CORNELL 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
Economized Commercial 
 Spelling 
 
 BY 
 iffiNRY HOLT LL.D., F.A.A.S. 
 
 MEMBER OF THf: EXifeuTIVE COMMITTEE OF THE SIMPLIFIED 
 SPELLING BOARD 
 
 REPRINTED, WITH AMENDMENTS AMD ADDITIONS, FROM 
 
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ECONOMIZED COMMERCIAL SPELLING 
 
 In these days of efficiency, Spelling is badly behindhand. 
 True, commercial correspondence has many abbrevia- 
 tions that are generally accepted in spite of being more or 
 less arbitrary: for instance a/c, acct, amt, Dr, Cr, mdse, 
 etc. But the economies effected by these abbreviations 
 could be increased probably a hundred fold, and that too 
 without excessive condensations like those cited, which do 
 not result in words, but in mere unpronounceable symbols. 
 For hosts of words there is entirely practicable much con- 
 densation that would be systematic, have the warrant of 
 authority, and leave them more readily and reasonably 
 spellable and pronounceable than before. This could be 
 effected by simply applying to them the principles ad- 
 vocated by the Simplified Spelling Board of America and 
 the similar Society of England. 
 
 In writing letters making no especial appeal to the feel- 
 ings or the reason, the present writer has found so much 
 saving of time and tissue in using some of the abbreviations 
 recommended by those authorities, and a few of his own 
 devising, that it has seemed worth while to put them 
 within reach of others. A more important consideration 
 for doing so, however, has been the economies that use of 
 them could effect in business offices. The still greater 
 economies, amounting probably to hundreds of millions 
 annually, that would result from a general use of rational- 
 ized English spelling in writing and printing, and also the 
 saving in the time required for learning the language by 
 children and foreigners, are only incidental to our present 
 consideration but it may be worth while to state, in pass- 
 ing, that writing and printing the utterly superfluous o in 
 you costs the English speaking world millions of dollars 
 every year; and that the same is true, in less degree, of the 
 still greater absurdity of spelling the word tu as too and two. 
 
 I 
 
2 Economized Commercial Spelling 
 
 It would be cruel materially to disturb in the literature 
 of any generation the verbal forms people are used to. 
 But it is more cruel to inflict on children and their 
 teachers the present English spelling. Fortunately, 
 however, there is no real necessity for either cruelty. 
 The present generation can be accustomed to better 
 forms through ordinary business correspondence and ad- 
 vertising; and also to the idea of bringing up their children 
 to find better forms natural in literature and in correspond- 
 ence of moment. This idea should be peculiarly welcome, 
 because it will save children many tears and much time — 
 estimated by some as high as two years — now wasted 
 over our inconsistent spelling. If they are taught rational 
 and consistent forms, they will also become accustomed to 
 the current forms without conscious effort. 
 
 We do not recommend the use of new forms where 
 they would divert attention from argument or from 
 address to the feelings; but in routine business, advertis- 
 ing, and commonplace matter generally, many new forms 
 can be used without harm, and with much economy; and 
 as they become familiar in such uses, or are made familiar 
 in simplified, rationalized, and greatly facilitated educa- 
 tion of children, they can work into higher uses with 
 many great gains and no appreciable losses. 
 
 The American Board has recommended several ex- 
 cellent improvements, but has not attempted to reduce 
 our spelling to a system. The English society has made 
 such an attempt, many of whose features correspond with 
 the work of the American Board; and many more, but 
 not all, which the American Board has not formally 
 adopted, are approved by the majority of its mem- 
 bers. 
 
 If this debatable ground is ever to be put in order, it will 
 probably be by the efforts of individuals, most of the 
 efforts going to waste, and those most fit, surviving. 
 
 The following recommendations are condensed from 
 
Economized Commercial Spelling 3 
 
 the publications of the Simplified Spelling Board, and are 
 concurred in by the English Simplified Spelling Society. 
 
 I. Drop all useless or misleading letters. For instance 
 
 (a) e is useless in such words as servy curv, carv, tzvelv, 
 selvs, involv, axl, t^c. 
 
 (b) e is both useless and misleading at the end of such 
 words as engin, infinit, activ, futil, examin, i^c, as its 
 normal use in such cases has been to make the preceding 
 vowel long. Hence it should be retaind in such words as 
 fine, finite, note, hate, l^c, unless rules IX-XV are followed. 
 
 (c) e is useless and misleading when ed final is pro- 
 nounced as 5. Then write that simply d. When it is 
 pronounced as t write it simply t. As aimd, armd, 
 raind, dipt, stept, tvisht, &c. But when the final e aflFects 
 the preceding vowel [see rule (b) above] the e must be 
 retaind. Bakt, for baked will hardly do, nor dind for 
 dined, nor deduct for deduced, l^c. 
 
 (d) One letter or the other is useless in the combina- 
 tion ea, sounded as in head or heart. Use the letter which 
 is sounded, and omit the other, as hed, ired, ment, helth, 
 relm, led, dred, hart, harth, harken, i^c. 
 
 (e) Silent b, h, I, n, r, s and w, are always useless. Omit 
 them in det, lam, thtim, sutl, gost, gastly, hym, condem, pur, 
 bur, er, coud, ivoud. He, Hand, aile, rite, ritten, anser, i^c. 
 
 (f) Except to mark the difference between at and all, 
 use one / instead of two, as til, wil, Jul, fil, skil, skilful, 
 wilful, instil, fulfil, fulness, dulness, l^c. 
 
 (g) Drop final ue except when the preceding vowel is 
 long, as in catalog, dialog, leag, harang, l^c, but not in 
 vogue, vague, rogue, i^c. Change tongue to tung, Milton's 
 way. 
 
