STATE OOVERNHEHr SERIES HISTORY AND^^x GOVERNMENT^ <^^*^ OP nAiriE W.W.STETS .^ CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY FROM JK2825 1898".S8r""' """^ "iHll?i«lfiiniViliS'.Y.i,',.a'jy®''"'"ent of Maine oljn 3 1924 030 489 037 Cornell University Library The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924030489037 THE State Government Series EDITED BY % B. A. HINSDALE, Ph.D., LL.D. VOLUME VI. STAT^ CAPJTOI,, HISTORY AND Civil Government of Maine W. W. STETSON State Superintendent of Public Schools THE- GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES BY ■ B. A. HINSDALE, Ph.D , LL.D. chicago new york boston Werner School Book Company J. A THE STATE GOVERNMENT SERIES UNDER THE GENERAL EDITORSHIP OF B. A. Hinsdale, Ph.D., LL.D. Profesforof the Science and the Art of Teaching in the University of Michigan; Author of "The American Government," "Studies in Education," etc. VOLUMES NOW READY; History and Civil Government of Maine By W. W. Stetson, State Superintendent of Public Schools History and Civil Government ot South Dakota By Geo M Smith, M. a.. Professor of Greek and Pedagogy, University of South Dakota, and Claric M. Young, I h.D.. Professor of History and Political Science, University of South Dakota History and Civil Government of Iowa ... By H. H, Seerley, A.M , President low i State Normal School, and L. W Parish, A M., Professor of Political Science in the 'owa State Normal School History and Civil Government of Otiio . . . . By Dr. 8. A. Hinsdale and Mary L. Hinsdale History and Civil Government of Minnesota By Sanford Niles, Ex-State Superintendent Public Inst'n History and Civil Government of West Virginia . . By Virgil A. Lewis, A.M., Ex. -State Superintendent of Schools of West Virginia History and Civil Government of Missouri . By J. U. Barnard, Sometime Professor in the State Normal School of Missouri OTHER VOLUMES IN PREPARATION PR CE $1 00 I 00 1 00 1 00 1 00 1 00 1 00 Copyright, 1898. by WERNER SCHOOL BOOK COMPANY Elrtoi? ftiid C:Til Got f^fel PREFACE It is important that our school children have a definite knowledge o£ the early history of our own State ; a patriotic interest in its resources and development ; some acquaintance with the men who have been leaders in our Commonwealth, and such familiarity with the laws governing the town, city, county, and State as will tit them to become intelligent citizens, safe leaders, and wise rulers. Whether any or all of these ends will be accomplished by means of this book, depends largely upon the way in -which the teacher shall use the material that it contains. Upon her rests the responsi- bility of adding one more dry text-book to a list already too large, or of breathing into it the life of her own enthusiasm, knowledge, and study. The progressive teacher will not be satisfied with the brief outline of our history and civil government that is here given, but will use it as the basis of a larger and fuller knowledge of the sub- jects treated. The author would suggest that the History be read to arouse an interest in the subject, and that it then be carefully studied. To make these readings valuable, they must be supplemented by talks and discussions by both teacher and pupils. The attention of pupils should be directed to the motives and objects of early settlers, and they should be urged to express opinions as they study the develop- ment of the State. In this way children may become familiar with the growth and resources of their own State, without wasting time in committing to memory dreary details. The same methods may be used to some extent in the part devoted to Civil Government. This division of the book should be studied by topics; and carefully prepared talks, as well as more care- fully conducted discussions, should be given on the principal pointa considered. It would be well, in connection with this work, to organ- 6 PREFACE ize town and other meetings in the school for the purpose of illus- trating the forms used in conducting such assemblies. The essential points should be put clearly before the pupils by object lessons con- ducted on the plan indicated above. It will be seen that this book is not intended for any one year in school, but may be profitably used for a series of years. It is hoped that the skillful teacher will find it of service in fitting the children to discharge the duties that will devolve upon them, with credit (o themselves and advantage to others. Augusta, Maine, October, 1898. CONTENTS Page General Introduction 0-26 Part I. — History of Maine Introduction 27-32 Chapter I. Discovery and Exploration 33-41 II. Colonization 42-53 III. Growth 54-67 IV. Indian Wars AND Ravages 68-78 V. The Good Old Times 79-87 VI. Maine AS A State 88-96 VII. Religious and Educational De- velopment 97-107 VIII. Distinguished Men 108-125 IX. Resources of the State 126-131 X. Summer Resorts 132-136 Part II. — Civil Government of Maine I. Value of the Study of Govern- ment I37-I39 II. The Family 140-141 III. The School 142-144 IV. The Town 145-158 V. The City 159-168 VI. The County 169-174 VII. State Government — Legislative Department 175-183 7 8 CONTENTS Chapter Page VIII. The Executive Department 184-199 IX. Judicial Department 200-208 X. Rights and Duties OF Citizens 209-212 XI. Elections in Maine 213-219 XII. Political Parties 220-223 XIII. Revenue AND Taxation 224-229 XIV. State Institutions 230-236 XV, Miscellaneous Topics 237-238 Part III. — Government of the United States XVI. The Making of the Government.. 239-247 XVII. Amendments Made to the Con- stitution 248-250 XVIII. The Source and Nature of the Government 251-253 XIX. The Composition of Congress and THE Election of its Members 254-266 XX. Organization of Congress and ITS Methods of Doing Business 267-273 XXI. Impeachment of Civil Officers 274-277 XXII. General Powers of Congress 278-290 XXIII. Election of the President and the Vice-President 291-296 XXIV. The President's Qualifications, Term, and Removal 297-299 XXV. The President's Powers and Duties 300-308 XXVI. The Executive Departments 309-313 XXVII. The Judicial Department 314-321 XXVIII. Nev States and the Territorial System 322-327 XXIX. Relations of the States and the Union 328-335 Topical Index 336-340 GENERAL INTRODUCTION. The character of the volumes that will comprise The State Government Series is indicated by the name of the series itself. More definitely, they will combine two important subjects of education, History and Govern- ment. It is proposed in this Introduction briefly to set forth the educational character and value of these sub- jects, and to ofifer some hints as to the way in which they should be studied and taught, particularly as limited by the character of the Series. I. The Educational Value of the Study of History and Government. Not much reflection is required to show that both of these subjects have large practical or guidance value, and that they also rank high as discipHnary studies. I. History. — When it is said that men need the ex- perience of past ages to widen the field of their personal observation, to correct their narrow views and mistaken opinions, to furnish them high ideals, and to give them inspiration or motive force; and that history is the main channel through which this valuable experience is trans- mitted to them — this should be sufhcient to show that history is a very important subject of education. On this point the most competent men of both ancient and modern times have delivered the most convincing testi- mony. Cicero called history " the witness of times, the light of truth, and the mistress of life." Dionysius of Halicarnassus said " history is philosophy teaching by 9 10 GENERAL INTRODUCTION. examples," and Lord Bolingbroke lent his sanction to the saying. Milton thought children should be taught " the beginning, the end, and the reasons of political societies." Another writer affirms that " history fur- nishes the best training in patriotism, and enlarges the sympathies and interests." Macaulay said: "The real use of traveling to distant countries, and of studying the annals of past times, is to preserve them from the contraction of mind which those can hardly escape whose whole commerce is with one generation and one neighborhood." In every great fielil of human activity the lessons of history are invaluable — in politics, religion, education, moral reform, war, scientific investigation, invention, and practical business affairs. The relations of history and politics are peculiarly close. There could be no science of politics without history, and practical politics could hardly be carried on. But, more than this, there can be no better safeguard than the lessons of history against the specious but dangerous ideas and schemes in relation to social subjects that float in the atmosphere of all progressive countries. In fact, there is no other safeguard that is so good as these lessons; they are ex- perience teaching by examples. The man who has studied the history of the Mississippi Scheme, the South Sea Bubble, or some of the less celebrated industrial or economical manias that have afflicted our own country, is little likely to embark in similar schemes himself, or to promote them. The man who has studied the evils that irredeemable paper money caused in France in the days of the Revolution, or the evils that the Continental money caused in our own country, will be more apt to form sound views on the subjects of currency and bank- ing than the man who has had no such training. The GENERAL INTRODUCTION. II school of history is a conservative school, and its lessons are our great defense against cranks, faddists, and dem- agogues. 2. Government. — Politics is both a science and an art. It is the science and the art of government. As a science it investigates the facts and principles of government; as an art it deals with the practical applications of these facts and principles to the government of the state. Now it is manifest that the art of politics, or practical government, directly concerns everybody. Few indeed are the subjects in which men, and particularly men living in great and progressive societies, are so deeply interested as in good government. The government of the state is charged with maintaining public order, se- curing justice between man and man, and the promotion of the great positive ends of society. For these pur- poses it collects and expends great revenues, which are ultimately paid from the proceeds of the labor of the people. Furthermore, in republican states, such as the American Union and the forty-five individual States that make up the Union, government is carried on by the people through their representatives chosen at popular elections. The voters of the United States are a great and rapidly growing body. In the presi- dential election of 1888, 11,388,007 citizens partici- pated; in the presidential election of 1896, 14,071,097 — a growth of more than 2,080,000 in eight years. More- over, these voters are felt in many other ways and places ; they vote for National representatives, for State legis- latures, executives, and judges, for county, township, and city offices, for the supervisors of roads and the directors of the pubUc schools. There is not a point in the whole round of National, State, and Local govern- ment that the popular will, as expressed at elections. 12 GENERAL INTRODUCTION. does not touch. Every man is, therefore, directly con- cerned to understand the nature and operations of these governments, and almost equally concerned to have his neighbors also' understand them. ^^'e have been dealing with practical politics exclu- sively. But the art of 'government depends upon the science of government. The government of a great country like our own, at least if a good one, is a com- plicated and delicate machine. Such a government is one of the greatest triumphs of the human mind. It is the result of a long process of political experience, and in its elements at least it runs far back into past history. It is, therefore, a most interesting study considered in itself. . All this is peculiarly true of our own govern- ment, as will be explained hereafter. However, this complicated and delicate machine is not an end, but only a means or instrument; as a means or instrument it is ordained, as the Declaration of In- dependence says, to secure to those l.iving under it their rights — such as life, liberty, and the pursuit of happi- ness; and the extent to which it secures these rights is at once the measure of its character, whether good or bad. It is also to be observed that a government which is good for one people is not of necessity good for another people. We Americans would not tolerate a govern- ment like that of Russia, while Russians could hardly carry on our government a single year. A good govern- ment must first recognize the general facts of human nature, then the special character, needs, habits, and traditions of the people for whom it exists. It roots in the national life and history. It grows out of the na- tional culture. Since government is based on the facts of human nature and human society, it is not a mere GENERAL INTRODUCTION. 1 3 creature of accident, chance, or management. In other words, there is such a thing as the science of govern- ment or pohtics. Moreover, to effect and to maintain a good working adjustment between government and a progressive society, is at once an important and difficult matter. This is the -work of the practical statesman. And thus we are brought back again to the fact that the science of government is one of the most useful of studies. Mention has been made of rights, and of the duty of government to maintain them. But rights always imply duties. For example: A may have a right to money that is now in B's possession, but A cannot enjoy this right unless B performs the duty of paying the money over to him. If no duties are performed, no rights will be enjoyed. Again, the possession of rights imposes duties upon him who possesses them. For example: The individual owes duties to the society or the govern- ment that protects him in the enjoyment of his rights. Rights and duties cannot be separated. Either implies the other. Accordingly, the practical study of govern- ment should include, not only rights, but also duties as well. The future citizen should learn both lessons; for the man who is unwilHng to do his duty has no moral claim upon others to do theirs. The foregoing remarks are particularly pertinent to a republican government, because under such a govern- ment the citizen's measure of rights, and so of duties, is the largest. Here we must observe the important dis- tinction between civil and political rights. The first relate to civil society, the second to civil government. Life, liberty of person, freedom of movement, owner- ship of property, use of the highways and public insti- tutions, are civil rights. The suffrage, the right to hold 14 GENER.'^L INTRODUCTION. office under the government, and general participation in public affairs arc political rights. These two classes of rights do not necessarily exist together; civil rights are sometimes secured where men do not vote, while men sometimes vote where civil rights are not secured; moreover, both kinds of rights may be forfeited by the citizen through his own bad conduct. Evidently politi- cal rights are subordinate to civil rights. Men partici- pate in governmental affairs as a means of securing the great ends for which civil society exists. But the great point is this — republican government can be carried on successfully on!}- when the mass of the citizens make their power felt in political affairs; in other words, per- form their political duties. To vote in the interest of good goverimient, is an important political duty that the citizen owes to the state. Still other political duties are to give the legally constituted authorities one's moral support, and to serve the body politic when called upon to do so. These duties grow out of the corresponding rights, and to teach them is an essential part of sound education. It has been remarked that good government rests upon the facts of human nature and society, that such a government is a complicated machine, and that it is an interesting subject of study. It is also to be observed that the successful operation of such a government calls for high intellectual and moral qualities, first on the part of statesmen and public men, and secondly on the part of the citizens themselves. There are examples of an ignorant and corrupt people enjoying measurable prosperity under a wise and -good monarch ; but there is no example of a democratic or republican state long prospering unless there is a good standard of intelli- gence and virtue. This is one of the lessons that Wash- GENERAL INTRODUCTION. 1 5 ington impressed in his Farewell Address: "In pro- portion as the structure of a government gives force to pubHc opinion,. it is essential that public opinion shall be intelligent." Government deals with man in his general or social relations. Robinson Crusoe living on his island neither had, nor could have had, a government. Man is born for society ; or, as Aristotle said, " man has a social in- stinct implanted in him by nature." Again, man is political as well as social; or, as Aristotle says, " man is more of a political animal than bees, or any other gre- garious animal." Hence the same writer's famous maxim, " man is born to be a citizen." These last remarks bring before the mind, as a subject of study, man in his relations to his fellow men. The study of man in these relations has both practical and disciplinary value. At first man is thoroughly in- dividual and egotistical. The human baby is as selfish as the cub of the bear or of the fox. There is no more exacting tyrant in the world. No matter at what cost, his wants must be supplied. Such is his primary nature. But this selfish creature is endowed with a higher, an ideal nature. At first he knows only rights, and these he greatly magnifies; but progressively he learns, what no mere animal can learn, to curb his ap- petites, desires, and feelings, and to regard the rights, interests, and feehngs of others. To promote this pro- ce,ss, as we have already explained, government exists. In other words, the human being is capable of learning his relations to the great social body of which -he is a member. Mere individualism, mere egotism, is compelled to recognize the force and value of altruistic conviction and sentiment. And this lesson, save alone his relations to the Supreme Being, is the greatest lesson that man l6 GENERAL INTRODUCTION. ever learns. The whole field of social relations, which is covered in a general way by Sociology, is cultivated by several sciences, as ethics, political economy, and poli- tics; but of these studies politics or government is the only one that can be introduced in didactic form into the common schools with much success. In these schools civil government should be so taught as to make it also a school of self-government. It may be said that so much history and politics as is found in these volumes, or so much as can be taught in the public schools, does not go far enough to give to these studies in large measure the advantages that have been enumerated. There would be much force in this objection, provided such studies were to stop with the elementary school. But fortunately this is not the case. The history and the politics that are taught in the ele- mentary school prepare the way for the history and the politics that are taught in the college and the university. Furthermore, and this is in one aspect of the subject still more important, they also prepare the way for much fruitful private study and reading in the home. II. Methods of Study and Teaching. Under this head history will be considered only so far as it is involved in politics. Our first question is, Where shall the study of government begin? The an- swer will be deferred until we have considered the gen- eral features of the government under which we live. The United States are a federal state, and the Ameri- can government is a dual government. Our present National Government dates from the year 1789. It was created by the Constitution, which, in that year, took the place of the Articles of Confederation. At that time GENERAL INTRODUCTION. 17 the State governments were in full operation, and it was not the intention of the framers of the Constitution, or of the people who ratified it, to supersede those govern- ments, or, within their proper sphere, to weaken them. Experience had conclusively shown that the country needed a stronger National Government, and this the people undertook to provide. So they undertook to accomplish in the Constitution the objects that are enumerated in the Preamble. " We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union, establish justice, insure do- mestic tranquiUity, provide for the common defense, pro- mote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and es- tablish this Constitution for the United States of America." The Constitution also formally denied some powers to the United States and some to the States; that is, it for- bade the one or the other to exercise the powers so prohibited. (See Article I, sections 9, 10.) The under- standing was that the mass of powers not delegated to the Union exclusively, or forbidden to the States, con- tinued to remain in the hands of the people in their State capacities. Moreover, this understanding was expressly asserted in Article X of the Amendments. Accordingly, the Government of the United States must be studied under two aspects, one National and one State. The case is quite different from what it would be in England or France, both of which countries have single or unitary governments. This duality makes the study more interesting, but more difficult, and suggests the question whether it should begin with the Nation or the State. The answer must be deferred until still other facts have been taken into account. l8 GENERAL INTRODUCTION. The powers that the State Governments exercise are exsercised through a variety of channels, (i.) Some are exercised directly by State officers. For the most part these are powers that concern the State as a whole. (2.) Some are exercised by county officers within the county. (3.) Some are exercised by town or township officers within the town or county. (4.) Some are exer- cised by city or municipal officers within the city. (5.) A few fall to officers elected by divisions of townships, as road-masters and school directors. Items 2, 3, 4 and 5 of this enumeration constitute local government, which the people of all the States, in some form, have retained in their own hand. Here we meet a political fact that distinguishes us from some other countries, the vigorous vitality of local institu- tions. France, for example, although a republic, has a centralized grn-ernment; many powers are there exer- cised by national officers that here are exercised by local officers, while tliere the state often asserts direct control over the local authorities. Strong attachment to local self-government, and opposition to centralized govern- ment, is one of the boasted glories of the English-speak- ing race. Subject to the State constitution, the State Legislature is the great source of political power within the State. The county, the township, and the city owe their political existence and peculiar organization to the Legislature. Different States have organized local government in different ways. Speaking generally, there are three types — the Town type, the County type, and Mixed type. The Town type is found exclusively in the New England States. It throws most of the powers of local government into the hands of the town, few into the hands of the county. The County type, which is found GENERAL INTRODUCTION. I9 in the Southern States and in a few others, reverses this method; it throws all local powers into the hands of the county, and makes the sub-divisions of the county merely an election precinct, the jurisdiction of the jus- tice of the peace, and pei-haps the unit of the militia company. The Mixed, or Compromise system, as its name implies, combines features of the other two. It makes more use of the county, and less of the town, than New England; more of the township, and less of the county, than the South. It is found in the Central States and generally, but not universally, throughout the West. Now not much argument is needed to show that the study of government, even within the hmits of the ele- mentary school, should embrace the two spheres in which the American Government moves, the sphere of the Nation and the sphere of the State. Neither is much argument called for to show that the study of the State should embrace local government, as well as State government proper. The argument on the whole sub- ject divides into two main branches — the one practical, the other pedagogical. Unfortunately, the time given to the study of govern- ment in the schools has not always been wisely dis- tributed. For many years the National Government re- ceived disproportionate attention, and suCh, though per- haps in less degree, is still the case. But, important as the powers of the Nation are, the common citizen, in time of peace, has few relations with it outside of the Post Office Department, while his relations with the State are numerous and constant. President Garfield, in 1871, said: "It will not be denied that the State government touches the citizen and his interests twenty times where the National Government touches him once." 20 GENERAL INTRODUCTION. Still another point ma}- be urged. An American State is a distinct political community. It is a separate com- monwealth having its own constitution, laws, and offi- cers. It has its own history. The people boast its ser- vices to the country. They point to its great names. They glorify the associations that cluster about its name. They dwell upon its typical or ideal life. All this is educative in a striking sense ; such an environment neces- sarily reacts upon the people. Who can measure the effect of the old I'.ay State ideal, or the Old Dominion ideal, upon the people of either State? Once more, Local government has received too little attention as compared with State government proper. Township or county government is on such a diminutive scale that to man)' it seems a subject unworthy of serious study. But it is important to teach the youth of the county that their future prosperity and happiness, as a rule, will depend upon what is done by road-masters, school directors, township trustees or supervisors, county commissioners or county courts, city authorities, and the like, far more than upon what is done by the Governor or the President. The common citizen is tenfold more concerned in the proceedings in the courts held by jus- tices of the peace and by county judges than in the causes that are decided by the Supreme Court of the United States. Government is fundamentally an information or guid- ance study. It is put in the schools to teach the pupil how to perform his political duties intelligently when he comes to the state of manhood. In order that he may perform these duties intelligently, he must under- stand the nature and the ends of government, whether National, State, or Local, and the mode of its opera- tion, GENERAL INTRODUCTION. 21 The fact is, however, that characteristic features of our government are ill understood by thousands of our citizens. The functions of the Executive and of the Judiciary are often confounded; Hkewise the functions of State authorities and National authorities. A multitude of citizens participate in every election of electors for President, who do not know how the President is elected. The line dividing the State sphere from the National sphere is a very hazy matter to many persons who consider themselves intelligent. Owing partly to this fact, and partly to the greater prominence of the Union, there is always a tendency in many quarters to hold the National authorities responsible for what the State authorities have or have not done. The adjust- ment of Local Government to the State and National Governments is another matter concerning which many are confused. Tax-payers can be found in every neigh- borhood who think the taxes that they pay to the town- ship or the county treasurer go to Washington. What has been said will suffice for the practical branch of the argument. Taking up the pedagogical branch, let us first observe the nature and the origin of the child's early education in respect to government. It is in the family, in personal contact with its mem- bers, that the child forms the habits of obedience and deference to others. It is here that he learns, in a rudi- mentary and experimental way, that he is part of a social whole. Here he acquires the ideas to which we give the names obedience, authority, government, and the like. His father (if we may unify the family govern- ment) is his first ruler, and the father's word his first law. Legislative, executive, and judicial functions are centered in a single person. These early habits and ideas are the foundations of the child's whole future education in government, both practical and theoretical. 22 GENERAL INTRODUCTION. His future conception of the governor, president, king, or emperor is developed on the basis of the idea of his father; his conception of society, on the basis of tlie idea of his home; his conception of government by the State, on the basis of family government. Of course these early habits and ideas are expanded, strengthened, and adjusted to new centers. \\'hile still young, the child gpes to school. This, on the governmental side, is but a repetition of the home. It is the doctrine of the law that the teacher takes the place of the parent: /;/ loco parentis. The new jurisdic- tion may be narrower than the old one, but it is of the same kind. The education of the school reinforces the education of the home in respect to this all-important subject. The habits of obedience and deference are strengthened. The child's social world is enlarged. At first he thought, or rather felt, that he was alone in the world; then he learned that he must adjust himself to the family circle; now he discovers that he is a member of a still larger community, and that he must conduct himself accordingly. The ideas of authority, obedience, law, etc., are expanded and clarified. About the time that the child goes to school he begins to take lessons in civil government. This also is de- veloped on the basis of his previous home-training. It begins at the very door-step. The letter-carrier, the policeman, the justice of the peace, and the postmaster introduce him to the government of the outer world. Some or all of these officers he sees and knows, and others he hears about. The very mail wagon that ratdes along the street teaches its lesson, and so do other symbols of authority that confront him. He attends an election and hears about the caucus. As he grows older, the town council, the court of the local magistrate, and the constable or sheriff teach him the GENERAL INTRODUCTION. 23 meaning of the three great branches of government. His ears as well as his eyes are open. Politics is the theme of much familiar conversation to which he hstens. With all the rest, he reads the newspaper, and so en- larges his store of political information. Still other agencies contribute to the grand result. The church, public meetings, societies of various kinds, all teach the lessons of order and discipline. Such, in general, are the steps by which the child makes his way out of the world of isolation and selfish- ness into the world of social activity and light. Such is the character of his early education in morals and poli- tics. Nor is it easy to overestimate these early lessons. To suppose that the child's political education begins when he first reads the Constitution of the United States, is like supposing that his moral education begins when he is first able to follow the preacher's sermon. All this training is unconscious and mainly incidental, and the more effective for that very reason. But such training will not meet the ends of intelligent citizenship. Nor can the political education of citizens be left to the newspaper and the political speaker. Government must be formally taught in the schools. But what shall be the order of study? Shall the child begin at Washing- ton, at the State capital, or at his own home? In other words, shall he begin with the National Government, with the State government proper, or with Local gov- ernment? For a time the student of government should con- tinue to work on the material that lies right about him, just as the student of geography should find his first les- sons at home. On this point the arguments already pre- sented are decisive. The practical argument shows that this will be the most useful course to pursue. The peda- gogical argument shows that it is also the easiest, the 24 GENERAL INTRODUCTION. most natural, and the most successful. In general then the method should be — first, the Local Government; second, the State Government, and last, the National Government. \\'e have now reached a point where wc can define more clearly and fully the special object of the series of books to which this is a general introduction. These books are designed for the first stage of the formal study of the subject of government. They are written on the theory announced; viz.: That the child's political education begins at home, and should for a time proceed from the home outward. The series is appropriately named The State Government Series. A volume will be given to a State. The successive volumes will first present an outline sketch of the civil history of the State, and then outline sketches of the State and National Governments as they now exist and operate. With two or three practical suggestions to teachers, this Introduction may fitly close. The first of these suggestions is that if the proper course be taken, the study of the National system will not be deferred until the pupil has made a complete survey of the State System. The State system can no more be understood alone than the National system alone. When the intelligent pupil, and particularly a boy, is old enough to take up one of the volumes of this series, he will already have made some progress in dis- discriminating the two systems. He will know that Congress and the President belong to the Nation, the Legislature and the Governor to the State. But at the outset it may be advisable for the teacher to broaden and deepen this line of division. This can be done, if need be, in one or more oral lessons devoted especially to the subject. Moreover, the teacher should keep an eye on this line from first to last. He should encourage the GENERAL INTRODUCTION. 