For car-sills.) See Scarf -jo'int. Shipt-splice. Ac- cording to the rules for the interchange of cars of the Master Car Builders' Association, the splice of a sill to be received must be 24 in. long. See Interchange of 2'raffic. Split-key. A form of pin which is self-fastening, consist- ing essentially of two parallel strips or bars of metal, ^\.i„u ...I,™ .,„;*„,! „„„„^:.t.,j. :_ j,^^ which tend - -_■ '■ j" ■'■•■' ' '' ;^li :••;■■": J be withdrawn Split-ring (for lamp) . Figs. 3333-6. An adjustable ring to carry a lamp or lamp-shade, permitting of a variation of diameter. Spoke. " One of the radial arms which connect the hub with the rim of a wheel." — Knight. Spoke-wheel. Figs. 5257-8, 5261-4, etc. A wheel, the rim or tire of which is conm^cted with the hub by spokes in- stead of one or more plates. These spokes are some- times made of solid cast-iron, in others they are cast hollow, and in ;;till others are made of wrought-iron. See Hollow-spuke ivheel. fig. 5332. Hand-car wheels, figs. 5620-31. Wrought-iron (Kirtley's double-spoke) wheel, figs. 5289-1, etc., and Solid wrought-iron spoke-ivheel, figs. 5292-3, etc. Spool (of hoisting-gear). 41, fig. 402. The drums on which the hoisting rope or chain is wound. Spool-shaped spiral-spring. Fig. 5243. This form was patented by W. P. Hansell in 1874-5. Its object is to ob- tain a graduated spring, which see Little used. Spring. Figs. 5192-5254. Elliptic springs, figs. 5229-34. An elastic body to resist concussion. Springs are also used to produce motion in a reverse direction to that caused by some other applied force, as a brake-spring and the spring of a door latch. The leading forms of springs are elliptic-springs and spiral springs, which see. Modifications are the spiral-elliptic and the lialf- ellipfic springs. Volute and india-rubber, or gum springs are little used. Spiral springs are designated according to the number combined together one within the other, as double-coil, triple-coil, etc., or if the springs are placed side by side, as two-group, four-gronp, six-group, etc.; elliptic springs, according to the number united to work together as one spring, are designated as double or dupli- cate, triple or triplicate, qu.adruple. quintuple, and S' x- tuple. The main springs about a car are nearly all spiral springs, except that elliptic springs are almost exclusively used for the bolster-springs of passenger- cars. The minor springs, designated in name by the purpose which they serve, are the following, which see : Back-spring. Berth-spring. Bralce-hose coupling-valve spring. Candle-spring . Coupling-spring Double release-spring. Double sash-spring. Door-latch spring. Door-lock-bolt spring. Door-spring. Graduiiting spring. Journal-bux-cover-sprivg. Lateral-motion spring Mirror-frame spring. Release-spring. Safety-grate spring. Sash-spring. Sash-lock spring. Seat-latch spring. Seat-loclc spring. Seat-spring. Spiral seat-spring. Spiral sash-spring. Sunnr/bolster spring. Window-blind .spring. The pi'incipal springs of a car supporting its weight are the bolster-springs, also called beariug-.<;2iri)igs or body- springs. Equalizing-bar or equalizer springs are used in addition on passenger-cars, as also sonnetiiaes journal springs. Side journal -spn-ings are used on street-cars and are sometimes keg-shaped or spnol-shaped, which see. Tension is communicated through the cZrafc-s^jC! fig. A separate bujfer-spring or au,riliary buffer-spring, which see, is sometimes used. See also Set of springs. In Euroyjean practice bearing-springs are semi-ellipti- cal ; buffing and draft-springs are rubber, semi-elliptical spii'al or volute. The seat-cushions and backs are sup- ported by sofa-springs. The tendency to-day of Ameri- can practice is toward single and double coil round- bar springs, for car work. The use of 7, 8, 9, etc., coil bolster springs is rare and the great majority of bolster- springs used under new freight-cars are the three and four coil-springs shown in figs. 5199-5205 and 5207-12. A recent adoption is that shown in figs. 5192-8, where plain single-coil springs are bought and these put under a car, the nmnber being in proportion to tlie capacity of the car. For equalizer-springs the universal practice is to use plain single and double-coil round-bar spiral spring. SPR 1S4 SFBr Spring-'band (elliptic-springs). 1, figs. 5230. Awrought- iron strap which embraces the plates at the center. Spring-beam (six-wheel trucks). 42, figs. 49.57-66. A transverse timber which rests on top of the bolster- springs. There are two such to each truck, on which the bolster-bridges, which support the bolster, rest. It is sometimes of iron, as B, figs. 1971-73. Spring-block. 74, fig. 4580. A piece of wood used as a distance-piece above or below a spring. Spring-blocks. Kgs. 4976-8. Blocks to which the egiial- izer spring-caps are attached. They are made right and left. Spring-box (Westinghouse pmnp governor, which see). 38, fig. 1716. Spring-burner. Figs. 3370, etc. A lamp-burner to which the chimney is fastened by a spring. Spring-cap. A cup-shaped piece of cast or wrought iron for holding the top of a spring and against which the latter bears. They are further distinguished by the name of the spring, as bolster-spring cap, etc. The spring-seat comes below the spring, but both these parts are very commonly called spring-plates, especially in large group-springs. Spring-case. A cast-iron box made in two parts to hold one or more spiral or india-rubber springs. Such springs are nearly obsolete. Spring door-latcli. Figs. 3706, 2781-3. A latch, the bolt of which is thrown into contact with a catch by a spring and is disengaged by a knob or handle. Such latches are not arranged so as to be fastened with a key. See Latch. Spring door-lock. Figs. 2714-25. A lock usually called a night-latch. See Ijxtch. Spring door-stop. Figs. 2803-6. See Door-stop. Spring draw-clevis (street-oars). One which can slide longitudinally, and whose movement is resisted by a spring. Spring draw-hook (street-cars). One which can slide longitudinally, and whose movement is resisted by a spring, so as to give it elasticity when subjected to tension. Spring-edge (car upholstery). Figs. 3905, 3939-33, 3961, etc. A term applied to a method of upholstery which protects the frame-work entirely by springs, so that it is not felt by the occupant of the seat. Spring end-sill. A long bar of .some tough, elastic wood used in certain narrow-gage and other cheap cars as a substitute for a draft-spring. It is bolted to the end- sills at its ends only, and hairing a cast-iron draw-head bolted to its middle. The natural spring of the wood then becomes a partial and cheaper sub,stitute for a draft-spring. Spring-hanger. 1. (Elliptic springs.) 170, fig. 385. A T-shaped bolt or an 8 or U-shaped iron strap which sus- tains the end of a semi-elliptic spring. The T-hanger is a bolt with a T-head passing through a slot in the spring, used in locomotives, but not on cars. The 8-shaped hanger is a wrought forging with holes at each end for two bolts, fig. 385. 2. (English.) See Scroll-iron. End scroll-iron. Spring- link. Spring-hanger iron or bracket (cabooses, etc.). 171, fig. 385. A bent bar fastened to a pedestal timber or wheel-piece, to which the spring-hangers are attached. Spring-hinge. Figs. 2617-30. See Double-acting spring- hinge. Spring-link, or spring-shackle (English). 84, fig. 501. American equivalent, spring-hanger, a term also used in England. A link attached to the end of a laminated spring by which the weight is placed upon it. Spring-link adjusting-screw, or tee-bolt (English). 85, fig. 501. An eye-bolt by which the tension of the bearing-spring, and, to some extent, the height of the car-body above the rails can be regulated, Rarely used except in passenger service, where it is very gen- eral. A different style, having the bolt vertical, shown at 86, fig. 501, is the same as above, except that being vertical, it cannot put initial tension on the spring. Spring-padlock. Figs. 2768-73. A padlock, the hasp of which can be locked by pressure only, without a key; so called in distinction from a dead padlock. Spring-pin. 41, figs. 48-'3-4966. See Lateral motion spring-pin (passenger-car trucks). Spring-pivot (deck -sash, which see). Fig. 4580-4966. Spring-plank. 43, fig. 4580-4966. A transverse timber un- derneath a truck-bolster and on which the bolster-springs rest. Also called sand-plank or sand-board. A spring- plav-k safetij-strap or guard, which see, passes under the spring-plank. In iron trucks, iron spring-plank bars take the place of the wooden spring-plank, and in other trucks they are very common. A sunng spring-pilank is used in passenger and other swing-motion trucks (which see). In rigid-bolster the spring-plank is bolted to the lower arch-bar of the truck-frame. Some excep- tional forms of trucks, as figs. 4753-7, have no spring- plank nor bolster-springs. Spring-plank bars (iron 6-wheel truck). See above. Spring-plank bearing. 44, figs. 4580-4966. A casting on which a spring-plank rests, and which is supported by the lower swing-hanger pivot. Also called cross-bar casting or spring-plank carrier, figs. 3110-11. Spring-plank flitch-plates (passenger truck). Figs. 4835-6. See Fliich-pjlate. Spring-plank safety-strap (passenger-car trucks). 45, figs. 4843-4966. A U-shaped strap of iron attached to the transoms, and passing under the spring-plank, so as to hold it up in case the swing-hangers or their attach- ments should break. Spring-plank timber (framed spring-plank). A timber forming one of the sides. Spring-plate. Figs. 4710-15, etc. A common term for spring-seats and caps, especially those of considerable size, as for bolster springs. They are often provided with spjring-pjlate lugs to hold the spring in place. Spring-plate lugs (bolster-spring) . Shovsoi in figs. 5208- 18b. See above. Spring-pocket (strap drawbar). See below. Spring-pocket or strap, drawbar. Figs. 1976-3019. A drawbar with a rectangular strap or "pocket," figs. 2005-6, at the back end in which the draft-spring is placed. So called in distinction from a bolt or spindle- drawbar, fig. 3100 Spring-saddle. 1. (Iron passenger-car trucks.) A (li shaped bar of wrought-iron, which is placed on top of a journal-box surrounding the arch bar and on which a spring rests. 3. (Street cars.) Fig. 5650. A similar part having projecting ledges {spring-slielf) on each side, on which the springs rest. Spring-seat. 74, figs. 4580-4966. A cup-shaped piece of cast or wrought iron on which the bottom of a spring rests. See Spring-cap. Spring-pilate. They are further distinguished by the name of the spring for which they serve, as bolster-spring seat, equalizer-sxjring seat, etc. Spring-shackle (English) . See Spring-link. Spring-shelf. See Spring-saddle. Spring-stud (street-cars) . A roimd iron bar which rests on the top of the jom-nal-box or spring-seat and passes through the center of a spiral or rubber-spring. The upper end works in a guide and thus holds the spring in its place. A similar bar has been used on steam-cars for transmitting the weight from the spring to the journal- box. Spring-yoke. A spring-saddle, which see. Sprue (foundry). The piece of metal which fills the gate or channel through which the metal is poured in making SPB 1S5 STA •a casting. This piece is broken off when the casting is cooled. The gate itself is often called a sprue. Sprue-hole. A gutcoi a mold for casting metals. Spud. Figs. 3478-9. A bushing or coupling by which the hole of a sink or water cooler drip are connected with the drain or drain-pipe. Spur-wheel. 1. (Hoisting-gear, etc.) 7, figs. 207, 394-5. Lit- erally any cog-wheel, but usually meaning the larger one of a pair of wheels in gear, in distinction from the pinion, which is tlie smaller one of the two. 2. (Lever hand-car. ) 5, figs, 5.592-5600. 3. (Slewing-gear of pile-driver car, which see.) 49, figs. 401-4. Spurr's veneers and wood carvings. Figs. 3660-3. Pan- eling and decorations in relief, consisting of a papier- mache backing covered with a thin shaving of superior wood and pressed in imitation of wood carving. Squab-cushion, One formed of a bag or case stuffed with curled hair or other elastic material, not attached to the seat, but simplj' laid upon it. Now little used, hox- enshions being preferred. See Cushion. Square-bar spiral-spring. See Sjyii'al sj^ring and Sp)ring. Square door-bolt. Fig. 2540, etc. A door-bolt made of a square and straight bar of metal. When the bolt has an off-set it is termed a nquare-iieck door-bolt, as in fig. 2543. Square-end. A rectangular piece on the end of a shaft to which a crank or wTench can be applied ; also termed winding-arbor or erank-pin. Square-lantern. Figs. 3330. A form having glass on three sides, used chiefly for fixed lights. Square-root iron. A term applied by manufacturers to angle iron in which tlie corners are brouglit to a sharp angle and not rounded off. Thus: L. Square-root iron is one form of angle-iron, but is never meant when that term alone is used. SS-lock (freight car-door). Fig. 2750. Stake (flat or platform cars). 42, figs. 305-15. A stick of wood attached outside the sills by a stake-pocket or stake-pocket strap, 39A, figs. 287-9, and st ake-bolt , which see, to keep the load from falling off. They are some- times attached by a mere swiveling bolt, so that they can be dropped down horizontally, if desired. Stake-bolt (gondola and platform cars). A bolt passing through the end of the stakes, serving in connection with the stake-pocket strap, which see, in place of the ordinary form of .stake-pocket, figs. 914-15. Stake-hook (platform-cars). A hook on the side of a I.)latform car to hold a swiveling stake in an upright position. Stake-pocket (gondola and platform cars). 39, figs. 298- 315, 908, 914-15. A cast-iron receptacle attached to the side-sills by U-bolts to receive the end of a stake. A sub- stitute is the stake-prjcket strap, which see. Stake-pocket strap or U-bolt (gondola, platform and stock cars). A U-shaped bolt flattened at the side, and serving as a substitute for the ordinary form of stake- pocket, when tlie stakes are intended as permanent attachments. Stake-pocket U-bolt. A U-bolt applied to a stake-pocket that encloses three sides of the stake and pocket and passes through the flange-holes into the side-sill to which it is bolted. Stake-rest (flat-cars). 2, fig. 14. A bracket or support on which a stake rests when turned down horizontally. Stake sleeve (flat or gondola cars). A casting with a horn-shaped projection slijiped over a stake to hold up the hinged side of a platform or gondola car. Stanchion. 1. A prop or support. 2. (Nautical.) A term very generally, but not exclu- sively, used for posts with an eye in one end which car- alogy from nau- . :- ^ar vJi .!fc«iKci;; wi:.M ail eye in one end. which holds a rod or other object, as a hand-rail or cur- tain-rod. The opposite end is usually fastened by a nut, or with a flange or lugs which form a part of the stanchion. Also see Windoiv curtain-rod stanchion. Stand. ■' Something on which a thing rests or is laid." — Webster. Seat-stand. Water-cooler stand. See Radiatrjr-stand. Revohnng-cliair stand. Standard. 1. Fig. 3185. A name sometimes applied to tlie column or bolster guide-bar, which see. 2. (Of M. C. B. Association.) A considerable list of standard details of cars, given separately below and jointly under Master Car-Builders'' Association, have been adopted. See Master Car-Builders' Standards. In 1893, when the old standards of the Master Car-Build- ers' Association were divided into two groups; the group which retained the name standard was defined as " Those forms, parts, constructions, units, measurements or systems in which it is desirable to secure not only sound construction, good practice, and safe operation, but which also promote quick and cheap repairs and consequent free interchange of cars." The group termed Recommended Practice was defined as "Those forms, parts, constructions, units, measure- ments or systems which are conducive of sound con- struction, good practice, and safe operation, but which do not afl'ect either interchangeability of parts or inter- changeability of cars as a whole." Standard axles (M. C. B.). Figs. 5419-20. See Axle. Standard bolts and nuts (table). Figs. 5493-8. See Sell- ers standard. Standard brake-shaft attachments (M. C. B.). Figs. 5540-7. It is no longer a standard, but it is Recom- mended Practice. Standard brake-shoe head and key. Figs. 5425-31. A brake-shoe and head of the Christie form, adopted as a standard by the M. C. B. Association in 1886 with the excej)tion of slight modifications in details made in 1888 and 1891. As shown the head is made to fit a wooden brake-beam which are quite out of use. The head is now made for rectangular or round iron brake-beams. The peculiarity of tlie head and shoe is the use of a dove- tailed joint and the fact that the shoe is reversible. The weight of the shoe is about 20 lbs. and of the head about 10 lljs. The shoe is held in position by a Key. Standard buffer-blocks and height of drawbar (M. C. B.). Figs. 5540-2, 5548-51. No longer a standard, but Recommended Practice. Standard car-axle (M. C. B.). Figs. 5419-20. See Axle. Standard car-coupler (freght). Figs. 2202-8 ; passenger, figs. 2256-06. Standard check-gage, for mounting wheels fM. C. B.). Fig. 5486. Adopted in 1894. See Check-gage. StiT.ndard draft-gear attachments (M. C. B.). Figs. 5507-37. No longer a standard, but Reoommencled Prac- tice. See Dran^bar-attacliment, etc. Standard dry-closet. Figs. 3857-9. See Dry-closet. Standard gage. The most common distance between the rails of railroads, which is throughout the world 4 ft. 8^ ins. See Oage. This gage originated from the use of an even 5 ft. gage with outside flanges. As inside flanges came to be preferred, and had to run on the same rails (then with much narrower heads than now) the present standard was of necessity used. Standard journal-bearings and wedges (M. C. B.). Figs. 5389-5418. See Journal-bearings. Standard journal-boxes (M. C. B.). Figs. 5377-88. See Jonrntil-boxi'S. Standard ladder and grab-iron attachments (M. C. B.). Figs. 5546-7. No longer a standard, but Recommended Practice. See Hand-holds and ladders. Standard markings for line cars (M. C. B.). Figs. 5543-5. No longer a standard, but Recommended Prac- tice. See Marking line-cars. STA 126 8TX Standard limit-gage (for roundiron ; M. C. B.). Figs. 5490-1. No longer a standard, but Recommended Prac- tice. See Limit-gage. Standard pedestal (M. C. B.). Figs. 5480-3. See Pedestal. Standard screw-threads (M. C. B.). Figs. 5493-8. See also Sellers and Whitworth. See Screw-threads. Standard splice (M. C. B.). See Interchange of Traffic. Standard Twheel gage (betiveen hacks of flanges ; M. C. B.). Fig. 5421. See Wheel-gage. Standing, immediate or partition pillar (English). 95, figs. 501-4. American equivalent, post. An upright piece in the body running its entire height. The term is not applied to the corner or doorway pillars, which see. Staple. A U-shaped piece of wrought-iron pointed at the ends, to be driven into wood to hold a hasp, hook, pin, etc. The term is also applied to a wrought or cast-iron keeper which is screwed or bolted to the door-post or frame and over which a hasp fits. Star-ventilator. Fig. 4311. See Ventilators. Stasch-ventilator. Fig. 4310. See Ventilators. Stationary-lock (freight-cars). Figs. 2736-59. A lock permanently fixed to the door or side of the car, in dis- tinction from padlocks, which are quite out of use on freight-cars. Stay. A beam, bar, rod, etc., by which two or more ob- jects are connected together to prevent lateral deviation of one or both of them. > Body queen-post stay. Center-stay.' Lamp-stay. Pipe-stay. Sill-step stay. Stay-rod. 1. A rod which acts as a stay. See Pedestal stay- rod, 7, figs. 4842-4966. 2. (Of a derrick or crane.) Bee Tension-rods. Steam-car. A term used to designate ordinary railroad cars when it is desired to distinguish them from street- cars. Steam-cylinder (air-pump). 3, fig. 1689; 61, figs. 1691-2; 1-2, fig. 1752. The admission of steam to this cylinder is controlled by the r ever sing-piston and rever sing-valve, which operate the main steam-valves. See Cylinder. Steam-cylinder gasket {upper and loiver, of air-pmnp, etc.). 36 and 37, fig. 1689; 101-2, figs. 1691-2. See Gasket. Steam-cylinder head ("Westinghouse brake). 2, fig. 1689; 60, figs. 1691-2. A cover for the top of the steam-cyl- inder. Steam jacket. Figs. 3039-45, etc. See Jacket. Steam-jet (Gold's car-heating). Fig. 3008; M, fig. 8006 and F, fig. 3003. See Donble-eoil steam-jet system. Steam-pipe. 1. (Air-pump, steam-heating pipe, etc.) 54, fig. 1689. The steam supply-pipe to the steam-cylinder. 2. (Westinghouse pump-governor.) 59, fig. 1716. Steam-pipe union (air-pmnp). 14, fig. 1689, etc. A pi^x'- eoupling, which is often called a union. Steam-piston (air-pump). 10, fig. 1689; 65, figs. 1691-3. See Piston. Steam-piston packing ring (Westinghouse air-pmnp). 12, fig. 1689; 67, figs. 1691-2. See Piston. Steam-valve, or main steam-valve (air-pump). Figs. 1689-92. A peculiar device for controlling the admission of steam to the steam-cylinder of the engines and air- pump, by means of the reversing-piston, which see, working in the reversina-cylinder. The upper and lower steam-valves are of different diameters and connected by a fixed rod. See Main steam-valve. Steam-valve bushing (air-pump) . See above and upper and loioer steam-valve bushing. Steam wrecking-car. See Derrick-car and Wrecking-car. Steel Motor Company's electric-motor (for street- cars). Fig. 5679. Steel-tired wheel. Figs. 5225-5334. A wheel with a steel tire. In the MoEee Fuller and Washburn wheels, which see, the tire is welded to the body or center of the wheel, which is made of cast-iron. The term, unless otherwise stated, however, always means that the tire is shnuik on, bolted or fastened with retaining-rings. Steel-tired or iron-tired wheels have been long in use in Europe, and are in quite general use in this country for passenger-cars. The report of an M. C. B. Associa- tion committee, 1894, estimates the number of wheels in use under passenger-cars as 145,830 and the number of steel-tired wheels at 51,862, or about 36 per cent. The general form shown in figs. 5320 and 5347 is that which English experience has settled on as the best, and it is in almost universal use on English passenger-cars. See Mansell retaining-ring and tire-fasteniny. See also Allen paper-wheel, Arbell-Coekarell, Boies, Bruns- wick, Krupp, McKee-Fuller, Paige, Taylors, Teakwood, Vauclain, Snow^s-boltless, Washburn, etc. Steel-tire, minimum thickness. (M. C. B. Recommended Practice.) Fig. 5489. In 1894 a recommended practice was adopted for minimum thickness for steel-tires of car-wheels, to be 1 in. , to be measured normal to the tread and radial to the curved portions of the flange through the thinnest part within 4^ inches from the back of the flange ; the thickness from the latter point to the outer edge of tread to be not less than -J in. at thinnest part, as shown in Fig. 5489. A further practice was adopted of cutting a smaU groove, as shown in the outer face of all tires when wheels are new, at a radius J in. less than that of the tread of tire when worn to the prescribed limit, to fa- cilitate inspection. Steel-wheel. Figs. 5316-19. A wheel which is made wholly of cast-steel. Quite a number of Taylor's man- ganese steel-wheels have been introduced lately and are in service, but steel-ioheels are not common. Stem. See Buffer-stem. Graduating-stem. Reversing- valve stem. Smoke-bell stem. The rod to which a valve of any kind is attached is always called a stem. Stem (snow-plow framing). 16, figs. 410-8. Step. 1. A ledge on a stair or roimd or rung of a ladder. 2. A foot-piece for ascending to or descending from a car or for standing in certain places or positions. Pas- senger-car steps, flgs. 3419-45, are from their locality called platform-steps, or from their material box-steps. On street-oars only a single step is used, called the side- sfep. See also (street-cars) enclosed-step, longitudinal- step or (English) foot-board. In freight-cars a U-shaped iron called the sill-step, which see, figs 897-8, is used, and a kind of platform on the roof, called the roof-step. A small ledge on tlie end of a freight-car near the top for a brakeman to stand on when applying brakes, called the brake-step, is also used, but it is not recommended by the Master Car Builders' Association, but it is con- sidered good practice on many roads. A bracket called a tank-step is attached to the tanks of tank-oars. Steps in stairs are connected by vertical risers. Step-facings. Figs. 3788-9. A metallic facing for the step-hanger. Step-fender (street-cars). 75, fig. 5654. See Fender. Step-hanger. 48, figs. 485-73. A vertical wrought-iron bar by which the steps are supported from the comer of a car and from the platform-timber. Step-iron. 1. (Platform steps.) 47, figs. 435-73. A flat iron bar bent to conform to the shape of the steps and their risers and to which they are fastened. It is bolted at the upper end to the platform-sill. 2. (English.) 173, figs. 501-4. Also called leg-iron. A wrought-iron forging attached to the sole-bar, and supporting the upper and lower foot-hoards, which see. Step-ladder hinge. Fig. 3615. Step-mouldings or Nosings. Figs. 3790-2. A metallic facing or moulding for the tread of steps. Step-timber. Figs. 1330-1. A timber bolted to the end- sill and platform end-sill to which the platform-steps are hung. STE 1S7 8T0 Step-ladder (sleeping-car). Figs. 4333-6. A folding step- ladder, for use in a sleeping-car, to reach the lamps, upper berths, etc. Steps, Ladders, etc. (Rules for Interchange of Traffic.) Defects for which cars may be rejected are the fol- lowing : It) Steps, ladders, hand-holds or running boards in bad order or Insecurely fastened. Steps, ladders and hand-holds must be fastened by bolts or lag screws. Handholds must be of wrought iron or steel. Step-riser. The vertical portion of a step in stairs. Sterlingworth. body-bolster. Fig. 2033. A body-bolster consisting of an I-beam, turned up its side and filled with wood, to make it rectangular. It is placed upon the side with a view to resisting buffing strains. Stier dust-guard. Figs. 5155-8. A wood and felt dust- guard made of several pieces, but when finished being in three pieces, viz : — two halves and a spring, which spring keeps the two halves together and against the axle. Stevens brake. Fig. 1461. An arrangement of brake- levers by which the pressure is equalized on all wheels. It is practically obsolete in modern cars. Stile. 8, fig. 1783-93. The upright pieces on the outer edge of a door or sash, as door-stile, sash-stile, ivindow- blind stile, etc. Stirrup. 1. A kind of ring or bent bar of iron resembling somewhat the stirrup of a saddle. A drawbar carry- iron is sometimes called a stirrup. 2. ( Janney coupler.) Shown in figs. 2301 and 2848. A drawbar carry-iron. 3. (Thurmond McKeen coupler and attachments.) Fig. 2281. McKeen carry-iron. Stirrup-block (Miller platform) . 30, figs. 2290-2. A block attached to one of the center-sUls next to the platform end-timber, to receive the bolts which hold the drawbar carry -iron. Stock-car. Figs. 37-47, 75-6, 355-72. A car made for transporting live stock, usually having a tight roof, but open grating sides and ends. Double-deck stock-cars are built for the carrying of sheep and hogs, and modern stock-cars are so designed that they can be used as double-deck cars if desired. In order to prevent suffer- ing and injury to stock when carried modern stock-cars are provided with some of the defaces that were formerly special to so-called palace stock-cars. New stock-cars are usually provided -with at least the apparatus for feeding and watering. Stop. 1. (Janney-Miller coupler.) The guard used to pre- vent the Miller hook from uncoupling by reason of lateral motion of cars. 2. (Miller coupler.) 13, figs. 2290-2. A casting at. tached to the platform end-timbers of a car to limit the lateral movement of the hook on the adjoining car. 3. Anything which prevents or limits movement ; usually called by the name of the object which it stops, as the following, which see. Berth-stop. Outside unndow-stop. Brake-lever stop. Partition-stop. Blind-stop. Sash-lock lower-stop. Center-stop. Sash-lock stop. Closed-door stop. Sash-lock iqjper-stop. Deck-sash stop. Sash-stop. Door-stop. Seat-arm stop. Draivbar stop. Seat-stop. Draw-spring stop. Side-stop. Floor-stop. Spring-door stop. Inside windoiv-stop. Ventilator-stop. Open-door stop. Window-blind stop. Stop-bar (sleeping-car). Fig. 2414 ; 49, fig. 2409. A bar to connect the two seats on which the seat-bottoms may rest when drawn down to make up into beds. It rests upon a stop-bar plate, fig. 4270. afnn-'hoi. n.i-ii'/lQ TWn. ^QAS An o<-<-op,hmPTlt tO liold a I -'" - '■'-.I---- r - < - Lg^ HJinge which enables Stop-bar plate. Fig. 4270. See Stop-bar. Stop-bead, or parting-strip. More properly sash parting strip. The strip dividing the groove for the window- sash and the groove for the blind. Stop-bolt (of car-door lock). G, fig. 2630. An attach- ment for throwing a door-latch out of gear. Stop-brace (Miller coupler). 14, figs. 2290-3. An iron bar attaclied to the draft-timbers and to the lower end of a stop as a brace for the latter. Stop-cock (for brake-pipe of air-brake). An angle cock. 25, figs. 1693-8 and fig. 1745. A cock attached to the brake-pipe of a Westinghouse automatic brake so that the pips can be closed if the brake-hose is to be un- coupled. If the compressed air were allowed to escape from the brake-pipe, the brakes would be applied. Stop-key. Seo below and journal-bearing stop-key. Stop-key journal-bearing. Figs. 5133-7. A key or wedge with a lug or projection which bears against the end of the axle to restrain lateral motion and thus dispense with a collar on the axle. See Stop-ivedge. Stop-latch. A spring door-latch with a stop-bolt by which the latch can be fastened on one side so as not to act. Also see Saloon stojy-latch. Stop-plate or wedge (for journal-box). 5, figs. 5138-48, and figs. 5145, 5150-1. A metal plate which forms an end-bearing for the axle and checks its end-motion. It is held in position either by flanges cast in the box, or by attaching it to the journal-bearing or its key. Its object is to dispense with a collar. It is increasing in use and favor. See Bissell stop-key journal-bearings, figs. 5133-87. C, B. & Q. journal-box and parts, figs. 5138-45; Adam's journal-box, etc., figs. 5146-51. Stop-wedge. A stoj^-key. See Stop-key journal-bearing. Storage heaters (car heating) . Figs. 3009-10, 2959, 2961- 7, and 3001. See Direct steam storage. Storage-tank (Frost system of gas lighting). Fig. 3143. This tank is designed to be placed in the ground and is supplied with filling-plug, gage-pipes, pressure-gage, safety-valve and discharge-pipe ; the latter extending to the bottom of the tank. When it is desired to draw gasoline into the filling-can (fig. 8142) air is forced under low pressure into the tank by means of the yard air-pipe or a small hand-pump. This air enters by means of the check-valve, 7, and occupies the space above the oil in the tank. Then, by opening the discliarge- valve, 5, the oil is drawn rapidly and without loss into the filling-can. Storm-sash fasteners. Figs. 4531-2. Stove. An apparatus made usually of iron, variously con- structed, in which a fire is made for warming a room, house or car by direct radiation. Wlien the warming is effected by convection, as with warm air, hot water, etc., the entire apparatus is called a heater. Stoves are out of use for heating passenger-cars, but cast-iron stoves are largely used for caboose-cars. Cook-stoves axe largely used for heating emigrant-cars. A cook-stove permanently fixed against the side of a room and directly connected with the chimney without the use of stove-pipe, is called a range ; used in dining- cars, etc., figs. 3106-8. Stove, stove-box, etc. (Street-cars.) See 208-15, fig. 5654. Spear caboose stove, figs. 3073-3105, Erie caboose stove, figs. 3061-72. Stove-pipe. A tube, usually of sheet-iron, for conveying the smoke from a stove or heater and creating a draft. In heaters, commonly called smoke-pipe or smoke-flue, which see. Stove-pipe cap. Figs. 8058-60. A U-shaped piece of sheet- iron fastened to the top of a stove-pipe, serving as a rough form oijack, which see. Stove-pipe damper. A circular disk in the stove-pipe for regulating the draft. Stove-pipe jack. 129, figs. 435-73. A covering or bon- STO 128 STU net for the aperture of a stove-pipe on the outside of a car. The term usually means a more elaborate structure than a stove-pipe caj?. Stove-pipe ring. A metal plate or ring attached to the ceiling of a passenger-car around the opening through which the stove-pipe passes from the inside to the out- side of the car. It is used for ornament or "to make a finish " around the opening for the stove-pipe. Stove-plate. See Bottom stove-plate. Ash-pit bottom. Stove-ring. A stove-pipe ring, which see, or a ring for Russia-iron casing of a Baker heater, figs. 2869, 2893, etc. " Straight-air " (air-brake) . A term applied to the orig- inal form of the Westinghouse air-brake. It has been replaced by the Westinghouse automatic air-brake, which see. Straight closet hopper. Figs. 3865-6. Straight-tank (tank-car). One with the rings or plates of metal placed alternately inside and outside of each other, in distinction from telescope tanks, figs. 373-9. See Tank-car. Strainer (air-brakes). Figs. 1746, 1758-60; 16, figs. 1706-7; 106, figs. 1691-2. See Air-strainer. Straining-rod. See Brace .'straining-rod. Strap. A long narrow strip of leather, cloth or metal. See Axle safety-strap. Bell-cord strap. Bell-strap. Brake equalizer strap. Brake-safety strap Dash-guard strap. Diagonal roof-strap. Door-strap (street- cars). Double pipe-strap. Drau'bar-strap (English). Hand-strap. Pipye-strap. Roof-strap. Safety-strap. Signal-strap (street-cars) Strap-bolt, or lug-bolt. Fig. 3712. A rovmd bolt with a flat bar of iron wjlded to it, and usually with a hook on the end which serves the purpose of a head. The flat bar has holes in :t, by which it is attached to a piece of timber or other object by one or more separate bolts or screws. Strap-brake (hoisting-gear). 42, figs. 401-4. A method of controlling the spools by an iron strap which is pressed down upon the spool by a treadle. Strap draw-bar. Figs. 1976-2019, 2099. A spring-pocket drawbar, which see. Strap-hanger. Figs. 2508-10. See Bell-cord hanger. Strap-hinge. 1. Figs. 2603-4, 2610. A door-hinge, the two parts of which are made longer than those of a butt- hinge, and of a triangular shape. 2. (English.) 71, figs. 348-.51. In a freight car (yoods icagon) a hinge in which the pin is welded to two flat bars at each end, and the main part of the hinge is turned while hot over the pin. The hinge has thus no loose part. The main part or strap is secured to the door, which it stiffens. The flat ends of the pin are bolted to the car. Strap washer, or washer plate. 78, flgs. 348-51. A wrought-iron strap which takes the heads of several bolts. Street-car. Figs. 5643-67. A light car, usually with four wheels, constructed for carrying passengers on street railways. They are designated as Cable, Electric- Motor and Horse cars, accordingly as they are moved by cable, electric, or horse power. Electric cars are also called Battery cars or Trolley cars, depending upon whether the motor is svipplied with electricity from a stor- age battery or from a wire by a trolley. Horse-ca rs are rap- idly going out of use and being replaced by electric and cable cars. The electric-motor car bids fair to supersede all others on street railways, where the traflSc is consid- erable. Closed cars, figs. 5642-6, 5654-58, 5663-67, have two longitudinal seats extending the length of the car, and seat 20-40 persons. Summer street-cars, 5647-9 and 5659-62, with reversible seats extending full width of the car, and seating from 50-70 persons are very largely used. One-hone street-cars are used for subordinate lines. Double-deck or top-.'ieat street-cars are common in Europe and are increasing in favor in this country. They are in service in Philadelphia, St. Louis and a few other places. Many electric cars are now equijiped with two four-wheeled trucks, as shown in figs. 5646-7, 5651. Tlie first street railway in the world was the New York & Harlem, incorporated in 1831. The first cars were run November, 1832, from Prince Street to Harlem Bridge, the cars being in the form of three stage bodies carried on a single set of wheels, with side doors only, but with a perch at each end for the driver. The next street railway completed was the Sixth Avenue of New York, in 1852. Immediate and rapid growth there and elsewhere followed, and by the year 1858 street-cars were in use in all the large cities in the United States. A line in Paris was introduced in 1853, one in Cape Town, South Africa, in 1859, and one in Birkenhead, opposite Liverpool, in 1860. Street-car center-lamp. Figs. 3250-1, 3308-17. See Cen- ter-lamp. Street-car lamps. Figs. 3250-1, 3308-17. See also Pintsch lamps. Street-car pedestal-springs. Figs. 5241-3, 5248, etc. Street-car wheel. Figs. 5360-3. A light cast-iron.siwgiZe pilate or open-p)late wheel. Steel-tired wheels for electric-cars. Figs. 5270-3. Strike-plate. Figs. 2638, 2649, 2730. The keeper for a beveled latch-bolt against which it strikes, so as to snap shut automatically. See Keeper, which is a gen- eral term including and often used as a substitute for strike-plate. Striker-arm. Figs. 4092-3, 4099, etc. ; 9, figs. 3917-35, 3967-76. A sea f-anji, which see. Th.&te.Tms striker-arm, seat-back arm and seat-arm, are used in the trade. Striker-plate. See Strike-plate. String-board (passenger-car steps). 48, figs. 435-73. A vertical board which supports the ends of the steps. A step-hanger. Stringer. (Carpentry.) 1. "A horizontal timber connecting posts in a frame, as a tie-timber of a truss-bridge ; a hori- zontal tie in a floor-framing." — Knight. 2. (Bridge construction.) The principal longitudinal timbers at the base of the roadway or track structure, analagous to the sills of cars. Hence, this name is often given to the sills of a car. 3. (Pile-driver cars.) 6, figs. 401-4. The topj-stringers, which see. Stringer sway-brace (pile-driver car). 4, figs. 401-4. Cross-bracing for the top-stringers. Strip. See Diagonal roof-strip. Lining-strip. Fauel-strip. Parting -strip. Roof-strip. Sash-parting strip. Strut (of a truss) . A member subjected to a strain of com- pression. A vertical ■?trut is usually called a,post. Stud. 1. (Carpentry.) " A small piece of timber or joist inserted in the siUs and beams between the posts to sup- port the beams or other main timbers. The boards on the outside and the laths on the inside of a building are also nailed to the studs." — Webster. A vertical scantling, which see. 2. (Car construction.) 60, figs. 4-35-73. A short ver- tical wooden post in the side or end of a car between the window-posts, or below the windows, extending from the side-sills to the window-sills. 3. A standing bolt, pin, boss or protuberance designed to holdan attached object in place, especially one formed of a headless bolt permanently screwed into a tapped hole in a casting or forging so as to become a part there- of. See Bracket-studs. Brake-block suspending-stud. Eccentric-lever stud. Spring-stud._ Student lamp. Figs. 3399, etc A lamp having a form of argand burner, which see, connected by a feed-tube.'K, with a removable reservoir having a valve at the bottom stxf 129 SWI to permit the slow escape of the oil. The reservoir is so placed that the level of the oil is very near to the flame. The whole lamp slides up and down upon a standard. Stuffing-box-nut and gland (air-pump), 96, 97, figs. 1691-3. See Piston-rod ^jacking gland. Sub-sill. See Buffing snh-sill and Back-stop timber. Suburban excursion-car. Fig. 151. A car with open sides and ends, which may be closed with curtains or blinds, for carrying passengers on suburban steam-roads in summer. Sulleys seal-lock. Figs. 3898-a. See Seal-lock. Summer street-car. Figs. 5647-9. See Street-car. Summer street-car curtain. Figs. 4563, 5649. A cloth, usually made of heavy canvass, to inclose open cars and exclude rain or sunshine. Sun-burner (mineral-oil lamp). Figs. 3373-5. A lamp- burner, of which a great variety of forms differing in minor details exist, but which all agree in being provided with a chimney, wide and cylindrical at its base, and held in place by a thin circular metal plate, cut with in- dentations aronnd its outer edge, so as to act as springs. See Sun-hinge burner. Sundries (bolts,' jacks, pulleys, tirrnbucliles, etc.). Figs. 3708-3752. See Miscellatieons Furnishings. Sun-hinge burner. Figs. 3373-4. A bm-ner bearing an external resemblance to the sun burner, fig. 3375, and controlling the flame and air-supply in the same manner, but carrying the chimney like a hinge burner. A no- chimney sun-hinge burner, fig. 3374, is also used. Sun lamp-chimney. Fig. 3418. See Sun-burner and lamjj-chimney. Supply-pipe. 1. (Air-pump.) 106. figs. 1691-S. A pipe through which the air enters the air-pump. More com- monly called air-inlet. 3. (Lavatoiy fittings.) 9,11, 12, figs. 3537. Pipes which carry water, hot or cold, to the faucets. Supply-valve (of reducing-valve, train-signal apparatus). 4, fig. 3406. Support. '■ Tliat which upholds, sustains or keeps from falling, as a prop, a piUar, a foundation of any kind." — Webster. See Cylinder-lever support. Drummond sup- port. Pipe support. Suspender-beam (Miller platform). A short transverse piece of timber framed into the drawbar timbers under- neath the end-sill. Suspending-link. 23, figs. 1747, 1749. See Brake-block suspending-link. Swing-hanger. Suspending-plate. 24, figs. 1747, 1749. See Brake-block suspending-plate. Suspending-stud. 25, fig. 1747. See Brake-block sus- pending-st'ud. Sway-brace. 4, figs. 401-4. A term borrowed from the similar parts used in trestles to designate any form of diagonal bracing, but more especially timber planlving spiked on the main timbers of a structure. See Stringer sway-brace. Sweeping-car, or sweeper. Fig. 317a. A car with rotary brooms for sweeping snow from a railroad track. The brooms are attached to a horizontal shaft which is con- nected by suitable gearing with the axles, and the brooms are thus made to revolve. Used 'in cities, and chiefly on electric roads. The car illustrated is driven by two twenty horse-power motors, and the brooms are driven by one twenty horse-power motor on the platform. The motors, electrical apparatus and all the levers for raising the mold boards and broom are covered with a cab. Swing-back car-seat. Figs. 3917-18, 3983-7. A car-seat the back of which swings over the cushion, without ,„„™„; — 4.„„ j.„ u„++„™ T+ „„„.,;_™ that both sides either sides may : ■-:.: ■'.:.:« \..\-:.::\. .: : , one head-roll. o{ freight truck which see, for rapidly loading barrels, liaving a bail to tiirow over the liead of the barrel for holding it in place. Swing-beam. See Siring-bolster. Swing spring-ptlank. Swing-beam flitch-plates. Figs. 5044-7. See Fliich- plates and Swing-beam. Swing-bolster. 30, figs. 4740-6. A truck-bolster (so railed in distinction from a rigid-bolster) which bears on sjirings tliat are supported by a transverse timber called a spring-plank, which is suspended by hangers or links so that it can swing laterally to the truck. As the springs rest on this plank and they sujiport the bolster, the latter can swing with the spring-plank. The object of providing this swinging motion to the bolster is to prevent, as much as possible, lateral oiows and shocks from being communicated to the car-body, and, vice versa, to prevent the momentum of the car-body from acting with its full force on the truck. All passenger-car trucks are swing-bolster. At the Master Car-Builders' Convention, 1884, the vote in favor of adopting tlie swing-bolster in a standard truck was 33 to 30, but the sentiment of car-builders to-day is largely and strongly in favor of the rigid-bolster. Swing-bolster spring. 40, figs. 4943-6. See Lateral mo- tion spiring. Swing-hangers. 46, figs. 4580-4757, 4842-4966. Bars or links attached at their upper ends to the transoms of a swing-motion truck, by which the spring-plank is sus- pended at their lower end so that it can swing laterally. Various forms are (1 ) solid bars with an eye at each end, 46, fig. 4743 ; (3) swing-link hangers, 46, fig. 4745, made like a long link of a chain ; (3) those made with a fork or clevis at one end and an eye at the other, figs. 5074-5, and used oa passenger trucks ; and (4) those made with a very short link attached to an eye-bolt passing through the transom. These latter are called eye-bolt link-hangers. Swing-hanger friction block. A casting, or bearing of considerable diameter, on which the upper end of a swing link-hanger rests. See also below. Swmg-hanger friction- washer (lower and upper). A cast-iron chafing block serving no other purpose than to take the wear. It is only occasionally used. A friction block is almost synonymous, but is usually a larger casting. Swing-hanger pivot {lower and upper) (passenger-car trucks). 47-8, figs. 4740-6, 4943-4966. An iron bar by which a swing-hanger is suspended, or which supports a spring-plank. The lower swing-hanger pivot is more commonly called a cross-bar or mandrel-pin. Tlie upper one is carried in a swing-hanger pjivot bearing attached to the transom. Swing-hanger pivot bearing. 49, figs. 4745. See above. Swing-hanger shaft. A swing-hcmger pivot or cross-bar, which see. Swinging-platform (pile-driver car). Figs. 401-4. A plat- form carrying the entire pile-driving gear in such man- ner that it can be swung about at right angles to the car so as to project for a considerable distance on either side. It swings ui^on a center-plate and its movements are controlled by the slewing-gear, which see. A cabin is almost always built upon it, and the floor is constructed with sills and end-siUs corresponding to those usually used in a car-floor. Removable wings, 20, are some- times provided to support the swinging-platform when swung out in tliis manner. See Pile-driver car. Swinging-platform center-plate (pile-driver car). 46, fig. 403. See above. Swinging-platform end-sill (pile-driver car). 18, figs. 401-4. See above. Swinging-platform sill (pile-driver car). 18', figs. 401-4. See above. Swinging-sash. A window or blind sash which is hung and swings on hinges. See Door-case sash (street-cars). Otherwise rarely used. SWl 130 TAN Swing-joint (Cobb's pivoted seat-arm). Figs. 4093-3. More properly seat-back pivot. A pivot joint in the middle of the seat-back to which the seat-arm is at- tached. The old style seat-arm was rigidly attached to the seat-back at right-angles thereto. Swing-links, etc. See Swing-hanger. Swing link-hanger. 46, fig. 4740-6, etc. A swing- hanger, which see, made in the form of an open link. Swing-motion. A term applied to an arrangement of hangers and other supports for the springs and truck- bolster which enables a car-body to swing laterally on the truck. See Swing-holster. Siving-hanger. Swing-motion gear. See above. Swing-motion spring. 1. A holster-spring, which see. 2. A lateral-motion spring. 40, figs. 4943-6. Swing-motion truck. Figs. 4740-6. A truck with a bolster and spring-plank suspended on swing-hangers so that they can swing laterally to the track-frame. Also called swing-holster truck in distinction from a rigid-bolster tnick. See Canada freight-car truck. Swing spring-plank. 43, figs. 4740-6. A transverse timber underneath the bolster of a four-wheeled truck, or the sjiring-beam of a six-wheeled truck, on which the bolster-springs rest. A swing spring-plank differs from an ordinary spring-plank in being supported by hangers or links. See Spring-plank. Switching. The act of moving cars from one track to another by means of switches, as in making up or sepa- rating trains, and placing the cars on the tracks and in the places where they are needed. Also occasionally called drilling, or regulating, and in England sliunting or marshaling. Switching-eye. More commonly Push-pole corner-iron, or push-block, which see. A cast-iron socket usually attached to the lower corner-plate of a freight-car, to which a. push-bar ox push-pole can be attached, to move the car by an engine on an adjoining track. A roping- staple or pull-iron, 58, figs. 229-66, is sometimes called a switching-eye. Swivel (of a chain). A twisting-hnk, consisting of a headed pin, entering into an eye or ring in an adjacent link, as in the turnbuckle, fig. 3725. The object is to avoid kinking. Hence the term is apphed to many forms of equivalent devices, consisting essentially of a ring sur- rounding a headed bolt in such manner as to permit rota- tion. Swivel-tumbuckle. Fig. 3725. One of the commonest forms of turnbuckle, which see. See also swivel. T, or Tee (pipe-fittings, which see). Figs. 3949-50. A T- shaped cast-iron tube for imiting one pipe at right angles to two others ia the same line. The pipes are screwed into the arms of the T. A reducing-tee, which see, has the arms of diif erent diameters. Taber-bumer. A. burner similar to the dual, figs. 3367-8, except that it has two wicks in one tube instead of a separate tube for each wick. Table (parlor and sleeping cars). 27, figs. 3409, 2413; 5, fig. 2453. A removable board attached to the side of the car by inserting a table-hook fixed to the table into a table-hook plate fixed to the side of the car. The inner end of the table is supported by a table-leg, which is sometimes vertical and sometimes slanting, wliich see. The tables of dining-cars, which see, are permanently fastened to the floor and sides of the car. A drop-table, figs. 474-5, is used in the kitchens of dining-cars. Table-fastener. Figs. 4396-7. A latch by which a folding table is fastened up out of the way. Table furnishings. Figs. 4286-98. Table-hinge. Fig. 2602. A liinge for a table. Table-holder. Figs. 4293-3. A special form of table-hook. See Table. Zable-hook. 46, %. 3409, and figs. 4388-95. See Table. Table-hook plate. 46, fig. 3409 and figs. 4386-7. See Table. Table-leg hook. Fig. 4391. A metal hook which is at- tached to a slanting table-leg. It engages in a, plate at- tached to the side of the car. See Slanting table-leg. Table-leg hook-plate. See Slanting table-leg. Tag (seal-lock). Figs. 3884, .3897-9. A loose label used chiefly in connection with seals. They are now often made of metal. Tag-holder (seal-lock). Figs. 3897-9. Tail-bolt. Figs. 3318-33. See Drawbar-bolt. Tail-coupling for alcove faucet. Fig. 3473. Tail-lamp, or tail-light. 1 . A signal-lamp attached to the rear end of a train. They are always carried on the platform, usually in pairs, and very commonly also at the side of the car so as to be visible from the engine. They are often of two or more colors. 2. (English.) A colored signal lamp carried at the rear end of the last vehicle of a train. See also Side-lamp. Tail-pin (Janney coupler). 142, fig. 3301. A short wrought-iron pin securing the draft-bolt to the coupler. Tank. 1. (Passenger cars.) Figs. 3534-5, and 1, figs. 3542-7. A iDater-tank for the wash-room. 2. (Gas-lighting apparatus.) A, fig. 3160, 3165. More properly receiver, which see. 3. (Tank-car.) Figs. 48-9, 373-6. A boUer-iron re- ceptacle for oil, sometimes made of uniform diameter or straight, but generally made telescopic by shpping each successive ring inside the other, so as to bevel the tank towards the middle, to afford better drainage. It is held in place by tank-bands, 107, figs. 373-6, fastened to tank-band tie-rods, F, on the top of a car to prevent the tank from turning. A tank-dome, 108, is added at the top and dome-heads, 109, are used to close the ends. A tank-nozzle, 115, is used for emptying the oil, closed by a tank-nozzle cap, 118, which latter is fastened to the nozzle by a tank-nozzle cap chain. The oil is drawn off through the tank-valve, 1 14, which see. 4. (Westinghouse brake.) 1, figs. 1699-1707. The main reservoir. Tank-band. 107, figs. 373-6. See Tank. Tank-band tie-rod. See Tank. Tank-oar. Figs. 48-9, 373-9. A car provided with a large tank, which see, for cari-ying oil, acids, molasses, para- fine, and in fact all hquids transported in bulk. By far the gi-eater number of tank-cars are engaged in carrying crude and refined petroleiun. Those used to carry the thicker oils, molasses and parafine, are fitted with steam pipes, by which the contents may be melted or warmed to hasten its discharge. The number of such cars required to transport petroleum was very much lessened by the introduction of pipe-lines, of which some thousands of miles are now in use. Tank-dome. 108, figs. 373-6, See Tank. Tank-head. 106', figs. 373-6. See Tank. Tank head-block. E, figs. 373-9. A block securely bolted to th3 underframe transverse to the sills, at either end of the tank, to prevent any longitudinal motion of the tank with respect to the car. The block is shaped to fit the end of the tank. Tank-nozzle. 115, figs. 373-6. A short pipe used to empty the tank, which see. It is usually cast in one piece with the tank-valve seat, which see. Tank-nozzle cap. 118, figs. 373-6. See Tank. Tank-nozzle-cap chain. See Tank. Tank-saddles. D, figs. 373-6. Floor distance blocks placed between the sills and curved to the contour of the tank, they support the tank-slabbmg, which in turn carries the tank. Tank-slabbing. C, figs. 373-9. Longitudinal strips or flUing pieces underneath the tank of a tank-car, upon which the tank bears. Tank-step (tank-car). A metal shelf or bracket fastened to the tank to f acUitate access to the top of the dome. TAN 131 THE Tank-valve. 1. (Tank-car.) 114, figs. 373-6. A valve attached to the bottom of the tank to draw off the contents. 3. (Water-cooler.) Fig. 3553. A valve used with water-tanks which extend to the roof, and sometimes with other smaller fixed tanks, for enabling them to be completely drained when desired. Also called water- cooler valve. Tank-valve cage. 116, figs. 373-6. A metal inclosure, over the top of a tank-valve, as a guide for it. Tank-valve rod. 117, figs. 373-6. A rod for opening and closing a tank-valve extending from tlie valve to the top of the dome. Tank-valve seat. 115, figs. 373-6. A metal plate, with one opening in it, closed by the valve. It is riveted to the underside of the tank and has a nozzle attached to it to which pipes are connected for conducting the oil. Tanner brake. A device for operating brakes on two trucks at once, invented by Mr. Henry Tanner, and patented in 1852. A difficulty with this form of brake was, that unless the adjustment of the connecting-rods and brake-shoes was pex'fect, the pressure of the brakes was not alike on the two trucks. Target-lamp (operator's). A signal-lamp, which see, used for attaching to fixed targets or semaphore signals. No special form of signal-lamp is required or used for this purpose except that they be powerful and well- constructed lamps. Tarpaulin, or wagon-sheet (English). A piece of stout, flexible waterproof painted canvas, measuring about 20 X 13 ft., used to protect the contents of open freight- cars (wagons) from the weather. Cords fastened to its edges are tied to sheet-rings (whicli see), by which it is firmly secured to the vehicle. It is largely used, as it saves much of the dead weight of a covered car, and gives good protection, except from theft. Tassel. See Window-curtaAn tassel. Tassel-hook. See Window-curtain holder. Tassels and tassel-hooks are now rarely used. Taylor's interlocked-and-welded steel-tired wheel. Figs. 5316-17. Figs. 5318-19. See Taylor's manganese-steel wheel. Steel ivheel. T-bolt (English). See Spring-link adjusting-screw. T-bolt (long) (Janney coupler). The bolt passing through the center buffer-spring, and securing it to the yoke and equalizer. T-bolt (short) (Janney coupler). The bolt uniting tlie combination-yoke to the horii. Teak. An oily, hard and most dui-able wood, raised in India. Largely used for ship-building or other purposes requiring strength and exceptional durability. It has an oily, odorous sap, shrinks little, and does not corrode iron. Generally used for passenger-oar bodies in Eng- land and for wheels. Teak-wood center-wheel. Figs. 5320, etc. A form of steel-tired wheel, in which triangular blocks of teak- wood are used to connect the hub to the tire, which lat- ter is attached to the wood by Ma.iisell retaining-rings. This wheel is the standard for English passenger ser- vice, but it has been considered that it would not stand the dry American climate. See Wheel, Car-wheel. Mansell wheel. Tee. See T. Tee, with, drip connection. (Consolidated car-heating.) Fig. 2983. Steam is taken from this tee to supply the heating-apparatus and the drip is returned to the drip connection cast in the same tee. The drip is thus pre- vented from freezing by contact with the hot train-pipe. Teleerat)h-cock, or faucet. Figs. 3489-90. A self-closing ;- ::.::„.;: jhe key of a telegraph "hen the water enters ' ^ i:^ ;vw, -ft -■ -:=a(8v? sirsa iT^Ued horizontal tele- graph-cocks, as figs. 3489-90. When it enters vertically they are called vertical telegraph-cocks. See Faucet. Telegraph hand-car. Figs. 5611, 5608 (3-wheeled). A light hand-oar for the use of telegraph linemen. Telegraph-line-repairers' car. Figs. .5608,5611, etc. Light velocipede-cars with a tool box large enough to carry a coil of wire, and necessary tools. They are sometimes made to carry several persons, as in fig. 5614. Telescopic tank (tank-oars). See Tank. Tender-brake. (Westinghouse brake.) Figs. 1699-1700, 1736. See Westinghouse brake. The Westinghouse tender brake-gear does not differ essentially from tliat used under cars except that the Plain triple-valve is used instead of the Quick-action triple-valve. Tender-buffer. Figs. 3145-8, 2221-3. The buffer used on locomotive tenders so as to meet the buffers on passenger- cars equipped with the M. C. B. coupler. Tender-coupler or tender-hook. Figs. 2145-9, 2221-8. The appliance for coupling locomotive tenders to cars equipped with M. C. B. couplers. See above. Tender brake-cylinder (Westinghouse brake). Fig. 1726. See Brake-cylinder. Tender drain-cup (Westinghouse brake). Fig. 1719. A larger cup than that used under cars. A chamber lo- cated in the train pipe containing an Air-strainer and from which a branch pipe leads to the triple-valve. A tender-drain cup-cock at the bottom is provided for re- moving the collected water. Tender-hook. See Tender-coupler. Tenon. The projecting end of a piece of timber fitted for insertion into a mortise by cutting away a portion on one or more sides. Sometimes the tenon is made cylindrical. Tenons are secured in their mortises by pins or by giving them a dove-tail, which see. Tension-bar. Any bar subjected to a tensile strain. The upper member of an iron body -bolster, 1, figs. 1428-34, is called the tension-bar. Tension-member (of a frame, truss, beam or girder;. Truss-rods, brake-rods, etc., are tension members in dis- tinction from compressi07i-members, which see. Tension-rod (of a derrick or crane). 15, figs. 389-96. A horizontal stay connecting the top of the ?)