 (h) Omit te from ette final, as quartet, coquet, cigaret, 
 omelet, l^c. 
 
 (i) Substitute e for the difthongs ae ee, oe oe, as era, 
 medieval, fenix, cyclopedia, subpena, maneuver, l^c. 
 
 II. Change ph to / when so sounded, as alfabet, foto- 
 graf, cifer, telefone, filosofy. 
 
4 Economized Commercial Spelling 
 
 III. In the termination ce use s for f, as defense, pre- 
 tense, offense, i^c. 
 
 This helps in the inflection of verbs under I (c), as 
 advanst, entranst, not advanct, entranct. 
 
 IV. For ough or augh substitute o, or u, or au, ow, ac- 
 cording to the sound, as tho, boro, thru, ruf, cauf, baut, 
 plow, yc. 
 
 V. When z is the sound, use that letter instead of s, 
 as iz, advize, abuze, civilize, cloze (verb), criticize, rize, l^c. 
 
 VI. For final re or onr substitute er, or or, as theater, 
 niter, color, favor, ISc. 
 
 VII. When ice is pronounced is, spel it so, as notis, 
 justis, servis, averis, lattis, l^c. 
 
 VIII. Use y only as initial to words and terminal to 
 syllables, elsewhere use i: y is really a superfluous letter, 
 but it is too well established to throw over yet. Biuty, viu, 
 not byuty and vyu as the English society would have them, 
 but trying, flyer, as now. Our bay, day, i^c, ar simply 
 the bai and dai of rule XI below, as the English Society 
 applies it. 
 
 The Board seems to have concluded that, in the fore- 
 going, it has agreed upon about all the points that it can 
 afford time and tissue to discuss, and that its future work 
 will be principally to propagate what has been done, and 
 to encourage the later intelligent efforts of individual re- 
 formers. 
 
 The following additional recommendations from an in- 
 dividual would-be reformer who has been a member of 
 the executive committee of the Simplified Spelling Board 
 from the beginning, are to some extent approved by his 
 colleagues (though not by all) and by the English Society. 
 He wishes to emphasize that he speaks for the societies 
 only in the cases specially indicated, and that the rest 
 are recommended solely on his personal responsibility. 
 
 IX. Carry into all the vowels the principle of doubling 
 already practised in e and (with a few foreign words 
 
Economized Commercial Spelling 5 
 
 like bazaar) in a, and in the o of door and floor, and recom- 
 mended by the English Society for u — e. g., the spelling of 
 fruit as fruut. Thus the only absolute novelty proposed 
 by us in the simple long vowels, would be illustrated in 
 briit, Hit, niit. This would, among many benefits, save 
 a letter in each of the large number of ight words. It 
 would also stop the orgy of absurdity in the use of o 
 and u: we now habitually use double o to express long 
 u, as in loose and (most appropriately) fool. Perhaps 
 the most absurd spelling in the language is that of the 
 verb to lose which in speech we make rime with snooze, but 
 which in reason rimes with the preposition close. The 
 English Simplified Spelling Society's suggestions, with 
 which, in this case, we heartily concur, would make it luuz. 
 
 X. It is needless to double a long vowel at the end of a 
 syllable, or before another vowel, or to double a before r. 
 In a very few cases, however, where ar is preceded by zv (or 
 by q which is merely cw) au should be used, as in war = 
 zvaur, quarter =quaurter. (See suggestion XVI.) 
 
 XI. Spell the long a in bail, fail, hail, etc., the same 
 way thi'oughout the language, baik, caik, draik, If^c. This 
 is the English society's recommendation. 
 
 XII. Resolve the chaos in some other long vowel sounds 
 represented in found, and cow and could and tvood, by 
 invariably using ow for the vowel in found, and keeping 
 ou for that in could and wood, thus spelling sownd, fownd 
 and coud and woud. See I (e). 
 
 XIII. The similar chaos in haul, lord, awful, etc., the 
 English Society wisely proposes to settle by au. 
 
 XIV. Don't separ^tp- the symbols expressing a sound. 
 Get the vowel sym|5ols together instead of separating 
 them by a consonant^ This holds with all the vowels — fait 
 iorfate, ceed for cede, biit for bite, door for the earlier spelling 
 dore, and luur for lure. This is Skeat's recommendation. 
 
 XV. In the exceptional cases where a vowel at the end of 
 a strest first syllable of a dissyllable is short, bring it into 
 line with the scheme of our forefathers in the usual cases. 
 
6 Economized Commercial Spelling 
 
 by closing the syllable with a repetition of the consonant 
 which begins the next syllable : as in ad-dle, bet-ter, fit-ter, 
 bot-tle, gut-ter. Therefore spell baddy, not bo-dy, nowel not 
 no-vel, Iffc. These cases are not so frequent as to seriously 
 detract from the economies in other recommendations. 
 And it hardly seems worth while to bother with this one 
 in polysyllables: for, because of eccentric accents, they 
 can't, at best, be got very far out of the rule of 
 thumb. 
 
 XVI. As q is simply a sign for cw, drop the absurdity 
 of a third u in addition to the falsely named double u (w), 
 and spell qestion, qeer, i^c. 
 
 XVII. Instead of spreading to other words the already 
 accomplished improvement of musick into music, physick 
 into physic, tffc, which involves restoring the k in inflec- 
 tions {e. g., physicking) drop the c instead of the k. This 
 would, according to XV, involve repeating the consonant 
 in blakking, crakking, etc., but the words would be no 
 longer than they are now. It would also involve the in- 
 consistency of retaining the c instead of the k in physician, 
 musician, ifJc, but the inflection argument is stronger 
 than this objection. ' 
 
 XVIII. But when pluralizing a word ending in k, or 
 representing any similar sound, get the good out of * — 
 spell brix, crax, frox, connexion, reflexion, t^c. 
 
