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FORWARD MISSION STUDY COURSES 
 
 EDITED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE 
 
 YOUNG PEOPLE'S MISSIONARY MOVEMENT OF THE 
 
 UNITED STATES AND CANADA 
 
 THE WHY AND HOW 
 OF FOREIGN MISSIONS 
 
 L^ders' ecneral helps to accompany each text-boolc In the Forward Mission 
 Study Courses and special denominational helps ma/ be obtained by corresponding 
 with the iBcretary of your mlsalon board or society. 
 
■^ ■ ■■ ■ miiBw 
 
THE WHY AND HOW 
 
 OF 
 FOREIGN MISSIONS 
 
 ARTHUR JUDSON BROWN 
 
 AUTHOR OF 
 The Nciv Era in the Philippines 
 New Farces in Old China 
 The Foreign Missionary 
 
 THIRD EDITION 
 
 BAPTIST FORWARD MOVEMENT FOR. 
 
 MISSIONARY EDUCATION 
 
 Published for 
 
 THE AMERICAN BAPTIST MISSIONARY UNION 
 
 BY 
 
 THE AMERICAN BAPTIST PUBLICATION SOCIETY 
 1701-0! Chestnut Street, PHILADELPHIA, PA. 
 
Copyright, 1908, by 
 
 Young People's Missionary Movement 
 
 of the United States and Canada 
 
TO THE 
 
 FRIENDS IN THE HOME 
 
 CHURCHES WHO HAVE LOYALLY 
 
 SUSTAINED THE CAUSE OF FOREIGN 
 
 MISSIONS, NOT ONLY BY THEIR 
 
 GIFTS, BUT BY THEIR 
 
 SYMPATHY AND 
 
 PRAYERS 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 CHAPTER PAGB 
 
 Preface xi 
 
 I The Foreign Missionary Motive and Aim. .. i ^K^^Lr^^ 
 II Foreign Missionary Administration. .• 31 
 
 III Qualifications and Appointment 65 
 
 IV The Financial Support of the Missionary %^,cr-aM , 
 
 Enterprise 89 /T" 
 
 V The Missionary at Work 117 
 
 VI The Native Church 147 
 
 VII The Missionary Enterprise and its Critics. . 175 
 
 - VIII The Spirit of the Missionary 209 
 
 IX The Home Church and the Enterprise 233 
 
 Select Bibliography 265 
 
 Index 275 
 
 VII 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 Pioneer Missionaries Frontispiece 
 
 Representative Native Christians Page 19 
 
 Educational Missions : 
 
 Wu-chang, China " 57 
 
 Vellore, India " 57 
 
 Madras, India " 107 
 
 Freetown, West Africa " 107 
 
 Madura, India " 121 
 
 Serampur, India " lai 
 
 Mission Printing Presses: 
 
 Tokio, Japan " 127 
 
 Rangoon, India " 127 
 
 Medical Missions: 
 
 Operating Room and Hospital, Madura, 
 
 India " 131 
 
 Military Company, Wu-chang, China " 167 
 
 Football Team, Lahore, India " 167 
 
 Educational Missions : 
 
 The Doshisha, Kioto, Japan " 181 
 
 Kindergarten, Hiroshima, Japan " 181 
 
 Industrial Missions : 
 
 Lace Makers, Madras, India " 201 
 
 Aluminum Workers, Ongole, India " 201 
 
 Builders, Quiongoa, Africa " 201 
 
 Medical Missions: 
 
 Zenana Mission Hospital, Bareilly, India. . " 221 
 
 Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea " 221 
 
 Industrial Missions : 
 
 Weaving, India " 249 
 
 Lace Making, India " 249 
 
 Churches : 
 
 Baroda, India " 259 
 
 Ahmednagar, India • ••• " 259 
 
 Paoting fu, China " 259 
 
 Seoul, Korea .« " 259 
 
 ix 
 
PREFACE 
 
 This book has been prepared in compliance 
 with a request of the Young People's Mis- 
 sionary Movement for a succinct statement of 
 those aspects of the modern foreign mission- 
 ary enterprise which are of special interest to 
 laymen, in a form adapted to the needs of busy 
 people and of mission study classes. It there- 
 fore discusses the chief motives that prompt 
 to foreign missionary effort, the objects that 
 are sought, the methods of handling and ad- 
 ministering funds, the kind of persons who are 
 appointed to missionary service, the work that 
 they are doing, the difficulties they encounter, 
 the spirit they manifest, and the objections and 
 criticisms which disturb so many people at 
 home. Prominence is given to the large prob- 
 lems which are involved in the magnitude of 
 the foreign missionary enterprise, and in the 
 changing world conditions caused not only by 
 the religious but by the political, commercial, 
 and intellectual movements of our age. 
 
 Those who are familiar with the author's 
 larger book. The Foreign Missionary, will 
 note that much of the material of this book has 
 been taken from that volume. The present 
 work, however, is not a condensation of the 
 larger one, nor is it intended to take its place. 
 
 xi 
 
Xll 
 
 Preface 
 
 The idea in this book is simply to take such 
 parts of The Foreign Missionary as may be 
 of special interest to laymen who desire a 
 brief statement of the essential elements of 
 the foreign missionary movement, leaving 
 The Foreign Missionary, not only as a work of 
 reference, but as a preferable volume for 
 student volunteers and missionaries. 
 
 I gladly acknowledge valuable assistance 
 from the Editorial Committee of the Young 
 People's Missionary Movement in adapting 
 this book to the use of mission study classes. 
 
 Arthur Judson Bronm. 
 New York City, 
 June I, 1908, 
 
THE FOREIGN MISSIONARY MOTIVE 
 
The goal of history is the redemption of the 
 world. The consummation of all missionary en- 
 deavor will be when the knowledge of Jesus Christ 
 has become universal. Hence, the aim of missions 
 is to make Jesus Christ known to every creature, 
 so that he may have an intelligent opportunity to 
 accept him as his Savior. 
 
 — ^7. Ross Stevenson 
 
 So, to sum the matter up, the Christian missionary 
 motive is threefold. We are summoned by God in 
 Christ to join with him in doing that work of saving 
 grace toward men which is nearest to his heart, and 
 we cannot refuse : loyalty to God and Christ constrains 
 us. We have received in Christ the best good in life, 
 and are impelled from within to impart it: love to 
 men constrains us. The world needs the gift, and needs 
 it now: and the tremendous want constrains us. The 
 threefold motive is justified by present facts and by 
 eternal realities, and there is nothing that can legiti- 
 mately deprive it of its force, except the full accom- 
 plishment of the end. No special views are needed 
 to enforce the motive. Taking the world exactly as 
 it is and as all sound knowledge finds it, the motive 
 is sufficient. But it is a spiritual motive, and must 
 therefore be spiritually discerned. 
 
 ^William Newton Clarke 
 
R 
 
 THE FOREIGN MISSIONARY 
 MOTIVE AND AIM 
 
 ECENT . years have seen some change of ||Jfp°^a' 
 
 of 
 asis 
 
 emphasis in the motives which prompt 
 men to engage in the foreign missionary en- 
 terprise. Some motives that stirred our 
 fathers are not as strongly operative to-day, 
 but others have emerged that were then but 
 vaguely discerned. 
 
 It is now generally recognized that mission worldlview 
 work must be prosecuted amid changed con- 
 ditions. Our constituency has a knowledg e of 
 the non-christian world that in the past it did 
 not have. Men in our churches are no longer 
 so ignorant of other peoples. Books and mag- 
 azine articles have dissipated the mystery of 
 the Orient. Electricity enables the newspapers 
 to tell us every morning what occurred yester- 
 day in Seoul and Peking, in Rangoon and 
 Teheran. Our treatment of the Chinese and 
 the Negro testify to the fact that race preju- 
 dice is still strong. Nevertheless, the white 
 man does not look down upon the men of 
 other races as he did a century ago. He recog- 
 
4 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 nizes more clearly the good qualities which 
 , some of the non-Christian peoples possess. He 
 hears more of the industry of the Chinese and 
 the intellect of the Hindu. This recognition is 
 not unmingled with fear. No white man of to- 
 day despises the Japanese, certainly not in 
 Russia; nor can any one view with unconcern 
 the evidences of awakening- national life among 
 the teeming myriads of the Orient. 
 Dispelled The transition from the first century of Pro- 
 testant missions to the second century 
 is attended by no more significant change 
 than this. People at home are no longer 
 under illusions as to what non-christians are, 
 and they, in turn, are no longer under illusions 
 as to what_we are. The romance of missions 
 in the popular mind has been largely dispelled. 
 The missionary is no longer a -hero to the 
 average Christian, but a man with a message 
 to his fellow man. 
 MiB*.ionar°y There are, too, certain movements of theo- 
 leation |Qgjj.j^2 thought which must be considered. 
 Whatever we may think of them, we cannot 
 ignore their prevalence, nor should we argue 
 that they are inconsistent with missionary in- 
 terest. No man should be allowed to feel that 
 he is exempt from the missionary obligation 
 because he is not influenced by our particular 
 motive, or because he adopts a dififerent inter- 
 pretation of Bible teaching regarding certain 
 
Foreign Missionary Motive 5 
 
 doctrines. We may deplore his interpretation, 
 but we cannot admit that it releases him from 
 the duty of cooperating in this work. Every 
 man who believes in a just and loving personal 
 God and receives the benefits of Christianity, 
 whether he shares our theological convictions 
 or not, should aid in the effort to communicate 
 those benefits to races that do not have them. 
 
 Changes in the political and economic life Mo«i°"center5 
 of the world, in the attitude of the Christian *°c''"=' 
 nations toward the non-christian, and their atti- 
 tude in turn toward us, do not impair the 
 primary_missionary motive.. _Rather_do they 
 increase it. No changes that have taken 
 place or that can possibly take place 
 can set aside the great central facts 
 that Jesus Christ is the temporal and 
 eternal salvation of men, and that it is 
 the duty of those who know him to tell others 
 about him. There may be questions as to 
 method, but no objection lies against the essen- 
 tial enterprise that does not lie with equal force 
 against the fundamental truths of the Chris- 
 tian religion. Through all the tumult of theo- 
 logical strife, the one figure that is standing 
 out more and more clearly and commandingly 
 before men is the figure of the Son of Man, 
 the Divine and Eternal Son of the Ever-Liv- 
 ing God. In him is the true unity of the race 
 and around him cluster its noblest activities. 
 
6 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 No matter how much Christians may differ as 
 to other things, they will be more and more 
 agreed. as to the imperative duty and the in- 
 spiring privilege of preaching Jesus Christ to 
 the whole world. 
 Primary and Foreign missionary motives may be divided 
 Motives into two main classes, primary and secondary, 
 though this classification is arbitrary and 
 though there may be difference of opinion as 
 to the class to which certain motives properly 
 belong. The primary motives, as we conceive 
 them, are three. 
 ^hri°tian ^- The Soul's Expcrjence in Chris t. In 
 *''p^"^'"=>^roportion as this is genuine and deep, will we 
 desire to communicate it to others. Propaga- 
 tion is a law of the spiritual life. The genius 
 of Christianity is expansive. Ruskin reminds 
 us of Southey's statement that no man was 
 ever yet convinced of any momentous truth 
 without feeling in himself the power as well as 
 the desire of communicating it. That was an 
 exquisite touch of regenerated nature, and one 
 beautifully illustrative of the promptings of a 
 normal Christian experience, which led An- 
 drew, after he rose from Jesus' feet, to find 
 first his own brother, Simon, and say unto 
 him : " We have found the Messiah. . . . 
 He brought him unto Jesus." No external 
 authority, however commanding, can take the 
 place of this internal motive. 
 
Foreign Missionary Motive 7 
 
 People who say that they do not believe in fol,'^°n"i?e 
 foreign missions are usually quite unconscious 
 of the indictment which they bring against their 
 own spiritual experience. The man who has 
 no religion of his own that he values of course 
 is not interested in the effort to make it known 
 to others. One may be simply ignorant of 
 the content of his faith or the real character of 
 the missionary movement, but as a rule those 
 who know the real meaning of the Christian 
 experience are conscious of an overmastering 
 impulse to communicate it to others. 
 
 g.^ The World's Need of Christ. He who ANeedyworw 
 knowledge that is essential to his fellow 
 m^ is under obligation to convey that know- 
 ledge to them. It makes no difference who 
 those men are, or where they live, or whether 
 they are conscious of their need, or how much 
 inconvenience or expense he may incur in reach- 
 ing them. The fact that he can help them is 
 reason why he should help them. This is an 
 essential part of the foreign missionary im- 
 pulse. We have the revelation of Qod which 
 is potential of a civilization that benefits man, 
 an education that fits him for higher useful- 
 ness, a scientific knowledge that enlarges his 
 powers, a medical skill that alleviates his suf- 
 ferings, and above all a relation to Jesus Christ 
 that not only lends new dignity to this earthly 
 life but that saves his soul and prepares him 
 
8 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 for eternal companionship with God. "In 
 none other is there salvation." Therefore, we 
 must convey this gospel to the world. There 
 is no worthy reason for being concerned about 
 the salvation of the man next to us which is 
 not equally applicable to the man five thousand 
 miles away, 
 souf Re\1i?r °d "It IS hard to realize this concerning those 
 who are so distant?" Precisely; foreign mis- 
 sionary interest presupposes breadth of soul. 
 Any one can love his own family, but it takes 
 a high-souled man to love all men. He who 
 has that which the world needs is debtor to the 
 world. The true disciple would feel this even 
 if Christ had spoken no command. The mis- 
 sionary impulse would have stirred him to 
 spontaneous action. Christ simply voiced the 
 highest and holiest dictates of the human heart 
 when he summoned his followers to mission- 
 ary activity. The question whether the 
 heathen really need Christ may be answered 
 by the counter-question: Do we need him? 
 and the intensity of our desire to tell them 
 of Christ will be in proportion to the intensity 
 of our own sense of need. 
 
 We do not hear as much as our fathers 
 heard of the motive of salvation of the 
 heathen. Our age prefers to dwell upon the 
 blessings of faith rather than upon the conse- 
 quences of unbelief. And yet if we believe 
 that Christ is our " hfe." it is impossible to 
 
 Salvation Still 
 the Aim 
 
Foreign Missionary Motive 9 
 
 avoid the conclusion that to be without Christ 
 is death. Reason as well as revelation tells 
 us that man has sinned, that " the wages of 
 sin is death," and that this truth is as applica- 
 ble to Asia and Africa as to Europe and 
 America. We grant that it is possible that 
 some who have never heard of Christ may be 
 saved. The Spirit of God is not shut up to 
 the methods that have been revealed to us. 
 He works when and where and how he pleases. 
 In ways unknown to us, he may apply the ben- 
 efits of redemption to those who, without op- 
 portunity to accept the historic Christ, may 
 live up to the light they have. Missionaries 
 tell us that they seldom find such cases; btit 
 we should not dogmatize regarding every indi- 
 vidual of the millions who have never 
 been approached. 
 
 Taking non-christian peoples as we know ?,*»'= °f . . 
 
 => . , Non-Christian 
 
 them, however, it is sorrowfully, irrefutably p=opie 
 true that they are living in known sin, and 
 that by no possible stretch of charity can they 
 be considered beyond the necessity for the re- 
 vealed gospel. Various statements and figures 
 are used in the New Testament to express the 
 condition of those who know not Christ, but 
 whether they are interpreted literally or figu- 
 ratively, their fundamental meaning is plain. 
 Jesus came "to save," and salvation is from 
 something. A charitable hope that some are 
 
lO Why and How ot Foreign Missions 
 
 living like the pious ^Hebrews before the in- 
 carnation does not lessen our duty to give them 
 the clearer knowledge, which, like Simeon of 
 old, they would eagerly welcome, nor does it 
 modify in the least our obligation toward the 
 masses who are living on a lower level. The 
 Light shines for all, and those who see it must 
 spread the tidings; for every man, however 
 degraded, is 
 
 "Heir of the same inheritance. 
 Child of the self-same God. 
 
 He hath but stumbled in the path 
 We have in weakness trod." 
 
 Christ's ^yj) The Command of Christ. T he circum- 
 stances were inexpressibly solemn. He had ris- 
 en from the dead and was about to ascend to 
 the Father. But ere he left his disciples, he said 
 unto them : " All authority hath been given 
 unto me in heaven and on earth. Go ye there- 
 fore, and make disciples of all the nations, 
 baptizing them into the name of the Father 
 and of the Son and the Holy Spirit: teach- 
 ing them to observe all things whatsoever I 
 commanded you: and lo, I am with you al- 
 ways, even unto the end of the world."-^ A 
 little later, he reiterated the charge : " Ye 
 shall be my witnesses both in Jerusalem, and 
 in all Judea and Samaria, and unto the utter- 
 
 'Matt xxviiL i8-ao. 
 
 Command. 
 
Foreign Missionary Motive ii 
 
 most part of the earth."^ "And he lifted up 
 his hands and blessed them"^ "And a cloud 
 received him out of their sight."' 
 
 There is no gainsaying that command. ^^'p^AISI-'o^ae, 
 Whether we consider the Person who gave it, 
 the circumstances in which it was gfiven, or 
 the duty imposed, we must regard it as the 
 weightiest of utterances. If it were the only 
 motive, foreign missionary work would be a 
 mechanical performance of duty, the mission- 
 ary merely an obedient soldier; but taken in 
 connection with the preceding motives, it adds 
 the impressive sanctions of divine authority. 
 It is the bugle call which, to the true soldier, 
 never loses its thrilling, response-compelling 
 power. It is not a request; not a suggestion. 
 It leaves nothing to our choice. It is an order, 
 comprehensive and unequivocal, a clear, per- 
 emptory, categorical imperative : " Go !" 
 
 No one can read the New Testament with- II;*^"p""= . , 
 
 Thoueht of Christ 
 
 out seeing that the evangelization of the world 
 was the supreme thought of Christ. He came 
 into the world to save it. He sought, not 
 merely for the rich and influential, but for 
 men as men, irrespective of their wealth or 
 position. When the blind beggar cried out to 
 him for help, he said unto him : " Go thy 
 way ; thy faith has made thee whole."* When 
 he saw the famishing multitude, he " had com- 
 
 » Acts i. 8. " Luke xxiv. so. » Acts i. 9. * Mark x. 52. 
 
12 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 passion on them, because they were as sheep 
 not having a shepherd."^ He could not bear 
 to see men perish, and the thought of it caused 
 him keenest agony. He was himself a mis- 
 sionary, and his entire ministry was a mis- 
 sionary ministry. While his earthly life was 
 confined to Palestine, he made it clear that 
 the scope of his purpose was world-wide. He 
 plainly said : " Other sheep I have, which are 
 not of this fold : them also I must bring, and 
 they shall hear my voice."^ He declared that 
 " God so loved the world that he gave his only 
 begotten Son, that whosoever believeth on 
 him should not perish, but have eternal life."* 
 He taught the sublime truth of the Fatherhood 
 of God and the brotherhood of man. He 
 broke down the partition wall between Jew 
 and Gentile. In an age when men regarded 
 men of other races as foes, he said : " Love 
 your enemies." He showed the race-proud 
 Jews that the Samaritan was their " neigh- 
 bor." Going " into the borders of Tyre and 
 Sidon," he saved a poor Syrophoenician wo- 
 man.* From heaven he gave Paul his com- 
 mission to the Gentiles. With a vision of 
 world conquest, he exclaimed : " I say unto 
 you, that many shall come from the east and 
 the west, and shall sit down with Abraham, 
 
 •Mark vi. 34. 'John x. 16. 'John iii. 16. 'Marie vii. 
 34-26. 
 
Foreign Missionary Motive 13 
 
 and Isaac, and Jacob, in the kingdom of hea- 
 ven."i "And I, if I be lifted from the 
 earth, will draw all men unto myself."^ 
 
 And still the world's evangelization is his Thlughtstln 
 supreme thought. He is " the same yesterday , 
 and to-day, yea and for ever." He knows no 
 distinction of race or caste. He loves men, 
 and, as Phelps has said, the most attractive 
 spots to him are "those which are crowded 
 with the densest masses of human beings." 
 Now, as of old, the Son of Man looks upon a 
 sorrowing, dying world with pity unutterable. 
 This is the attitude of the divine heart. 
 Christ said that when the prodigal " was yet 
 afar off, his father saw him, and was moved 
 with compassion, and ran, and fell on his neck 
 and kissed him." Seeing him " afar off " of 
 course means that he was looking for him, 
 gazing often and with fatherly yearning far 
 down the road on which he hoped and prayed 
 and knew that the wanderer would soon come. 
 
 His love seeks the most distant. We com- ofT"^ 
 placently imagine that God loves us more 
 than any other people; but the Shepherd who 
 left the ninety and nine sheep in the wilder- 
 ness and sought the one that was lost is surely 
 most tenderly solicitous, not about us in our 
 comfortable, gospel-lightened homes, but about 
 the oppressed blacks of Africa and the starv- 
 
 *Matt. viii. ii. 'John xii. 32. 
 
14 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 ing millions of India. Whoever fancies that 
 God does not love all men and that Christ does 
 not desire the salvation of all men but dimly 
 sees the truth. Jehovah is the God of the 
 whole earth. Christ " is the propitiation for 
 our sins; and not for ours only, but also for 
 the whole world."^ 
 ^Dulbed"nM Since the salvation of men is Christ's su- 
 preme thought, it should be ours. How is it 
 possible for one who professes to follow Christ 
 not to believe in missions, when missions are 
 simply the organized effort to carry out the 
 will of the Master ? Men talk about heresy as 
 if it related only to the creed. Jesus said, " I 
 and the Father are one;" but he also said, 
 " Go ye into all the world, and preach the 
 gospel to the whole creation." Is it not as 
 heretical to deny one statement as the other? 
 Failure to do the will of Christ emasculates 
 the essential idea of the Church. There may 
 be a noble edifice, a large congregation, bril- 
 liant oratory, inspiring music; but if the Mas- 
 ter's call is not heard and heeded, it cannot 
 be a church of the living God. 
 , Negiec?'" Those who are solicitous about the salva- 
 
 Uachnstian 
 
 tion of the heathen who die without having 
 heard of Christ may well add some concern 
 about the salvation of professed Christians 
 who, with the Bible in their hands, the com- 
 
 1 I John ii. is. 
 
Foreign Missionary Motive 15 
 
 mand of Christ sounding in their ears, and the 
 condition of the lost world before their eyes, 
 manifest but languid interest in the effort to 
 save the world. It is difficult to understand 
 how those who profess to serve Christ can 
 be indifferent to the most important work 
 which Christ has committed to his followers, 
 or how they can expect his blessing while they 
 neglect his specific injunction. " If a man love 
 me, he will keep my word," said Christ;^ and 
 the word is, "Go, preach." These words 
 surely mean that Christ intended every one 
 of his disciples to have some part in the 
 effort to make the gospel known to all men, 
 either by personally going or by giving 
 toward the support of those who do go. The 
 obligation is laid upon the conscience of every 
 Christian. This majestic enterprise is of di- 
 vine authority. When a young clergyman 
 asked the Duke of Wellington whether he did 
 not deem it useless to attempt to convert India, 
 the great general sternly replied, " What are 
 your marching orders, sir?" If we believe in 
 Christ, we must believe in foreign missions. 
 
 Foreign missions, therefore, is not a side who'rch'uKh"' 
 issue, the object of an occasional " collection ;" 
 it is the supreme duty of the Church, the main 
 work of the Church. So the first disciples un- 
 derstood it, for they immediately went forth 
 
 ijohn ziT. as. 
 
i6 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 as missionaries. It is interesting to note that 
 the word " apostle " is derived from a Greek 
 word which means one sent forth, a messen- 
 ger, and that the word " missionary " comes 
 from an original which is simply the Latin 
 equivalent of the Greek apostle. Therefore 
 the modern apostle is the missionary, and 
 while men at home are disputing over apos- 
 tolic succession, the foreign missionaries, who 
 are the real apostles of the present, are doing 
 what their lineal predecessors did — "going 
 away " from home to preach the gospel to the 
 scattered nations of the earth, 
 "^cre^tion' Wc may well be awed by the majesty of 
 Christ's declaration; a lonely Nazarene, sur- 
 rounded by a handful of humble followers, 
 calmly bidding them carry his teaching to the 
 most distant nations. They were not to con- 
 fine their efforts to their own country. " The 
 whole creation " must be reached. No excep- 
 tions are to be made. Christ did not say, 
 " Teach all nations, save those that you deem 
 beneath you;" nor did he say, "Preach to 
 every creature, except the Hindu and Buddhist 
 and Mohammedan, who have religions of 
 their own." He made the scope of his com- 
 mand absolutely universal. 
 A R=a«-ed j^ jg ^^^ purpose of God, said Paul, " to 
 reconcile all things unto himself." We should 
 never lose sight of the grandeur of this con- 
 
Foreign Missionary Motive 17 
 
 ception. Christianity is not a life-boat sent 
 out to a sinking ship to rescue a few passen- 
 gers and let the rest go to the bottomi. It will 
 save all the passengers, unless they refuse to be 
 saved, and it will save the ship. The Bible 
 looks to a redeemed earth. Let us hope and 
 pray and work for nothing short of that stu- 
 pendous consummation. Limiting the grace 
 of God, doubting its adequacy for all men, 
 acting as if it were for America and not for 
 Africa and the islands of the sea, are sins 
 against the Holy Ghost. 
 
 These are and ever must remain the pri- 
 mary motives of the missionary enterprise. 
 There are others, however, of a secondary 
 character, which are influential with many 
 people and which may be briefly enumerated. 
 
 I. In many ways the missionary is " the ad- ^""'"°*'° ii. 
 vance agent of riyijiyatinn " As the product 
 of centuries of Christian civilization, with all 
 its customs and ideals, he appears in a rude 
 village in Africa. He opposes slavery, poly- 
 gamy, cannibalism, and infanticide. He teaches 
 the boys to be honest, sober, and thrifty; the 
 girls to be pure, intelligent, and industrious. 
 He induces the natives to cover their nakedness, 
 to build houses, and to till the soil. He in- 
 culcates and exemplifies the social and civic 
 virtiips H is own homc and his treatment of 
 his wife and daughters are object-lessons in a 
 
i8 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 community which has always treated woman 
 as a slave. The inertia of long-established 
 heathenism is hard to overcome, but slowly it 
 yields to the new power, and the beginning of 
 civilized society gradually appears. Volumes 
 might be filled with the testimonies of states- 
 men, travelers, and military and naval officers 
 to the value of missionary work from this 
 view-point, and the cumulative power of this 
 class of evidence is doubtless a large factor 
 in the growing respect for missions in the 
 public mind. This motive appeals more par- 
 ticularly to persons of the intellectual type. 
 
 2. The philanthropic motive is stirred 
 by the consciousness of human brotherhood 
 and the natural desire to relieve the appalling 
 juffering -and igno rance . which prevail 
 throughout the heath«i world. Christ is the 
 Great Physician -now as of old. As we see 
 the prevalence of disease and misery, the un- 
 tended ulcers, the sightless eyes to which the 
 surgeon's skill could bring light, the pain- 
 racked limbs pierced with red-hot needles to 
 kill the alleged demon that causes the suffer- 
 ing, and the fevered bodies that are made ten 
 times worse by the superstitious and 
 bungling methods of treatment, our sympa- 
 thies are profoundly moved, and we freely 
 give and labor that such agony may be allev- 
 iated. Medical missions with their hospitals 
 
BisHOP'VbiTSU Honda 
 Japan 
 
 Rev.T.H.Yun 
 korean prince 
 
 1 
 
Foreign Missionary Motive 19 
 
 and dispensaries strongly appeal to this mo- 
 tive, as do also educational missions with their 
 teaching of the principles of better living. 
 The gospel itself is sometimes preached and 
 supported from this motive, for it is plain 
 that the sufferings of men are diminished and 
 the dignity and the worth of life increased by 
 the application of the principles of Christian- 
 ity to human society. This motive appeals 
 strongly to those of the emotional type. 
 
 3. The argument from results is the most DB^re fm 
 decisive with many people of the utilitarian 
 type. They want to see that their money ac- 
 complishes something, to know that their in- 
 vestment is yielding tangible return. They 
 eagerly scan missionary reports to ascertain 
 how many converts have been made, howi 
 many pupils are being taught, how many 
 patients are being treated. Telling them 
 of successes achieved is the surest method 
 of inducing them to increase their gifts. 
 Mission boards often find it difficult to 
 sustain interest in apparently unproductive 
 fields, but comparatively easy to arouse en- 
 thusiasm for fields in which converts are 
 quickly made. The Churches are eager and 
 even impatient for results. Fortunately, in 
 many lands results have been achieved on such 
 a scale as to satisfy this demand. But in other 
 lands not less important weary years have had 
 
20 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 to be spent in preparing the soil and sowing 
 the seed, and hard-working missionaries have 
 been half disheartened by the insistent popular 
 demand for accounts of baptisms before the 
 
 harvest-time has fairly come. 
 
 ^Jncri^l'nliy There is, apparently, a growing disposition 
 Emphasised ^.^ g^^jj. ^j^-g ^^^^j^ ^.j^gg q£ motivcs. The basis 
 
 of the missionary appeal has noticeably 
 changed within the last generation. Our com- 
 mercial, humanitarian, and practical age is 
 more impressed by the physical and the tempor- 
 al than the actual and the utilitarian. The idea 
 of saving men for the present world appeals 
 more strongly than the idea of saving them 
 for the next world, and missionary sermons 
 and addresses give large emphasis to these 
 motives. We need not and should not under- 
 value them. They are real. It is legitimate 
 and Christian to seek the temporal welfare of 
 our fellow men, to alleviate their distresses, to 
 exalt woman, and to purify society. It is, 
 moreover, true and to the credit of the mis- 
 sionary enterprise that it widens the area of 
 the world's useful knowledge, introduces the 
 conveniences and necessities of Christian civ- 
 ilization, and promotes wealth and power; 
 while it is certainly reasonable that those who 
 toil should desire to see some results from 
 their labor and be encouraged and incited to 
 
Foreign Missionary Motive 21 
 
 renewed diligence by the inspiring record of 
 aciiievements. 
 
 But these motives are nevertheless distinct- rmp°'tanlV 
 ly secondary. The benefits mentioned are ef- 
 fects of the missionary enterprise rather than 
 primary motives for it, and the true Christian 
 would still be obliged to give and pray and 
 work for the evangelization of the world, even 
 if not one of these motives existed. More- 
 over, with the wider diffusion of knowledge, 
 some of these considerations are becoming 
 relatively less important. Japan, India, and 
 the Philippines have schools which give ex- 
 cellent secular training, and philanthropic in- 
 stitutions under secular auspices, though un- 
 doubtedly due to Christian influences, are be- 
 ginning to come into existence. As for civil- 
 ization, some non-christian lands already have 
 civilizations of their own, more ancient than 
 ours, and, so far as moral questions are not 
 involved, quite as well adapted to their needs, 
 while our own civilization is not by any means 
 wholly Christian. Whether men are civilized 
 or not, we must continue our missionary work. 
 The achievements of a hundred years of mis- 
 sionary eflfort are encouraging; but if they 
 were not, our duty would not be affected. We 
 are to do what is rigl^t, though we never see 
 visible results. Christ's life was a failure, 
 from the view-point of his own generation; so 
 
22 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 were the efforts of Paul and Peter and 
 Stephen; but later generations saw the rich 
 fruitage. Like them, the true missionary toils 
 from motives that are independent of present 
 appearances. He knows that he is working 
 with God, for God, and in obedience to God, 
 and, with Faber, he is confident that in the 
 end, 
 
 "He always wins who sides with God; 
 With Him no chance is lost" 
 
 AimstoBrKept jj jg important that wc should have a clear 
 idea of the aim of the missionary enterprise. 
 Of course, all know in a general way that it 
 is proposed to "convert the heathen;" but be- 
 yond that, many who support the work and even 
 some who apply for appointment appear to 
 have only vague ideas. But the missionary 
 movement is not a mere crusade. It has cer- 
 tain definite aims, and these aims must be 
 kept clearly in mind if the work is to be in- 
 telligently and efficiently done. 
 ^ ^°sav"or First of all, the aim is to present Christ so 
 intelligently to men that they will accept him 
 as their personal Savior. 
 im^niEMtiy Emphasis should be laid upon the word " in- 
 Knowa telligently." This idea excludes the hurried 
 and superficial presentation of the gospel. It 
 is not enough to go into a non-christian com- 
 munity, proclaim Christ for a few days or 
 
Foreign Missionary Aim 23 
 
 months, and then pass on, in the belief that 
 we have discharged our responsibihty. Even 
 'Americans and Europeans with all their gen- 
 eral knowledge do not grasp new ideas so 
 quickly as that, and we cannot reasonably ex- 
 pect other races to do so. To a large part of 
 the non-christian world, Christ is still un- 
 known, even by name, and a great majority 
 of those who have heard of him know him 
 only in such a general way as most people in 
 this country have heard of Mencius or Zoro- 
 aster. Of his real character and relation to 
 men, they know nothing, nor does it ever oc- 
 cur to them that they are under any obliga- 
 tion to him. Moreover, what little they have 
 heard of him as a historical personage is be- 
 clouded and distorted by all the inherited and 
 hostile presumptions of age-old prejudices, 
 superstitions, and spiritual deadness. In such 
 circumstances, to make Christ intelligently 
 known is apt to be a long and perhaps a weari- 
 some effort. Carey in India and Morrison in 
 China toiled seven years before their hearts 
 were gladdened by one solitary convert. Tyler 
 in South Africa saw fifteen laborious years 
 pass before the first Zulu accepted Christ, 
 while Gilmour preached for twenty years in 
 Mongolia before visible results appeared. 
 After the Asiatic mind once fairly grasps the 
 new truth, progress usually becomes more 
 
24 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 rapid ; but at first and sometimes for long per- 
 iods, it is apt to be painfully slow. The mis- 
 sionary and the Church that supports him 
 often have need of patience. 
 Rniritnai Rnd in_ In urgiug cmphasis on the evangelistic phases 
 — — *of the virork, we are not unmindful of the value 
 of other forms of missionary activity. The 
 missionary is following the example of Christ 
 in alleviating the bodily sufferings of men, 
 while it is absolutely necessary to translate and 
 print the Bible, to create a Christian literature, 
 to teach the young and to train them for leader- 
 ship in the coming Church. Man must be in- 
 fluenced at every stage of his career and 
 shown that Christianity is adapted to his 
 present state as well as to his future life. 
 Nevertheless, hospitals and schools and 
 presses are means, not ends. They are of val- 
 ue just in proportion as they aid the evange- 
 listic effort, either by widening its opportunity 
 or by conserving its results. The aim is not 
 philanthropic or educational or literary, but 
 spiritual. It is a new birth, ah internal, not 
 an external transformation, that men most 
 vitally need. The external transformation 
 will follow. 
 ^" '"'^'chS^ch "^^^^ personal presentation of Christ with a 
 view to men's acceptance of him as Savior is 
 to issue as soon as possible in the organization 
 of converts into self-propagating, self-sup- 
 
Foreign Missionary Aim 25 
 
 porting, and self-governing churches. This is 
 a vital part of the missionary aim. Christian- 
 ity will not control a nation's life as long as it 
 is an exotic. It must become an indigenous 
 growth. To this end, effort must be put forth 
 to develop the independent energies of the 
 converts. The new convert is usually a spir- 
 itual child, and like a physical child, he must 
 be for a time "under tutors and governors;" 
 but the instruction looks to the development 
 of self-reliant character. In the words of 
 Lawrence : " God's great agent for the 
 spread of his kingdom is the Church, 
 . . . . and missions exist distinctly for 
 the Church. . . . Then the Church of each land, 
 thus planted, must w'in its own people to 
 Christ-'.'i 
 
 SUGGESTIONS FOR USING THE QUESTIONS 
 
 Mast of these questions are thought questions. That 
 is, they require for their answers some original think- 
 ing. This form of question has been chosen for in- 
 sertion in the text-book (i) because questions which 
 constitute a mere memory test of the facts of the text 
 can easily be constructed by any leader or member who 
 makes an outline of the principal facts, and (2) be- 
 cause mere memory questions, although they have their 
 uses, yield far less than thought questions either in 
 mental development or in permanent impression. In 
 
 ' Lawrence, Modern Missions in the East, 31. 
 
26 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 some cases complete answers will be found in the text- 
 book; usually statements that will serve as a basis 
 for inference; but a few questions appeal solely to the 
 general knowledge and common sense of the student. 
 The greatest sources of inspiration and growth will 
 be, not what the text-book adds to the student, but 
 what the student adds to the text-book; the former is 
 only a means to the latter. 
 
 In using these questions, therefore, let the leader first 
 gather from the chapter or from previous chapters 
 all that relates to the subject It will be found profit- 
 able to jot down this material so that it will be all 
 under the eye at once; then think, using freely all the 
 knowledge, mental power, and reference books avail- 
 able. For the sake of definiteness, conclusions should 
 be written out It is not supposed that the average 
 leader will be able to answer all these questions satis- 
 factorily; otherwise, there would be little left for the 
 class session. The main purpose of the session is to 
 compare imperfect results and arrive at greater com- 
 pleteness by comparison and discussion. 
 
 It is not probable that the entire list of questions 
 will be used in any one case, especially when the sessions 
 last only an hour. The length of the session, the ma- 
 turity of the class, and the taste of the leader will all 
 influence the selection that will be made. In many cases 
 the greatest value of these questions will be to suggest 
 others that will be better. Some of the questions will 
 require more mature thought and should be made the 
 basis of discussion. 
 
 There has been no attempt to follow the order of 
 paragraphs in the text-book in more than a general 
 way. 
 
Foreign Missionary Motive 27 
 
 QUESTIONS ON CHAPTER I 
 
 Aim: To Determine an Adequate Aim for Foreign 
 Missions Based Upon Adequate Personal 
 Motives 
 
 1. What is your definition of a Christian? 
 
 2. What are the principal privileges of the Christ- 
 tan life? Arrange in the order of their im- 
 portance. 
 
 3. How do they seem to you to compare in value 
 with mental or physical benefits? 
 
 4. To what part of mankind are these privileges 
 open? 
 
 5. Is there anything in the nature of these privi- 
 leges that would especially lead you to share 
 them? 
 
 6. What would you take to permit your sister, 
 or daughter, to grow up from infancy in heath- 
 en society? 
 
 7. Would she not have a chance of being saved, 
 if she lived up to the light she had? 
 
 8. Would you be satisfied to have her merely sur- 
 rounded by the influences of Christian society? 
 
 9. What would she miss by not having a person- 
 al knowledge of Christ? 
 
 10. What parts of the world seem to you to be 
 in the most need of Christianity? 
 
 TI. What do you understand to be the purpose 
 for which Christ came into the world? 
 
 12. How wide- reaching was this purpose? 
 
 13. What place did it have in his thoughts? 
 
 14. How did he expect it to be carried out ? 
 
 15. What passages of Scripture can you quote in 
 support of your opinions on the last three 
 questions ? 
 
28 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 16. What do you consider the principal personal 
 obligations resting on every Christian? 
 
 17. What is the relation of these obligations to the 
 privileges of the Christian life? 
 
 18. What claim has foreign missions upon Christ- 
 ians who happen to be interested in other 
 things instead? 
 
 19. What place ought it to occupy in the prayer 
 and giving and service of the average Christ- 
 ian at home? 
 
 20. Word what seems to you the strongest motive 
 for pursuing the work of foreign missions. 
 
 21. Are there any reasons why the responsibility 
 of the present generation is greater than that 
 of those that are past? 
 
 22. Tell all the things you would need to know and 
 do, in order to make Christ intelligently known 
 in a heathen village, where he, had never been 
 preached. 
 
 23. Would it be sufficient to make a correct 
 statement of the way of salvation just once 
 to each individual in the village? 
 
 24. Would you consider that you had fulfilled j'our 
 Christian duty to your own brother when you 
 had done that much for him? 
 
 25. What is there in the two cases tliat is not 
 parallel ? 
 
 26. Should we expect our missionaries in person 
 to make Christ intelligently known to each 
 individual of the heathen world? 
 
 27. By what agency will the mass of the non- 
 christian world be evangelized? 
 
 28. What is the principal aim of the foreign 
 missionary force? 
 
 29. To what extent will the civilizing motive 
 contribute to this aim ? 
 
Foreign Missionary Motive 29 
 
 30. To what extent, the philanthropic motive? 
 
 31. In what way might the desire for results 
 hinder the complete realization of this aim? 
 
 32. In view of the combined motives for foreign 
 missionary work how does its claim on the 
 individual Christian and on the Christian 
 Church seem to you to compare with that of 
 other causes? 
 
 References for Advanced Study. — ^Chapter L 
 
 I. Motives for Foreign Missions. 
 Barton: The Unfinished Task, II. 
 Behrends : The World for Christ, I. 
 
 Bliss: A Concise History of Missions, Part III, 
 Chap. I. 
 
 Clarke: A Study of Christian Missions, I, II. 
 Mott: The Evangelization of the World in This 
 Generation, II. 
 
 Ray: The Highway of Mission Thought, I. 
 Speer: Missionary Principles and Practice, III. 
 Stock: A Short Handbook of Missions, III, IV. 
 World-Wide Evangelization, (Toronto Conven- 
 tion) 29-36. 
 
 II. Aims of Foreign Missions. 
 Barton: The Unfinished Task, I. 
 
 Clarke: A Study of Christian Missions, HI. 
 
 Hall: The Universal Elements of the Christian 
 
 Religion, I. 
 
 Martin : Apostolic and Modern Missions, II. 
 
 Missionary Issues of the Twentieth Century, 
 
 23-32. 
 
 Mott: The Evangelization of the World in This 
 
 Generation, I. 
 
 Speer: Missionary Principles and Practice, IV, V. 
 
 Welsh : The Challenge to Christian Missions, X. 
 
FOREIGN MISSIONARY 
 ADMINISTRATION 
 
 »i 
 
The great problem in the administration of missions 
 is to combine in due proportions decentralization in 
 the conduct of details and centralization in the settle- 
 ment of principles. On the importance of the former 
 all are agreed ; but not on the value of the latter. There 
 has sometimes been a tendency to resent the control 
 of a central body on the ground that its members 
 cannot know the mission as well as those actually in 
 the field. To a large extent, however, the reverse 
 is the case. The central body, no doubt, cannot know 
 the details of any one particular mission so well as 
 the missionaries in that mission; but those missionaries 
 only know their own mission, while the central body 
 can know, and often does know, the missions of 
 the society generally, and in considering questions of 
 missionary policy and method the experiences of several 
 missions is often the best guide for the administration 
 of any one of them. Moreover, the central body gen- 
 erally comprises not only clergymen and laymen in 
 the home Church who have made a careful study of 
 the missionary problems, but also retired missionaries 
 of long experience from different parts of the world, 
 and civil and military officers who have been the friends 
 and supporters of missions in the countries where they 
 served, particularly in India. 
 
 — Eugene Stock 
 
 s» 
 
II 
 
 FOREIGN MISSIONARY 
 ADMINISTRATION 
 
 \T7"0RLD evangelization being the su- ^fc^saVy''^"'"'' 
 * " preme work of the Church, the 
 method of administration should be com- 
 mensurate m scope and dignity with the task 
 to be performed. Such a work cannot be 
 properly done by individuals, nor by congre- 
 gations acting separately. It is too vast, the 
 distance too great, the single act too small. 
 ,Local churches d o not have the experienc e in 
 dealing with missionary problems, nor the corn- 
 prehensive knowledge of details n ecessary for 
 the proper conduct of such an enterprise. 
 Moreover, the individual may die or lose his 
 money. The single church may become in- 
 different or discouraged. Even if neither of 
 these alternatives happened, the work would 
 lack stability. It would be fitful, sporadic, too 
 largely dependent upon accidental knowledge 
 or temporary emotion. A chance newspaper 
 article or a visit from some enthusiastic mis- 
 sionary might direct a disproportionate stream 
 of gifts to one field, while others equally or 
 
 33 
 
34 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 perhaps more important would be neglected. 
 The wise expenditure of large sums of money 
 in far distant lands, the checks and safeguards 
 essential to prudent control, the equitable dis- 
 tribution of workers and forms of work, the 
 proper balancing of interests between widely- 
 scattered and isolated points, the formulation 
 of principles of mission policy — all these re- 
 quire a central administrative agency. 
 ^c?pe«tiSns Foreign missionary work is in remote 
 lands, in dififerent~ianguages, among diverse 
 peoples. It is, moreover, a varied and com- 
 plex work, including not only churches, but 
 day-schools, boarding-schools, industrial 
 schools, normal schools; colleges, academic, 
 medical, and theological; inquirers' classes, 
 hospitals, and dispensaries ; tlie translation ; 
 publishing, and selling of books and tracts; 
 the purchase "and care of property; the health 
 and homes and furloughs of missionaries; 
 fluctuating currencies of many kinds ; negotia- 
 tions with governments ; and a mass of details 
 little undersood by the home Church. Prob- 
 lems and interrelations with other work are 
 involved, which are entirely beyond the ex- 
 perience of the home minister, and which call 
 for an expert knowledge, only possible to one 
 who devotes his entire time to their acquisition. 
 *"'li°"c; Dr. Cust says that "the conduct of mis- 
 sions in heathen and Mohammedan countries 
 
Foieign Missionary Administration , 35 
 
 I 
 has already risen to the dignity of a science, 
 only to be learned by long and continuous prac- 
 tise, discussion, reading, and reflection ; it is the 
 occupation of the whole life and of many hours 
 of each day of many able men selected for the 
 particular purpose by the turns of their own 
 minds, and the conviction of their colleagues 
 that they have a special fitness for the duty." 
 