25 pupil to read the Constitution of the United States, and in particular should direct his attention to the general powers of Congress as summed up in Article I, section 8, which are the driving wheels of the National Govern- ment. The second observation is that unremitting care must be taken to make the instruction real. The common- places about the abstractness and dryness of verbal in- struction, and particularly book instruction, will not be dwelt upon, except to say that they apply to our subject with peculiar force. The study of history, when it is made to consist of memorizing mere facts, is to the common pupil a dry and unprofitable study. Still more is civil government dry and unprofitable when taught in the same manner. There is little virtue in a mere poHti- cal document or collation of political facts. The an- swer that the school boy made to the question, " What is the Constitution of the United States?" is suggestive. He said it was the back part of the history that nobody read. Hence the book on government must be con- nected with real life, and to establish this connection is the business of the teacher. On this point three or four hints may be thrown "out. The teacher should not permit the Governor, for ex- ample, to be made a mere skeleton. He should see rather that he is made to the pupil a man of flesh and blood, holding a certain official position and exercising certain political powers. It is better to study the Gov- ernor than the Executive branch of the government; better to inquire. What does the Governor do? than, What are the powers of the Executive? The teacher should stimulate the pupil to study the political facts about him. He should encourage him to observe the machinery of political parties, the holding of elections, council meetings, courts of local magis- 26 GENERAL INTRODUCTION. trates, and the doings of the policeman, constable, and sheriff. This suggestion includes political meetings and conversations upon political subjects. By observa- tion an undue personal attendance upon such proceed- ings is not meant. To that, of course, there might be several objections. Pupils in schools should be encouraged to read the newspapers, for political among other reasons. The publications prepared particularly for school use to which the general name of " Current Events " may be given, are deserving of recommendation. Still another thought is that the study be not made too minute. It should bear rather upon the larger fea- tures of the special topics. This remark is particularly applicable to the judiciary, which nearly all persons of ordinary education find more or less confusing. The suggestions relative to observation of political facts are peculiarly important in a country like our own. To understand free government, you must be in touch with real political life. In teaching Civil Government, the first point is to de- velop Civic Spirit — the spirit that will insist upon rights and perform duties. The last word is a word of caution. The method that has been suggested can easily be made too successful. Our American atmosphere is charged with political in- terest and spirit; and, while the pupil who takes a lively interest in current politics, as a rule, will do better school work than the pupil who does not, the teacher must ex- ercise care that partisan spirit be not awakened, and that occupation in current events do not mount up to a point where it will interfere with the regular work of the school. B. A. Hinsdale. PART I HISTORY OF MAINE INTRODUCTION Preparation for good citizenship is the purpose which ought to govern in the study of History and Civics in the public school. The study of history should engender in the student a fervid pride in and love of State and country. The study of civics, while adding to the strength of such pride and love, should furnish him with such knowledge of his rights and duties as a citizen as will enable him rightly to manifest his pride and love in the right per- formance of every civic duty. The pupil who studies The History and Civil Gov- ernment of Maine, in the manner suggested in the preface, will develop such a thoughtful and receptive spirit as will help him to become a better citizen. It is the purpose of this Introduction to point out somewhat definitely the things he should get in his study, and thereby to aid him to bring them into proper relations with one another. As he learns under what difficulties and amid what discouragements were planted the feeble settlements that have grown into the goodly towns of to-day, he should form conceptions of manly courage and patience, of faith and persistence, that will help somewhat toward forming in him the qualities of character which fitted the early pioneers for their work as the founders 27 28 HISTORY OF MAINE of the State. If, in imagination, he has overcome difficul- ties and patiently endured discouragements with them, he has insensibly grown stronger in all the qualities of sturdy manhood, and so become fitter for the duties which await him in life. As he learns at what cost of toil and sacrifice those feeble beginnings were nurtured, his appreciation of his goodly heritage will grow into a love for the State, the founding of which cost so much. This love and pride will be fit soil in which to plant the seeds of sturdy, intense Americanism. As he studies the story of colonial and provincial development and growth, he should see how every step in the slow process tended toward the evolution of the State as we know and love it. Every home built in the wilderness was built for the future State; every stream dammed to turn a mill-wheel was to contribute to the well-being of the State to be; every ship built and launched was freighted with the future prosperity of the State yet in embryo. He should see, or be led to see, that every drop of bload spilled in defense of home against the attacks of hostile France or arbitrary Eng- land, served to cement into unity the elements out of which the State was to be ultimately evolved. He should see and understand, that all the toil by which homes were created in the wilderness, all the sufferings from savage warfare endured in their defense, all the strife for colonial and provincial rights, were providen- tially appointed means for the development of that love of home and community, those aspirations for liberty, that jealousy for personal and social rights, and that indomitable courage, which fitted our fathers for their part in the great Revolutionary contest. Thus learning and understanding the significance of the events of our earlier colonial and provincial history, he will come to INTRODUCTION 29 see that other than human wisdom shaped those events to issues undreamed of by the men who participated in them. Reading God's thought and God's care as gov- erning in the planting and nurture of this State of ours, her well-being cannot fail to take on a sacredness in his thought, and his love for her and his pride in her must be increased manifold. The student of the history of Maine should get much to deepen and intensify this State pride and love, and, at the same time, to broaden and strengthen his Amer- icanism. In the growth of the State in population, wealth, and power as one of the National units, he should find much to strengthen his respect and affection for the men and women who wrought these changes. He should recognize in the steady converting of her wilder- ness into homes, the action of those same qualities of character that controlled in the colonization of the ear- lier times. In the development of her varied material resources and possibilities, he should see the same human forces that acted in the development of her early scattered settlements into communities, and ce- mented those communities into unity of interest and action. Her social development, the growth of her people toward more catholic but not less pure and elevated religious and social ideals, and the upbuild- ing of her educational, reformatory, and charitable institutions, should reveal to him the fact that they are manifestations and outgrowths of the same spirit that planted a church in every settlement, built a school- house beside the church, and made the constable, the tithingman, and the overseers of the poor important functionaries in every colonial community. In all these facts of State history the student will find much to give greater force to such ideals of civic duty. 30 HISTORY OF MAINE and greater intensity to such State love as he may have gained in his study of colonial history. In the lives of the men who have been prominent in the history of the State — who by their superior abilities have been leaders of men — the student will find much of incentive to good citizenship. In the qualities which gave them pre-eminence, whether as statesmen in mould- ing the civil policy of State or Nation, as divines in leading men to live brave, pure lives, or as educators in inspiring youth to high ideals of life and duty, he may find the inspiration through which this excellence was won. And surely he must find in such men reasons for pride in the State of whose institutions they were the product, and to whose well-being they were so devoted. Studying the history of his State in the manner thus outlined, the student will gain another advantage. He will get therefrom a preparation for the study of govern- ment that will help him to master its principles and provisions more readily. As he traces the development of government from its simplest form in the home, through its growing complexity in the town and county, State and Nation, he will be able to see that our govern- ment is not one imposed upon us from without, but is, rather, essentially a growth from within, a necessary consequence of the conditions of our planting and devel- opment as a people. He will be able to see how the multiplying of homes in the growing settlements of the colonial times, gave rise, almost of necessity, to that pure democracy, the town. He will not find it difficult to see how, as neigh- boring settlements multiplied and came into closer social and business relations, the local need of roads for inter- communication, and of some agency for adjusting differ- ences among these separate democracies and among INTRODUCTION 3I their inhabitants, necessarily gave rise to the organiza- tion of the county, exercising essentially the same functions then as now. And, seeing the law of develop- ment in these cases, he will readily see, alSo, that the State was a necessary outgrowth to meet the needs of the wider and wider extension of interrelated settlements and colonies. Thus studying civil government, in the light of historical knowledge, the student's concep- tion of ours as a "government of the people, by the people, and for the people," will become luminous with the meaning which was in the thought of him who first so characterized it. Such a conception of the nature of our government, and the sources whence it gets its authority, ought to be, and will be, to the student both an incentive and a guide to right civic action. Thus, out of his study he will get larger fitness for the right exercise of civic author- ity in any official station which he may be called to fill. Somewhat of emphasis has been given to the impor- tance of State pride and love as among the leading purposes to be subserved by the study of our State history. And the emphasis is needed. That pride in one's own State and love for it which inspires the citizen to devote his energies to her well-being, is something to be cultivated as among the vital things in preparation for citizenship. And it is something which, in Maine to-day, is too much lacking. Too larg^y prevalent, especially among our young men, is the feeling that Maine may be a good State in which to be born, but not a good State in which to live. This feeling has done, and is doing, much to deplete the State of its young men and of its wealth, and to defraud it of its due growth in population and prosperity. Maine is a good State to live in. Let the boys and 32 HISTORY OF MAINE girls in our schools to-day, who are to be the men and women of to-morrow, get into their minds and hearts the knowledge and feeling that Maine is worthy of their pride and love, and the future of the State will be the better therefor. Let them acquire in the schools such a knowledge of our history, of our resources and possi- bilities, of our social, moral, and educational privileges, and gain such conceptions of civic duty as shall make them proud of their State, make them love it devotedly, make them eager for its well-being, and willing to devote their energies to its advancement in all things which make for State and National prosperity and power. With this object in view the following pages have been written. Let them be studied with this end in view. Let the student ask himself constantly, "What have I learned to-day to make me prouder of Maine, and to help me to be a better citizen of Maine? " Let the teacher who guides and directs bring to the work of the class such fullness of knowledge, such contagious enthusiasm, and such evident faith in the value of the purposes here outlined that no pupil shall fail of attaining those pur- poses. Let student study and teacher teach as under the inspiration of the prayer, God bless the State of Maine- CHAPTER I DISCOVERY AND EXPLORATION Maine, the Nation's sunrise portal, situated in the northeast corner of our land, can boast as early a dis- covery and settlement as any part of North America; for a thousand years ago, when the eyes of Europeans were first directed to our coast, Maine was among the first of the lands to be visited. 1 . Northmen. — It is more than a tradition that the Northmen visited our Continent in the tenth and eleventh centuries, induced either by love of adven- ture or by a search for lost companions to coast along the Atlantic shores of America. While these visits were unproductive of definite results, yet they add to the interest and romance of our early history. 2. Columbus. — Five hundred years later, Colum- bus, searching for a new route to India, made our con- tinent known to the world. Although he died uncon- scious of the fact that he had found a new world, yet he gave such an impetus to thought and adventure in Europe that his hopes and efforts resulted in the exploration and final settlement of America. 3. The Cabots. — Following closely upon Colum- bus's voyages, the Cabots, who were sent out by England in 1497 and 1498, explored the entire Atlantic coast, from Labrador to Florida. During one of these voyages they must have crossed the Gulf of Maine, whose rugged shore, ' ' frayed and battered by sea and 33 34 HISTORY OF MAINE Storm," had multiplied its natural front of 220 miles to more than 2,500 miles of water line. England, however, did not immediately take advantage of the discoveries made by the Cabots, and this region received but little of her attention for more than a hun- dred years. This indifference was due to two causes : First, she failed to appreciate the extent and value of the country; and, second, her affairs at home were in a condition to give full employment to her best talents and resources. 4. Verrazano. — France, unlike England, was quick to avail herself of the knowledge gained by other nations, and in 1524 sent out Verrazano to explore the new country. He reached the coast farther south than the Cabots, and first saw the mainland somewhere in the vicinity of Wilmington, North Caro- lina. From this point he sailed northward, visiting many fine harbors, until he reached our coast, whose entire length he doubtless explored. He was so much pleased with the beauty and grandeur of the region now known as New England, that he gave it the name of New France. 5. Gromez. — But it probably remained for a Spaniard first to unfurl a royal banner within our borders. In 1525 Estevan Gomez coasted along these shores, exploring bays and rivers, and left traces of his long sojourn in the Spanish names which he gave to the places visited. The Penobscot River, which he describes most vividly, was long known as the " Rio De Gomez." Other voyagers, so far as we know, merely coasted our shores ; but he, with Spanish eagerness in search of gold, evidently made careful DISCOVERY AND EXPLORATION 35 explorations, and, as the Spanish custom was, took formal possession of the lands explored. 6. Rut and Thevet. — In 1527 an Englishman named Rut explored the coast of Maine, and added his testimony to the effect that it was a country pecul- iarly fitted to repay expenditures made in colonizing it. In 1556 a French Catholic priest, one Andrd Thevet, sailed into Penobscot Bay, and was so impressed with its beauties that he wrote a most enthusiastic descrip- tion of the country visited. He found especially attractive the territory between the Piscataqua* and Penobscot, and wrote in glowing terms of its marvel- ous charm of sea and shore, of bay and river, and fully appreciated the fact that he was visiting harbors in which the navies of the world might ride with ample room for evolution and conflict. 7. Legend of Norumbega. — Thevet speaks of the Penobscot as Norumbega, but says the natives called it Agoncy, while on some charts it is spoken of as Grand River. The name Norumbega was first used by the early voyagers to designate an indefinite region in which was included the whole coast of Maine. Later it became limited in use to a narrower region lying about the Penobscot, and was, also, applied to the river itself. To the men of that time the newly dis- covered lands were full of mysteries. Their vivid imaginations saw in them rich empires and lordly capitals, opulent in all the riches of the East. And here, with its metropoHs somewhere upon the shores of our beautiful Penobscot bay and river, they imagined a fair kingdom to exist, whose capital city, *Not Piscataquis. 36 HISTORY OF MAINE Norumbega, was rich in splendid towers, churches, and palaces resting upon pillars of crystal and silver. Quest for the imagined city was made by adventurous spirits. Champlain, in 1605, made search for it, and found, under a moss-grown cross of wood, the grave of one who had preceded him. But neither to Cham- plain nor to any other was it given to gaze upon "the domes and spires of Norumbega town." Standing on many a hill top and searching for them with eager, straining eyes, they saw "Nor tower, nor town, But, through the drear woods, lone and still, The river rolling down " 8. Results. — For nearly half a century after Thevet's explorations we hear little of importance about Maine. Neither his, nor other early explora- tions, were in themselves of much permanent value or historic interest, except as they led the people of Europe to a larger knowledge of this country by the wonderful accounts given of mighty rivers, stately forests, and spacious harbors. These first efforts are interesting to us because they mark the beginnings of what has grown to be the greatest nation of the West- ern continent, and the noblest republic of the world. These accounts of the New World sent home by the early voyagers, aroused in the minds of the enterpris- ing men of Europe a spirit of adventure and enthu- siasm, which finally resulted in the conquest of the natives, the subduing of the forests, the growth of communities, and the building of a nation. Early writers frequently compare this wonderful DISCOVERY AND EXPLORATION 37 country about the Gulf of Maine with the famed iEgean Archipelago. These graphic, and in some cases extravagant, descriptions led many to feel that what has since been called our bleak and barren coast, was once a fairy land. At least we are warranted in believing that it became one of the attractive points to the colonists in making settlements on this con- tinent. 9. Gosnold. — In 1602, Bartholomew Gosnold, an English navigator, crossed the Atlantic, and, it is claimed, touched the coast of Maine at Mount Desert. He is, however, remembered chiefly from his having given the very prosaic name of Cape Cod to that point of land which Champlain and De Monts more appropriately called Cape Blanc or White Cape. 10. Pring. — The next year, 1603, Martin Pring was sent out from England to trade with the Indians, and was provided with clothing, hardware, and trinkets, which he exchanged for furs and sassafras root. He seems to have been as favorably impressed with the noble forests, safe harbors, and excellent fish- ing of Penobscot Bay as those who preceded him; and it is more than probable that the accounts which he carried back served to arouse in the English an interest in the land beyond the seas. Owing to the large number of silver-gray foxes seen on a group of islands in the bay, he called them Fox Islands, a name by which they have ever since been known. I I . De Monts. — The same year the Frenchman De Monts fitted out an expedition, Henry IV. , King of France, having granted him all the land in North America between the fortieth and the forty-sixth de- 38 HISTORY OF MAINE grees of north latitude, with no western boundary save the Pacific Ocean. It is easy to see toward what num- berless disputes the nations of Europe were tending be- cause of such grants and the consequent overlapping of claims. De Monts landed first in Nova Scotia, then sailed through the Bay of Fundy, and finally reached Passamaquoddy Bay, the extreme southeastern bound- ary of Maine. He explored the bay, ascended the St. Croix and Schoodic rivers, and spent the winter on an island in this region. The following spring he sailed westward and entered Penobscot Bay, and continued on his course till he reached the Kennebec. Here he took possession of the land in the name of Henry IV., King of France. 1 2. The Coming of Waymouth. — England, alarmed by this wholesale claim, fitted out ships to visit this territory. The alleged object of send- ing them was to renew the search for the North West Passage,* but the real purpose was to ascertain *It will be remembered that the purpose of Columbus in his first voyage was to discover a new and shorter route to the Indies. When voyages and explorations subsequent to his had established the fact that a new continent had been discovered, efforts were made to discover some practicable way around the obstructing body. It was thought that such a way might be found in a passage around the continent to the north and west. The Cabots, the brothers Cor- tereal, Sir Hugh V\?illoughby, Frobisher, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, and others had vainly sought to discover and make this North West Pas- sage. These and other navigators, Danish, French, and Dutch, had been stimulated in their efforts by the fact that Spain had secured a monopoly of the traffic across the Atlantic and Indian oceans, and would suffer no intrusion upon what she considered her own peculiar rights. Hence the discovery of this North West Passage was deemed of vital importance to the English and other commercial rivals of Spain, DISCOVERY AND EXPLORATION 39 what the French were doing A ship called The Archangel, commanded by George Waymouth, sailed from England, March 31, 1605. The coast of Maine was reached May 17 of the same year, and anchor was cast at an island about six miles from the shore. It is believed that this landing was made on what is now known as the island of Monhegan. Waymouth gave it the name of St. George, erected a cross, and took possession of the country in the name of King James I. of England. After a stay of two days he con- tinued his voyage, exploring the shores and planting seeds, which it is said grew eight inches in sixteen days, thus proving the richness of the soil. This is probably the first attempt made by Europeans to cultivate the soil of Maine. Those who turned their attention to the sea were equally well rewarded by finding an abundance of salmon and many other kinds of fish, as well as lobsters and clams. 1 3. "Waymouth Continues his Voyage. — It is believed that Squirrel Island and Cape Newagen were visited by Waymouth before he proceeded farther along the coast. It seems to be reasonably certain that, during this voyage, he visited the Kennebec, then known as the Sagadahoc, and that, possibly later in the voyage, he also sailed up the Penobscot. The chron- icler of this expedition appears to have been greatly charmed with the natural beauties of the new country. He speaks of the handsome birds and sheltered groves, and adds that " it is the most beautiful, rich, large, secure harboring river that the world affordeth." It is thought by some that this passage refers to the Penobscot, while others believe that it describes the 40 HISTORY OF MAINE St. George, which is situated between the Penobscot and the Kennebec. After exploring various channels in this region, the explorer proceeded inland five miles through a country surpassingly lovely, over "good ground, pleasant and fertile, with notable high timber trees, masts for ships of four hundred tons. i 4. The Indians. — The Indians, who were found in large numbers, were friendly and hospitable. They manifested the greatest delight with the trinkets that the Englishmen gave them in exchange for furs. Special mention should be made, that there is no evidence that the natives were guilty of the first acts of treachery. But Waymouth, desirous of taking some of the Indians home with him, took advantage of their friendliness and trapped five of them in the hold of his vessel. While his motive was not a cruel one, the act so en- raged their companions that we cannot wonder they soon came to look upon every white man as an enemy to be feared or a foe to be slain. 1 5. Return of 'Waymo-ath. — Shortly after this unfortunate episode, Waymouth returned to England, carrying with him accounts of his travels which were of far-reaching influence. The captives, when exhib- ited in England, excited the greatest interest. Three of them were placed in the family of Sir. Ferdinando Gorges, and it is believed that the great interest which he took in the New World dates from this event. These Indians must have possessed qualities of no little worth, for we read that their intelligence, devo- tion to their land and people, and their manly bearing attracted the attention of the nobility, from the Lord Chief Justice to the heir to the throne; and so great DISCOVERY AND EXPLORATION 41 was the impression made by these noble Red Men that movements were immediately set on foot to secure this goodly land, develop its resources, and turn its majestic forests into homes for civilized men. CHAPTER II COLONIZATION 16. Plymouth Company. — The Plymouth Com- pany was formed in 1606 by some enterprising and influential citizens of London. It received a grant from James I. of all lands between the Hudson River and Cape Breton, including all islands within one hundred miles of the shore line. Lord Popham and Sir Ferdinando Gorges were prominent members of this company, and they at once fitted out an expedi- tion to visit this wonderful land in the West. The first vessel sent out was captured by the Spaniards. The second completed its voyage, made a landing, and almost immediately returned to add its testimony to the exceeding beauty and desirability of the coun- try as a place for colonization. 17. The Gift of God. — In the spring of 1607 two vessels were fitted out by the Plymouth Company. One, The Gift of God, was commanded by George Popham, a brother of Lord Popham, and the other, called The Mary and fohn, was placed under the charge of Capt. Raleigh Gilbert, a son of Sir Hum- phrey Gilbert. In August of the same year this vessel reached the coast, at a point, it is believed, near Pema- quid. The appearance of the vessel in the harbor filled the natives with alarm, and, on landing, the adventurers found them ready to fly at their approach. The harm done by Weymouth, which now began to 4S COLONIZATION 43 bear fruit, can hardly be overestimated. The Indians, who at first had shown themselves most friendly, would have been of invaluable assistance to the early colonists if his mistaken zeal had not taught them that the European was dangerous, and that their safety lay either in his death or their escape from him. The first Sunday after the arrival of Gilbert's vessel, a landing was made by the ship's crew, and religious services were held on one of the islands where Weymouth had erected a cross ; on this occasion the first sermon ever preached within the limits of Maine of which we have any knowledge, was delivered by Richard Seymour, an Episcopal clergy- man. 18. First Colony, 1607. — The following week was spent in searching for the Kennebec, examining the islands in Casco Bay, and seeking a favorable place for settlement. This was found at the extrem- ity of the peninsula, now known as Phippsburg. The colonists showed the strength of their determination to found a colony by holding religious services on the land chosen for their settlement, August 29, 1607. After suitable quarters had been provided for the set- tlers, their first efforts were directed towards building a boat, and the Kennebec, since famous for its ships, whose sails have whitened every sea, had the honor of having launched upon its waters the first vessel built by English hands in America. This vessel, named The Virginia of Sagadahoc, 1 608 sailed to the Vir- ginia Colony and thence to England. This colony had for its president George Popham, while Raleigh Gilbert was made admiral. 44 HISTORY OF MAINE 19. First Settlers. — It would appear that these early settlers were most industrious and enterprising, for we learn that only seven weeks after landing fifty log cabins had been built, the storehouse completed, and the town named St. George. It is not difficult to understand that this prosperous beginning led these people to feel that they had laid a permanent founda- tion for future settlement. Yet the record informs us that this colony, so auspiciously begun, had but a brief history. The first winter was long and severe. Govern- or Popham died, and this event, so disastrous to the company, was followed by the death of Sir John Gilbert, Raleigh Gilbert's brother. It became neces- sary for Raleigh to return to England to settle his brother's estate, and so disheartened were the settlers by his proposed departure that they nearly all returned with him, the few who remained finding homes in other settlements or fishing stations in the vicinity. 20. Second Colony, f 6 1 6- 1 7. — But Sir Fer- dinando Gorges, though disappointed at the unfor- tunate termination of the expedition from which he had hoped so much, was not daunted. Finding no one ready to help him, he fitted out another vessel himself, and, at great cost, hired men to winter in this new country. This company, under the direction of Richard Vines, reached the mouth of the Saco River, in September, i6i6. They spent the autumn in exploring the coast and trading with the natives, and finally selected a place for their winter quarters. This spot, which is now a part of lower Biddeford, they called Winter Harbor. During the next few years Captain Vines and others brought many colonists to COLONIZATION 45 this region, and numerous settlements were made on the shores of Casco Bay. 2 1 . Conflict between French and English, 1 633. — While there are but few records of attempts made to found permanent settlements, yet we learn that in 1623 there were a number of families located on both sides of the Saco River ; among them were Richard Vines on the west side and John Oldham on the east. To these two men Gorges gave a grant of all the land within the present limits of Biddeford and Saco. Vines, having obtained from the Plymouth Colony the right to trade with the Indians on the coast of Maine, in 1633 started on a voyage eastward. But the French claimed the entire coast from Cape Sable to Cape Cod, and LaTour, the French Governor at that time,* declared he would take as prize any vessel found trading east of Pemaquid. LaTour and Vines having met near Passamaquoddy, a dispute arose in regard to their claims, and in the encounter LaTour took some of the English prisoners, but, after adminis- tering some "grave and goodly counsel," he released * In 1621 Sir William Alexander had obtained from King James a charter for the lordship and baronetcy of New Scotland, comprising the territory now known as the provinces of Nova Scotia and New Bruns- wick, and had made several unsuccessful attempts at colonization. But by the treaty of St. Germains, in 1632, Great Britain had surren- dered to France all the places occupied by the English within these limits ; and, shortly after, Louis XIII. had appointed the Chevalier Razilly governor of the whole of Acadia, who had designated as his lieutenants for the portion east of the St. Croix, Charles de LaTour, and for the portion west of that river, Charles de Minou, Sieur D'Aulnay. The former had established himself on the river St. John where the city of St. John now stands, and the latter at Castine, on the eastern shore of Penobscot Bay. 46 HISTORY OF MAINE them. Vines at once went to Machias and set up a trading house, but in a few days LaTour anchored before the place, seized his goods and vessel, made the men prisoners, and escaped with his plunder. From this it may be seen that Machias had " a local habitation and a name" in history as early as 1633, only thirteen years after the landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth Rock. 22. Vocations and Business Conditions. — The settlers were engaged chiefly in fishing and commerce. These proved profitable occupations, as dried fish could be readily exchanged for goods brought from England and the West Indies. Even at this early day some of the settlers devoted their energies to lumber- ing, and only a few were engaged in cultivating the soil. The first cattle ever brought into what is now the State of Maine arrived in 16 13, and were of great service to the colonists. Horses were not introduced until many years later. At this time money was very scarce, and trade was carried on largely by exchanging one kind of goods for another. There were no Ameri- can coins until 1652, when Capt. John Hull was made mint master of Massachusetts, and coined silver shil- lings, sixpences, and threepences. 23. French Settlement, 16(3. — Meanwhile, in 1613, a company of French Catholics and the Jesuits Biard and Mass^ had formed a settlement on Mount Desert Island, which was named St. Sauveur. The Virginia Colony, considering this an infringement of its rights, sent a fleet under the command of Captain Argal, with orders to expel the invaders. The attack was successful, the Frenchmen were captured, and Argal COLONIZATION 47 gave them the choice of returning to France or going with him to Virginia. Fifteen of the number, includ- ing one of the missionaries, accepted the latter alterna- tive. In 1674, however, the French still had a few habitations in this vicinity ; and in 1688 forty-five families were settled between the Penobscot and St. Croix rivers. 24. Captain Levett's Settlement, 1 623. — In 1623 Captain Levett, searching for a place to establish a colony, landed at Pemaquid. It was here he met Samoset, Lord of Pemaquid, whose "welcome" we associate so closely with the early history of Plymouth. Captain Levett seems to have been especially fortunate in his dealings with the Indians. They soon lost all fear of being kidnaped, and even urged him to re- main, saying that their children should be brothers. Levett, though greatly pleased with the scenery at Pemaquid, its fine harbors and valuable fisheries, did not consider it a desirable place to settle in, but coasted along the shore until he reached an Indian village called Quack, now York, and at this place he made a settlement. 25. Gorges' Settlement, 1 623. — It was probably about this time (1623) that Gorges, having received a grant of 24,000 acres of land on both sides of the Agamenticus or York River, determined to establish a colony of his own. The company sent out was under the command of Captain Norton. They brought with them several farmers and mechanics, who were pro- vided with oxen and all needful tools. In 1636 Sir Ferdinando Gorges sent over his nephew, William Gorges, to act as governor of the colony. The meet- 48 HISTORY OF MAINE ing which he held with his councillors, chosen from the citizens, was assembled at the house of Richard Bony- thon and lasted several days. This was the first legis- lative body assembled in Maine. 26. Company of Laconia. — Just previous to this event the Company of Laconia was formed. The Plymouth Company made a grant of all the ter- ritory between the Merrimac and Kennebec rivers to Gorges, John Mason, and others. This territory was called Laconia, and it was described by the wealthy proprietors as a veritable earthly paradise. The allur- ing accounts given of the region induced a large number of people to emigrate to it, and settlements began to be made rapidly along the coast, extending inland for some miles. Besides these settlements in the vicinity of York, permanent homes were begun at Arrowsic Island, near the mouth of the Kennebec. Small bands of settlers established fishing and trading posts upon the main land at the entrance of Sheep- scot River, at Damariscotta, at Pemaquid, and on the St. George River. It is recorded that in 1630, eighty-four families, besides fishermen, had their homes along the coast of Maine. Unfortunately, many of these men were reckless adventurers, and society was so lawless that the Plymouth Company was obliged to send over men with power to act in all cases where it was necessary to inflict punishment for crime com- mitted. 27. Pemaquid. — While the Pilgrims were strug- gling for hfe at Plymouth, Pemaquid was probably the busiest place on the coast. After its purchase by two English merchants, a court was established and COLONIZATION 49 its population was estimated at five hundred souls. It is said to have been at this time' a more important port than Quebec, the capital of Canada. For fifty years this town continued to grow in importance, but in 1689 it was considered an object of special offense to the French and Indians, who decided to strike it a death blow. Jamestown in Pemaquid was attacked by the Indians, and after a brave resistance was forced to surrender and the town was burned. A second time, in 1696, was Pemaquid made the scene of an attack. Fort William Henry was forced to sur- render, and this important place was again laid desolate. 28. Present Condition of Pemaquid. — This ancient town, which is by far the most memorable on the coast of Maine, is well worthy of a visit at the present time. Its beautiful natural scenery, and its islands and harbors are unchanged. Its ruined for- tress, built by Sir William Phipps in 1692, requiring 3500 tons of stone in its construction, which was said to be the ' ' finest thing in these parts of America, ' ' is an interesting ruin. From the town of Pemaquid have been carved out the towns of Bristol, Noble- boro, Damariscotta, and perhaps Waldoboro, Warren, Thomaston, and St. George. 29. Other Settlements. — It is impossible to give the details of all the grants made to different persons and companies in these early days. Mention is here made of only a few of the more important. In 1630 a district of forty miles square named Lagonia, extend- ing from Harpswell to the Kennebunk River, was set apart for the first colony of farmers. But when a 50 HISTORY OF MAINE vessel brought over the immigrants who were to intro- duce the implements and practice of husbandry, the undertaking was looked upon by the inhabitants of neighboring settlements with such scorn, that only a few of the company remained a year where the culti- vation of the soil was so little respected. Settlements were also made on Casco Bay, but were soon aban- doned. It is worthy of note that, during all this time when settlements were being established and aban- doned along the coast, those made in and near Saco and Biddeford continued prosperous, and that their citizens were orderly, industrious, and thrifty. In 1626 a trading post had been established by the Enghsh on the Penobscot, at a point called Bagaduce, now Castine, where a thriving and profitable trade in furs was carried on with the Indians. This was dis- puted territory, being claimed by both French and English, and in 1632 the settlement was plundered by the former. 30. Division into Provinces. — In 1620 the Council of New England, composed of forty noble- men, knights, and gentlemen, was formed as a succes- sor to the Plymouth Company. In 1635 this council was dissolved, and its territory, which extended from a point south of Hudson River to the Bay of Chaleur on the north, and from ocean to ocean, was divided into twelve provinces, four of which were in Maine. The first division embraced the region between the St. Croix River and Pemaquid ; the second extended from Pemaquid to the Kennebec ; the third included the territory between the Kennebec and the Androscoggin, and the fourth was located between COLONIZATION 5 1 the Kennebec and the Piscataqua. The last two divisions were given to Sir Ferdinando Gorges, and by him were named New Somersetshire. Even at this early day the proprietors seem to have under- stood the art of advertising the sections which they desired to have settled. At least, the emigrants increased to such numbers that King Charles of Eng- land became alarmed, and gave orders that no sub- ject should leave his native land until he had taken the oath of allegiance. 31. Province of Maine. — In 1639 Gorges pro- cured a grant from the King making him Proprietary Lord, with full power of governing the territory between the Piscataqua and Kennebec rivers, a dis- tance of sixty miles, and extending inland one hundred and twenty miles. This region was called the Province of Maine. Two reasons have been given for the selection of this title. Some think it was named from the Province of Maine in France, which the Queen had inherited, while others hold to the opinion that it was called Maine because of the custom of calling it the main land. The first general court for this Province was held at Saco, June 25, 1640, with but four councillors in attendance. It is worthy of notice, that one John Winter, a trader, was indicted for charging a profit of more than five per cent, upon the cost of goods which he sold. 32. Comparative Importance of Maine and Massachusetts. — Our greater familiarity with the history of Massachusetts makes it difficult to believe that in those days Maine was far more important, and especially that there was an enterprising colony in 52 HISTORY OF MAINE Maine before a permanent settlement had been made in Massachusetts. It is said that on the southeastern slope of Damariscove Island remains may even now be seen of fortifications built there more than two and a half centuries ago. At this time there were two important trading and fishing ports ; Monhegan and the surrounding region, which included Pemaquid and the Damariscove Islands and the mouth of the Ken- nebec. It was doubtless owing to the adventurous character of the traders that their settlements did not become permanent. Some further facts will serve to make clear the probable reasons for the greater early importance of Maine than Massachusetts. 