 There are hosts of obviously foolish spellings hardly 
 worth trying to bring under rule, e. g., been for bin, does for 
 duz, of for uv, one for wun, two or to or too for tu. Sometime 
 rational substitutes will get into the vocabularies, mean- 
 while the rational way of treating tiiem, is like that of en- 
 joying oneself at an Irish fair. N 
 
 So far as we can see, that is about all that is worth 
 trying with the present alphabet. Anything that hu- 
 mans have to do can be over-refined into futility, and 
 that danger is greatest where experts are prescribing for 
 the every-day work of average people. There is no prac- 
 
Economized Commercial Spelling 7 
 
 tical need for trying to make written words represent all 
 shades of spoken words, nor chance of success, especially 
 as pronunciations vary with locality and time. 
 
 We could represent more with a fuller alphabet, but 
 it would be easy to spin out an alphabet that would 
 be a cumbrous nuisance. The tendency has been to 
 pare alphabets down, and there is a present-day wish quite 
 general among scholars that we would do away with c 
 and y: s and k would do all the work of the former, and i 
 of the latter. Yet there would perhaps be a gain if we 
 could restore the old monograms for th and dh, and get 
 new ones for sh, zh and ng. But on the whole, the genius 
 of writing seems to be not to burden the attention with 
 anything new that can be done, even if more cumbrously, 
 by tools already existing; especially as, by a few new com- 
 binations and substitutions and omissions we can get 
 along very passably with the present alphabet. , 
 
 As to using diacritical marks: everybody who has 
 studied Greek or French knows what a nuisance they are, 
 and what perplexities, not to say profanities, they con- 
 stantly inspire. Very few foreign learners have really 
 mastered them. The idea of "simplifying" English by the 
 introduction of them is worse than ridiculous. 
 
 One great enemy of simplified spelling — perhaps greater 
 than even excessive conservatism, is the counsel of perfec- 
 tion. Expert philologians and phoneticians are constantly 
 not only heaping up suggestions of superfluous refinements, 
 but opposing obvious reforms because they are not perfect 
 ones, and because of dead and buried historical con- 
 siderations: for instance, to doubling t, as in briit, niit, 
 y<r., because, forsooth, i is a diphthong. This hardly 
 seems an adequate objection against so much economy as 
 in Hit, niit, briit, iffc. We have found much comfort in 
 writing them so (Try it yourself) ; and there is also to be 
 considered the consistency of double i with double a, e, 
 o, and u. 
 
8 Economized Commercial Spelling 
 
 But briitr, liitr, fffc, bring up another instance where 
 counsels of perfection cannot prevail. The doctrinaires ob- 
 ject to dropping the obscure vowels in the final syllables 
 where they retain the slightest trace of pronunciation, es- 
 pecially in the comparatives of adjectives, and the nouns 
 for active agents which are based on verbs, such as lighter, 
 fighter, &c., but it seems to us that in doubtful cases, 
 preference should be in favor of economy. But there is 
 an objection in the fact that these economies make such 
 a word consist of a single closed syllable, which theoreti- 
 cally makes the vowel short, — litr spells litter well enough, 
 but cannot spell liter. Therefore, the terminal economy 
 is practicable only where the original vowel is short, un- 
 less it is doubled or modified if long. 
 
 The great majority of the foregoing recommenda- 
 tions are in the direction of economy, and largely over- 
 balance the few that are not, while all are in the direction 
 of clearness, uniformity and rationality. 
 
 Economy is the thin edge of the wedge: among adults 
 the movement is inevitably and reasonably slow, and the 
 gradualness of the wedge is needed. But the time seems 
 near when the labors of children will be lightened, and 
 their appreciation of law and order increased, by teaching 
 them some system which will be both economical and ra- 
 tional, and will undoubtedly contain most of the elements 
 quoted, and perhaps some of those suggested, in the fore- 
 going sketch. 
 
 Probably the most frequent, and certainly one of the 
 most obvious, of all the economies, is yu. Why it was not 
 one of "the twelve words," and why soriie others were 
 when it was not, is puzzling. Tho, thru, duz and bin follow 
 closely. Hav, giv and liv, changing of ed final to d or t, and 
 com, don, som and their like, are all good to start with. 
 Perhaps it would be wiser to make the latter cum, dun, 
 sum, i^c, while we are about it, though that would be a 
 much less easy transition. Thoro is one of the Board's few 
 
Economized Commercial Spelling 9 
 
 recommendations that are open to criticism. Of course the 
 only thoroughly good way to spell thorough is thurro, but 
 thoro was the easiest transition, and this may be one of 
 the circumstances when it is best to cut off the dog's tail 
 an inch at a time. 
 
 Of course it is dangerous to introduce simplified spellings 
 in handwriting, as they tend toward illegibility. The in- 
 telligent stenographer and the typewriter are the promising 
 media. But on the other side, it is only in writing with 
 one's own hand, that one directly gets the advantages of 
 economized spelling. Those that come from having one's 
 dictated words spelt in it are only indirect, though well 
 worth considering. 
 
 Against givmg stenographers abbreviated forms, the 
 objection has oeen raised that it will unfit them for 
 writing without them. Our own stenographer (an un- 
 usually intelligent one, we admit) finds no difficulty in 
 using the orthodox forms with strangers and in letters 
 of argument or feeling, a few improved forms with ordi- 
 nary regular correspondents, and a great many with those 
 strong in the faith. 
 