 Mr. Wm. T. Ellis, who made a special in- MUsTSSf"* 
 vestigation of missionary work in 1907, 
 wrote from Japan : " My own observation 
 leads me to conclude that independent mis- 
 sions make more stir in the homeland, 
 where the money is being raised than they do 
 here. They are usually temporary, since 
 they depend upon one man. . . . The only 
 effectual missionary work that can be pursued 
 is that conducted on a broad basis and a long- 
 continued plan by the great Churches of Japan 
 and of Christian lands." 
 
 It is neither safe nor businesslike for the eiumphbc 
 Church to leave such an undertaking to out- 
 siders. The Lord's work as well as man's 
 work calls for business methods. The Church 
 must take up this matter itself. It must form 
 some responsible agency, whose outlook is 
 over the whole field, and through which indi- 
 viduals and churches may work collectively 
 and to the best advantage; some lens which 
 shall gather up all the scattered rays of local 
 
36 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 effort and focus them where they are needed; 
 some institution which, though " men may 
 come and men may go," shall itself " go on 
 forever." Recognizing these things, each of 
 the leading denominations has constituted 
 a board^ of foreign missions as the great chan- 
 nel through which it shall unitedly, wisely, 
 and systematically carry on this work for hu- 
 manity and God. 
 A^uxihl^y -^11 auxiliary denominational agencies are 
 Agencies gupposcd to coopcratc with this board, sending 
 their money to it for administration. There 
 is no exception to this in most Churches; but 
 in a few, as for example, the Methodist Episco- 
 pal Church, the women's societies are sepa- 
 rately organized and administer their own 
 funds. Every secretary could speak warmly 
 appreciative words of the loyalty and efficiency 
 of many of these organizations. 
 °'^^olBolJ-dV?S The organic relation of a board to the 
 Churches (^j^yj-ch that it reprcscnts is naturally affected 
 by the ecclesiastical system that is involved. 
 The Methodist Episcopal, Protestant Episco- 
 pal, Presbyterian, and other bodies that have 
 an authoritative denominational organization, 
 have created boards that are directly amena- 
 ble to the supreme judicatories of the Church. 
 Churches like the Baptist and Congregational, 
 
 'For the sake of unity the word board is used in placs 
 of committee, conference, society, or union, to designate tlie 
 denominational missionary organization. 
 
Foreign Missionary Administration 37 
 
 that do not have such denominational organiza- 
 tion, or that, Hke the Church of England, have 
 more than one board of foreign missions, act 
 through missionary societies which, though 
 having no formal relation to an ecclesiastical 
 body, are nevertheless distinctively Church 
 agencies with the same scope and authority as 
 other boards. The societies of these Churches 
 are not, therefore, " independent," in the sense 
 in which we have used that term. 
 
 The method of selection varies. In seiectionand 
 
 Composition 
 
 Churches that have a governing judicatory, "'Boards 
 the members of the board are chosen by that 
 judicatory. In the Methodist Episcopal 
 Church, the General Conference appoints a 
 Board of Managers consisting of thirty-two 
 ministers and thirty-two laymen, together 
 with the bishops who are ex-officio members. 
 In the Protestant Episcopal Church, the Gen- 
 eral Convention elects a Board of Managers 
 consisting of fifteen clergymen and fifteen 
 laymen, together with sixteen bishops as ex- 
 officio members, making a total board of 
 forty-six. The Presbyterian General As- 
 sembly elects a Board of twenty-one members, 
 of whom eleven are ministers and ten laymen. 
 The American Board of Commissioners for 
 Foreign Missions, representing the Congre- 
 gational churches of the United States and 
 Canada, consists of 400 corporate members. 
 
38 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 who are elected by the Board upon nomina- 
 tion of ecclesiastical bodies; though to avoid 
 confusion it should be borne in mind that the 
 term Board, as used by the Congregational 
 Church, does not refer to the executive body 
 that is styled board in this book, its functions 
 being discharged by a Prudential Committee 
 of twelve persons elected by the Board. 
 Among Baptist churches of the Northern 
 States, the corresponding body is called the 
 American Baptist Missionary Union, and is 
 composed of all individuals and representatives 
 of churches that contribute toward the sup- 
 port of the work. There is a Board of Man- 
 agers consisting of seventy-five members, "of 
 whom not more than three fifths shall be min- 
 isters and not less than one fifth shall be 
 women." This Board of Managers in turn 
 appoints an Executive Committee of fifteen, 
 eight being ministers and seven laymen, and 
 this Executive Committee, like the Prudential 
 Committee of the American Board, is the real 
 board in the sense in which the term is popu- 
 larly understood. With the Southern Baptists, 
 the board ife a standing committee of the South- 
 ern Baptist Convention. This committee has 
 administrative powers during the intervals be- 
 tween the sessions of the convention and acts 
 under instructions from the convention. 
 
Foreign Missionary Administration 39 
 
 The majority of the members of a board g°?^^sS'rny''"* 
 usually live in or near the city in which the '-°'=*'"'«'' 
 board is located, because "experience has proved 
 that a few men, each of whom can be easily 
 reached, all of whom have a vital interest in 
 the trusts confided to them, will perform any 
 given labor more efficiently than a large board 
 whose members are so diffused as to be sel- 
 dom collected, or as to forget the claims of a 
 duty whose immediate field is far away." 
 
 But though the members of a board are saykHouli^ 
 chosen from one part of the coutrh-y, they are BoSlt" "* 
 not sectional in spirit. There are no 
 wiser ministers in the country than those 
 who are on our boards of foreign missions. 
 There are no more sagacious business men 
 than the lay members of those boards. Those 
 who sneer at mission boards forget that they 
 are composed not only of distinguished cler- 
 gymen, but of bank presidents, successful 
 merchants, railroad directors, great lawyers, 
 managers of large corporations — men who in 
 the commercial world are recognized as au- 
 thorities and are implicitly trusted. Is their 
 judgment of less value when they deal with 
 the extension of the kingdom of God? 
 
 These men devote much time and labor to |»'f;\""«"°« 
 the affairs of the boards, leaving their own 
 work, often at great inconvenience, to attend 
 board and committee meetings, earnestlv and 
 
40 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 prayerfully considering the things that per- 
 tain to this sacred cause. Yet they receive 
 no compensation whatever, freely giving the 
 Church the benefit of their ripe experience 
 and business capacity. It would be necessary 
 to pay a large sum to command their services 
 for any other cause, if indeed they could be 
 commanded at all. One of them has said: 
 " I could not be hired to do this work for 
 $5,000 a year, but I will do it gratuitously 
 for the sake of Christ and my brethren." 
 The r.hiir rlip.'; n-ofp much to their boards. What- 
 ever their shortcomings, these agencies are un- 
 selfishly and self-sacrificingly administering the 
 great trust that has been committed to them, 
 and thaugh they may make occasional mis- 
 takes, their loyalty, devotion, and intelligence 
 are a reasonable guaranty that they will 
 wisely serve the cause that is as dear to them 
 as to others. 
 ^"fficMs The executive officer of a board is the sec- 
 retary, the larger boards having several sec- 
 retaries. Some make the treasurer also an 
 executive officer, but others do not. These 
 officers are usually elected by the board, but 
 sometimes, as in the Methodist Episcopal 
 Church, by the General Conference. The 
 editor of The Interior, in discussing the per- 
 sonnel of the mission boards, says that " so 
 far from a ministerial life unfitting a man for 
 
Foreign Missionary Administration 41 
 
 practical affairs, the Church has command of 
 the best brains in the country for the least 
 money, and makes fewer business mistakes 
 than the great corporations of which we hear 
 so much." Devoting their entire time to the 
 great interests entrusted to their supervision, 
 secretaries of course receive a salary, though 
 it is modest compared with the salaries paid 
 by the larger city churches. It may interest 
 some who imagine that a secretaryship is one 
 of the soft seats in Zion to know that Dr. 
 William N. Clarke says that, " in respect of 
 responsibility and laboriousness, there is 
 scarcely any other Christian service that is 
 comparable to that of the officers of such so- 
 cieties. Missionary secretaries have to con- 
 duct a work of which the delicacy and diffi- 
 culty are very largely unappreciated." Dr. 
 Henry H. Jessup, of Syria, testifies, out of 
 his personal experience as a substitute during 
 the illness of a secretary : " Among the hard- 
 est-worked men in the missionary ranks are 
 the secretaries and treasurer of the board." ' 
 
 The boards meet regularly once or twice Do'ij."/" '°'' 
 each month. The docket often includes forty 
 or fifty items, and comprehends phases of 
 Christian work which in America are usually 
 distributed among half a dozen different. • 
 boards, besides several undenominational and 
 philanthropic agencies. Each denomination. 
 
42 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 however, has but one foreign board, and that 
 single agency must concern itself not only 
 with informing the churches and developing 
 their interests and gifts, but with a multitude 
 of details incident to the conduct of so vast 
 and varied an enterprise and its related finan- 
 cial, industrial, political, educational, medical, 
 and diplomatic problems. 
 Range of Office "The oflfices of oue of our great societies 
 are as busy a hive of workers as any financial 
 or mercantile institution. Receipts of sums 
 varying from a few cents to thousands of dol- 
 lars, and in many cases aggregating over a 
 million, are recorded, acknowledged, cared 
 for; accounts are kept with every variety of 
 manufacturer and merchant; payments are 
 made through the great banking houses of 
 Europe and Asia to thousands of agents in 
 every country, American and foreign; corres- 
 pondence affecting not merely the spiritual 
 but temporal welfare of millions upon millions 
 ^ of people is carefully considered and filed 
 away for reference at any moment; books are 
 published in widely different languages; large 
 investments in real estate and in buildings are 
 made; diplomatic questions, sometimes of im- 
 mense importance, are considered. In fact, 
 there is probably no other organization in the 
 world, except a national government, that car- 
 ries on so varied and as important lines of 
 
Foreign Missionary Administration 43 
 
 business as does a foreign missionary so- S 
 ciety."* -* 
 
 The board is divided into committees rep- committee. «nd 
 
 ^ Departments 
 
 resentmg the various mission fields, and there 
 is, in addition, a finance committee to advise 
 ■with the treasurer on the details of his office. 
 The administration of the larger boards is 
 divided into departments, each officer conduct- 
 ing the correspondence relating to his own de- 
 partment. Much of that correspondence is 
 with the individual missionary, for the secre- 
 tary tries to keep in close touch with him and 
 to form the channel through which the inter- 
 est and cheer and love of the home churches 
 flow out to the lonely workers far away. 
 Questions affecting mission expenditure and 
 policy however and all official requests to the 
 board the secretary takes into the "executive 
 council," which is composed of all the officers 
 of the board. There each question is dis- 
 cussed and a judgment reached, which, at the 
 next meeting of the board, is presented to 
 that body by the secretary in charge, and the 
 action is not complete until it has been ratified 
 by the board. Matters of special importance 
 are considered by a committee of the board in 
 conjunction with the council. It will thus be 
 seen that there is little opportunity for one- 
 man power in the workings of a board, inas- 
 
 iDr. Edwin M. Bliss. 
 
Careful Financial 
 Methods 
 
 44 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 'jnuch as each secretary must submit his con- 
 clusions for the approval, first, of the council, 
 and second, of the board itself, and in special 
 cases, of a committee besides. 
 
 In the handling of money great care is 
 taken. Not only is every sum received 
 promptly acknowledged to the giver, but a 
 public report is made in the annual report of 
 the board, which is printed and mailed to each 
 minister of the denomination, while extra 
 copies are freely given to any laymen who 
 request them. Some boards, in addition, 
 print their receipts each month in their mis- 
 sionary magazines. An annual contract is 
 made by many of the boards with a firm of 
 certified public accountants, whose representa- 
 tives walk into the office at any time, take pos- 
 session of all books and vouchers, and audit 
 all accounts, making their report, not to the 
 treasurer, but directly to the finance commit- 
 tee of business men. Every possible precau- 
 tion is taken to secure entire accuracy, and so 
 great is the care exercised and so complete is 
 the system, that it is not believed that any ser- 
 ious mistake could escape prompt detection. 
 In 1897, a Buffalo banker and a Pittsburg 
 merchant made an exhaustive examination of 
 the financial methods of one of the great 
 boards, and they bore " testimony to the com- 
 plete and businesslike methods that are fol- 
 
A Sacred Trust 
 
 Foreign Missionary Administration 45 
 
 lowed in the office management, which, we be- 
 lieve, are fully up to the best practise in the 
 leading financial and industrial institutions of 
 the country, and give assurance that the busi- 
 ness entrusted tO' this office is promptly, effi- 
 ciently, and economically conducted." Like 
 testimony would have followed an inquiry 
 into the methods of other boards. The In- 
 terior declares that "it can be proved that no 
 trust company handles more money at a less 
 expense, with smaller per cent, of loss, than 
 the benevolent agencies of our Church." 
 
 The majority of the members and officers 
 of the board are or have been pastors, and 
 the others are members and contributing lay 
 officers of churches. They know, therefore, 
 apart from the board's correspondence, that 
 the money they receive comes, not only from 
 the rich, but from the poor; that it includes 
 the widow's mite, the working man's hard- 
 earned wage, and that it is followed on its 
 mission of blessing by the prayers of loving 
 hearts. So the boards regard that money as 
 a sacred thing, a trust to be expended with 
 more than ordinary care. 
 
 Each mission is required to make an esti- Annual Estin 
 mate of its needs for the year, not in a lump 
 sum, but in an itemized statement. These 
 estimates are carefully scrutinized by the exe- 
 cutive officers of the board. Then the proba- 
 
46 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 ble income is carefully computed on the basis 
 of average receipts for a series of years, and 
 any " signs of the times " that may indicate 
 an increase or a decrease. The grant is then 
 made, such a " cut " being imposed upon the 
 total estimates as may be necessary to bring 
 them within the limits of expected income. 
 '^'^Eipin'dTtire Some cxpcuditure for administration is, of 
 Indispensable coursc, indispcusable. The work could not 
 be carried on without it, for a board must 
 have offices and the facilities for doing its 
 work. The scale of administration is largely 
 determined by the ideas of the Church which 
 the board represents and the work that it is 
 required to do. It is hardly fair to cite the 
 low administrative expense of certain inde- 
 pendent agencies, for they do not assume such 
 responsibilities for the maintenance of their 
 missionaries as the Church boards. The 
 churches want their missionaries adequately 
 supported for a life-work, and that involves 
 an administrative agency commensurate in 
 expensiveness with the obligations that 
 must be assumed. Still, the cost of adminis- 
 tration of the denominational boards is surpris- 
 ingly low. The exact percentage varies, as 
 some have free rentals and unpaid agents, 
 and as the cost of stimulating the churches is 
 not always considered administrative. In 
 general, it may be said that the amount for 
 
Foreign Missionary Administration 47 
 
 administration proper ranges from five to 
 eight per cent. That is, it takes but little 
 more than the value of a foreign postage 
 stamp to send a dollar to Asia or Africa. 
 
 Is there any mercantile concern doing a Relatively lbw 
 
 , . , . . , . . Cost 
 
 great busmess and requirmg the services of a 
 large number of persons scattered all over the 
 mrorld, whose percentage of expenditure for 
 administration is so low? Professor Henry 
 yan Dyke once made inquiries of several large 
 corporations, railway, manufacturing, and 
 mercantile, and he found that the average 
 cost of administration was 12.75 P^'' cent., 
 while in one great establishment it rose to 
 twenty per cent. The manager of one of the 
 large department stores in New York told me 
 that his expense for administration was 
 twenty-two per cent., and he expressed aston- 
 ishment that the board's cost was only about 
 one-quarter of that. The cases are not en- 
 tirely parallel; but after making all reason- 
 able allowance for differences, the essential 
 fact remains that the cost of missionary ad- 
 ministration is remarkably low. About nine- 
 ty-five cents out of every dollar go to the work 
 in some form. Dr. John Hall of New York 
 once said : " I have been closely connected 
 with the work for more than a quarter of a 
 century, and I do not hesitate to say that it 
 would be difficult to find elsewhere as much 
 
48 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 work done at so moderate a cost as in our mis- 
 sion boards." 
 
 Question of Debt jt is morc difficult than many might 
 imagine to manage a great board so as to 
 avoid debt. The work, being conducted on so 
 large a scale and over so vast a territory, 
 cannot be hurriedly adjusted to financial 
 changes in the United States. It has been 
 gradually developed through a long series of 
 years, and must from its nature be stable. A 
 board cannot end its work with the year and 
 begin the next year on a different basis. It 
 operates in distant lands, some so remote that 
 from four to six months are required for the 
 mere interchange of letters. Plans and pledges 
 must therefore be made far in advance. In 
 these circumstances, it is not easy to forecast 
 the future; but the boards must do so, or try 
 to. 
 
 True Financial Morcover, missionaries are sent out for a 
 
 Policy Toward ... . _^, , ,. , 
 
 Missionaries hie scrvice. i hey cannot be discharged at 
 any time, as a merchant discharges a clerk. 
 True, the board reserves the right of recall; 
 but it justly feels that it should not exercise 
 it, save for serious cause in the missionary 
 himself. Foreign missionaries, too, are not 
 situated like home missionaries — among peo- 
 ple of their own race, with partially self-sup- 
 porting congregations behind them, and with 
 larger churches within callj, in case their 
 
Foreign Missionary Administration 49 
 
 board fails them. They are thousands of 
 miles away, among different and often hostile 
 races, and with usually no local resource. In 
 such circumstances, the board simply cannot 
 abandon them. It must pay their salaries and 
 pay them promptly; and it does so. The 
 boards have retrenched in many other ways, 
 but the foreign missionary has received his 
 full salary, and that, too, the very day it was 
 due. We believe that the home churches will 
 sustain the boards in that policy, that they do 
 not want them to send a forlorn hope into 
 !A.sia and Africa, and then desert it. This 
 policy, however, while only just to the mis- 
 sionaries, involves risk to the boards. 
 
 Another difficulty experienced by the licome"'"*^ "' 
 boards is the uncertainty of income. The 
 churches will not pay in advance. The aver- 
 age church does not even make pledges, and 
 has no adequate system of raising money. 
 The tide of beneficence ebbs and flows in the 
 most startling ways, and of course the board 
 is often in danger of debt. The wonder is 
 that the debts are not larger. Within sixty 
 days of the close of its last fiscal year, one 
 board lacked $513,000 of the sum needed to 
 meet its pledges to the missions, ten months 
 having brought only about half of the 
 amount needed for the year. If the board 
 had not borrowed at the banks during those 
 
50 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 lean months, its missionaries would have suf- 
 fered for the necessaries of life and its 
 schools and hospitals would have been ser- 
 iously crippled. Suppose some unforseen 
 emergency had occurred in the last two 
 months to diminish the gifts that were nor- 
 mally expected at that period — a financial 
 panic, a St. Louis flood, or a San Francisco 
 earthquake — debt would have been inevitable. 
 Giving as Related The perplexities of administration are 
 greatly increased by the special object system. 
 The basal reason for giving should not, of 
 course, lie in a particular person or institu- 
 tion, but in the considerations that were stated 
 in the chapter on " The Foreign Missionary 
 Motive." However, giving to objects as- 
 signed from the authorized work by the 
 boards themselves can be so safeguarded as 
 to be helpful. It often makes the cause con- 
 crete and strengthens the sense of responsi- 
 bility for its maintenance. The inclinations 
 of earnest and friendly people to maintain 
 the work by special object giving should not 
 be indiscriminately opposed, but wisely 
 guided. Within proper limits, they may be 
 made to subserve wise ends. 
 ^m«^t But when the giver insists on having a par- 
 ticular native pupil or helper assigned to him 
 and to have letters from or about the native 
 thus supported, serious difficulties emerge. 
 
 ..>f-.''.&lUS*fo'.lv 
 
Foreign Missionary Administration 51 
 
 The larger boards have from thirty to fifty 
 thousand of such scholars and helpers. These 
 myriads of individuals are constantly chang- 
 ing, and their comings and goings and habits 
 and progress are subject to greater fluctua- 
 tions than in a like number of people at home. 
 Imagine the plight of a teacher of a primary 
 school in America if, in addition to her labors 
 in and out of the classroom, she were expected 
 to correspond with the parents of all her pu- 
 pils, tell each pupil what he should write to 
 his parents, and correct every letter that he 
 sent. The plight of the missionary is ren- 
 dered far worse by the fact that the children 
 are not accustomed to write letters and do not 
 know our language, so that when a letter has 
 been laboriously gotten into shape, the un- 
 happy teacher must add to her assistance in 
 composition the toil of translating it into 
 English, writing it out by hand, and mailing 
 it. Such demands upon a missionary are al- 
 together unreasonable, and when the giver 
 adds a demand for a photograph of a scholar 
 or helper, who never had a picture taken in 
 his life, with perhaps no photographer within 
 a hundred miles, and no money to pay one if 
 he were available, patience is apt to be ex- 
 hausted. 
 
 There are, moreover, administrative per- ^"ifg""''^ """^ 
 plexities involved in such excessively special- 
 
52 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 ized giving. Suppose a citizen should refuse 
 to contribute toward the expenses of his 
 community unless his money could be applied 
 to the grading of the street in front of his 
 house, or to the salary of the teacher who in- 
 structs his children. How could the adminis- 
 tration of any municipality be conducted, if 
 each man insisted on having some particu- 
 lar item of city expenditure assigned to him? 
 The donor does not usually suspect the difficul- 
 ties in his selection of a special object. He 
 naturally chooses the most attractive phases 
 of the work, while others less attractive but 
 equally important are ignored. Still less does 
 it occur to him that it has an unfortunate in- 
 fluence on native helpers to know that they 
 are specially supported from America. Cen- 
 turies of poverty and oppression have predis- 
 posed most Asiatics and Africans to undue 
 reliance upon the missionary. Experience has 
 shown that extraordinary care must be exer- 
 cised in the distribution among them of for- 
 eign money, lest they be pauperized in spirit 
 and led to a dependence upon America de- 
 moralizing to themselves and incompatible 
 with that spirit of self-reliance that we are 
 earnestly endeavoring to inculcate. 
 '^"'sch°oo!»"Ind Sometimes, too, the scholar supported does 
 Helpers j^^^ ^.^j.^^ ^^^ -well. All children in mission 
 
 schools are not saints; if they were, missions 
 
Foreign Missionary Administration 53 
 
 would not be necessary. Some have to be dis- 
 missed for bad conduct. Some are taken 
 away by their heathen parents, while in Africa 
 it is not uncommon for a father to sell his 
 daughter to a licentious white trader. Even 
 the Christian helper may prove to be incom- 
 petent or mercenary and have to be dismissed. 
 The heritage of centuries of heathen license 
 and deceit is not easily overcome in a few 
 years. The missionaries exercise great care 
 in selecting helpers, and lapses are excep- 
 tional; but they do occur, and when they do, 
 the resultant harm is greatly augmented if 
 particular givers in America are involved. 
 
 Readjustments in appropriations are fre- Kquitabie 
 quently necessary because the boards are un- 
 able to furnish sufficient funds to carry on 
 every department of the work as estimated 
 by the missions. It is seldom practicable for 
 a mission to adjust a cut on the basis of spe- 
 cial contributions from home. It cannot de- 
 velop envy and irritation by reducing one 
 native helper's salary and leaving another un- 
 touched, maintain one department of work at 
 full strength and almost annihilate another. 
 The distribution of funds must be equitable, 
 each form of work bearing its proper share 
 of retrenchment, and the guiding principle 
 must be the interest of the cause. This being 
 the case, it is possible that the exigencies of 
 
54 Why and How of Foreigfn Missions 
 
 the work may at any time require an increase 
 or decrease or even the total discontinuance 
 of expenditure for any specific object. 
 corre''s"§ndl^« It would be impossible for a board to make 
 each one of these changes the subject of cor- 
 respondence with givers, for the reason that 
 the objects thus supported are thousands in 
 number, that they are scattered all over the 
 world, that the distances are so great that 
 long periods are required for the mere inter- 
 change of letters, and that the givers also are 
 numerous and widely distributed. 
 «-S^*'/ ^f" ''■°l?^ Constituents and missionaries should un- 
 
 Gifta Is Desirable 
 
 derstand that the object of the boards in de- 
 siring to control gifts is simply in the interest 
 of the work, that they wish to have the Lord's 
 money used to the best advantage, and that they 
 have no disposition to alter the direction of a 
 designated gift, but only to safeguard the in- 
 terests of the cause and to provide for emer- 
 gencies and for necessary changes. 
 °''^*th'°u*dget These perplexities of special object giving 
 are increased by the disposition of many peo- 
 ple to give to objects outside of the authorized 
 budget. The missionaries, assembled in an- 
 nual meeting, carefully consider the work 
 that should be done and forward their esti- 
 mates to the board. On the basis of these es- 
 timates, the board makes "the regular 
 grants," pledging in them the largest sum 
 
Foreign Missionary Administration 55 
 
 that there appears to be a reasonable prob- 
 ability will be received. Plainly, therefore, 
 the first duty of givers, if they would truly 
 serve the work, is toward these grants, since 
 they include the objects which the mission- 
 aries themselves have decided to be of first 
 importance. Therefore, to demand that 
 money shall be applied to some other purpose 
 is virtually to insist upon giving to the less, 
 rather than to the more important work. 
 
 " It is a singular fact," observes Dr. E. E. unffvoJIbto 
 Strong, " that so many donors fancy that they 
 can get information as to the best use to be 
 made of their gifts through individual ap- 
 peals, rather than by taking the tmited judg- 
 ment of the missionaries on the ground and 
 the executive committees at home." The ef- 
 fort to evangelize the world must not degen- 
 erate into a sporadic and spasmodic individ- 
 ualism. A board cannot spend $50,000 this 
 year on a mission which has happened to have 
 several good speakers at home on furlough, 
 and $30,000 the next year because the fur- 
 loughed missionaries from that field were ill 
 or ineffective on the platform. The scale on 
 which money should be expended in a given 
 field cannot be wholly determined by the 
 amount of money offered for it, or the vary- 
 ing degree of success which a missionary may 
 have in presenting it to home audiences, or 
 
56 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 the newspaper articles that may happen to in- 
 terest a reader; but it must be decided by the 
 relative needs of that field, the funds that are 
 available for the whole enterprise, and the 
 policy that has been adopted by the board. 
 Otherwise, demoralizing elements of uncer- 
 tainty and inequality are introduced. 
 
 The s tation Plan The boards have tried various expedients 
 in the effort to harmonize the proper wishes 
 of special object givers with the interests of 
 the work. One of the best is called the 
 "share" or "station plan," which assigns 
 the giver a part of the budget which must be 
 raised for the station in which the donor 
 wishes his gift used. Money is received, not 
 for an individual scholar or native worker or 
 school, but for the station. This plan is prov- 
 ing satisfactory alike to givers, boards, and 
 missionaries. It allows a flexible use of mis- 
 sion funds in accordance with the best judg- 
 ment of the missionaries and the changing 
 necessities of the work, provides a support 
 for all departments and not simply for a few, 
 makes it possible to furnish adequate infor- 
 mation, gives room for steady advance of in- 
 terest and gifts, instead of fixing limits, and 
 insures the continuance of the gift to the per- 
 manent work uninfluenced by changes in per- 
 sonnel. 
 
 op.nnes»ofMind Viewing missionary administration as a 
 
Foreign Missionary Administration 57 
 
 whole, there is undoubtedly occasional ground 
 for criticism. Every board would admit that, 
 in deciding a myriad of perplexing questions, 
 many of them delicate and difficult and on 
 which good men differ, some errors of judg- 
 ment occur. The attitude of officers and mem- 
 bers should be one of openness of mind toward 
 such modifications of policy or method as 
 conditions may require. The fact that they did 
 a thing last year is not a conclusive reason 
 why they should do it next year. Emerson 
 says that consistency is the virtue of small 
 minds. We should do what we believe to be 
 right before God to-day, whether or not it is 
 what we did yesterday. The man who cannot 
 change his mind, when conditions have 
 changed, is not fit to be an administrator of 
 a great enterprise. He is worse than a weak 
 man, for the latter is amenable to advice, 
 while the former is as inaccessible to reason as 
 a mule. It is probable, however, that if any 
 one were to make a list of the real defects in 
 present administrative methods, he would read- 
 ily learn on inquiry that the boards already 
 know those defects and that they are earn- 
 estly striving to remedy them. Dr. William 
 N. Clarke expresses the following opinion: 
 
 " The sharpest criticism usually comes M^utuai 
 from those who know the work only from Desirable 
 
S8 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 the outside, and have no idea either of its 
 real magnitude or of the immense complica- 
 tions that it involves. Large parts of the 
 work of missionary boards imply matters that 
 are confidential in their nature. A certain 
 amount of reserve is absolutely required by 
 justice and by the interests of the work. Mat- 
 ters that can be openly discussed are often fully 
 intelligible only to those who know great 
 classes of surrounding facts. When a society 
 or board is blamed about some occurrence on 
 the foreign field, there is almost sure to be 
 involved some personal matter in which prej- 
 udice for or against some one may easily mis- 
 lead an outside judgment, and even in the in- 
 ner circle a just and wise judgment requires 
 the utmost caution. All administrative work 
 is of course justly open to candid and reasoa^ , 
 able criticism, and no missionary society ex- 
 pects or asks to escape it; but there are com- 
 paratively few persons who are thoroughly 
 qualified to criticize the administration of the 
 igreat missionary organizations except in a 
 very general way. Even for those who have 
 intimate knowledge enough to be capable of 
 intelligent criticism, it often proves far easier 
 to see faults in the policy of the great societies 
 than to propose radical improvements upon 
 their general method of administration. It is 
 a case where correction even of acknowledged 
 
Foreign Missionary' Administration 59 
 
 faults, thotigh it be ever so much desired, is 
 often beset with unsuspected difficulty. Hence, 
 the case is one that evidently calls for mutual 
 confidence and loyal cooperation among those 
 who are interested together in missions. . . . 
 The fact ought to be taken more closely home 
 to the popular Christian heart that a mission- 
 arj' society is conducting a work of exception- 
 al magnitude and difficult].', under conditions 
 that render misjudgment of its doings ex- 
 tremely easy: and that its officers deserve 
 sympathetic and respectful judgment from all 
 their brethren."^ 
 
 All the boards are gi\'ing increasing at- intelligent 
 tention to the principles of an intelligent and 
 comprehensive policy. They feel that the 
 days of sentimentalism in foreign missions 
 have passed. They are not conducting a cru- 
 sade, but a settled campaign, and they are 
 planning it with such skill and prudence as 
 they possess. They study the broad princi- 
 ples of missions, read the lessons cf a hundred 
 years of missionary effort, abandon plans that 
 have been fotmd defective and adopt new ones 
 which promise better results. Every year, 
 the ofiScers and representatives of about fifty 
 boards of the United States and Canada meet 
 for conference as to the best methods for car- 
 rying on missionary operations, and an 
 
 M StmJy »f Christian itissions, i:S, 134, 13s. 
 
6o Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 amount of care and thought is given to the 
 whole subject that would surprise the average 
 critic. The boards are earnestly trying to 
 administer this great trust wisely, economic- 
 ally, and effectively, and on sound business 
 and scientific as well as religious principles. 
 
 A Work of Faith Jt .^^JU Ijg gggjj f j-oj^ ^11 ^jj^^ jj^g {jggjj g^j^J 
 
 that there is no ground for the assumption of 
 some that the work of a Church board is not 
 a faith work. At the beginning of each year, 
 the board makes and guarantees its appropri- 
 ations solely on the faith that God will move 
 the Church to provide the necessary money. 
 Since he has ordained that this work shall be 
 supported by the gifts of his people, it is fair 
 to assume that he will bless them when they 
 move unitedly and prayerfully for the ac- 
 complishment of the chief work that he has 
 laid upon them, and that he is quite as apt 
 to guide the men whom the Church " looks 
 out" as "of good report, full of the Spirit 
 and of wisdom" and appoints "over this 
 business," as he is to guide any independent 
 agency or individual, however sincere or en- 
 thusiastic. 
 Th'ro''ug°"p*rl?er Thcse men regard the work as of divine 
 authority and of beneficent character. They 
 reverently look to the Holy Spirit as the ad- 
 ministrator of the enterprise, believing that 
 their chief reliance must be upon his guid- 
 
Foreign Missionary Administration 6i 
 
 ance. They realize that God is not limited to 
 human methods, and that the failure of a 
 cherished plan may not argue injury to the 
 cause, but only defects in the plan. They 
 feel that their only safety is to keep close to 
 Christ and to seek to know his will. Prayer, 
 therefore, begins and pervades all delibera- 
 tions, and wings every appeal for funds. 
 Heavy as are the anxieties and responsibili- 
 ties, every board counts it an honor and a 
 privilege to represent the Church of God in 
 the administration of this noblest of all Chris- 
 tian activities. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON CHAPTER II 
 
 Aim : To Understand the Machinery that has been 
 Created by the Church for Carrying out its Aim 
 
 1. How would foreign missionary work be con- 
 ducted if we had no denominational mission- 
 ary boards? 
 
 2. Why would it not be possible at present, to 
 have a single board, representing the entire 
 Christian Church ? 
 
 3. What would be the advantages of having each 
 congregation conduct its work on the foreign 
 field directly, and separately? 
 
 4. What would be the disadvantages of this ar- 
 rangement ? 
 
 5. How, in this case, would a missionary secure 
 appointment, if his own congregation was un- 
 able to send him out? 
 
62 WHy and How 6i Foreign Missions 
 
 6. How would the work on the fidd compare in 
 equipment with that which is now conducted 
 by the boards? 
 
 7. What are the advantages and disadvantages 
 of independent missionary societies? 
 
 8. Other things being equal, would you prefer 
 ' to own stock in a small and recent, or a large 
 
 and old company, doing business in Asia? 
 
 9. What application has your answer to boards 
 and independent societies? 
 
 10. Sum up all the advantages of denominational 
 boards as effective missionary agencies, over 
 separate congregations and independent so- 
 cieties. 
 
 11. Sum up the principal features of the work of 
 the board of foreign missions, considered as a 
 business enterprise. 
 
 12. How does it seem to you to compare in mag- 
 nitude and diiEculty with that of the other 
 boards of the Church? 
 
 13. What sort of men should be secured as secre- 
 taries of boards of foreign missions? 
 
 14. Name some of the principal subjects that a 
 board secretary ought to be acquainted with. 
 
 15. What kind of salaries should they receive? 
 
 16. What are the arguments for increased economy 
 in the administration of foreign missionary 
 boards ? 
 
 17. What are the arguments for larger expendi- 
 ture? 
 
 18. How is a board to advertise its work effective- 
 ly, and yet escape the criticism of extrava- 
 gance? 
 
 19. What are the advantages of permitting persons 
 
Foreign Missionary Administration 63 
 
 at home to support individual children in mis- 
 sion schools abroad? 
 
 20. State five principal difficulties involved in this 
 plan. 
 
 21. If you were a missionary, what would you 
 think of a home Christian who insisted on 
 having a scholar in spite of these difficulties? 
 
 22. What are the arguments for and against giving 
 money for objects outside the budget? 
 
 23. Under what circumstances should missionaries 
 on furlough be permitted to solicit money for 
 their own work? 
 
 24. Does the station plan seem to you to" be a sat- 
 isfactory arrangement? Give reasons for your 
 view. 
 
 25. What knowledge should a person have, in 
 order to pass intelligent criticism on a board 
 of foreign missions? 
 
 26. What improvement can you suggest in the 
 management of foreign missionary boards? 
 
 27. What are the three principal difficulties in 
 the order of their importance, that boards have 
 to meet? 
 
 28. What ways can you suggest of meeting these 
 difficulties ? 
 
 29. What is the part of the individual congrega- 
 tion in the matter? 
 
 3a What is the part of the individual Christian? 
 
 References for Advanced Study. — Chapter II 
 
 I. Foreign Missionary Administration. 
 
 Baldwin: Foreign Missi9ns of the Protestant 
 Churches, IV. 
 
64 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 Barnes : In Salisbury Square, IV, V, VI. 
 
 Bliss: A Concise History of Missions, Part III, 
 Chap. II. 
 
 Clarke: A Study of Christian Missions, VI. 
 
 Stock : A Short Handbook of Missions, Part I, 
 Chap. VIII. 
 
 ^The leader should make an effort to obtain information re- 
 garding the administration of the mission board or society of 
 his denomination through the secretary of the board, whose 
 name appears near the end of "Suggestions to Leaders of 
 Classes" on The Why and How of Foreign Missions. 
 
QUALIFICATIONS AND 
 APPOINTMENT. 
 
 6s 
 
The first point that I shall emphasize refers to 
 your physical nature. You will want to take with 
 you to your field of labor a sound, healthy, vigorous, 
 and normally developed body. 
 
 — George Scholl ; 
 
 Let the most thoroughly Hisciplined faculties and 
 the noblest powers of the Christian world be con- 
 secrated to work of such a character. We do not plead 
 for missionaries to go forth to teach science, but for 
 missionaries who possess a scientific mind; no;' for 
 men to proclaim or teach the philosophies of the world, 
 but for men who have as a part of their equipment a 
 philosophic mind. 
 
 -^. H. Wainright 
 
 In the first place, only a man whose mind is per- 
 vaded by the immediate personal presence of the Holy 
 Spirit, can reveal Christ to those seeking him. The 
 first great work which we have in any mission field 
 is that of making Christ known to the people. 
 
 — James M. Thoburn 
 
 In the mission field abroad, as in fact at home, too, 
 character counts for more than learning, for more 
 than skill. Character, humanly speaking, is almost 
 everything. 
 
 —Eugene StocH 
 
 66 
 
Ill 
 
 QUALIFICATIONS AND 
 APPOINTMENT. 
 
 IT is a mistake to suppose that any nice, carefui selection 
 ^, 1 r . . bf Candidate 
 
 pious youth can become a foreign mis- j 
 
 sionary. The critic who imagines that | 
 weakhngs or milksops can be appointed,/ 
 might apply for a ppointment himself anH spp ' 
 Large churches, after spending a year or 
 more in considering scores of highly recom- 
 mended ministers, sometimes give a unani- 
 mous call to an unworthy man. So a board 
 occasionally errs. But as a rule, the rigorous 
 methods now employed quickly reject in- 
 competent candidates, while the increasing mis- 
 sionary interest in colleges and seminaries 
 gives the choicest material to select from. 
 The boards do not appoint the pale enthusiast 
 or the romantic young lady to the foreign 
 field, but the sturdy, practical, energetic man 
 of affairs, the woman of poise and sense and 
 character. It is not the policy to send a mul- 
 titude of common men, but a comparatively 
 small number of picked men, the highest types 
 of our Anglo-Saxon Christian character and 
 culture. Imitating the example of the Church 
 67 
 
68> Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 at Antibch in setting apart as foreign mis- 
 sionaries Paul' and Barnabas, the modern 
 Church selects the best that apply for this ser- 
 vice. The result is that foreign missionaries 
 are fast becoming a picked class, far above 
 the average in intelligence, character, and de- 
 votion. 
 Tests Imposed -yy^g would Hot givc thc impressioH that the 
 boards insist upon an impracticable standard, 
 nor should modesty deter any young man or 
 woman from applying. The tests imposed are 
 not merely scholastic. Sometimes the honor 
 members of a graduating class have been re- 
 jected and men of lesser academic distinction 
 appointed, because investigation has shown 
 that the latter gave better promise of real 
 usefulness. High grades sometimes coexist 
 with serious defects of character. Many of 
 the prize men of our colleges are never heard 
 of in after life, while others, who, like General 
 Grant, made no special mark as students, 
 have developed splendid qualities. 
 
 It may be well to indicate the qualifications 
 that are required, not only for the guidance 
 of young people who are contemplating appli- 
 cation, but for the information of laymen who 
 may not be familiar with the subject, and who 
 often hear misleading statements regard- 
 ing it. 
 
 Foreign missionaries often live and work 
 
 Qualifications 
 
 .Health 
 
Qualifications and Appointment 69 
 
 in such trying climates, amid such insanitary 
 surroundings, exposed to such malignant dis- 
 eases, and under such nervous strain, that only 
 men and women of sound constitution and 
 vigorous health should be appointed. It is 
 important therefore to ascertain whether one 
 is free from physical defects or tendencies 
 that might shorten life. This question is one 
 to be determined, not by the applicant, but by 
 a physician, and the board insists on a rigid 
 examination, usually by a physician of its own 
 selection. 
 
 After thirty, one's ability to acquire a free, ^^fj:^^?!!?- 
 coUoquial use of a foreign tongue rapidly di- 
 minishes. Moreover, one's ability to adapt 
 himself to a different environment becomes 
 less easy as the years pass. It is better that 
 the transfer to new conditions and the study 
 of a difficult language should begin before 
 either the physical or intellectual life becomes 
 so fixed that it is hard to acquire new things. 
 The probable duration of effective service also 
 shortens rapidly as one moves toward middle 
 life. For these reasons, the boards do not 
 like to accept any one over thirty-three, un- 
 less other qualifications are exceptionally 
 high, in which case the age of acceptance is 
 occasionally extended to thirty-five. 
 
 Graduation from both college and prnfps- Educ«tion 
 sional school is ordinarily required in men. 
 
70 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 and at least a high school training in women. 
 The boards insist, too, that the student's 
 record shall be such as to show that he pos- 
 sesses more than average intellectual ability. 
 A considerable part of the work of the mis- 
 sionary is intellectual. His daily problems re- 
 quire a trained mind. Moreover, in many 
 fields he comes into contact with natives 
 whose mental acumen is by no means con- 
 temptible. While, therefore, a board will not 
 reject a candidate because he does not stand 
 near the head of his class, it will reject him 
 if his grades indicate mediocrity. The con- 
 siderations that occasionally lead the Church 
 at home to ordain a man who has not had a 
 full course may lead a board to send one to 
 the foreign field, but such cases are excep- 
 tions. 
 Thoae Without Graduatcs of technical schools are needed 
 
 Theological 
 
 Training evcry year by some of the boards. Physi- 
 cians are nearly always in demand. Colleges 
 and boarding-schools frequently call for re- 
 cruits who are specially qualified for teaching. 
 Sometimes mechanical and electrical en- 
 gineers are needed for special chairs. Several 
 boards have sought graduates of industrial 
 and agricultural colleges for ^industrial 
 schools. Hospitals often ask for trained 
 nurses to act as matrons and head nurses. 
 Mission presses call for superintendents who 
 
Qualifications and Appointment 71 
 
 understand printing, while some of the larger 
 missions can use to excellent advantage lay- 
 men of commercial experience as treasurers, 
 builders, and business agents. Of course the 
 number that can be used in some of these 
 ways is not great The all-round c andidate 
 who can do anything that is assigned him is 
 in chief demand. 
 
 The boards make careful inquiry as to exe- 
 cutive ability and force of cliaracter. Many 
 a man can do good service in the homeland 
 who could not succeed on the foreign field. 
 The duties of a missionary are not like those 
 of a pastor at home, who usually succeeds to 
 an established work, who finds methods al- 
 ready so largely determined that his duty is 
 ratlier one of modification tlian of origina- 
 tion, and who has wise coimselors in his 
 church officers. The missionary's functions 
 are rather those of a superintendent. He 
 must be a leader and organizer, ilere piety 
 will not make a missionary, any more than 
 mere patriotism will make an ambassador. 
 The boards lay stress on energy, initiative, 
 and self-reliance. They inquire whether the 
 candidate has qualities of leadership and 
 whether, in general, he is a strong man. 
 
 Common sense is a much rarer quality 
 than might be supposed, and not a few can- 
 didates go down under the searching inquiries 
 
 Executive Ability 
 
72 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 that the boards make regarding it. Some 
 brilliant men lack the balance of judgment, 
 the homely good sense, that are indispensable 
 in a useful missionary. The foreign mission- 
 ary must deal with a variety of problems and 
 conditions that call for the practical man as 
 distinguished from the visionary. The direc- 
 tion of native helpers, the expenditure of con- 
 siderable sums of money, the superintendence 
 of building operations, the settlement of the 
 questions that are constantly arising among 
 native Christians, the adjustment to all sorts 
 of persons and conditions — these and other 
 matters that might be mentioned cannot be 
 prudently committed to unbalanced men, how- 
 ever pious or healthy or intellectual. Gov- 
 ernor Brown, of Georgia, used to say that "if 
 the Lord has left judgment out of a man, there 
 is no way of getting it in." The mission field 
 is not the place for the dreamer, the crank, 
 the mere enthusiast. The quality of good 
 sense is so often developed in the school of 
 privation that some of the best missionaries 
 have been men who were forced by poverty 
 to work their own way through college, for 
 the necessity that was thus laid upon them 
 developed those qualities of alertness, self- 
 reliance, and good sense that are of high 
 value in missionary life. 
 