(asf and &oo?n. It is of fixed length in a crane and of adjustable length in a derrick. See Derrick. Tension-rod clevis (of a derrick or crane). A clevis, which see, sometimes carried at the upper end of a boom to which the tension-rod connecting the boom and mast is attached. Test-bar (for limit gages). A bar for testing the correct- ness of limit-gages, which see. T-hanger. See Spring-hanger. Thacher dump-car. Figs. 28, 339-42. A side tip-car whose body is tipped or tilted by compressed air, from the loco- motive. The bodies are tipped and retiu'ned to their normal position automatically by the admission of com- pressed air to two train-pipes. See dump-car and tip- ear. Theatre-seats (dining-cars). 8, figs. 2453-53a. An ordi- nary double car-seat having two separate seat-bottoms which can be raised up into a vertical position in the manner usual in theatres, in order to make the inner seats more easy of access. All modern dining-cars have these seats. Thermometer (passenger-cars) . Fig. 3705. A somewhat elaborate form of the familiar instrument for measur- ing temperature. It is usually conspicuous by its ab- sence. Thermostatic steam-trap (Gold's car heating). Fig. 3005. A device to regulate the escape of steam in pro- portion to the condensation that has taken place. It consists of a cast-iron shell or body with an inlet at the left and outlet at the bottom. In front of the inlet is a hollow brass diaphragm, O, shown, partly filled with an expansive fluid, adjusted and kept in place by lugs THI 132 Til round the sides of the trap body by a regulating spring, S, and the set-screw, R, seen in the cover. When cold the trap is always open, and the diaphragm, as in position shown, but as li%'e steam is forced into the trap and comes in contact with the diaphragm, O, it immediately expands, and meeting the composition disc seat, N, closes the trap and prevents waste of steam. As con- densation proceeds and the water cools, the diaghragm gradually contracts and allows it to pass off through the outlet. A Sediment well, fig. 3007, is attached to each trap, the separating piece seen in it stops any dirt from being blown into the trap. This is important, as it prevents the seat from becoming clogged and saves renewal of parts. These traps should not freeze up, as they are open when cold, and no water remains in them. For the immediate discharge of the water of condensation of the pipes an automatic reUef trap is placed below the trap on the sediment well, and this acts as an auxiliary to the steam trap. When the steam is shut off the re- lief trajj opens and the water runs out through it. Thielsen truck. Figs. 1937-40, 1831-4, etc. An all iron freight-car truck invented by Mr. H. TMelsen, having roUed iron channel-bar transoms riveted to a transom- casting at each end. It has been in general use, but in its original form is fast disappearing. Several modified types exist, as figs. 3739-34 and 4740-3, and a number of others not shown. The essential feature upon which the patent was claimed was in the riveting of the arch- bars and channel-bar transoms to the transom casting. Thimble. 1. A bushing. 3. A sleeve or tube through which a bolt passes, and which may act as a distance-piece. A thimble is usu- ally round, but sometimes square, as smoke-pipe thimble. See Axle-safety bearing thimble. Body-bolster thimble. Brake-shaft thimble. Buffer-thimble. 3. (.Janney coupler.) A small casting in which the point of the catch-lever rests. T-hinge. Fig. 360.5. A door-hinge, one part of which is made like a strap-hinge, and the other like a butt-hinge, so that the shape of the whole resembles a letter T. Third-class carriage (English). A car which performs much tlie same functions as an American so-called " first-class " passenger car, since it carries 89^ per cent, of the passengers, but very dissimilar m arrangement, weight and size. It generally weighs about 20,000 lbs. and is carried on four or six wheels, divided into five compartments, and seats fifty passengers. The seats and backs are comfortably shaped and upholstered in rep, stuffed with horseliair. Sofa springs and carpets are usually omitted, but parcel-nets and shades are provided. The comfort of this class of carriage has been very much improved of late years, but the interior finish is considerably inferior to that of ordinary Amer- ican cars, the interior being generaUy painted and grained. Thomas' steel-tir-d wheel. A wheel invented by Theo- dore Thomas, tlie essential feature of which is the use of wooden cushioning-blocks inserted in cushioning- Ijockets in the wheel-center sotliat the lire bears entirely upon these compressed blocks. The wooden cushioning blocks are forced into the cushioning pockets Tinder pressui'e. Thread. See Scren^-thread. Three-group graduated bolster-spring. Fig. 5311-12. See Graduated Spring. Spiiral spring. Three-group spiral spring, Figs. 5308-10. See Spiml .■spring. Three-link drawbar. A Potter drawbar. Three-way cock (Westinghouse brake). A cook for- merly carried on the locomotive for applying and releasing the brakes. It has been supplanted by the engineer's brake and equalizing discharge-valve, iigs. 1710-13, which Bee. Three-wheeled hand-car. Figs. 5605-11. A Ught hand-car with two wheels on one rail, somewhat like a velocijjede, and a third wheel on the opposite rail merely to steady the vehicle. They are worked either with levers oper- ated by the hands, or by treadles with the feet, or by both hands and feet. See Hand-car. Threshold, or threshold-plate. 1. (Passenger-cars.) A Door-sill, which see. 3. (Of a vestibule.) Figs. 1399-1400. The plate which covers the buifer-plate and connects it with the platform forming an adjustable threshold for the end-door, etc. Threshold-plate washers. Figs. 1431-3. Throat (of a car-wheel). The interior angle of a flange where it joins the tread of the wheel. See Flange. Throat-piece (snow-plow framing). 17-20, figs. 410-13. (Side, center and' intermediate throat-pieces.) The curved ribs connecting the inclined plane of the plow, with the deck, being curved they give a projection to the deck, which lessens the tendency of the snow to ride over the top of the plow. Throttle-valve (Westinghouse brake). Fig. 1730, and 13, figs. 1699-1707. An angle globe- valve (i. e., one having the entrance and exit pipes at right angles to each other) attached to the locomotive for admitting steam to and shutting it off from the air-pump. Called a steam-valve. Through body-bolt (English). 75, figs. 348-51. Nearest American equivalent, sill-and-pjlate rod. A bolt passing vertically through the body and securing the various parts of the sides or ends together. Thrust, top and bottom. 149, 150, fig. 3301. SeeJanney- Buhoup plai form-equipment . Thrust-bolt (Janney-Buhoup platform-equipment). 174, fig. 2301. Thumb-lever (Hartley chair). 10, figs. 3998-9. Tne catch or lever by which the position of the head-rest is con- trolled. Thumb-piece. 3, fig. 4477. A general term applied to many forms of lugs or projections for moving springs, catches, or other movable mechanical parts. Thumb-screw. A screw with two projecting flat-sided flanges adapted to be turned with tlie finger and thumb. Thurmond-McKeen car-coupler. Figs. 3309-30. A coup- ler consisting of three essential parts, made of steel and malleable iron. Some advantages claimed for it are that the flanges on the knuckle interlock the drawhead so that the pivot-pin is reUe ved of both the buffing and pull- ing strains. The lock has an automatic set so that the knuckle can be unlocked and left so even when cars are jammed together. A curve notch in the lock enables cars to be coupled on very sharp curves. As soon as the car is on a tangent the look engages in full. Thurmond-McKeen platform and coupler. Figs. 3377-81. Thurmond-McKeen tender-hook. Figs. 3331-3. A tender- hook which depends upon gravity to center it . It can be pulled aside on curves for yard work so that it wiU couple on curves. Ticket-holder. A metal clip or spring attached to the side of a sleeping-car bertli for holding the tickets of the occupant of the berth. They are now rarely if ever used, on account of the danger of theft, tickets being collected by the sleeping-car porter for the night. Tie. " A beam or rod which secures parts together and is subjected to a tensile strain. It is the opposite of a strut or straining-piece, which acts to keep objects apart, and is subject to compressing force." — Knight. Tie-bar. A bar which acts as a tie. See Draft-timber tie- bar. Pedestal tie-bar. Pedestal-brace tie-bar. Transom tie-bar. Tie-bolt (Janney coupler). A long bolt passing through the end-sill and holding on the buffer-beam outside of t'he platform end-timber. Tie-plate. 1. A main carline, which see. 3. (Iron-frame car.) Flat plates riveted to the top flange of the iron sills, usually over the bolsters and TIE 133 TOP sometimes between them, to connect the sills together and serve the same purpose as the floor-timber distance- blocJcs and nill tie-rod, with wooden sills. Tie-rod. A rod which acts as a tie. See Body-countevhrace tie-rod. Girth tie-rod. Brake-block tie-rod. Lever-frame tie-rod. Cylinder-lever tie-rod. Platform tie-rod. End-brace tie-rod. Safety-beam tie-rod. End-girth tie-rod. Sill tie-rod. Wheel-piece tie-rod. Tie-timber. See Cross-frame tie-timber. Tiffany refrigerator-car. An ice and salt car belonging to the class of cars having the ice-supply on the roof. Timber. A stick of wood of considerable size. See Brake-hanger timber. Platform end-timber. Cross-frame tie-timber. Platform-timber. Diagonal floor-timber. Packer-bearing timber. Draft-timber. Rocker-timber. Drawbar cross-timber. Spring-plank timber. Draw-timber. Transverse floor-timber. Ped"stal-tiinber. Wheel-timber, etc. See also Block, post, sill, etc. Timber-wagon (English). A short four-wheeled flat-car with a S'wiveling bolster, chains, posts, etc., adapted to carry timber in the log, which rests on two or three timber-wagons coupled together. Tin car-roof. A roof consisting of a layer of boards rest- ing on the rafters and running lengthwise to the car, covered with tin plates, the edges of which are soldered together. Used on passenger-cars, and a somewhat similar roof of galvanized iron is the Excelsior galvan- ized car-roof made for freight-cars, figs. 2885-8. Tip. Figs. 1267-73. An ornamental knob on the end of a rod. More commonly called acorn. See Basket-rack tip. Berth ciirtain-rod tip. Tip car. Figs, 28-30, 336-46. A car constructed so that its body can be tipped to allow its contents to slide out. Often also called dump-car. They are usually four-wlieeled , rarely eight-ivheeled. A style of four- wheeled tip car, which is slowly tipped by gearing, which winds a chain, is shown in figs. 336-8 that has gained considerable favor on the Boston & Albany Rail- road. Cars which are tipped by compressed air have been introduced and received with considerable favor. One of these is shown in figs. 28 and 339-42. The advantages seoiired bj' the use of air are that cars may all be dumped at once and the bodies restored to their normal posi- tions; they may be dumped while in motion, and they are all under the control of the man on the locomotive. The dumping and restoring of car body is effected by two train pipes, in the Thacher car, while the Trapp car (not shown) is provided with an auxiliary reservoir, and the dumping is effected in much the same way that the brakes are applied under the Westinghouse system. Mine cars are frequently tip-cars. Tip-car door. 62, figs. 336-42. Tire. A heavy hoop or band of iron or (usually) steel forming the ring or periphery of a wheel to impart strength to it and to resist wear. In this country car- wheels are generally cast, but within a few years steel- tired wheels have come into general use for passenger service. They have been universal in Em-opean practice, and many devices for fastening them securely to the wheel have been devised. See Tire-fastening. In England the word is usually spelled tyre. The name is supposed to come from the fact that iron bands were first used on wheels in the city of Tyre, Syria. Tire-bolt. Figs. 5339-40, 5347. A screw-bolt for holding a tire on a wheel-center. When retaining-rings are used the bolts pass through the rings and hold them and the center and tire together. Tire-fastening. Figs. 5255-5337 show the principal methods. 5320, 5347, etc., is -:■-:-::-:: :'..:,£_- ^cl whicli becouies - ■■ "::■: .rre alone is insuffi- cient to prevent the latter leaving the wheel. In Eng- land the methods shown in figs. 5342-3, 5347, are the most approved. No tire fastened by either of these methods has ever left the wheel, even when the tire has broken. In America the Mansell retaining-rings, figs. •5261-4, etc., the Oibson fastening, figs. 5274, etc., the Boies tire-lock, figs. .5284, etc., are quite common. The Brun.nvick, figs. 5292, etc., the Bnte, fig. 5299, and the Snow fastening are modified forms of the Oibson fasten- ing. See Car-ivheels and ivheels. Toe (of a car-wheel flange). The extreme outer point where the wheel has the largest diameter. Toe-nail. A nail driven in obliquely to fasten the end of a board or other piece of timber to the sarface of another. The stick so fastened is said to be toed, or toe-nailed. Toggle-arms. H H, fig. 324a. The two arms of a toggle- joint, which in fig. 324a form a strut between the two opposite hopper-doors, holding them closed. Toggle-joint. "An elbow-joint ; a joint between two bars articulating endwise, as the human knee." — Knight. Toggle-joint and bar. 30, figs. 2429-30. (Barr vestibule.) A device to force the Front-face-plate out from the car- body. See Ba7'r vestibule. Toilet. Another name for a saloon. Tongs, or crabs (pile-driver and wrecking-cars). 22, figs. 401-4, etc. A device for anchoring the body of the car to the track when in use. A Jack-screw is used in connection with the tongs to raise the body of the car, so as to bring a strain upon the tongs. See Bolster jack- screw, which is a different device for the same purpose. Tool-box. 1. Fig. 85. A box very frequently placed imder the body of the car, especially in caboose, derrick or ■ivrecking-cars, for carrying tools and supplies. 3. T, fig. 540. A rectangular wooden box with a glass front, in which are kept tools to be used in case of accident. It usually contains an axe, a saw, a sledge and a bar. A ground-glass front is sometimes used. Tool-car. A box-car arranged for carrying all kinds of tools, ropes, etc., which are used, in case of accident to trains on the road, in replacing or removing the cars or engines on or from the track. Such cars are often used when any heavy objects are to be moved, as is necessary in erecting bridges, etc. Tool-cars are often fitted up with sleeping berths for workmen. A tool-car usually serves as a tender for every \vrecking-car. Tool-case. See Tool-box, 2. Top. See Base-top), cast-iron top, main-top, smoke-top, etc. , of Baker, and other heaters, figs. 3865-2939, 3058-3105. Top arch-bar. More properly, simply arch-bar, which see. Top-chord (of a truss). The upper outside member of a truss, especially one divided up into panels. The mem- bers of mere trussed beams, are not commonly desig- nated as chords. Top (or upper) cylinder-head (Westinghouse driving- wheel brake-cyhnder) . 5, fig. 1747. Hee Cylinder-liead. Top door-rail. 149, figs. 435-73, 540, etc. The upper- most horizontal bar or piece of a door-frame. Top door-track. 65, figs. 229-66. See Door-track. Top end-rail (coal-car). 137, figs. 332-5. A horizontal stick of timber which forms the top of the end frame. Top-head (air-pump). 2, fig. 1689 ; 60, fig. 1691-2. The top cylinder-head of the pump together with the valve- seats, valves, etc. Top light-rail (English). 103, figs. 501-4, A part of the body framing of a carriage forming the top of the window opening. Top panel-batten (English). 107, fig. 501. American equivalent, furring. A part of the body-framing to stiffen the top-panel, which is pinned to it. Top-plate. Figs. 3913, 3931. Similar parts are used in nearly all stoves. See Top. Outside top-plate. Inside top-plate. TOF 134 TBA Top-plate (iron body-bolster) . 1, figs. 1428-67. See Body- bolster. Top-rail (of door). See Top door-rail. Top-rail. 47, figs. 5654-67. A name applied sometimes to the plate of a street-car. Top-rail filling-strip. 175-6, fig. 557. See Filling-piece. Top-rail of pipe-box. 225, fig. 554. Top-reservoir journal-box. 34, figs. 348-1. A journal- box having a reservoir for oil or grease above the journal, from which the oil flows to the journal. Rarely used in this country, but common in Europe, with either oil or some form of grease as a lubricant. Top-seat street-car. Figs. 5650-2. See Street-car. Topside-bearing. Abody side-bearing. See Side-bearing. Top side-rail (coal-car). 136, figs. 332-3. The horizontal piece of timber which forms the top of the side. A similar part in roofed cars is called the plate. Top-stringers (of pile-driver car). 6, figs. 401-4. See Leader. Torch and key (Pintsch system). 300, fig. 3229. A special device combining the ordinary wax taper torch, and a key, fitted to handle the cock of any Pintsch lamp, as well as to open or close the globe of any lamp from the floor of the car. Tornado canopy ventilator. Fig. 4305. See Ventilators. Tornado ventilator. Fig. 4299. See Ventilators. Tornado-lamp. A general term applied to lamps which receive their supply of air through a long tube, usually connected with the supports or arms of the lamp, so as to chock the effect of sudden gusts of wind. Figs. 3261-2 are on this principle. Hurricane-lamp is another name for the same thing. Torpedo. Fig. 3724. A cylindrical detonating cap pro- vided with clips for folding under the head of the rail for the purpose of making a loud alarm as a signal on the passage of engines over them. The basis of the detonating compound is fulminate of mercury. The interior pieces of iron, to insure the explosion of the ful- minate, are termed anvils. Some torpedoes have three anvils. A torpedo with spring clips has been introduced for attaching to the track from the rear end of a train in motion by means of a patented carrier to be held in the hands of the trainman, which insures that the tor- pedo will not escape except to clasp tlie head of the rail. The same device is also used to attach blue-lights to the track, burning for a fixed length of time. Torpedo ventilator. Fig. 4316. See Ventilators. Torrey door-spring. Fig. 2815. See Door-spring. Tourist-car. Figs. 152-4. 1. A car roughly built and furnished for the transportation of men alone, such as bodies of troops, parties of excursionists, emigrants, etc. Frequently they a.re flat or box-cars furnished with roof sides, seats and doors, as in figs. 153-4 and 497-500. The emigrant sleeping-car is now usually called a tourist-car, the latter being preferred by those who patronize them. 2. A private car, one of several, of elaborate finish and luxurious appointments, chartered by excursionists who are making a tour of the country. Towel-rack. Figs. 3517, etc. A tray for holding clean towels. Towel-rod. Figs. 3591, etc. A rod with brackets or busli- ings at the ends upon which towels may be hung. Towel-roller bracket. Figs. 3563, etc. A bracket for supporting a toicel-roller. There are two, the fixed-end and loose-end bracket. The principal supply of towels, however, is usually carried in a towel-rack or hung on towel-rods. Towel-rod brackets. Figs. 3558, etc. See Towel-rod. Tower-coupler. One of the M. C. B. types of vertical- plane automatic car-couplers. Track. 1. A rail or bar which forms a path on which any- thing, as a car or door, runs. Sliding-doors have usually two door-tracks, bottom and top door-track. 2. (Pile-driver car.) 47, figs. 401-3. A circular track upon which the rollers of the swinging-platform travel. A rack is connected vsdth it as a part of the slewing- gear. Track and wheels, terms and gaging points. Fig. 5485. See Wheels-and-track. Track-laying car. 1. Fig. 5603. A low push-car primarily for carrying rails short distances in construction. They are frequently without a floor or platform and are pro- vided with fixed rollers at the side for running the rails forward. 2. A platform car with a cantilever truss extending out from one end of the car over the track and on which rails may be run out and distributed on the ties. Track-sweeper. Fig. 217a. A sweeping-car, which see. For city use only. Train brake-pipe. 16, figs. 1698-8. See Brake-pipe. Train-car. A caboose-car, which see. Train-pipe. (Train brake-pipe.) See Brake-pipe. The later and preferable name is Train brake-pipe. Train-pipe valve and thermostatic steam-trap (Gold's car-heating). Fig. 3005. A train pipe-valve is a com- bination of valves, cocks and steam traps, by means of which the steam supply from car to car is controlled from the interior of each car, thereby simplifying the application of any system of equipment for steam heat from the locomotive. See Thermostatic steam trap. Train signal-lamp. Figs. 3318-32. A lamp attached to a car as a signal, usually to the last car on a train, and commonly called a tail-light. See Signal-lamp. They are usually some form of lantern. Lanterns of ordi- nary form, but with red globes, are also used. Train-signaling apparatus (Westinghouse). Figs. 2388- 2407. A substitute for the bell-cord arranged to give train signals by compressed air. A separate line of signal-pipe, 27, fig. 2388, similar to the brake-pipe ex- tends throughout the train, connected between the cars by hose and couplings. A car discharge-valve, 32, con- nected to this signal-pipe, is located in each car and attached to the bell-cord, in such manner that pulling on the cord releases air from the signal-pipe. On the engine is a signal-valve, 26, which is also connected with the main signal-pipe and a small signal-whistle, 23. The supply of air is received from the main reservoir through a reducing-valve, 24, which maintains a pres- sure of about 40 lbs. per square inch in the signal apparatus. When the car discharge-valve is opened, by pulling on the cord, the diaphragm in the signal- valve is oper- ated so as to blow tlie whistle. Signals can be given in this way with rapidity and great certainty. If the train breaks in two the whistle is blown loudly for a considerable time. Train signal-pipe. See Signal-pipe. Train-signal stop-cock. 38, figs. 1693-8. A stop-cook in the signal-pipe. There is one at each end of a car. Transfer-plug. (Frost system of gas-Hghting.) Fig. 3145. This plug is designed for transfen-ing the gasoline from the shipping barrels to the storage-tank (figs. 3143). TYieplug, 1, is to be screwed into the bung-hole of the barrel and the discharge-valve, 2, adjusted to drain the lowest part of the barrel. One end of the hose, which is attached to the discharge-pipe, is then placed in the filling-plug hole, 5, of the storage-tank and air under low pressure admitted to the shipping barrel by means of the small pipe, 5, in the side of the plug. The gasoline is then forced rapidly from the barrel to the tank. Transfer-table. Figs. 93, 105, 118, 139, etc. A platform and section of track on wheels, its length being equal to the length of a car. Its chief use is to transfer cars from one section of a shop to another, connecting with paral- lel tracks and running transversely to them. TRA 135 TBI Transom. 1. Primarily a cross-piece. 2. (Carpentry.) A horizontal piece framed across a door or double-light window. The term is also applied in the general sense of a cross-piece in other ways. 3. (Car-bmlding, swing-bolster trucks.) 20, figs. 4740-6. One of two horizontal cross-beams attached to the side-frames, between which the swing-bolster is placed. They are usually made of wood, but recently they have been made of iron. They are in some forms of truck, which are not swing-motion, as in figs. 4729-34. See also Middle-transom. Outside-transom (six-wheel trucks, figs. 49.57-66). 4. 22, figs. 339-66; 26, figs, 435-73. Tlie body-bolster is also sometimes called a transom or body-transom, but incorrectly. The term body-transom, is more properly hmited, when used at all, to the cross-frame tie-timber or needle-beam, which see. 5. A word frequently used in street-car work as an adjective, for the word "deck," and meaning that the part belongs to the upper deck-windows or to the clear- story. 6. (Englisli.) Commonly spelled troHftome, which see. Transom bearing-block. A piece of wood or iron placed on top of a transom, under the attacliment or bearing of a swing-hanger, to raise it up liigher. Transom-casting. 28, figs. 4740-6. A casting attached to a truck-frame and to which the end of one or both of the transoms are fastened. Transom chafing-plate. 27, figs. 4744, and 49.57-66. A plate attached to the side of a transom to prevent it from abrasion. Transom comer-plate. (Passenger-trucks.) Figs. 4006-8, and 131, figs. 4963-66. See truck-frame corner-plate. Transome (Enghsh). 3, figs. 348-51, 501-4. A cross-frame tie-timber or needle-beam, which see. More commonly called cross-bearer, which latter term is also in use in this coimtry. Transom-muntin or nmllion. 176, 177, fig. 5663. See Mullion. Transom-opener. Fig. 4334. A device for opening a transom over a door ; very similar to a deck-sash opener. Transom-pillar (diamond-trucks). A small casting act- ing as a distance-piece between the transom and invert- ed arch-bar. Transom-plate. Figs. 5054-3. Iron plates on both sides of wooden transoms of six-wheeled trucks. Transom sash-stop. Fig. 4401. Transom tie-bar. 23, figs. 4943-6. A wrought-iron bar bolted to a pair of transoms, sometimes above and some- times below, to hold them togetlier. Transom truss-block. See Tran.iom truss-rod. Transom truss-rod. 24, figs. 4955-7. Transverse rods at- tached at their ends to the wheel-pieces, which extend alongside the transoms and are inclined downward under a central transom, truss-block so as to strengthen the transoms. Generally, two such rods are used with each truck. In the Pullman 6-wheel trucks, figs. 4963-6, a transom-plate is used with a straight transom tie-rod. Transom truss-rod seat. Figs. 4878-9. A bearing for the transom truss-rod on the under side of the transom. Transom truss-rod washer. 26, figs. 4955-66. See Washer. Transverse floor-timbers (street-oars). 12, figs. 5654- 67. Timbers which extend across the oar xmderneath the floor and on which the latter rests. They are used only when there are two sills. Not to be confused with cross frame tie-timbers, which are under the sills. Transverse floor-timber plate. 13, figs. 5654-5. A wrought iron or steel plate to strengthen the transverse floor-timber and act as a tie-rod for the floor timber- .....,.— , .. ,, ,. - H-31. See Rising- Transverse tie-rod (English). 10, figs. 501-4. American equivalent, sill tie-rod. A long rod which serves to bind together the underframe transversely. Trap (for refrigerator car). An S-shaped pipe largely used in all forms of plumbing work for permitting the exit of water while preventing the entrance of air. Trap cock (Consolidated car-heating). Figs. 2980-1. The trap cock is an asbestos-packed cock in which the plug has an opening of the proper size to regulate the flow of water from a car. It takes the place of the trap in the Commingler system, the use of the trap itself having been abandoned. Trap-door. 1. A door in a floor or roof, closing flush there- with when shut. See also Platform trap-door. 3. (Janney-Miller coupler.) A small iron door in the platform giving access to the center buffer-yoke. 8. (Pullman extended vestibule.) Fig. 3438. A door which covers the platform steps and makes a continu- ous level floor lor the full vsridth of the car in an ex- tended vestibule. 4. 36, figs. 5654-67. A door of a street-car in the floor which gives access to the motor and gearing be- tween it and the axle. Trap-door spring (Janney-Miller coupler). The spring used to keep the trap-door securely closed. Trap-valve (Consolidated car -heating). Fig. 3976. This trap valve is designed to take the place of the thermo- static trap. It gives an adjustable opening for the dis- charge of water from the heating apparatus. It also leaves the apparatus so that it can be entirely closed off so as to prevent the water from flowing from the heat- ing apparatus. Traversing hydraulic-jack. Fig. 3743, A jack that can be moved horizontally on a bed or track while under its load. Tread. 1. (Of a step.) The part on which the foot is placed. See Tread-board. Rubber-tread. 3. (Of a car-wheel.) Figs. 5384, 5434. The exterior cylindrical surface of a car-wheel inside of the flange which comes in contact with the rail. The usual width is about 4 in., measured from the throat or inside of the flange, and about 5+ in. out to out measui-ement, from outside of flange to outside of wheel. The standard sec- tion adopted by the M. B. Association in 1886 is shovm in fig. 5434, and in figs. 5487-9. Tread-board (of a step). 46, figs. 435-78. The horizontal part on which the foot is placed. Treadle (for hand-car brake). In fig. 5595. (For pile- driver car winding-gear.) 42, figs. 401-4. A foot-lever connected to any form of machinery or to a brake, for actuating or controlling the same. Triangular washer. Fig. 3731. An iron plate or block, the cross-section of which is triangular, and which forms a bearing for the nut or head of an inclined brace- rod. Also called beveled washer, but the latter term is chiefly used when the angle between the two faces is small, figs. 8717-18. Tri-colored inspector's lamp. An inspector's lamp. Tri-compo, or tri-composite carriage (English). A com- jjosite coach in which separate compartments for first, second and third class passengers are provided. Trigger. See Sash-lock ti'igger. 2, figs. 4477. Trimming-cap. A car-seat molding, which see. Figs. 4038-8. Triple-coil nest-spring. Figs. 5350-3. See Spiral spring. Triple coupling-link. A kind of chain used with the ilraw-hooks of English draw-gear. Used in America for small four-wheeled coal-cars only. Triplet (of elliptic springs, which see). Figs. 5333-4. Triple-valve (air-brake). Figs. 1706-7, and 1750-1 and 5, figs. 1693-8. 1. A valve device consisting of a body or case, called the triple-valve body, which has connec- tions to the train-pipe, the auxiliary reservoir and the brake-cylinder, in which a slide-valve is operated by a piston so that when the pressm'e of the air in the train-pipe TBI 188 TBTT Is increased, the auxiliary reservoir is charged and the air in the brake-cylinder is released to the atniospliere ; and so that, when the air-pressure in the train-pipe is re- duced, air from the auxiliary reservoir is discharged into the brake-cylinder for applying the brakes. A triple-valve performing only these functions is now known as the plain triple-valve. 2. The quick-acting triple-valve has all the featiires and psrforms all the f anctions of the plain triple-valve, and has the additional function of causing a di.5charge of air from the train-pipe to the brake-cylinder, when, in emergencies, the maximum force of the brakes is in- stantly required. 3. (For freight air-brake gear.) Figs. 1728-9. A special form not differing in principle from the passenger brake- valve, but generally combined with the reservoir and brake-cylinder in one single part for economy and con- venience of attachment. Triple-valve bracket and nipple (Westinghouse brake). Fig. 1723-4. A four-legged standard in the nature of a distance-piece to which the triple-valve is attached. Triple-valve branch-pipe (air-brake). 20, figs. 1698-8. A short pipe by which the triple-valve is connected vrith the brake-pipe. Tiple-valve piston (air-brake). 4, fig. 1706. See Triple- valve. Tripod. 1. A three-legged stand. 2. (For lamp-shade.) Fig. 3435. A cheap substitute for a shade-ring. Trojan car-coupler. Freight, flgs. 2223-39 ; passenger, figs. 2367-74. One of the M. C. B. types. Trolley (street-car). A small wheel, or a carriage with journal, bearings, case, etc., usually attached to the end of a trolley-pole, the latter being attached, pivoted and swiveled to the top of a street-car, and so stayed by springs that it tends to stand in a vertical position. This tendency of the trolley-pole to stand erect keeps the trolley -wheel in contact (on the underside) , of an electric conductor stretched above the car over the center of the car-tracks. Electric motor-cars which drive the electric current through a trolley are called "Trolley-cars," fig. 5644. The majority of electric motor-cars in use at the present time are" trolley-cars" taking the current from an over-head conductor. Trolley-board (street-car). 154, figs. 5654-8. A board or several boards making a long, narrow platform (very much like a running-hoard of a freight-car), to which the trolley-pole is attached and on which inspectors and repairmen may stand. The boards rest upon trolley- board cleats. Trolley base-blocks are fastened to the trolley-boar is, and the trolley-pole is fastened to the base-blocks. Trolley-inspection steps (street-car). 149, figs. 5654-8. Steps fastened to the corner-post of a trolley-car, on which an inspector can ascend to the roof. Truck. 1. "A small wheel ; hence trucks, a low carriage for carrying goods, stone, etc., either on common roads or on railroads. Indeed, this kind of carriage is often called a truck, in the singular."^Webstei-. The term is applied to different kinds of small vehicles used on and about stations for handling freight and baggage by hand, sometimes in a confused sense. The usage aeems to be increasing, however, to speak of baggage barrows and freight trucks, although both are sometimes desig- nated as barrow-trucks, figs. 5637-41. Four-wheeled vehicles, called baggage wagon-trucks and freight u-agon- tnuiks are also used. Vehicles of this class are also desig- nated as warehouse-trucks. Special varieties shown are the telescope, swing-barrel and self-loading trucks, figs. 5635-6, 5641. Many others exist in limited use. 2. Figs. 4576-4966. A car-track, which is, mechan- ically, a small four-wheel (or sometimes six-wheel) car. under each end of an American car-body and carrying the latter as a dead load by means of two swiveUng center-p}lates connected by a center-pin or king-bolt. The purpose of the truck is to enable short wheel-bases to be used in connection with long ci^r-bodies. See Car- truck. The credit of the invention of the truck has been disputed, but it seems clear that it belongs to John B. Jervis, Chief Engineer of the Delaware & Hudson Canal Co. and of the Erie Railroad during its construc- tion. Passenger-car trucks are nearly always of wood in combination with iron flitch-plates, truss-rods, etc. For freight-car trucks wood has ahnost passed out of use except for the transoms, truck-bolsters and spring- planks, and iron is being rapidly substituted for the latter as well. Even when wood is employed it is fre- quently strengthened by iron or steel plates. Wooden brake-beams are the exception. For spring planks, tran- soms and bolsters, the common stmctural forms of chan- nels and eye-beams are used. The standard freight-car trucks as now built is almost invariably of the dia- mond-truck pattern, flgs. 45767, 4580-2, 4644-8, etc., and the rigid bolster truck is in greater favor. Swing-motion trucks retain some features of the Thielsen iron truck, the iron or steel channel-bar transoms, as in flgs.4740-2, and the same features have b§en adapted to rigid trucks as in figs. 4729-34. At the convention of the M. C. B. Association, 1893, a committee submitted a lengthy re- port of tabulated replies on the subject of trucks and the experience of master car builders with rigid and swing bolster trucks. In answer to the question, " If you were contemplating making a change, would you adopt a rigid or a siving bolster truck," 34 replied in favor of the rigid bolster and only 4 in favor of the swing bolster trucks. See proceedings M. C. B. Associa- tion, 1893, page 201. In 1894 the replies stood 14 to 37 in favor of the rigid bolster truck even though the swing-bolster truck cost no more for construction and maintenance, which, it is conceded, it does. Proceedings 1894, page 303, etc. In 1894 a Eecommended Practice for a diamond- truck wheel-base of 5 feet 3 inches was submitted to letter-ballot and was rejected, 548 to 505. A number of special trucks are still in service and being introduced under new cars. Of these the Fom solid-pressed-steel truck, figs. 4578 and 4763-7, is in considerable favor, there being some 12500 or more cars equipped with them on nine roads (see proceedings 1894, page 304) ; the Di-exel truck, figs. 4747-50, with which there are 1 , 100 oars equipped on one road and others on sundry roads, and the Cauda truck, figs. 4792-4803. of which there are some 3,000 in use on various southern and south-western roads. The swing-motion caboose truck, figs. 4750-2, represents an old type of truck that differs from the ordinary swing-bolster diamond-truck only in the shape of the arch- bar truss. For the price allowed for trucks by the rules for inter- change of traflao, see Interchange of Traffic and Freight- Rigid-bolster truck. Swing-motion tr-uck. See also Continuous-frame truck. Pair of trucks. 3. (English.) American equivalent, /reififTi^car. This term is never used in England in the American sen?e, the word bogie being used instead. Truck has precisely the same meaning and application as wagon, which see. See Carriage-truck. Truck-bearing hinge-casting. 18, flgs. 336-42. See Bearing easting. Truck-bolster. 30, flgs. 4580-4966. A cross timber or beam in the center of a truck to which the lower center, plate is fastened, and on which the car-body rests. The truck-bolster is connected to the body-bolster hy a center- pin which passes through it. Of truck bolsters there are a variety of forms; the combination ivood and iron is quite common (figs. 4580-6, 4739-34, etc.); a bolster built of structui-al I-beams and plates (figs. 4576, 4644-66) is TKU 137 TBtr in favor in this country, and has been recommended by English car builders; the Sterlingicorth, figs. 4735-9, whose special feature is the use of a channel beam on the top of the bolster, has its advocates, and the Ameri- can steel truck-bolster, fig. 4790-1, was submitted in 1894 to the M. C.-B. Association by its committee on Freight- car trucks as deserving of particular attention. The Cauda freight t)-uck has no truck-bolster, the body- bolster being supported on V-shaped castings and links, which bear directly upon the springs. The truck-bolster for a six-wheeled truck consists of a frame formed of two timbers at each end, called spring-beams, which rest on the springs, and one in the center, called a truck center-beam, to which the truck center-plate is attached. All three are united together by iron bars forming a truss or wooden beams. This is represented in figs. 49.57- 66 and 4961. See Swing-bolster. Truck-bolster chafing-plate (passenger trucks). 36, figs. 4744, 49,57. A plate attached to a saving-bolster to protect it from wear. Truck-bolster flitch-plates. See Bohter flitch-plates. Truck-bolster guide-bars (diamond trucks). 37, figs. 4580-4648. More commonly called columns. Cast-iron posts between the arch-bars, held in place by column- bolts, which form a guide for the end of the bolster. They are not used with trucks which liave a swing- motion, and only with rigid-bolster trucks when the latter have bolster-springs, wliich are universal. These eolumns are sometimes also required to perform the office of brake hanger carrier, as in figs. 4735-9. An offset shoulder is cast on the column near the top and on the inside with a jaw to which the brake hanger is fastened by a brake-pin, 87, fig. 4736. Columns are made of pressed steel, fig. 5185, as are the guide-blocks, fig. 5184. Truck-bolster guide-block. 38, figs. 4580-4648, 4633-5. A cast-iron shoe for the end of a truck-bolster, which slides vertically between the columns or bolster guide-bars. They are used only in connection with the latter. See above. Truck-bolster truss-block. 32, figs. 4745-6. See T-russ- block. Truck-bolster truss-rod (rigid-bolster trucks) . 31, figs. 4745-6. A rod attached near the ends of a wooden truck- bolster. In swing-bolster trucks, rods of a similar nature are used, and termed transom truss-rods. Truck-bolster truss-rod bearing. 34, figs. 4745-6. Truck-bolster truss-rod washer. 35, figs. 4745-6. Truck center-bearing truss. Figs. 5040-1 ; 66, figs. 4963-6. The combination of the Center-bearing arch-bar and Center-bearing inverted arch-bars, which see. Truck center-plate. 63, figs. 4580-4966. See Center-plate. Truck check-chain eye. 70, figs. 4943-6. See Check- chain. A body check-chaiyi eye is also used. Truck check-chain hook. 69, fig. 4943-6. A hook on the end of a check-chain. Truck details. Figs. 4583-4643, 4649-4733, 4757-4803, 4816- 4941, 4967-5373. Truck end-piece. 17, figs. 4843-4966. See End-piece. Truck-frame. Figs. 4576-4966. A structure composed of wooden beams or iron bars, to wliich the journal-boxes or pedestals, springs, and other loose parts are attached, and which form-s the skeleton of a truck. Truck-frame corner-plate. 130, 131, figs. 4943, etc., 4964 and 4993-8. A malleable iron or pressed steel plate bolted to the corners of a wooden truck frame to keep it stiff and rigid. They are of recent introduction and take the place of knee-irons, which see below. Truck-frame knee-iron (passenger-car trucks). An in- terior angle-plate of cast or wrought iron to connect the truck-frame together. Truck-frame queen-posts (wooden freight-car trucks). "' i -• - - -1 ' -i arch-bar or wheel- h act as distance- Truck knee-iron. See Truck-frame knee-iron. Truck-side. A truck side-frame, which see. Truck side-bearing. 61, figs. 4580-4966. A plate, block, or roller or spring-plate attached to the top of the truck-bolster, on which a corresponding bearing fas- tened to the body -bolster rests. Their purpose is to pre- vent the car-body from having too mtich rocking or rolling motion. They are made of various forms, such as a plain metal plate, to protect a wooden bolster from wear, a c»p-shaped casting to hold oil or grease and waste, and various forms of rollers, rockers, .studs, spring-cases, and the like. See the names in italics. Truck side-frame. Figs. 4580, 4644, etc. The longitu- dinal portion of a truck-frame, on the outside of the wheels, which extends from one axle to the other and to which the journal-boxes and bolsters or transoms are attached. See Diamond-truck side-frame, in desig- nating which the term is chiefly employed. Truck sub-sill. 11, fig. 5654. A sub-,sill bolted to the side-sill of a street-car which bears upon the truck frame, to which it is bolted. Trunnion. The pivot upon which any body, as a gun, re- volves. The term is usually applied to bearings for objects of irregular shape, and having slow or irregular motion, as distinguished from the journals, of wheels, etc. QeB Leader-trunnion. 15 and 51, figs. 401-4. Lad- der-trunnion, 32. Truss. A frame to which rigiJitj' is given by uniting the parts so that its figure shall be in effect cut up into tri- angles, making it incapable of distortion by tui-ning of the bars about their joints. The simplest form of truss is that in which a truss-rod and king-po.'it are put under- neath a beam to strengthen it, or two beams are framed together in the form of a letter A, and tied together at their lower ends by a rod or another beam. These are called king-post triisses. Another form is that in which two posts are used, which are called queen-pjosi trusses. This is not a perfect truss, since it is capable of altering its shape by simply bending without ruptiu-ing its parts, when uneciually loaded. In order to prevent this, coun- ter-braces should be added. This is the usual way of trussing the underframe of cars. The sills resist bend- ing and act as straining beams, thus preventing grea.t distortion. The usual forms of trusses used for the side framing of cars are the Pratt and the Howe types. In the former all the braces are subject to tension and in the latter the braces are compression members. The Pratt truss is rarely used alone to-day for side trussing, but is often used in combination with the Howe tru.ss, as shown in figs. 339, 344, 354, 361, etc. The Howe truss is rarely used in its simple form, being usually provided with vertical posts alongside of the vertical tension members. Figs. 333, 347 and 351 are examples of such framing. The side of a car is not a perfect truss as ordinarily built, for the middle panel, which contains the door, lacks the essential elements of braces or coun- ter-braces. This is a strong argiiment for having the side-door of a car at the end, as in fig. 41. The Hou-e truss, without counter-brace, is ahnost universally used for passenger-oar framing. Long cars are re-enforced with heavy trusses of the bridge or roof type such as are shown in figs. 456, 513 and 534, and further strengthened by body truss-rods. The Challender truss, which see, figs. 568-9, is a kind of plate girder. See Girder. See also Bastard Hoive. Bastard Pratt. Framing. Bunk-truss (of logging cars), figs. 353-4. Truss-beam (Miller platform). 22, figs. 3390-3. See Platform trus-i-beain. Truss-block. A distance-piece between a truss-rod and the compression member of a trussed beam, which forms a bearing for both. See Body-bolster truss-block. Tran- som truss-hluck. Truck-bolster truss-block. Trussed brake-beam. Figs, 1546-99. Nearly aU brake- TBTT 138 TWI beams in use to-day are tmssed-beams. The usual method is to use a truss-rod from end to end of the beam with a king-post in the middle. The Detroit brake-beam is stiffened with a web or plate, and the Marden is a plain deck-beam. The latter would not be called trussed beams strictly. Truss-plank (passenger-car frames). 63, figs. 435-73, 587-67. A wide piece of timber bolted to. and sometimes locked into, the posts on the inside of the car imme- diately above the sills. A substitute for the truss-plank and body truss-rod is the Challender trussi, which see, figs. 568-9. The end trvss-2)lank is a continuation of the latter across the ends of the car, for uniformity of finish. Truss-plank cap. 64, figs. 435-73, 537-67. A strip of wood attached to the top of a truss-plank between the seat-frames. Truss-rod. 1. An inclined rod used in connection with a king or queen-post truss, or trussed beam, to resist de- flection. It is attached to the ends of the beam, and is supported in the middle by a king-post, truss-block, or two queen-posts between the beam and the rod. A sub- stitute for the body truss-rod, as well as for the truss- plank and body brace-rods of an ordinary car-frame, is the Challender truss, fig. 1855, which see. Various forms of truss-rods are the following, which see : Body-holster truss-rod. Body truss-rod (center and outside) . Brake-beam truss-rod. Cross-frame, or needle- beam trus-^-rod. Derrick truss-rod. Hand-car truss-rod. Inverted body truss-rod. Overhang (russ-rod. Platform truss-rod. Safety-beam truss-rod. 2. (Cabin of pile-driver car.) 37, fig. 401-4. Oblique rods parallel with the braces, connecting the swinging- platform sills with the top-stringers. Truss-rod anchor-iron. 24, figs. 435-73, etc. A wrought- iron strap with lugs and a turn at the end which engage with the iron body-bolster and in recesses cut into the side-sill, to which it is bolted. It serves as an anchor to attach the ends of the body truss-rods to the side-siUs. Truss-rod bearing. A bearing used to furnish support to a truss-rod, at an angle or bend in the latter, as Body truss-rod bearing. Body-bolster truss-rod bearing. Truck-holster truss-rod bearing. The bearing over the bolster of a long body truss-rod runoing from end-sill to end sill is called a bodu truss-rod saddle, prob- ablv in part from lis form. A dlstinc'ion has been utterapted between a truss-rod bearing and a truss-rod saddle, founded upon I he direction of the strain which it resists, and this dis- tinction has been preservtd in 1 his edition. It cannot, however, be said to be founded on usage, either of brides builders or car- builders, except in respect to thebody truss-rod saddle, as obove stated . Truss-rod iron. 24, figs. 435-73. A bar of iron, having an eye, to which a body truss-rod is attached, bolted to the under side of a sill below a body-bolster. It is a form of attaching body truss-rods almost out of use for freight-cars, but in common use on passenger-cars. A truss-rod anchor iron. Truss-rod queen-post. (Street-cars.) 16, figs. 5654-67. See Truss-rod. Truss-rod saddle. See note to truss-rod bearing and body truss-rod saddle, 20, figs. 229-66. Truss-rod washer. A large flat or beveled washer, used under a nut on the end of a truss-rod. Sometimes called a skeiv-hack. See Body^olster truss-rod washer. Truck- bolster truss-rod wash er. Tubed oil-screws. Figs. 3385-6. See Oil-screws. Tubular car. A form of oar construction, introduced some years ago, in which the sills and floor-framing are built of iron gas-pipe. A large number of these cars have been built and are in service under leases on the smaller roads. They were built at a time when the demands upon cars were rapidly increasing and they were not equal to the burdens and rough treatment to which they were subjected. They grew in disfavor owing to the fact that the repairs were expensive and arduous, probably because car repairers were not iron- workers or pipe-fitters, as well as the difficulties attend- ing the repair of distorted parts. Few, if any, have been built lately. Tubular lantern. A lantern having no guards except a rectangular frame of tubes through which the air-supply is also carried. They are in two forms, with shade re- flector and square or side reflector. Tufting button. Figs. 3645-6. A button used in uphol- stery to hold the cord which passes through the upper covering of the upholstered surface, dividing it up into squares or diamonds. Tumbler. 1. A drinking-glass. 2. (Foundry.) A machine for cleaning castings, loco- motive tubes, etc. It consists of a case movmted on a shaft on which it is made to revolve. The articles inside of the case are cleaned by their attrition against each other and the case. 3. (Locksmithing.) 2, figs. 3766-7. " A latch engag- ing within a notch in a look, bolt, or otherwise, opposing its motion until it is lifted or arranged by the key so as to remove the obstacle." — Knight. Tumbler-dog (Miller's padlock). C, fig. 2770. A catch to hold the hasp locked except when it enters the tumbler. Tiimbler-holder. Figs. 3495-3.501. A bracket or stand for holding glass tumblers or drinking cups. They are either single or double. Tumbler-holder and drip. Fig. 3473. A water-cooler drip, the top of which is made large enough to hold a glass. Tumbler-spring (MiUer's padlock) . F, fig. 2770. Tunnel velocipedes. Figs. 5617-19. See Mine and tunnel velocipedes. Tumbuckle. Figs. 3725-27a. A device inserted in the middle of a long rod for changing its length. Right and left screw turnbuokles, fig. 3727a, or sitigle screwtvcm- buckles, fig. 3725, are the most common; pipe or tube turnbuckles, fig. 8727, are rarely used. A form that has gained much favor for use on cars is that shown in fig. 3727a, the Kimball's pressed wrought iron tumbuckle. They are made the following sizes, and larger in proportion : Size D. A B , c L 1 Inch. 6 In. min. 9 In. 25 In. Hi " 6 " 6 " Ill •' 9i •• 9% *' 23 •• 26 •■ \U'' 6 " 6 " 2A " 101^ '• ■ 27 •' 27 " 6 " 2A " m " lOH " 28 " 194 " 6 " iiM" 28 " D. Rize=Outside Diamet:er of Screw. A. Length in i. lear between head =6 in. flrst length for all slz'^s. B. Length of Tapped Heads=lV6 D. 0. Total Length of Buckle without Bolt Ends. L. Total Length of Buckle and Stub ends when open. The letters refer to dimensions shown in fig. 8727a. Turn-under (English) . See Fall-Binder. Turtle-back roof. Figs. 95-6, and 113. A roof for a pas- senger-car which is arched, but without a clear story or upper deck. It is the prevailing roof for English car- riages, but has not found favor in this country, its use being confined chiefly to the Mann boudoir cars and to a few coaches on the Boston & Albany Railroad. Twelve-wheeled car. Figs. 37, 383-5. An ore car with three 4-wheeled trucks, one under each end and one in the middle. See Center-truck, etc. Twin car-seat. Figs. 3924 5, 3955, 3974-6, 3981. A seat stand with a division arm, two cushions, two seat-backs with two striker-arms each, so that they may be turned so as to bring the occupants face to face. There are two types of these seats, one illustrated by figs. 8955- 8976 and 3981, and the other by figs. 3932, 3924-5, and 3974-5, which differ from the other in being adjustable TWI 139 UNI to a reclining position, and being provided with leg and foot rests. The latter are a snbstitute for the Hartley and Hifcheocl- reclining chairs, figs. 3996-9. Twin door-panels. 10, fig. 1788. A pair of panels side by side in a door, formed by inserting a partiiig-rtiil into a wide panel. T-win-hopper gondola-car. Figs. 36, 69, 310-20. A gon- dola oar with two hoppers, tlie centers of which are about 10 feet apart. This type of gondola has been adopted to get a long flat-bottomed car that will discharge it contents with the least amount of shoveling. The car may also be used for long timber. See Go)ulolii. Twin-washer. Fig. 8719. A doiible-icasher, which see. Twin-window. Fig. 134. Two small and rather narrow windows placed side by side. The tendency is to abandon the use of all such irregular forms, except in dining-cars OT private cars, where the partitions and closets seem to require it, as in figs, 101 and 104. Twisted flat wire (for car seals, which see). Fig. 8900. A form adapted to prevent the possibility of the lead seal being stripped from the wire and afterwards re- placed upon it. Two-group spiral springs.. 18, figs. 5336-8. See Spiral springs. Two-horse street car. The most common form of horse car, which see. Two-light center-lamp. Figs. 3361-73, and 3313-1.5. See Center-lamp and chandelier. The majority of center- lamps are two light burners. Two-spring slip-burner. Fig. 3370. See Slip-burner. Tyler-brake (street -cars). A simple form of brake-gear for applying outer-hung brakes from either platform. The pressure upon the brake-beams is not equal. Tyre (of a wheel) . See Tire. The spelling ' ' tyre " is the English method and cor- responds mth the supposed origin of the word, which is from the fact that iron bands were first used on wheels in the city of Tyre, Syria. U U-bolt. 1. Fig. 3713. A double bolt made of a bar of iron, bent in the shape of the letter U , with a nut and screw on each end. See Brake-hanger carrier. Stake-pocket il-holt. 2. (Janney couijler.) 144, fig. 3301. tr-hanger. A U-shaped strap fastened over the end of a half-elliptic spring. See Sjjring-hanger. A T-hanger is one with a T-headed bolt passing through a slot in the end of the spring. Not used in car construction. Umbrella holder and pocket. Figs. 3693-4. A bracket with oval holes, put up in a horizontal position with the pocket a suitable distance below it. The umbrella is thrust through the liracket, the end resting in the pocket below. CJmbrella-rest (for cuspidor). Fig. 3863. Small tubes used in connection vidth cuspidors having large mats, as a means for holding umbrellas upright for drainage. Uncoupling-chain (Miller coupler). 16, fig. 3393. See below. CTncoupling-lever (Miller coupler). 1. 15, fig. 2393. A lever attached to the platform of a car, and connected by the uncoupliiig-chain with the coupling-hook or knuckle-lock, to disengage or uncouple it from the one on the adjoining car. It is fuloruined in an wncoupling- lever trunnion-pdate fastened under the platform end- timber, and passes through a hole in the latter, which is reinforced above by the uncoupling-lever plate. The uncoupling-lever loedge, attached to the platform by the uncoupling-lever wedge-chain, is inserted in this plate to hold the lever in either one of its extreme positions. An uncoupling-lever ratchet on the platform railing holds the lever in any desired position. " " " " _ '_ . . " „' Jent of the un- or uncoupling- 3. (Freight-oars.) An uncoupling-lever and rod usually attached to the end sill bj' which the lock of the M. C. B. coupler is opened and the cars uncoupled with- out going between them. The lever and rod is in various forms, as the form of loclt: may require. Uncoupling-lever plate. 18, figs. 2390-3. See above. Uncoupling-lever ratchet. 17, figs. 2390-3. See above. Uncoupling-lever trunnion-plate. 21, figs. 3390-3. See above. Uucoupliug-rod. 210, figs. 441, etc. A rod connecting the uncoupling-lever with the lock of an automatic- coupler. On freight-oar.s it is forged in one piece with tlie lever. Uucoupling-shaft stirrup. Figs. 1317-18. Under-frame. A stout framework chiefly composed of timber, which receives the bufling and drawing strains, and carries the weight of the floor and body of the vehicle. In both freight and passenger-cars in America the under-frame and body are rigidly connected and mutually stiffen and strengthen one another, but in English carriages the body is framed as an independent structure, and merely rests on the under-frame, rubber pads (India-rubber body-cushions) being interposed to deaden shocks. The only connection is through a body holding-down bolt, which see. Under-frame is an English term, but it is so general in this cormtry that it may be said to have been adopted. It includes all the framing below the floor, and includes the platforms, draft-timbers, etc. Under-frame plate (English). See Spider-p)late. Under-hung door. A sliding door which is supported and slides on a rail below the door. Over-hung doors are preferred. Union (pipe-fittings). A union-joint, which see. Union-joint (pij)e-fittings) . A means of uniting the ends of two pipes with a nut. The latter is attached to one pipe with a collar, and is screwed on the opposite pipe, or on a thimble attached to the pipe. Often called simply a, imion or coiij)lt)ig. They are largely used for all forms of ijipe-work, and take their distinctive names, if any, from the parts with which they are connected, as drain-pipje union, reservoir union, etc., of "Westinghouse brake. Union-gasket. (Triple-valve.) 27, figs. 1706-7. Be&Oasket. Union-nut. (Triple-valve and air-pump.) Figs. 1691-3, 1706-7. Union-stud. (Triple-valve and air-pump.) Figs. 1691-3, 1706-7. See Stud. Union-swivel. (Trijile- valve and air-pump.) Figs. 1691-3, 1700-7. See Swivel. Union tank-line draft-gear. Figs. 3031-3. The essential features of this gear are that the draft-timbers are be- tween the center-sills and extend below the sills. The draft timbers are secured to the center-sills b}' key- stones, 1x3 inches, let into the draft-timbers and the sills equally. The draw-bar attachment shown is the Butler attachment, with tail-bolt. The spring pocket yoke or strap has lately been adopted as standard with this company. " Unique" sun-hinge burner. Fig. 3377. See Sun-hinge burner. United States standard system of screw-threads. This term is often used to designate the Sellers system of screw-threads, which see. Universal steel brake-beam. Figs. 1599, 4862-71, 4899. A steel brake-beaux of the tubular form, with a slit upon one side, and which is trussed hy a rod and king-post. A special feature is the swivel king-post by which the brake-lever may work at any angle, or be reversed so that the brake-lever may be used either as right or left. Universal joiut. 