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 Mr. Gladstone and the nationalities of t 
 
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QuaritcKs Reprints ^ No. 5. 
 
 ^Pe (|tace0 
 
 OF 
 
 ^^e f^xxiU^ ^eUe, 
 
MR. GLADSTONE 
 
 AND THE 
 
 NATIONALITIES OF THE 
 UNITED KINGDOM. 
 
 A Series of Letters to the " Times " 
 
 BY 
 
 SIR JOHN LUBBOCK, BART., M.P., F.R.S., D.C.L., LL.D. 
 
 President of the Linnean Society, First President of the Anthropological 
 Institute, Trustee of the British Museum. 
 
 With Rejoinders by MR. J. BRYCE, M.P., 
 
 AND LETTERS IN SUPPORT BY 
 
 THE DUKE OF ARGYLL, DR. JOHN BEDDOE, &c. 
 
 FOLLOWED BY 
 
 " Gyfla : the Sctr of the Ivel Valley" 
 
 By THOMAS KERSLAKE ; 
 
 AND THE CORRESPONDENCE WHICH IT HAS ELICITED. 
 
 LONDON : 
 
 BERNARD QUARITCH, 15 PICCADILLY. 
 
 ja_ 
 
 1887. 
 & 
 S 
 
l\ '9 
 
 f^.t^\^^'\S' 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 T N reprinting the interesting Letters of Sir John 
 -■- Lubbock, Bart., M.P., to the Times, on the subject 
 of the Nationalities and Races of Great Britain 
 and Ireland, and the replies they elicited from 
 Mr. Bryce, M.P., the Duke of_ Argyll, and others, 
 I believe that I am doing a service to politicians and 
 historical students. 
 
 As an Appendix to that Correspondence, I reprint a 
 pamphlet (" Gyfla," 9 pp., 1887) of my friend Thomas 
 Kerslake, the spirited antiquary, formerly one of my 
 most intelligent rivals in the old-book trade, with the 
 correspondence to which it has led. 
 
 I take the opportunity here of making a remark 
 which has a close bearing upon the subject-matter of 
 
6 Introduction. 
 
 the following pages. It is a singular fact, that 
 whilst in distant rural and mountainous districts, 
 both in this country and on the Continent, we 
 find whole villages bearing the same typical 
 physiognomy, we meet in London and other large 
 English towns with types of all the races which 
 have settled in this country. Even in a single family, 
 children of the same parents are frequently so different 
 as to betoken clearly the' original elements of their 
 mixed Teutonic and Celtic descent; while in the lower 
 classes of the London, populace not only the Celtic, 
 but even its forerunner, the Iberian, type seems to be 
 largely reproduced. t . 
 
 r.. . 
 
MR. GLADSTONE AND THE 
 
 NATIONALITIES OF THE UNITED 
 
 KINGDOM. 
 
 To THE Editor of the " Times." 
 
 3iR,- — I observe that the supporters of Home Rule 
 place in the forefront of their argument the assertion 
 that " we have within the compass of the United 
 Kingdotn no less than four real nationalities." By this 
 I do not suppose that allusion is meant to the modern 
 and, so to say, accidental divisions between England 
 and Scotland in the first place,; England and Wales in 
 th^ second, or to the silver streak between Britain and 
 Ireland, for we are hardly so degenerate as to reverse 
 our old boast and allow the waves to rule Britannia. 
 In fact, the addition of the adjective "real" is, of 
 course, intended to give emphasis to the declaration, 
 
8 The Nationalities and Races 
 
 which no doubt means that there are in the United 
 Kingdom four distinct races, and that the existence of 
 four distinct races is reason why we should permit one 
 of them to have a separate Legislature and a separate 
 Executive. It is, therefore, worth while to inquire 
 what the facts really are. As regards South Britain, 
 it will be generally admitted that, omitting the question 
 of pre-Celtic races (though these form, I believe, 
 a far more important element in our population than 
 is generally recognised), Wales and Cornwall are pre- 
 dominantly Celtic ; that the south and east are pre- 
 dominantly Anglo-Saxon, with a considerable Norman 
 intermixture ; that certain districts are mainly Scan- 
 dinavian ; that our population is built up of three prin- 
 cipal elements — Celtic, Anglo-Saxon, and Scandinavian. 
 In Ireland the population of the east and north is 
 mainly Saxon, in the north-west Celtic, while in the 
 extreme south-west the basis is Iberian, akin to the 
 population of parts of Spain. Very many of those who 
 imagine themselves to be Celts, and the natural foes 
 of the Sassenach, are descendants of English colonists, 
 even in Munster and Connaught. The Parnells, 
 Grays, Moores, Burkes, Fitzgeralds, Barrys, Butlers, 
 and, according to some, the McMahons, are Anglo- 
 Norman. 
 
Of the British Isles. 9 
 
 I pass to North Britain. Here we are met at once 
 by the curious fact that the Saxons entered Caledonia, 
 if not before, at any rate about the same time 
 as, the Scots, In fact the Scots were an Irish 
 tribe, Ireland, says Bede, " was the original country 
 of the Scots" — " Ibernia propria Scotorum estpatria." 
 " Scotia was originally Ireland," said Bozius, — "Scotia, 
 quae tum erat Ibernia." The Scot came from 
 Ireland, says Marianus, — " Scotus, de Ibernia insula 
 natus." Ireland, says Chalmers in his great work, was 
 " known at the end of the third century as the native 
 country of the Scots, and in after-ages by the name of 
 Scotland ; this appellation was afterwards transferred 
 from Ireland to Scotland"; and he asserts, as the 
 result of all his inquiries, tha:t no permanent settlement 
 of the Scots in Caledonia took place till towards the 
 close of the sixth century. 
 
 In fact, down to the Middle Ages, if a person was 
 called a Scot, it was meant that he was born in Ireland. 
 I must not overwhelm you with quotations, but having 
 given several of the earliest authorities, perhaps you 
 will allow me to quote two of the latest, Mr, Bonwick 
 says, " the real Scotia was Ireland, whose name got 
 transferred to North Britain," and Mr, Taylor, in 
 "Words and Places," remarks that "the Scots, this 
 
lo The Nationalities and Races 
 
 conquering Irish sept, which appears to have actually 
 colonised only a part of Argyle, succeeded in bestowing 
 its name on the whole country." Argyle is indeed the 
 country of the Gael or Irishman. In the North of 
 Scotland, the Orkneys, and Shetlands, the population 
 is mainly Scandinavian, Sutherland being so named as 
 the southern portion of their territory. In the east 
 and south the population is mainly Anglo-Saxon. 
 Edinburgh is an Anglo-Saxon city, built by Edwin, 
 King of Northumbria, and called after him. 
 
 Of the great Scotch families, the Baliols came 
 from Bailleul or Baliol in Normandy, the Bruces 
 from Yorkshire, the Stewarts from Shropshire, the 
 Hamiltons from Hambleton in Buckinghamshire, 
 the Lindsays from Lindsay in Essex, the Sinclairs 
 from St. Clair in Normandy, the Corny ns from 
 Comines in Flanders. Some even of the Highland 
 clans are Teutonic. According to some authorities, 
 the Camerons derive their name from Cambronne. 
 The Gordons, says MacLaughlan, the Erasers, the 
 Chisholms, &c., are without any trace of a connection 
 with the Celts, and originally without doubt of purely 
 Teutonic blood ; while the Maclaughlans, Kennedys, 
 Macdonalds, and Munroes are Irish, and the Elliotts, 
 Erasers, Maxwells, Mathesons, and Keiths English. 
 
Of the British Isles. 1 1 
 
 "The great heroes of Scottish history," says 
 Bonwick, " Bruce and Wallace, were of English 
 origin." The Lothians, says Hume, were " entirely 
 peopled with Saxons." 
 
 Thus, then, in Scotland, as in England, the east is 
 mainly Teutonic, the west mainly Celtic. 
 
 Huxley and Beddoe have both pointed out, and it 
 will be geherally admitted, that the people north and 
 south of the line dividing England and Scotland are 
 practically identical. On the other hand, so far from 
 Scotland being inhabited by a single homogeneouis 
 people, the struggle between the east and west was 
 bitter and prolonged. The Wolf of Badenoch and 
 his Highlknders burned Elgin in 1390; and, says 
 Burton, *' it will be difficult to make those not familiar 
 with the tone of feeling in Lowland Scotland at that 
 time believe that the defeat of Donald of the Isles 
 (at Harlaw) was felt as a more memorable deliverance 
 even than that of Bannockburn." 
 
 I maintain, therefore, that the defence of Home 
 Rule, on the ground that there are four " real 
 nationalities " in our islands is entirely without 
 foundation. If, however, we are to be divided at all 
 according to blood, the divisions would not be into 
 England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales. The m.ain 
 
 c 2 
 
12 The Nationalities and Races 
 
 division in Great Britain would be not from east to 
 westj but from north to south ; the Saxon division 
 would include the greater portion of the east of 
 England, the east of Ireland, and of Scotland ; the 
 Celtic division would comprise most of the west of 
 Ireland and west of Scotland, with Wales and 
 Cornwall ; the Scandinavian the north of Scotland, 
 several maritime districts on the east, Westmoreland, 
 Cumberland, and Pembroke, while the extreme south- 
 west of Ireland and part of Wales would be Iberian. 
 The exact limits would give rise to an endless number 
 of bitter disputes. Indeed, so much intermingled are 
 the different races that one of our highest authorities. 
 Dr. Beddoe, after careful and prolonged study, says : — 
 "With respect to the distribution and commixture of 
 race elements in the British Isles, we may safely assert 
 that not one of them, whether Iberian, Gaelic, Cymric, 
 Saxon, or Scandinavian, is peculiar to, or absent from, 
 or everywhere predominant in any one of the three 
 kingdoms." 
 
 This being so, I submit that any argument in 
 favour of Home Rule based on the existence of 
 distinct nationalities falls utterly to the ground, while 
 the effect of rousing race antagonisms, from which we 
 have suffered so terribly in the past, and which are 
 
Of the British Isles. 1 3 
 
 now happily latent, can only add to our political 
 difficulties and tend to weaken the British Empire ; 
 while, on the contrary, if we recognise the undeniable 
 ethnological fact that English, Irish, and Scotch are 
 all composed of the same elements, and in not very 
 dissimilar proportions, it would do much to mitigate 
 our unfortunate dissensions, and add to the strength 
 and welfare of our common country. 
 
 I am. Sir, your obedient servant, 
 
 JOHN LUBBOCK. 
 
 House of Commons. 
 
 \^' Times" March 18, 1887.] 
 
 To THE Editor of the "Times." 
 
 Sir, — In his interesting letter to you Sir John 
 Lubbock entirely misses the bearing of Mr. Gladstone's 
 remark by confusing races with nationalities. A 
 nationality may be made up of any number of races, 
 because race is only one of several elements which go 
 to create a nationality. Everybody knows that from 
 the fifth to the tenth century " Scotus " meapf an 
 Irishman. Everybody knows that the Scottish- people 
 consist of four or five races — -Picts, Scots, Angles, 
 
14 The Nationalities and Races 
 
 Northmen, Strathclyde Britons. But that does not 
 make the Scotch any the less a nation, because history 
 has slowly fused these various races into a cohesive 
 whole. So the Swiss are both a nationality and a 
 nation, although they spring from several races, and 
 four languages are still spoken within their borders. 
 The same may be said of the French and the Germans. 
 
 It would take too long to point out the minor state- 
 ments of Sir J. Lubbock's letter, which seem to be 
 either very doubtful or erroneous, so I will only observe, 
 in passing, that the Saxons were not in Caledonia 
 before the Scots ; that the name Argyle has nothing 
 to do with the Gael, nor the Camerons with Cam- 
 bronne ; that in Sutherland there is very little Scan- 
 dinavian blood ; that there is no reason to think the 
 Kennedys, Munroes, and so forth, to be Irish ; that 
 although Bruce, the claimant of the Scottish throne, 
 was an Anglo-Norman, the name Bruce is Norwegian 
 (Brusi), and probably most of the Scottish Bruces are 
 descendants of Norwegian settlers ; and that William 
 Wallace was not an Englishman, but, if we are to go 
 by his name at all, a Welshman — i.e., a Strathclyde 
 Briton. 
 