 And finally: of course, at the present stage, the objec- 
 tions to simplified spellings in literature and formal cor- 
 respondence are serious, but in informal and routine cor- 
 respondence, the objections are trifling compared with the 
 advantages. 
 
 The present writer has found the words in the following 
 paragraph coming into most of the letters he writes, 
 whether commercial or not, except of course those that 
 are too important to risk diverting the reader's attention 
 by novelties. 
 
 ad (but ad-ded, not a-ded), anser, ar, bin, com or cum, 
 coud, duz, don or dun, dubl, giv, hav {but hawing, not ha- 
 ving), hi, hier, hiest, insted, no {for know), lern or lurn, letr. 
 Hit, liter, litest, litl, liv, matr, ment, miit, niit, non or nun, 
 notis, aut {for ought), peepl, qiit, red {pret. and part, of read). 
 
lo Economized Commercial Spelling 
 
 riit, rite, ritn, sed, sez, shdl, shoud, som or sum, tel, thurro, 
 tho, thru, tomorro, Wensday, wel, wer, wil, zvoud, yu. 
 
 The annexed list contains about seven hundred and 
 fifty words in general use in commercial correspondence. 
 All but a dozen or so are economized in accordance with 
 the principles already laid down. The exceptions are in- 
 troduced to illustrate, explain or enforce various principles 
 other than mere economy. 
 
 There are probably spellings in the list of which you 
 will disapprove, but using any that you may like will not 
 be endorsing any that you don't like. 
 
 It is easy to go so fast with a reform as to arouse opposi- 
 tion. Start with a few words, checking them on the list; 
 then, after a few weeks or months, check a few more. 
 Other things even, you can take in at the very start most 
 if not all of those coming under rules I, II, III, IV, VI, 
 XII and XVI, but go slow with rules V and IX, except 
 in ee and the termination ize. 
 
 Some Economized Spellings 
 
 Above, a b u V anxious, a n x i u s 
 acknowledge, aknoledj appeared, a p e e r d 
 
 active, a c t i v approach, a p r o o c h 
 
 add, a d, but a d-d e d, approached, aproocht 
 
 not a-d e d are, a r 
 
 addressed, a d r e s t article, a r t i c 1 
 
 advance, a d v a n s asked, a s k t 
 
 advanced, a d v a n s t assessed, a s e s t 
 
 affirmed, a f i r m d attached, a t a c h t 
 
 again, a g e n attack, a t a k 
 
 against, a g e n s t attacked, a t a k t 
 
 ahead, a h e d attacks, a t a x 
 
 aimed, a i m d autograph, autograf 
 
 allowed, a 1 o w d autographed, autograft 
 ample, a m p 1 
 
 anchor, a n k r Back, b a k 
 
 announced, a n o w n s t backs, b a x 
 
 annoyed, a n o i d backed, b a k t 
 
 answer, a n s e r banked, b a n k t 
 
Some Economized Spellings 1 1 
 
 barred, bard 
 battle, b a 1 1 
 beauty, b i u t y 
 because, b e c a u z 
 become, b e c o m 
 been, bin 
 begged, b e g d, but 
 
 b e g-g i n g, not 
 
 b e-g i n g 
 believe, b e 1 e e v 
 believed, b e 1 e e v d 
 bell, b e 1, but b e 1-1 i n g, 
 
 not b e-1 i n g 
 below, b e 1 o' 
 better, b e t r 
 bill, b i 1, but b i 1-1 i n g, 
 
 not b i-1 i n g 
 black, b 1 a k, but b 1 a k- 
 
 k e r, not b 1 a-k e r 
 blessed, blest 
 block, b 1 o k 
 blocked, b 1 o k t 
 blocks, b 1 X 
 blood, b 1 u d 
 blow, bio 
 blowed, blood 
 
 (see blood) 
 blower, b 1 o e r 
 blowing, b 1 o i n g 
 blue, b 1 u 
 bluff, b 1 u f 
 bluffed, b 1 u f t 
 book, b o u k 
 booked, b o u k t 
 books, b o u X 
 boomed, b u u m d 
 borrow, b o r r o 
 borrowed, b o r r o o d 
 bottle, b o 1 1 
 bought, b a u t 
 bounced, b o w n s t 
 boxed, b o X t 
 brick, b r i k 
 bricks, b r i x 
 
 bridge, b r i d j 
 bright, b r i i t, but 
 
 b r i-t e r, not b r i i-t e r 
 brought, b r a u t 
 build, b i 1 d 
 business, b i z n e s 
 buy, b y 
 
 Caincelled, c a n c e 1 d 
 canned, c a n d 
 carried, c a r r i d 
 cashed, c a s h t 
 caught, c a u t 
 cause, c a u z 
 caused, c a u z d 
 cautious, c a u s h u s 
 cease, c e e s 
 ceased, c e e s t 
 certain, c e r t n 
 certainly, c e r t n 1 y 
 chance, c h a n s 
 chanced, c h a n s t 
 chartered, charterd 
 cheapened, c h e e p n d 
 check, c h e k 
 checked, c h e k t, but 
 
 c h e k-k i n g, not 
 
 c h e-k i n g 
 checks, c h e X 
 cheese, c h e e z 
 chopped, c h o p t 
 cipher, c i f e r 
 ciphered, c i f e r d 
 circle, c i r c 1 
 circled, c i r c 1 d 
 claimed, c 1 a i m d 
 class, c 1 a s 
 classed, c 1 a s t 
 cleared, c 1 e e r d 
 clinched, c 1 i n c h t 
 clock, c 1 o k 
 clocks, c 1 o X 
 clue, c 1 u 
 coaled, c o o 1 d 
 