1. " A device for connecting the ends of two shafts so as to allow them to have f)erf ect freedom of motion in every direction within certain defined limits." — Knight. An application in car-building which UNI 140 tTRl has not yet secured general use is as a substitute for brake-hose, in connection with air-brake and steam appa- ratus. Universal shade-ring. Fig. 3437. A shade-ring, which see, so constructed as to be of adjustable diameter. Upholstery. In pass°nger-car construction, tlie cushions, curtains, carpets, beds, etc., and generally the materials from which they are made. Upholstery details (of seats). Figs. 3933-4013. See also Sleeping-oar furnishings and details. Upper air-cylinder gasket (air-pump). 38, fig. 1689; 103, figs. 1691-2. See Oasket. Upper-bearing. See Swing link-hanger. Upper belt-rail (passenger-car exteriors). 82, flgs. 435- 73. A horizontal bar attached to the posts on the out- side and above the windows. Upper-berth. 2, figs. 3409-13. Tlie top berth in a sleep- ing-oar section. It folds up by day against the roof, being secured by a berth-latch or safety berth-latch, hav- ing a pocket above it in which the head-board, two thin mattresses and the bedding are stored. See Berth. In the Maun boudoir cars, the upper berth, B, fig. 3418, is the sofa-back by day. Upper-berth bracket. Fig. 4169. A form of upper-berth rest closely resembling a bracket. Upper-berth curtains (Mann boudoir car). 12, fig. 3418. See Berth-curtain. Upper-berth hinge (Mann boudoir car). F, fig. 2418. A hinge at the top of the sofa-back by which the latter is Ufted up into position to form the upper berth. The outside edge is supported on the upper-berth rest, 12, fig. 3418. Upper-berth pocket. A pocket against the sides of the car which closed up flush therewith when the upper berth was folded up, but dropped open when the berth was made up, so as to afford a receptacle for clothing and baggage. It has been replaced by a hammock. Similar pockets for the lower berth are made by turn- ing up the head-rest of the seat. Upper-berth rest. 1. (Sleeping-cars.) Fig. 41.'56. A metal lug, or shelf, which supports an upper-berth when lowered. 3. (Emigrant sleeping-cars. ) L, figs. 2413-14, 43-.59-60. An attachment for leaving the upper-berth partially open by day for ventilation. Another upper-berth rest M is attached to the berth-post. Upper-berth rest (Mann boudoir cars). 12, fig. 3418. See Upxjer-berth hinge. Upper-berth rest-pivot. Fig. 4188. A pin attached to a plate fastened to an upper-berth. The pin engages in a hole in a berth-rest, which see. Upper-berth rest-plate (Mann boudoir-cars). 11, fig. 3418. A plate permanently fastened to the window- frame to carry the 'npiper-berth rest. Upper-bolster plate. 12a, figs. 435-73. Should read iJod?/- bolster top-plate. See Body-bolster. Upper brake-shaft bearing. 96, figs. 339-66. An eye by which the upper end of a brakeshaft is held in place. In passenger and street cars, usually attached to tlie hand- rail ; on freight box-cars, when the brakes are operated from the roof, to the end of the body near the top. Upper-cap (triple-valve of Westinghouse air-brake). 4, figs, 1708-9. Upper comer-plate. 55, figs. 339-66. See Corner-pjlate. Upper (or top) cylinder-head (Westinghouse driving- wheel brake-cylinder). 5, fig, 1748. Hefi Cylinder-head: Upper deck (passenger-oars). 110, figs. 435-73, etc. Also called clear-story. The raised central portion of the roof. See Deck. Upper-deck bottom-rail (street-car). The deck-sill or sill of a clear-story. Upper-deck car-line. 118, figs. 435-73. Carlines, which see, passing from side to side of the upper deck only. resting on the deck-plate. Usually called simply deck carline. Upper-deck eaves-molding. 119, figs. 435-73. A mold- ing, usuall}' called simply deck eaves-molding, on the outside edge of the roof. Upper-deck furring-strip. 58a, figs. 5654-67. See Fur- ring. Upper diaphragm case (signal-valve, train-signal appa- ratus). Fig. 3404. See iilso Diap)hragm. Upper discharge-valve (air-jiump) . 30, fig. 1689 ; 86, fig. 1691. A puppet-valve at the top of the air-pump cylinder through which the compressed air above the piston passes. Upper door-hinge (Enghsh). 178, fig. 501. See J»oo)-- liinge. Upper door-sash. 12, fig. 1788. The part of a double window-sash in a car-door which covers the upper part of tlie opening. This upper section is usually made movable, so that it can be lowered for ventilation. Upper end-panel (street-cars). See Panel. Upper-floor (stock-car, which see). 28, figs. 3558-9. More commonly, double-deck. Upper-platform (jjile-driver car). 27, figs. 401-4. The fioor of the swinging-platform, which see. See also Pile- driver car. Upper receivmg-valve (air-pump). 31, fig. 1689. Upper-rail (sliding-doors). Usually called top door-rail. A guide-rail above doors which are supported upon rollers at the bottom, or one carrying a door suspended upon door-hangers. See Door-rail. Upper seat-back rail. See Seat-back. Upper steam-cylinder gasket (air-pump). 36, fig. 1689; 101, figs. 1691-3. See Gasket. Upper steam-valve (air-pump). 7, fig. 1689. See Main steam-valve. The upper steam-valve is smaller than the lower. Upper steam-valve bushing (air-brake). 25, fig. 1689. See Bushing. Upper swing-hanger pivot. 47, figs. 4740-6. See also Lon-er swing-hanger pivot. Upper valve-chamber cap (air-pump). 29, fig. 1689. Upper wainscot end-rail (passenger-car interiors). See below. Upper wainscot-rail. A longitudinal wooden bar or rail, fastened to the posts immediately under the window. 75, figs. 539-567. See Wainscot-rail. Upper window-blind. See Window-blind. Upper window-blind lift. Figs. 4435-7, etc. Distin- guished from a lower window-blind lift in not having a lug or ledge. See Windrjw-blind lift. Upper window-panel rail. 9Sb, fig. 558. Urinal. 132, fig. 448, and figs. 3871-6. A metal or porcelain receptacle used in saloons, connected to a pipe leading through the fioor. They are distinguished as corner or side urinals, the former almost invariably used in car work. A concealing urinal, which see, shutting up fiusli with the wood work when not in use, is some- times used. Urinal-cover. A wooden or sheet-metal lid for inclosing a urinal. Urinal-drip, or drip-pan. Fig. 3873. A pan under a urinal on the fioor. Urinal-pipe. See Urinal. Urinal-handle. Figs. 3841-9. Ahandleina saloon, placed above the urinal to hold on to. They are distinguished as corner or side urinal-handles, according to their posi- tion on the side of the car. Urinal-safe (parlor-car water-closets). Figs. 5338-9. A plate covering the top of the bowl to prevent nuisance in the inclosed parts. Urinal- Ventilator. A pipe attached to a cap on a urinal, communicating with the top oi a car, where some form of u-i r.d-scoop is often added. VAO 141 VEN V Vacuum-brake. Figs. 1661-8. A system of continuous brakes wliich is operated by exhausting the air from some appliance under eaoli car by which the pressure of the external air is transmitted to the brake levers and shoes. So called in distinction from air-brakes, which see, which are technically understood to refer only to brakes operating with compressed air, although in a literal sense the vacuum-brake is also an air-brake An ejector on the engine is ordinarily used for exhausting the air, connected with the rest of the train by pipes and flexible hose between the cars. The vacuum brake iu common use in this country is the Sanies vacuum- brake, which see, and this only to a limited extent. Valance. A term applied to the tasselated decorations of windows and which cover and conceal the shade roller and curtain holder. B, fig. 3453. Valve. A Ud, cover, or plug for opening and closiag an aperture or passage. See Check-valve. Safety-valve. Conductor's valve. Signal-valve. Coupling-valve. Slide-valve of triple- Discharge-valve, valve. Double check-valve. Steam-valve. Loicer discharge- Tank-valve. valve. Throttle-valve. Lower steam-valve. Top-plate valve. Beceivin g-valve. Triple-valve. Receiver filling- Upper discharge valve. valve. Tipper steam-valve. Receiver-valve. Ventilator-valve. Register-valve. Water-cooler valve. Reve rsin g-valve. Valve body. The sheU case or frame of a valve. See Triple valves, figs. 1706-7, 1708-9. Engineer's valve, figs. 1710-15. Pump governor, fig. 1716, etc. Valve-ohamber-bush (air prmip) . 43, fig. 1689. Valve-key (Pintsch gas-lighting apparatus) . Figs. 3314- 15. A key for opening all the high-pressure valves, the lamp-key, fig. 833, being used for the low-pressure valves connected with the burners. Valve-knob (Fames dividing attachment). 62, fig. 1683. The knob for operating the valve. Valve-seat. ' ' The flat or conical surface on which a valve rests." — Knight. See Discharge-valve seat. Tank-valve seat. Valve-stem. A rod attached to a valve, and by which the latter is moved, is always called a valve-stem. See Eames dividing attachment, 63, fig. 1683. Howard's parlor-car water-closet, figs. 3838-9. See also Reversing-valve stem. Van (English). A comprehensive term for any covered vehicle not used for conveying ordinary passengers or ordinary freight. See Brake-van. Bullion-van. Guard's van. Van Dorsten car-coupler. Freight, figs. 3340-3; passen- ger, 3275-6. Van Lieuw grain-door. Figs. 1866-9. One of the numer- ous devices for speedily removing and returning to place a grain-door. It consists principally of stanchion guide-rod, F, standing in the guide-rod .socket generally, on which a stanchion, 3, attached to a stanchion socket, 2, freely slides. The latter is attached to the grain-door. The door is locked into place by the lug I, confining it to the grain-door guide O. When not in use it is con- fined in a vertical position by the floor-stop g, and the side-stoj:) H. Varnish. A " liquid-glass " for covering paint or wood- work. See Finishing varnish. Vauclain steel-tired wrought-iron spoke-center wheel. Figs. 5314-15. Velocipede-car. Figs. 5605-49. Generally a three-wheeled car in which the rider sits astride and propels the car with his feet (or feet and hands together), after the manner of a velocipede. They comprise a variety of jairers, lamp- - I- !■ I ■ irjres are quite Veneer. "A thin leaf of a superior wood for overlaj'ing an inferior wood." — Webster. By trade usage it is a veneer if it covers other materials than inferior wood. Thus in the Spurr veneers and wood carvings, figs. 3660-3, the material covered is a matrix resem.bling p>apier mache. It may be in relief, resembling wood carvings. Bee CetUng veneers. Perforated veneers. Vent. " A small aperture; a hole or passage for air or other fluid to escape." — Webster. See Lamp-vent. Ventilated box-car. Figs. 5, 357-62. A box-car with grated doors and screened openings called ventilators, through which the air can circulate freely. Used chiefly for fruit. Ventilating jack (for saloons). V, fig. 539; 130a, fig. 444. Also called wind-scoop. A flaring horizontal tube, constituting a simple form of the ventilating devices which use the current produced by the motion of the cars to cause an exhaust current of air. See Wind- scoop. Injector, etc. Ventilator. 1. Figs. 4299-4339a. A device for admitting or exhausting air to or from a car. Ventilators, according to their position, are designated as deck ventilators (end or side), end ventilators, frieze ventilators, etc. They are often designated as automatic or self-acting. The prominent forms of the latter varieties are shown in figs. 4300-24. See also the various wind-scoops shown with car-heaters and saloon furnishings, figs. 4327-9a, 3058-60. An exliaust-veutilator, for saloon-hoppers, attached to the under side of c&vs {Bell'sejchaust, which see), is shown in figs. 3841-3. Ventilators for boarding-cars, tool-cars, work-trains, etc. , are also put in the floor, a trap-door being placed there provided with gratings underneath. Among the ventilators in use are the Eureka and Automatic, the Olobe erect, Hg. 4312; Olobe horizontal, S.g. i313; Creamer eMrefca, fig. 4314; Creamer automatic, fig. 4318; Cone-cap, fig. 4303; Cone and apron, fig. 4303 ; Canopy, fig. 4304; Tornado, fig. 4399 ; Tornado canopy, fig. 4305 ; Dished cap, fig. 4306 ; Moore, fig. 4307 ; Duplex, fig. 4308 ; Roe, fig. 4309; Stosc/i, fig. 4310; TFoWr?, fig. 4815; Torpedo, &g. 4316; Star,fig. 4311 ;Z)e/fector, figs. 43Ti-Ti&;Doiibleduplex deflector, figs. 4333-4 ; Continuous duplex deflector, figs. 4331-3 ; Small duplex deflector, figs. 4319-30, which see. The proper system of ventilation for passenger-cars is still a mooted question. The supply of air required for each person, for good ventilation, is at least 23 cubic feet per minute. The ventilation of the Pullman cars is very elaborate, and perhaps the most perfect now in use. No air is in- tended to be admitted within the car by the vidndows or otherwise, except through an in-take or wind-scoop. The air thus collected is forced downward into a duct or conduit containing hot-water pipes, under the seats and into the oar through a register in the seat-end. The air escapes through the deck-windows. Saloons are venti- lated by separate exhaust ventilators, and the hopper and urinal are provided with vent-pipes. Suction venti- lators applied to the deck-windows or between them are used to exhaust the air, thus keeping up a continual cir- culation. Day coaches usually depend upon the deck- windows for ventilation, the sash at every other window being hung on different sides, so that the open sash may be hinged on the front end. Sash openers for deck-sash hinged in this manner are shown in figs. 4330-2, 4338 and 4349. The question of ventilation of cars is an important one and must receive the attention it merits. For a re- port of tests with the various ventilators shown see Proceedings M. C. B. Association, 1894, page 334. 3. (For fruit-car.) Figs. 357-66. A system oc slats protected by netting at each end of the car- so arranged as to enable the ventilators to be readily opened or closed from the outside. 3. (Spear heater.) Figs. 3058-60. A large wind-scoop. VentUator-arm. A small attachment carried on deck- sashes, especially of street-cars, for holding them open. VEN 143 VE8 Ventilator-cap (for urinals) . Fig. 3875. Ventilator-casing (street-car). 158, fig. 5654-67. The casing of the side ventilators, or deck windows, which takes the ventilator-sash, or to which the wire-screen is fastened. Ventilator-cowl (English). See Ventilator-hood. Ventilator-deflector. Figs. 4817-34. A metal plate or board placed in such a po.sition at a ventilator opening that it will cause a current of air to flow into or out of the car when the latter is in motion. Another form, used in windows to produce an exhaust draft when opened, is a mere loose board with a notch to receive the lower edge of the window-sash, figs. 4.527-.30. See Deflector. Ventilator-door. A door for closing the aperture of a ventilator. See also Ventilator-valve. Ventilator fixed-panel (English). 136, figs. 501-4. The outer panel in a ventilator composed of two perfoi-ated panels, one being capable of being slid over the other so that the perforations coincide or become covered. This form of ventilator is used in English cars to the ex- clusion of any other. See also Ventilator-hood and ven- tilator sliding-panel. Ventilator-hood. 1. 2, fig. 1569. A shield over the outside of a ventilator to prevent the entrance of sparks, cin- ders, rain or snow. It is sometimes intended to direct the current of air either into or out of the car. See also Deck end-ventilator hood. 2. (English.) 134, figs. 501-4. Also caMed ventilator- cowl. A shield made of either wood or metal, preventing the entrance of rain or cinders. Ventilator-netting. 1. A wire screen or netting fastened over the outer deck window-sash to prevent the en- trance of sparks, cinders and dust. 2. A netting over the ventilator windows of a fruit- car. Ventilator-opener. See Deck-sash opener, figs. 43.30-41, 4349. Ventilator-panel. A panel in the frame of a valve or door for closing the aperture of a ventilator. Ventilator-pivot. A pin on which a ventilator door or sash is swung or hinged. It is the same as a deck-sash pivot, fig. 4357-64. Ventilator pivot-plate. The same as a sash-lock plate or stop, fig. 4356, etc. Ventilator-plate. See Frieze ventilator-plate. Ventilator-register. Fig. K, fig. 4339 and fig. 4336. A metal plate or frame attached to a ventilator opening, provided with slats arranged so as to turn and tlius either open or close the ventilator. They are chieflyused as frieze-ventilators, but sometimes elsewhere. In sleep- ing-cars they are sometimes combined with berth cur- tain-rod brackets. Ventilator-sash. 116, figs. 435-73. Usually a deck- sash. Ventilator-sash pivot. A deck-sash pivot. Ventilator sliding-panel (English). 135, figs. 501-4. Part of a ventilator in which there are two perforated hard-wood slides, the outer fixed, the inner movable, so as to make the perforations coincide or be covered. See Ventilator-hood and ventilator fixed panel . Ventilator-stafif. Fig. 4376-80. A pidl-hook or deck-sash opener. Ventilator-stop (street-car). A small metal bracket on which a ventilator-sash rests when open. Ventilator-valve. 116, figs. 435-73. A door for opening or closing the aperture of a ventilator, usually made to turn on pivots at or near its center. See Deck-sasli, pivot. Vertica,! equalizing-lever. 25, figs. 2437-45. (Pullman vestibule.) A vertical lever, one end of which bears against an Overhead face-plate huffing-spring (called an Overhead-equalizer spring) and the other end against the horizontal equalizing lever, the middle of which is pivoted by a bracket attached to a longitudinal plate or bar that abuts against the hody end-plate. The object of these vertical equalizing-levers is to get the horizontal equalizer-lever high enough to give head-room in the vestibule for the dome lamp, etc. Vertical steam-trap and blow-off (Gold's car heatiag). Fig. 3004. A thermostatic steam-trap, which see, and a blow-off valve combined. It may be operated from inside of the car. The names of parts and their office is given in the list of names with the figs. 3011-13. Vertical telegraph cock, or faucet. See Telegraph cock. Vestibule. 1. (Of a car.) Formerly that part of the car nearest the door, cut off from the main saloon by an interior door. It was occupied by the saloon, washing and heating arrangements, etc. Its purpose was to give protection to the interior of the car against drafts and noise. 8. Figs. 3419-48. Usually a platform enclosure, consist- ing of a face or huffer-plate, constituting an arched door- way, connected with a spring extended rod, a foot-plate combined with the buffer-stems and face-pjlate, a bellows- like connection called a diu2:>hragm between the face- plate and car frame and side-doors opening to the steps. The successful application of the vestibule to cars was first accomplished by the Pullman's Palace Car Com- pany. It was patented April 39, 1887, by H. H. Sessions, and assigned to the P. P. C. Co. It claimed the in- vention of " the combination with the end of a railway car of a frame plate or equivalent series of buffers backed by springs, arranged with its face in a vertical plane and normally projecting beyond the end of the car, whereby, upon the coupling of two cars a spring buffer will be interposed between the superstructures of such adjacent cars above their platforms, and also /ric- tional surface opposing spring pressures to prevent the racking of the car frames upon sudden stoppages and to oppose the tendency of the cars to sway laterally [oscil- late] when in motion," so arranged and adjusted that " when the two cars were coupled the faces of the buf- fers will bear against each other in contact under pres- sure." The courts have upheld the validity of the patent on the grounds that ' ' the device possessed patentable novelty and utility." The claims sustained were those of " frictional contact of the face plates under constantly opposing spring pressiu-e, which diminished the 'shock to the superstructure in collisions and resisted the forces tending to create oscillation." The frame plate of the original vestibule was to have longitudinal motion, but no lateral motion except with the car body. The use of the canopy feature was old, for it had been in use for more than 30 years in England, Russia, and the United States. The additional cost of the application of the vestibule feature to a new car is fron $700-!{)l,000, depending upon the decorative features specified. Vestibule (composite) end-post. The end-post of a vestibule, resting upon the platform end-sill. In the Pnllman, figs. 3437-9, and ^Xaqner, figs. 539-30, cars it is a composite end-post composed of an iron-bar or angle- bar bent at the ends and bolted to the platform and platform-hood end-carline. It is stiffened with wood bolted to the sides of the bar or angle-bar. Vestibule body-comer-post. L, figs. 539-30, and figs. 3443-3, 3437. The inner-post of a vestibule, set against the end of the car body and directly over the platform sills. Vestibule buffer-plate. 29', figs. 539-41 ; 8, figs. 2443-5. An extra long and wide buffer-plate, recessed or cham- f erred at the ends to take the face-plate of the vesti- bule, whose face is flush with the buffer-plate. Vestibule dome-lamp. 22, figs. 3435-45 ; figs. 3339, 3341, 3378-9. A lamp specially designed for vestibules. Vestibule-door. Figs. 1789-91. A door by which the vestibule of a car is entered from the side. In the older VE3 143 WAS type of vestibule they are double or di\'idecl, the two doors being hinged together and to the vestibule eorner- post. Vestibule door-bolt or latch.. Fig. 2553a-b. See Door-bolt. Vestibule door-hmge. 1. Strap hinges, figs. 2603-4, which fasten the double doors of a vestibule together. 3. For rabbeted doors, fig. 3009. Vestibule door-latch. Figs. 3637-8. A door-latch special- ly designed for vestibule doors. A mortise latch is shown in figs. 3706. Vestibule door-rod. 24, fig. 1790, figs. 37S0-8. A bar or rod across the vestibule doors to prevent their being pushed in. Vestibule end-carline. 35, figs. 2435-48. A Platform- hood end-carline. Vestibule face-plate. An inverted U-shaped forging about the side of a door frame arched at the top, and form- ing a passage way from the platform of one car to that of the next. The weight of it is carried on the buSer-plate ; it is kept thrust out a,gainst the opposing face-plate either by springs, as in the PuUman vestibule, or by its own weight, as in the Barr and Wagner vestibules. Vestibule-gate (Pullman). Figs. 3449-50. A gate to the arched doorway, leading from the platform of one oar to that of the next car. Vestibule-hood. 19, figs. 3435-45. A platform hood. Vestibule-lamps. Figs. 3185, 3140,3239, 3241,3378-9. See Frost lamjos, Fintsch lamps, etc. Vestibule platform trimmings. Figs. 3771-3. " Vienna " lamp-shade. Fig. 3437. See Lamp-shade. Volute spring. Fi.g. 5244. A spring made of aflat bar of steel coiled with a kind of scroll resembling the volutes used as an ornament in the capitals of ancient Roman and Grecian architecture. The coil is made in a conical form, so that the spring can be compressed in the direc- tion of the axis around which it is coiled. They are now- little used in this country, but largely in Europe. V-shaped screw-thread. Fig. 5495. A thread with a sharp edge at the top and sharp groove at the root. The Sellers (U. S.) standard thread, fig. 4497, is flat at the top and at the root, and the Whitworth, fig. 5496, is rounded at those points. V-threads are now used chiefly for pipe-threads. Vulcanized fiber. A leathery material of great dura- bility and toughness, which is made by subjecting various kinds of vegetable fiber to the action of acids. It is insoluble in all ordinary solvents, such as oil, alcohol, ether, ammonia, etc. It is made in two classes, hard or flexible (the former being that used generally in car construction for the dust-guards of joui'nal-boxes), fig. 5154, and in sheets from 16 to 24 in. wide by about 50 in. long and from Jj in. to | in. thick. Another name for the same article is gelatinized fiber. V window-button. Fig. 4458. A catch, with a V-shaped notch in the end, fastened to a window-post to hold up a window. Little used. Wabash hand-car for inspectors. Figs. 5593-4, gives full details and dimensions. Wadley continuous drawbar. Figs. 1936-9. A continu- ous drawbar (which see) is merely an elongated tail- bolt with a tarn-buclde in the middle of the car to join it to the tail-bolt from the other end of the car. Wagner car-door. Figs. 1794-1806. A flush car-door, the front side of which is carried in by bending the doui- traok in close to the car-side and the rear side is forced in flush by an eccentric lever and rod, shown in figs. 1801-6. Wagon, or goods-wagon (English). Figs. 348-51. Ameri- can equivalent, freight-car, A vehicle (always four- rchandise, min- .:•__.. -. ^- .- .rains. Truel; is High-sided icagon.* Low-sided wagon.* Medium-sided wagon.* Open ivagon.* Rail wagon.* Timber wagon.* See Ballast icagon.* Batten wagon.* Biiiler wagon.* Box ivagon. Cattle wagon. Covered icagon. Goods wagon. Wagons marked thus * are open wagons (gondola-cars) having no rooi'. Wagon-coupling, or draw-chain (English). 41, 42, flgs. 848-51. The draft-coupling universally used on freight- cars (goods wagons) in England in connection with a draw-hook, which see. Wagon-sheet (English). See Tarpaulin. Wagon-truck. Fig. 5637. A four-wheeled vehicle for moving baggage or freight about a station or ware- house. See also Baggage wagon-truck, fig. 5639. Freight wagon-truck, fig. 5637. Two-wheeled vehicles of the same kind are known as baggage-barrows and freight- trucks, both sometimes designated as barrow-trucks. Wagon-wheel (English). See Wrought-iron wheel. Steel- tired 'wheel. Wainscot-panel. 76, figs. 435-78, 540-67. A board which forms a panel under the windows between the two wain- scot-rails. Wainsoot-rails (passenger-car interiors). 74, 75, figs. 435-73, 540-67. Longitudinal wooden strips fastened to the posts and extending from one end of the car to the other. The lower wainscot-rail comes immediately above the truss-plank ; the upper wainscot-rail is immediately under the window. The wainscot end-rails are the wain- scot-rails at the end of the car. Waist-panel (English). 124, fig. 501. The panel imme- diately above the lowest panel on the outside of a car- riage body. Waist-rail (English). 100, figs. 501-4. A horizontal piece in the framing of the side of a passenger-carriage. Wakefield car-seat. 1. Figs. 3980-7. A revolving and folding car-seat. Figs. 3980, 3984-6. A car-seat with a seat-back, 2, fixed by the arm or revolving base-top fas- tened to the seat-ends, 4, 5, 6, which are carried on a heavy connecting frame-rail, 40, and the seat-support extension, 4:1 , which frame-rail rests upon a pedestal, 7, on which it rotates like a revolving-chair, but may be firmly secured by a spring-lock, 42. 3. A swing-back seat resting uiaon the ordinary seat- frame, but with a straight seat-back arm fastened to the back near the top, and a smaller auxiliary arm, called the arm-crank, to adjust the lower part of the seat-back. This arm-crank is pivoted in a slot in the seat-back arm and is also guided by a ivall end-slide, which carries the end down so that the seat-back can swing through be- tween the seat-back arms. Walker Manufacturing Company's electric-motor. (Street-cars.) Fig. 5674. " Walk-over" car-seat. Figs. 3917-18. A swing-back car- seat of recent design, introduced by Hale & Kilburn. Wall seat-end. The seat-end next the wall or side of a car, so called in distinction from the aisle seat-end. Wall-socket casting. 8, figs. 3917-35. A casting bolted cir otherwise fastened to the inside end of seat to which the striker-arms are pivoted and in which the mechan- ism that tilts the cushion is placed ; the seat-end connect- ing-rail is also fastened to this casting. Wards (of a lock). 5, figs. 2766-7. The interior cu-oular ridges wdiich fit into corresponding recesses in the bit of a key (the latter also termed wards) , the surrounding solid parts of the bit being called the web. "Warehouse-truck. Figs. 5635-41. A small vehicle wliioh is used for moving freight about a warehouse. See Barrow-truck Wagon-truck. Wash-basin. Figs. 3508-9. The metalic wash-bowl of a folding lavatory. Wash-bowl, or wash-basin. 1, figs. 3525-7; B, flgs. 3542-7. A basin, which see. They are used in sleeping and WAS 144 •WAT drawing-room cars, and generally form a part of a fixed wash-stand. Wash-bowl pipe. A waste-pipe. Washburn-wheel. 1. Figs. 5268, 5330-1, 5348, etc. A cast-iron car-wheel, designed and patented by Nathan Washburn in 1850, and now more used, perhaps, than all other forms put together. It consists of two plates, which extend from the hub to about half the distance between it and the rim. There they unite into one plate which extends to the rim. The plates are all curved so as to contract when the wheels are cooled without danger of fracturing the wheel. The single plate and the rim are united together and strengthened by curved ribs cast on the inside of the wheel. 2. Wheels of any type made by the Washburn Car Wheel Company. Figs. 5330-4. Washer. 1. Fig. 3716. A plate of metal or other material. usually annvdar, which is placed under a nut or bolt- head to give it a better bearing. Two or more washers are sometimes combined and called washer-plates, strap- loashers, double or twin washers, triple washers, etc., as fig. 3719 ; the}^ are sometimes made beveled or triangular, figs. 3717-18, 3721, for a rod or bolt which is oblique with reference to the bearing surface. A socket-washer or flush-washer is one provided with a recess for the bolt- head so as to leave it flush with the surface of the ad- joining parts. Cut washers or icrought washers are those stamped out of rolled iron plates. Cast washers are made from cast-iron. Both are largely used. Washers in car work all take their name from that of the bolt or rod to which they are attached, except the base-ivasher, which stands at the base of the platform-posts on pas- senger-car platforms. A gasket, which see, is sometimes called a washer. 2. A brush for washing objects, as car-washer, figs. 3698, 3701-2. Washer-plate. A strap-washer, which see. Wash-room. Fig. 3468. A lavatory. A compartment which constitutes the vestibule of ordinary parlor and sleeping oars, provided with toilet facilities. In private and ofiicers' cars it is placed in various irregular posi- tions to leave the ends of the car free. Wash-rooms with pumps and water-tanks underneath the wash-bowls are being replaced on Pullman cars by what is known as the Pullman compressed-air system of zvater suippily, figs. 3534-48. See the same and lavatory. Wash-room furnishings. Figs. 3468-3606. Wash-room pump. Figs. 3481-2. More properly basin- pump, which see. They are either single or double- acting. Wash-stand (postal-cars). A cast stand carrying a basin. Tliey are distinguished as corner or side wash-stands. Wash-stand sink. A cast-iron plate with one or more bowls, made in one piece and lined with porcelain and used for the top of a wash-stand. Used only in second- class cars. Wash-stand slab. 3, fig. 3468 ; 2, figs. 3525-7. A stone slab which forms the top for a wash-stand. Commonly, simply slab. Waste. The spoiled bobbins of cotton mills, used for wiping machinery and for journal-packing, which see. Although valueless for the manufacture of cloth, the consumption is so large that waste is quite expensive. A cheaper substitute for use as journal-packing is patent- waste, which see. Waste-cock. 1. (Baker heaters.) A cock attached to the expjansion-drum or circidathig-drum ot the Baker heater for drawing off or changing the water in the heater- pipes. Waste-pipe stud (Westinghouse pump-governor). 35, fig. 1716. Water-alcove. Figs. 3552-3. A recess in the side of a partition of a passenger-car to receive the faucet of a water-cooler or water-pipe and a drinldng-cup. The term is generally used to designate the metal casing or hning with which the recess is covered. The water- tank for supplying water-alcoves is usually placed on the other side of the partition, in the saloon, and com- monly when so placed extends to the roof. Water-alcove front. Fig. 3552. See above. Water-alcove pan. Fig. 3552. See above. Water-closet. Fig. 3854. "A commode vsdth water supply to rinse the basin and carry ofl' the contents." — Knight. The water-closet is in increasing use in pas- senger-cars. At present it is mainly confined to private cars. It is sometimes provided with an upholstered cover, and is then known as a concealing water-closet. See Howard's parlor-car loater-closet, figs. 3838-40 ; The H. C. Hart water-closet, fig. 3854. Water-cooler. 14, figs. 3468, 3525-7 and figs. 3549-54. A tank or vessel for carrying drinking water which i^ usually cooled with ice. The sides are generally made double, and the space between filled with some non-con- ducting substance. They frequently extend to the roof. See Water-alcove. Water-tank. Water-cooler ear. Fig. 3555. Water-cooler furnishings. Figs. 3549-57. Water-cooler stand. Figs. 3549-50. Water-cooler top and breast. Figs. 3556-7. Water-cooler valve or waste-cock. Fig. 3486. See Tank waste-cock. Water drip. 1. A pan or receptacle to receive the waste water from a water-cooler. A drip-pipe, or waste-pipe, connects with it. 2. CC, figs. 468-70, and figs. 461, 491, etc. A shght projection or raised seam in the roof of a passenger or baggage car over the side doors, or at the end of the car in the platform roof to divert the water so it shall not fall upon persons entering the car or passing from one car to the next. Water reservoir (Baker heater). Fig. 2903. See Circu- lating drum. Water-table. 1. (Masonry.) A projecting beveled face of stone to shed water from the parts below. Hence, especially applied to the top course of a foundation, which nearly always has such a face, the masonry above being set back. 2. A window-ledge, which see. Water-tank. 1. A vessel or reservoir for holding water. Those used on cars for drinking water are usually made of sheet-iron, and often extend to the roof. They are then usually drawn from by a ivater-alcove, figs. 3552-3, the tank being usually in the corner of the saloon concealed from the interior of the car. The tanks for supplying wash-room basins, fig. 3468, are usually placed immediately Tinder them and drawn from by a basin-pnimp. 2. (Howard's parlor-car water-closet.) Figs. 3838-9. Watson and Stillman's jacks. Figs. 3728-35, 3742. These jacks are the result of thirty years of experience. In their construction the old style solid inflexible ring packing of the socket has been done away with, and in its stead there has been introduced behind the socket a lubricated packing and gland or stuffing box, thus re- taining the flat lever which has been one of the charac- teristics of this style jack. In order that this packing may be renewed without taking the jack entirely apart, the set-screw which retained the socket has been re- moved from the inside of the head and placed outside and back of the head, where it engages with the end of the socket. In jacks in which the pump is inside the ram, the lower valve is pushed from its seat by the end of the piston-rod, and the water returns to the upper part of the jack by passing around the piston-valve. To make the piston-valve and packing accessible, the bottom of the pump is closed by a simple packed plug which contains the ram-valve. This plug is scrawad WAT 145 WHE into the bottom of the ram, allowing tlie ram to come clear down to the packing, tlms preventing the leaking above the pump-collar. The pump-packing can be re- newed without taking the jack apart, by slacking the set screw in the head and withdrawing the socket just far enough to revolve past the lug on the head, and so pvish the packing out of the pump. The introduction of gland packing on the socket, and cup packing in the pump, materially reduces the labor of pumping, and adds largely to the wearing qualities of the pmnp packing. See Hi/dixuilio jack. Dudgeon-jacks, Watt's tail-lamp. Fig. 3319 shows it in section. Watt's combination caboose tail-lamp. Figs. 3336-8. Waved moldings. Moldings which by a special machine are made of a con-ugated section longitudinally, the nimiber of waves or corrugations varying from 3 to 6 per inch. The cost of the moldings is increased by this wa^'ing from 1| to 2i cents per foot. Way-car. Fig. 54. A caboose-car, which see. Some- times a so-called iray-car partakes more of the character of a tool-oar. The application of the term is not well defined. Weather strips. Figs. 3819-34, 4-534-41. A mbber strip ^vith a metallic or wooden binding to apply aroimd the crevices of -windows or doors, for excluding the dust and ■svind, and for preventing water from entering around the windows. Weather strips are divided gen- erally into single-edge strips, fig. 4537, and cushion strips, fig. 4534, etc., both being usually provided, as now manufactured, -n-ith a wood or metal molding. The cushion strip is simply rubber, folded over so as not to show a selvage edge. The standard widths of weather strips are |, J, f , and 1 in. They are usually made in lengths of fifty feet, but some of the cushion strips hi lengths of only 7 ft. See Bosley metcdlie and excelsior iceather-strips, figs. 4534-39, and Casper's metallia weather-strips, figs. 4540-1. Web (of a key). The solid portion of the hit of a key, the recesses cut away being termed wards. See Bit. Webbing. A strong fabric, from one to four inches wide, made of hemp or other material which is not liable to stretch, used in upholstering car-seats. A detached sjiring -section is sho^vn in fig. 3931, showing the appli- cation of the webbing. Others are shown in figs. 3939-44. Wedge. 1. A term in quite general use for a journal- bearing key, which see. Figs. 5389-5418. See also Stop- ivedge, figs. 5145, etc. 3. (Miller platform.) The uncoupling-lever wedge, at- tached to the iilatforni by a wedge-chain. Wedge-chain. See above. Weed-cutting car. Fig. 5588. A hand-car equipped with a cutting bar, knives and pitman rod like a mowuig- macliine, for cutting the weeds at the side of a track over which the oar is run. Weigh-bar (English). See Brake-shaft. Westinghouse air-brake. A system of continuous brakes invented and patented (the first patent in 1869) by Mr. George Westinghouse, Jr., which is operated by com- pressed air. The air is compressed by a steam air-pump on the locomotive, and is stored up in a tank called the main reservoir on the engine or tender. By the original form of brake the compressed air was conveyed from the tank by pipes connected together between the cars by fioxible brnke-liose to brake-cylinders under each car, by means of wliich tlie pressure of the air was oommuni- cited to the brake-levers, and thence to the brake- shoes. A later and improved form is the Westinghouse cmtomatic air-brake, commonly called simply Westing- house brake, which is now in universal use. At the present time the Westinghouse brake, unless otherwise specified, is always understood to mean the automatic _ ._ ■:_ . . ■ -" KStinghouse auto- ~___ hange made from the original form of the Westinghouse air-brake (see above) in order to make it automatic was to carry a full pressure of air at all times in the brake-pipes and cause the brakes to be applied by a reduction of this pressure instead of b}' the admission of pressure, so that the breaking apart of the train or a reduction of pressure by escape of air at any point on the brake-pipe would apply the brakes to the whole train at once. A further advan- tage was that the action of the brakes was made quicker by saving the appreciable interval of time required for the compressed air to flow from a single reservoir at one end of the train in sufficient quantities to fill all the brake-cylinders. An auxiliary reservoir is placed under each car, containing air at the same pressure as in the brake-pipes and main reservoir. An ingenious valve called the triple-valve connects the brake-pipe, auxiliary reservoir and brake-cylinder together in such manner that any reduction of pressure in the brake-pipe opens a passage for the air from the auxiliary reservoir to the brake-cylinder, applying the brakes, and closes the con- nection between brake-pipe and reservoir. To release the brakes, the pressure in the brake-pipes is restored ; when the triple-valve closes the connection between the auxiliary reseiwoir and brake-cylinder and opens one be- tween the brake-cylinder and t)ie outer air and between the auxiliary reservoir and the brake-pipe. In order that the train brakes may be applied from any car, each car is fitted %vitli a valve called the conductor's valve, con- nected to the brake-pipe, so that the compressed air therein can be piermitted to escape by opening the valve. Additional parts to perfect the working of the brake-gear in practice (but not required in theory for its complete application) are the pump-gcjvernor, fig. 1716, Brain-cup and air-strainers, figs. 1719 and 1746, etc. Westinghouse electric-motor (for street-cars.) 5677. Fig. Westinghouse freight-brake. Figs. 1738-9 ; 1695-8. A device not differing essentially from the Westinghouse passenger brake-gear excejit that the parts are made lighter and cheaper for use on freight-cars. To this end the triple-valve, reservoir and brake-cylinder are com- monly combined in one part, as in fig. 1738-9. The en- gine, air-pump and main reservoir, on the contrary, are made somewhat larger. Special arrangements for oper- ating extra long trains and on extra heavy gradients have been introduced, as shown in the engravings. See Air-brake and Straight air-brake. Westinghouse train-signaling apparatus. Figs. 2388- 2407. A device for utilizing the supply of compi'essed air required for operating the Westinghouse brakes to transmit signals to the engine instead of using the ordi- nary bell-cord. See Train-signaling apparatus. Wheel. 1. A circular frame or solid jiiece of wood or metal which revolves on an axis. See Brake-wheel. Gear-wheel. Hand-tvheel. Brake ratchet-ioheel. Ratchet-wheel. Spur-wheel. Winding-shaft ratchet- ivheel. 2. Figs. 5355-5376, and 3620-34. A circular frame or disk, as above defined, serving to support a moving vehicle, as car-wheel (which see), hand-car wheel, street- car wheel, etc. Car-wheels are generally either cast (chilled) or steel-tired. Steel wheels and the Saxe & Rear wheel do not come fully under either of these titles. See words in italic for further details. See also Wheel-tread. Car- wheel. Chill. The defects of wheels for which cars may be refused under the rules for the interchange of traffic are as follows : (a) Shelled out ; wheels with defective treads on ac- count of pieces sheUing out, leaving flat spots deepest at the edge, with a raised center. (See fig. b.) Wheels vrsE 146 WHE miist not be condemned from this cause, unless the spots are over 3| inches, or are so numerous as to endanger the safety of the wheeL Mg. b. Fig. c. (h) Seams 1 inch long or over at a distance of ^ inch or less from the throat of the flange, or seams 3 or more inches long on any other point of the tread. (c) Worn through chill ; when the flat spot caused by wear exceeds 3| inches in length. Care must be taken to distinguish this defect from fiat spots caused by sliding wheels. (d) Worn flange ; flanges 1 inch thick or less, or having flat, vertical surfaces extending more than 1 inch from tread. (See figs, c and d.) r m x a J ^ Fig. d. Fig. e. (d') Thick flange ; flanges over ly'j inches thick. This does not apply to wheels cast prior to September 1, 1894. (e) Tread worn hollow; if the tread is worn sufficiently hollow to render the flange or rim liable to breakage. (/) Flat sliding ; if the flat spots caused by sliding exceed 2J inches in length. Care should be taken to distinguish this defect from tvorn through chill. (g) Burst ; if the wheel is cracked from the wheel fit, outward, by pressure from the axle. (h) Broken or chipped flange ; if the piece broken off exceeds IJ inches in length and ^ inch in vridth, or if it extends ^ inch past center of flange. (i) Broken or chipped rim ; if the tread, measured from the flange at a point | inch above tread, is less than 3J inches in width. (See fig. e.) (j) Cracked tread. (k) Cracked plate. {1} One or more cracked brackets. (m) Broken in pieces. Note.— The delerminatijn of flat spots, sharp flanges, thin flanges and chipped treads shall be toade by a gagp as shown in flg. a. The determination of thick fl,inges shall be made by a gage, as shown, applied to M. C. B. standard wheel tread and flange, in flg. 5i88. The engraving of the wheel defect gage is shown in fig. a, made on a reduced scale, and the method of using it is shown in figs, b, c, d and e. Fig. a. 3. Defects of mounting wheels. (Interchange of Traffic.) Fig. 5421. The defects for which cars may be rejected are as follows : iq) Loose wheel. (r) Out of gage, or wheels that measure less than 4 feet 5 inches or more than 4 feet 5f inches between flanges or less than 5 feet 4 inches over treads. (See fig. 5431.) This does not apply to wheels cast after Sep- tember 1, 18S4. (r' ) Out of gage, or wheels that measure less than 4 feet 5^ inclies between flanges or more than 4 feet 6| inches from tlie back of flange of either wheel to gage line of mate wheel, or less than 4 feet llf inches from gage line of either wheel to outer edge of tread of mate wheel. (See gage, fig. 5486.) This does not apply to wheels cast prior to September 1, 1894. 4. Prices of wheels and cost of mounting. See Inter- change of traffic. Wheels, Specifications for cast-iron. (Master Car-Build- ers' Recommended Practice. ) In 1893 sijecifications for cast-iron wheels and a form of guarantee by manufacturers, were adopted as Recom- mended Practice ; these had formerly been standards of the Association. They are as follows : 1. " The chills in which the wheels of any one wheel- maker are cast shall be of equal diameters, and the same chill must not vary at different points more than one- sixteenth of an inch in diameter." 2. " Wheels of the same nominal diameter fuTHished by any one wheelmaker must not vary more than one- fourth of an inch above or below the mean size measm-ed on the circumference, and the same wheel must not vary more than one-sixteenth of an inch in diameter. The body of the wheel must be smooth and free from slag, shrinkage or blow-holes. Tlie tread must be free from deep and irregular wrinkles, slag, chill cracks, and sweat or beads in throat, which are one-eighth of an inch or over in diameter, or which occur in clusters of more than six inches in length." 3. ' ' Tlie wheels broken must show clean gray iron in the plates ; the depth of pure white iron must not exceed seven-eighths of an inch or be less than three-eighths of an inch in the middle of the tread, and shall not be less than three-sixteenths of an inch in the throat. The depth of the white iron shall not vary more than one- fourth of an inch around the tread on the rail line in the same wheel." 4. " For each hundred wheels which pass inspection and are ready for shipment, one representative wheel shall be taken at random and subjected to the following test : " The wheel shall be placed flange downward on an anvil block weighing not less than seventeen hundred (1,700) pounds, set on rubble masonry at least two feet deep, and having three supports not more than five (5) inches wide for the wheel to rest upon. It shall be struck centrally on the hub by a weight of one hundred and forty (140) pounds falling from a height of twelve (13) feet. Should this wheel stand five (5) blows with- out breaking into two or more pieces, the himdred wheels shall be accepted." "The above tests shall apply to standard weight wheels from twenty-six to forty-two inches in diameter, used on the standard gage roads." " Or, the wheel shall be placed flange downward on a cast-iron ring weighing one thousand (1,000) pounds, the outside diameter of the ring being thirty-six and one-half (36i) inches, the inside diameter twenty-four (34) inches, and thickness eight (8) inches, supported on rubble masonry at least two feet deep. It shall be struck on the plate, close to the rim, by a weight of one hun- dred (100) poimds falling from a height of seven (7) feet. When subjected to this test a five hundred and fifty (550) pound wheel shall stand twenty (20) blows; a five hundred and seventy-five (575) pound wlieel, twenty-five (35) blows, and a six hundred (600) pound wheel thirty (30) blows without breaking a piece cut. This test applies to 33-inch wheels ; 26, 38 and 30-inch wheels must stand the twenty-five-blow test, and 36 and 43-incli wheels must stand the thirty-blow test," WHE 147 WHE 5. " Should, in either case, the test wheel break in two or more pieces with less than the required number of blows, then a second wheel shall be taken from the same lot and similarly tested. If the second wheel stands the test, it shall be optional with the inspector whether he shall test a third wheel or not. If he does not so select, or if he does and the third wheel stands the test, the hundred wheels shall be accepted." 6. " "Wheels shall not vary from the specified weight more than two per cent." 7. " Tlie flange shall not vary in the same wheel more than three thirty-seconds of an inch frour its mean thickness." 8. " All wheels shall be numbered consecutively, and shall have the nmnber, also the day, month, and year when made, plainly formed on the inside plate in cast- ing, and no two wheels shall have the same number." Wheels, guarantee for cast-iron. (M. C. B. Recommended Practice.) 1. " This indenture, made this. ...... .day of 18 ... . and between party of the first part, and party of the second part, Witnesseth : " The party of the first part hereby agi'ees to furnish to the pai"ty of the second part, free on board cars at .chilled cast-iron wheels inches in diameter, for use under 3. " The party of the second part hereby agrees to pay to the party of the first part . ... dollars for each wheel furnished, and to keep an accui'ate account of the mileage nrade by the wheels placed in service under cars in passenger equipment and under locomotives and ten- ders, and an accurate record of the number of months of service of tlie wheels placed in service under cars in freight equipment." 3. " The party of the second part hereby agrees, when any wheel furnished under the contract is scrapped, to furnish to the party of the first part a statement which will show : 1. The wheel number. 2. The service in which the wheel ran. 3. The amount of service in months or miles. 4. The cause of failure. 5. A charge against the party of the first part of fifty-five per cent, of the price of the wheel mentioned above. 6. A credit to the party of the first part of cents per 1,000 miles for 36 in. passenger equipment. " " " " 33 " 30 " " •* " " " 36 *' locomotive and tender equipment. ' 33 " 30 •' '• " " " 28 " " " " " " monthi " 36 " freight equipment. .. .. .. 33 .. .. .. .. .. 3fj .. " Except in case of wheels removed for the following causes: 1, Flat by sliding. 3. Chipped flange. 3. Broken flange, if the breakage is not caused by seams, worn through chill or worn flange. 4. Broken or chipped rim, not caused by rim being hollow, b. Breakage of any kind caused by wreck or derailment." 4. "The party of the first part hereby agrees, on pre- sentation of the statement above mentioned, to pay the party of the second part any balance due from lack of Huffioient service on the part of the wheels (with above exceptions) , to balance the charge, and the party of the second part hereby agrees to pay the party of the first part any balance due as shown by the aforesaid state- ment, settlements to be made quarterly." 5. "The party of the second part hereby agrees to hold, subject to the inspection of the party of the first Tw.rt. fnr a nprinrl nf tbirtv dava fl,fter said statement has xceptions) which -= - •■- :•■::..;: ;, ;:i sdit equal to the 6. "It is understood that the basis of settlement shall be as follows : 36-inch passenger wheels 70.000 miles. 33-inch passenf^er wheels . 60,000 miles. 36.inch engine and tender wheels 60,000 miles. 33-inch engine and tender wheels 50,000 miles. 30-inch engine and tender wheels 45,000 miles. 28 and 26 loch engine and lender wheels.. 40,000 miles. Refrigerator, through line and cattle cars. 24 months. All otber freight cars 48 months." Wheels (distance-gages between flanges). The standard distance between tlie Ijacks of car wheels, as indicated, fig. .5421, is 4 feet 5| inches ; drawing shows the form of gage for measuring this distance. In 1885 it was de- cided by letter ballot that in fitting wheels on axles a variation of i inch each way from the standard distance of 4 feet 5| inches between the flanges would be allowed, making the maximum distance 4 feet .5J inches, and the minimum distance 4 feet ."ij mches. See Check gage. Wheel and track (terms and gaging points). Fig. 5485. Standard terms and gaging points for wheels and track were adopted in 1894, as follows : 1. Track rails are the two main rails forming the track. 8. Gage of track is the shortest distance between the heads of ti'ack rails. 3. Base line, for wheel gage, is a line parallel to the axis of the wheels drawn tlirough the point of intersec- tion of tread with a line perpendicular to the axis, and passing through the center of the throat curve. 4. Inside gage of flanges is the distance between backs of flanges of a pair of mounted wheels measured on a line parallel to the base line, but i inch nearer to the axis of the wheels. 5. Gage of wheels is the distance between the outside faces of flanges of a pair of mounted wheels measured on a line parallel to tlie base line, but J-J inches farther from tlie axis of the wheels. 6. Thickness of flange is the distance measured paral- lel to the base line between two lines perpendicular thereto, one drawn through the point of measurement of "gage of wheels." 7. Width of tread is the distance measured parallel to the base line from a line perpendicular thereto, drawn through the point of measurement of "gage of wheels" to the outer edge of tread. 8. Check gage distance is the distance measured parallel to the base line between two hues perpendicular thereto, one drawn through the point of measui'ement of "inside gage of flanges" on either wheel, and the other diawn through point of measurement of ' ' gage of wheels " on mate wheel. 9. Over all gage is the distance parallel to base line from outer edge of one wheel to the outer edge of mate wheel. The above mentioned wheel gage distances are either directly or by inference as follows : Inside Gage of Flanges 4 feet 5^ inches. Gage of Wheels 4 " 8"^ Thickness of Flange 1% " WldthotTread iH " Check Gage Distance ,..4 " 6% " OverAllGage 5 " i% Wheel-bar (iron six- wheel truck) . A substitute of an iron for a wooden wheel-piece to which the pedestals are attached. Wheel-boss (English). 26, figs. 348-51. American terra, hub. The center of the wheel, which is bored out to re- ceive the axle. Wheel-box (street-cars). 21, figs. 5654-6, etc. h. cover- ing for a wheel which projects through the floor. The sides are usually of wood and the top of sheet-iron, but they are sometimes made entirely of wood or metal. Wheel-box button. A stick of wood attached by a bolt to the top of a wheel-box so that it can be turned, some- what hke a door-button, to hold the wheel-box ia its place. WHE 148 WIC Wheel-center (steel-tiieil wlK^els;. i'^igs, .j2oo, etc. T)ie portion of a I's-lieel inside oT Cie tire, and between it and the hub or boss. The wheel-eentpr is souietimes in one piece and sometimes made np of two parts, the /(»& or boss and the central filling-pkce, which spe. Fnce-platcs- front and back, are also vised. Tlie term is seldom ap- plied to chilled or cast wheels. "Wheel center, or skeleton. 26, 27 and 28, figs. 348-51. The whole of a railroad wheel, except the tire, and the fastenings which connect the tire to the rim. "Wheel check-gage. See Clicck-gage. Wheel circumference measure. Figs. 5422-4. By letter ballot in 1893, the wlieel circumference measure, shown in fig. 5422, was adopted as a standard of the Association. Piior to that date it had been recommended for use in all car building shops. "Wheel-cover (English). 188, figs. 501-4. See Splasher. Wheel-cut glass. The ordinary process of glass cutting, which leaves a perfectly polished and perfectly trans- parent surface. Wheeler car-seat. A car-seat which has a Swing-baek that is removable. The Seat back-arm is forged with a T-end, this T-end is carried by two parallel-rods, the lower ends of which are separately pivoted to the seat- frame so as to keep the seat back-arm nearly vertical, in all positions of the seat-back. "Wheel-fit. See IVheel-.'ieat. "Wheel-flange. Fig. 5487-9. The projecting edge or rim on the periphery of a car-wheel for keeping it on the rail. W heel-flange-thickness gages, for new wheels. Fig. 5488. Maximum and minimum wheel-flange thickness- gages for new wheels were adopted as standard in 1894. They are shown along with the standard form of wheel tread and flange for easy reference. These gages admit a variation of 1-16 inch either way from the standard thickness of If inches when measured, as shown. Such gages should be used on all new wheels after September 1, 1894. to insure ability to mount them properly to check gage. "Wheel-flanges, gages for max. and mm. thickness (M. C. B. Standard). Fig. 5488. See Wheel. Wheel-piece. 10, figs. 4842-4966. A stick of timber in a wooden-frame truck, which forms the side of the frame and to which the pedestals are attached. It is often stiffened by outside and inside leheel-piece plates or by a wheel-pjiece truss-rod, the latter serving piso as a leheel- piece tie-rod to tie the two end-pieces firmly to the wheel-pieces. A wdieel-piece tie-rod is in all cases used. but it is not always used in the form of a tiuss-rod. Iron wheel-]3ieces are sometimes called irheel-hars. Wheel-piece plate. 11, 12, figs. 4842-4966. See above. Wheel-piece tie-rod. See above. Wheel-piece truss-rod. 13, figs. 4842-4966. See above. Wheel-plate. 1. (Cast-iron wheels.) 22, fig. 5355-61. That part of a plate car wheel which connects the rim and the hub. It occupies the place and fulfills the same purpose as the spokes do in an open or spoke wheel. See Car-wheel. Wheel. Washburn wheel. Plate tvheel. 2. (Steel-tired wheels.) Figs. 5255-5347. See Face- plate. 3. (English.) 188, figs. 501-4. See Splasher. Wheel-ribs (cast-iron wheels). Figs. 5335-8. More com- monly, brackets. Projections cast usually on the inner side of plate car- wheels to strengthen them. They are placed in a radial position and are often curved so as to permit the wheel to contract when it cools. Wheel-seat or wheel-fit (of an axle). The part which is inserted in the hub of a. wheel. It is made truly cylin- drical and very sliglitly laiger than the axle-seat of the wheel. The wheel is pressed on it by hydraulic pres- sure and very rarely becomes loose. "When this occurs, or the axle was turned too sm.a.11, p>rick-fjunching aad even .s7i?m Hi ?