33. Smith's Visits, 1614-15. — In 1614 Capt. John Smith sailed from England for the Sagadahoc. He spent the early summer in exploring the coast and trading with the Indians. He returned to England in July, leaving behind him Capt. Thomas Hunt, who devoted the most of his energies to kidnaping natives, whom he sold as slaves to the Spaniards. The next year Smith sailed again for our shores, but was cap- tured by the French. Soon after regaining his liberty, he published a brief description of the coast, with a map, and named the region New England. 34. Visits of English Ships for Trading Pur- poses, 1620-22. — In 1620 the Pilgrims made their settlement at Plymouth, and during the same year seven English ships made voyages to the coast of Maine for cargoes of fish and furs. In 1622 thirty English vessels cast anchor at Damariscove Islands. This group of five or six islands, situated a little south- east of the mouth of Damariscotta River, plays an COLONIZATION 53 important part in the early history of Maine. We learn that the Puritan governor Winslow visited these islands to obtain supplies for his suffering colonists, and that he was kindly received ; his wants were sup- plied, and no payment was taken for the provisions furnished him. 35. Lack of Exact Knowledge of Early History. — These facts make it clear that what is now Maine had received many more visits from the early voy- agers than had been made to what afterward became the State of Massachusetts ; and further that, when the settlement of Plymouth was made, there were settlements already existing in Maine. That we have no such complete and authentic history of the estab- lishment and condition of these settlements as we have of those of Massachusetts, is due to the character of the Maine settlers and the purposes for which the set- tlements had been made. Engaged in fishing and in traffic with the Indians, as these settlers were, and making settlements only for convenience in carrying on their vocations, there were not among them the scholarly men who were in the ranks of the Massa- chusetts colonists to write our history. Established as they were, these settlements probably did not, like those made in Massachusetts, take on such forms of social and political organization as would require the keeping of records in which the historian of later time might find materials for constructing their story. And so, while the evidence is conclusive that they existed, we know little more of them than is revealed by their ruined and nearly obliterated sites as they exist to-day. CHAPTER III GROWTH 36. Early Industries and Commerce. — Up to this time most of the clothing and grain used by the settlers had been brought from England. But as the demand for these articles increased more rapidly than the col- onists were able to secure funds to pay for them, they began to grow flax and wool, which, with the aid of great hand looms, were woven into cloth. In these early days mills were built for grinding corn and cut- ting lumber, two industries which were of great value to the settlers. It is still a tradition in many families that their ancestors made long journeys across the country, carrying their corn to the mill on their own backs or on horses. We also learn that trade with the West Indies was increasing, and that lumber was exchanged for molasses, sugar, coffee, spices, etc. 37. First City, Georgiana. — The faithful Gorges was much rejoiced to witness the great increase in population, and the continued prosperity of the settle- ments which he had established. It is much to his credit that he never lost faith in the possibilities offered by the New World, but held firmly to the grand thought and purpose of his life, even when all other hearts failed. Hoping to leave a noble inherit- ance to his children, he chose Agamenticus, or York, as the capital of his future empire, and, in 1642, made 54 GROWTH 55 it a city and named it for himself, Georgiana. It in- cluded twenty-one square miles on the north side of York River, bordering on the coast. This ambitious young city had a mayor, aldermen, council, and policemen, or ' ' sergeants, ' ' whose badge was a white rod. This city, so bravely equipped, never numbered three hundred inhabitants, and ten years after it was founded, at the conclusion of a dispute between Gorges and Rigby, in which the former was defeated, its name was changed to York. 38. Death and Character of Gorgee. — "When the Civil War broke out in England, in 1643, Gorges took the side of the King, and, after Charles was beheaded, he was thrown into prison and died soon after his release. Although Gorges never visited the land for which he strove to do so much, and although the mighty empire which he desired to found failed of immediate realiza- tion, yet his name will stand in history as the Father of Colonization in New England. To him, in large measure, belongs the glory of setting in motion those forces which made the conquest of the New World possible, and gave to England its vast possessions on this Western Continent. 39. Maine Passes Under the Jurisdiction of Massachusetts. — In 1650 the present territory of Maine was under six different governments, each jealous of the other, and each offering a refuge for persons guilty of crime in the other districts, thus causing much disorder. Many of the colonists, becoming weary of the perpetual strife, called frequently upon Massachusetts for aid. The wise men among the Puritans saw in these calls an opportunity to enlarge 56 HISTORY OF MAINE their territory. An examination of her charter con- vinced the officials of Massachusetts that they might take the source of the Merrimac as their northern boundary instead of its mouth, as they had previously done. A line drawn from a point three miles north of Lake Wiimepesaukee, extending east on the same parallel of latitude, brought the boundary to a point on Casco Bay near where Portland now stands. By this extension of the limits of Massachusetts, the Province of Maine, the Lygonia Patent, and Mason's grant of New Hampshire were all brought under the Puritan charter. Edward Godfrey, governor of the Province, protested vehemently against this plan, but, a majority being against him, he was forced to sub- mit, and this great territory passed under the control of Massachusetts. 40. Made a County : Towns Incorporated. — The Province of Maine in 1652 was made a county of Massachusetts, under the name of Yorkshire. Two delegates were sent to the General Court, and a ses- sion of court was held in the county twice each year, alternately at Kittery and York. It is worthy of spe- cial mention that Kittery was the first town incorpo- rated within the present limits of Maine, and that its history dates from 1647. Its territory at that time included not only the present town of Kittery, but also Northand South Berwick and Eliot. In 1653, Wells, Saco, and Cape Porpoise, now Kennebunkport, were also incorporated. In 1658 Scarborough and Fal- mouth were separated from the Lygonia territory and declared to be a part of Yorkshire. After the restoration of Charles II., in 1660, Ferdinando Gorges, GROWTH 57 grandson of the original proprietor of Maine, laid claim to the territory granted to his grandfather, and although his claim was favored by the King and the council, the title remained in dispute for nearly twenty years. 4 1 . County of Cornwall Granted to Duke of York. — In 1664, Charles II. granted his brother James, Duke of York, all the territory between the St. Croix and Kennebec rivers, and northward to the St. Lawrence. The region was called the county of Cornwall. This grant comprised part of the territory claimed by Massachusetts and included in Yorkshire, and was the cause of many disputes. In 1670, how- ever, we find Massachusetts Bay Colony in substantial possession of the original Province of Maine granted to Gorges, and the county of Yorkshire well or- ganized. 42. Conflicting Claims Settled by Purchase. — • About this time the French, who held virtual posses- sion of Maine as far west as the Penobscot, began to claim the entire county of Cornwall. Gorges was still pressing his claim to this same region, because of the grant which had been made to his grandfather; and, as has already been stated, his claim was endorsed by the King, and the decision of the council was in his favor. Massachusetts Bay Colony decided to purchase the interests of the different claimants, and thus put an end to all controversy. John Usher, a Boston mer- chant, was employed to effect the purchase, and on May 6, i677, Gorges gave Usher a deed of the Prov- ince of Maine, including all the territory originally granted to Sir Ferdinando Gorges by Charles I. in 58 HISTORY OF MAINE 1639.* Charles II. attempted to annul this purchase, but was unable to accomplish his purpose. Thomas Danforth, who was made President of Maine by the Massachusetts authorities, proclaimed his authority at York in March, and at Falmouth, now Portland, in *\Ve have seen — vide note p. 22 — that in 1633 the French were in virtual possession and control of the coast of Maine as far east as the Penobscot River, with D'Aulnay having his seat of government at Cas- tine, and LaTour at St. John. Subsequently these two commanders quarreled, engaged in active hostilities, and made efforts to enlist Massachusetts in their quarrel. The result was a treaty pledging the Massachusetts colonists to neutrality, and, in effect, giving guasi- recognition to the rights of France to the territory east of the Penob- scot. In 1654, however, under secret instructions from Cromwell, the whole of Acadia was subjugated by a force from Boston under command of Major Robert Sedgwick of Charleston and Capt. John Lev- erett of Boston ; and in 1656 it was made a province by the Protector, who appointed Sir William Temple governor and granted the whole territory to Temple, one William Crown, and Stephen LaTour, son of the late French governor. In 1668, by the treaty of Breda, the whole territory waS again ceded to France, with undefined limits. In the meantime, in 1667, the French Baron St. Castin had established himself and a party of colonists at D'Aulnay's late seat of govern- ment on the Penobscot. The new county of Cornwall, which Charles II. was attempting to establish, embraced the territory between the Penobscot and St. Croix. This had been recognized as French territory in the treaty between Massachusetts and D'Aulnay and LaTour. The French were provoked by these acts to make counter-claims to the whole territory embraced in the new county. By purchase of the rights of Gorges, Massachusetts would gain clear title to such portion of the new county as lay west of the Penobscot, and such rights, conferred by the grant made by James I. to the Plymouth Company in 1606, and to the country east of the Penobscot, which Gorges had inherited from bis grandfather. By her purchase of Gorges' rights, then, Massachu- setts practically checkmated the attempt of Charles II. to confer upon the Duke of York proprietary rights in Maine territory, and, also, put herself in position to meet the French claims to territory east of the Kennebec. GROWTH 59 September, 1680. The plantation adjoining Fal- mouth was at that time incorporated into a town and named North Yarmouth, the eighth town within the present State of Maine. 43. Indian "Wars and Their Effects. — The year 1675 found the Maine settlements in a prosperous con- .4T, -^ — \ ■IE ^ ,. Iff, =5=^- - Q3: PP^1>faf, Z^7^=^ ■— -; BLOCK HOUSE. dition. The population numbered 6,000. Farms had been cleared, mills built, and Maine vessels were loaded with valuable cargoes of lumber, furs, and fish. The people were industrious, and many comfortable homes repaid their labor and thrift. This increasing pros- perity was arrested by the terrible Indian wars. Com- mencing with King Philip's war in 1675, the settlers 6o HISTORY OF MAINE experienced all the horrors of savage warfare and butchery for nearly a hundred years. Before these troubles were settled, thousands of people had been killed, hundreds of homes burned, and many indus- tries ruined. It took many years for Maine to recover from this fearful scourge. These facts account for her slow growth in these early days. 44. Maine as Part of the Royal Province of Massachusetts Bay. — In 1692 the Massachusetts Bay colony became a royal province. Maine was then composed of three principal divisions, viz. , the origi- nal Province of Maine as granted to Gorges in 1639, extending from the Piscataqua River to the Kennebec on the coast and one hundred and twenty miles inland; the Province of Sagadahoc, embracing all the territory between the Kennebec and St. Croix rivers and extend- ing northward to the St. Lawrence; and the territory lying north of the original grant to Gorges and west of the Province of Sagadahoc, or that region which lay between the north line of the Province of Maine and the southern line of Canada. This territory was all embraced in Massachusetts. 45. Temporary Revival of Prosperity. — The close of Queen Anne's War in 171 3 and the hope of lasting peace brought many settlers to Maine, and business began to revive. New settlements were made at many points, and a large number of new vil- lages were founded between the Piscataqua and the Penobscot rivers. But peace was of short duration. The growth and prosperity of the province were again interrupted by the savage war cry, and for years the history of Maine is one of struggle with the Indians, GROWTH 61 which, while it retarded, could not stop her growth. Her settlers were of that stern stuff which would not allow them to relinquish their liberty and their homes for the fear of danger or poverty. 46. Close of the French and Indian "Wars. — The French and Indian wars terminated with the victories of England in Canada, in 1759-60, and the power of France in this country was gone forever. From this time the Indians were no longer to be feared. Their tribes were greatly broken, and those who were left took the oath of allegiance to England, and permis- sion was given them to locate villages in certain desig- nated places, and to hunt in unoccupied forests. 47. Growth of Population and Settlements — 1742-1760. — In 3742 the population of Maine had increased to 12,000. The towns and plantations numbered twenty-five. The settlements were almost all on the coast, and extended eastward only as far as St. George River. On the Kennebec, settle- ments had been made as far north as Cushnoc, now Augusta. In 1760 the whole population of Maine did not exceed 17,000, and no permanent settlement had been made east of the Penobscot. West of the Ken- nebec, the years 1761, 1762 were years of extraordi- nary drought and scarcity, followed by sickness, and- great fires broke out and passed through Lebanon, Scarboro, Gorham, and other towns. These fires and drought drove the inhabitants east of the Penobscot in search of grass for their stock, and in 1763 a per- manent settlement was made at Machias, where they found hundreds of acres of marsh lands which had never known the mower's scythe. 62 HISTORY OF MAINE 48. Cumberland and Lincoln Counties ; Bangor. — In 1 760 the counties of Cumberland and Lincoln were created by the Provincial Legislature. The boundaries of Cumberland were nearly as they are to- day, but Lincoln embraced all the region north and east of the Androscoggin and as far east as the St. Croix. Shortly after this date English settlements began to be made east of the Penobscot; Bangor, about sixty miles from the sea, and at the head of ship navigation on this river, was settled in 1769- This town was known as Kenduskeag. At the time of its incorporation it was recommended that it be called Sunbury, owing to its pleasant location; but the Rev. Seth Noble, who was influential in obtaining the act of incorporation, took the liberty of substituting the name of his favorite tune, Bangor. 49. Maine before the Revolution. — Hardly had ten years elapsed since the horrors of Indian butchery had ceased, when the troubles arose with the Mother Country that resulted in the War of the Revolution and our independence as a nation. Acts of Parliament passed just previous to the Revolution, especially those restricting trade with the West Indies, were particularly disastrous to Maine, because the people in this section were so largely interested in commercial pursuits. Still, we find no lack of readiness on the' part of her people to respond to the call for soldiers to defend the liberties of the colonies. When the Eng- lish closed the port of Boston in 1774 the Falmouth meeting-house bell was muffled and tolled from sunrise to sunset. The gathering storm of British vengeance was soon to burst upon this doomed town, then a GROWTH 63 beautiful and prosperous village, and soon it was laid in ashes. Maine's first newspaper, published in Falmouth, January i, 1785, was known as The Falmouth Gazette. Later this paper was a powerful agent in bringing about the final separation of Maine from Massachusetts. 50. Capture of British Cutter at Machias. — The inhabitants of Machias and vicinity were greatly op- posed to the acts of the English; and, having received reports of the battle of Lexington about the same time that they received the proclamation of the Provincial Congress of Massachusetts authorizing and requiring them to make preparations for hostilities, they at once appointed a committee of safety and erected a liberty pole as a symbol of their approval of this document. In a few days The Margaretta, a King's cutter, brought into Machias harbor two sloops to be freighted with lumber for the English at Boston. On the night of June II, 1775, the patriots of the town seized a number of the British, ' ' as they came from the meet- ing-house, ' ' and then took possession of the sloops. The Margaretta did not fire on the town, but in the dusk of the evening dropped down the harbor, and the next morning proceeded on her voyage. She was pur- sued by Captain Jeremiah O'Brien and forty men in one of the captured sloops, and by twenty others from Machias in a schooner ; and the cutter, being a dull sailer, was soon overtaken. An obstinate sea-fight took place; the captain of the cutter was mortally wounded and six of his men were injured. After an hour's resistance, the British flag was struck to Ameri- cans for the first time on the ocean. 64 HISTORY OF MAINE 5 I . First Company Sent to "War. — Maine took no insignificant part in the Revolutionary War. The morning following the news of the battle of Lexington, a company of sixty men, armed and provisioned, left York for Boston, this being the first force organized in the State for the war. Falmouth, Biddeford, New Gloucester, and other towns soon fell into line and sent troops to the front. 52. Arnold's Expedition. — One of the most fam- ous and unfortunate events of the Revolution was the Quebec expedition conducted through Maine, in 177S, by Col. Benedict Arnold. Maine contributed her full quota to this campaign. A number of men con- nected with this undertaking afterward became noted leaders in war and politics, among whom were Daniel Morgan, Aaron Burr, Henry Dearborn, and Jonathan Meigs. Maine lost a thousand men in the Revolutionary War, the flourishing town of Falmouth was laid in ashes, and her share of the public debt was greater in proportion to the population than that laid upon her by the Civil War. 53. Lumbering Resources Attract Settlers. — Soon after peace with England was declared, Maine became a region of great interest to those seeking homes in the new nation. Many were attracted by her great pine forests, which covered so large a por- tion of her area. Some of these pines were of such size that a yoke of oxen could be turned about on the stump, while they often towered to the height of 240 feet. It is not strange that these giants of the forest gave the name of Pine Tree State to our common- wealth. GROWTH 65 54. Portland Incorporated; the Bingham Pur- chase. — In 1786 Casco Neck was set off from Fal- mouth and incorporated under the name of Portland. Up to this time only twelve towns had been laid out east of the Penobscot. To assist in developing this fertile region, and to help in filling her treasury at the same time, Massachusetts, in 1786, established aland lottery. This scheme provided for the disposal of the land included in fifty townships six-miles square between the Penobscot and St. Croix rivers. Two thousand seven hundred and twenty tickets were issued at £60 each, and each ticket entitled the holder to a prize, the lowest being a tract of land half a mile square. But so few of these tickets were disposed of that the scheme failed of its immediate purpose. Mr. William Bingham, of Philadelphia, purchased the large number of tickets remaining unsold at the time of the general sale, as well as most of the prize lots from those who had drawn them. This land, which he bought for 12^ cents an acre, he kept for specu- lation. He soon removed to England, where he died, and the Bingham Purchase, including over a mill- ion acres, was the property of his heirs for many years. 55. Increase in Population. — In 1 790, the census of Maine showed that the population had increased to 96,540. In this year the counties of Hancock and Washington were formed from Lincoln County. Up to this date Maine had been entitled to but one repre- sentative in the General Court of Massachusetts, but in 1794 a new apportionment was made that gave her three members. The population increased steadily 66 HISTORY OF MAINE during the next decade, but many troubles arose among the settlers in regard to titles to their lands, and so strong was the feeling of tenants against proprietors that at one time a surveyor was shot and killed by men disguised as Indians. The court, although unable to convict the men, reprimanded them so severely that no further trouble occurred in this direc- tion. 56. The Embargo. — Hardly had order been re- stored when the Embargo Act of 1807 was passed, which proved a serious injury to this section of the coun- try. The population had increased to 220,705, the yearly exports were upwards of $800,000, while ship- ping amounted to 150, 000 tons. This large investment in commercial industries was greatly crippled by the act, and great bitterness of feeling and loss of money followed its enforcement. Its early repeal restored prosperity in a measure to the State. 57. War of 1812. — During the War of 181 2, Maine sent many of her sons to bear an active and honorable part in the struggle, while her coasts and rivers formed the scene of most important conflicts. The famous battle between The Enterprise and The Boxer took place at the mouth of the Kennebec in 18 13, and in July, 18 14, the first attack was made on Maine. Fort Sullivan, at Eastport, was surrendered to the British, and the next year Castine, whose early history had been one of frequent conflicts, was attacked. As these stations were but poorly garrisoned, they were forced to surrender, and the British gained control of the Penobscot River. Soon after this victory, a proc- lamation was issued declaring the region between GROWTH 67 the Penobscot and Passamaquoddy bays to be a prov- ince of England. 58. Castine under British Occupancy. — During its occupation by the English, Castine became not only a center of trade, but a place of much gayety. Besides balls and parties, a theater was maintained during the winter by the British officers. The English evacuated the town in the spring of 1 8 1 5 , peace having been declared the previous December. They had held possession of the post eight months, and the citizens, who had suffered much during this time, celebrated their departure with great rejoicing and thanksgiving. 59. Western Emigration. — The years following the war were trying ones for Maine. Business de- clined, manufacturing decreased, and many citizens, attracted by the inducements held out by land owners in Ohio, emigrated to what was then known as the Far West. Nearly 15,000 of Maine's citizens left their homes to settle on lands west of the Alleghany Mountains, and this draft upon the population for a time checked her prosperity and growth. But 'after a few years, the tide turned, business revived, and the growth of Maine, while slow, has been steady since that time. CHAPTER IV INDIAN WARS AND RAVAGES 60. English and French Modes of Treating the Natives. — The dealings of the early English explorers and colonists with the Indians in Maine were not such as to make the natives trusting and trusty friends of the newcomers. Waymouth's treacherous seizure and carrying away of a party of them, was long remem- bered with bitter resentment. During the brief ex- istence of Popham's colony at the mouth of the Kennebec, an event is said to have occurred that was fitted to intensify the feelings of distrust and hostility to which Waymouth's act had given rise. The men brought over to establish this colony were of the baser sort — criminals released from English jails. Once, while a party of Indians were holding friendly inter- course with them, these newcomers induced them to lay hol'd of the drag ropes and aid in drawing a cannon loaded to the muzzle with bullets ; and, when they were all in line, one of these jail-birds touched a live coal to the priming, and the ground was strewn with corpses. The result was that the rest of the maddened Indians attacked the colonists, drove them to their ships, rushed into their fort, and blew it up with them- selves in it. If this event did not occur, the spirit of which the story is an illustration was one frequently shown by the English in their earlier intercourse with the natives. On the contrary, the French strove to INDIAN WARS AND RAVAGES 69 win the confidence and friendship of the natives. Champlain, as early as 1609, had aided the Alg^onkins — to which great Indian family the Maine tribes be- longed — to win a great victory over their long-time enemies, the Iroquois. Jesuit missionaries from France traversed the wilderness, slept in the Indians' wig- wams, and established missions among them. French traders seeking furs found their way among them, and, in many cases, intermarried with them. Even the French Baron St. Castin had lived among the Abenaquis on the Penobscot, taking the daughters of their chief, Modocawando, as wives. It is not strange, then, that in the wars between the French and Eng- lish, in which the colonies always became involved, the Indians should be found acting as allies of the French, and that the English settlements in Maine should suffer from their attacks and ravages. A brief statement has already been made of Indian attacks on the settlement at Pemaquid. Others equally savage and disastrous were made on other set- tlements. The settlers retaliated by attacking and destroying the Indian strongholds in Maine. Certain results grew out of this warfare between the Indians and the settlers that render a fuller account oi some of the more important events worthy of attention. 6 1 . Fort Royal. — In 1 690 the English and French were engaged in the contest known in our history as King William's War, and the American colonies of both nations became involved. On the shore of Casco Bay, where Portland is now situated, was the little village of Fort Royal, with four block-houses forming a fort. A force of French and Indians had, in March, •JO HISTORY OF MAINE ravaged with fire and sword one of the settlements upon the Piscataqua. News of this attack had reached the settlers in Maine, arid those in the neighborhood of Fort Royal had flocked into the village. On the 20th of Ma}' there were one hundred men in the fort under command of one Captain Davis. Suddenly the report of a gun was heard, and a man was killed by a shot from the Indians. A party of thirty men under the command of Lieutenant Clark issued from the garrison to find the enemy, and received a volley from the savages. Every man of the party was killed or wounded, and only four succeeded in reaching the fort again, whither the settlers with their families at once fled for protection. Then followed a siege of the fort by five hundred French and Indians, lasting three days and nights. At last, trusting in the solemn pledges of the French commander that the inmates would be given quarter and allowed to march, with a guard for their protection, to the nearest English settlement. Captain Davis surrendered the fort. The gates were opened, the garrison gave up their arms, and then, despite the solemn pledges given, a horrid slaughter began. Men, women, and children were tomahawked and scalped, or taken into captivity. Only Captain Davis and four other men were spared, and they were carried away as prisoners through the wilderness to Canada. The settlement was utterly destroyed. 62. Settlements in Western Maine Attacked. — In 1703 France and England were again at war, and the American colonies became at length involved in the contest, which is known in American history as Queen Anne's War. At the breaking out of the war, INDIAN WARS AND RAVAGES 7 1 the English settlements hoped to be spared participa- tion in it. The chiefs of the Indian tribes, from the Piscataqua to the Penobscot, had met Governor Dudley, of Massachusetts, in June, at Falmouth, a settlement which had been built upon the site of Fort Royal, and assured him that, though solicited by the French to take up the hatchet against the English, they had no thought of doing so. The settlers in Maine, trusting in these assurances, had kept at their usual vocations, and in the early days of August were har- vesting their grain. But meanwhile the Indians had been preparing to fall upon and destroy the settle- ments from Casco Bay to Kittery. On the morning of August loth the bloody work began. That night, between the Piscataqua and Casco Bay, one hundred and fifty corpses of men, women, and children lay slaughtered upon the ground; the embers of burned buildings that had been happy homes glowed feebly in the darkening night; and crowds of living men, women, and children were being carried into captivity. At Berwick five of the settlers were slain before they could find refuge in the fort, one was captured and burned at the stake, and a vessel was seized, the whole crew of seven falling victims to the fiendish rage of their captors. At Spurwink and Purpooduck, two settlements on Casco Bay, forty-seven persons were butchered and eight made captives. Three Indians appeared before the new fort at Falmouth, and by showing a white flag and making signs that they were without arms, induced Major March and two of his men to come out and talk with them, when, drawing forth their tomahawks from beneath their blankets, 72 HISTORY OF MAINE they attacked them, while others concealed in ambush began shooting. Major March and one of the men fell mortally wounded, but by the aid of the other and of a party coming from the fort to their rescue, they were carried back into the fort before they could be scalped. The savages abandoned the siege at the end of a week of hard fighting. 63. End of Queen Anne's "War. — Queen Anne's War was terminated in 1713 by the treaty of Utrecht. Hoping and trusting that the worst was over, and that peace had come to stay, the settlers who had escaped the tomahawk of the savages devoted their energies to rebuilding their destroyed homes, or to making new homes in the wilderness. But their hopes of continued peace and increasing prosperity were doomed to dis- appointment. The season of peace was fated to be brief. An insidious force was at work that was again soon to bring upon the settlements renewed sufferings and dangers from their savage foes. That force had its center of action in the very heart of the Maine wilderness. 64. Rale and his Mission at Norridgewock. — In 1695 3- French Jesuit named Sebastian Rale had established a mission among the Norridgewocks, one of the Tarratine tribes, at a favorite fishing place of the Indians, on the Kennebec, and about a hundred miles from the mouth of that river. At a point where the river makes a deep bend, on a broad and fertile intervale, an Indian village had grown up around the chapel which Father Rale had built. For twenty-five years he had labored to convert the Indians to the Christian faith, and his patient labors had been INDIAN WARS AND RAVAGES 73 rewarded. Here in the heart of the wilderness was a Christian chapel, in which the dusky children of the forest worshiped the white man's God according to the rites of the Catholic faith. By his labors among the Indians, he had gained great influence among all the Algonkin tribes. So evident had been this influence that, in the beginning of Queen Anne's War, Govern- or Dudley, of Massachusetts, sent a force to seize him, but he had gone to Quebec and the attempt failed. The terms made in the treaty of Utrecht, by which Maine and all Acadia came under English control, were distasteful to some, and since the treaty they had not ceased to influence the Indians against the English settlers. 65. Indian Attacks on Settlements. — In August, 1720, owing to certain mischievous arts and influ- ences, the Indians began a war upon the settlers by killing three men at Casco and ravaging that settle- ment. Later they fell upon the settlements on the lower Kennebec, captured a fishing sloop, and attacked Fort George on Arrowsic Island, burning twenty-six houses, and destroyed Brunswick. Everywhere from the Piscataqua to Nova Scotia, prowling bands of Indians slaughtered and scalped the English settlers, and disappeared as quickly as they came. It was of little use to chase these skulking marauders, who, in a few hours, would be far away to fall upon some other settlement. It was finally determined to strike a blow at headquarters, and such a blow as would put an end to this insufferable condition of affairs. 66. Destruction of the Norridgewocks and Death of Rale. — On the I2th of August, 1722, the blow fell. 74 HISTORY OF MAINE A band of two hundred stern and determined men under the command of Captains Moulton and Harman, who had made their way steahhily through the wilder- ness, were that morning hidden in the woods upon the hills overlooking the village of the Norridgewocks. The plan of attack was quickly made. They divided into two parties and rushed down upon the village. The Indians, taken by surprise, made but a feeble resistance. Sixty of the warriors fired upon the invaders, but their aim was poor, and not one of the attacking party was killed. A return volley from the whites mowed the Indians down like grain before the reaper. The chiefs Mogg and Bomazeen were killed. The women and children were allowed to escape to the river and thence to the woods. The village and chapel were given to the flames. The power of the Norridgewocks was broken, and the tribe as such ceased to exist ; its members who escaped were incorporated into other tribes. Peace and safety were thereby assured to the settlement on the Kenne- bec, and the way was opened for the planting of new settlements further up the fertile valley of that river. 67. Chief Paugus and the Sokokis. — But while the destruction of the Norridgewocks brought assur- ance of peace and safety to the settlements on the Kennebec, those on the Saco and west of that river were still in danger. The Sokokis tribe of Indians had their homes in the neighborhood of the present lovely village of Fryeburg. Their chief was Paugus, who, during the years of peace, visited the frontier towns of Massachusetts, and was well acquainted with the settlers ; but his allegiance was to the French in INDIAN WARS AND RAVAGES 75 Canada, from whom he could always procure money and ammunition. He could easily make his way to Lake Winnepesaukee, and thence to the Merrimac, and fall upon the settlements upon that stream ; he could descend the Saco and strike the settlements on its lower reaches ; or, by short marches, he could make his way to the headwaters of the Piscataqua and strike the settlements in the neighborhood of its mouth. He chose the first of these courses, fortu- nately for the Maine settlements, and, in 1724, fell upon Dunstable, on the northern border of Massachu- setts, killed two men and shot and scalped nine of a party of eleven who pursued him. Immediately Gov- ernor Dudley offered a bounty of ;^ioo for every Indian scalp, and one Captain John Lovewell, of Dunstable — a man who knew all the haunts and ways of the Indians — organized a company to retaliate for the blow struck at Dunstable. In the late autumn, with forty picked men. Captain Lovewell marched up the Merri- mac valley and along the southern shore of Lake Winnepesaukee. Here they found the tracks of Indians, and, following them through the day, they discovered ten of them just at sunset, around their campfire. They waited concealed till midnight, and then killed the whole band with a single volley from their rifles. 68. Lovewell's Fight. — But the final blow was to be struck on the soil of Maine. In April, 1725, Cap- tain Lovewell with his company again marched up the Merrimac, crossed Winnepesaukee, and, leaving seven sick men at Ossipee, made rapidly for the headquar- ters of the Indians on the Saco. Nearing the Indian 76 HISTORY OF MAINE village, they laid aside their packs, and, before mov- ing on again, listened to a prayer offered by their chaplain, Jonathan Frye. In the midst of the prayer a gun was heard, and they saw an Indian crossing the little lake now known as Lovewell's Pond, upon whose wooded shore they stood. They were discovered, and all hope of taking the Indians by surprise was gone. Now they must either fight, probably at great odds, or retreat as best they could. But they were not men given to retreating when they saw danger fronting them, and they pushed on. Suddenly they came upon an Indian, whom they shot at sight, but who, before falling, shot and mortally wounded Captain Love- well. This was a disheartening blow, and they re- treated to the place where they had left their packs, to find them gone. They were now between two small brooks, and suddenly found themselves confronted by a hundred warriors, armed with new guns obtained in Canada. The Indians fired, and at the first volley seven white men were killed and several wounded. To escape being completely surrounded by their foes, the company retreated to the shore of the lake where, at the water's edge, no foe could get in their rear. There all day long the fight went on after the manner of Indian warfare, the combatants on both sides hiding from their foes, or slipping stealthily from tree to tree to get a shot at some unsuspecting enemy. At last Paugus fell before the rifle of Lieutenant Wyman, who was now in command. The Indians soon lost heart, and when night came stole away. It was a victory for the whites, but a victory dearly bought. Captain Lovewell and Chaplain Frye were INDIAN WARS AND RAVAGES 77 dead ; seven had been killed at the first onset of the foe ; three others were dying, and eleven were badly- wounded. Their packs with their food had been seized by the Indians, and they were twenty miles from Ossipee, where they had left the seven sick men with other supplies. It was a sad, weary, and hungry little band that, after much suffering, found their way home. But they had won a victory whose results assured safety from further Indian ravages, and ushered in days of increasing prosperity and expansion for the settlements in western Maine, as well as those in Massachusetts. The Indians were weary of war, and were glad to sue for peace. 