 Purpose and rr<i , • . 
 
 Persistence Ihc missiouary movement is not a spas- 
 
 Necessarv *■ 
 
Qualifications and Appointment 73 
 
 medic crusade. It is not an easy life. The 
 romantic halo about it is chiefly in books. It 
 should not be entered upon, therefore, by 
 those who are prone to rapid alternations of 
 feeling, or who are easily discouraged, or who 
 are incapable of persevering toil. The stu- 
 dent who has volunteered under the impulse 
 of emotional excitement should give his new 
 purpose a reasonable testing period before 
 making application for appointment. The 
 man who is always conceiving great projects 
 and never carrying them out is another t)rpe 
 that is not desired. Most of the boards have 
 had experience with such missionaries amd 
 they do not want any more. The man of 
 patient persistence in well-doing, who does 
 not easily lose heart, who courageously and 
 inflexibly sticks to his work, however dis- 
 couraging it may be, the man who, like Gen- 
 eral Grant, "proposes to fight it out on this 
 line if it takes all summer," is the t3rpe that 
 is wanted for missionary service. Mission- 
 ary employment is expected to be for life, and 
 no one should apply who is not willing to 
 consecrate himself irrevocably to it, who can- 
 not make light of privations and "endure 
 hardness as a good soldier of Jesus Christ." 
 A veteran missionary, in asking for an asso- 
 ciate, wrote: " Send us a despiser of difficul- 
 ties, who will not be discouraged under the 
 
74 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 most adverse circumstances, who will unite 
 unflinching courage with consummate tact, 
 know how to do impossible things and main- 
 tain a pertinacity that borders on stubborn- 
 ness with a suavity of manners that softens 
 asperity." That is expecting a good deal of 
 human nature, but it indicates the ideal that 
 we have in mind. 
 Tem1.lr"mcat Ability to work harmoniously with others 
 " ts a prime qualification. The mission circle is 
 the very worst place in the world for a quar- 
 relsome man or woman. One such mission- 
 ary will wreck the happiness and perhaps the 
 efficiency of a whole station. No degree of 
 ability or force of character can make a mis- 
 sionary of that type tolerable. Indeed, the 
 stronger he is the more trouble he makes. 
 Then there is the man, or the woman^ who 
 takes personal ofifense when his or her plans 
 are opposed. Most troublesome of all is the 
 type of Christian who is so certain that God 
 has, in answer to prayer, shown him what 
 ought to be done, that he is wholly inaccessi- 
 ble to the arguments of others. It does not 
 occur to him that his associates also pray and 
 that God may guide them as well as him. A 
 vast amount of unregenerate pugnacity and 
 narrow-mindedness in this world passes for 
 " fidelity to the truth as I see it." 
 
 A cheerful spirit is as essential as ability to 
 
Qualifications and Appointment 75 
 
 work with others. Some otherwise very ex- 
 cellent people are by temperament despondent. 
 They magnify difficulties and imagine them 
 where they do not exist at all. Present to 
 them any proposal, and they will see all the 
 objections to it first. They never weary of 
 bemoaning the shortcomings of their fellow 
 Christians. They walk about Zion and mark 
 the defects thereof and tell them to the public. 
 They remind one of the old Scotch elder, who 
 lugubriously said of his church of three hun- 
 dred members : "There be nae real Christians 
 here — except masel' an' Sandy, an' some- 
 times I hae ma doots aboot Sandy." "Good 
 Lord, deliver us ! " is the prayer of the mis- 
 sionaries already on the field regarding all 
 these types. 
 
 The candidate who holds opinions of doc- S*™""'?"^ 
 
 t^ Doctrinal Viewi 
 
 trine or polity that are not in accord with 
 those of the Church with which he would be 
 associated as a missionary falls under the 
 general head of incompatibility. Variance of 
 this kind may be, and ordinarily is, held from 
 (thoroughly praiseworthy motives, and it is 
 not the province of a board to attempt to con- 
 vince the candidate that he is wrong or to 
 bring any pressure whatever to bear upon 
 him to change his views. It simply notes the 
 fact that the candidate probably could not 
 harmonize with missionaries who hold a dif- 
 
76 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 ferent position. This objection would not, of 
 course, apply to those variations of belief that 
 are within the recognized limits of evangelical 
 faith as held by the Church to which the can- 
 didate belongs. In no denomination is the 
 ministry entirely homogeneous as to questions 
 of doctrine, nor do the boards insist that the 
 missionary body shall be. There are the same 
 differences of this kind among missionaries 
 that are to be found at home. We are refer- 
 ring now to those questions that would dif- 
 ferentiate a candidate from the whole body of 
 his associates and introduce embarrassing 
 complications among them. Hobbies or ec- 
 centricities of any kind are considered more 
 or less objectionable as tending to divide those 
 who ought not to be divided and to affect in- 
 juriously the influence of the missionary body 
 upon the natives, who are always quick to ob- 
 serve and to comment upon such differences. 
 M.rri.ee It is a mistake to suppose that the boards 
 insist upon marriage. Indeed, some boards re- 
 quire their men to go out single, but permit 
 them to marry after learning the language 
 and proving their fitness for missionary life. 
 Other boards advise this course, but leave it 
 to the judgment of the candidate. The ob- 
 jections to deferring marriage do not, as a 
 rule, relate to the work, but come from fam- 
 ilies on the field, who do not feel prepared to 
 
Qualifications and Appointment T] 
 
 board young men. Traders and Roman 
 Catholic priests usually keep " bachelors' 
 hall," and where a couple of young mission- 
 aries are together, there is no valid reason 
 why they cannot do so for a year or two if 
 necessary. No Protestant board advocates 
 the celibacy of missionaries. All appoint 
 married men; but almost all have certain 
 forms of work that can better be done, for a 
 time at least, by single men. A candidate, 
 therefore, who has not already arranged for 
 marriage, need not feel that he is under any 
 pressure to do so. If, after a few years on 
 the field, he wishes to marry, the board will 
 have pleasure in sending his fiance to him, 
 provided, of course, she is found to possess 
 the necessary qualifications for missionary 
 life. So many missionaries and friends are 
 constantly coming and going, that there is 
 seldom any difficulty in finding suitable com- 
 panionship for the young ladies. 
 
 The fiance must make a separate applica- Fra'nt"**'**''''' 
 tion, and it will be as carefully investigated as 
 that of the man whom she is to marry. No 
 woman should go to the foreign field simply 
 because she is the wife of a missionary. Life 
 in a heathen land is so trying, from the view- 
 point of home standards, that the wife who 
 is not in deep spiritual S3rmpathy with her 
 husband's missionary work and purpose will 
 
78 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 almost certainly become lonely, discontented, 
 and depressed. She may successfully fight 
 against this for a time, but in the end she 
 will not only become unhappy herself, but she 
 will probably make her husband unhappy, 
 while it is not improbable that her health will 
 give way and that he will be compelled to 
 give up his life's plans and return home with 
 an invalid wife. Most of the boards have had 
 such costly experiences of this kind that they 
 are disposed to make careful inquiry regard- 
 ing the qualifications of those who expect to 
 become the wives of missionaries. 
 MissTiiTaTies ^^^ wives of missionarics are regarded as 
 associate missionaries, uniting with their hus- 
 bands in desire and effort to give the gospel 
 to the unevangelized. It is expected that, so 
 far as is consistent with their strength and 
 household duties, they will learn the language 
 and take part in missionary work. 
 Children 5q many candidates have to be declined on 
 account of their families that it is proper to 
 add that, while the boards cordially recognize 
 their privilege and duty in relation to child- 
 ren that are born on the field, the boards hes- 
 itate where there are children prior to appli- 
 cation for appointment. It costs much more 
 to transport such families to the field and 
 more to house them after their arrival. A 
 mother finds it difficult to get the time and 
 
Qualifications and Appointment 79 
 
 strength for language study, and there is al- 
 ways a possibility that such missionaries will 
 have to resign because they find the foreign 
 field unfavorable to the health of their child- 
 ren. Ordinarily, therefore, most boards do 
 not like to appoint candidates who already 
 have children, though they do this in excep- 
 tional cases. 
 
 It need hardly be said that if any one of chrilSa _ 
 
 ^ "' . Character 
 
 the qualifications that have been mentioned is andspirituai^ 
 more indispensable than the others, it is spir-, 
 itual life. No matter how healthy or able or 
 well educated, the successful candidate must 
 have a sound, well-developed Christian charac- 
 ter. The boards do not commission mere 
 physicians or school-teachers, but missionaries. 
 The medical graduate who simply wishes to 
 practise his profession in a great mission hospi- 
 tal in Asia, the professor whose ambition is 
 only to build up a flourishing school, the youth 
 who wants to see strange lands and peoples 
 or who is animated by the spirit of adventure, 
 are not wanted. Missionary work in all its 
 forms is distinctly spiritual in spirit and aim. 
 David Livingstone, when asked what were 
 the chief requirements of a successful mis- 
 sionary, gave as the first : " A goodly por- 
 tion of God's own loving yearnings over the 
 souls of the heathen." The boards, therefore, 
 place great stress on the candidate's spiritual 
 
8o Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 experience and his motives for seeking mis- 
 sionary service. The missionary should be 
 above everything else a spiritual g^ide. In- 
 quiries on this point are carefully made, and 
 if there is reason to doubt the spiritual influ- 
 ence of a candidate, he is certain to be de- 
 clined. 
 
 other Desirable Qthcr considcrations may emerge in par- 
 ticular cases. Some experience in teaching or 
 *■ Christian work, and a knowledge of music in 
 
 women candidates and of bookkeeping in 
 men, while not usually required, add to the 
 attractiveness of an application. The quali- 
 fications that have been mentioned, however, 
 are those that are generally sought for by the 
 boards. Taken together in this way they may 
 appear to constitute a formidable list; but this 
 enumeration should not ease the conscience 
 of any young man or woman who is consid- 
 ering the question of going to the foreign 
 field. 
 
 ^"o°Appffc"nts ^^^ health, imperfect education, dependent 
 relatives, inability to work harmoniously with 
 others, and age that forbids hope of acquir- 
 ing a difficult language are valid reasons for 
 not applying; but unless some such positive 
 disqualification is known to exist, the proper 
 course is to correspond with the secretary of 
 i-^the board and he will gladly give all needed 
 counsel. A general sense of unfitness for so 
 
Qualifications and Appointment 8i 
 
 noble a calling is not an adequate reason for 
 failure to apply. Such modesty is apt to be 
 the refuge of those who are quite willing to 
 have an excuse to stay at home. One should 
 not be deterred because of reports that men 
 are being rejected for want of funds or for 
 any other reason. The financial situation 
 may have changed, or an unexpected vacancy 
 may have occurred. The fact that an appar- 
 ently good man of one's acquaintance has 
 been declined is not necessarily a reason for 
 discouragement, for the board may have dis- 
 covered some defect that his friends did not 
 suspect, or the trouble may have been with 
 his fiance. No matter what one hears, if he 
 feels that he ought to go to the foreign field, 
 he should send in his application and place 
 upon the board the responsibiHty of dealing 
 with it. 
 
 There is no disgrace in being rejected, for rIj'«"^"'"'' 
 it will readily be seen that a number of the 
 reasons mentioned above may be providential 
 in character, and, while hindering one's going 
 to the foreign field, might not hinder a suc- 
 cessful life for Christ in the homeland. 
 Moreover, the boards consider all applications 
 as confidential, so that the fact of rejection 
 need not be known beyond the limited circle 
 of the friends whose private opinions it is 
 necessary for the board to seek. 
 
82 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 ''"^""Makii!" The procedure in making application is 
 Application simple — writc to the secretary of the board 
 and he will send a set of application blanks 
 and all needful information. The secretary, 
 on receiving the formal application, corres- 
 ponds with those who know the candidate. 
 Some boards have a printed list of questions 
 for this purpose, as they have learned from 
 experience that, while most people will tell the 
 truth, they will not tell all the truth unless defi- 
 nite questions are asked and a specific answer 
 insisted upon. The time required for this in- 
 vestigation is ordinarily about two or three 
 months, though in special cases it may be 
 shorter or longer. 
 Conference at As a further prccaution, a few of the boards 
 
 Headquarters , i , .... , 
 
 have adopted the plan of brmgmg newly ap- 
 pointed missionaries to their headquarters for 
 a conference of a week or ten days. These 
 conferences have proved to be of great inter- 
 est and value, enabling the secretaries to pass 
 the appointees in careful review before going 
 to the field, establishing at the outset rela- 
 tions of personal friendship, acquainting the 
 new missionary Mrith some of the lessons of 
 missionary experience and the main features 
 of missionary policy, and clarifying his opin- 
 ions on a number of important matters. 
 Mi.«on.ry Call fj^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ whether he is called 
 
 of God to be a missionary? The divine sum- 
 
Qualifications and Appointment 83 
 
 mons is made known in a variety of ways. 
 Some men are conscious of a call almost as 
 distinct and commanding as that of the 
 Apostle Paiilr But probably few have such 
 an experience, and the lack of it should not 
 be regarded as an indication that one has no 
 call to missionary service. God's will is of- 
 ten made known in quieter ways. Many theo- 
 logical students make the mistake of assum- 
 ing that the absence of an external perempt- 
 ory call means that they should stay at home. 
 The result is that scores look for home pas- 
 torates because they " have no call to go 
 abroad." The assumption should be just the 
 reverse. If God calls a man to preach the 
 gospel at all, surely the presumption is in 
 favor of the field where the work is the great- 
 est and the workers are fewest. With an av- 
 erage of one minister for every 514 people at 
 home and candidates thronging every vacant 
 pulpit, while abroad there is an average of 
 but one for every 174,000 of the population; 
 with all the doors of opportunity wide open 
 and the mission boards vainly appealing for 
 more men — it is preposterous for the average 
 student to assume that he should stay in 
 America unless a voice from heaven summons 
 him to go to the needy millions of Asia or 
 Africa. In the language of Keith-Falconer: 
 " While vast continents are shrouded in al-. 
 
84 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 imost utter darkness, and hundreds of millions 
 suffer the horrors of heathenism or of Islam, 
 the burden of proof lies upon yo yJiO show that 
 the circumstances in which God has placed 
 you were meant by him to keep you out of 
 t:he foreign mission field." 
 Question of Need fhe plea that there are needs at home is 
 mere quibbling, in view not only of the facts 
 already stated, but of the further fact that 
 about ninety-eight out of every hundred 
 students are staying at home. It is probably 
 fair to say of any given student that there is 
 no need of him in the home field that is at all 
 commensurate with the need of him on the 
 foreign field. His proper attitude therefore 
 should not be, " Why should I go as a foreign 
 missionary," but " Why should I not go ?" 
 The late James Gilmour, the famous itinerant 
 missionary to the Mongol tribes, wrote of 
 . this period in his student life: "Even on the 
 low ground of common sense I seemed to be 
 called to be a missionary. Is the kingdom a 
 harvest field? Then I thought it reasonable 
 that I should seek the work where the work 
 was most abundant and the workers fewest." 
 " This was the plain common-sense process 
 by which that apostle to Mongolia reached a 
 decision as to duty." 
 
Qualifications and Appointment 85 
 
 QUESTIONS ON CHAPTER III 
 
 Aim: To Understand What Sort of Persons are 
 Needed for Foreign Missionary Work and How 
 They are Appointed 
 
 1. Make out a list of questions which you think 
 a board should submit to missionary candidates 
 on the subject of physical qualifications. 
 
 2. What answers to these questions would you 
 accept as satisfactory? 
 
 3. Make out a list of questions on the subject of 
 educational and mental qualifications, and indi- 
 cate satisfactory answers. 
 
 4. Make out a list on the subject of personal 
 character and ability, and indicate satisfactory 
 answers. 
 
 5. Make out a list on the subject of spiritual 
 qualifications, with satisfactory answers. 
 
 6. To what persons, besides the candidate would 
 you apply for information on these topics? 
 
 7. What questions would you put to these others 
 that you would not put to the candidate? 
 
 8. Under which head would you consider it 
 most important to have strongly favorable 
 testimony? 
 
 9. Under which head would you be most prepared 
 to accept testimony not altogether favorable? 
 
 10. Would you accept a candidate who had never 
 led any one to Christ? 
 
 11. What sort of courses would you advise a < 
 college freshman to take in preparation for 
 the foreign field? 
 
 12. What special work would you recommend for 
 a theological student? 
 
 13. What special work, for a medical student? 
 
86 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 14. What sort of training would you advise for 
 a young woman volunteer 16 years of age 
 during the time that must intervene before she 
 went to the field? 
 
 15. Whose fault is it that the average ability of 
 missionaries is not higher? 
 
 16. What besides personal qualifications might lead 
 an application to be accepted at one time and 
 rejected at another? 
 
 17. What advantage is it for a board to have more 
 candidates than it can send out? 
 
 18. What percentage of persons in the United 
 States do you think have the necessary phy- 
 sical qualifications for foreign missionary ser- 
 vice? 
 
 ig. What percentage have the necessary mental 
 and educational qualifications? 
 
 20. What percentage have the necessary qualifica- 
 tions as to character and ability? 
 
 21. What percentage have the necessary spiritual 
 qualifications ? 
 
 22. What percentage possess all these qualifica- 
 tions in the required degree? 
 
 23. What measure of responsibility do you think 
 rests upon this last-named class? 
 
 24. Name what you consider to be valid reasons 
 for those well qualified for the foreign field 
 to remain at home. 
 
 25. What constitutes a call to the foreign field? 
 
 26. Should those qualified assume that they ought 
 to stay at home unless they have a special call 
 to go abroad or that they ought to go unless 
 they have a special call to stay? 
 
 27. What proportion of those who ought to go 
 abroad do you think actually do go? 
 
Qualifications and Appointment 87 
 
 28. What measures can you suggest for securing the 
 volunteers that are needed and that ought to 
 respond ? 
 
 29. What would you tell a person who suspected 
 he was called to the foreign field but who was 
 not yet willing to make a decision? 
 
 30. What would you tell a person who was wil- 
 ling to go but who seemed hardly to possess 
 the proper qualifications? 
 
 31. What responsibilities rest on those not qualified 
 to go abroad or hindered for valid reasons? 
 
 32. How much compared with those who go to 
 the field ought they to be willing to sacrifice 
 for the cause? 
 
 References for Advanced Study. — Chapter III 
 
 I. Qualifications for Foreign Missionary Work.^ 
 
 Call, Qualifications, and Preparation of Candi- 
 dates for Foreign Missionary Service, 23-243. 
 Ecumenical Missionary Conference, Vol. I, 301- 
 308; Vol. II, 205-210. 
 
 Speer: Missionary Principles and Practice, 
 
 VII. 
 
 Students and the Missionary Problem, 168-185. 
 
 Students and the Modern Missionary Crusade, 
 
 101-128. 
 
 The Student Missionary Appeal, 69-81. 
 
 World-Wide Evangelization, 63-85. 
 
 ^Persons desiring to know the requirements of candidates for 
 the foreign field of their mission board, should write the sec- 
 retary of the board, whose name appears near the end of "Sug- 
 gestions to Leaders of Classes" on The Why and How of For- 
 eign Missions^ 
 
88 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 II. What Constitutes a Call to Foreign Missionary 
 Work? 
 
 Baldwin: Foreign Missions of the Protestant 
 Churches, III. 
 
 Call, Qualifications, and Preparation of Candi- 
 dates for Foreign Missionary Service, 1-22. 
 Gibson: Mission Problems and Mission Methods 
 in South China, 312-321. 
 Thoburn: Missionary Addresses, II. 
 Thompson: Griffith John, II. 
 
THE FINANCIAL SUPPORT OF THE 
 MISSIONARY ENTERPRISE 
 
 So 
 
The Church ought to regard the provision of am- 
 ple funds for the prosecution of its great campaign as a 
 matter of course, as its most elementary duty. But 
 it should give much more than subscriptions and col- 
 lections. It should give keen and eager interest, un- 
 failing sympathy, intelligent and fervent prayer. That 
 is "support of missions." 
 
 — Eugene Stock 
 
 If it were possible to secure a general consensus 
 of judgment from a large number of people as to how 
 a missionary ought to live in order to exert the most 
 profound and permanent influence over the people 
 to whom he is sent, there would probably be practical 
 unanimity in the conclusion that he ought not to live 
 in what is called 'luxury,' even if such privileges 
 were to be provided by the missionary society that 
 supports him. . . . There are many who have formed 
 in their minds a conception of the missionary living 
 rudely, without any of the common comforts of life, 
 enduring the severest hardships and perils amid most 
 forbidding surroundings. This conception has become 
 so thoroughly fixed in the minds of many good Chris- 
 tians in civilized countries, that it is something of a 
 shock to them to know that the missionary ordinarily 
 lives in a comfortable house with a good roof over 
 his head, and a comfortable bed to sleep upon at 
 night, and that he has daily sufficient food for the 
 proper nourishment of his body. 
 
 — James L, Barton. 
 
 90 
 
IV 
 
 THE FINANCIAL SUPPORT OF THE 
 MISSIONARY ENTERPRISE 
 
 ''T^HIS is a subject that interests the lay- tilfidllSood 
 
 •^ man who gives as well as the student 
 who volunteers. There is special reason for 
 discussing it, because it is often misunder- 
 stood. 
 
 It should be borne in mind at the outset support Rather 
 that the principle i s support r ather than com-^c ompenaatioa 
 pensation. Inquiry is made as to the cost 
 of a reasonably comfortable living, and a sum 
 is assigned 'that covers that cost. The amount 
 varies in different fields, as the cost of living 
 varies. A married man gets more than a sin- 
 gle man, because two are to be supported, 
 instead of one. The birth of a child brings 
 a small additional allowance, usually $ioo 
 a year, because it means an increased expen- 
 diture. This is sometimes criticized, but any 
 parent in the United States can give a critic 
 valuable information as to whether a child can 
 be fed, clothed, and educated on $ioo a year. 
 
 Most of the boards make a flat rate for l^'^'i?" . 
 all the missionaries of a given region, pay- 
 ing the same amount to the new recruit as 
 91 
 
92 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 to the veteran. Other boards grade salaries 
 according to length of service, paying a mini- 
 mum amount for the first term, a little larger 
 sum for the second term, and a still larger 
 one for the third. This plan is growing 
 in favor, as it recognizes the fact that expenses 
 increase with enlarging work and family; 
 but no distinction is ever made on the ground 
 of relative ability or responsibility. The most 
 famous preacher, the president of a great uni- 
 versity, and the superintendent of the largest 
 hospital, receive precisely the same salary as 
 the humblest member of the mission. 
 Evangelists, educators, and physicians are all 
 paid the same salaries. Single men usually re- 
 ceive a little more than single women, not be- 
 cause they are considered as worth more,but|be- 
 cause it costs them more to live, as they more 
 often require separate establishments, while 
 single women can usually live with some fam- 
 ily or in a school. 
 "^"'^sMafy It will be seen that it is not possible to 
 state any particular figure that would apply 
 to all fields. The average salary is about 
 $550 for a single missionary and $1,100 for 
 a married one. This is not designed to cover 
 house accommodations, which are provided 
 in addition. 
 Ad«qu^te^lc«ie The scalc of support is intended to be ade- 
 quate to the needs of a Christian worker who 
 
Support of Missionary Enterprise 93 
 
 is not luxurious in his tastes, and the prom- 
 ised sum is promptly paid. It covers, how- 
 ever, only reasonable needs, and while minis- 
 ters in this country may look forward to an 
 increase, sometimes to large figures, the most 
 eminent foreign missionary expects only 
 modest support to the day of his death. Other 
 foreigners in non-christian lands are paid far 
 more liberally than missionaries. It is as true 
 now as when Macaulay wrote, that "all 
 English labor in India, from the labor of the 
 governor-general and the commander-in- 
 chief down to that of a groom or a watch- 
 maker, must be paid for at a higher rate than 
 at home. No man will be banished, and ban- 
 ished to the torrid zone, for nothing." 
 
 Business men, who have commercial deal- by'contrYs"''*" 
 ings with Asia and Africa, say that they have 
 to pay three times the salaries that are paid ^ 
 
 in America, in order to induce their clerks 
 and agents to stay abroad. One of the latter 
 is reported to have said that he " would rather 
 hang on to a lamp-post in the United States 
 than to have an estate and a palace amid the 
 heat and dust and snakes and dirt and fevers 
 and fleas of a t5rpical Oriental country." Such 
 discomforts do not characterize all mission 
 lands, but they do characterize many of them. 
 The fact that some restless adventurers pre- 
 fer an African jungle or an Asiatic port does 
 
94 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 not invalidate the statement that the average 
 man will not live amid such conditions unless 
 he is tempted by the hope of rich gains. But 
 missionaries like Dr. Henry H. Jessup, the 
 famous Syrian preacher and former Moder- 
 ator of the Presbyterian General Assembly, 
 Dr. D. Z. Sheffield, President of North 
 China Union College, Dr. H. H. Lowry, 
 President of Peking University, Dr. John G. 
 Kerr, the celebrated surgeon, and dozens of 
 other distinguished missionaries who couldl 
 have commanded large salaries if they had 
 stayed at home, have received simply the ordi- 
 nary missionary income of $i,ooo or $i,ioo a 
 year and house rent. 
 Re°5ou?c=s Nor has the missionary the local resources 
 of the home missionary. He cannot accept 
 money from native Christians for his personal 
 use without exposing himself to the charge of 
 mercenary motives in coming among tliem. It 
 is hard enough at best for them to understand 
 his disinterestedness. He must be able to say : 
 "I seek not yours, but you." Therefore if he 
 earns money, he turns it over to the board, so 
 careful is he to avoid even the appearance of 
 self-seeking. 
 Price. of sugpiic, jj jg misleading to say that "a dollar will 
 go further in a heathen land than in America," 
 It may, perhaps, in the purchase of some na- 
 tive supplies, but not in the articles which Eu- 
 
Support of Missionary Enterprise 95 
 
 ropeans and Americans deem necessary. The 
 average mission land does not produce the 
 kinds of food and clothing that a white man 
 has to use, and the missionary must usually 
 buy in the homeland, paying the same price 
 that the average American at home pays and, 
 in addition, the cost of freight across a con- 
 tinent or an ocean, usually both. True, he 
 can sometimes purchase a part of his supplies 
 at a local store at exorbitant prices; but as a 
 rule he finds it cheaper to buy his food and 
 clothing in London, New York, or Chicago. 
 
 The change in economic conditions in re- of L?v!ng '^ *^°*' 
 cent years has seriously affected the mission- 
 ary. The cost of living has risen as rapidly 
 on the foreign field as at home, but the sal- j 
 aries have risen very little or not at all. A J 
 committee of the Laos Mission writes : " The 
 cost of vegetables, fruit, chickens, eggs, fuel, 
 and coolie hire has doubled, and in some cases 
 trebled, within the past twelve years. There 
 has also been a constant advance in the prices 
 of meat and milk. We do not mention such 
 luxuries as Irish potatoes, which sell at $24 
 per bushel (too dear for a missionary's 
 purse) ; nor ham, which sells at sixty cents 
 per pound." 
 
 This upward movement is spreading all Amiri'^a^""*'' 
 over the world. A missionary in South 
 America writes : " Multiply American prices 
 
Give 
 
 96 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 of shoes by two and a half, clothing by two, 
 cheap cloth by three, underclothes by four, 
 hats by three, and you will have the prices 
 of the same qualities of the same articles 
 here." 
 Mi„'jo"ar"§tS It should be borne in mind, too, that the 
 missionary has many calls upon his charity. 
 Pastors of large city churches know how 
 numerous such calls are at home. But there 
 is probably no other Christian worker in the 
 world upon whom they press so heavily as the 
 foreign missionary. He is among multitudes 
 of poverty-stricken people. There are no 
 charitable agencies, as at home, to which they 
 can be referred, nor are there well-to-do lay- 
 men who can help in bearing the burden. The 
 sick and starving are continually appealing 
 to him. Moreover, as he organizes the con- 
 verts into churches, he wishes to impress upon 
 them the duty of giving as a Christian grace, 
 and in order to make his teaching effective, 
 he must set the example. We do not know of 
 any missionary who gives less than one tenth 
 of his salary in these ways, and many give a 
 much larger proportion. If Christians at 
 home would give as liberally as missionaries, 
 the whole enterprise would be far more gener- 
 ously supported. 
 An Absurd In the light of these facts, the absurdity of 
 the criticism that " missionaries live in lux- 
 
 Criticism 
 
Support of Missionary Enterprise 97 
 
 ury" will readily be seen. Missionaries who I 
 can " live in luxury " in such circumstances S 
 must be remarkable financiers. The fact is J 
 that the missionary is seldom able to save 
 anjrthing, and if he breaks down, he becomes 
 dependent. 
 
 Globe-trotters who have eagerly accepted statements 
 missionary hospitality have sometimes been 
 guilty of base ingratitude in their accounts of 
 it. Oppressed by their loneliness and hungry 
 for tidings from the homeland, the mission- 
 ary and his wife heartily welcome the visitor 
 and, in honor of the occasion, bring out their 
 little household treasures, put on their best 
 clothes, and prepare a dinner far better than 
 they ordinarily have or than they can really 
 afford. Then the guest goes away to prate 
 about the extravagance of missionaries. A 
 friend once gave Mrs. Hepburn of Japan a 
 large turkey, a costly gift in Japan. That 
 very day, an American traveler called with a 
 letter of introduction. She invited him to 
 dinner, and he wrote home, and his statement 
 was printed in several newspapers, that the 
 most expensive meal he had eaten in his tour 
 around the world was at the table of a foreign 
 missionary ! 
 
 " But I hear that a certain missionary keeps QSe.lfon"** 
 four servants while I can afford but one!" 
 cries a wife in America. Allow us to suggest 
 
98 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 some considerations which may not have oc- 
 curred to this wife. 
 M^hodl First, her one servant doing general house- 
 unavoidabie y^,Q^y. mgans as much help as four servants 
 mean in a heathen land. A cook in India will 
 do nothing but cook; a sweeper nothing but 
 sweep; a water-drawer nothing but draw 
 water; and so on through the whole list, each 
 one, moreover, performing his task in a spirit 
 the reverse of strenuous. A cook would die 
 rather than touch a broom, for he would break 
 his caste. " If," writes a missionary wife, 
 " my own pleasure were consulted, I would 
 certainly prefer working in my own home to 
 visiting dirty homes infested with vermin and 
 offensive odors. It seems a little strange 
 that the missionary who pays her servants out 
 of her own salary is so much blamed for what 
 she would gladly help if she could." 
 Our Municipal Sccoud, cousidcr, too, that at home we all 
 
 Arrangements ' ' ' 
 
 Aid Us have many assistants whose services we fail to 
 take into account in comparing ourselves with 
 foreign missionaries. The mail-carrier de- 
 livers our mail without cost to us; but the 
 missionary usually has to hire some one to 
 get his mail from the post-office, which is 
 probably miles away. We can travel on a 
 street-car or a railway train; but the mission- 
 ary must employ coolies to carry him in a 
 chair or wheel him in a barrow or row him in 
 
Support of Missionary Enterprise 99 
 
 a boat to his preaching appointments in out- 
 lying villages. The city policeman patrols 
 our street; but the foreigner in Asia and 
 Africa must engage a watchman or have all 
 his belongings stolen. The grocer calls at our 
 house for orders and delivers the goods; but 
 the missionary must have a native to do his 
 marketing, as in many cases the native shop- 
 keepers will ask a foreigner several times 
 what they would ask their own people, and 
 will come down to a reasonable figure only 
 after hours of wearisome haggling; for time 
 is no object to an Oriental. Our complex and 
 highly developed civilization in Europe and 
 America enables the average man to avail 
 himself daily of the labors of scores of others'. 
 The missionary, living in more primitive con- 
 ditions, must hire servants, or neglect his work 
 and spend the greater part of his time doing 
 things himself that natives can do just as well 
 and at smaller cost. 
 
 Third, the foreign missionary, living as he °p" "°"|= '^^ll 
 does in lands where hotels are few and vile 
 and where Oriental ideas of hospitality pre- 
 vail, is forced to keep open house for all 
 comers. The occasional traveler and the con- 
 stantly passing and repassing missionaries of 
 his own and other churches must be freely 
 entertained. The natives, too, call in ap- 
 palling numbers. The host, like Abraham of 
 
lOO Why and How of Foreigfn Missions 
 
 old, must hasten to set meat and drink before 
 every guest, for failure to do so would be 
 deemed a breach of hospitality and an offense 
 which wotjld probably end the missionary's 
 influence. A missionary's wife in Syria says 
 that she often had twenty to meals and a hun- 
 dred callers in a single day, all of whom had 
 to be served with cakes and coffee or lemon- 
 ade. Another in China had 4,580 women vis- 
 itors in one year, besides men and children. 
 Tea had to be provided for all that host. 
 
 'ulSn m's^'iSn Fourth, would it be common sense to send 
 Workers ^^ educatcd Christian woman as a foreign 
 missionary, and then force her to spend her 
 time in cooking meals and washing dishes, 
 when she can hire native servants who are 
 glad to do that work for a few cents a day? 
 Julian Ralph, writing from Asia on this sub- 
 ject, says : " I demand that the missionaries 
 keep servants. They are paid to give their 
 time to missionary work, and, especially in 
 the case of a wife and mother, I claim she has 
 no right to do housework, sewing, and similar 
 work and give only her leisure from such 
 things to that service for which she has a 
 regular salary." 
 
 ''"NafivM^Do" Some people innocently ask, "Why don't 
 missionaries live as the natives do?" Such 
 people probably do not know how the natives 
 live. The African fastens a yard of calico 
 
Support of Missionary Enterprise loi 
 
 around his waist, ties a string of beads about 
 his neck, and fancies himself dressed for all 
 occasions. Bare-headed, bare-chested, and 
 bare-footed, he exposes himself to the fierce 
 rays of the tropical sun, and when night 
 comes, with its chill air and drenching dew, 
 he sleeps upon the ground. An American 
 doing that would be smitten with African 
 fever within twenty-four hours. The Chinese 
 lives contentedly and works hard on a hand- 
 ful of rice a day, and in a dark, unventilated 
 room, not much larger than the kennel in 
 which the reader keeps his dog. Would the 
 critic live that way? Could he? A typical 
 heathen woman does all the drudgery of the 
 household, collects fuel, tills the fields, and 
 secures and prepares the food. Do the critics 
 at home want their wives to do such work? 
 Burmese children run around naked until they 
 are about ten years of age. Would we allow 
 our children to do so ? 
 
 Live as a heathen does? The heathen does sufii"ci'ent 
 
 not live. The dea tlT-r^tP nf hpatViPnicm ;g Argument 
 
 app alling. J he mendie of consumption and 
 pneumonia and fevers and cholera and small- 
 pox. The children are carried off in regi- 
 ments by diphtheria and measles and scarlet 
 fever and cholera infantum; while as for the 
 women, at the age of forty, when the English 
 and American woman is in the full splendor 
 
102 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 of her beauty, the t3rpical heathen woman is 
 old and withered. 
 An Experiment jf ^ny critic Tcally imagines that he could 
 live as the heathen live, let him try it. Let 
 him build a hut in his back yard — no floor but 
 the beaten earth, no windows but latticed or 
 paper-covered openings, no bed but a hard 
 platform, no stove but an open fire in the mid- 
 dle of the room, no chimney but a hole in 
 the roof through which the smoke rises and 
 the wind and rain and snow fall, and no fuel 
 but manure mixed with grass, made into 
 cakes by his wife or daughter and dried in the 
 sun. For food, let him buy three bushels of 
 com. It will sustain life for several weeks 
 and cost but a dollar. Have the wife pound 
 it between two stones, mix it with water and 
 bake it in the ashes. Then let him eat corn 
 for breakfast and com for diimer and com for 
 supper, and the next day eat corn for break- 
 fast and corn for dinner and com for sup- 
 per, and before many days have passed, 
 even the most obtuse critic will know why 
 the foreign missionary does not and cannpt 
 live as the natives do. 
 ^EcoBomy No, the boards are not going to ask for- 
 eign missionaries to live as the natives do. 
 The missionary is a civilized man and he 
 needs some things that the uncivilized man 
 does without. Making all due allowance for 
 
Support of Missionary Enterprise 103 
 
 exceptional places, it still remains true that 
 the average foreign missionary lives and 
 works under a strain which few at home real- 
 ize, and it would be folly to compel him to 
 adopt a mode of life that would wreck his 
 constitution in a few years. Common sense 
 dictates that, having incurred the expense of 
 sending him out, he should be so equipped 
 that he may be able to do the work for which 
 he was sent. The disastrous experience of 
 the American army in Cuba taught the gov- 
 ernment that it is poor policy to economize in 
 the support of soldiers. A division of in- 
 valids is worth little in a campaign. Shall the 
 Church be less wise in taking reasonable care 
 of its men? 
 
 We grant that there are richer natives who st?ndlrd°* 
 live on a much better scale; but their expendi- 
 tures are so great that a missionary could not 
 possibly equal them. The Chinese mandarin 
 and the East Indian noble often spend money 
 lavishly; but even then, their ideas of comfort 
 differ so widely from ours that their homes 
 could scarcely be deemed ideal by the average 
 American. Thousands of young men in Eng- 
 land have pleasanter bedrooms than the Em- 
 peror of China, and the average mechanic in 
 the United States has a more comfortably 
 warmed house than a samurai of Japan, in 
 spite of the costly furs that lie on his floor and 
 
104 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 the elaborate carvings that adorn his room. 
 The food and general manner of life of the 
 wealthier classes in Asia would quickly under- 
 mine the health of a European or American. 
 ^"^NoJ^t"!! ^* ^s said that the missionaries of certain 
 Disregarded independent organizations are not maintained 
 as are the missionaries of the denominational 
 boards. This is an error, so far as the best 
 of these societies are concerned. The actual 
 salary may be smaller, but there are allow- 
 ances that the denominational boards do not 
 make, so that the net result to the missionary 
 is practically the same. There are, however, 
 independent societies of which the statement 
 is true; but the frequent result is suffering 
 that ought to have been avoided, or else, as 
 one missionary writes, "The independent 
 missionary cultivates friendly relations with 
 some neighboring board missionary; his calls, 
 by a singular coincidence, usually happening 
 about meal-time." A disregard of means 
 that God has provided is neither religion nor 
 business. The Christian at home has no right 
 to demand all the good things of life for him- 
 self — comfortable house, abundant food, ade- 
 quate clothing — and then insist that his per- 
 sonal representative in preaching the gospel 
 abroad shall be half-starved. If it is a Chris- 
 tian's duty to live like a tramp without visible 
 means of support, let the home pastor and lay- 
 
Support of Missionary Enterprise 105 
 
 man set the example. It is easier to do it 
 here than in a heathen land and less dan- 
 gerous to health. 
 
 It should be remembered, too, that the mis- The Missionary 
 
 . ,. . Home an Object- 
 
 sionary represents not only a superior religion lesson 
 but, in some lands at least, the more decent 
 style of living which has resulted from that 
 religion. It is, though a subordinate, yet a 
 real part of his mission to exemplify this. His 
 better house and mode of living are them- 
 selves an object-lesson of the uplifting influ- 
 ence of Christianity. He would be untrue to 
 his faith if he abdicated the function of a 
 Christian gentleman and lived like a barbar- 
 ian. He goes out to bring the heathen up to 
 his level, not to go down to theirs. 
 
 Nor would personal degradation be more ^j^Yrific" 
 likely to win the natives to Christianity. 
 Dr. John Forman, of India, made a per- 
 sistent effort to live like the natives. He 
 rented a small room, wore cheap clothes, and 
 ate the simplest food. He writes : " What I 
 had longed for was to get near the people, to 
 convince them that I really was working only 
 for their salvation and that I was denying my- 
 self for them. I was never more thoroughly 
 earnest about an3rthing I undertook, and never 
 have I felt that I made a more dismal failure. 
 Everything turned out just as I had not ex- 
 pected. They seemed to regard me as nothing 
 
io6 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 but poor white trash. The idea that I had 
 voluntarily given up anything or was denying 
 myself never occurred to them. I was still 
 the same government oflficial, only had not 
 succeeded in getting a very remunerative posi- 
 tion. I had less influence instead of more. 
 I met with a great deal of opposition, a vast 
 amount of ridicule, and had no end of yelling, 
 hooting, and hand-clapping from the small 
 boys, but my success seemed to end there." 
 Different Modes fhe fact is that an American simply cannot 
 equal an East Indian fakir in his mode of 
 living. The latter sprinkles himself with 
 ashes, begs his frugal meals, wears nothing 
 but a loin-cloth, subjects himself to frightful 
 austerities, performs his devotions in public 
 places, and never washes himself. The plain- 
 est living possible to a foreigner impresses 
 the natives as luxurious in comparison with 
 their own devotees, and therefore has abso- 
 lutely no good effect upon them, 
 '"'wrecke'd'by Somc missionaries, who do not believe in 
 Wrong Theories ^gards or fixcd Salaries, have gone out inde- 
 pendently, with the intention of supporting 
 themselves by teaching or some other kind of 
 work, or of subsisting on the direct spontan- 
 eous gifts of individuals or local churches at 
 home. The results have usually been disas- 
 trous. Dr. Lawrence said that it seemed to 
 him " that India was literally strewn with the 
 
■■■■BBiHiHHK:^ 
 
Support of Missionary Enterprise 107 
 
 wrecks of mission work begtin by such inde- 
 pendent missionaries, but for one reason and 
 another abandoned. Much the same is prov- 
 ing true of Africa." 
 
 A missionary who has no means of his own ui^Be^s°A^e°nY^ 
 cannot hve in Asia or Africa without a salary. 
 He cannot reasonably expect the poverty- 
 stricken natives to support him. If he sup- 
 ports himself, he must toil in a way that will 
 undermine his health, secularize his life, and 
 probably expose him to the charge of mer- 
 cenary motives. If he depends upon a salary 
 from home, a board is the best agency for its 
 collection and payment. A missionary once 
 declined to receive further salary from his 
 board on the ground that the Holy Spirit had 
 directed him " to trust the Lord to support 
 him by the voluntary gifts of his people." 
 Such a request indicates a confusion of ideas. 
 Does not the Lord provide money that his 
 people send through a board? It is not a 
 question whether a missionary shall receive 
 money for his support; it is whether he shall 
 receive it in the orderly way that the people 
 of God, led by his Spirit, have instituted. A 
 Christian worker who refuses a salary either 
 receives a larger sum than he ought to have, 
 with the attendant injustice to givers and 
 waste of the Lord's money, or he receives 
 less than he ought to get, with the attendant 
 
io8 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 injury to his ovra health and wrong to those 
 who are dependent upon him. When Mr. 
 Moody conducted a series of meetings in a 
 certain city, he agreed to a definite payment for 
 his services^ and all believed him to be both 
 pious and sensible. Another evangelist, a 
 year or two later, refused to enter into any 
 financial compact or to allow any collections 
 or subscription papers, stating that he would 
 take only what the Spirit of God prompted 
 the people to give. The result was not only 
 embarrassment for the committee in charge, 
 but, in the end, a considerably larger sum than 
 he ought to have had. 
 A Sensible View It appcars rcasonablc to insist that if a 
 missionary ought to go to the foreign field 
 at all, the home Churdi ought to send him 
 and maintain him, unless he has a personal 
 income that suffices for his wants, and that 
 gifts for his support should be sent through 
 the established agency of the Church to 
 which he belongs. Faith and piety are con- 
 sistent with common sense. 
 Regular Salary The Qucstion has oftcH been mooted 
 
 Payments ^ 
 
 whether a board, instead of guaranteeing the 
 missionary a fixed salary, should not simply 
 send him his proportion of whatever sum it 
 may receive. But the receipts of all the 
 boards come in very irregularly and seldom 
 equal expenditures for the first eight months 
 
Support of Missionary Enterprise 109 
 
 of a fiscal year. If a board simply distributed 
 receipts as they came in, the missionaries 
 would not have enough to live upon for two 
 thirds of the year. They would suffer for 
 the necessaries of life, or they would have to 
 run up debts that would seriously compromise 
 their missionary reputation. 
 