 The point of Mr. Gladstone's remarks seems to me 
 to be, that in a question involving national sentiment 
 
Of the British Isles. 15 
 
 the opinion of each of the nationalities surviving in 
 our islands is worth regarding ; and that the people 
 of Scotland and Wales, still cherishing a distinct 
 national feeling of their own, though one happily com- 
 patible with attachment to the greater nationality of 
 the United Kingdom, have shown that they can 
 extend their sympathy to the sentiment of nationality 
 among the Irish, and that they do not deem it 
 dangerous to Imperial unity. An Englishman has 
 but one patriotism, because England and the United 
 Kingdom are to him practically the same thing. A 
 Scotchman has two, but he is sensible of no opposition 
 between them. He is none the less loyal to the 
 United Kingdom because he is also loyal to Scotland. 
 And he believes the day may come when the same will 
 be true of an Irishman. 
 
 I am, Sir, faithfully yours, 
 March 19. J. BRYCE. 
 
 \^iTimes" March 2\,\'&%']::\ 
 
 To THE Editor of the " Times." 
 Sir, — I am very glad that my letter has so' far 
 effected its object as to have extracted, from one of 
 the most eminent advocates of Home Rule, the ad- 
 
1 6 The Nationalities and Races 
 
 mission that the argument in support of separate 
 Legislatures for England, Scotland, Ireland, and 
 Wales, based on the supposed existence of four 
 " real nationalities," in the sense of there being four 
 distinct races occupying these four geographical 
 regions, is entirely without foundation. Of course, 
 I do not imagine that Professor Bryce ever supposed 
 that there were such distinct races, but thousands of 
 people not so well informed have so understood the 
 argument. 
 
 Professor Bryce, however, having entirely admitted 
 my contention, proceeds to enumerate some points 
 which he states to be either very doubtful or erro- 
 neous. He gives, indeed, no evidence in support of 
 his statements, still you will perhaps allow me to 
 defend myself. 
 
 The points on which he contradicts my statements 
 are (i) the origin of Sir W. Wallace ; (2) the origin 
 of the Bruces ; (3) that Argyle was called after the 
 Gaels ; (4) that the Saxons were in Scotland before, 
 or as soon as, the Scots ; (5) that Sutherland was so 
 named from its relation to the Scandinavian settle- 
 ments in the Orkneys and Shetlands ; (6) that the 
 name Cameron is derived from Cambronne; and (7) 
 that the Kennedys and Munroes are of Irish origin. 
 
Of the British Isles. 17 
 
 As regards the first point, Mr. Bryce asserts that 
 Wallace " was not an Englishman, but, if we are to 
 go by his name at all, a Welshman." But what says 
 Chalmers ? " The original country," he states, " of 
 this great man's family is idly supposed to be Wales ; 
 but his progenitors were undoubtedly an Anglo- 
 Norman family." . . " The Scottish antiquaries 
 suppose," he adds, "the families of Wallace and 
 Valoines, who both came from England into Scot- 
 land, to have been the same ; but that these two 
 families were distinct is apparent." 
 
 Speaking of Wallace, Sir Walter Scott, in his 
 History, says, " This champion of his country was of 
 Anglo-Norman descent." 
 
 Secondly, Mr. Bryce questions the assertion that 
 Bruce was Anglo-Norman. " Robert de Brus or 
 Bruce," says Burton, " was a cadet of Norman family, 
 powerful among the baronial houses of the North of 
 England." 
 
 " Robert de Bruis," says Chalmers, "was an 
 opulent baron in Yorkshire at the epoch of the 
 Domesday Book." I do not doubt that the family 
 are originally Scandinavian, but this does not affect 
 the question. 
 
 Thirdly, Mr. Bryce asserts that " the name Argyle 
 
1 8 The Nationalities and Races • 
 
 had nothing to do with the Gael." " The old Scotch 
 form of Argyle," says Skene, " is Earrgaoidheal, 
 from ' earr,' a limit or boundary, and this approaches 
 most nearly to the form of the name in the old 
 descriptions, with its etymology of margin or limit of 
 the Gael." 
 
 "Argyle," says Chalmers, "signified merely the 
 limit or boundary of the Irishmen or Gael." 
 
 " Here also," says Rhys (" Celtic Britain"), "may be 
 mentioned Argyle, as it is found variously called Oirir 
 Gaethel, Airer Gaethel, and Arregaethel, meaning the 
 region belonging to the Goidel, or Gaelic-speaking 
 people." 
 
 "The name Gael," says Taylor, in "Words and 
 Places," was used " as a national appellation by the 
 Gaels of Caledonia and the Gauls of Gallia. Gal way, 
 Donegal, Galloway, and Argyle are Gaelic districts." 
 " Northern Argyle," says Robertson, " was that por- 
 tion of the territories of the Oirir-Gael which reached 
 from the northern boundaries of the modern county 
 to the frontiers of the Gall-Gael," and in his map the 
 district is marked as Oirir-Gael. 
 
 Fourthly, Professor Bryce asserts that the Saxons 
 were not in Scotland before the Celts. Chalmers says, 
 " The Britons were the first, the Saxons were the 
 
Of the British Isles. 19 
 
 second people, whose descendants have finally pre- 
 vailed over the posterity of the other two ; and the 
 Irish-Scots were the third race." Professor Bryce 
 will, I think, admit at any rate that there was no 
 great difference in point of time. 
 
 Fifthly, I stated that Sutherland was so named by 
 the Scandinavians. On the contrary^ says Mr. Bryce, 
 " in Sutherland there is very little Scandinavian 
 blood." In support of my assertion I may again 
 quote Isaac Taylor, who says — " It may seem strange 
 that the extreme north-western corner of Great 
 Britain should be called Sutherland. No inhabitant 
 of Scotland could have bestowed so inappropriate 
 a name. The name of Sutherland was evidently 
 given by a people living still further to the north. 
 Here, as well as in Caithness, we find numerous 
 Norwegian names." In the map he gives, the 
 straths and glens of Sutherland are coloured as 
 Norwegian. 
 
 The Scandinavians, says Burton, " spread over the 
 northern mainland, occupying large tracts in Caith- 
 ness and Sutherland." Caithness and Sutherland, 
 says Skene, " became more Norwegian than Scotch," 
 and again, " in 989 Sigurd was in possession of the 
 four provinces of Moray, Ross, Sudrland or Suther- 
 
 D2 
 
20 The Nationalities and Races 
 
 land, and Dali." The descendants of the Scandinavians, 
 says Chalmers, " may still be distinguished within 
 Caithness and Sutherland, as a distinct race of Gothic 
 people, from the Saxon inhabitants of the more 
 southern districts." 
 
 His other two points are of minor interest, but if 
 space permitted I should have been prepared to 
 support my statements by ample evidence. I think, 
 however, that I have said enough to vindicate myself 
 from the charge of inaccuracy, which my friend must 
 forgive me for saying he has too hastily brought 
 against me. 
 
 It is very satisfactory to find that Mr, Bryce does 
 not attempt to maintain that any argument in favour 
 of Home Rule can be based on difference of race. 
 In truth, Celts, Anglo-Saxons, and Scandinavians 
 people in no very different proportions, and with no 
 fixed or clear boundaries, England and Scotland 
 and Ireland alike. 
 
 One word in conclusion. Race, says Mr. Bryce, 
 " is only one of several elements which go to create 
 a nationality." History, he adds, " may slowly fuse 
 " various races into a cohesive whole." Is this, then, 
 now his argument ? Has history done so in the case 
 of Ireland ? Does he really maintain that Ulster is 
 
Of the British Isles. 2 1 
 
 fused into a cohesive whole with the rest of the 
 island ? If not, then surely the second argument is 
 as untenable as the first. 
 
 I am, Sir, your obedient servant, 
 
 JOHN LUBBOCK. 
 
 House of Commons, March 21. 
 
 [" Times" Supplement, March 25, 1887.J 
 
 To THE. Editor of the "Times." 
 
 Sir, — -In the concluding paragraph of the letter 
 from Mr. J. Bryce, which appears in your columns of 
 this day, he points to Scotland as a country cherishing 
 a distinct national feeling of its own in conjunction 
 with loyalty and attachment to a greater nationality, 
 and he looks forward to the growth of a similar state 
 of sentiment in Ireland. It may, therefore, be worth 
 while to remind Mr. Bryce that his satisfaction with 
 the present condition of national feeling in Scotland 
 is not shared by his political confederate, Mr. Parnell, 
 and that the ideal contemplated by the Irish Nationalist 
 
22 The Nationalities and Races 
 
 leader would seem to be a very different one. " Scot- 
 land" (said Mr. Parnell on September i, 1885, in 
 response to the toast of " Ireland a Nation " at a 
 banquet in the Dublin Mansion-house) "has lost her 
 nationality, and has practically become merged in 
 England ; but Ireland has never done this. And she 
 never will." 
 
 Now, Sir, I am one of those who " entirely trust " 
 Mr. Parnell, in Mr. Bright's sense, and I took note of 
 his sneer at Scotland for its perfect consistency with 
 aspirations for the severance of the last link which 
 binds Ireland to Great Britain. 
 
 I am, Sir, your obedient servant, 
 March 2\. M.P. 
 
 [" Times" Supplement, March 25, 1887.] 
 
 To THE Editor of the '* Times." 
 
 Sir, — Sir John Lubbock will, I hope, permit me to 
 
 say that he awards to himself an easy victory over 
 
 an imaginary foe. I know of no person of any 
 
 authority who has ever argued for "separate 
 
Of the British Isles. 23 
 
 Legislatufes for England, Scotland, Ireland, and 
 Wales on the basis of the existence of four distinct 
 races occupying these four geographical regions." 
 The idea is fantastic. What my letter of last Monday 
 did was to point out that Sir J. Lubbock had mistaken 
 the point of Mr. Gladstone's remark by hastily 
 assuming that " race " and " nationality " are synony- 
 mous. They are entirely different. You may have 
 different nationalities of a race practically the same. 
 You may have a nationality composed of several races. 
 So far therefore from admitting Sir J. Lubbock's 
 contention, I have shown that his contention is based 
 on a misconception, and does not touch Mr. Gladstone's 
 real argument As his second letter does not touch 
 it either, it need not be repeated by me. 
 
 With regard to the minor historical points of both 
 his letters, I frankly admit that statements in support 
 of which respectable, even if old-fashioned, authorities 
 can be cited ought not to be called " inaccuracies," and 
 I willingly withdraw any expression which can cause 
 annoyance to a friend who, even in controversy, is fair 
 and courteous. These points, as your article observes, 
 are of no consequence to the present discussion, 
 because I agree with him that the population of 
 Scotland is composed of diverse elements, and have 
 
24 The Nationalities and Races 
 
 stated the fact more broadly than he did. But I must 
 repeat my dissent from his details. As regards one of 
 them, he mistakes my contradiction. Everybody 
 knows that the name of Sutherland is, like Caithness, 
 a name given by the Norsemen, but that proves 
 nothing as to the population, which is overwhelmingly 
 Celtic. London and Dover are Celtic names, but 
 what does that prove as to their population } He 
 practically admits my correction as to the Bruces ; and 
 the writers he refers to on the other points are not, 
 except Mr. Skene, such as modern students will deem 
 weighty. Alex. Chalmers was a good antiquary for his 
 time, but the very quotation Sir J. Lubbock makes 
 from him about Britons and Saxons indicates, to those 
 who have followed recent discussions, how much has 
 been done since his day to clear up the ethnology of 
 early Britain. But I must not occupy your space 
 with inquiries and citations of counter-authorities fitter 
 for the Historical Review than for the columns of a 
 daily journal ; and I leave the subject by reiterating 
 (what, indeed, your article has said) that questions 
 relating to the original elements of the population of 
 our islands shed so little light upon our present problem 
 that to drag them into it is to make confusion worse 
 confounded. We might as well inquire whether Lord 
 
Of the British Isles. 25 
 
 Edward Fitzgerald, Archibald Hamilton Rowan, 
 and Mr. Parnell himself ought to be reckoned 
 Nationalists, seeing that their families came from 
 Great Britain. 
 