69. Ultimate Effects. — While the immediate effects of these Indian wars were bitter sorrows, loss of homes and property, and a retarding of the growth and prosperity of the settlements, the ultimate effects were good. A mutual dependence of settlement upon settlement, and colony upon colony, became more and more clearly recognized, and colonists and colonies became welded into that closer community of inter- ests upon which so much was to depend when the final struggle came for National unity and life. The people learned in the struggle to defend their families and homes from the Indian's tomahawk and torch, and acquired a hardihood of character, a military spirit, and a readiness to make sacrifices for the common weal that descended to their sons, and stood them in good stead when the struggle for liberty came to be fought out on the battlefields of the Revolution. As the blood of the old-time martyrs was the seed of the Church, so the blood- 78 HISTORY OF MAINE shed, the sufferings endured, and the sacrifices made by the early colonists in their contests with their savage neighbors, became seeds of the freedom and prosperity which we enjoy to-day. Through the hard- ships of those early days, God was preparing a people to carry forward His own great purposes for the good of the world. CHAPTER V THE GOOD OLD TIMES It will serve as a relief to turn from the sombre and bloody aspects of the lives of our forefathers, as revealed in the last chapter, to the pleasanter aspects of their peaceful home and social life ; and it will be interesting for us, with our nineteenth century improve- ments and advantages, to look back two or three hundred years to see what our ancestors missed that we possess, and possibly to discover if we have lost anything of value in our rapid march toward what we consider a higher civilization. 70. The Home. — In the seventeenth century we find the houses built of logs, and, since there were few roads they could face, they usually opened toward the south, so that the sun might cheer the inmates in the absence of friends and neighbors. Inside these primi- tive dwellings there was always a great fireplace of brick or stone, four or six feet wide at the back. Here the children could sit as they watched the sparks fly up the capacious chimney, and, looking still higher, see the stars shining clear and bright above them. Within this fireplace were hung huge joints of pork, while from above were extended strings of apples and strips of pumpkin to be made into the traditional pie, of which all New Englanders are supposed to be especially fond. Opposite the fireplace stood the dresser, on which were placed the polished pewter 8o HISTORY OF MAINE and the few crockery dishes which the times afforded. Long benches, settles, and stools took the place of chairs. There was always the little wheel with its distaff and spindle for spinning flax, and not far off was the larger wheel for wool and cotton. Here, with the help of the great hand loom, was woven cloth for blankets and outer garments, and webs of linen and cotton for other necessary articles of clothing. 7 1 . Dress. — The people were too far removed from one another to care much for display of dress and fashion, preferring the simple and more comfort- able accessories of life forced upon them by the conditions surrounding them. In summer the men had their tow-cloth suits for every-day wear, and in winter they were clad in woolen garments whose materials were shorn from their own flocks and woven in their own homes. The fabrics of which their cloth- ing was made were colored; if of tow or linen, in dyes of domestic make ; when of wool, most frequently black wool was mixed with white, for which pur- pose every flock had its one or more black sheep. For foot wear they had moccasins of dressed deer or moose hide, and with these, in the winter, they wore thick home-knit stockings, and, over the stockings, thick knitted leggings reaching to the knee. Their headgear in summer was usually a hat of braided straw, and in winter a cap made of some of the native furs. The dress of the women was also largely of home-made materials of finer quality and finish than that of the men. For Sunday wear both men and women of the common sort had special garbs of better material than for every-day wear, but mostly of THE GOOD OLD TIMES 8l home manufacture. Some of the wealthier people, however, were able to dress in imported fabrics made into garments by the local seamstress, or, in rare cases, imported ready-made. Many of these conditions as to dress existed in the rural portions of Maine even well into the present century. There are men and women living to-day who, in their youth, rarely wore anything not wholly home-made, except, perhaps, boots or shoes made by the local shoemaker. 72. Food. — After the first year or two in any settlement, there was rarely a scarcity of food. The shores and inlets along the coast, and the rivers, inland ponds, and lakes, so swarmed with fish that little effort was needed to catch and cure in summer abundant supplies for the long winter. The forests abounded in deer, moose, bear, and grouse ; water- fowl in great variety and almost countless numbers were to be found in their season frequenting the sea coves and marshes and the inland waters. So, when the newly cleared and fertile soil had produced its abundant crops of wheat, rye, barley, Indian corn, beans, and potatoes, and the new and industrious settler had gathered in his harvests, he had little need to look forward to failure of food supplies ere another crop could be harvested. Nor with these substantials were some of the luxuries of life wanting. Wild straw- berries, raspberries, and blackberries sprang up and bore abundantly wherever the forests were cut away and the soil was left uncultivated ; wild blueberries covered the bare hillsides and sandy plains ; wild cran- berries flourished in the lowlands along the coast, and in almost every open bog and meadow in the interior; 82 HISTORY OF MAINE the sugar maple everywhere abounded in the upland forests, and had only to be tapped in the springtime to furnish material for the making of the finest sugar and syrup. Out of these products of sea and stream, of forest and field, the good housewives of the olden time concocted many a dainty dish, some of which have survived to the present, and are peculiar to New England. Of these are our Sunday morning baked beans and brown bread, the luscious pumpkin pie, the toothsome Indian pudding, and the dainty fish-ball. Our forefathers were, as a rule, a well-fed people. 73. Modes of Travel. — The earliest settlements were made along the coasts and rivers, and thence in- land. Water communication between neighboring settlements for a long time was necessarily the only means by which intercourse was possible. The coast settlers used for travel row-boats for short trips, and sail-craft for longer journeys. The settlers along the rivers early recognized the peculiar merits of the In- dian's birch-bark canoe and adopted it, or an imita- tion of it, in the canoe or pirogue made from the soft, buoyant, and easily-wrought white-pine log. In these swift little vessels, driven by paddle or setting pole, they made quick passage up, down, or across the rivers, as need or inclination required. Even the women and children learned to manage them with skill and to use them for needed conveyance. In the win- ter, however, when the rivers were frozen and covered with deep snows, their courses made broad roads along which the settlers could journey with their rude sleds or on snow-shoes. As new settlements were made inland from the coast and rivers, paths marked by THE GOOD OLD TIMES 83 blazed trees at first connected them with older neighboring settlements. These paths later grew into roads, which were rude and rough at first, and fit only for foot or horseback travel or the passage of rude ox- carts, but, in the course of time, were used for the passage of gigs and wagons as these came into use. These early paths and roads were not laid out by skilled surveyors. They usually led over the higher lands, to avoid the swampy places, and, if to distant places, hill-tops were taken as guiding points in determining their course. When it became necessary to cross marshy places, the swamps were bridged by laying small logs crosswise, side by side, along the way. Some of these " corduroy roads " are still in use. Many of the old-time roads lead straight over the hilltops, from whose summits wide views of farm and forest, of lake and river, charm the traveler; others, long disused and overgrown with later forest growths, are yet traceable by one who looks for them. 74. Social Life. — The early settlers were neces- sarily a busy people. The new settlements were no places for the idle and frivolous. To hew homes out of the wilderness, and fill them with comfort and plenty, demanded the constant and best efforts of men and women, and even of the children when they were old enough to work. This constant strain of effort, and the earnestness and soberness of spirit begotten by it, affected in a marked degree the social life of the people. Holidays of other than religious observance were practically unknown. Festivals of any sort were rare indeed. Yet there were occasions of relaxation from the ordinary strain of routine labor. The con- 84 HISTORY OF MAINE ditions of life were such as to compel a mutual helpfulness, and make neighborhood gatherings frequent, giving opportunity for kindly social inter- course. 75. "Bees." — When one had a piece of work to do that could not be done by himself and his ordinary helpers as quickly as was necessary, he invited his neigh- bors to help him for a day or part of a day. Rarely did those bidden to one of these gatherings fail to respond to the invitation. These gatherings of neigh- bors for mutual assistance were known as "bees." When a new settler was to begin the opening up of a new farm by felling the trees, he " made a chopping- bee." When a new building was to be creetetl, a raising-bee "was made" to put the frame in place. When the corn was ripened in the fields, husking- bees were had to fit it for storage in the crib. The women had their quilting-bees for making their bed furnishings, their carding and spinning-bees for the preparation of the materials to be woven into cloth, and sometimes their sewing-bees for the making up of the family raiment. Evening husking-bees and paring-bees for preparing the products of the field and orchard were especially popular with the young people. 76. Festive Features of the " Bee." — When the task set for performance at one of these bees was completed, a feast followed of such good things as were suitable to the season and the occasion. After the feasting a season was often devoted to sports — exhibits of physical strength and prowess when men only were assembled — or to neighborly chat and gossip when THE GOOD OLD TIMES 85 only women were engaged. The husking-bees often, and the paring-bees usually, were held in the evening, and the period of work was followed by a period of fes- tivity lasting well into the small hours of the morning, during which the young people engaged in a variety of social games. Many a happy marriage followed in due time the courtship begun at the paring or husk- ing-bee. 77. Visiting. — But the social side of life in those early days did not manifest itself wholly in these gather- ings for mutual help. The earlier settlements in Maine grew so slowly into large communities that it was long before such conditions existed that the people, in any one of them, became separated into distinct neighborhoods and social groups. Instead, such a community of local and mutual interests existed among all the people of the settlement that every- body knew everybody else and stood on a certain level of association with everybody else. Informal social visits of neighbor upon neighbor were, therefore, not infrequent, especially with the women. It was a cus- tomary thing for a good housewife to visit some neigh- bor for an afternoon, taking with her such work as she could conveniently carry. Sometimes a group of neighbors would visit one of their number on invitation " to spend the afternoon and stay to tea," as the cus- tomary phrase was. On such occasions it was no uncommon thing for the visitors to carry with them their own cups and saucers, and some of them their little wheels and distaffs or other implements and kinds of work, that the hours might be improved while they chatted of neighborhood happenings or of their own 86 HISTORY OF MAINE affairs. Frequently, on such occasions, the husbands were invited to "come and spend the evening"; and then affairs of church and parish were talked over, and stories were told by those having the story-teller's gift. By nine o'clock " good-nights " had been said, and the visitors were on the way to their several homes ; for in those early days the people practiced the rule of " early to bed and early to rise." 78. "What We Have Inherited. — Such, in brief and imperfect outline, were the " good old times " of the early colonial days. Contrasting them with the conditions of the present, the lives of the early set- tlers seem to have been full of hardship and toil, and barren of much that we to-day deem essential to our happiness. But in those hard, toilsome lives were the beginnings of many of the best things in ours. The earnestness and persistence of purpose which they must have possessed to make them conquerors of the wilderness, and which grew in strength as they mas- tered untoward circumstances, have descended to their children's children, and made Maine's sons and daugh- ters, wherever found, influential in every sphere of life and activity. That need of mutual helpfulness to which early conditions gave rise, and which gave tone and character to their social life, begot in them a spirit of neighborly kindness and fellowship that yet survives in their descendants as a marked characteris- tic in Maine men and women, making them quick to fraternize with one another whenever and wherever they meet when away from the State of their birth. And all those seemingly hard conditions, compelling toil, frugal, healthful living, and careful forethought THE GOOD OLD TIMES 87 for the future, conspired to develop in them a phys- ical, mental, and moral sturdmess and self-reliance that have descended as a valuable heritage to their poster- ity, and that we shall do well not to suffer the easier conditions of the present to impair. CHAPTER VI MAINE AS A STATE 79. Separation from Massachusetts. — The ques- tion of separation from Massachusetts was first agi- tated in 1785, and renewed with increased energy in 1 8 16. A large number of petitions from towns and individuals were presented to the General Court of Massachusetts, asking for a division. Many meetings were held, the question was generally discussed, and finally, on August 24, 18 19, the matter was decided in favor of the petitioners, and a call was issued for a convention to organize a State and draft a constitu- tion. The convention met at Portland, October 11, 1 8 19, completed its duties in a comparatively short time, and submitted to the people of the State a con- stitution that was adopted by a large majority of its voters. Application for admission as a State was made to Congress, and on March 3, 1820, Maine took her place as the twenty-third State in the Union. At this time the population was 298,335, an increase in ten years of nearly 70,000 souls. The new State included 236 towns contained in nine counties. 80. Reorganization of Counties. — The entire ter- ritory of Maine as ceded to Gorges by Charles I. in 1639 had been annexed to Massachusetts in 1658 and called the County of Yorkshire, which name was retained until 1760. It was then divided into the three counties of York, Cumberland, and Lincoln, 88 MAINE AS A STATE 89 Cumberland originally embraced Androscoggin, Franklin, and parts of Oxford, Kennebec, and Som- erset. Lincoln afterward gave some of its territory to form Washington, Hancock, Kennebec, Waldo, Androscoggin, Sagadahoc, and Knox counties. Han- cock County, incorporated in 1789, was named for Governor Hancock of Massachusetts. Portions of it were taken in 1816 to form Penobscot, and in 1827 to form Waldo. In the same year Washington County was incorporated. It formerly embraced Aroostook. Kennebec County, incorporated in 1799, gave four- fifths of its territory to Somerset in 1809 ; Waldo took four towns from its eastern part in 1827 ; Franklin five towns from its northwestern part in 1838, and Andros- coggin four towns from its western part in 1854. Ox- ford, originally the northern part of York and Cum- berland, was incorporated in 1805. Somerset, for- merly the northern portion of Kennebec, was incorporated in 1809. Portions of it have been given to Franklin, Piscataquis, and Aroostook. Penobscot, originally a part of Hancock, was the ninth and last county incorporated (i8i 6) before the separation from Massachusetts. 8 1 . Counties Organized since 1 820. — Waldo, formerly a part of Hancock and named for General Waldo, was incorporated in 1827. Piscataquis, formed partly from Somerset but more largely from Penob- scot, was incorporated in 1838. In 1844 nearly sixty townships were set off and annexed to Aroostook. Franklin, formerly included in Cumberland, and after- ward a part of Kennebec, was incorporated in 1838. Aroostook, originally a part of Penobscot and Wash- go HISTORY OF MAINE ington, was incorporated in 1839. It was enlarged in 1843 by additions from Penobscot, and in 1S44 from Piscataquis and Somerset counties. Androscoggin, formed from Cumberland, Oxford, Kennebec, and Lincoln counties, was incorporated in 1854. Sagada- hoc, formerly embraced in Lincoln County, was in- corporated in 1854. Knox was formed from Lincoln and Waldo, and named for Gen. Henry Knox, the friend of Washington, whose residence was at Thomaston. It was incorporated in i860. 82. Division of Lands and Property. — By the Act of Separation, the State lands were to be equally divided between Maine and Massachusetts. Maine was also given her proportional part of the military prop- erty of the State, and a guaranty of one-third of all moneys which should be repaid by the National Gov- ernment on account of war expenses. 83. First Election and G-overnor. — The first State election was held on the first Monday in April, 1820. William King was elected Governor of Maine by a practically unanimous vote. He resigned his office before the expiration of his term, having been appointed Commissioner on Spanish Claims by the National Government. The President of the Senate, William D. Williamson, the historian of Maine, com- pleted King's term of office. 84. Location of Capital ; State Seal. — For twelve years after Maine became a State its capital was Port- land. The seat of government was removed to Augusta in 1832, in which year the Legislature held its first ses- sion in the new State House, a fine building, constructed of granite quarried from the neighboring hills, and MAINE AS A STATE 91 erected at a cost of $ 1 2 5 , 000. The adoption of a State seal was one of the first things to come before the Leg- islature at its first session. The moose and the pine, both mon- archs of our forests, were chosen as central figures, while the farmer and the sailor, together with a scythe and an anchor placed on either side, suggest the occupa- tions of the people and our re- sources on sea and land. Above was the north star, emblematic of Maine's position in the constellation of States, and over all the motto "Dirigo" (I lead). 85. Question of Boundary. — Hardly had the State completed its organization and set the machin- ery of government in running order, when the ques- tion of the northeastern boundary * became a source of much anxiety. This boundary, as it was under- *This boundary, so far as it separated Maine from the British provinces, was defined in the Treaty of Peace made between Great Britain and the United States in 1783, in the following terms: ' ' From the northwest angle of Nova Scotia, viz., that angle which is formed by aline drawn due north from the source of Saint Croix River to the Highlands ; along the said Highlands which divide the rivers that empty themselves into the river St. Lawrence, from those which fall into the Atlantic Ocean, to the northwesternmost head of the Connect- icut River, etc." Below the ' angle" the description ran: "Aline to be drawn along the river St. Croix from its mouth in the Bay of Fundy to its source," etc. The indefiniteness of the line beyond the St. Croix very naturally gave rise to conflicting claims ; hence, in the Treaty of Ghent, 1814, provision was made for a commission to set- tle the questions in dispute ; and it was further provided that, in de- fault of action by said commission, the matter should be referred for final settlement to " a friendly sovereign or State." 92 HISTORY OF MAINE stood in the United States, gave one-half of the St. Johns River to Maine, and a considerable territory lying to the north and between it and the St. Law- rence River. Great Britain, on the other hand, claimed the whole of that river, including both banks, and demanded all the land above the 46th degree of north latitude, which claim embraced about one-third of what was supposed to be the territory of Maine. In 1829 the disputed question was referred to the King of the Netherlands as an arbitrator, who attempted to split the difference by running a line between the one demanded by England and that claimed by Maine. This compromise was indignantly refused by the State, the United States Senate declined to ratify the decision, and so the question was no nearer settlement than at the start. According to the British claim, all the beautiful valley of the Aroostook, "the Garden of Maine," was a part of Canada, and England pro- ceeded to exercise authority over it. This disputed territory was destined to become the scene of the famous "Aroostook War " of 1839. 86. The "Aroostook War." — The immediate cause of this war was the "plundering" of timber from the public lands of Maine by trespassers from New Brunswick. These depredations became so exten- sive that the Legislature took measures to dislodge the invaders. The land agent of the State, with two magistrates, proceeded to this region, where they attempted to carry out the instructions given them, and while doing so were captured and turned over to the authorities of New Brunswick as prisoners. This aroused public sentiment, and the Legislature author- MAINE AS A STATE 93 ized Governor Fairfield to protect the public lands, appropriated $800,000 for that purpose, and ordered a draft of 10,000 men. The National Congress also passed a bill which justified the action of Maine in repelling the invasion, authorized the President to raise 50,000 volunteers for six months' service, and appropriated $10,000,000 to defray military expenses. Meanvv^hile New Brunswick troops and British regi- ments were marching to the disputed territory. 87. A Temporary Settlement. — General Scott, of the United States army, with his staff, arrived in Augusta on the 6th of March, 1839, and immediately entered into correspondence with Governor Harvey, of New Brunswick, with a view of averting actual hos- tilities. As a result of this conference. Governor Harvey pledged himself not to take military possession of the territory or endeavor to expel from it the troops of Maine. On the other hand. Governor Fairfield agreed not to disturb any of the New Brunswick set- tlements in that region, and to permit uninterrupted communication between New Brunswick and Canada. 88. Permanent Settlement. — This compromise resulted in a peaceful settlement, and the prisoners on both sides were released. But the real question in dispute, the boundary line, was not finally settled until 1842, when, by a treaty negotiated by Daniel Webster and Lord Ashburton, Maine surrendered a considerable tract of her rightful possessions, and the boundary line was established as it now exists. Maine and Massachusetts each received from the General Government $150,000. While Maine accepted this sum to reimburse her for the expense she had incurred 94 HISTORY OF MAINE during the troubles, she refused to admit that it was received as the price of the territory she had lost. 89. Aroostook County Organized. — The settle- ment of the boundary line insured peace and safety to the State, and almost immediately a new county in the disputed region was erected, known as Aroostook. The territory included in the new county had, previ- ous to this, formed a part of Penobscot and Washing- ton counties. The region was remarkable for its fertile soil and valuable timber lands. These advan- tages attracted settlers, and at the present time it is one of the most prosperous portions of the State. 90. Adoption of Prohibition. — In 1 846 the first law prohibiting the manufacture and sale of intoxicat- ing liquors was passed. Since that time Maine has continued steadfast in the faith, and is known through- out the world as a State that has tested, for half a century, the wisdom of the policy of controlling a great evil through prohibition. 9 I . Maine in the Civil "War. — In the Civil War, Maine responded nobly to the President's calls for troops. Throughout the length and breadth of our State, in the secluded valley and on the rugged hillside, the one feeling was that ' ' the Nation must and shall be preserved," at any cost. No town was so obscure, no community so destitute, that it could not contribute its share of men and money for the defense of the common weal and the Nation's flag. From the time of the first call for troops until the close of the war, the sons of Maine were found wherever brave hearts were needed or desperate fighting was to be done. Never did the faith of the men and women of Maine fail MAINE AS A STATE 95 them; nor did they falter in their allegiance to the cause to which they had given their allegiance. The record won by Maine troops has become the glory of our State, and the names of Howard, Chamberlain, Berry, Connor, Jameson, and a host of others, are written in indelible letters in the lists of the Nation's most honored defenders. 92. Statistics. — The population of Maine in i860 was 628,279. The whole number of soldiers furnished was 72,845. The total loss in service was 7,322, being more than ten per cent, of all the troops en- listed by the State. So great was the drain for the service of the Nation that in 1870 Maine's population had decreased 1,364. During the next ten years, how- ever, this loss was more than recovered, and in 1880 it had gained 22,021, making the population at this time 648,936. The census of 1890 showed the popu- lation of the State to be on the increase. The returns credited Maine with 661,086 inhabitants. 93. Swedish Immigration. — Before the outbreak of the Civil War the question of inviting Scandinavian immigration to our State had been discussed, but it was not until 1 869 that any definite action was taken. In this year Hon. W. W. Thomas, Jr., of Portland, who had been United States Consul to Sweden, and was familiar with the manners, customs, and language of that people, was appointed Commissioner of Im- migration, with instructions to visit Sweden, recruit a colony, and settle them on a township in Aroostook County set apart for that purpose. So well did Mr. Thomas discharge his trust that, on the 23rd of July, 1870, a company consisting of fifty-one men, women, 96 HISTORY OF MAINE and children arrived in the strange land that was to be their home. The State engaged to give to each head of a family one hundred acres of land, to fell five acres of trees, and to build him a comfortable log-house. As it was particularly stipulated that only persons giving the most satisfactory credentials for uprightness of character, as well as for industry and skill in man- ual labor, should be admitted to this colony, ample assurance was given that the strangers within our gates were destined to become an important element in our population, and that the success of the enter- prise was assured from the beginning. 94. Prosperity of the Colony. — So well pleased were these people with the reception given them, and with the perfect faith kept with them by Mr. Thomas and the State, that letters were soon sent to friends in Sweden urging them to join the emigrants in their adopted country. During the next few years, large numbers were added to the colony, until every availa- ble lot in New Sweden, as they had named their little settlement, was taken. Ten years after the first com- pany arrived, their numbers had increased to 517 souls. These people have readily adopted the man- ners and customs of our citizens. They are success- ful farmers, skillful mechanics, and distinctively a moral and religious people. They are honest, indus- trious, and thrifty, and, by their intelligent labor and unswerving loyalty to their adopted country, have made what was but a wilderness one of the most flour- ishing and valuable parts of the State. CHAPTER VII RELIGIOUS AND EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT 95. Religior.s Purpose of Gorges. — While it is true that the early settlers of Maine were not moved to found colonies beyond the seas by a great religious sentiment, as were the Puritans of Massachusetts; and while it is an undeniable fact that law, order, and morality were sometimes violated in some localities, yet it is nevertheless true that it was one of the objects dear to the heart of Sir Ferdinando Gorges to lay an enduring foundation for the English Church in this part of the New World, in which he was so deeply inter- ested, and that to some extent success crowned his labors. 96. Puritan Form of "Worship ; Persecution. — After Maine became a province of Massachusetts, she adopted to a considerable extent the Puritan form of worship. It had been promised that she should have entire religious freedom, but this pledge was not kept ; for it is recorded that the Rev. Robert Jordan, the only Episcopal minister in the province at the time, was prosecuted for baptizing children, while Baptists and Friends were fined and forced to submit to the indignity of public whippings. After Charles II. came to the throne, he forbade Massachusetts to interfere in religious matters within the territory under her jur- isdiction. 97. Presbyterians and Lutherans. — In 1729 Col. David Dunbar brought a large number of Scotch- 97 98 HISTORY OF MAINE Irish from the north of Ireland, who formed a settle- ment between the Kennebec and Penobscot rivers, in the region called the Province of Sagadahoc. These people were Presbyterians in religion, and were most desirable citizens. About the same time Samuel Waldo founded the town of Waldoboro', which was settled by Lutherans from Germany. 98. Whitefield's Preaching. — The religious senti- ment of Maine was greatly aroused, and new life breathed into it, through the preaching of the great evangelist, George Whitefield, in 1741. In 1745 he visited York, Wells, Biddeford, and Scarboro'; also Falmouth and North Yarmouth. Wherever he went crowds flocked to hear him and were impressed with his great earnestness and power of persuading his listeners to accept his doctrines. 99. Moody. — Rev. Samuel Moody was one of the most noted and useful ministers in Maine. He was pastor of the First Parish of York from about 1700 until his death in 1747. He refused to receive a stipulated salary, preferring to be supported by volun- tary contributions. He was faithfully provided for by his people, and at his death his funeral expenses were paid by the church, and his widow was allowed ;£'40 " to enable her to go into mourning." 1 00. Puritan Method of "Worship. — The Puri- tan's preaching was exceedingly grave and severe, treating of God's wrath rather than His love. The method of worship was nearly the same as now, but instead of our comfortably-cushioned, well-warmed, luxurious churches, the people were forced to sit in roughly-built, unplastered houses, with no warmth RELIGIOUS AND EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT 99 save what came from little foot stoves filled with wood coals, which some of the women carried with them to church, and which could not have added to the purity of the atmosphere. The Puritan minister always wore a black gown and flowing wig in the pulpit, and his manner was serious and dignified. The services were from two to three hours long, and sometimes it became necessary to awaken the tired and sleepy children by administering a rap on their heads with the end of a long staff, which the tithing man carried for that purpose. The women were treated with more con- sideration, and only had their faces tickled with the feathers placed on the other end of the staff. Later on the Congregational form of worship took the place of the Puritan, and from that day to this not only that sect, but all others, have found a field for their labors in our State. There are but few communities where the "sound of the church-going bell " is not heard, and Maine has been able to number among her minis- ters some of the best minds and noblest workers in the land. 101. Education ; Public Schools. — While it must be gratifying to every native of Maine to know that its citizens have used and prized the privileges of the church, it is no less encouraging to learn that the matter of the education of the young has been a sub- ject which has been dear to the hearts of our people. In the thinly settled portions of the State, and in its villages and cities, there has ever been a strong senti- ment in favor of the public school. All classes have been willing to give of their time, influence, and money to the founding and maintaining of this institution, lOO HISTORY OF MAINE and Maine has a right to feel a just pride in the work which her schools have done. They have trained the boys and girls to become men and women who have had the sturdiness and intelligence that have fitted them to take positions of responsibility and usefulness in most of the States of the Union. The quality of blood which they received from their ancestors, and the training which they had in the " little red school-house," or its more pretentious companion, developed a body of men and women of such charac- ter that they have not only reflected credit upon the State, but have done a large share of the intellectual work of the Nation. 1 02. Founding of Bowdoin College. — As early as 1794, while Maine was still under the control of Massachusetts, a charter was obtained for the estab- lishment of Bowdoin College, at Brunswick. This college received its name from James Bowdoin, great- grandson of Pierre Bauduoin , a French Protestant who left his own country to escape religious persecu- tion, and settled in Falmouth. His oldest son, James, was a merchant and accumulated a large fortune. His son, James Bowdoin, was born in Boston, and was elected Governor of Massachusetts. He was greatly interested in science and literature, and was a patron of education. He died in 1790, and it was soon after decided to give his name to the proposed college. Hon. James Bowdoin, the only son of the late governor, and the third to bear the name, promised the new college help from the family, and in 1794, he gave it $1,000 in money and 1,000 acres of land in Bowdoin- ham, valued at $3,000. The next year he gave $3,000 RELIGIOUS AND EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT 101 more, and before his death in 1811 transferred a tract of 6,000 acres of land in Lisbon to the institution. At his death he left to the college a valuable library of 2,000 volumes and as many pamphlets, a collection of minerals, a fine gallery of 70 paintings, and 142 draw- ings. 103. Opening and Growth of the College. — In September, 1802, the college opened, with Rev. Joseph McKeen as president and John Abbott, a graduate of Harvard, as first professor of ancient languages. Eight students were in attendance. In 1805 the department of mathematics and natural philosophy was established, with Parker Cleaveland in charge. He distinguished himself and added honor to the college by his " Elementary Treatise on Mineralogy and Geology," to which subjects he had devoted much study. In 1820 the Medical School of Maine was established by the Legislature and put under the control of the college. Professor Cleaveland was ap- pointed professor of chemistry and materia medica and secretary of the Medical Faculty. At the commence- ment of 1806 the seven students who had completed the course received diplomas. This was the last, as it was the first, commencement at which President McKeen presided. He died in 1807, after a painful illness extending through a number of years. President McKeen was a man of fine character and unusual executive ability, and his brief administration was of great value in starting the college on its career of dis- tinguished success and usefulness. In 1824 Alpheus S. Packard was appointed professor of ancient lan- guages and classical literature, and filled the position I02 HISTORY OF MAIME with unusual ability for forty-one years. In 1825 a professorship of modern languages was established, and Henry W . Longfellow was the first man to fill the chair. After travehng and studying abroad, he entered upon his duties in 1829, and proved a most valuable and enthusiastic instructor. It is believed that, under Professor Longfellow, Bowdoin was the first of New England colleges to give prominence to the study of the modern languages. It is impracti- cable to trace the history of this college in detail, or to name the many men who, by their ability and untiring devotion to our first higher institution of learning, won a high place in our nation's history. LIST OF PRESIDENTS. Rev. Joseph McKeen, from 1802 to 1807. Rev. Jesse Appleton, from 1807 to 1819. Rev. William Allen, from 1819 to 1839. Rev. Leonard Woods, Jr., from 1839 to 1866. Rev. Samuel Harris, from 1866 to 1871. Hon. Joshua L. Chamberlain, from 1871 to 1883. Rev. William Dewitt Hyde, from 1885 to the present time. 1 04. Founding of Colby University. — Colby University, the second college established in the State, was opened at Waterville in 1818. In 18 10 the Baptist Association of Maine proposed " to estab- lish an institution in the District of Maine for the purpose of promoting literary and theological knowl- edge, ' ' and a committee was appointed to petition the General Court for a charter. In 1813 an act was approved by the Governor of Massachusetts incor- porating the Maine Literary and Theological Institu- tion of Waterville. RELIGIOUS AND EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT 103 i 05. Opening and G-rowth. — After many difficul- ties, instruction under the auspices of the college was first given in a private house by Rev. Jeremiah Chaplin, who had accepted the professorship of theology, the students being those who had been studying for the ministry under him at Danvers, Mass. Work on the buildings was immediately begun, and, at the first session of the Legislature after Maine became a State, collegiate powers were granted to the institution. Mr. Chaplin was chosen president. Rev. Avery Briggs, professor of languages, and Rev. Stephen Chapin professor of theology. In 1821 the name of the insti- tution was changed to Waterville College. In 1822 the degree of A.B. was conferred upon two grad- uates. In 1827 a chair of mathematics and nat- ural philosophy was established ; a department of rhetoric and Hebrew was added in 183 1 ; and a department of chemistry and natural history in 1836. 