 The plan impresses us as visionary and un- The church Must 
 businesslike. No sensible layman would '^^"y ^^e Risk 
 dream of conducting his business on any such 
 basis. Nior should we expect grocers and 
 butchers and clothiers of heathen or Christ- 
 ian lands to supply missionaries with the 
 necessaries of life, with the understanding 
 that they will be paid for, if the Lord 
 moves his people to provide the funds. If 
 that scheme is a good one, why should it not 
 be made equally applicable to ministers at 
 home ? There is no valid reason why it should 
 be confined to the foreign missionaries. We 
 believe that the only sound principle, both in 
 faith and in business, is that the Church 
 should, through a duly constituted board, as- 
 sume responsibility for the support of the mis- 
 sionaries that it sends out. When God calls 
 men to go, he calls his people to send. If there 
 is financial risk to be taken, the Church should 
 take it. It is neither fair nor Christian to un- 
 load its proper responsibilities upon the al- 
 ready over-burdened missionaries. 
 
Too Luxurious 
 
 1 10 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 Missio"?res"ot Information about the houses of mission- 
 aries is frequently desired, especially by those 
 who have been disturbed by statements that 
 they are equal to the houses of native noble- 
 men. A similar statement might be made 
 about the houses of many American me- 
 chanics. We do not deny that the mission- 
 ary's dwelling often appears palatial in com- 
 parison with the wretched hovels in which 
 the natives herd like rabbits in a warren. 
 Shattered health and rapidly filled cemeteries 
 have taught missionaries that, if they are to 
 live, they must go a little apart from the mal- 
 odorous, insanitary, human pigsty, with its 
 rotting garbage and open cesspools, select a 
 site high enough to afford natural drainage, 
 and build a house with a sufficient number of 
 cubic feet of space for the persons who are to 
 occupy it. Then the natural taste of the hus- 
 band leads him to make a little lawn and to 
 set out a few shrubs and flowers, while in- 
 doors his wife sensibly makes everything as 
 cozy and attractive as she can with the means 
 at her disposal. As it is supposed to be a 
 home for life, articles by gift and purchase are 
 gradually accumulated, and it really becomes 
 a pretty place in time. Contrasting as it does 
 with the miserable habitations of a heathen 
 city, it attracts attenion; but its attractiveness 
 is not due to the lavish expenditure of money. 
 
Support of Missionary Enterprise iii 
 
 but to the good taste and inventiveness of a cul- 
 tivated, intelligent family. 
 
 The visitor approaching Fusan, Korea, is ^JnuSar/pusan 
 apt to remark upon the buildings that stand 
 conspicuously upon the hill, and to hear a 
 sneer about the selfishness and ostentation of 
 missionaries in selecting the best sites. The 
 facts are that when the missionaries went to 
 Fusan, they could not afford to buy in the 
 city, and they took the hill site because it was 
 unoccupied and cheap, paying just $75 for 
 the whole tract on which church, hospital, and 
 residences now stand. The owner was glad 
 to get that price, as the land was then prac- 
 tically valueless. That time has proved it to 
 be the best site in Fusan, and that the mission 
 occupation of it led others to seek the neigh- 
 borhood so that the place is now valuable, is 
 simply a tribute to the good judgment of the 
 missionaries. 
 
 Another illustration occurred in Persia, " palace^" 
 where the missionaries were accused of hav- 
 ing for a summer resort at Lake Urumia 
 " one of the finest palaces in all the land." 
 The " palace " referred to was an old, 
 abandoned one-story and basement mud build- 
 ing, which the owner was delighted to sell to 
 the missionaries for $80. They fixed it up 
 as best they could with a private gift of $170 
 from a kind-hearted lady in St. Louis, and then! 
 
112 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 the several missionary families of Urumia 
 took turns in occupying it for a few weeks 
 during the heated term. 
 ^^'^MiL^onary ^ ^^^ missionary residences in different 
 Residences lands havc been built by wealthy relatives for 
 particular missionaries, and occasionally one 
 is built as a memorial for a deceased friend. 
 But the average missionary residence costs 
 from $2,500 to $3,000, including land. Build- 
 ing in most fields is quite as expensive as at 
 home. Indeed lumber, glass, and hardware 
 can often be imported from England or Am- 
 erica cheaper than they can be bought on the 
 field. Many missionary houses in China and 
 Korea contain Oregon lumber, Pittsburg win- 
 dows,, and Birmingham metals. The reader 
 can therefore judge for himself how palatial 
 such a place must be. The average missionary 
 residence is about like the home of a country 
 clergyman or school-teacher in England and 
 America; though in the tropics, the fertility 
 of the soil, the luxuriance of palms and foliage- 
 plants, and the cheapness of labor make it 
 easier for the missionary to have beautiful 
 grounds. 
 
Support of Missionary Enterprise 113 
 
 QUESTIONS ON CHAPTER IV 
 
 Aim : To Understane why Missionaries Receive the 
 Salaries They do 
 
 1. In the Society of Friends, the ministers receive 
 no salaries. What art the advantages of this 
 arrangement ? 
 
 2. What are the principal arguments against it? 
 
 3 If the ministry is to be salaried, what prin- 
 ciples should determine the amount each 
 individual is to receive? 
 
 4. How ought the homes of ministers to compay 
 with those of their congregations? 
 
 5. What possible abuses of the system should 
 be guarded against? 
 
 6. Is a congregation which desires an able man 
 justified in offering an "attractive" salary? 
 
 7. To what extent should the principles which 
 govern the support of ministers at home apply 
 to missionaries on the foreign field? 
 
 8. What arguments can you give for paying 
 missionaries smaller salaries than the average 
 home minister? 
 
 9. What arguments can you give for paying them 
 larger salaries? 
 
 10. What likelihood is there that any one would 
 become a foreign missionary from sordid 
 motives ? 
 
 11. Name the principal sacrifices that a missionary 
 is called upon to make. 
 
 12. What salary would compensate you for these 
 sacrifices if you had no heart interest in the 
 work? 
 
 13. What would you judge as to the relative attrac- 
 
)i 
 
 114 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 tiveness of the ministry at home and on the 
 foreign field from the relative numbers in each 
 calling? 
 
 14. What percentage of the missionary force do 
 you think would have received larger salaries 
 if they had remained at home? 
 
 15. In what degree of "luxury" ought a mission- 
 ary to live? 
 
 16. What are the arguments for and against as 
 attractive a Western home as his salary per- 
 mits? 
 
 19. Would it be true economy for the missionary's 
 wife to have no servants and do her own 
 housework ? 
 
 20. In what expense is the board involved when 
 a missionary breaks down? 
 
 21. How long would it be before a new volunteer 
 would equal a retiring missionary in eEBciency? 
 
 22. From a business standpoint what is the rela- 
 tive importance of care of healtli by a mission- 
 ary and a home minister? 
 
 23. Do you think that critics would really remain 
 satisfied if missionaries lived as the natives do? 
 
 24. What are the arguments for and against self- 
 support by missionaries? 
 
 25. Would it ordinarily take more or less time 
 for an American to earn his support in this 
 country than in China? 
 
 26. How muc' longer would it take to build up 
 a strong native cl.urch if the missionaries gave 
 only the time not required for self-support to 
 the work? 
 
 27. Would the missionary force be increased in 
 efficiency if the policy of self-supporting mis- 
 sionaries were adopted? 
 
 i 
 
Support of Missionary Enterprise 115 
 
 28. What is there in the case of the Apostle Paul 
 that is not parallel? 
 
 29. Is the Christian Church really too poor to pro- 
 vide a support for missionaries? 
 
 30. Where does the responsibility rest for seeing 
 that the missionary enterprise is properly fi- 
 nanced ? 
 
 31. What money do you think you have invested 
 more economically and profitably than that 
 which you have given to foreign missions? 
 
 Ireferences for Advanced Study. — Chafter IV 
 
 I. Missionaries and Luxurious Living. 
 
 Barton: The Missionary and His Critics, IX. 
 Mason: The Little Green God, II. 
 
 II. Housekeeping and Servants. 
 
 Maxwell : The Bishop's Conversion, XII. 
 Nevius: China and the Chinese, Z5$-3S7- 
 Rowe: Every-Day Life in India, XXII. 
 Underwood: With Tommy Tompkins in Korea, 
 XIL 
 
THE MISSIONARY AT WORK 
 
 "7 
 
The practical value of educational missions may 
 ' be inferred from an incident in the work of certain 
 missionaries in the interior of Africa. They gave 
 themselves wholly to evangelistic work without any 
 effort at education, under the mistaken idea that pro- 
 claiming the gospel to those who had not heard it was 
 the beginning and the end of missionary endeavor. 
 After years of faithful preaching, the gospels were 
 translated into the native language, when it was dis- 
 covered that none could read! 
 
 — Wilson S. Naylor 
 
 In some missions the evangelistic agency has been 
 overshadowed by some other department of activity. 
 While the importance of the other agencies must not 
 be minimized, the neglect of presenting the gospel 
 would be disastrous to the whole missionary enterprise. 
 Among the people every effort must be made to heal 
 their physical ills, to care for them in distress, to teach 
 them the means of obtaining an honest living, to raise 
 up an intelligent and efficient leadership, yet it must 
 be borne in mind that the dominating purpose of mis- 
 sions is to make Christ preeminent in the lives of the 
 millions. If any department may be magni- 
 fied it is the evangelistic, but unquestionably the wiser 
 plan is to have all these vital agencies permeated with 
 the spirit of winning the allegiance of the people to 
 the Master. 
 
 — James M. Thobtim 
 
 ii8 
 
Y 
 
 THE MISSIONARY AT WORK 
 
 THE variety and scope of the foreign mis- ^^,'^''<'°*'y'' 
 sionary's work are in sharp contrast 
 with the work of the minister at home. The 
 latter hardly realizes to what an extent his 
 efforts are reinforced by the results of cen- 
 turies of religious teaching. These helps do 
 not exist in most non-christian lands, and 
 therefore the missionary must create them. 
 He must found not only churches, but schools, 
 hospitals, printing-presses, kindergartens, or- 
 phanages, and the various other kinds of 
 Christian and benevolent work carried on in 
 this country. He must train up a native min- 
 istry, erect buildings, translate and print 
 books and tracts and catechisms. The 
 gospel must be so presented as to touch 
 the lives of men at many points, and 
 they must be helped in making the 
 adaptation to new conditions. In some lands, 
 the missionary must even teach the men how 
 to make clothing, to build houses, and to cul- 
 tivate the soil; while his wife must show the 
 119 
 
I20 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 Intensity 
 
 and Wide 
 
 Range 
 
 Pour Main Lines 
 
 women how to sew and to cook, to care for 
 children and to make a decent home. 
 
 The phrase " missionary at work " is there- 
 fore not a misnomer. Those who imagine 
 that "missionaries have an easy time" little 
 realize the heavy and persistent toil that is in- 
 volved in missionary effort. Foreign mis- 
 sionaries are among the hardest worked men 
 in the world. Much of this work, too, is done 
 in unfavorable climates and amid conditions 
 that tell heavily upon the strength and 
 nerves. The typical hospital, with work 
 enough for two or three physicians^ has but 
 one medical missionary, and he must perform 
 every operation and attend every sick patient, 
 save for such native assistants as he may be 
 able to snatch a little time to train. Sdiools, 
 which at home would have a half dozen or 
 more teachers, have but one or two. The or- 
 dained missionary often finds himself obliged 
 to unite the adaptability of a jack-of-all- 
 trades to the functions of an archbishop. 
 
 The ordinary work of the foreign mission- 
 ary is along four main lines. Probably the 
 first impression of the traveler is of the 
 
 Educational Work 
 
 yatLAwnnal 
 
 *fe 
 
 sf the Children 
 
 This is partly because it is represented by 
 institutions that are more conspicuous, partly 
 
The Missionary at Work 121 
 
 because children are much in evidence in a 
 typical heathen city. They are sweet-faced, 
 bright-eyed children, to whom one is in- 
 stinctively drawn. One hears tlie patter of 
 their wooden sandals in the streets of Japan.' 
 He sees their quaintly grave faces in the rice- 
 fields of China. He never wearies of watch- 
 ing their brown, chubby little bodies on the 
 river banks of Siam. His heart aches as he 
 sees their emaciated limbs and wan looks in 
 India. Everywhere their features are so ex- 
 pressive, that he feels that they ought to have 
 a better chance in life and that he ought to 
 help them to get it, while new meaning ir- 
 radiates the words : " It is not the will of 
 your Father .... that one of these 
 little ones should perish." 
 
 In this spirit, one of the first and most lov- schoou and Their 
 
 , . .... . , , Beneficent 
 
 mg duties of the missionary is to gather these Servue 
 children into schools and to teach them for 
 this life and the life to come. Day-schools of 
 primary grade are, of course, the most num- 
 erous and they reach myriads of little ones.; 
 Above them are the boarding-schools, where 
 children are under the continuous care of the 
 missionary. If he be a benefactor of the race"\ 
 who makes two blades of grass grow where s 
 one grew before, what shall be said of the mis- / 
 sionary who takes a half-naked urchin out of ) 
 the squalor of a mud hut, where both sexes S 
 
122 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 I and all ages herd like pigs, teaches him to 
 I bathe himself, to respect woman, to tell the 
 I truth, to earn an honest living, and to serve 
 iQod. It means even more for the girls than 
 ffor the boys, for heathenism, which venerates 
 vanimals, despises women. In sacred Benares, 
 India, I saw a man make reverent way for a 
 cow, and a little farther on roughly push a 
 woman out of his path. I saw monkeys in 
 the protected luxury of a temple, while at its 
 gates starving girls begged for bread. Is 
 there any work more Christlike than the gath- 
 ering of these neglected ones into clean dormi- 
 tories and showing them the meaning of vir- 
 tue, of industry, and of that which does not 
 exist throughout all the pagan world, except 
 where the gospel has made it, a pure, sweet 
 Christian home? 
 Higher Schools Colleges and normal, medical, and theologi- 
 cal schools take the more promising grad- 
 uates of the boarding-schools and train them 
 for special work among their own people. 
 The equipment of these institutions is often 
 very humble as compared with the magnifi- 
 cent buildings of many of our home colleges; 
 but we may safely challenge Europe and Am- 
 erica to show colleges which have achieved 
 more solid results with such limited resources. 
 JMany a mission college turns out well-trained 
 /men on an income that would hardly keep a 
 Uiome university in lights and fuel. 
 
The Missionary at Work 123 
 
 These schools and colleges are exerting an ^fl"e"ce* 
 enormous influence. They lead many students 
 to Christ. They undermine the superstitions 
 and dispel the prejudices of many who are 
 not immediately converted. They give the 
 missionary access to new villages and zena- 
 nas and familiarize the heathen mind with 
 Christian conceptions. They often form the 
 most effective means of reaching the upper 
 classes. Scores of mission schools are edu- 
 cating the sons and daughters of officials, 
 noblemen, and in some countries, of royal 
 princes. 
 
 An interesting illustration of the oppor- LedbyaChiid 
 tunities thus created occurred in Bangkok, 
 Siam. A nobleman, whom the missionary 
 had vainly tried to lead to Christ, sent his 
 only son to the Christian Boys' High School. 
 A year or two later, in sen epidemic of cholera, 
 the boy died. The missionary gently told the 
 stricken parents of the Good Shepherd, who 
 sometimes took a lamb in his arms to induce 
 the sheep to follow him. Deeply moved, the 
 father sketched an outline of the incident and 
 bade an artist paint it. He showed us the 
 picture: a shepherd, with a kindly face, carry- 
 ing a lamb in his bosom, while afar off two 
 sheep, which had been walking away, were 
 turning with wistful eyes to follow their 
 loved one. " Now," said the nobleman, " I 
 
124 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 want to give 10,000 ticals to build a church 
 in recognition of God's dealings with me 
 through my boy." And we said: It is as 
 true now as of old that " a little child shall 
 lead them." 
 Dncompromising- AH m is sjon schools are uncompromisingly 
 Christian. _ The Bible is the chief text-book. 
 Jesus is the great Teacher. Prayer is the 
 atmosphere. Japan tested mis,sibnary fidelity 
 to this position. All avenues of preferment 
 lead from the schools which have government 
 recognition. The mission schools were thus 
 recognized ; but one day, the Minister of State 
 for Education issued an order forbidding any 
 religious instruction in schools approved by 
 the government. The missionaries had to 
 choose that day whom they would serve. 
 Severance from the government system lof 
 education meant that students would be, in 
 effect, debarred from the university and from 
 many positions that are coveted by the pat- 
 riotic Japanese. But the missionaries and the 
 boards said: "We cannot use missionary 
 funds to give the young people of Asia a 
 purely secular education; we are here for 
 Christ's sake, and for his only." The result 
 was that some schools had to be closed and 
 that the attendance of others dwindled from 
 hundreds to dozens. It looked for a time as 
 if the end of mission educational work in 
 
The Missionary at Work 125 
 
 Japan had come; but a mighty protest went 
 up from the Christian people of all lands. 
 iThe public opinion of Christendom, to which 
 Japan is keenly sensitive, made her statesmen 
 feel that a backward step had been taken. 
 The order was not enforced, and to-day the 
 mission schools are fuller than ever and with 
 a tremendously enhanced influence, because 
 in the hour of emergency, they would not buy 
 the favor of the state at the cost of their 
 faith. The missionary repudiates the state- 
 ment of a professor at home that "the uni- 
 versity is not responsible for the character of 
 its graduates." Character is precisely what j 
 mission institutions are responsible for, and/ 
 in the schools and colleges on the foreign field,/ 
 the Protestant Churches are producing it. J 
 
 The hope of the future is largely in these f ^Ifudue °°''° 
 schools. In many lands, the missionary en- 
 counters an opposition from adults that can 
 only be compared to a wall. It is often diffi- 
 cult to break down that wall by direct attack; 
 for inherited prejudices, social, business, and 
 religious associations, and that fixity of char- 
 acter which usually comes with mature years 
 ill every land combine to make it hard to in- 
 duce an adult to abandon the faith of his an- i, 
 cestors. The mission school undermines that 
 wall. It__t akes character a t a plastic period 
 
 wl _f i Tl fi pPS it f*""" <-Vie.^ti<-iiro - 
 
126 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 Asiatic N^aTionf Thc Opening of Asia to the influences of 
 the modern world and the development of 
 the native churches give special emphasis to 
 the question of higher education. The need 
 is emphasized by the fact that leading Asiatic 
 nations are beginning to appreciate the im- 
 portance of Western learning and are estab- 
 lishing colleges of their own. Hindu, Budd- 
 hist, and Moslem institutions will not, of course, 
 train men for Christian leadership. The 
 Churches must provide the needed facilities or 
 see their young men go to schools dominated 
 by antichristian influences. That the boards 
 and the missions realize this is seen in the 
 fact that there are now on the foreign field no 
 less than 29,000 mission schools, of which 
 more than 1,300 are of the higher grades, the 
 total number of pupils being 1,304,905. 
 
 Another department of missionary ac- 
 tivity is 
 
 Literary Work 
 
 Bible Translation Protcstantism bclieves that a knowledge of 
 the Word of God is indispensable to intelli- 
 gent and permanent faith. Therefore one of 
 the duties of the missionary is to translate the 
 vl)Bible into the vernacular. We often hear that 
 the Bible is now accessible to practically all 
 the nations of the earth. It is true, and the 
 missionary is the one who has made it so. 
 
The Missionary at Work 127 
 
 Books and Tracts 
 
 GtJ 
 
 Bible translation, however, is not all of this 
 work. Many books and tracts must be pre- 
 pared. Most of the literature of the heathen 
 world is unclean. There are, indeed, some ex- 
 cellent writings in the sacred books of Hin- 
 duism, Buddhism, and Confucianism; but at 
 their best, they are merely ethical and 
 are intermingled with a vast mass of error, 
 puerility, and superstition. The books in 
 common circulation are usually saturated 
 with heathenism, if not actual immorality. 
 The missionary, therefore, must create a 
 Christian literature. This involves both 
 translation and original composition. 
 
 Publishing has to follow preparation. Mission Presses 
 
 Many lands had no printing-presses when the 
 missionary arrived; so he had to create and 
 operate them. He was among the first to 
 see the providential significance of movable 
 type and the application of steam to the print- 
 ing-press. To-day, 160 presses are conducted 
 by the Protestant mission boards in various 
 parts of the world, and they issue annually 
 about 400,000,000 pages of a Christian liter- 
 ature and the Word of God. The mission 
 presses in Shanghai are exerting an enormous 
 influence on the thought of one third of the 
 human race, one of them printing over 97,- 
 000,000 pages a year. An interesting illus- 
 tration of this occurred when 10,000 Christian 
 
128 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 women of China presented a copy of the New 
 Testament, bound in silver and gold, to the 
 Empress Dowager on her sixtieth birthday. 
 The gift excited so much interest in the im- 
 perial palace that the Emperor purchased a 
 copy for his own use. 
 Far.re|c^in| That Chinese Bible has gone into many a 
 yamen as well as into myriads of humble 
 homes. A medical missionary, calling on the 
 late Viceroy Li Hung-chang, found him read- 
 ing a New Testament printed on the Shanghai 
 mission press, and when a servant took the 
 book away as the physician entered, the Vice- 
 roy said: "Do not put that in the library, 
 take it to my bedroom, I will read it again." 
 The mission press in Beirut, Syria, is prob- 
 ably doing as much as all other agencies com- 
 bined to influence the Mohammedan world; 
 for there the Bible is printed in the language 
 that is spoken by two hundred million souls. 
 Scriptures and explanatory books and tracts 
 go forth from that unpretentious building, 
 which are read not only in Syria and Pales- 
 tine, but in Asia Minor, Arabia, Egypt, 
 Tunis, Algeria, Morocco, India, and among 
 the Arabic speaking colonies of North and 
 South America. 
 
 The Bible Societies give valuable coopera- 
 tion in this department of mission work, pay- 
 ing the cost of printing the Scriptures, and. 
 
 Bible Societies 
 
The Missionary at Work 129 
 
 through their agents and colporteurs, aiding 
 greatly in distributing them. These Societies 
 should therefore be considered an integral 
 and a very important -part of this large de- 
 velopment of missionary effort. 
 
 Emphasis may properly be laid upon liter- p°^"^l^^'s^ e 
 ary work as a missionary agency. The peo- 
 ples of Asia are not so much accustomed to 
 public discourse as Western races. The 
 priests of the native religions seldom or never 
 preach, and it is much more difficult to influ-- 
 ence people in that way than it is in England 
 and America. The Chinese, in particular, are 
 preeminently a people of books. Buddhism 
 converted them, not by preaching, but by lit- 
 erature. The essay, the pamphlet, the pla- 
 card, and more recently the newspaper, are 
 the common means of disseminating ideas. 
 Christianity must make a larger use of this 
 method if it is to supersede Buddhism and 
 Confucianism. 
 
 The printed Bible goes where the living wide 
 
 , T 1 • • 1 DisseminrntioB 
 
 voice cannot be heard, it brmgs its truths to 
 men in the quiet hour. The force of its mes- 
 sage is never lessened by controversy or per- 
 verted by error. Within a century, over 200,- 
 000,000 copies of the Bible have been printed 
 in 360 different languages. If every mission- 
 ary were to be banished, God's Word wou4i 
 remain in Asia, a mighty and indestructible 
 
130 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 power, operating as silently as the sunshine, 
 but containing within itself the stupendous 
 potency of a world's regeneration. To-day, 
 the Persian and the Hottentot, the Korean and 
 the Siamese are reading in their own tongues 
 that "He is able to save them to the utter- 
 most that come unto God by him," and we 
 know that God's Word shall not return unto 
 him void. 
 
 A phase of missions that touches all hearts 
 is the 
 
 Medical Work 
 
 Exampieof Christ Christ himsclf sct the example by minister- 
 ing to the sick. Indeed, he cited among the 
 proofs of his Messiahship that "the blind re- 
 ceive their sight, and the lame walk, the lepers 
 are cleansed, and the deaf hear." Twenty- 
 four of his thirty-six recorded miracles were 
 of physical healing, and there must have been 
 scores of others, for we read that "all they 
 that had any sick .... brought them 
 unto him; and he laid his hands on every one 
 of them, and healed them." So medical work 
 is an essential part of our Christian service in 
 heathen lands. We cannot "pass by on the 
 other side" those countless sufferers or shut 
 our ears to their cries of agony. 
 1 1 Non-christian lands are lands of pain. All 
 the diseases and injuries common in America, 
 
 Pain Aggravated 
 by Si'i^eistition 
 
The Missionary at Work 131 
 
 and others far more dreadful, are intensified 
 by ignorance, filth, and superstition. An 
 Oriental tour fills the mind with ghastly 
 memories of sightless eyeballs, scrofulous 
 limbs, and festering ulcers. If our child is 
 ill, a physician's understanding of the case 
 and its remedy, the s)mipathy of friends, and 
 the sweet comforts of the gospel, make the 
 sick chamber a place of peace and probable 
 recovery. But in most heathen lands, illness 
 is believed to be caused by a demon that has 
 gotten into the body, and the treatment is an 
 effort to expel it. Drums are beaten or horns 
 blown beside the sufferer, in the hope that 
 they will frighten away the demon. Hot 
 fires are built to scorch it out, and of course 
 the fierce heat adds to the distress of the pa- 
 tiient. Sometimes even worse methods are 
 employed. "What are those scars which so 
 thickly dot the body?" we asked Dr. Neal, in 
 China, as he examined a wan, pitiful little 
 girl who had been brought in. " Places where 
 hot needles have been thrust in to kill the 
 spirit which is believed to have caused the 
 pain," was the startling reply. " What a hor- 
 rible foot!" we ejaculated, as we looked with 
 Dr. Avison in Korea on a poor fellow who 
 had hobbled into our room. A fall had made 
 a bruise. A native doctor had told him tliat 
 a demon had taken possession of it and that 
 
132 WHy and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 he should smear it with oil and set it on fire. 
 Dirt and flies had aggravated the resultant 
 sore, till the whole foot was Uterally rotting 
 away. 
 Wonderful The horTors of superstitious maltreatment 
 of the sick and injured are relieved in many 
 lands only by medical missionaries who walk 
 through those regions of pain Jn the name 
 and spirit of the Great Physician, cleansing 
 filthy ulcers, straightening deformed limbs, 
 giving light to darkened eyes, healing fev- 
 ered bodies, robbing death of its sting and 
 the grave of its victory, and showing to weary 
 multitudes that 
 
 "Thy touch has still its ancient power. 
 No word from thee can fruitless fall." 
 
 Heroic Ministry jn ^he Syrian city of Hums we saw the sick 
 flock to Dr. Harris as of old they doubtless 
 flocked to Christ, and he gave such relief to 
 scores of sufferers that men who would have 
 stoned a preacher reverently listened to the 
 physician while he talked to them of Christ. 
 The day we entered Allahabad, India, 170 
 people died of the plague. Corpses were 
 hourly carried through the streets. Shops 
 were closed. The authorities, finding that 
 preventive measures provoked dangerous 
 riots, helplessly allowed the pestilence to run 
 
The Missionary at Work 133 
 
 unchecked. Half the population had fled; but 
 the medical missionary stood heroically at her 
 post, freely going among the sick and dying, 
 responding both by day and night to every 
 appeal for help, giving what aid was possible 
 in that swiftly fatal scourge, and telling all 
 of the healing of the soul in Christ. Few men 
 anywhere will touch a leper, but the medical 
 missionaries lovingly seek them in a score of 
 places, mitigating the horrors of a disease for 
 which no cure is known and faithfully apply- 
 ing the remedy for the soul's leprosy. 
 
 A total of over 1,100 hospitals and dispen- ^^^^^p'^^^^'^^ 
 saries are being maintained on the foreign field 
 by the Protestant boards and they treat yearly 
 about 2,500,000 patients. No other phase 
 of mission work has done more to soften 
 hearts and to open doors, no other been more 
 fruitful in spiritual results. Standing in one 
 of those humble buildings and watching the 
 tender ministries to suffering, one feels sure 
 that God loves the place, and he rejoices that 
 in Asia as well as in America, men can say: 
 
 "The healing of the seamless dress 
 
 Is by our bed of pain; 
 We touch him in life's throng and press, 
 
 And we are whole again." 
 
 An unqualified statement that the fourth ^'ofk™'"' 
 department of missionary activity is Evangelistic 
 
134 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 Evangelistic Work 
 
 might give a wrong impression, for all forms 
 of work are supposed to be evangelistic in 
 spirit and in aim. Educational work is de- 
 signed to reach the children for Christ and 
 to train men for the ministry and 
 other forms of Christian work. Literary 
 work prepares and publishes the Bible and a 
 helpful literature, that all may know the gos- 
 pel by the printed page as well as by the 
 spoken word. Medical work is intended not 
 only to relieve suffering, but to do it in Christ's 
 name and in such ways that the patients will 
 accept Christ. There remains, however, much 
 work that is distinctively evangelistic. Its 
 magnitude may be inferred from the fact that 
 there are now no less than ii,ooo organized 
 churches and a large number of unorganized 
 congregations, with 1,816,450 adult commun- 
 icants and 4,351,138 adherents, of whom 
 1,272,383 are enrolled inquirers, 
 ''"mnerationt The dircct preaching of the gospel natur- 
 ally has a prominent place. There is an in- 
 creasing number of churches in which there 
 are stated sermons; but the main evangelistic 
 work is done in less pretentious, though not 
 less effective ways. The message is pro- 
 claimed in humble street chapels, in crowded 
 bazaars, in secluded zenanas, from house to 
 
The Missionary at Work 135 
 
 house, and on long country tours. The itin- 
 erations often occupy several months and in- 
 clude the visitation of hundreds of villages. 
 All sorts of conveyances are used. Elephants, 
 camels, horses, mules, donkeys, canoes, 
 launches, schooners, house-boats, wheelbar- 
 rows, jinrikishas, bandy-carts, bicycles, and 
 railroad trains, all serve the missionary's pur- 
 pose as occasion offers, while not infrequently 
 he travels on foot. 
 
 There are no bounds to the zeal of the iti- ze»ionsToii 
 nerant missionary. A toilsome journey on 
 elephants through the jungles of Laos brought 
 us to Saturday night with the weary ejacula- 
 tion: "Nlow we can have a day of rest!" 
 The next morning we slept late; but the mis- 
 sionaries did not, for they spent an hour be- 
 fore breakfast in a neighboring village, dis- 
 tributing tracts and inviting the people to 
 come to a service at our camp at ten o'clock. 
 It was an impressive service — under a spread- 
 ing ho tree, with the mighty forest about us, 
 monkeys curiously peering through the 
 tangled vines, the huge elephants browsing on 
 the bamboo tips behind us, and the wonder- 
 ing people sitting on the ground, while one 
 of the missionaries told the deathless story of 
 redeeming love. The other missionary. Dr. 
 Daniel McGfilvary, was not present. Seventy- 
 four years old though he was, he had walked 
 
136 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 three miles under a scorching sun to another 
 village, and was preaching there. And we 
 said: "If that is the way the missionaries 
 rest, what do they do when they work?" 
 Splendid Fidelity xhis is but a Sample of the evangelistic 
 fidelity that we saw everywhere. Missionaries 
 whose immediate assignments are to medical 
 or educational work take their turns in coun- 
 try touring. A physician in Africa never did 
 a better thing for Christ than on a trip of 
 which he wrote : 
 '"'^t:o°ut "I returned last week from a tour of sev- 
 enteen days through the Utum country. The 
 wet season was at its worst. All the rivers 
 were flooded and the swamps were terrible to 
 get through. Almost every day, I waded in 
 water waist deep, sometimes for hours at a 
 time. Much of my trip was through a country 
 from which we had never been able to get 
 any schoolboys, as the people were afraid to 
 let them go so far from home and with white 
 men of whom they knew but little. I went 
 with the determination not only to preach the 
 gospel, but to bring back with me some boys 
 for our school. I knew if I could get a few 
 for a start, we would get plenty in years to 
 come. The Lord answered my prayers, and 
 when we marched back through streams and 
 forests, about seventy prospective pupils went 
 with me. That long line of children, so 
 
The Missionary at Work 137 
 
 ignorant and needy, some footsore and weary, 
 marching away from their homes of darkness 
 and sin towards the Hght of the dear Savior 
 who died for them, was a sight which would 
 move a heart of stone. Sometimes a mother 
 in parting from her child would follow along 
 for miles and then take me by the hands, and 
 with tears rolling down her cheeks, say: 
 'Doctor, that is my only child, you will take 
 good care of him, won't you?' Human nature 
 is very much the same here as elsewhere." 
 
 Claims of Other Work 
 Reform movements in a community natur- Reform 
 
 11 r ■ . 1 f 1 1 • Movements 
 
 ally grow out of spiritual work, but there is a 
 difiference of opinion as to the missionary's 
 direct relation to them. Some urge that the 
 missionary should not concern himself at all 
 with such movements, his efforts being to instil 
 in the msinds of men the formative principles 
 of the Christian religion and then leave these 
 to work their legitimate results through saved 
 men. 
 
 Others, however, insist that the missionary Application of the 
 cannot be indifferent to the practical applica- P"'='"=a"5°=P'=' 
 tion of the gospel to human society; that 
 when orphans in India are starving, his ef- 
 forts should include bread as well as exhor- 
 tations; that when opium-smoking in China^ 
 
138 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 is an effectual bar to the entrance of the gos- 
 pel, the missionary should ally himself with 
 the effort to remove that bar; and that where 
 the blind, the insane, the deaf and dumb are 
 entirely neglected, the missionary who passes 
 "by on the other side" exposes himself to 
 the indignant censure which Christ visited 
 upon the heartless, hypocritical priest and 
 Levite. 
 Its Cure .f Many j^ g^gj^g ^^ ^g ^^^^ ^jjg mediate course is 
 
 the proper one. The gospel was intended to 
 save men both for this life and for the life 
 to come, and when a missionary goes among 
 people who are wholly ignorant of the bear- 
 ings of the gospel upon human life, it is surely 
 within his province to show them how to live 
 in time as well as eternity. This, as a matter 
 of fact, is what the missionaries are doing. 
 It is no small evidence of the value of mission 
 . work that missionaries have founded and are 
 maintaining 333 asylums of various kinds for 
 the afflicted and dependent classes. Though 
 reform movements are results rather than ob- 
 jects of the missionary enterprise, they are 
 nevertheless of value. Missionaries have done 
 I more than all others combined to lessen the 
 evils of slavery, infanticide, intemperance, 
 concubinage, opium-smoking, the degradation 
 of woman, and kindred evils. 
 
The Missionary at Work 139 
 
 A signal instance of the usefulness of the AbSiuif/din 
 missionary in matters of reform occurred in ®""" 
 Siam. Gambling is the national vice. It was 
 licensed and even encouraged by the govern- 
 ment. The demoralizing consequences can be 
 readily understood. This vice was vigorously 
 combatted by the missionaries, led by the 
 Rev. Eugene P. Dunlap and powerfully rein- 
 forced by the Hon. Hamilton King, the Am- 
 erican Minister. They frankly represented to 
 the King that gambling was inimical to the 
 best interests of Siam and that the money 
 that the government derived from it was ob- 
 tained at a ruinous cost to character and legit- 
 imate industry. The King listened, and the 
 result was the issuance of a royal decree, Jan- 
 uary, 1905, ordering the abolition of these 
 gambling concessions by April, 1907. 
 
 Another illustration occurred in Shanghai, piiTen ^n cwnl 
 China, where there are about 20,000 Chinese 
 prostitutes. Distressed by their pitiful lot, 
 Mrs. George F. Fitch opened a rescue home 
 to which the slave girls could flee for refuge. 
 The home has attracted wide attention and 
 it witnesses powerfully for Christ. A high 
 official visited it one day with his wife, and 
 as he noted the sweet ministries to the fallen, 
 he marveled and said to his wife : " Nobody 
 but Jesus' people would do this." That sen- 
 tence vividly expresses the world-wide dif- 
 
I40 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 ference between the Christian and the non- 
 christian. It is at once an indictment of Con- 
 fucianism and a justification of missions. 
 Nobody but "Jesus' people" are doing these 
 things. 
 Time Required j^ jg apparent from all that has been said 
 that the working out of so vast a movement 
 as the missionary enterprise will require time. 
 This is not a crusade whose object is to be at- 
 tained by a magnificent spurt. Error and 
 superstition are interwoven with the whole 
 social and political fabric of the non-christian 
 world and they are not to be overturned in a 
 day. " We are," observes Benjamin Kidd, 
 " in the midst of habits and institutions from 
 which our civilization is separated by a long 
 interval of development, where progress up- 
 ward must be a long, slow process, must pro- 
 ceed on native lines, and must be the effect of 
 the example and prestige of higher standards 
 rather than the result of ruder methods." 
 Long Process in Most gTcat rcconstructions of society have 
 come slowly, and religious transformations 
 have been no exception. Christianity was 
 three hundred years in conquering Rome, and 
 even then the Roman world was far from com- 
 plete conversion. The gospel has been oper- 
 ating on the peoples of northern Europe and 
 their descendants for more than a thousand 
 years, and no Christian feels that the work 
 
The Missionary at Work 141 
 
 is done. It is to be hoped that other peoples 
 will not take as much time as we took; but 
 we cannot reasonably expect that a few de- 
 cades will suffice. 
 
 Moreover, we must count now on more strenuous 
 
 ' Opposition but 
 
 Strenuous opposition from the non-christian certain victory 
 religions. At first, they were contemptuously 
 indifferent to the missionaries. But as the 
 priests see more clearly what radical changes 
 Christianity involves, that it is " turning the 
 world upside down," contempt and indiffer- 
 ence are giving place to alarm. The ethnic 
 faiths are therefore setting themselves in bat- 
 tle array. It would be foolish to ignore their 
 power, foolish to imagine that we are seeing 
 the last of Buddhism in Japan and Siam, of 
 Confucianism in China, of Hinduism in 
 India, and of Mohammedanism in Turkey. 
 Heathenism will die hard. The world, the 
 flesh, and the devil are in Asia as well as in 
 America, and are fighting more fiercely. It 
 is no holiday task to which we have set our- 
 selves. It is a gigantic struggle in which there 
 are against us " the principalities, the powers, 
 the world rulers of this darkness." Need have 
 we of patience, of determination, of "the 
 strength of his might" and "the whole ar- 
 mor of God." We must sternly face our task 
 in the spirit of the man of whom Browning 
 said : He 
 
142 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 "... never turned his back but marched 
 breast- forward ; 
 
 Never doubted clouds would break; 
 Never dreamed, though right were worsted, 
 
 wrong would triumph; 
 Held we fall to rise, are bafiSed to fight better. 
 
 Sleep to wake." 
 
 The issue is not doubtful, for, "If God is for us, 
 who is against us?" 
 
 QUESTIONS ON CHAPTER V 
 
 Aim : To Realize the Variety and Value of the 
 Work Included in the Foreign Missionary 
 Enterprise 
 
 1. Write out all the forms of work engaged in by 
 missionaries mentioned in the chapter and sug- 
 gested to you by reflection. 
 
 2. How many of these are ordinarily engaged in 
 by ministers at home? 
 
 3. How does the task of the missionary as a whole 
 compare in magnitude and difficulty with that 
 of the average minister at home? 
 
 4. In the light of the work needed, reconsider 
 your opinion on the subject of the most de- 
 sirable qualifications for a missionary. 
 
 5. Reconsider your opinion as to the way in which 
 missionary training should differ from that 
 of the minister at home. 
 
 6. Need a missionary be qualified along all these 
 lines in order to be useful? 
 
 7. In preparing to teach a class of heathen 
 children, what things ought a missionary to 
 try to find out about their home life? Why? 
 
The Missionary at Work 143 
 
 8. What, about their personal ideas and attitudes ? 
 
 9. What, about any past instruction they may have 
 received ? 
 
 10. What would it be desirable to knovir about the 
 local surroundings and society? 
 
 11. In what way should the curriculum in a mis- ^ 
 sionary school differ from that of schools 
 of the same grade in this country? 
 
 12. What are some' of the difficulties that a mis- 
 sionary teacher must expect to encounter? 
 
 13. What should be his principal educational aims? 
 
 14. In view of the aim of missionary work, why 
 is it so important for the missionary to es- 
 tablish elementary schools? 
 
 15. Why are higher schools necessary? 
 
 16. What are the advantages of boarding-schools 
 over day-schools? 
 
 17. What things besides the language ought a mis- 
 sionary to know in order to be a successful 
 translator ? 
 
 18. What advantages has the literary over any 
 ©ther of the forms of work? 
 
 19. What various kinds of literature ought to be 
 distributed in order to build up a strong native 
 Ghurch ? 
 
 20. What are the special advantages of medical 
 work as a missionary agency? 
 
 21. AVhat measures would you take to secure the 
 greatest evangelistic efficiency in a dispensary 
 and hospital? 
 
 22. In what ways should missionary addresses 
 differ from sermons in this country? 
 
 23. What things ought the missionary to study 
 'm preparing his addresses? 
 
>< 
 
 144 Why and Kow of Foreign Mis. 
 
 24. Why is it itrportant for him to be well ac- 
 quainted with local customs? 
 
 25. What special advantages has the wangelistic 
 missionary over those engaged in other forms 
 of work? 
 
 26. Which of these four forms of work does -nost 
 on the whole to build up the native Church? 
 Give several reasons for your opinion. 
 
 2f. In what ways is each of these forms a necessa- 
 ry supplement to the other three? 
 
 28. Has Christianity a message only for the in- 
 dividual, or for society as well? 
 
 29. Have Christians in this country any duty to 
 society except to evangelize it? 
 
 30. What should be the attitude of the mission- 
 ary toward non-christian society as a whole? 
 
 31. What reasons have we for believing that the 
 progress of Christianity on the foreign field 
 will be more rapid than it was in Europe? 
 
 32. Sum up the principal needs of the work on 
 the field. 
 
 References for Advanced Study. — Chapter V 
 I. Educational Work. 
 
 De Forest: Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom, 
 
 118-131. 
 
 Naylor : Daybreak in the Dark Continent, 156-159. 
 Soothill : A Typical Mission in China, XII. 
 Thobum: The Christian Conquest of India, 173- 
 178. 
 
 II. Literary Work. 
 
 De Forest: Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom, 
 142-150. 
 
The Missionary at Work 145 
 
 ji!cumenical Missionary Conference, XXVI. 
 Soothill: A Typical Mission in China, XIII. 
 Thobum: The Christian Conquest of India, v.g- 
 182. 
 III. Medical Work. 
 
 De Forest: Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom, 
 
 131-134. 
 
 Naylor: Daybreak in the Dark Continent, igi, 
 152. 
 
 Soothill : A Typical Mission in China, III. 
 Noble : The Redemption of Africa, 551 561. 
 IV. Evangelistic Work. 
 
 De Forest: Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom, 
 
 X 14-1 18. 
 
 Gibson: Mission Problems and Mission Methods 
 
 in South China, VI. 
 
 Jack: Daybreak in Livingstonia, VIII, XVIII. 
 
 Naylor : Daybreak in the Dark Continent, 152-154. 
 
 Thobum: The Christian Conquest of IncKa, 168- 
 
 173- 
 V. Industrial Work. 
 
 Naylor : Daybreak in the Dark Continent,^ 154-156. 
 Ecumenical Missionary Conference, XXIX. 
 Noble: The Redemption of Africa, 562-578. 
 Stewart: Dawn in the Dark Continent, 178-196. 
 
THE NATIVE CHURCH 
 
 ur 
 
As to mission Church administration, for the 
 sake of the future of the Church the missionary should 
 train the churches with a view to speedy self-govern- 
 ment and self-propagation. Some missionaries pos- 
 sessed of a strong individuality assume in themselves 
 all the functions of the executive; they are in them- 
 selves bishop, priest, deacon, and elder; with their 
 strong personality and fulness of energy they have not 
 the patience to bend to the drudgery of training na- 
 tives; therefore they take all of the responsibility upon 
 themselves. But this only means disaster in the future, 
 for when the strong man leaves the field, his work 
 falls to pieces. For the sake of the Church and for 
 the future of the Church we must subordinate self 
 and selfish tendencies and bend our energies to get 
 the best we can out of the native Christians. 
 
 — Frederick Galpin 
 
 The use of mission funds should be limited to the 
 support of missionaries, the issue of literature, 
 the founding of schools and hospitals and their support, 
 and some help in the erection of church buildings. 
 Converts should from the first be instructed in the 
 necessity of sharing the burdens of Church work. 
 The self-support of native churches should be facili- 
 tated by simplicity of organization, to the extent even, 
 if necessary, of delaying for a time the full develop- 
 ment of the pastorate. 
 
 — George B. Winton 
 
 I+8 
 
VI 
 THE NATIVE CHURCH 
 
 THE development of a native Church ^"J'rdberents 
 is one of the most encouraging results 
 of foreign missionary effort. The number 
 of adult communicants on the foreign field 
 is now 1,816,450. There are, besides, 
 1,272,383 adults who, having professed their 
 faith in Christ, have been enrolled as catechu- 
 mens and inquirers and are under special in- 
 struction with a view to full membership in 
 the near future, while adherents number 4,3 51,- 
 138. The word "adherent" has a more defi- 
 nite meaning on the foreign field than at home, 
 for it usually signifies that a member of a 
 non-christian community has publicly separated 
 himself, in name and position at least, from the 
 religion of his country, and though not yet 
 ready, in the judgment of the missionaries, 
 to be baptized, he attends the church, and is 
 willing to be known by his neighbors as a 
 Christian. 
 