>ig the seat has been resorted to to make a tighter fit, liut this practice has never been common. It is a hasty and dishonest expedient and forbidden by the Rules of Interchange. See Wheels. Wheel-timber. A trheel-piece, which .see. Wheel-tires, minimum, thickness of steel tires (M. C. B. Recommended Practice). Fig. 5489. See Interchange of Traffic. Steel-tire. Wheel-tread. Fig. 5424. The outer surface or part of a car-wheel which bears on the rails. The standard width of wheel-tread is ^^ in. measured from outside of tread to inside of flange, i. e., including the entire thickness of the, -flange. See fig. 5487. Wheei-tread and flange. Fig. 5487. This form of wheel tread and flange was adopted as a standard of the As- , sociation by letter ballot in 1886. See Flange thickness. Whisk broom or wisp broom, and holder. Figs. 3696. 3700. A small broom for brushing wearing apparel, fur- niture and upholstering. White-metal band. Figs. 4023-8. More properly seat- back molding, which see. White's "anti-friction" car-door hanger. Fig. 2830. See Car-door hanger. "Whitney contracting-chill. Figs. 5374-6. See Chill. Whitworth gages. See Cijlindrical gage. Whitworth system of screw-threads. A system of screw- threads designed by Sir JoseiA Whitworth, of England, and which is almost universally used in that country and throughout Europe. It differs from the Sellers system in that the sides of the threads stand at an angle of 55 degrees instead of 60 degrees, and the tops of the threads and the spaces between them at the root are rounded, as shown in fig. 5496, instead of being flat, as in the Sellers system. The number of threads per inch in the two systems is a follows : e is d "^^ in 2; ^ z s B? 1 P ^ B 5'? B B° £ -■o o o • O 2 *-i a : cr o • p- O : p- o : p* • &5 : p * p OI - o o : a. : & . CL ; a 3 : -o Q : r! s 3 ■ CD 3 : «* ■ "-i ■ ^ M 20 u 12 1 8 1^ 5 II 18 % ^1 1!^ 7 m 5 16 H 10 l>4 7 V/b 4H 1'3 14 % 9 6 6 2 m ThP Whitworth. pipe-thread differs from the above. tJiread. See Pipe- The "Whitworth system in this country has practically passed out of use. Wickes refrigerator car. Figs. 278-82. Shows the "W^ickes system of refrigeration, slightly modified. In the "W^ickes car the refrigerator doors open out and are flush with the outside sheathing. See figs. 1850-2. The usual slid- ing doors are omitted. There is a cooling compartment at each end, occupying the full width of the car and 2 feet 10 inches of the length and separated from the stor- age compartment by a wooden partition or jacket, which starts about 2 feet from the floor and extends to within about 16 inches of the ceiling. Tiiere are two ice tanks in each cooling compartment. These tanks are constructed of an oak frame work to which are nailed in vertical and horizontal rows, gal- vanized iron strips 2 inches wide interwoven in the manner of basket-work. Projecting outward from these strips 2 inches are galvanized iron leaves which largely increase the cooling surface. These tanks are separated from one another, from the jacket and from the walls at the sides at the end of the car by air spaces of about 4 inches. They are supported by 3" x 4" oak grate bars 3 feet from the floor. Beneath the bars are many rows of galvanized iron wire, crossing and recross- WIC 149 WIN in J from side to side ol: tlie car. A sloping bottom or apron of galvanized iron at the bottom of the jacket leads the drip water to the wires. There is another apron of galvanized iron in front of the wires extending to within 13 inches of the floor. On the floor, directly under the wires, is the drip-pan with a properly trapped drain at each end. The drip water falls from the ice through the grate bars on to the wires and down into the drip-pan. The warm air enters the cooling compart- ment through the opening at the top of the jacket and descending as it cools comes in contact with the ice, the metal surface of the tanks, the wires, and the spray of drip water about the wires, and re-enters the car through the opening below the apron in front of the wires, having become cooled, dried and purified. Each tank is iced through an opening in the roof, provided with an inner and outer door, each properly insulated. This car may be also used for shipment of goods under ventilation. Wlien so used the ice hatches are left open and protected by iron screens. This gives a thorough circulation of air into the openings at the front end, passing the length of the car and out through the open- ings at the rear end. Wicket. See Fare-wicket (street-cars) . Wick-sleeve (of student-lamp, which see). I, fig. 3400. Wide gage. In general usage, the distance between the heads of the rails of a railroad when it is slightly greater than 4 ft. 8+ in. in distinction from broad gage, which see, which means a material increase, as to 5 ft. or 6 ft. Wide gage is often used on curves, but its expediency is disputed. Wind-guard (Pintsoh system). 200, fig. 3227. A per- forated brass disc, fitting in globe-holder, SOB, fig. 3317, below the opal globe, 102, fig. 3216, and supplied with a small covered hole for admitting a match or taper when lighting the gas. Its purpose is, as indicated by its name, to protect the flame from the action of drafts from below the globe. Winding-arbor. See Square-end. Winding-gear (pile-driver-car) . 41, 42, figs. 401-4. Con- sists of sjyools and a spur-gear of the ordinary forin con- trolled by a strap-hrake and treadle, so that on the re- lease of the brake the shears attached to the hammer- rope will descend by their own weight and engage with the hammer-eye. Winding-shaft (drop-doors of coal-cars, etc.). 70, figs. 305-15. A round iron bar supported by the winding- shaft plates, to which the drop door-chain or hopper- chain is attached. It carries a ratchet-wheel. Winding-shaft lever (side-dump ore-car). 131a. A lever connected to the ivinding-ahaft by ratchet-wheel, pawl and dog by which a great torsional or winding stress may be applied to close the side-doors of the car. It is supplemental to a four-arm winch which is con- nected directly to the shaft and which is used to turn the shaft so far as is possible by such means. Winding-shaft plate (of a hopper-bottom coal-car). Figs. 305-15. The plate attached to the side of the car carrying the ratchet-wheel, pawl, and dog, serving as a bearing for the winding-shaft. See above. Winding-shaft ratchet-wheel and pawl. 66, 67, figs. 305-15. See above. Winding-shaft winch. 134, figs. 333-5. See Winding- shaft lever. Windlass. 1. "(Nautical.) A large horizontal roller jour- naled in standards (c7iee/c.s, windlai^K-hltH), and rotated by hand-spikes or other means. It differs from the capstan principally in the horizontality of its axis. Smaller hoisting-machines, turned by cranks, are u'inches and some are specially adapted to machines which re- " ' ks, etc." — Knight. a brake-windlass, which, however, is little authorized by the meaning of the word. Window. 137, figs. 435-73 ; 540-1, and figs. .5451-3a. "An opening m the wall of a building or car for the admis- sion of light and of air when necessary. This opening has a frame on the sides, in which are set movable sashes containing panes of glass. " — Webster. Hence the window itself, especially in compound words, is often termed simply the sash. In Sngland, carriage windows are technically termed lights. Se^ also D ck-sash. Car mndo ws are now generally made of uniform size through- out, twin ivindows, small windoivs, etc., are rarely used. In sleeping and parlor cars double windows are almost alwaj'S used to inclose an air-space between them and prevent radiation of heat and drafts. Bay windows are quite common in parlor and private cars. Window-balance (or sash-balance, which see). W, figs. 539-41, and figs. 4543-3. A device in which a spring is used instead of a weight to countei'balance the weight of the sash and glass. Window-blind. 140, fig. 435, etc. A wooden screen composed of a frame called the sash, carrying slats, placed in a window to exclude sunshine. Window- blinds, especially in street-cars, are sometimes made single, but for lack of room to raise so large a sash , they are usually made do((&/t'and distinguished as upper and lower. Win- dow shades have nearly displaced blinds in first-class passenger-cars, blinds being used in the .saloons only. Window-blind bolt. Fig. 4400-9, 4411-19. A bolt used for holding a window-blind in any desired position. It enters into window-blind-holt hushing or plate. Window-blind-bolt bushing. Figs. 4407-8. See above. Same as sash-lock bushing. Window-blind lift. Figs. 4433-49. Commonly called simply blind-lift. A metal hook fastened to the blind for raising and lowering it, usually attached to the bot- tom-rail, but in street-car blinds, which are lowered be- low the window, to the top rail. Window-blind lifts are distinguished as single and double, the single lift be- ing the upper, and the double lift the lower, which has a projection for raising the outer part. Double window- blind lifts are also distinguished as lower and upper. The upper lift differs from the lower by not having a lug or ledge, which is carried on the lower blind for the purpose of engaging with the upper when the lower one is half raised, so that the two may thereafter be raised together. Window-blind inuUion. 125, figs. 5654. An upright bar in the center of a window-blind sash. Window-blind pull. A tvindow-blind lift, wliich see. Window-blind rail. 122, 123, fig. 5654. A horizontal bar of a window-blind sash. Window-blind rest. 1. A wooden strip to fill up the lower part of the groove la wliich an upper window- blind slides, and on which it rests when down. 3. (Street-cars.) 23, fig. 5656. A horizontal strip of wood which extends from one body-post to another, on which the blind rests when it is lowered. Window-blind sash. 121, fig. 56.54. The frame in which the inclined thin slats are held. Window-blind slat. 126, fig. 5654. See above. Window-blind spring. Figs. 4403-5. The same as a 50.5/1 spring, which see. Window-blind stile. 124, fig. 5654. An upright bar in a window-blind sash. Window-blind stop. An Inside loindow-stop, which see. Window-casing. A frame which incloses or surrounds a window. Often called an Inside ivindow stop. Window-cornice. A purely ornamental projecting struc- ture, usually made of wood, placed over a window on the inside. It is now little used. Window cove-molding. 87, fig. 541. A small concave molding around the sides and top of a window on the inside of a passenger car. "wriN loO WIN Window-curtain. C, iugs. 2453-3. A clotli or some kind of textile material loosely hung over a window to ex- clude sunshine, and wliieh can be spread or drawn aside at pleasiire. Curtains of this kind are now little used. WLndow-shades, which see, lie always flat, and are rolled up upon shade-rollers. They are often also called cur- tains. Window-curtain 'bracket. Figs. 4567-8, 4573-5. More commonly, simply ciirfainbraeket, for supporting win- dow-shade rollers. A more correct term would be uluule or windoiv-shade brackets, but in common usage, cm-tain brackets support shade rollers. Window-curtain, holder or hook, Y, figs. 2453-3 ; figs. 3593-7. A metal hook fastened at the side of a window for holding a curtain when drawn aside. Knobs are also used. Window-curtain, knob. A form of window-curtain hook. Window-curtain leather. Figs. 4552-9. More properly, ivindow-shade leather. Window-curtain pulley. Figs. 4569-70. Practically ob- solete. See Shade and cm-tain. Window-curtain rings. Figs. 3579-83. See Curtain. Window-curtain rod. Figs. 3564-6. See Curtain. Window-curtain roller. Figs. 4564-6. More properly, a shade, or windoiv-shade roller, which see. Window deflector-ventilator. See Deflector and venti- lator. Window dust-guard or deflector. Figs. 4537-30. A thin narrow-board of the height of the window adjusted perpendicular to the car side at the forward edge of the window, to deflect dust and cinders so they shall not enter the open window. It is fastened to the window casing by a Dust-guard spring-holder, fig. 4533. Window-fastener. Figs. 4465-90. A sash-lock, which see. Window-furnishings (for deck-sashes). Figs. 4330-4402. (For lower windows.) Figs. 4403-4575. Window-glass. Panes of glass used for windows. They are either 2^l<:'te or rolled glass, made by pouring the molten glass on to a table having the height of the de- sired thickness of the plate, and then passing a roller over the top, or blovni, or common ivindou'-glass, the latter being by far the cheapest and most widely used, but of very much inferior quality. It is made by blow- ing the glass into a large bulb, which is then slit open while still hot and flattened out. Window-grating. A wrought or cast iron partition made of bars, or in other form, placed on the outside of the windows of passenger-cars to prevent passengers from putting their heads or arms outside. Now rarely used. Window-guards (street-cars). 117, fig. 5656, figs. 3773-4, etc. Small metal rods to act as fenders for the end 'n'indows. Window-holder. A windotv-button or sash-holder, winch see. Window-latch. Figs. 4473-90. A sash-loch, which see. Window-latch stop (lower a.nd upper) . See Sash-lock stop. Window-latch plate. A form of sash-lock stop. Window-ledge (street-cars). 50, figs. 5654-67. A pro- jecting molding outside of a car which extends from one end of it to tlie other above the windows, intended to shed the rahi. A tvater-table or loindow-lintel. Window-lift. See Sash-lift. Window-lintel. 90, figs. 435-73. A horizontal strip on the outside of a passenger-car between the posts and over the window-openings. Window-molding (passenger-car interiors). 88, figs. 435-73. Known to the trade as car moldings, and used around or on each side of a window, especially to cover the joint between the panel and post. It some- times forms a groove on the post in which a window or window-blind slides, in place of the inaide loindow-stop, which see. Window-molding base. An ornament made of wood or metal attached to the lower end of a window-molding. Window-molding joint-cover. Apiece of metal or wood used to cover the joints of window-moldings when two pieces join each other. Window-panel. 68, figs. 435-73. See Panel. A panel between the windows known as inside, outside and end. Window-pajiel furring. 59, figs. 435-73. Horizontal dis- tance-pieces between the window-posts to which the panel is fastened. Window-pilaster, cap and base. 8, 9, 10, fig. 2451. A decorative feature of a car interior, placed between the windows and covering the windoiv-post. Window-post (passenger-cars). 58, figs. 435-73. A post extending from siU to plate at the side of a window- opening against which the sash and blind slide. Window-rail. A horizontal bar in a window-sash. Window-rod bushing. Figs. 3618-23. A support for the ends of a curtain-rod, which see. Window-sash. 85, figs. 435-73. See Sash. Window-sash balance. See Window-balance and Sash- balance. Window-sash holder. See Sash-lock. Figs. 4385-4403, 4465-4490. Window-sash lift. 4526. A sash-lift, which see. Figs. 4491- Window-sash rest (street-cars) . A strip of wood extend- ing from one body-post to another, on which the sash rests when lowered. Window-sash spring. Figs. 4403-5. See Sash-spring. Window-shade. A window-curtain, which is wound on a roller above the window, in distinction from one which is drawn aside. In car-building it is finished at the bot- tom with a ivindoiv-shade leather, figs. 4552-9, and heavy windoiv-shade rod-bar or shade-holder, figs. 4544-5, 4548- 9, 4550. A rectangular slot, which is somewhat inac- curately called an eyelet, is inserted in the leather to fasten the shade down by slipping it over the sash-lift. In passenger-cars window-blinds have been superseded by shades, and all sleeping and parlor cars have window- shades in place of blinds. An automatic shade-i-olkr is always used, the old-fashioned pulleys and cord-tighten- ers, figs. 4509-70, being practically obsolete. Window-shade leather. 1, fig. 4560, and figs. 4553-9. See above Window-shade stop. 19, fig. 2451. That part of a shade- holder which engages vrith or bears against the window- casing and holds the shade. Window-shade thumb-latch. 16, fig. 2451; figs. 4544-59. A thumb-latch which releases the bottom of the shade so it may be moved up or do-wn. It fixes the shade in any position automatically. Wiadow-siU. 77-7S, figs. 435-73, 589-67. A horizontal piece of wood or metal imder a window, on which the sashes rest when down. There are usually two, inside and outside. A thin strip called the loindou'-sill cap goes above it. Window-sUl cap. See above. Window-siU moldiag. 80, figs. 539-41. A small wooden molding under an inside window-sill. In modern cars it is usually a belt-molding. Window-spring. Figs. 4403-5. See Sash-spring. Spring- sash-holder. Window-stile. 11, fig. 2451. N, fig. 24.54. The upright bars of a window-sash. Window-stop. The strips, or beads, attached to the win- dow-posts which hold the sashes in place. There are always two, inside and outside, and parting-heads or sash-jjarting stri2)s in between. Window-stop (inside). See Windoiv-casing. Window-valance. (Wrongly printed '• balances" in en- gravings.) See Valance. Window ventilator. See Deflector. Ventilator. Wind scoop. F, figs. 4327-9a. A hood or ventilating-jack (often so called) , attached to a pipe passing through the roof of a car, and so formed as to create either an exliaust WIN 151 YOK draft or the contrary by the current of external air passing over the car. With the Spear heater, figs. BOSS- GO, a wind scoop is shown. Wings (pile-driver car). 20, figs. 401-4. See Pile-drive?' car and swinging-platform. Winslow car-roof. Figs. 2355-67. A car-roof, patented by A. P. "Winslow, wliich consists of metal roof-sheets laid cross-wise to the car. They are made witli corru- gations and are let into grooves in the rafters. The latter are covered with strips of sheet-iron and tlie wliole with a layer of transverse boards, which are fastened to longitudinal purlins attached to tlae rafters or oarlines See Car-roof. Wire. See Seal-wires, figs. 3886-7a, 3900. Woven-unre, figs. 3952-67. Wire-base (for lantern) . Figs. 3352-4, 3356. Wire-covered beU-cord. See Sell-cord. Little used. Wire-gauze (for ventilator). A fine netting made of wire with which the outside of deck-windows and ven- tilator openings are covered to prevent the admission of dust. Wire shade-tripod. Fig. 3435. See Shade-ring. Wood-center car-wheel. Figs. 5320, 5347. A form of car-wheel used in England ahnost universally for pas- senger service, but rarely in this country. The wheel-center is entirely made up of teakwood used as a continuous and solid series of spokes held in place by side-plates and Mansell retaining rings. Called in Eng- land the Mansell wheel. See Steel-tired ivheel. Car- wheel. Tire-fastening. Wooden brake-block (EngUsh). 63, figs. 348-51. A piece of soft wood used in England as a brake-block, which see. Wood is being superseded by cast-iron. Wooden-wheel (for hand-cars). Figs. 5629-31. A form of wood center-wheel, which see. See Sheffield car-wheel. Wooden-frame truck. A car-truck, of which the wheel- pieces and end-pieces are made of wood. Figs. 4813-4966 are illustrations. See Truck. Car-truch. Wooden floor-mat (street-cars) . A sort of grating made of strips of wood, with distance-pieces and spaces be- tween. Wood's platform gate. Figs. 3794-6, A gate, the details of which are shown in the figures, that has found con- siderable favor on steam and suburban roads. When opened it folds against the end of the car quite out of the way. Wood-screw. A small cylindrical bar of iron or steel with a wood screw-thread cut on it and a slotted head so that it can be turned with a screw-driver. A lug- screiv is a heavy kind of wood-screw, but is not so-called. It has a sqxiare instead of slotted head, as fig. 3711. See Screw. Wood scre-w-thread. A form of screw-thread used for screws which are intended to screw into wooden objects. It differs from a metal thread in having the spaces be- tween the projections wider. World ventilator. Fig. 4315. See Ventilators. Worm. A helix like a screw-thread, for winding a rope or a chain upon. See Brake-chain worm. 17, fig. 2441. Worn flat (car- wheels). Under the rules for the inter- change of traffic this defect is defined to be irregular wear under fair usage, due to unequal hardness of the tread of the wheel, and to be carefully distinguished from slid flat, which is a defect produced by the slipping of the wheels from excessive brake-pressure. The rules provide that flats exceeding 2i in. in length are cause for rejection. See Wheels. Woven-wire fabrics (for car-seats and sleeping-car berths). Figs. 3952-67. Wrecking-car. Figs. 206-7, 212, 392-6. Also called tool- car or derrick-car. Fig, 207 represents the most power- -- - "am, and having See Derrick. I r,. 1 , -;..ri 1 wiii/ii one end elevated to form an incline plane by which derailed trucks can be replaced upon the track, by pulling the car in the direction of its length. Wrench. A contrivance for screwing and unscrewing a nut. A monkey-wrench is adjustable to take nuts of various sizes. A socket-tvrench, figs. 3214-5, is one hav- ing a cubical cavity to receive a square-end. The wrenches for the Westinghouse brake are packing-nut and cajo-screiv wrenches, and the discharge-valve seat wrench. A spanner, fig. 1725, which see, is a wrench for use on round or many-sided nuts, like hose-couplings to which lugs or slots are added for engaging with the wrench. Wrought-iron wheel. 1. Figs. 5268-7, 5274-81, etc. A steel- tired wheel, with a wrought-iron center, either with spokes or with solid plates. 2. (English.) A " wagon-wheel." A wheel in which the rim and spokes are of wrought iron and the hub (boss) is either of wi-ought or cast iron. If the former the spokes are welded to it, if the latter it is cast round the spokes. The tire is shrunk on. This wheel is largely used in freight (goods) service in England, and in both freight and passenger service on the continent of Europe. See also Kirfley doiible-spoke wheel. Wlieel. Car-u'heel. Wrought molding, or fascia molding (EngUsh). 122, figs. 501-4. A molding which is worked out of the solid on a horizontal or vertical part of the framing of a carriage body. See Planted molding. "X" car-roof. A form of roof little used, except on cheap cars, in which the carlines are, in form at least, independent rafters crossing each other under the upper deck in the form of an X. An "A" car-roof , which see, is a different type of the same general idea;. both very unusual. Y Yale lock. A form of lock so named from its inventor, which uses a flat key with an irregularly curved edge sliding into a cylinder which carries a number of pins, each cut into two parts, as tumblers. The edge of the key raises these tumblers to precisely the right height to bring the joint in them to the edge of the cylinder and permit revolution. The advantages of the lock are its conciseness and simplicity and the difiiculty of taking an impression for making a false key. To still further increase this dilEculty, a corrugated key has been intro- duced. Yoke. Figs. 2005-6. 1. A pocket-strap, U-shaped, which contains the spring and follower-plates of a drawbar, as shown in figures 1976, 2010, 2099. It is the means of attaching the drawbar to the spring and follower- plates. 2. A malleable iron guide for the cylinder brake-lever, fastened to the rear end of the cylinder by the yoke-stud and nuts. 3. (Car-door lock. ) F, fig. 2630. A part inclosing the double-armed dog of the spindle in such a manner that the motion of the door-knob in either direction moves back the latch. 4. (Car-trucks.) A spring-saddle, which see. 5. (Kaoul journal-box, which see.) Figs.5165-6. Astrap embracing the journal-box lid to take up the end thrust. The use of the yoke has recently been abandoned in favor of a sliding cap or lid moving vertically in grooves to open the box for oiling, but falling of its own gravity when oscillation or jarring begins, if by accident lifted. Yoke lever (Janney coupler). 135, fig. 2301, and fig. 2346. The part connecting the coupler and the buffers of the draw-gear, by means of which the co-operation of coupler and buffers is secured. Yoke lever (Janney draft-gear). 135, fig. 2301. See Janney-Buhoup-platforin-equipment. INDEX TO ENGRAVINGS. Note. — The following engravings, 5,683 in all, are alphabetically arranged under the following general heads ; these nine general head- ings include the engravings, and Ihey are a^ain sub-classed alphabetically. The page number is put at the bottom of each page. Page. CARS, General Views, Exterior and In- terior {iZ pages, "iW cuts) 2 CAR-BODIES (98 " 390 " ) 46 CAR-BODY DETAILS.... (79 " 1,837 " ) 143 CAR-FURNISHINGS.. (108 " 2,121 " ) 331 TRUCKS (21 " 5.57 " ) 339 Total Number of Pages and Cuts . . Fig. No. 1 339 617 3,454 4,576 Page. TRUCK DETAILS (115 pages, 244 cuts) 350 M. C. B. STANDARDS AND RECOM- MENDED PRACTICE {n pages, 304 cuts) 865 HAND-CARS (8 " 61 " ) 377 STREET-CARS (9 " 41 " ) 383 391 pages, 5,683 cuts. Fig. No. 5,133 5,377 5,581 5,642 If the above general arrangement be borne in mind, there will be no difficulty in turning at once to any class of engravings desired, all being alphabetically arranged under their title and sub-title, as shown above and more fully in the following detailed index. Under each of the headings and sub-headings of the following list, the engravings are in general arranged alphabetically, according to the names of roads ot other\v)SB, so far as their nature would permit. In a few cases cars have been grouped together on account of their construction features and uses, in preference to the particular kind of freight carried, and by which name they are usually distinguished. This, it is thought, will not lead to confusion, as they are never widely separated, but are nearly in alphabetical order. Page. CARS, Freight, General Views. ' " Box, a a 2 1 ' " Furniture, " " 3 4 Fruit, it it 3 5 " Refrigerator, " " 4 9 Flat, it (( 5 16 ' " Coal or Gondola, ' ' 6 21 ' " Dump {Side and End) " 8 37 Logging (( .( 9 34 Stock, it It 9 37 ' " Tank, it it 12 48 ' " Caboose (( it 12 50 Diagram Vieivs. 14 55 ' " Caboose, " " 17 81 ' Passenger, General Views. ' " Coach, " " 18 89 ' " Dining, " 21 101 ' " Parlor, " " 23 111 ' " Private, " 24 118 ' " Sleeping, " " 35 133 ' Combination, it (t 27 133 Baggage, it tt 39 139 ' Postal, " 30 142 ' Excursion, (( ti 33 151 ' Passenger, Diagram Views. 83 155 ' Working, General Views. 40 206 CAR-BODIES, Freight, Box-cars, General. 46 239 (< t( Fruit... 53 257 it it Milk ... 56 367 f> « Refrig- erator. . 58 374 « « Flat-cars 62 64 387 Figs. 17-21. CARS, Freight; General Viewt i-, Fig.M. FL4T Car Norfolk & Western Kailroad. Length. 34 ft. Capacity, 60,000 lbs. Weight, 20,900 lbs. EguippcilirUh Riiiid Diamond Trucks. m. \ ■E A '"W ■ :^" !oWA 8t hi(i^ ^^ras^ S T^i'ff. 18. Flat Car. Davenport, Iowa & Dakota Railroad. Length, S4 ft. Capacity, 10,0:0 lb=. Weight. 17,700 lbs. Equipped with Rigid Diamond Trucks. Fig. 19. Flat Car, for Bridge Timbers. Length, 41 ft. Capaciiy, 60,0t0 lbs. Weight, 23,700 lbs. Eqvipped irith Rigid Diamond Trucks {Details are shoirn in Figs. i!94-297.| Fig 20 Ore Cjr. Chicago & North WesteeiN Railway. Length, 22 ft. Capacity, 40,000 lbs. Weight, 21,800 lbs. Equipped icitfi Air Brakes and Sicing Motion Trucks. Fig. 21. Gondola Car, with Double drop Bottom and Rack for Coke. Pittsburgh, Fort Way.n'e & Chicago Railway. Inside length, a3 ft. Capacity, 60,000 lbs. Weight, 30,700 lbs, (6) CARS, Freight ; Ocneral IVocs. Fig!i. 22-26 Fio. 22. Gondola Car, Single Drop-bottom, for Coal and Lumber. Lake Shore & Micfiiqan Southern Railwsy. Length, 3i ft. Capacity, B0,00;) Ibi. Weight, 27,150 lbs. Equipped with Air Brakes and Riyid Diainond Tritcks. Fig. 23. Gondola Car, with Drop-bottom and Dkop-knds, for Coal, Ore and Lumber Norfolk & Western Railroad. Length, 36 ft. lin. Capacity, 60,000 lbs. Weight, 27,400 lbs. {Details are shown in Figs. 302-304.) Fig. 24. Gondola Car. with Hopper-bottom, for Coal. New York, Ontario & Western Railway. Length, 29 ft. 1 in. Capacity, 60,0D0 lbs. Weight, 2.5.1.50 lbs. Fig. 25. Gondola Car, with Pvramidal Hopper-bottom, for Coal. Length, 26 ft- Capacity, 60,000 lbs. Weight, 23,400 lbs. Equipped loilh Air Bralce, Side Trussing an I Rigid Diamond Trucks. (7) Fig. 26. Gondola Car, with Twin-Hoppers, for Coal. Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. Length, 30 ft. 2 ins. Capacity. 60,000 lbs. Weight, 30,800 lbs. j^jg.s. 27-33. CAR3, Freight ; GcneridlVie Side-Dump Ore Car. Lake Shore & Michlgan Southern Railway. Length, 3a ft. Capacity, 80,000 lbs. Weight, 36,500 lb?. (Details are shoum in Piijs. 332-335.) Fi[i. 28. SrDE-DUMP Car. Thacher. Capacily, 40,000 Ibg. Weight, 17,200 lbs. Body tilted by Compressed Air. (Details are shown in Fins. 339-312.) Fig. 29. Mine Car, Automatic End Dump, built by C. W. Raymond & Co. Fiij. .30. Mine Car, Automatic Side Dump, built by C, W. Raymo-nd & Co. Fig. 31. Ceme'^t Car. Drop Bottom, built by Bloomsburg Car Company. Fill. '?>i. Mine Car, End Dump, built by Bloomseuru Car Company. Fitj. 33. Mink Car, Steel, End Dump, built by BL00M8BURG CaR COMPANY. (8) CAES, Freight; General Views. Figs. 34-38 Wif/.Sl. LoQOT.vG Car, miiLT tiv The Russell Wurel & Pountjuy Company. Fifj. 35. LoGGiNO Car Truck, uuilt by The RUS8BLL Wueel & Foundry Company''. Pla. 36. Logging Car, built by The Russell Wheb;l & Foundry Company. Truck length. 8 ft. 4 ins. Height, 32 ins. Capacity, 50,000 lbs. Weight, 9,100 lb?. iDcfailfi are shoxcn in Fins. 3.52-.35J.) Fig. ST. Stock Car, Double Decked for Sheep and Hogs. Chicago, Burlington & Quiscy Railroad. Capacity, 10,000 lbs. Weight, 31,500 lbs. Equipped with Air Brakes, Troughs for Feedinq and Watering and Swing Motion Trurks. (9) Fif/.SS. .Stock Car for Cattle and Horses. Pennsylvania Railroad. Capacity, till,OC« lbs. Weight, 30,100 lbs. Equipped irit/i Feed Boxes, Air Brakes and Rigid Diamond Triuks. Figs. 39-il. CARS, Freight; General View Fig. 39. Stock Car fok Cattle and Horses. Chicago & Northwestern Railway, Capacity, 50,000 lbs. Weight 34,550 lbs. Ai'rai.geme'tfs/or Feedinj and JVaiering. End Doors for Loading Luvihcr and Rails, and Equipped with Air Braki' and Siting Motion Truck. fig. 10. Stock Cab for Cattle and Horses. Canda Cattle Car Company. Length, 38 ft. Capacity, 60,000 lbs. Weight, 32,900 lbs. Arrangemenls/or Feeding anil Watering, Eml Doors for Loading Lumber and Mails, and Equipped with Air Bratccs and Special Swing Motion Trucks. (Details are shown in Figs. 339-364.) Fia. 41. stock Car for Cattle and Horses. Atchison, Topeka,& Santa Fe Railroad. Length, 34 ft. Capacity, 50,000 lbs. Weight, 28,900 lbs. Arrangimenis for Feeding and Watering, Equipped wUh Air Brakes and Swing Motion Trucks. {Interior shown in Fig. 42.) («» CARS, Freight; General Vieivn. >Vf/.s. 42-47 Fig 42. IKTERIOR OF Stock Car for Cattle and Horses. Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad. Shounnff Racks and Trou(flis for Feeding and Watering. Fig 4S Intepior ot SiocK Cat kir Hoksi i Ke\^tone P\L\tL HorsE Car Comf \n\ Capacity. 18 horses. Fig. 44. Stock Uab for Horses and Prize Cattle. EguipiKd iviih Air Brakes and Swing Motion Trucks. {Interior shovn in Fig. JH.) Fig. 45. Stock Car fob Horses and Prize Cattle. The Burton Stock Car Company. Length, 44 ft. Capacity, 16 horsea, or 22,400 lbs. (Interiors shown in Figs. 46 and 47.) Fig. 16. iMTEKIOR OF BUBTON STOCK CAR FOB HoBSES. Partitions moved to one side, making a Box Stall or Storage Room (11) for Vehicles. Fig. 47. Interior ok Burton Stock Car for Horses. Partitions arranged longitudinallji. Troug/i irhcn loirrrrd consti- tutes a Buifcr. Figs 4:8-51. CARS, Freight and Caboose ; (hiiei-iil Vicii-k. I'lii. 48. Tank C iR for Oil, Acids, Molas^ss, Etc. Uniom Tank Lines. Length, 37 ft. Capacity, 8.001) sjals. Weight, 28,000 lbs. iUciaih fire sJioirn in FlQh. 373-.S70.) Fiji. 49. Knil View. Tank Car for Oil, Aoius, Etc. i_lNiON Tank Line. Fi'i). 5X Caboose Car Norfolk & Western Railroad. FoMV-Whtclcfl. TVitfi Lookout and Tool Box. Fiy.ol. Caboose Car with Equalizing Bar. DoLUTH & Iron Rancf, Railroad. Four-lVlieeleJ. With Lookout. {Older Pattern.) (12* CARS, Freight, Caboose ; Geiwral Vkip?. Fi(jH. 52-64,. Fig. o2. Caboose Gar. New York, Ciiicago & St. Louis Railroad, With Lookout. Plalforms, Slcps and Ricjhl Diamond Trucks, Fiij.'M Cai'.oose Oak, IJenvkj! & Km fiitAsnE liAir.KOAU. Willi Lookout Side Doom, and tiininij Motion Diamond, Tnii-ka : '///( Flli/itic f^prim/s (13) Fill. 5i. Caboose Car. Chicago, .St. Palh. Minneai'Olts & Omaua Railway. With Lookout, Tool Box, Platforms and Stejis, Side Doors and Passvnijtr Trurl.s. Figf!. 55-62, CABS, Freight. ; Ginerol Vievs. 33' /oi/a- FiiJ. 55. >iide Elevation. Box Cab. Pe.nnsylvania Uailkoad. (A'o longer a standard ) &' 03/9^' a4 - a' I 'At- — Fiu. .56. End Elevation. -9,;oJ/4."-.^ <9-k ■ Fiq. 57. .Side Elevation. Box (;ar. Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. Inside width, 7 ft. 10 ins. Inside hieight, 7 ft. 10 ins. Capacity, .50,000 lbs. Weight, 29,.550 lbs. Fiy. 58. End Elevation. k — ff'o-^- j<- — — 38'-^ Fm. 59. Side Elevation. Box CiR. Pen'.nsyi.vama Railroad. Capacity, 60,0;0 lbs. Weight, 31,600 Ibe. {Dctaih are shown in Figs. 232-243.) Fig. 60. End Elevation. 1^^^^^ -3'7'/2-- i9- 6- -^ .._.H^. ^O' 6 " ■ Fit}. 61. Side Elevation. Box Cab. Baltimore ^ Onio Railroad. Z3 Length, 12 ft. ^Mi ins. over couplers, 38 ft, 7H ins. over framing. Capacity, 50,000 lbs. Weight, 31,600 lbs, IFinsloir Iron Roof, Oruhum Draft Rigging. . Fig. 62, End Elevation. (14) CARS, Freight ; General Vleir^. Figsf. 63-72 Jff ' 6 " 1 ' '|| ^ ' ' ' ' ' llj ' ' I ' ' I I iJ 1 3^ I I I I ijj: ( li'i J ) -^-^ V- T" or ^^"^■^ 38' / (/-t Fiij. 63. fii(U ElcvaUoii. Low B^LAT CaK. ItALTTMOKE & OlIIO RAILROAD. Length over couplei-B, .38 ft. 1!4 ins. Capacity, 60,(IOfl lbs 7 1 \ ;Jj'->rjfffY 11 -^ j^^'s^y-^ Fui . 61. A'/j(/ Elpvation. Fig. 65. 8(((> Elevation. Gondola Oak. Baltimoke & Ohio Uailkoad. Length over couplers, 38 ft. oK ins. Capacity, 60,(H)0 lbs. Anwrican Continuous Di-awliar. Fiij. 66. End Elevation. — 27- 3- 2 8' "y'/2'- Fig. 67. Side Elevation. Box Hoppeh Gondola Car. Baltimore & Omo Railroad. Capacity. 60,0(10 lbs. Weight, 29,700 lbs. Clear opening of earh rtopper, i5 x 76 f«s. }'i!l. 68. End Klcvation. c^--a) ^J ^v/,ee, \^.^^.l2 ■fd-^ ■(^:^(^i -26-2 36 '-2"-- ■'■^-J-0'--M Fig. 69. Side Elevation. Double-Hoppeb Gondola Car. Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. Length, 38 ft. i\i ins. over couplers. Capacity, 60,(MJ0 lbs. -^■61 g Fig. 70. End Elevation. Fig. 11. Side Elevation. Side Dump Car. Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. Length, 31 ft. 3?i ins. over couplers. Capacity, 60,000 lbs. (15) American Continuou.i Drawbar. Fox Pressed Steel Trrwk. Fig. 72. End Elevation. Fiys. 73-80. CARS, Freight; Gi'iieraJ Viewn. ■21 - 30' a"- .^2'0 '/^" ^Vf/ 73. Hide Elevation. HorpEK Gondola Car. Racked for Coke. Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. Inside length, 28 ft. 6 ins. Inside width, 7 ft. 6 ins Capacity, 40,0(Xllbs. Weight, 22,300 lbs. Clear Opening of Hoqyper, 32J4 > aTAi inn. Fig. 74. End Elevation. Fig. 75. Hide Elevation. Stock Car, Doublk-Decked, Pennsylvania Railroad. Capacity, 60,000 lbs. Fig. 76. End Elevation. -22 e- 3/ ' <3'/S-- 33' 2 '/e '^—- -.^^' a ve-- — Fig. 77. .Side Elevation. Hand Derrfck Car. Pennsylvania HailkojID. Capacity. 15 tons. Weight, 50,700 lbs. Fig. 78. Enel Elevation. So'-O''— ! ^ i-a'/a' ever dreiu-he&ds Fig. 79. Side Elevatiein. Hand Derrick Car. Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. Capacity, 15 tons. Weight, 40,375 lbs. Equipped v:ith Air Brakes. [Details are skou-n in Figs. 392-393.) Fig. 80. End Elevation. (Ifi) CAKS, Caboose ; General T-'/cjr.s. Figs. 81-88. (?=^ ,T ^— - — 6' 41'/ /<7f/. 81. Hide Elevation, Fifi. 82. End Elevation. FouH-WuEEL Caboose Car with Lookout. New York, Like Ekie & Western Railroad. {Detail.^ arc sfioien in Fin^. 385-388.) Fill 83. Side Eleeation. Eight-Wheel Caboose, with Side Uooks and Lookout. Fill. 81. End Eleea'.iou. Fig. 85. Side Elevation. Eight-Wheel Caboose, with Side Doors and Tool Box. I^liiK. Pig. WS. iMiiEioK 01 DiNiNo Car. Fig. 107. Interior of Dining Cab, La Rabida. Pig. 107. Exhibited at World's Columbian Expo.'iition, 1893. by Pullman' s PaiaccCar Company. {Exterior shoion in Pig. 110. Plan in Fig. 191.) Pig. 108. Interior of Dining Car, Ferdinand. Exhibited at JVorld's Columbian Exposition, 1893, bi/ Tl'agn/r Palace Car Company. [Plan shovm in Pig. 179.) Fig. 109. Interior of Dining Car, La Rabida. Exhibited at World's Columbian Exposition^ 1893, by Pullman's Palace Car Company. (22) CARS, Passenger; Oencral Vi Fif/s. 110^114 J of Parlor Car for Pknnsylvama Railroad Limited Exrress. (Interior .shown in Fig. U.S.) Fig, 122 Exhibited at World's^ Volumliian Expo.iition, 1893, by Pullman's Palace Car Compani/, Ban Windows, Vaulted Ceiling, Oval Deck Windows and Electric Lights. {Plan shown in Fig. 193.) .>«■ i«8Mi*aM« fp»i5»l^^SSK^"3f^a*B^fe^*i^^7:zS?r'j!«r' ^imtt"'t%m%^ % Il 1 ' 1' H'^'^f^ m 1 m 1 Ml 1 yBI I On '1 il 1^ Ti l;..^.XZjt-:^;^-s^:.,^-r^ ' ',' "~ ■''■■■•^' • ■"■ =s=f,r ^ ' \ . - \ ^-r-'y^—^ii,,.-^im-.,iir^ * ^sIjSS^/ '»«!«4if.,-»*'?»' '•'•-. tA-l^Sil /^/f/, 123 Compartment Sleeping Car, Ferdinand. <25) Exhibited at World's Columbian Exposition, 1893, bij Pullman's Palate Car Comijiniij. {I'lan shown in Fig, 187.) Fiijs. 124-128. CARS, Passenger ; General Vieivs. Fig. vii. riLhjEPiM. L iK, Flllman's Palace Uak Company. {A type that is being replaced by those shown in FHgs. 123 and 129.) Fig )2o INTERIOR OF A bLi-iiPiNG Car, Built BY The Barney &, Smith Car Company. Fig 126, Interior OF Sleeping Car America. Exhibited at World's Columbian Exvosition, 1893, by Pullman's Palace Car Company. Vaulted Ceiling, Oval Deck-Windows, Disappearing Curtain Rods and Electric Lights. {Plan is shown in Fig. 186.) Fig, 127. Interior of Sleeping Car, Isabella, State Room. Exhibited at World's Columbian Exposition by the Wayncr Palace Car Company, {Plan ahown in Fig. 177.) Fig. 128. Interior of Bufket Parlor Car, Pizon. Exhibited at World's Columbian Exposition by the Wagner Palace Car Company. {Plan shown in Pig. 178.) (26) CARS, Passenger ; General Views. Figs. 129-133 Fig. 129. Sleeping Car for Pullman's Palace Car Company's Service. (Shoumoa Transfer Table ) Fig. 130. Interior of Sleeping Car, Gladiolus. Pennsylvania Railroad's Limited Express. Fig. 131. Interior op Sleeping Car, America, Drawing Room. Exhibited at World's Columbian Exposition^ 1893, by Pullman's Palace Car Company. {Plan is shown in Fig. 188. Another interior is shown in Fig, 126.) Pig. 132. Interior of Combination Car, Smoking Compartment. Exhibited at World's Columbian Exposition by the Wagner Palace Ceir Company. (27) {Plan is shown in Fig. 175. ) Fig. 133. Interior op Combination Car, Smoking Compartment. Exhibited at World s Columbian Exposition, by Pfdhiuin ^ Patau (a) Company. {Plan is shoirii iii Fig IM, i rli i lur in Fig. 131.) Figs. 134-137'. CARS, Combination Passenger, Baggage and Mail; General Views. Fig. VM. Combination Smoking, Barbek Shop, Hath Room a.\d Baggage Car. Exhibited al World'a Columbian Exposition. 189.3, bu Pullman's Palace Car Company. {Plan is shown in Fin. 184, interior in Fig. 13.3.} Fig. 13.i. CoMBiNATio.N Passbngkr and Baggage Car. Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. Fig. VM\. Combination Passenger, Baggage and Mail Car. Chattanooga Southern Railway. Fig. 137. Combination- Baggage and Mail Car. St. Louis & Hannibal Railway. CABS, Bag-gage and Express; Gntmii Vii'irs. Fiijs. 138-141 Fig. 138. Intkkior of a Combination Passenger and Baggage Car. Fiq. 139. Intekior of a Baggage and Express Car. Fig. UO. Baggage and Express Car. Illinois Cbntral TiAiLROAi). Length, .50 ft. 8 ins. Capacit.v, 40,000 lbs. Weight, 48,100 lbs. Fig. 141. Baggage Car. ^^ Baltimore & Onio Railroad. Figs. 142-145. CARS, Postal ; General Views. Fig. 142, Postal Car. Chicago, Burlington & Quinoy Railroad. Fia 143. Interior of Postal Car. Fig. lU. Interior Postal Car for Papers. Fig. U3 Exhibited at World's Columbian Exposition, 1893, by Pullman's Palace Car Comminy. Harrison Bag Racks and Table. {Plan is shoimi in Figs. 182 and 183.) Letter Case End in Background. Fig. U5.MP03TAL Car, wiTn one End Door. Illinois Central Railroad.] Lengtb, 60 ft. 9 in.9. Capacity, 40,000 lbs. Weight, 72,100 lbs. (30) CABS, Postal ; General Views. Figs. 146-150 fni 1J6. Postal Car, Chicago & Nokthwestkhn Bailway. \Shoion on Transfer Table.) Fig. UT.'^InteeiorIPostal Cae/Sdowing Letter Cask'End, Fig. 148. Interior Postal Car, Showing Bag Racks, Lamps and Skylight. Reversible Tables and Paper Boxes. (31) Fig. 119. Elkctkic LightiPlant. Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway. {Placed in the end of Baggage Cars.} Fig. 150. Interior Parlor Car. Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway. {Shminng Arrangement of Lamps for Elcctiic Lighting.) Finn. 151-154. CABS, Passenger ; OcrierdJ Views. Fig. 151. Open K.kodhsio.'^ Car fok Suuurban Roius. Salt Lake & Los Angble.s IIailroad. Fig 152. Interior of Toukist ok Emigrant Sleehno (Jar. Southern Pacific Company. {Details shov-'n iii Figs. .505-511 ) Fig. 163. Interior of Special Tourist Car for Excursionists AND Troops. Pennsylvania Company. Fig.lii. SIBCIAL Tourist Car for Excursionists and Troops. Pennsylvania Company. Vesigncd for World s Fair Service. (32) CAB.S, Passenger ; General Vieivs. Fk)^. 155-162 ^O 2 Fig. 155. Passengeu Coach. Pennsylvania Railroad. Seating capacity, 64 persons. Weight, 65,600 lbs. ( Details are shown in Figs. 435-44.3. t-T" o'^ /o~' Fig. 157. Passenger Coach. Baltimore & Ohio Pailuoad. Length, 48 ft. 6 ins. Capacity, 56 persona. Weight, 53,300 lbs. {Details are shmtm in Figs. 453-460.) l/5'*- 3'I0' —>'20'<- ■ jV'-'/COV 310' '.SO Fi 0. 195. Sectional Plan. Private Car, built by Pullman's Palace Car Company. ■:/%i^-.-24^^rod'f^-ff-,7ls'^^'^' Fig. 196. Sectional Plan. Private Car, built by Pullman's Palace Car Company. \ 6_"_~'/' /0''-j'--. Fi(f. 197. Sectional Plan. Private Car, built by Pullman's Palace Car Company. Fi a. 198. Sectional Plan. Business Car, New York, Lake Erie & Western Railroad. - - — - ss 4 — Fig. 199. Sectional Plan. Business Car, New York, Lake Erie & Western Railroad. CAi&S, tasseiiger; General Virwa. — -- 5/' e Figs. 200-205 Fifi. 2011. Scclional Plan. Business Cak, Nkw Yokk, Lakr Eujic & Western Hatlroad. ^-^^-^j: I f !fl i^f^ -1 1" ~-~ 1 I jf L ^-~~~J -1 '^. ■--' 1 1 ^jy s J i B - 6 '''/"- B 6' '4'- .__ 4 -J j' Q II J - 1^.^ a ^ /^^/f7. 201. Sectional Plan. PmVAiE Cak, built by The Barnev & Smith Car Company. Fig. 202. Sectional Plan. Private Car, built by The Barney & Smith Car Company. iOSsr^ira^SE^r^ssHCH: nDannnnnnnnnnnnaan n &^&*0 nnnannnnnnnnnD V^^ — S/ 3^/8 a c an D DDE DDE nannnnnQnaDQ EDDnnDnnnDGL D D D D □ g □ □ □ DDL /cf '-t-27'/2-- 2 S'- 27'/2'S^27l^- J '3 ~- -27'/Z'/'Si^ FHg. 203. Sectional Plan. Chapel Car, American Baptist Publication Society, built by The Barney & Smith Car Company. •'/£•/ Sf^ 3j3 ua -uu.^ a-- ""r;r-F^ nfj Li_ 'la,-— aIl_^_:lU^!i_J■)-~ J')■fA 204 . Sect iona I Plan . First Class Corridor Dining Car, London & Northwestern Railway. Y .TO'/z" ■ <-- -88 '/a safe jj^-=B^---=!yti=i^^^^2i*=4ri^-^ n^ ji^- /i(" J (39) Fig. 205. Sectional Plan. Sleeping Car, Mann Boudoir. FiyK. 206-208. CARS, Working ; Genera} Virica. Fifi- 20ii. Wreckini; Cak, Uoublr-IIand, Union Paciktc llAUAVAf, Buir.T p.y Industrial Works, Hay City, Miohiqan. Capacity, 1.5 tons. Numbers Refer to List of Names with Figs. 388-396. Pin- 207. Steam Wrkcking Crank. Industrial Works. Hadius of arm, 22 ft. Capacity, 40 Ions. Numbers Refer to List of Names with Figs. 405-407 Fifi. 20,s. Steam Shovel. Indu.strial Workp. m CAKS, Working; General Vieu-s Figs. 209-2 li Pig. 209. Locomotive Crane, built by thl. Industrial Works. Capacity, 12 ton?. Fig. 210. LocoMOnvE Crane. Yale & Towne Manufacturing Company. Radius o( boom, 16 ft. Capacity, 4,000 lbs. Fig. 211. Loco.MOTiVE Ckane. Yale & Towne Manufacturing Company. <«) Radius o£ Boom,'26 f t. 6 ins. Capacity, 10 tons. Weight 50.000 lbs. (Details arc slioiri, i,i Fiy.^.SSQ-m.} Figs. 212-215. CARS, "Working ; General Views. Fi(j.2l2. Double Derrick-Car, Yale & Towne Manufacturing Company. Lifting' Capacity, 20,000 lbs. Fiff. 213. RoDGERS Ballast Distributikg Car. iVith Ptoio liaised for Transportation. Fig. 211. Ballast Plow, PRtcEDED ay a Hopper-bottom Ballast Car. Fig. 215. Clearance Car, Pennsyltania Railroad. (42) CAKS, Working; General Views. Figs. 216-220 Fig. 216. Clearance Car, Pennsylvania Railroad. Mg. 217. Railhoad Ditching Car, The American. Fig. 217a. Sweeping Car, for Electric Roads. Fig. 218. Air Brake Instruction Cab, Westinghouse Air Brake Company. Fig.'^^W. Interior Aik Brake Instruction Car. Fig. 220. Interior Air Brake iNgTRUCTiON Car. (43) Wkstinghouse Air Brake Company. Figs. 221-224. CABS, Working; General Views. Fig. 221. Pile Driver Car. New York Central & Hudson River Railroad. Built by the Industrial Works, Bay City, Michigan. The framing of Pile Driver Cars is shown in Figs. 397-400. Fiy 112 The Russell Wing Ele\atob Snow Plo'Vv Fig. 223. The Russell Snow Plow. Fig. 224. The Russell Double Track Snow Plow. (TAe framing is shown in Fig. iOS.) Snow Plows built by The Ensign Manufacturing Company, m CARS, "Working; Oenernl Views. i'Yf/s. 225-228 l^yg 225. The IUtsselt^ WiNGf Snow Plow. Built by the Ensign Manufacturing Comininy. Fig. 225, The Jull Centrifugal Snow Excavator. Fig. 227. The Jull Centrifugal Snow Excavator. Built by The Jull Manufacturing Cj»ipy,ny, ' Brooklyn. Fig. 228. The Rotary Steam Snow Shovel. Built by The Leslie Brothers, Paterson, N. ■/. Figs. 229-231. CAB-BODIES, Freight ; Bo.c Cars;. CAR-BODIES. Numbers refer to List of Names with Figrs. 265-266. -M '■ '■ ts'-/4^" "- »| ' "ml h o S s 5: w CAR BODIES, Freight ; B CAR-BODIES, Freight ; Fruit Cars. Figs. 265-266 3- S" 1 Fiu. 265. End Elevation of Framinf). Fiij. '266. CVos.s Secfion.'i throagh Door and Bolstrr. Ventilated Fruit-cak Body. Cincinnati, ^fE\v Orleans & Texas Pacieio Kailway. I,isT OF Names op Parts of Box-cab Bodies. Fig.-i. 329-266 1. Side. Sill. 32. Buffer-block (same as 60. Hand-hold. 103. Brake Ratchet-wheel. 2. End-Sill. 39). 61. Grated Door. 103. Brake-pawl. 3. Inner Iniermediate-sill. 32a. Same as 32'. 61d. Door. 104. Horizontal Brake- 3a. Outer IntermediaTe-sill. 32. Buffer-beam. 62. Grain door. shaft Ctiain. 4. Center-Sill. 33. Brace. 63. Grain-door Rod. 105. Brake-shaft Chain 5. Short Floor timber. 34. Brace-rod. 64. Door-sill. Sheave. 6. Brake-hanger Timber. 34. End Brace-rod. 65. Top Door-track. 138. Dra wbar Cross-tim ber. 7. Floor-timber DUitance- 34b Double Connterbrace- 66. Bottom Door-track. 139. Draw-gear Tie-rod. block. riid Plate-washer. 67. Door-track Bracket. 141. Train Signal-lamp. 8. Fl'or-timber Brace. 34c. Counterbrace-rod Plaie- 68. Door-hanger. 142. Brake-head. 9. Sill Knee iron. icasher. 69. Door-brace. 143. Brake-beam . 10. Sill Tie-rod. 35. End-brace. 70. Door-shoe. 144. Brake-hanger. 11. Transverse Floor-tim- 35. End-brace Pocket. 71. Open-door Stop. 145. Brake-lever. ber. 36. Sill-and-plate Rod. 72. Closed-door Stop. 146. Brake-lever Fulcrum. 12. Body-bolster. 37. Counferbrace. 73. Door-hasp. 147. Brake-lever Guide. 12'. Body-bolster Thimble. 37. Counterbrace Rod. 74. Door-pin. 148. Brake-lever Bracket. 12a Top Plate of Iron 38. Brace-ro I Washer. 75. Door-pin Chain. 150. Brake-chain. Body-bolster. 39. Brace-pocket . 78. Door-Iiandle. 151. Brake-shaft Connect- 12b . Bottom Plate of Iron 40. Same as 39 . 80. Card-rack. ing-rod. Body-bolster. 41. Double Brace-pocket. 81. Carline. 152' Brake-lever Connect- 13. Body-bolster Truss-rod. 42. Post. 82. Carline (same as SI). ing-rod. 14. Body-bolster Truss rod 42. Post-pocket. 83. Purlin. 165. ■Journal-bo.r. Washer. 43. Corner-post. 84. Ridge-pole. 177. Door-cap. 15. Body - bolster Truss - 44. Door-post. 86. Roof-boards. 186. Key-blocks. block. 44w. Window-post. 86c . Ceiling (Fig. 363). 188. Brake-hanger Bolt. 16. Body Side-bearing. 44'. Door-post Pocket. 87. Running-board. 190. Brake Hand-rail. 17. Body Center-plate. 45. Corner-post Pocket. 88. Running-board Exten- 191. Push-pole Corner-iron. 18. King-bolt or Center-pin . 46. Plate. sion. 201. l>r(cwbar Carry-iron. 19. Body Truss-rod. 46s Window-sill. 89. Runniug-Jioard Bracket. 210. Unconpling-lever and 19a . Body Truss-rod Washer. 46w. Window-cap. 91. Fascid-board. {same as Rod. 20. Body Truss-rod Saddle. 47. Plate-rod. 90;. 212. Draw-gear Tie-rod or 21. Body Truss-rod Bear- 48. End-plate. 93. Brake Hand-u-heel. (.Continuous Draivbar. ing. 49. Belt-rail. 94. Brake-shaft. 220. Sill Strcqj-bolt. 22. Cross Tie-timber. 50. End Belt-rail. 95. Horizoutid Brake-shaft. 222. Inside Upper-corner- 23. Drawbar. 51. End Belt-rail Tie-rod. 96. Upper Brake-shaft Bear- pilate. 24. Draft-spring. 52. Sheathing or Siding. iug. A = Auxiliary Air Reser- 25. Auxiliary Buffer-spring. 53. Inside Lining. 97. Lower Brake-shaft Bear- voir. 26. Draft-timber. 54. Lining -strip. ing. C = Brake-cylinder. 27. Floor. 55. Upper Corner-plate. 98. Brake-shaft Step. P = Train-pipe . 28. Double-deck. 56. Middle Corner-plate. 99. Brake-shaft Bracket. T = Triple-vah-e. 29. Buffer -block {same as 57. Lower Corner-plate. 100, Brake-step. V = Ventilators (Figs. 257- 32). 58. Roping-staple. 101. Brake-step Bracket. 363). 30. Sill-stex). 59. Ladder-round. 102'. Hand-hold. (55) Figs. S67-270. CAB-BODIES, Freight ; Milk Cars. Numbers refer to Lists of Names of Parts on opposite and preceding pages. 51 I ^-5'/ +6-t'~ /S — t^i- /S ■ -fS-i CAR-BODIES, Freight ; Milk Cars. Fi/js. 271-273 /2?5M iiT/aer Car True Ms SCALE OF FEET. 12-64 Fiij. 271. Part LoiialtnillHal Si:i:tion. DesK _ 2l'>3s' Fig.iTi. Pliin of Floor. Milk-car Body, for Small Cans, Old Colony Railroad. Fiij. 21:1. Trftn^vrvh-r Sectio/i. Names of Parts Special to Figs. 3B7-370. 21 A. Borly Triiss-iod Bearing Brace. 23. rnrnbuekle Trn.s.-i Rod. ,■ 28. JJeafeniiig Ceiling. 42. Door-post. 53c. Ceiling. 53A. Interiiieiliiile Lining. 61. Door. 72. Door-roil or Bar. 90. Eaves Moulding. 141B. Signal-lamp Bracket. 146S. Brake-lever Tie-rod. 78A. Door Grab-iron. pp. ripe to Coiidiictor' ,s Valve. RB. Can-rack Bracket. V. Conductor's Valve. W. Windotvs. Fiij. 27.')o. ,S'cr/i,, Kid;, Side Eli: fill ion. T-i ^3|S§IC'"r;> -■J <57) PiV/. 27.'?;). Pari Plan Slioirhiu Uiidcrfrinne. Milk-car Body. New York, Ontario & W kstkun ItAiLWAY. Length, io ft. Capacity, 60,000 lbs, or 280 10-galJoti cans. \"\'figlit. Sl.oim llis. 'i ib il '.'s J-'iil. 2~3r. Tliilf Cross .S'rrtioii iiinl Elevation. Figs. 274-275. CAR-BODIES, Freight; Refrigerator Ceirs. CAR-BODIES, Freight ; licfrigendor Cars. Fu/s. 276-2'79 Numbers refer to List of Names on Following- Page. Fig- 276. End Elevation. — ^ /^ +. J /ay^. Fi(j. '111. Tranavcrsc Sections. Refrigerator-car Bodv. Hanrahan System of Refrigeration. (59) Fiij. 279. Part Loiigitudiaat Section. Refrigerator-car Body. Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Pail Railway. Figs. 280-282. CAR-BODIES, Freight ; Rrf rigerator Cars. Fill- 2S0. EndEUvalion. Refrigeeator-oar Body. C , M. & Sr. Paul Railvnay. Names of Parts of Refrigerator Cars. Fig.^. 278-286. Fig. 281. Transverse Sections, 2. End-sill. 12. Body-hoMer. 12a. Top Bolster-plate. 12b. Bottom Bohter-plate. 12c. Bolster Center-casting. 12d. Body-bolster nimble. 12e. Body-bolster Truss-hlock. 16. Body Side-bearing. 17. jBocZ?/ Center-plate. 18. King-bolt. 19. i?oc?2/ Truss-rod. 20. Body Truss-rod Saddle. 21. Body Truss-rod Bearing. 22. Cross-tie-timber. 23c. Coupler. 26. Draft-tiudier Floor. 30. Sill-step. 32. Buffer-beam. 33. Brace. 34. Brace-rod. 34'. £"71(7 Brace-rod. 35. End-brace. 37. Counterbrace. 37'. Counterbrace-rod. 42. Po-sf. 38. Bruce-rod Wa.sher. 43. Crjmer-post. 44. Dfjoi'-pjost. 46. P/a 00 00 05 05 ■ • r 00 ^- hf^ >^ ^«" o ; . :: ~ c, r. •^^ a = ? ''^ c? 5 &" a a, ~ a 2 § ^ .' 2 aj o oi ^ V» ^ 1^ IT, ^ ^. Ht- o ^ W i :5 o (61) Fk/H. 287-289. CAK-BODIES, FreigM ; Fiiit Car. » ■ 9> ■ rf^ CO CO ^D M • so to to to to o o ^ t^ uj o a o o a. a- a. A rti Slj tt; tcr tc tti rt ^ [V. -i? o- c- o- c m" 2 '^ "> P S ^ ^^:3 S S to M K> to to i-^ h-» t-* t-i ^^ M ^^ •-' o i to to ^ ^ -: O O o -■CO a « 2 ^ ^ ^ rS a- a. :i s SO C5. c- ^ 3 1*:. r^ 3 d o 6 ? a^ a- a. ^ '^ ^ ^ ^^ ^ ^ I a. . Q CD CO S CO to to g rf. M P iO ! (3 Kl 2 e a i~, o 5 2 s- s- 5' ^ 2 -^ ^ §- S; ; a ~- o C: a !^ o ;i H ^ S- n !/; o d &> S! 73 n S !-^ ^ f' q o t-^ n ^ 3 a- t^ to ■;; X -~ K) w JO ^o h-l M I-* I-* Oi 01 OI Oi cc CT? rn O W p (-» o h- ' 1— » p .*> Push Brak Float ^ to to a. 1 A t-f a. Q ;>■- ^ >- d •^ ■^ a. a 2 a. c K> to f^ ^ ^ W p > OI o< OI y 4 to a li- ^ (^ ?s ■:-i. — . c^- i; O -r^ 1 a^ --1 1 =5 ^ a' n o ■■: ^■5 » Go* d S; H ; tn r ^ r-1 T3 I'l > § 2. ::; "< P3 Si ~: ^ E! tS' ~ o ?7 ri •^ OD b o- ^ H W on ic ?a Fin. 289. Half End Elevation and Half Cross Section, CAK-BODIES, Freight ; Fhit ('ays. Fiijfi. 290-297 I*— -3' i^- - Fif/. 297. Transverse Sccliou. Figs. 298-301. CAB-BODIES, Freight; Gnvdoln Cars. C o p o p a S =" B o E S 2 ? K t> 5; o =. o = _^jajltt \ r"M TISWW* W«w T*f ^ vi ;! ro 1- 1 "■ ^ --- 3# El ^/o'^ r- ? V , • ■"i -J w ji .;< « ^^i || ' -r I " P ffil ii^ 1*- ^ ^r i^^ 77W "A) "Ci. '-. c 3 t '/ i ;:ii- ■■15- •^ (0^ a iil i;^^ 1 "* iL f '1 ^ 1 ^^ ^s'/HJ iW*tt* ba^ 1 tliV!l ^ _ ^ -"e " J-T£.aig | -^",g^j -y;;^:j- ' i!r^- Names op Parts of Gondola Cars. Figs. 298-315, Side sill. Evd-sill. Inner Triteriaedntte .sill. Outer Tntermedidte-sill. Sill Tie-rod. Eiid-sill and Bolster Tie- rod. Short Center-.'iill Tie-rod. Bodjj-holster. Bodij-holster Truss-rod. Body-bolster Fliteh-plates. Body-bolster Truss-rod Saddle-strap. Body Side-bearing. Body Center-plate. King-holt or Centcr-xjin. Body Truss-rod. Body Truss-rod Hoppcr- striq}. Body Truss-rod Saddle. Body Truss-rod Bearing. . Center Cross-tie-timhei: . Intermediate Cross-tie-tim- ber. Drawbar, Draft spi-ing. Draft-timbers. Floor. . or 27a. Hopp>er-floor. Sill-step. Buffer-bloeks. Buffer-beam. Side Body-truss-rcjd. Side Body-trnss-7'od Bear- ing. Side Body-truss-rod Block. Sirlc-plcmk Tie-rod. Side-pilank Tie-strap. Stake-pocket. . Coke-rack Stake-pocket. Stake. Side-plank. Upper Corner-plates (In- ner and Outer). Intermedicde Ccjrner-plate. Lower Corner-plate. Roping-staple. {Continued.) (64) CAB-BODIES, Freight ; Gondola Cars. Ftgx. 302-304 Names of Parts. Firjs. 398-315. {Continued.} 61. Drop-door. 62. Drop-door Hinge. 63. Dnp-door Eye-holt. 64. Drop-door Chain. 65. Droji-doiir-vhaiii Riiiij. 66. WhidiiKj-shdfi Ritiehet- irheel. 67. Windinij-shaft R(drhet- ivheel Paid. 68. Bracket for Pmrl. 69. Dog for Pawl of Winding- shaft Ratchel-ivhecl. 70. Winding-shaft. 71. Hopper Staij-rocls (71a). 72. Hopp>er Sup^jorting-straji. 73. Hopjpjer Supporting-straj:). 74. Door-pin. 75. Door-pin Chain. 93. Brake-ivhejd. 94. Brake-shaft. 96. Cpjjei- Brake-sliaft Bear- ing. 100. Brake-step. 101. Brake-.itep Bracket. 102. Hand-hold. 103. Brake Ratchet-wheel. 191. Push-pole Corner-iron. 210. Dncoupling-kver andRod. 220. ,Si7i Slra,p-bolt. A. Auxiliary Reservoir. C. Air-brulie Cylinder. R. i«?;ej' Connecting-rod. FL. Floating-lever. (65) Fiys. 305-309. CAR-BODIES, Freight; Gondola Cars. numbers Eefer to List of Names with Figs. 298-304. ^ a' W CO o S S ^ r H Co O o > o 2;S o s, ^ -? CAR-BODIES, Freight ; GoiidnUi. Cam. Fajs. 310-315 Numbers Esfer to List of Names of Parts with Fig-3. 298 304. u > CO 05 1^ CO n o ta t) ss bf ^ ^ ^3; ■^ i" r^ o n o r^ rt o ■^ g M s- (-i rr" cv '£ S S ^ Si g g ^ CH W Q Hd td a. O Q hi 2 ? 5 ti o = Co ~, f"* P !^ P ^ 5<3 to to I a 2 2 g tH O o ■^ o w H O to ? 2 ■> =■ o-j 5J i.O «! « ^ <1 d b tq ^ S a S; &3 b a a ~. o ha (67) Figa. 316-317. CAR-BODIES, Freight; Goiidolii Cars. (68) CAR-BODIES, Freig-ht ; Gondola Cart:. Figs. 318-324 m-t X\> tH>-^'-">Cd;^ i.ikH-i»'4-sx-i — '^'^' 1 Figs. 318 and 319. Part Cross Scclioii : Fig. 320. Half End Elevation. Twin-Hopper Gondola-car Body. N. Y., L. E. & W. R. R. Names of Parts of Stone Gar. Figs. 328-331. la. Si(Ji'-siU. 2. Eiid-siU. 3. Iiit<'}'iiH'(liatf-sill. 4. Ceiiter-siU. 12. Bodtj-bolstei: 19. Body Truss- rod. 22. C'ross-tir-iiiuhrr. 32. liulfcr-bcaiii. 42. Post. 110. Loiigitudiiiul Jiisiiig-timher. 111. Vertind Post or Strut. Ilia. Outer Post or Stnd. 112. Transverse Rising-findirr. 125. .Siil,'-door Hinge. 131. Side-door Uiiiockiiig-lever. 131b. Cidorl-irig-lercr Bar. 131c. siih-ttoor Catch. 131f. jSide-door Uidoel;iiig-lerer-l)ar Spring. 137. Kiiil-girtlior Pui.il. 135. Inellned Floor. 136. Si,te-raU. 153. tnetin.ed-floor Joist. Fig. 32la. Side FJemlion. King's Door for Hopi'Er-Bottom C'aks. Names of Parts. F?^. 324a. 9. Door Hinge. 10. Cross-tie-tinibers to w'liieli Doors are hung. 11. Hojjper Supporting-strap. 14. StdA-e. 18. Side-sill. 20. Hopper-floor. 28. Hoppjer-siding. 31. Sill-eind-planlc Rod. 35. Stake-pocket. F. i»oor. HH. Toggle-arms. J. Rocking-lever. K. Toggle-joint Lever with Arm, which zrorks on arc of cii'cle. L. Leivr-shaft Bracket. r~- ^ ^' /^//^'i[_..;_i » _ •_ , ^.:OT' J> 1 r 2 3 4 5' Um-U ^ ^ \ \ 1 SCALE OF^FEET. Fig. 321. PcH-i Sectional Side Elevation. •fl--:— ->-'-iH; ir: J 1. Side-sill. 3. Intermediate-sill. 4. Center-sill. 19. 2?od2/ Truss-rod. 19s. .Si'rfe Body-truss-rod 21. Triiss-rod Beriiirtg. 22. Cross-tie-iiiidwr. 27. F/oor. 42. .S'tofce. 42b. Stake-pocket. Names of Parts. M-door, 205. Lever for Moving K. Truck-bolstsr Truss- 18. Truck-bearing Hinge- 68. Same as 47. Clutch, rod. casting. 70. Side-door Hinge-plate, 206. Wheel for Worm- L. Truck-bolster Raising- 19. Body-spring Strilcing- 72. Side-door Stop, shaft, block. plate. 73. Side-door Locking- 207. Worm-iliaft, M. Truck-bolster, 19a. Side-door Truss-rod. bar. 208. Worni , 0. Cylinder Connecting- 20. Pistov-connection 74. Door-latch Lever and 209. Chain for Dumping pipes, Casting. Hook. Cai--body. P. Train-pix)e, 21. Locking-bar Trms. 93. Brake Hand-ivlieel, 210. Safety-chain. W. Gravity-latch and 22. Cross-tie Timber. 94. Brake-shaft, 211. Sheave for Dumpincj- Weight, 23. Draw-bar or Coupler 103. Brake Ratchet-wheel, chain. X. Latch and Operating- 26. Draft-timbei: 142. Brake-head, 212. Sheave-bracket. cylinder. 27. Floor. 143. Brake-beam, A. Side-bar of Truck- Y. Dumpiny-cylinder, 30. Sill-step, 144. Brake-hanger, frame. Z. Piston-rod, 36. End Plunking Tie- 145. Brake-lever. B. Inverted Arch-bar. rod. 150. Brake-chain. C. Center Arch-bar. CAR-BODIES, Freight; Side Dump Flf/s. 336-338 Numbers Kefer to List of Names oa Preceding- Page. Fill. 336. Hide Elemiion. Fin. 337. Plan xkov'inn Floor and Undcrframc. (73) Fill. 338. End Eli'untiori. SiDK-DUMi' f'Ait. Boston & Alhany RA!h\iOAD. {Dumped by Chain wound around a Shaft bii Worm and U'licd. Fkjs. 339-342. CAB-BODIES, Freight ; Side-dmnp Cam. Numbers refer to Names of Parts with Figs. 334-335. l<'i;/. 311. Triin-i'aft-'!iai'. 27. Floo): 32. Buffer-blocks. 41. RuU-aiid Post Htrap Plate. 42e. End-poiit. 46. Top-mil. 46a. Copying-iron. 48. End-rail. 52. Side-planlcs. 57. Lotrer Coriier-jiUde. 62. .B/i'/ I)oor-b(ir. 63. Eiid-door. 68. Euel-ddor Hitige. A. ^4j:/t'. B. Jmtrnul-hd.v. W. W7ipeZ. jf^^fV/. 34.'j. E//-(i /'Jleoation. Fig. 346. Seclioiml Sielc Elevation. Te ir^ V r^ -J -: )j^-^,F ^=.^4 -li-- .f /(/. 347. i^oy p;o)i. Side-dump Cab for Coal. Pittsburoh, Cincinnati, Ciiicaoo & St. Loui3 Railway. (76) Na-MES of Parts of Mine Cars, Figs. 345-347. 