 But at the end of his letter Sir J. Lubbock starts a 
 new hare. He seems to attribute to me an opinion 
 regarding Ireland which I have never held nor 
 expressed, and which is no part either of Mr. 
 Gladstone's argument or of my own. I have never 
 said, no English Home Ruler known to me has said, 
 that Ireland is at present a cohesive whole. What we 
 do say, and what the history of the last no years 
 amply proves, is that there exists a passionate feeling 
 of nationality among the great bulk of the Irish people, 
 a feeling which has resisted all the attempts of England 
 to ignore or to extinguish it. It was just as strong 
 among the Protestant patriots of 1782 and the 
 Protestant insurgents of Ulster in 1 798 as it is among 
 the Nationalists of 1887. It is not a matter of race or 
 religion only, for it is now shared by many Protestants 
 and many descendants of Englishmen and Scotchmen. 
 We hold that it is the unwise policy of England that 
 has forced this feeling into antagonism to what the 
 Irish masses call "the English Government." Had 
 Scotland been dealt with as Ireland has been, the 
 
26 The Nationalities and Races 
 
 national sentiment of Scotland might have been driven 
 into the same hostility. Had the Scottish policy of 
 James II. been continued by William and Anne and 
 the Georges, had the Union of 1 707 been carried as a 
 part of that policy, would Scotland have been any 
 more loyal to the Act of 1707 than Ireland has been to 
 the Act of 1800 ? If Ireland had received, even after 
 1800, the same treatment which Scotland has generally 
 received since 1689, O'Connell would never have 
 raised the standard of repeal. 
 
 I well remember Mr. Parnell's speech in 1885, to 
 which your anonymous correspondent "M.P."(who 
 might with advantage imitate Sir J. Lubbock's 
 courtesy) refers. I remember the amused astonishment 
 with which Scotchmen received it. Scotland has not 
 parted with her nationality or become merged in 
 England. By her acceptance of the wider nationality 
 of the United Kingdom and of the English-speaking 
 race throughout the world, she has not lost her proper 
 national feeling, her attachment to her own law, to her 
 own form of Christianity, to her own historic memories 
 and institutions. She does not honour William 
 Wallace and John Knox the less because she can now 
 also claim a share in Simon of Montfort and John 
 Hampden. Satisfied in the main with her own 
 
Of the British Isles. 27 
 
 government, which is administered by persons 
 whom she trusts, and with her own laws, which are 
 generally conformable to her wishes (though she 
 complains that the Imperial Parliament gives her far 
 too little of its time), she does not ask for, because she 
 does not need, the same changes in her relation to 
 England as the vast majority of the Irish people now 
 demand for themselves. Irish history has been so 
 different from Scottish, that it woulc^ be strange 
 indeed if the same measures of reform were required 
 for both the countries. 
 
 When, therefore, we are reminded of the contrast 
 between the attitude of Scotland and that of Ireland 
 our answer is twofold. Scotland is contented because 
 she has received justice and equality, because she has 
 practically been allowed to manage her own affairs. 
 Why should not justice, equality, and the sensc^of, 
 responsibility bear their appropriate fruits in Ireland 
 also } 
 
 Scotland, which so late as 1745 was a divided 
 country, and whose national feeling was once bitterly 
 hostile to England, is now a united country, and 
 cherishes a local patriotism which strengthens instead 
 of clashing with her Imperial patriotism. Why should 
 not the same come to pass in Ireland also when the 
 
 E 2 
 
28 The Nationalities and Races 
 
 springs of discontent and resentment have been dried 
 up by a wise and generous policy ? 
 
 Your faithful servant, 
 
 March 25. J, BRYCE. 
 
 [" Times" March 28, 1887.] 
 
 To THE Editor of the "Times." 
 Sir, — Mr. Bryce, in his reply to Sir John Lubbock, 
 speaks in a somewhat ex cathedrA manner of Sir 
 John's " minor inaccuracies," which he proceeds to 
 point out. 
 
 These so-called inaccuracies are all, however, either 
 simple facts, or statements of opinion, based on 
 authority, on matters not susceptible of complete 
 prci/. 
 
 Thus it is true that the Saxons were in Scotland a 
 little before the Scots, i.e., that the Northumbrians 
 occupied the. country about the Lower Tweed before 
 the Dalriadic Scots effected a permanent settlement in 
 Argyle. Celtic philol6gists seldom agree about 
 etymologies ; but that which Sir John Lubbock gives 
 for the word " Argyk," though not the only one in 
 the field, is the one generally accepted. The names 
 
Of the British Isles. 29 
 
 Cambrun and Camburn occur in the Ragman Roll, 
 
 and their owners were probably the ancestors of the 
 
 Lowland Camerons, if not of the chiefs of the 
 
 Highland clan. Sir John did not, as I read him, 
 
 positively assert that there was very much Scandinavian 
 
 blood in Sutherland ; but he might have done so with 
 
 safety : the people of Western Sutherland exhibit 
 
 unmistakable signs of Scandinavianism in their 
 
 physique as well as in clan and place-names. The 
 
 Kennedys were derived by Nisbet from Ireland ; and 
 
 the Munroes have a tradition that they came from 
 
 Ulster. That the Bruces were directly or indirectly 
 
 of Norwegian origin we are all agreed, and it makes 
 
 in Sir John's favour ; while the pedigree of Sir William 
 
 Wallace, as given by the author of " The Norman 
 
 People," brings his family to Scotland from the borders 
 
 of Shropshire. 
 
 Yours, &c., 
 
 Clifton, March 23. JOHN BEDDOE. 
 
 [" Times," March , 1887.J 
 
 To THE Editor of the "Times." 
 
 Sir, — Sir John Lubbock is unquestionably right 
 when he asserts the identity of the people of Ireland 
 
30 The Nationalities and Races 
 
 and the people of Great Britain, as regards their 
 common origin in a mixture of the same races. There is 
 absolutely no distinction between them in this respect. 
 We are all mongrels, and not only are we all equally 
 mongrels, but we are the result of the intermixture of 
 precisely the same breeds all over the United Kingdom. 
 In examining lately the earliest history of Scotland, I 
 have been much struck by the comparative lateness of 
 the period down to which the constituent races were 
 still so separate as to be separately named and 
 enumerated in the language of authority. During the 
 two centuries and more which elapsed between the 
 Norman conquest of England and the war of Scottish 
 independence, there were in Scotland four, if not five, 
 "well-marked nationalities." They were sometimes 
 separately addressed in Royal proclamations and in 
 other public documents as Scots, Angles, French 
 (Normans), and Galwegians. Of these, two were 
 Celtic of different branches, the Scots and Galwegians, 
 and two were Teutonic, while a fifth element of great 
 power, the Scandinavian, was predominant in the 
 north and west. It was the work — the glorious and 
 civilising work — of our best kings to effect the welding 
 and amalgamation of these separate nationalities into 
 one. It is now the barbarous work of the Parnellite 
 
Of the British Isles. 31 
 
 Liberals to undo the work of union all over the three 
 kingdoms, and to sunder the "goodly fellowship" 
 which had been established by greater men and in 
 happier times. Why is it that no Englishman thinks 
 or speaks with reluctance of the Conquest ? It is 
 because he is conscious of that ancient union which 
 makes him a representative both of those who con- 
 quered and of those, who were subdued. Sir John 
 Lubbock does good service when he reminds all Irish- 
 men that they are in precisely the same position. It 
 is true that the processes of amalgamation in Ireland 
 were less happy, but, so far as the mixture and 
 inheritance of common blood are concerned, those 
 processes were not less complete. The proudest 
 names in the history of Ireland are names representing 
 a perfect union of the races. Not a few of the most 
 devoted adherents of each and of all the political 
 parties into which Ireland has been unhappily divided 
 have borne indifferently names of Celtic and of Nor- 
 man origin, and at the present moment many of those 
 whom the Parnellite faction desire to expropriate and 
 banish from Ireland are, and have been for 700 years, 
 " more Irish than the Irish." The language of party 
 leaders who dare to speak of these men as unpatriotic 
 because they refuse to sacrifice the Union at the 
 
32 The Nationalities and Races 
 
 bidding of faction, is thoroughly characteristic of the 
 unscrupulous and fanatical spirit in which the whole 
 movement is conducted. 
 
 But, besides the absence of any dividing line 
 between us and the Irish people in respect to race, 
 there is also a complete absence of any historical 
 separation between them in respect to those other 
 elements which sometimes contribute to establish the 
 national distinctions. There may be real separate 
 nationalities among people of the same race. Widely 
 separated geographical positions, distinct, definite, and 
 continuous growths of law and government, may estab- 
 lisli, and may even of necessity constitute, such 
 separate nationalities. Can this be truly said of 
 Ireland as distinguished from Great Britain ? Let us 
 hear the voice of an Irish historian — animated with 
 almost a fierce spirit of antagonism to those he calls 
 "the English" — Mr. Prendergast, author of the "Crom- 
 wellian Settlement of Ireland." In condemning the 
 language, born of local and temporary contests, 
 which used to designate insurgent septs as the " Irish 
 enemy," Mr. Prendergast uses these remarkable 
 words : — 
 
 " Now, the ' Irish enemy ' was no nation in the modern sense 
 of the word, but a race divided into many nations or tribes. 
 
Of the British Isles. 33 
 
 separately defending tiieir lands from the English barons in their 
 immediate neighbourhood. There has been no ancient national 
 government displaced — no national dynasty overthrown ; the Irish 
 had no national flag, nor any capital city as the metropolis of their 
 common country, nor any common administration of law ; nor did 
 they ever give a combined opposition to the English. The English, 
 coming in the name of the Pope, with the aid of the Irish Bishops, 
 and with a superior national organisation, which the Irish easily 
 recognised, were accepted by the Irish. Neither King Henry II. 
 nor King John ever fought a battle in Ireland." 
 
 Again, a few pages further on, the same author 
 says : — 
 
 " The Irish gave no national resistance to the English ; they had 
 no dynasty to set up; no common government to restore ; no 
 national capital to recover." (Pages 28 and 30.) 
 
 These statements, remarkable in themselves, and 
 still more remarkable coming from such a source, are 
 not only strictly true, but they are far within the truth 
 — by which I mean that they do not nearly exhaust 
 the facts which establish the same conclusions. The 
 " superior national organisation," which the Irish 
 " easily recognised," consisted in a system of law and of 
 jurisprudence, and it was the great sin and blunder of 
 the English for a long time that they excluded the 
 native Irish from its benefits, which they were anxious 
 to secure and to enjoy. It can be shown beyond 
 question that most of the miseries of the Irish people 
 
34 The Nationalities and Races 
 
 have arisen from the long survival of some ancient 
 native usages and habits, and from the grudging and 
 reluctant application to the Irish of that higher organ- 
 isation to which they ought to have been admitted 
 universally and at once. Complete union and amal- 
 gamation on perfectly equal terms with the noblest 
 Empire in the world was the natural issue and the 
 right consummation of all the facts. This is what 
 Mr. Pitt intended to offer. This is what we should 
 endeavour to complete ; and it is this which we need 
 never be ashamed to defend. 
 
 March 26. ARGYLL. 
 
 [" Times" March 31, 1887.] 
 
 To THE Editor of the "Times." 
 
 Sir, — There was unquestionably a very widely 
 entertained idea that, when the existence of " real 
 nationalities " was adduced as an argument in favour 
 of Home Rule, it was implied that there were different 
 races of men in England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales 
 respectively. If indeed the argument does not mean 
 this, it seems to have very little meaning at all, and 
 my first letter has effected, its object in clearing up 
 this point. 
 
Of the British Isles. 35 
 
 Professor Bryce sneers at the authorities I cited. I 
 will only say that, writing in the library of the House of 
 Comnions, I quoted the writers selected by our worthy 
 librarian, who would, no doubt, be prepared to defend 
 them if necessary. 
 
 As a Unionist, I have read the latter part of Pro- 
 fessor Bryce's letter with both surprise and pleasure. 
 He says that Scotland, which " so late as 1 745 was a 
 divided country, and whose national feeling was once 
 bitterly hostile to England, is now a united country, and 
 cherishes a local patriotism which strengthens instead 
 of clashing with her Imperial patriotism. Why should 
 not the same come to pass in Ireland also, when the 
 springs of discontent and resentment have been dried 
 up by a wise and generous policy?" Why not, indeed? 
 But, Sir, we did not then yield to this " bitterly hostile" 
 feeling in Scotland ; we did not constitute separate 
 Legislatures in 1 745 ; our forefathers maintained the 
 union with Scotland then, as, if we are true to ourselves, 
 we shall maintain the union with Ireland now. From 
 economic causes Ireland has suffered much in recent 
 years, but we hope that better times may now be in 
 store for her; and, as England and Scotland have 
 " accepted the wider nationality of the United King- 
 dom," so I ask, in the words of Professor Bryce him- 
 
 F 3 
 
36 The Nationalities and Races 
 
 self, "why should not the same come to pass ia Ireland 
 also, when the springs of discontent and resentment 
 haV'e been dried up by a wise and generous policy ? " 
 
 I am, Sir, your obedient servant, 
 
 JOHN LUBBOCK. 
 House of Commons, March 28. 
 
 [" Times," March 31, 1887.] 
 