 This already considerable native Church Million"poiicy 
 is growing at the rate of nearly 150,000 com- 
 municants a year. The development of such a 
 Church naturally brings into prominence cer- 
 
 149 
 
150 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 tain questions of mission policy. We have al- 
 ready seen that the aim of the missionary en- 
 terprise includes the development of an in- 
 digenous native Church. To this end, the 
 native Church must be trained to self-propa- 
 gation, self-support, and self-government. 
 
 Self-propagation _ Sclf-propagation is insisted upon as soon as 
 converts appear. They are taught from the 
 beginning that as soon as they become Christ- 
 ians, the missionary motive should become 
 operative within them, and that they are un- 
 der precisely- the same obligation as Chris- 
 tians in Europe and America to give the 
 knowledge of Christ to others. 
 
 christ'knd p^aui This was the way Christ himself worked 
 during his earthly ministry. He preached 
 both to individuals and to multitudes wher- 
 ever and whenever he had opportunity; but 
 one of his chief efforts was to train up a band 
 of disciples to perpetuate and extend the work 
 after his departure. Paul also worked in this 
 way. He would go to a city, preach the gos- 
 pel, gather a band of disciples, organize them 
 into a church, remain long enough to get 
 them fairly started, and then go elsewhere. 
 ^'"^'Mky°Takf The modem missionary will have to remain 
 Centuries ^ ggod deal longer than Paul did, for he does 
 not find such prepared conditions as the great 
 apostle found in the Jews of the dispersion. 
 A land may be evangelized in a generation, 
 but the Christianizing of it may be the toil- 
 
THe Native Church 151 
 
 some process of centuries. Moreover, when 
 the object has been attained in one country, 
 the responsibihty of the missionary and of 
 the home Church will not cease, but simply be 
 transferred to other populations. It is a long » 
 campaign upo n which \?e have entered, but 
 we should resolutely keep our purpose in 
 mind. 
 
 This is not only wise in itself from the view- c™?°stflniL*° 
 point of the success and permanence of the MUsiilaries 
 work, but it is absolutely necessary from the ^'°°^ 
 view-point of the men and money that are 
 available. It is impossible for the Churches of 
 Europe and America to send out and main- 
 tain enough missionaries to preach the gos- 
 pel effectively to all of the thousand millions 
 of the unevangelized world. To attempt this 
 would be as foolish as it would be for a gov- 
 ernment to make an army" out of major-gen- 
 erals, while making no provision for subalt- 
 erns, non-commissioned officers, and privates. 
 
 Appeals to flood the foreign field with mis- wlrkeVs Must 
 sionaries ignore the part that the native ^^s^J^^ 
 Church is to play in its evangelization. They 
 apparently assume that the native Christians 
 have no responsibility for making Christ 
 known to their countrymen, or that they will 
 not discharge it, and that the entire burden 
 of evangelizing rests so exclusively upon for- 
 eigners that the people will never hear the 
 
152 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 gospel unless great numbers of white men 
 are sent to preach it. Such an assumption 
 is fundamentally wrong. The native worker 
 is better for this direct evanfrelism anyway. 
 iJETe can live more economically than a for- 
 eigner, and he h^'a knowledge of native 
 idioms and ways of thinking and manners and 
 customs that no foreigner can ever obtain. 
 Moreover, there is no gulf of race between 
 him and his countrymen. There is much 
 about the Asiatic and the African that will 
 ever remain inscrutable to the American and 
 the European. The former, in particular, is 
 apt to be secretive and to make his outward 
 manner a mask behind which there may be 
 thoughts wholly unsuspected to a foreigner. 
 But the native helper is able to get behind that 
 mask, and just because he is a native and prob- 
 ably one of supenor force of character, the 
 people will be more influenced by him than 
 by the missionary. 
 MoEt Converts Most couvcrts are now made by native 
 
 Now Made by J 
 
 Native Helpers hclpers. Dr. John Ross O'f Manchuria, in 
 reporting 1,200 conversions to one of the 
 Shanghai Conferences, said that " the first 
 principles of Christian instruction were im- 
 planted almost invariably by the natives," and 
 that he could not "trace more than four and 
 twenty who were directly the converts of the 
 foreign missionaries." Others at the confer- 
 
The Native Church 153 
 
 ence declared that five hundred native evange- 
 lists wrould be a far greater power in China 
 than five thousand foreigners. The chief work 
 of direct evangelization in Korea is now being 
 "done by the Korean Christians themselves, 
 and the result is an almost continuous in- 
 gathering. ~-- — — — 
 This is not meant to minimize the need of Rjinfo°«m=nts 
 reinforcements. The present force is far too ^''" deeded 
 small for effective superintendence in many 
 fields. The home Church should not relax its 
 efforts to provide a more adequate supply of 
 foreign workers ; but while it is doing this, the 
 missions should give more persistent effort to 
 the development of a native agency. 
 
 We are not unmindful of the practical diffi- Requt^e'din using 
 culties that beset this problem. In hardly any ^^''"^ '"''"'^''^y 
 other part of the mission work is there so 
 much need of prudence. Hundreds of natives 
 want employment who are quite unfit for it. 
 Nor is every one who is willing to work with- 
 out pay qualified for efficient service. But 
 these difficulties, and others that might be 
 mentioned, can be overcome. The more suc- 
 cessful the work, the more essential it is to 
 develop the native ministry that is indispen- 
 sable to conserve the evangelistic results al- 
 ready attained and which we hope to attain 
 in yet larger measure in the future. The work 
 will not be self-supporting in any proper ■ " ' 
 
154 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 sense, but on the contrary will become ruin- 
 ously expensive if a large part of it must con- 
 tinue to be performed by foreign missionaries 
 instead of by a native ministry supported by 
 the people. 
 supp^tAiLo The native Church should be led to self- 
 —. g.';"'-^'''^ support as well as self-propagation. Here, 
 also, the difficulties are formidable. The mis- 
 sionary goes to the heathen representing not 
 only a superior, but a more expensive type of 
 civilization. His scale of living, while mod- 
 erate from our view-point, appears to them 
 princely. Centuries of abject poverty and of 
 despotic government have predisposed most 
 Orientals to accept with eagerness whatever 
 is given them. Accustomed to living, or 
 rather half-starving, on an income of from' 
 thirty to one hundred dollars a year, the na- 
 tive regards the missionary on a salary of 
 $ 1,000 not only as an individual of wealth, 
 but as the representative of untold riches in 
 the homeland. He is therefore tempted to go 
 to him for the sake of the loaves and fishes, 
 and this temptation is enormously strength- 
 ened if he gets the impression that the mis- 
 sionary may employ him as a helper, or that 
 some individual or society in America may 
 support him. 
 A Temptation to The missiouary, in turn, is tempted to the 
 ■"' free use of money by the wretchedness ot the 
 
The Native Church 155 
 
 people and by the prospect of the visible re- 
 sults vsrhich may be temporarily secured by a 
 liberal financial policy. Would-be converts 
 flock to him in such circumstances; many 
 helpers can be hired to apparent advantage, 
 and buildings can be cheaply rented and fur- 
 nished. But if he yields to the temptation, 
 "he puts himself and the young Church in a 
 false relation at the outset. It is better to 
 teach the converts to make their own arrange- 
 ments, the missionary guiding by advice from 
 his larger experience of their probable require- 
 ments, and only in the last resort giving pe- 
 cuniary help."^ 
 
 This policy is not always agreeable to the uSaioll^"^"^ 
 native helper. As an employee of the mis- "pp"''' 
 sion, he had the power of that body behind 
 him and was virtually independent of his peo- 
 ple; now he is more subject to their caprice. 
 His support, too, becomes more uncertain; 
 for the natives are not such prompt paymas- 
 ters as mission treasurers, nor can they al- 
 ways pay adequate salaries. 
 
 On this point we must be increasingly firm. Not'ouarantM"^' 
 Leading an able-bodied man to Christ does support 
 not involve responsibility for his temporal 
 support. He made his living before his con- 
 version; why should he not do so after it? 
 
 ' Gibson, Mission Problems and Mission Methods in South 
 China, 193. 
 
156 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 Persecution may hinder him for a time; but 
 better far that he should suffer a little than 
 that he should be pauperized at the outset. 
 Christianity does not unnerve a man. It in- 
 creases his ability to fight the battles of life. 
 No native should be allowed to get the im- 
 pression that if he becomes a Christian, he 
 will be given a job and a salary, even though 
 the job be so sacred a one as preaching the 
 gospel. 
 
 ^"tochiracul ^"'" ^"*y ^^ *° ^^^^ Christianity in Asia, 
 not to carry it, to give the gospel, to found 
 its institutions, to aid them so far as necessary 
 in their infancy, but to insist that as soon as 
 practicable they shall stand upon their own 
 feet. We must be patient and reasonable; 
 for now, as of old, it is the common people 
 who hear Christ gladly, and in Asia the com- 
 mon people are pitifully poor. We must not 
 withdraw aid so rapidly as to injure the work. 
 But the spirit of self-help is as vital to char- 
 acter abroad as it is at home. Strength comes 
 with independence, and we must not devital- 
 ize the Christians of Asia by indiscriminate 
 and unnecessary charity. 
 
 Native Money for „, . , t •,• . r r 
 
 Native Workers 1 hcrc IS of coursc s. legitimate use of f or- 
 eign money in the earlier stages of the work. 
 Infancy must be helped. The boards should 
 make such appropriations as an equitable dis- 
 tribution of funds will permit for the employ- 
 
 the Goal 
 
The Native Church 157 
 
 merit of native evangelists and helpers; but 
 the number should be limited to real needs 
 and the salary should be only that which will 
 enable them to live near the plane of their 
 countrymen, while they should be made to un- 
 derstand clearly that this pecuniary arrange- 
 ment is temporary. We must insist, in season 
 and out of season, line upon line and precept 
 upon precept, that while the missionary, being 
 a foreigner, will be maintained by the people of 
 America, the native pastors must not look to 
 the boards, but to their own people, for their 
 permanent support. It will take a long time 
 to reach it, but the ideal should be foreign 
 money for foreign missionaries and native 
 money for native workers. 
 
 We should resist the temptation to an arti- silf-s'up^oVtlng"" 
 ficial growth which the free use of money can ^^'^'"^ 
 beget. A Church developed by foreign money 
 is built on quicksand. One self-reliant church 
 is worth more to the cause of Christ than a 
 dozen dependent ones. There must, of course, 
 be due regard to local conditions. Neither 
 the missions nor the boards should violently 
 revolutionize in fields where the opposite pol- 
 icy has been long pursued. Self-support can- 
 not be attained by immediately discharging 
 all native helpers, or by so reducing the work 
 that nothing will be left to support. Change 
 must be gradual; but no land will ever be 
 
158 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 evangelized until it has a self-supporting na- 
 tive Church. Let us work and give and pray 
 for this essential aim of missionary effort. 
 "' Na?ive'l"iift'hil ^^ *^^s connection, it may be v\rell to state 
 Country ti^a,t friends in the homeland should observe 
 greater caution in responding to the appeals 
 of the Orientals who are flocking to England 
 and America in increasing numbers. We do 
 not refer to those who have availed themselves 
 of the facilities afforded by the mission 
 schools in their native land and who have 
 come here for the purpose of taking further 
 studies with a view to supporting themselves 
 afterwards. Some of these men should be 
 encouraged. But if financial assistance is 
 needed, it should be given as tuition is gener- 
 ally given to students in our home colleges, 
 and never from missionary funds; nor should 
 any one imagine that he is doing the mission- 
 ary cause a service by aiding an Oriental to 
 "return and preach the gospel to his ovVn 
 people." The opinion of boards and mission- 
 aries is emphatic, that, with very rare excep- 
 tions, chiefly among the Chinese and Japan- 
 ese, Orientals that have been trained abroad 
 are not so helpful as many in the homeland 
 imagine. The difficulties involved are often 
 independent of the question of personal char- 
 acter. Experience has shown that native con- 
 verts can be most economically and effectively 
 
The Native Church 159 
 
 trained for Christian work in their own coun- 
 try, in the institutions which are now in op- 
 eration in almost every mission field, and 
 which have been founded at considerable ex- 
 pense chiefly for this purpose. A sojourn in 
 Amerita usually develops tastes which render 
 an Asiatic discontented with the financial sup- 
 port which the native Church or the board can 
 give him, and makes him so conceited and 
 overbearing in manner that he is heartily dis- 
 liked by other native helpers. He thus be- 
 comes a source of trouble, rather than of help., 
 
 The policy of encouraging these young men Disadvantage, oi 
 to come to America thwarts wise plans for 
 higher education on the fields, creates irrita- 
 tion among the whole force of native agents, 
 stimulates a worldly ambition, cuts off pat- 
 riotism and race sympathy, and really cripples 
 the influence which it is supposed to increase. 
 Not infrequently, too, it leads to imposition 
 upon the home churches and to the diversion 
 of funds to personal uses which are supposed 
 to go for missionary objects. Many Orientals 
 have made a good living in this way, and some 
 have been able to buy property and to loan 
 money on bond and mortgage. It is always 
 wise to refer all appeals for assistance to the 
 board, which can judge better than any one 
 in the churches whether a given native can be 
 employed to advantage. 
 
Native Church 
 
 i6o Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 ^'''"ArsD'anTim The self-govemment of the native Church 
 is an equally essential part of the missionary 
 aim, though it may not be so quickly realized. 
 Nevertheless, its ultimate attainment should 
 shape our policy, and the native Church should 
 be stimulated to self-support and self-propa- 
 gation by being frequently reminded that both 
 are indispensable prerequisites to independ- 
 ence. It is as idle in Asia as in America to 
 imagine that men can live on the money of 
 others without being dependent on them. 
 cont?of"ythl As for the missionary, he should frankly 
 say of the native Church what John the Bap- 
 tist said of Christ : " He must increase, but 
 I must decrease." If there is ever to be a 
 self-supporting, self-governi'ng, and self-prop- 
 agating native Church, we must anticipate the 
 time when it will be in entire control. More 
 and more definitely should missionary policy 
 recognize the part that this growing Church 
 ought to have in the work. In the past, the 
 typical missionary has been primarily an 
 evangelist to the heathen. He had to be, for 
 his was often the only voice from whom the 
 message could be heard. The mission has 
 been paramount and has been expected to run 
 everything. Whatever was wanted, the board 
 was asked to supply. But a native Church has 
 now been created, and from now on we must 
 concede its due share of responsibility for 
 
The Native Church i6i 
 
 making the gospel known and for directing 
 the general work. Many things need to be 
 done in non-christian lands which it is not 
 the function of the boards to do. Our busi- 
 ness is to plant Christianity and help to get it 
 started, and then educate it to take care of 
 itself. 
 
 It is true that, in some lands, the native M^sts/""' 
 Church is yet in its infancy, and that it should Sta?nUhTn*°'' 
 have aid and counsel; but we should hold '^"'''°"'y 
 resolutely in view the principle that the mis- 
 sion is a temporary and diminishingly author- 
 itative body, and that the native Church is a 
 permanent and increasingly authoritative body. ^ 
 
 Even though the mission remains a century 
 or more, as it must in some lands, this ftuida- 
 mental distinction should not be overlooked. 
 A policy which builds up a big, all-powerful 
 and all-embracing foreign mission is inherently 
 and radically unsound. We are not to imitate 
 the pope of Rome by claiming to be the spirit- 
 ual rulers of the world. We are simply help- 
 ers and coworkers. 
 
 It takes a great deal of grace for the mis- Kmb"r°Lment 
 sionary, after having been the supreme au- "> Missionaries 
 thority for years, to accept a place subordin- 
 ate to that of the natives whom he has trained. 
 Missionaries in some fields already find them- 
 selves ib this position, and they would hardly 
 be human if they did not feel uncomfortable. 
 
1 62 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 The spirit of independence has become so in- 
 tense in Japan that many of the native leaders 
 would have the Church refuse to recognize a 
 congregation or preacher that receives foreign 
 aid. Such a spirit of self-sacrificing inde- 
 pendence is far more hopeful than flabby and 
 supine acquiescence in external leadership. We 
 cannot, however, view some phases of the sit- 
 uation without anxiety, nor can we fail to dis- 
 cern how embarrassing the position of the 
 missionaries must be. 
 Na^onaUsHc ^hc uew consciousuess of power that was 
 Feeling noted in a preceding chapter is powerfully in- 
 fluencing this spirit. While some peoples are so 
 lacking in independent vigor, or are so accus- 
 tomed to be dominated by foreigners that 
 they look up to the missionary as a superior 
 being, others, notably the Japanese, Chinese, 
 and East Indians, are of a more virile and 
 haughty type. The attitude of a convert 
 toward a missionary is naturally influenced 
 by this racial spirit. He is still an Oriental, 
 and he shares, to some extent at least, the ir- 
 ritation of proud and ancient races as they 
 see the white man everywhere striving for the 
 ascendancy. The growth of the native Church 
 in numbers and power has developed within 
 it a strong nationalistic feeling, a conviction 
 that the natives should be independent of for- 
 eign control in religion as in government. This 
 
The Native Church 163 
 
 is, of course, natural; but it involves some re- 
 adjustments that are not easily made. 
 
 What shall be the creed and polity of the creed and Pouty 
 
 i-n , t 1 /• . ., , .of Native Church 
 
 native Church, and how far shall the mis- 
 sionary seek to shape them according to his 
 own ideas? This is one of the related prob- 
 lems which is becoming more and more diffi- 
 cult and delicate. The missionary from the 
 West, trained in the tenets of a partifcular de- 
 nomination, born and bred to regard its creed 
 and polity as the ones most in accord with the 
 Word of God, is very apt to feel that they 
 should be repeated on the foreign field. But 
 we must more clearly recognize the right of 
 each autonomous body of Christians to de- 
 termine certain things for itself. We cannot, 
 indeed, ignore the risks that are involved. 
 There is sometimes ground for grave concern. 
 Will the rising Churches of Japan, of China, 
 of India, be soundly evangelical? God grant 
 that they may be. But who is to be the judge 
 of soundness ? And with respect to undoubted 
 doctrines, to what extent should we impose 
 our Western terminology upon Eastern 
 Churches? We must be fair enough to re- 
 member that, in the course of nearly two 
 thousand years, Christianity has taken on 
 some of the characteristics of the white races, 
 and that missionaries, inheriting these char- 
 acteristic% have more or less unconsciously; 
 
164 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 identified them with the essentials. Perhaps 
 this is one reason that Christianity is so often 
 called by the Chinese "the foreigner's reli- 
 gion," a saying which indicates an entire mis- 
 conception of its real character. 
 Framed *undtr Our crccds wcre formed in times of heated 
 circums^tanle^' controvcrsy, and their statements are massed 
 in such a way as to be effective against the 
 particular errors which were prevailing at 
 those times. The result is that some of these 
 creeds are impregnable fortifications on sides 
 from which no special attack is likely to be 
 made in present-day Asia or Africa, while 
 other positions, which are seriously menaced, 
 are unguarded. It is difficult for us to realize 
 to what an extent our modes of theological 
 thought and our forms of Church polity have 
 been influenced by our Western environment 
 and the polemical struggles through which we 
 have passed. The Oriental, not having passed 
 through those particular controversies, know- 
 ing little and caring less about them, and hav- 
 ing other controversies of his own, may not 
 find our forms and methods exactly suited to 
 him. It seems, therefore, not only just to the 
 Asiatic Christians but in the interest of evan- 
 gelical truth, that the creed and polity of the 
 native Church should be reasonably adapted 
 to the exigencies of Asia, just as our creed 
 and polity have been adapted to the exigencies 
 of Europe and America. 
 
The Native Church 165 
 
 Why should not the Orientals who have fo's'lfl^ugh?'' 
 accepted Christ as Lord have some liberty in 
 developing for themselves the methods and 
 forms of statements vfhich logically result 
 from his teaching? Possibly some of our 
 methods and statements are not so essential 
 as we imagine. With all due insistence on 
 the necessary elements of our faith, let us ac- 
 cord the native Church the same freedom 
 which we have demanded for ourselves, and 
 refrain from imposing upon other peoples 
 those externals of Christianity that are dis- 
 tinctively racial. 
 
 When, however, this position is agreed to, 5Yme" '**'"' '^'^ 
 the problem is by no means solved. There is 
 practical unanimity among missionaries that 
 the native Churches should be self-governing 
 in time; but when is that time? There is 
 room for wide difference of opinion as to 
 whether a particular Church has attained that 
 maturity and soberness of judgment which fit 
 it to manage prudently its own affairs and to 
 shape its own theological and ecclesiastical 
 development. It is to be feared that in some 
 places this independence is coming before the 
 Church is really fitted for it. And yet it is 
 perhaps only right that, in respect of polity as 
 of doctrine, we should consider whether we 
 are to be the final judges of fitness. Our 
 Anglo-Saxon ancestors would not permit 
 
i66 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 other Churches to decide when they were 
 competent to govern themselves. They felt 
 that they were the proper persons to determine 
 that. Nor did American Christians allow 
 their mother Churches in Europe to settle this 
 question for them. Everywhere in the his- 
 tory of Protestant Christianity, the principle 
 has been recognized that any considerable 
 body of believers has the right to decide for 
 itself whether or not it should be dependent 
 upon others. Shall we deny to the Churches 
 of Asia a principle which we cherish as fun- 
 damental ? 
 Our Natural jn considering this matter, we must take 
 
 Disposition to o ' 
 
 cantroi too Long jnto Consideration the natural disposition of 
 man, from- which even grace does not emanci- 
 pate, to hold on to power as long as pos- 
 sible. It is notoriously difficult for parents to 
 realize that their son is growing up to man- 
 hood and has a right to settle some questions 
 for himself. This is even more apt to be true 
 of the home Church and the mission in deal- 
 ing with native Christians of a different race, 
 who never will see some things as we see 
 them, nor be disposed to do some things as we 
 have done them. It is extremely difficult, in 
 such circumstances, for the missionary to pur- 
 sue a wise course between the extremes of 
 prematurely hastening and unduly retarding 
 the independence of the native Church. ,We 
 
'^'T^W"''!!!???'"?'"?''!''*?" 
 
 is^ssm^^ 
 
 J£ 
 
 '^:z 
 
 B 
 
 '« 1^ » • f* « '^ *: • «' • s »' *' « 4| * ~ .? 
 
 ' ji4viiji^.M.if: i*i *MI|^>?J^ t* ♦f ^*^ ^i^^ 
 
The Native Church 167 
 
 must balance our own judgment with the 
 clearly expressed judgment of the native 
 Christians themselves, and with our belief in 
 the common guidance of the Spirit of God. 
 
 The rather extraordinary objection has been FitVfor Liberty 
 urged that if the native Church becomes self- 
 supporting and self-governing, the mission- 
 ary cannot control it. But why should he 
 control it? Because the native brethren are 
 not fitted for independence? When will they 
 be, if they are not given a chance to learn? 
 Shall we wait until they equal the American 
 and European Churches in stability? Will 
 a century of dependence develop those quali- 
 ties which wise self-government requires? 
 We must remember that certain essential 
 qualities of character can be developed only 
 by the exercise of autonomy. "It is liberty 
 alone," said Gladstone, "which fits men for 
 liberty. This proposition, like every other in 
 politics, has its bounds, but it is far safer than 
 the counter-doctrine, wait till they are fit." 
 The way to teach a child to walk alone is not^ 
 to carry him until he becomes a man, but to/ 
 let him begin to toddle for himself while he ) 
 is still youngT He will learn faster by prac-) 
 tise and tumbles than by lying in his mother'.s/ 
 arms. 
 
 What if the native Churches do make some Gr!lt^!tBv°is*" 
 mistakes? The Epistles of Paul show that 
 
1 68 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 some of the early Churches fell into grievous 
 errors; but he did not refuse them independ- 
 ence on that account. The Churches of Europe 
 and America have made colossal blunders, 
 some of them resulting in dire calamities. 
 The native Churches can hardly do worse and 
 may do better. We can give them the benefit 
 of our experience without keeping them per- 
 petually in leading-strings. They need a cer- 
 tain amount of restraint and counsel; but that 
 restraint and counsel are most effective when 
 they are moral rather than authoritative. Bet- 
 ter far a few falls and bumps than continual 
 babyhood. 
 Fundamfn°tai F^ar of the independence of the native 
 Errors Church may sometimes have justification, but 
 too often it appears to be based upon four 
 fundamental errors: first , that we need to be 
 afraid of our avowed aim to establish a self- 
 supporting, self-governing, and self-propagat- 
 ing Church: second, that the Church in Asia 
 must be conformed to the Church in England 
 or America ; third, that we are responsible 
 for all the future mistakes of a Church which 
 we have once founded; fourth^ that Christ 
 who "purchased" the Church and who is its' 
 "Head" cannot be trusted to guide it. 
 ^Vri?h\"Sur Let us have faith in our brethren and faith 
 an^dTn Go3 ^ God. When Christ said that he would be 
 with his disciples always, he meant his dis- 
 
The Native Church 169 
 
 ciples in Asia and Africa as well as in Europe 
 and America. The operations of the Holy 
 Spirit are not confined to the white races. 
 Are we to take no account of his guidance? 
 He is still in the world and will not forsake 
 his own. We should plant in non-christian 
 lands the fundamental principles of the gos- 
 pel of Jesus Christ, and then give the native 
 Church reasonable freedom to make some 
 adaptations for itself. If, in the exercise of 
 that freedom, it does some things that we de- 
 precate, let us not be frightened or imagine 
 that our work has been in vain. Some of the 
 acts of the native Church which may impress 
 us as wrong may not be so wrong in them- 
 selves as we imagine, but simply due to its 
 different ways of doing things. 
 
 The Bible was written by Asiatics in afnof^our^R^f^lSn* 
 Asiatic language. Christ himself was an) 
 Asiatic. We of the West have perhaps only) 
 imperfectly understood that Asiatic Bible and) 
 Asiatic Christ, and it may be that by the\ 
 guidance of God's Spirit within the rising 
 Churches of Asia a more perfect interpreta- 
 tion of the gospel of Christ may be made 
 known to the world. •* 
 
 "Our little systems have their day; 
 
 They have their day and cease to be; 
 They are but broken lights of thee. 
 
 And thou, O Lord, art more than they." 
 
170 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 The attitude of the Church at home toward 
 Inspiring st|ry of thcsc Struggling Churchcs on the foreign field 
 Foreign Churches ghould be appreciative and respectful. The 
 local congregation is usually small in num- 
 bers and poor in this world's goods. It is sur- 
 rounded by a vast mass of heathenism and su- 
 perstition. It often encounters the hatred of 
 heathen priests and the contemptuous anger 
 of the official classes. Many of its members 
 have endured bitter persecution. Some have 
 been disowned by their families, deprived of 
 their property, scourged, imprisoned, and 
 killed. If the story of thousands of them 
 could be written, it would be one of the most 
 inspiring records in the development of the 
 Church of God. Making all due allowance 
 for those who have been actuated by improper 
 motives or who have shown themselves lazy 
 or incompetent, the fact remains that multi- 
 tudes have been loyal, humble, and loving 
 servants of God. They need and they should 
 receive in abundant measure our sympathetic 
 and prayerful cooperation. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON CHAPTER VI 
 
 Aim : To Understand the Problems Involved in the 
 Great Aim of Foreign Missions 
 
 I. If the heathen and Moslem world be esti- 
 mated at 1,000,000,000, what number of them 
 are still unreached? 
 
The Native Qiurch 171 
 
 2. If we have less than 8,000,000 communicants 
 and adherents at the end of a hundred years 
 of missions, how long would it take at the 
 same rate to Christianize the world? 
 
 3. What should be the missionary policy in order 
 to accelerate this rate of progress? 
 
 4. Sum up all the advantages that the missionary 
 has over the native convert as an evangelist. 
 
 5. Sum up all the advantages which the native 
 convert has over the missionary. 
 
 6. In view of these relative advantages, how 
 should the work be divided between the mis- 
 sionary and the native evangelist? 
 
 7. What is the relative importance to the mission- 
 ary of these three forms of work: (i) Preach- 
 ing to the unevangelized ; (2) dealing with 
 inquirers; (3) training native workers. 
 
 8. In view of your answer to the last question, 
 what sort of training ought the missionary 
 candidate to receive? 
 
 9. To what extent ought the missionary policy 
 to be followed by the ministry at home? 
 
 10. If you were a missionary, what precautions 
 would you take in employing a native as an 
 evangelist ? 
 
 11. What other special methods would you employ 
 to render the native Church self-propagating ?1 
 
 12. In what ways can the educational work co- 
 operate in rendering the native Church self- 
 propagating? 
 
 13. In what ways can the literary work cooperate? 
 
 14. If you were a missionary, would you feel 
 justified in suggesting the duty of giving to 
 a convert who had not one tenth of the com- 
 forts of life which you enjoyed? 
 
172 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 15. At what point should the subject of giving 
 be presented to the native convert? 
 
 16. What things that the native Church would 
 otherwise be deprived of should be supplied 
 from the mission funds? 
 
 17. What things would it be better for the native 
 Church to forego until it can pay for them 
 itself? 
 
 18. Give the arguments for and against a free 
 use of mission funds in the support of the 
 native Church. 
 
 19. What measures would you take to increase 
 self-support in a native congregation that had 
 been backward in this respect? 
 
 20. In what ways will self-support stimulate self- 
 propagation and self-government? 
 
 21. What are the advantages and disadvantages 
 of educating native Christians in this cotmtry? 
 
 22. In what ways is the missionary better fitted 
 than the native to govern the native Church? 
 
 23. What are the principal dangers in allowing the 
 native Church too much self-government? 
 
 24. What are the principal dangers of allowing the 
 
 native Church too little self-government? 
 
 25. What measures should you take as a mis- 
 sionary to avoid both of these classes of dan- 
 gers? 
 
 26. What do you think will be the ultimate connecr 
 tion of the churches founded in China by 
 different denominations, with each other and 
 with churches in this country and Great 
 Britain? 
 
The Native Church 173 
 
 References for Advanced Study. — Chapter VI 
 
 I. Self-Propagation. 
 
 Centenary Missionary Conference (Shanghai, 
 
 1907), 16-18. 
 
 Ross: Mission Methods in Manchuria, VI. 
 
 II. Self-Support. 
 
 Brown: New Forces in Old China, XXIII. 
 Centenary Missionary Conference (Shanghai, 
 1907), 11-16. 
 
 Ecumenical Missionary Conference (New York, 
 1900), XXXV. 
 
 Jones: India's Problem; Krishna or Christ, 274- 
 277; 282-286. 
 
 Ross: Mission Methods in Manchuria, IX. 
 Noble : The Redemption of Africa 241, 265, 307, 
 309-316. 
 
 III. Self-Government. 
 
 Centenary Missionary Conference (Shanghai, 
 
 1907), 8-1 1. 
 
 Ross: Mission Methods in Manchuria, VIII. 
 
 IV. Character of Native Converts. 
 
 Brown: New Forces in Old China XXII. 
 Gibson: Mission Problems and Mission Methods 
 in South China, X. 
 
 Jack: Daybreak in Livingstonia, 334-336. 
 Soothill: A Typical Mission in China, VII. 
 
arHE MISSIONARY ENTERPRISE 
 AND ITS CRITICS 
 
 »7S 
 
Many men who at home moved in good society 
 and were active members in a Christian church, are 
 now living in some Eastern city in a manner that dis- 
 graces the name of our Christian civilization. Some 
 native critics, seeing this, say: "Christianity will not 
 endure exportation to the East" It cannot be ex- 
 pected that among such as these, who know no Sabbath, 
 and who have abandoned, for the present at least, 
 restraint against intemperance and impurity, there will 
 be found any who do not hate the very name mis- 
 sionary because of the condemning conscience that the 
 suggestion arouses in themselves. 
 
 — lames L. Barton 
 
 The longer one stays in India the more evidence 
 one has that the future well-being of this country, 
 and above all, the extension, permanence, and quality 
 of British influence, depend largely upon the progress 
 of missions. 
 
 — lames Bryce 
 
 The enemies of foreign missions have spoken 
 tauntingly of the slowness of the work and of its great 
 and disproportionate cost, and we have too exclusively 
 consoled ourselves and answered the criticism by the 
 suggestion that with God a thousand years are as one 
 day. We should not lose sight of the other side of that 
 truth — one day with him is as a thousand years. God 
 has not set a uniform pace for himself in the work of 
 bringing in the kingdom of his Son. He will hasten 
 it in his day. The stride of his Church shall be so 
 quickened that commerce will be the laggard. Love 
 shah outrun greed. 
 
 — Benjamin Harrison 
 
 176 
 
VII 
 
 THE MISSIONARY ENTERPRISE 
 AND ITS CRITICS 
 
 T 
 
 HE purity of the missionary's motive and Honest 
 
 --, ft< 11 Criticism 
 
 the unselfishness of his work do not exempt Legitimate 
 
 hfm from criticism, nor should they. Any en- 
 terprise which depends upon public support 
 is a fair object of criticism. Boards and mis- 
 sionaries are human and have their share of 
 human infirmities. They have a right to in- / 
 sist that criticism shall be honest; but within i 
 that limit, any one has a right to scrutinize 
 their methods and work and to express his ^ 
 conclusions with entire frankness. 
 
 Critics should remember, however, that the conditions Make 
 
 ' Mistakes 
 
 foreign missionary enterprise deals with agents inevitable 
 who are not mechanical instruments or sol- 
 diers amenable to military discipline, but liv- 
 ing, intelligent men and women who, like 
 critics, are fallible; who are scattered all over 
 the world ; whose acts often appear strange be- 
 cause determined by conditions which people 
 at home do not understand ; and that some mis- 
 takes are inevitable when men of one race 
 attempt to live among and influence those 
 
 177 
 
178 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 1 of a different race. [jVe shall know everything 
 / and do things just right when we get to heaven ; 
 ) but on earth we must feel our way along and 
 (learn by experience. Home enterprises, busi- 
 ness, educational, philanthropic, and religious, 
 are exposed to a constant fire of criticism, some 
 of it just. It is notorious that men conducting 
 them often blunder, and that the result is fre- 
 quently waste, duplication, and even failure. 
 Why then should we demand perfection of 
 foreign missionaries, especially when their 
 work is conducted under difficulties far more 
 numerous and formidable? We do not object 
 „to the fact of criticism; we simply urge that 
 it be reasonable and made with due regard 
 to conditions. 
 ■''*"c?uicilms^ Criticism of missionaries and their work may 
 . be roughly divided into four classes: 
 Fn>n°d^ First, those which come from friends of 
 the work who see defects, or think that they do. 
 Some of these criticisms are undoubtedly just, 
 and should be heeded. Others are based on 
 misapprehensions, and should elicit temperate 
 explanations. The attitude of the boards and 
 the missionaries toward this whole class of 
 critics should be that of the inspired writer 
 who said: "Faithful are the wounds of a 
 
 JriendZ ~~ 
 
 FromThose w^ho Second, cHticisms which come from those 
 
 who are ignorant of the real character, aims, 
 
Missionary Enterprise and Its Critics 179 
 
 and work of the missionary and the methods 
 of mission boards. This is a large class. There] 
 are many people who have never seen mission- 
 ary work, or met a missionary, or read a mis- 
 sionary book, but who, seeing in the newspa- ' 
 pers or hearing from some friend the class J 
 of criticisms to which reference has just been^ 
 made, jump to the conclusion that they arcj 
 true. 3 
 
 The increasing interest in Asia and the com- G"be-tro°te« 
 parative ease with which it can now be visited 
 are rapidly enlarging the stream of foreign 
 travelers. Unfortunately, many of them are 
 mere globe-trotters, knowing little and caring 
 less about missionaries, people who at home are 
 only languidly interested in Church work and 
 who do not know what religious effort is being 
 put forth in their own city. Abroad, they 
 usually confine their visits to the port cities 
 and capitals, and become acquainted only at 
 the foreign hotels and clubs. They seldom 
 look up foreign missions and missionary work, 
 but get their impressions from more or less 
 irreligious and dissolute traders and profes- 
 sional guides. What they do see of missions 
 sometimes misleads them. Typical mission 
 work can seldom be seen in a port city. 
 The natives often exhibit the worst traits of 
 their own race, or are spoiled by the evil ex- 
 ample of the dissolute foreign community. The 
 
i8o Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 mission buildings are apt to be memorials or 
 other special gp^fts, and give a misleading im- 
 pression as to the scale of missionary expendi- 
 ture. Hearing the sneers at the clubs and ho- 
 tels, and without going near the missionary 
 himself, the globe-trotter carries away slanders, 
 which, on his return, are sensationally paraded 
 . in the newspapers and eagerly swallowed by a 
 s^ullible publia The Hon. Edwin H. Conger, 
 /former American Minister to China, wrote: 
 I "The attacks upon missionaries by sensational 
 /press correspondents and globe-girdling trav- 
 elers have invariably be en made without J aiowl- 
 edge or investigation, and nine tenths &i them 
 ^re the veriest libel and the grossest slander." 
 questioninl^a ^^ ^^ oftcu interesting to propound some 
 Critic questions to such a critic. An American mer- 
 chant returned from China to say that mis- 
 sions were a failure. Whereupon his pastor 
 proceeded to interrogate him. "What city 
 of China did you visit?" "Canton," was the 
 reply. "What did you find in our mission 
 schools which impressed you as so faulty?" 
 The merchant confessed that he had not seen 
 any schools. "And yet," said the pastor, "our 
 board alone has in Canton a normal school, 
 a theological seminary, a large boarding- 
 school for girls, and several day-schools, while 
 other denominations also have schools. Well, 
 what was there about the mission churches 
 
Missionary Enterprise and Its Critics i8i 
 
 which so displeased you?" Again the mer- 
 chant was forced to confess his ignorance; he 
 did not know that there was a church in Can- 
 ton till his pastor told him that there were, in 
 and near the city, scores of churches and chap- ^ 
 els, some of thfem very large, and with preach- 
 ing not only every Simday but, in some 
 instances, every day. 
 
 "But surely you were interested in the hos- nlS^iosures 
 pitals," queried the pastor. "One of the largest 
 hospitals in Asia stands in a conspicuous posi- 
 tion on the river front, while the woman's 
 hospital in another part of the city is also a 
 great plant, with a medical college and a 
 nurses' training school connected with it." 
 Incredible as it may seem, he knew absolutely 
 nothing about these beneficent institutions. 
 Further inquiries elicited the admission that 
 the critic knew nothing of the orphanage, or 
 the school for the blind, or the refuge for 
 the insane, and that he had made no effort 
 whatever to become acquainted with the mis- 
 sionaries. He was a little embarrassed by 
 this time, but his questioner could not refrain 
 from telling him the old story about the En- 
 glish army officer and the foreign missionary 
 who met on an ocean steamer. The army of- 
 ficer had contemptously said that he had lived 
 in India thirty years and had never seen a na- 
 tive Christian. Shortly afterward, he recited 
 
,i82 Whjr and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 with gTisto his success in tiger-hunting, de- 
 claring that he had killed no less than nine 
 tigers. "Pardon me," gently said the mis- 
 sionary, "did I understand you to say that 
 you have killed nine tigers in India?" "Yes, 
 sir," replied the colonel. "Now that is remark- 
 able," continued the missionary, "for I have 
 lived in India for thirty years and have never 
 seen a tiger." "Perhaps, sir," sneered the col- 
 onel, "you were not looking for tigers." Pre- 
 cisely," was the answer of the missionary, 
 "and may not that have been the reason why 
 you never saw any native converts?" 
 outwar'd°shS'w" When Mr. Stead got the impression that 
 "If Christ came to Chicago," with its thous- 
 ands of churches and Christian institutions of 
 every kind, he would find little but vice and 
 crime, it is not suprising that the casual trav- 
 eler sees few external signs of Christianity 
 in a populous pagan city. It was Christ him- 
 self who said : "The kingdom of God cometh 
 not with observation," or as the margin reads, 
 "not with outward show." 
 ^""wuhSut Third, criticisms which are based on want 
 sympathyjor^the ^f sympathy with the fundamental motives 
 Motive and aims of the missionary enterprise. It is 
 sometimes wholesome for those who live in a 
 missionary environment to ascertain how their 
 methods appear to people who are outside of 
 that environment. Attention may thus be called 
 
Missionary Enterprise and Its Critics 183 
 
 to defects •which would otherwise escape no- 
 tice. Men, however, who are opposed, not 
 merely to certain methods, but to the essen- 
 tial character of the movement itself can hardly 
 be considered fair critics. They will never 
 be silenced, because they are inaccessible to the 
 Christian argument. Their criticisms have been 
 demolished over and over again, but they re- 
 appear unabashed within a month. Even 
 when their objections are overcome, their op- 
 position remains. Critics of this class will 
 always ridicule the effort to propagate a re- 
 . ligion which they do not practise. They do 
 not confine their criticisms to the missionary, 
 but sneer at churches at home, declaring that 
 ministers are hirelings and communicants h5rp- 
 ocrites. It does not necessarily follow that 
 the criticisms of such men are unfounded; but 
 "it is within the right of the missionary to 
 protest against being arraigned by judges habit- 
 ually hostile to him, and it is within the right 
 of the public to scrutinize the pronouncements 
 of such judgments with much suspicion." 
 
 Some of the critics of this class live in l"'ell!ZiV^ts 
 Europe and America, but many of them reside TJaVeitd Laymea 
 in the treaty ports of non-christian lands. We 
 do not mean that the foreign colonies in the 
 concessions are wholly composed of such men. 
 They include, on the contrary, some ex- 
 cellent people to whose sympathy and help- 
 
t 
 
 184 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 fulness the missionaries are greatly indebted. 
 We are not quoting missionaries, however, but 
 widely traveled laymen in the statement that 
 the life of the typical foreigner in Asia is such 
 that a missionary cannot consisently join in 
 it, no matter how cordial his desire to be on 
 friendly terms with his countrymen. Col- 
 quhoun declares that foreigners in China go 
 to get money and then return, do not learn 
 the language, have little intercourse with na- 
 tives and know little about them. Mr. Fred- 
 erick McCormick, for six years Associated 
 Press correspondent in China, says that "the 
 foreign communities are not in China, but at 
 China," simply "ranged on the shore;" that 
 "they carry on their relations with China 
 through a go-between native;" that their "so- 
 ciety is centered about a club, of which the 
 most conspicuous elements are the bar, race- 
 track, and book-maker;" and that "the life, 
 for the most part, of the communities is in 
 direct antagonism to that of missionaries" 
 who live and work among the Chinese. 
 Those ^^o« Fourth, criticisms which spring from con- 
 flicting interests. Such are the objections 
 which originate with traders who sell rum in 
 Africa and opium in China, who traffic in the 
 virtue of native girls, or entice away coolies 
 under specious " contracts " which result in 
 virtual slavery. Some regions have long been 
 
 Fron 
 
 Interests Conflict 
 
Missionary Enterprise and Its Critics 1185 
 
 infested by men of this infamous type, and 
 while some of their nefarious practises have 
 been broken up, others still continue. Almost 
 every port city in non-christian lands has dens 
 of vice which are kept by white men or women 
 and which pander to the lowest passions. Men 
 of this kind are, of course, virulent haters of 
 missionaries. Charles Darwin asserted that 
 "the foreign travelers and residents in the 
 South Sea Islands, who write with such hos- 
 tility to missions there, are men who find the 
 missionary an obstacle to the accomplishment 
 of their evil purposes." There are, too, native 
 priests who, like the silversmiths of Ephesus, 
 find their craft in danger, and circulate false- 
 hoods regarding missionaries as political plot- 
 ters or adepts in witchcraft. It is not unconP" 
 mon in Chinese cities for placards to be con- 
 spicuously posted, charging missionaries with 
 boiling and eating Chinese babies. -J 
 
 Let us now take up some current criticisms. 
 Several of the most common have already 
 been considered in connection with other chap- 
 ters, and need not be repeated here. 
 