1. Sirle-sili. B. Fiiil-duor Pod. 2. End-sill. C. Sufety-hook. 5. Transverse Floor-tim- D. Bodij Ilinge-plates. hers. 33. Brace. 36. Sill-ond-plate Pail. 37. Brace. 42. Po.s<. 43. Coriier-pii.^f. 52, 53. Hide Phi Ilk. 55. Upper Coriier-plide. W. Il7(ce/ A. E iid-doo r Phi te-li i nge . E. End-door Sirap- liiiige. F. ].)ump-r(jd. SI riip- h Inge. T. H7itr/-j>/m'. U. Triii-k Eiid.-p>i<:ee, V. End sill Filling Piece. Figs. 348-351. CAR-BODIES, Freight; English Wagon. Numbers Kefer to List of Names of Parts on this and the Opposite Page. -ISft--- 1. SoM/ai 2. Headstocfc or BiijJ'cr- beam. 3. Cross-Bearer, Cross-bar or Transome. 4. Diagonal. Fioor. Strap-hinge, or Dour- hinge Joint. Hinge-plate, or Door- hinge. }linge-ptlate ^Vaslter, or Door- hinge ]\'a.'late. Fid.ting - door Luteli,, consisting of Door Fastening. Staple. Cotter and Cliain. Sheet-ring and Staple. PPjrse-luxik, or Towing- liook. Bi-d.ij-knee. Ijiiaw - hunk Washer, or Drawbar Front- plate. Draw-spring Cradle plate. Fin 354. Sidi: Klcivilijiii. LOGGIKG V.\U. UUSSI'LL WllKEL & FoUNl>l!V CoSll'AiNV. iOt-'iieral Fixir /.s- ,Shonii in l^'in Sl>.) Names ok P.\rts of L'xiOiNO Car. Fi%s. 853-351. 1. Sill. 12. Bolster. 16. Body Side-bearing. 17. Center-plate. 18. King-bolt. 23. Drawbar. 24. Draft-spring. 93. Brake-shaft Handle. 94. Brake shaft. 98. Brake-shaft Step. 103. Brake Ratchet-wheel. 103'. Brake-pawl. 142. Bi-ake-head. I'.UCTS OF Alli-IiK.Mvl 143. Brake-bea/m. A. Anxiliary Reservoi 144. Brake-hanger. C. Brake-cylinder. 145. Brake levrr. P. Train-pipe. 146. Brake-lever Fnh mm. 165. .fonrnal-lMix. (77) Fifju. 355-358. CAR-BODIES, Freight; fitvrk Cum. Numbers Eeier to Liet of Names -with Figs. 367-368. CAR-BODIES, Freight ; Stock- (<i '^^'"'-^^ Fill. 367. Enil Elevatinii, e*-s' I g /<>/. 368. TraiisvufKc HiitJS.rIi STOtK-OAH UODV. CUICAGO, Hu ULINI :TO.M & QlUNCV KaILKOAD. Names of Pakts of Stock-l'AK Bodies, Figs 1. Sidc-fiill- 39. 2. Eiid-siU. 40. 3. Iiitennfiliifti-'-silF 41. 3a. Outer Ii(firmriliiilc-nill. 42. 4. Ci'nter-aill. 42'. 9. .s'/7/ Kiiir-Irnu. 43. 10. Sill Tic-roil. 44. 12. rSiiilij-bolsfcf. 44. 13. Boily-bohtcr TrirsK-rnil. 45. 13a. Body-bohtcr Ti iiss-md Siiddlc. 46. 14. Body-bolMcr TrDHn-rnd M'aalicr. 47. 15. Bijdy-biihtcr Ti usK-bluck. 48. 16. Body Side-bearing. 49. 17. Body C'ciitej--plide. 50. 18. King-bolt or Ceidre-j}in. 51. 19. Body TriLss-roil. 52. 20. Body Trti.s.s-roil Saddle. 53. 31. Body Ti-iiss-i'od Bearing 55. 22. (Ji ass liv-timher. 55. 23. Drawbar. 56. 26. Draft-timbers. 57. 27. Floor. 58. 28. Vpper-jloor ur Double-deck. 59. 30. Sdl-slep. 60. 31. Sill-sle^' Stay. 61. 32. Buffer-blocks. 64. 32. Buffer beam. 65. 33. Side Brace. 66. 34'. Side Bracc-riid. 67. 34b Dotiblc ('ounicr-ln-ace-roil 68. Plate-washer. 69. 35. End Body-braee. 70. 36. 8ill-and-2>late Rod. 71. 37. Oovnterbracc. 72. 37. Coimterhraec-roil. 73. Brace-pocket. High I -ha ud J;raee-i>ocl:et. Double Jlrace-pockcl. Post. Post-pocket. C'onicr-post. Door-post. Door-posI Docket. Ci>rn.er-post Pocket. Plate. Plate-rod. Fiid-plutc. (.iirlh. Eud-girtti. Eud-girlli lie-i-od. Shea till ug. Inside-liuiug. Oidside Upjier (Uirlier-plale Inside Upper I'onier plale. Middle Conier-plate. Lower (.'ill iier-jitate. Rojiiiig-stapli. Ladder-roiiuds. Roof Grab-ii on (grilled-door. Door-sill. Top Do(ir-l rack. Botloiii' Door-lrack. Door-track Bracket Door-liiiugci: Door-brace. Dooi -sjioe. Open-door Sio/i. Closed-door Slop. Donr-hasp. 74. Door-pill. 75. poor-pill (.iiaiii. 77. Door-guard or Oattlc Bar. 78. Door-handle. 81. Carl inc. 82. iSaiiie as SJ.) 83. Pii rliii. 84. Ridge-jiole. 86. Jioof-boa rds. 87. Running-board. 88. Running-board K.clension. 89. Riiniiinij-l'oard Fictension. Brach-et. 91. Fi 1 res Facia-til >i i rd. 93. Brake-wlieel. 94. Brake-shaft. 95. Horizontal Brake-slaift. 96. Ujiper Brake-shaft Bearing 98. Brakc-sliiift Step. 99. Brake-sliaft Bracket. 100. ISrake-slep. 101. Ilrake-steji Bracket. 102. Hand-hold. 103. Ilrakc Rideliet-whcet. 105. Brake-sliii fl-chai II Sheave. 178. Door Center-girth. 186. Key-blocks. 190. Brake Hand-rail 191. Piisli-jiole Corner-plate, 201. Drairhar (Jarripiron.. 210. J^ncouplinij-levi'r. 212. Draw-gi'iir Tie-rod. 220. Sill Striiji-bolt. 221. {Smile IIS :.':M.) 222. Insiile Ujiper ('oener-plate. (81) -F/r/.s. 369-373. CAR-BODIES, Freight ; ,S7oc7,- Cars. Numbers Kefer to List of Names on Preceding Page. ~f9^ :n^/^ fi.vr Poo/ 31 .3 >.'i - S>'/}>'^' - 1 1ll III III ill iig°E ^xniipiiii^gi^j^ — ^ i'l^. 369. Part hiulc Klevallon. Fig. 370. End Elevation. Fiij. 371. Part Loin/itudiiial Si-rtioii. 8TOCK-CAR Body. Cuioago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway. Fit). 372. Traasvcrne Sections. Nambs of Parts of Tank Car. Figs. 373-379. 108. Tiutk-dome. 109. Di>inc-hepei and Lmver Fillinij- strips. C. Tiirdc-slabbiiig. D. Til Ilk-saddles. E. Tuu/e Head-block. F. Tank-band Tie-rod. SCALE OF FEET. i^i». 373. Sectional Elevation of Tank, DoTiie and Valve. (82) CAR-BODIES, Freight; 'lank Cars. Figs. 374-376 Numbers Refer to;|List of Names on Opposite Pag-e. w ro \y> is (b h^ +- s [/O^t Figs. 380-384. CAR-BODIES, Cubanse Curt:. SCALE OF FEET 3 4 5 ^ 7 /•'if/. 38.3. Tran.iverse Secliiiiis i,f Frainiiiu aiul Car Bofhi- LeiJ/h over End Si//s 28 2 Fig. 382. Half Plan of Unilcrframe ami Half Plan of Floor. Names of Parts. Uga. 380-384. 1. Side-sill. 3. Tntermedixi fe-sill. 4. Cndn-sill. 10. Biidy-hohtn-. 23. Cross Tic-timlwr. 26. Dmft-timbu: 27. Fluor. 30. PUilfoiTn-strp. 37. Bnwr. 42. l>ost. 43. Corvrr Post. 46. Plate. 52. Sheiithiiig. 53. Lining. 64. Door-sill. 81. Ciirlirie. 86. Roo/-. 141. Sigiial-tiiinp Brocket. 141a. Ijiohout Siymd-lamp. 174. Lookout. 102. Hand-hold. Eight-wheeled Caboose. Wabash Railroad. eriu'i--xvist. 46. Phite. 52. Sheatlring or Siilhig. 53. Inside-li)rinr/. 64. Door-sill. 81. C'arline. 86. Roof-board. 152, Ltrwer Braki'-strut. 90. Eaves Faeia- 'looi'd. 165. Joit.rri,al-b pi [f> ^ ^^ Co -• Q ^ to 2 o r a?5? 05 "■ o" ■;^ ta,~ ft :;- ^o w ici 01 ai it» ^^ M w CO ^^ M ^ ^ ^ ~ =K ►t) 3 »5 S •S 2 Q 2 Q CO CO M ^5 ^o !-" P p 00 ;^l ^to Q^ ^ Pro oek ISt } 2 2 g =■ a 2 a =? a- s. = & ^ ^ ;? ^ "« eg S. t-1 Kh o- ^ « bi ^ c w o O H w to p 5 to^ fe; c; I (87) Figs. 394-398. CAK-BODIES, Working-; Derrick late (upper and lower). 47." 7>v(c7t:. 48. i Hand-wheel. 49. "I Spur-wheel. 50. Slewing-rack. 51. Leader Trannion. 52. Leader-trunnion Pedes- tal. Leaders, to take in 40ft. pile. Hammer, 4,-500 lbs. Motive power sufficient to propel car and two loaded cars attached. [ Winding I Gear. Pitch Chains. Slewing Gear. CAB-BODIES, Working ; Pile-Driver Car. Fig^. 399-400 Figs. 401-404. CAR-BODIES, Working; PUa-ilvivcv Car. <' UJ 4^ fr J^^ - Numbers Refer to List of Names with Figs. 364-398. (90) CAR-BOBIES, Working ; Steam Shovel Fiejf:. 405-407 Fig. 405. Sectional Hide Elevation showiny Dipper just licforc filling. 26 Fig. 407. Krai lilevalion nlwirinf/ Dipper just after (tumping. Steam Shovel, Boom Fattern. Bucykils Steam Shovel & Dredge Company. Knginceylinderfi, 8 / 12in Boom, i'f ft. Dipper, 1?4 cu. yds. Car, 10 ft. x 30 ft. Fox Trucks, 0(1,000 lbs. capacity. 1. Dipper. 2. Teeth. . 3. Bail. 4. Block. 5. Handle. 6. Dipper-cylinder or Ratchet-heain. Names of Parts op Steaivi ShoviiL. Figa. 4().')-4()7 and 308. 8. Valve Hand-wheel and 15. Spur-iehicL Spnndle. 9. Coil Steivin-pipe. 10. Slip-jauit. 11. Mast-wlirel or Boom- loheel. 12. Chain-spool. 7. Trunnion-bearings tvith 13. Friction-brake Wheii. Gap. 14. Drwm-slaift. (91) 16. Dise-eraiik. 17. Engine Bed-plate. 18. Spiir-whicJ . 18a. Cliain-wlieel. 19. ilfasi Bitse-ca sting. 20. Siving-eylindei . 21. Siviug-ci/linder Valor. 22. i?o(7e/-. 23. Hoisting-ehdin. 24. Boom Tie-rod. ■ 25. " A" -frame. 26. ■Jack-arms. 28. O^iei-ating Lei:eis. 29. '' A"-franie Staii-I»(r. 30. Dijijicr-liiitfiivi. Figi. 408-413. CAR-BODIES, Working ; Snow Plow Framing. J^'ig. 409. Plan of Fraininxj. DOUULE-TRACK SXOW PLOW (RUSSELL'S). ENSIGN M<»NUFACTUBI.\'G COMPANY. [A general view is .-^hoirn ni Fig . 224.) Numbers Refer to List of Names on Opposite Page. Fid. 410. Hiih Elevation, of Frani i/ir. Fig. il2. Half Hear End Elevation. ~ /I a - -21—22 Fia- 411. HaU Plan and Half Horizontal Section. Snow Plow, Built et the Portland Company, Portland, Maine. Fig. 41.3. Half Front End Elevation. (92) CAR-BODIES, Working; Snoiv Plow and Flani/rr. Fiijs. 414-418 "' r 1 /" Z' -' _. _ ii » 1 1 1 s ? ""^ S. 60 '■' 202 !^ ;i ! 1 i 1 1' ; I 1 2 R 32* Fill. 41."). Side E/cni/i: Fig. il6. Lonrjitudinal Section. 25^ * " F^^^^". 203' :!S AVy. 117. //ori~oihtaf Si'c/ ion. Snow Plow and Flanuioi^ Michigan Central Uailkoad. {To be Alliirliixl to a Flat Car.) Fifi. 418. Half End Elevation ami OTO.'is Section, Names of Parts of Snow Plow or Flanger. F/iy.s-. 4U-4-|H. 1. Sifle-sin. 2. Eiid-.sill. 3. Iiifcnnrdiiilc-.'iill. 4. Center-ai/l. 22. Crofifi-tie-tmiher. 22a. Ciris:i-fic-fim-bei\ 22b. Tntllsvrr^rly FilliliiJ- bloch: 23. Dritiv-hdv. 32b. Biilfcr-hfiiiK. {Siiin.f as .S3). 52. I '/a liking i,f Plow. 60. Hand~liol.ll. 143. Be/ii Brakr-Iiram. 201. Diagonal CJtiiel'-piree. A. An.viliai-y Reservoir. C. .lir-ct/Iindi'ru. 202. Plow Suspi'iixion-bi'am. F. .Steel Flangr-plate. K. ,S'<(V'Z Flanger. L. Pi.'iloii Lever-bar. 203. Corner Gitide-poHt. 204. Post of Plow. 205. (.'enter Forwarrl-pnst. R. Roll er-gi tide. 208. Diagonal-strut. S. Stirrup. 1. Side-sill. 2. Bottmn-sill. 2a. Siilc-plnte. 3. Intermediate-sill. 3a. Intermediate-sill. 4. Center-sill. 5. End-girt. Names of Farts of Snowplow Body. /'V(/.v. J10-4l:i. 6. Top-girls or Cross-lie. 13 and 13a. Fnrring-itieees. timber. 13b, 14, 15. Shear-beams. 7- lUtnter Beam. 16. ,S'/ri/(. 8. Jiottoni-girt or Cross- 17. Center Thi'oat-piece. tie-timber. 18 and 19. Inlermediale 9. P(«f. Tliroat-pieers. 10. Ourring-iiieee. 20. ,S'/Vfc. TJiroal-piece. 12. Fr(i«< Bodij-bolster. 21 and 22. Fnrriiirj-pieees. 23. Cak-knee. 23'. Deek-tiridier. 24. Front End-sill. 25. ('enter Iron-timbers. 26 and 27. Frame for Door in Bulkhead. 29 and 30. Bulkhead ami Deck-timber. (93) jp'jgrs. 419^21. CAR-BODIES, Passenger; Coach. Fig il9. Half Side Elevation of Exterior. -*— /7-*A-* ^'//'/S !: :f^j'^fe^ l" °^ "^'"y ZTi^" -" Fiti J20. Part Plan of V lulerframiny and Floor. Fi(j. 421. tiide Elevation of Frainina. FIRST-CLASS PASSEi<ailed n? sills if/^A ^0'^ ■LTffl i*ire r^//', - ^ raifs /n ear?! silt. Fi.j. 12S. Hutf Pl-iii nf lu/irior itnd Stiiioii <./' Siilcs Fill. 424. y.iilr Elcviilioii itf Franiinff. Fik,st-Cl,iss Passenger UoAcn. Nohfoi.k & Wesi'ek.n Kaujiuau. (96) Fign. 425-429. CAK-BODIES, Passenger; Cixirh,- .''i^-st--^^^^ I Fiih 127. End Elevation of Framing. FiRST-Cr.iSS Passenger-coach Body. Norfolk & Western Railroad. II III! II II ii liii II . II !i II II II iimi ii li II iriT I i III I ) II II II II II ii ii ii in- II II III! ii— r Fi(l. 428. Half Plan Showing Underf raining. ^11' :z Fig. 429. Half Siile Flevalion Showing Framinij- Fiest-Class Passenger Coach Exhibited at World's Columbian E.xposition by the New York Central & Hudson River Railroad. CAB-BODIES, Passenger ; Coach and Cnmhhiation Car Figs. 430-434 .^"Z'trvnC^rfi/tS 2 yfrrrCa/f/'Tf. -/'Vf7. 430. Half Side Elevation Showlu!/ Framing. acjiMP^nnno 4ft^-.i ■□a I I 1 1 l iii I I II II I i P^^nr7M~i[;i3T;~T[~3ng cc ^3 II JlizzHz^iJ -- !EdE301I3[ "TTI ' -V^r-v:;L4- Tr-ll III ! II 11 ^ \T7:^^^^--W=\t=At^^^f=^S^.fm KZIOUIR-JL . --^^ Fill. J31. i/oZ/ Pion Showing Undcrframc and Roof. Baugaoe, Buffet and Smokino Car Exhibited at World's Columbian Kxpositiom, 1893, hy THE New York Central & Hudson River Railroad. u Fiji. in. End Elevation. Fig. J33. Half Tr insvcrse Section and Half End Elevation nf Framing. Fig. i^l. Half Side Elcvettion of Passenger Coach. First-class Passenger Coach Exhibited at World's Columbian Exposition by the New York Central & Hudson River Railroad. (97) Figs. 435-437. CAB-BODIES, Passenger ; Conches. Numbers Eefer to List of Names of Parts with Figs. 441-446. 3's "^ 'til 'il.i I. "'li il'l Fiij- i35. Pa?-^ L,tnigiludinal Section and Sectional View of Interior. Fi[l. i'.Mi. Half Plan of Undejframinf/ and Klotrr. Fig. 437. Side Elevation showing Framing. Fiust-Olass Passenger Coach. Pennsylvania Railroad. (98): CAR-BODIES, Passenger ; Coaches. Fig.^. 438-440 Numbers Refer to List of Names of Parts with Fig-s. 441-446. IDDDDDI iDDDaDl V Fi(/. i'Sa. Side Elcvaflon of ExfcriAjr, •r- Fill. lii'J. Pari. Plan of Undcrfra iiiinu. m. a v^ I □DKa'/'j, Tg-iTir FUl. 440. Side Fk'vation showin[/ Ft-inniny. FiKsT-CLASs Passenher Coach. Pennsylvama Hailuoad. (!») Figs. 441^43. CAR-BODIES, Passenger; Oorich. /o' I '/a- -e'/oy^ Fig ill. End Elevation. Fig. U2. T}-aii«vcr«e Sect ion. FiKST-CLASS Passenger-coach Body. Pennsylvania Railroad. Names of Parts of Passenger Car-bodies. Figs. 435-473. 1. Side-sill. 32. 2. Eiid-sill. 34. 3. TidermediiAte-sill. 35. 3a . Outer littermediate-sill. 37. 4. Ceider-siU. 38. 5. Flonr-t imbe r D ista 1 1 ce-hluel;. 39. 6. Biidyiiig. 40. 7. Floor-timber Brace. 8. Sill Knee-iron. 41. 9. Sill Tie-rod. 42. 10. Body-beihter. 42. 11. Bi idy-h( ilste r Ti -iiss-rod. 42a 12. Body-bolster Tri(ss-irxl Woshcr. 42b 12a . Upper Bolster-plote. 44. 12t . Lower Bolster-plute. 45. 13. Body-hoist 1 ■ r Ti uss-bh ick. 46. 14. Body Side-beitriitijs. 47. 15. Body Ceidre-phde. 48. 16. KiiKj-beAt. 48b 17. King-bolt Plate. 49. 18. C'heek-ehain. 51. 19. Body Check-chain Eye. 52. 20. Body Truss-rod. 53. 21. Body Truss-rod Saddle. 54. 22. Body Queen-post 55. 22a . Body Q'leea-post Brace. 56. 23. Turiibuckle. 57. 24. Truss-rod Anchor-iron. 58. 26. Cross Tie-timber. 59. 26a Tidermediate Cross Tie-timber. 60. 27. Floor. 61. 26a Intermediate Cross-fra.me-tie- 62. timbcr. 63. 28. Deafening Ceiling. 64. 29. Dratubar. 65. 30. Draft-spring. 66. 31. Draft-timber. 67. Center-draft Drtuvbar. Plost. Base Washer for Platform Railing-post. Platform-rail. Same ri.s 41 ;// Fig. 435. Platform Hand-rail Chain. ■ Buffer-plate (Fig. 436). . Foot-phde (Fig. 436). Body Hand-rail. Platf(n-m-step. Tread-board. Step-iron. . Stejj-hanger. . Step-hanger Brace. Splash-board. Brace. Brace-rod. Brace-rod Straining-rod. Sill-and-plate Rod. Cejunterbra.ee. Counterbrace Rod. Brace-rod Washer. Window-post. Sheathing Fiu-ring. Sttii. (Jortier-pejst. Door-post . Truss-planlc. Truss-plank Ca,pj. Belt-rail. Sheathing-rail. Outside Panel or Sheathing. (Continn^d.) Fig. 113. End ElevationlF'raming. J 67a. Sheathing. ~ ^^ °°" 68. Oidside Wi nch iw-panel oi Sheath- ing. 69. Sheath ing-strips. 70. Sheathing (10a). 71. Sheathing. 74. Lower Wain.'ieot-rail. 75. Uppier Wain scot- rail. 76. Wainscot-panel. T7. Outside Win low-sill. 78. Inside Window-Hill. 79. Window-sill Cap. 80. Window-sill Moulding. 81. Belt-rail Cap. 82. Upper Belt-rail. 83. Sash Parting-strip. 84. Outside Window-stop. 100) CAR-BODIES, Passenger ; SvioMng and Baggage Convpa.rtmcnf,^. Figs. 444-446 Fig. m. End Elevation. Fig. 445. Transverse Seetioit. Combination Passenger and Baggage-Car Body. Norfolk & Western Railroad. Fig. 446. End Elevation of Framiiig. 85. Wiiidiiv; Sash. 86. Window Bliiid-sei.'sh . 86' Imi.de Wiiidotv-.'l(de. 153. 118. Uprpjer-deck Carline. 155. 119. Upper-deck Eaves-moulding. 156. 120. Inside Deck-eornice. 157. 121. Deck Soffit-board . 158. 122. Car Seed. 159. 123. Seat-end or ALile Seat-end. 160. 124. Seat-stand. 160a. 125. Seat-back. 16010. 127. Foot-rest. 128. Stejve or Herder. 160c. 129. Stove-piipe Jack. 161. 129a . Smolce-pipe Jack (Fig. 444). 162. 130. Sidoon. 163. 130a . Sahion. Ventilator-pipe. 164. 131. Closet Hopper. 164r. 132. Urinal. '165. 133. Waier-cooler. 167. 134. Water-alcove. 167a. 135. Center-himp. 172a. 138. Lamp-jacli;. 172. 136a . Fro Cai-baretter. 173. 137. Wimlow. 210. 140. Wiinlow-blind. 220. 140a . Window-shade. 221. 141. Frieze Ventilator. (101) Figs. 447^49. CAR-BODIES, Passenger ; Smoking and Baggage Compartments. Fiil. 447. Sectional Side Elevation.. Pig. 448. Sectional Plan of Floor and U nderframing. ¥^ — ^^4- \ j-7y^ \^ l _^_:'^'_A , I S'/z , , < Z 6 '■ 1 lo>i ip ' 'i^ --J II ^ L Ji y j i q1 'i iL J : lcj >t — r-i - ■ — iP '!-- ! i ^ r | ; -~ ; f ";rt--:i -^ — li ' PM J^e id!; 7''(0. 419. ,S'fdc Elevation of Fraviing. Combination-car Body, Smoking and Baggage Compartmknts. Norfolk & Western Railroad. (102) CAR-BODIES, Passenger; Smoking and B(ig(j((tjf Coiiiparhiieiils Figs. 450-452 5U4 F'ig. 450. Sectional Side Elevation, Baf/gaffc CoiniHirtincnt. FiQ. ibl. Sectional Plan of Floor and Undcrfraniin;/. ^^g^ ^^^^J 1 Orer ^ / dfna Fifl. 4n'2. Side Elevation of Frainiiii/. COMBiNATION-CAK BODY, SMOKING AND BAGGAGK COMPARTMENTS. NonKOl.K .'t WkSTKUN liAII.UnAri. (103) Fi(is. 453-455. CAR-BODIES, Passenger ; Coach. 1./ o 5 o tf O I \ '^E 5= 5. ■ S^i^'J (IW) CAR-BODIES, Passenger ; Coach . Figs. 456-460 SECTION THROUGH C D. Figs. 461-463. CAR-BODIES, Passenger Suburban Coach. Numbers refer to List of Mames witb Figs. 441-446. 5n. . ^../Sl DDDl pDD] [DSDl iPPp [000 JO j pBD| !□□□ Fig. 161. Half Side Elevation. ' — Tir^ T^ 31 M 1-' 03 m CO to ^1 M JO l-» t— ' ro W 01 *^ > ? ? c ? a- ? 9» ? uy to b 53 b b Or' b =2 ^ ^ 2 ^2 ^ ^ to s g' 1 to 53 to i- hC s hf' b w o ^ ►« (108) CAR-BODIES, Combination; Passenger, Baggage ami Mail C'ar.s. FiijK. 471-473 Numbers Refer to List of Names with Fig-s. 441-446. §1 12 9 (109) Fiijs. 474-478. CAR-BODIES, Passenger ; Diuinij Cars. Fill. iTi- Sectional Half Side Elevation,, Fiij. 475. Plan of Kitchen, Fantry and Buffet, S/de Vieiv of »'/(c/)eri Fiji. 476. Side Elcvalion of Kitchen. Fill. 477. Rcfriiierator. Fig. 478. Buffet. Dining oar Body and Details. Chicsgo, Burlington & Qumcv Railroad (110) CAR-BODIES, Passenger ; Diiiivg C(u- bvja. 479-486 - — /o t Sect/on on A^e ^ 6 Section on //ne C D. k 5' -- -> Fill. 170. Purl Side Elevation. Fit/. ISO. TraasvcrfiC Section showini/ Kileken. Fig. 481. Transverse Section s/wirini/ Bvlkheadt I 2 '/oif~ 3' ^' 60 — - - - 2' /0'^i<— J' <7' --V— 2 * J "Fl" ■ I . '[ t - i ' /o "-¥ — s 'a "~ — ^ 2 ' /o^~ - - f^ 2 ^a'^i/2'if^ 3{a"—-,6i^ 2^^"-^ /2"<-- t=t i=^ ±t 2^4'- 3' 6 ~A i \ - 3' ivJih -xx % 2 a OOQOOOO QOPQQQO QQOOQOO OQOOQQ Q OOOOOOO OOOOOOO r ^Mi 3 —k-/ e^ Fin. J82. >*(«" «/■ Dinhii/ Room anil Vonclvetor's Quarters. yy/ne C/oset Sect/on S/de t^ietv iV/nc C/oset fV^s/?6^t^^d ff.^rc/ro6e i i m .,;__ J ^^;_ _J -^ i i I Fill. 18.5. .S'iifr Elevation of Conductor's Quarters. Linen Conductors Heater Roonj C/oset OesA P'l/s. 483 and 484. Wive Closet. Dining-car BouY AND Details. Chicago, Burlington & (iuiNOY IUilroad, /j)(>rt. 120. Poof-stick, or Hoopt- .io)- /W«c or Door St He. 140. Door-light Botlom S((.^h- rail. or Glass-fniun Bottom Sash-rail. 141. Door-light Stile, or Qlass-fraiiie Stile. 142. Quarterlight Moulding, or Glass-frame Stile. 501-504. 143. 0/tlate. 150. Seat-board. 151. Cushion Back-rail. 152. Back Seat Rail. 160. Lamp Case. 161. Lampi-cover, or Lamp Protector, 162. Lamp-plug. 163. Lamp)-plug Stand,. 164. Ijemp-covcr Spring- catch. or 165. Lamp-burner. 123. 124. 125. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. 166. La,mp-glass. 167. 168. 170. 171. 172. 173. 174. 175. 176. 177. 178. 179. 180. 181. 182. 183. 184. 185. 186. 187. Lamp-case Base, or Packing. Inner Jjimpj-riug. Comni un ication-cord Pulley. Lowe I' Foot-boiird. Upper Foot-boaril (con- tinuous). Step-iron, or Leg-iron. End Ascend I ng-step. End Asceud,iug-rail. Roof Ascending rail, or Roof ( 'omnaiilr-hiindle. Commode-h.audle. Upper Door-hinge. < 'en,ter Door-hinge and .SYoj) (Cross" Patent). Lower Door-hinge. Door-liauille. Private Lock. Desliual ion-lioa rd Bracket. Si'lc Lamp-iron. End Lamp-iron, luilia-rultbei' Body- cushimi, or .Mtoclcs Bod, /-block. Body holdimi-i Bolt. ■do figfi. 505-507. CAR-BODIES, Passenger; Slecinng Carft. Fin. 505. Half Longitudinal Section Showing Framing and Interior. Fig, .5(J6. Half Flan Showing Scat^ and Hoof Framing. Names of Parts, 1. Side-sill. 2. End-sill. 3. Iiit(',rmeiUi(tt'-siH. 4. Cf'iiter-sill. 6. Bridging. B. Upjicr licrih. 9. Sdl Tie-rod.. 15. Body ('(■idi'i--phitc. 16. Kiag-holt. 27. Floor. H. T-lr(/»/c. /'''3S r,06-5U. 46. Trend-board. 51. Brace. 55. C'uuntei--br! — ^i ' H^ •*> r ^ ,, , J a =^= ' ^/e'-^t^zf ^6^'jt- zf" — if,- /a ~)f-+z«"—^e'' S///S ' -^ — i- /-s" — ■■; — ^^:l^ ^- — it. — - /a" — hc — — n/^" *J r^t/^ ■'<--?■?" «-/,5"--:if~ ^-^ ' — ^ -O' "-i|^ £■?'■'— 4^ /'^"-^f^^ ^■?"— ^ /3'^' l^^ y^V//. 509. y/rt//' P/a/( 0/ Vndcrframe. a . 2^ I I u SCALE OF FtET /''(■p. 510. Transverse Section Showing Seats and Berths. Fill. all. End Elevdlion and Cross yecliun. Emigrant OR TouKiST'a Slekpino Cab. Soutiiehn- Pacific CoMfANv, (119) Figs. 512-513. CAR-BODIES, Passenger ; FiUrping-Car Framing. (120) dAR-BODIES, Passenger; End Framing for Sleeping (Jar. Figs. 514-522 Names op Parts, Fkjs. 512-518. 1. Side-sill. . 2. End-Mil. 3. Intermediate-sill. 4. Center-sill. 8. Sill Knee-iron. 20. Body Truss-rod. 22. Cross Tie-timber. 35. Platform-sills. 51. Brace. 54. Sin-and-2}hde Rod. 55. Counterhrace. 58. H7iirfoir-j.)o.vf. 59. P('ec Panel-furring. 60. Sf;«;. 61. Coi-ner-post . \ 63. Truss-jflank. 98. PZafe. 101. Rafter. 103. Platform-roof. 104. Platform-roof Carline. 105. Platform-ruof End-carline. 106. Roof-apron. 111. Deck-sill. 117. Deck-ptlate. 118. Ujjper-deck Carline. 119. Uppei'-deck Window-frame. SCALE OF FEET Kff. oil. Transverse Sections. Fig. 515. i'7f/. 517. Sectional Plan. Fig. 518. C'ornt'r. Standard End Framing for Parlor. Private and Sleeping Cars. Pullman's Palace Car Company. (Shoteing .4nti-Telescoping Device.) Section on center line 519 Section on line A A 520 ^ Section pn line B B .i;i Names of Parts, Pigs. 514-518. A. End sill Stiffeniug-jilate. B. End-sill Stiffening-aiigle. b. Iron Carline Knee-iron. C. Trnss-rod Waslier-plale. D. ,S'/7/ Knee-iron. E. Corner-post Knee-iron. F. Coi-nei' Angle-post. G. Inni-earJine or Rafter. H. End-plale Strengthening-angle, J. Body End-plate. K. Deck End-plate. L. Corner-pilate. M. 7>cfc End-pl((fe Stra2>bolf. N. Pla/form-roof ( 'arline. 0. Ceiling-fnrring. P. ( 'eiling-furring Q,. Inside Upper Deck-cornice. R. Berth-front , Upper-part. S. End Sill-and-plate Tie-rod. V. iS'iV(^ f 'antilerer-trnssfor Orerhiing. Section on lin« C C .522 Fig.'!. 519-522. CROSS SECTIONS OF Underframe FOR Sleeping and Private Cars. Pullman's Palace Car Company. {Sttel Needle-beams.) (121) Fig. 523-526. CAR-BODIES, Passenger; Framing for Sleeping Cars. (132) CAB-BODIES, Passenger; End Framing for Sleejiiiuj (Jarx. Figs. 527-530 Fig. 527. Half Cross Section and Half End Elevation Figs. 529-530. Plan ami Side Eleeation of Platform and Car End. Standard Co.mposite End Framing for Parlor, Private and Slkeping Cars. Wagnkk Palace Car Company. 1. Side-sill. 2. End-.Hll. 3. Intermediate-sill. 4. Center-sill. 6. Bridging. 9. Sill Tie-rod. 20. Body Truss-rod. 24. Truss-rod Anchor-strap. 26. Draft-timbers. 34. Platform. 37. Platform Short-sill. 38. Platform End-sill. (123) Names of Parts. 51. Brace. 53. Sill-and-belt-rail Tie-rod. 54. Sill-anU-plate Tie-rod.. 55. Oountei-braee. 58. Window-post. 59. Window Sheathing Furring. 61. Corner-post. 62. Door-post. 66. Sheathing-strips. 100. Upper-deck Cariines. Figs. 533-530. 101. Rafter. 102. Roof Boards. 105. Platform-roof Knd- ca,rlin,e. 106. Platform-roof Apron. 111. Dek-sill. 117. Deek-plate. A. End-sill Fliteh-plate. B. Side-sill Flitch plate. C. //vi)) i)«r o/ Ciiinpositr End-post. D. E. F. a. H End-siU Flitch-plank. Sidv-siU Flitch-phink. Vc-it ibii le Compos ife End-post. Foot of Ii-oii liar of Vestibule End -post. Platform End -sill. J. Platfiinn Cross-tindier. K. Platform 2V('-/v"/.s. L. W'sfihnli- Boilij-fornfr- piosts. Mf/.s. 531-535. CAR-BODIES, Passenger; Gfiivi-id Views of Framing. T^'""' — ■ ^ ^^ Plliq ■ 'If ' ■ ' H — 1 HHIIIM 1 • P -«■:>-.:■..:' ■-^■■'-;'i i&v^ % 1^" Fiy. 531. .Si(?( Th k , shou-ing Truss and houf Fraiui/ig. Fiy 532. Iiilcfior J'ieu\ k/ioivi/irj Blockinfj a iid Orcrhang Truss-rod and Strut- Fig. 533. Inferior View, shoxcing Sills, Bridging, Triiss- plank, Trussing and Super structure. Fig. 534. End View, choiring ITood ami /£nft Franiiag. Fig. 535. Corner View, showing Hood, End and Side Framing. PA3SEiVGER CAR FrAMI.VG ADOPTED BY PuLLMAN'S PaLAOE CaR COMPANY. (124) CAB-BODIES, Passenger; Fniming. Fi'nipressi<'in-beam 16413. An.xitiary Gompr hen in. Brace. 165. Counterbrace. 260. DeeA,- End-sill. Brace. ■ession - Fig. 538. Tillirior ricir. Passenger Cak Framing, Adoi'TED bi' Pullman's Palace Car Company, Baltimore & Ohio, Wabash and Other Railroads. (125) Figs. 539-539a. CAR-BODIES, Passenger ; C'aiich Di'taih. 10' 2IM'' 88. Window Moulding. 89. Inside Window-panel. 90. Wiiidotv-lintel. 91. Letter-board. 92. Fascia-board. 93. Eaves-moidding. 94. Inside Cornice. 95. Inside Cornice Fascia-board. 97. Inside Lining. 98. PZafe. 99. Door-lintel. 100. Compound Carline. 101. Pf//Ypr. 102. Roof Boards. 104. Platform-roof Carline. 105. Platform-roof End-carline. 106. Roof-apron. 108. Platform-hood Post. 110. Clear-story or Tapper Decle. 111. Deck-sill. 112. Deck Bottom-rail. 113. Deck End-sill. 114. Deck-sill Facing. 114a. Deck-sill Sub-facing. 115. Deck-post. 116. Deck End-panel oy Ventilator. 118. Upper-deck Carline. 120. Inside Deck-cornice. 121. Deck-plate (117). 121s. £>wfc Soffit-board. 122. Car Seat. 123. Seat-end or ^I'.sZe Scat-end. 124. Seat-stand. 125. Seat-back. 137. 117mc?oi(-. 140. Windoic-blind. 140a. Windoiv-shade. Fig. 539. .E/k/ Elevation. First-class Passenger Cuach. {Continued } Names of Parts, J<7g». 539 541. -- 7'/'/a" 1. Side-silt. 48. Step-hanger. 2. End-sill. 51 . Fud-brace. 3. Intermediate-sill. 54 End, SiU-aiid-pjIatc 3a. Otf^ec J» termediate Rod. sill. 58. Window-post. 4. Center-sill. 61. Corner-post. 6. Bridging. 62. Door-post. 7. Floor-timber Brace. 63. Truss-plank. 9. Sill Tie-rod. 65. Belt-rail. 10. Body-bolster. 65a. Window-sill Cor- 20. Bof?^ Truss-rod. nice-board. 22. i?Of/iy Queen post. 66. Sheatliing-rail. 22b. .Bod!/ Queen-pjost 67. Outside Panel or Brace. Sheathing. 23. Tvmbuckle. 70. Sheathing. 26. Cross Tie-timber. 74. Lower Wainscot- 27. F/oor. rail. 28. Deafening-ceiling. 75. Upper Wainscot-rail 29. Drawbar or Coupler. 76. Wainscot-panel. 29'. Vestibule Buffer- 77. Outside Windoiv- plate. sill. 35. Platform-sill. 78. Inside Window- 37. Platform Short-sill sill. 38. Platform End-sill. 80. Window-sill Mould- 39. Platform-railing ing. Post. 82. UpxM'r Belt-rail. 40. Base-vxisher for 85. Windou--S((sh. Platform-railing 86. Windou- Blind- Post. ■iasli. 41. Platform-rail. 87. Wind.oiu Cove- 44. Bo'i;/ Hand-rail. moulding. 45. Platform-step. S'^"--M i^iff. 539a. i<;nd Elevation of framing. FiBST CLASS Passenger Coach. (if'H?; Framing is Shown in Figs. 119-427.) J (12S) CAR-BODIES, Passenger; Coach Detai: Figs. 540-541 Fifi. .iln. Transverse Scciian Mmirinr Inlcrior. FiBST-cLASs Passenger Coach. A. Bafskel-nick. B. Bell-cnrd and Hanger. C. Frost Carburctiir. D. Deck-sasli, Wunluir-ojiriier. E. Base of Pilaster. F. (Zap of Pilaster. G. Rafter Ribs and Cornices. H. Healer or Seat-radiator. J. Kasti-lift. K. Platform End-braelcet. L, L. Center-lamp. L. Vestibutc-lamp Ventilator. M. Seat-frame. O. Box for Heat in.g -pipes. P, P. Panels. R. Seat Radiator, saine as H. S. DecJv Winrlow-screens. T. Emergency Tool-box. V. Lamp Jack ov Ventdator. v. Saloon Ventilator. W. H'Midojt! sa.s7( Balance. X. Vestibule Face pilate. Y. Vestibule Buffer pjlate. Z. Vestibule Gate. Names of Parts, iiVf/.s'. 539-04]. 144. Deck-sfisli or Deck-window. 144p. Deck-screen Post. 145 or A. Continuous Baskei-rack\ 147. BotUrm Door-rail. 148. Middle Door-rail. 149. Top Door-rail. 150. J9oor .s-^/7e. 151. Door panel. 152. Brake-shaft. 156. Upiper Brake-shaft Bearing. 157. Bni/i-r- Hand-wheel. 160. Brake-cliaiu, Worm. 160a. Brake-chain Sheave. 160b. Brake-shaft Bevel Gear wheel. 172. Uncoupling-shuft. 172a. UncdupAing-rod. 173. UncoupUng-lever. 190. Ceiling. (1271 - S /(9^ --I -/lote. 3a. Outer Intermediate-sill. 3. Iiitermediate-sill. 4. Ceiiti'r-sill. 9. Sill Tic-rod. 27. C'ac Floor. 27b. Snb-car-floor. 28. Deafening Ceiling. 54. Sill-aiid-plate Bod. 58. TT^/wtoif/'-jjosf . 59. Wiiidow-jiuncl or Sheathing Furring. 63. Truss-j'lank. 64. Triiss-2)lanli; Cap or 65. Belt-rail. 66. Sheathing-rail. 67. Sheathing. 67b. Iiisiile Lining. 67f. Inside Lilting over Wiinloiv. 74. Lotver Wainscot-rail. 75. Upper Wainscot-rail. 76. Middle Wainscot-rail or Panel. 77. Outside Window-sill. 78. Inside Windoiv-sill. 81. Belt-rail Cap. 82. Upper Belt-rail. 83. ,SV(s/i Parting-strip. 85. Ontsiele Window-sash. 85a. Upper Oaiside Window- sash. 86. Jofier Wiadejw-sash. 86a. Upjjer Inner Windoic- sa.ih. 86s. Windoic-blind. 90. Wind,,w-lintel. 91. Letter-hoard. 92. Fares Snli-fascia-boa rd. 93. Eaves Fascia-hoard. 94. Inside Cornice. 94b. i'/afe Facing, or Inside Cornice Fascia-hoard . 95. Inside Cornice Fascia- board, same as 94b. 97. Inside Lining. 98. P/afe. 98a. Auxiliary Plate. 98b. Ujiper Winchnv Panel- rail. 99. Door Lintel. 99b. Dooc imieZ Top-rail. 100. Componnd Carline. 101. Rafter. 102. Rofif-boards. 111. Deck-sill. Ilia. Deck-sill Side-mould- ing. 111b. Deck-sill 2'ojj-mould- ing. 111c. .S'oHie (IS 113. 112. Dfcfc Bottom-rail. 113. Peek End-sin. Fig. 543. Transverse Section of Side and Lower Deck. CoiCH. Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. Transverse Sections of Sides and Roofs of Passenger (Jars. Names of Parts (Continued). Figs. 543-567. 114. Deck-sill Facing. 114a. Deck-sill Bottom- moulding. 115. Deck-post. 117. Deck-plate. (Marked 121 I'/i i-Vg.?. 543, 550 o)k( 554J. 118. Upper-deck Carline. 119. Decfc Eaves-fascia- board. 1 19a. Decfc Eaves-sub-fascia- board. 120. DecA; Inside Cornfke. 121. Deck-pla te ii i Figs. 543, 550 o)id 554. 121. Deck-cornice Filling- block in Figs. 551, 556, 560. 121s. Dfcfc Soffit-board. 144. Deck-sash or Windojt). 144a. Outer Deck-sash for Screen. 144b. Deck-screen. 146. Door-midlion. 147. Bottom Door-rail. [Continued on Page 130.) (128 CAR-BODIES, Passenger ; ,S'/<7c.s' and Ronfx Figx. 545-550 Fill- 517- Cro.s-.v Sections of Side and Roof. Fig. 550. Cross Section of Side and Roof of a Coach. Parlor (129) Cak! with Bay Windows. Pullman's Palace Cab Company. New York Central & Hudson River Railroad. Fiys. 551-554. CAR-BODIES, Passenger and Sleeping; Sifhf! and Roofs. /;/%,2'i'2' () t . Va-.^H F'fjfi.ool. Cross Section Fin.b^'i. Part Elevution. of Hide and Roof. of Interior. Names of Parts {Cotitinued). Fiyn. 543-0G7 148. ]f[iddle Door-rail. 149. Upper Door-rail. 150. Door-stile. 151. Door-panel. 170. Door-cap Rail. 171. Door-casing. 172. Door-lintel Backing 173. End-ventilator Top- 179. Door-sill Plate rail. {Continued on Page 132.) 174. Eiid-ventilator. 175 and 176. Top-rail Fill- ^ iny-strip. 177. Fascia-board. 1 77a. Sub-fascia-board. 177b. Inside-lining. 178. Tltresliold-plate. kf j"* 'S'/i' -^'^^ nv, ^4;'k- 6'#ry>k /'=> SCALE-; OF FEET I I I I I Fifi. 554. CVo.sx Section of Side and Roof and Up:]er Berth of a Sleeping Car. Pullman's Palace Car Company. {For oilier Seetions of Sleeping Car See Figs. 514 and 327.) (ISO) CAR-BODIES, Passenger and Baggage; .S/V/t.s aiid Roofs. Fii/s. 555-569 Fi'j. jU6. J<'i!i. 567. Fil/- 555. Fir/. 556. Fit/. 557. Fifi. 559. Fii/. .563. .S«/c />39J-. Side and Roof. End Door, Corner Post. Side ami Roof. Cross Sections of Baggage Cai-. Cross Sections of Passenger Car. SiDB, End axd Roof Frajhng of Baggage and Passenoek Cak. Chicago, Burlington & Qginoy Railroad. ;L::?r:%:B4--nrvS fn^iiii-^ '.i — .__iui-|.-- — i^/(7. 5^' Cross Seetion (131) i^jff. 569. Side Elevation, Challbnder Truss. Chicago, Uurlington & Quincy Railroad, F/(/.s. 570-571a. CAR-BODIES, Baggage. V—Z'tOi/z-r?^^ ;;- '6'5'/z- 3^!* ,'.7-y« i^l^M S'b" ^ --■5 8'-- >|< — -5 8 U8 ^-2 10 — >t .J^-21%- ^ Fid. 570. SiiTe Elevation of Framing. Fig. 571. Plaii of Undcrf raining. Baggage and Express Cab. Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. Names f)F Parts. Fiijx. .543-507 (CondiuJed). 180. Deek-Kcrecii Sa>^ "v;^^::::::^:::.:,: j» ■?" H) 1 >--179 •f 'Smrrrrm '^ 181 175 SCALE OF FEET. 2 3 4 5 10 —I Fifl. .iiX Half Plan and Hori-ontal Heelion of Siilea. ByKlQAGK AND EXPRESS CAR. BaLTIMORK & OHIO RAILROAD. Fifl. .574. CV'0.s'.9 Section of Unilerfranie. Names of Parts of Baogage Cars. Figs^. •'570-583. 1. Side-slIlK. la. Side-sill Flitch-plate. lb. Side-sill Fiiteli-plank. 2. End-sill. 2a. End-sill Ftiteh-plate. 2b. End-sill Flitch -plKnk. 3. latermediiite-sill. 3a. Outer Intermediiite-sill. 4. Oenter-sill. 6. Bridging. 8. SiH Knee-iron. 9. Si7Z Tie-rod. 10. Body-holster. 15. iJodj/ Center-plate. 16. Khig-bolt. 19. _Bod2/ Check-chain Eye. 20. Bod?/ Tnts-'i-rod. 22. i?0(?j/ (Jneen-post. 23. TurnJinckle. 26. Cross-t ie-timber. 27. iJYoo/-. 31a. Platform Cross-timhei-. 31b. riatform lie-rod. 34. Platform. 35. Platform. Timhers. 37. Platform Short-sill. 38. Platform End-sill. 39. Plalforni-railin.g Post. 45. Phitf arm Steps. 46. Tread-hoard. 47. Step-iron. 48. Step-hanger. 51. Brace. 51a. Ciainti'r Brace-rod. 51b. Cannier Brace-rod . 52a. Composite Kinl-j'nxls. 54. Sill-and-plate Rod. 55. Ciniidcrbrace. 58. Winilon'-2josls. 60. .S'fHi'. 40. Base-washer for Platform-railing- 61. Corner-post. post. 62. Duor-post. 41. Platform Rail. 77. Od/.svV^; U7»rmdoM-. 190. End-sill Stiffening-plafe: 191. Enrl-sill Stiffening -angle. 192. Platform Short-sill Tie-rod. 193. Platform End-sill Tie-rod. 194. Platform Tru.^s-rod. 195. End-plate-and-bolster Tie-rod, CAR-BODIES, Baggage. Figs. 579-583 (135) '«—£'?' -*- 32'/2'-* Fig. 582. Half End Elevation of Framing and Cross Section Baggage Car, Nbw York Central & Hudson River Railroad. {Di'tails are shown in Fiys. 1176-I3C.3.) Fiij. 583. End EUration . Figa. 584-595. CAR-BODIES ; Baggage and Express Cars. Fig. 586. Half Plan of Unilerframe Iknfi/afor frame | i^i0. 589-590. Hj.. Express Car WITHOUT Platforms. Louisville & Nashville Railroad. -Ft.r/. 591. Fig.oQI. Fifj^, 587-59?. Cross S<'(:tio/is Stion-ino Framing. Ed/son iDunamo\ SCALE OF FEET. -f7f7. 595. SecfionalEntl Elevation, Note.— .^I st/stcm of electric lighting adopted bu the Chicaao, Milwaukee <£■ St. Paul Railuay, and differ- ing but slightly from that employed by the Pennsyl- vania Railroad and the Pullman's Palace Car Company. A general view of the interior of car is shoion in Fig. 119. Fifi. 59i. Part Plan. Elkctrio LioiiT Plant in End of Baggaue Car. Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway (136) CAK-BODIES, Baggage a.nd E.rpresx Cars. Figs. 596-598 S S H ■ M S S h (137) Figs. 599-600. CAR-BODIES, Combmation ; Baggage and Mail. £'// ro/t/t/L' /a^ Oi c;^ tt^ CO w i-^ hi hi h M Vi hi Tl Cn h-, *« a. a o-" a o o H- ^ TO s? O' S' ;a 9 M M ^ 10 M P 00 N 05 1 o 1 to" 1 a a a, o to" 1 g O hj >■ » o w H It' 00. Sectional Plan, Shaming Under/ran Combination Baggage and Mail Car CO Zil O ^ 3J £^ ^ §S b id' W w O Si re TO y ^ ss C'j ri O o 1 ?r§ O TO o 1^ P9 to a 1 1 o §1 ^s ?o w t-l M i(^ t-* p CO 00 &3 hi H H ^ o o fJ- o &: to m to TO tQ o TO ^ ^ TO a -^ h a, o o o ?7- _-< (138) CAR-BODIES, Combination ; Bnggage and Mail. figx. 601-604 51 5, 1 ^ o o a a 139) Figs. 605-608. CAR-BODIES, Postal. CS W [f^ W id & fc^ ^ ^ ^ <>(- -v c^ ct s= o- s « >r r^ I O >- S' ? '^ Oj i3 <~ T=^ \_ >^^,--- 9-S' -T^- ..1^ 'j Fifl.tilK Grain-door &. &L'. ~7l7W^^ : S- ^'— j^iLi, Fic/s. 622-62.3. T-nterinecliale-aill '4> P e s-^' -^ — n. crr^ 7^ ^ '- en Fig. 6iT . Side-door {2}. Fia. 619. Orain-door Flap (2\. f n....„ ■= — - 3-6 -^- - Cl/^-iA'^^ ~ — ^ r ^^-744j' » Figs.6i5-m. End-braceii). Figs.eH-m. Figs.6l9-m. Fig. 651. Fig.6o2. Fig. 653. Back-stop Timber (21 Roof Carline {Z\ . Counter-brace [i^ . Counter-brace {!). Counter-brace (l). t c?V^' 1— -//>*'' ^.»^ -^c^*-* < 1^^ r - - o'-,o-- - '- i "^=,.-«'"- ='!,' ^ ii ^1 ;J 1 a-/o' — : ;.. 1 . o ',. ^^ c. -,\^ Pigs. 654-655. Bolster (2). ii'i/y.?. 655-6.56. ^^!.4l^^' 1-^ I . -I Wfir.5. 657-658. Figs. 659 660. Kffs. 661 662. Figs. 663-664 End-sill (2). CVo.ss-iieKm6cr(2). End-plate (2). Draw-bar Draw-bar' Stop-block (2} . Timber (4) -FVff. 666. Cylinder Block (1). 5^ i<'(.f/. 667. Side-door Stop (2). - if 'H i^i'ff. 668. Side-door Track (2). "-jji' /'/?5'? 674. 675 ?* •">«• "'"• «'!• 672. 673. 674. 675. 676. 677. 678. 679 680 681 Fig. 669 Side-girth. Fig. 610. End-girth. Fig. 671. Side-fascia. Fig. 672. End-fascia. Fig. 613. Door Heads (2). ' Fin 611 Ridoe- f -|J'«f-~l I J/4 f -^ S" 'f J^ I. Fig. 682. Fastening of Running-board. Figs. 6S3-6SI. JV.fys. 685-686. Door-cap End-blocks (4). Uncoupling Lock Blocks (2). F(».s. 687-688. I>oor fVedges (2). V2 " Tf„c/r Fig. 689. Floor Furring- blocks (4). !■ 20' ^ t 7 ' o 1 o r g ,- /Sf^ o ».o L__ Fig^69^. Runniug-board Figs. 691-691. Fig. 691 Cylia^ler Block {>.). .Figs Extenson Blocks (2). Draio-sitl Keys (.5). 1-695. Uncoupling Chains (2). Details of Parts of Box-car. Nkw York Central & Hudson River Railroad. (112) CAR-BODY DETAILS, Box Cars ; Cast and Wrought Iron. i 3E=ii*- Fign. 696-608. Double Brace ami Post Casting (4). \3i'2-\ ^y^- 1^>'^- 'tz\i -i<2^ ^^^i-jJSga /&Eia'«- Pjk^ ■'fti>*' Y^MA ' ''"^ '"" fa] J13L Figs. 696-824 'jJrr ■ ^J77; E3^ i^i'ffs. 699-701. Shuilr. Brarc and Post Casting (4). figs. 702-704. .SiVZe Figs. 705-707. .?iVZe i^ff."!. 708-710. End Figs. 711-713. Side- Brace Casting at Brace Castinq at Brace Casting (H). Post Socket Corner Post H). Door Post H). Catting {i). *p/«' 3/4' 7&tp4o^S]II/'^ * 3/s' , rnrr^---' , 711-715. 716-717, 738-40. 718-719. 720-1. 722-3. 724-5. 726-7. 728-9. 730-1. 732-3. 734-5. 736-37. Figs. 714-15. Bralce Shaft Bntchet (1). Pigs. 716-17. Paip? Weight (I). JiY/s. 718-19. Borlj/ Truss Rod Washers (4). Fk/s. 720-1. \% Washer (4). Figs.l'ii-'i. \'i Washer (i). Figs. 12i-a. li. Washer (i). Figs.7H>-9. Uncoupling Lodes {2). Fitjs. 130-1. Uncoupling Leaer Gear Plates (i) . F'igs.TM-3. li„ Washer. Figs. 13t-5. l^ Washer. Figs. 735-7. Draw Timber Guards (i). i'tff.s. 738-40. Angle Rod Bevel Washer [%). c -,is^3^. If^' °=^t^™ Figs. 741-2. Hand Brake Wheel (1). Fit/s. 743-4. Body Side Bearing (4). Fips. 745-7. Draw B«r JT'igx. 748-50. Bodu Pigs. 751-3. BofJ;/ i^gs. 754-8. Door Stop Castings (8), Truss Rod Sad- Truss Rod Sad- Guide Brackets (2). dies (4). dies (4). I?? TTl -if/ft' H ^ 2 f ^ 1 ^ |V^i> • 3'/2"i o /fgQ . .^ . Figs. 804-5. Corner Grab- iron (2). Fi'ffs. 806-7. Ladder Round (10). Fi'f/s 808-9. Ladder Round (2). /<7f/s. 810-1. Door Handle (2). Fi'ff.s. 812-13. .Bot7(/ Bolster Side Bearing (4). '/* u ■ 5% 3) ^ ^rio " e ^iS Figs. S2\-2. Cylinder F/f/.s. 823-21. D?-oi(; icwr iJo(< (1). Timber Tie-rod (3). J?\-f7s.-814-15. Closed-door Fig. 816. Z>oo»- F/f/s. 817-18. Hand Figs. 819-20. r/-«ss. G«arfZs(l). post^ods. Brake-rod (!)■ rods {2). Details of CastIand Wrought iRof. Part.s of 60,000-lb. Box-car Body. New York Central & Hudson Eiyer Railroad, (143) Figs. 825-915. CAR-BODY DETAILS, Box-Cars; Wrought Iron and Steel ' 1 —ill 2'/2 ^0 9 ^3'/2" t))2'/2 „ : M^r ■ f7f2' Fi(/.'^^- 1 'i*.-.-?^ 1 3 Fir/. 812. Fir/ 813. Kini/'linlt Bo /• Tie rod (1). Wastier (2). Fir/s. 8H-845 -^2^2.^'^ — /O' \^'€i ,Sp^^i ' Wjfff 1,7" r ^"t - '■^" ■ .>' ^^"jT ;-yH AsS^itr *lil^-' Kff. 8i6. Follower Plate Weerr-plate (4). ~ 3' a ' ^, • .-, «'.r/. 847. Bolster End Washers (4). 1?*'.' LI •{I ^*;' Fi'f/s. 848-849. Carry-iron (2). 7^!'f/.s. 850- 857 Firjs. 852-853. Bolster Truss-rod Saddle (4) Lever Guard (3). Fir/s. 854-855. Uncoupling Levers (2). 'Figs. 856-857. Braw-barPockets (2) ^ -/e'yg- —, FU r 9f^ o I r.^^— ^ Fig. 873. King-bolt (21. P/r/,?, 8.58-S;0. JSody Center-Plates (4). /^/'/'. 851 S». /^-w'. -m>,5. 833-85?., 9/^i7s\ 819-871. "Fiff?. 871-872. Fiq/u/ . Figs 936-037. Brrtke-u-heel. ;-H?5i3tzit)dl!3 Fig.l. 93S-939. Haadbred^e Staff'. ,#V *s,aii?'i' Mr/s. 9iQ-911. A"/!/. 912. F/V/.^-.,913-r.i,i. Brake Ratelict-wheel Pan:l. nrakc-shaft-and-Fairl Bearing. Figs. oTo-OIS. Draft-tiinher Loik-p/afe. '2lt,"^ <* - i^jVy.s-. 919-951. y^iV/.s. 952-953. J-iffs. 954-9.5.5. i^iVy.s. 9.i(!-958. i^iVy.s. 9,59-9lil. /<'/>/ Oi;2. i^,V/. 063. ^V/.s. 96i-966 . "Z:^ Soeket Washers. Boilv Truss-rod End Socket Washers, .Soeket Wasini-s. Flat Slieavcfor Body Side-bearing. Washers. Tl'a^her. C'e)de}--Ierer. P^ 6 f 6 — \ ^ — h- be -fl7-^ 3 (6) >!' (6) 5^-?^ .' _ 1 (fj) 20, , Ma ; ifef jP/.f/,s. 967-968. 6'i7; Strap-boit. ^^^±!:j 1^'if/. 967. /^7r/s. 970-971. Khxj-holt Plate. Body Safeiy-ehain Hook. C r~^yk ^- ^::=^ ktr^-»»' -td. i<7r,.'.- 972-973. Second a )-y Brake-connecting-rod . — — /^ J2'/a' — • /-' "-:(5 ^:^ !."A; ^?' ;:?;) ^^ l4 ^»'j- — /J(" "^ JZ .'-^ CT- Qj h""" T^ ■ •/*,* IS 1ST 11, li i;s (• ,,, ,- — tt- ^r vi/ -)..2 zs c Figs. 974-975. Body-bolster Truss-rod Strajy. f -S'/2''—- , Figs. 976-977. f'enier Brake lever. Figs. 97S-:I79. Bralx-shaft Ccunecting.roil. c^^ f .,«'. J" - 1 \J Figs. 982-982. Body Truss-rod Safehj- strap . Figs, ma-^ii. Center Brake-lever Carrier, I- .?" - ^ i/&e .3- -ji -I- J-" -v/«n Figs. 991-092. (<^"M- '''h ""' ".„;(7)\T^>-"kc-shaft Cnnnccling-rod V; ' )' J a Hide. Figs. 989-990. Brakc-shafI Step. (145) Figs. 984-98.5. Brake- Figs. 086-988. shaft Connecting-rod Guitte. Stai:e-poekct. Details of Cast, Malleable and Wrought Iron Parts of 50,0U0-lb. Flat-gar Body. New York, Lake Erie & Western T!ailro.\d. Oilier parts not shou-n are jMasdr Car Builders' Sdunjaed.. K(/.s. 993 1071. CAR-BODY DETAILS, Flat and Gondola Cars; Wrought and Cast Iron. \fr/Ai\ J^^:zMt? i Figs. 993-991. Body-bolster. Mas. 995-996. Figs. 997-998. ySide-sill. Center-sill. Fig. 999. Encl-sill. Figs. 1000-1001. Figs. 1002-1003. Tnermediate-sill. Brake-lever Connecting-rod. m^_ [K 6 ""& W"^- 8t Fit/s. 1034-1005. CuUnder Brake-lever. Mffs. 1006-1007. Floating Brake-lever. Kf/s. 1008-1009. Brake-lever Conitect i ng-rejd . Figs. 1010-1111. Haiul-brake Connecting- rod (2). Fias. 1012-1013. Floating Brake-lever Bracket. -^^t^ Figs. 1014-1015. Cylinder Breike-lcver Bracket. Figs. 1016-1017 . Floating Brake-lever Guide. 1 ! zi 1 ' Fias. 1018-1019. Fig. Body-bolster Truss-rod 1019 a-&. Stay (2). Fias. 1020-1021. Fig. 1022. Fgs. 1023-1024. Brake-step. Conductor's Valve- Brake-pin. lever. Details op Wood and Wrought-iron Parts op 60,000-lb. Flat Car. New York, Lake Erik & Western Railroad. {Car Body is shown in Figs. 287-289.) 21/2 • Figs. 1025-1026. Figs. 1027-1028. Dog for Pawl. 2 CefTfre cross —-/O" — Figs. 1029-1030. /Bra He mee/ f Truss red m T'rS iS. -71/8^ ti TTrn il -J%^ til- JFmra /'/S^ '^1. '"* ^2mid,ys/'M 23/B' Ser.^/feS/,oeS '^gi^^f^^ ■^''^ rdic/iei- ly/iee/s ' Figs. 1031-1032. Figs. 1033-10.34. Figs. 1035-1036. Figs. Figs, Figs. 1037-1038. 1039-1040. 1041-1042. ^ Truss rod ffs 2. 3r- ^ n •" . rt/" n ; a\ 3" 'J t^3 Figs. 1013-1045: Jfi(7.s. 10J6-1047. Brake Pawl. ~7[ Pig. 1048. Figs. 1051-10,52. Figs. 10,53-1054. Uncouplin-lever Cetstings {2). Figs. 1055-1056. Draw-bar Casting (4). Figs. 1049-1050. Figs 1057-10,59. End Stejjs (3). \-3 ■ 6" of 2'/4-" Figs. 1060-1061. Drawbar Guide (4). o ,1 o t /o" 1 \' '2 " 1 i ; 1 T Figs. 1062-1063. 1 4-" i o r/r „ 1 1 i; Jiigs. 1064-1065. /'?,■£■ ,2'/2" » -1 i^ig^s. 1066 1067. J'i'ffs. 1068-1069. ii'ios. 117O-1071. Back-stop Timber-keys (i). Draw-timber Keys {li). Draw-timber Tie- Tic-rod j i Floor' rod Washers [i). Washers (i). ' Sockets (li). Details op Cast-iron Parts op Twin-hopper (jOndola-car Body. New York Central & Hudson River Railroad. Length, 35 ft. 6 in. Capacity, 60,000 lbs. (!«).: CAR-BODY DETAILS, Gondola and Caboose ; Wronghl ovd Oust Iron. Fiij.^. 1072-1175 H --■ -7 -FiV/s. 1073-3. Body Ti-usn-rodf: (I). JPV(/9. 1071-5. J)rop-(loor Hanr/ers li). r±I _1 JUiy r /7fi^ -bar Pocl-et (■>). Fifis.wm-'. Draw-timber Drafl-roelH). Fieis.Wm-M Steel Stake-poeliet (16). /<7(/,s' 1111-12. Drop-door Hinge-bearing Vi). /'Vf/s. 1113-14. Brake-shaft Step m. Figs. lUH-lS. Bralce-.sliaft Bearinq {2). Figs.ilM-lS, King-bolt {i}. Mf/.s. 1119-20. Hopingstaple (4). Figs. WiWli. Brake Step Braclcct {2). • J ^--PV- ^^ -'i^ Figs. 1124-112.\ Fig. 1126. Uncouplina-leeer Brake-chai n, Cttain (21. % in. (1). Details of WKOUGnx-iRON Pakts op Twin-hopper Gondola Oak Figs. 1127-1128. Bodg Brace-rod (2). Fig. 1129. Brake-shafI (1). Figs. 1130-1131. Handhold {%). New York Central & Hudson Rtvf.k Railroad. l-'ig. 1167. Flag- Figs. 1168-70. Soekel holder BrcH-kel. for Flag-holder. Big. 1163. Cross Section of Plate and Lookout-sill. Figs. 1174-5. Hand Brake-iehcel. (117) Figs. 1171-3. BufTer-bloek. DEtITs^OP cIs'tTr^OS PrRTSOTFOUR-WHIIEL CABOOSE. NEW YOR(i, L.AKE ERIE & WESTERN RAILROAD. iCar-boely is shown in Figs. 385-388.) Fig>i. 1176-1227. CAR-BODY, DETAILS, Baggage Cars; Wood. 2-i::^si^3 /S --iSi -- /9 ' j ^ ^ii, u_L 2 «i_S» -i-JLji :^ i 3 — i' :■ 'i Si il^jJiii— Fir/s. 1176-1177. Sirh^siU (2). ^3 .J S i?iY/.s.:il78-117n. SUlc-'plate I2). 3i: 3^3t3S ^s_ Figs. 1180-1181. Intcrv\ediate-siU (I). -^w~x^- O-Hf:- ■ 3 f ki t--i ^m^r:^^ U Figs. 1202-1204. End Door post (4), 2R&2L. J'/(7.^'" ; . -.-+6-'+ o o o o o :[r j; JS' ' -v^ " -i— ^-. /7/J^ — ^ gii--i ^^t^ ,r;rtbo P f S oijpn 7'7,S- -o-^ - Fii/f.: 1228-1229. Iiitcrmediati: Plii/f,:,)-,,,-// ,„hrr (i) ■Ik' 06'/!- a ,j-^^-^* Fi'iy. 1231-1231. Sep Ti„lha-s, 2 i-ii/hlf ami 2 IcJ'lx "^B:- Teir J''ii/>i. I2:i2-1234. i^(<-/.-,\ I2:jj-i2:j(;. Buffer h'ork (2) Hanficr bloik (2). **iHr rrffitnt •^Ir^ !^^-X^ -1 — ■ — 3-io': Fig. 1237-1238. Side-doors (2). ^^^P Fin. 1211. Applieation of sh/it: diiil Plalforii,. Figs. 1230-1240. Canopij Rcturn-rihs. Fir/s. 1212-1243 Ajipli'-fition of Safely chains. j-o' ■ sT Figs. 1214-1245. EiLd-sill Flildi-platc 2 Figs. 1248-1249. Carline-piate (10). Figs I2,i0-I2;il. Enil-plate Stiffoujr (2). Figs. 12415 1247. Tru.-iS-roilA i,rliur-irons (4). n IF Figs. 12.52-1254. Sidc-si/l Flitch-plate (4). 1 z m Figs. 12.5.5-1256. Platform Hand-rail i4). 4:£^ U h-/r- '6-S' ■U + " ^''— ^ 1 !' j '*n ^ 26^4 — --^ 26^3-" 6-S' ,' 1 • • . -k, ^1 Fig.';. 1257-12.58. End-st iffiiier (8). I'lgs. 1259-1260. End-sliffcncr (4). Figs. 1261-1262. Side-door Threshold (4). ^^-«-l ' t , I «*5 «/&< = i l':^ — ^/-^r- H ->i«i:- 2 ^^ ^ 7>£/«j a/cc/f Top /roni Figs.VLai-VXA. J -ja r . - -J ■ . ■ ■ IT 41 ji/is-^ J_ 1 I /O^^^^ l'/2'. i 2£nd S/// Fro6ec&/o//P/^£S 2 Drs,v Timber T/e P/3tes 2Center Stem 2 SufTef B/oc/C tiside Cftafm^ F/^es Front P/^tes 7<7(/.s. 1265-1266. /-Vys. 1267-126-1. Figs I2C9 1270. /' r^ m H- \-6<'£\ \ 2 oftJl/s 2 of trfl/s c/l^fmy p/jte Figs. WS-vm. J'latforiii. Figs var,-l'>K. Phdform Figs, ms-mn. / "^ /" J-p5--^/< ..] ^^^' Cen&er ii^js/fe/s. Stem ff^s^e/^ 2 Buffer C/?^'r^f 2 B^c/f C^rru /ro^s ^ ^^f^ ^"^^^^ ^^'^^^/^ 2 Brs/fe 6/?^ ft St,rrap P/3tes Braces {//7S/c/eJ ffr^ces (putojcfej 8 P/3tforr77 Trass Pods =^* Figs. Figs. Figs. Figs. /flp,-,. 1290-1291. Pi.os. 1292-1293. i<^(»,s. 1294-1295. jp'iffs. 1296-12a7. 1282-1283. 1281-1285. 1286-1287. 1288-1289. Carry-iron (2). £ra!(e- shaft Stirrup Braces (2 of each). Plalfurin Triiss-ruil {S}. Details of Wood and Wkouohi-ikon Parts of Baugage-car Body. Nkw York Central & Hudson Ru'er Railroad. (U9| Figs. 1298-1363. CAR-BODY DETAILS, Baggage; Wrought Iron. ps >%■' ^ /% 1 '>[ ■ /2>/^ • ■i° 1 ; f Of T/l/S To Oir ? End /fe////7^ f L /'7(/,s. 12!)8 1299. Brake Shaft-titirrup {2). Kos. 1300-1301. 5^iei? Jro7t (2). 2 M^/fee.n C^rri/ /roi7S /VP/ Figs. 1302-1304. McKeeti Carry-iron (2|. Ftp.s. 1305 1306. Body Platform-railing (4). @lS @ \M.\i\-\i r, |.-.^j)i ^ 'MMiA 1307-1308. 1309-1310. 1311-1312. 1313. 1315-1316, Ficis. 1307-1308. Safety-chain Stirrup i). Figs. 1309-1310. Wrovqht-iron Plate 8). Figs. 1311-1312. Safety-chain Rubber (I). Fig. 1313. Safety-hool- and Eyebolt ,2) Fig.-s. 1315-1316. Safety-Unh and Eycbo t (2) Fig. 1321. Center-plate Bol.'itcr-truss and Side- bearing Bolster-truss, I-L-I9- a-s" — '>'-%XW^' v-center of bolster Figs. 1317-1318. Uficoupling- shaft Stirrup 12). Fig.9. 1319-13.?0. Double Body-bolster Frame (2). «^'i?,'. r* — — •S'yv" • -'-T^ o ■ i o O; i o ■^ ^ ^ « 5fefe- - ^ .1' O o ■k- __ £J o (3 y^(y.s. 1333-1334. FiV/. 1332. Figs. 1330-1331. %" Bolt. Figs. 1328-1329. Bar Guides HI. 3 Fi'ffS. 1326-1327. Figs. 1321-1325. Figs. 1322-1323. Bar Holders (4). Angle Washers (12) Tie-rod Washers {'m). Fig.-i.r.m Fig. 1337. Fig. 1339. End-door Husp |2). Sidc-duor-hasp Hasp Eye-bolt H). Eije-bolts (6). i<--s -^ f o o: 1) c^ 1 Oj ^'V(^. 1341. Side -door Hasps (4). J'iy. 1342. F'lg. 1343. FiVy. 1344. Hasp End-door Hasp- Eye-plate. eye and Plate (2). s" I I o o J &=3 ^ ■-H /ar. rrrcr -r^r^r-i | ZEE^EEEEE^-m' feEEEEE Tga-- Fig^. 1393-1394. Center-stem 40 Figs. 1.395-1396. Siile-stcm. \ Via FUi ' 1 ' cajim wtjNS Fig. 1401. Center-spring. 23 'MT' -4- -4- -M-^-i s" 1 ' CthTt* GPKlia Fi'ff. 1402. Long Center-spring 22 r;.ifei¥i j:*L ii'fffs. 1404-1406. Outer Side-stem Guide. 36 AND 37 7<'i'(/«. 1407-1409. Outer Center-stein Guide. tr:iS;"iti«^. J:L, „,„,, 49 .,,. „„, B 610[ 5p«it,as i.-i(/. 1403. Side-.'ipring 44 1 '" -^r i i : ■ ^frr'r^ iM SrBiNO .0»E. Figs. 1410-1412. Push-f/ar Spring- Dorlcct. Figs. 1413-1415. Side-spring Yoke. -^U ■uaJ " qDJJLD continuous PLATFORM ^^-- WASMtfl, THHEShOLD PlATt, P L PUTt, MALLtAQlt II (151) ; Figs 14-21-23. J^i'ff.s. 1124-1425. Fig.s: 142r)-1427. J*"!;!/.?. 1416-1118. /rarecr i^^fys. 1419-1420. Tllreshold-plate Center-stem Sidr-stem Side-stem Ouide. Name-plale. fVasher. Jnner-guidr. Thimble. Details of Wrouoiit and Cast Iron Parts of Brake-gear and Draft-gkar of Baggaok-car Body. New York Central & Hudson River Railboad {Oould Draft-year.) Figa. 1438-1435. CAR-BOB Y DETAIL?, Bolsters, Freight ; Composite and Iron. Numbers Refer to List of Names of Parts witli Fies. 1451-1457, --- - fl- 6 " — M M Fig. WIS. Traiib-nrsc Section vf UiidcrJ'ramc and Side Elcvullon of Bolster. A h ^ j^ M \m w I A « \/m\j\iS~ ^^ /^ K/l i A Fig. Ii29. C'ro.s.s Section. V^ .FiV/. 1430. Plan. TKUS3ED Wood Bodv-bolster, with S'litcif-platrs. Baltimore & Ohio R4iLR0iD. Foi-iiO.im-Ih. Tieiii-linpper Onndnlei Car. Fig. 1431. Transverse Section of Viiderframc, showing Method of Attucfiing Bodi/d/olster of a Derricic Car. Iron Body-bolster for a Derrick-car, Baltimore & Omo Railroad, Car is Shown in Figs. 392-393. 7 Solf J/fxS'ya 3olr Fig. 1133. Transverse Section (f Underfruine of a Refrigerator Car anil Ilulf FJeral ion and. Ilidf Longitud i nal Section nf Bot.'iter. Iron' Body-bolster. Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway. ^ALi-^^^% T /'Vyrt: /rcn '/Z"x2 'V ^'> ° " ^f '' ^| 6"2','=?/y^^ -> ut s Fiiix. 1436U37. t'co.ss Section of Umlcrframe of a Boxcar, and Plan and Elcoation of Bodti-holsler. Ikon Body-bolster. Chicago, Burlington & QaiNui' Railroad. Drain nolster Th imble. /<'/(/ 5. 1144-U47. Bod/y Side-hcciri nil, Chicago, Burlington & Quinoy Railroad. ^ }:^^\m>i^i^f^/^^:3^VMi^W^ Fill. 1)18. Side Elevation of Bolster. ^^•'^5"*- s"-^$"^ Fill. U19. Cross Section. /Vl A <9 1 5 i a 1 1 t\ !&^A i^A A ^ dX^ & ir M iHg. 1150. Plan of Bolster and Sills. Double Iron Body-bolstkr. for S').OO0-lb, Box-oab, Michigan Central IIailroad, Other Body- bolsters are shQ-.TO as follows: Composite Wood and I-Boam (Storlingworttil Fig. .371; Composite Wood and Iron Flitch Plates, Figs. 302, 30.5 and 316. Truck Bolsters are shown with Trucks. (153) Figs. 1451-1457. CAR-BODY DETAILS, Body-bolsters; Pusscnger. Pig. 1451. Half Side Ehi-ation and Cross Scctlan of Platform, showing Truss to strintjilicn Platform. Body BOLSTER AND Platform Tkl'ss. Pennsylvania Railroad. Fiy. 145'2. Cross Section of Undcrfranic. Draft-timbers and Platform-sills ore Plated to strenr/then Platform. Fifi. 1453. Cross Sec- tion of Bolster. Wi f^ iv^ iw^ n V W 1^ fLJ im v^ m i^ M ■M yi i/\ V Pill. U54. Plan of Bo'ster and Sills. Double Body-bolster, Passenger. Norfolk & Western Railroad. Fig. 1455. Cross Section rjf Bolsters, Half Eleration of Center-plate Truss and Pnll Elceation of Side-hearing Truss. ^ — — ^-iz - ^,S Fig. 1456. Elevation of Bolster, il# -^ f \i^ jl -^ n 6 n -ol^-^fK /<^(^ - Fig. 1457. P/oH of Bolster and Connecting Trus.ies. Double Body bolster and Longitudinal Trusses between, for Center-plate and Side-bearings. New York Central & Hudson River Railroad. Names of Parts of Body-Bolsters, Freight. Fig.^. 1428-1434. 1. Top-plate. 2. Bottom-plate. 3. Thimble. 4. Outer-thimble, or Wedge. 5 Thimble-bolt. 6. Outer Thimble-bolt. 7. End-bolt. 8. Side-sill Bolt. 9. Body Side-bearing. 10. Truck Side-bearing. 11. Body Center-plate. 15. Bort.v Truss-rod. 12. T/v/cA- Center-plctte. 16. Track-bolster 13. Kiug-bolt. 17. Sill-bolt (Intermediate). 14. Truss-rod Bearing-.<:ad- 18. Center-sill Bolt. die. 4a. Intermediate Thimble. (154) CAB-BODY DETAILS, Brake-gear ; Freight and Passenger. Figs. 1458-1463 Fig. 1458. Side Elevation. Compression -ROD Brake. © .» =Y=f List of Names of Parts of Brakes. Figs. 14.J8-U63. 1. BraAe-beam. 2. Bitih'-ierer (Dead-lever aud Live-lever). 3. Brake-sliafi Chain. 4. Bi-ake-shiift Coniiecfiiig-rnd. 5. Lower Brake-roel. 6. Seeondary Bralie-rod. 7. Floating-lever. 8. Floating Oonnecfiiig-rod. 9. Center Brake-lever. 10. Center Brake-lever Cliiiin. 11. Center Brake-lever Sheaves. 12. Dead-lever Brake-rod. Fig. U59. P/o«. Brake for Short Drop-bottom Car. Fig. 1460. Side Elevation. I)0UBLE-LEV£R BRAKE. {Rarely used when breikes are applied to both trueks.) {Not much in u.^e, oeeetsionally met with.) ^3 2\ JQ f n. '^} 7/ ^2 [X Fig. 1462. Plan. Elder Brake. m .Q-=-<:ji= f o. :^^ fei: ^ (Is not hcinfj aj)plied to new construction.) (155) Figs. 1464-1513. CAR-BODY DETAILS, Brake-gear; Freight. Fig.U6l. Side Elevation of Brake Gear. Fi(i. 1166. End E/evedion of Brake Gear. Freight Brakk Gear for Outsidk Hong Brakes. Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway. {Plan of arraiujenient for innide humj brakes is slwwn iuEiijs. 1695-1698.} ,,h*/z' ^ Fuj.^. 1^67-1408. Tym jo^ ia Figs. 1469-1470. f^'*^h-i^^^^^^.. Fiejs. 1471-1472. Figs. 1473-1474. ■ Cy/'m^fcr- L t'fe'y Figs. 1177-147 Figs. 1479-1480. €14 Figs. 1481-1482. rsdj^mn Sr^sfet. :;-pr,n^ /i,.,/*/ /finger J'jr/S. 1483-1484. _F/r7.s. 1485-1486. i'7f/s. 1 487-1489 H-J'/^i" ^^^^ Fig. 1491. Figs. 1495-1493. Fig. 1497. ^ Figs. 1490-1491. /J/B ■■ /'vc/7 ifod i^j'f/.s. 1498-1501. il-| '"'AfiJ' ^ 2'/i» Fi(is 1522-1523. Bod aa,ae y//,, 1,1537. Fills. 15-21-1525. Fill. 152(!. Details of FounDxITION Freioht BRj\ke Gear adoi'TEO by the Master Cah Buildejis' Assogjation isxy, IMIfi anh 1891. Fig. 1.528. Scctio-nal Side Elevation, Diamond Truck, Brakes Ootside-hung from the Car-body. Fig. 1529. Fnd Elevation, Diamond Truck, Brakes Outside-huno from the Car-body. Names op Parts op Freight Brake GtEAR. Fiijti. 1528-152!). 1. Bnih'-hloclc. 10. llraJce Safety-<-hiiiii Ki/i-bolt 2. Brakenhoe. 11- Bralv-lever. 3. Brake fihoe Key. 12. Fnikr lercr FkIitvih. 4. Tru.'iscd Brake-beam. 13. 5. Brake-beam Truss rod. 14. 6. Brake-beam King-post. 15. 7. Brake hanger. 16. 8. Brake-hanger Carrier. 17. 9. Brake Safety-chain or Link. Brake-lever Stop. Brake-hii nijer Bearing. Brakc-briiiii Ailjiisl imj-Iniiiger. Briil-e beam Ailjiisl iiig-ciirrier. Brake-beam Adjustiiig-Iioiiger Eye. a»7) Fig.s. 1530-1534. CAR-BODY DETAILS, Brake-gear ; Fir/ry/i^, Fifl- 1530. Sectional Side Elivntion. Fig. 1531. Sectional End Elevation. Brake-gear, Freioht, for Diamond Truck. Ini^ide-hung from Chanacl-bcain Tra.nftovus. Brake Hiind-rails. for use on top of Box Cars, are shown in Bigs. 229-231, 241-246, and 878-879. Application of Air-brake to Gondola Cars is shown in Figa. 25, 310-311, 316-319. Other Inside-hnng Brakes are shown under Trucks. Fig. 1532. Sectional Side Elevation. Brake-gear, Passenger, as applifd to four-wheeled Truck. WhceU Braked upon One Side Only. Fig 1533. End Elevation. Brake-gear, Passenger, as applied to FouR-weEFLED Passenger Truck. Wheels Braked upon One Side Only. Fig. 1.534. Part Side Elevation. Brake-gear, Passenger, suowing another Manner of Hanging-brakes. Brakes Hung upon One Side of Wheel. Names of Parts. Fig.-i. 1.535-1537. 1. Upper Brake-lever Connecting-rod. 2. Upper Brake-lever Connecting-rod Clevin 3. Live Truck-lever. 4. Brake-lever Connecting-rod. 5. Truck Brake-lever. 6. Upper Lever-connecting-rod. 7. Dead Truck-lever. 8. Brake-beam. 9. Brake-beam Shut. 10. Brake-head. 11. Brake-slioe. 12. Brake Eeleasc-spring 13. Brake Safety-hanger. 14. Brake-beam Adjusting-hanger Carrier. 15. Bndic-beam Adjusting-hanger. 16'. Brake-lever Ouide and Stop. 16. Brake-hanger. 17. Brake-hanger Bracket. Names of Parts. Figs. 1540-1543. 1. Upper Bi-ake-levcr Connecting- rod. 2. Upper Brake-lever Connecting- rod Clevis. 3. Live Truck-lever. 4. Brake-lever Connecting-rod. 5. Brake-lever Llanger. 6. 8. 9. 10. Lower Brake Connecting-rod 11. Safety-strap. 12. Auxiliary-brake Equalizing- 13. lever. 14. Lower Brake Connecting-rod. 17. Lower Brake Connecting-rod. 18. Brake-beam Adjusting-hanger Carrier, Brake-beam Adjusting-hanger. Brake-beam Hanger. Brake-beam Safety-guard. Brake-hanger Bracket. Brake-leve r Ha 1 1 ger-br idge. Brake-lever hanger Clevis. (158) CAB-BODY DETAILS, Brake-gear ; Paf•%' •' Figs. Ifi09-1611. Self- adjusting Spr ing-liead. Figs. 1612-1613. Figs. 16U-1615. 138 3f P. <£' R. Railroad Freight Brake-head. Hooked Brake-head, REAR VICV N°|ll Fig. 1616. Collins Brake-head, /.. 1S76. Names of Farts of Diaphragm and Brake-hose. Figs. li!69-1675 and 1670-1680. 1. Diaphragm-shill '] 2. DiapJtragin-riihbir I 3. Diapkfagm-riiig \ Conslitutiiig 4. Diaahragm-wasla'is \- DiaphragDi. 5. Diaphragm Eye-bolt t'lMiiplcte. 6. Diaphvagm. Cap Sciciis \ 7. Diaphragm Plug J 8. Doidik'-thread NippJe (li X ?>J, in.). 9. Elbow (Xiin.). 10. Ho.'iC-Hipple (Ijr X 3} in.). 11. Tie (\i X 1-J: in.). 12. Hose-elip, Plain (1} in.). 13. Diaphragm-hose (li X 19 /((.). /•^i(As. 1(177-1C79. JiAMiis Vacuum Brake Hose. 14. Co iiplmg-Ji.osi' (li X 33 18. IhKC-elip, Plain (U in.). (Details, Figs. in.). 1684-lart (1 in,.). Fill. 1681. I.Ofigituilinn I Sect iinl. Fig. 16.53 Enil Elevation. Fin. 1586. Side Elcvatic Names of Parts of Coupli.ng. Figs. 1684-1687. 1. 2. 3. Coupling-valve. Conpling-vahv Lever. Coupli ng-point . 4. Coupling-ears. 5. Ciin.jiling-gashcl. 6. Con.pling-spring. Ei(l. 1687. Lonnilinli nal Section. Eames Vacuum Hose Coupling. Al. Steam-body. D2. Air-bfjdy. 3 . Upper Body. C4. Pelease-valve Body. 5. Main Air-tube. 6. Upper Air-tube. A7. Air Check-valve Seat. B7. Air Cheek-valve. 8. Heleuse-vcdve. A8. Release-valve Seat. 10. Steam Spanner-nut. (165) Names of Parts <)p E.JEOTOR. 12. Union-nut. A29. 13. Release-lever Fidernm . A30. B16. Ball Drip-valve Body. 36. 17. Release-valve St ml. 41. 18. Release-vcdve Nut. 42. 20. Fulcrum-pin. 43. 22. Handle Nut. 44. 23. Handle Ferrule. A47. 24. Handle. 48. 25. Release-lever. B49 B28. Steam-vcdve Body. Figs. 1063-1668. Steani-v>/.<;. 1690-1692 -PYi7. 1690. Sectional View shoicing general Arrangement of Apparatus. Westinqhouse Quick-action Automatic Air-brake. Fig. 1C91. Lemyituclinal Section. Fin. 1692. Cross Section. Nine-and-one-half-inch Air Pump. Westinghouse Air Brake Company. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. (167) Names of Parts of Pumps. Top Head (Complete). 69. Steam Cylinder (Complete). 70. Center-piece (Complete). 71. ^tr-c!/H9irfer (Complete). 72. Lower Head. 73. Steam-piston and Rod. 74. Air-piston (Complete). 75. Piston Packing-ring. 76. Piston-rod Nut, 77. Figs. 1691-1692. Reversing -vrjli^e Plate. Reversing-valve Plate Bolt. Reve rsing-valve Rod. Reversing-valve. Reversing-valve Chamber-bush. Reversing-valve Chamber-cap. Main-valve Bush. Main Piston valve (Complete). Large Main-valve Piston-head. 78. Large Main-valve Piston Pack. ing-ring. 79. Small Main-valve Piston-head. 80. Small Main-valve Piston Paek- ivg-ring. 81. Main Valve-stem. 82. Main Valve-stem Nut. 83. Main Slide-valve. 84. Right Main-valve Cylinder-head 85. Left Main-valve Cylinder-head. 86. Air-valve. 87. Air-valve Seat. 88. Air-imlve Cage. 89. Vab-e-chambcr (_ 'ap. 90. Union-stud (li in.). 91. Union-nut (1| in.). 92. Union-swivel {li \o.). 93. Sleum-pipe Stud (1 in.). 94. Governor Union-nut. 95. Stuffing-box. 96. Stuffing-box Nut. 97. Stuffing-box Gland. 98. Air-cylinder Oil-cup. 99. Short Cap-sereui (% X If). 100. Long Cap-screw (| X 6J). 