 To THE Editor of the " Times." 
 
 SiR,-^Sir John Lubbock's third letter requires only 
 a very few words in reply. 
 
 As he cites no passage in which Mr. Gladstone or 
 any other Liberal has maintained the strange notion 
 against which his first fetter was directed, it may, I 
 think, be assumed that he withdraws the charge it 
 contained, and that he admits that race and nationality 
 are different things. 
 
 The reason he gives for not citing weightier 
 authorities needs no comment. If I understand 
 aright his reference to Scotland, it rests on a miscon- 
 ception of the events of 1745. His argument seems 
 to assume that the rebellion of that year was an effort 
 of the Scottish nation to shake off the union widi 
 England. It was nothing of the kind. It was 
 
Of the British Isles. 37 
 
 essentially a rebellion of Highland chiefs with some 
 Lowland Jacobites, nearly all Episcopalians. As Sir 
 Walter Scott says, " by far the greater part of Scot- 
 land was attached to the House of Hanover and to 
 the principles which placed them on the throne." 
 Neither at nor after 1745 did England refuse any 
 deittaind of the Scottish people for an alteration in the 
 relations of the countries, for no such demand was made^ 
 
 It is pleasant to find, at the end of this controversy, 
 that Sir J. Lubbock does not deny that the difference 
 between the attitude of Scotland and of Ireland may 
 be attributed t0 the different way in which the two 
 countries and their respective national feelings have 
 been dealt with, and that he joins in the hope I have 
 ventured to express as to the I'esults of a wise and 
 generous, policy towards Ireland. One cannot but 
 hope further that he and others equally fair-minded 
 will join in opposing a measure in which few signs of 
 generosity can be discerned, and in demanding other 
 measures more likely to implant in the Irish people 
 that attachment to the United Kingdom which Scot- 
 land, displays. 
 
 I am your faithful servant, 
 
 House of Commons, March 31. J. BRYCE. 
 l^'Times" April 2, 1887.] 
 
38 The Nationalities and Races 
 
 To THE Editor of the "Times." 
 
 Sir, — Will you allow me space once more for a few 
 words, in reply to Professor Bryce. 
 
 In the first place, I see no reason to retract anything 
 I have said ; and, secondly, I did not give a " reason 
 for not citing weightier authorities." On the con- 
 trary, I gave my reason for considering that the 
 authorities were weighty. 
 
 But, what is of more importance. Professor Bryce 
 says that I do " not deny that the differences between 
 the attitude of Scotland and of Ireland may be 
 attributed to the different way in which the two 
 countries and their national feelings have been dealt 
 with." If Professor Bryce means that this is the 
 main cause, I must entirely demur. I have admitted 
 nothing of the kind. 
 
 My contention, on the contrary, has alwayis been 
 that the discontent in Ireland is mainly due to the 
 sufferings which the people have undergone from the 
 partial failure of the potato, the fall in agricultural 
 prices, and other economical causes. " Before the 
 Irish famine," says Sir Lyon Playfair, " the average 
 
Of the British Isles. 39 
 
 produce of potatoes in Ireland was between six and 
 seven tons per acre, but it then fell to three and a 
 quarter tons per acre, or to less than one-half; and 
 in other crops the same melancholy reduction of 
 produce has occurred." Under these circumstances, 
 her population, ^yhich had risen between 1800 and 
 1840 from 5,000,000 to over 8,000,000, has dwindled, 
 from circumstances over which we had no control, 
 down again to about 5,000,000. This implies great 
 misery, and if we sometimes think our Irish fellow- 
 countrymen unjust and unreasonable, we must 
 remember how terribly they have suffered, and that 
 under such circumstances no Government could be 
 popular. 
 
 We may, however, I think, fairly hope that the 
 present population is one which the country can main- 
 tain in reasonable comfort, and that with happier 
 times a happier feeling will arise. It is, moreover, I 
 believe, the opinion of the vast majority of men of 
 business that Ireland has a better chance of material 
 prosperity if the Union is maintained intact than if it 
 be in any way weakened ; and I do not think that 
 under such circumstances we should be justified in 
 giving way to the present desire for a separate Parlia- 
 ment, more especially as it is strenuously opposed 
 
40 The Nationalities and Races 
 
 by so large and intelligent a minority in Ireland 
 itself. 
 
 I am your obedient servant, 
 
 JOHN LUBBOCK. 
 
 33, Belgravk Square, S.W., April 7. 
 [" Times" April 9, 1887.] 
 
 To THE Editor of the " Times." 
 Sir, — Let us accept Mr. Bryce's idea of nationalities. 
 According to him they are independent of race, 
 language, &c., and are based, in short, on the mere 
 sentiment of national union. 
 
 No one such sentiment imbues all Ireland. If we 
 admit the existence there of one, which is anti- British, 
 disloyal, separatist, we cannot shut our eyes to that 
 of another, which is loyal and Imperialistic, dominating, 
 it may be, a minority of the population, but a larger 
 part of the intellect, energy, and wealth of the country. 
 And it is this second nationality which Mr. Bryce 
 and his friends would induce us to abandon in the 
 faint hope of conciliating the first. 
 
 Yours obediently, 
 Clifton, April 3. JOHN BEDDOE. 
 
 ['* Times" April 9, 1887.] 
 
Of the British Isles, 41 
 
 To Sir John Lubbock. 
 
 My dear Lubbock, — I have read your Iptter with 
 ilnterest, and, as against Bryce, I certainly concur with 
 you. 
 
 At the same time I think both you and the Duke 
 of Argyll tend to. minimise the Celtic predominance 
 in certain districts. Whether the Saxons were in 
 Caledonia before the Scots or not, the Scots were only 
 a section of the Goidhelic Celts, who certainly occupied 
 Scotland before the arrival of the Teutons. 
 
 We Maxwells trace our descent from Maccus, a 
 Manx pirate, probably a Norseman; one of the eight 
 sub-kings who are said to have rowed King Edgar on 
 the Dee. He appears on a grant by King Edgar to 
 the monastery of Glastonbury, on which he describes 
 hitp3elf as " Arch-pirate." The signatures are in the 
 following order: — 
 
 Ego + Edgar rex tocius Britannise, 
 
 " " Eggifa ejusdem regis mater, 
 
 „ „ E;4wa^rd (his son), 
 
 ,, ,, Kynadius rex Albaniae, 
 
 ,, ,, Mascusius Archipirata, 
 
 „ „ Dwnstanus Dorobernensis Eccl. Arohi- 
 episcopus, 
 
 ,, „ Oswald Ebo^acensis E^ccl. primus, 
 
42 The Nationalities and Races 
 
 and so on. The appearance of the Arch-pirate between 
 
 the King and the Archbishop is vety curious ! The 
 
 present form of our name is territorial, derived from 
 
 Maccus well, a pool in the Tweed, now called 
 
 Maxwheel. 
 
 Yours truly, 
 
 HERBERT EUSTACE MAXWELL. 
 
 House of Commons, il/'anr/^ 31, 1887. 
 
 My dear Lubbock, — I am glad to have had the 
 opportunity of perusing, as a whole, the correspondence 
 in which you have been (engaged respecting the 
 nationalities included within the, as yet. United 
 Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. 
 
 It particularly interests me to observe that the plea 
 for dealing with the inhabitants of Ireland on political 
 and moral principles inconsistent with those which are 
 accepted in Scotland and England, on the ground of a 
 supposed difference of race; ap;^ears to be abandoned. 
 I remember when it was in high favour. The desire 
 to possess yourself of your neighbour's land was 
 admitted to be a breach of the tenth commandment in 
 Great Britain ; but in Ireland' such craving was 
 " earth-hunger "-^a sort of natural and commendable 
 
Of the British Isles. 43 
 
 appetite innat^ in the " Celt," and confounded ^ith 
 dishonesty only by the gross and unpoetic nature of the 
 Saxon, ^ 
 
 So long ago as 1870, I brought a great storm upon 
 my head by a lecture on the " Forefathers and 
 Forerunners of the English People," in which I 
 vent,yred to point out^tliat, evenif we make the serious 
 and questionable admission that the principles- of 
 morality and polity are different for Celtic from what 
 they are for Teutonic races, that wonderful doctrine 
 can have no more applipation in any one of. the three 
 kingdoms, than in another, \\ , ■ • ..■".,-• 
 
 For, as you have well urged, we have as good 
 evidence as can possibly be attained on such questions, 
 that the same ejemei^ts have ^efitered into the 
 composition of the population in ; England, Scotland, 
 and Irelan4;,and,,that the ethnic differences between 
 the three-, lie simply in the general and local 
 proportiq^s of these elements in each region. I 
 assertet^,, in 1870, that the population of Cornwall and 
 Devon has as much claim to the title of "Celtic" 
 as that of Tipperary. The statement was hotly 
 repudiated on both the English and the Irish sides ; 
 but, in my judgment, its accuracy remains unaffected. 
 
 I believe I should; be justified in extending it to a 
 
 G 2 
 
44 The Nationalities and \kaces 
 
 very much larger area— certainly to north-west 
 England and south-west Scotland. 
 
 It really is a great comfort to find that scientific 
 truth mcikes its way, however slowly ; and that when a 
 statesman speaks of the existence of four " real 
 nationalities " in these islands, he doeis not mean to 
 revive the exploded fallacies iiboiit Celt and Teuton 
 which were durrent and did endless mischief a score 
 of years ago. And it must be an equally great comfort 
 to those who accept this loose talk about " four 
 nationalities "that they have got out of the grip of 
 Science, and can avail themselves of the popular 
 connotation of a phraseology Which is not susceptible 
 of clear definition. 
 
 Undoubtedly there are fbur gedgraphical regions, 
 England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland, and the people 
 who live in them cafl themselves and are called by 
 others the English, Scotch, Welsh, and Irish nations. 
 It is also true that the inhabitants of the Isle of Man 
 call themselves Manxmen, and are jiist as proud of 
 their nationality as ahy other " nationalities." I am 
 not sure that the Orcadians would be quite content 
 to mdrge themselves altogether in the Scottish 
 nationality.^ And there iS,' at any rate, one Hebridean 
 isle whose pastor used to pray for " the people of the 
 
Of the British Isles. 45 
 
 adjacent island of Great Britain," and who, therefore, 
 would seem to have considered his own people a 
 distinct " nationality." 
 
 We may admit the existence of all these nationalities 
 or groups of people, more or less individualised by 
 geographical or historical circumstances ; and, indeed, 
 the list might be plausibly extended. But if we mean 
 no more than this by " nationality," the term has no 
 practical significance. If we dp mean more, then we 
 must ascribe to such nationalities either ethnological 
 or historical individuality. The Irish " nationality " is 
 no more an ethnological individuality than the English 
 or the Scotch ; and as to historical individuality, 
 Ireland has, unhappily, been a house divided against 
 itself, from the earliest ages to the present day. When 
 the inhabitants of Ireland constitute a "nationality" in 
 the sense that the term applies to those of England, 
 Scotland, and Wales, it will be possible to speak of 
 the " four nationalities " of our common country, 
 without deluding ourselves and others. 
 
 I am yours very faithfully, 
 
 T. H. HUXLEY. 
 May 2, 1887. 
 
gyfla: 
 
 THE SCIR OR PAGUS OF THE IVEL VALLEY, 
 SOMERSET. 
 
 BY THOMAS KERSLAKE. 
 
 AVERY early catalogue of above thirty Anglo- 
 Saxon settlements in the southern half of this 
 island has long engaged the attention of our political 
 antiquaries. It consists entirely of Teutonic names, 
 or of names which had already fallen into Teutonic 
 forms or usage ; but it shares with the earlier Celtic list 
 of British cities, usually printed with Nennius, in* that, 
 whilst the majority of the names in both are the merest 
 riddles as to what places are meant, a small number 
 in each can be fairly guessed, and a few can be 
 positiv;ely recognised. 
 
 This Anglo-Saxon list has been several times 
 printed, from more or less corrupted copies; by Sir 
 Henry Spelman in his " Glossarium"*; in Gale and 
 Fell's "Scriptores"t; and by Mr. KemblaJ But 
 a muchjearlier and. evidently a more accurate copy 
 
 * Voc. Hida. t Vol. in. p. 743.' 
 
 X "Saxons in England," i. 81. 
 