106. Endowment and Change of Name. — The college found it difficult to maintain its existence down to 1864, when Gardiner Colby, of Newton Center, Mass., offered to contribute $50,000 as an endowment if an additional $100,000 could be raised. The con- dition was soon complied with, and in 1866 the college was established on a secure foundation. In 1867 the name of the institution was again changed, by an act of the Legislature, and became Colby University. in 1 87 1 the University opened its doors to women on equal terms with men, and it is believed that in this college at least co-education need not be con- sidered an experiment. 104 HISTORY OF MAINE LIST OF THE PRESIDENTS OF THIS INSTITUTION. Rev. Jeremiah Chaplin, from 1822 to 1833. Rev. Rufus Babcock, Jr., from 1S33 to 1836. Rev. Robert E. Pattison, from 18.36 to 1839. Rev. Eliphaz Fay, from 1841 to 1843. Rev. David N. Sheldon, from 1843 to 1853. Rev. Robert E. Pattison, from 1853 to 1856. Rev. James T. Champlin, from 1856 to 1872. Rev. Henry E. Robbins, from 1872 to 1882. Rev. George D. B. Pepper, from 1882 to 1889. Albion W. Small, Ph. D., from 1SS9 to 1892. Rev. B. L.Whitman, from 1S!)2 to 1896. Rev. Nathaniel Butler, from 1896 to the present time, 107. Founding of Bates College. — Bates Col- lege, at Lewiston, grew out of the Maine State Sem- inary, which was chartered by the State in 1855. Its primary aim was to provide a denominational college for the Free Baptists of New England. The college was opened in 1863, but its charter was not granted by the Legislature until the next year. Rev. Oren B. Cheney was the founder of the college, and for more than thirty years was its efficient president. Doctor Cheney devoted himself with tireless zeal to soliciting gifts and bequests. (08. Endowment and Growth. — Mr. Benjamin E. Bates, in 1863, offered the college $25,000 if its friends would raise $75,000 more, and in 1864 $75,000 more if they would raise an additional $25,000, thus mak- ing his gift $100,000. In recognition of his liberality, the trustees voted that the college should bear his name, and in 1864, by act of the Legislature, the name became Bates College. Through the united efforts of Doctors Cheney and Chase sufficient funds were secured to give the college an income that RELIGIOUS AND EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT I05 placed it on a safe foundation. Bates College takes great pride in the fact that it was the pioneer of co-education in New England. Dr. Cheney resigned his position in 1894, when Dr. George C. Chase became president, which position he still fills. 1 09. Founding of the University of Maine. — -The Maine State College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts was established in pursuance of an act of Con- gress passed in 1862. After the State Legislature had accepted the conditions, the question remained whether the Maine institution should be independent or should be united with one of the existing colleges. Finally the Legislature decided in favor of the former, and in 1866 the Board of Trustees voted to locate the college at Orono, on a farm of 375 acres, which was given to the State by the towns of Orono and Old Town. The first year the faculty consisted of Prof. M. C. Fernald, with Samuel Johnson as farm super- intendent. Rev. Charles F. Allen was chosen the first president in 1871, and held that office until 1878. In 1879 Pi'of. Merritt C. Fernald was elected presi- dent and served until 1893, when he was succeeded by Dr. Abram W. Harris. In 1897, by an act of the Legislature, the name of the institution became the University of Maine. I 10. Bangor Theological Seminary. — The Bangor Theological Seminary was founded under the name of the Maine Charity School, and opened at Hampden, in 18 16, under the charge of Jehudi Ashman. It was removed to Bangor in 18 19. Numerous generous bequests have placed the seminary on a permanent financial basis. Among the professors of Bangor I06 HISTORY OF MAINE Seminary have been many prominent leaders of reli- gious thought. Ml. Cobb Divinity School. — The institution now known as the Cobb Divinity School was founded in 1840, in Parsonsfield, Maine. In 1842 it was moved to Dracut, Mass. In 1844 it was transferred to Whitefield, N. Y. In 1854 the school found a home in New Hampton, N. H., and in 1870 it was established in Lewiston. In 1888, in recognition of a gift of $25,000 by J. L. H. Cobb, Esq., the present name was assumed. I 1 2. Normal Schools : Farmington, Castine, Gorham. — In 1863 an act was passed by the Legis- lature authorizing the establishment of two normal schools, one in the eastern and one in the western part of the State. The first school was located at Farmington, in 1863, with Mr. Ambrose P. Kelley as principal. He was followed by Mr. George M. Gage, who was principal until 1868, when Mr. Charles C. Rounds acted in that capacity until 1885. Upon his resignation Mr. George C. Purington was elected principal. The second normal school was located and opened in 1867 at Castine, with Mr. G. T. Fletcher as principal. In 1879 he was succeeded by Mr. Rolliston Woodbury, who died in 1888. Since that time the school has been under the care of Mr. Albert F. Richardson. In 1878 a third normal school was established at Gorham, and was opened in 1879, with Mr. W J. Corthell as principal. I 13. Madawaska Training School. — To meet the urgent needs of the northeastern part of the State, the Madawaska Training School was opened in 1877. RELIGIOUS AND EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IO7 At first the school alternated between Fort Kent and Van Buren, and later between Fort Kent and Grand Isle, but in 1887 it was permanently located at Fort Kent. This school has done a great service in train- ing teachers. It was under the care of Mr. Vetal Cyr from its foundation until his death in September, 1897. I 1 4. Academies, Seminaries, etc. — There are many academies, seminaries, and free high schools in the State, the most of which are doing excellent work. These schools are so evenly distributed throughout the State that it is hardly necessary for our young people to leave their homes to fit them- selves for many positions in life or for a college course. I 1 5. Public Schools. — The State appropriates something over half a million dollars each year for in- struction in its. public schools. This supplements a still larger sum appropriated by the various municipalities. The aggregate of these two sums for the year 1896 was about $1,7 50, 000. Theseschools are under the charge of a State superintendent and the superintending school committees and superintendents of the several towns. In all the cities, and in some of the larger towns, the graded school system has been introduced. CHAPTER VIII DISTINGUISHED MEN Maine's greatest wealth and pride lie in the noble men and women who have lived, served, and died in this historic Pine Tree State. I 1 6. Sir 'William Phipps. — It may be a bit of for- gotten history that the first royal Governor of Massa- chusetts, Sir William Phipps, was a native of Maine. The peninsula formed by Monseag and Sheepscott bays, which was bought for a hogshead of corn and thirty pumpkins, and now called Woolwich, was his birthplace. The early historian, Sullivan, says : " Sir William Phipps was a man of great enterprise, industry, and firmness. Like Julius Caesar, he knew how to distinguish difficulties and impossibilities ; the former he was ready to encounter on proper motives, the latter he had too much understanding to attempt. " It was this spirit of enterprise, doubtless, which enabled him to seek successfully the sunken treasure of the Spanish galleon wrecked on the Bahamas. His unusual ability to surmount difficulties made him a tower of strength to Maine, and enabled him to rebuild, when others declared it impossible, the fort at Pemaquid, which was a formidable barrier against the savages and a safe refuge for the settlers. As a military commander, he succeeded at Port Royal in 1690, but failed at Quebec the same year. He died in London, February 18, 1695. DISTINGUISHED MEN IO9 I 1 7. Sir "Williain Pepperell. — Sir William Pep- perell, whose name is associated with the early history of Maine and Massachusetts, was born in Kittery, June 27, 1696. His father was engaged in the fish- ing trade, and took his son into partnership with him when he was quite young. He was only twenty-one years of age when he was appointed captain of a com- pany of cavalry, and at thirty was made colonel. This promotion placed him in command of the militia of Maine, and no man was more prominent than he in all the preparations for one of the long wars against the French and Indians. He had unequaled influence in procuring volunteers, and advanced ;^5,ooo from his own fortune to aid the Government. He was chosen commander of the army that invested and reduced Louisburg, and on June 17, 174S, he marched into that town at the head of his victorious troops. Pepperell was created a baronet for his brave and valuable services. Soon after peace was declared in 1 748 he retired from business, being the richest man in the Colonies at that time. His estate was so large that he could travel more than thirty miles in a straight line on his own territory. His house at Kit- tery was elegantly furnished, and he entertained in a hospitable and royal manner. He had a retinue of servants, a coach and six, and a barge manned by a black crew in showy uniforms. He was generous in his dealings with all persons, dressed in scarlet cloth trimmed with gold lace, and wore a wig, follow- ing the fashion of the times. 118. James Sullivan. — James Sullivan, who wrote the first history of Maine, was born at Berwick, no HISTORY OF MAINE April 22, 1744. He practiced law in Biddeford, and in 1 770 was appointed King's Attorney to York County. He took a prominent part in the Revolution, and was a member of the Provincial Congress of Massachu- setts in 1775. In 1776 he was appointed Judge of the Supreme Court of the State, and resigned that position in 1782. In 1779- 1780 he was a member of the State Constitutional Convention, and in 1784 and 1785 a delegate from Massachusetts to the Conti- nental Congress. He repeatedly represented Boston in the State Assembly, and in 1784 was appointed a commissioner to manage the State's claims to Western lands. He was elected Governor of Massachusetts in 1807, and was re-elected in 1808. Harvard conferred upon him the degree of LL. D. He died in Boston, December 10, 1808. I 19. Commodore Preble. — Edward Preble was born in Portland, August 15, 1761. He began a sea- faring career at the age of seventeen on a privateer ; in 1779 he was captured in The Protector, and sent to The Jersey prison ship in New York. After the peace of 1783 he cruised around the world in the merchant marine. On the organization of the navy in 1799, he was one of the first five persons to be commissioned lieutenants, and was soon promoted to the rank of captain. In 1803 he commanded The Constitution, and the squadron to operate against the Barbary States. During this voyage he conducted six spirited attacks, in which three Tripolitan vessels were captured and the same number sunk. His suc- cesses resulted in the treaty of peace signed June 3, 1805, by which the United States was exempted from DISTINGUISHED MEN III the tributes exacted of Christian nations for centuries for the protection of their commerce from piratical depredations. Commodore Preble was the first officer to receive a vote of thanks from Con- gress after the adop- tion of the Constitu- tion. In 1806 Jeff- erson offered him a seat in the Cabinet, but feeble health pre- vented his accept- ance. He died in Portland, August 25, 1807. 1 20. General Knox. — Gen. Henry Knox, the first Sec- retary of War, resided for many years in Maine. He resigned his position in the Cabinet in 1794, and built a fine house on the ancestral estate of his wiie in Thomaston, where he lived in a manner becoming his rank until his death in 1806. 121. Governor Andrew. — Coming down to the present century, we can claim Governor Andrew, of whose name and fame Massachusetts is so justly proud, as a native of the little town of Windham. It is true that he, like many others, found his place of usefulness and greatness outside of our State ; yet many of these same men have borne cheerful testimony to the fact that their success was largely due to the inheritance of fiber, quality of training, and character GENERAI, KNOX. 112 HISTORY OF MAINE of inspiration which they received before leaving the State. 1 22. Governor King. — Our first governor, WiUiam King, was a man of great strength of mind and nobility of character, combined with superior business abilities, which fitted him pecu- , liarly for the posi- tion of ruler over a newly-organized State, and later to fill so acceptably the position of Commissioner on Spanish Claims. He resided for sev- eral years in Top- sham, and re- moved afterward to Bath, which was his home un- til his death in 1852. 123. Hannibal Hamlin. — It has been said that something in our atmosphere develops a quality of astuteness that has given our statesmen re- markable influence in the councils of the Nation. Among those who have helped to make Maine's history, and caused our State to be known and honored far be- yond its boundaries, may be placed first the name of Hon. Hannibal Hamlin, who was born in the little vil- GOVERNOR WM. KING. DISTINGUISHED MEN 113 lage of Paris in 1 809. He entered upon the practice of law in 1833, and continued in this profession until 1848. In 1837 he was made Speaker of the Maine House of Representatives, which position he again occupied in 1839 and 1840. From 1842 to 1847 he represented his district in Con- gress. He was elected governor in 1857, but resigned in less than a month to en- ter the United States Senate, where, at different intervals, he served twenty - two years. He was Vice- President of the United States dur- ing President Lin- coln's first term. In every position he oc- cupied he was the same loyal, reliable, honorable gentleman. He was a man of unblemished character, of sterling integrity, and marked ability. His admirers, of whom there were many, delighted to speak of him as the " noblest Roman of them all. ' ' He stood second to no man in Maine in his breadth of view, largeness of sympathy, strength of conviction, devotion to principle, and loyalty to his personal and political friends. His appointment as Minister to Spain in 1881 was a fitting close to an honorable and successful career. In 1882 he resigned 'A, f HANNIBAI, HAMI,IN. 114 HISTORY OF MAINE this position and returned to his home in Bangor, where his days were passed quietly until his death in 1891. 124. Governor Washburn. —Israel Washburn, born in Livermore, June 6, 18 13, was Maine's first war governor. Chosen to this exalted position at a time when rare judgment, combined with courage and wis- dom, were demanded by the State, he filled the office, and performed every duty, in such a way as to pro- mote its welfare, strengthen the Nation, and win for himself an honorable name. For ten years previous to his election as governor he had been a member of Congress. In 1863 he was appointed Collector of Customs at Portland by President Lincoln. In 1873 the degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by Tufts College, and two years later this institution elected him its president, but this honor he declined. He died in Philadelphia, May 12, 1893. 125. E. B. "Washburne. — Elihu B. Washburne was born in Livermore, September 23, 1816. He began active life as a printer's apprentice in the office of The Christian Intelligencer, at Augusta, and passed through the various stages of promotion until he became assistant editor. He acquired his first knowledge of political life during the sessions of the Legislature while working on The Journal. In 1836 he studied law at Kent's Hill, and the next year con- tinued his professional studies in Hallowell in the office of John Otis. In 1839 he entered Harvard Law School, and was admitted to the bar in 1840. He settled in Galena, Illinois, and in 1844 was appointed a delegate to the Whig Convention in Baltimore that selected Henry Clay as the Whig candidate for the DISTINGUISHED MEN II5 presidency. In 1852 he was elected to Congress, where he served until 1869. From the length of his continuous service he was known as the Father of the House. From his close scrutiny of all demands made upon the treasury, he was called the Watch Dog of the Treasury. In 1880 his name was pro- posed for the presidency, but he refused to have it presented to the Republican Convention. At the beginning of Grant's first administration he was appointed Secretary of State, but resigned to become Minister to France. He filled this position with great wisdom during the Franco-Prussian War. He was president of the Chicago Historical Society at the time of his death, October 22, 1887. 126. Hugh McCuUoch. — Hugh McCulloch was born in Kennebunk, December 7, 1808. He entered Bowdoin College at the age of sixteen, but at the end of two years was obliged to leave on account of ill health. He studied law in Kennebunk and Boston, and in 1833 removed to Fort Wayne, Indiana, where he entered upon the practice of the law. In 1856 he was chosen President of the State Bank of Indiana, which position he occupied until 1863, when he re- signed to accept the office of Comptroller of the Currency. In 1865, on the resignation of William Pitt Fessenden, he was appointed Secretary of the Treasury by President Lincoln and held this office until 1869. From 1871 to 1878 he was engaged in the banking business in London. In 1884 he was again appointed Secretary of the Treasury by Presi- dent Arthur, which position he retained until 1885, being the only man who has twice held that office. Il6 HISTORY OF MAINE After his retirement from public life, he lived in Wash- ington, D. C, and on his farm in Maryl and. 127. Lot M.Morrill. — Lot M. Morrill was born in Belgrade, May 3, 181 3. He entered Bowdoin Col- lege, but did not complete the full course. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1839, and moved to Augusta, where he established himself in the practice of law. He was an active member of the Democratic party in Maine; in 1854 he was elected to the Legisla- ture, and in 1856 was chosen President of the Senate. Later on Mr. Morrill disapproved of the course of his party on the question of slavery in Kansas and joined the Republican party. In 1857 the Republicans nominated him for Governor, and he was elected by over 15,000 majority. He was twice re-elected, and in i860 was chosen to the United States Senate to fill the place made vacant by the election of Hanni- bal Hamlin to the Vice-Presidency. President Hayes offered him a foreign mission, but it was declined. The same year he was appointed Collector of Customs for the Portland district, and occupied this position until his death January 10, 1883. In 1876-77 he was Secretary of the Treasury. 1 28. Blaine and Fessenden. — While Maine can- not count James G. Blaine and William Pitt Fessen- den as her own children, yet she finds it difficult to distinguish between her adopted sons and those who claim her as a natural parent. So great is her love and admiration for these two men, and so closely are they associated with her history, that the fact of birth is lost sight of in their long years of residence in their adopted State and service for it. DISTINGUISHED MEN 117 129. Mr. Fessenden. — William Pitt Fessenden was graduated at Bowdoin , College in 1823, and admitted to the bar in 1827. He practiced law in Bridgton, Portland, and Bangor. He was a member of the State Legislature in 1832 and also in 1845-6. He was elected to the National House of Representa- tives in 1 840 by the ' Whigs, and to the United States Sen- ate in 1853 by the Whigs and Demo- crats. About this time he became a Republican and took an active part in the formation of that party. H e gained a high repu- tation as a debater, was re-elected Sen- ator in 1859, and appointed chairman of the Finance Com- mittee, and was a member of the Peace Congress in 186 1. In 1864 he was appointed to the office of Secretary of the Treasury, rendered vacant by the resignation of Mr. Chase. He resigned this position in 1865, and soon after took his seat in the Senate, to which he had again been re-elected for a term of six years, and was again made chairman of the Committee on Finance. When President Lincoln was asked who, WILIvIAM PITT FESSENDEN. Il8 HISTORY OF MAINE in his opinion, was the ablest member of either House in Congress, he replied: "All in all, William Pitt Fessendenhas, perhaps, the greatest intellectual power of any of them." He was a financier of rare ability, and but for his feeble health would probably have equaled Alexander Hamilton ij^ his administration of the Treasury Department. Mr. Fessenden was born in Boscawen, New Hampshire, October i6, 1806, and died in Portland, September 8, 1869. 130. Career of Mr. Blaine. — It was after the death of Mr. Fessenden that Mr. Blaine became the leader in the political affairs of Maine. We can only conjecture what his career would have been had he remained in Pennsylvania, his native State. It is certain that sooner or later his remarkable abilities must have gained him distinction. At the age of twenty-four he was instructor in an institution for the blind in Philadelphia, and at twenty-six he was dele- gate from Maine to the first National Convention of the Republican party. At twenty-seven he was a member of the State Legislature, and at thirty he was directing the management of the Republican organi- zation in his adopted State. Even before he came to Maine to live, something in its social condition and mental activity attracted him, and he became interested in the story of our State and the achievements of its people. After his removal to Augusta, in 1854, he became editor of The Kenitebec Journal, and in 1857 extended his journalistic work by assuming the editorship of The Portland Advertiser, in addition to his work on the former paper. But his editorial work practically ceased when his political career DISTINGUISHED MEN 119 began. In 1857 he was elected to the Legislature, in which he served for four years, during the last two of which he was Speaker of the House. In 1864 he became chairman of the Republican State Committee, which position he held uninterruptedly for twenty years. During all this time he led in shaping and directing every polit- ical campaign. In 1862 he was elected to Congress, where in one branch or the other he served eighteen years. He was made Secretary of State in 188 1, but resigned the same year and de- voted himself to writing his "Twenty Years of Congress. ' ' He was nominated for President i n 1884, but was defeated State the second time in 1889, and resigned in 1892. He died January 27, 1893. 131. Henry W. Longfellow. — Maine can count many great men and women among her sons and daughters — authors, statesmen, soldiers, lawyers — every one of whom she delights to honor. Yet, perhaps, there is no one whose memory is dearer to the hearts of both old and young than the Children's Poet, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. He was born in JAMES G. BI^AINE. He became Secretary of 120 HISTORY OF MAINE Portland, February 27, 1807, and his boyhood and youth were spent in " the beautiful city by the sea," of which he loved to write in later years. In ' ' My Lost Youth ' ' es- pecially he d e- scribes his native town and youth- ful memories con- nected therewith. At the age of four- teen he entered Bowdoin College, from which he was graduated in 1825; four years later he was made profes- sor o f modern languages at that college, being one of the youngest professors and most cultured scholars in America. Afterwards he was a professor in Har- vard University. On his seventy-fourth birthday, he wrote in his diary: " I am surrounded by roses and lilies. Flowers everywhere — ' And that which should accompany old age, As honor, love, obedience, troops of friends.' " This last year he had warnings of his declining health, and suffered vertigo, followed by nervous pains and depression. His last acts of kindness were to children. On March 18, 1882, four school boys came from Boston to see him, and to ask for his autograph, HENRY W. LONGFEI,LOW. DISTINGUISHED MEN 121 which he gladly gave. On this day he took a chill and became seriously ill. Six days later, March 24, he passed quietly away. 1 32. Jacob Abbott. — Among the men who have influenced the young of the last half century, perhaps no man is the peer of Jacob Abbott, whose ' ' RoUo Books ' ' have been known and read in many coun- longfeWyOw's birthpIvAce. tries. Jacob Abbott was born at Hallowell, Novem- ber 14, 1803. He was graduated from Bowdoin in 1820, afterward studied theology at Andover, Mass., and was ordained a minister of the Congregational Church. From 1825 to 1829 he was professor of 122 HISTORY OF MAINE mathematics and natural philosophy at Amherst Col- lege, and in 1834 removed to Farmington, Maine, where he devoted himself almost entirely to literary work. He traveled extensively in this country and in Europe. His books were written almost exclusively for the young, although he wrote several histories. His complete works exceed two hundred volumes, the most familiar of which are the ' ' Rollo Books, " " Fran- conia Series," " Marco Paul Series," and his volumes of " Science for the Young." He died at Farming- ton, October 31, 1879. 133. J. S. C. Abbott.— John S. C. Abbott, a brother of Jacob, had the same gift of story-telling, and was also a voluminous writer. He was born at Bruns- wick, September 18, 1805, and was ordained a Con- gregational minister in 1 830. In 1 844 he resigned his pastorate and turned his attention to literature. His favorite subject was history, and he contributed many valuable works to this department of literature. His best known books are " The French Revolution of 1789," "History of Napoleon Bonaparte," "A History of the Civil War," and " History of Maine." He died at Fairhaven, Conn., June 17, 1877. 134. Charles F.Browne. — ArtemusWard, whose peculiar wit has furnished amusement for two genera- tions of Americans, was born in the little town of Waterford about 1834, and christened Charles F. Browne. He took up the career of journalist, but soon left it and entered the lecture field as a humorist, where he met with marked success. In 1862 he visited California and Utah, and found the material for a series of comic lectures said to be the best of DISTINGUISHED MEN 123 their kind ever given in this country or England. Beside his work as a lecturer he wrote several books, among which are " Artemus Ward, His Book," and ' ' Artemus Ward, His Travels, ' ' and others. He died in Southampton, England, in 1867. 135. Benjamin Paul Akers. — In the year 1825 was born in the little town of Saccarappa a boy whose name was destined to give our State fame in the world of art. Benjamin Paul Akers early showed a special gift in sculpture. When he began modelling he had never seen an artist nor even a statue or bust. In 1849 he went to Boston and took lessons in plaster casting of Carew. He then went to HoUis, Maine, and having obtained some suitable clay made his first experiments in modelling. His first work was a head of Christ, which was remarkable for its impressive style and originality. This head was afterward ordered in marble by the United States Minister at the Hague. In 1849 he opened a studio in Portland, where he made many plaster busts, among them being one of Longfellow. In 1851 he went to Europe, spent a year in study in Florence, and from that time to his death devoted his life to his chosen work. His best known pieces are " Una and the Lion," "Isaiah," "Dead Pearl Diver," and "Milton." The two last are mentioned by Hawthorne in his " Marble Faun." Mr. Akers died when his work was just begun ; yet in his short life of only thirty-six years he had accom- plished a large amount of work. His death occurred at Philadelphia, May 21, 1861. 1 36. James H. Hanson, Nelson Dingley, Jr., ISTeal Dq-w, and. N, P. 'Willis. — ^ The traits which distinguished Mr. Hanson were thoroughness and patient industry. 124 HISTORY OF MAINE , After graduating from \\'atcrvillc College, he served as principal of \\ aterville Acailoiiiy.of Eastportand I'orlland high schools, and of a private school in Portland. In 1865, he was again elected principal of Waterville iVcad- emy, which soon afterwards changed its name to Coburn Classical Institute, and remained in this position for 29 years. His "Preparatory Latin Prose Hook" and " Handbook of Latin Poetr)-," which were adopted in many of the secondary schools in the country, added materially to his reputation as a scholar and student. He was born in China, Maine, June 26, 1816, and died April 21, 1894. Nelson Dingley, Jr. — The career of Mr. Dingley furnishes an inspiration to every Maine boy who has an ambition to win a worthy station in life. Pie was not born great; he did not have greatness thrust upon him; he achieved greatness by his sterling integrity, by his intense application, and by his untiring study of the problems which he set himself to solve. He did rot depend upon the arts of the orator or the graces of the rhetorician; yet when he spoke he was listened to as few men were. His hearers believed in his hon- esty, and were confident of his ability to give accurate information. It is safe to say that, while Maine had an exceptionally powerful delegation in Congress, none of them had more influence in shaping legislation, and none left the impress of his individuality more strongly upon the history of the times in which he lived than did Mr. Dingley. He was born in Durham, February 15, 1832, and was graduated from Dartmouth College in the class of 1855. After studying law and being ad- mitted to the bar, he became editor and proprietor of the Lewiston Journal, which connection he maintained until his death, on January 13, 1899. He was a mem- DISTINGUISHED MEN I25 ber of the Maine House of Representatives in 1862, '3, '4, '5, 1868 and 1873, and was speaker in 1863 and '4; was governor of Maine in 1874 and '5, was elected to a seat in Congress in 1881, which office he held until his death, at which time he was chairman of the Committee on Ways and Means, and leader of the Republican party on the floor of the House. He was also an influential ■ member of the Canadian Joint High Commission. Neal Dow,— " The father of prohibition," Gen. Neal Dow, was born in Portland, March 20, 1804, of Quaker ancestry. He was educated at Dames School, Portland Academy, and the Friends' Academy, New Bedford. Early in life he became interested in the temperance cause. In 185 1 he drafted the bill known as the '' Maine Law," which was signed by the governor June 2, 1851. Fie made three visits to England in the interest of the temperance cause. He was twice mayor of Portland, and in 1861 raised a regiment of infantry, and also a battery of artillery. He was Colonel of the 13th Maine Regiment, and received a Brigadier-General's com- mission from President Lincoln. He was confined for nine months in Libby Prison, and was exchanged in March, 1864, for Fitz Hugh Lee. His death occurred October 2, 1897. Nathaniel Parker "Willis. — This eminent poet and journalist occupies a prominent place in American literature. He was born in Portland in 1806, and died in Hudson, New York, in 1867. He was graduated from Yale College in 1827. He began to write while a student, and after graduation edited various literary journals. His prose works were widely read, but it was as a poet that he became famous. He published a large number of volumes from 1827 to 1851, and many of his poems are characterized by exquisite finish and melody. CHAPTER IX RESOURCES OF THE STATE (37. Agriculture. — The land surface of Maine comprises 19,132,800 acres, an area equal to all the rest of New England, and her natural resources are varied and abundant. While she does not claim to be a great agricultural State, as compared with the enormous corn and wheat producing States of the West, or the cotton growing States of the South, yet her broad acres furnish numberless home farms where her people live in comfort and prosperity, and many of her farm products are known and ap- preciated far beyond the limits of New England. Not a few of our best men and noblest women trace their strength of purpose and sturdiness of frame to the splendid training received on the "old farm." The most important agricultural products are hay, pota- toes, oats, sweet corn for canning, dairy and orchard products, and wool. The manufacture of starch from potatoes is an important industry in Aroostook County, where the fertility of the soil renders it possible to pro- duce large crops. There are nearly fifty starch factories in this county, and 2,000,000 bushels of potatoes are used annually for this purpose. 1 38. Ship-building. — From the completion of The Virgmia, which was built on the Sagadahoc fourteen years before the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth, until the present day, the ships of Maine have been found RESOURCES OF THE STATE 127 carrying the products of the country to all parts of the world. For many years the shipyards of Maine built annually a greater amount of tonnage than those of any other State in the Union, and in 1891, which was considered an unusually dull period, they pro- duced nearly one-half the tonnage of all the vessels built in New England and New Brunswick. Bath, situated on the west bank of the Kennebec, twelve miles from its mouth, is the center of the shipbuilding interests. Some of the finest wooden vessels in the world have been built at this port, and since 1885 there has been developed a great iron ship-building plant, where iron cruisers for the United States navy are now constructed. 139. Lumber. — One of the most valuable of Maine's natural resources is her great forests. The whole northern part of the State is still covered with trees, and is the great timber producing area of the State. The many large rivers, with their countless tributaries, render it peculiarly adapted to lumbering, and as there are millions of acres of good spruce tim- ber lands in Maine, which are being continually increased by new growths, the supply seems well nigh exhaustless. Besides spruce and pine, there are large quantities of cedar, which are converted into shingles, and hemlock, which is valuable not only for its lumber but for the bark used for tanning purposes. These form the most important of the lumbering interests in the State. Yet there are found in different sections large quantities of valuable hard wood timber, while bass-wood, poplar, white birch, and maple grow in abundance. 128 HISTORY OF MAINE 1 40. Water-Power. — Maine is already notably a manufacturing State, and because of her magnificent water-power, in the amount and availability of which she stands second to none, she seems destined to take front rank in the variety and extent of her manufac- tures. The number of lakes of sufficient size to be delineated upon the most accurate maps of the State is upwards of 1,500, with an aggregate area of 2,300 square miles, giving one square mile of lake surface to every 14.3 square miles of territorial area. These lakes are the reservoirs of rivers whose total force is equal to 2,656,200 horse-power, a force equivalent to the working energy of 34,000,000 able bodied men, laboring 24 hours a day every day throughout the year. 141. Manufactures. — This water-power is being developed more and more every year, as the resources of the State are becoming better known. Already we have at Cumberland Mills the largest paper manufac- tory in the world, and in different parts of the State are twenty-one other similar establishments. To supply these mills, there are twenty-two mills for the manu- facture of wood pulp, which now almost entirely takes the place of the rags formerly used in the manufac- ture of paper. 1 42. Cotton Goods. — The manufacture of cotton goods is one of Maine's most important industries. As early as 18 10 cotton cloth was made in the State, and its manufacture has been steadily increasing. There are large mills at Lewiston, Waterville, Biddeford, and many other places, numbering twenty-three in all, with an invested capital of about $21,000,000. The products of Maine mills rank with the best in the RESOURCES OF THE STATE 129 land, and find a ready market in our own as well as in foreign countries. 143. "Woolen G-oods. — Besides the manufacture of cotton goods, large quantities of woolens are made. These mills require less power to operate them, and are located on smaller streams and in less populous dis- tricts, than the cotton mills. There are 89 woolen mills in Maine, with a capital of nearly $10,000,000. These mills, located in different sections of the State, use for a large part of their material the wool grown on our own sheep, furnish employment to large numbers of our people, and are doing much to develop our commonwealth. 