 " Missionaries are inferior men." The man TJlfilor''"""" 
 who makes this objection simply shows that 
 he does not know missionaries or that he is 
 generalizing from some exceptional individual. 
 There are undoubtedly missionaries who say 
 and do foolish things, just as some of us 
 
i86 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 at home do, and once in a while one proved 
 to be incompetent. Ninety-fp wr ppi* fpnt. of the 
 business men of the United States are said 
 to fail at some time in their lives. Why, then, 
 should a few missionary failures be deemed 
 an adequate ground for condemning the whole 
 class ? The reader who hears criticisms which 
 impress him as serious should demand names 
 and particulars and forward them to the board 
 with which the missionary is cormected. The 
 boards have neither desire nor motive to shield 
 misconduct. They will promptly investigate 
 and take such action as the facts may justify. 
 testSSlny Travders and officials like Charles Darwin, 
 Lord Lawrence, Sir Harry H. Johnston, Sir 
 Robert Hart, Sir Mortimer Durand, the Hon. 
 Ifohn W. Foster, the Hon. William Jennings 
 Bryan, Mrs. Isabella Bird Bishop, tie Hon. 
 Charles Denby, and scores of others, have 
 borne high testimony to the worth of mission- 
 aries. Those who do not confine their observa- 
 tions to treaty-port hotels or draw upon their 
 imagination for facts, but who have eyes to 
 see and ears to hear the mighty forces which 
 are gradually inaugurating a new era in Asia, 
 report that the real missionary is an educated, 
 (ievoted man, the highest type of Christian 
 character, and that in the spirit of the Master, 
 he heals the sick, teaches the young, translates 
 the Bible, creates a wholesome literature, and 
 
Missionary Enterprise and Its Critics 187 
 
 inculcates those great truths of the Christian 
 religion to which Europe and America owe 
 whatever of true greatness they possess. No 
 one is perfect, but the man who can write only 
 evil of such men and women does so at the ex- 
 pense of either his intelligence or his candor. 
 
 "Converts are not genuine, but are attracted Q^°^y^^,^ **"* 
 to the missionary by the hope of employment 
 or support" The number of native communi- 
 cants in connection with foreign missionary 
 churches is 1,816,450, besides 1,272,383 en- 
 rolled catechumens; but the total number of 
 native agents is only 95,876, many of whom 
 are paid either wholly or in part by the native 
 Christians themselves. Making all due allow- 
 ance for others who are employed as servants or 
 who receive assistance in schools, the number 
 who are aided in any way by the foreigner 
 is relatively insignificant. The great body or 
 native Christians have no financial motive 
 whatever for confessing Christ. The Hon? 
 Charles Denby, for thirteen years American 
 Minister at Peking, has reminded the world, 
 that during the Boxer uprising, "the province 
 of Chih-li furnished 6,200 Chinese who re- 
 mained true to their faith in spite of danger, 
 suffering, and impending death. It is said 
 that 15,000 converts were killed during the 
 riots, and not as many as two per cent, of them 
 apostatizcxi. In the face of these facts, the 
 
i88 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 old allegation that the Chinese converts are 
 treacherous, venal, and untrue, must be re- 
 nounced. Let us not call them 'rice Christians' 
 any more." 
 irritation^Aro^usId "Missionarics needlessly irritate the Chi- 
 nese by interfering with native law- 
 suits." A difference should be observed 
 here between the practise of the European 
 Roman Catholic missionaries and the American 
 Protestant missionaries. The former champion 
 the cause of their converts, particularly when 
 they believe that lawsuits are instigated by the 
 opponents of Christianity. It is the policy 
 of the Protestant boards and missions to dis- 
 courage such interference, and the missionaries 
 themselves are more and more clearly seeing 
 the imprudence of it. Comparatively seldom 
 now does a Protestant missionary give offense 
 in this matter. 
 "Mis^onaries "Missionarics are universally hated by the 
 natives, while the ordinary foreigner is toler- 
 ated." This is grossly untrue. The mission- 
 aries are far more popular with the people than 
 any other foreigners. They travel freely, un- 
 armed and unprotected, and it is comparatively 
 seldom that they are molested. When they 
 are attacked, it is by a class of ruffians who, 
 in the slums of an American city, attack a Chi- 
 nese gentleman on the streets. Imperial edicts 
 have specifically declared that "the Chinese 
 
 Natives" 
 
Missionary Enterprise and Its Critics 189 
 
 Government .... is not opposed to the 
 work of the missions." It would be easy to 
 fill pages with extracts from edicts commend- 
 ing the missionaries and their work. In 1895, 
 the Prefect of Nanking issued a proclamation 
 which included the following passage : 
 
 "Now having examined the doctrine halls APrtfectswords 
 in every place pertaining to the prefecture, 
 we find that there have been established free 
 schools where the poor children of China may 
 receive instruction; hospitals where Chinamen 
 may freely receive healing; that the mission- 
 aries are all really good; not only do they not 
 take the people's possessions, but they do not 
 seem to desire men's praise. Although Chi- 
 namen are pleased to do good, there are none 
 who equal the missionaries." 
 
 During their visits in America, both Vice- High offilials"' 
 roy Li Hung-chang and Viceroy Tuan Fong 
 freely expressed their gratitude for the services 
 of the missionaries, the latter declaring that 
 "the awakening of China may be traced in 
 no small measure to the hands of the mission- 
 aries; they have borne the light of Western 
 civilization to every nook and comer of the 
 Empire." In 1900, the people of Paoting fu 
 murdered the missionaries; but they soon re- 
 alized their mistake, gave land for a better 
 station site, and presented to the new mission 
 hospital a silk banner on which was worked 
 
190 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 in letters of gold: "This place bestows grace 
 on the Chinese people." In the same city, a 
 high official visited the mission church and, 
 seeing the ten commandments upon the wall, 
 said to the missionaries: "If you can get that 
 teaching into the minds of my soldiers they 
 /will be good soldiers. I see now one notable 
 (characteristic of Christianity: it seems to have 
 (the power to go out from oneself to others; 
 Ut is not self-centered, but works for others.", 
 """"'oenby" ^hc Hon. Charles Denby, late American 
 statement Minister to China, probably was as competent 
 to pronounce upon this question as any one, 
 and he wrote : "On an analysis of the bitter an- 
 tichristian movement, we find that it is largely 
 to be explained as primarily antiforeign; that 
 is, largely directed against missionaries solely 
 as foreigners, not solely as teachers of a for- 
 eign religion. The missionaries, in the vast 
 majority of cases, are loved by those Chinese 
 with whom they succeed in establishing in- 
 timate relations, and they are almost univer- 
 sally respected by all classes in the communities 
 in which they are well known." 
 '^"'^A"p«?ia?io°n -A. large volume would be required to quote 
 princer.'lnd the appreciative words of Asiatic and African 
 Officials princes, nobles, magistrates, and people, wher- 
 ever they have become acquainted with the 
 real character and objects of the missionaries 
 and have been able to separate them from the 
 
Missionary Enterprise and Its Critics 191 
 
 white men who have political or commercial 
 designs. Hardly a month passes without 
 some substantial token of this appreciation in 
 the form of gifts to mission institutions. The 
 Empress Dowager of China, the Mikado of 
 [Japan, the Emperor of Korea, the King of 
 Siam, East Indian, African, and South Sea 
 princes without number, and even Moslems, 
 have made such gifts; while scores of officials, 
 like the Chinese Governors of Shan-tung and 
 Formosa and the Siamese Minister of the In- 
 terior, have tried to secure missionaries for the 
 presidency of government colleges or for other 
 responsible posts. 
 
 "Missionaries make trouble for their ownJ^^^^^!^^^^ilf„ 
 governments." The Hon. William H. TaftJ^^^'/rnmelits" 
 Secretary of War, in an address in New York 
 City, April 20, 1908, referred to this criticism 
 and emphatically denounced it as unfounded. 
 [Well-informed government officials do not 
 complain about missionaries as a class, 
 though they may sometimes object to 
 the indiscretion of a particular individual. 
 iSuppose the missionary does occasionally need 
 protection; he is a citizen, and what kind of 
 a government is it which refuses to protect its 
 citizens in their lawful undertakings ? No one 
 (questions the right of a trader, however dis- 
 solute, to go wherever he pleases and to be 
 defended by his country in case of danger. 
 
192 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 Has not a missionary an equal right to the bene- 
 fits of his flag? The Hon. John Barrett, 
 formerly American Minister to Siam, says that 
 r; r^SO mission workers gave him less trauble in 
 r ' S five years than fifteen merchants gave him in 
 ^ve months. 
 "**'fnju?e^a^d "Missionarics injure and denationalize their 
 ThSr"con°verts" converts." Christianity never injured or de- 
 nationalized any one. It simply made him 
 a better man — ^more honest, more intelligent, 
 more charitable, more loyal to his own country. 
 Why should it injure an Asiatic or African 
 to stop worshiping demons and to begin wor- 
 shiping the true God ; to renounce drunkenness, 
 immorality, and laziness, and become a sober, 
 moral, and industrious citizen? The fact is 
 that native Christians in Asia and Africa are 
 the very best element in the population. The 
 Chinese Government made a large grant for 
 indemnity for the lives of the Chinese Christ- 
 ians who were murdered during the Boxer 
 uprising. How much it meant to the poor 
 survivors will be understood from the fact that 
 the share of the Christians in a single county 
 was 10,000 taels. But none of the Christians 
 in that county would accept the indemnity. 
 They took compensation only for the property 
 they had lost ; but they gave one tenth of that 
 to support several Chinese evangelists to preach 
 the gospel to their former persecutors, and 
 
Missionary Enterprise and Its Critics 103 
 
 afterward they tried to raise a fund to pay 
 back to the government the indemnity that 
 they did receive. Such a course indicates both 
 genuineness of faith and loyalty to the Em- 
 peror. 
 
 "Missionaries preach sectarianism instead p^'^i^""""'^ 
 of fundamental Christianity." This is precise- sectarianism- 
 ly what they do not do. There is far less 
 sectarianism on the foreign field than at home. 
 Denominational lines are often virtually oblit- 
 erated. Where they are prominent, the fault 
 is usually with the home Church. The mission- 
 aries have already united in several lands, and 
 they would do so in some others, if the ec- 
 clesiastical authorities at home would permit 
 them. 
 
 "There is much to be done in our own land, "Chadty Begins, 
 
 ' at rlome 
 
 and charity begins at home." One might urge . ' 
 with equal truth that education begins with the/ 
 alphabet; but it ends there only with the feeble-l. 
 minded. A New York pastor says that wen 
 ought to give less for foreign missions andl 
 more for the conversion of "the foreigners 
 within the shade of our churches." If, how- 
 ever, he had looked into the Report of the 
 Charity Organization Society of New YorkJ 
 he would have found a list of 3,330 religious 
 and philanthropic agencies in his own city.. 
 The first tfme I visited New York's slum dis-' 
 trict, I was amazed by the number of missions. 
 
194 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 !A; higli authority declares that "there is no 
 other city in the world, except London, where 
 more is being done to point the lost to the Son 
 of God than in New York." 
 wofkwsatHome Many have seen the statement that St. 
 Louis has one church for 2,800 of population, 
 Chicago one for 2,081, Boston one for 1,600, 
 and Minneapolis one for 1,054. In the United 
 States there are about 197,000 Protestant 
 churches, or one for every 380 of the non- 
 Catholic population, one Protestant minister 
 for 5 14, one Christian worker for seventy-five, 
 and one communicant for four. Talk about 
 the relative needs of the United States! In 
 a town of 8,000 people, there are three Pres- 
 byterian, three United Presbjrterian, three 
 Methodist, two Episcopal churdies, and one 
 Christian church. "For every missionary the 
 / Church sends abroad, she holds seventy-six at 
 / home." A million Americans are engaged in 
 distinctively religious work, about 150,000 of 
 whom devote themselves to it as a separate 
 profession. In the light of these facts, the 
 statement that "the Church cannot see the 
 misery which is under her own nose at home" 
 appears rather absurd. 
 ^^Abro'ad How is it abroad? In South America there 
 is only one ordained missionary for 154,000 
 people; in Africa and India, for 186,000; in 
 Siam, for 200,000; and in China, for 603,000! 
 
 "* 
 
Missionarjr Enterprise and Its Critics 195 
 
 Dr. Arthur Mitchell wrote of a journey of 
 only twenty-four hours from Hang-chou to 
 Shanghai: "I was absolutely awestruck and 
 dumb as I steamed past city after city, great 
 and populous, one of which was a walled city 
 of 300,000 souls, without one missionary of 
 any Christian denomination whatever, and 
 without so much as a native Christian helper 
 or teacher of any kind. That silent moon- 
 light night, as I passed unnoticed by those 
 long, dark battlements shutting in their pagan 
 multitudes, was one of the most solemn of 
 my life; and the hours of daylight, when 
 other cities, still larger than many of our 
 American capitals, were continually coming in- 
 to view, and the teeming populations of the 
 canals and rivers and villages and fields and 
 roads were before my eyes, kept adding to 
 the burden of the night." 
 
 As for money, the running expenses of all the ^,f "/^jj, 
 churches in the United States absorbed $158,- ^br™!!'"' 
 000,000 in 1900. In New York City alone 
 they were $8,995,000. These figures are ex- 
 clusive of the cost of new structures, general 
 charities, mission contributions, and other ob- 
 jects. The cost of maintaining the Protestant 
 Episcopal churches in the United States for 
 that year was $14,606,000; Presbyterian, $20,- 
 375,000; Baptist, $12,348,000; Methodist, 
 $26,267,000; and Roman Cathohc, $31,185,- 
 
196 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 000.^ Almost fabulous sums are given to col- 
 leges and libraries and philanthropic institu- 
 tions in America, two men, Mr. John D. 
 Rockefeller and Mr. Andrew Carnegie, hav- 
 ing contributed over $200,000,000 within 
 less than two decades, the former bestowing 
 $32,000,000 on the General Education Board 
 in a single gift. The yearly aggregate of large 
 individual gifts to educational and charitable 
 institutions is over $150,000,000. How much 
 of this enormous sum goes to foreign missions 
 has not been separately estimated; but the to- 
 tal income of all the boards in the country 
 is only $8,972,418, and as the bulk of that 
 comes in small sums from congregations, it is 
 evident that but little, if any, more than $1,- 
 000,000 of these large individual gifts goes 
 abroad. In general, our home churches spend 
 ninety-four cents in America, for every six 
 cents that they give for the evangelization of 
 the world. Of England and Ireland, it is said 
 that the income of their churches approximates 
 $150,000,000, and that of this immense sum 
 only $8,000,000 is spent on missions to the 
 heathen. 
 risti|nity^s j^ .^ ^^^^ ^^^^ thcrc are unconverted people 
 
 Movements at homc ; but what would be thought of a busi- 
 ness man who declined to sell goods outside 
 of his own city until all its inhabitants used 
 
 1 Christendom Anno Domini , 1901, Vol. I, S33. 534- 
 
Missionary Enterprise and Its Critics 197 
 
 them? The fact that some Americans are ir- 
 religious does not lessen our obligation to give 
 the gospel to the world. If the early Church 
 had refused to send the gospel to other nations 
 until its own nation was converted, Christian- 
 ity would have died in its cradle, for the land 
 in which it originated was never really Christ- 
 ianized and is to-day Mohammedan. The 
 argument that our own land is not yet evan- 
 gelized would have made the Church at An- 
 tioch disobey the command of the Holy Spirit 
 to send forth Paul and Barnabas. It* would 
 have kept Augustine of Canterbury from carry- 
 ing the gospel to England. It would have 
 prevented the founding of churches in America, 
 and would, to-day, cripple all our home mis- 
 sionary work, since there is no other part of 
 the United States .more godless than the East- 
 ern States where the gospel has been known 
 the longest. Christ did not tell his disciples 
 to withhold his faith from other nations until 
 they had converted Palestine; he told them to 
 go at once into all the world and preach the 
 gospel to the whole creation ; and it is because 
 they obeyed that command that we have the 
 gospel to-day. 
 
 The arsrument that we ought to convert Present Duties 
 
 ° , . 111 ^°'^ Confined 
 
 America first because it would then convert the *« America 
 world, is„one of those glittering generalities 
 that do not bear analysis. America has had 
 
198 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 the gospel for two hundred years, and is not 
 converted yet. England has had it more than 
 a thousand years, and is as far from conver- 
 sion as America. How long will it be at this 
 rate before our homelands will be saved? 
 Must countless millions die without Christ, 
 while we are trying to win white men, 
 most of whom have heard of him hundreds 
 of times? Not so did Christ direct his disci- 
 ples. He did not tell them that the best way to 
 influence the world was to regenerate their 
 own land, though such an argument would 
 have had greater force than it has now. He 
 sent them out with orders to preach at once 
 not only at home but abroad. It is the duty of 
 American Christians to seek to convert Ameri- 
 ca, and the British Christians to seek to con- 
 vert Great Britain. But' that is not their 
 only duty, just as the conversion of 
 Palestine was not the only duty of the 
 early Church. I am not urging neglect 
 of our responsibilities at home, but sim- 
 ply replying to the frequent objection that 
 they are a reason why subordinate attention 
 should be given to our responsibilities abroad. 
 The Christian of to-day, like the Christian of 
 the first century, has a God-ordained mission 
 to the world which cannot wait upon the in- 
 difference or hostility of people at home. 
 i^i^an Absu'rTt" Indeed no nation ever will be wholly Christ- 
 
Missionary Enterprise and Its Critics 199 
 
 ianized, for not only will there always be in- 
 dividuals who refuse or neglect to accept 
 Christ, but before any one generation can be 
 converted, a new generation of young people 
 will have grown up and the work must thus 
 be ever beginning anew. The argument, there- 
 fore, that we should not preach the gospel 
 to other nations until our own has been con- 
 verted issues in an absurdity, since it would 
 perpetually confine Christianity to those na- 
 tions which already have it and would forever 
 forbid its extension. 
 
 "Missionaries are forcing another civiliza- An Ai/en 
 tion on lands which already have civilizations upinxhem 
 of their own that are adapted to their needs." 
 No other objection is more common and no 
 other is more baseless. The missionary does' 
 not force his civilization upon the natives, nor 
 does he interfere with native customs, except 
 when they are morally wrong. A higher type 
 of civilization does indeed follow the labors 
 of the missionaries; but this is an incidental 
 result, not an object. Even if it were other- 
 wise, the Hon. Charles Denby expresses the 
 opinion that, "if by means of gentle persuasion 
 we can introduce Western modes and methods 
 into China, we are simply doing for her what 
 has been done, in one way or another, for every 
 nation on the globe." As for forcing religion, 
 no native is obliged to become a Christian LanguSIt" 
 
200 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 fagainst his will. The missionary simply of- 
 r fers and explains the gospel. Surely he has as 
 i much right to do this as English and American 
 ; manufacturers have to ofifer and explain their 
 (^flour and cotton and machinery and liquor. 
 "To talk to persons who choose to listen; to 
 throw open wide the doors of chapels where na- 
 tives who desire may hear the Christian faith 
 explained and urged upon their attention; to 
 sell at half-cost or to give the Bible and Christ- 
 ian literature freely to those who may care to 
 read; to heal the sick without cost; to instruct 
 children whose parents are desirous that they 
 should receive education — surely none of these 
 constitute methods or practises to which the 
 word 'force* may be applied, under any allow- 
 able use of the English language."^ 
 '""■"' ^e'l'ood "The religions of other races are good 
 ^"""■^''" enough for them." Then they are "good 
 enough" for us, for the peoples of "other races" 
 are our fellow men, with the needs of our com- 
 mon humanity. We have not heard, however, 
 of any critic who believes that Islam or Hin- 
 duism or Buddhism are "good enough" for 
 Europeans and Americans, and we have scant 
 respect for the Pharisaism which asserts that 
 they will suffice for the Persians and East 
 Indians and Chinese. 
 The N«d^2 "^^^ Chinese are justly considered the strong- 
 
 •The Hon. Chester Holcombe. 
 
Missionary Enterprise and Its Critics 201 
 
 est of the non-christian races, but Chang Chih- 
 tung. Viceroy of Hu-peh and Hu-nan, writes 
 with sorrow of " lethargy, sensuality, and 
 vice," and he frankly adds: "Confucianism, 
 as now practised, is inadequate to lift us from 
 the present plight."^ The Emperor himself 
 recognized the justice of this characterization, 
 for he declared in an imperial rescript that 
 he had "carefully inspected the volume" and 
 that "it embodies a fair and candid statement 
 of facts." Answering a question whether it 
 is worth while to send foreign teachers to sup- 
 plant the old religions by Christianity, the Hon. 
 Charles Denby wrote: "As Buddhism un- 
 doubtedly exercises a salutary influence on the 
 national life of China, so the introduction of 
 Christianity now will instruct, improve, and 
 elevate the Buddhists. The adoption of 
 Christianity means to the Chinese a new educa- 
 tion. He becomes mentally regenerate. He 
 abandons senseless and hoary superstitions. 
 His reasoning powers are awakened. He 
 learns to think. The world has not yet dis- 
 covered any plan for the spreading of civiliza- 
 tion which is comparable to the propagation 
 of Christianity." 
 
 It is difficult to understand how an Ameri- fiJV wm""^,""*^ 
 can or European who inherits all the blessings Ancestors 
 of our Christian faith, can deny those bles- 
 
 » Chang Chih-tung, China's Only Hope,7^, 75, 95, 96, 123, 
 145. 
 
2oa Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 sings to the rest of the world. Christianity 
 found the white man's ancestors in the forests 
 and swamps of northern Europe, considerably 
 lower in the scale of civilization than the Chi- 
 nese and Japanese of to-day. Jerome wrote 
 that when "a boy, living in Gaul, he beheld 
 the Scots, a people in Britain, eating human 
 flesh; though there were plenty of cattle and 
 sheep at their disposal, yet they would prefer 
 a ham of the herdsman or a slice of the female 
 breast as a luxury." The gospel of Christ 
 brought us out of the pit of barbarism. Why 
 should we doubt its power to do for other 
 races what it has done for ours ? 
 "for^Au The notion that each nation's religion is 
 best for it, and should, therefore, not be dis- 
 turbed, is never made by those who have a 
 proper understanding of Christianity or of its 
 relation to the race. It is based upon the old 
 paganism which believed that each tribe had 
 its own god who was its special champion 
 against all the other gods. Such an idea is 
 not only false in itself, but it is directly con- 
 trary to the teachings of Christ, who declared 
 that his gospel was for all men and that it 
 was the supreme duty of his followers to carry 
 it to all men. 
 ""AMompiis" "Missionaries are accomplishing very little." 
 Very Little" -pj^jg objcction might fairly offset the objection 
 that missionaries are making revolutionary 
 
Missionary Enterprise and Its Critics 203 
 
 changes. Both cannot be true. The fact is 
 that missionary work is remarkably successful, 
 and more so now than ever before. 
 
 The justification of foreign mission effort ^ea(|r*inlrease 
 is not dependent upon tabulated results, but Ex'fectfd 
 it is nevertheless interesting to note them. The 
 natural presiunptions would be that Christ- 
 ianity would make very slow progress in a 
 heathen land, for it is regarded with suspicion 
 as an alien faith. It is opposed by a powerful 
 priesthood and at variance with long-estab- 
 lished customs. Family ties, social position, 
 caste prejudice, combine to keep one from 
 confessing Christ. It would not be reasonable, 
 therefore, to expect as high a percentage of 
 increase as at home, where centuries of Christ- 
 ian work have prepared the soil and created 
 an atmosphere, where Christianity is popular 
 and worldly motives blend with religious to 
 attract men to the Church. 
 
 But what are the comparative facts? The Gli^r^%''hl For, 
 average annual increase of the Protestant ^^s^PMi 
 Churches in America is .0283 per cent.^, while 
 the increase on the foreign field is .0685 per 
 cent.2 The government census in India shows 
 that while the population from 1891 to 1901 
 increased two and a half per cent., the Protest- 
 ant Church membership increased fifty per 
 
 iDr. H. K Carroll, The Christian Advocate, 1903-1908. 
 •Dr. D. L. Leonard, Missionary Review of the World, 
 1903-190S. 
 
204 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 cent. The gain in China in twenty years has 
 been over lOO per cent.^ The first Protestant 
 missionary arrived in the Philippine Islands in 
 1899; within nine years about 30,000 adult 
 communicants were received. In 1886, the 
 Korea missionaries reported the first convert. 
 Seven years later, there were only about 100 
 in the whole country. Now there are 120,000 
 Christians. While not all mission fields have 
 been as fruitful as those that have been men- 
 tioned, the general rate of progress is excellent, 
 the number of baptisms in foreign mission 
 lands in 1907 being 141,127. 
 withouf^pl^r^ui I" spite of the advantages in Europe and 
 America — ^historic associations, favorable pub- 
 lic opinion, splendid churches, numerous work- 
 ers — Christianity is making more rapid pro- 
 gress on the foreign field than in the home field. 
 We have been working in heathen lands only 
 about a hundred years, in most fields far less 
 than this, and yet the number of converts is 
 already greater than the number of Christians 
 in the Roman Empire at the end of the first 
 century. No other work in the world is so suc- 
 cessful and no other yields such large returns 
 for the expenditures made. 
 ^^°°TrenchYnt "^'^ snccr at missionaries," said Canon Far- 
 conciusion rar, — "a thing so cheap and so easy to do — 
 
 ^From 80,682, in i887to 191,985, in 1906, not counting 136,- 
 126 catQchuznens. 
 
Missionary Enterprise and Its Critics 205 
 
 has always been the fashion of libertines and 
 cynics and worldlings. So far from having 
 failed, there is no work of God which has re- 
 ceived so absolute, so unprecedented a blessing. 
 To talk of missionaries as a failure is to talk 
 at once like an ignorant and faithless man." 
 
 QUESTIONS ON CHAPTER VII 
 
 Aim : To Estimate the Value of the Cuekent Criti- 
 cisms Against Missionaries 
 
 1. What are the principal difficulties encoun- 
 tered by the foreign missionary that are not 
 ordinarily found at home? Arrange these 
 in order of importance. 
 
 2. How well prepared are the social customs of 
 non-christian lands to fit in with a religion like 
 Christianity? 
 
 3. In what ways do the differences of traditions 
 and ideals tend toward misunderstanding be- 
 tween the people of the East and the West? 
 
 4. How long and under what circumstances do 
 you think a man ought to study problems 
 created by these difficulties in order to criticize 
 them intelligently? 
 
 5. Is there any class of persons who have better 
 opportunities than the missionaries to study 
 these problems intelligently? 
 
 6. For what reasons is the average missionary 
 better qualified to understand the people than 
 the average trader or diplomat? 
 
 7. What arrangements have missionaries on the 
 field for exchanging views with one another 
 and shaping broad policies? 
 
2o6 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 8. What criticisms have you heard from tiiose who 
 were earnest friends of the enterprise? 
 9. Do these criticisms involve the general body 
 of missionaries, or only certain individuals? 
 
 10. Are these criticisms more serious than those 
 passed by earnest Christians on methods of 
 work at home? 
 
 11. Do they justify failure to support the enter- 
 prise? 
 
 12. Which body do you think has the best right 
 to criticize the other, the missionaries or the 
 home Church? 
 
 13. What credentials have we a right to demand 
 from critics of missions? , 
 
 14. What questions would you ask of a globe- 
 trotter who returned with an unfavorable im- 
 pression of missionary work? 
 
 15. Why is it that so many casual travelers re- 
 ceive such impressions? 
 
 16. If some missionaries are really inferior men, 
 do you think it is the fault of the denomination- 
 al boards? 
 
 37. What wise and practicable measures at pres- 
 ent neglected would you suggest to raise the 
 standard of the missionary body? 
 
 18. What percentage of Church members in this 
 country do you consider "genuine?" 
 
 19. Do you think a larger percentage would endure 
 martyrdom for Christ than was true of the 
 Chinese Christians? 
 
 20. What special motives has the missionary more 
 than all other foreigners for cultivating the 
 friendship of the people among whom he 
 works ? 
 
Missionary Enterprise and Its Critics 207 
 
 21. What more than others have missionaries 
 done for the communities in which they live? 
 
 22. Would we be justified in witholding Christ- 
 ianity from a nation, even if the presentation 
 of it should arouse hatred in some individ- 
 uals? 
 
 23. How would you solve the problem of deliv- 
 ering a man from deg^rading national customs, 
 without denationalizing him in any way? 
 
 24. Was the Church at home more or less strong 
 than it is to-day when the Holy Spirit sent 
 out Barnabas and Paul? 
 
 25. What would you consider a fair distribution 
 of workers and money between the 80,000,000 
 of our population at home and the over 300,- 
 000,000 of the non-christian world, for whom 
 the Christians of America may justly be held 
 responsible? 
 
 2(5. If God really intended Christ for the whole 
 world, which has the better reason to complain 
 of neglect, the Church at home or the Church 
 abroad? 
 
 27. Why is the civilization of Christendom super- 
 ior to that of the non-christian world? 
 
 28. What has Christianity done for the civiliza- 
 tion of Europe? 
 
 29. Will the Christ who has been a blessing to 
 Europe be a curse to Asia and Africa? 
 
 30. How do you account for the fact that Christ- 
 ianity progresses more rapidly on the foreign 
 field than at home, if the work is not well- 
 pleasing to God? 
 
2o8 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 References for Advanced Study. — Chapter VII 
 
 I. Testimonies of Statesmen Regarding the Value 
 of Foreign Missions. 
 
 Barton : The Missionary and His Critics, VI, VII. 
 
 Brain: Holding the Ropes, XII. 
 
 Denby: China and Her People, Vol. I, XVII. 
 
 Holcombe: The Real Chine: e Question, VI. 
 
 Johnston: The Colonization of Africa, VIII. 
 
 Speer: Missionary Principles and Practice, 
 
 XXXV. 
 
 Welsh : The Challenge to Christian Missions, 175- 
 
 188. 
 
 II. Testimonies of Travelers regarding the Value of 
 Fpreign Missions. 
 
 Barton: The Missionary and His Critics, III. 
 
 Bishop: The Yangtze Valley and Beyond, 
 
 XXXIX. 
 
 Geil: A Yankee on the Yangtze, II. 
 
THE SPIRIT OF THE MISSIONARY, 
 
 309 
 
Mrs. Judson chose to give up her duldren for 
 her Lord's poor children in Burma; and after many 
 a long tender caress, she had bidden them good-by, 
 and the great steamer turned her prow toward the open 
 sea. The almost broken-hearted mother stood and 
 watched the vessel until through the mist in her eyes 
 it had ceased to be even a speck on the distant horizon, 
 and then turning into her room sank into her chair 
 and exclaimed: "All this I do for the sake of my 
 Lord." 
 
 — Charles B. Galloway 
 
 To this is added the decision to spend that life 
 of chosen poverty in a foreign land, in most cases, 
 amid unfavorable surroundings, far away from per- 
 sonal friends, among people who misunderstand his 
 motives and misinterpret his acts. In his life the 
 missionary faces with the people the uncertainties of 
 pestilence, and he is always amid the insanitary con- 
 ditions of uncivilized lands. Whatever may be said, 
 viewed from a merely physical standpoint, the life of 
 the missionary is full of personal sacrifice from be- 
 ginning to end. 
 
 — James L. Barton 
 
 Tell Horace's mother to tell my boy Horace that 
 his father's last wish is that, when he is twenty-five 
 years of age, he may come to China as a missionary. 
 —Horace Tracy Pitkin 
 
yiii 
 
 THE SPIRIT OF THE MISSIONARY, 
 
 WE join the missionary in protesting LiLVouiVr'^ 
 against the impression that he is essen- christians 
 tially different from other good men. There 
 is no halo about his head. He is not a saint on 
 a pedestal. He does not stand with clasped 
 hands and uplifted eyes, gazing rapturously in- 
 to Heaven. We have met more than a thous- 
 and missionaries, and we have been impressed 
 by the fact that they are neither angels nor 
 ascetics, but able, sensible, and devoted Christ- 
 ian workers. The tjrpical missionary is more 
 like a high-grade Christian business man o£ 
 the homeland than a professional cleric. He 
 is preeminently a man of affairs. He makes 
 no pathetic plea for sympathy for himself, but 
 he wants cooperation in his work, and to have 
 people at home feel that the work is theirs as 
 well as his. 
 
 The physical hardships of missionary life Hards"/ s in 
 are less than are commonly supposed. Steam DcIZasM"' 
 and electricity have materially lessened the iso- 
 lation that was once so trying. Mail, which 
 a generation ago arrived only once in six 
 
 311 
 
212 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 months, now comes once or twice a week. 
 Swift steamers bring many convenfences of 
 civilization that were formerly unobtainable. 
 The average missionary has a comfortable 
 house and sufificient food and clothing. His 
 labors, too, have been lightened in important 
 respects by the toil of his predecessors. He 
 finds languages reduced to written form, text- 
 books to aid him in his studies, and a variety 
 of substantial helps of other kinds. 
 stiu^AbJund There are many fields, however, where con- 
 ditions are not so pleasant. Those who com- 
 plain of a New York August can hardly 
 realize the meaning of an Indian hot season, 
 when life is almost unendurable by night as 
 well as by day for months at a time. The West- 
 em world is appalled by a case of bubonic 
 plague on an arriving ship, and it frantically 
 quarantines and disinfects everything and ev- 
 erybody from the suspected country ; but during 
 all those awful months when plague raged 
 unchecked in India, the missionaries steadily 
 toiled at their posts. We are panic-stricken 
 if cholera is reported in New York harbor 
 or yellow fever in New Orleans; but cholera 
 nearly always prevails in Siam, and yellow 
 fever in Brazil, while smallpox is so common in 
 Africa that it does not cause remark. Sani- 
 tation means much to the Anglo-Saxon; but, 
 save in Japan, the Asiatic knows little about 
 
Spirit of the Missionary 213 
 
 it and the African nothing at all. What would 
 be the condition of an American city if there 
 were no sewers or paved streets, if garbage 
 were left to rot in the sun, and all ofifal were 
 thrown into the streets? That is actually 
 the condition in the villages of Africa 
 and in most of the cities of Asia, ex- 
 cept where the foreigner has forced the 
 natives to clean up. Several years ago 
 a Methodist bishop solemnly affirmed that 
 he identified seventy-two distinct smells in 
 Peking. The city is cleaner now, but it cannot 
 be called sanitary yet, while the native cities 
 of Chefoo and Shanghai appall the visitor by 
 their nastiness. Everywhere in the interior 
 vermin literally swarms in the native inns, and 
 usually in the homes of the people. 
 
 But while the physical hardships are less Hl^dsL ^ 
 than are commonly supposed, the mental hard- 
 ships are greater. 
 
 First among these is loneliness. This is Loneliness 
 not felt so much in the port cities, for there are 
 foreign communities, occasional visitors, and 
 frequent communication with the rest of the 
 world. But in the interior the isolation is 
 very depressing. Letters from home friends, 
 which were at first numerous, gradually become 
 less frequent, till relatives and board secretar- 
 ies become almost the only correspondents and 
 the lonely missionary feels that he is forgotten 
 
214 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 by the world of which he was once a part — 
 "out of sight, out of mind." 
 *EnVironmint At homc, too, whilc we are conscious of a 
 Lacking downward pressure, we are also conscious of 
 a sustaining and uplifting force. Few of us 
 realize to what an extent we are upborne by 
 environment. There is everjrthing to buoy us 
 up — the companionship of friends, the re- 
 straints of a wholesome public sentiment, and 
 the inspiration of many meetings and confer- 
 ences. We are situated morally, as one is 
 sometimes situated physically in a crowd, so 
 wedged in that he cannot fall. But on the for- 
 eign field there is little to hold one up and 
 much to pull him down. There is no public 
 Christian sentiment to sustain, few associa- 
 tions to cheer, no support from large numbers 
 of neighboring friends and ministers. 
 A Constant straic j^- jg desperately hard to stand alone, and 
 the missionary must often stand alone. All 
 the customs of the country are against him; 
 all its standards below him. He receives 
 nothing, but is expected to give everything. 
 There is a constant strain upon his sjTnpathies 
 and his spiritual vitality, with nothing to feed 
 the springs of his own spiritual life. The ten- 
 dencies are down, down, always down. The 
 man who lives in an interior city of China or 
 Africa may be compared to the workman who 
 toiled in the caissons of the great bridge over 
 
spirit of the Missionary 215 
 
 the East River, New York, where the pres- 
 sure of the unnatural atmosphere affected the 
 heart and lungs and imagination to the point 
 of utter collapse. In the words of Benjamin 
 Kidd: 
 
 "In climatic conditions which are a burden phSs"of^ 
 to him ; in the midst of races in a different and *•"= tropics 
 lower stage of development; divorced from 
 the influences which have produced him, from 
 the moral and political environment from 
 which he sprang, the white man does not in 
 the end, in such circumstances, tend so much 
 to raise the level of the races amongst whom 
 he has made his unnatural home, as he tends 
 himself to sink slowly to the level around him. 
 In the tropics, the white man lives and works 
 only as a diver lives and works under water. 
 Alike in a moral, in an ethical, and in a political 
 sense, the atmosphere he breathes must be that 
 of another region than that which produced 
 him and to which he belongs. Neither phy- 
 sically, morally, nor politically, can he be ac- 
 climatized in the tropics. The people among 
 whom he lives and works are often separated 
 from him by thousands of years of develop- 
 ment." 
 
 Then there is the weary monotony of mis- wusionary^ufe 
 sionary life. The novelty of new scenes soon 
 wears off, and the missionary is confronted 
 by prosaic realities. It is impossible for the 
 
2i6 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 minister in the United States to understand the 
 depressing sameness of life in the interior of 
 China. The few associates of the missionary 
 are subject to the debihtating influences which 
 depress him. It is difficult for any woman in 
 America to know what it means for Mrs. A. 
 to live from one year's end to another without 
 seeing another white woman except Mrs. B., 
 who, though a devoted missionary, is not ex- 
 actly the person that Mrs. A. would have chosen 
 for an intimate associate if she had been con- 
 sulted. We at home can choose our friends, 
 and if Mr. X. isj^not congenial, we do not have 
 to be intimate with him; but the missionary 
 has no choice. He must accept the intimacy 
 of the family assigned to his station whether 
 he likes it or not. 
 Separation from r^^ Separation from children is harder still. 
 There comes a time in the life of every mis- 
 sionary parent when he realizes that he cannot 
 properly educate his child amid the appallingly 
 unfavorable conditions of a heathen land. The 
 whole tone of society is so low that it is all 
 that the missionary can possibly do to keep 
 himself up to the level of the homeland. In- 
 deed, he is painfully conscious that he frequent- 
 ly fails to do it, and that one of the urgent 
 necessities of a furlough is not so much to get 
 physical rest, as to tone himself up again men- 
 tally and spiritually in a Christian atmosphere. 
 
spirit of the Missionary 217 
 
 What then can be expected for his immature 
 child but degeneration? 
 
 The average missionary therefore must Parelts^Hik'ts 
 send his children to the homeland to be edu- 
 cated. We hope that none of the mothers 
 who read these pages will ever have occasion 
 to know what a heart strain is involved in 
 placing ten thousand miles in distance and 
 years in time between parent and child. There 
 are chambers of the human heart that are never 
 opened save by a baby's hand. ' After the ten- 
 drils of the soul's affection have wound round 
 a child, after a soft, tiny hand has been felt 
 on the face, and the little one's life has liter- 
 ally grown into that of the parent, separation 
 is a fearful wrench. 
 
 There is, too, the distress which every sen- D|yt«|s°'''^ 
 sitive mind feels in looking upon suffering 
 that one is unable to relieve. Sir William 
 Hunter said that there are a hundred millions 
 of people in India who never know the sensa- 
 tion of a full stomach. An equally great num- 
 ber in China live so near starvation that a 
 drought or a flood precipitates an appalling 
 famine. All over Asia, one sees disease and 
 bodily injury so untended, or what is worse, 
 mistended, that the resultant condition is as 
 dreadful as it is intolerable. Dr. John G. 
 Kerr of Canton was so overcome by the suffer- 
 ings of the neglected insane in that great city 
 
2l8 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 that he could not endure them, and when he 
 could not get help from America, he started 
 an asylum at his own risk. Mrs. A. T. Mills 
 of Chefoo felt driven to the same course by 
 the pitiful condition of deaf-mute children. 
 Heathenism is grievously hard on the poor and 
 the sick and the crippled, while the woes of 
 women in maternity are awful beyond descrip- 
 tion. Yet, amid such daily scenes, the mission- 
 ary must live. 
 '^""nVb-^ng Then there is the mental suffering which 
 imrorau"ty comcs to auy pure-minded man or woman in 
 constant contact with the most debasing forms 
 of sin. Most Asiatics have no sense of wrong 
 regarding many of the matters that we have 
 been taught to regard as evil. They are un- 
 truthful and immoral. The first chapter of the 
 Epistle to the Romans is still a literal descrip- 
 tion of heathenism. Its society is utterly 
 rotten, and nowhere else in all Asia is it more 
 licentious than in Japan, which is lauded as 
 the most intelligent and advanced of all Asiatic 
 nations. We do not forget that there is immor- 
 ality in America, but here it is compelled to 
 lurk in secret places. It is opposed not only 
 by the Churches, but by civil law and public 
 sentiment. In Asia, vice is public and shame- 
 less, enshrined in the very temples. We saw 
 the filthiest representations of it in the great 
 Lama Temple in the capital of China. India, 
 
Spirit of the Missionary 219 
 
 which boasts of its ancient civilization, makes 
 its most sacred places literally reek with vice. 
 The missionary often finds his own motives 
 grossly misjudged by hostile priests and prur- 
 ient people. The typical Asiatic scoffs at the 
 idea that the missionaries come to him for an 
 unselfish purpose. A single man is often mis- 
 understood; a single woman is nearly always 
 misunderstood. Heathen customs do not pro- 
 vide for the pure unmarried woman, and 
 charges are freely circulated, and sometimes 
 placarded on walls or buildings, in ways that 
 are most trying. 
 
 The soul in such an atmosphere feels as if suffocating 
 it would suffocate. The pressure of abnormal At"-"^?""' 
 conditions tends to debilitation. It sets nerves 
 on edge and exposes to diseases, mental as 
 well as physical. 
 
 Another phase of the strain of missionary spiritual Burden 
 life is the spiritual burden. To look upon my- 
 riads of human beings who are bearing life's 
 loads unaided and meeting life's sorrows un- 
 helped, to offer them the assistance that they 
 need for time and for eternity, and to have 
 the offer fall upon deaf ears — this is a grievous 
 thing. Nothing in the missionary life is harder 
 than this for the man or the woman who has 
 gone to the foreign field from true missionary 
 motives. It is akin to the strain that broke 
 Christ's heart in three years; for it was this 
 
220 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 that killed him, and not the nails or the spear. 
 Physical Danger r^^ie factOF of physical danger is not_ so 
 common now as formerly, but it is not wantmg, 
 even to-day. There are martyrs' graves m 
 India, China, Africa, Persia, Turkey, and the 
 South Sea Islands. In some lands, missionar- 
 ies are insolently denied the rights guaranteed 
 by treaty to every American citizen. Their 
 property is destroyed, their work hampered, 
 their freedom of movement limited, their very 
 lives menaced. 
 Mission^?e^ The critic impatiently asks: "Why do mis- 
 persisteri«y^oid gjonaries persist in remaining at their posts, 
 when they know that they are jeopardizing 
 their lives, and bringing anxiety to their rela- 
 tives and embarrassment to their government? 
 Why do they not fly to the safer ports, as the 
 British and American consuls often advise 
 them to do ? 
 Soldier s^rit Why? Partly for the same reason that the 
 Spartans did not retreat at Thermopylas, that 
 the engineer does not jump when he sees that 
 death is ahead, that the mother does not think 
 of herself when her boy is stricken with diph- 
 theria. Shall the missionaries leave the native 
 Christians to be scattered, the mission build- 
 ings to be destroyed, the labor of years to be 
 undone, the Christian name disgraced? The 
 missionary is a soldier; his station is the post 
 of duty. James Chalmers of New Guinea of 
 
Spirit of the Missionary 221 
 
 whom Robert Louis Stevenson said: "He's 
 as big as a church," and who was finally 
 clubbed to death and eaten by cannibals, de- 
 clared that "the word 'sacrifice' ought never 
 to be used in Christ's service." And in a 
 speech in Exeter Hall fifteen years before his 
 death, he exclaimed: "Recall the twenty-one 
 years, give me back all its experiences, give 
 me its shipwrecks, give me its standing in the 
 face of death, give it me surrounded with sav- 
 ages with spears and clubs, give it me back 
 with the spears flying about me, with the club 
 knocking me to the ground — give it me back, 
 and I will still be your missionary." 
 
 Such missionaries form the "far-flung battle ?hln p"triot?c 
 line" of the Church of God. The patriotism 
 of Briton and American is stirred by the 
 thought that the sun never sets on their do- 
 minions; but a holier inspiration should thrill 
 them as they realize that the sun never sets 
 on their missionaries, who journey through 
 heat and cold, and dust and mud, burned by 
 the midday sun, drenched by sudden storms, 
 eating unaccustomed food, sleeping in vermin- 
 infested huts, enduring every privation inci- 
 dent to travel in uncivilized lands — and yet, 
 in spite of all, instructing native helpers and 
 church officers, settling disputes, visiting the 
 dying, comforting the sorrowing, and above 
 all and in all preaching the glad tidings of the 
 
222 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 kingdom; of God. It can be truly said of them : 
 
 "There is no place ihcy have not been, 
 The men of deeds and destiny j- 
 
 No spot so wild they have not seen. 
 And measured it with dauntless eye. 
 
 They in a common danger shared, 
 Nor shrunk from toil, nor want, nor pain." 
 