48 The Nationalities and Races 
 
 was lately discovered by Mr. W. De Gray Birch, 
 and printed in his " Cartularium Saxonicum "* ; also 
 supplemented by an exposition, ^attempting to localise 
 the names, in the Journal of the British Archaeological 
 Association.t Mr. Birch attributes the writing 
 of this copy to the tenth or eleventh century, 
 but justly considers it to represent a document 
 of an earlier date, and we shair presently see an 
 additional reason to consider it to have been derived 
 from a record of the early part of the eighth century, 
 by an example of what must have been the condition 
 at that time of one of the territories mentioned, 
 to qualify it for a place in such a contemporary 
 catalogue. 
 
 Among the names in this Teutonic list is one which 
 can not only be recognised with certainty, but of which, 
 I believe, I am able to fairly indicate the extent of the 
 district intended. This is " Gifla," numbered 15 by 
 Mr. Birch. Spelman prints it " Eyfla." Gatle and Fell 
 print "Cifla," but suggest '' Gyfla," but they all confess 
 110 knowledge of the place meant. Mr. Kemble prints 
 " Eysla," but three other manuscripts printed by Mr. 
 Birch read " Gyfla," which is no doubt the true reading. 
 The name had already otherwise been well known 
 
 * No. 297. t Vol. XL. p. 28. 
 
Of the British Isles. 49 
 
 as " Gifle," from that Gazetteer of old Wessex 
 Topography, King Alfred's Will ; but this both Mr. 
 Kemble and Mr. Thorp had perversely explained as 
 " Gidley," and so the real rendering had been hitherto 
 diverted and lost from general knowledge. 
 
 Mr. Birch, however, comes nearer home when he 
 suggests "Yeovil," but when he goes on to call it "the 
 supposed Roman Station Velox," he seems rather to 
 have meaiit the town of Ilchester or Ivelchester, and 
 we shall see that it does mean a large pagus, or tract 
 of country, in which both these places are situated. 
 In either case, he appears to forget that this Teutonic 
 list is not, like the older Celtic one, a list of cities or 
 towns, but of districts. Sir H. Spelman calls them 
 " regiunculae." Mr. Kemble includes the list in his 
 chapter " The Gd or Scfr." This v/ord, " Ga," is 
 probably one of Mr. Kemble's German importations. 
 The only resting-place for this word in any English 
 record is this very Saxon list ; on the ground that six 
 of the names therein contained end with "ga." But 
 there is no reason to value this as a significant 
 annexed word at all, but simply an ordinary 
 termination. Fifteen other of the names end in " na." 
 All end in " a." So that all that is peculiar to the six 
 that end in "ga" is that "g" happens to be the 
 
50 The Nationalities and Races 
 
 penultimate letter, which is "n" in fifteen other 
 names, and other consonants in the rest. 
 
 If, however, we had found the other word " Scir " 
 in any title or rubric of this Anglo-Saxon list, we need 
 not have been surprised ; for this word would have 
 been at home in an English record. But, even with 
 respect to this word, it has been contended that our 
 word " shire " is distinctive of those English counties 
 that had not been original territories or " regiunculse," 
 afterwards constituents of larger territories or 
 kingdoms, but that it indicates later divisions or 
 shares of such larger territories that had been already 
 established or consolidated. Long before our con 
 stitution of shires, as an administrative sub-division of 
 an already consolidated kingdom, there is reason to 
 believe that " scirs " had a different and independent 
 existence. Shearings off they may have been, but 
 from the possessions of the invaded Celtic peoples : 
 colonies, conquests, or encroachments; not always 
 even hostile, though afterwards aggregated by the 
 advance of the Anglo-Saxon aggressive central 
 powers, incited by the imperial instinct. Hallamshire 
 and Hexhamshire are among many examples of the 
 survival in local usage of the names of some territorial 
 arrangements older than our divisions of a greater 
 
Of the British Isles. 51 
 
 centralisation into our shires. Another example is 
 the name " Triconscir " in King Alfred's will. In the 
 most authentic printed books this has always been 
 interpreted as meaning "Cornwall" at large, but it 
 only means that part or " scir " of Cornwall which had 
 been inherited by Alfred, and of which the name still 
 remains, in a reduced form, in the name of the two 
 hundreds of "Trigg." It is remarkable that this is 
 the very part of Cornwall which had long been 
 exceptionally English, having, as I have elsewhere 
 shown,* been already sheared off from Celtic 
 Damnonia by ^thelbald of Mercia, a.d. 743 : and 
 this perhaps accounts for Alfred's possession of it, by 
 heritage under his West-Saxon absorption of the 
 territories and royalties of Mercia. 
 
 If, indeed, the circumstances of this Cornish 
 "Triconscir," or " Trigg," should be looked at a little 
 nearer, it is thought that it will offer a strong 
 confirmation of the above suggestion, that "scir" 
 originally signified a shearing off or annexation of 
 territory from that of our Celtic forefathers, by those 
 of the Teutonic or sinister field of our pedigree. 
 Although Triconscir has survived to us in the name of 
 
 * "Vestiges of the Supremacy of Merda," 1879, 15-19 (Bristol 
 and Glouc. Trans., vol. in., pp. 119, &c.). 
 
 H2 
 
52 The Nutionalities mid Races 
 
 Trigg", it did not so survive as the name of the two 
 hundreds as it has since become. The name, no 
 doubt, continued to live in the ecclesiastical division of 
 the deaneries of Trigg Minor and Major, which still 
 retained the name as " 'Yr\^x'\sschir" a.d. i 291-2.* 
 These two deaneries occupy the whole of the north- 
 eastern angle of Cornwall, with the coast of the 
 Severn Sea all the way to the obvious western natural 
 frontier of the estuary of the Camel. These eccle- 
 siastical divisions, still called Trigg, extend over the 
 three present civil hundreds, of Trigg, Lesnewth, 
 and Stratton. But these three civil hundreds, 
 although they were already divided, a.d. i 402-3, t 
 must have had a later, or at least a separate and 
 independent cause. 
 
 So much for Triconscir and its descent to our time. 
 But this district is very exactly continued to the south 
 coast in two other deaneries, which are also hundreds,^ 
 now known by the naked names of " East " and 
 " West." But these two names are only the outlying 
 prefixes of the ancient names of these two deaneries : 
 "EstweWwre" and " Westwelk//2V'," J of which a 
 second manuscript readsy " Estwewel«><? " and 
 
 * Taxatio P.^Nic. IV. pp. 148-154. 
 
 t 3rd of Henry IV., Carew's Survey, foil. 39-42. 
 
 % Taxatio P. Nic. IV. 
 
Of the British Isles. 53 
 
 " Westwewik/JeV," and called by Carew* " West- 
 wibib^er " and " Eastwibil^/^^r^." This southern 
 continuation has for its natural frontiers the estuary 
 of Fowey, the English Channel, and Plymouth Sound. 
 Here then we have plainly — not in present usage, but 
 within the safe reach of our inquiry, — the word 
 "shire " attached to the whole of a march district from' 
 sea to sea, semi-annexed or shorn off from our Celtic 
 county. 
 
 At all events, the list under our attention is a record 
 of this sort of " scirs," or insulated colonies or first 
 settlements, of the Teutonic invaders or immigrants, 
 among the hitherto partially subjugated Britons. 
 Our immediate concern is with the one, of its recorded 
 districts before mentioned, which appears as"Gifla" in 
 the more ancient copy ; and it is here selected for 
 notice because it is believed that the first Saxon 
 occupation of the territory so named can be actually 
 dated : a.d. 658. 
 
 In the AnglorSaxon Chronicle is this Annal : — 
 
 " An. i)CLViii. In this year Cenwalh (or Kenwalch) fought set 
 Poennum with the Wealas (Damnonian Britons), and made them fly 
 as far as Pedrida (the river Parret)." 
 
 All preceding writers who have attempted to place 
 
 * Carew, foil. 92-93. 
 
54 The Nationalities and Races 
 
 the " Peon " here mentioned have at once jumped at 
 
 a guess at some one of the many places which have 
 
 retained the Celtic name of " Pen." But it is most 
 
 unlikely that the Saxons should have converted this 
 
 short e into a diphthong. They were not in the habit 
 
 so to treat the British " Pen " in names wherein they 
 
 found and adopted it. They also had more substantial 
 
 uses for diphthongs than to waste them where they 
 
 were not due. I have already, in a treatise formerly 
 
 under the notice of this Society,* shown good reasons, 
 
 now somewhat strengthened by this mention of the 
 
 district of Gyfla among the Saxon colonies, that the 
 
 " Peon " of the battle was Poinington Down, north of 
 
 Sherborne, the last natural fastness, westward, of the 
 
 high range of hills that divides our Dorset, already 
 
 occupied by the West-Saxon invaders for a hundred 
 
 years, and our Somerset, which by this battle they 
 
 penetrated for the first time. This eminence looks 
 
 down, westward, upon the extensive valley through 
 
 which flows the river Yeovil, Ivel, or Yeo, and 
 
 including the towns of Yeovil, of Ivelchester, 
 
 Yeovilton, and one or two other places in which the 
 
 river-name may be traced. But near the mouth of 
 
 the valley the river Yeo joins the, river Parret near 
 
 * " A Primaeval British Metropolis," pp. 45-64. Once discussed 
 on the field by the Somerset Society. 
 
Of the British Isles. 55 
 
 Langport; so that the fugitives here first encountered 
 that river, and it is here that the pursuit was checked, 
 and that day converted the district of the Yeo valley, 
 from a British possession, to the West-Saxon colony 
 of " Gyfla." 
 
 The flight and pursuit must have been for about 
 twelve or fifteen miles, and the valley in which the 
 pursuers now found themselves is one of those which 
 are so characteristic of Somerset : a long and broad 
 alluvial level, or drained estuary or frith, confined by 
 semi-mountainous ranges of hills, admirably suited 
 to such an intended colony. Having expelled the 
 occupants, the continued occupation of such a region 
 was the obvious sequel. Not only was the capacious 
 basin in which they found themselves all that could be 
 desired, but any of you who may now make the short 
 journey from Yeovil to Sherborne, even by the 
 present capital oblique road, may have some experience 
 of the greater difficulty of the retreat than what the 
 precipitate advance had been. At the eastern end 
 of the basin, the steep western escarpment is crowned 
 by the plain which had been the battle-field ; at the 
 western extremity was the contingency of the Parret, 
 to which the Chronicle assigns the cessation of the 
 pursuit. I will not here enter upon the proof of the 
 
56 The Nationalities and Races 
 
 enormous errors of ethnology and history, that have 
 been repeated from each other, until they have become 
 textual, by all established writers, and which arose out 
 of a wrong understanding of this mention of the river 
 Parret. I have to some extent done this in the 
 treatise already referred to.* 
 
 It has been said above that, by this conquest of a.d. 
 658, Somerset was " penetrated for the first time." It 
 is indeed the first Teutonic occupancy of any part of 
 Somerset proper. It is true the earlier conquest of 
 the Gloucestershire Cotswolds by Ceawlin, a.d. 577, 
 included Bath ; and as Bath is placed in Somersetshire 
 in modern Gazetteers, even the older school of " best 
 authorities," such for instance as Mr. Sharon Turner, 
 had, for the sake of the turn of a sentence, included "a 
 part of Somerset " in that conquest. The late learned 
 and ingenious Dr. Edwin Guest, without any warrant 
 or justification from the original authority, the annal 
 in the Chronicle, or any other, extended the conquest, 
 spite of the Avon, pf Wansdike, and the mountain- 
 group of the Mendips, beyond all these formidable 
 barriers and impediments, to include the part, 
 probably about one-third of the present county, which 
 lies north of the small north Somerset Axe ; and his 
 * "A Primaeval British Metropolis," p. 62. 
 
Of the British Isles. 57 
 
 premature extension has since passed without 
 question into all the received histories of England. 
 But the conquest on the Gloucestershire Cotsvvold 
 range liad only for an incidental result the pillage of the 
 three Roman cities — Bath, Cirencester, and Gloucester, 
 — which lay at three of its feet, and does not 
 indicate any extent of. the territorial annexations that 
 were then realised. But that Bath, which is, alone by 
 itself, north of the Avon, and alv/ays racially distinct 
 from the south of the river, is included in the 
 Somerset of our day is an accident probably arising 
 in the eleventh century out of changes in Church 
 territory, and in direct disregard of both natural and 
 ethnic frontier. 
 
 I have shown in the treatise last cited that this 
 north part of Somerset has distinct traces of a late 
 continuance of Celtic Christianity, and your own 
 Society lately produced another striking one, that the 
 alias of " Lantocai," for Leigh-upon-Mendip, is still in 
 use. There are several names of British Saints quite 
 likely to have passed into " Tocai," but the prefix 
 " Lan-" is at any rate an indisputable mark. 
 