1 44. Boots and Shoes. — The business of manu- facturing boots and shoes is one of Maine's greatest sources of wealth. Its chief center is Auburn, in An- droscoggin County, where more operatives are em- ployed than in all the other shoe factories of the State. This business is rapidly increasing and adding to our prosperity. The employ^ are largely Americans, only ten per cent, being of foreign birth. 1 45. Miscellaneous Manufactures. — In addition to these industries, there are many mills located throughout the State for the manufacture of various articles from wood. The most important are spool, kindling wood, veneer, and planing mills; carriage, sled, and chair manufactories, together with molding, handle, and dowel factories. These use a large amount of capital and furnish employment to a large number of people. 1 46. Ice. — While the wealth of Maine is due largely to her magnificent water-power, forests, and 130 HISTORY OF MAINE farms, yet the very coldness of the climate adds its tribute to her prosperity. The ice crop brings to the State many thousands of dollars annually, and fur- nishes employment for a large number of her citizens. The first ice shipped from Maine as merchandise was taken from the Kennebec in 1 826. To-day that river is the center of the great ice industry of the State. This locality has great natural facilities for this enterprise, and, together with the Penobscot, exports large quan- tities of a superior quality of ice, making Maine's winter harvest an exceedingly profitable one. 1 47. Granite and Slate. — Maine granite is known and valued throughout the country, and quarrying and fashioning it give employment to over 4,000 men at good wages. It is used for almost every purpose, from the paving block in the street to the choicest stat- uary. There are many varieties of this stone; the red, gray, white, and dark granites being the most valuable. Slate is found in various parts of Maine, but the prin- cipal manufacture of roofing slate is found in Piscata- quis County. This industry, begun in 1828, has grown steadily, and the slate quarried is equal in every respect to that produced in Wales. 1 48. Fisheries. — In value and extent of her sea fisheries, Maine stands second only to Massachusetts among the States, while in the importance of her river fisheries she has no equal. Bangor, on the Pen- obscot, has one of the finest salmon pools in the world, and is visited yearly by sportsmen from all parts of the country, who take fish of the largest size from its waters. Large quantities of lobsters are taken for canning purposes, while hundreds of vessels are RESOURCES OF THE STATE 131 engaged in cod, herring, and mackerel fishing. The State Fish Commissioners have been engaged for sev- eral years in restocking the rivers and lakes with the choicest fish, and the result of their labors is already seen in the increased quantities of some of the most valuable varieties. 1 49. Other Industries ; Banks. — In addition to these important industries, there might be added countless smaller ones, located in all sections of the State. These cannot be enumerated, but, as an evi- dence of our grovi'th and enterprise, the fact may be mentioned that, during the year 1891, no mills and factories were added to the large number already in active operation. The banking interests of the State are managed by 83 National Banks, 51 Savings Banks, 16 Trust and Banking Companies, and 33 Loan and Building Associations, with assets amount- ing to $1 14,610,823.20. CHAPTER X SUMMER RESORTS A history of Maine would not be complete without some reference to her attractions as a summer resort. This great source of wealth cannot be exported or made profitable as merchandise. Yet so famous have her attractions become that the people from every State in the Union seek her shores for the pure air, the refreshing breezes, the magnificent scenery, and the charm of forest, hill, and shore, found here in greater variety than in any other State east of the Rocky Mountains. For miles the coast is dotted with beautiful summer homes, where the residents of large cities seek rest, recreation, and health, beside its life- giving waters. I 50. Bar Harbor. — Perhaps the most famous of Maine's great resorts is Bar Harbor, on the Island of Mount Desert. Here, whither Champlain sailed nearly three hundred years ago and gave a name to the lonely island, has grown up a city of magnificent sum- mer residences, occupied for months by the richest and most renowned citizens of our country. At this charm- ing place one may have the fashion of the world, or find himself "near to Nature's heart" in the quiet grove, or by the restless sea, or on the towering crag which overhangs the ocean. This island was incor- porated as a town in 1789, but is now divided into three separate municipalities. Bar Harbor is located SUMMER RESORTS 1 33 in the town of Eden, which increased in property valuation from $622,901 in 1880 to $5,034,958 in 1890. These figures convey some idea of the amount of wealth which has found its way to this once unknown and unsought corner of Maine. 151. Moosehead Lake. — From Mount Desert we may journey inland many miles north until we reach Moosehead Lake, where again we find the com- bination of mountain and shore, and undoubtedly the most attractive inland resort in the State. Here is found the largest lake in New England, forty miles long, and varying in width from eighteen miles at the broadest to less than two at its narrowest point. Kineo, called the Monarch of Moosehead, is a fine old mountain, its rocky summit rising to the height of 2,500 feet above the sea level. The lake affords abundant trout fishing for those who delight in the sport, while the beautiful walks, the charming scenery, the boating and fine hotel accommodations render it a delightful place to those in search of either health or pleasure. 1 52. Rangeley Lakes. — The most noted hunting and fishing resort in Maine is found in the Rangeley Lake region. This is one of the finest chains of deep water lakes in the world, and in their vicinity are some of the most valuable hunting and fishing grounds to be found in our country. The lakes afford the best of fishing, while the forests abound in moose, deer, and caribou. 1 53. Casco Bay. — It would be impossible to attempt to describe all the places that are charming, from the beauty of their surroundings, of which the 134 HISTORY OF MAINE State can boast. Casco Bay, with its 365 islands, has been said to rival anything in America for beauty, variety, and extent. Portland, situated on this bay, with one of the fineSt harbors in the world, has been called the Forest City, from the large number of its shade trees. The view from Munjoy Hill, its northern extremity, is a panorama that is equaled by but few places on the continent. 1 54. Old Orchard. — Old Orchard, with its nine miles of smooth, hard beach, wide enough for a dozen carriages to drive abreast, is a most popular summer home. This place has been a resort for two hundred years. The orchard which gave it its name has long since disappeared, and but three gravestones mark the resting-place of the ancient colonists who once found a home here; still a large and populous village has sprung up, and numerous hotels furnish abundant accommodation for the crowds of summer tourists who visit it yearly. 155. Poland Springs. — While the laws of the State prohibit the use of intoxicating liquors as a beverage, yet nature furnishes her citizens and her visitors with absolutely pure water. There are but few sections that do not boast the possession of one or more springs of such water, while many springs have medicinal qualities. The most noted of all these is Poland Springs, whose waters have become so famous that they are sent in large quantities to all parts of the United States, and shipments are made to Europe and even to distant Australia. To meet the ever-increas- ing demand of those who wish to combine the pure air of this locality with the health-restoring powers of SUMMER RESORTS 135 the water, there has grown up a large and elegant hotel, which is filled annually with hundreds of visitors. 1 56. Increase in Summer Homes and Visitors. — The summer resorts of Maine are fast increasing in number. The many bays, inlets, and islands along our picturesque coast are becoming yearly more and more sought for summer homes by the well-to-do people of other States, from the Atlantic to the far West, and from the Lakes to the sultry South. The many beautiful lakes in the interior, affording sport for the angler, are more and more coming to be known and resorted to by those who find enjoyment in quiet, in the "gentle art," in the beauty of wood-clad hills, wood- land streams, and meadows. The many beautiful villages on the rivers and among the hills are every year becoming better known to the outside world for the attractiveness of the drives about them, and the quiet restfulness to be found in them, and are afford- ing summer homes to increasing numbers. So every year the number of visitors grows larger. It has been estimated that already at least 100,000 people spend all or some part of the hot months in this summer home of half a nation. Should the number increase for the next twenty years in the same ratio that it has in the last twenty, Maine will truly become the summer home of the whole Nation. Note. — Good teachers of history know how to use literature — tales, stories, poems, etc. — to enrich their instruction and make it interesting. The opportunities of teachers of State and local history, in this direction, are especially abundant. So close are the relations of history and geography that it would be hard to choose between his- torical and geographical subjects. For example, Mr. Longfellow's 136 HISTORY OF MAINE "Poems of Places, '* division "America," subdivision "New Eng- land," contains many excellent poems that teachers of the history of Maine can use to much advantage. Most of these pieces are by our best known writers, Lowell, Longfellow, and Whittier, but some are anonymous. Among the subjects we find " Katahdin, The Moun- tain," "Kennebec, The River," "Mount Desert," "Mount Pleasant," ' Norridgewock," " Pemaquid," "Penobscot, The Bay," "Penobscot, The River," "Portland," "Saco, The River," " Sebago, The Lake," "Songo, The River," "York."— The Editor. LIST OF GOVERNORS. 1820 William King, Bath 1821 William D. Williamson, Bangor 1821 Benjamin Ames, Bath 1822 Albion K. Parris, Paris 1827 Enoch Lincoln, Portland 1829 Nathan Cutler, Farmington 1830 Jona. G. Hunton, Readfield 1831 Samuel E. Smith, Wiscasset 1834 Robert P. Dunlap, Brunswick 1838 Edward Kent, Bangor 1839 John Fairfield, Saco 1841 Edward Kent, Bangor 1842 John Fairfield, Saco 1843 John Fairfield, Saco 1843 Edward Kavanagh, Newcastle 1844 Hugh J. Anderson, Belfast 1847 John W. Dana, Fryeburg 1850 John Hubbard, Hallowell 1853 William G. Crosby. Belfast 185s Anson P. Morrill, Readfield 1856 Samuel Wells, Portland 1857 1857 1858 1861 1863 1864 1867 1871 1874 1876 1879 1887 1893 1897 Hannibal Hamlin, Hampden Joseph H. Williams, Augusta Lot M. Morrill, Augusta Israel Washburn, Jr., Orono Abner Cobiirn, Skowhegan Samuel Cony, Augusta Joshua L, Chamberlain, Bruns- wick Sidney Perham, Paris Nelson Dingley, Jr., Lewiston Selden Connor, Augusta Alonzo Garcelon, Lewiston Daniel F. Dnvis, Corinth Harris M. Plaisted, Bangor Frederick Robie, Gorham Joseph R. Bodwell, Hallowell S. S. Marble. Waldoboro Edwin C. Burleigh, Bangor Henry B. Cleaves, Portland Llewellyn Powers, Houlton PART II THE CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF MAINE CHAPTER I VALUE OF THE STUDY OF GOVERNMENT 1 57. Civil Government in Schools. — That every citizen should be acquainted with the principles upon which government is based, is manifest to all. That he can acquire this knowledge more readily in the public schools than elsewhere, is equally apparent. It is, therefore, important that Civil Government shall be intelligently presented and carefully studied in the common schools. 158. All Children Destined to Take Part in Grovernment. — The reasons for this are obvious. Every boy, and possibly every girl, is destined to take a part, not only in the government of his own com- munity, but in that of his State and the Nation. Since an educated citizen is more useful than one who is ignorant, and is better fitted to meet and set- tle the great questions which are presenting them- selves, it must be apparent to all that an accurate knowledge of the principles upon which government is based, and the details that make up the administra- tion of the same, are necessary for the best service. 138 THE CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF MAINE 1 59. Knowledge of Government Makes Better Citizens. — When a citizen is familiar with the reasons for placing laws upon the statute book, he has less temptation to consider them unjust, and not only yields more cheerful obedience to their demands, but more promptly uses his influence to secure the same obedience in others. It would be difficult to make an anarchist of such a man, since he could never become a tool in the hands of a vicious leader. If boys are taught to think, and to think intelligently, they will become thoughtful men, and such men become not only good citizens but safe leaders. 160. The Need of Government. — That organ- ized government is essential to the welfare of a com- munity, is clearly proven by the disastrous results which have followed all attempts to live without it. There are many reasons why a government duly organ- ized and honestly administered contributes to the growth of communities. Roads and bridges must be built, schools must be maintained, the poor must be cared for, and property must be protected. These duties cannot be performed or these services be rendered, and this protection cannot be given, by the individual. Communities, acting in their collective capacities, must have in charge these as well as all other interests affecting the community as a whole. It is a part of our common history that man is selfish, and, if left to himself, seeks his own interests without reference to the rights or claims of others ; moreover, the law, which restrains the strong and shields the weak, saves even those in any community who are fitted to protect themselves from doing those things VALUE OF THE STUDY OF GOVERNMENT 1 39 which, in the end, will result in their own injury. For these and many other reasons, we see the neces- sity of a government that shall look well to the interests of all ; that shall protect the weak and restrain the unprincipled ; that shall provide for the education of its children, and help to advance the moral and intellectual development of its citizens. 161. The Objects of Government. — Stated briefly, then, the principal objects of government are : To secure justice to all ; To protect people and property ; To promote the best interests of the community ; To secure order and morality among the people ; To advance civilization and make liberty possible. CHAPTER II THE FAMILY 1 62. The First Fonn of Government. — The first form of government with which a person becomes acquainted is found in the family. It is in the home that the lessons of life should first be learned, and its members be fitted to become citizens in the com- munity and Nation. Herein parents are the officers, with power to make, interpret, and enforce the laws which shall govern its members. In the family parents combine in themselves all the functions of government. They make laws governing the conduct of the child, see that those laws are obeyed, and inflict penalties for disobedience. 1 63. Obedience. — The first thing a child is called upon to learn is obedience, and other lessons will not be of much service if he is not so trained as to yield a prompt submission to proper authority, and have a wholesome respect for the government which has the right to direct his actions. Moulded by right influences in the home, the future citizen learns not only to submit to law, but to recognize its justice while obeying its commands. He learns to lend his influence, whenever needed, to assist in enforcing its mandates. This discipline will help him to broad conceptions of life, and make it easy for him to see that the interests of the individual must be waived when the welfare of others demands it. THE FAMILY I4I 1 64. Self-control. — The lesson of obedience can- not be successfully learned without involving such training as will insure self-control. It has been rightly said that no person can control others until he is first master of himself. This most important habit should be formed in the home. When we have citizens with tempers, tongues, and passions under intelligent con- trol, we shall have made great progress toward a time when crime will not disgrace our civilization. Murder, drunkenness, and vice in almost every form are the results of temptation, with no power of self-control to restrain the tempted. 1 65. Unselfishness. — It is often said that selfish- ness is the foundation evil of mankind. The family fails to do its duty if it neglects to correct this evil. Its members must be so trained and moulded that they will consider others before themselves, render assistance to the helpless, relieve the overworked by thoughtful acts of self-denial, and realize that the lit- tle community called home cannot reach its best estate until each seeks to advance the interests of others, instead of claiming service from others. 1 66. Forming Habits. — It is in youth that habits are formed which last long after the occasions that have given rise to their exercise have passed away. ' Horace Mann has truly said: "Habit is a cable. We weave a thread of it each day, and in time it becomes so strong that we cannot break it." The vir- tues and graces of life, quite as much as its vices, are matters of habit, and may be acquired by persistent and carefully-directed effort. CHAPTER III THE SCHOOL 1 67. Relation of School to Home Government. — While the first form of government with which the child comes in contact is found in the home, the first direct association with others than his parents in such rela- tions as make it necessary for him to yield obedience to them, is found in the school. While the same laws that govern in the home are binding in the school, yet the authority in the new relations no longer rests in the parent but becomes vested in the teacher. 1 68. Schools and Citizenship. — Since our Republic is distinctly a government ' ' of the people, by the people, and for the people, ' ' it becomes neces- sary that every child shall be fitted for the responsi- bilities of citizenship which the law provides he shall assume at a certain age. That this training may be given, communities are required to furnish the means of securing it. These means are found in the rightly organized and wisely governed school. 1 69. Duties of Children in the School. — Chil- dren should make the best use of their time and advan- tages, and secure by earnest effort the benefits offered by the schools. To accomplish this, pupils must recognize in the teacher a friend, director, and helper, and yield a prompt obedience to all commands and an earnest response to all efforts to fit them for the work the world will ask them to do. THE SCHOOL 143 1 70. Traits of Character Required in the School. — Those traits of character which are necessary to the highest good of the members of the home, are still more important in the school. Obedience, self- control, unselfishness, courtesy, and the forming of good habits play a large part in the best school life. Naturally, obedience comes first, and if there has been wise training at home discipline in the school will be easily secured. This first acquaintance with the world will only serve as an opportunity for the child to put in practice the lessons already learned. He will recognize that he can be aided more easily, and can help others better, if he is cheerfully obedient. In this way, he will co-operate with the teacher, and the school will be as harmonious and helpful as those homes have been in Avhich these conditions have pre- vailed. When the child becomes a pupil, he will realize more fully than ever before the need of self- control. As he comes in contact with others, he will find much to irritate him, and will be surprised that others do not think as he does, and desire the same things. If he has begun to learn the lesson of self- control, he will be guided and helped by the words and influence of his teacher, and will gain additional strength with increasing years. In no other person do we so quickly discern unselfishness or its opposite as in the child. Before he has learned to conceal his feelings, he displays his tendencies. Consideration for and cour- tesy to his teacher will be seen, or its opposite noticed. Kindness and thoughtfulness for other pupils, and generosity and gentleness toward all, are traits to be admired and the absence of which is to be deplored. 144 THE CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF MAINE 171. Habits. — Most important of all, perhaps, are the habits formed in school life, which will probably control the action of the person through all succeeding years. Here temptations to wrong- doing will be greater, and the ability to resist them less controlling, than in the home. In the schools are massed representatives from all classes and conditions. We find those from the carefully guarded home seated with those who have no home training. The child of cultured parents often stands next to the child of parents who are ignorant and depraved ; so that, early in life, the children in the public schools are called upon to test the lessons of obedience, self-control, and unselfishness learned in the home, and to see the value of the habits formed under the instruction of those who have had the care of their first years. 172. Good Pupils Make Good Citizens. — The value of these traits, to the citizen of the future, will be readily seen by those who have had occasion to consider the intellectual condition and moral quality of communities. It is believed that children who pos- sess these elements will make good pupils. It is equally clear that good pupils will grow into good citizens, and that through these good citizens good laws will be made and wisely administered. CHAPTER IV THE TOWN 1 73. Political Government. — Up to this point we have considered the family and the school only. We now come to a more complicated system of affairs, since it embraces, not only the government of children and youth, but also that of men and women, — of communi- ties and districts of people who have been trained to respect the law, and also those who know little of the value of restraint. With so many different conditions and needs, it is not difficult to understand that there must be many departments of government managed by different officers, and that to be efficient they must be skillfully directed by those who thoroughly under- stand the needs of the people. While it is true that few can be leaders, it is not necessary that those who are led should be ignorant. The safety of a people is insured when the governed are competent to sit in judgment upon the acts of their governors. 1 74. The Town. — A town is a political division of a county, organized for the purpose of local govern- ment. Certain officers are selected upon whom the burden of governing is laid, and who, when they prop- erly discharge their duties, seek to promote the interests of the people. They provide means of punishment for minor offenses; they secure the protection of the law to all citizens, and form a tribunal to which the people may bring their disputes in certain cases. 146 THE CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF MAINE Before, however, describing the town as a separate pohtical division, it may be well to consider its evolu- tion as a distinct municipality from a primitive settle- ment. Local government is administered in very different ways in different parts of the Union. What is called the Town system prevails in New England, the County system in the Southern and some of the Western States, the Mixed system in the old Middle States and in most of the Western States. Maine, of course, falls under the first division.* 1 75. The Primitive Wilderness. — There were in Maine, at the time of its separation from the parent commonwealth of Massachusetts, large areas of land in its original state. These tracts were surveyed into divisions six miles square called townships. Many of these townships were the property of individuals or of companies called proprietors, and the remainder were owned by the State. In many of these wilderness townships the proprietors sold lots to settlers; and the State, from time to time, set apart townships for settlement, and, having caused the land to be sur- veyed into lots, usually of 160 acres each, sold them to actual setlers for fifty cents per acre, to be paid for in labor on the roads of the township. 1 76. Lands Sold for Settlement. — Any settler wishing to purchase a lot from the State was given a certificate stating the number and range of the town- ship, the number of the lot, its area, and the price to be paid for it. The certificate also stated that, if the settler should pay the sum named within three years *B. A. Hinsdale, The Atnerican Government, pp. 38, 43, 397, 405. THE TOWN 147 from date, in road labor, under the direction of the land agent; should, within one year, make some im- provement on the lot, and, within two years, establish his residence thereon and continue to reside on the lot for two years from date; and should clear fifteen acres of land, ten of which should be well laid down to grass, and build a house thereon, — he would be deemed an actual settler and be entitled to receive a deed of his lot from the State. And such is still the law. 1 77 . Plantation Organization. — After a number of settlers have entered into such a wilderness town- ship, it is natural that some sort of organization should be desired in order that they may be able to provide schools for their children and to enjoy the privileges of citizenship. To meet these conditions it is pro- vided by law that three or more persons, resident in one of these townships and qualified to be voters, may make written application to the county commissioners, who shall issue a warrant to one of the applicants, requiring him to notify and warn the voters residing in the township to meet at a stated time and place for the purpose of organization. But in case the settlers make no application as thus provided, then, as soon as any township has two hundred inhabitants, the county commissioners shall issue a warrant to one of the principal citizens, requiring him to call a meeting of the voters for the purpose named. In either case, the person to whom the warrant is directed must post attested copies thereof in two public and conspicu- ous places, within the township, fourteen days before the day named for the meeting. 148 THE CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF MAINE 1 78. The First Election. — At the meeting thus called the following officers are chosen and sworn, viz. : Moderator, clerk, three assessors, treasurer, collector of ta.xes, constable, three members of the superintending school committee, and the minor officers provided for by law, and thus the township is organized into a plantation. The duties of these several officers being the same as in towns, they will be described at length under that head. 1 79. Returns to the State. — As soon as a planta- tion organization has been effected, the assessors immediately proceed to take an inventory of the polls and of the valuation of the property, and, on or before the fifteenth day of May following their election, return a copy thereof to the county commissioners, who send a copy to the State treasurer, to form the basis of the State and county taxes to be assessed upon the planta- tion. The clerk also sends to the secretary of State a copy of the record of the meeting held and officers elected. I 80. Powers of Plantations. — Plantations may raise and expend money for the support of schools, for building and repairing schoolhouses, and for legal plantation expenses. If the population is less than 200 they are not responsible for the aid or support of paupers within their limits. The aid or support of such per- sons must first be furnished by the nearest incorporated town, but the expense will be refunded to such town by the State. Nor are they responsible for the building and maintenance of roads and bridges within their limits. The responsibility for these improvements devolves upon the county. THE TOWN 149 181. Transformation of a Plantation into a Town. — When a plantation has increased in popula- tion and valuation of property to such an extent that its citizens are desirous of assuming the duties and responsibilities devolving upon a town,- they send a petition to the Legislature asking that the township, giving number, range, and name as plantation, may be incorporated into a town, to be known by the name designated in the petition. If there is no reason why the prayer of the petitioners should not be granted, the Legislature passes an act of incorporation vesting the inhabitants of the new town with all the powers, privileges, immunities, and liabilities of other towns in the State. We will now consider the government of the town. 1 82. Voters and Citizens. — All qualified voters in a town have a voice in the selection of public officers, and have a right to demand the protection guaranteed to officers and citizens by the laws. It is the duty of every voter to exercise such care in the selection of public officers as will insure the election of men com- petent to administer the laws with justice and wisdom. Every citizen should perform all the duties laid upon him by the laws. 1 83. Laws. — All divisions and subdivisions of the State are governed by laws made by the Legislature. It is customary for these divisions also to have legisla- tive and executive officers of their own. It will be seen farther on that the tov/n, county, State, and Nation all declare the methods by which laws shall be made, interpreted, and executed. In towns, the people in their sovereign capacity as citizens make their local 150 THE CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF MAINE laws, and select the officers who shall enforce them. In the city, the power of making laws is vested in the city council. In the State and Nation, it is given to the representatives of the people in the legislature and in Congress. 1 84. Powers of Towns. — A town is an organized portion of the inhabitants of the State, within certain defined limits of territory in the same county. The Legislature alone has a right to divide the territory of old towns and make new ones. The inhabitants of each town form a corporate body and possess certain corporate powers. First, they may sue and be sued, and appoint agents and attorneys ; second, purchase and hold real estate within their own limits ; third, make contracts and purchase such personal property and real estate as may be necessary to the exercise of their power ; fourth, contract debts as well as release the same ; fifth, purchase or sell such property as may be necessary to secure the debts due to the town. 185. Elections. — Annual elections are held in the towns on such days in the month of March as are agreed upon by the voters of the towns. The annual election, known as the town-meeting, is called to order by the town clerk of the preceding year, who reads the warrant and presides while the moderator is being elected. The moderator is sworn by the clerk, or by a justice of the peace, and presides during the remainder of the meeting. The first business is to elect the town officers. After the officers are all chosen, the usual business of the town is transacted. This consists of raising money for schools, for the poor, for town expenses, for roads and bridges, and THE TOWN 151 for all other purposes deemed necessary ; but no money can be raised for any purpose unless that pur- pose is stated in the warrant calling the meeting, nor can any business be transacted unless its object is stated in the warrant. The different items in the warrant are called articles, and are numbered i, 2, 3, etc. The moderator has power to enforce order during the meeting, and may administer the required oaths to all officers chosen. His term of office does not extend beyond the final adjournment of the meet- ing at which he was chosen. 186. Special Town Meetings. — The selectmen are required to call a special town meeting upon the written request of ten or more qualified voters, who shall state in their petition the object for which the meeting is to be called and the articles they wish to have inserted in the warrant. In case the selectmen neglect or refuse to call a town meeting, or refuse to insert in the warrant an article, when so requested, then ten or more qualified voters may petition any justice of the peace in the county, and he shall issue his warrant to a constable, or other citizen of the town, ordering him to call a meeting. 187. How Town Meetings are Called. — All town meetings are called by the constable, or other person to whom the warrant is directed, by posting an attested copy of the warrant in some conspicuous place in the town seven days before the meeting is to be held. The usual form of warrant will be found at the end of this chapter. 1 88. Selectmen. — The principal magistrates of thft town are the selectmen. The number varies with 153 THE CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF MAINE the wish of the town, as expressed in town meeting, and may be three, five, or seven. The custom is to limit the number to three ; the odd number insures a majority vote in case of difference of opinion. The general management of the public business is intrusted to this body. They may issue warrants for holding town-meetings ; grant licenses and lay out highways ; act as assessors and overseers of the poor, if selected for these offices by the town ; serve as health officers, issue warrants isolating persons afflicted with con- tagious diseases, and provide for the removal of nuisances ; listen to complaints when troubles of a public nature arise in the town ; and represent the town in county and State matters. They may prop- erly be said to stand at the head of the administrative department of the town government. 189. Town Clerk. — Next in, importance to the selectmen is the town clerk. It is his duty to keep a record of all votes passed in town-meeting, and of the names of candidates, with the number of ballots given for each. He records intentions and issues certificates of marriage, records the births, marriages, and deaths in the town, makes record of bills of sale and mort- gages of personal property when requested, and has charge of all matters of town record. He is author- ized to administer the required oath to any legally elected town officer at any time, and makes return to the secretary of State of all votes cast at the State and National elections. 1 90. Town Treasurer. — The town treasurer has charge of all moneys received from the tax-payers, and of all other funds belonging to the town. He pays THE TOWN 153 the public expenses out of this money on orders signed by the selectmen, keeping an accurate account of all sums received and disbursed and making a report of such receipts and payments each year. 191. Constables. — Every tovi^n has one or more constables, who serve warrants issued by the select- men or justices of the peace. They arrest crim- inals when so directed by competent authority. Collectors of taxes are usually appointed as constables. 1 92. Assessors. — In the larger towns, where the duties of selectmen are numerous, three or more assessors of taxes may be chosen by the town to make lists of real estate and personal property for the purposes of taxation, and to assess all taxes to be raised upon such property. 1 93. Overseers of the Poor.— Besides the above named officers, a town may elect three or more over- seers of the poor, whose duty it shall be to care for all persons who may become charges upon the town as paupers, oversee the management of the almshouse, if there is one in the town, and hold such conferences with other towns as circumstances may demand in settling questions relating to the legal maintenance of paupers. 194. Superintending School Committee. — It is the duty of the superintending school committee to examine, certificate, and employ teachers ; to select and purchase text-books, appliances, and apparatus ; to provide fuel ; to have charge of repairs ; to direct truant officers in the performance of their duties, and to determine what description of scholars shall attend 154 THE CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF MAINE each school, to classify them, and transfer them from one school to another. All the duties herein enumerated may be delegated to the town superinten- dent of schools by vote of the committee. The com- mittee, however, has the following powers and duties which it cannot delegate to the superintendent : To suspend the operation of a school when the scholars are too few for its profitable maintenance ; to deter- mine the number, beginning, and length of school terms ; to dismiss teachers who prove unfit, or whose services they deem unprofitable ; to expel from school obstinately disobedient pupils ; to recommend the abolition of schools or change their location ; to pro- vide plans for new school houses, and to fill vacancies in the committee or in the office of truant officer. At the March meeting, in 1898, every town elected three members of the superintending school committee. The persons so elected drew lots for terms of one, two, and three years, each. In each succeeding year the town will elect one member of the committee to serve for three years, one member retiring each year. Vacancies in the committee occurring in the interim between town meetings are filled by the remaining members, the appointment to continue until the next town meeting. 