1 2 Economized Gommercial Spelling 
 
 coaxed, c o o x t 
 coffee, c o f f y 
 coined, c o i n d 
 come, c o m or c u m 
 commenced, commenst 
 compelled, c o m p e 1 d 
 condemn, c o n d e m 
 condemned, c o n d e m d 
 conferred, c o n f e r d 
 confirmed, confirmd 
 connection, conexion 
 consigned, c o n s i i n d 
 contained, containd 
 controlled, controold 
 convinced, convinst 
 cornered, c o r n e r d 
 correction, corexion 
 cough, c a u f 
 could, c o u d 
 country, c u n t r y 
 couple, c u p 1 
 court, c o r t 
 courteous, c u r t e u s 
 covered, c o v e r d 
 crack, c r a k 
 cracked, c r a k t 
 cracks, c r a x 
 crew, c r u 
 crews, c r u u z 
 crossed, c r a u s t 
 cruise, c r u u z 
 crushed, c r u s h t 
 
 Dead, d e d 
 
 deaden, d e d n 
 
 dealt, d e 1 1 
 
 dearth, d e r t h 
 
 death, d e t h 
 
 debt, d e t 
 
 debtor, d e t-t o r, not 
 
 d e-t o r 
 deceive, d e c e e v 
 deceived, d e c e e v d 
 deck, d e k 
 
 decked, d e k t 
 decks, d e X 
 
 decreased, decreest 
 deferred, d e f e r d 
 delayed, d e 1 a i d 
 delivered, d e 1 i v e r d 
 depot, d e p o 
 depressed, d e p r e s t 
 deserve, d e s e r v 
 deserved, d e s e r v d 
 destine, d e s t i n 
 destined, d e s t i n d 
 detailed, d e t a i 1 d 
 detained, d e t a i n d 
 die, d i 
 
 differed, d i f f e r d 
 disburse, d i s b u r s 
 disbursed, disburst 
 discussed, d i s c u s t 
 disease, d i s e e z 
 dismissed, d i s m i s t 
 dispatched, dispatcht 
 dispensed, dispenst 
 displayed, displaid 
 do, d u 
 dock, d o k 
 docked, d o k t 
 docks, d o X 
 does, d u z 
 done, d o n or d u n 
 double, d u b 1 
 doubled, d u b 1 d 
 doubt, d o w t 
 dread, d r e d, but d r e d- 
 
 d e d, not d r e-d e d 
 dressed, d r e s t 
 drew, d r u 
 dropped, d r o p t 
 due, d u 
 
 dull, d u 1, but duller, etc. 
 dulled, d u 1 d 
 dullness, d u 1 n e s 
 dumb, d u m 
 dunned, d u n d 
 
Some Economized Spellings 13 
 
 duties, d u t i z 
 dwell, d w e 1, but dwel- 
 ling, not d w e-1 i n g 
 
 Early, e r 1 y, e r 1 i e r, etc. 
 
 earn, e r n 
 
 earned, e r n d 
 
 earth, e r t h 
 
 easily, e z i 1 y 
 
 easy, e z y, e z i e r, etc. 
 
 ebb, e b 
 
 edge, e d j 
 
 edged, e d j d 
 
 egg, e g 
 
 eggs, e g z 
 
 egged, egd, but e g-g i n g, 
 
 not e-g i n g 
 eight, ait 
 elapsed, e 1 a p s t 
 elbow, e 1 b o 
 else, els 
 
 embarrassed, embarast 
 emphasis, e m f a s i s 
 employed, e m p 1 o i d 
 endeavor, e n d e v o r 
 endorse, e n d o r s 
 endorsed, e n d o r s t 
 engine, e n g i n 
 enormous, e n o r m u s 
 enough, e n u f 
 enriched, e n r i c h t 
 entered, e n t r d 
 equal, e q a 1 
 equalled, e q a 1 d 
 equipped, e q i p t 
 err, e r 
 erred, e r d 
 every, e v r y 
 eviction, e v i x i o n 
 evidence, e v i d e n s 
 examine, e x a m i n 
 examined, e x a m i n d 
 excellent, e x 1 n t 
 excessive, e x e s i v 
 
 explained, explaind 
 express, e x p r e s 
 expressed, e x p r e s t 
 extensive, extensiv 
 eye, i 
 
 Failed, f a i 1 d 
 
 farmed, f a r m d 
 
 fashion, f a s h n 
 
 fashioned, f a s h n d 
 
 fasten, f a s n 
 
 fastened, f a s n d 
 
 feared, f e e r d 
 
 feign, fain 
 
 fell, f e 1 
 
 fellow, f e 1 1 o 
 
 fence, fens 
 
 fenced, f e n s t 
 
 fetched, f e t c h t 
 
 fight, f i i t 
 
 fill, f i 1, but f i 1-1 i n g, not 
 
 f i-1 i n g 
 filled, f i 1 d 
 finished, f i n i s h t 
 fixed, f i X t 
 flew, flu 
 flight, f 1 i i t 
 flock, f 1 o k 
 flocked, f 1 o k t 
 flocks, f 1 o X 
 flood, f 1 u d, but' f 1 u d- 
 
 d e d, not f 1 u-d e d 
 flow, f 1 o 
 follow, folio 
 followed, f o 1 1 o d 
 forced, f o r s t 
 foreign, f o r r e n 
 forfeit, f o r f i t 
 formed, f o r m d 
 fought, f a u t 
 four, fororfoor 
 free, f r e 
 freight, f r a i t 
 friend, f r e n d 
 
 \, 
 
14 Economized Commercial Spelling 
 
 fright, f r i i t 
 frightened, f r i i t n d 
 furnished, furnisht 
 fuss, f u s 
 fussed, fust 
 