101. Uj>per Steam-cylinder Gasket. 102. Lower Steam-cylinder Gasket. 103. Upper Air-cylinder Gasket. 104. Lower Air-cylinder Ga-'iket. 105. Drain-cock. 106. Air-strainer. 107. Steam-pipje Sleeve (1 in.) 108. Left 3'Iain-valve Head-gasket. 109. Right Main-vcdve Head-gasket. 110. Ma in-valve Head-bolt. 111. Cap-screw. Figs 1693-1698. CAR-BODY DETAILS, Brake-gear, Air ; Westinghome. Figs. 1693-169i. Sectional Side Elevation and Plan of a Passenger Car. Application of Westinghouse Aik-brake to a Passenger Car. Pig 1696. End Elevation. mm t Fio 1698. Cross Section of Uitelerfrftrne. Fig. 1697, Sectional Plan of Freight Uor. Applications of Westingiiouse Aik-buake to a Freight Cah. NA.MES OF Parts of Passengee and Freight BRAKE-aEA.R. Figs. 1693-1698. 1. Anxiliary-reservoir. 10. Lower-brake Connecting- \Q. Auxiliary reservoir 27. Train Signal-jnpe. 2. Brake-cylinder. rod. Bleeding-cock. 28. Train-signal Stop-cock. 3. Piston-rod Cross-head. 11. Live Truck-lever. 19. Brake Cut-out Cock. 29. Signal-hose. 4. Floating-lever Bracket. 11a. Dead Truck-lever. 20. Branch-pipe from 30. Signal Branch-pipe to 5. Triple-valve. 12. Hodge or Floating-lever. Train-pipe to Tripjle- Car Discharge-valve. 6. Air-strainer. 13. Upper Brake-lever Con- valve. 30s. Signal Branch-^npeCut- 7. Cylinder-lever. necting-rod. 21. Pf'pe from Triple valve out Cock. 8. Cylinder-lever a.nd 14. Cylinder-lever Tie-rod. to Aaxiliaiij-reservoir. 31. Signal-cord. Hodge-lever Connect- 15a. Hodge-lever Ouide. 22. Conductor'. ^-vahv. 32. Signed Car-discharge- ing-rod. 15w. Cylinder-lever Guide. 23. Branch-pipie to Con- vcdve. 9. Hand-bralie Connecting- 16. rram Brake-pipe. ductor's-valve. 33. Brake Hose-couplina rod. 17. Av.xiliary-reservoir 25. Angle-cock. 34. Signal Hose-coupling. 26. Air-brake Hose. Band. 1 . Main-reservoi i : 2. Brake-cylinder. 3. Pump Steam-cylinder. 3g. Pump-governor. 4. Pump Air-cylinder. 5. Air- str airier. 6. Steam-pipe. 7. Exhaust-pipe. 8. Air-pipe. 9a. Air-signal Siipphi-pipe from Main-reservoir NjVMEs of P.tRTS OP Brake Gear of Locomotive and Tender. 9. Py>3 /ro?7!. Main-reser- 16. voir and to Engineei's 17. _Bya/i'c'-(y'Ziv. 10. Engineer's Brake-vcdve. lOe. Equalizing-reservoir. 18. 11. Air-brake Hose-conp- ling. 19. 12. Driver-brake Cylinder. 13. Steam TJirottle-valve. 14. Train Brake-pipe. 20. 15. Angle-cock. 21. Triple-valve. Bi'cxnclt-pnpe T}-ain-xjipe valve. Tender Auxiliary-reser- voir. Pipe from Au.viliary- reservoir Brake-cylin- der. Air-gage. Driver-brake Tic-rods. Figs. 1699-1707. 23. Signal-ivhistle. from 23w. P^pg to Sig/ia? whi.'. Fi{/s. 1 699-1 T'OT' J^igs, 1699-1700. Sectional ^'w/e Elevation and Flan of Locomotive, .^tiowini/ application of Westin.gJiouse Air Brake. Fi B al l i a Fin. 1701. Part Emi Klcvallon. Firja. 17a2-1704. Part End Elevation a,nd Cross Sections. Fir). 1705. Sectional End Eleva- tion of Locomotive. Application op WEsnxanousE Air-brake to a Locomotive, Te.nder, and PASSE^faEK Car. Fifi. 1700. Seclional View of (Jiiick Aclinij Pas^cniier Triple-valve. Namiw oc Parts op Thii'le Valves. Fk/f:. 1700-1707. Clii'ck-vaive SpriiUj. ( Jlieck-vahv C'nuc. Clii'ck-ivilvi', Ciisi: Giisket ( 'Ii.i'ck-iudve. Stniiiier. Uidoii-imf. Union-swivel. 19. Drain-cap. Graditating-stem Nat. Graduating Stem. 2. Triple-valve Bmly. 13 3. Slide-valve. 13 4. Pifiton. 14 5. Piston Packing-ring. 15 6. Slide-valve Sprivg. 16 7. Graduating-valve. 17 8. Emergency-valve Pi.iion. 18 9. Emergency-valve Seat. 19 10. Emergency-valve. 20 11. Rubber Seat. 21 (169) Fii/. 1707. Seclional Vietr of Special (^ificlc Acliitff Passenijcr Triple-valve. 23. Graduating Spring. 23. Feather Gasket. 34. BiiU and Nnt. 25. Half-inch Cap-Screw. 26. One-half-inch Plug. 27. Union Gasket. Figs. 1708-1716. CAR-BODY DETAILS, Brake-gear, Air; WesUiighoiise. Names of Parts OF Trii LE Valve. Figs. 1708-1709 2. Triple-valve Case. 11. Leather Oaskct. 3. Lower Cap. 12. L'iston-jiaekirig Ring. 4. Upper Cap. 13. Fiinr-ieay Cack Key. 5. Piftfon 14. Bait. 6. Slide-valve. 15. Handle. T. Oradun'ing-valve. 16. Key-spring. 8. GradmiMiig-afem. 17. Key-cap . 9. 0. Graduatiiig-Ktem Spi Bottiim Nut. ■iiig. 18. Slide-valve Sjiring. Fir). 1708. Fii,. 1709. Triple Valve for Locomotives and Tenders. Fig. 1710. Names of Parts of Engineer's Valve. Figs. 1710-171.?. iConlinved.) 58. Balf-inch Bolt. 59. Feed-valve Stud. 60. XJpiper-gasket. 61. Lower-gasket. 62. Feed-valve Body. 63. Siipply-vedve. 64. Feed-valve Spring. 65. Feed-vcdve Cap-nut. 66. Feed-valve Piston-rod. 67. Friclion-ring. 68. Piston-.yiriiig. 69. Sjiriiig-box. 70. Adjtisting-nut. 71. Check-nut. 72. Diaphragm. 73. Feed-valve Piston-nut. 74. Feed-vcdve Piston-head. 75. Diaphragm-ring. 76. Cock-body. 77. Cock-key. 78. Cap-nut. 79. Key-spring. 80. Hanille. FiSI.\lU HQUAIIZTNG Reservoir. 10 in. X 12 in. /^/ie. Flijx. 1717-1729 Fi'j. 1717. Air Pump Liihrirator. (•) CI Li ' h'hj. 1723. t'lfl- 1724. Triple Triple J^tflvc Valve IlraeJiXl- Nipple. Fill. 1718. Fin- 1719. Fill. 1720. Duple.r Air Gin.ie. TeneJer Drain Cup Steam Veilve. find Cock. Details op Westinc:iiousk Air-urake AprARATiT.s. Fhl. 172.i. Cam-iriil Wrench. Names op Parts of Freight Cylinders. Figs. 172H-1729. Fill. 1726. Tender Bkake-cylinder. Names of Parts. Fig. YiliS. 2. Cylinder-body. 3. I'isitonhcud and Rod. 4. Back Head. 5. Il'ont Head. 7. Follower. 8. Packing Leather. 9. PacMny-expander. 10. Release-spring. 11. Follower Stud and Nut. 12. Cylinder-head Bolt and Nut. 13. (iasket. 14. Oiling Plug. Names of Parts of Governor. Figs. 1716. 25. Steam-valve Body. 26. Steam Valve. 27. Cylinder-cap. 28. Governor Piston. 29. 7^/.s-to(t Packing-ring. 30. Governor Piston-nut. 31. Governor Pislon-spring. 32. Steam-valve Cylinder. 33. One-inch Union-nut. 34. One-inch Union-swivel. 35. T'Ka.i- 4. Back-head. 5. FoUawrr-stud and Nut. 6. Folloicer. 7. J^istiin-packing Leatlier. 8. Packing Kxpaialer. 9. Release-sirring. 10. Gasket. 11. Cylinder-he: id Bolt andNut. 12. Front-head. 13. Special Av.riliary Reservoir. 14. Drain-plug. 15. Triple-valve Gasket. 16. ReserToir-stud and Nut. Fig. 1731. Scctioiud Side EhvdtioH. Standard Special Freight Brake-cylindkr. with Deiachkd Auxiliary Reservoir and Triple Valve. 22in. X 34 in. to 26^1 X 41 in. Capacity I1200CU. in. to 20000 cu in Fill- 173-2. Mai II Hci-'ervoir for Lncoinnii vi Fill. 1734. Anxiliiirii Rrsirvnirfor 11-/71. C'l/Iiivli r. Fill. 173.5. ^Itixitiiirii i?e.sc> i- irfor IQ-in. Cyli iider. X 24in. i^ir/. 1736 Auxiliary Reservoir for Loco- motive Jlrivir Brake and Tenders Fia. 17.37. Hose and Coupling. Passenger. Fig. 1738. Hose and Coupling, Freight. Fig. 1739. Hose Nipple^ Fig. 1710. Hose Coupling, Passenger. Fig. nU. Cut-out Cock. Fig. 1741. Hoi^e Couiiling, Freight. Fig. 1742. Hose Clomp. Fig. 1713. Fig. 174.5 Condiietnr's I'alve. Angle Coek Names of Parts. Names of Parts. Fig. 1743. Fig. 1744. 2. !'((?('( -(kW//. 13. Cock-hod y. 3. T', «?(■.-;.•,'(/. 14. Cock-key. 4. T((/r('-(-uj). 15. Click-cap. 5. Key-spring. 16. Kcy-sxiriiig. 6. Key-stop. 17. Handle. 7. Key Escutcheon. 8. Valve-handle. 9. Key-nut. 10. Key-washer. Fig. 171154 ^/r Strainer. Names of Parts. i'^g. 174.5. 1. Angle-cock Body. 2. Angle-cock Key. 3. Angle-cock Cap. 4. Angle-cock Key-.-ipring. 5. Angle-cock Handle. 6. li-f/i. ^o l-i)i. Reducer. Fig. 1746a. Couplinij Hook. Names of Parts. i^ifif. 1746. 2. Drain-cup Body. 3. 1-J/i. Union-swivel. 4. Union-nut. 5. Union-gasket. 6. Strainer. (172) CAR-BODY DETAILS, Brake-gear, A ir ; ]Vcntiiii//-i0Uf:i\ Fiijx 1747-1749 Fill. 1747. Westinghouse Cam nRiviNG-wHEiu, Bkakk, Names of Pakts of Driver Brake. Fig 1747. 2. Cylinder Body. 3. Lmoer Cyliiider-hrf,s-]i<'ad. 13. Adjusting Nut. 15. Cam. 16. Brake-shoe. 17. Briijce-slioc Haider or Brtil-c-Jiead. 18. i\fHf. 19. Cuni-serew. 23. Brake-stiDe Hanger. 23a. Brake-bleiek Safety-la iiiger. 24. Brake-hlock Suspe ruling Plate. 25. Brake-hlftek Sti-'niending Stud. 26. Brake-lilack Pin. 27. Brake-hloek Pin-rod. 28. Eccentric-lever Links Namks of Pai;tw DnivER-BRAKb; Cylinder. fVg. 1748. 2. f 'ylinder-lioily. 3. Pislon-hrail and Bad. 4. Lon-er-liead. 5. r^ppcr-head. 6. Ivi'leasi'-sjn-i ng. 7. Cyliniler-head, Bolt ami hnt. 8. dasket. 9. i'ross-head. 10. Falhnver. 11. Piston Paehing-lealher. 12. Packing-e.vpander. 13. luilloirer-stud and Xul. Fin. 17)8. P»s/( Dnirn Driivr-bralic Cytimlcr. Fin. 1749. Outside Equalizbd Pressure Dkivek Brake. (/''o?" three or vicjre pairs of driving wfu'ls.) Names op PAUxa r-/.-n'/.e Hanger. 13. £eZZ C'nt;i/f. 24. Hanger Bmeket. (173) Viij. 1750-1752. CAB-BODY DETAILS, Brake-gear, Air ; ISInv York. Fig. 1750. Plain Triple-valve. Firj. 1751. Quick-action Triple-valve. AiB-BHAKK Equipment of the New York Air Brake Company. Fig. 1752. Duplex Air-pump. Namks of Parts of Plain Teiple Valve. Fig. 1750. 3. Piston Piiokbig-ring. 9. Slide-valve Spring. 11. Cap. 12. Gash't. 13. Dri23 Plug. 14. Triple-valve Bracket. 16. 1 riple-valve Nipple. 26. Capj-bolt. 27. Tri2)le-valve Body. 29. Plug. 38. Slide-valve. 40. Piston. 48. Gradual iiig-valve. 49. Gradiiating-valve Spring. Names of Parts of Triple Valve. Fig. 1751. 3. Main and, Emergeney Piston Packing-rings. 9. Slide-V(dve Sx>ring. 12. Cap. 13. Emergevey-piston. 14. 15 and 20. Emergency-valve. 16. Emergency-valve Spring. 18. Emergency-valve Case-holt. 20. Emergency-valve Gasket. 21. Ch.eck-V((lve. 22. Check-vah'e Cage. 23. Check-vrdve Spring. 24. Check-mdve Flag. 25. Cajj-gaskct. 26. Cap-boll. 27. Cheek-valve Cage-gasket. 28. Strainer. 29. Union-nut. 30. t?";) ion-stvivel. 31. Union-gasket. 32. Drain-plug. 38. Slide-valve. 40. Main-piston. 41. Triple-valve Body. 42. F/mer-gency-valve Case. 43. Emergency-valve Case-gasket . 48. Ch'adnating-valve. 49. Graduating-valve Spring. Names op Parts of Pump, jf^/fif. 1753. 1-2. Combined Steam Cylinders. 3-4. Cmnbined Air Cylinders. 5-6. (S'^j'de valves. 7-8. Valve-stems. 9-10. Receiving Air-v:ilves. 11, 12, 13, 14. Discharye Air-valves. 15. Steam-chest Tiqjs. 16-17. Steam-chest Bushings. 18. Piston-rods. 19. Loiver Steam-eyliuder He(ul, with Vidves and. Bushings. 20. Piston-plates for Actuating Valve stems 21-22. Fii'c-ineli Slcion-pi^tons. 31. Five-inch Air-piston. 32. Seven-inch Air-piston . 33. Five-inch. Piston Packing-rings. 34. Seven-inch Piston Packing-rings. 35. Center-jnece. 36. Piston-rod Stufjing-bo.xes. 37. Piston-rod StulJing-box Nuts. 38. Piston-rod Stuffing-box Glands. 39. Lou-er Receiving-valve Chamber. 40. Lower later mediate-valve Seat. 41. Upper Receiving-valve Seat. 42. Upp'^r Intermediate-valve Seal. 43. Upper Interm: iiate-v dviChim ber. 44. Upper Dischurge-vidve Cap. 45. Upper Discliarge-valve Seat. 46. Lower Discharge-vatve Seat. 47. Top-head. 48. Upper Air-cylinder Gasket. 49. Lower Air-cylinder Gasket. 50. Upiper Steam-cylinier Gasket. 51. Lcnver Steam-cylinder Gasket. 52. Cijliuder-head Bolts. 53. Oil-cups for Air-cylinders. 54. Drain-cock. 55. Piston-plate Bolt. 56. Steam Union stud for Governor. 67. Steam Union-nut for Governor. 58. E.xhaust-pipe Union-stud. 59. Exhaust-pipe Unioi-nut. 60. Exhaust-pipe Union-swivel. 61. Quarter-inch Nipple. 62. Quarter-inch Union. 63. yl/r Vnion-stuil. 64. .4ir Union-nut. 65. .4()' Union-swivel. (174) CAR-BODY DETAILS, Brake-gear, Air ; Nnp York. Fi(is. 1753-1760 Fig. 1153. Side Elevation. Fiii.Vlbl. Section. Engineer's Brake-valve. Fig. 175o. Section. Air-pump Governoh. AiK BRAKE Equipment of Nbvt York Air Brake Company. Names of Parts of Engineer's Valve. Fi(j.-i. 175B-1754. 31. Valve-body. 32. Govern ing-pi-'itoiL. 33. Govern ing-:ipriiig. 34. Bell-crank. 35. Spring-lever. 36. Connect itig-linka. 37. Fi'iton Eye-holt. 40. Lower-head. 41. Upipjer-heud. 42. Dischai-ge-valve. 44. Spindle anel Eceenlrie- pin. 45. Piston, Packing-ring. 56. Ecceidric-spindle Pack- ing-gland. 57. Eccentric-spindle Pack- ing-ring. 58. Head-scrcivs. 59. Ifolding-iiut. 60. Gage-pipe Union-nnt. 61. Gaga-pipe Union- swivel. 62. Gage-pipe Union-jit- ting. 63. Cap. 64. Feed-valve. 15. Aii--valve Spring. 16. xHr-union Stud. 17. Air-union Nut. 18. Air-uni(jn Swivel. 19. Steam-union Nut. Names of Parts of Governor. Fig. 1755. 1. Steam-valve Body. 2. Air-valve Chamber. 3. liegulating-spring (Just- ing. 4. Piston. 5. Steam-valve. 6. Steam-valve Guide. 7. Capj. 8. Adjusting-screw. 9. Jam-nut. 10. Regidating-spring. 11. Upper-spjring Waslicr. 12. Diaphragm Button,. 13. Diaphragm. 14. Ai7'-v(dve. 20. Steam-union Swivel. 21. Air-valve Chamber- screiv. 22. Steam union Gasket. 23. Drip-plug. 24. Special Steam-union Swivel (used only with No. 3Pump,iu place of No. 20). 46. Bell-crank Fulcrum-pin. 65. Feed-valve Lever. 47. Feed-valve Lever-pin.. 66. Feed-vidve Levvr-enn- 50. Handle. nC'dion. 51. Quadrant. 67. Main-lever. 52. Qaadrant-lalcli . 68. Ercfs.s Pressn.re Valve. 53. Quadrant Latch-spring. 69. E.xeess-pressure Valve- 54. Quadrcmt Latch-pin. spring. 55. Eccentric-spindle Pack- 70. E.raess-pressur-e Ch.eck- ing-nvt. ' vtUve. Note.— Other parts of New York Airbrake Equipment, Westinghouse Air Brake Company, shown in Figs. 1708 n'ie (175) ^-.■AV.V r TSp^'^l II 1 III 1 ^ ..™„ IJ^ fl / ^^ y<7(/.s-. 1758-1 7611. Section.^. Ubain-Oup and Air Strainer. New York Air Brake Company. 7io# .?/iO(cm, are praetiealty the same as tlwsc made by the Ftgs. 1761-1782. CAR-BODY DETAILS, Brake-gear ; Slack-culjiistcrs. 1 c'lY" &n ^ n — n jTT Fill. 1762. Plan. The Hinckley Bkake Slack Adjuster Equh^ment C. Fif/.M63. End FJcviilinn. Mfi. IKi. Part Hide Elevation The Hinckley Brake Slack adjuster Equipment D. fill. I76S. Position of Pawl on Hatchet Wheel to take up slack. Fill. 1767. Sectional View shoxoing Scrciv and AmMeation of Patehct Wheel. Fiij. 1768. View of Adjuster, with Pvst Proof Case removed to show Ratchet. The Hincklky Brake Slack Adjltsters. Fia. 1769. Application of the Q. <£• C Autoinati c Brake Adjuster. The Q, &iC.lC0MPANY. Fiij 1770. The O. K. Air-brake Adjuster, Attached directly to Brake Cylinder Piston Bod. PfiATT''& Letch WORTH. Fii/s. 1771 157'1. The Q. d- C. Automatic Brake Adjuster. The Q. & C. Company. Fig. 177.5. The Q. d- C. Automatic Brake Slack Adjuster. The Q. & C. Company. =2h. ^d|^;^.VJ-jS£SJSSb^2S(B Figs. 1776-1777. The Eureka Patent Slack Adjuster. Thomas Prosser & Son. Fiif. 1778. Section of Air-brake Cylinder showing Application of Piston Tavel Indicator shown in Figs. 1779-1780. Figs. 1779-1780. Scctiunal KlevaUon and Plan. The Schroyeb-Tuompson Piston-travkl Indicator. Figs. 1781-1782. End Elevation and Projections of Spring. (176) CAB-BODY DETAILS, Passenger and Baggage ; T)n Flij^. 1783-1793 |l 2 J 1 1 1^ 6 I Fig. 1783. End Door of Coach Pennsylvania Railroad. nnn V -| S<}y4' 1 ill P □ d /''iV/.v, 1784-1781). End Door of Coach. Norfolk & Wfstern Kiilroad. Fia. 1T89. Fid. 17!)0. Door fob Pullman Extended Door for Pullman Vestibule. Vestibule. Fii). 1787. End Door of Private Cab. Pullman Palace Car Company. Fill. 1788. Car Door and I^oor Casing. { An older i^attcm .) Fig. 1701 . Door for Gould Vestibule. Names of Pabt.s op Doors. Figs. 1783-1793. Door-post or Jaiiib. Door-nmllioii. Door Ncune-plaie. Tiq) Door-rail. Bottom Door rail. Middle or Lock Door-i-ail. Parting Door-rail. Door-stile. Lower or Twin Door-panels. Middle Door panel. Upper Door-sush. Lowei' Door-sush. Door-sash Bolt. Door-sash Plate. Door-hinge. Door-knoh. Door-lintel. Door-loek. Door-loek Keeper. Door-Jianger. Door-hook. Door Gnai-ds. Vestibule Door- rod. Fig. 1792. Baggage cab Side-door. Norfolk & Western Railroad. (177) Fig, 1793. Baggage-oar Side-door. Neav York Central & Hudson River Railroad. J-Vf/.s. 1794-1822. CAR-BODY DETAILS, Freight ; Box-car Doors. w ,^m lb ■ !jj /2^ - "- ■'+ i'12'ii Fin. I'M. Cro.^s .Section. Fin. 1795. SaU' Elevation, -233/S'- *H .— 23 3/e:' ^;^ '. 2 '-23/4° ^ 2^7% >J i'^iys. 1796-1797. Sectional Plan.i, showing Door partly closed and securelu closed flush with side of car. Thb WiGNER Car Door. The Wagner Car Door Company. Fi'js. 18U7-I8I)9. Elevation and Sectional Flan. Fiii.KVia. Cross Section. DuNUAM Storm-pkooe Car Door. Tnis Q. & C. Company. O f{ Q ", ) Cam and'Lever %• Rod of Fir/. ,i M-| 795. ^- ^^ Fii/s. 1798-lSUO. ^Iti^-I /'^Jj — I C ' ^ r I I -^ H ' * ' /'u - ■' d"l i 3JB' f. ^. } f^,,v -^ ^ Vi'.iJ 1 l^^V.J'j Kf/s. 1801-180Q. Details of Wagner Door. Fiiis. 1817-1820. Door-track Brackets. ts* ■xndle.^Ly Fiys. 1821 182.'. Door Han Details of American Flush Car Door. Fin. 1810. Track. Fiu.isrs. ircdnC'Stoji. Fi,,.]>in. Uoiiljle-door Waluc Fiu.MVo. Door stop-clutch Bracket. JP 19. 1816. Door-i,uide. (17S> CAR-BODY DETAILS; liox mi, I J;,^ri,,.nU„r Cur />,»„■,. Fiijs. 1823-1852 I I' I I ' I I ^^ ^^^ # ff ^ I I I 1^1 I I I ¥\ 1 I I 1^1 I I 1^ M 1 Fig. 18'23. Eh: vat i x»4jv_HVVW\^l^^ VvH /•'/■(/. 1831. Cro.l^ Sec/ion. jY-f'f-ri 3^^^^y^^?^i^^'^^^^ Iv'Vi" '^ii/s. 1825-1821). Sections Plans, Door Closed nwl Door Open. jiMERicAN Flush Car Door. FUis. 1S27-1829. Locklnn-liar Phil ^^j/^ f" Pills. 18;i()-lS32. Pigs. 1833-1831. l)i>or-kas}) Krcpcr. Ilinz/rd-door Sheave Pius. 1S35-1836. Hinf/cd Sheauc plate. \ ■ IB 1 1 ^ .1 'Ml Fi:ix. 1S37-181J. Hour Trucks l''iUS. 181.5 -ISJC. (>lirll',lllnr .Sln/,. «;(/. 1850. SidcView. Fins.Kol-l&Vl. Klcvation nn,:ar Shrarr. UKTAILS AMliUICAN Flusu Cak I>oor. Firj!^. 1853-1862. CAR-BODY DETAILS, Freight ; Refrigerator Car Doors. Figs. 1858-1859 Cross Section, Fin. 185?. Section. Figs. 1854-l85o. Side Elevation and Seelioiwl Plan. Figs. 1856-1857 Side EJevution and Sectional Plan. REKKIGERjiTOR CAR DOORS, CARSON & UURGANUS'S. Door is forced in against rubber packing by a cam, operated by a lever. _1#^ 2 a ■ £'i 'hJJ 'tiq 1860 r ^ f T^iff 1S61 Bhiation of Door — — 'P o \ ^ z 4 S Paper V I I =iCS£t .,^_ 3llL/ i^i.'/. 186;^. Horizontal Cross Section. Rkfrioerator Car Door, (Ukda Patent. T,,--r k- .^'<- Door !» forced in against rubber paci^ing by a to>^gle-ioint, operated by a lever. (180) CAR-BODY DETAILS, Freight ; /?„,, C'nr and Oraiv Door.. Fi,j.. 1863-1869 Fig. 1863. Fig. 1864. Moore Car Door. Cro?s Sections showing Dour in place and Door raised cre- paratori^ to moving it. Fig. 1865. Side Elevation. MooKE Car Door. Dotled lines show positions of levers and rods when door is raised to open or close it. When not raised by lever its weiglit wedges it against side oi' car. 1. Lug. 2. Stanchion-socket. 3. Stanchion. 4. Lift. 5. Orain-door Latch. Names op Parts of Van Lieow's Grain Door. Figs. 1866-1869. 6. Grain-door Lock. F. Stanchion Guide-rod. m. Grain-door Look, 6, and 10. Guide-rod Socket. g. Grain-door Floor-stop. Latch, r). B- Door. H. Grain-door Side-stop. n. Grain-door Rail. C. Grain-door Stile. I. Cliafing-strip. S. Door-sill. e. Hand-hold. O. Grain-door Guide. X. Grain-door Corner-plate. Fig. 1866. Section. Fig. 1807. Tntrrior Elroiitioii. /'Vr/. 1868. SccHon (181) Fig. 1869. Pi fin Van Lieuw'b urain Door. FiijR 1870-1895. CAR-BODY DETAILS, Freight ; Grain Don ti^* - - n^i 'A-J Tis (m__B ^^^ Fi(l.\S12. Fi f/.lS73. Fjf/. 1874. Wff.1875. Door Arm. Door Hnnk. Catch. Rabbet on Post. Fifl.mn. Interior Elevation. Fi(i.\i1l. Half Cro.is Section. Thf, CmcAoo Grain Door, made by The Chicago Grain Door Company. Names of Parts of McGoire Door. Figs. 1876-1895. A. Duor-post Angle-iron. C. Overhead Door-catch or Hook. D. Orain-cloor. Gr. Door-keepei- or Dog. H. Douhle-door Hinge. J. Door-fulcrum. K. Grain-floor Rod. L. Door Butfou-heail. N. Door-shoe. P. Door-ari)i. Names (jf Parts. Firjs. 1895-1926. Flit- ^^'i". Jntirinr lite III Diiulilr Clni Fin. 1S.S7. Half Crof^fi Sect i on , The McGlure (inAiN Door, made rv The McGuire ]V1 A^u;r■'A0TDRI^^.J Company, Chicago. A. Plate. B. Carlinc. C Overltcad-calch. D. (rrain-door. E. Door-guiele. F. Inside Door-stop. G. Post Angle-iron. H. Door Ruhbinrj-plate. J. Door-post Angle-iron. K. Dog to Mock door gidcwise L. Operating Lever. P. Door-post. 1. Side-sill. 3a Outer Intermediate-sill. 3. In termed ia te-s ill. 4. Center-sill. „ (182) CAR-BODY DETAILS, Freight ; Grain Doorn. /•7-/,s 1896-1935 Fifi. 1896. Side Elevation. F ifis. 19H-1912 I'^U. 1897. End Vicir of Dcor in use anil hinui up nuf of the way. ^C^^W^s" /^6. "3 6 6^ "tj -- Eigs. 1913-1915. Door-post Annie-iron. Fh.is. 1916-1917. Door postAnglc-iron. The Dkcatdr Grain Door and Parts. p;i--' r ^ /-' -g ' 7<*-^''^'- .5"/^ FUi.Wn- Side Elevation. Fie/. WIS. CrosK Stctian. Grain Door, Chicago & North Wkstern Railway. Names of Paiits. Fig^. 1939-19:^5. 1. Door-fipiicr. 2. i'Jriiiii-d.iKi}- I'losfd. 2a. ( ini iit-tltnir Ojn'U. 3. Hook to holil Door irhi'ii iloirii. 4. fiinide JldiiiUc to Door. 5. Wiishcr-hiitgc. 6. (Iiivli'-rod 7. Thrrc-qnorter Bolt. 8. i'li'vis to lidlil Door »Mi^g|iiS m Fii/.i. 1918-1919. /'Vfy.s. 1920-1926. ()f}cratin!i ^Ipplication. Lever tL). of Lever. The Decatur Grain Door, Names of Parts. F'iV/.s. 1937-11)38. B. Roof-corliiii: C. (Jverhcad l>oiir-cittch. D. (Imin-itoor. T> . Aii.ciliiirjj (trii iii-iloor. E. /A-j"4^r''' -,_._, »; Elcration 'iiuJ nC^'-J-^h-:t^'' i Section. ^"QfiJW '-#U? :.v... jd \L- L" 2aV2" ^^ /6VS ■ -^ /^" -* J ' / " ■''" 'Figs. 2196-63. Fillinfi-block between Ceider-sills. ' -:'--iTi-.-[,p-ri;-;;-'-»-r;ii,- ^-i ■ ;; - , '^ _ji£ , \ ^J ^^ — u S ■--^T-r;-P'^'-U"-tV-^i4'it-;'-^----^ — i+^ — H-i— — . \ yis — Sit — i — ^ ^/sj/s^j/j'a-^su h-aft-timbers. ^^-\/2'/f'- - -I I"' Fist. 1961. Plan. V^ ?4&^ 7'-^ /^Jf?^ 5/^'*- 7 '-^ 7;^^ tf '-*, ;-.:t^ - /23/9'^i^2^ - 'O"- -^^^ - 'OVe' - -, --.- /5'/2' - - ,V ■ '33il'- . -'^■ F^/t-° -^^o' 00 00 fT o yl >»' - ^/^. 7-'-y - //' - .T/''5 /J^ - ■*/« ' ytj-^' ^''"^'m^'"' Figs. 1970-71. i-^/?. 1972 1973. Fir/s. 1971-1975, Figs. 1968-1969. Drawtimber Buffer-beam Carry-iron. Strap plate Tie. Fuec plates. The Graham Draft Rigqing and Details. For Box-car with 5)4 inches space between Center-sills Fiys. 1966-1967. Follower-plate Strap. ^_^~^ 1^^.^10.1976. Loiiuitu'linal Section. P^TA^^^^J^'U K-fl. 1978. End Elevation Fi(j. 1977. Transverse Section. ^^y/JJ^'-^M, '^'"'^^^^^Ml'^S'^^^^^^ --^^'t- H Mff.s. 1930-1981. Z|;.1-02?2SI^?§ ii"i7/.s-. 1982-1983. Stra i)-plate. 20 1979. Plan. P il , ,1; 'v -r|r^] 4-1^*1 I <^ ^^ -'''i(;s. 1991-1992. Carrii-iron. :e; Chafimi-iron. JiJ SA liJii 7 and 8 Fii/s. 2003-2004. I'll imlilc or Pro iv-liar Follomr. to J -sr-H <|.-6|^ Kf/..). 1993-1995. nraw- Mf/.s. 1998-1999. nuffer- /'^ffs. 2000-2002. Dretw-rjear Chccli- bar Yoke-pocket Guide. plank Face-plate, casimti ,jg5) Details op Grauam-IVUtcukll Draft-rigginu. Fins. 20 .S-2O06. Voire or Strap-pocket Figa. 2037-2020. CAR-BODY DETAILS, Draft-gear, Freight; Draw-bar Attachments. Numbers Refer to List of Names with Pigs. 1936-1958. Fit). 2037. ficdional Elemition. W/VV /Vote- T/?e c//sf3/?ce fz-om /^^,? of ^Lff-fer p/^t-e -to end of Cdss /}/u-s6 _l>e 2/-^/s' for tSny S/je''c.3se Fill. 2009, Inverted Plan. TriE Butler Draw-bar Attachment. '^ Fir/s. 2015-2017. Case or Housing for Spring, Fig. 2020. End Klcvatioii and Cross .Section of Refriijerator Car. The Canda Draw-bar Attachment. (186) CAB-BODY DETAILS, Draft-gear, Freight ; Drav-lar AHarhmerds. Figs. 2021-SC33 (18» Fig. 2033. Sectioval Side Elevation Ukapt Gear. Union Tank Line. Sterliny worth Bodu-bolster, Fifjf:. 2034-2072. CAR-BODY DETAILS, Draft-gear; Freiijht Draw-iar Aitachmeiits. Attachments are Descrit>ed on Opposite Page. Pigs. 2041-2046. Fwn. 2057-2058. Fiys. 2071-2072. (188). CAR-BODY DETAILS, Draft-gear; Frrhjht (<„„pWs. Fir/s. 2073-2087 Figs. 3084-2035. Fifju. 3036-2037. Fiys. 3038-303'J. Figs. 3(140-3041. Figs. 3043-3043. Figs. 3044-3040. Figs. 3047-3048. Figs. 3049-305(1. Figs. 2051-3053. DRAW-BARS AND COUPLERS. Names of Railroads using- Attachmeats shown on the opposite page and the Date. Norfolk & Western Railroad, 1893. Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway, 1891. Canadian Pacific Raihva.v, 1893. MicliiKan Central Railroad, 11-193. East Ti'unessce, Virsjiuia & (Jcocgia Rail- road, 1891. New York Central & Hudson River Rail- road, 1893. MichiRan Centi-al Railroad, 1893. Union Pacific Railwaj-, 1890. Chesapeake & Ohio Railway, 1891. Figs. 3(153-2054. Pennsylvania Railroad, 1893. /^VV/.s. 2055-2056. Chicago & Northwestern Railway, 1890. /''/V/.s. 3057-3058. Northern Pacific Riilroad, 1893. /•V../.S. 2059-2061). Lake Shore & Michigan Scjutljern Rail- way, 1893. Fif/s. 30(il-3063. Kansas City, Ft. Scott & Memi>liis Rail- road, 1893. Figs. 3063-3064. Central Railroad of Ceorgia, 1893. Figs. 3065-3066. Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 1892. Figs. 3067-3068. Michigan Central Railroad, 1892. Figs. 3069-3070. Denver & Rio Grande Railroad, 1889. Figs. 3071-2072. Wabash Railroad, 1893. Fill. 2073. Link and Pill Coupler. Fig. 207i. Link and Pin Coupler. Wrought iron, forged. Malleable cast iron. 1, I/lvct. 2. Link. 3, Pin. 4, Tail-bolt. 5, Draw-head. The Link and Pin types of Cotiplcr.'i arc now nearlii obsolete on Steam Railroads. JL Fi!/.2^i7S. Plan. F iff. 2079. End Elevation, Cov pier- knuckle. /O" _ 6 '/a '-^— - ^ ^ r ( fl — .- 4 A_ i- © /'' i^if/s- 2080-2081. Fig.'Xill. Knd Elevation The Loci . of JJruic-head. ( ) o Fig. 2075. Side Elevation. TiiTi: American Car Coui'lkr- 2ZE^I^ o. ■\'^'' Fill. 2086. Fig. 2087. Fig. 2082. Coupler and Unloeking-device. (189) Fia 2083 Coupler Broke,,.. choiring Fig.m5. Coupler J!,-vke„ and held J,-o,n Coupler Mone. use of Emergeneu Link. Falliu,, to Ihe Track hy the Enicrgeney Link. Brown's Emergency Link Coupler. Figs. 2088-21 11(?. CAB-BODY DETAILS, Draft-gear ; Freight Coiiplers. Mumbeis Eefer to List of Names with Figs. 3177-2178. Fig. 2(100. End Elevation. Figs. 2095-2096. Knuckle. The Buckeye Little Giant Coupler. L T fl — 1' ? HH ^ — Fig. 2093. Pocket or Yoke Attachment. ^'^'"^ /<'if/. 2100. Stem or Tail-bolt Attachment. mm Fig. 2101. Conliauotis Draw-bar Attachvient. Common Tvpes of Draw-bar Attachments. Fig. 2111c. Fig. 2111(7, Front ami Rear Elevation. ' " The Chicago Automatic Coupler- ^: Fig. 2102. Sect LOfial Flcoaf ion. ^_ 1- J-N ^s -ti l^l'"'^f II -A- i pit . j _,^j vr 7 6 6 Figs. 2107-2109. Lock. --JVs"-^. ■s/is 1 I 1. v. /, ,v/,7^ \. Bifi. 2101, fEUration Fig. 2110. Section. The California Coupler. i^tp. 211L (190) CAR-BODY DETAILS, Draft-gear ; Freight Couplers. Fifi^^. 2112-2140 Numbers Eefer to List of Names with Figs. 2177 2178 ;4 -;•: 1, '^^ Fig. 212'.l Fig.2Vn. /mV/. 212-2. Fig. 212X ri IM'I LllVE VjliWS /. 2188. F/(7. 2189. Figs. 2191-2212. CAR-BODY DETAILS, Draft-gear; Freight Couplers. Fig. 2191. The Cuujdcr Open. Fif/. 2192. ScclAonaL View of Head Ftp 3193. Knuckle. Fig 2195. Lock and Lock TEIB POOLEY FitKIGHT C0ni>7jER AND PARTS. Fin. 2199. End Elevation. Names of Parts of Coupleks. Figs. 2073-3144. 1. Driiw-hcad. 2. Knuckle. 3. Pin. 4. Shank. 5. Strap or Yoke-bolts. 6. Lock. Fig. 2200. Sectional Side Elevation. The Smillie Freight Coupler. Fig. 2201. P/am. W0 . 2204. Plan of Coiiplet-s Locked. The Improved Standard Freight Coupler. Fig. 2209. Ei„. 2210. ir,-^. 2211. Thurmond-MoKeen Freight Coupler and Parts. J^ig. 2212. (194) CAR-BODY DETAILS, Draft-gear ; Freight Coiiplerf:. Figs. 2213-2239 Fig . 2213. Plan and Elevation of J>raw-bar. e-Gh Figs. 2-214-2216. Section.^. Thurmond-McKeen Frkight Coupler. Fig. 2221. Longitudinal Section. Thuriiond-McKeen Locomotive Tesdbr-hook. Fig. 2224. Longitudinal Section. ^ 1 j*- Figs. 2219-2220. Fla. tlYl. C/ncoupling Mod Brackets. Perspective View, showing applica- tion of Cotipiler. Tuurmond-McKeen Freight Coupleb and its Fittings. Fig. 2223. Perspective View of Coupler, Hand-rod and Bracket. D Fiij. 2226. Cross Section. The Tkojan Freight Coupler. Fig. 2227. Perspective View of Draw-Jicad. Fig. 2228. Plan of Draw-head. Fig. 2229. Coupler, Hand Hod and Braclcet. Q: Fig. 2233. ' Knuckle . Fig. 223-1. Knuckle LocJc. Fig. 2235. Knuckle Pin. XX Fig. 223S. Operating Hod. (195) The Trojan Freight Coupler and Parts. Figs. 2231-2232. Bracket for BracJiet for Face of End-sill. Corner of Sill • Fig. 2237. Figs. 2238-2239. Finger. Braclcet for Bracket for Face of Sill. Under-side of Sill. FUjs. 2240-2251. CAR BODY DETAILS, Draft-gear, Freight and Passenger ; Coxiplcrs. 22i0. Sficfioiud FAcvation, skowinfj Khion A2, Knuckle Bl. fin B2, liriiii, Bl, uiii! Lnc s CI. C2. C3. piXc3|3j;5rD2 Pifi. 2242. Sectional Elevation, showino Incline-locks. Fir/. 22-11 , Sectional Plan, showing Lock.-i CI, C2, C3, and Cvshioning A'Z. The Van Dorsten Freight Coupler. Fid. 2243. Sectional Plan, showing Swing Locks. PASSENGER COUPLERS. Fig. -in:). Sectional Elevation. The Urexel F.issenger Coupler. :^ 1 i 1 J -^ d) 1 1 ^ 1 m Eig.2-m. Side Klcvalion. F\-g. 224n. Fig. 2218. Section. End Elevation. ~ ^Jn^ eii^!- ' 7^ v5*!ii- -; ,-4& -rr'.%—:r7^ ^--'ttr- '-3r--«iat^-«--a: i:'.a.j^--i^-fci£--^JU;;g/^t-. VAr,.2247. Pte„. ^-.V.. 2'250-2251. AO»,c-Wc. The Gould Passe.vger Uraw-bar and 'Coupler. (196) CAR-BODY DETAILS, Draft-gear, Passenger; Cmplc Fvjs. 2252-2274 Fig. 2253. Plan. Fig. 22o2. J^crspectivc View. _^r: TJ Fig. 225-1. Elrimlion. The Janney Passencer Codpler. Fig.'!. 2260-2261. The Knuckle. Fig. 2262. iig-i. 2263-2266. 27ic Knuckle. The Lock. The Ihi'ucjved Stakdahii Passencjer Coupler anh Parts. 7<7r/. 2268. Kiiil Khvidion Names op Parts. Fig. 3i(i7. 2. Knucldc. 6. Kmicldi'-piii. 44. Lock-Hpriiiij and Bait. 45. Knuckle-lock. 46. Lock-lever. 47. Lock-leoii- Bolt. Fig. 2267. Perspective View of Uti'lei-sitle. Fig. 2268 Knuckle. ^^1— JZHZXJ Wfy. 2271. iyoc/c Spring and Boll. Fig. 2272. PiixHen.ger Operati iig-roil . (S Fig. 22m. Kii iickle Pill. Fig.2-r,3. Lrmr . Fig. 2270. i*"/.!/. 2271. Pets-'^engrf Kii iieklc Lock. The Trojan Passenger Couplbr and Parts. <197) Fig^i. 2375-2281. CAR-BODY DETAILS, Draft-gear, Passenger; Covjilers. Fig. 2275. Sectional Side Elevation. Fig. 2276. Sectional Plan. The Van Dorsten Pas.senger Coupler and Draw-bar Attachment. Fig. '2-291. McKeen Carry-iron. Fig. 2279. Sectional Side Elevation. The Thurmond-McKeen Platform and Coupler. a98> CAR-BODY BETATLS, Draft-gear, Passenger; Center-draft Draw-bars. Figs. 2282-2289a Names op Parts op Thuemond-McKeen Passenger Platform and Coupler. Figs. 3377-2281. 1. Dram-head. 2. Kiuu'kle. 4. Buffer-stem. 5. Buffer-block. 6. Buffer-stem Pivof-jtiii. 9. Buffer-springs. 10. Draft-timbers. 16. Bitffer-stem Box. 18. Loek-Jerer. 19. JSIeKeeii, Carry-iron. SO. C'arrij-irori Sjiriiigs. 31. Bnff'er-Sjiring Fiillov(:r-bo;i-. 30. Buffer-head. 31. Plaiforni-plate. Names op Parts of Center-draft Draw-bar. 7<'/'g'.s. 3388-3i89(i 2. End-sill. 4. Center-silt. 5. Platform End-sill or Buffer- beam. 6. Body-bolster. 9. King-bolt. 10. Draft-spring. 11. Front Follower-plate. 12. BueA: Follower-plate . 13. Draft-spring Case or Housing. 14. Draft-spriug Betll. 15. Drawbar Tail-bolt. 16. Ti til-bolt Key. 17. Draw-bar Coiupressiou-ba)-. 18. Draw-liar Bearer. 19. Draw-bar Bean'r-strap. SO. Drau'-bar Sector. 21. DrauJ-b(tr-sector Rub iron. 2S. Center-draft Bar. 33. Center-draft-ba.r Carrier. 24. Plal for Ill-timber Clamps. 25. Draft-gear Cross-tie-timber. 26. Platform Cross-timber. 27. Floors. 28. Doff, or Clamp to hold Center Draw-bar Carrier. 29. Bridging. 30. Co mpres -iio n-bar Key. 31. PVatform-timher . 32. Coupler. SE=^/l:-i::i"l Fiu.22Wa. Center-draft Drau'-har. Manhattan Klevated Railway, New Yo]22 t / 46 i.(T.. ' rnr> 3 2 -(« * ;. Q — nf) -< tt- JtB ":ft4 -i*j-i — [ P I" I 'Tt;!^ ai- 1, x. ibz -1^ 'taF L: w ^ i ^0 -'jJ -© tfj^ --r?E ^0 A zr rnjc- I" I', ji^j; ,ii ,11 & ::i ^ii>- -0- -0 15^ i^tf/. 239J. Hem uf D) i.ft Rj.ji ij j^ The Gould Continuous Platform, Buffer and Passenger Coupler. c Fiej. 2.S0O. End. FAcveitioii, .thejiei iifl Plalform anil Jllnelniieiit. (201) The GoaLD Platform, Buf ifER AND Coupler, Aa Auopted by the Lake Siiokb & MicnuiAN Southern Railroad. Figs. 2301-2347. CAB-BODY DETAILS, Draft-gear, Passenger; Tlie Jannt J'lg. 2301. Perspective View. The Janney-Buhoup Platfohm Equipment ^S^M .: jLj 1 II ad No. 147. li'ifi. 'MY' No 68 J-B i'T.c/. 2303. ^'o.BS^is. i(7;/. 2304. No. 2. Fiij.-iiiif,. 3i 1^ No. 35. No. 138. IHfi. 2306. No. 12. No. 139. Ii'ig. 2307. IT la g. ''^ No. 150. i^Ver. 2308. No. 1 46. l;ney-Buhoup Equipment. Figs. 2301-2347. 133. Buffer-stem. 145. 134v. Equalizer. 146. 135v. Yoke-lever. 147. 136. Catch-lever. 148. 137. Cateh-lever Thimble. 149. 138. Catch. 150. 139. Foot-plate Housing. 152. 140. Buffer-sxjriiKi. 153. 141. Pidl-rod. 154. 142. Tail-jrin. 143. To^-e Connecting- 155. 5o?f. 1440P. V holt. Old Pattern. 156. 144NP. V-bolt,Neiv Pattern. Spring-pocket. 157. Pull-rod Carrier-iron . 1 58. Face-plate. 168. Lever-hinge Bracket. 169. Thrust, Top. 170. Thrust. Bottom. 174. Lever-handle. 183. Uncoupling-lever. Buffer-stem Ring- 186. washers. 188. Buffer-stem Lug-imsh- 212. h; Fig. 2383. Lonr/itudinal Section of Ridge-pole. S^eet - /ron Fig. 238J. C';-oss Sections of Roofing Strips The ExcELsroR Car Roof, an Instde Metallic Car Roof I? Fig. 2386. Transverse Section. Fig. 2388. Malleable-iron Integral pig 2ZSJ The Excelsior Gat V.., n Corner Cap. ''Section tl^rough Ridge-pole. MAvnF^PTr?^.^ ™ ^^"^ ^"°''- '"' Outside Metallic Car Roof. Manufactdrkd by the Excelsior Car Roof Company, St. Louis CAR-BODY DETAILS, Freight, Roofs ; Drake A: Weir s mid Nepovxet. Firjs. 2389-2394 3. Loicer Coni-xe of Ronf-baai-ils. 4. Purlins. 5. Sub-rafter, fluted. 7. Roof-boards. 8. Running-board. 9. Carline. 10. Roof-lining. 1 1 . Fascia-boa rd. 12. Sub-fascia Board. Car Roof. The Drake & Weir Company. Fill 2389. J'lV/. 2390. Fiff. 2391. Section throutlh lUdije. Form of Joint. Sertion of Seam. Excelsior Outside Metallic Car Roof. fill ''393 Sectional Isometric View. N.PONSET RED ROPE CAR ROOF.NG. F. W. BIRD, WaLPOLE, MASS. \M/AaiA^ Fiu. 3391 . Cross.Section of Rafter . (207) Fhjs. 2395-2407. CAR-BODY DETAILS, Freig-lit Roofs; A.yjhalf. I Train Signaling; Westmjhovse. Fiipe Stop- cock. 29. Signal-tiose and Coupling. Sigiud-pipe Air- strainer. 31. Cut-out Cock. 32. Car Discharge- valve. 33. Signal-c ■ ■• Flu. 2:i'.»J- A«i>hiiV Car Roofinr/. Method oe Adplying Hutchins' Cak-roof. Fig 2397. A roV nf Roofing Motcrial. showiiif) how it iy. mode up of .'■:ci^erat skriti;. Fig. 2388. Train Air-sicnaling Apparatus. Westingiiouse Air Brakf Company. ,-'■,- -^ x. Fig. 2402. Car Vis- chargC'Caivc. Names of Parts. Figs. 339^-2400. 2. Coclc-body. 3. Coek-key. 4. Cock-cap. 5. Key-sprivg. 6. Cock-liandlc . Names OF Parts. Fig. 2i()l. 2. Straiiirr-body. 3. Fniiiii-svivii. 4. Union-nut. 5. Gasket. FigK. 2UI3-2i04, .Signal-valve. Najies of Parts. Figs. 240:-i-24(l4. 2. Lhsvhiirgc-rtiJrr Body. 3. iJiscliai'gc-rnJrc Stem. 4. Ih'scliargr-i'dJrc Spring. 5. Discliargc-ralve Hajidie. 6. Stop-pin.. 7. ( 'iip-nnt. 8. I Iniini-nnl. 9. Un iitn-sn-i rrl , 10. 'Jnion-goskrl, Figs. 2405-2'l06. Improved Bcdvcing-valve. Fig. 2J07. Signed ll'/tistle. Names of Parts. Figs. 240.5-240(1. 2. Tlcdnciiig-calre Body. 3. Lowt'i--cap. 4. .Snjiply-redre. 5. Snppty-ralre Cop-nid. 6. S'npply-vnlve Spring 7. Red tic in (/-valve I'iston (No. 8)'. 8. Piston Packing-ring. 9. Piston-nut. 10. Piston-rod. 11. Diaphragin (two pieces). 12. Diaphragm-ring. 13. Adjnsioig-spring. 14. Adjnsting-nnt. 15. Cap-check Nni. 16. Cocl;-cap Nut. 17. Cock-spring. 18. Union-nut. 19. Union-sieivel. 20. Gasket. . (208) CAR-BODY DETAILS, Sleeping-cars; nrrflix. /■V;/.s. 2408-2409 Fifj. 210S. Pcr.'i/)ccti cc ricir of a Sleefting-car Sccfion, shoiring Vpjycr Berth made tip. Not the latest ptittern. In later designs the corner ^lis rounded, the Bunk-apron B cut short, and the heights t' and /> increased and the distance i*' diminished, as shown in Figs. 3i09-2(12. Names of Parts hf SLEEPiNa-i:AK Behths. Fifi. 2408. A. Lnirrr-hnUi. B. IJiiiik-dJiniii. C. HciKl-riKiiii, iif Loirri- iii'i-tli . D. Hciid-rdom. of TTppcr- briih. E. DrainitiiiiiH of IJiiiik- (ijmin. E. M'iillkiif Loirrr Dn-k. G. Iiisiilc FafiCia-hoiii-d. H. Bunk \Viii(l(>iii-i>(iiii'L I. Mirror. 3. TiisitJr \\'iiiloir-p:incl. K. \V;-plt(iilh. M. Bvnk-i'iid. N. Hrail-lxHiriL 0. Buiik-partitidii . P. Veck-wiiidow Pnnrl. R. Dcek-criliiKj. T. Decorated, Di'rk \\'iiii(ow- pMiiii. V. Lnwn- Ihrl.H-eililliJ. V. Uriili-riirldui . W. ]\'iiidoir. X. S,'ill-rii,l. Y. Si'ol-h.irk iind Brrlli- IIKllllC^S. Z. Sriil-ciisliion (i.itd Brrlli- iiiiitlrr^:-!. a. U/jholslri-iiKj of ]]'iuiloLV Srot-Clld.. c. Bcd-dotlihi(j. d. ^riit-rtid Ann. g. Cttrfdi ii-rod. h. Ciirliiiii-r(.id Brovht. j. Rrfjinfer. n. Hd iiiiHOck fdr Clotlninj. p. I'iUolLK. q. Berth ( 'Ini iii-p/nlley. r. Bertlt-clidiii. s. Bi'rtit-^pi'hKj. Names of Parts of Sleepino-car Sections. F(Vy.S- 2409-3412. 1. Lejirer-berth. 2. U ijpjer -berth . 3. Upper-herth (folded up). 4. Berth-front, Upper Part. 5. Bertli-front, Lorver Part. 6. Berth-front Panel. 7. Bunk-apron, or Deck-aill Faring. 8. Berth piartiiion. 9. Head-board. 10. Inside Windrnu-pianel. 11. Pilaster, between. M indrm-s. 12. Wainscot. 13. Seat-end. 14. Seat-head End. 15. Curtain-rod Folding-bracket. 16. JSeri/i Curtain-rod or PoZe. 17. Berth-curtain. 18. Bej-i/i Mattresses. 19. Pillow-box. 20. Bunk-end. 21. Bunk-panel. 22. Lou-er-deck Ceiling. 23. Berth-spring and Frame 24. Berth Chain-pulleij. 25. Bertli-chain. 26. Berosts. Fig. 2410. Perspective View of a Section of a Steeping- car, arranged for day travel . l^ig.'liW. I'er.^pective View of a. Section of a iitc( piny-car. irit/i tlte Upper and Lower Berths inade up, except the Head-board attd Curtains. Fig. 2il2. Part Perspective View of a Section of a Sleeping-ear, with Cushions removed and showing Pillow-box, Upper- berth Hangings, Head-board and^Table. Sleepinc. CAR Sections and Berths. Pullman's Palace Car Company. (210) CAR-BODY DETAILS, Sleeping-cars ; Berths. Figs. 2413-2418 Mg. 2413. End Elevation. Fig. 2414. Side Elevation. Berth of an Emigrant or Tourist Slbepinq-car. Names of Parts of Mann Boudoir Sleeping- berth. Fig. 2418. A. Sofa. B. Sofa-back and Upper-berth. C. Bolsters. D. Loiver-berth Mattress. E. Ux)pcr-berth Mattress. F. ZJpper Berth-hinge. G. Pillow-box. H. Step-ladder Box. J. Mattress-box. 3. Mirror-panel. 4. Curtain-rods. 5. Seat-cord. v**' — ^ hVi'*^*?*^ «■ * — .'i'JB--^ — sV-; * 12-' ^'^^'^ Figs. 2J17-2117a. Plans. Skat-end of the Berth of an Emigrant or Tourist Sleeping-cak. 7. Basket-rack, ivith Exhaust Venti- lators at each end. 11. Uppier Berth-rest Plate. 12. Upper Berth-rest and Upper Berth-curtains. 13. Lower Berth-curtains. 14. Upper Berth-rest. 16. Partition-ivall. 21. Sash-lift. 23. Window-shade. 27. Window-curtains (Side and Center). 28. Window-shade Leathers. Fig. 2418. Sectional View of a Four-place Boudoir, in process of J conversion into a Sleeping-car. (211) Mann Boudoir Sleeping-oar. Figs. 2419-2420. CAR-BODY DETAILS, Vestibules ; General Views. hf^ w w ^^ M I-" I-' WWl-'Olt>OlMiCDC»-3Oie0 b 'Tj t" ^ c- 2 2 '^i; ^ 5 ^ hi "i ?s o P t^ s ti e^ o o' ^ 3 o* *S tg b 5 1^ ft- Co 1 O s =2 s w H rj: o >^ M < H ffl P •^ 3 'tJ (2121 CAB-BODY DETAILS, Vestibules ; Geiienil Vmrs. Figs. 2421-2422a 05 O a. > a "^ 'n t> ■* s- ^ => S ■a &^^ ?H^- o [^ ■« ^ Tl ^?? ^ Q > rb l^^ o t ^ S ~. Tl » =::^fiSis=::;. 1 (213) Pigs. 2423-2424. CAR-BODY DETAILS, Vestibules ; General Views. Fig. 2i2i. The Pullman Improved Extended Vestibule, as Applied to Parlor, Private and Sleeping Cars. The platfovm is entirely enclosed, the area over the steps being closed by a trap door. Fig. 2423. Hide View. The Pullman Ve.'^tibule for a Locomotive Tender. ( Exhibited at the World's Columbian Exposition, 1893, but not in general use.) 10. 11. 12. 13. Diaphi-agm Face-plate. Diaphragm, or Outer- wing (Barr). Inner-wings (Barr). Inner Face-plate, or Middle-post for Vesti- bule. End-post, or Door-jamb (Pullman). Oomer-post. Vestibule-door. Face Flate-buffers, or Vestibule-bnffer (Pull- man). Platform-buffer, orMain Center-buffer (Barr). Platform Foot-pilate or Threshold-plate (45 in Gould). Vestibule End-windon^s. Door Guard-rod. Angle-plate (Barr). Names of Parts of Vestibdles. Figs. 8425-2446. 14. Uncoupling-lever, or Mast. 27. Horizontal Equalizing- lever. 42. 15. Haml-brake Mast and 28. Vertical Lever-clevis 43. Wheel. (Pullman). 44. 16. Brake-mast Gear-wheels 28a . Back Gravity-bar or Sheave (Gould). (Gould). 45. 17; Brake-chain Guide- 29. Face-plate Piston-guide. casting. 30. Toggle-joint and Bar 18. Vestibule-gate Pockets (Barr). 46. (Pull man 1. 32. Body End-plate. 19. Vestibide-hood. 33. Platform. End-sill (35 in 47. 20. Platform-hood. Gould). 21. Letter-board. 34. Buhoup Vestibule- 48. 22. Vestibule-dome Lamp. equalizer. 23. Overhead Equalizer- 35. Vestibule-end Carline. 49. spring. 36. Chain-sheave Bracket 24. Face-plate Piston. (Gould). 50. 25. Vertical Equalizing- 37. Chain-sheave (Gould). lever. 38. Top Face-plate Guide. 51. 26. Equalizer Connectinq- 40. Gravitii-bar Fulcrum- 52. chain (Pulloian) or bolt (Gould). 53. Face-plate Retaining- 41. Front Face-plate Grav- 54. chain (Gould). ity-bar. Roller for Top of Front . Gravity-bar. Bottom Face-plate Guide. Roller-thimble. Front Gravity-bar. Draivbar and Coupler (Pullman) or Thresh- old-plate (Gould). Drawbar-spring (Pull- man). Drawbar-stirrup (Pull- man). Combination Yoke (Pullman). Drawbar-horns (Pull- man). Buffer-springs (Pull- man). / Equalizer. Buffer stem. Bracket for Brake-gear Bracket for Step-sides. (214) CAR-BODY DETAILS, Vestibules ; TJie Ban: Figs. 2425-2430 Numbers refer to List of Names on Preceding- Page. J^'ig. 2i2o. Hide Elevation. Fir/. 2i26. End Elevation. The Birr Improved Wing Vestibule. The longiludiEal and lateral motions of the face-plate are peimitted by hinged wings or partitions. Gravity keeps the face-plates together. Firf. 2427. Scctionr/l^Plan. Platform, Dra/t-yrar and Wings of the Barr Vcxtitmle. 215) Fig. 2428. Sectional Plan of the Wings of the BarrFcstibute, and their connection to one another and to the Corner- post and Face-plate. Fig. 2429. Sectional Side riete. Teie Barr Toggle-vestibulk. Fig. 2430. Side Elevation. Tue Bark Xuugle-vestibule. The Face-plate is kept forced out against its opposing plate by a toggle- joint, between it and the iind-post. The Barr Vestibules, MANUFAcrUREn mv The Iirexel Kaii.wav Supi'LY Company. . i^Jr/s. 2431-2436. CAR-BODY DETAILS, Vestibules; Thv Gonld. Kumbeis refer to List of Names with. Fige. 2423-2424, Fia. 2431. Fia. 2432. Fia . 2433. Lonr/ilwliiiril Section of VestilnU-- Elevation of Back Face-plate. Hear Elevation of Front Face- Frame, -plate. 1'HK GoDiD Pendulum Vestibule. fondil inii :i(il .SVi^ioji tlirmnjli ('inter of I'esliliiil, . Fig. 2436 fJnil Elevation of a Car n-ith Vestibule Attachment. 'I'HE UOITLTI Pli.NDULUM VESTIBULE. The Face-plal.es are kept together by their own weight acting upon tbe Gravltj-bar 28a, Fig. 2431. (216) CAR-BODY DETAILS, Vestibules; The Pullman Extended. Figs. 2437-2441 Numbers Refer to List of Names on PoUowing- Page. (2171 L Fly. 2441. Elcvaiiim. ahmnnn Plat/nrm Aflrichmeiits, exrlusi re or J)rafl mid Bv,gi»a Oecn: Figs. 2442-2443. CAR-BODY DETAILS, Vestibules ; The Pullman. 1. 2. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 17. 18. 19. Names of Parts of Vestibules. Fig. 2442-3245. Diaphragm Face-plate. Diaphragm. Inner Face-plaie. End-post. Corner-post. Vestibule-door. Vestibule-buffer. 10. Platform Foot-jjlate or Tlireshold- plate. 11. Vestibule End Windows. 12. Door Qaard-rod. 14. Uncoiqjling-lever, or Mast. 15. Hand-brake Jlfa.sf ared Wheel. 16. Brake-mast Gear-wheels, or Brake-chain Guide-casting. Vestibule-gate Pockets. Vestibtde-hood. 20. Platform-hood. 21. Letter-board. 22. Vestibule Dome-lamp . 23. Overhead Equolizer-spjring. 24. Face-plate piston. 25. Verticcd Equalizing-lever. 26. Equalizer Connecting-ehain. 27. Horizontal Equalizing-lever. 28. Vertical Lever-clevis, 29. Face-plate Piston-guide. 32. Bodj/ End-plate. 33. Platform End-sill. 34. Buhoup Vestibule Equalizer. 35. Vestibule End Carline. 45. Draw-bar and Coupler. 46. Draw-bar Spring. 47. Draw-bar Stirrup. 48. Combination-yoke. 49. Draiv-bar-horns. 50. Buffer-springs. 51. Equalizer. 52. Buffer-stem. 53. Bracket for Brake gear. 54. Bracket for Step-sides. Names of Paets op Coach Window. J'ic/. 2451. 1. Truss-plank. 2. Lower Wainscot-rail. Up)per Wainscot-rail. Wainscot-panel. Inside Window-sill. Windmv, or Window-glass. Window-casing, or Inside Window-stop . Windoiv-pilaster. 9. Pilaster-cap. 10. Base of Pilaster. 11. TFindott!-.s-i;'te. 12. Window-rail, or iS'a.s7i. 13. Shade. 14. Bottom-bar of Shade. 15. Windoiv-blind Mullion. 16. Shade I humb-lateh or iv/f. 17. Continuous Basket-rack. 18. Basket-rack Bracket. 19. Window-shade Stop. 20. Window-casing or Cap-inoldiiig. 21. Windoiv-Uft . 22. Windoiv-latch. 25. Pilaster-cap Bracket. 26. irMidoff Cove-molding. 27. Car-floor. 36. Inside Cornice. 37. Inside-cornice Sub-fascia-board, or Paneling. Fig. 24i2. Si'59. Spring Latch and Keeper Stapl: for Mail-car. • Hook and Button for Baogagc-car. for Baggage-car Sliding-door. Fig. isbO. 'yhdin:,- tool Fnch Luck Fir/n. 2361-2532. Sliding-door Latch. Figs. 2,563-2561. Sliding-door Mortise-latch. Fig. 2565.: Spring Latch, 1^ D Figs. 2566-2567. Sliding-door Figs.-im-2m. Flush Sliding-door Mortise- Figs.2o70-2m. Barjaoqc-car Door Lock, Keeper, Key Morti-se Lock and Keeper. latch and Keeper for Round-edge Door. and Escutcheon. Fig. 2579. Door Chain-bolt. Figs.-2SH--lS!b. Sliding-door Flush-lock. ^'a■'2b^6■ Figs. 25n-251S. Sliding-door Flush-handle Lock and Keeper Fig. 2582. Fig. 258J. Sliding-door Handle, Door-handles for Sliding-docrs. Fig. 2583. Figs. 2580-2581. Door-handles. Latchks, Locks and Handles for Bagsagk and Mail-car DOOBS. Fig. 2685. Flush Door-handle. (224) CAR-FURNISHINGS, Doors ; Hinges. h'iijs. 2586-2620 Fig. 2586. Figs. 25S7-2.5S9 AcoKN Butt-hinge. Lous^e-pin Reversible Knuckle broken open BuTT-HlXGE. to show u-asher-heetri ng . Fig. 2.590. Pahliament Hinge. Fig. 2m. Fig. 2392. LOOSE-JOI^T ACOKN EUTT-HINOFS, WITH WaSBEI..'' @II@ Fig. 2594. Fig.wm. 'a^her-cap. Washer Com plete. Fia. 2596. IVasher-ba sc. Fig. 2597. Ball-guide. TTT^ om V:,l (^ f. r. c^. .:; Fig. 259.1. Loose-pin Butt-hinge, with Ball-bearing Washers Figs. 2598-2600. Loose-pin Butt Hingk. Fig. 2601. Hopper Butt-hinge. Fig 2602. Table Hinge. Fig. 261)6. Butt-hinue, Riveted .Joint. Fig. 2607. Offset Blttt-Hinge, Rivethd Joint. Fig. 26C8. Pocket-hinge. Fig. 2609. Vestibule Hinge for PiABBETEO DoOR. Fig. 2610. IJistrieuting-taele Hinge for Postal-cars, Figs. 2611-2612. Lamp-house Hinges. Fig. 2613. Rkfhioebator-door Hinge. Fig. 2616. Hopper Butt-hinge (225) Fig. 2617. Double-acting Spring- hinge. Fig. 2618. Double-acting Spring-hinge. Fig. 2620. Double-acting Spring-hinge. F/r/.s. 2621-2643. CAK-FURNISHINaS, Doors; EuckMicohs and Knobs. i'Vys. aC'JS-'JUaO. SrreirlCK.-i Kniib and Spindle Kirby's Car-door Lock. I'lrj. 2d30. .Scrcu /ess Knoh and Spindle (o'rf style). Car-door Lock. Names of Parts. Fieja. 3628-2639. A. I)ixirlc Door-knob. A'. Shank. B. Spindle. C. Sleeve. D. Outside Sleeve-collar. E. F. G. H. I. J. - Door-latch Ro.-iC. Lock-nut. Inside-shell. Back-plate. Latch-pull. K. ConpUng-sl.eeve. li. Outside-knob. M. Ratchet-bolt. P. Shank-facing. ft. Latch-bolt Facing. Names of Parts. Fig. 3630. A. Spindle. B. Door-knob. C. Flange-colhir. D. Sleeve. F. Yoke. G. Stop-bolt. Fill. ?6il Door-knobs. >i'i^DLr .vno Kosr. Fig. 2632. ScREWLKss Knob-shank and Knob. Fill. 26 » Spring Door-latch or Night-latch. Fins. 2:34-2635. DOOK-KNOBS AND KOSETTES. Fiij . 2636. Flush Door-handle and escutcheo.v. ^a^c Fill. 26^9. Door-knob and Spindle. Fiij. 26iO. Fill. 2611. Door KNOBS, Spindles and Roses. Fiux. 2637-2633. Plate'orm Vestibule Door-latch. Fig. 2642. Door-knob AND Escutcheos-plate. Fig. 2613. Door-handles, Escutcheon-platb and Rose. (226) CAR-FURNISHINGS, Doors : Locki FhjH. 2644-2681 Pigs. 26ii-26i5. Fig. 26tC. End-door Lock, Keepek, Rose and Escutcheon. Figs. 2647-2648. Linen-closet Lock and Keeper. Flij^- 2610-2650. 2651-52. MOKTISE-DOOK-LOCS AND BSCOTCIIEONS. Figs. 2653-2654. End-door Look vnd Keeper. Figs. 2655-26.58. Bnd-dook Lock, Keeper, Knob and Escutcheon. Figs. 2659-2662. E.N-D-DOOR Lock, Keeper, Escutcheon and Rose. Figs. 2663-2667. END-DOOR Lock, Keeper Rose and Escutcheon. F,gi. 2668-JQ69. P^d- 2fi70. END-DOOR LOCK, KEEPER, KNOBS, ESCUTCHEON AND ROSE, Fig. 2671. Fig. 2672. Figs. 2673-2874. Combined End-door Lock and Nighi^latch, Keeper and Escutcheon-plate. Figs. 2675-2678. End-dook Look, Keeper, Escutcheon-plate and Thumb-latch. (227) Figs. 2670-2681. (JOMBINED En'D-DOOB LOCK AND NiGHT-LATCH, KEEPER AND Escutcheon-plate. Fhjs. 2682-2706. CAR-FURNISHINGS, Doors ; Locks. SALOOiN-DOOR LOCK, KeEPEK AND FLUSH HANDLE. Figs. 2685-26J8. Saloon-door Lock, Knobs and Escutcheons. Figs 2689-26S1. Saloon-door Lock, Keeper and K^roB. Figs. 2692-2694. Saloon-door Lock, Keeper and Flush Handle. Figs. 21395-2696. Satoon-duor Lock. Extra Bolt and Keeper. Fills. 2697-26J9. 5AI.00N-D00K Look, Kehper and Knob. Figs. TiUi-mi. SAL30X-D30R LoCK, KEEPER AND FLUSH HANDLE, Figs. 2702-2703. Saloon-door Lock and Keeper. Figs. 2701-2:Uj. Extra Loxg Saloon-door Lock and Keeper. Fig. 2706. Vestibule-door Mortise-latch. (228> CAR-FTJBNISHINGS, Doors ; Locks. Fl.js. 2707-2735 Figs. 2707-2710. Double Flush-handle Saloon-dook Lock and liEBrEu. Figs. 27U-'.il3. End-doob Lock, Kkiti'hi; and E3cu Figs. 27y-2717. Night-latch, Keeper, Key AND Escutcheon. Figs. 2718-272L. Night-latch, Keeper, Key AND Escutcheon. Figs. 2722-2723. Figs. 272J-272.0. NlOHT-LATCH AND KEEPEK. NIGIIT-LATCH AND KEEP Figs. ■i7-ir,-2n'i. Co.mbination Knd-iioor Lock and Nioiit-latoii. Figs. 2729-2730. Double Flush-handle Saloon-door Lock (229) Figs. 2731-2733. Saloon-dooe Latch, Keeper, Knob and Kose. Figs. 2734-273.0. Dead-luck, with Keeper. Fig.<<. 2736-2759. CAR-FURNISHINGS, Freight Doors ; Locks. Fig. 'J736. LoqI: closed reaiiyfor Pin or Seal Freight-car Doob-lock, MALtEAELE Iron. Fic/s 27S8-.i739 FKLrcfnr CAR -UooR lock i)pcn(d (tncl Clo^ttl Fifj. 27^7. Lock in 'position to release flasp. Fig. 271i. Douhle-Hasn. staple. Fig. 2711. Hasp. Parts of Freight-car Door-lock. Fiy. 2715 Paper and Gla^s Seal-holder. {U. ti. Customs.) Fig. 2746. Stationary Seal-holder. Freight-car Door-locks. If ill . 2719, FujCrii7 2718 '"" '^ EE,Loch. un'ockcd and locked. Fig.2Tm. SS, Lock. Fig. 27 M. Catch for F Lock. Fig. 27.n2. Hoinird Lock. Fig.s. 2753-2755. Figs . 2756-2757 . Fig. i75H. Howard Lock Purls. Hix Drop Lock. E Lock. Locks Made dy thf, Q. & C. Company. {For other Freight-car Door Fastenings, sec Car-doors.) (2301 CAR-FUBNISaiNGS, Padlocks. Figs. 2760-2772 Figs. 2760-3761. Railroad F.^dlock, Malleablk Ikon. Fig. 2762. Railroad Padlock. Cheap grade with external Ears for iihaekle. I'ly. -765 Firi.2~6l. Closed. Showing meuinei in. uhieh i •^cutehcon {% full size.) drops into place. KEr-KETAINING RAILROAD PADLOCK. Fig. 276S-2769. Outside View. Fig. 2770. Interior riew. Miller's Self-locking Padlock. Ftg-:. 2766-2767. 'Rack TUMBLER Spring Padlock. Names of Parts. Figs. 2766-2767. 1. ShacTcle. 5. Ward. 2. Tumbler. 6. Pivot. 3. Sliding Bolt. 7. Clevis. 4. Tumbler. 8. Case. Names of Parts. Figs. 3768-3770. A. Tumbler. E. Tumbler. B. Shackle. F. Tmnbler-.spriii.g. C. Tumbler-dog. G. Key-hole. D. ShcuMe-spriiig. H. Shackle-stop. Names of Parts. Figs. 3771-3773. A. Shackle. B. Sliding Bolt. C. Tumbler. D. Heel, of Shackle. E. Bit, of Sliding Bolt. F. Shackle-guard. G. Shackle-spring. H. Sliding-liolt Spring. I. Shackle-spirings. K. Tumbler. (231) JP® Fill. 2798. Size, m X 9 ins. Fif/. 2739. Size, m X 9 ins. i'sff.9. 280.5-2S06. T/ie Excelsior Door Holder for the Partition. J'!6f.5- 28O7-2808. i^iffs. 2809-2810. Fios. 28U-12. Door Holder Ficrs. 2813-2814, Door Holder. Door Holder. for Slid inrj Door. Door Holder, Dock Holders and Stops. of Light Door^. Fit). 2824, For Botlotn nf Hea rij Doors. Fig. 282.'. For the Hides and Tops of Doors. Fig. 2823. For Bottom ( ,233) Weather Strips for Doors. The D. W. Boselev Company. Figs. 2825-2842. CAR-FURTflSHUSraS, Sliding-door Fixtures. Kff. 2826. Fig.-2&21. Corner Door-koli,er. Door Sheave, IMPROVED Noisf:less Fig. 2825. ^^^ Fig. 2828 Door Sheave, improved Noiseless. Door Gdide, Fig. 2829. Hatfield Hanging-doob Sheave. {Used for both passenger and frciciht cars.) Fig. 28.30. White's "Anti-friction Car-door Hanger. Fig. 2835. Fig. 2836. Baggage and End-dook Car-sheaves, Fig. 2837, Fig. 2838. .Fiy, 2839. Fig.Wm. Car-door Sheaves. Fig. 2S11. Fig. 2842. (234) CAK-FXJRNISHINGS, Sliding-door Fixtures. Floor-furnishings. Figs. 2843-2864 F>g. 2816. Bottom Door-eollkr. Fig. 2844. Side Elevation. Fig. 2845. Cross -Section Details of Double Slidinq-door Fixture. Fig. 2848. End Door-koller. Fig. 2850. Bottom Uoor-roller, Fig 2854. Bottom Door-roller. FLOOR-FURNISHINGS. Figs. 2853-2854. Upper and Lower Gromets for Carpet Eteiets, Fig, 2855. Wire Eyelet-nail. nS4WATiVAWA'*V'£t!S '»''atata'*''»t*»ata»*TaW»7a''a' A«A*ATA*ATA'>'&''AT4WAWA'Vi 'A'ATA'ATA'aTATATA'AWAWA'A l'A»4'*'A'Ar»TA'»AT*»A*ATi»»'A'l 'A'''*''*''*'A»*'A''AT*'*TA**yi'*'* pi»A'«''A»AT*'A»*»AT*.WT4ri»A''. 'ATA»*T*»AT*-ATA**TAV'*VtTA' (T'A»A'A'A»A'A»A''A"A»At*'AViTt '»»A*A'''A'4'A**'A''A'*'**'*'*'S~fi iTAtiTkTA'A'ATAtATATiWAWATi 'A'aVAVATA'A'W'AWA'AWJ' ,TATA'*'A'A'*'A'A»*'A'AWATj'»i (*T**A'*»A*ATA'A''ATA»A»ATA»j»a' l»*»*'A'A»A»A"'A'A'»A»A'ii'A'AW fA»A''A''A**TiTA»A'A'J!»A'A"'iT*Tj' ntTA'»ATt.'»AT4»ATA*A'V»A'*'A''A»'; '*''A''ATA»*''A»A*AT*?iT*VA'4»A' i<"/!/. 28Sfi. Corrugated RnBBKH Floor-mat. 7'Yf/. 2837. Pkrforatkd-rubukr Floor-mat. Mffs. 2861-2862. Spittoon, with Iron Band and Center (235) Support. Aif/. aS63. Protection " Cuspidor, with Umbrella-rests. /i'/p. 2S64. 'Protection' " Cuspidor. sviTii mat. Figt. 2865-2884. CAB-FUBNISHINaS, Heating- Apparatus ; Baker's. HEATERS AND HEATING APPARATUS. Fia. 2s65. Exterior riev: Fig. 2866. Sectional Vieir. The " Ftke-pkoop " Heater. Fig. 2871. AsE-piT Door Frame. Fig. 2872. Kemovable Ash-pan Fig. 2880. Grage .Shaker. Fig. 2876. Kegdlator Diaphragm. Fig. 2881. Fire Grate. Fki >^T, Smoke .Scree.v, Ca.st Iron. IrCj --O .,^t J ig 2KHJ FiRE-GRArE bUPI'ORT. Fig. 2883. Safety Plate and Wooden Handle. Fig. 2867. Automatic Fire-regulator and Peessure- ifjDiCATOR Combined. Fig. 2868. Draft door and Frame. Fig. 2869. Ring for Russia Iron. Fig. 2870. Coal-feed Chctf. Fig. 2874. Generator Coil of 30 Continuous Feet op Jointlkss, Extra-heavy Wkought-iron Pipe. I'll/ J^7h. ASH 1 1 1 Ring. Fig. 2884. Sapety-plate Spktng. Fig. 2879. Base of Smoke-flue. Baker's Single-coil "Fire-proof " Car-heater and Parts specially Belonging to it. (236) CAB-rUBNISHINGS, Heating Apparatus; Balvrsf. FirjR. 2885-29CO Fig. 2887. Smoke-flue Base. Fifi. -2889. ASH-PIT Ring. Fisi. 2885. Sectional ricr. Fig. 2m. Exterior Viea: Improved Tvvo-ooil Fire-proof Heater. Fig. 2891. Safkty-plate Spring. F(f;.2892. Ash-pit Door. Fig. 2893. Circulating Drum. >-^^ P/,,. 989.36. -77-fr;. 2393c. F,',,. 2893r/. FiRK URATE Support. Draft-door and Frame. Grate-shaker. Fig. 2893c. Ring korKussia-iron Tor. Fig. 2894, Double Expandi Coil, Fig. 289.5. Fig. 2898. NrGENERATOR ASH-PIT DOOR SAFETY-PLATE Frame. Guides. Fig 3MS Smoke '^CRLfN Remo\able fokCilimngoi Hjater. Fig.2m>. J'"'!!- '-"■'""• Safety-plate and Handle. Ash-pan, Kkmovaele. Baker's Two-coil Fire-proof Car-heater, and Parts specially Belonging to it. (237) Figs. 2901-2923. CAR-FURNISHINGS, Heating Apparatus ; Bala Ficj. 2902O. Ring for Russia Iron Top. Fi'f/. 2902. Upright CiKou- /^(0..29O3. Circulating Drum, or LATiNG Drum to go Water Reservoir and Ex- inside of Car. PANSiON Chamber. fig. 2901. Basb of Smoke- flue. Fig. 2901. Sectional new. The "Perfected " Heater. Fiff. 2906. Expanding Fig. 2907. Generator Generator Coil. Coil. Fig. 2S08. Outside Casing, removable. Fig. 2909. High Firk-pot, CAST whole. Fig.'29W. Ash-pit. Fig. 2911. Ash-pit Top (No. 28), Grate Fig. 2S12. Top OF HeaterJand (No. 30) AND Door (No. 31). part of Gas Pheventor. Fig. 2913o. Feed Door. Fig. 29196. Base OF SMOKE-FLUb. ^ Fig. 29120. .Safetx Latch. Fig. 2915. Grate-support. Fig. 2916. Inside Casing MAKER S " PERFKCTED " HEATER AND PARTS SPECIALLY BELONGING TO IT. REMOVABLE. Fig.t. 29\dd-r. Ash-pit DOOR- guidks. /<'(V/. 2917. Safety Plate AND Gas Preventor combined. Fig. 29l9o. (;koss Sectio.\ of Cast-iron Safetv-vent and Bushing. Maif be ii^cd on eiif Heaters. Fig. 2910. SecriONAL View. Fig. 2m). Coil. Fig.2nUi. Ash-pit Bottom. Ke. 2923. Grate-support Baker's " Mighty Midget ' Car Heater and parts belonging to it. (238) CAR-FTJRNISHINGS, Heating Apparatus ; BaJcers. Flf/s. 2924-2957 \ I Fig. 2927. Pet-cock. Fio.mb. Ash-mt. 7?,y/. 2926. Fire-pot. MlQHTY MjdgeT HkATER. Mighty Miduet Heater. *'-'''''."-'"''''• Fig. ■ 2928. Four-nipe Strap. Fig. 2930. Mg. 2931. Fj.7.9. 29296c. Rings for Mus'iid-top of Miglilji Midget." Fig. 2929a. Special. fVrougfitiron Pipe. 2V4 ^0 3 Ih. per foot. m J~l!i^ ^^P ./ FROM 3 Train Pipe. Arrows siiow direction of flow through Piping. Drip. Fig. 2973. The Comminglek Sioraoe System. Names of Parts. Fig. 2974. A. Coil. B. McElroy CommiiKjler. F. McElioy Steam-ejcuigc io ahow preamre on C. Dial Cock for admitting Steam to Com- train-pipe. mingler B. g. Swing Check-valve. D. Trap for opening Overfloiv-pipe H. . H. Overfloiv-pipe to remove Water ejf Con- E. Water Line in Expnnsion-drum. densation. Fig. 2974. Perspective View. A System of Piping for Comminqler System of Heating in Connection with Hot-water System. 241) Figs:. 2975-2995. CAK-FUENISHINGS, Steam Heating Apparatus; Tlie Consolidated. Ficj. 2980. Elevation. ■Fig. 2981. Section. Fig. 2982. Tee with Drop-connections. Trap-cock. Fig. 2983. Fig. 2984. ANOLE Cook. Return Bend. Fig. 2975. Graduating Valve. Fig. 2976. Trap Valve. Figs. 2985-2987. The Mcelroy Stkam-hose Coupling. Fig 2990. [Uneoupted .) -Fir; 2991 [Coupling.) Fig. 2992. (Coupled.) Figs. 2977-2978 Corrugated Copper Tubes. Fig. 2988. The Mcelroy Steam-hose Coupling. Fig. 2989. The McElroy Steam-hose Coupling Fig. 2993. Outline Sketch. i^/f/. 2991. Longitudinal Section Fig. 2995. Top Vieu The Sbwall Steam-hose Coupling. (242) CAR-FURNISHINGS, Steam Heating Apparatus ; GohV.' Fifjf<. 2996-3001 i'ig. 2997. Plan of Car, showing System of Pipes. Gold's Double-ooil Hor-wiTER CiacuLiTise System of Car Hbatin'g. Fig- 2999. Plan of Gar, showina System of Piping. Gold's Plain Pipe System of Car Heating. if I (7. 3000. Sectional Elevation. M p'^'H Fig. 3001, Plan of Car, showing System of Piping. Gold's Steam Heat Storage System of Cab Heating. A. Heater-pipes. B. Steam Connection. C. Return-bend. D. Gold's Vertical Steani- traps. E. Angle-valve for Steam, Supply. F. Expansion-loops. Gr. Train-pipe Valve. H. Therinostatic-trap oti Ti-ain-pipe Valve. (243) Names of Parts of Gold Heating Systems. Figs. 399a-:3001. J. Traiii-j)(pc. K. Covering on, Ti-aiii-pi,pe. L. Shields. M. Couplings. N. Steam-hose. O. Tee. P. Cross-over Steam Supply- pipe. S. Heater-stands. T. Supports for Pipes, Traps, etc. TJ. Cast-iron Heater-stops. h. Hot-water Column to V. Branch-connections to Radiator. Heater. c. Ashestos-cock. W. Wheel and Rod connect- d. Over flow-pipe. ing %vith Sediment-vxil . e. Steam-supplij. X. Hot-ivater Stove. f. Check-valve. y. Hot-water Coil. S- Steam-supply to Jet. z. Steam-coil. h. Hot-water Return. a. Hot-water Cohmm to 1. Steam-jet. Drum. J- Improved, Trap and Blow-off. Figs 3002-3005. CAB-FUBNISHINGS, Steam and Hot-water Heating Apparatus; GoIiVh. Names of Parts Figs. 3003 and 3006. Hot-water Coil. Stritm-coil. Inner \frought-iron Casing. Outside Russian-iron Casing. Cast-iron Fire-pot. Stove-grate. Orate-bar. Feed-door. Hot-water Column to Drum. Hot-water Return column. .Ashestos-cock. Steam jets. Steam Supply. Angle-valve. Overflow to Trap. Safety-valve. Expansion-drum. Horizontal Clieclc-valce. Hot-irater Radiator. Self-closing Air Relief -cod: . Return to Trap Twin-valve (to close and open sup- ply to and from drum). Air-relief Pipe. Steam-gage and Siphon. Smoke-pipe. i^t/y. 3002. Sectional View of Heater and Pipe Connections. Duplex Doltble-coil Ovekflow System. Fig. 3004. Section through Center. Improved Vertical Steam- trap AND Blow-off. Names of Parts. Fig. 3003. A. Baker Heater. B. Hot-water Coil. C. Steam-coil. D. Inside Wrought-iron Casing. E. Outside Russian-iron Casing. F. Steam-jet. G. Hot-rvater Column to Drirm. H. Hot-ivater Coh(mn to Radiator. J. Horizontal Check-valve. K. Asbestos-cock. L. Pipe to Trap. M. A ngle-valve. N. O. P. a. B. s. U. Safety-valve. Tee and Plug. Steam Suppjly to Jet. Hot-water Return. Hot-ivater Radiator. Gold's Improved Trap and Blow- off. Steam Supply-pipe. Expansion-drum. Fig. 3003. Sectional View of Heater and Pipe Connections. Double-coil Jet System. Fig. 3005. Section through Center. Train-pipe Valve, with TnERMOSTATic Steam-teap. Car-uuating Apparatus. Gold Car Heating Company. (244) CAR-FUBNISHINGS, Steam Heating Apparatus ; aoWs. Figs. 3006-3010 Letters refer to List of Names on Preceding Page. Names of Parts. Fig. 3005. A. Main-bodii of Train-pipe Valve. B. Piston-valve ivith Composition Seats. C. Eccentric-u-h eel. D. Pin to Hold Eceentrie-ivlieel in Position. E. Bolts to Hold Bottom. P. Bottom-plate. G. Spindle. H. Floor-plate . J. Strainer. K. Post to Hold. Spring. L. Handle to Operate Train-pipe Valve under Car. M. Cast-iron Body. N. Composition-seat . 