 There are also similar indications that Dn Guest 
 has exceeded his authorities in extending the Cotswold 
 conquest westward, to the angle of Gloucestershire 
 
58 The Nationalities and Races 
 
 that lies between the Severn and the Avon.' This is 
 a quite separate high range of limestone table-land, 
 divided from the Cotswolds by the wide forest bottom, 
 since known as Kingswood Forest. In the times 
 concerned a forest must have been one of the most 
 effectual of natural checks to an invader. Every tree 
 must have been a fortress, even when garrisoned by 
 only one or two defenders. This part of Gloucester- 
 shire must have continued Celtic until included in the 
 advance of Mercia to the Avon against Wessex, above 
 a hundred years later. Of the late Celtic occupation 
 of this region, besides some hagiographical traces in 
 dedications, the charters of Worcester show the 
 Mercians dealing with the whole of it as conquerors 
 deal with newly-appropriated lands ; and some of these 
 charters of this eastern shore are remarkable examples 
 of the peculiar rentals in kind which have been 
 noticed by Mr. Seebohm at Tidenham, on the opposite 
 Welsh or western side of the Severn. 
 
 Just beyond the confluence of the Yeo with the 
 Parret is the Isle of Athelney, which, not until more 
 than two hundred years later than the time upon 
 which we have been engaged, earned its greater 
 renown under King Alfred. Cenwalch has the 
 reputation of having founded Sherborne Monastery, 
 
Of the British Isles. 59 
 
 close to Poinington, where the battle had been fought. 
 There is also some reason to suspect that he founded 
 a religious college of some sort at Athelney, where 
 the conquest ended, since forgotten by eclipse of 
 later events. William of Malmesbury* superciliously 
 notes that, even as late as the twelfth century, there 
 were a few poor monks at Athelney who still 
 continued to sing to the stars the praises of St. 
 Eielwin, their patron, whose still-continued endow- 
 ments they counted instead of sanctity : and that 
 it was believed that he was the brother of 
 Cenwalch. Was Eielwin the Atheling of Athe- 
 linga-ey ? Alfred found the name already there ; 
 so the name cannot have arisen from his own 
 Athelings. 
 
 -The realising of the date of the settlement of an 
 English people in a particular locality may have other 
 subordinate points of importance. For example, with- 
 in this region of Gyfla Is a place the name of which 
 includes the constituent "-ing," about which Mr. 
 Seebohm says the last word has not yet been said. 
 This sort of historical contribution may therefore be 
 valuable even to the positivisms of philology, for 
 within this colony is a " Lyme^^ton," of which a most 
 
 * "Gesta Pontificum," Rolls edn., p. 199. 
 I 2 
 
6o The Nationalities and Races 
 
 learned etymologist* lately said, " As to Lyming^on, 
 it is a town of Lymings, a tribe also commemorated 
 by the village of Lyminge in Kent." For this to be 
 true it would be necessary that this tribe should have 
 been common to the Jutish settlers of the fifth century, 
 and the Gewissae of the seventh. I have already 
 contendedt that the "-ing " of English names is most 
 often an adaptation of the Celtic "ynys" or "inch," 
 found already on any spot so named, as being a river 
 island, or peninsular shore ; and I think Lymington 
 on the Ivel fairly satisfies this condition. Lymington 
 is the place where Wolsey is said to have sown his 
 wild oats, and to have consequently watched his vigil 
 in the "enchanted castle" of Sir Hudibras. This 
 Yeo valley also produced another celebrity — Thomas 
 Coryat, " the Odcombian leg-stretcher," who walked 
 nearly two thousand miles through Europe with a 
 single pair of shoes. The shoes were said to have been 
 hung as a memorial trophy in the Church of Odcombe. 
 I once performed a " leg-stretching " pilgrimage to 
 that fane, but failed to see or hear of the shoes. In 
 Coryat's work, Yeovil is usually called " Evil." 
 14, West Park, Bristol. 
 
 * Notes and Queries, April 21st, 1883. 
 t Notes and Queries, 6th S. vin. 113. 
 
Of the British Isles. 6i 
 
 London, 15, Piccadilly, 
 
 March 23, 1887. 
 
 My dear Mr. Kerslake, 
 
 I am always glad to hear from you. 
 
 Your antiquarian researches are so very similar to 
 mine, that I quite envy your ability to follow up our 
 hobby, while I remain a slave to business. 
 
 In your pamphlet " Gyfla " you call the Teutonic 
 element in the English race the sinister one ! I differ 
 with you there in toto. Read Sir John Lubbock's 
 letter in the Times Supplement of March 19, headed 
 " Mr. Gladstone and the Nationalities of the United 
 Kingdom." I recognise only Imperial interests, and 
 as long as the Celt is loyal he is a dear brother to me. 
 When he is disloyal, then I am in favour of fire and 
 sword. I would stamp out disloyalty with an iron 
 heel. 
 
 On page 9 you want to change the Teutonic ending 
 " -ing " into a Celtic one ! No, my dear Mr, Kerslake; 
 do not let your enthusiasm blind you. " Lyminge " and 
 such-like names ending with ing and ung belong to 
 
62 The Races and Nationalities 
 
 Teutonic nomenclature. You know the " IslendzVi^a" 
 Saga, and the " W\^^ungen Lied." 
 With best wishes for your health, 
 
 I ever remain, my dear friend. 
 
 Yours sincerely, 
 BERNARD QUARITCH. 
 
 Dear Mr. Quaritch, 
 
 I thank you for your kind and interesting- 
 letter. I thought it was obvious that I had used the 
 word " sinister " in its heraldic sense, wherein it 
 means the later accession to the family coat, and most 
 generally the " better half." In this western part of 
 England we are much more Celtic in race than 
 Teutonic. I do not know that we are the better for 
 it, but the sound of the name of " Briton " echoed 
 back from the other ends of the world has a pleasant 
 ring upon our ears. Our Raleigh, our Drake, our 
 Hooker, Roger Bacon, Blake, Marlborough, Locke, 
 Cudworth, and many of their fellows, were more 
 Celtic than if they had been born in Dublin or Cork 
 or Waterford, Hibemis Celtiores. Our St. Boniface 
 Archbishop of Mainz, had his Christianity, of which 
 
Of the British Isles. 63 
 
 he planted the hierarchy in Germany, from his Celtic 
 Damnoftian mother, in spite of his pagan Teutonic 
 father. Of course, I must concede to you the present 
 condition of Ireland, whatever it amounts to. But of 
 the earlier times with which we were dealing there are 
 some ad hominem considerations (excuse them), such 
 as the wonderful cover of the Book of Kells. I have 
 said more about the "-ing" question on a former 
 occasion,* and do not see reason to retract. I happen 
 to have observed some of the places. I do not claim 
 all the " -ings." Indeed, generalisations in these 
 matters are often mistaken and mischievous. Causes 
 and their results are much mixed in these and all 
 other things. I have found myself not the only one 
 who cannot digest Mr. Kemble's 1,300 -Ings. 
 
 I thank you for your three catalogues. I have often 
 wished to see them. The time is now passed when 
 I can do anything with them. I did, however, see 
 one lot in the MSS. which might be worth your while 
 to bring to the notice of Jonathan Rashleigh, Esq., 
 Menabilly, Par Station, Cornwall. It is No. 35,799, 
 Cornwall, on page 3,501. What wonderful high 
 numbers ! 
 
 I have not been seeing the Times lately. I have, 
 * Notes and Queries, April 21, 1883. 
 
64 The Nationalities and Races 
 
 however, ordered the 19th. The present Irish are 
 suffering from a bad education, including their latest 
 under a vacillating, obsequious, and dangerous states- 
 man. A small action of a firm hand four or five years 
 ago would have saved much evil since and present 
 danger. 
 
 I am proud of your constant triumphs, and wish 
 you long continuance and health. What more of a 
 " hobby " do you want than the opportunity, free from 
 impertinent editing, furnished by your own catalogues ? 
 
 Yours very truly, 
 
 THOMAS KERSLAKE. 
 
 14, West Park, Bristol, March 24, 1887. 
 
Of the British Isles. 65 
 
 THE NAME " OXFORD." 
 I 'observe that Mr. Henry Bradley says {Academy, 
 March 12) : "Forme, as for Mr. Mayhew, 'Oxford' 
 means * ford for oxen.' " 
 
 This is not the first time that I have found myself 
 in the perilous position of differing from Mr. Bradley 
 in a matter of this kind, nor the first time that I have 
 also perilously differed from the Rev. Mr. Mayhew. 
 I hope I am not guilty of a cumulative heresy in 
 differing, as I now do, from both at once. I doubt, 
 however, if in this case of Oxford "the obvious 
 etymology is really the correct one." 
 
 I have several times exemplified that th6 most 
 ancient names of many rivers were originally common 
 to their trunks and their several branches, afterwards 
 changed, in their several parts or members, often 
 by mere dialectal or tribal variations of the original 
 name, but sometimes having left traces of the earlier 
 names in the names of places on their banks. Thus 
 we have York on the part of the Eure now called 
 Ouse ; Blanford = Vlanford = Alavna(ford), — perhaps 
 at or near King Alfred's " Leonaford," where Asser 
 visited him, — on the part of Ptolemy's Alauna that 
 is now the Stour. He is a branch of the Ivel, the 
 
66 The Nationalities and Races 
 
 Uxella of Ptolemy; and others might be observed. 
 So, also, the river Ock, although it joins the Isis or 
 Ouse at Abingdon, below Oxford, has left its name, 
 Ocksford, there, as well as a transition form at Oseney. 
 Like a tree, a river and its branches formed one 
 object to its first namers, the explorers from its 
 mouth. 
 
 In fact, Oxford is far older than is thought by the 
 people who live there. The St. Ebb's dedication there 
 is not the Lady of Coldingham and St. Abb's Head. 
 South of Durham her name marks no spot of land in 
 England ; nor is there any name like it, or that is 
 likely to be a variety of it, south of her monastery at 
 Ebchester, in the bishopric of Durham, throughout all 
 that largest area of England between that and 
 Oxford, where — and at Shellswell, in the same county, 
 —dedications of St. Ebb are found that have been 
 erroneously Godsibbed to her, and the name accord- 
 ingly reduced to her form. These are in the midst of 
 an insulated cluster of impressions upon the land of 
 the name of St. Abban, one of the Irish missionaries 
 who have left their names so plentifully over the 
 South and West of England. Both shores of the 
 Severn estuary swarm with their names, and some 
 are still discernible as having penetrated from that 
 
Of the British Isles. 67 
 
 inlet far into the land. The case of Maildulph= 
 Maeldubh, " Scotus," at Malmesbury, has overlapped 
 into our accepted secular history. Tewkesbury= 
 Theotisbyrg, is probably another from Toft of Inis 
 Tofte (Mart, of Donegal, September 7). However, 
 the two Oxfordshire St. Ebbs apparently form a part 
 of a group all within pastoral or missionary reach of 
 Abingdon, certainly known to have been originally 
 " Abbandun " ; and I believe the charters of 
 Abingdon, published in the " Rolls " series (not this 
 minute at hand), begin with a recital of the Celtic 
 tradition of St. Abban. A fourth of the cluster is a 
 place called St. Abbes, or " Tabs," near Ealing, four- 
 teen miles south of Abingdon. A fifth is "Abban 
 Crundel,*' near Bedwin (Cod. Dipl. No. 1,266). A 
 sixth, "Abban wylle," at Bensington (Cod. Dipl. No. 
 1,292). Mr. J. R.Green, indeed (" Makingof England"), 
 seems to acknowledge the personality of the Celtic 
 <:olonIst, but calls him " the West-Saxon Abba." But 
 Mr. Green was one of the now retreating " English 
 School," to whom all things were Saxon. At all 
 events, this cluster of his footsteps indicates a 
 missionary district — may we say an incipient Paro- 
 echia, or a " Christianitie," a name by which some 
 home, or central, archdeaconries are still known ? — 
 
 K 2 
 
68 The Nationalities aud Races 
 
 christianised by St, Abba. In this case Oxford must 
 have existed, and been stamped with his name, in 
 about the sixth century. St. Abb's Head exemplifies 
 the reverse variation of the name of St. Ebb, 
 
 THOMAS KERSLAKE. 
 Bristol, March 12, 1887, 
 
 In support of the contention that Oxfor4 means, 
 say, Waterford or Watford, let me draw attention to 
 the somewhat similar usage at Uxbridge. This small 
 town stands on a river named the Colne, being one 
 of several so named from a Roman colonia. Here 
 the source was Verulamium, and the settlers squatted 
 along the river banks as at Coin-brook, Colne London, 
 Colney Street, &c. The river now reaches the 
 Thames at Staines ; but there is a small stream, once 
 perhaps a main outlet of the Colne, which enters the 
 Thames at Halliford, called the Exe, so I am 
 informed. Here is a support and explanation of 
 C/:i;bridge, similar to the occurrence of the Qck,. at 
 Abingdon ; Ox, Ock, and Ux are connected like Exe, 
 Usk, I sea, &c. 
 