 Gained, g a i n d 
 gamble, g a m b 1 
 gambled, g a m b 1 d 
 give, g i V 
 glanced, g 1 a n s t 
 glue, g 1 u 
 glued, g 1 u u d 
 gnat, n a t 
 gnaw, n a u 
 grew, g r u 
 gripped, g r i p t 
 grouped, g r u u p t 
 grow, g r o 
 growing, g r o i n g 
 grown, g r o o n 
 guard, g a r d 
 
 Half, haforhaaf 
 harden, h a r d n 
 hardened, h a r d n d 
 hauled, h a u 1 d 
 have, h a V, but h a v- 
 
 V i n g, not h a-v i n g 
 hazardous, hazardus 
 head, h e d 
 health, h e 1 1 h 
 heaped, h e e p t 
 heard, herdorhurd 
 heart, hart 
 hedge, h e d j 
 height, hilt 
 helped, h e 1 p t 
 hidden, h i d n 
 high, hi, hier, hiest 
 hitched, h i t c h t 
 hinge, h i n j 
 hinged, h i n j d 
 hinging, h i n j i n g 
 hollow, hollo 
 
 honest, o n e s t 
 honor, o n r 
 honored, o n r d 
 house, hows 
 hour, o w r 
 
 Impressed, imprest 
 income, i n c o m 
 increase, i n c r e e s 
 increased, increest 
 incurred, i n c u r d 
 indorse, i n d o r s 
 indorsed, i n d o r s t 
 inks, i n X 
 
 inspection, inspexion 
 instead, i n s t e d 
 invoice, i n v o i s 
 invoiced, i n v o i s t 
 involve, i n v o I v 
 involved, i n v o 1 v d 
 involves, i n V o 1 v z 
 island, i 1 a n d 
 isthmus, i s m u s 
 
 Jammed, j a m d 
 jobbed, j o b d 
 joined, j o i n d 
 journal, j u r n a 1 
 journey, j u r n y 
 judge, j u d j 
 judged, j u d j d 
 jumped, j u m t 
 justice, j u s t i s 
 
 Kick, k i k 
 kicked, k i k t 
 kicks, k i X 
 kill, k i 1 
 
 killed, k i 1 d, but kil- 
 ling, not k i-1 i n g 
 knee, nee 
 kneel, n e e 1 
 knife, n i i f 
 knock, n o k 
 knocks, n o X 
 know, n o 
 
Some Economized Spellings 15 
 
 knowing, n o i n g 
 knowledge, n o 1-1 e d j, not 
 
 n o-l e d j 
 known, noon (see noon) 
 knows, n o z (see news) 
 knuckle, n u k 1 
 
 Lack, 1 a k 
 
 lacked, 1 a k t 
 
 lacks, lax 
 
 laugh, 1 a f 
 
 laughing, 1 a f-f i n g, not 
 
 1 a-f i n g 
 laughter, 1 a f t e r 
 lead, led (or 1 e e d) 
 leaden, 1 e d n 
 league, 1 e e g 
 leaked, 1 e e k t 
 leaned, 1 e e n d 
 leant, lent 
 learn, 1 e r n, or 1 u r n 
 learned, lernd, orlurnd 
 leased, 1 e e s t 
 least, 1 e e s t 
 leave, 1 e e v 
 ledger, 1 e d j r 
 less, 1 e s 
 lessened, 1 e s n d 
 letter, 1 e t r 
 level, 1 e V 1 
 leveled, 1 e v 1 d 
 license, 1 i c e n s 
 licensed, 1 i c e n s t 
 lick, 1 i k 
 licked, 1 i k t 
 licks, 1 i X 
 lie, 1 i 
 light. Hit, liter, 
 
 litest 
 lightened, 1 i i t n d 
 little litl,litler,litlest 
 live, 1 i V 
 lived, 1 i V d, but 1 i v- 
 
 V i n g, not 1 i-v i n g 
 
 loaned, 1 o o n d (see loon) 
 
 lock, 1 o k 
 
 locked, 1 o k t 
 
 locks, 1 o X 
 
 lodge, 1 o d j 
 
 lodged, 1 o d j d 
 
 looked, 1 o u k t 
 
 loon, 1 u u n 
 
 loosed, 1 u u s t 
 
 lose, luusorluuz 
 
 low, lo, loer, loest 
 
 luck, 1 u k 
 
 lumped, 1 u m t 
 
 Mailed, m a i 1 d 
 
 manned, m a n d 
 
 mapped, m a p t 
 
 marked, m a r k t 
 
 marks, m a r x 
 
 matched, m a t c h t 
 
 matter, m a t r 
 
 meant, m e n t 
 
 measure, m e z h u r 
 
 meddle, m e d 1 
 
 meddled, m e d 1 d 
 
 mess, m e s, but mes- 
 sing, not m e-s i n g 
 
 messed, m e s t 
 
 middle, m i d 1 
 
 might, m i i t 
 
 mighty, m i t y 
 
 mild, m i i 1 d 
 
 mill, mil, but mil-ling, 
 not mi-ling 
 
 mJUed, mild, see mild 
 
 mingle, m i n g 1 
 
 minute (time), m i n i t 
 
 miss, mis, but m i s-s i n g, 
 not mi-sing 
 
 mixed, m i x t 
 
 money, m u n n y 
 
 Narrow, n a r r o 
 naughty, n a u t y 
 
i6 Economized Commercial Spelling 
 
 neck, nek 
 necks, n e x 
 neighbor, n a i b o r 
 neighborhood, n a i b o r- 
 
 h o u d 
 news, n i u z 
 night, n i i t 
 none, n o n, or n u n 
 noon, n u u n (see known) 
 notice, n o t i s 
 noticed, n o t i s t 
 null, n u 1 
 