0. Diaphragm Filled witti Expansion Fluid. P. Cover of Trap. a. Brass Set-screw. R. Lock-nut. s. Spring. T. Ventilator. Fig. 3006. Sectional View of Heater and Pipe Connections. Duplex Docble-coil Jet System with Sediment Well and Special Blow-off. AUTOMATIC GRAVITY RELIEF TRAP BLOW OFF VALVE Fig. 300Y Excelsior Steam Thap wits Sediment Well, Gravity Relief Trap and Special Blow-off Valve. r/ol n'aferOuHet J "- '"wmwv Ho1 Water Inler Fig. 3008. Section tfirougfi Center. Gold's Steam- jet. M' Fig. 3009 S'ectional Klevafion. Gold's Storaqe Heater (Iron). Firj. 3010. Gold's Terra-ootta Storage Heater. Names op Parts. Fig. 3010. A. Supply-pipe. F. Plug for 1 in. Supply Pipe. B. Outside-tube. »• Lock Nut and Plate. C. Section of Terra-cotta. H. Steam Pipe to Pipe " A." D. Ports or Passage for Steam and Cera- J. S apply -pip)e. densation. ^- Return. E. Heater Support. '^ Heater-cap. Car-heating Apparatus. Gold Cak Hkatino Company. (215) M(7S. 3011-3022. CAB-FURNISHINGS, Steam Heating Apparatus ; Gold}s Names of Paets. Fig. 3004. Fig. 3012. Plan. Gold's Pressure Regulator. Fig. 3013. Coupled. Ji'iV/. 30U. UncoiipU-d. A. Seat of Automatic-trap. L. B. Blow-off. C. Valve for Cutting out Automatic- M. trap. N. D. Strainer to Protect Automatic Trap-seat. 0. E. Valve-stem for Operating Auto- P. matic-trap. Q,. F. Diaphragm for Operating Auto- B. matic-trap and Containing S. Expansive Fluid. G. Set-screiv for Adjusting Auto- matic-trap. T. J. Holes {to Ventilate Casing Con- U. taining Diaphragm). V. K. Shields to Prevent Water from Flying Horizontally. Cast-iron Casing Containing Ex- pansive-diaphragm. Hinged Cover to Trap-casing. Diaphragm-guard. Plate on End of Valve Stem to rest on Diaphragm. 2-iiich Pipe. l^-inch Pipe. Passage for Blow-off. Passage for Discharge from Auto- matic-trap. Posts to Supiport Shield-guard (K). Guides for Valve-stem (K). Split-key (to Prevent Valve from Falling Out tvhen Cover M is Removed). Names op Parts. Figs. 3011-3012. A. Steam-inlet. B. Steam-outlet. C. Regulator-hody. D. Regulator-valve. E. Valve-seat. F. Valve-spring. G. Valve-body. H. Valve-plug. I. Handle. J. Handle-niit. Ii. Regulator-spjring. I/L. Diaphragm. N. Lock-nut Handle. O. Diaphrag-)n-flange, Top>. P. Diaphragm-flange, Bottom. ft. Spriag-cap> and Guide. B. Spring Adjusting-screw. S. Water-seat. Fig. 3016. Gold's Compression Coupling. Fig. 3017. Gold's Interchangeable Coupling. Fig, 3015. Act of Coupling. The Universal Straight Port Coupling. Fig. 3018. The Universal Straight Port Coupling. Fig. i»19. l'u-!,pe:Jnv Vii-w. Fig. .^20. Sectiuiial fieu: Fig. ZC21. Fig. 3022. Gold's GjiAViTY Relief Trap. Gaskets for Gold Straight-port Coupling. Gold Car-heating System. (246) CAR-FURNISHINGS, Steam and Hot-water Heating Apparatus ; The Safety'^. F!,js. 3023-3027 Pig. 3023. General View of Heater and Connections. Stand vrd System of Steam Heating by Single Water Circulation (L-sn). Water is Heated in Jaekets iNo. 624) Shoirn in Figs. 3051-3055. Names of Parts Constituting One Equipment. Fig. 3033. 603. Steam Valve (Special) (3). 604. Floor-plate (2). 605. Socl-et{2). 606. WreiKh (1). 609. Train-pipe Cock (3). 611. Ell, liin. (3). 612. Tee, li x i x IJ in. (3). 616. Ells, 1 in. (6). 616. Ells, 1 in. R. x L. (3). 617. Tee, 1^x1 in. (1). 618. Coupling, li in., R. x L. (3), 619. Handle for Valve (1). 619a. Floor-plate, Drip (1). 621. Tee, 1 in. (1). 622. f X iJeoif,?/ C'oefc (3). 624. Jackets (3). 625. Pipe, t in. (iO ft.). 626. Pipe, U X Strong (W ft.). 628. Pipe, Uin. (60 ft.). 629. J X Heavy Nipple (3). 633. Trap Complete {\). 639. Directions, Framed i^). 642. PZujy, 1 Mj. (6). 677.) 678 679.) 698. Nipjple, H in. x 3 i«. (3). 699. Street Ell, 1 in. (3). Coverings for outside pipes, tees and ells. -5sc-^iev/i'S. 3aT^CT J^eafeT lo Slan3 on Coat Soj: /2^ Tiiyh. i7jc7(p? ."3 62f£- muJT alv/aye ic p7aee3 in t7^e lou^et' pipe O— J7cam Supply .Pipe" ioTy»i-»pan3i™j7rimii5r6eKstaar.ipje Cocks (3). Sockets for Tr.rin-pipe Cocks {2). Wrench for Irain-piip-ie Cocks (1). Asbestos-packed Tra in-pipe Cocks with Drip, li in. (2). 616. Ells, 1 in. (6). 679. 616a. Ells R. and L., 1 in. (2). 680. 618. Co uplings R. and L., U '•»• (2). 681. 625. Standard Pipe, 1 in. {SO ft.). 683. 628. Standard Pipe. U in. {60 ft.)- 685. 631. Couplings R. and L.. 1 in. (2), 698. 632. Straps and Backs for 2 in. 708. Pipes (8). 709. 638. Cro.s.s, U X 1 id. (1). 772. 645. Directions {framed) {Y). 775. 657. Ells, i- in. (4). 677. Covering for U in. Pipe (60 ft.). Covering for l-J in. Tees (2). Covering for 1 in. Pipe (2i ft.). Covering for 1 in. Ells (6). Covering for 1^ in. Cross (1). Standard Pipe, 2 in. (300/Y.). Nipples, li X 3 in. (2). Eccentric Tees, 3x1 in. (4). Caps. 2 in. (4). Special Reducers, 9 x f in. (4). Three-way Cocks {with Arcs No. 774, and Levers No. 773), 1 in. (3). (248) CAR-FURNISHINGS, Steam Heating Apparatus; The Safety's. Figs. 3035-3042 End Elevation, =ttiEfai;-jit Fig. 3036. Elevation. Direct Steam System (L-111). Names of Parts Constituting One Equipment. 179. Lag Screws, 2 in. x | in. (24). 603a. Angle Inlet-valves (regulating), 1 in. (2). 603b. Angle Drip-valves, 1 i)i. (2). 604. Floor-plate.^ for Train-pipe Cocks (2). Sockets for Train-pipe Cocks (2). Wrench for Train-pipe Cocks (1). 605. 606. 609. Ashestos-packed Train-piipje Cocks witli Dripjs, li in. (3). 616a. Ells, 1 in. R. & L. (3). 618. 625. 628. 638. 677. 679. 680. 681. Couplings. R. & L. 14 in. (■-;). Standard Pipe, 1 in. (15 /f.). Standard Pipe. U in. {QO ft.). Cross, H in. x 1 in. (1). Covering for 1-i in. Pipe (60/<. Covering for 14 in. Tees (2). Covering for 1 in. Pipje {^ ft.). Covering for 1 in. Ells [2). Figs. 3035-3036. 683. Covering for 1 1 in. Cross (1). 685. Standard Pipe, 2 in. {200 ft.). 698. Nipples, 1| in. x 3 in. long (2). 708. Tees, Eccentric, 2 in. x 1 in. (2). 723. 0. P. Return Bends, 2 in. (4). 724. Tees, 2 in. x 1 in. x 2 in. (2). 725. Ells, 2 in. (6). 732. i?. (fc L. Couplings, 2 m. (4). 741. Directions {framed) (1). 749. Pipe Straps (24). Fiff, 3037. fiff- 3038. ^ED Positions fob Gibbs Steam Coupling and Westinghouse Brake and Signal Cooplings. Names of Parts. Gibbs Steam Coupler (Not Illustrated). 651. Large Ring above Diaphragm. 654. Steam Hose, 24 in. long, H ''"• 655. Hose Nipple, U i"- Pipe. 656. Hose Band. 664. Bolt for No. 074, i in. x 1^ in. 666. Pa?r Couplers, ivithout Hos Hose-hands or Nipples. 4- 666. Small Gasket. 667. 68. 669. 670. 671. 672. 673. 674. Ring to Hold No. 606 Blank and Chain. Large Gasket. Ell, Uin., 45". Diaphragm. Spring. Screws for No. 051. Link to Hose Band. • 'Sti^ -Ht: Figs. 3039-3012. Steam Jacket 621. The OlaTul End of Jacket . ii$) A steam Jacket surrounds water pipe, and heats water of cirtulating system. Figs. 3043-3055. CAR-FTJBNISHINGS, Steam Heating Apparatus; The Safety's w :-nr- ™ "/a- .,,"- -^-^ J ^S^StlL (q^Tf->lf'-^' ' «J0%i^ , ifVffS. 3016-30i8. GIBBS CODPLING (JOHNSON IMPROVEMENT). Fig. 3043. Section. Figs. 3044-15. General View. Steam Jackets and Jackets Connected. To heat the circulating water with steam from the locomotive The inner water pipe is a section of the circvlating pipe of Baker Heater. Names of Parts of Stea.m Hose Couplings. Figs. 3049-3050. 654. Steam Hose, 24 in. long, by 1^ in. 655. Hose Nipple, \\ in. Pipe. 656. Hose Band. 658. Diaphragm. (Complete). 659. Body. 664. i in. X 11 in. Bolt for No. 674. 665a. Pair Couplers. (Without hose, hose-bands, or>ipple8.) 666. Casket. 667. Ring to hold No. 666. 668. Blank and Chain. (See Fig. 3038.) 670. 45° Ell, li in. 674. Link to Hose Band. Fig.f. 3049-3050. GiBBS HosB Coupling (Johnson Improvement). ■HI. ' a Fig. 3051. End Elevation. ^10. 3055. Elevation. Figs. 3051-3055. Double Steam Jacket 624 B, to heat water in pipes by steam from locomotive. Steam Heating System. The Safety Gar Heating & Lighting Company. 250) CAR-FUBNISHINGS, Heating; Steam and Hot Air Sijstems. Figs. 3056-3067b Fig. 3057. Plan of HeaUr. Pipes and Connections for Direct Steam-heating. Ststkm of Car-hkating. Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway. >'i(/. Wryf. Ii.eccrivr Vieic Fig. .SU 9. ^irluuwl ( uti Spear Car-heatek. Hot-air System. Fiu oiiOf ElIliio) View. SrEAR Cak-heateb. Hot-air System. Figs. 3061-3062. Fire-grate. Figs. 3063-3061. Oven or Kettle. Fig. 3066a6c. Door. (251) Fig. 3065af>. Stove-lid. ^ „.^ O^TAI.. O. C.BO0SK BTOV. N.W YOHK, LAKE KRIE .. WKBX.R. R.-.BOA. Fig. S067ab. Orate Support. Figs. 3068a-3108. CAB-FURNISHINGS, Hea ting ; Stoves and Ranges^ ■I A? ' 4 kl lit HMJ ^-ffi4„ ri pFoo ' o o'o'acjl [ t Pig. 3068a. Elevation. Fio.ZOaSc. SecHoiu Fili.^i'ia Ash'Vil. Fin-ZfilOa- Section of Ash-pit. Fig:3B6Sb. f Plan. Fig. 3069. Top of Stove. 7'7s. 30T1. Pliin of Ash-pit. Fif/. 3072o6. Door-latch. Caboose Stove and Parts. New York, Lake Ehie & Western Railroad. Figs. 307J-3071. Thk Spear Caboose Stove. Pigs. 3075-3103. Names and Numbers of Parts op the Spear Caboose Stove. Pig 31110 Hotel car K \^ge, with broiler and hot-water tank. Size. 3 ft. 4 in. V 2 ft. 1 in. X 5 ft. 6 in. Weight, 725 lb9. 1 I 107 Dining cak Ranch with broiler, hot-water tank andfvel closet. Size, 6 ft. in. X 2 ft. 10 in. X 5 ft. 6 in. Weiglit, 1,260 lbs. Fig. 31(18. DiRECTORS'-CAR RANGE, with hot-water tank. Size, 2 ft. 6 in. X 1 ft. 10 in. X 5 ft. Oin. Weight, 490 Ibg. (252) CAB-rURNISHINaS, Gas Lamp and Lighting ; The Frost System. Figs. 3109-3111 Names of Parts of Regulator. Figs. 3117-3U8, 1. Regulator-body. 2. Top-plate. 3. Body-bolt. 4. Adjnsting-itut. 5. Loek-ind. 6. G radiint in g-spr i n g . 7. Diapiiragm. 8. Diaphragm-flaiigc. 9. Reinforcing-plate. 10. Diapihragm Flange-nut. 11. Valve. 12. 'Wdve-ieat. 13. Valve-seat Nut. 14. Vedve-eluvmher Cap. 15. Vcdve-cap Washer. Names of Parts of 1\1eroukial Check Valve. Figs. ;ui'j-3r:o. 1. Valve-boicl. 5. Set-.'teren-. 2. Valve-ehamber. 6. Set-screw ^\'as1ler. 3. Body-bolt. 7. Body-ivaslier. 4. Air-}iipe. ^3 n A n «/ ■^ i] i I- r: i_. J f- o -: to r u 33 > 1 2 > 3) > 1 UV ^ H+ Z LiL_ \o t; a^^'a_. 33> m c > > ^ = i| 1 ■^ 1 f 5^ %- < t: u J /** u l>^ u Names of Parts of MERcaRL\L Safety Valve. Fig. 3124. 1. Pressure-chamber. 6. Eelief-pijx. 2. Relief -chamber. 3. Cap. 4. Cap-washer. 7. Return-bend. 8. Set-screw. 9. Set-screw Washer. i.Not shoiim.) 5. Pressure-pipe. 10. Deflector. Figs. 3112-3124. CAB-FUBNISHINGS, Gas Lamps and Lighting ; Frost System. Figs. 3119-3120. Elevation and Section. Mercurial Check-valve. on 23 Fig.-!. 3121-3123. Plan and Sections. Frost Dry Carburetor. Fig. 3124. Sectional Elevation. Mercurial Safety-valve. Fig. 3114. Oineial Vieir. Tank. Fig.izm. Elevation. Regulator, Fig. %W.^Croas Section. Fig. 3115. Section. Tank-valve. FiO.iXV). Section. Closet-valve. The Frost Dry Oahbuhetor System of Cab IiIOHTIng. Figs. 3112-3113. Plan and Section. DnST-QUARD AND CHEOK-VALVB. {2Sik CAB-FUBNISHINGS, Gas Lamps and Lighting; Frost System. Figs. 3125-3132 Names of Parts of Filling Valve. Figs, al 2 5-3136. 1. Valve-body. 2. Valve-needle. 3. Packing-washer. 4. Packing-gland. 5. Packing-nut. 6. Hand-wheel. 7. Lead Washer. 8. Cap. 9. Leather Washer. (Not shoa-n.) Nambs of Parts of Bleed Valve. Figs. .3137-3128. Figs. 3125-3126. Carburetor Filling-valve. Figs. 3127-3128. Cakbubetor Bleed-valve. 1. Valve-body. 2. Valve-needle. 3. Packing-washer. 4. Packing-gland. 5. Packing-nut. 6. Hand-wheel. 7. Lead loasher. Names of Parts of Carburetor. Figs. 3131-3133. 1. Ventilator. 13. 2. Cowl. 14. 3. C'arbnretor-flud. 15- 4. Carburetor-Hue Flange. 16. 5. Carburetor Filling-valve. 17. 6. Carburetor Bleed-valve. 18. 7. Carburetor Valve-box 8. Carburetor Valve-box Carburetor Cover. Tee. Aiv-pipe. 11. Copper-coil 12. Air-inlet. 9. 10. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. Air-tube. By-pass Nipple. Spiral-chamber. Gas-outlet. Oas-Nipple. Oas-arm Ell. Troughs. Bleed-well. Bleed-well Tube. Bleed-well Nipple. Hot-air Space. Mantle, lined with Hair Felt. Names of Parts of Dust-guard and Check- valve. Figs. 3113-3113. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Valve-body. Dwit-cup. Retaining-bolt Bolt-Washer. Air Inlet-pnpe. Felt Dust-screen. 7. Body-washer. 8. Leather Valve-seat. 9. Valve-disc. 10. Valve-spring. 11. V(dve-cap. 12. Valve-cap Washer. Names of Parts of Tank Valve. Fig. 3115. 1. 2. 3. 4. Valve-body. Valve-needle. Pack ing-washer. Packing-gland. 5. Packing-nut. 6. Socket — i-in. pipe union. 7. Nut — li-in. pipe union. 8. Gasket — \-in. pipe union Names of Parts of Closet Valve. Fig. 3116. 1. 2. 3. 4. Valve-body. Valve-needle. Packing-washer. Packing-gland. 5. Packing-nut. 6. Nipple— l-in. pipe union. 7. Nut— %-in. pipe union. 8. Gasket — f-in. pipe union. Names of Parts. Fig. 3133. 1. Bracket-lamp Ceiling-plate. 2. Bracket-lamp Smoke-bell. 3. Bracket-lamp Smoke-flue. 4. Deck-lamp Ceiling-plate. 5. Deck-lamp Smoke-bell. fiff. 3129. Ventilator. 23% Fig. 3130. END View of Carburetor in Mantle. Fig. 3131. Side View of Carburetor in Mantle. f— 1 r A I 5'/2-- J Fip. 3132. OBILING Plates andjSmoke-Bell. 295) Figs. 3133-3137. CAB-iTrRNISHINGS, Gas Lamps and Lighting; Frost System. Fig. 3133 General View. No. 3 Frost Deck-lamp. Fig. 3134. Oenerttl Vieri: No. 2 Frost Bracket-lamp. Fiij. 313.% General View. No. 1 FkOST VBSTIBnLE-LAMP. Fig. 3136. No. 3 Frost Dkok- LAMP. No. Pig. 3137. 2 Frost Bracket-lamp. Naivtrs of Paets of No. 3 Deck Lamp. Figfs. 3133 and 3138. Names of Paets of No. 2 Bracket 1. Oas-body. 21. Opal-shade. Lamp. Figs. 8184 and 3137. 2. Oas-arm. 22. Gas-)iipple. 3. 4. Plain-arm, long. Plain-arm, short. 23. 24. Air-deflector. Burner. 1. Lamp-bracket, with Lamp-bodi' and Globe-supports, complete. 5. Wind-cap. 25. Porcelain-cylinder. 2. Globe-bracket Thumb-screw. 6. 7. Ejector-spider. Retaining-nuts. 36. 27. Air-controller. Injector. 3. 4. Top-cap and Ventilating-chimney. Globe Packing-ring. 8. Ejector-ring. 28. Injector-latch. 5. Glass Globe. 9. Binding-rod. 29. Injector-latch Spring. 6. Glass Chimney. 10. Top-Jlue. 30. Gas-tirrn Foot. 7. Burner. 11. Cone-top. 31. Gas-arm Union. 8. Shutter. 12. 13. Bottom-flue. Globe Finger-knob. 32. 33. Valve-body. Valve-needle. 9. 10. Shutter-knob. (Not shown.) Valve bodg. 14. Olobe-finger. 34. Valve-spring. 11. Valve-stem. 15. Openivork-body. 35. Valve-stem. 12. Valve-packing Waslm: 16. 17. Globe-collar. Tube-spring. 36. 37. Valve-cap. Valve-wheel, 13. 14. Valve-packing Spring. Valve-nut. 18. Shade-holder Clampi. 38. Valve-wheel Nut. 15. Valve-key. 19. Shade-holder Clamp-spring. 39. Valve-wheel Washer. 16. \-in. Union. 20. aiass-globe or Bowl. 40. Gas-arm-union Washer. 17. Washer. m) CAR-rUBNISHINGS, Gas Lamps and Lighting-; Fm.-4 in. Regulator (R). Fig. 3172. No 550- Flanged Cross, H-in. jn». JJ I fJ""V_..: Fig. 3173. No. 49. Flange FOB ReQULATOB, (M9) Tee M-in. Fig iin. No. 53.4 . H LANGE Tee for Regulator, y-iQ. Fig. 3175. Fig. 3176 F;„. 3177. Fi^^ 3178. No^ 12-13 Tee No. 17.4. Angle No. 16-4. Band C. No. 3. FLANGE UNIONS. FLANGE, «-in. TEE FLANGES. ^'^^ ^^ .4x^^-.n.; HyM.n. ^^t^y^'^ 53^ and 120. Figs. 3179-3227b. CAR-FURNISHINGS, Lamps and Lighting; The PiiitHch System. W_ iCfi, "rr No. 167. Nos. 27-56. N0.8.1I. Bracket Locknut^ FlanQc. Back, ■v-3-in. Vs-in. J^-io. «-in. No. 26. Nipple to Support Lamp. -^s-in. (Give thickness of roof.) No. 21. Burner Cock ^-in. Nos. 4-5. No. mA. Nos. l.SO- No. 170. Conncc- Elboic. 134. No. 171. Nos. 29-57. Nos. 28-28^. tion. ]4-i". i'QUp- %-in. J4-in. linos. Figs. 3179-3190. Bolts and Fittings. It for Tank- Bolt for Cap. Reducing strap. Fillinp •S^-in. Elbows. 2^xJ^-in. Valve. !4-ln. ?^X^-in. l?^Xj^-in. !^x!^-in. mv\v\**- ^1 -^iksBESi" SjBJsa ^,t;^i;»iMyt>iMjjjms» No. 188. No. 1S5 Scnws. No. 112. No. 'ilA. No. 141. No. 150. Check Scrcy. Plug. Check Flange !4-in. Screw. Screw. Figs. 3191-3193. Sckews, Bolts, and Fittings. Nos 17.5-17B. Long Lag Screw for Tank-strap. 7x5«-in. dXJ^-in. iCjZ^ Fig org. No. 109. MiOA Chimney. Fig. 3200. No. 100. Glass Bo WL. Fig. 3201. Fig. 3202. No. 103. No. 101. Opalescent Wart Dome. Glass fob No. 205 Lamp Fig. 3203. No. 112. Four-flame Reflector. Ti'l'p. 3204. No. 113. Two-flame Reflector. i^^•fi^_3205. No. 114. ;Reflkctor fok Wall-Lamp. Kp. 3207.* No. 110.: King Reflector. ^ig. 3214. No. '45. Fig. Four- FOK 3209. No. 227. FLAME Cluster Center Lamp. Fig. 3210. No. 226^. TWO-FLAME Cluster for Vestibule Lamps. No. 222. Burner. S'o. 34 No. 230. Tee. PiNTSOH M-in. Pillar FOR Bracket 'Lamp. F gs. 3211-3213. ;i Fig. 3215. No. 46. ;Keys for Lamps and Valves. Fig. 3216. 4-iN. Opal No. 102. Globe. Fig. 3217. No. ROB. Holder for Globe No. 102. ■ Fig 3218. "No. 60 Lead Washer for Large Valve and Flanges. Ftg 3219. 'So.ei.Fig 3220 No. 62. Fig.'3121. No. 63. Rubber Washer Lead Washer Rubber Washer FOR No. 60. for Small for No. 62. Valves and Flanrfs. #f^^? Fig. 3222. Fig. 3233. Nos. 203-201. No. 231. Vevtilators. Mill Check 6!^-in.; 45g-in. Fig. 3224. Fig. 3225. No. 23. Iron No. 24. Rubber Washer Washer for No. 23. Fig. 3226. No. 6. Iron Ring. Fig. 3227. No. 200. Wind Goabd. Figs. 3227 a b. No. 213. REGULATOR Strap. No. 161. Pipe Strap. (260) CAR-FURNISHINGS, Gas Lamps and Lighting ; The Pinlsch Systew. Fi,js. 3228 3241 Namks op Parts op Vestibulk Lamp. Fig. 32:W. 100. Olass-boicl. 113. Reflector. 142. Check-screws for Cluster. 159. Screws lo fasten Hinge. 156. Screii\'i for Cluster- stem. 157. Screwsfor Reflector 204. Ventilator. 222. Burner-tips. 226a. Cluster. 305. Cluster-stem. 306. Cluster-stem Lock- nut. 307. Bezel, or Ring for Bowl, uuth Hin(/e, 308. Clips fo)' Bowl. {Continifcd.) |) Fig. 3228. No. 85. Swinq-Braokut witb Lock. Fill. 3229. No. 300. Touch AND IvKY. Fig. 3330. No. 121). Fl'rTT^G FOR Holders F)/7. 3231. No 80^(. Holder for Sh.\df, No. SO. F!o.:ii32. Fit/ 3233. /•"/». 3234 No. RO. POSI'AV. C'AR ^HADF. No. 135H. CovFR No. 22 Majn FOR Main i ocks Cock for Nos.25, 2.573. 2.-C. POSTAL Cars Fig. 3235. No. 192. Cevtf,r-suspension Ix \s-lamp. ( Wauner Pattrrn.) Fig. 323G. No. 196. Four-arm Lamr. i^((/.3237. No. 193. Cf.nter-suspension Gas-lamp. {Pullman Pattern ) Names op Parts op Vestibule Lamp. Fig. S-SO. ifom-iuded .) 316. Spring-catch (com- 320. Body-easting. 329. Ceirtcr-pjost for Fives. plete). 321. Fives. 326. Cock (complete). 318. Plug for Cluster. 322. Top-piece for Blues. 327. Gas-waij. 319. Locknut for Check- 323. Diaphragm. 345. .s;;«(yi Globe-holder screws. 324. Ventilatiiig-chimnei/ Ring. Fig.^m. FouR-FLAMF. Vestiedle Lamp No.195. Iwo-tiavic Vcstib\dc Lump A^o. 194 is shown in Fig. 3239. ■ i!V{7. 3238. Nos. 192 and 193. Section Center-suspension Lamp. (261) Fig. 3i39. Section Vestibule Lamp. Fig. 321U. Method of Hanging Four-arm Lamps. Figs. 3242-3351. CAR-FURNISHINGS, Gas Lamps and Lighting; The Pintsch System. Ma. 3212. Standard Lamp-Body. ti'ig. 3243. Four-arm Gas-lamp with Mail-oar Repleotob, No. 115. Figs. 3244-3245. No. 233. No. 232. Wall- Candle PLATE. Bracket Lamp. Pig. 3246. No. 85A. Prop Swing-brackkt Lamp. Names of Tarts of Center- suspension Lamps. Fig. 3238. 8a. Flange Union. 2SA.EII, i X i in. 56. Loeknut. | in. 189. Screws for No. 339. 328. Chimney. 329. Gas-way. 330. Top-ring foi- Flues. 331. Lower Frame-east- inq. 332. SjAcier. 333. Flm. 334 Upper Frame-cast- ing. 335. Thimble atid Flange. 336. Topj-flae. 337. Roof-casting. 338. Cock. 339. Tlmmh-piece. Sock- et and Plate. 345. Sjnin Globe-holder Ping. Names of Paris of Center-lamps. Fig. 3243. 23. Special Iron Washer. 24. Special Piibbcr Washer 26. Special ^-in. Pipe-nip- ple. 27. Lockiint, | in. 28. |-iJ!. Xi-in.Pediicing- elbow. 29. |-J?!. Cap, 79. l-in. X-pipe. 100. Glass-bowl. 101. Opalescent- dome. 104. Opal-dome. 109. iWea Chimney. 110. Ping-reflector. Fig. 3l'47. No. 205. Saloon or Exphess Wall Lamp. Fi'os. .32J8-32-I9. Bracket Emergency Cinhle Laaii* PtTT lman's Pattern /^tff. 3250. No. 217. Stkeet-car Lamp. Fig. 3251. No. 216. Street-cau Lamp. 111. Cup-reflector. 229. Si.v-fiauie Cluster. 312. Flues. 142. Check-screws for Clus- 301. Ring (cast iron). 313. Chimney. ter. 302. Spider. 314. Ping for Fastening 155. Scrcu-s for Binge. 303. E.rtension-pillar. Crown. 156. Screivs for Clustcr- 304. Lock. 315. Diaphragm. steiii. 305. Cluster-stem. 316. Spring-catch (com- 157. Screws for Reflector. 306. Liicknut for Chi.'ster- plete). 204. Globe-ventilator. steui. 317. Hinge-cover. 222. No. 41) Burner. 307. Bezel, or Ring for 318. Plug for Cluster. 226. Two-flame Clu.tter for Bowl, with Binge. 319. Locknut for Check- Center-lamp). 308. Clips for Bowl. screivs. 227. Four-flume Cluster for 309. Gas-tube. Center-lamp. 310. Post. 228. Five-flame Clvster. 311. Top-piece f 01- Flues. CAR-FURNISHINGS, Oil Lamps and Chandeliers ; Single Cenh'r. Figs. 3252-3260 Fig. 325.'), Curtained Lam/) for Comjmrtment Cars Acme. Burner. Drop over-all, 25)^ inB. Fifi. 3237 thtnl Bitfucr. Drop, 20 ins. Single or Pillar-supportesd Centkr-lamp.s. Fig. 3258. Tornado Lamp. Drop over-all, 24 ins. (263) Tubular Construction. Fig. 3259. Candle Lamp, and Candle Socket detached. Drop, 25 ins. FouK-ARM Support Center-lamps. FiQ. 320'). Drop over-all, 24 Ins. Moelirinu's Ccntcr-dra/t Burner. Figs. 3261-3266. CAR-FURNISHINGS, Oil Lamps and Chandeliers ; Two-light Center. Fig. 3261. ScctioiKil Vieiv of ImyjroKcd Hurricane fig. 3262 Httrricanc Chandelier, Sturlentdamp Cluindelicr, One Fiiiint, Viiiil Huriii'rs. Two- Light Oil CiiANDEi ii K'^ I ) nu i pli Diieil Bin no ^ , Drop Ji, in'. Fig.ii2ij3. One-fount Dual Burner ; Drop, 27 ins. Fig. Z2Qi. Two-fount Moehring Center-draft DualBumer ; Two-light Oil Chandeliers. Drop, 28 ins. Fig. 3265. A Decorate I Lamp for Dining, Parlor. Fig. 3266. A Plain Lamp for Postal, Baggage, and fiUeping, and First-class Coaches. Suburban Cars. Two-light Oil Chandeliers. Student-lamp Frames, Drop 26 ins.. Acme Burners. (2 CAR-FURNISHINGS, Combination Oil and Electric ChandeHers • Tvr.-lnM C.vU (flit CV-vtry. Fifis. 3267-3272 .TwrnH . ^. „ -F/ry. 3268. Tiro-foii nl x. rirn/j. 23Vi'ins. SftideiU-lamp ./•Iff. 3-267. Nuigh-fomtt. Drop, 25 ins. Acme Burners. Principle Two-light Oil Chandeliers. tip 3289. Two-light Oil Chandelier. Student lamp Burners. ^**^^***'**^'wiwirf Ficj. 3270. Two-light Oil and Two-light Electric Chandelikr. IPvllman Pattern 1893.) (265) Mg. 'i'ln. Avme-Burners. Drop. -26 in F iu- 'M12. Diiiil-burncnf. JJruji,26ins TVVO-LIGUT 0[L AND TWO-LIGHT ElECTKIC CH.i.NDELIER.S. Figs. 3273-3279. CAR-FURNISHINas, Oil Lamps and Chandeliers ; Four-light Center and Vestibule. 20 Fifl. o273. I'^or Postal Vars. One Oil Fount. Moclirinr/'s Center-draft Burner. Drop, 30 ins. FoLiR-LiOHT Chandeliers. /rop, 26J-2 ins. /<■/(/ 327.1.' Four-lii/lit < iieindelierfor J'rirate, Dininijiinit Parlor Cars. D'rci, 26 ins. With Acme Burner, Glass Drip~cu2}S, and I'atent Condiination Smoke-hell and Ventilator. Four-light Chandeliers. Fi(j. 3276. Fain-liriht Cliandetin Drop, 25Kins. One Oil-fount and Dual Burners. Fill. 3277. Improved Combination S.mokk- BELL A.ND Vl^NTU.ATOR. Fiys. .3278-3279. VkSTiBULE-DOMii or Platform Lamp. Dkimeter of Ring, 13 iua. Drop of Bowl, 1% ins. (260) CAR-FURNISHINGS, Oil and Combination Lamps : CcntPr ami Bnich'l. F'kjs. 3280-3287 FUl. 3:80. SiDE-LAMT. Fifj. 3281. Center-lamp and Electrolier Combined. Fig. Z2i2. Side-lamp and Electrolier. Names of Parts of Lamps, Etc. Figs. 32(31-3317. 1. La)iip-»titij. 2. Lamp-ahade. 3. Lruiip-glohe Chilli IK'!/. ■ 4. Lainp-onns. 5. Luinp-riiig. 6. Laiiip-renerruir. 7. Giohj-hulder. 8. Lamp-buriici: 1 0. La mp-cl villi, 1 1 ey. 11. Laiiip-ckiiiiiiey Holder. SfS T » ^■^, 12. Laiiip-chimiify 20. Lamp-bottom Bracket, 21. Candle-holrlei 13. Smoke-bell Cap. 14. Lamp-reflecto r. 22. Candle-holdei 15. Lamp-chimneii Cup. Reflector. 28. Lamp-globe. 16. Side-lamp) 30. Center-stay. Holder. 31. Feed-tube. 17. Side-lamp Bracket. '33 Shade ca/i. 18. Side-la III p> Brace. Fig. 3283. (;h.mti.;k-lam1'. Drop, 22 ins. Mochrituj (Jciilir-ilrdfl Bnrni'r. 7<7.f/. .3284. Side Candle-lamp P'iii. 3'iS5. Bracket Electric Lamp. (267) Fio -''I 1 W ( I I 1 1 1 1 1 SJ 1 I U H K I V M I Iniic Bin ini s iiial Glcf^i Di ip cups Fill. 3237. Siiii' SiDK OR Uracket-lamp. Fi,is. 3288 3297. CAB-FURNISHINGS, Oil and Candle Lamps ; Bracket Biij. 3288. Side-lamp. With Acme Burner. Pig. 3289. Mail-car Lamp. With Shade and Acme Burner. Fig. 3290. Mail-car Lamp. With Reflector and Acme Burner. Fig.?W'>. Side Candle-lamp. Fi.a. 329J. Side Candle-lamp. FiU. 3295. E.MERGKNCY SlDK Candle-lamp. Car Side or Bracket-lamps. Fig. 3297. Bracket Electric Lamp. CAB-FURNISHINGS, Oil Lamps and Electroliers. Figs. 3298-3307 Fill. 3298. Side-lamp. To ninlch Figs. 3265, 327.5 and 3288. Acme-burner. Fig. 3299. Side Dkck-hmp. Moeh ring Center-draft Burner. Fi(i. 3300. An.jusTABLB Bracket-lamp. S'u'lent-tamp Fount. Fig. 3301. TornaIio Side-lamp. Tubular eonatruetion. Fig. 3302. Side Deck-lamp. Plain cast fittings. Fig. 3303. Tobnado Side-lamp. Tubular constrnetion. Fig. 3304. Adjustable Bracket-lamp. % Fig. 3305. O.s'E-LiGiiT Center Electrolier. Fig. 3306. Two-light Centkr Electrolier. Fig. .3307. Three-light Center Electrolier. 1. Lamp-stay. 2. Lamp-shade. 3. Lamp-globe Chimney. 4. Lamp-arms. 5. Lamp-ring. 6. Lamp-reservoir. ». (269) Names of Parts of Lamps, Etc. Figs. 3261-3317. 14. Lamp-rejhx'tor. 21. Caudlc-lwlder Cap. 15. Lamp-chiirmcy Reflector. 23. Candle-holder Cup. 16. Side lamp Holder. 28. Lamp-globe. 17. Side-lamp Biaeliet. 30. Center-stay. 18. Side-lamp Braces. 31. Feed-tube. 20. Lamp-bottom,. 33. Shade-eapi. 7. CMobe-hrjlder. 8. Lamp-burner. 10. Lampi-ehimiiey. 11. Lamp)-chimney Holder. 12. La.mp-chtmney Bracket 13. Smoke-bell. Figs. 3308-3317. CAR-FURNISHINGS, Oil and Combination Lamps; Street-car Center. Fip. 3308. Sectional I'iew. Street-oar Center-lamp. Fig. 3309. Street-Car Center-lamp. Spread of arms, 25 ins. Drop, 12->i ins. Fig. 3310. Candle Center-lamp and Kp. 3311. Vestibule or Fig. 3312. Oil Center-lamp asd Electrolier. Electrolier. : Platform Lamp. Three hangers. Nickeline reflector. Drop, lii4 ins. Drop, 16 in.5. Enameled reflector. Fig. 3313. Two-light Chandelier for Street-oars. Spread of Burnera, 19^ in3. Fig. 3314. Two-light Chandelier. •/. i\l. B. Tiro-«pri ng Bm-nirx. Drop, 16 ins /-shttj. 2. Jjimii-xhililr. 3. Lariip-(jh)bc ('iiiiiiin'H. 4. L(tiirp-(iivis. 5. Liiiii}) I'iii'J. 6. Liiiiiii-n''l(h-r. 12. I^iiiiiii-rliiiiiii'H limclrf. 13. Siitiil-r-lii'll. 14. T.ii itip-i-cile(iiir. 15. Liiiitii-e-Jiiiinnf/ Reflector. 16. .''^iiir-lmiip Hohie'r. 17. ^iile-hitiip Bi-eifket. 18. S.iiti'-liiiiijt Rrares. 20. Liniiji-liiittom. 21. (•iiiiiili-holili'i- Cap. 22. feinilli-liiiliicr C»J). 28. Lei III I i-i ill 'in:. 30. Cciile'i-xl'ui. 31. Frrii-'fnlie. 33. Sllinlr-i.'illi. {■ill) I'LATKOKM TaIL-LAMI' Figs. 3333-3362. CAR-FURNISHINGS, Lamp Brackets and Lanterns. i(7(/. .'l.'iltt. Fir/. 3\m. Fig. 33'ii. -Fiff. 3336- ^Hinned Briiclx-et. llinijnl Brackif. Lamp Socket. Parted Bracket . Pin. 3312. Fi!/.',33a. Fir). 3311. JFlat Lamp and Corner Lamp Socket, flag-holder. and Flag Holder. 3383. Parted Lamp l?> Bracket. Fig. 3337. Lamp-bracket, Adjustable. Fia.3339. Fig.33iO. Fig. 33i\. Fig. 331G. Fig. 33i7 . Solid BraekeL Top-support Bracket. Set-screw Bracket. Corner Socket. Corner Socket Lamp and Flag Holders, Brackets and Sockets. Figs 3348-3351 Bracket for Tail-lavvp. Fig, 3355* 2'he Adams Lantern. Ticisfed Steel Ears. Fig. 3356. The Giant Lantern. JFi(/s. 3352-33.54. ^fanner of Taking A. £■ ?F. I^antern Apart. Fig. 3357. The "Pullman" Pattern. Fig. 3358. The "Quincy" Pattern. Fig. 33.59. "Penn^glvaaia'' Pattern. Fig. 33m. Ky, 3361. Steamboat Lantern ■■Pack Island ' Pattern. guarded with Heivy Wire. Railroad Lanterns. Fig. 3362. Steamboat Lantern. (272) CAR-FURNISHINGS, Lamps ; Bnrven;. FUja. 3363-3375 jr<^('i7s. 336;!-3364 . Sectional Views. Improved Dual Burners, with Skirt. Fig. 3365. Amazon Burnek. Fit/. 3366. Fireside Burneh. i-Vy. 3367. BraL BURNER. \~{if)iU ai:e.) Fin 3370. Two-spring Slip Burner, for Street-car Ljmps. •^ .< Fiij. 5373 SuN-niNGE " Burner. (Sun-hinge Chimney .Nos.fU and 17.) (273i B'ig. 33B8. Section of Dual Burner. Fig 3371. MOEHEING ARG4ND BUBNEU. (%full size.) Fig. 3374 SuN-niNGE Burner. Fig. 3369. Brilliant" Argand Burner. Pi full si.re.) Fig. 3372. Astral Argand Burner. Fig. 3375. Sun Burner. {Original Form.) /'7;/.s-. 3376- 3397. CAR-FURNISHINGS, Lamps ; Burners. I"i(J. 3S7I1. '■ MONAKCIl " Bl-RN-K.R I-';, full !iiri s 1 (ill ni /'\f/.s. 3390-3391. KEOUCiNU-COLL.AR. Fig. 3392. Lamp-collar. Fig. .3393. Solid Lamp-hoop. Figx. 3394-339.1. t'EEDER-CUP A\D COLLAK. Fig. 339t>. Lard-oil Hatchet Burner. Fig. 3397. MiNOT Heating Burner. (274) CAR-FURNISHINGS, Lamps; Collars ,ii,d C'li / III lir(j;<. Fiijs. 3398-3425 Femjer-sckicw and Oil-lamp Hoop. Hoor. VMISkICAX StLMjENT LaMJ*. i siraa (An old iiatfei-n.) (ForSiniii.|i.rSpprniOil.i (Per JOu") y-7(/. :!412. F/V/. SJKi. TIDEMT-LAJIP C'llIMNEVS. \ / V y / \ Fi,i 3tU Fill. :ili:i. Kill. :ill(l Fid 3417. Lit J .Si/ . Jililli Liu Iliii 1 Morhriiill Ma iiniii'itli t/>ii III. U)linl). AriKiiiil. Fiii.-.ms. Standahi) .St\'LRS op Lami' CniMNEVy. (The iiHC of Utesi ^-tiiudanls in tbe trade is grnei'al, but mil un Fill. :nr.). Fill. HI I'll. hli, 31-1. Fill. 3J22 flliuir. lliiuir. Li,, l:ilip (( 'riiiiji Toil). {Bill 'foil). {Oiiii .slmiii). il) Lhiiil). (275) /•7<;. 3424. CoNIO ShapKs. S-JAN-riAHl) S'l'VLES IIV L \ M I'-.-ill MJP.S. (The use ot llje.sc Standards in tbe trade is general, but not aiiivnsal.) Figs. 3426-3453. CAR-FURNISHINGS, Lamps ; Olobes, Lenses and Canopies. F ' Dome' 'iff. .3126. Lamp-shade Fig. Ull. 'VlENNl" IjAMP-.SHADE. Fig. 312S. "Crown" Lamp-shade. Fig. 3129. 'Globe" Lamp-shade or Lamp-globe. Standard .Styles of Lamp-shades: Special Forms for .Student and other Lamps. (Tbe use of Lhese Standtirds in the trade is SPneral, bat not universal.) Fig.Zim. Fig.-Mi\.. Fig.-M32. Fig.MS'i. Fig. MSi. Round Lamp-globe. Melon-shaped Lamp-gt.obe. Egg-sh.^ped Lamp-globe. Pear-shaped Lamp-globe. Double Cone- shaped Lamp-globe. Fig. :jJ33. Aji.iusTABLE Wire-shade Tripod. Fig. 3138. Canopy. Top diameter, 3 ins.; bottom diameter, 7^ ins. 1. Tank. 2. Wash-hasin. 3. Slab. 4. Basin-pump Handle. 5. Basiii-pmmp Nozzle. 6. Soap) Dish. Fig. 3136. Combined Reflector and Chimney-holder. Fig. .3111. Diam. 6% ins Fig. 3137. " I'niversal" Ad.tustable Shade-ring. Bell, '14 ins. diameter. Fig. 3139 Smoice-bkll and Smoke-bk.ll Bracket. 7k> in. diameter. Names of Parts. Fig. 3468. 7. Mirror. 13. 8. Busin-pjump Lever. 14. 9. Basin-piDiip Post. 15. 10. Basin-pump Case. 16. 11. Basin-pump Pipe. 17 12. Basin-pump Strainer. 18. Basiii-pump Bod. Water Cooler. Towel-bnx. Comb and Brvsh-raek. Tumbler Holder. Cuspidore. Figs. 311U-3111. Fronf'Vicic. Section. Fresnel Lens. . 3112-3113. Front View. Semaphore Lens. (.1 inotliiied formoftlie Fresnel Lenx.) Fig. 3117. Diam. 1K> ins. Adjusteible. Fig. 3118. Diam. 7^ ins. Fig. 3119. Diam 9 ins. Kirby's Adjustable. tig 31d0 Diam. 7J^ ins. Fig- 3i51. Mg. 3152. Braelcet Canopy. Sectional View. Lamp Canopies or Smoke Bells. ^S-^^ Fig. 34.53. Diam. d% ins. (276) CAR-FURNISHINGS, Lavatory; Gmeral Vkw and Fittini/s. Fn/s. 3468^3480 Numbeis refer to List of Names on Piecediuff F igf Frg d4b8 Geney allntu lOt }i Lavatory of a Sleeping-car fob Men. (A prevallinr) syaton that is hcing replaced by thril shuuii in Figs. 3525-3340.1 Fi(l. 3i70. Stnk-bushing and pi ra. Fig.U69. iSAaxN-BUSH- Fig. mi. Bascn-bushi.vu Flg.:»li. Tajl-coliflinu Fig.'MTi. Tumbler- /''/,;. 34TJ. Fig. MTa Water- ing AND PLUCi FOR AND PLUG. FOR ALOOVE-FAUCET. HOLDER AN 1 > DkIP. DRIP COOLIIK DRIP AND OVKRFLOW-BOWL. COUPI INGS. CONNECTIONS. Fig. 3478. Fig. 3477. (277) ' Stop-cocks. Fig.mS. Spud. Fig.mS. Spud rig.-itm. OoMBrNATiON (.'ucrc AND Coupling. f'or Bakeh Heaters. F/r/x. 3481-3494. CAR-FURNISHINGS, Lavatory; PiimpH mul Fovc,'tf<. Fill. ■.■Ml. ZANK"« Sia.J'-CLOSING BlTili-COCk'. Firj.:mi. UlTCHCOCE^.S OOMBrNATION HOT-AND-COLD Water Faucets. (278) CAR-FURNISHINGS, Lavatory; ruiiihle, -h,-,hlrr>i ami :^oap-,lislirs. /-V./.s. 3495-3510 . (279) Fig. 3508. ClosnL rui 'o»9 Upai. Folding Lavatok\ or Wash-basin. F>rjs. 3511-3524. CAR-FURITISHINGS, Lavatory ; Cases and Racks. Fig. a513. Comb and Brush Cas i'ig :i3n. Towel, Comb and Brcsh Rack Fig. 3514. Comb and Brush Rack. ,-:■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■. (&1lt^k^3-SL:^^fi£3-=-«-i ^jiaa ■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■! I ■■■■■■■■■■ ■■■- ■■?■!!?■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■, kSjJL"""i.""V ' *"■"" I III III 1 1 1 1 1 1 tSi' Figs. 3317-3518. Towel. Comb and Brcsh Rack. -Fif/. ,3520. Comb and Brush Case. Fig. 3521. Towel Kack. Fig. 3522. Comb and Brush Case?,. MdnRie, Fig. 3523. Comb and Brush Case. TPooc/. Toilet Racks and Cases. Fig. 3524. Comb and Brush Case. Metallic, decorated. (280) CAR-FURNISHINGS, Lavatory; Wasli Bou-Is and Stands Faj.-i. 3525-3532 Names op Parts. Figs. 3525-3527. 1. Bowl or Dasiii. Q. Su-pply-pipc to Coiiipivssidii- 2. Slab. faucet. 3. Risei-. 10. TT'o.s7(-6(/.s//( Di'aiii. 4. Coiiijiression-faucet. 11. 8npphi-pi})(\ Hot-water. 5. Basin-valve. 12. Supply-pipe, Cold-watev. 6. Coiiihiuatii))) Hot \\ ATFR I.00I1 R Fia 3321 VSAsHBOWI and l^ITTiNl.^ Fig. 3,V27. UocBLK Wash-bowl, Fittings and Water-cooler. J/o(?c 0/ Wtiite Metal. Fig. 3528. Combination Hot and Cold (281) Water Faucet. Fig. 3532. Sectional Plan. Folding Wash Stand for State-rooms. Fig. 3531. Front Etcvation . Fig-: 3534-3540. CAR-Ft ENISHINGS, Lavatory; Pallinnn Water Siqjply. Fig. 3634. I'a7-t Sectional P!(iv, thoirinrj I'lpirir/ and Ccnncttions helircen Air-taiik and Water-lanl; Fig. 3.i3o. Part Sectional Elevation, showing Piping and Connections hetioeen Air-ta.nk and Water-tavk. Names of Pakts of Full- man Water-supply. Figs. 3534-3541. A. Shut-off Cock ill Svpply- jiipe. AA. Shut-off Cock to HaiuF pvmp. B. Stopand Waste-cock for "" ::^IOtWATER^ Hoppers. u^!;;— pipe „„ ,. , . J 7-, • , tcOU) WATER PIPE, BB. Atr-strainer and Drip- -^ ' cup. C. Stop-cock to Wash-boui.^. D. Stop-cock to Faucets. E. Stop-cock to Fire-hose. G. Sto2)-cockto Wash-bowls. H. Shut-off' Valve to Hoi-i water Coil. I. Check-valve in Supply pipe. K. Globe-valve in Hot-uater Siipply- pipe. L. Drip Stopj-cock. M. Safety-plug. N. Hot-water Boiler. 0. Main Shut-off Cock. P. Three-way Valve. Q,. Air-pjressure valve or Governor. R. Reducing-valve. S. Check-valve in Hand -pump Pipe T. Water Strainer or Screen. V. Waste-pipe and Valve. V. Air-vent froiii Water-tank. W. Stem of Valve P. X. Check-valve in Air-jjressnre Pipe. f Y. Tank-filler. ZZ. Drip-cock in Air-tank. Z. Blow-off Vcdve. to cleanse Strainer T. Fiy. 537. Section of Water Screen. Fig. 3538. Part Sectional Plan, showing Piping and Connection between Air- tank, Heater, Storage Tank and Lava- stories. Fig. 3540. Sectional Elevition of Piping and Connections bztween Heater, Lavxtory and Closet. Fig 3539. Sertioiiril View of Heater an I Piping. Pd;.i.M4N System of Wjter Supply for Livatories and Closets Hot and Cold Waters are under Pressure of Compressed Air. (282) CAR-FURNISHINGS, Lavatory ; PuUmaii Water Supply. Figs. 3541-3548 Oj J;; 2 ''■ yi m mm' -<9 1. Reservoir. 2. Feed Water-pipe for Hi >t Water. 3. Feed-pipe for Cold Water. 4. Hot-ivater Jaclcet, Ends. 5. Hot-ivater Jacket. 6. Hot-water Pipe. 7. Cold-water Connections. 9. Water-cask Bracket. Names of Parts. Figs. 3542-3547. 10. Hot-water Connections. 12. Hot and Cold-trater Code. 13. Bold Waste-pipe. B. Bowl. C. Cold-ivater Connections. H. Hot-water Connections. V. Stop-cod.K. Pullman's System of Water Sx'Pply for Lavatories AND Glosets. IJ ul anil Cold Waters are Under Fres.'nire oJ Compressed A ir. (283) Fig. 3548. Swing-nozzle Faucet. Figs. 3549-3577. CAR-FURNISHINGS, Lavatory ; Water-coolers and Towel-rod Brackets. rig. 33.)2. W ATEH-ALCOVE Fig. 35m. J'/ps. 3550-3351. Water-coolers and Stands. Fig. 3551. Water cooLEK. FigK. 3556-3557. Cooler Top and Breast. Fig. 3558. Towel-rods and Bracket. Fig. 3.559. Curtain-rod Fig. 3560. Curtain-rod Bracket. Fig. 3561. Towel-rod Bracket. Bracket. Fig. 3572. Fig. 3573 Fig. 3574. Towel-roller Brackets. -Fi'ff. 3676. Towel-rod Brackets. Fig. 3577. (28i) CAB-FURNISHINGS, Miscellaneous ; Brachis. Figa. 3578-3623 J;l Fifl^. 3o79-35S2. Curtain Rings. 0. ^ i I m l^'itl. 3578. Section Curtain-uod. Fiijs- 3583-3585 . Fifis. 35SG-3537. CUKTAIN-KOD BUSIIIN'GS. CUKTAIN-EOb BRACKETS. Fig. 3603, i^(». 3801. Railings for Toilet IIack5. _F!!7.s. 3fi0.i-3606. Towel-rods. Figs. 3613-P614. Cuhtain-kod BUSHINCiS. Fin. 3615. CuRTAI.^J-KOD Bracket. Figs. 3616-3617. FooT-KEST-ROLi Brackets. ) i' (285) Fign. 3618-3623. Curtain-kod BaseiNGS. Figs. 3624-3665. CAR-FURNISHINGS, Miscellaneous; Braeketf. Grilles. Panels, Etc. i^iffs. 362-1-3625. Fand-bail Brackets J'^i^s. .3626-3027. Pole-bracket FOR .Stbeet-cars, ' <^ feEl # Ci ^JM ;S^ 'C> -Fi'os. 3673-3680. Coat and Hat Hooks. Figs. Z6Sl-36Si. Coat and Hat Hook Clustehs. Figs. 3685-3687. Coat and Hat Hook Cll'&tehs. Fign. 363S-3iiO:'. Coat Hooks. (287) Fiij. 31)93. Umbrella Holdeh , F/;/. Sliai. I'MBKELL.i-IKIl.DER I'OCKfcT. Figs. 3695-3727«. CAB-FUBNISHINGS, Miscellaneous ; Sundries. Fig. 3695. Broom-holder or Hook. Fill. 36So. Whisk-broom Holder. Fi(j. 3697. Broom-holder. Fio 360S. C.1R "W AfeHER Fig. 3700. Fig. 3701. Whisk-broom akd Holder. Car Washer. Fig. 3703. Ax, Pockkt and Holder. i Ti'if/. 3707. ilATOH-STRIKEB. Fig. 3701. Babcook Fike- extinouisher. A. Acid-boitic. B. Acid-bottle Carrier Fig. 3705. Thermometer. Fig. 3708. Machine-bolt. Square-heod. Fig. 3709. Fig. 3710. Machine-bolt. Carriage-bolt. Hcj-ngvn-hecul. ] Fig. 3713. U-BOLT. iP i?'; 17. 3711. Lar Screw. aiis i''!V;.3716. Washer, or Plate-washer. Fign. 3717-3718. Beveled- washer. Fig. 3719. Double-washek 0-1 Fig. 3721. Fig. 3722. Triangular-washek. Socket-washer. Fig. 3721. Torpedo. Fig. 3623. PULLEY Block. Names op Parts of Hydkaulio Jack. 1. Head. 10. Piston-rod. 2. Charging and 11. l^undle-strap. ■ Air-screw. 12. Spi'iiiq-eoUar. 3. Loimring-wire 13. Cylinder. Fiq. 3735 i^fff. 3720. Joint-bolt. Fig. 3725. Single-screw Turnbuckle. Jzff- 3726. Right-and-left Screw Turnbuckle- Screu 4. Lever. 5. .zlr;?i. 6. Socket. 7. Knuckle. 8. Lowering- wire Head 9. Reservoir. 14. Pistoii-snrinq. 15. iJaw. 16. ,SZeefe. 17. C'ZcHO or 0((f- side-pipe. 20. Piston-pack- ing. 21. i?a»t Valve- seat. 22. Piston-bonnet. 23. Valve-spring. 24. JAv)// or Deliv- ertj-valre. 25. Bottom. 28. i?a«( Packing-ring. 29. Rani-bonnet. 30. Cylinder-packing. 31. Cylinder Packing- ring. Fig. 3727. Sleeve Turnbuckle. 18. Pisfo« or ,S'»c- 26. Panip-plnq. tlon-valre. 27. Rani-packinq 19. CTiHc, ^ ■' -A- -3 -C- ^ _ ^ J^if/. 3727a. Patent Turnbuckle, E. and L. (288) CAB-FURNISHINGS, Miscellaneous ; Juchs. Fii/s. 3728-3752 Numbers refer to List of Names of Parts on Opposite Page. w T. gstJ Fig. 3728. Broad-base Jack. Fig. 3729. Fir,. 373U. Claw Type OF Jack. Low Jack. I'Vf/. 3731. JouiiNAL-Box Jack. Doui 1 [ r r'^i J^r Of T'^iri, .euMP Jack. Fig. .3735. SKCTIOiMAL ViBW OF LoW-TYPK Hydradlic Jack. W. & S. Hydraulic Jacks. ^^m Firj^ 3736-37 i9 Diri bremial ^CRKW Jack /4 in?.: !<'ig. 3761). Cast Basket-kack. Length, .35-40 ins. Depth, 3 ins. Width, 8>^ ins. Fig. 3763. Cast Basket-rack. Length, 36 ins. Depth, 3 ins. Width, 8M ins. Fig. 3764. Wire Basket-rack, with Cast Brackets. Any length. Distance between Brackets, 24 ins. Width, 8 ins. J'i'y.'i . 3767-3770. Cast Bracket-ends for Basket-racks. (290) CAR-FURNISHINGS, Platform ; Railings and GuanJ.s. Fiih. 3771-3793 Names of Parts. Fiij. 'iTii. A. B. C. D. E. r. G. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. Oniamentul ('antiiui. H, Ornamental Cantiiiy. I. Hniiil-r-ail Nut. J. Flufth Handle K. Brake-staff Holder. L. hitep-fender. M. Platform End-rail. fiiidfi (Arab-rail. JJral'C-a'hrrl. i-n(uni'ntal ('a.Htinfj. Daor-franic. Names of Parts. Fig. ;i711. Coil necfing strip L. End. M. Ornamental Castimj. N. Post-rail Ornament. 0. Connecting-strip. P. Connecting-strip. Q. Grab-rail. R. Post. S. Rail-base. T. Rail-panel. XT. Rail-pcst Strip. V. Bottom-rail. Rail-bolt. Brake-staff Holder. Brake-wheel. Handrail Nut. Body Grab-rail. Grab-rail Bush iiig. Slep-fender. Step-molding. Step-molding. Door Drop-liamdle. Ornamental Casting. Fift. 3771- yectionol Vii^ir. Vesiibuled Pl-\tfcrm and ITS Trimmings. Figs. 3773-3774. Window Guard-hods. Fiij 3773. Sectional Vicir. • VESTIBUT.FD Pl.ATKOHM, AND ITS TRIMMINfi^, ^^^ Figs. 3790-3792. Perspective Views an I .See/inn. ilETALLIC STBP MOI.DINGS OR NOSINCJS. Fnis. 3777-377:1. Platfokm-end ITand-rah.s, Panel AND RUArKFT. 291) Figs. 378! -3789. STFP-PaCINGS. flight and Left. 9^^ Fig. Sltl. WiNrow-GUAHD Brackets and Rods. Fig. 3793. Fi(j>^. 3794-3806. CAR-FURNISHINGS, Platform ; Gates. FiU8. /; irl.- Via Figs. 3S10-3813 . Latch for Platform Gate? of Pcllman Oii^sKKVATiox Cars. .0 /fV./ 38:4. Fin 381n. Mail-bag Hook. Lb:ttkr-case Labkl-iiolder, Fifj.3SW. Fin.Sm. «V/. 3818. Safety Rod Hkacket, Bushing and " T " Joint. Fig. 380". rian. Catch for Pullman Testibcle Gate. t Finn. 3825-382.X Fig. 3S2U. /•''■.'/- 3827. Door-handles. Letter-case Uoor-wedge and Label-holder. Clasp. Fig. 3832. Paper-case Casting. _ZSji- -, Figx. 3820-3830. Pafer-oase Label-holders. IK Fifl. 383L Paper-case Labkl-iiolder. Fig. 3837. Paper-case Label-holdee. Dotihle. 7% y. IHins- Label. -SM7 Fig. 3833. F'O- SS3J. Fig. 3S33. POUCH Hooks with Square and Rou.xd Eyes. Fig. 3836. Figs. 3838-3849. CAR -FURNISHINGS, Saloon; Closets and Hoppers. <^! WATER TANK HOWARD'S PARLOR CAR SERVICE MEASURE Fig. 3810. SEAT -ID t 1 1 a » '■ 7 " 1 1 '• \ ( l-l SEAT \ PROMT VIEW OF BEAT UIO SHOWII LOCATION OF LEVER AND HINGE CLOSET CLOSED AFTER USING. PAN DOWN AND EMPTY.NO WA- TER IN THE CLOSET. DISENGAGING BOLT X FLOOR PIPE = WATER CLOSET. CLOSET OPEN, READY FOR USE, PAN UP AND FULL OF WATER. 3J h Fig. 3838 Seat Closed. Fig. 3839. Seat Open. Sectioned Vieics. Water-closet for ('oaciies and Palace Cars. Figs. 3844-38J9. Saloon Hanblks. Fig. 3811. Section through Closet-hopper . Bell's Exhaust Hopper-ventilator. Fig. 38i2. Enlarged Section . Bell's Exhaust Hopper-ventilator. A. Clo.^et-hopper B. Closet-hopper. Casing. y. Throat, otVen- C. Cone. tilator. Fig 3hi3 Closet-hopper and Wind-scoop. (294) CAR-FURNISHINGS, Saloon; Oloseta, Hoppers and Urinals. Fii/s. 3850-3876 Figs. 335U-3S51. Paper Holders and Kolu Fitis 38o2-38o3. Paper-hooes. Figs. 3a55-38ofi. Figs. 3557-3859. The "Standard" Dry-closet Hopper and Seat. Henry C. Hart Manufacturing Company. Fig 38.54. Water-closet Hopper Seat AND Tank. H. (.'. HaktMpq. Co Fig. 3863. Cross Section of Hopper, SPOwiNG Dumping Device of Fig. .38.54 When cover is raised the seat aeconipanies it. Fig. 3862. Oblique Closet-hopper. Fig. :.i86fl-3364. E.NAMELED DrIP TkAY ENAMELED llRIP TRAY for Osal-seat. for Round-seat. Fig.SSm. Fig.Zifia Fig.'iSm. Slopi.ngCo.nk- Stkai(jht Straight Cone- shaped Closet- Earthen Clos- shaped Earthen HOPPER. et-iiopph;r, Hopper. Fig 3867. Fia.SSeS Oblique Cone- Earthen Hoppek shaped Iron with Squahe Hopper. Vent. Fig. 3869. Porcelain Wash-bowl. Fig. 3870. Philadelphia Water- (295) CLOSET. Fig. 3872. Plain Side-urinal. Fig. 3873. Urinal Dbip-pan. Fig. 3874. Fig. .'875. With Hood, Tabs With Hood, Tabs, aiulLii). Lip and rcnlila'or. CORNEB-URINALS. Fig. 3876. Plain Enam- eled Iron Urinal. i^/g.s-, 3877-3900. CAR-FURNISHINGS, Seals; Freight-car Door, Etc. W\ iM\ &> C.&N. !WRT 50 RETURN THISTAG TO CENL.CLA1M.A0T CHICAGO Brooks's Cast-in Horse- shoe Shackle Lead Seal. Cast in Le SDlinrT A^D J iH Plimld Shackle. Fid. 3880. Sheet Metal Shackie with Lead Seal. J<7r/. 3881. Cast in Stamped Tin Shackle and Lead Seal. Scaled and stamped. Fig. 3882. Sheet Metal Eyelet Shackle Car- seal. Mr;. 3883. Tin Shackle AND Lead Rivet-seal. Fig. 3881. Tin Shackle and Lead Seal with Tin Keturn-tag. Fig. 3885. Double Eyelbt Printed Metal- STKIP lug. .-188b. Cen'jbal Cast- in Crosswise Le\i Seal with Detfi the W irl Ncl pressed. Fig. 38S7a. Safety Cast-in Coil Wire Pebbled Lead Seal with In- DiNTLD B Wire. <^: Fig. 388So . The Perfection Stamped Excased ey^elet Htvlt Shackle. Fig. 3889o. exoased evelet rivet Shackle Lead Seal. Shou ing hou: the reverse or oblong head .side of the rivet- seal isprested. Fig. 3890O. Brooks's Horseshoe Seal. Ijeprttsv.l. 'I'' Fig. 3891a. Brooks's Cording Lead-seal, Fig. 389.5. Double-lever Seal-press. Fig. 3896. Small Hammer Seal-pkess. K1 i Fiq. 3897a. „ „^ ^, Six-ply 'Wire .-- Shackle and Brooks's Combination Glass AND Paper Seal. Fig.-i%1 I a ^ptdne \ leii Fig. 2927. DefacJi.ablc Cushion and Beiek. Patent Parlor Car Chairs. 7<'i'(/. 3928. Sleeping-car Berth-seats. Dotted Lines shoio position of cushions when draion out to make the bed. (300) CAR-FURNISHINGS, S«ats; Hale and Kilburns. Figs. 3929-3940 Fl£7. 392U. iMl'ROVbl) SECTIONAL-SPKINCi BACK. Fiiju. 3a30-3931. Improved Sectional-spring Cushion. inth one Section detached. 'P,v,„ TO-,_Q334 reversiblr Spring-back Ready FOK Upholstering. Ficj.SiZi. Spkixg-edge Back. .Firy.s. 3U.H 3Mi. khvu, .sibu Sectional vieics shoicinej construction o] Spring-edsie Bacit. Fig. 3935- Sectional Views, showing the use op Slat and Webbing and THE Elastic Slat Edge. Mo.s. 3936-3937. Reverse Side of Single and Double Rattan Spring s.vis. Showing Construction. (301) ; \Fif/. 3938. Sleiping-cak Berth Spring kou Tppek Bekth. iJ-j-ys. 3939-3940. leather seat Plush Bands Back. anp Nails. Figs. 3941-3951. CAB-FUBNISHINGS, Seats ; Hale and EUburn't Fig. 3941. Spbinq-bed Sections foe Private akd Sleeping Cars. Fig. 3912. Patent Rattan Covering, Canvas-lined. Fig. 39(3. Rattan Cboss-seat Spring-back with Head-rest Fig. 3911. Patent Spring-edge Slelpikg-car Cushion and Back. Fig. 3915. SiNOLE Side-seat. Fig. 3916. Double Rattan Spring Cross-seat. Fig. 3918. Detached Section of the Cobb Patent Elliptic-spring. Fig. 3919. Broad-band Elliptic Seat-spring. Fig. 3950. Spiral Elliptic Seat-spring. Fig 30ol Cushion with Narrow-band Elliptic Springs. ' Cobb Patent. ' Fig. 3917. Interior View of Street Car. Method of Upholstering Side-seats of Suburban and Street Cars. (302) CAR-FUKNISHINGS, Seats; Robertf,' Wove Flijx. 3952-3956 Fig.^3do2. High-back Tilting Car-seat. With Spring-edge. Fig. 39.53. ticcfional Vieir slimring Gonfitrnctiun and i\{echani£ni. High-back Tilting Car-seat. Fig. 3954. Patent Swing-back Car-seat. Seat Cushion and Back are of Woven wire Fabric covered with Rattan. Fig. 3955. Sectional X'iew. Double or Twin Car-seat. With Division-akm. (303) Fig. 3956. Seat Cushion and Detatched'Sections. Showing Constrtiction. Roberts' Patent Woven-wike Car Seats. Fii/s. 3957-3967. CAR-FUKNISHINGS, Seats ; Roberts' Wovcn-u-ire. Fig.3%1. No. 2. Fig.39oi. No. 1. Woven Wire Fabrics used on Robekts' Wire Se.\t3. Jiff. 3939. No. 3. Fig. 3960. No. 7. Woven Wire Seat-back. Fig. 3981. No 4. Bottom View. riPHiNG-EDCiE Cushion. Fig. 3S32. No. i. Top View. Spring-edge Cushion. Fig. 3963. No. 27. All-wike Spring-edge Cushion. Fig.l^Xa. No. 18. Sleeping-car Skat-cushion and Seat-back Covering removed to show eonstruetion. Fig. mm. No. 29. Wire Seat. For use without covering. Nga_- i^ip. 3966. No. 19. Sleeping-car Berth Bottom-spring. Fig. 3967. Seat and Back Pulled Out for Lower Berth OF Sleeping Car. Roberts' Patent Woven-wire Fabric for Car-skats. (304 1 CAR-FURNISHINGS, Seats ; Scarritr><. Numbers refer to List of Names on following Pag-e. Figs. 3968-3973 Firj. 3968. ExTRA-eiGH and Cukvhd-bjck Rattan Seat. Fitj. 3969. Standard Rattan Car-seat. ~ 15 ^ t\ 11 , ,"-. , 3 1' ' 1 1 bJ JP^^^^ 28- i P ri N wBk SSVff^ -^^ef^SJH 12 - - -s^ ^ ■ 1 ■ -^£_ 1; ^^^9 ^ P tt k ■ ^■^1 °!^^^r ■ ^^Bll " 4^^ ^ **£ a<-^ aMKiB^*-^^^ i^ic?. 3970. Standard Plush Car-seat. i^i(7. 3971- EXTRA-HIOH-EACK SEAT Cushion removed and seat tilted to show mechanical construction. Fig. 3972. Extra-high-eaok seat. With Head-roll and Adjustable Foot-rest. Fig. 3973. Extba-high-back Seat. Tilted to Shou' JMcchanical Parts. (305) SCARRITT-FORNEY CAR-SEATS. Figs. 3974-3979. CAR-FURNISHINGS, Seats ; ScarriWs. Hgn. 397i-3975. No. 59. ScARRiTT-FoRSEy Rkclining Twi.v-seats. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. Names of Parts. F(>. 3967-3976. Seat-cunhion. Seat-back Cushion. Seat-end. Arm-rest. Seat end Rest. Seat-end Rail. Seat-stand. W(dl Pivot-2ylate. Seat-back Reivrsing-nrms. Seat-back Pivot-plate. Scat Socket-castings. Seat-frame. Seat-slats. Seat-sprin gs. Seat-back. Seat-back Frame. 17. Seat-back Sj^rings. 18. Foot-rest Stand. 19. Foot rest Arm. 20. Foot-rest Pawl. 21. Foot-rest Ratchet. 22. Foot-rest Pawl-stop. 23. Foot-rest Stop. 25. Seat-stand Tie-rod or Strut. 26. Seat-stand Tie-rod Casting. 27. Friction-plate. 28. Friction-plate Strip. . 29. Leg-rest. 30. Leg-rest Slide. 31. Leg-rest Casting. 32. Socket-casting and Guide for Leg-rest. 33. Spring for Retaining-jaw. 34. Retaining-jaw. Via. 397G. No. ii. SCARRITT-FOR.NEY TWIN-SKAT, WITHOUT LeQ-REST. Firju. 3977-3979, Scarkitt's Dkawinq-room-oar Chairs. (306) CAB-FURNISHINGS, Seats ; WakefwM Rattan G,y mxmny s. Fi{/s. 3980-3986 Fig. 3980. Revolving and Fuldixg Seat. Fig. 3981. Twin-seat with Division arm. Fig. 3982. Swing-back Slat-skat. Fig- 39S3. Swing-back Rattan-seat. (307) Figa. 3984-3986. Revolving and Folding Seats. Car Seats, Wakefield Rattan Company. Figs. 3987-3995. CAR-FURNISHINGS, Seats ; Wakefield. Seats and Chairs. Fig. 3989. Battan Kevolving- CHAIK FOR PaRLOB-CARS. Fig. 3987. Swing-back Rattan Seat for Strket-cabs. Oar-seats and Chairs. Wakefield Rattan Company. Names of Parts of Seats. Figs. 3980-3989. 1. Cvshion. 2. Back. 3. Arm. 4. Arm-cap. 5. Arm-post. 6. Arm-rail. 7. Seat-stand. 9. Back-arm (swiuging). 10. Back Pivot-plate. 15. Seat-back. 19. Arm and Seat Support. 23. Foot-rail. 40. Connecting Frame-rail. 41. Seat-support Extension. 42. Spring-lock. 43. Revolving-base Top. 44. Arm-erank. 45. Wall-end Slide. Fig. 3991. Parlor-car Smoking-chair. With Rattan or Cane Scat. Fig. 3992. Parlor-car Chair. [Detachable Back and Seat.) Fp V)90 Parlor CAR Chair. TT tl 'bpi I n / edge Cane Seat. Fig. 3993 Perforated-veneer Car-seat. With Buntin's Seat-ends. Fig. 399i. Ferfokated-veneek Car-seat. Fig.SWb. Emigrant Car-seat. With Gardner's Geared Seat-arm. (308) CAR-FURNISHINGS, Seats and Chairs. Fiq». 3996-4008 Figs. 3996-3997. The Hitchcock Reclining and Rkvolving Chair. Fifi. : The Haetley Reclining-chaie, Rattan UpuoLaTKRiNO. Fig. 3999. Fw- 11M- Fig. 4001. .7UEROEN3 Spiral-elliptic Seat-springs: Fig. 4002. Fig. 4003. Z. Cobb's Narrow-band Elliptic Seat-springs. Fig. 4004. H. B. Cobb's Broadband Elliptic. Fig. 4005. Arrangement of Springs. (309) Fig. 4007. Fig. 4006. patent Flexible-top Sectional Seat-spring, with Curved Slats. Fig. 4008. Detached Skction OF Springs and Webbing. Figs. 400Q-4050. CAU-FxTRNlSHlNGl-g, Seats ; Siwings and Hardware. Fig. 1009. SpiRiL Skat 8pkino. Fig. 4010. Knotted Spiral Skat-spring. Figs. 4011-401?. Spiral Seat and Back Springs. Fig. 4013. 'Bdreka " Spiral Seat-spring. Fig. 4022. Kirby's Skat-lock for Wood Seat-ends, Figs 4023-4028. Seat-back Moldings. White metal from Yn in. flat to Yi in. half-round. Figs. 4014-4016. Skat Arm-rest Brackets. Figs. 4017-4021. Seat-arm Caps. 1% ins. wide X 12-16 ins. Jong. Figs. 4029-4030. Seat-back Arm-lock, Bolt and Spring. Figs. 4031-4033. Set-back Arm-locks with Esodtchkons. IgU^^.^ Figs. 4034-4039. Seat-arm Rivets. -Ft firs. 4040-4011. Seat-arm Thimbles. Fig. 4042. Joint-bolt and Washer. Fig. 4043. Seat-arm Pivot-bolt. Pigs. 4044-4046. Seat-arm Washers. Figs. 4017-4050. Seat-arm Washers and Machine Bolts for Fornet-seats . (310) CAR-FUBNISHINaS, Seats; Arm-stops and PI rot-plates Fif/s. 4051-4080 Figs. 4051-J052. Straight Seat-arm Stops, Fiffs. 4033-4057. CURVED Seat-arm Stois. Made right and left handed. Figs. 4959-4064. Shield and Oval Shaped Seat-arm Stofs. Figs. 4065-4068. Round Seat- arm Stops. With or loithout loc/€S. Figs. 4069-4070. Seat-arm Pivot-Plates. Figs. 4071-4072. Figs. 4073-1074. Seat-arm Pivot-plates. Seat-arm Stops. The thicker ones are for the side of oar to prevent the arm from striking the woodwork when the back is being turned. Fig.-:. 4073-4076. Seat-arm Stops. (311) Figs. 4077-4080. Skat-arm Pivot-plates. The thicker ones are for the end of seat next to side of car and prevent the arm from striking the woodwork when the back is being turned. Fiqs. 4081-4115. CAB-FURNISHINGS, Seats ;" Hardware. Figs. 4081-4084. Seat-arm Pivot-plates. FiO- 4085. Seat-akm Pivot-plate. With solid nipple. Figs. 4103-4104. Seat-back Corners. Fig. 4106. Fig. 4107, Fig. 4108. Fig. 4109. Iron Seat-end with Skat-stand. Seat-stand. Revolving- Wood Arm-rest. chair (For Forney Seats.) Pedestal. Fig. 4110. Seat-poll. Fig. 4111. Seat-hinge. Figs. 4112-4115. Chair and Sofa Casters. (312) CAR-FURNISHINGS, Sleeping-cars ; Sofas and Berths. Figs. 4116^152 Fiffs. 4124-4125. Sofa Back PivoT-niNPrE and Plate. Fig. 4117. Fig. 4118. Mg. 4119. Spring-catch. Sofa Arm-rest Fixtures. Fig. 4116. Sofa Arm-rest Fixture. Fig. 4120. Pin Bvshing. Fig. 4121. Fig. 4122. Pin Plate. Catch Plate. Sofa Armrest Fixtures. Mg. 4130. Sofa Back- Fig. 4128. Sofa Arm-rest LEG Socket. in Position. i;-i*'i!*Jt.y:^^)/-..iaA..j5»{.< ,; .»mV Fig. 4129. Sofa Arm-rest Bolt. Figs 4131-4132. Sofa Rail-end and Socket. " SOFA BOLT, iiYo. 4136. Sofa- J'jS's. 4143-4144. Fig. 4133. Sofa-pull, Sofa-crank and Sofa-bolt. bed Support. Upper-berth Catch and Plate. Fig. 4141. Seat Pull. Figs. 4145-4146. Berth-rattle Stops. Figs. 4147-4148. Berth Hinge and Plate. Figs. 4149-4150. Upper-berth Pivot Sockets. (313) Figs. 41il-4152. Head-board Pivot and Socket. Figs. 4153-4182. CAR-FURNISHINGS, Sleeping-oars; Berths. Fig. 4153. Figs. 41oi-4155. Berth Pivot. Berth Head-rest Pivot AND Plate. Fig. 4156. Upper-berth Rest. Fig.l\57. Head-board Ftp. 41.58. Hevd-boaed COL'PLiNO. Coupling Keeper. Fig. 4159. Head-board Bolt. Outside View. Fig. 4166. Head-board Catch. Fig. 4160. Head-board Bolt and Bushing. 1. Upper Face-plate. 2. Knob-lateh. 3. Lower or Fixed Bolt. 4. Slide-latch. 5. Lower Face-plate. 6. Bolt-spring. 7. Upper or Spring-holt. Fig. 4162. Fig. 4163. For Flat-ratl For Flat-rail Board. Bushings. Fig. 4164. Head-boabd Bolt. Fig. il65. Head-board Rack-catch and Keeper Strike-plate. * c fW*-^-"^--^.? Fig. 4167. Head-board Lug. F/g.'!. -1172 4173. Berth Lock-plate and Bolt. Fig.ilW. /fip."). 4170-4171. Head-board BusHisos. Upper-berth Bracket. Figs. UH-ilTa. Head-bO-ARD F;'(/s. 4178-4179. Fig. i\W. Fasiener. 'Seat-back Pocket-catch. Head-board Fastener. Fig. 4182. Berth Extension aru e. Fig. 4181. Head-board Bolt. (314) CAR-FUBNI SHINGS, Sleeping-cars; Berths. Figs. 4183-4208 (315) Fig.'iiOT. Beeth.Spring-pulley. Fig. i20S. Berth Spring-pulley, Chain and Overhead Pulley. f'igs. 4209-4232. CAB-FURNISHlNaS, Sleeping-cars; Berths. Fig. 4209. Fig. 4210. Fig. 4211. Berth Curtain-rod Brackets. Fig. 4212. Fig. 4213. Fig. 4214. Fig. 421o. Fig. 4216. Berth Curtaix-rod Brackets. Fig. 4217. Mff. 4223. Upper-berth Safety strap and Hook. Figs. 4228-4232. Berth Numbers. (316) CAR-FURNISHINGS, Sleeping-cars ; Berths. FkjR. 4233-4258 Names of Parts. Figs. 4194-4199. Curtain-prjle. Berth-spring. Berth-spring Frame. Berth-laieh Faee-plaie. 3. Bertli-latch Back-plate. 4. Berth-latch Connecting- rod. P. a. R. 2. 5. Bertli-lafch Tnrn-hmMe. 6. Berth-latch Bolt, Boll- plate and Bolt-spring. 8. Berth-latch RocJcer-arm. 9. Berth-latch Safety- spring. Names of Parts. Figs. 4200-4205. . Turn-hucldc. Keepjer. Bolt. Berth-latch Plate. Berth-la tch Rocker-plate. Be}-th-latch Connecting-rod (e). H. Berth-lock Keeper. J. Hole for Bolt. K. Berth-latch Connecting-rod Bracket. S. Berth-rattle Stop. Fins. 4237-40. The Pullman Detach (Blb Berth-Lamp Flu. 421i. General View. GiBBS Berth-lamp. MT FI Figs. 4245-46. Stop-bar Guide. m 1 1 Figs Bert 42 H-S 7-48. -top Figs. 4240-52. Seat-back Corners. Fiw^. 4242-41. Elevations. GIBB3 BEETII-LAMP. (317) TTin^ 42.'i5-5(). Stop-bar Hinge. J'los. 4253-54. Berth-hinge. i^ias.iaoou. FURNISHINGS FOR A BERTH OF AN EMIGRANT SLEBPING-CAR. Figs. 4237-58. Seat-hingk. Figs. 4259-4285. CAR-FURNISHINGS, Sleeping-car ; Berths and Smoking Compartment. /@\ 1 / w U 4%! J ti:^i<--i'/B-->ini'3 i^iff.s. 4259-4260. Upper-berth Rest. For leaving ■upper betih partially open. A.-l K-i'/2-i!--2i/4-i-i'/2-i| -Ftff. 1231. ._.43/8- — ^ I ^ ,©' J ■©J, ) K--2 3/V-H Fig. 4262. End Berth-kest. J'j'as. 4265-4266. Hook for Beeth-catoh. Figs. 4267-4269. Berth-catch. -1V2 .--J Fig. 4261. Berth- catch Complete. T--l'l^5+l''/8"*-'i6-' -M 5l/.il^ ii'iV- 4263. Plan, End Berth-rest. Wro' Iron Pla+e l/A'+hick. <- 3J > Fig. 4270. Stop-bar Plate. To support Stop-bar. Furnishings for a Berth of an Emigrant Sleeping-car. Figs. 4273-1271. Smoking-room Gate. K -.^I %" t 1 \ Plan. \ ^ 1 i k-'-'S'/s ^t Cast Iron Brac)^et, For inside corners of upper Berths. Height oF Frorrtones • - - BacK ■o\a: 1 '^ -•k-.t Flu. 1275. Match-box Holder. Fig. 1271. Elevation. Berth Corner-bracket. •" ff * --fj fa«^,. i i^jff. 4276. Paper, Envelope and Ink Rack. Fig. 4277. Cigar and Ash Receiver. Fig. 1278. Telegraph-blank Rack. Fig. 4279. Pen-eack. Figs. 4280-4281. Match-box Holder. Match-safe. Fig. 1282. MATCTi-STRiKEn Fig. 1283. and Cigar-holder. Ash-receiver. Fig. 4 84. Match-striker. Fig. 4285. Match-striker. (318) CAR-FURNISHINGS, Table ; Plates and Hooks. Ventilators. -F/Vys. 4286-4310 "C. HflHT O "_y^meitiim^ 1 Hgs. 4286-87. T.4blk-iiook Plates. Fiij. 4288. Table-hooe, Fig- 4289. Table-hook. Fig 4290. /<7(7. 4291. Figs. 4292-4293. Table-hook. Table-leg Hook. Table-holder AND Plate. Fig. 4.94. Tablk-hook. Fig. 4295. Table-hook. Fig. 4.300. Fig. 1301. The Globe Ventilator. Fia. 4299, The Tornado Ventilator. ^■^ LVU- CrrflRC Of Bi.JIST^ T-H i^Vff. 4302. The Cone Cap. if lY/. 430.3. The Cone and Apron. S3/),fl- I * \ ^CCnT/fc OF BLIST ^ -A 7" - t^ _l C£/tT nc cf Bttsr Fig. 4305. The Tornado Canopy. CSrrrfir pr BLAST Fig. 4300. The Uisued Cap. -^s^fen ft- ■^'r 1 I CEtiTlE or BLI\S\ 3 T^M/. 4307. The Moore. 15^. h^-^ ?T -p}IJ8[DM- »-i«r I 51 ctirTRt cr SLAsr Fig. 4308. The Duplex. (319) CCfiTPC or BLflST Jfiy. 4309. The Roe. Types of Ventilators. CCn rR£ of eilS T Fig. 4310. The Stasch. Figs. 431 l-4329a. CAB-FUBNISHINGS, VentUators ; Passenger-car. ^CTf> or BLAS r. Fig. 4315. Tbe World. '. Cf BLAST "^ \ J ^CTK crBLAsr Fig. 4316. The Torpedo. Fig. 4313 Horizontal Fig. 1311. The Star. rrr: ^rTH. cr BL/isr . [<«rjWW«'] 1 f,T H , "'''">isr. Fiff. 4312. The Globe Ekeot. ii-iff. 4317- 17a. The Deflector. ^rf/t orBL/IST The Globe Fig. 4314. The Creamer Eureka. crnor BL/IST e'Dctf Big. 4318. The Creamer. Automatic. Figs. 4319-20. Fios. 4-21-22. Small Duplex Costisuous Duplex Deflector. Deflector. Figs. 4323-24. Double-duplbx DSFLECTOX (VEJiTIOiL). Fig. 4323-3. Ventilator for Saloons. The Pa:-W^WVHf^?1f*~i9*'*V «»»i«*=lte»«=«a-.'-=K-*P-t, -KS^tUkt^^a^it^Ste lf# ©^R ^^S^-* i^ifir. 4516. Davis Automatic Car shades With Patent Aviomatic Shorh holding Dmce aHji^^Ax^»^x^V-fc,rii ,ttniiN^M<^vi^^^ihiBkiS^i)-fi-'^'- ...