 A. HALL. 
 
 London, March 18, 1887. 
 
 \Academy, Afril 2, 1887.] 
 
Of the British Isles. 69 
 
 I AM reminded of the old saying, and I feel tempted 
 to exclaim, " Pereat Thomas Kerslakius, qui ante me 
 mea dixit ! " 
 
 During the last week I have had pressing work ; but 
 I intended to send to the Academy to-ds,^ the follow- 
 ing : — I have long thought " Oxford " to be " Ock's 
 Ford." At Abingdon a stream called "Ock" (a stream- 
 name in Devon also), which causes a street to be called 
 Ock Street, falls into the river that flows down from 
 Oxford ; the latter stream, too, was, I have thought, 
 called of old " Ock." With " Ock" I would compare 
 Oxus, Ux-(bridge), Axe, Axus, Oaxes, Axius, Exe, 
 Esk, Esque, CEscus, Usk, Isca or Isaca, Isac, Aaich, 
 Ash, &c. 
 
 In Prof. F. Max MuUer's " Lectures on the Science 
 of Language," sixth edition (1871), vol. ii., p. 580, is 
 this :— 
 
 " The following local legend was sent me from Dorset : 
 
 " ' The Vale of Blackmore, in Dorset, was, till a late period^ a 
 vast forest, chiefly of oaks, the river Stour running through it. 
 Hence, there were many oak-fords, fords by the oaks, which name 
 is retained in several villages called Ockford. . . .'" 
 
 I think that the supposition that "Ockford" is 
 " oak-ford" is a mistake, and that " Ock " in " Ock- 
 ford " is another name for the rjver Stour, 
 
70 The Nationalities and Races 
 
 I now add this : Mr. Kerslake says of " the river 
 Ock" that "it joins the Isis." " Isis" is but an arti- 
 ficial name, manufactured in consequence of the mis- 
 taken notion that " Tamesis " is a compound of 
 "Thame" and "Isis." 
 
 J. HOSKYNS-ABRAHALL. 
 
 Combe Vicarage, near Woodstock, 
 March 19, 1887. 
 
 \_Academy, April 2,. 1887.] 
 
 It seems to be a leading characteristic of the 
 Celtomaniac etymologisers that they never trouble to 
 ascertain the original form of the words about whose 
 origins they discourse, nor do they trouble their heads 
 about the value of vowels nor the presence of a few 
 inconvenient consonants. Thus Mr. Kerslake does 
 not attempt to explain how " Ocksford " could ever 
 be written " Oxna-ford." It is spelt "Oxene-ford" 
 in the Domesday Survey, which is surely the first book 
 a local etymologist should turn to. 
 
 Similarly, the Domesday orthography of Tewkes- 
 bury disposes of Mr. Kerslake's fanciful etymology 
 of that name. It is therein written as " Teodeches- 
 
Of the British Isles. yr 
 
 berie" (fo. 163a, col. 2) and " Teodekesberie " (fo. 
 163b, col. i). I do not suppose Mr. Kerslake 
 will claim that " Teodek " contains the Irish " Toft. 
 By the side of such a claim Malmesbury's derivation 
 of the name from fleoTo'xoj,- (" Gesta Pontificum," §157, 
 p. 295) is comparatively reasonable. Malmesbury 
 writes the name " Theokesberia." " Teodekesberie " 
 seems to be clearly enough the burh of a man named 
 *'^Sod-ica. The Anglo-Saxon names in ua or wca, 
 later ecu, appear in the eleventh and twelfth centuries 
 with gen. in -es,* so that the gen. *'^Sodices is easily 
 accounted for. 
 
 It is rather vague to speak of " Oseney " as pre- 
 serving the name " Ock " in " a transition form." 
 Transition to what ? I do not know the earlier forms 
 of "Oseney"; but, if they be anything like the pre- 
 sent orthography, this name must surely contain the 
 Anglo-Saxon personal name of C/sa, gen. Csan. 
 
 I do not think Mr. Kerslake is any happier with 
 his etymology of Abingdon. Abba or ^bba, with its 
 fern. Abbe or ^bbe, is a well-certificated Teutonic 
 name occurring on the Continent as well as in 
 
 * See Birch, "Cart. Saxonicum," ii. 377, 17, " Taedduces stdn," 
 compared with the earlier " Tasttucan stdn " of ii. 94, 23. There: 
 are many more instances in the charters and in Domesday. 
 
72 The -Nationalities and Races 
 
 England. This being so, I see no reason to refer 
 local names compounded with this personal name to 
 an Irish saint, who was probably never in England 
 in his life. It is true that the History of Abingdon 
 derives the name of the place from Abennus, an Irish 
 hermit who settled there in the time of Diocletian. 
 Mr. Kerslake calls this "a Celtic tradition." How 
 would he describe the mythical British history of 
 Geoffrey of Monmouth ? For one of Geoffrey's 
 creations, the all-powerful British king Lucius, is 
 referred to in almost the same breath as Abbenus. 
 Hence it is clear that this Abingdon tale cannot have 
 been concocted until after the publication of Geoffrey's 
 marvellous history. The further conclusion that 
 Abenus is as mythical as Lucius himself seems to me 
 unavoidable. I do not believe that Abenus is a whit 
 more historic than the hermit Theokus whom the 
 monks of Tewkesbury invented to account for the 
 name of their monastery (" Monasticon,"ii. 59). The 
 inventors of this venerable Tewkesbury hermit were 
 ignorant of the fact that the name was originally 
 '^iodices-burh, and I hold that their Abingdon brethren 
 of the twelfth or thirteenth century were similarly 
 ignorant that ^bba, -m., and JEbbe, fern., were Anglo- 
 Saxon personal names. 
 
Of the Bntish Isles. 73 
 
 Mr. Green may have been too enthusiastic in his 
 love for the West-Saxons to avoid occasional errors ; 
 but I do not think that Mr. Kerslake has convicted 
 him pf an error in the present case, for "Abba" is 
 certainly as much a West-Saxon name as " William " 
 is a modern English one. If the " English School " 
 be " now retreating " (which I very much doubt), I 
 do not think they need fear any great loss in their 
 retreat from such hasty etymological guesses as Mr. 
 Kerslake here presents to us. 
 
 W. H. STEVENSON. 
 
 Nottingham, March 21, 1887. 
 
 \_Acadeiny, April 2, 1887.] 
 
 Why are we told that the name "Oxeneford," as 
 found iii Domesday, must have been the "original 
 form " ? 
 
 I quite admit that the use of ox or oxen, in this 
 connection, is justified, but it is not of necessity 
 primitive. Prof. Skeat quotes " oxa, plural oxan," as 
 the true form, where oxene is Middle English ; and, 
 certainly, the castle-mound at Oxford is early Saxon, 
 if not British. 
 
Of the British Isles. 75, 
 
 My point is that these Portways, Ridgeways, §jq., 
 were freejy uge4, by drovers ; but all this sounds late, 
 foftthe ajicient Britoi^s, who navigated the rivers in 
 their coracles, had no cattle fairs to draw Highland 
 drovers southwards with their beasties. But these 
 ancient Britons named their rivers. So with regard to 
 Oseney, why not Ousen-ey, i.e.t " ey," an island, ouse, 
 a river-name : we have 
 
 ^ _ Ouse, Usk, Ock, 
 ~ I sis, Ixa, &c. 
 
 Ousby, cf. Oseby 
 
 Ousden 
 
 Ouseburn, cf. Osbourn-by 
 
 Ousefleet, cf. 0-Springe 
 
 Ouseley 
 
 Under improved navigation the Thames or Isis is 
 now known as the o/d river at Oxford, and a dirty 
 hole it is in parts. 
 
 A. HALL. 
 
 London, April 2, 1887. 
 
 \^' Academy" April ^y 1887.] 
 
 I LOOK upon the name as transmitted traditionally 
 through the mouths of those who have been using it 
 for their daily purposes of life through from ten to 
 fifteen centuries to be a better text of it than that of 
 
 L 2 
 
76. The Nationalities and Races 
 
 Domesday, or the other written examples which Mr. 
 Stevenson calls " the original form " of it. It comes 
 from an issue much nearer the source. This career has 
 no doubt qualified it ; but it has escaped pedantic 
 meanings that may have been infused into it by the 
 ingenuity of clerkship, analagous to canting heraldry. 
 The names of rivers have had much more to do with 
 such matters than the most trivial and ordinary uses of 
 bucolic life. If I had been a Celtomaniac, I would 
 have rested upon the Welsh form, " Rhydychain," 
 which I believe would have thrown me directly into 
 your correspondent's embraces. 
 
 As to Tewkesbury, Mr. Stevenson may see what 
 perhaps he would call an " original form," which it is 
 not — but, perhaps, better than Domesday, and still 
 better than William of Malmesbury,— among the 
 Additions, p. 584, second edition of Weever's "Funeral 
 Monument" — " Theotisbyrg." For which I refer 
 again to what I wrote before, as I do also to what I 
 said about Abban. Attentive reading is better than 
 reprinting. 
 
 Mr. Hoskins-Abrahall, by his Latin imprecation, 
 confesses alliance with me, but he says " I sis" is but 
 an artifical name. Is he sure of this ? It is more 
 likely to be a variety of the frequent " Ouse," which 
 
Of the British Isles. 77 
 
 has left a jetsam in " Oseney." There is an Ouse in 
 Sussex, having on its banks "/yfield," " Lewi?^," and 
 " South(?«i'e," within its short course : not to speak of 
 " C^fifield," which may pair off with our " Ock." 
 
 THOMAS KERSLAKE. 
 Bristol, April \, 1887. 
 
 \^' Academy, April ^, 1887.] 
 
 " THAMES" AND •' THAME." 
 
 The oldest forms of these names occur respectively 
 as " Tamesis " and " Tam " or " Tame " (as in " set 
 Tame " of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, a.d. 791). The 
 present mode of spelling'may, perhaps, be due to the 
 following cause. Prof. Earle (if I am not mistaken) 
 has referred " Tackley " (Oxon.) to " set-ic-Iea," where 
 the prep, "set "is untranslated; hence the collateral 
 forms of " Tackley " and " Oakley." Now, just as 
 " Tackley," or " Taclea," was known at an early period 
 to be derived from " 'tac-lea " (set-dc-lea), why should 
 not "Tame" at the same time have been considered 
 as a derivation from " 't-dme " for " aet-ime," which in 
 its turn was regarded as a corruption of'aet-hdme" 
 
7S The NaHpnalities and Races 
 
 {= at tlie "homestead," &c.) ? If this assumption be 
 correct, then the change from " Tame " to " Thame " 
 is accounted for, The river which was thought to owe 
 its name to the town then became the "Thame" 
 (originally " Tarn "), and " Tamise " (Temese) became 
 ■" Thames " (Therhese) by assimilation to " Thame." 
 
 E. SIBREE. 
 Oxford, March 31, 1887. 
 
 \^' Academy" Aprils, 1887.] 
 