 numbered, n u m b e r d 
 numerous, n u m e r u s 
 
 Obtained, o b t a i n d 
 
 occurred, o c u r d 
 
 odd, o d 
 
 offered, o f f r d 
 
 office, o f f i s 
 
 offer, f r 
 
 opened, o p n d 
 
 ordered, o r d r d 
 
 ought, a u t 
 
 ourselves, o w r s e 1 v s 
 
 owe, o 
 
 owed, o o d 
 
 owes, o o z 
 
 owing, o i n g 
 
 owned, o o n d 
 
 Pack, p a k, but p a k- 
 
 k i n g, not p a-k i n g 
 packed, p a k t 
 packs, pax 
 pamphlet, p a m f 1 e t 
 > parallel, p a r a I e 1 
 parceled, p a r c e 1 d 
 pass, pas 
 passed, past 
 peck, p e k 
 pecks, p e X 
 
 peers, p e e r z (see pierce) 
 people, p e e p 1 
 
 photograph, fotograf 
 photographed, fotograft 
 phrase, f r a i z 
 pick, p i k 
 
 pierce, peers, see peers 
 pierced, p e e r s t 
 pitched, p i t c h t 
 planned, p 1 a n d 
 please, p 1 e e z 
 pleasure, p 1 e z h u r 
 pledge, p 1 e d j 
 plumb, plum, but p 1 u m- 
 
 m e r, not p 1 u-m e r 
 possess, p o s e s s 
 possessed, p o s e s t 
 practise, p r a c t i s 
 practised, practist 
 preferred, p r e f e r d 
 press, p r e s 
 pressed, p r e s t 
 programme, program 
 pronounced, 
 
 pronownst 
 propped, p r o p t 
 published, publisht 
 pumped, p u m p t 
 pushed, p o u s h t 
 
 Quarter, q a r t r 
 queer, q e e r 
 question, q e s t i o n 
 quick, q i k 
 quiet, q i e t 
 quit, q i t 
 quite, q i i t 
 quote, q o o t 
 
 Rained, r a i n d 
 raise, r a i z 
 raised, r a i z d 
 ranked, r a n k t 
 reached, r e e c h t 
 read (pret. and part.) red 
 reason, r e z o n 
 receipt, r e c e e t 
 
Some Economized Spellings 17 
 
 receipted, receeted 
 receive, r e c e e v 
 received, r e c e e v d 
 referred, r e f e r d 
 registered, r e g i s t r d 
 released, r e 1 e e s t 
 rendered, r e n d r d 
 repealed, r e p e e 1 d 
 request, r e q e s t 
 require, r e q i i r 
 responsible, responsibl 
 restriction, restrixion 
 returned, r e t u r n d 
 reverser, r e v e r s 
 reversed, r e v e r s t 
 ridden, ridn 
 rigged, r i g d 
 right, r i i t 
 risked, r i s k t 
 robbed, r o b d 
 rock, r o k 
 rocks, r o X 
 rough, r u f 
 roughen, r u f-f e n 
 rougher, ruf-f er 
 routine, r u t e e n 
 row, r o 
 
 rubbed, r u b d, but rub- 
 ber, not r u-b e r 
 
 Sack, s a k 
 sacks, sax 
 said, s e d 
 sailed, s a i 1 d 
 says, s e z 
 scattered, s c a t r d 
 school, s c u u 1 
 scissors, s i z z o r s 
 scratched, scratcht 
 screw, s c r u 
 sea, s e 
 
 sealed, s e e 1 d 
 search, s e r c h 
 searched, s e r c h t 
 
 season, s e z o n 
 
 section, s e x i o n 
 
 see, s e 
 
 seemed, s e e m d 
 
 seize, s e e z 
 
 sell, s e 1, but s e 1-1 i n g, 
 
 not s e-1 i n g 
 sense, sens 
 serious, s e r i u s 
 serve, serv, surv 
 served, servd, survd 
 service, s e r v i s, 
 
 s u r V i s 
 settle, s e 1 1 
 settled, s e 1 1 d 
 seven, s e v n 
 shall, s h a 1 
 shallow, s h a 1 1 o 
 shell, s h e 1 
 shipped, s h i p t 
 shoe, s h u 
 shoes, s h u u z 
 shopped, s h o p t 
 shortened, s h o r t n d 
 should, s h o u d 
 shove, s h u V 
 show, s h 
 showed, s h o o d (see 
 
 should) 
 sick, s i k 
 sight, s i i t 
 sign, s i i n 
 signed, s i i n d 
 signing, s i n i n g 
 simple, s i m p 1 
 single, s i n g 1 
 skill, s k i 1 
 skilled, s k i 1 d 
 skinned, s k i n d 
 slaughter, s 1 a u t e r 
 slight, s 1 i i t, s 1 i t e r, 
 
 slit e s t 
 slipped, s 1 i p t 
 slow, s 1 o 
 
1 8 Economized Commercial Spelling 
 
 slumped, s 1 u m t 
 
 smell, s m e 1, but smel- 
 ling, not s m e-1 i n g 
 
 smuggle, s m u g 1 
 
 smuggled, s m u g 1 d 
 
 snapped, s n a p t 
 
 snow, s n o 
 
 some, s o m, s u m 
 
 sought, s a u t 
 
 spell, s p e 1 
 
 spelled, speld, or spelt 
 but spelling, not s p e- 
 ling 
 
 spill, s p i 1, but s p i 1-1 i n g, 
 not s p i-1 i n g 
 
 spilled, spild, spilt 
 
 spoiled, s p o i 1 d 
 
 spread, s p r e d, but 
 s p r e d-d i n g, not 
 s p r e-d i n g 
 
 stamped, s t a m t 
 
 stayed, staid 
 
 steamed, s t e e m d 
 
 stepped, s t e p t 
 
 stick, s t i k 
 
 sticks, s t i X 
 
 stiff, s t i f , but s t i f-f n, 
 not s t i-f n 
 
 still, s t i 1 
 
 stirred, stird, sturd 
 
 stock, s t o k 
 
 stocked, s t o k t 
 
 stocks, s t o z 
 
 stood, s t u u d 
 
 stopped, s t o p t 
 
 stow, s t o 
 
 stowed, stood (see 
 stood) 
 