^^ V^ r-MI^,Jt,a^ ^^ffoif^JIBJl'^V • I I i inM iai U i fc'^ ...■.,. .^.i^^-..-^.^-,.^^^^ -I a:s2 ;iQ BuRROwffs' Automatic Car-shabe. Fig. iH9. With Patent Automatic Shade-holding Deviee. Fig. 4550. Acme Automatic Window-shade. {One Ov.ide Exposed ) Adams & Westlake Company. Names op Pakts. Figs. 4544-i54o. A. Steel Tube, Oval Cross-section. B. Cam or Eccentric. C. Corrugated End. G. Brake. H. Brass-lip to Carry Rubber Wheel. K. Thumb-latch. Fig. i5.jl. Lambrfquin AND Shades L. Rod-bearing for Spring. FOR Parlor-car. ji. wheei-a.vle. Hale & Kilburn Mfg. Co. _ „, , „ , R. Steel Rod. S. Sp)ring. (327) li^ig.t. 4.i52-4559. Leather and Fringe Shade Bottoms. In all Colors and Designs to match Taticxlnj. Figs. 4560-4575. CAR-FURNlSHINfiS, Windows ; Shades and Fixtures. Trucks. no DFgn qno HPIS an D aFID QFJDQFaaamQD aDUaDUaaUDDfcjDD kjD DUD DUD dUcTOUJ DDraDDraDDF5aDEgDD aaUoDbJoaUaDUDa nQDpnga nnnaraD DP5 Ua Dt^Q DfaJaabLaa dCuS DDFaaaKgD QP^Dapgap DoUDi-itanriMDjafiaan 1. Window 2. Window 3. JFijidoTO 4. Window- 5. WiTidow- □ D era D'D D D □£)-□ a d □ □ da a'DiQ-ia^ □ □ □ □ □ D □-□ II □ □ Q a □ a_j3 a DO D .n □ D n □ □ □ a ao Fig. 4361. COaCH WlNDOWCDBTAIN. Fiff. 4562. BUFFET-CCJRTAIX AND BRASS CASING. Fig. 4563. cobtatn fob open Strekt-cars. Fig. 456^ Window-shade or Curtai::. ■shade Leather. ■shade Rod. ■shade Eyelet. Figs, mi ■i5S8. McKay s Cubtain-braokets, shade Roller. j^^ 2 shade Roller-bear ings. ( Half size. ) Fig. 4564-4566. Hartshorn Shade-roller and Brackets, Showing Centrifugal Pawls. (The McKay shade-roller is somewhat similar, but uses a cam instead of a pawl ) Figs. 4569-4570. Figs. 4571-4572. Fig. 4572. WlSDOW-CUBTil-J WiNDOW-CUKTAIN WiNDOW-CORTAIN Pullets. Rollbb Bearings. Bracket. (Old style.) Figs. 4574-4575. McKay's Curtain Brackets, No. 1. (Balf size.) CAR TRUCKS. Complete List of Names of the Parts of Freight-car Trucks. Figs. 4576-4805. Names of parts in noma,n Is^e are special to the miscellaneous and exceptional types of freight-car trucks shown on the following pages. Those in italics only are pxrts belonjiny to the Diam >nd typi of truck, which is now the almost universal standard. Numbers which are omitted from this list are for parts special to passenger-car trucks. Figs. 4806-4966. 1. Wheel. 2. Axle. 3. Jourtial-box. 4. Journal-box Lid. 5. Pedestai. 6. Pedestal Tie-bar. 9. Continuous Truck-frame. 10. Wheel-piece. 14. Arch-bar. 1 5. Inverted Arch-bar. 16. Auxiliary Arch-bar. 17. End-piece. 20. Transom. 24. Transom Truss-rod. 25. Transom Tniss-block. 26. Transom Truss-rod Waslier. 27. Transom Cliafing-plate. 28. Transom-casting. 29. Transom-pillar. 30. Truck-bolster. 31. Truck-bolster Truss-rod. 32. Truck-bolster Truss-block. 34. Tnick-bolster Truss-rod Bearing. 35. Truck-bolster Truss-rod Washer. 36. Truck-bolster Chaflng-plate. 37. Bolster Quide-bars or Truck- column. 38. Boliter Guide-block. 43. Spring-plank. 44. Spring-plank Bearing. 46. Swing-hangers. 47. Upper Swing-hanger Pivot. 48. Lower Swing-hanger Pivot. 49. Swing-hanger Pivot-bearing. 51. Safety-beam. 55. Axle Safety-strap. 57. Safety-beam Trass-rod. 58. Safety-be im Truss-rod Bearing. 61. Truck Side-bearing. 63. Truck Center-plate. 64. Center-plat" Block. 74. Bolster Spring-seat. 75. Bolster Spring-cap. 78. Journal-box Spring. 80. Bolster-spring. 82. Brake-block. 83. Brake-head. 84. Brake-beam. 85. Brake-beam Eye-bolt. 86. Brake-hanger. 87. Brake-hanger Carrier. 88. Brake-beam Safety-chain. 89. Brake Safety-chain Eye-bolt. 90. Brake-beam Safety-strap. 91. Release-spring. 92. Brake-lever. Brake-lever Fulcrum. Brake-lever Guide. Brake-lever Stop. Brake-lever Sheave. Lower Brake-rod. Brake-shoe. 107. Body Center-plate. 108. Journal-box Bolts. Column-bolt. Journal. Journal Bearing. Journal-box Wedge. Stop-plate. 115. Dust-guard. 121. Brake-beam Adjusting-hanger Carrier. 122. Brake-beam Adjusting-hanger. 123. Brake-beam Adjusting-hanger Clip. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 109 111 112 113 114 TRUCKS, FreigM Car ; General Viei,,. Figa. 4576-4579 J^'i!) 4570 Side f'icir. iKEIOIIT-CAK TUUCK. HAKVEY S'J EliL C'Al. & liEPAlR VVOKK^. Fig. 4577. End new. Fretght-car Truck. Harvey Sjeel Car & Herair Works, HAh\L\, III. J'1,1 4i7S 1 LI ^/Kiin I II II ThL J, ^ -as i;:-'^j5 : - ■«- -7 6- ',i IT'' — ^ -^ 7Ji> - •^1 ■* 4) •^ Figs. 1583-4586. tlalf Elevations and Half Plans. Truck-bolster and Truck-bolster Flitch-plates. _^_o_ o Figs. J5S7-4590. Upper and Lower Arch-bars and Tie-bar. '■rl*---M; if-- 't" /%.s. 4591-J592. Brake-lever Stop and Guide. Figs. 4593-4591. Brake-levek Strut. Pigs. 4595-1597. Spring-plank. (Steel channel with wood filler.) Wrought Iron and Steel D'jtails of Rigid Diamond Freight-car Truck. New York, Lake Erie & Western Railroad. (330) TRUCKS, Freight-car; Drhiih nf Lir/iil Diainoiirl Fiiis. 4598-4643 Fiijs. 4593-1500. Live Bkakk Lkyisr. ^L r LZ3 'A Fifix. 48nO-iC01. Deai> Brake Lever. /<7,i/.s. ISOz-lBfi:!. 7.Vf/s. 4Bl)l-l(i;i.i, F/;/. Ifilii. Fir/s. Wm-imi. BUAKE-omir BRAKE-IIAN'fiEK KiNMMKlLT. BRAKE-LEVER AlKJUSTTNC: CaKRIIi.R. JiiOLTS. KANU^ER. Fifl''- 4G59-1610. Brake-beam Safet v- GUAED. /.'/•f/.s. 4i;il-J6l2. Sleeve for Universal Hrake-beaai Strut. wm 'mi Finn. inn-miD. Fi'LCRLT.M Truss-rod End. i^/.f/.9. 4816-)617. Truck Side-bearing. -^.. 6755^ d- F/Vy.9. 461S-n-6. Center-piece of Universal Brake-beam Strut. Brake-lei-ei' iiiaii be uiljusicij to aiiii angle. Fill"- "IGlO-lGii. Brake-shok. i?'/r/.s. 4623-462,5. Bolster Guide-casting. 15^ fj6\ FUl'i- 4626-J628. Truck Center-plate. Figs. 4G2!)-46.11. Bolster Guiue-baks or Truck-columns. Fills. 4632-JG:)5. Christie Brake-head for Universal Brake-beam. Fias. 4616-1637. Brake-beam Truss-rod Washer. Figs. 4638-4639. (331) Brake-hanger. ^fc Details iiol. gh-cn above are llastor Car Builders' Stand ii-fl, wijicii are sliowQ liereinaftor. Tliey include Journal Box. .Tuunial-box Lid. Wedse, Brass, and 33-in. Chilled Wheels. /•7y.s. 4612-1613. Brake- BEAM ad.iustinc- CAST-IRON DETAILS O^T^m-^n. RlGID DIAMOND FRKIG , IT-CAR TRUCK. XEW YORK. LAKE ERIE & Western Railroad. Figs 46I0-46H. Cast-washer. Figs. 4644-4366. TRUCKS, Freight-oar; RIyiJ Diamond and Details. {M'ilh Pressed Steel Center-plale.) -s' o" fig. mi. Half Lonrjtucllnal Section EEa^gpHID rnid Half Side meration. — 1 ■ — ', Fig. i616. Half Cross Section and Half End Elevation. Fig. 4617. Half Longit iidinal Section and Part Side Elevation. ilVith Malleable Iron Center-plate.) iSSrrT ^ m d *- ^-^£^^7^ Transom Jloll .8'. 7;o/^9. (1. 2. 2. 2. 1 n)»/ 12 of each re.'.pecticely) .Jf^ p p-T 1 ^ ^ '^g^ 7^7f7.s. 4f)l94652. Copper and L )n-er A relt-heirs and Tie-bar (2 of each). Figs. 4l):.5-.i6. i'^f/.f. 4i'o7-.5-. i'Vfys. 46.59-60. Center Pin U). Brake-beam Broke-beam Adjusting-hanger (2), Safel i/-chain (4). Oat A7y.<;. 4661-4663. Sjiring-planl,- Channel iron (1). Fi'f/s. 4664-4666. Bolster I-Beam, Steel (2). Rigid Diamond FRKiGirr-CAri Truck. Norfolk & Western Railroad. Truck-bolster is a Composite Oirder Built of f-heams and IVood Filling-pieces. (,^32> TRUCKS, Freight-car; Details of Rigid Diuiiioml. Figs. 4667-4728 ^- r^ ==^g^ ^^' ^ P/f/, 4(il)7. COT.UMN-BOI,T 14). ~£S - 4- r ■iji' -7?g /'S (2 of each). ?j^^^^^ u m^^^ 1 I - - f ^ '-^ 'A- . -^^J ^ ^ ■ F'Kjs.miK-i. LiVE-LEYER Gl'ide (1>. /<'if/«. JB76 8. Brake-bkam /<"•/(/.■). 4«;!I-S0. Dkad Bk ike-levkx (B- FUjs. K,i\'l. /''/ss. 4083-4. ^^ Adjusting-hanger Carries (2). Brake uanger (4). Chafivg- £^ES*=HZZjI3=^%;i''' plate (4). 7<*1 — -^Ai- llr: »-,^ ■ *- i^f'OS. 468.5-7 . Inlcrliicdiati' I.-2). i'Vi/.s-. ifiS8-!J. /i/li (2) Bolster 1-heam Sep,\rator Castings, Figs 4638-1700. Bolster GuiDK-iiAK OR Column. '—'i'i'r' ^^tf'— J^-'-— ■■'^''' 5S: Figs. 4716-4720. Malleable-iron Center-plates. Figs. 4724-6. Malleable-iron Bkake-stru'i y-Yf/.s'. 4610-2. Bracket for Dead-lever Cuide (i). fi Fh.is. 46iW-4. Has. 1605-7. VVASIIEKI2) Bolster GUIDE-BLOGK (8). Fi(js. 4701-2. Brake-danger Fii/s. 1705-6 Bracket (4) Washer (1) Fi(7. 470D. Truck Bolster SPRING. Standard Coil. '^y Fi{/s. 1703-1 Side-bearing i21. Ifiiis. 1710-471:5. Steel or Malleable-iron Spring-S'cats and Caps. Fur Cars of In.OilO, ,5i).000 ^ 4 ^^' "^ >n ^. M ■' ■S' ^K, - 5!4" ^1 > \4>M SCALE OF FEET (0 ^ ^ \ Fia- 4746. "I ^ C'roi.5 Section of - Bolster. J-'ill. i'li. I'ari Sectional End Ehi-alion. (333) SWING-MOTIUN JJlAMUNDFuEIGnT-CAR TRUCK. CUICAGO, MlLWAlKEE & St. Pacl Railway. Ftgs. 4747-4752. TRUCKS, Freight Car; Siring and Roller Motion. Fig. 4748. fcclional Side Elevation. Drkxel Holler Side-bearing Truck (Barbkb Patent). Northern Pacific Railroad. Fig. 1749. Hair Cross Section and Heilf Knd Elevation. Fig.ilbX. Plan, Swing-motion Caboose-car Truck. Wabash Railway. Fin 4752. Half End Elevation ^ and Half Cross Section. (336]" TRUCKS, Freight ■oar ; 17(0 Fo.e Presscd-stcd. Figs. 4753-4785 Numbers refer to Namea of Parts on Following Page. /^Vf/v. J7.'iS-17UM. Journal-box i). Details OF Fox Steel Truck. ''^ /'/V/.w 476S-I7i;fl, Mgs.i76i-i'6o. i^/ as. -1766-1767. Jiriil.r-hni m, SpHng-capx {il. Journal-box I/'uu/rrs {I). SprinatS). ^-■-8 — ; Fills. 1770-1771. Kl itij Side- hiiiri n(fs (2). (Q ( ^ -:>) ^ - - —23'/a"- > ^' /'/z ' V ■ 1 Fifis. 1772-4773. Lever Connection (I). 2a" -- -J^ M Flg^. -ITTf-nTo. Fins. ^11Q-1 . >Sa/< i ii-ch - (^ i-is. 2"a- 2'/t"^2'/ir'- Fir/s. 4778-1770. f.ive Lever (1) and JJcad r.ever (1). /^7^ -s-j-e'V/ffh ,'^1^A_j f% -pvtV' J'lV/. 4795. Plan of Bod u- bear/nr/ Casdng. "\ -J- ^ -!V 1 -^J ' Fij/.t. 47CI)-J7!i7. Sci-tional lind and Side Elevations. BODV-liEARI.NG CASTING. F'lr/s. 4802-481)3. Spking-hanger. The Ganua Freighl'-car Truck and Details. A sijecifil swin^c-motion l.fuck, Uie frame of wliicb is c;aTicd in stirrups bearing upon the iriiiLl-boxes, wlilch leRvea each pair of wheels free to move laterally. 7 " -^ Fius. 4800-4801. Swing-link Hide-bearing. ^^^f^f^M^t^ r^. iri-4>'3''^'S''3'^-;'3'^'?''9"-^-^'3"-\'-i''.3"-^-^ 'j '^ I |<-; r/7'6"- H 1^ '(jjq^Ry|(j5L)-(j|^ j'^^^)^{j^L)]^^J$L^y |<— - a ' 9 "■ — >)<— - e'g" ^^^t k \^. 07 e - -- — ;-a^ 6- -'6o'0".^:., H A -1 -1 (339) F,-!y.5. 4804-4805. Special Truck for Conveying Large Guns. Pennsylvania Railroad Company. /'m/s. 4806-4808. TRUCKS, Passenger-car; Fnnr-whedal List of Names of Parts of Passenger-car Trucks. Figs. 4806-4966. Names of pari s in, Roman type are upecial to Six-wtiEHL car-trueks. Numbers which arc omitted from this list are for parts special tofreif/ht-car trucks, shoica on the pages immediately preceding. 1. Wheel. 27. Transom Chafing-plate. 59. 2. Axle. 28. Transom-Cfistiric;. 60. 3. Journal-box. 29. Transom-piUar. 61. 4. Journal-bo.v Lid. 30. Truck-bolsier. 62. 5. Pedestal. 36. Truck-bolster Chafing- 63. 6. Pedestal Tie-bar. plate. 64. 7. Pedestal Stay-rod. 40. Lateral-motion Spring. 65. 8. Pedestal-bruce. 41. Lateral-motion Spring- 66. 8'. Pedestal-brace Tie-bar. pin. 67. 10. Wheel-piece. 42. Spring-beam. XX. Outside Wheel-piece 43. Sprimi-plank. 68. Plate. 44. Spring-plunk Bearing. 69. 12. Inside Wheel-pieee 45. Spring-piliink Safety 70. Plate. Strap. 71. 13. Wheel-piece Truss-rod. 46. Swing-liangers. 72. 14. Arch-bar. 47. Upper Sicing-lianger 15. diverted Arch-bar. Pivot. 73. 16. Auxiliary Areh-bar. 48. Lower Siving-hangcr 17. Knd-piece of Tniek- Pivot. 74. frame. 49. Swing-lianger Pivot- 75. 20. Transom. liearing. 76. UX. Middle Transom foi 50. Swing-hanger Friction- 78. Six-wheeled Truck. block. 79. 22. Outside Transom for 51. Safety-beam. 80. Six wheeled Truck. 52. Middle Safety-benm. 81. 23. Transom lie-bar. 53. Safety-beam Block. 83. 24. Transom Triiss-rod. 54. Axle Safety bearing. 84. 25. Transom Truss-block. 55. Axle Safety-strap. 85. 26. Transom Truss-rod 56. Axle Safety-bearing 86. Washer. Thimbles. 87. Safety-beam Tie-rod. Safetv-beani Iron. Truck Side-bearing. Side-bearing Bridge. Truck Center-plate. Center plate Block. Center-bearing Beam. Center-bearing Arch-bar. Center-bearing Inverted Arch-bar. Check-chain. Truck Check-chain Hook. Truck Cheek-chain Eye. Equalizing-bar. Equalizing-bar Spring- cap. Erptalizing-bar Spring- sent. Bolster Spring-seat. Bolster Spring-cap. Spring-block. Jo urn al-spring. Equalizing-bar Spjring. Bolster-spring. Tr uck-fram e Knee- iro n . Brake-head. Brake-beam. Brake Eye-bolt. Brake-hanger. Brake-hcinger Carrier. 88. Brake-beam Safety- chain. Brake Safety-chain Eye-bolt. Brake Safety-strap. Release-spring. ~'rake-lever. 93. Brake-lever Fidcrum. 94. Brake-lever Guide. Brake lever Stop. Brake-lever Sheave. Lower Brake-rod. Brake-shoe. 104. King-bolt or Center-pin. 112. Journal-bearing. 114. Stop-plate. 115. Dust-guard. Brake-beam Adjusting- hanger Carrier. Brakebeam Adjusting- hanger. 123. Brake-beam Adjusting- hanger Clip. 124. Brake-beam Adjusting- hanger Plate. 130. End-sill Corner-plate. 131. Transom Corner-plate. 89. 90. 91. 92. 95. 96. 97. 98. 120. 121. Iledf Side Elevation and Half Cross Section- Fig. i808. Half Long Hud ill al Section and Hedf Side Elevation. FOUK-WIIEELED PiSSENCER CAR TRUCK. BALTIMORE & OHIO RAILROAD. (340) TRUCKS, Passenger-car; Foiir-irluvlnl. Fuis. 4809-4812 7'7,(7. J811. ILiir Transverae .Seiiions. X J 1 :--J 2'^ '"f r ' ^r. 2'Xe ■3rn ■37 A -;,--] ' y ^S'/js Fill. -tSl'. Knil Klfviilinn. S9 J/-2 '— - SSJA- S t-^^" (341) FOUR-WHKELEU PaSSENCER-CAK TkUCK. MANHATTAN' KAUiWAV. e fl -« 5'#*2 -> T'tys. 4813-4851. TRUCKS, Passenger-car: Four-wheeled and Details. Fig. J8U. Half Flan. -- if'J"- SCALE OF FEET Ini/. 1815. Half Cross Se-tion ami Hair End Elevation . PjiSSENGER-OaR TRUCK:, FoUR-WHEELED. NEW YORK, LAKE ERIE & WESTERN RAILROAD. V- '.1' ^ cfcf..^. .3is'«, ; ^/'y^\\ 1 *^2^ m ^ifc^^^Sia^' j.'.^* ''^/4i''^ "^ - '«■ •'■ - ^° ■'- H 7V--^* r^a h'itis 4816-4818. Transom. Fi(is. -1819-1821. AXLE-GUARD, BACK. Fins. 1822-4821. AxLE-OLTARU. Front. Fiys. 4825-1826. Spring-plank Flitch-plate. _— ri^^"'"" — J-Ot-£ - — ^ ^^=L t \ m Wo^\ ^.-'-. — ^p^^~^ — * — - ■■.'■';£ :^ ^^h fi%- -^ ^/.y^ - * /O ^ /2^-^ a'--^- /i""-^ — \/-f'-' /o' ~ iz n;- '■:'''"' r„;; ^,,,." " \X * ^ — T^'^' '1 -J;?* f'^ T^!^'''- J^'- 1 -5i' Sa/cti/- strap. Fiax.m^-mi. i.,-f/.s-.49i5-J927. /./ffs, -ISliS-ig^O. F,•0^■. 4930-31. i^/f,s 4932-33. Sprinfi-phnik Brake-beam Brake-rod. Tran.wm Dead Haiiger-carricr. Adj Jtitmr/-ha micr U-l'olt. Brake-lever. Carrier, —:-„\i"'' >j^r^i^^k.-x!f^' '^i^:<.- -i^^^^.-- ^^ Pigs. 4934-4935. Fedesteil Tie-bar. 02- W_0 /4^ -S -I Figs. 493(i-J!)37. End-silt Plate |s5>..- - a' .3-J^j i?iV/.f. 4933-1939. Truik Check- ' 7^/ p.s 4941-4941. cliain. Live Brake-lever. jqi^ ^ 7^/j?''-| ^'^""T'^^^' ^-Vg^ -I ii'i'ff. 4942 Half Side Elevation and Half Longitudinal Section. Tj^%'^^j^"~ "V'y . //' ff"- Co\—io Fig. 4913. fif ^ J/ct?/ PZan. 26 -><:'^,i^/^- fe4lU[i@)^s^Sg^ jij^4- ^i r^rfbj;! jsil ;;'o^^!^^^:;_j4g§B i(7/7. 4941. Part End Elceation. Passknger and Baggage-car Trucks, Four-wheeled. Norfolk & Western Railroad SCALE OF FEET F'ig. 494.5. Part Crc^s .Sect ion of a Baggage-car Truck. Fig. 4916. Part Cross Section of a Passenger-car Trvck. (341) TRUCKS, Passeng-er-oar ; Foiir-irlwelr, Fif/s. 4947-4954 Fig. 49311. HaJf End Elevation. Four-wheeled Passenger-cak Truck. Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railway. (515) i-Tt/. 405-'. I'lriii. Fiij.iBrA. Sccli naiil End F.h'val ion . KOUH-WUEELKD PASSENGEH-CAK TkUCK. CHICAGO, BUHLI.N'C.TUN & QUINCY KaILHOAH J'jgs. 4955-4961. CAR-TRUCKS, Passenger-car ; General Vieu's. Fig. 4958. Spring Plank and Hangers. &Z.„-,o I Fig. 4953. A Perspective View of a Four-wheeled teuok. An Old Pattern, Given for reference to Names of Parts, which are essentially the Same as in the More Modern Trucks. Fig. 4958. Sectional View Fig. 4957. A Perspective View op a Six-wheeled Truck. An Old Pattern, Qivenfor reference to Names of Parts, which are essentially the Same as m the More Modern Truck, shown on Opposite Page. Fig. 4961. Center-bearing Truss. am CAR-TRUCKS, Passenger-car; Six-w, ■Jieded. Figs. 4962-4966 Fi{/. 1'(/.'.■. .5035 37. PKDE6TAL TlE-HAR. Figs. 503S-39. Body Center-bearing Truss ^^^^-^ • 7 ' ^^-^ /-r ' ^ ' ■6 ^7%r /Zjai:^i' ,1^' /o"_- —ts'_ Tt — I y :■. . Ig ty^ ®,; -z^'- •SKSfe'a i"*' V/^«" i; 7"0 ^ ;! >»r Figs. 5111-12. Bolster. i^Yf/.s. 5113-14. 5115 1 Center-plate Dust- Block. GUARD i /*HS( i; I . 3m 3'' OJ/8 '■130-31. Axle-guard Truss. Brakebeam Safety STRAP. Fi(js. 5132-33. Brake Rele.ase- SPRING . F)(/s. 5133-5154. TRUCK DETAILS; Joiinial-boA SL iimwiiN Nil J 27 Ftri. 5135. Plitn. Fin. 513.3. Side View. Fig. 5137. Back. BlS^EL'S JOUKNAL-BEiKING STOP-KKY. End ViClU. Ml ■27 ? ^k 27, L Fig 5154 DOST-GUARD. inters. 5152-5153. Fletcher Journal-box Lid. iMi 1' I" 1^ i4 1^ | 6 r I" p i'° I'g iai"- Names of Pakts. Mg.s. .5146-.')1.51. 1. Journal-box. 2. Journal. 3. Journal-hearing . 5. Stop-wedge. 6. Stop-wedge Axle-bearing. 7. Journal-box Lid. 8. Fiber-rin-g. 9. Collar Shrunk on Axle (mallea- ble iron). 10. Dust-guard Felt. 1 1 . Oil-retaining Lip. 12. Dust-guard Bearing. 13. Neck for Dust-collar. 14. Journal-box-cover Spring-cap). 15. Journal-box-cover Spring. 16. Journal-box-cover Bolt. Fig. 5133. Section. Section at XX i SecMonatMN Fiff. 5131. BlS3EL'S SrOP-KEY JOURNAL BEARINGS FOR C0LLARLE3S JOURNALS. Fiff. 5140. Sectional Plan. i^/os. 5U3-5111. Bearing. JOURNAL-BOX AND C3NTAI.VED PARTS FOR COLLARLESS JOUHNALS. CHICAGO, BURLINGTOV & QUINCY RAILROAD. Fig. 51i5. Stop-wedge. 'LI*-\" ^ F e] "^ } 1 - -"^- "ii Fiof. 5150-5151. Stop-wedge. Names of Pakts. Figs. 5133-5137. C. Wheel-seat. D. Dust-guard Bearing. E. Journal. 3. Stop-plate. 9. Stop-key Journcd-bearing. 10. Journal box. 15. Dust-guard. 27. Journal-bearing Stoji-lcey. Fig. 5147. Tirn- at,»mq' TnTTo^, ,, „„ i^w. 5149. Applied to a Collared Joumal. THE ADAMS JOURNAL-BOX AND CONTAINED PAINTS FOR COLLiRLESS JOURNALS. BOSTON & ALBANY RAILROAD. (350) TRUCK DETAILS; Joumal Boxes and Lids. Figs. 5155-5175 Figs. 5155-5158. The Stieb Dust-guard. Figs. 51B3-516i. Longitudinal and Cross Sections. ScHOEN Solid Pbessed-stbel Journal-box. Figs. 5159 5160. The American Dust-guard. Fig. 5165. The Raoul Jouknal-box. Fig. 5166. Section. The Raoul Journal-box. -4^ij '^- "0^ Fig. 5167. Fig. 5168. Fig. 5169. Mouris Box-lids. (351) Fig.bno. Fig. 5m. The Hewitt Box-lid. 3lade of Pressed Steel. Figs. 5172-0175. The drkxel Box lid. Figs. 5176-5204. TRUCK DETAILS; Center-plates, Side-hearings and Bolster-springs. Figs. 5176-5178. Fir/s. 5181-5182. SCHOEN Prkssed-steel Ckntee-plates. K%- Figs. 5190-5191. King's Yielding SiDE-BEaRING. Fig. 5192. Fig.i. 5193-5198. Figs. 5183-5186. The Schokn Pbessed-- STEEL Brake-shoe. Bor.STBK-SPRING, SEATS AND CiPS. NORFOLK & WESTERN RAILROAD. The number offsprings depends on capacity of car, each spring being capable of carrying about 10,000 lbs. '^-i!fj. 7'7t/s.5199-.5200. Freight Bolster-spring and Case, L. S. & M. S. Railway. Fins. 5201-5202. Bolster-spring. Fmir spri'iigx in (/roups of 3 C0i7s or less, as required. Width of Case, 11 ins. Capacity, 5 to 8 tons. Figi. 5203-5204. BoLSTER-SPRING. Four single-coil springs. Diameter of Case, 11 ins. Height, 7 ins. Capacity, 6 to 8 tons. (352) TRUCK DETAILS, Springs ; Bolsier. Figa. 5205-5218b Fia- 5205. Bolster-spring. Four single-coil spriugs. Diameter of case, 11 ins. Height, Gins. Capacity, G to 8 tons. =jn- Fifl. 52116. BOLSTER-bPRIMJ. Seven coil. Round bar. Fig. 5207. Bolster-spring. Four-coil. '?Cipicily,'!) to 8 toa3. F o 08 Three double co 1 spr ngs D i eter of case,,13 ins. Capacity, 5 to G tons. Fir/. 5209. Spring-plate. Bolster-springs and Case. Fif/. 5210. Three siDgle-coils. Bianieter of case, 11 ins. Capacity, 5 to 6 tons. Fig. .5211. P'^a- 521-'. 'i Triple Gp.aduated Bolster-spring. The large spring carries empty car-body; t/ie smaller springs assist in carrying the lead. Fig. 5213. Fig. 5214. Narrow-gage Bolster- spring- Widlh of case, 7 ins. Four two-coil springs. Capacity, 2 tons. (353) Fig. 5215. Fig. 52111. Narrow-gage Bolster-spring . Dia'meter of case, 7 ins. Capacity, 2H tons. Fig. 5218. Graduated Two-group Bolster-spring. Fig. .5218a. Fig. o21Sh. Caboose Bolster-spring. Three-coil, iliameter of case, i>]-.j ius. Figs. 5219-5228. TRUCK DETAILS, Bolster and Equalizer Springs. Fia. 5219. Triple-coil Graduated Bolster-spring. Fig. 5220. Double-coil Graduated Bolster-spring. Fig. 5221. Bolster-spring of 8 Single Coils. Width 0/ Case, 1% ins. Capacity, 5 to 6 tons. Fig. 5222. Fig. 5-223. Double-coil Equalizer-spring. Fig. 5224. |d0uble-c0il Equalizer-spring. Fig. 6225. Teiple-coil Equalizer-spring. Spring-scat. 4. Spring-cap. Fig 5i26. Single-coil Equalizer-spring. Fi!/. 5227. Double-coil Equalizer-spring. Fig. 5228. Triple-coil Equalizfe-spring. S541 TRUCK DETAILS, Elliptic-springs, Etc. Figf:. 5229-5 240a Fi[/ 5229. ApiLiOATioN OF Elliptic-springs to a Coach, {Other ways arc shown under Trucks.) Fig. 5230. Elliptic-spring. 1. Sprinii-bcind. 2. .Se(, nf Spring. 3. Scroll. 4. Eye-holt. Length is understood to be from center to center of scrolls when unloaded. , ArcJi ie half tbe set. Fig. 5231. Diagram of Elliptic-spring, Showing dimensions required by^inanufaoturcr^. In making Elliptic Springs for freight or passenger cirs, the following information is required : Length between centers of scrolls, light Orarall, loided. Thickness of plates Four or six- wheeled trucks Number of plates Total weight car body Size of bands (dumber of springs in bundle Width of plates Seating capacity Overall, light Elliptic-springs are designa'ed as Baplicate, Triplet, Quadruple, Quintuple, Sextuple, which include two, three, four, five and six full elliptic-springs bolted together. Fig. 5232. Double Elliptic-spring, for freight service. Fig. 523:!. Concave Elliptic-spring. (36 in. X 12^ in. high, 6 leaves ; main, 3 X J4 in. : others, 3 X 3-16 in. Weight, 183 lbs. Capacity, 9,500 lbs., half exhausted.) Fig. 5235. Fig. 523G. 5HX8ias. 5^X6 ins. Draft-springs, 2-coil. (355) Fig. 5237. Valve-sprivg. Figs. 5238-5239. Machinery-springs. Fig. 52i0. Fin. 5240a. Draft and Joitrmal- Differential spring. Spiral-spring. For various purposes Figs. 5241-5254. TRUCK DETAILS ; Sundry Spiral-springs. Fin- 5241. S(3UARE-B.4R Single-coil Spring. Fig 5212. Fig 5243 Keg-shaped Spiral-spring. Spool-shaped Spiral-spbing. Fiij. 5214. VoLUTE-SPBING. Fig. 5245. OvAL-BAR Double-coil Buffer- spring. Fig. 52-16. RouND-BAE Triple coil Graduatkd-spring. Fig. 5247. EouND-BAR Double-coil BUFFKR-SPEINQ. (Capacity, 16,000 to 18,000 lbs.) Fig. 5248. Round-bar Single-coil Spiral-spring, Fig. 5219. Round bar Double-coil Spiral-spring or Nest-spring. Fig. 5250. Round-bar Triple-coil Spiral-spring or Nest-spring. Fig. 5251. Squ»rh;-bar Triple-coil Nest-si^ring. Fig. 5252. Edge-rolled Spiral-spring. Fig. 5253. Flat-bar or Equal-bar Triple-coil Spiral-spring or Nest- spring. Fig. 5254. " HiBBARD " or Flat-bar Quadruple-coil Nest-spring. (356) TRUCK DETAILS, Wheels; Allen P.ip.v Oar Wheel C'jmpaiiy. Fij^. 5255-5373 Fij/s. 5255-5253. No. 1. n'hal with Paji'i- i^if/,'.-. 52j7-.52d3, Cant-iron Spoke-cenftfr. Tire F'/.r/.f. .52,59-5260. No. H. Wheel irilh Casl- Centtr. Tire aecured by Platex in fastened uv'th Otic Reietininfi-ri nri. iron. Double-plate Center. Tire seeitreil and Boltn. by One Retaining-rinq. Figs. 5261-5262. Xo. 7. Wheel with Cast- iron Spoke-center. Tire secured by Mansell Retaining-rinf/s. Firis. 5263-526t. No. 6. TVrought-iron Double-spoke Center. Tire is secured by Retaitiing-rings. Figs. 5265-5263. No. i. Wrought-iron Pressed-plate Center. Tire Shrunk on Center Fig. 5267. No. 5. Cross Section of Wrought- Fig. 52SS. No. 8. Cross Section of Cast-iron Fig 5269 No. 12. Cross Section of Cast-iron iron Pressed-plate Wheel. Double-plate Wheel . Spoke-wlieel. Steel-tirbd Car-wbeel.s. Allen Paper Cak VVhkel Company. Tires are shrunk on. Diameters are 26, 28, 30, "iS, and 36 ins. Figs. .5272-5273. Wheel iritli Ca.'^t-iron Spoke-center. Tire shrunk on Center. (3S7) Figs. 5270-5271 . Wheel with Cast-iron Double-plate Spoke-center. Wheels fob Elkctkic and Cable Cabs. Allen Paper Car vVheel Company. Steel Tired Wheels. Diameters, 28-33 ins. Figs. 5274-5291. TRUCK DETAILS, Steel-tired Wheels; Arbel and Boies. Figs, bill-lb. Wrought-iron Spoke-center. Fiqs. 5276-77. Wfought-ikon Single-plate Center. Tires arc fastened by Gibson Fastening. The Cockarel-Aebel Wheels. Chas. G. Eckstein & Co., New York Figs. 5278-79. Wrought-iron Spokk-cekter. F'igs. 5280-81. Wrought-iron J)ouble-spoke Center. Tire is fastened by Mansell-rings. The Cockarel-Arbel Wheel. Figs. 5282-83. The Boies Double-plate Steel-tieed Wheel, No. 1. Figs. 5284-85. Boies Steel-tiked CaR-wHEEL, No. 2. Tire fastened with Inlegral-loek. Wrought-iron Center. Figs. 6286 88. Boies Integral Tire-luck and Tool for Rolling the same. Shcnving the manner in u-hieh the lip i.i rolled into the cir- eitmfcrential recess. p189. Cross Section of Tire, with J)iriiensions. Fig. 5990. Cross Section of Tire, showing Limits of Wear for First Tire and for Renewals. ■ Fig. 5291 C? oss Section of Tire Fa'itened « ith Bolt. Boies Patent Steel-tieed Wheels. Boies Car Wheel Company. (358) TRUCK-DETAILS, Steel-tired Wheels ; Brunswick. Krnpp and McKee, Fuller. Figs. 5292-5307a Figs. 5292-5293. Solid Single-ova t.-3poke Wheel. BrunsicicJc Tire-fastcniiig. trigs. 5291-5291. DOUBLK-SPOKE WHEEL. Mailsel lietaining-rings. Wheels Made by Page, Newell & Company, Boston. Figs. 5296-0-297. WRouanT-iRON Disc Cester Wheel. Brunswick Tire-fastenings. Figs. 5298-5299. No. 14 Wheel. Wrought'iron Coil-disc Venter. Tire Secured with Bute Fastening. Figs. 5~00-,530I. No 13 Wheel— Patevt Safety Wheel. Wrought-iron Coil disc Center. Tire Secured with Safety Lock. Figs 5302 5.303. No. 1 Wheel. ^^ffs- 5304-5305. No. 3 Wheel. Wrouoht-iron Coil-disc Centre. \Cast-iron Svoke Center. Tire Secured by Wrought-iron RUaining-ringn . Tire Secured by Wrought-iron Rctaining-rings. Krui'p's Patent Steel-tiked Whrels. Thomas Pkosser & Son. (359) Figs. 5306- 5306a. Cast-iron Double-plate Center Wheel. Center is cast into heated tire, MoKee, Fuller & Company. Figs. 53O7-5307a. Cast-iron Spoke Center-wheel. Center is cast into heated tire. Fiys. 5308-5320. TRUCK DETAILS, Steel-tired Wheels ; Paige, Vavclain and Taylor. MP J^iVvs. 6308-5309, Plate wheel with Cast-iron Hub. Fiffs. 5310-5311. Plate-ioheel xoith Cast-iron Hub. Tire is secured by tu'o side-plates o/Vi-in. .Steel, and bolted uith Turned Hteel Bolts. Wheels made by the Paige Car Wheel Company. 7^13.9.5312-5213. Wheel for Ragine-truek. Cast-iron Spoke-center. Tire secured by a fiteel Betaininy-rinri. Paige Car Whkel Company. Figs. 5314-6315. Vauclain Steel-tired ,Wro0Ght- IRON Spoke-center Wheel. Standard Steel Works, Philadelphia. Figs. 5316-5317. Taylor's Interlocked AND Welded Si eel-tired Wheel. The Steel Tire and Iron Center are Welded Together. J'/r/K. .5318-5319. Taylor's Manga- nese .Steel Wheel. Water-toughened. Fig. 5320. Teak-wood-cenTer Wheel. Tire fastened with Mansell Rings. Largely in use in England. (360) TRUCK DETAILS, Wheels ; SiwwS, \Va.',hburn\i and Griffins. Figs. 5321-5SS8 Fig. 53 U. ' Fins. 5322-24. Snow's Boltless Stekl-tiked Double-plate Wheel. Tire is fastened to center by retaininff-ring. Fig. 5325. Fig. 5326. Fig. 5327. Fig. 5328. Snow's Boltle3S Steel-tired Spoke Wheel. Tire is fastened to center by rctaining-ring. ■\'*i DOLTir";s rr'STCNillG Fig. 5329. Section of Boltless Fastening. Figs. 5330-5331. Fig. 5333. Cast-iro\ Double-PL \te Hollow-spoke Cast Wheel. Center. Venter is cast into fieaicd tire. Washburn Car Wheel Company Fig. 5331. Cross Section of Tread and Flange, C'tiilted Wheel. Fig. 5335. (361) 7<'ias. 5337-5138. Ciiu.LED Cart Wheel, TVitli curved ribs or brackets. Fill. 533t) C 111! LFL) Cast Wheel, JVith iHi itii I ib^ or iract:ets. I'V/s. 5337-5347. TRUCK DETAILS, Steel tired Wherls; Fastenings. M} --.~^/- -Fi'ry. S3,-i7. The GIBSO^l I ire Pastemng. /^'rf'f-tireiin'js that have been in use in Europe. f:iSriJ. y / 1 r K.r/. 5346. SET-sc'Rhw Fastening (Plain End.) 3'-6V2' Dia.on lxy/////////,}^/M-y^S;y///AW^^^^^^ ////- Fill. .5380. Longitudinal Section. Fill. 5'Wl. Half End Elevation and Half Cress Section. (365) Master Car Builders' Standard Journal Box and Co.ntained Parts kor a 3H x 7-in. Journal. Adopted in 1893 and revised in 1891. (See note with Figs. 51O2-5405.I Fiys. 5383-5388. MASTER CAR BUILDER STANDARDS; Journal Boxes. Fig. 5384. Half Plan and Half Longiturlinal .Section. Note.— If tbe method of moldiug does not permit of placing the letters M. C. B. on the side of the journal-bos, they may be placed on the top, between the hinge-lug and the arch-bar seat. Fig. 5388. — /% - Half Plan and Half Longi- \ r-fi~ tudinal Section. Fig. 0.386. Longitudinal Section. Fig. 5387. Half End Elevation and Half Cross Section. Mastbb Cab Kutlders' .Stand,\rd Jour\'4L Box and Contai.ved Pakts for a 1!4 x 8 in. Jour.val. {Adopted as .standards in 1893.) /ggg) MASTER CAB BUILDERS' STANDARDS ; Jonnial-l^ox W,:dgr. a„d Bearinos. Fir,,. 5389-5418 ]^lgs. 5(83-5393. Wedqk. ^ '^ ^ -F/f/.s. 5301-53:18. Be VKiMi. Standakd We/jgk and Heanin'g for 33.4 7-ix. JoriiXAL. Adopted in 1803 and revised in !8Jt. \ Y'' ^ ■? r: f — ^/-"» /&"-- i^i^^ — 1- ■:4.-:-"""P ,i_ ^! 1 — \ — .-J — \ i V -Rl ev I''!(JS. 5390-5401. Wedge and Bh aking. Note.— The journal-bo.K and details as shown in these drawings were adopted as standards of the -\ssoeiation . by letter ballot, in 1893, and revised in 18M. For foi-mer action, see Proceedings 18"^, page 40; Proceeding-; IS8!, pages 14, 15 and 27. The revision made in 1891 consisted in correcting the drawing at the top of the journal-box, and in leaving off the logs at sides of arch-birs; also in changing the wedge and bearing of the 3M X Tin. journal so as to make the latter flat on top instead of curved, as theretofore, and in curving the top of the wedge, thus making this con- struction similar in general arrangement to the standard forms for the 4M X 8 in. jouroal-box. 1 >V H 1 -i:-:- ,T' - t 1 I ! 1 <3 i. NOTL TffC sf.'JCfrAL ni! C'^r,:city!: cf r^C .,9 rcsfTHi A"f L;AmFJi:B OF Tni ^iKr P..-> MDL^ ^R£ '.TA^WI •DVi< ei or ASf /j„-, ^itLfiCO ,IA.. i"---!>LO r>,u- %, m Fifis. ,=i402-5105. .Standakd Box-lid for X^ .- 7 and 4H jugk?^al-boxks. AdoDled in 1891 and 1893. S-rx. '^-■liT' — / /i- »' - Jfc H r^--, I ^ 1 ■1 _. life M i 1 ^^rS^ 1 i ■ 1 - i A' — ; - 4-1- y 1- - - i V ^ ^ -V. — -1 - |- - /}r- — ' 1 ! .„_ . >y -J — j ■■V' ■,(-; ' f-Kl- ^ 'ikiT iSii^ 'f 1 '^C^^T'T^ -. . * j— 1 ^ <■' h , ' \i[ 4l-- Fif/x. 51(113-5410. Wedge. (367) Tf/f/.s. 5111-5115 liK. vni\'(i. Standard Wedgic and Bearing koi: lU ■ 8-ix. Jih'RX.\l. Adoylcd in 1893. Fi(jx. 51ir)-5118. Wedge axd Bearing. Figs. 5419-5424. MASTER CAR BUILDERS' STANDARDS; Axles and Wheel-gages. \fP^ Fig. 5121. Standard Whekt.-gage. MaxiTUTim distance allowed between flanges is 4 ft. 5J^ ins. and the minimum distance is i ft. 5H ins. Adopted by letter ballotin 1833. TO TAL. L £/\GT^ O ^fl AL. s.-^^^ — 3 ■ 6'^ — 10'- 6—11/4 u Flrj. 5419. Standard Axle with 3?^ x 7 in. Journal. Standard for Cars of 10,000 lbs. capacity. Recommended in 1873 and revised in 1831. Fia. 5420. Standard Axle with 4^4 x 8 in. Journal. Standard for Cars of 60,000 lbs. capacity. Adopted in 18! 9(^ln&9 e 7 i<'jys. 5422-5123. Standard Wheel-oircumkerenck Measure, with enlarged view op Lug. Adopted in 1893. Fig. 5424. Standard Wheel Tread and Flange. Adopted in 1886. (368) MASTER CAR BUILDERS' STANDARDS ; Brahe-fiew Figs. 5425-5441 , k J ■ - - ii;'- \'^[ 1 .jiii.. cr'^i TU f^ Cl^^d:i.S_^y 1 3-32 inches in diameter; all jaws and cleriscs made of -M in. . 2V2 in. iron; all rods % in. diameter. 4. Angle of brake-beam lever, 40° with vertical. The general arrangement is also shown indor Gar-body Details, Br.ike-gear, l<^ig3 14o7-l.')27 and 1695-1693. 369) Figs. 5442-5483. MASTER CAR BUILDERS' STANDARDS ; Brake Gear and Pedestal LEVtH CARRICR. W.I ^^._ PIP (>» * Wl. *W PUSH ROD ■ X'\-'i\ If * ^^ WH£ £hP!ECE3 g-?> " ^- g '1^ \rRO .' ^ C5A/ T HE TO C e iv rP£ df^OURIlALS 61-e'. 1~ *■' Sfcrioi^ on C-D Fig. 5480. Cross Heciion. Fig. 5481. Sectional Elevation. EfvD viE^. Fig. »482. End Elevation. 3ECTfO<\AL PLArv Fig. 5J83. Sectional Flan with part of Oil-box. Master Car Builders' Standard Pedestal. Recommended in 1874, again approved in 188!, and ado23ted as .standard in 1893. Weight, m lbs. <370) MASTER CAR BUILDERS' STANDARDS ; Wheel and Tmek Gages. Fit/a. 5484-5489 ^— /i- '■-S~- -/i'- -f Fig. 5181. Standau^I) Ouaud Rail AN'r> FnoG \Vi\g Gagk. Adoplid ill ISdI. Fig. 6185. Standard Terms and Gaging Points for Wheels and Track. Adopted in 1891. ^UNOTH or omee o¥CR ALL 5-3% Fig. 54S6. Standard Check Gage for Mounting Wheels. Adopted in Vmk. -5'/d' — OIAMCTER OF CHILL MOULDS FOR 33" ryHCCLS TO be 33'/i. for 30"ivheels TO BE 30^ii MEASURED ONLINE A. B. WHEEL TREAD. Fig. 5487. Standard Whkel Tread. Adopted in 1886. MAX FLANGE THICKNESS GAUGE.] (371) ~r — . -^J z'/s +— /// ' MIN. FLANGE THICKNESS GAUGE Fig. 54S8. Gages for Standard Maximum an'D Minimum Thickness of Flanges. Adopted in 1894. LIMIT STEEL TIRE LIMIT FIGURE Fig. 5189. Recommended Practice for Minimum Thickness for Steel Tires. Adopted in 1894. Fiip. 5490-5498. MASTER CAR BUILDERS' STANDARDS ; Gages and Screw-threads. V\\'\V\'\^\'\ Wy / / /'//7 A/' \ A ,' FUj 5195. V Screw-thread. ( WHIT WORTHrT-HREAD w 60% L. 2.395" Fig. 5491. M. C. B. STAtlDARC Limit gauge, Fof 1^4 i"- roiijid /ron Blij. 3490. .sve Diet ionnry for tahlK Te^t bArf FOR Limit- nfoihii- >iiiindar(J Limit. GAUGES- (jaiuji-s. r A AA/VXA A'A. \ X^A/^x « J'l!/. 5496. Whitworth STAiiiARD Screw-threads. Engii.?h and Continental staiidat'd. SELLERS THREAD Fign. 5492-94. Fig. 4497. S::llii:f.s" Standard Screw-threads (7. S. arid M. C. B. standard. Master Car Builders' Standard Dimensions fcr Bolts and Nuts (Sellers Standard Threads). Diam. Thr.adi Diameter Area Width Short Short 1 Long i I.nn:; Thick- Thick- Slf-Tt Short Long Long Thiclt- Thick- of at root of of Bolt of Diam, Di,-,m. Dip.m, I 'i-,ni. ness ncss Di.im. Diam, Diam. Diam. ness ness Screw. inch. Thread. at root of TlrQiI. Flat, Rough. "1 y ' --^ Fini:;h, Rough, Rough, Rough, Finish. Kou^jh. Finish. Rough. Rough. Rough. Finish. m 8 tl H^"v/^^ J @ ^ 1 m ® #> rr^ xf* ^ u u ' 1 -i- -20 — -,18,5- - ;?- -.026 .0062- . — ,', — - «— A-:- i -1- .^H- ^ -1 - -ft— ,!7 1 7 ' 1 1 3 4 j -35 i 4 — it: — -i\- -18 — - .210- 'i4:~ —,045 ,0074- — -1'— _ ,,_ iu — 1L-— — Tl — :*.i;c — ii— — -li— 1— 1"— -i? i — - 1- -16 — - ,204- -;;- — 0G7 ,0078- — tJ- ,., — «!" — M— 3 — — -; — — -A— s \ 1(1 _ .^'j -14- - .344- —,092 .0089- — V^ — — lu^ —1 -;,—'— j'^^— — i — f— n— — 3 ■— ci — 8 — -3 - -13 — - .400- ^'iT —,125 .0096- — -; — — -1-;'!— -1 - — 1;; — — I — To — -I- — -hh- — 1 — -1-5:1- ~ tV — -■hr- -ir- -12 — - .4-54- — I'i- —,161 ,010-1- - ;;— — -A- — U- — — IM tI— — J — -ii!- - it- -li- -If-I- - er- -\- -1- -11 — -.507- Vi~ —,201 .0113- —'is 1 — — I,',— —11 — — 6 — — t'j— -It'j- — 1 — —1ft— — 1,', — - H- T3 -i- -10 — - .620- .^ _ —,301 ,0125- -1-1 lal- -ift— — !;;— -} — — -;;— -1} — -1ft- -It'j- -in- & --}i- -i- —9 — -.731- - th —.419 ,0133- -l-A- — 1; — —) = -!— -ll'.— -H — -m~ -2,'— -15- -i5- 1 —8 — - .837- — V:- —,550 ,0156- -1; — -Vi- -u- — 1: — -ift— — 1-i — -2JJ- -il- - fl- -li- —7 — - .940- — 10- — 693 .0178- -m- -13- -2ft— U --ift-i -lii- — 14 2-h — -2A— ^ 1'— ift-l -H- —7 — 1.065- --,890 ,0178- -iK- -2i>~-2;:i- -u — iftH —2 — -m- -2t'f- -2-SI- — ift— -H- —6 — 1.160- ^~^3i -1,060 ,0208- -•h\- -2i - -2;5--3A- -1; --ift- — 2i"i!— -2i- -2i|- -3/i- -ij'i- -If'r- -ij_ —6 — 1,284- -1,294 .0208- — 2/; — - 1 ■^. 1 -li -;-ift- -2; — -2ft— -2i-- -35i- -l/s- -1ft- -11- — 5.;— 1,380- -m- -1.515 ,0227- —'^z^~ —2,; — 2-^,', -2i'— — 2-j — -m- -3J- -i,V- -li'^ 13 ^4 —5 — 1.491- -nv -1.746 .0250- —-{-.'; — —3ft— — 3■;,I— — ij i-M— — 2,J — -2'r!- — 3i5— -3M 1^- -IH- -H- -5- 1.G16- -2,051 ,0250- --Vi— —2; — — 3;3— — i/i- p 113 — 2{-^ — — s-j- — -3ii- — l-i'z- -lit- -Hl- 2 .j;, 1,712- IP- -2,301 ,0277- —.3 J -3A- —3; — -iV,- —2 1}}— — 3J — — 3i',;— — 3a" — — '^— -1t^ -Ui5- 2*- — IJ— i,;ii;2- -11-5- -3,023 ,0277- —3} — -^t'.; —4ft- -i;.i- -3; — -H,- ^1'=- — 1.11— -1}- — 2-V ^ —4 — 2,176- -2«- -3.718 ,0312- -3;- — -31-J- —4,1 — -'0-1 —2* — —Hi— -3; — — 3};— —4'. — — 5M— -1-};- -2t'^ 2-^ —4 — 1 2/126- -4,022 ,0312- —4,1- — -1ft- —in- —2:; — -^1 - — i-ft— — 4i!— —6 — -2S- -21-J- —.3 — -3;- 2.C29- -y - -5,428 ,0357- —4s — — 4-ft— '^H —3 — 2 '- ^ —4:; — —1-1'— --^8 —15-'— -ft -2-}-S- -3}- -3; J 2,879- -G.509 ,0367- —5 — -^1;]— -5H- — 'ft— -31 - -3-ft- -5 — -lis- -s-}|- -7 ft— -2}- -3ft- —3-5 — — ;,1— 3.100- -3A- -7.547 ,0381- -5; — -5/;,- -6A- -ni- —3^ — -3iV- —5; — -5ft- -65']— — 7-Jf— -m- -3t'5- — 3l — —3 —'3,317- -8,641 ,0413- -51 - -5i;- — 6jl — -sj - -3:1 - -3i3- -5; — —■Hi— — Cji— -8J- 2-'- -si-3- -4 -3 — 3,GC7- -^II!" -9,993 ,0413 -H - -6,',;- -7-3^ — -s;;_ —1 - -3tS- -61 - — 6l'r— —7/— -sn- -3^1^ -3-15- -41 - —2;— 3,798- —iVr- 11,329 ,0435- —6-1 — -Oft- -h'r.- -9f'.— —^1,1- — — 4J— — g; — — 6-ft— 'ic -9.'^ — 3^ — -^-t— — 4J3- — 1}- 12,742 14,226 ,0451 ,0470- -c; — :r >7X^ ^1 g 6' " 731 -9i- -lOi - ■3 t \ ' J, — ij — — 2^— 4,2oC- — s;s— -loj - 4:i ' i — 8-H— -35- ^H- _5 -2,i- 4 480- — 4"i- 15,703 ,0,300- -'i — 7-,^— — 8-J-J— -lOJ-'f— —6 — — 4-i-j— —75 — — v.:— — sn— -19J-'— -3iS- -4IJ- -5i - — 2,1— 4,730- -i»- 17.570 .0500- —s — ^~''i2 -h%- -11=1— f|L -5,'- -8 — -nj- — 9/— -11?:!- —4 — -6l'5- — 5i — —-i— 4.953- -^i.h 19,267 .0526- -n - -8ti- -9s|- -11-j — — 5J — -5t'^ — s- — -s-A- ~m- -11-J — ^ft- -^tV- -5}- tl 5,203-— 5i-J- 21,261 .0526- —8-1 — -m- -10/'— 12; — -5;] - -5K- ^SJ -SH- -lOft- -12J - ^3- -sjj- —6 — -21-5,4=3-1-5^- 23.097 ,0,555- _9j _l_9 ,._._ -10'^- l'"o— -6 -1-6.3- --9,1 — — 9|V - -lOH- -121-J— —4ft— -«K- [fi(i»are ynitu arc of the .•;nmc n■idlh^:, l/et.rccn parallel face.':, as hcxajon. Thefollowing arc the general rules for the dimensions of mils and bolt-heads on n-hich the cdjove table is based: Diameter Rough Nut = one and one-lialf diameter of bolt + Vs. I Thicicness Rough Nut = diameter of bolt. Finished Nut = i:ne and on:-half diameter of bolt + 1-1G. " Finished Nut = diameter of bolt — l-\&. [head. Rou'ih Head =; one and one-liatf diameter of bolt -1- H. 1 " Rough Head = one-half distanee between parallel sides of finished Head = one and onc-lialf diameter of bolt + 1-IS.\ " Finished Head = diameter of bolt — 1-16. (372) MA.STEB CA-B:BUILDERS' STANDARD AND REaDMMEISrDED PRACTICE. f/.7^. 5499-5524 Fin. 5499. Contour Lkne ok Automatic Coupler, Fig. 5500. Fill. 5501. Limit Gares for JI. C. B. Automatic Courler Adopted in 1891. Stanoaud Links for the Knuckle of Couplers. T- , i ia: ^ i i _i_r^"-p^i"-.,. T n S f^ m ■> fe- i L_ -r- u J 1 :k'. 1 i^('£/. 5502. Plan. Fig.l. S50i-550o. Fig.o5(l3. Elevatian. Tail-end for Con- Master Car Builders' Standard Automatic Car-coupler, tinuous Draft. (Adopted in 1837. Further details adopted in 18S9 and 1833.) i^/V/. 55.17. Front Carry-iron. ^/A0 -r i^ip. 5506. Ha If End Rlc pn t io n. '^^immd^mm^m m^^^^m^. I® U Fig. 5508 Hectional Elevation. 7'Vf/. 5510. Section of End-sil! . \f0^'\'S. du.^*" G,*// Q«-.L» ^-^a— 41^ - /yi ^K 1 : ; r* Firji 1512-18 IJrIaili ^XX JT j in o r a .la , •ii' -Cl_ * -X?-JhLj2l 3:^ H5^rl^3 jp-tf ' J J O " r i- -A a "TT LJ LLD LJ Kj O Ei(/. 55U9. Sectional Plan. -*-, tr, — ~crxrxr- =3 S3^ t B. V #■ ■■:-- - a*- |Tjk: c o| * - . - -ah'-- /.il^. 1 ■ , ^ :^m 7*1 ^1 -^ 3 ■"!;:;;:.|«.; I (373) Figs. 5519-5524. Detail.'^; Fiij. .5511. Cross Sccl/o^i en J End Slevtdion Attaohmknt of Coupler, recommended by Master Car Builders' Association in 189.3. F/f/.s. 5525-5551. MASTER CAR BUILDERS' RECOMMENDED PRACTICE. 5^^f Ik Figs. 6530-5531. Carry-iron. G >> : ; ^ 9 \ .%■-. / Fig. 5539. Platform Safety-chains for Passenger Equipment. Recommended Practice, adopted in 1893. \ t r \ i K ^ -— y — ^— ' t /' "^v^^ J -% I 1 iff ) J'ifia. .5510-5512. Buffer-blocks, Their form and- dinieaaions. Recommended Praclice, adopted in 1873. GLOBE LINE G) Q Figs. 5543-5545. Markings for Fast Freight Line Cars. Recommenricd Practice, adopted in 189j. ^ -G ^-fzBC'.T. J' -1% -Mil ■mV ^ ,3 1::'^- ■'Mbolt. Fig.b5i6. End Elevation. Fig.iMI. Side Elevation of Car End. Positions and Dimensions of Brake Shaft, Running Boards, Steps, Ladder and Handholds. .-S r-Et I I J L Figs. 5548-5519. The Location of Buffer-blocks and Buffer-beam. ^- -tE^ S? St] p..; Id Fig, 5550-5551. The Location of Buffer BLOCKS AND BUFFEB-BEAM. Recommended Practice for the Protlction of Trainmen. (371) W / V HOOK-^ w MASTER CAB BUILDERS' RECOMMENDED PRACTICE. Ficjx. 5552-5572 -ZT- -2T Fig. 5652. Elevation i>f Knd-^iil. Fi(i. 5551. Croas Section of Etel-HlJ»- Fill. 5:,rs. Detail.-! of ^^'^,-^---^ ' Chain and Hook. Sakety-otiatns for Fkeight-cars. Recommended in 1894 by Master Cir Builders' Association. Fig. .'^553 Plan of End-.'^ill and Chaiti^. ^ :. ^/f- ^ 1 T J 1 I o o \ k ; ID iQ 4'mx8'joijhnal B£Af>IN6-nAnOC: &SIDE LU6 CAUOE \4kiSjquRNAL BLARINO& nCDCC Cm^ SECTION GAUGE 1 1 [ ? [t o 1 o ; ( ii ; ! '^r — £■ 3%x7"jouf-0 JOURN,AL >(< 4%- CURVE OF TOP OF yi/EDOE. 78"f!ADIUS ' BEARING & WEDOE LONGITUDINAL SECTIO,\ GAUGE. Fig.t. 5i5Q-.5571, JOURNAL-BEARI.SG AND VVFDGE GAGES. Recommended in 1891 by Master Car Builders' Association. 376) Fuj.yoTl Recommended Rractice in Racking a Car for Loading Bark. Figs. 5573-5580. MASTER CAR BUILDERS' RECOMMENDED PRACTICE. TTT7 rTTT^TTTT ( ) ■cr^m > i ,) c Pigs. 5573-5576. Recommended Practice for Loading Poles and Logs. The linen across Stakes indicate Ties across Cars. > o < u w < c4 X H D u O t) ui ft o ;-H rt c 2 D 'c C U h W ^. K^ < 2 oi m o t^ : i% ft. Wbeele, 20 ina. in diameter. Weight, 550 lbs. ^¥^r^TS^^ Fig. 5583. Perspective View. Propelling levers detached. Platform, 6 ft. X V/a ft. Weight, 500 Ibg. THE '■ Ca'Kus Roberts " Truss-frame Combination Cars. Fig. 5534. Perspective Vieic, A light quick-service car. Platform, 6 ft. X 3 ft. Weight, 165 lbs. ROBKRTS. ThROP & COMPANY. Fig 5585. Perspective Vieic. Sheffifxd No. 1 Section Hand-car. Platform, 6 ft. X i% ft. Wheels, 20 in?. Weight, 510 lbs. Fig. 5586. Perspective Vieic. Roadmaster's Hand-car. 20-in. wheels. Weight, 525 lbs. ■rf^ Fig. 5587. Inspection Hand-car. Platform, 6 ft. X 4!^ ft. Wheels, 22 ins. Weight, 400 lbs. .3j,j. The Sheffield Car Companv. Fig. 5588. Weed-cutting Car. Cutting-bar folded for running. Weight, 75(1 lbs. K(/.v. 5589 -5594. HAND-CARS Geiwrid Vii'u:-: ami Workhrj Dnuoiaga. F'igs. n,iS9-90. Perspective Vieirfi. Combination WaLKI^•G-BBAM Hand and Push-car. Tke JValkiiirj-bcaiii Fravv: vun/ he ileteiehetl as shown. Tiirn-hH j^ !^r^^ If <^ /<"i£/. 5652. Double-decked Street-car. John Stephenson Company. Built for Fnreifin Trade. Fi(/. 5053. Mail, BAGGAnK and Express Car for Klectric Roads. J. G. Brill Company. Length of Car Body, 15 it. 10 ins. Widfj, 7 ft. 1 ins. Weight, 5,300_lbs. (388) STREET-CARS, Electric-motor Cars; Drfnil Dixariiif/.f. Fiij^. 5654-5658 Fii] ;ifi.34. Ilitif Side Elrt-atiiiii and Half Lonailiidinal Scclioii. Fig. 3655. Half Plan of i.'ar Floor and Ihilf Plan of U nderframi: . A Closed ELtLCTRic-MOTOR Car. J, 0. Brill Comi'any, Philalklpiiia. kX- -j;!r A.; ,,H^a:^^-l-:- '66_ ,6 3 1^ ::_r- n 34. _33, __ j I in Fig 56.57. Part E'ct-ation of Side Frainina. J J — ^ T^ ^ j t """ i 152 i il \ 1 1 1 Tg5^ ij ■ ■ h 1 26 163 ,47 22^ _^1 " Fly. 5658. Pnrf P/cni of Roof Framiiiri. A Closed Electiiic-motoe Car. (387) Names of Paets of Street-cabs. F!. .5654-5667. Iiifcniii'dialr-siU. Floiir-jitist. Mo i:i I bli: Floo r-jo ist . (Jofnei--hruce. Brae -lilncl: Rner-iroii. Wheel. Sfjoke. Tread. FJoiiijr. Hah. A.vle. .Jiiiinial. ( 'lAhir. SiiJe-KiU. Eial-sill. Triiek Hiih-HiU. Trainrcr.se Floor-tiiiiiier. Triiiisi-erse Floor-timber Plate, ('rn.ss Tie-ro(h. I.iiiii/itinliiial Tie-reid. (Jrer-lneiii/ TrUHS-i oil . A. B. C. D, E. F. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 14a 15. 15a. Trvxx-roil Anehor. 15b. 'friis.-i-riiil Aiichoi'-holtx. 16. TruHH-rocI Qiieen-post. 17. Qiieen-posit Base-plate. 18. Turnhiielde. 19. Flour. 20. Floor-atrips. 21. Wheel-hox. 22. Side-pout. 23. Wiiiiloir-bliud Kest. 24. Po.s-; Parting-strip. 25. TViiHlow-sash Rest. fl49 y^/.(/. c65C. 7/o/y r^j-o.s-s Section A Closed Electkic-:mo']'or Car. 36. Post-moldiiKj. 27. Side-pe)st Strap-belt. 28. i'Driier-post. 28a. End-post Knee-iron. 29. Corner-piosl SIraji. 30. Corner-post (rrab-handle. 31. Grab-handle Bracket. 32. fjoor-post . 33. Body-rib or Side-stnd. 33a. Body-end Rib. 33b. Side-pjosts (same as 23). 34. Belt-rail. 35. Belt-rail Sli^ap or Band. 36. Traii-door. [('onlin neil , ) Figs. 5659-5662. STREET-CARS, Cable and Electric Cars; Detail Drawings. Fig. o6vi9. Half .'^!i(Je Elevation and Half Longitudinal Section. Names of Parts of Street-cars. Figs. 5654-56ti7. (Continued.) 37. Tntp-door Ring. 38. Trap-door Hinge. 39. Trap-door Siippiort. 40. Panel-furring. 40a. Body End-rail. 41. Guard or Fender-rail. 42. Guard-fender or Rail-strap. 43. Upper Outside or Convex-panel. 44. Lou-er Outside or Concave-panel. 45. Upper End-panel (removable). 46. Lower End-panel. 47. Top-rail or Body Side-plate. 48. Lower-declc Eaves-molding . 49. Letter-board. 50. Water-tabh or Windou--Untel. 51. Bo Zi/ Hand-rail. 52. Concive-panel Corner-iron. 53. Panel-ivasher. 54. Roof-hoard. (Continued.) Fig.smo. Half Plan. Fig. 5661. £«(/ FIcrnlion. F'ig. fiSti'l. Half Cross Section and Sectional End Eleva- tion of Framing. An (Ji'EN Cable ok Elkotkic-cak. Pullma.n's Palace Cak Company. (388) STREET-CARS ; List of Xaiiies of l-'mfs Names of Pabts of Street Cars. Fiijs ."(Goi-otitiT. 55. 56. 57. 57a. 58. 58a. 58b. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 64a. 65. 65a. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 86a. 87. 88. 89. 89b. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 95a. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 103a. 103b. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. Lower-deck Roof. Loiper-deck Carline or Rafter. Clear-story or Upper Deck. Upper-deck Roof. Upper-deck Carline. Upper-deck Furritig-strip. Upper-deck Roof Quard-strip. Conipound-carline (Steel or Iron). Platform -hood. Platform-hood Molding. Platform-hood Bow. Platform-hood Band. Platform-hood Carline. Platform-hood Shoulder Car- line. Platform-hood Bracket. Post-bracket. Platform. Crotcn-jjiece or Platform End- timber. Crown-piece Corner-iron. Platform-knee' or Timber. Platform Timber-clamp. Platform Draft-knee. Platform Sub-sill. Step-tread. Step-iron or Hanger. Step-fender. Platform Stex>-rod. Platform Safety-gate (exten- sion). Safety-gate Holder. Dasher oi Dash-board. Dasher-23o.it. Dasher-post Clip'ovDasher- strap. Dasher-post Washer. Hood-support or Platform End- post. Dasher-rail or Platform-rail. Dasher-rail Cap. Buffer. Buffer-beam. Buffer-band. Radiating Draft-bar. Draft-bar Slide or Drair-bar Sector. Sector-bar Bolt. Draft-head. Draw-bar Pin. Draft-spring. Draft-spring Casting. Key. Seat-bottom. Seat-bottom Cover. Seat-leg. Front Seat-rail. Back Seat-rail. Seat-cove. Seat-bearing Cross-burs. Seat-bottom Cross-bars. Seat-front. Seat-front Rail. Seat-front Bottom-rail. Seat-cover Ouard-rail. Seat-front Panel. Locker. Locker-catch. Locker-catch Plate. Locker-hinge. 109. Seat-hack. 109a. Scat-back Cross-bur. 109c. Sea.t-hack Cover. 110. Finished UjJiier Seat-hack Rail. 111. Seat-back Bottom-rail. 112. Se((t-back Top-rail 113. Window. 113e. End-window (stationary). 114. Upper Window-rail. 115. Lowe)- Window-rail. 116. Window-stile. 117. Windoic-guard. 118. Wiudow-sash Lift. 119. Window-sash Leather. 120. Window-sash Leather-pAate. 121. Window-blind. 122. Upx^er Window-blind Rail. 123. Lower Window blind Rail. 124. Window-blind Stile. 125. Window-hUnd Mullion. 126. Window-blind Slat. 126a. Windoiv-hlind Lift. 126b. Window blind Spring. 127. Sand-box. 138. Sand-bo.z Valve. 129. Sand-box Lever. 130. Sand-box Lever-holder. 131. Sand-box Connecting-rod. 132. Door-stile. 133. Top Door-rail. 134. Bottom Door-rail. 135. Door-lock Rail. 136. Door-mnntin ox Door-mtillion. 137. Door-panel. 137g. Class in Door. 138. Door-lintel. 138a. Door-casing. 139. Door-sill. 139a. Sliding-door. 140. Sliding-door Strip. 141. Sliding-door Handle. 142. Sliding-door Hook. 143. Sliding-door Sheave. 144. Sliding-door Roller. 145. Vijper Door-track. 146. Lower Door-track. 147. Intermediate Door-trad-. 148. Head-piece or Body Endplate. 148a. Body End-furring. 149. Trolley-inspection Steps. 150. Trolley-inspection Roof -land. ing. 151. Roof-landing Irons. 152. Roof-landing Orah-handle. 153. Upper-deck Orah-handle. 154. Trolley-board. 155. Trolley-board Cleats. 156. Trolley Base-blocks. 157. Ventilator. 158. Ventilator-casing. 159. Upper-deck Bottom rail. 160. Rail Roof-molding. 161. Upper-deck Bottom-raU Head- lining Molding. 162. Upper-deck Top-rail. 163. Upper-deck Eaves-rail. 164. Deck-post or Muntin. 165. Upper-deck Hood. 166. Upper-deck Hood-bow. 167. Upper-deck Sash-rail. (( 'ontinni-d. ) 168. Lon-rr-dcck .Sitsli-ratl. 169. l^ppcr-deck Cfu-ner-posl. 170. I 'oitdator-sash Pivot. 171. Upper-deck End-transom. 172. Transom Pivoted-sash. 172a. Top-trV,/,s. 5668-5673 Fig. 5668. Truck FOR Stheet Cars. .J. fi. Brit.l ('o\)pa,n v. Fig. [i6Si). The McKuire Columbian Truck, with Fox Pressed-steel Fras Fig. .5670. Truck for Street-cars. The Peckham Standard. Fig.b61\. Side Elevation. 2 9' ff" |391) Fig. 5673. Plan of Truck on a Curve. The Kobinson Radial Truck fob Electric Cars. (Other styles of truck.': arc slioicn in Gmicral Vicics of Sirecf C((rs.) yV;/.s. 5674-5683. STREETCARS, Electric-motors and Bearings. --v^^^N^, Fig.sdll. MOTOR-OASB AND ATTACHMENT TO AXLE. The Walker Manufacturing Company. Motor /.s- suspended on Spira/ Springs from the Axle and Frcime. »^\»„,. _ A Fill- .567G. Motor Inclosed, Hung upo.v axle. Card Electric Company. Fig. 5677. MoTOR-CASE AND Attachment to Axle. Westinghousk Electric Company. Fig. .5678. Motok Attached to a Pair of Wheel.?, WITH Cask Opem to .Show Attachment. Curtis Electric Company. Fig. 5679. Motor Attached to a Pair of Wheels. Steel Motor Company. Types of Electric .motors for Street-railway Cars. Sliowing several metliods of Attaching the Motors to Car Axles. Fig. 5680. Seetional Side Elevation. Fig. 5681. Sectional Fad Elevation. -8'/32- Fig. 5682. Sectional Side Elevation. ■^ 3'/8- Fig.5SS3. Sectional End Elevation. The Meneely Tubular-roller Journal-bearing. The Hyatt Flexible-roller Journj^l-bearinq. mn CARS ^1^ TRUCKS ir)ROMUTERS AND BUILDERS of Electric Roads, as well as officials of roads already in operation, must sooner or later devote some time and attention to Rolling Stock. This is, therefore, a fitting opportunity to display a number of illustrations of Cars and Trucks built by J. G. Brill Company. The illustrations show varied styles of cars, suitable for the different climates and requirements, as well as some specially designed cars for private use, and centre- vestibule compartment cars such as designed by J. (x. Brill Compan}' and used in St. Louis. To all parties interested in Electric Roads a perusal of the following pages may not only be interesting but a benefit. Detailed information, prices, etc., can be obtained from Western Office J. G. BRILL COMPANY 1038 Monadnock BIdg., CHICAGO PHILADELPHIA ip- '«^ CLOSED CARS Standard 16 ft. Electric Motor Car Body. Inside finish can be made, as desired, in palace No. 1, 2 or 3. Car body illustrated is mounted on a truck, first-class at the time furnished, but not possessing the advantages of Brill No. 21-B. To illustration and description following attention is respectfully called. \ ■5-1 . I It ■, *" W '^ 'I' 'J ' 1 r ■' i !l < ^11 T If I '^'-'^W ^ — I 1 1 if' ,\- - i ■ l> —.-'v * Inside Seating Arrangement of above car, shovring Style of Finish. TRUC KS Brill No. 21-B Electric Motor Truck. Is rigidly attached to the car body, and by the system of springs used overcomes all oscillation. ' Axle-box frame (see cut below) is entirely a solid forging, free from bolts, nuts and rivets ; nothing to rattle loose and require attention and repairs, thereby contrasting strongly with trucks having frames composite, built up of a multiplicity of parts and always requiring more or less attention. No. 2i-B Truck has springs under the journal-boxes, cushioning the blow to rail jointsi special work, etc., when the vehicle passes over them. For simplicity of construction, ease of riding, solidity and slighc cost of maintenance, Brill No. 21- B Truck stands far ahead of all competition. The axle-box frame of Brill Trucks, a solid forging, one piece, no bolts, no nuts, no rivets, no steel or malleable castings. CLOSED CARS standard 18 ft. motor body mounted on Brill No. 21 Truck. Arranged with dasher, closed at one side and doors at diagonal opposite corners, facilitating loading and unloading. This type of car is used largely in Buffalo, N. Y., Camden, N. J., and other places, with excellent results. Inside finish can be made, as desired, palace No. 1, 2 or 3. Standard 18 ft. Motor Body, mounted on Brill No. 13 Truck, identically same as car above, excepting doors are in centre of each end. CLOSED CARS Standard i8 ft. motor body, mounted on Biill No. 7 truck, but suitable for mounting on Brill No. 21-B truck. Has full monitor deck extending over platforms. Pla,tforms are vesti- buled and fiited with folding doors, making perfectly tight compartment for motorman. Finish can be, as desired. No. 1, 2 or 3. Standard 20 ft. motor body, with open platforms, dijuble doors, etc. Mounted on '-Eureka" Maximum-Traction Tracks (as'per following illustjation and description). Finish can be, as de- sired, No. 1, 2 or 3. This is the style of car adopted by the iNew Orleans Traction Company who have upwards of 200 in operation. TRUCKS Brill's "Eureka" Maximum-Traction Pivotal Truck, having 33 in. driving- wheels, and rest- ing the oar body 27^ in. from rail to underside of sill, 87 per cent of the vt'eight of car body, load and motors comes on the driving-wheels, greatly increasing the tractive force of the truck, and utilizing almost all the electric energy. Side bars are a solid piece, free from bolts and nuts. Spring compression device on rear of truck to throw weight on rear wheels when truck radiates on going through curves. Increased effectiveness of brakes, as eight points of friction are pre- sented. Is easier on roadbed, as there is no oscillation ; the motion of a double-truck car, as against a single-truck car, is a rolling weight versus a pounding weight. Trail Truck. Where it is desired ro operate a car with one motor and " Eureka" truck, for the saving in expense, a trail truck, as al)ove, can be used nnder rear end of car. ... CLOSED CARS Twenty-two feet Vestibuled Motor Car Body, mounted on Brill's "Eureka" Trucks. Identically similar to car No. 209, page 5, except two feet longer in body and equipped with vestibules on platforms. Twenty-five feet Motor Body, with open platforms and mounted on Brill's Maximum - Traction Trucks. Finish can be made, as desired, No. 1, 2 or 3. CLOSED CARS PFWf. i r.LjJLi - 9 Twenty-five feet six inches Motor Body, having vestibuled ends, with doors and transverse seats and aisle through center. Sash double on each side, top sash stationary, bottom sash arranged to lower, flush with window rail. Specially advantageous on inter- urban lines, where in almost all cases ixi»»engers desire to face the direction in which car is running. Is equipped with Brill's patented seat arms, saving room and decreasing the width of car and consequently the cost of construction. Finish can be lVo. ], 2 or 8, as desired. Mounted on B -ill's Maximum-Traction Trucks. showing interior ceating Arrangement of the above Car CLOSED CARS One View of Patented Center Vestibule Compartment Car. Aiiu'her Yiew of Center Vestibule Coni[)a) tment Car, showing Entiance. Showing beating Arrangement of Center Vestibule Compadment Cai-. Car specially designed for Lindell Ry. Co., St. Louis, and used quite largely by them Emboriies the advantage of separate compartments — one for smokei's and one for regu gers. Finish of both compartments can be, as desired, No. 1, i! or 3. Car mounted Maximiim-Traction,iTrucks. ar passen- on Brill's 10 OPEN CARS standard 8-Seat Upeu Motor Body, mounted on Brill_N"o. l2^Truck, and arranged for Brill No 21 B Truck. Has monitor deck roof full length of body. Spindle back seats, spring roller curtains, etc. Finish can be No. 1, 2 or 3, as desired. Eighteen feet Convertible Car Body, designed for mounting on electric motor truck, but shown as a trail car on running gear. Seats are arranged transversely of car and aisle through center In winter panels and glass are lixed stationary in the openings between posts and over screens, making an air-tight car. Finish can be No. 1, 2 or 3, as^ desired. 11 OPEN CARS tetandard Eight-seat upen Car, having enclosed front ends, witli sash. Monitor deck roof full length of body Spring roller ciirtains, solid seat backs. Finish can be No. 1, 2 or 8, as de- sired. This car can be arranged having seats on platforms (see cut below) by lengthening the platforms 13 in. each. Mounted on Brill No 13 track. Twelve-seat Open Car, mounted on Brill Eureka Maximum- Traction Truck. Spring roller curtains, monitor deck extending over platforms. Bulkheads in ends, with sash, seats on plat- forms. Length, 34 ft.; seating capacity, 60 passengers. 12 DOUBLE-DECK CARS Sixteen-feet Uouble-deck Oar, without canopy, but having pedestal in center for support of tiolley apparatus. Stairway at each end. Mounted on Brill No. 13 truck. Finish inside can he No. 1, 2 or 8, as desired. ^ even-seat Open Car, double-deck, with stairway at one end and with canopy. Spindle-back seats in lower deck, spring roller curtains, etc. Finish can be No 1, 2 or 3, as desired. Mounted on Brill No. 13 truck. 13 DOUBLE-DECK CARS Twenty-five feet Double-Deck Car, with auxiliary motorman's platform. Double-deck canopy and stairway at each end. Finish inside can be No. 1, 2 or 3, as desired. Car mounted on Brill's Maximum -Traction Trucks. Eighteen feet Double-Deck Car, with canopy and stairway at each end. Stairway specially designed with less pitch, allowing room under stairway for motoiman and electrical •ontrolling devices. Mounted on Brill No. 21 Truck. 14 DOUBLE-DECK CARS ^m^ Combination Open and Closed Double- Deck Car. Compartments can be made any length and any finish desired. Stairways at each end, and can be arranged with canopy if desired. JMonnted on Brill JSo. 13 Truck. Seven-Seat Open Car with Double Deck and Canopy. Stairways at each end. Finish can be as desired, and car can be mounted on Brill No. 21-B Truck, and operated as a motor car or on running gear as a trail-car. 15 COMBINATION BAGGAGE AND PASSENGER CARS Twenty-feet Combination Passenger and Baggage Car, having compartments of equal length and Vestibnled ends. Finish to passenger compartment can be, as desired, Ko. 1, 2 or 3. Mounted on Brill JNo. 21 Truck. Twenty-live feet Combination Passenger and Baggage Car, having lo-ft. baggage room and 16-ft. passenger compartment. Finish can be No. 1, 2 or 3, as desired. Mounted on Brill Eureka Maximum-Traction Trucks. 16 COMBINATION OPEN AND CLOSED CAR Twenty-nine feet Combination Open and Closed Car, mounted on Brill's Eureka Trucks. Seating capacity, as shown, 40 persons ; but compartments can be made any desired length and iinish, either 1, 2 or 3. PRIVATE CAR Private Car, 20 ft. long, and divided into two compartments, :> ft. and 15 ft respectively ; the smaller as a smoking room, the latter as a drawing room. Finished most luxariously with carpeted tioors, easy chairs, handsomely cushioned, silk curtain drapery, upholstered divans, etc jViounted on Brill No. 21 Trucks. Operated on the line of the Consumers' Elec. Ry., Tampa, Fla. r.:S*t!Si#w^4-^^«PKS*lK*'M*^?ii^^ ''^^' /:X^''Kj^'