195. Superintendent of Schools. — Towns are authorized to elect by ballot a superintendent of schools, and in case they do not do so, it is the duty of the superintending school committee to elect such ofificer for the term of one year. The town fixes his sal- ary, which shall in no case be less than two dollars a day for each day's service. It is the duty of the THE TOWN 155 superintendent of schools to visit each school at least twice each term ; to make an enumeration of the number of persons in the town between four and twenty-one years of age, and report the same to the State superintendent; to make all other school returns required by law to the State superintendent ; and to provide for the transportation of children to and from school in all cases where they live at such distance from the school as to make such transportation necessary. He must also perform the duties that the school com- mittee legally delegates to him. 1 96. Other Town Officers. — There are several minor officers in a town who are important to its wel- fare, but with whose names and duties the average citizen is not so familiar as with those already described. Mention may be made of the following: The duty of the truant officer is to enforce the law in relation to compulsory attendance at school. The town agent is the legal adviser of the town, and appears as its attorney in all suits to which it is a party. It is the duty of the road commissioners to see that the roads and bridges are kept in proper repair. Field drivers are required by law to capture and deliver to the pound-keeper all beasts found at large on the highway without a keeper, and to notify the owner of the animals captured, if he knows him ; otherwise, to post a description of the animal in a conspicuous place, or cause a notice to be printed in the nearest newspaper. In the meantime, the pound-keeper feeds all animals placed in pound, until they are called for by their owners, and receives from them payment of all expenses incurred in their care. 156 THE CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF MAINE When the occupants or owners of aajacent lands dis- agree respecting their rights in regard to partition fences, and their obligations to maintain them, they may make application to two or more of the fence- viewers of the town. These officers view the fences in dispute, consider the facts presented, and render a decision. Surveyors of lumber, when called upon for that pur- pose, inspect and measure lumber offered for sale. The measurers of wood and bark do the same for those articles. Sealers of weights and measures test the correct- ness of the corresponding instruments used in busi- ness, and may destroy such as do not conform to the standards adopted by the State. The tithing-man may arrest any person causing a disturbance in any religious meeting or assembly. The collector of taxes, in addition to the duties im- plied by his title, is also empowered to serve warrants on persons for the nonpayment of taxes, and to make public sales of the property of such persons as fail to pay the taxes due from them to the town ; but before making such sales he must post notices advertising the property for sale, for at least six weeks previous to dis- posing of it. 1 97. Compensation of Officers. — Most town offi- cers are paid for their services at a certain sum per day for the time actually employed. A few are paid by fees. The collector of taxes is usually paid a per- centage of the sums collected by him. Compensation in most cases is fixed by law, but it so varies with dif- ferent officers that it would consume too much space THE TOWN 157 to name the compensation of each one. The officers of the town are the Moderator, Truant Officers, Clerk, Constables, Selectmen, Fence- Viewers, Assessors, Surveyors of Lumber, Treasurer, Sealers o£ Weights and Measures, Auditor, Tithing-men, Overseers of the Poor, Road Commissioners, Superintending School Committee, Field-Drivers, Superintendent of Schools, Pound-Keepers, Collector of Taxes, Measurers of Wood and Bark. Town Agent, WARRANT FOR THE ANNUAL TOWN MEETING. STATE OF MAINE. To a Constable of the town of in the County of Greeting: In the name of the State of Maine you are hereby required to notify and warn the inhabitants of the Town of qualified by law to vote in town affairs, to assemble at in said town on Monday, the 21st day of March, A.D., 1898, at 9 'o'clock in the forenoon to act on the following articles: viz.: 1. To choose a Moderator to preside at said meeting. 2. To hear reports and allow accounts. 3. To choose all necessary town officers for the year ensuing. 4. To see what per cent the town will vote to pay for collecting taxes the ensuing year. 5. To see what discount the town will vote to allow on taxes paid before certain dates, and if so, how much discount and on what. And twenty-six other items. The document in which this warrant is found is entitled "Annual Report of ,"and it contains the selectmen's estimates for 1898, as follows: Common Schools 13,800 High School 1,300 Support of Poor 1,200 Incidental Account '. 900 To Pay Town Officers, including Road Commissioners. 2,000 Interest 2,500 Collector 1,000 158 THE CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF MAINE Discounts and Abatements 1,000 Opera House 10 Text-Books 600 School House Repairs, and Apparatus and Appliances.. 600 Sinking Fund 950 To Pay a Night Watch 6OO' Highways and Bridges 5,000 To Re-plank Covered Bridges 125 The document is signed by Selectmen of CHAPTER V THE CITY 1 98. How a Town becomes a City. — When the population of a town becomes too large to transact its municipal business at the general town-meeting, a different organization may be substituted. A petition signed by a majority of the citizens is presented to the State legislature, and, if it is satisfied that a majority of the tax-paying citizens have signed it, the legisla- ture declares the town incorporated as a city. This gives the people a right to choose such officers as will enable them to conduct their local affairs in a better and more convenient way than is possible under a town organization. In addition to laying out, build- ing, and preparing streets, furnishing protection against fire and disease, providing for the helpless poor, and organizing and maintaining schools, a city may pro- vide for a water supply, the lighting of streets, and supplying efficient police protection. 1 99. Charter. — The charter of a city is granted by the legislature, and defines the powers and priv- ileges of the city to which it is granted. In a limited sense, it serves the same purpose for the city that the constitution does for the State. The charter cannot contain provisions that are inconsistent with the State constitution. In case the charter and the statutes of the State are inconsistent, the charter is binding upon 159 l6o THE CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF MAINE the city. No charter contains any provision in relation to criminal matters. All criminals must be dealt with under the public statutes of the State. 200. Wards. — For convenience in voting, cities are divided into districts called wards. Each of these wards is a voting precinct, and each citizen must vote in his own ward. It sometimes becomes necessary to subdivide wards to facilitate voting when the Austra- lian system is used. 20 1 . Elections. — General elections for officers of cities are held annually on such dates as are fixed by their several charters. The most of the officers chosen are elected for the term of one year. The law requires the registration of all voters in cities, and the quali- fications for voting are the same as those required in voting for State officers. 202. Administrative Organization. — The admin- istration of the affairs of a city in Maine is vested in the mayor, a board of aldermen, and a larger board called the common council. These two boards together form what is known as the city council. The mayor and aldermen together constitute a board, and have substantially the same powers and duties as selectmen in towns. They have entire charge of police matters, and of appointing constables and police officers. They have charge of the jury lists and of drawing jurors. They issue warrants for ward meetings. They have the power to lay out and alter streets, though final action requires the concurrent vote of the common council. The city council attends to the raising, appropriating, and borrowing of money, the erection of public buildings, salaries of officials, THE CITY l6l methods of securing public order and safety, and the creating of pubUc offices. 203. Election of Officers. — The mayor is elected by a majority vote of all the legal voters of the city. The aldermen and members of the common council are elected by the voters of the several wards, one or more being chosen from each ward. In some cities the members of the superintending school committee are chosen in the same way as aldermen and council- men; in others, they are chosen by the city council; and in still others, they are selected from the member- ship of the city council Assessors of taxes, overseers of the poor, city treasurer, collector of taxes, street commissioner, chief engineer of the fire department, city physician, city solicitor, and an auditor of accounts are chosen either by joint ballot or concurrent vote of the two boards constituting the city council. At each election a warden and clerk are elected in each ward by the voters of that ward. 204. City Ordinances. — Every city has certain regulations by which its welfare and best interests are promoted. In towns these regulations are called by- laws, and in cities ordinances. Ordinances vary in number and subjects according to the needs and pop- ulation of the city. They are explicit in their com- mands regarding the construction of sewers and drains, the removal of offal, the obstruction of streets by teams, the sale of meats, milk, fish, and vegetables. They require certain precautions against fires. They pro- vide for the punishment of vagrants and truants, and protect public property from thoughtless or willful injury. These ordinances are framed and adopted by l62 THE CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF MAINE the city council, but they must receive the endorse- ment of one of the justices of the supreme court of the State before they are vaHd. 205. Legislative Department of City Govern- ment. — The making of city ordinances, the appropria- tion of money for different kinds of expenditures, and the election of subordinate officers are acts of legisla- tion. These acts are performed by the city council composed of the two co-ordinate branches, the board of aldermen and the common council. The city council is, therefore, the legislative department of a city government. The mode of making ordinances and appropriations is such that each branch holds a check upon the action of the other. As a further check upon hasty, ill-judged, or unwise action, the mayor may veto any ordinance, appropriation, or list of appropriations made by the city council. 206. Meetings of City Council. — The city council assembles for the transaction of business at stated periods, usually once a month. The two branches always meet separately in their respective rooms, and if business requiring the action of the two as one body — joint action — is to be done, a vote to meet in joint convention is had in each. Over such joint convention the mayor usually presides. At the first meeting after the annual city election each branch organizes by choosing one of its members president, and, when the city clerk is not ex-officio clerk of the board of aldermen, both branches elect clerks. The mayor is inaugurated in joint convention by taking the oath of office and reading an inaugural address; after which the joint convention is dissolved, each body THE CITY 163 passes again into its own room and completes its organization by the appointment of the necessary com- mittees belonging to it. Commonly at a subsequent adjourned meeting, the joint standing committees of the city council, consisting of a certain number of members selected from each branch by its president, are announced in each; and then in joint convention the subordinate city officers are elected. 207. Making an Ordinance. — The order of pro- cedure in the making of a city law or ordinance is usually as follows : The ordinance, generally written out in the desired form, is proposed in either branch, by some member; it is then referred for con- sideration to the joint standing committee whose duty it is to consider all matters of the kind to which the ordinance relates; next it is considered and dis- cussed in this committee, and, if a majority deems it worthy of further consideration by the city council, it is reported back to the branch in which it was proposed, with the recommendation that it be adopted. It is then carefully read, generally twice, in that branch, discussed if members desire to discuss it, voted upon, and, if a majority are in favor of its adoption, it is sent to the other branch to be acted upon there. Here it is again read and considered, and if a majority are in favor of its adoption, it is adopted in concurrence and sent to the mayor for his examination and approval. If it receive his approval and the approval of a justice of the supreme court, it becomes a law of the city and is as binding upon all parties concerned as any law made by the State legislature. All appropriations are made by a similar process, 164 THE CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF MAINE except that they do not require the approval of the justice. 208. Duties of the Mayor. — The mayor is the chief executive officer of the city. It is his duty to see that the ordinances are enforced, and to direct the conduct of the subordinate officers. He may call special meetings of the city council, and make such suggestions and give such information as he considers necessary. He is the presiding officer at all meetings of the board of aldermen and common council, but has only a casting vote. His salary is fixed by vote of the city council. He has the power to veto any action taken by the board of aldermen, the common council, or the city council. 209. City Clerk. — -The city clerk is usually ex- officio clerk of the board of aldermen. In addition to the several duties enumerated in the case of town clerks, he gives notice in the city papers of all ward meetings and performs such other duties as may be prescribed by the aldermen or common council. 2 I O. Assessors, — The assessors exercise the same powers, perform the same duties, and are subject to the same liabilities as the assessors of towns. 211. Collector. — The collector collects the taxes assessed by the city government and apportioned by the State assessors and county commissioners, and pays them over to the city treasurer. 2 1 2. Treasurer. — The treasurer receives and cares for all moneys collected for or on account of the city, and is not allowed to pay out any money except upon an order signed by the mayor. 2 1 3. Auditor of Accounts. — The auditor exam- THE CITY 165 ines all accounts against the city and approves them if he finds them to be correct. 214. City Solicitor.— It is the duty of the city solicitor to act as attorney in all cases at law where the city is a party; to give legal advice to city officials, and to draft such legal instruments as may be required in the conduct of city affairs. 215. City Marshal.— It is the duty of the city marshal to enforce the laws of the State and the ordinances of the city, and to preserve the peace and good order of the community, within the limits of his jurisdiction. He has general supeiwision of the police force of the city and, in a majority of cases, the appoint- ment of its members. 2 1 6. Street Commissioner. — It is the duty of the street commissioner or of the board of street commis- sioners, as the case may be, under the direction of the board of aldermen, to lay out, discontinue, grade, widen, or otherwise alter any street or way, and to have su- pervision of the construction and repair of city streets. 2 I 7. Chief Engineer of Fire Department. — It is the duty of the chief engineer to have general super- vision of the fire department, and to perform the duties of fire warden as prescribed by the laws of the State and ordinances of the city. 2 1 8. City Physician. — It is the duty of the city physician to care for all sick paupers, and those in charge of the city authorities, and to notify the board of health promptly of all cases of infectious diseases. 2 ! 9. Overseers of the Poor. — The board of overseers of the poor usually consists of three men. l66 THE CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF MAINE It has charge of the expenditure of all appropriations made for the aid of the temporarily indigent, and for the support of those permanently unable to maintain themselves. It has general supervision of the city almshouse, makes rules for its management, and usually appoints its superintendent. 220. Board of Health. — Each town and city has power to appoint a board of health, consisting of three members, one being elected each year. This board has charge of the sanitary condition of the community, and adopts such precautionary measures against contagious diseases as may be necessary. It has power to isolate persons afflicted with contagious diseases, abate nuisances, suspend schools, refuse admission of pupils to the public schools, and to do such other things, not inconsistent with the laws of the State, as may be necessary to protect the health of the community. 22 1 . Board of Registration. — A board of regis- tration is established in every city in the State, whose duty it is to determine what persons are entitled to vote, and to make up, correct, and revise the list of voters. This board consists of three members, who must be residents and legal voters in the city in which they act. One member is appointed by the governor for a term of four years; the other two members are chosen from the political parties polling the highest and next to the highest number of votes for governor at the preceding election. They are nominated by the city committees of these respective parties and appointed by the mayor. 222. Board of Education. — The school commit- THE CITY 167 tee, or board of education as it is more frequently termed, has the same general powers and duties as in the town, and may have special powers conferred upon it by the city charter. The number of members com- posing the board is generally fixed by the city charter, and varies in different cities. If the charter does not contain provisions relating to the duties of the board and the number of members composing it, then it consists of the same number of members, and has exactly the same powers and duties, as the school committees of towns. 223. Other Officers. — Besides these officers, there are numerous minor officials appointed by the city council or by the mayor and aldermen. Among them are undertakers, commissioners in charge of ceme- teries, water-works, and public libraries, inspectors of wood, lumber, coal, leather, meats, fish, and milk, fence-viewers, field-drivers, pound-keepers, and tith- ing-men. The duties of these officers have been ex- plained in the chapter on the town, or their titles suf- ficiently indicate what their duties are. 224. Salaries. — The compensation of city officers is fixed by the city council. Some receive stated annual salaries, some are paid by the day for services actually performed, and some are paid in whole or in part by fees or commissions. Salaries of the same grade of officers so vary in different cities that no definite schedule of them can be made. 225. Oaths and Bonds. — All city officers elected either directly by the vote of the people, or by the city council, are required to take the usual official oath to support the constitution and laws of the State and of l68 THE CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF MAINE the United States, and to perform their duties accord- ing to law. Certain of them who are responsible for the collection, custody, or disbursement of city funds give bonds in sums fixed by the city council for an honest accounting of the funds passing through their hands. These bonds are in sums proportional to the responsibilities of those giving them, and so vary that no definite statement concerning them is practicable. 226. Points of Comparison and of Contrast. — It will be noticed that the city legislative power is vested in a city council instead of being exercised by all the voters, as in the town. The executive powers are vested in the mayor and aldermen in substantially the same way that they are vested in the selectmen of the town. The minor officers are chosen by the city council instead of by the people. The voters meet in wards instead of in one body. The reasons for these changes are found in the fact that, in large communities, the people can be better served by repre- sentatives than by bringing them together in one body, and allowing each voter an equal voice in the admin- istration of affairs. In short, the essential difference between the town and city governments is, that the former is nearly a pure democracy while the latter is a representative government. The principal officers of a city are: Mayor, City Solicitor, City Clerk, Street Commissioner, Aldermen, Chief Engineer of Fire Department, Councilmen, City Physician, Assessors, Overseers of the Poor, Collector, Members of Board of Health, Treasurer, Members of Board of Registration, Auditor of Accounts, Members of Board of Education City Marshal, CHAPTER VI THE COUNTY 227. The County Defined. — A county is a portion of the State containing a number of towns, its bound- aries and territorial extent being fixed by legislative enactment. The county, like the town, is a corporate body. It can sue and be sued, and may hold prop- erty. It builds the courthouse and jail, has charge of them, and keeps them in repair. It also has charge of the construction and repair of county roads. 228. County G-overnment. — In Maine the county government has the three departments corresponding to the three departments of the State and National governments. The legislative functions are performed by the county commissioners; the executive powers are vested in the sheriff and his deputies; the judicial powers are given to the courts. 229. County Seat. — Each county contains a shire town, or county seat, in which are located the court- house and jail. The official business of the county is transacted at the county seat, and all public records are kept in the county buildings. The records include the wills of deceased persons, deeds, mortgages, and all court documents of public interest and importance. 230. Officers and their Elections. — All county officers are elected by the people of the county. The county commissioners are elected for a term of six years; the probate judge, register of probate, clerk I/tJ THE CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF MAINE of courts, and register of deeds, for four years; the county treasurer, county attorney, and sherifif for two years each. These officers are chosen at elections held on the second Monday of- September. All county officers are required to take an oath of office, and some of them are required to give bonds varying in amounts with different offices, and in different counties for the same officers. 23 1 . County Commissioners. — In each county a board of three commissioners, residents in the county, is elected by the voters of the county for a term of six years. The terms of offices are so arranged that one commissioner retires at each biennial election. If a vacancy occurs through the death or resignation of a member, the governor, with the consent of his coun- cil, appoints a successor, who serves until the next election of county officers. 232. Powers and Duties. — The powers and duties of county commissioners are numerous and in- volve large interests. They have charge of erecting the county buildings and providing for the repair of the same. They have charge of the county buildings, and the care of all county property. They apportion the county tax among the towns; lay out and discon- tinue public highways; represent the county in law- suits; audit and settle accounts against the county; let contracts for the work of prisoners confined in the county jail; and attend to many other matters relat- ing to the general interest of the county. For these services they receive such compensation as is voted them by the State legislature. 233. Clerk of Courts — The clerk of courts is clerk THE COUNTY I7I of the supreme judicial court held in his county; he is also clerk of the board of county commissioners, and is required to keep a record of all business transacted by them. It is his duty to have charge of all docu- ments filed in cases tried before the judicial court, to keep a careful record of its proceedings, and to issue all papers served by the sheriff, his deputies, and authorized officers of the probate and municipal courts of the county. He is elected for a term of four years, and his compensation is fixed by the legislature. 234. Register of Deeds. — In each county a reg- ister of deeds is elected by the people for a term of four years. His compensation is fixed by the legisla- ture. In books prepared for the purpose, the register keeps a correct record of all deeds and mortgages pre- sented to him for that purpose. His office must be in the shire town. The purpose of making an official record of all conveyances of property is to give legal notice of all legal transfers of the same. 235. County Treasurer. — The treasurer is elected by the people for a term of two years. It is his duty to receive and pay out, under the direction of the county commissioners, all moneys belonging to the county. The receipts include sums paid as county taxes and the payment of fines in different courts. A set of standard* weights and measures is placed in his charge by the State for the use of the county, and sealers of weights and measures have access to them for the purpose of testing the weights and measures used by dealers in the towns. It is his duty to make an annual statement of the financial condition of the county, showing in detail all moneys received, and all 172 THE CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF MAINE sums paid out of the treasury, and such other facts and statistics as are necessary to make a true exhibit of the finances of the county. 236. Sheriff. — The sheriff is elected by the peo- ple of the county for a term of two years. This office is one of the oldest and most important, and its in- cumbent is popularly known as high sheriff. He is empowered to appoint deputies, and is responsible for their acts. It is the duty of the sheriff to keep the peace in his county. To do this, he may arrest and put in prison all disturbers of the peace. He is required to enforce all laws passed by the State, to pursue and overtake all criminals. He has immediate charge of the county jail, and may act as jailer or appoint a deputy for the purpose. In the perform- ance of any of these duties, he may demand assist- ance, and any one thus called upon is liable to fine if he refuse the aid required. The sheriff attends all county courts, and during their sessions he has charge of the prisoners on trial, the witr\^sses, and the jurors. It is a part of his duty to see that the sentences im- posed by the court are executed. He is required to serve all writs and processes issued by any of the courts of justice within his county. 237. County Attorney.— The county attorney is elected by the people of the county for a term of two years. It is his duty to prosecute all civil and crimi- nal actions in which the county is a party. He con- ducts the defense in all suits against the county, and enforces the collection of all debts, fines, and forfeit- ures accruing to the State in his county; represents the county in all matters of law; investigates claims, and THE COUNTY I 73 is the legal adviser of the county ofBcials; instructs and is the advising officer of the grand jury of the county. 238. Judge of Probate. — A judge of probate is elected by the people of the county for a term of four years. It is his duty to attend to the settlement of all estates belonging to deceased persons, to secure cor- rect accounts from executors, administrators, and guardians, to appoint guardians of minors and persons of unsound mind. He has charge also of the settle- ment of the affairs of insolvent debtors and the dis- charge of the same. 239. Register of Probate. — This officer is elected by the people of the county for a term of four years. It is the duty of the register of probate to make and keep an alphabetical record of all wills approved, let- ters of administration or guardianship granted, bonds approved, accounts allowed, and such orders- and decrees of the judge as he directs. He must furnish the register of deeds, within thirty days after they have been approved and allowed in the Probate Court, a true copy of such sections of all wills as devise real estate. 240. Coroner. — A coroner is appointed for each county by the governor, with the consent and advice of his council. The law authorizes the appointment of more than one coroner for each county, if in the judg- ment of the appointing power such appointments are necessary. It is the duty of the coroner to inquire into the cause of the death of persons who die sud- denly, mysteriously, or by violence. To make such investigation, a coroner has power to summon a jury. 174 THE CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF MAINE to examine witnesses, and determine, as far as pos- sible, the cause of the death of the deceased. The finding of the coroner's jury must be reported to the county clerk. The coroner has the same power as a justice of the peace to issue his warrant for the arrest of any person charged by the jury with being acces- sory to the death of the person upon whose body inquest has been held. The principal county officers are: Board of County Commissioners, Sheriff, Clerk of Courts, County Treasurer, Judge of Probate, County Attorney, Register of Probate, Coroner. Register of Deeds, CHAPTER VII STATE GOVERNMENT. LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT 24 1 . The state.— The State is the highest form of local government. The subdivisions of the State possess such powers only as are necessary to meet local needs. But to protect and promote the interests of the people common to all communities, a more comprehensive system of local government is needed, with laws and officers whose authority extends over the entire commonwealth. The general plan of a State government is substantially the same as that of the National government, and we find many of the provisions embodied in the constitution of the United States incorporated in our State constitution. 242. Branches. — The State, as well as the National, government is administered through three departments or branches, viz. , the legislative, the executive, and the judicial. The legislative is the law- making power; the executive is the law enforcing power; the judicial is the law interpreting power. These departments are practically independent of each other. We find in the town, the city, and the county, departments that, to an extent, correspond with these divisions of the State government. In the town the laws are made by the people, enforced by the selectmen and constables, and interpreted in part by local justices and in part by the courts. In the county the commissioners have certain legis- 173 176 THE CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF MAINE lative powers, the court has a limited jurisdiction in the interpretation of the laws that the commis- sioners make, and the sheriff and his deputies enforce them. So it will be seen that the most striking characteristics of the State and Nation are found in a modified form in the local forms of government. I. LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT 243. "Where Vested. — The legislative power of Maine is vested in the State legislature, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate. 244. Time and Place of Meeting.— The State legislature meets at Augusta once every two years, the opening session being held on the first Wednesday of January, as provided in the constitution of the State. These meetmgs occur on the odd numbered years, 1897, 1899, etc. On extraordinary occasions, the governor may call the legislature together in extra session. The length of the session is not fixed by law, but as the compensation is a stated sum for the two years for which the representatives and senators are elected, the regular sessions are usually not more than three months in length. The legislature which met in 1899 was the sixty-ninth. 245. Powers of Each House. — Each house pos- sesses certain powers that it may carry into effect without the consent of the other. These powers are the following: 1. Each house elects its own officers. 2. Each house is the judge of the elections and quali- fications of its members. STATE GOVERNMENT 1 77 3. Each hotise adopts its own rules, subject to the Umitations of the constitution of the State. 4. Each house may punish its own members for disorderly conduct. 5. Each house may punish other persons for dis- orderly conduct in its presence. 6. Each house may expel a member by a two- thirds vote of all the members elected. 7. Each house is co-ordinate with the other in general legislation. 8. The House of Representatives has the sole power of preferring articles of impeachment against public officers. 9. The Senate, acting as a jury, tries all impeach- ments preferred by the House of Representatives. 246. Oaths. — Before entering upon their duties, the members of each house must take an oath, or make an affirmation, that they will support the con- stitutions of Maine and of the United States, and that they will faithfully discharge the duties of their office. 247. Compensation. — Each member of the Senate and House of Representatives receives $150 for the regular session of the Legislature, and is entitled to $2 for every ten miles traveled from his place of residence to the capital of the State, once each session. The president of the Senate and the speaker of the House of Representatives receive $300 each for each session, and the same fees for mileage as other members. 248. Quomm. — A majority of the whole number of members of either house constitutes a quorum 178 THE CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF MAINE for the transaction of business; but a smaller number may adjourn from time to time and compel the attend- ance of absent members. II. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 249. How Composed. — The House of Repre- sentatives is composed of 151 members, elected by the qualified voters of the legislative districts of the State. They are distributed among the several counties of the State as follows: Androscoggin, 11; Aroostook, 12 ; Cumberland, 21 ; Franklin, 4; Han- cock, 9 ; Kennebec, 13 ; Knox, 8 ; Lincoln, 5 ; Oxford, 6 ; Penobscot, 17; Piscataquis, 4; Sagada- hoc, 4 ; Somerset, 7; Waldo, 6 ; Washington, 10 ; York, 14. 250. Qualifications of Representatives. — A rep- resentative must possess the following qualifications : First, he must have been for five years a citizen of the United States ; second, he must be at least twenty-one years of age; third, he must have been a resident of the State at least one year; and fourth, he must have been a resident of the district which he represents three months next preceding his election, and must continue to be a resident of the district which he represents during his term of office. Repre- sentatives are elected for a term of two years. 25 1 . Apportionment. — The constitution provides that the number of representatives shall be appor- tioned among the several counties, as nearly as may be, according to the number of inhabitants, having regard to the relative increase of population. The House of Representatives consists of 151 members STATE GOVERNMENT 1 79 and the several districts are arranged upon this basis as nearly as a grouping of towns will permit, as the law does not provide for the division of towns in making up legislative districts. The apportionment is made by the legislature every ten years, at the session next following the decennial enumeration or census of population made by the National Government. 252. Certificates of Election. — Representatives are elected biennially on the second Monday of Sep- tember of the even years. The town clerks transmit to the secretary of State, at least thirty days before the first Wednesday of January, the returns of votes cast in their towns for representatives. The governor and council examine the lists, and twenty days before the first Wednesday of January issue to those having received a plurality of votes a summons to attend and take their seats. 253. Vacancies. — -Whenever the seat of a mem- ber is vacated by death, resignation, or otherwise, the vacancy may be filled by a new election. 254. Organization of the House of Representa- tives. — The constitution provides that the legislature shall assemble on the first Wednesday of January. At that time the members gather in the Hall of Rep- resentatives, where they are called to order by the clerk of the preceding House, who presides until a speaker is chosen. 255. House Officers. — The principal officers of the House are a speaker, clerk, assistant clerk, mes- sengers, mail carriers, folders, official reporters, and chaplain. Of these officers the speaker only is a member of the House. l8o THE CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF MAINE III. — THE SENATE 256. How Composed. — The Senate is composed of not less than twenty and not more than thirty-one members, who are elected for two years by the quali- fied voters of the counties. The Senate is composed of thirty-one members at the present time. 257. Qualifications. — To hold the office of senator in Maine, a person must have attained the age of twenty-five years, and in all other re- spects his qualifications must be the same as are required to become a member of the House of Repre- sentatives. 258. Apportionment. — The constitution provides that the legislature shall apportion the senators among the several counties once every ten years. The dis- tricts shall conform to county lines, and senators shall be apportioned according to the number of inhabit- ants in the county. The following is the order of the counties as senatorial districts and number of senators apportioned to each for the decade 1892-1902 : York, 3; Cumberland, 4; Oxford, 2; Androscoggin, 2; Franklin, i; Sagadahoc, i; Kennebec, 3; Somerset, 2; Piscataquis, i; Penobscot, 3; Lincoln, i; Knox^ i; Waldo, i; Hancock, 2; Washington, 2; Aroos- took, 2. 259. Election. — Senators are elected at the same time as Representatives, and certificates of election are forwarded to them in the same manner as to Representatives. 260. Vacancies. — In case of a vacancy in the membership of the Senate, arising from any cause, the governor shall issue his proclamation for an imme- STATE GOVERNMENT l8l diate election in the unrepresented district and fix the time for such election. 26 1 . Organization. — The Senate is organized in the same manner as the House. Its presiding officer is called the president, and the recording officer the secretary. 