 straight, strait 
 
 stuff, s t u f , but stuf- 
 fing, not s t u-f i n g 
 
 stuffed, s t u f t 
 
 success, s u c c e s 
 
 summed, s u m d, but 
 
 s u m-m i n g, not s u- 
 m i n g 
 swelled, s w e 1 d, but 
 s w e 1-1 i n g, not s w e- 
 li ng 
 
 Tack, t a k 
 tacks, tax 
 tagged, t a g d 
 talk, t a u k 
 talked, t a u k t 
 talks, t a u X 
 tanned, t a n d 
 taught, taut 
 taxed, t a X t 
 telegraph, telegraf 
 telegraphed, 
 
 telegraft 
 telephone, t e 1 e f o o n 
 tell, t e 1 
 
 thanked, t h a n k t 
 thanks, t h a n x 
 theatre, t h e a t r 
 thick, t h i k 
 thinned, t h i n d 
 thorough, t h u r r 
 thoroughfare, 
 
 thurrofair 
 though, t h o 
 thought, t h a u t 
 threat, t h r e t 
 threaten, t h r e t n 
 threatened, t h r e t n d 
 through, thru 
 throughout, t h r u o w t 
 throw, thro 
 throwing, t h r o i n g 
 thrown, t h r o o n 
 thumb, t h u m 
 tie, t y 
 tight, tiit, titer, 
 
 t i t e s t 
 till, t i 1 
 tinned, t i n d 
 
Some Economized Spellings ig 
 
 tipped, t i p t 
 
 tomorrow, t o m o r r o 
 
 tongue, t u n g 
 
 to, t u 
 
 toe, t o (see to) 
 
 too, t u 
 
 toes, t o z 
 
 tossed, tost, but 
 
 t s-s i n g, not 
 
 t o-s i n g 
 touch, t u c h 
 touched, t u c h t 
 tough, t u f , jj^ut t u f-f e n, 
 
 not t u-f e n 
 toward, t o a r d 
 track, t r a k 
 tracked, t r a k t 
 tracks, t r a x 
 traffick, t r a f f i k 
 trafficked, traffikt 
 transferred, transferd 
 tread) t r e d, but t r e d- 
 
 d i n g, not t r e-d i n g 
 treasure, t r e z h u r 
 trick, t r i k 
 tricked, t r i k t 
 tricks, t r i X 
 trouble, t r u b 1 
 trough, t r a u f 
 true, t r u 
 tugged, t u g d 
 twelve, t w e 1 V 
 two, tu 
 
 Various, v a r i u s 
 vessel, V e s 1 
 vexed, v e x t 
 victual, V i 1 1 
 victuals, V i 1 1 s 
 view, V i u 
 viewed, v i u u d 
 
 Walk, w a u k ' 
 walked, w a u k t 
 
 walks, w a u X 
 walled, w a 1 1 d 
 warned, w a r n d 
 washed, w o s h t 
 wealth, w e 1 1 h 
 wedge, w e d j 
 Wednesday, W e n s d a y 
 weigh, way 
 weighed, w a i d 
 weight, wait , 
 
 well, w e 1 
 were, w e r 
 whipped, w h i p t 
 who, h u 
 
 whole, h o 1 (see school) 
 whose, h u u z 
 wild, w i i 1 d (see willed) 
 will, w i 1 
 
 willed, wild (see wild) 
 window, w i n d o 
 wished, w i s h t 
 witness, w i t n e s 
 witnessed, w i t n e s t 
 worried, w u r r i d 
 worse, w u r s 
 would, w o u d 
 wrap, rap 
 wrapped, rapt 
 wreck, r e k 
 wrecks, rex 
 wretched, retched 
 wriggle, r i g 1 
 wrinkle, r i n k 1 P 
 write, r i i t, or r i t e 
 writer, r i i t r 
 writing, r i t i n g 
 written, r i t n 
 
 Yellow, y e 1 1 o 
 
 you, y u 
 
 yourselves, yuurselvs 
 
 young, y u n g 
 
 Zealous, z e 1 1 u s 
 
Street 
 
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 EDITOR UNPOPULAR REVIEW, 
 
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 Contents January'March, 1916 
 
 The Singing Man with the Hoe Your Blood and Mine 
 
 Rear-Rank Reflections 
 The Nine Sons of Satan 
 What is Nationality.' 
 If I Were a College President 
 Efficient Democracy 
 
 On the Distaff Side 
 Tinkering the Constitutiok 
 These Reformers 
 The Case for the Literacy ' 
 Patience Worth 
 
 The Way of the Translator 
 
 En Casserole: Who Wrote "Aa Ancient Conflict".' — Some 
 Contributors — As to the Grouch — The Hard Path of the Reforii 
 •Preparedness — Votes for Women — Another Amende — The Tal 
 Dives — As to Contentment — What Will Money Be Worth Aft^ 
 War.' — On Disappointing the Family. 
 
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 HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY ^^Sfw% 
 
Cotnall Unlvantty Ubiary 
 
 arW9102 
 
 Economized commercial spelling 
 
 3 1924 031 423 639 
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