 ""•"Devotion Missionary annals abound with inspiring in- 
 stances of devotion. The last act of Dr. 
 Eleanor Chesnut, one of the martyrs at Lien- 
 chou, China, was to tear off a portion of the 
 skirt of her dress and bind up an ugly gash on 
 the head of a Chinese boy, who had been ac- 
 cidently injured by the mob. The dying words 
 of Mrs. Machle were a plea to her murderers 
 to accept Christ. The last letter of Mr. Peale 
 was such a large-hearted expression of sym- 
 pathy with the Chinese that the Chinese min- 
 ister at Washington wrote: "His words seem 
 to me to have a prophetic ring ; in his untimely 
 death, America has lost a noble son and China 
 a true friend." The first message of Dr, 
 Machle, after the tragedy which cost the lives 
 of his wife and daughter, was not a demand 
 for revenge, but a vow to consecrate the re- 
 mainder of his life to the welfare of the Chi- 
 nese. 
 j^Vilfthe'wo°rk Some moral triumphs are greater than the 
 physical victories of war. A medical mission- 
 
spirit of the Missionary 223 
 
 ary in Persia refused a palace and a princely 
 income as personal physician to the Shah, say- 
 ing : "I came to Persia to relieve the distresses 
 of the poor in the name of Jesus." An educa- 
 tor in China declined the high-salaried presi- 
 dency of an imperial university, giving as his 
 reason : " I want to translate the Bible and to 
 preach the gospel and to train up Christian 
 ministers." An old man in Syria rode horse- 
 back eight hours in a wintry storm to adminis- 
 ter the communion in a mountain village. 
 Another in Siam pushed his little boat up lonely 
 rivers swarming with crocodiles, and tramped 
 through snake and tiger-infested jungles, that 
 he might preach Christ. Still another in Laos 
 forgot his threescore and ten years and made 
 a solitary six months' journey that he might 
 take to distant peoples the tidings of the gospel. 
 Twenty-six days he was drenched with dew 
 and rain, ten times he had to swim his pony 
 across rivers, four days he wearily tramped 
 because his horse was too jaded to bear him. 
 A young woman in India walks painfully from 
 house to house under a blazing sun, but writes : 
 "This is a delightful work, it is good to be foot- 
 sore in such a cause." Another in S)rria stands 
 in a little gallery of a room containing about 
 ten people, besides cows and goats; the 
 mud floor reeking with dampness, the roof 
 dripping tiny waterfalls of rain, the air heavy 
 
Pathetic Scenes 
 
 224 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 with smoke, the missionary herself racked with 
 cough and flushed with fever; but tenderly 
 treating two hundred patients a week and writ- 
 ing: "I am very thankful to record God's 
 goodness to me; I do not believe that ever be- 
 fore into one person's life came such opportu- 
 nities as I enjoy." A physician in Korea 
 cleanses loathsome ulcers, opens the eyes of 
 the blind, and makes the lame to walk. A 
 refined woman in China makes regular visits 
 to a leper colony and ministers lovingly to re- 
 pulsive sufferers with sightless eyes and rotting 
 limbs. 
 
 And then the scene changes and a sick hus- 
 band in Turkey asks that the photograph of 
 his wife and children may be hung close to 
 his bed, that he might gaze with inexpressible 
 yearning into the faces of far-off dear ones 
 whom he never expects to see again in the 
 flesh. Alfred Marling, seventy miles from 
 a physician, dies in the furnace of African 
 fever, singing: 
 
 "How sweet the name of Jesus sounds!" 
 
 A mother in a Syrian shed lines a rude box, 
 places in it the still form of her child, sends 
 it away for distant burial ; and then goes back 
 to her sick husband and tries to keep up a brave 
 face and not let him know that her heart is 
 breaking. There are little groups of moving 
 
spirit of the Missionary 225 
 
 people — ^husbands following to far-off ceme- 
 teries the hallowed dust of their wives, widows 
 walking behind the coffins of their husbands, 
 Rachel mothers weeping for their children and 
 "refusing to be comforted because they were 
 not." "Six weeks after my arrival in China," 
 a missionary writes, "my wife, though but 
 shortly before in America adjudged physically 
 sound, died after only a week's illness. The 
 memories of the cold, bleak, January morning 
 when we laid her in that lonely grave upon the 
 hillside will not soon fade from my mind. 
 What a mournful little procession it was that 
 passed through the streets of hostile Tsi-nan fu 
 that day ! With but half a dozen of my new- 
 found friends, I followed the plain coffin borne 
 by coolies, whose jargon seemed all the more 
 unsympathetic because I did not undertsand 
 it. Oh ! the unspeakable desolation that sweeps 
 over a little community such as many of our 
 mission stations are, when death invades its 
 feeble ranks. And then the stifled wail that 
 reechoed from America three months later!" 
 
 Who can think untooved of that missionary wfaowln" 
 widow, who, when her husband died at an in- ^'^'" 
 terior station of Siam, and there was no place 
 nearer than Bangkok where the body could 
 be buried, caused the coffin to be placed in a 
 native boat, leaving a space of eighteen inches 
 wide and eight feet long on eadi side. She 
 
226 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 sat on one side and a friend on the other, and 
 the native boatmen pushed the craft out upon 
 the river. That was eight o'clock Friday- 
 morning. All day they journeyed under the 
 blazing tropical sun, and the reader can imag- 
 ine what that meant both to the living and 
 the dead. When darkness fell, the stars surely 
 looked down in pity upon that stricken widow 
 crouching so close to the dead body of her 
 husband that she could not avoid touching his 
 coffin. It was not until two-o'clock Saturday 
 afternoon that the pitiful ride ended at 
 Bangkok. Flesh and blood could not have 
 borne such a strain, if God had not heard the 
 dying petition of the husband, who, foreseeing 
 the coming sorrow, had brokenly prayed: 
 "Lord, help her!" 
 D"a°datHome ^^^ aloug thc missiouary picket-line are the 
 graves of the fallen. Since, two generations 
 ago, Dr. Lowrie buried his wife in India, and 
 Mrs. Reed saw her husband's body weighted 
 with shot and lowered into the ocean, hun- 
 dreds have laid down their lives. When the 
 soldiers of our country die in a foreign land, 
 a grateful nation brings their bodies home at 
 public expense. After the Spanish American 
 war, a funeral ship entered New York harbor, 
 amid the booming of minute guns from forts 
 and ships. Two days later, public buildings 
 were closed and ensigns were hung at half-mast. 
 
Spirit of the Missionary 227 
 
 while the honored dust was borne through 
 the nation's capital to historic Arlington. Al 
 vast multitude thronged the beautiful city of 
 the dead. As the flag-draped coffins appeared, 
 a ghostly voice seemed to say to the silent 
 host: "Hats oflf, gentlemen! for yonder come 
 the riderless steeds, the reversed arms, the 
 muffled drums. Something is here for tears." 
 The President, admirals, generals, statesmen, 
 diplomats, bared their heads. The weird music 
 of "The Dead March" melted into the sweeter 
 strains of "Nearer, my God, to Thee." The 
 parting volleys were fired. Clearly and sol- 
 emnly the bugler sounded taps, and the mul- 
 titude turned away with tear-dimmed eyes to 
 talk of a noble monument to commemorate the 
 lives of heroes. 
 
 But the dead soldiers of the cross lie where h°"'-''' 
 
 Missionary 
 
 they fell on our lonely missionary outposts — Graves 
 amid the jungles of Africa, in the swamps of 
 Siam, beside the rivers of China, and under the 
 palm-trees of India. If we may adapt the 
 words of Mary H. Kingsley to a class that 
 she did not have in mind: "I trust that those 
 at home will give all honor to the men still 
 working in Africa, or rotting in the weed- 
 grown, snake-infested cemeteries and the for- 
 est swamps — men whose battles have been 
 fought out on lonely beaches far away from 
 home and friends and often from another 
 
228 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 white man's help, sometimes with savages, but 
 more often with a more deadly foe, with none 
 of the anodyne to death and danger given by 
 the companionship of himdreds of fellow sol- 
 diers in a fight with a foe you can see, but with 
 a foe you can see only incarnate in the dreams 
 of your delirium, which runs as a poison in 
 burning veins and aching brain — the dread 
 West Coast fever." 
 "^ wor°k«I Edward Everett Hale's poem, "All Souls," 
 eloquently voices the debt which succeeding 
 generations owe to the courage and fidelity 
 of the forgotten missionary as well as to the 
 pioneer settler: 
 
 "What was his name? I do not know his name: 
 I only know he heard God's voice and came. 
 Brought all he loved across the sea. 
 To live and work for God — and me; 
 Felled the ungracious oak. 
 Dragged from the soil 
 With torrid toil 
 Thrice gnarled roots and stubborn rock. 
 With plenty piled the haggard mountainside. 
 And at the end, without memorial, died; 
 No blaring trumpet sounded out his fame; 
 He lived, he died ; I do not know his name. 
 
 "No form of bronze and no memorial stones 
 Show me the place where lie his moldering bones. 
 
 Only a cheerful city stands. 
 
 Built by his hardened hands ; 
 Only ten thousand homes. 
 
Spirit of the Missionary 229 
 
 Where every day 
 The cheerful play 
 Of love and hope and courage comes. 
 These are his monument and these alone; 
 There is no form of bronze and no memorial stone." 
 
 QUESTIONS ON CHAPTER VIII 
 
 Aim : To Appreciate that Spirit which alone is 
 Sufficient for the Missionary in His Surround- 
 ings, 
 
 1. In what ways is the life of the ordinary miss- 
 ionary similar to that of minister, physician, or 
 teacher at home? 
 
 2. Mention a number of ways in which obsta- 
 cles that confronted the earlier missionaries 
 have been removed. 
 
 3. Name the three principal physical discomforts 
 of the average missionary in the tropics. 
 
 4. Mention the same of the average missionary 
 in the temperate zone. 
 
 5- What difference in this respect is there between 
 those working in civilized and uncivilized re- 
 gions? 
 
 6. Name all the classes of persons with whom 
 you have helpful social intercourse. 
 
 7. What are the principal things that render this 
 intercourse pleasant and helpful? 
 
 8. To what extent are you conscious of common 
 sympathies with your fellow citizens? 
 
 9. How do your privileges in this respect com- 
 pare with those of the average missionary? 
 
 10. iWhich of his social deprivations would be 
 hardest for you? 
 
230 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 11. How does the average missionary compare 
 with the average minister at home in oppor- 
 tunities for intellectual stimulus? 
 
 12. What are the things from which you derive 
 most spiritual inspiration and help? 
 
 13. How much of these are available for the mis- 
 sionary at a small station? 
 
 14. Try to estimate what you owe to the silent 
 influence of earnest men in your community. 
 
 15. Try to estimate what you owe to public opinion. 
 
 16. What effect would it have upon you to be 
 constantly surrounded by distress which you 
 were unable to relieve? 
 
 17. Why would you hesitate to have a brother of 
 yours live in a community that was lacking 
 in high moral ideals? 
 
 18. Try to estimate the moral strain upon those 
 living in heathen communities without a mis- 
 sionary purpose. 
 
 19. What do you think would be the eflfect on 
 yourself of having to preach for months or 
 years at a time without results? 
 
 20. How, in your opinion, would the average 
 critic of missionary work succeed in overcoming 
 these obstacles? 
 
 21. Was Christ ignorant of tile difficulty of the 
 task when he ordered his disciples to teach 
 
 all nations? 
 
 22. If you were starting as a missionary, what 
 resolves would you make as to your per- 
 sonal spiritual life? 
 
 23. What resolves would you make as to your 
 attitude toward your fellow missionaries? 
 
 24. What, as to your attitude toward the native 
 Christians ? 
 
Spirit of the Missionary 231 
 
 25. What, as to your attitude toward the non- 
 christian natives? 
 
 26. To what extent would these resolves be useful 
 for Christians at home? 
 
 27. Name the principal things that bring spiritual 
 stimulus to the missionaries on the field. 
 
 28. What are the principal things that you would 
 include in a full definition of the missionary 
 spirit? 
 
 29. What is the reward to those who overcome 
 all these obstacles? 
 
 References for Advanced Study.— Chapter VIII 
 
 I. Learning the Language. 
 
 Fox: Missionaries at Work, III. 
 
 Graham: East of the Barrier, III. 
 
 Hotchkiss: Sketches from the Dark Continent, 
 
 V. 
 
 Tyler: Forty Years Among the Zulus, II. 
 
 Vemer: Pioneering in Central Africa, XXXV. 
 
 II. Physical Discomforts of Missionaries. 
 
 Fox: Missionaries at Work, III. 
 Lovett: James Gilmour of Mongolia, VI. 
 Mills: Africa and Mission Work, IV. 
 Tyler: Forty Years Among the Zulus, IX, X. 
 
 III. Heroism of Missionaries. 
 
 Butler: William Butler, IV. 
 Clark: Robert Qark of the Panjab, XIII. 
 Du Bose: Memoirs of J. L. Wilson,X, XI. 
 Mackenzie: Christianity and the Progress of 
 Man, VI. 
 
 Ray: The Highway of Mission Thought, VIII. 
 World-Wide Evangelization (Toronto Conven- 
 tion), 157-165. 
 
THE HOME CHURCH AND THE 
 ENTERPRISE 
 
 x$3 
 
I don't know anything that will commit the Church 
 of Christ more completely to the devotional life, that 
 will take it more often to the throne of Gk)d, that will 
 give it more permanently and consistently a sense of 
 the indwelling of the Spirit of Christ, than this habitual 
 confronting of the Church's task in the world. 
 
 — William Douglas Mackenzie 
 
 When we once see that systematic benevolence is 
 the most wide-reaching embodiment of spiritual energy 
 and the most Godlike expression of it, we conclude that 
 our next business as an organization is to cultivate 
 systematic benevolence. Ours is an educational move- 
 ment. The great test and sign of advancing culture 
 is systematic instead of spasmodic expression of the 
 soul. 
 
 — L. Call Barnes 
 
 Not alone are the workers to come and be equipped 
 by prayer; it is only by prayer that we shall call forth 
 the great energies by which the world is to be evan- 
 gelized. I believe as earnestly as any man in sending 
 out adequate numbers of missionaries from America, 
 but it is not by these men and women that the world 
 is to be evangelized. If we lay on these men and 
 women the whole work of evangelizing the world, the 
 product will not be worth the outlay. . . . And 
 only by prayer will great leaders be raised up in the 
 native Churches, and it is for these leaders that we 
 are waiting now in the missionary enterprise. As far 
 as the native Churches have had such leaders, during 
 the century that is gone, they had them as men of 
 prayer who were supported by prayer. 
 
 —Robert B. Spe^r 
 
 >34 
 
JX 
 
 THE HOME CHURCH AND THE 
 ENTERPRISE. 
 
 WE have considered the phases of the for- ?onlfd«e'd"'** 
 eign missionary enterprise which are 
 most important from the view-point of the 
 home Christian. We have seen that the mo- 
 tives for the prosecution of the work are those 
 which form a necessary part of true Christian 
 character, and that they make their claim upon 
 every true follower of Christ. We have noted 
 that a vital part of the aim of foreign missions 
 is to place every land where it can do its own 
 home mission work, on a basis which was 
 reached by the nations of Christendom centu- 
 ries ago. The work of foreign rtiissions will 
 be done in China long before China is Christ- 
 ianized as far as America. We merely wish to 
 make it possible for China to Christianize 
 herself. 
 
 We have studied the administration of the we'kn^ig'^S us 
 boards, and found that they observe every 
 reasonable precaution in securing such economy 
 as is consistent with efficiency, both as to office 
 expenses and as to the support of mission- 
 aries on the field. The money contributed by 
 the Church is being conscientiously used. We 
 
 23s 
 
236 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 have explained the qualifications required in 
 candidates and the care with which they are 
 selected. Then we have seen the missionary 
 at work among the distinctive conditions that 
 confront him. We have observed the problems 
 involved in the establishment of a self-propagat- 
 ing, self-supporting, self-governing native 
 Church — the goal ot missionary endeavor. We 
 have examined the criticisms of missionaries 
 which are more or less current, and found them 
 to be for the most part products either of mis- 
 understanding or of antichristian prejudice. 
 Finally, we have shown something of the spirit 
 of the missionary, a spirit which we are under 
 equal obligation to exhibit. And now the ques- 
 tion arises: What are all these things to us? 
 The Measurej>f The foreign missiouary enterprise is not the 
 exclusive business of the workers on the field, 
 nor of the boards at home, nor does it rest 
 solely upon pastors or members of local mis- 
 sionary societies. It rests upon every individual 
 Christian. The responsibilities and privil- 
 eges of the Christian life are inseparable, and 
 no one who repudiates the former has any right 
 to claim the latter. If our nation were en- 
 gaged in a righteous war, and there came a 
 special call for troops, those best qualified to 
 go would feel the obligation to respond, while 
 enormous appropriations of funds would be 
 ungrudgingly made. If the first supply of 
 
Home Church and Enterprise 237 
 
 troops proved inadequate, if our armies were 
 defeated and the national treasury exhausted, 
 it is safe to say that many would offer their 
 services who were not well fitted to go and 
 could ill be spared at home, while great finan- 
 cial sacrifices would be freely made by all 
 classes of citizens in furnishing the necessary 
 funds. Only the need would meaisure the 
 supply. We feel that, whatever the cost, 
 our flag must be supported when it goes forth 
 to war. In like manner, the need of the for- 
 eign missionary campaign ordered by Christ 
 is the measure of the obligation of the Church. 
 By a claim even higher than that of patriot- 
 ism, we have a right to expect that the needs 
 will be met. 
 
 What are the needs? In the first place, Larger Force 
 
 ^ Needed 
 
 the force on the field must be greatly in- 
 creased. Making all due allowance for the 
 duty of the growing native churches, we ought 
 to have at least one man missionary for every 
 150,000 of the 1,000,000,000 people of the non- 
 christian world, besides a proportionate num- 
 ber of women workers. The present force con- 
 sists of only 8,537 "isn, clerical and lay, and 
 this number includes the sick, the aged, re- 
 cruits learning the language, and the consid- 
 erable number always absent on furlough. It is 
 safe to say that the effective force of men does 
 not exceed 7,000, or one for every 142,857 of 
 
238 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 the population. This means that the average 
 board would need to multiply its force nearly 
 three times in order to provide one man for 
 every 50,000 people of the non-christian lands. 
 Giving ieiu'ired '^° support this increase, the present rate 
 of giving must be proportionately enlarged. 
 Each man represents an annual cost of ap- 
 proximately $2,000, this sum covering not 
 only his support and that of his family, but 
 his outfit, traveling expenses, and the addi- 
 tional work which he calls into existence. 
 Thus, 14,000 more men, would involve an in- 
 creased expenditure of $28,000,000 a year, 
 and this would take no account of the prop- 
 erty that would be required for the residences, 
 colleges, boarding-schools, theological sem- 
 inaries, hospitals, and printing-presses which 
 would have to be provided and equipped. 
 
 If volunteers and funds are to be provided 
 on an adequate scale, the home Church must 
 be kept informed and aroused to the need. 
 What we lack is not ability, but interest. A 
 thoroughly awakened Church could accomplish 
 a large part of the aim of foreign missions 
 in a generation. If all congregations and in- 
 dividuals would do in proportion to their abil- 
 ity what some congregations and individuals 
 are already doing, some of us might live to 
 see the successful termination of the foreign 
 missionary enterprise; that is, each land, not 
 
 A Possible Goal 
 
Home Church and Enterprise 239 
 
 indeed completely Christianized, but equipped 
 with a native Church able to handle its own 
 problems. The key to the present situation, 
 therefore, is found ultimately in the interest 
 of the home Church. Interest depends on the 
 right sort of knowledge. Our first need is for 
 a campaign of education. 
 
 The three main agencies of education are Ichoof""'""^ 
 the home, the school, and the church. It has 
 come about that the first-named does very little 
 that is systematic, and that the two latter have 
 divided the field, one taking secular and the 
 other religious instruction. Whatever the 
 shortcomings of the school, it is at least at- 
 tacking its problems in earnest. It does its 
 work on a vast scale and expects taxpayers 
 to furnish it with adequate equipment. It 
 claims all the children of school-going age for 
 twenty to thirty hours each week, and pro- 
 vides trained and salaried teachers for their 
 instruction. If there is one thing to which the 
 American people are thoroughly committed, 
 it is secular education, and they view these 
 efforts and meet these demands with supreme 
 satisfaction. 
 
 When we turn to religious education, JJfffelPliou" 
 we find that much less is being done. The Ed""«°° 
 Sunday-school is a regular institution in every 
 section of the country, and an immense army 
 of scholars assembles everv week. Millions 
 
240 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 of quarterlies and other lesson helps are printed 
 annually, and countrq, state, an dnational or- 
 ganizations hold numerous conventions to dis- 
 cuss problems and arouse enthusiasm. We 
 have great cause for gratitude to God for all 
 that has been accomplished in the religious 
 instruction of our children and young people; 
 but in comparison with secular education we 
 must admit that there are three conspicuous 
 weaknesses in the system. 
 Insufficient I. Rcligious cducatiou receives only a frac- 
 "°* tion of the time that the secular school obtains, 
 the period available for class work being only 
 one fortieth as long. If we consider education 
 as the handing down of a body of information, 
 the secular school has certainly more to com- 
 municate, especially in these latter days. But 
 if the main purpose of education is to help 
 us to be and do, rather than merely to know, 
 the relative importance of the religious side 
 of education is greatly increased. In any 
 event, half or three quarters of an hour once 
 a week does not afford sufficient time. 
 Rliatlvlfy 2- Teachers receive far less training for 
 Untrained feligious than for secular work. Small as 
 are the salaries of the teachers in public 
 schools, they are not paid over to those al- 
 together without qualification. On the other 
 hand, while the body of Sunday-school teach- 
 ers includes some of the most able and cul- 
 
Home Church and Enterprise 241 
 
 tured people in the country, it also includes 
 many who could never pass the public school 
 test. In some localities, teachers are in such 
 demand that any one willing to take a class 
 is pressed into service, and no questions are 
 asked. 
 
 3. The curriculum of the Sunday-school cS^ruufum''* 
 is yet very meagre. This is almost a neces- 
 sary consequence of the two other weaknesses. 
 There is time for only one thing, which of 
 course is the Bible, and owing to the gen- 
 eral lack of trained teachers even this is too 
 often not presented in any richness of content. 
 'All other subjects are virtually excluded. 
 
 From the missionary view-point, these w^kn^seJ'''^* 
 weaknesses are most grievous. They mean 
 that millions of children pass through our 
 Sunday-schools without any adequate instruc- 
 tion on the greatest task of the Christian 
 Church, that millions of our young people 
 and adults are to-day without any more con- 
 secutive ideas on the subject than they may 
 have picked up in merely occasional mission- 
 ary sermons, or in the too fugitive treatment 
 of missionary meetings. How shall we reach 
 these persons with clear, connected, and in- 
 spiring missionary instruction? 
 
 The mission study class has been found a |;"''s'on°study 
 great help in the solution of this difficult prob- ^'"^^ 
 lem. It avoids the time difficulty by holding sep- 
 
242 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 arate sessions for short weekly courses, at hours 
 that prove most convenient to the small groups 
 composing them. It is gradually supplying 
 a body of persons v^ho know something about 
 missions and are able to teach others. It will 
 probably be for some time to come the best 
 way of reaching young people and adults with 
 systematic missionary instruction. By filling 
 its members with knowledge and enthusiasm 
 it will help to make it practicable to introduce 
 an effective study of missions into the Sunday- 
 school. Sunday-school teachers of every 
 church should be strongly urged to enter a 
 mission study class each year to get a vision 
 of some field or phase of the missionary enter- 
 prise. Even under present conditions, they 
 will then have plenty of opportunity to develop 
 missionary spirit in their scholars. Without 
 such a vision, there is no likelihood that they 
 will accomplish anything under any condi- 
 tions, however favorable. 
 ^"Le^ders ^^ ™"^* Spread systematic mission study 
 among all classes in the church, and especially 
 seek to bring under its influence those who 
 appear likely to be;:ome future leaders. If the 
 study and discussion of the facts presented in 
 this book have helped you, you owe it to the 
 church to share what you have received with 
 others by trying to enroll them as members 
 of new classes. You may feel ill-qualified to 
 
Home Church and Enterprise 243 
 
 lead such a class, but the subject, rather than 
 your ability in presenting it, may arouse those 
 who will render to the cause a greater service 
 than is ever permitted to you. A series of sum- 
 mer conferences and winter institutes are held 
 every year for the express purpose of training 
 leaders in more effective methods of work, and 
 these conferences will be found suggestive and 
 inspiring. 
 
 The systematic study of missions which has Thirproptg'Snd'i 
 arisen in the past few years is one of the 
 most promising signs of the times. It should 
 be pushed until no congregation is without 
 one or more study classes for the training of 
 its Sunday-school teachers and the inspira- 
 tion of its workers. After the way in which 
 we have neglected this subject in the past, 
 we owe it a generous apportionment of time 
 and pains. A strong study class should prove 
 a power-house for all sorts of missionary ef- 
 fort in the church. It should lead to instruc- 
 tive and enthusiastic missionary meetings, to 
 campaigns of missionary reading, to the in- 
 troduction- of missionary exercises and supple- 
 mentary instruction in the Sunday-school, to 
 the formation of mission bands, and to in- 
 creased prayer and giving and service on the 
 part of all the church. 
 
 When it comes to giving, we must face GiTt"^^ 
 the fact that the Church members' average an- 
 
244 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 nual gift for foreign missions is less than one 
 dollar per capita. Only about half of the mem- 
 bership of the average church participates in 
 the gifts for missions, and many pastors make 
 no adequate effort to reach the other half. A 
 committee of one denomination reported, a few 
 years ago, that nine tenths of the contributions 
 were made by one tenth of the membership. 
 Some whole churches give nothing at all, and 
 others give only through the women's societies, 
 the pastor and all his officers standing helpless- 
 ly or indifferently aloof. The plea that they are 
 small and weak reminds one of some little 
 home missionary churches, mere handfuls of 
 poor people, who send offerings for every 
 one of the boards of the Church. A feeble 
 congregation is made stronger by doing what 
 it can. The individual Christian needs to be 
 educated as to his relation to the world-wide 
 mission of the Son of God and to give propor- 
 tionately and prayerfully towards it, whether 
 he is rich or poor, in a small church or a 
 large one. 
 The Antipchian jf gygj. g. congregation had reason to as- 
 sign local burdens as an excuse for neglecting 
 foreign missions, it was the little church at 
 Antioch when the Holy Ghost said : " Separate 
 me Barnabas and Saul for the work where- 
 unto I have called them." It was the only 
 church in a large and wicked city. No church 
 
Home Church and Enterprise 245 
 
 in all Europe or America has a greater work 
 at home, in proportion to its resources. The 
 devoted little band, however, never flinched; 
 but "when they had fasted and prayed and 
 laid their hands on them, they sent them away." 
 Why should not the modern Church, with its 
 vastly greater strength, equal the faith and 
 courage of the church at Antioch? 
 
 No sjrmpathy should be wasted over the tx*^u"e'"°The 
 common excuse that people do not have the colt?IIt 
 money that is required. They have it in 
 abundance, and they prove it by spending it 
 freely on things that minister to their pleas- 
 ure. If some have too many other burdens, 
 they should diminish them. The evangeliza- 
 tion of the world is too important an enter- 
 prise to take what is left after everything else 
 has been provided for. Many commercial en- 
 terprises employ more men and expend more 
 money than the Church would need for the 
 evangelization of the world. Business men 
 do not hesitate to attempt the most colossal 
 things in secular affairs. Not content with 
 the trade of America, they are competing with 
 other nations for the trade of the world. The 
 foreign commerce of the United States now 
 runs up to billions of dollars a year. On every 
 side, we hear of big buildings, big ships, big 
 factories, big steel plants, which cost immense 
 sums. 
 
246 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 ^sflSda"! Why then should it be deemed fanciful for 
 the Church to attempt to raise for the evangeli- 
 zation of the world a sum which many of its 
 members would not regard as impracticable 
 for a secular enterprise? Shall we work for 
 our own enrichment on a vast scale and work 
 for God and our fellow men on a small one? 
 Surely the Church is able to do this thing. 
 I grant that not all the wealth of which we 
 hear so much is tributary to foreign missions, 
 that many Church members are in moderate 
 circumstances and that some of them are poor. 
 I remember, too, that there is Christian work 
 at home which must be supported. The fact 
 remains, however, that intelligent, prayerful, 
 systematic, proportionate giving on the part 
 of poor and rich alike would provide ample 
 funds, without injustice to any family or 
 home obligations. There are thousands of 
 Christians who do not hesitate to incur per- 
 sonal expenditures for a hundred times the 
 amount that they give to foreign missions. 
 Kxamp^ie The Moravian Church sets an excellent 
 example to Christendom as to what can be done 
 when Christians have the right ideas. Most 
 of its members are poor, but it supports one 
 missionary for every sixty of its membership; 
 whereas among Bantists. Congreeationalists, 
 Methodists, and Presbyterians, with far great- 
 er wealth, it takes an average of 6,146 mem- 
 
Home Church and Enterprise 247 
 
 bers to support one missionary. Allowing for 
 the aid that Moravian missions receive from 
 the members of other Churches, the fact re- 
 mains that, if all Protestant Churches would 
 send out missionaries in the same proportion 
 as the Moravians, there would be half a mil- 
 lion missionaries on the field, a number far 
 in excess of the number that it Tvould be wise 
 to send. 
 
 We need not go into questions of method Having a Meth.<i 
 of raising money. Effective ways of doing a 
 thing will be easily found by one who is 
 determined to do it. The boards will gladly 
 send detailed information to all who ask for 
 it. The important thing is to have a method, 
 and to work it in such a way as to secure 
 some offering from every individual, not nec- 
 essarily large in amount, but proportionate 
 to ability, and to reach the absentees as well 
 as those who are present. 
 
 We protest, however, against "the two-cent- a Beiittung scaie 
 a-week" plea. It does not secure the gift of 
 the poor, it benumbs the liberality of the rich, 
 and it belittles the whole enterprise. Fancy 
 a minister standing before a congregation, 
 whose typical member is wearing $50 worth 
 of clothing and $25 worth of jewelry, whose 
 household furniture has cost several thous- 
 and dollars, who smokes from ten to fifty 
 cents' worth of tobacco a day, and who com- 
 
248 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 mands not only the conveniences, but many 
 of the luxuries of life — fancy telling such a 
 man that his foreign missionary responsibil- 
 ities are met by a gift of two cents a week! 
 He spends more than that for blacking his 
 shoes. A proportionate gift for the average 
 la3TTian is not pennies at all, nor even silver, 
 but bills or checks. 
 Broader^spiru ^^ jj^gj^j^ ^^^^ ^j^^^ Hiissionary operations 
 
 have gone about as far as they can go in de- 
 pendence upon the passing-the-hat method 
 among those who happen to be present at a 
 given service. Inquiry in a certain State de- 
 veloped the fact that only forty per cent, 
 of the reported membership attended church 
 on a Sunday morning of average weather 
 conditions. Business men who are present 
 seldom carry much cash on their persons. 
 Large givers never have proportionate sums 
 with them. If, in response to an appeal, they 
 empty their pockets, they are doing all they 
 can do, or, at any rate, all they will do under 
 that system. This is an era of large private 
 gifts. Almost every week we hear of some 
 one bestowing $100,000 or $1,000,000 on a 
 college or library or hospital. The chief de- 
 pendence of our educational and charitable 
 institutions is upon contributions of this char- 
 acter. Is it not almost farcical for the Church 
 to endeavor to maintain churches, hospitals, 
 
L/\CE 
 MAKING 
 INDIA 
 
Home Church and Enterprise 249 
 
 schools, colleges, theological seminaries, print- 
 ing-presses, and a host of missionaries and na- 
 tive helpers, by plate collections as an annual 
 incident of public service ? If we are to give 
 the gospel to the world we must raise money 
 for missions as we raise it for other big enter- 
 prises, by subscription. The wisest pastors 
 are calling for pledges instead of cash. A man 
 who would unblushingly slip a quarter into 
 a collection basket would never dream of sign- 
 ing a card for such a sum. We have passed 
 the canal-boat and stage-coach days in foreign 
 missions as well as in transportation. We 
 must now have money in larger sums. Our 
 laymen are doing big things in business. Why 
 should they not do big things for God? 
 
 Each church should have a committee of Laymen 
 laymen to cooperate with the pastor in promot- 
 ing foreign missionary interest and increas- 
 ing foreign missionary gifts in the congre- 
 gation. This committee should do among the 
 men of the church what the woman's society 
 does so well among the women. Experience has 
 shown that the men will make prompt re- 
 sponse, if intelligent and systematic effort is 
 put forth to reach them. Right saunce 
 
 Whenever an effort is made to increase °*5To"ieS'"* 
 gifts for foreign missions, there are some 
 who raise a hue and cry about the alleged di- 
 version of funds from home enterprises. Al 
 
250 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 [Presbytery not long ago refused to permit 
 a missionary campaign within its bounds, on 
 the ground that it would interfere with gifts 
 for other causes. Yet official reports showed 
 that this Presbytery was giving nearly ten 
 times as much to home objects as to foreign. 
 There is a great work to be done in the home- 
 land, but it is not helped in the least fay 
 opposition to foreign missions. Giving to 
 world evangelization enlarges the mind, broad- 
 ens the sympathies, and so opens the springs of 
 benevolence that those who do most for for- 
 eign missions are usually the very ones who do 
 most for homemissions. Mr.JacobA. Riis,who 
 has toiled so indefatigably for the poor people 
 of New York City, says that "for every dol- 
 lar you give away to convert the heathen 
 abroad, God gives you ten dollars' worth 
 of purpose to deal with your heathen at 
 home." "A religion," adds Dr. Clarke, "can- 
 not be. really strengthened at home by de- 
 clining to extend its blessings abroad. It is 
 a complete misunderstanding of Christianity 
 to suppose that some Christian Church or 
 country, by concentrating its attention and 
 labors upon itself, can so accumulate power 
 as to be able to turn in full vigor to do its 
 Christian work for others at some later date. 
 It was said long ago that Christianity is a com- 
 modity of which the more we export the more 
 
Home Church and Enterprise 251 
 
 we have at Home. It is equally true that the 
 less we export the less we may find at home." 
 
 The pastor has the chief responsibility in rfyL°t«"'""*' 
 this effort to arouse the Church. But not all 
 pastors are meeting their obligations in this 
 matter, and even the most zealous pastor can 
 accomplish little without the support of his 
 members. The first advance move may need 
 to come from some one in the congregation. 
 The work must be done whether the pastor 
 is willing to occupy his rightful place of lead- 
 ership or not. 
 
 Appeals should not be based solely on fi- con"dera«oS 
 nancial necessities. The cause is cheapened 
 by too much begging and pleading. The fact 
 that an enterprise wants money is not a suffi- 
 cient reason why it should receive it, nor is 
 the begging argument apt to secure anything 
 more than the beggar's temporary dole. Do 
 not apologize or talk about "the needs of the 
 board." As the late President Harrison pith- 
 ily said: "The man whose grocery bills are 
 unpaid might just as well talk about the needs 
 of his butler. Present your need, the needs 
 of the Church, the needs of the world, those 
 claims which Church membership implies and 
 which are more than life in that personal re- 
 lation with the great Head of the Church." 
 If hearers complain: "Missions, missions, al- 
 ways missions;" reply in the words of Bishop 
 
i2S2 .Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 Doane of Albany: "Yes, always missions, be- 
 cause they are the life-blood, the heart-beat, 
 the lungs-breath of the body of Jesus Christ." 
 Personal There are many persons who can contribute 
 
 Devotion "' ^ . 
 
 wit^h Sound jjuj; little money to the missionary cause, who 
 are able to render service of positive value by 
 devoting their energies to stimulating in- 
 terest in the Church. Work of this kind may 
 count for more in the end than large gifts that 
 are now being received. Two things should 
 be kept in mind to this end. First, the service 
 should be offered in the same spirit of sacri- 
 fice which we expect our missionaries on the 
 field to manifest. The worker should not be 
 discouraged if the obstacles are at first very 
 great, but should work and pray the way 
 through to success. In the second place, great 
 care must be taken to avoid alienating people 
 by tactless behavior. We often see persons 
 of undoubted zeal and consecration who make 
 the cause they espouse a b3rword in the com- 
 munity on account of the methods they employ 
 to advertise it. It would be a good thing if 
 we could see ourselves more frequently as 
 others see us; the nearest approach to this is 
 the candid advice of friends who have sound 
 judgment. 
 *'°* ^"^sl'Sljnes We must keep prominent before the Church 
 the call to life-service on the field. There are 
 so many who are not free to go or who are 
 
Home Church and Enterprise 253 
 
 not fit to go, that the burden of proof rests 
 heavily upon those who have the qualifica- 
 tions to show that they are exempt. Num- 
 bers of young men and women who have no 
 obligation that would prevent them from ac- 
 cepting a lucrative business position in a for- 
 eign land and whom the boards would be 
 glad to appoint drift into other lines of work 
 every year, largely because the claims of for- 
 eign missionary service have never been per- 
 sonally brought to their attention. If any 
 of us would feel gratified at having obtained 
 for some young friend the opportunity to earn 
 a good salary, we should feel that we had con- 
 ferred a much greater favor by enabling him 
 to have a personal share in the spread of the 
 kingdom of God abroad. If the end of life 
 is use and not gain, we should seek positions 
 of the greatest usefulness both for ourselves 
 and for others. 
 
 Studying, giving, and preaching, however, g'ay'nfchu^rch 
 will be of little avail unless praying accompan- 
 ies and pervades them. The foreign mission- 
 ary enterprise is essentially spiritual in char- 
 acter, and the prayers of the home Church are 
 a real asset in conducting it. 
 
 It is sadly true, however, that many profes- °fle^|em^°'^''^' 
 sing Christians never pray for the missionary '''3°'== 
 enterprise from one year's end to the other, 
 except unconsciously as they utter the Lord's 
 
254 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 prayer. What excuse can they give? Either 
 disbelief in the power of prayer or sheer ig- 
 norance and lack of interest would seem to be 
 the only possible answers. The latter may be 
 your fault or mine. There is greatly needed 
 some systematic effort to develop a praying 
 Church. Foreign missions should have a 
 stated place in the private and family prayer 
 of every Christian. It already has such a place 
 in thousands of homes. Many of the boards 
 publish year-books in which missionaries' 
 names and some phase of their work appear 
 in connection with each day of the year. Such 
 daily remembrance, especially if supplemented 
 by information to be found in the yearly re- 
 port of the board and the missionary maga- 
 zines of the Church, will in time give one a 
 sympathetic knowledge of the whole field and 
 bring no small cheer to the lonely workers far 
 away. Englishmen exulted in the fact that, 
 at a given hour on the day of Queen Vic- 
 toria's Jubilee, June 20, 1897, "God save the 
 Queen" was sung in all the churches and on 
 all the ships of the British empire, so that 
 ■with the progress of the sun, jubilant voices 
 upraised the national anthem westward over 
 oceans and continents until the mighty chorus 
 rolled around the world. In like manner, if 
 Christians in the homeland were to lift their 
 voices in prayer for missions every morning. 
 
Home Church and Enterprise 255 
 
 the entire globe would be belted daily with 
 never-ending petitions to God. 
 
 Such praying constitutes a more vital ele- f^^l^'^iHom^' 
 ment in missionary success than is commonly ib^rolJ''"'"'^^ 
 supposed. The faith of the four friends who 
 brought the palsied man to Christ was one 
 of the essential factors in the miracle of grace 
 that followed. "And Jesus seeing their faith, 
 saith unto the sick of the palsy. Son, thy 
 sins are forgiven." The very largeness 
 of the enterprise summons us to a mighty con- 
 fidence in God. Foreign missions is the great- 
 est task in the world, but we are not conduct- 
 ing it alone. It was laid upon us by him who 
 declared that "all authority" was given unto 
 him and that he would be with his disciples "al- 
 ways." He is strong in power and infinite 
 'in resources, " able to save," and he calls us 
 to be coworkers with him. Enthusiam and 
 determination in our response will spell vic- 
 tory abroad. 
 
 The Church may well consider the relation P^^er Given for 
 of spiritual power to missionary zeal. It is 
 a fundamental law of the kingdom that power 
 is given to be used for others. 
 
 The New Testament makes this very clear. pro'd"°iS ?^i"* 
 The Holy Spirit was given in order that the Early witnesses 
 disciples might become witnesses.^ Before 
 
 ^John XV. 26, 27; xvi. 7, 8; Acts i. 8. 
 
256 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 Pentecost, they had no interest in world evan- 
 gelization; but when the Holy Spirit came 
 upon them, they became evangelists to a man. 
 The remainder of the Book of Acts is a won- 
 derful record of evangelistic spirit and ex- 
 tensibn. The early Church was preeminently 
 a missionary Church and its members pro- 
 claimed the gospel in almost every part of the 
 then known world. 
 Deepening of j^ would be interesting to cite m detail the 
 
 Spiritual Life At- o 
 
 tended by Miss- iHustrations incamatcd in Ulfilas, Columba, 
 
 lonary Advance ' 
 
 Rayniund Lull, and Von Welz. Significant 
 also from tliis view-point is the rise of Pietism 
 with its luminous names of Francke and 
 Spener, Ziegenbalg and Schwartz. Zinzendorf 
 and Moravianism, Wesley and Methodism, 
 have their place in such a study, for without 
 them we could hardly understand the new era 
 of missions which began with Carey. In 
 America, tlT« work of Brainerd and Edwards 
 was directly related to a new baptism of the 
 Holy Spirit. It was not an accident that sev- 
 eral of the missionary organizations of the 
 nineteenth century were born during the great 
 revivals of the first two decades, or a mere 
 coincidence that the forward movement in 
 missions that characterized the closing years 
 of that century 4ated from the extraordinary 
 revivals of 1875-6. The teaching of history 
 on this subject is unbroken. Every deepen-i 
 
Home Church and Enterprise 257 
 
 ing of the spiritual life has been followed 
 by a new effort to give the gospel to the 
 world; but there is no record anywhere of the 
 Holy Spirit's power remaining with any 
 Church which did not use it in witnessing 
 for Christ. 
 
 Here is one cause of the poverty of spir- TheChurchMust 
 
 ,.,. _^, „, , . ,. , , Live More With 
 
 itual life. The Church is living too much Christ 
 for itself. God has already given it enough 
 power to evangelize Europe and America half 
 a dozen times over. Is it reasonable to suppose 
 that he will increase that power simply for this 
 purpose? This suggests the remedy both for 
 a low spiritual vitality at home and the com- 
 parative failure to support the missionary en- 
 terprise on an adequate scale. The Church 
 must be spiritually quickened. Foreign mis- 
 sions is primarily a spiritual movement and 
 only spiritual people will adequately maintain 
 it. Dr. Arthur Mitchell was wont to say: 
 "The cause of foreign missions goes down to 
 the roots of the spiritual life, and we need 
 look for no abundance of fruit until that life 
 is enriched." When Henry Martyn, as he 
 lay burning with fever in Persia, received a 
 letter asking how the missionary interest of 
 the Church at home could be increased, the dy- 
 ing saint replied: "Tell them to live more 
 with Christ; to catch more of his spirit; for 
 the sph-it of Christ is the spirit of missions, 
 
258 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 and the nearer we get to him the more intense- 
 ly missionary we must become." 
 To-Day's imper- Never bcfore has the summons been so im- 
 at.ve Summons ^^^^^^^^ ^g j^ -g ^^.^ay. Practically the whole 
 
 non-christian world is now accessible. Men 
 in other spheres are recognizing the opportu- 
 nity. Governments are pressing into the open 
 doors and straining every nerve to influence 
 these awakening nations. Business firms in 
 Europe and America are keenly alive to the 
 situation and are sending their agents to the 
 remotest parts of the earth. The Greek and 
 Roman Catholic Churches are pouring priests 
 and brothers, monks and nuns, into heathen 
 lands and spending vast sums in equipping them 
 with churches and schools. The Mohamme- 
 dans are flooding Africa with zealous mission- 
 aries. The Protestant Churches should re- 
 double their efforts, that they may mold 
 these new conditions before hostile in- 
 fluences become established. It is not a 
 rhetorical figfure, but the sober truth that 
 it would take treble the sum that the 
 Churches are now giving to handle the 
 situation in an adequate way. 
 "We can^oH Each Church should immediately consider 
 its distinct missionary responsibility and effect- 
 ively plan to meet it. Many Churches are al- 
 ready doing this, and the others should follow 
 their example. There is no valid reason why 
 
Home Church and Enterprise - 259 
 
 every city and village on the planet should not 
 hear the gospel within the next fifty years, and 
 have, too, a native Church so far developed 
 that it could assume the chief duty of com- 
 pleting the work. This is the tremendous 
 question of the day: Will the Church rise to 
 the opportunity which confronts her? The 
 cause of Christ is straitened, not by the Holy 
 Spirit, not by the heathen, but only by our- 
 selves. We believe, with Father Hecker, that 
 "a body of free men, who love God with all 
 their might, and yet know how to cling to- 
 gether, could conquer this modern world of 
 ours." "We can do it, if we will." 
 