 THE NAMES ''OXFORD" AND 
 " TEWKESBURY r 
 It is a work of supererogation to protest against 
 Mr. Kerslake's excuse for taking " Oxford" to be the 
 ■original form of the name. His plea that this is the 
 form " transmitted traditionally through the mouthg of 
 those who have been using it for their daily purposes 
 ■of life through from ten to fifteen. , centuries " is in- 
 admissible, for it is based upon an assumption that is 
 opposed to all documentary evidence. The origineJ 
 form of the name was undoubtedly " Oxnaford," and 
 it is idle to spe;ak of " pedantic meanings that may have 
 been infused into it by the ingenuity of clerkship, 
 an^logqus to canting heraldry." The Domesday form 
 is valua,ble as being a foreigner's representation of the 
 
Of the British Isles. 79 
 
 sound of the name, and it is perfectly in accord with 
 the phonology of the Domesday scribes. I may 
 explain, for the benefit of Mr. Hall, that &xna is the 
 gen. pi. of oxa. Not only is the form " Oxtiaiford " 
 well authenticated, but the change from that form to 
 " Oxford" is perfectly regular. -I might quote a sco^e 
 of instances from the Anglo-Saxon charters where an 
 n has dropped off from the end of the first member 
 of a compound, but the instance of " Folke-stone " 
 from Anglo-Saxon " Fokan-stdn" will suffice for my 
 present purpose. This loss of the n had -already 
 taken place in Northumbrian in Bede's time, and it 
 gradually spread to the other dialects. It was a 
 restfk of the wearing down of the weak declension 
 and its gradual absorption into the strong. I assume 
 in the present instance that tJie sWedk gen. pi. has 
 undergone the same process as the gen. sing., or thkt 
 the two have been identified. Neither of theise is a 
 very violent assumption. It is clear, therefore, that 
 "Oxford " is both the historical and the phonological 
 represeintative of the Anglo-Saxon " Oxna^ford." 
 That name can only mean " the ford of oxen." Mr. 
 Kerslake objects that " the names of rivers have had 
 much more to do with such matters (as local names) 
 than the most trivial and ordinary oses of bucdic 
 
8o The Nationalities and Races 
 
 life." This is a very elastic assertion, which would 
 be very difficult to prove or to disprove. To benefit 
 Mr. Kerslake's case at all, it is necessary to absolutely 
 preclude any local name derived from the " ordinary 
 uses of bucolic life." The fact that many local names 
 are derived from such sources at once disposes of his 
 plea. As an unimaginative follower of the " English 
 School," it seems to me that the obvious etymology 
 of the following local names is the real one, and 
 that they are analagous to " Oxford " : Horspath, 
 Horsforth, Oxlode, Sheepwash. There is an " Oxen- 
 foord" Castle in Edinburghshire, but there appears to 
 be no village of this name. Perhaps Mr. Kerslake 
 or Mr. Hall can fix Welsh etymologies to these 
 names, for one of the main attractions of the pseudo- 
 Celtic school of etymology seems to lie in its ability 
 to find Celtic etymologies for any word, however 
 Teutonic it may look.* 
 
 * When we are gravely told that " Eastbourne" is Celtic, as we are 
 in Palmer's " Dictionary of Folk Etymology," it becomes a question 
 whether we are to abandon this Celtic mania, or give up the philo- 
 logical conquests of the last fifty years. I see, from a communication 
 of Mr. Mayhew's in last week's Notes and Queries, that this dictionary 
 is the source of the idea that " Oxford " is derived from the Ock, 
 and that the same delusive list of parallel names is there adduced as 
 has figured in this discussion. 
 
Of the British Isles. 8i 
 
 Against the cumulative evidence of history, of 
 phonology, and of analogy, Mr. Kerslake propounds 
 an etymology that is sapped by fatal objections like 
 the following: (i) there is no evidence whatever of 
 the name ever having. been "Ocks-ford",; (2) there is 
 no necessity for the s, for, according to analogy and 
 common sense, the name should be " Ock-ford " ; 
 (3) there is not the faintest evidence that the 
 I sis was ever known as the Ock. Reajly, the 
 etymological ideas of Mr. Kerslake and Mr. Hall 
 seem to be as loose and accommodating as those of 
 Verstegan. 
 
 With regard to the name "Tewkesbury," Mr. 
 Kerslake, if he be true to his own principles, has no 
 right to etymologise from any other than the modern 
 form of the name ; for if " Oxford " is to be preferred 
 to "Oxna-ford," on the ground that it is the form 
 " traditionally transmitted through the mouths of 
 those who have been using it for their daily purposes 
 of life through from ten to fifteen centuries," so must 
 "Tewkesbury" override any forms like "Theotis- 
 byrg." A principle that can be enforced or ignored 
 at the whim of its formulator cannot exact much 
 respect. 
 
 Mr. Kerslake refers me to Weever for the form 
 
 M 
 
82 The Nationalities and Races 
 
 " Theotisbyrg," which he considers disposes of the 
 Domesday form of the name. I maintain that the 
 Domesday form is the more valuable ; indeed, it is of 
 the highest value, as being the attempt of a foreigner 
 to represent the sound of the name. The inscrip- 
 tion in Weever is very little older than the 
 date of Domesday, and it may be even younger. 
 The inscription as printed by Weever has been 
 confessedly tampered with. Altogether, it is a 
 suspicious piece of evidence which cannot be 
 allowed to outweigh the unimpeachable testimony 
 of Domesday. 
 
 Since writing my first letter, I have discovered 
 important evidence in support of the etymology of 
 Tewkesbury therein propounded. Indeed, it would be 
 more accurate to say that this evidence forestalls my 
 etymology. In Liebermann's " Ungedrucfcte Anglo- 
 Normannische Geschichtsquellen," p. 15, is printed a 
 chronicle from Cott. MS. Vitellius. C. viii., a MS. 
 assigned by Sir T. Duffus Hardy to the early part of 
 the twelfth century. This chronicle, which Lieber- 
 mann calls " Annales de ecclesiis et regnis Anglorum," 
 was compfled !n the diocese of Worcester. It con- 
 tains frequent quotations from Malmesbury's "Gesta 
 Pdntificum," including § 157, which contains Malmes- 
 
Of the British Isles. 83 
 
 bury's derivation of Tewkesbury from BeoTOHog* This 
 quotation is followed by these words : " Monasterium 
 etiam quod " Theodekesberia' vocatur ipsa contiuet 
 provincia, quod Theodoktis quidafti quondam con- 
 struxit, a quo et nomen accepitl'^Sic^ (p. 23). Now 
 this Tkeodokus is merely a latinisation of *^^od-oc, a 
 regular late form of ^^iod-ica ; that is, the k diminutive' 
 has lost its final a, and has gone 6ver to the strong 
 declension, AH this is perfectly regular, even to the 
 substitution of fof u or i as the connecting vowel 
 between the stem and the suffix. Every stage in this 
 process can be clearly traced among the names com- 
 pounded with this k diminutive. The following, 
 instances are so much to the point that I think ho 
 more need be said : a.d. 1045, Dodica episcopus, 
 " Codex Diplomaticus," iv. 99, 5; ,a,d. 1038, Duduc 
 episcopus, id., iv* 60, 15; a.d. 1043, -Dtidoea epi- 
 scopus, id.f iv. 75, 17. All these, forms refer to one 
 man. Therefore I maintain that the chronicler's 
 Theodoktis is a real name and not an eportym. It 
 may be objected that the chrpnicler's etymology is 
 weakened by his similar derivation of " Alcemannes- 
 
 * It is clear that Malmesbury must have had such a form as 
 Theodekes-beria, and not his own " Theokesberia," ia his mind when 
 he propounded this etymology. 
 
 M 2 
 
84 The Nationalities and Races 
 
 cestre" from a founder named " Akemannus,"* "ut 
 ab antiquis accepimus" (p. 19), and of Wight, "a rege 
 Britonum, qui Wicht nominabatur." But I do not 
 attach much weight to this objection, for even the 
 most unscientific etymologist may occasionally hit 
 upon a correct etymology, and in this case the deriva- 
 tion is from a bonoi-fide personal name. It might 
 have had, in addition, the support of local tradition. 
 According to my experience, far more English local 
 names are derived from personal names than from 
 any other source. Prof. Skeat informs me that his 
 studies in local etymology have led him to the same 
 conclusion. 
 
 In support of his etymology of Abingdon from the 
 Irish Abban, Mr. Kerslake adduces the instance of 
 Malmesbury from Maeldvih. He does not see that 
 this is in itself an argument against him ; for, although 
 Maeldubh is a Celtic name, it is here compounded 
 with the English gen. -es ; so that if Abingdon had 
 been derived from Abban, the name would have been, 
 
 • Is it certain that this etymology is wrong? No satisfactory 
 origin for this name has yet been propounded. Bede's Tunna- 
 caestir ("H. E.," iv. 22) proves that ceaster was sometimes linked 
 with a pefsdnal name. There are several Anglo-Saxon names in 
 dc, so that a name *A'c-mann is not altogether impossible or 
 improbable. 
 
Of the British Isles. 85 
 
 according to rv^% Abban-es-Mni'vsvsXiesA oi Abban-Mn. 
 There is, however, no trace whatever of any such 
 form ; and Mr. Kerslake's etymology may be safely 
 consigned to the limbo that has received so many 
 similar " Celtic " etymologies of Teutonic words. 
 
 W. H. STEVENSON. 
 Nottingham, April 14, 1887. 
 
 \Acaclemy, April 30, 1 887.] 
 
86 The Races of the British Isles. 
 
 CONCLUSION. 
 
 I WOULD here offer a few friendly words to the 
 political separatists. Great Britain and Ireland 
 belong to the great European family of States, all 
 of which, except this country, are fully armed for any 
 contingency. Great Britain has a smaller population 
 than those military States, and cannot therefore afford 
 to tolerate separatist notions in any part of the Empire. 
 The desire for a partition reminds one of the old story 
 of the two mothers, and King Solomon's judgment 
 against the one who was willing to see the l^aby cut 
 asunder. 
 
 The British Isles contain the descendants of many 
 races, amalgamated into one nationality, called in 
 England " English," in Scotland "Scottish," in Ireland 
 " Irish." 
 
 All have one Queen, one country, and, united, one 
 national interest. 
 
 To the Irish separatists I would point out that if 
 they succeeded in their mistaken enterprise, the 
 numerous lucrative posts held by Irishmen in Eng- 
 land, in India, and in the British Colonies, would no 
 longer fall to their share. 
 
 BERNARD QUARITCH. 
 
 May, 1887. 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 FACE 
 
 RACES OF THE BRITISH ISLES : 
 
 Lubbock (Sir John)-^ Letter \a tbe Times, March i8, 1887 7 
 
 ^ : March 25 „ 15 
 
 March 31 „ 34 
 
 April 9 „ 38 
 
 Brtce (J.), M.P.— Letter to \h'& Times, March 21 „ 13 
 
 ~— — — —— — —^ — — — r— — ~- — -March 38 „ 22 
 
 — ^ — —— Apjril 2 „ 36 
 
 M.P. — Letter to the 7i>«« March 25 „ 21 
 
 Beddoe (Dr. John) — ^Letter to the Times, March „ 28 
 
 ■ April 9 „ 40 
 
 The Duke qf Argyll — letter to the 
 
 Times March 31 „ 29 
 
 Maxwell (Herbert E.)"-Letter to Sir 
 
 John Lubbock March 31 „ 41 
 
 Huxley (Professor) — Letter to Sir John 
 
 Lubbock ... ... May 2 „ 42 
 
 Place and River Names in England: 
 
 Kerslake (Thomas) — Gyfla, the Scir of the Ivel Valley 47 
 
 — ^>v.^^. . ..,.. letter to Mr. Quafifcchj Match 
 
 24, 1887 ,.. ,,. ,.. 62 
 
 — The Name "Oxford," Academy, 
 
 April 2, April 9, 1887 65, 75 
 
 Hall (A.) — Letters to the Academy, April 2, April 9, 
 
 1887 ' 68, 73 
 
 Abrahall (J. Hoskyns) — Letter to the Academy, April 
 
 2, 1887 69 
 
 Quaritch (Bernard) — Letter to Mr. Kerslake, March 
 
 23. 1887 61 
 
 Sibree (E.) — Letter to the ^ca(/«»2j', April 9, 1887 ... 77 
 Stevenson (W. H.) — Letter to the Academy, April 2, 1887 70 
 ■ _ „ . „- . . , ..— ^ — " - — ■ ' April 33 „ 78 
 
QUARITCH'S REPRINTS. 
 
 I, — ^Vespucci (Amerigo) Lettera delle Isole nova- 
 mente trovate, sm, 4to. Florence, 1505, facsimile 
 reprint, price £t,. Jj. 
 
 the same, translated, with notes, sm. 4ta, 
 
 £2. I2s. 6d. 
 
 II. — Lace Book : Studio delle Virtuose Dame, dissegn. 
 da Parasole, Roma, 1 597, v oblong 4to., facsimile 
 reprint, 21s, 
 
 III. — Lace Book-. La Gloria et I'Honore de Ponti 
 tagliati, M. Pagan, Venetia, 1558, sm. ^^o., facsimile 
 reprint, 2ls. 
 
 IV. — Falconry : Perfect Booke for kepinge of Spar- 
 HAWKES or G05HAWKES, written about 1575, now 
 printed from the original MS., with Introduction 
 and Glossary by J. E. Harting, i voL 4to., 1886, 
 hf. bd., £1. IS. 
 
 WVMAM AND SONS, rKINTBKS, GSBAT QUBBH STEST, LONDON, W.C