 We are not prophets, but as we face the i^g 'STovemVn""'"" 
 future, may we not see a vision, not the base- 
 less dream of the enthusiast, but the reason- 
 able expectation of those who believe that the 
 divine Hand guides the destinies of men. 
 This vision is that the movement for the evan- 
 gelization of the world will grow to more and 
 more majestic proportions until all men shall 
 know the Lord. Reports from widely sepa- 
 rated fields amply justify this vision. Every 
 mail is burdened with them. Apart from the 
 rapidly increasing number of converts, there 
 are unmistakable signs that a great movement 
 has begun. The very fact that heathen sys- 
 tems are passing from indifference to hostility 
 and feel obliged to conceal their coarser prac- 
 
26o -Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 tises and to emphasize their better features is 
 a tribute to the growing power of Christian- 
 ity. Society in Asia is becoming more ashamed 
 of open vice. Standards of conduct are grow- 
 ing purer. The character of Christ is univer- 
 sally conceded to be the loftiest in history. 
 What Benjamin Kidd calls the altruistic ideas 
 of Christianity have been liberated in non- 
 christian nations and they are slowly but 
 surely transforming them. The traveler 
 in those vast continents becomes con- 
 scious of the working of mighty forces 
 that are creating conditions more favor- 
 able to the rapid triumph of the gos- 
 pel. He is impressed, not so much by the 
 actual number of those already converted, as 
 by the strength of the current which is sweep- 
 ing majestically toward the goals of God. He 
 feels, with Gibson, that the situation is sat- 
 isfactory; not that we are contented with our- 
 selves or with our work, but that "a crucial 
 experiment has been made. We know what 
 can be done and can predict results." We see 
 that we are in the trend of the divine purpose 
 and that " his day is marching on." 
 Petition for a Love "May the coustrainiug memories of the 
 
 Keeping Nothing ■' ° , 
 
 Back cross of Christ and that great love wherewith 
 he loved us be so in us that we may pass that 
 love on to those who are perishing. May 
 he touch all our hearts with the spirit of self- 
 
Home Church and Enterprise 261 
 
 sacrifice and with the inspiration of that love 
 of his which, when he came to redeem the 
 world, kept nothing back!" ^ 
 
 QUESTIONS ON CHAPTER IX 
 
 Aim : To Realize the Personal Responsibility of 
 Ourselves and Other Christians at Home 
 
 I. Summarize as strikingly as possible a single 
 conclusion you have reached from each of the 
 preceding chapters. 
 
 2. In view of the need of the work, state what 
 you consider to be the duty of the average 
 Christian. 
 
 3. Compare the cost of the foreign missionary 
 enterprise in men and money with that of 
 the American navy. 
 
 4. Which is worse, a citizen who dodges his taxes, 
 or a Christian who dodges his foreign mis- 
 sionary obligation? Give reasons for your 
 view. 
 
 5. Wliat proportion of the 20,000,000 members 
 of evangelical Churches in the United States 
 would need to go abroad to supply the need 
 for men? 
 
 6. What would be the weekly assessment on each 
 Church member to raise the additional funds 
 needed ? 
 
 7. How does the fact that so many are ignorant or 
 indifferent affect the responsibility of those 
 who know something about foreign missions 
 and are interested in it? 
 
 'Mrs. Isabella Bird Bishop. 
 
262 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 8. What place ought a subject so important as 
 foreign missions to have in the education of 
 every Christian? 
 
 9. How does it seem to you to compare in im- 
 portance with ancient history? 
 
 10. How can we secure more time for religious 
 education? 
 
 11. How can we secure teachers with better 
 training ? 
 
 12. Arrange the subjects that should be included 
 in the curriculum of religious education in the 
 order of their importance. 
 
 13. What are the principal advantages of the mis- 
 sion study class as an educational agency? 
 
 14. What special responsibility do you think rests 
 upon those who have been members of a mission 
 study class? 
 
 15. Write out what you think might be done in 
 organizing mission study classes in your own 
 congregation. 
 
 16. What do you consider the principal reason 
 why comparatively so little money is given 
 to foreign missions? 
 
 17. What plans do you think would be most effec- 
 tive in increasing the amount given by your 
 own congregation? 
 
 18. What are the principal motives that should be 
 urged in making an appeal for money for for- 
 eign missions? 
 
 19. Mention several ways in which a home Christ- 
 ian of limited means might aid the missionary 
 enterprise. 
 
 20. What missionary organization ought each local 
 congregation to have? 
 
 ai. Wliat systematic m«thods should the local 
 
Home Church and Enterprise 263 
 
 congregation adopt to raise up volunteers for 
 the foreign field? 
 
 22. How personal do you think you have a right 
 to become in suggesting foreign missionary 
 service to another? 
 
 23. What good excuses can you give for not pray- 
 ing for foreign missions? 
 
 24. What methods can you suggest for promoting 
 prayer for foreign missions in a community? 
 
 25. What suggestions for subjects of prayer have 
 you gained from this course? 
 
 26. In what ways will interest in foreign miseions 
 help- home missions? 
 
 27. Is any other cause so neglected in proportion 
 to its importance as is foreign missions? 
 
 28. Sum up the principal needs of the foreign 
 missionary enterprise. 
 
 29. Which of these needs in your opinion is 
 being most adequately and which least ade- 
 quately met? 
 
 30. Why are these needs especially urgent just 
 now? 
 
 References for Advanced Study. — Chapter IX 
 
 I. Christian Stewardship} 
 
 Bosworth : The New Testament Conception of the 
 Disciple and His Money. (Pamphlet) 
 Students and the Misjjpnary Problem (London 
 Conference), 153-166. 
 
 Students and the Modem Missionary Crusade 
 '(Nashville Convention), 606-609. 
 
 'Nearly every mission board or society can furnish good 
 pamphlets on this subject, so the Secretary of the denomina- 
 tional mission board or society should be addressed. 
 
264 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 The Church and Missionary Education (Pitts- 
 burg Convention), 133-138. 
 
 World-Wide Evangelization (Toronto Conven- 
 tion), 178-199. 
 
 II, Prayer and Missions. 
 
 Missionary Issues of the Twentieth Century (New 
 Orleans Conference), 80-88. 
 Mott: The Pastor and Modem Missions. V. 
 Murray: The Key to the Missicmary Problem, 
 IV, V, IX. 
 
 Pierson: The New Acts of the Apostles, Part II, 
 Chap. I; Part V, Chap. XIII. 
 The Church and Missionary Education (Pitts- 
 burg Convention), 153-169. 
 
SELECT bibliography; 
 
 36s 
 
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 General 
 
 Barton, James L. The Missionary and His Critics. 
 SJ4 X 734 ; PP- 23S ; 1906. Fleming H. Revell Co., 
 
 New York. $1.00 net. ; 
 
 i 
 
 A trenchant reply to criticisms made by tourists, journalists, 
 foreign residents, government officials, and others, in regard to 
 foreign mission work. 
 
 Barton, James L. The Unfinished Task. 5 x 7^. 
 pp. 211; 1908. Student Volunteer Movement for 
 Foreign Missions, New York. 50 cents. 
 
 A splendid review of the meaning, obligation, extent, ob- 
 stacles, and success of Christian missions. 
 
 Bashford, James W. God's Missionary Plan for the 
 World. 5 y. 7yi; pp. viii, 178; 1907. Eaton & 
 Mains, New York. 75 cents. 
 
 The Biblical basis for missions and the divine method of 
 work, lllastrated by work in China. 
 
 Clarke, William Newton. A Study of Christian Mis- 
 sions. sJ4 X 7^ ; pp. 268 ; igoo. Charles Scribner's 
 Sons, New York. $1.25. 
 
 A thoughtful volume on missions and mission theory writ- 
 ten from the modern view-point. 
 
 267 
 
268 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 Dennis, James S. Christian Missions and Social Pro- 
 gress. 3 Vols. Illustrated; 6^ x 9. Vol. I. 
 pp. xvi, 468; 1897: Vol. II, pp. xxvi, 486; 1899: 
 Vol. Ill, pp. xxxvi, 675 ; 1906. Fleming H. Revell 
 Co., New York. $2.50 per vol. 
 
 Gives a full view of the social problems of the non-Christ- 
 ian world, and their solution by Christian missions. Un- 
 doubtedly the most superior work ever published on this sub- 
 ject. 
 
 Hall, Charles Cuthbert. The Universal Elements of 
 the Christian Religion. SJ^ x 7^; pp. 309; 1905. 
 Fleming H. Revell Co., New York. $1.25. 
 A conception of the world-position of Christianity from 
 the modern view-point. 
 
 Lawrence, Edward A. Introduction to the Study of 
 Foreign Missions. 5x75^; pp. 143; 1901. Stu- 
 dent Volunteer Movement for Foreign Missions, 
 New York. 40 cents. 
 
 Contains chapters selected from Modern Missions in the East, 
 bearing upon some of the important phases of missionary 
 work and the work of the missionary. 
 
 Mackenzie, William Douglas. Christianity and the Pro- 
 gress of Man. S by 754; pp. 250; 1897. Fleming 
 H. Revell Co., New York. $1.25. 
 
 A splendid discussion of the work of the foreign missionary 
 as pioneer, translator, educator, and a factor in uplifting the 
 people. 
 
 Mott, John R. The Evangelization of the World in 
 this Generation. 5 x. 714; pp. 245 ; 1900. Student 
 Volunteer Movement for Foreign Missions, New 
 York. $1.00. 
 
 A strong argument setting forth the meaning, obligation, pos- 
 sibilities, and essentials of world-wide conquest. 
 
Select Bibliography 269 
 
 Speer, Robert E. Missions and Modern History. 2 
 Vols, syi X 8J4; pp. 714; 1904. Fleming H. 
 Revell Co., New York. $4.00. 
 
 An excellent discussion of twelve important world movemenls 
 affecting missions. 
 
 Welsh, R. E. The Challenge to Christian Missions. 
 S X 754 ; PP- 188 ; 1902. R. H. AUenson, London. 
 Cloth, 60 cents; paper, 30 cents. 
 
 -A convincing reply to the criticisms that foreign missions 
 cause political disturbances, are unnecessary, and produce no 
 results. 
 
 Lindsay, Anna R. B. Gloria Christ!. 5 x 7j4; pp. ix, 
 302; 1908. The Macmillan Company, New York. 
 Cloth, so cents ; paper, 30 cents. 
 
 An outline study of missions and social progress. 
 
 Religions 
 
 Menzies, Allan. History of Religion. S x 7; pp. xiii, 
 438; 1895. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. 
 $1.50. 
 
 A most satisfactory review of ancient and present-day reli- 
 gions from the modern standpoint. 
 
 Religions of Mission Fields as Viewed by Protestant 
 Missionaries. S x 7H; PP- x, 300; igoS- Student 
 Volunteer Movement for Foreign Missions, New 
 York, so cents. 
 
 A brief yet comprehensive ftatement by missionaries of nine 
 of the most important non-christian religions. 
 
270 Why and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 Africa 
 
 Jack, James W. Daybreak in Livingstonia. Illustrated ; 
 map; SM X 8; pp. 371; IQOO. Fleming H. Revell 
 Co., New York. $1.50. 
 
 A most excellent discussion of missionary methods based upon 
 the work of a great mission station in Africa. 
 
 Naylor, Wilson S. Daybreak in the Dark Continent. 
 Illustrated; maps; SJ4 x 7J^; pp. xiv, 315; 1908. 
 Young People's Missionary Movement of the 
 United States and Canada, New York. 50 cents. 
 
 The best brief, yet comprehensive review of Africa. 
 
 South America 
 
 Brown, Hubert W. Latin America. Illustrated; Sj4 
 X 7H'y PP- 308; 1901. Reming H. Revell Co., 
 New York. $1.20. 
 
 The best general account of the people, their worship, and 
 missionary work, in South America. 
 
 Chinese Empire 
 
 Brown, Arthur Judson. New Forces in Old China. 
 Fourth Edition ; illustrated ; map ; SJ4 x Syi ; 
 pp. 382. Fleming H. Revell Co., New York. 
 $1.50 net. 
 
 One of the best informed, judicial, and really illuminating 
 books on China. 
 
 Gibson, J. Campbell. Mission Problems and Mission 
 Methods in South China. Illustrated; map; 
 554 X 8; pp. 334; 1901. Fleming H. Revell Co., 
 New York. $1.50. 
 
 An excellent volume, treating missionary problems, their 
 
 failures, successes, and achievements. 
 
Select Bibliography 271 
 
 Smith, Arthur H. China and America To-Day. SJ4 x 
 7J4; PP- 256; 1907. Fleming H. Revell Co., New 
 York. $1.25 net. 
 
 A stimulating discussioti of the relation of the United 
 States to China. 
 
 Soothill, W. E. A Typical Mission in China. Illus- 
 trated; SJ4 X 8J4; pp. xi, 293; 1907. Fleming 
 H. Revell Co., New York. $1.50. 
 
 Mission problems and mission methods discussed by one who 
 has had wide experience and knows how to write. 
 
 Centenary Missionary Conference (Shanghai, 1907). 
 
 Illustrated; 554 x 9; pp. xxxvii, 823. American 
 
 Tract Society, New York. $2.50. 
 This report contains the best material on missionary work in 
 China. 
 
 Indian Empire 
 
 Cochrane, Henry Park. Amofig the Burmans. Illus- 
 trated; S^ X 8; pp. 281; 1904. Fleming H. Revell 
 Co., New York. $1.25. 
 
 Treats Burmese religions, superstitions, and social customs, 
 and the results of missionary work, as seen by a missionary. 
 
 Fuller, Mrs. Marcus B. The Wrongs of Indian Woman- 
 hood. Illustrated; sH x 7K; PP- 302; 1900. 
 Fleming H. Revell Co., New York. $1.25. 
 
 Probably the best discussion of the wrongs imposed by 
 heathenism upon the women of India. 
 
 Jones, John P. India's Problem; Krishna or Christ. 
 Illustrated; sM x 8>i; pp. 381; 1903- Fleming 
 H. Revell Co., New York. $1.50. 
 
 Except for a general view in the first chapter, the whole 
 book is devoted to a discussion of the religions of India, with 
 the emphasis upom Hinduism. An extremely valuable volume. 
 
37a tWhy and How of Foreign Missions 
 
 Japan 
 
 Bacon, Alice Mabel. Japanese Girls and Women. 
 
 4^ X 6J4; PP- 333', 1891. Houghton, Mifflin & 
 
 Co., New York. $1.25. 
 Gives an excellent view of the womanhood »f Japan, espe- 
 cially the life of the women of the higher classes. 
 
 De Forest, John H. Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom. 
 
 Illustrated; map; 5J4 x 7^; pp. 233; 1904- Young 
 
 People's Missionary Movement of the United 
 
 States and Canada, New York. 5° cents. 
 
 A brief and interesting account of Japan, its people, their 
 
 religions, and missionary work. 
 
 Korea 
 
 Gale, James S. The Vanguard. Illustrated; S^ x 
 8; pp. 320; 1904. Fleming H. Revell Co., New 
 York. $1.50. 
 
 A story of missionaries at work in Korea, illustrating the 
 effect of Christian missions. 
 
 Underwood, Horace G. The Call of Korea. Illus- 
 trated; 554 X 8; pp. 204; 1908. Fleming H. 
 Revell Co., New York. 75 cents net. 
 The most up-to-date missionary book on the subject. 
 
 Underwood, L. H. Fifteen Years Among the Top- 
 Knots. Illustrated; SJ4 x 8; pp. xviii, 271; 1904. 
 American Tract Society, New York, $1.50. 
 
 While this work has a denominational cast, yet it mentions 
 other missionaries and gives a most interesting peep into Korean 
 life. 
 
 Oceania 
 
 Brown, Arthur Judson. The New Era in the Philip- 
 pines. Illustrated; maps; sJ/^ x 8; pp. 314; 1903. 
 Fleming H. Revell Co., New York, $1.25. Paper- 
 
Select Bibliography 273 
 
 covered edition, without illustrations. Student 
 Volunteer Movement for Foreign Missions, 
 New York, 35 cents. 
 
 A most interesting account of a tour by a discerning missionar7 
 secretary. 
 
 Paton, James. John G. Paton's Autobiography. 
 Hebrides. Illustrated; map; SJ^ x 8; pp. xv, 869; 
 1898. Fleming H. Revell Co., New York. $1.50. 
 
 Probably the most stimulating and helpful account of a 
 modern missionary apostle. 
 
 Stuntz, Homer C. The Philippines and the Far East. 
 Illustrated; maps; S^ x 8; pp. 514; 1904. Jen- 
 nings and Graham, Chicago. $1.75- 
 
 A general view of the Islands, the people, the government, 
 and missionary work, by one with first-hand experience. 
 
INDEX 
 
 27S 
 
INDEX 
 
 Adherents, The status of, 
 149 
 
 Administration, 46; 51, S7 
 
 "Advance agent of civilza- 
 tion," The, 17 
 
 Africa, 9, 17, 23, 83, loi, 
 lOS, 184, 192, 212, 227, 258 ; 
 a recruiting trip in, 136, 
 137; Alfred Marling dy- 
 ing in, 224 
 
 African traits, 52, 100, 152 
 
 Age limit. The, 69 , 
 
 Aim in mission work. The, 
 8-22, 235 
 
 "Alien civilization," An, 
 199 
 
 Allahabad, Plague scenes m, 
 
 133 
 All-round candidate. The, 
 
 71 
 
 American Baptist Mission- 
 ary Union, 38 
 
 American Board of Com- 
 missioners For Foreign 
 Missions, Z7 
 
 Ancestors, The white 
 man's, 202 
 
 Apostolic succession, 16 
 
 Appeals to high motives, 
 251 
 
 Application blanks, 82 
 
 Argument from results. 
 The, 19, 23 
 
 Asiatic, Christians, 164 ; 
 Churches, 164-169 
 
 Asiatics, Creeds of, 163; 
 colleges established by, 
 126 . 
 
 Associate missionaries, 78 
 
 Asylum, Dr. Kerr's, 218 
 Attitude of the Church at 
 
 home. The proper, 170 
 Avison, A patient of Dr., 
 
 131 
 Awakening, nations, 258 ; 
 
 of China, 189 
 
 "Bachelors' hall," Tj 
 Bangkok, Incident in the 
 
 school at, 123 
 Baptist Church mission 
 
 methods, 36, 38 
 Barbaric ancestors. Our, 
 
 202 
 Barnes, L. Call, quoted, 
 
 234 
 
 Barrett, Hon. John, 192 
 
 Barton, James L., quoted, 
 89, 90, 176, 210 
 
 Bible, Asiatic origin, 169; 
 circulation, 127-129 ; 
 Societies, 128; transla- 
 tion, 126, 129 
 
 Bishop, Mrs. Isabella Bird, 
 186 
 
 Bliss, Dr. Edwin M., quot- 
 ed, 42 
 
 Boards, Duties and work of 
 mission, 36-43; their ob- 
 ject in controlling gifts, 54 
 
 Boxer uprising. The, 187 
 
 Brainerd, David, referred 
 to, 256 
 
 Brown, Governor, quoted, 
 72 
 
 Browning, quotea, 141 
 
 Bryan, William Jennings, 
 186 
 
 277 
 
278 
 
 Index 
 
 Bryce, James, quoted, 176 
 Burial services contrasted, 
 
 226 
 Business plans. Modem co- 
 lossal, 344 
 
 Call, Missionary, 82-84; to 
 life service on the field, 
 252, 253 
 Campaign, not crusade, 59 
 Candidates, Selection of, 
 
 67-84 
 Canton, A visitor to, lao, 
 
 181; Dr. Kerr of, 217 
 Carey, William, referred 
 
 23, 256 
 Carroll, Dr. H. K., referred 
 
 to, 203 
 Central agency needed. A, 
 
 34. 35 
 
 Chalmers, James, quoted, 
 221 ; referred to, 220 
 
 Chang Chih-tung, quoted on 
 Confucianism, 201 
 
 Changes in world con- 
 ditions. Significant, 4 
 
 Charity at home, 193 
 
 Cheerfulness a requisite on 
 the mission field, 74 
 
 Chesnut, Dr. Eleanor, 223 
 
 Children, in heathen lands, 
 121 ; of missionaries, 78 ; 
 separation from, 216 
 
 China, 23, loi, 103, 112, 121, 
 137, 141, 163, 200, 214, 216, 
 217, 227 23s; awakening 
 of, 189; martyrs in, 187, 
 188; visitors in, 100 
 
 China's Only Hope, quoted, 
 201 
 
 Chinese, Bible, 128; other 
 books, 129; preference for 
 literature, 129 
 
 Christian, Asiatics, 169; 
 forms the central mis- 
 
 ' sionary motive, 5-17; way 
 
 to influence the world, 198 
 
 Church agencies, 37 
 
 Church of England me- 
 thods, 37 
 
 Churches and workers, 194 
 
 Civilization as a missionary 
 motive, 17, 18 
 
 Civilizations, of some non- 
 christian lands, 21 
 
 Qarke, Dr. William N., 
 quoted, 2, 41, 57, 93. 250 
 
 Clerks in Oriental countries, 
 
 93 
 
 Colleges, as a part of mis- 
 sionary educational work, 
 122-126 ; established by 
 Asiatics, 126 
 
 Co) iUhoun, quoted, 184 
 
 Comfort, Ideas of, 103 
 
 Command of Christ, The, 
 10, 16 
 
 Committee and departments. 
 Duties of, 43 
 
 Common sense most use- 
 ful, 71 
 
 Compensation not attempt- 
 ed, 91 
 
 Complex work in foreign 
 fields, 34 
 
 Confucianism, Chang Chih- 
 tung on, 201 
 
 Conger, Hon. E. H., quoted, 
 180 
 
 Congregational Church 
 methods, 36, 37 
 
 Converts, some statistics 
 concerning, 187 
 
 Cost, of administration, 46; 
 of home Churches and 
 institutions, 195, 196; of 
 living in heathen lands, 
 
 94 
 Cows, Respect accorded to, 
 
 122 
 Criticism, An absurd, 96; 
 
Index 
 
 279 
 
 can be legitimate, 177, 
 178; from friends, 178; 
 from the ignorant, 178- 
 182; from the unsympa- 
 thetic, 182-184; from the 
 vile and criminal, 184, 
 185; other current types, 
 185-205 
 
 Cuba, Our experience in, 
 103 
 
 Cust, Dr., quoted, 34 
 
 Darwin, Qiarles, quoted, 
 
 185, 186 
 Deaf-mutes, Appeal of the, 
 
 218 
 Debt, The question of, 48 
 Denby, Hon. Charles, 186, 
 
 187, 190, 199, 201 
 Denominational boards, 36 
 Despisers of difficulties, 73 
 Discomforts of mission 
 
 lands, 93, 212, 213 
 Dispensaries, 133 
 Divine guidance assured, 
 
 168; looked for, 60 
 Doane, Bishop, quoted, 252 
 Doctrinal views, of candi- 
 dates, 75, 76; of native 
 
 Churches, 163-169 
 Donors, Conspicuous, 191 ; 
 
 perplexing requests of 
 
 some, 50 
 Dunlap, Rev. Eugene P., 139 
 Durand, Sir Mortimer, 186 
 Duties, The missionary's 
 
 varied, 221 
 Duty and apparent failure, 
 
 21 
 
 Early Church methods, 150, 
 
 197 
 Edicts, Favorable Chinese, 
 
 189 
 
 Education, Missionary, the 
 need and means of, 239, 
 240 
 
 Educational work as a mis- 
 sion agency, 120-126 
 
 Edwards, Jonathan, 256 
 
 Ellis. "William T., quoted, 
 
 35 
 
 Emperor of China s rescript. 
 The, 201 
 
 Empress Dowager of China, 
 gifts from, 191; New 
 Testament presented to 
 the, 128 
 
 England and America, Ori- 
 entals educated in, 158,159 
 
 England and Ireland, In- 
 come of churches in, 196 
 
 English officer and for- 
 eign missionary, 181 
 
 Errors of judgment, 57 
 
 Europe, The gospel in, 14a 
 
 Evangelistic work as a 
 mission agency, 134-137 
 
 Evangelization, The world's, 
 
 13- 
 
 Evangelizing, the process, 
 
 150-153 
 
 Executive ability of candi- 
 dates, 71 
 
 Exempt, A few may be, 
 
 253 
 Expense of administration, 
 46-48 
 
 Faith work. Missions a, 60 
 Faithful converts, 187 
 Fakir, The East Indian, 106 
 Falsehoods circulated, 185 
 Farrar, Canon, quoted, 204 
 Financial methods, 44, 48 
 Fitch, Mrs. George F., 139 
 Food and supplies, The 
 cost of, 95 
 
28o 
 
 Index 
 
 Forman, Dr. John, quoted, 
 
 105 
 
 Foster, Hon. John W., i86 
 Francke, referred to, 256 
 Functions, The mission- 
 ary's varied, 71, 72, 221 
 Funds given visiting Orien- 
 tals often misapplied, 158, 
 
 IS9 
 Pusan, Korea, Missionary 
 site at, III 
 
 Gains, Proportionate, 203 
 
 Galloway, Charles B., quot- 
 ed, 210 
 
 Galpin, Frederick, quoted, 
 148 
 
 Gambling combatted in 
 Siam, 139 
 
 General Assembly of Pres- 
 byterian Church, action 
 of, zy 
 
 General Conference of 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 Church, action of, zTt 4° 
 
 Gibson, J. C, quoted, 155, 
 260 
 
 Gifts, Significant, 191 
 
 Gilmour, James, in Mon- 
 golia, 23; quoted, 84 
 
 Giving, An example in, 96; 
 appeals for, 251; educa- 
 tion in, 244; liberal, 249; 
 proportionate, 248 
 
 Gladstone, Wm. E., quoted, 
 167 
 
 "Good enough" religions, 
 200 
 
 Gospel, in Europe, The, 140; 
 work of the, 138; more 
 perfect interpretation of 
 the, 169 
 
 Grant, Qualities of General, 
 73 
 
 Hale, E. E., quoted, 228 
 Hall, Dr. John, quoted, 47 
 Hang-chou to Shanghai, 195 
 Hardships lessened, 211 
 Harris, Dr., in Syria, 132 
 Harrison, Benjamin, quoted, 
 
 176 
 Hart, Sir Robert, 186 
 Heathenism, Cruel aiid im- 
 moral, 218 
 Hecker, Father, quoted, 259 
 Hepburn, Mrs., of Japan, 97 
 Higher schools, Influence 
 
 of, 122, 123 
 Holcombe, Hon. Chester, 
 
 quoted, 200 
 Holy Spirit's power. The, 
 
 257 
 Home and foreign fields. 
 
 The, 249 
 Homs, in Syria, Dr., 
 
 Harris in, 132 
 
 Hospitality, Requirements 
 
 of Eastern, 99, 100 • 
 
 Hospitals, dispensaries, and 
 
 patients. Statistics of, 133 
 
 Houses of natives and of 
 
 missionaries, no ' 
 Hunter, Sir William, quot- 
 ed, 217 
 
 Ignorance, criticisms from, 
 178-182; dissipated, 3 
 
 Illness, Treatment of, in 
 heathen lands, 131 
 
 Income of boards uncertain, 
 49 
 
 Indemnity, The Chinese, 192 
 
 Independent, societies, 35, 
 104, 107; spirit in Japan, 
 162 
 
 India, 21, 23, 103, 121, 128, 
 137. 141. 163, 226; attempt 
 to convert, 15; mistaken 
 independent efforts in, 105- 
 
Index 
 
 281 
 
 ■ 107; princes' gifts to mis- 
 sions, 191 ; toil of mis- 
 sionaries amid the plague, 
 
 212 
 
 Indifferent Christians, 15 
 Individualism, Spasmodic, 
 
 5S 
 Industrial training, 70 
 Intellectual tests of candi- 
 dates, 68-70 
 Interference, a criticism, 188 
 Interior, The, quoted, 40, 45 
 Itineration, Details of, 135 
 
 Japan, 21, 33, 97, 121, 141, 
 163; gifts from the 
 Mikado, 191 ; independent 
 spirit, 162 ; licentious 
 tendency in society, 218; 
 test of missionary fidelity, 
 124 
 
 Jerome, St., on the early 
 Britons, 202 
 
 Jessup, Dr., Henry H., 41, 
 
 94 
 "Jesus' people," The, 140 
 Johnston, Sir Harry H., 186 
 
 Keith-Falconer, quoted, 83 
 Kerr, Dr. John G., 94, 217 
 Kidd, Benjamin, quoted, 
 
 140, 21S, 260 
 King, Hon. Hamilton, 139 
 Kingsley, Mary H., 227 
 Knowledge diffused, 3 
 Korea, Christians in, 153; 
 
 gifts from the Emperor, 
 
 191 
 
 Languages, Ability to ac- 
 quire, 69 _ 
 
 Laos mission. An experi- 
 ence in, I3S; great in- 
 crease in prices, 95 
 
 Lawrence, Dr., quoted, 106 
 
 Lawrence Lord, referred to, 
 
 186 
 Lawsuits, Interference in 
 
 native, 188 
 Laymen, Effective methods 
 
 for, 247-249; witness of 
 
 widely traveled, 184 
 Leonard, Dr. D. L., referr- 
 ed to, 203 
 Li Hung-chang, and the 
 
 New Testament, 128 ; 
 
 friendly words, 189 
 Liberty in method for 
 
 Christians, 165 
 Lien-chou, Mob at, 222 
 Literary work as a mission 
 
 agency, 126-130 
 Literature, compared with 
 
 preaching, 129 
 "Live as the heathen do," 
 
 100-103 ; Dr. Forman's 
 
 attempt, 105 
 Livingstone, David, quoted, 
 
 79 . 
 Lowrie, Dr., 226 
 Lowry, Dr. H. H., 94 
 Lull, Raymund, 256 
 
 M?.;aulay, T. B., quoted, 93 
 
 Machle, Dr. and Mrs., 
 martyr spirit, 222 
 
 Mackenzie, William Doug- 
 las, quoted, 234 
 
 Manchuria, Converts in, 
 152 
 
 Marling, Alfred, 224 
 
 Marriage as a factor with 
 candidates, 76-78 
 
 Martyn, Henry, quoted, 257 
 
 Martyrs' graves, 220 
 
 McCormick, Mr. Frederick, 
 quoted, 184 
 
 McGilvary, t)r. Daniel, 13s 
 
 Medical work as a mission 
 agency, 18, 130-133 
 
282 
 
 Index 
 
 Mencius, 23 
 
 Method necessary, 247 
 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Church methods, 36, 40 
 Mikado, Mission gifts from 
 
 the, 191 • 
 Mills, Mrs. A. T., of Che- 
 
 foo, 218 
 Mission board, defined, 36; 
 how constituted in the 
 several denominations, 36- 
 38; members, 39,. 40; sec- 
 retaries, 40, 41 ; sessions, 
 41 ; working plans, 41-61 
 Mission, presses, 127; stu^y 
 and study classes, 241-243 
 Mission Problems and Mis- 
 sion Methods in South 
 China, 155 
 Missionaries' wives, 78 
 Missionary, administration, 
 32-61 ; call and candidates, 
 66-84, 252, 253; education, 
 238-243; giving and sup- 
 port, 90-112, 238, 243-252; 
 motives, 2-25; obligation, 
 
 236. 237, 258, 259; prayer 
 and spiritual consecration, 
 253-260; reinforcements, 
 
 237. 238; work, 1 18-142 
 Missions, Right balance of 
 
 home and foreign, 249, 
 
 250 
 Mistaljes, The uses of, 167 
 Mitchell, Dr. Arthur, quot- 
 ed, 195, 257 
 Money, Accurate handling 
 
 of, 44 
 Mongol tribes, James 
 
 Gilmour among, 84 
 Monotony of missionary 
 
 life, 215 
 Moody, Mr., definite a- 
 
 mount for his services, 108 
 
 Moravian Church an ex- 
 ample, 246 ; Zinzendorf 
 and Moravianism, 256 
 Morrison in China, 23 
 Motives in missions, 2-25 
 Municipal social helps, ab- 
 sence of, abroad, 98 
 Music, Knowledge of, an 
 advantage, 80 
 
 Nanking, Favorable proc- 
 lamation of the prefect of, 
 189 
 
 Native Church, Develop- 
 ment aimed at, 149-151 ; 
 right to autonomy, as re- 
 spects creed and polity, 
 160-170 
 
 Native money for native 
 workers, 154-156 
 
 Natives, Mental acumen of, 
 70; mode of life of, 100- 
 103 
 
 Naylor, Wilson S., quoted, 
 117 
 
 Neal, A patient of Dr., 131 
 
 Necessity for a native 
 Church, 151 
 
 Needs of the field, 237 ; rein- 
 forcements and funds, 238 
 
 Non-christian peoples. The 
 state of, 9, 17, 18, 21 
 
 Non-christian religions. Op- 
 position from the, 141 
 
 Object-lesson, The home an, 
 
 Obligation, The extent of 
 
 missionary, 4, 10, 11, 236 
 Ofllice work. Range of, ■ 42 
 Open mind desirable, 57 
 Opportunity, The Church's, 
 
 259 
 Opposition from non-chris- 
 tian religions, 141 
 
Index 
 
 283 
 
 Orient no longer a mystery, 
 3. 
 
 Orientals, Drawbacks to 
 their education in West- 
 ern lands, 158; right to 
 develop their doctrinal 
 view of Christianity, 
 163-166 
 
 Paoting fu, Change of opin- 
 ion in, 189 
 
 Patience a requisite in the 
 work, 24 
 
 Paul's commission, 12; Paul 
 and Barnabas as models, 
 68; conditions in Paul's 
 time, 150 
 
 Peale, Last letter of Mr., 
 222 
 
 Persia, Missionary "palace" 
 in, III 
 
 Persistence of missionaries, 
 220 
 
 Petition, A closing, 360 
 
 Philanthropic motives. The, 
 18 
 
 Philippine Islands, rapid 
 progress in, 204 
 
 Physical requirements, 69 
 
 Picked men on the field, 68 
 
 Pietism, 256 
 
 Pitkin, Horace Tracy, quot- 
 ed 210 
 
 Plague-stricken places, 133, 
 212 
 
 Policy, The correct mission- 
 ary, 160 
 
 Pope of Rome, Claims of 
 the, 161 
 
 Positions declined for gos- 
 pel reasons, 223 
 
 Prayer as a missionary 
 force, 253-255 ; essential to 
 development of the home 
 Church, 253 
 
 Preaching not an Oriental 
 method, 129 
 
 Presbyterian Church meth- 
 ods, 36, 37 
 
 Presses conducted by mis- 
 sion boards, 127 
 
 Prices, at the Laos Mission, 
 95; in South America, 96 
 
 Primary and secondary mo- 
 tives, 6, 17 
 
 Procedure in making appli- 
 cation, 82 
 
 Protection to missionaries, 
 191 
 
 Protestant Episcopal meth- 
 ods, 36, 37 
 
 Prudential Committee, The, 
 
 38. 
 Public and private assistants 
 in foreign lands, 98, 99 
 
 Qualifications required in 
 missionary candidates, 66- 
 80; other desirable quali- 
 ties, 80 
 
 Queen Victoria's Jubilee, 
 The anthem on, 254 
 
 Race prejudice, 3 
 
 Racial spirit, 162 
 
 Range of the missionary's 
 work, 42, 119 
 
 Reasons against a candidate 
 applying, not to have un- 
 due weight, 80, 81 
 
 Receipts irregular in reach- 
 ing mission boards, 108 
 
 Reconstructions come slow- 
 ly, 140 
 
 Recruiting tour in the Utum 
 country. A, 136 
 
 Reed, Mrs., 226 
 
 Reform movements, The 
 missionary and, 137, 139 
 
284 
 
 Index 
 
 Rejection, Proper view of 
 a candidate's, 81 
 
 Religious books and tracts, 
 The influence of, 128 
 
 Requirements in a candi- 
 date. The chief, 79 
 
 R?sidences of missionaries. 
 The cost of, 112 
 
 Riis, Jacob A., quoted, 250 
 
 Risk of support on the field, 
 The Church to carry the, 
 109 
 
 Romance of missions dis- 
 pelled, 4 
 
 Ross, Dr. John, quoted, 152 
 
 Salaries, The system in, 92, 
 
 107 
 Sanitation, absence of, in 
 
 heathen lands, 212 
 SchoU, George, quoted,_ 66 
 Schools in non-christian 
 
 lands, 21 
 Schwartz, referred to, 256 
 Science, Missions a, 34 
 Sectarianism, least promi- 
 nent in mission work, 193 
 Secular work, The, 70, 71, 
 
 93, 124 
 Self-help vital to character, 
 
 156 
 Self-sacrificing devotion a- 
 
 broad, 220-228; at home, 
 
 39-45 
 Self-supporting church the 
 
 aim. A, 24, 157, 160 
 Servant question. The, 97- 
 
 100 
 Shanghai, The mission 
 
 presses in, 127; rescue 
 
 home in, 139 
 "Share" or "station" plan, 
 
 The, 56 
 Sheffield, Dr. D. Z., 94 
 Siam, Boys' school incident 
 
 in Bangkok, 123 ; gambling 
 in, 139; gifts from the 
 King, igi 
 
 Sick and starving people. 
 The, 96 
 
 Significant changes, 4 
 
 Slums, Missions in the New 
 York and London, 193, 
 194 
 
 Societies, The work of the 
 Bible, 128, 129 
 
 Society in Japan, The state 
 of, 218 
 
 South America, Prices in, 
 96 
 
 Southern Baptist Conven- 
 tion methods, 38 
 
 Special objects, Giving to, 
 50-55 
 
 Speer, Robert E., quoted, 
 234 
 
 Spener, referred to, 256 
 
 Spiritual aim in secular 
 work,24 
 
 Spiritual life. The, 79 
 
 Starvation always at hand 
 to the Chinese, 217 
 
 Statistics, adherents and in- 
 quirers, 134, 187 ; Bibles 
 or portions of Scripture 
 circulated, 128, 129; 
 churches and commuru- 
 cants abroad, 134, 187; 
 churches anid communi- 
 cants at home, 194; con- 
 verts in the mission field, 
 187; expense of mission- 
 ary administration, 47 ; 
 gains in the foreign field, 
 204; gifts in the home 
 field, largely to education 
 and literature, 196; hos- 
 pitals, dispensaries, and 
 patients, 133; incom« of 
 
Index 
 
 28s 
 
 mission boards in United 
 States and Great Britain, 
 196; increase of force and 
 income needed, 237, 238; 
 martyrs among Chinese 
 Christians, 187; members 
 of mission boards, Z7t 38; 
 native agents, 187 ; presses 
 in mission fields and pages 
 issued, 127 ; prices of sup- 
 plies abroad, 95, 96; ratio 
 of increase of communi- 
 cants at home and 
 abroad, 203; ratio of 
 ministers and Christian 
 workers at home and 
 abroad, 83, 194; resi- 
 dences of missionaries, 
 112; running expenses of 
 churches at home, 195, 
 196; salaries of mission- 
 aries, 92; school totals, 
 126; visitors at mission- 
 aries homes, 100 
 
 Staying qualities. The, 73 
 
 Stead, Mr., referred to, 182 
 
 Stevenson, J. Ross, quoted, 
 2 
 
 Stevenson, R. L., referred 
 to, 221 
 
 Stock, Eugene, quoted, 32, 
 (i(), 90 
 
 Strain, A constant, 214, 219 
 
 Strong, Dr. E. E., quoted, 
 55 
 
 Subordinated relation of 
 missionaries, embarrass- 
 ments of, 161 
 
 Successes, Missionary, 203- 
 20s 
 
 Support only, not compen- 
 sation, 91 
 
 Supreme duty. The 
 Church's, 15 
 
 Supreme thought, Christ's, 
 14 
 
 Taft, William H., referred 
 to, 91 
 
 Technical training. Ad- 
 vantages of a, 70 
 
 Temperament always a fac- 
 tor, 74 
 
 Tests for candidates, 68, 69 
 
 Thoburn, James M., quoted 
 66, 118 
 
 Time required for recon- 
 struction, 140 
 
 Tour in the Utum country, 
 A, 136 
 
 Traders, Infamous, 184 
 
 Treatment accorded cows 
 and women, 122 
 
 Treaty ports. Foreign resi- 
 dents in the, 183-185 
 
 Tuan Fong, quoted, 189 
 
 Turkey, A gift of a, 97 
 
 Tyler in South Africa, 23 
 
 Ulfilas, referred to, 256 
 Unjust criticism, 97 
 Urumia, The mission home 
 
 at Lake, 11 1 
 Utum country. Experiences 
 
 in the, 136 
 
 Vice in the East, 218, 260 
 Voluntary gifts of the 
 
 people, to the workers, 
 
 107, 108 
 Von Welz referred to, 256 
 
 Wainwright, S. W., quoted, 
 
 66 
 Warren, Charles, quoted, 
 
 176 
 Wellington, The Duke of, 
 
 quoted, 15 
 
286 
 
 Index 
 
 Wesley and Methodism, 
 
 256 
 Wid^y traveled laymen, 184 
 Wife of a missionary, The, 
 
 77 
 Winton, George B., quoted, 
 
 148 
 Witnesses, The early, 255, 
 
 256 
 Women, The status of, 122 
 
 Women's societies, ^(> 
 Work, The missionary's 
 
 varied, 119, 186 
 Workers, Churches and, 
 
 194, ips ; native money for 
 
 native, 156 
 World evangelization, 33 
 
 Zinzendorf and Moravian- 
 ism, 256 
 Zoroaster, 23 
 
Forward Mission Study Courses 
 
 "Anywhere, provided it be forwakd." — David Living- 
 stone. 
 
 Prepared under the direction of the 
 YOUNG PEOPLE'S MISSIONARY MOVEMENT 
 
 OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA 
 
 . Editorial Committee: T. H. P. Sailer, Chairman, 
 R. P. Mackay, T. Bronson Ray, Howard B. Grose, 
 S. Earl Taylor, C. R. Watson, John W. Wood, H. F. 
 Williams. 
 
 The forward mission study courses are an out- 
 growth of a conference of leaders in young people's 
 mission work, held in New York City, December, 1901. 
 To meet the need that was manifested at that confer- 
 ence for mission study text-books suitable for young 
 people, two of the delegates, Professor Amos R. Wells, 
 of the United Society of Christian Endeavor, and Mr. 
 S. Earl Taylor, Chairman of the General Missionary 
 Committee of the Epworth League, projected the For- 
 ward Mission Study Courses. These courses have 
 been officially adopted by the Young People's Mission- 
 ary Movement, and are now under the immediate 
 
direction of the Editorial Committee of the Move- 
 ment. The books of the Movement are now being 
 used by more than forty home and foreign mission 
 boards and societies of the United States and Canada. 
 
 The aim is to publish a series of text-books cov- 
 ering the various liome and foreign mission fields, 
 and written by leading authorities. The entire series 
 when completed will comprise perhaps as many as 
 forty text-books. 
 
 The following text-books having a sale of over 
 450,000 have been published: 
 
 1. Into All the World. A general survey of 
 missions. By Amos R. Wells. 
 
 2. The Price of Africa. (Biographical.) By S. 
 Earl Taylor. 
 
 3. Princely Men in the Heavenly Kingdom. 
 (Biographical.) By Harlan P. Beach. 
 
 4. Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom. A study of 
 Japan. By John H. De Forest. 
 
 5. Heroes of the Cross in America. Home Mis- 
 sions. (Biographical.) By Don O. Shelton. 
 
 6. Daybreak in the Bark Continent. A study 
 of Africa. By Wilson S. Naylor. 
 
 7. The Christian Conquest of India. A study 
 of India. By James M. Thoburn. 
 
 8. Aliens or Americans? A study of Immigra- 
 tion. By Howard B. Grose. 
 
 9. The Uplift of China. A study of China. By 
 Arthur H. Smith. 
 
 10. The Challenge of the City. A study of the 
 City. By Josiah Strong. 
 
 11. The Why and- How of Foreign Missions. 
 A study of the relation of the home Church to 
 the foreign missionary enterprise. By Arthur J. 
 Brown. 
 
12. The Moslem World. A study of the Mo- 
 hammedan World. By Samuel M. Zwemer. 
 
 These books are published by mutual arrangemcnl 
 among the home and foreign mission boards, to whon; 
 all orders should be addressed. They are bound uni- 
 formly, and are sold for 50 cents, in cloth, and 35 cents, 
 in paper, postage extra. 
 
BV2060 ^BS7"nM^*' '""'"^ 
 '""'liiiiii'nSiiiiiiiin'iiiRLiteiiaP missions / Arthur 
 
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 3 1924 029 340 209 
 
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