262. Committees. — At the opening of each ses- sion of the legislature, the presiding officers of the two houses appoint certain joint committees to listen to the arguments presented by interested persons on the matters upon which legislation is desired, and to report the action that the committees believe should be taken thereon. In addition, each house has its own standing and special committees, appointed by its presiding officer, whose duty it is to consider all sub- jects referred to them and report thereon. IV. LEGISLATIVE PROCEEDINGS 263. Work of the Legislature. — The specific work of the State legislature is the making and estab- lishing of laws and regulations for the defense and protection of the people of the State. It is the duty of the legislature to define crimes and authorize punishment for the same. It establishes educational, reformatory, and remedial institutions, and makes laws regulating the traffic of railroads, express com- panies, and other corporations. It appropriates money to maintain and control the institutions and organiza- tions that it establishes. 264. Passing Bills. — A bill is a proposed law. Bills for raising revenue shall originate in the lower house; other bills may originate in either house. l82 THE CIVIL GOX'ERXJIENT OF MAINE No bill can become a law until both houses have concurred in passing it, and it has been approved and signed by the governor. The course of procedure in enacting a bill — making it a law — is very like that in making a city ordinance as already described, (i) When introduced, it is referred to the proper joint standing committee; (2) is considered and then reported back to the house in which it originated, with the recommendation either that it pass or do not pass; (3) is then ordered printed and a time assigned for its consideration; (4)* is read thrice at assigned times, discussed, passed to be engrossed — that is, to be printed in large type in its final perfected form after receiving amendments — , and (5) is sent to the other house for concurrence. (6) Here it is read, debated, and amended, if need be, in the same manner as in the other house, and (7) is then passed to be engrossed in concurrence. (8) After engross- ment it is " finally passed "f by both houses in con- currence; (9) is signed by their presiding officers, and (10) is sent to the governor for his examination and signature. (11) If he approve it, he signs it and it becomes a law; (12) if not, he returns it to the house in which it originated, with his objections. (13) These objections are entered upon the journal; (14) if, after reconsidering it, two-thirds of the members of that house agree to pass it, it is sent to the other house, with the objections stated by the governor, and (15) if approved by a two-thirds vote of that house, it has the same effect as if the governor had signed it. Should the governor fail or neglect to return any bill within five days after it is sent to him, STATE GOVERNMENT I 83 Sundays excepted, it becomes a law without his sig- nature. The governor also signs all resolutions which require the concurrence of both houses, except on questions of adjournment, if he approves them. A law becomes effective thirty days after the final ad- journment of the legislature passing it, unless a differ- ent date is named therein. 265. Publication of Laws. — At the close of the legislature, the secretary of State causes the public laws to be printed by the publishers of every news- paper in the State on extra sheets. He also causes all the public and private laws, and all resolves which have been passed by the legislature and have become laws, to be printed in book form and placed in charge of the State librarian for distribution, free to certain persons and institutions named in the laws of the State, and sold at a prescribed price to all other persons calling for them. * Bills are read three times in the House and twice in the Senate before being passed to be engrossed. f Resolves are " finally passed," and bills are "passed to be enacted." CHAPTER VIII THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT 266. The Governor. — The supreme executive power of the State of Maine is vested in the gov- ernor, who is chosen biennially by the qualified voters of the State, There are also many subordinate execu- tive officers, a full list of whom will be found at the end of this chapter. 267. Qualifications. — The governor must be: 1. Not less than thirty years of age; 2. A natural born citizen of the United States; 3. A resident of the State for five years; 4. At the time of his election, and during the term for which he is elected, a resident of the State. 268. Powers and Duties. — The governor is com- mander-in-chief of the army and navy of the State, and of the militia, except when called into the actual service of the United States. He may, with the advice of his council, grant reprieves, pardons, and commutations to convicts. This power does not ex- tend, however, to cases of impeachment. With the consent of his council, he appoints certain judicial offi- cers, all coroners and notaries public, and many sub- ordinate executive officers. He must give the legislature information, from time to time, concerning the con- dition of the State, and recommend for their con- sideration such measures as he may deem expedient. He may, on extra occasions, convene the legislature. 184 THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT 1 85 If the two houses cannot agree as to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he thinks proper, but not beyond the time of the next biennial meeting. If he considers the usual place of meeting unsafe, owing to the prevalence of contagious disease, or for other reasons, he may direct the ses- sions to be held at some other convenient place within the State. He signs all acts and resolves passed by the legislature which he approves, and all warrants upon which money is drawn from the State treasury. 269. Governor's Council. — Seven councillors, citizens of the United States and residents of the State, are chosen biennially by the legislature to advise the governor in executive matters, and their advice is recorded and signed. The governor has full power to assemble his council, and with them to order and direct the affairs of the State according to law. 270. Secretary of State. — The secretary of State is chosen biennially by joint ballot of the Senate and House of Representatives. If the office becomes vacant during the recess of the legislature, the gov- ernor appoints a suitable person to act until his suc- cessor is elected by the legislature. He is required to give a bond for the faithful discharge of his duties, and to take the oath prescribed by the constitution. The duties of the secretary are to keep the records of the State and have charge of the State seal. He has in his possession all stationery and supplies for the use of the several departments. He keeps in his custody the laws of the State, and attends to having them published. He furnishes to county and town officers blanks for election returns; also blank forms for re- 1 86 THE CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF MAINE ports of corporations. He provides officers of the courts with registers that they are required to fill out, and that must contain the name and residence of every officer, date of his commission, and the district for which he is commissioned. 27 1 . State Treasurer. — The State treasurer is chosen in the same manner as the secretary of State. He must give a bond of $150,000, with sureties to the satisfaction of the legislature, for the faithful discharge of his trust. He is not eligible to this office for more than six successive years, and cannot during his term of office engage in any trade or business. He keeps all bonds, notes, and other securities belonging to the State, and may, with the consent of the governor, make such investments as are deemed advisable. He has charge of all the money accruing to the State, but cannot pay it out except on the warrant of the gov- ernor and council, and in consequence of appropria- tions made according to law. A regular statement and account of receipts and disbursements of all pub- lic moneys must be published by him at the beginning of the session of each legislature. 272. Attorney General. — The attorney general is elected in the same manner as the secretary of State and the State treasurer. It is his duty to attend all terms of the law courts and to act as prosecuting attorney in all capital trials. He instructs the county attorneys in 'the discharge of their duties. He is required to make an annual report to the governor and council of the official work performed by him, with whatever suggestions he may deem necessary concern- ing the criminal laws of the State. THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT 1 87 273. Superintendent of Public Schools. — The superintendent of public schools is appointed by the governor, with the consent of his council, for the term of three years. He has general supervision of the public schools of the State. He advises and directs town school committees in the discharge of their duties. He grants State certificates to those who pass satisfactory examinations, visits the public schools and makes an annual report to the governor and his council of the condition of the schools, with such sug- gestions and recommendations as, in his judgment, would promote the best interests of education in the State. He must prepare blank forms for all returns required by law, and forward the same to the munici- pal officers and superintendents of schools, together with blanks and registers for the use of teachers in making out annual school returns. He is, by virtue of his office, a member of the board of trustees of the State normal schools. 274. State Boards. — Since it is impossible for the governor to superintend directly all the departments of the State, much of the executive work is intrusted to boards created by acts of the legislature and com- posed of persons appointed by the governor and answerable to him, or to single officers similarly appointed. 275. Railroad Commissioners. — This board con- sists of three members, appointed by the governor and his council for three years. Two of them must be experienced in the construction and management of railroads, and one of them must be a civil engineer. These commissioners have general supervision of the loo THE CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF MAINE location and construction of all steam, electric, and horse railways, and secure such information concern- ing their condition as the public safety and conven- ience demand. They must notify the officers of these corporations of any repairs or improvements that are necessary, and the officers must furnish them with such information concerning their business as they may demand. They also inspect the roads for the purpose of ascertaining if they are in proper condition, deter- mine the manner and conditions of crossings, and approve or reject locations for rail and electric roads. Charters for both steam and electric roads are granted by the railroad commissioners when they decide that public convenience demands that such roads be built. 276. Insurance Commissioner. — The insurance commissioner is appointed by the governor and his council for the term of three years. It is his duty to make personal examination of the condition of all companies engaged in insurance business in the State, and, to assist him in the discharge of his duties, he has access to their books and papers. No insurance company is allowed to do business in the State without a license from the insurance commis- sioner. Whenever he deems a company insolvent, he takes legal measures to force it to discontinue its business in the State. He keeps a written statement of the condition of every company, and reports annu- ally to the governor and council concerning the condition of the companies examined, with such sug- gestions as to future legislation as he deems necessary. He also keeps a record of all fires THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT 1 89 occurring within the State and may, when deemed necessary, personally supervise an inspection of the cause of any fire. 277. Bank Examiner. — The governor and his council appoint an examiner of banks, who holds his office for three years. He examines, at least once a year, the transactions of all savings banks, loan and building associations, and trust companies doing busi- ness under the laws of Maine, and makes such inquiries as he deems necessary to ascertain their con- dition and ability to fulfill their engagements, and for that purpose he may summon and examine under oath all bank officials. He may take legal measures to restrain further business on the part of any bank that he deems insolvent, and makes an annual report to the governor and his council. 278. Inspectors of Prisons and Jails. — Three inspectors of prisons and jails are appointed by the governor and his council for a term of not more than four years. They have general control and super- vision of the State's prison. They prescribe the quality, quantity, and articles of food for the convicts, make rules for the government of subordinate officers and employees, have charge of the prison property, and manage the financial interests of the prison. In con- nection with the warden, they let contracts for convict labor, and make a report to the governor and his council of the condition of the buildings and their inmates. They are required, also, to visit all jails in the State at least once in three months, and inquire into the management and conduct of the same and have a general oversight of them. The State's prison 1 90 THE CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF MAINE is under the immediate charge of a warden, who is the resident executive officer and treasurer. He performs his duties under the direction of the inspectors. He is appointed by the governor and his council for a term of not more than four years, and while holding this office is not allowed to engage in any other busi- ness. 279. Board of Agriculture. — This board consists of the president and the professor of agriculture of the University of Maine, with one person from each county elected by ballot by the county agricultural or horticultural society. The members hold their office for a term of three years. This board looks after the general agricultural interests of the State. The secre- tary of the board publishes annually a report of its doings, and the results of his labors and investigations in regard to the methods and needs of practical hus- bandry. He makes such arrangements for the hold- ing of farmers' institutes as, in his judgment, will best promote the interests of agriculture in the various sections of the State. 280. Commissioners of Inland Fisheries and G-ame. — The governor and council appoint three persons to serve as commissioners of inland fisheries and game, one of whom shall be the land agent of the State; the other two members hold office for three years and until their successors are appointed and qualified. They have charge of the inland fisheries and game of the State, and of the distribution of fish for the stocking of streams, and attend to the prosecution of all violations of the fish and game laws. They make an annual report to the governor of their labors THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT 1 91 and the condition of the State property placed under their charge. 28 1 . Commissioner of Sea and Shore Fisheries. — The governor and council also appoint a commis- sioner who has general supervision of the sea and shore fisheries and shell fish, and holds office for the term of three years and until his successor is appointed and quaHfied. 282. Liquor Commissioner. — The governor, with the consent of his council, appoints a commissioner to furnish the municipal officers of the towns and cities of the State and authorized agents in other States with pure, unadulterated, intoxicating liquors, to be sold only for medicinal, mechanical, and manufacturing purposes. This officer must reside and have his office in this State; he holds his office for the term of four years, unless sooner removed by the governor with the advice and consent of his council. It is his duty to sell only such liquors as have been tested by a com- petent assayer and found to be pure. 283. Board of Assessors. — This board is chosen biennially by joint ballot of the Senate and House of Representatives, and consists of three members, not more than two of whom shall be taken from the same political party. The term of office is six years, one member retiring with each session of the legislature, It is the duty of this board to attend to the assessing and taxing of railroad corporations and associations, and all corporations or companies engaged in tele- graph, telephone, or express business in the State. These assessors constitute a State board of equaliza- tion for the purpose of equalizing State taxes among 192 THE CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF MAINE the towns and unorganized townships and fixing the valuation of real and personal estate on which the State and county taxes are levied. They must visit officially every county in the State, at least once in two years, at such times and places as they may deem necessary, to secure information that will enable them to make a just and equal valuation of taxable property in the State. Town assessors are required to attend these meetings and exhibit their latest valuation lists and answer under oath such questions as the State assessors may ask of them. In fixing the valuation of unorganized townships, the lands and other property of owners may be valued and assessed separately. All owners of wild lands must appear before the board in person or by agent, render to them a list of all lands thus owned, and answer such questions as the board may deem necessary in obtaining a full knowl- edge of the value of such lands. This board may correct all clerical errors in the apportionment of taxes, and upon certificate of the State treasurer that property has been doubly taxed, may abate the balance remaining unpaid. 284. State Librarian. — The State librarian is appointed by the governor and his council for a term of three years. He has charge of the books, maps, and charts belonging to the State library, makes a catalogue of all books belonging to the State, and purchases such volumes as the governor may direct. He also attends to the distribution of the reports of the several departments and other State documents. By advice of the governor and council, he distributes books to free libraries throughout the State, and has THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT 193 charge of the apportionment of State stipends to those libraries. He also effects exchanges of books with other State libraries. 285. Militia. — The active militia, known and des- ignated as the National Guard of the State of Maine, is composed of volunteers, and, on a peace footing, consists of not more than twenty-four companies of infantry, one battery of light artillery, two troops of cavalry, an ambulance corps, and a signal corps. There are numerous companies distributed over the State, having armories for meeting and drilling pur- poses in the cities and larger towns. The governor, who is commander-in-chief, exercises his authority largely through his staff, which consists of an adjutant general and inspector general, a commissary general, surgeon general, judge advocate general, inspector general of rifle practice, two aids, and a military secre- tary. These officers are appointed by the governor without the advice and consent of his council. The enrolled militia includes all male citizens of the State between the ages of eighteen and forty-five years, except idiots, lunatics, paupers, common drunkards, and persons convicted of infamous crimes. It is the duty of the assessors of the several towns and planta- tions to make an enrollment of all such citizens bien- nially in April. If any of these are by law exempt from military duty for any cause, or are members of the National Guard, the assessors must so note on the enrollment opposite their names. Those not thus exempt are subject to military duty, and may be called into active service only in case of war, to pre- vent or repel invasion, to suppress insurrection or 194 THE CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF MAINE riot, or to aid civil officers in the execution of the law. 286. Land Agent. — The governor and council appoint the land agent, who holds his office during their pleasure. He superintends and manages the sale and settlement of the public lands, and cannot, when appointed or while in office, be directly or indi- rectly concerned in the lumber business on the State lands, or in the purchase thereof, or of any timber or grass growing or cut thereon. He receives all moneys and securities accruing to the State from the sale of lands, timber, and grass, and pays the same over to the State treasurer. He executes all deeds on behalf of the State conveying lands sold or granted by the legislature, collects interest on all notes, and has a general supervision of all matters relating to the public lands of the State. 287. Forest Commissioner. — The land agent is by law made forest commissioner of the State of Maine. It is his duty to make a collection and classification of statistics relating to the forests of the State, to inquire to what extent they are being destroyed by fire and by wasteful cutting of timber, and to ascertain, as far as he can, the diminution of the wooded surface of the land and its effect upon the water-power and the climate of the State. The infor- mation thus obtained, together with his suggestions in relation thereto, are embodied in his annual report to the governor. 288. Cattle Commissioners. — The governor may, when he deems it expedient, appoint commissioners with power to make all necessary regulations, and to THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT 195 issue summary orders, for the treatment and extirpa- tion of any contagious disease among cattle, and to direct municipal officers to enforce and carry them into effect. Any officer or other person refusing or neglecting to enforce or comply with any regulations of these commissioners, is subject to a fine of not ex- ceeding $500 or to imprisonment not exceeding one year. The commissioners are required to keep a record of their doings, and to make report thereof to the legislature, on or before the tenth day of January an- nually, unless sooner required by the governor, such report to be printed in the annual volume of Transac- tions of the State Board of Agriculture. The gov- ernor, with the advice and consent of the council, may terminate the commission when, in his judgment, the public safety permits. 289. Commissioners of Pharmacy. — Three com- missioners of pharmacy are appointed by the governor and council, each to hold office for the term of three years, unless removed for cause or until a successor is appointed and qualified. The duty of the commission- ers is to examine all persons who desire to carry on the business of an apothecary, and to give certificates to such as are found skilled in pharmacy, authorizing them to engage in the business, but such certificate must be signed by at least two of the commissioners. They are required to register in a suitable book, to be kept in the office of the secretary of State, the name and place of residence of all to whom they issue cer- tificates and the date thereof. They make a report of their proceedings to the governor and council annu- ally. 196 THE CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF MAINE 290. Commissioner of Industrial and Labor Statistics. — This commissioner is appointed by the governor and council on the first Wednesday in Feb- ruary, biennially, and must be some person who is acquainted with the industrial and labor interests of the State. He has power to enter any public institu- tion of the State, and, at reasonable hours when open for business, any factory, workshop, mine, or other place where labor may be employed, for the pur- pose of inspection. All State, county, city, and town officers are required to furnish the commissioner, upon his request, statistical information, together with other facts obtained from any source, to be embodied in his annual report. 29 1 . Inspector of Factories, "Workshops, Mines, and Quarries. — This officer, formerly called the deputy commissioner of labor, is appointed by the governor and council and holds office for two years, or until his successor is appointed, unless sooner removed. It is his duty to inquire into violations of the laws regulating the hours of labor and the em- ployment of women and children in manufacturing or mechanical establishments, and to assist in the collec- tion of statistics and other information required for the use of the bureau of industrial and labor statistics. He is also required to have a general oversight of the sanitary condition of factories, workshops, mines, and quarries, and to see that the laws for the protection of laborers therein are duly enforced. He is required to report annually to the commissioner of industrial and labor statistics, and his report is incorporated in the annual report of that bureau. THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT 1 97 292. State Pension Clerk. — The law provides that any person who served by enlistment in the army or navy of the United States in the war of 1861, on the quota of Maine, and who has been disabled by wounds or injury received in the line of his duty, shall receive from the State a pension not exceeding $8 a month, provided he is unable from his own resources and a United States pension to obtain a livelihood. The widow and dependent children, or dependent parent or sister, of deceased soldiers or seamen are, under certain restrictions, granted the same pension. The execution of this law devolves upon the governor and council; they appoint a pension clerk, whose duty it is to have general charge of the State Pension Department, keeping all its records and attending to all its details. 293. State Board of Health. — The State board of health consists of seven members, six of whom are appointed by the governor and council, the seventh being elected by the board as its secretary. The six members appointed by the governor and council hold office for six years, the term of one member of the board expiring each year. The secretary is the execu- tive officer of the board and holds office during good behavior, but may be removed from office for just cause at any time by a majority of the board. The board has the general supervision of the interests of health and life of the citizens of the State. The members are required to study the vital statistics of the State, make sanitary investigations respecting the causes of disease, and especially of communicable diseases and epidemics, and of everything relating to 198 THE CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF MAINE the health and mortahty of the people. They also have a general direction of the enforcement of the laws respecting the preservation of health, and make an annual report to the legislature of their doings and investigations. 294. Superintendent of Public Buildings. — The governor, with the advice and consent of the council, appoints a superintendent of public buildings, who has charge of the buildings belonging to the State at the capital. It is his duty to see that the several apart- ments are at all times kept properly cleansed and ventilated, and that all the property of the State con- tained therein is preserved from injury and kept in proper condition. He must, also, at all suitable hours, personally attend visitors at the State House, free of expense. He has the care of the public grounds, fences, and trees, and of all property pertaining to the public buildings. Under the direction of the governor and council, he superintends and causes all necessary repairs to be made upon the public buildings, and everything pertaining thereto, and makes all purchases of furniture, lights, fuel, and everything necessary for the use and convenience of all the apartments of the State House. He is required to give bond to the State in the sum of $2,000 for the faithful discharge of his trust. The executive and principal department officers of the State government are as follows : THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT 199 Governor, Council, Secretary of State, State Treasurer, Attorney General, Superintendent of Public Schools, Railroad Commissioners, Insurance Commissioners, Bank Examiner, Inspectors of Prisons and Jails, Board of Agriculture, Commissioners of Inland Fish- eries and Game, Commissioners of Sea and Shore Fisheries, Liquor Commissioner, Board of Assessors, State Librarian, Militia, Governor's Staff, Land Agent, Forest Commissioner, Cattle Commissioners, Commissioners of Pharmacy, Commissioner of Industrial and Labor Statistics, Inspector of Factories, Work- shops, Mines, and Quarries, State Pension Clerk, Board of Health, Superintendent of Public Build- ings. Note. — Upon petition or representation of thirty or more well- known taxpayers in any county that the prohibitory laws are not faithfully enforced by county or local officers the governor and council, if convinced of the truth of such representations, shall appoint two or more constables for such connty, who shall dili- gently enforce said laws, and for this purpose shall have like powers and duties as sheriffs. CHAPTER IX JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT The constitution of Maine grants to the legislature the power to organize such courts as it may think advisable. The judicial department of Maine accord- ingly consists of numerous courts established by the laws of the State, with their powers carefully defined. 295. Supreme Judicial Court. — The supreme judicial court consists of one chief justice and seven associate justices, who are appointed by the governor and his council for a term of seven years. This court has cognizance of all offences against the laws, and all civil actions between parties and between the State and individuals. It has the general superintendence of all inferior courts and control of all documents in custody of its clerks. 296. Lav»r Courts. — The State is divided into three districts, in each of which an annual session of the supreme court is held as a law court. Certain cases only, specified by the statute, and those in which questions of law are to be adjudicated, can come before this court; and those include no original actions. 297. Trial Courts. — The supreme court, by one of its justices, holds trial courts in every county, under the direction of the chief justice. Two or more terms are held in each county each year, and the times of holding the sessions are prescribed by law. Civil and JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT 20I criminal actions come before these courts for trial, and certain other business is transacted by them. 298. Superior Courts. — The counties of Cumber- land and Kennebec have each a superior court. The former is held in Portland and consists of one justice, who must reside in that city during his continuance in office. The latter is held in Augusta and Waterville and consists of one justice, who must be an inhabitant of Kennebec county. These courts have exclusive jurisdiction of civil appeals from municipal and police courts and trial justices, and certain other powers granted by statute. 299. Probate Court. — A court of probate is estab- lished in each county. It consists of a judge elected by the voters of the county for the term of four years. These courts have jurisdiction of the probating of wills and of all business relative to the settlement of estates of deceased persons, of the appointment of guardians for minors and others, and has the authority to approve or reject these reports. 300. Police and Municipal Courts. — Police and municipal courts, consisting of one justice, are estab- lished in certain cities and larger towns. These courts have jurisdiction of minor offences for which the punishment is but a small fine or a short imprison- ment. Daily sessions of these courts may be held. The trials are not by jury, and hence in all cases ap- peals may be taken to the supreme court, or to the superior courts in the counties in which they are estab- lished, if the cases are such as to come properly within their jurisdiction. 301. Trial Justice Courts. — A trial justice is 202 THE CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF MAINE appointed by the governor and his council in towns where such appointment is required, for a term of seven years. He has all the powers of a justice of the peace and quorum, but his jurisdiction is limited to the county in which he resides. He is authorized to try certain minor cases, both civil and criminal. He can sentence vagrants to the county jail, and incorrigible and habitual truants to the State Reform School. He can impose fines upon parents and guard- ians for failure to send children under their control to the public schools, as required by law. He may try cases of search and seizure of intoxicants kept for ille- gal sale, and of single sales of sucli intoxicants, and impose the legal penalties therefor. He may make preliminary examination of accusations of criminal acts, and remand accused persons for trial by a higher court. 302. Justices of the Peace. — Justices of the peace and notaries public are appointed by the gov- ernor and his council for a term of seven years, if they so long behave themselves well. At the expiration of the term they may be reappointed. There are two grades of justices of the peace recognized in Maine: Justices of the peace and justices of the peace and quorum. Their powers are practically the same. They have the power to solemnize marriages, take acknowledgment of deeds, take depositions, etc. Justices of the peace and quorum are commissioned to act for and within the State. 303. Notaries Public. — A notary public is an offi- cer whose attestation of deeds and other writings is recognized in other States and countries, as authenti- JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT 203 eating them. He is required to keep a record of his official acts, and to make all his attestations with an official seal, which must contain the name of the notary and also the word " Maine." 304. Dedimus Justice. — A dedimus justice is one lo whom special authority is given to do certain things mentioned in his commission or writ; such as to administer the oath of office to State officials, to take testimony in specified cases, and to perform other acts usually in the province of a judge. 305. Juries. — The State constitution guarantees to every person charged with an offense punishable by loss of life liberty, or property, the right of trial by iury. Usually civil causes involving property rights are also tried by jury, under our laws. The jury, therefore, is an essential part of the judicial machinery. A jury is a certain number of men possessing qualifi- cations prescribed by law, selected to decide upon the fact of innocence or guilt in criminal causes, or to deter- mine the rights involved in civil causes. They are sworn to determine these facts and rights, in accordance with the evidence submitted to them and with the law as inter- preted to them by the justice presiding in the trial of the cause. Juries are of two kinds, viz., grand and traverse juries. The former consists of not more than twenty-three, nor less than twelve, men; the latter, of twelve men. 306. Drawing Jurors. — In every town a box is kept called the jury-box, containing the names of a certain number of persons qualified for jury duty. This box is in the custody of the town clerk, and can be opened for the putting in or drawing out of names only in the presence of the municipal officers and 204 THE CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF MAINE assembled voters of the town. When jurors are required a notice from the court, called a writ of venire, is served upon the municipal officers of the towns in the county in which the court needing the service of jurors is to be held, requiring the towns to furnish each a designated number of persons for the service. The municipal officers thereupon issue their warrant for the voters to assemble at a designated time and place for the drawing of the jurors required, and at the date and place named the jury-box is opened and the names of the required number of per- sons are drawn from it by lot. The persons whose names are so drawn are then formally summoned to report on a designated day and hour, at the place of holding the court in which they are to serve as jurors. The aggregate number of jurors drawn from all the towns is always in excess of the number actually required, because cases are liable to come before the court for trial in which some of the persons drawn can not, for some reason or reasons, properly act as jurors. 307. Impanelling Juries. — Juries are organized, or impanelled as it is called, by being sworn in open court, and then sent to rooms set apart for their use, to complete their organization by choosing one of their number foreman to preside over their delibera- tions, and to speak for the jury in announcing their findings in the cases coming before them. But one grand jury is impanelled in any county, and it serves lor all regular sessions of the court held during the judi- cial year. Two traverse juries are usually impanelled, in order that there may be one at liberty to sit while JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT 205 the other is deliberating upon the evidence in a case upon which it has been sitting. These two juries are selected alphabetically from the lists furnished by the cities and towns of the county. Any party having a suit before the court may demand a " drawn jury," which is provided by placing the list of jurors in a box and drawing from it twelve names. The oath is adminis- tered to the traverse jurors when impanelled, but in each criminal trial it is again administered before they sit upon the case. 308. Office of the Grand Jury. — The grand jury deals wholly with criminal offenses, and does not try cases to determine all the actual facts, and render ver- dicts of guilt or innocence. Its sole office is to ascer- tain and decide whether there exists evidence enough to show the probable guilt of one charged with a criminal offense. Finding such evidence, its duty is to bring the case formally before the court for trial by a traverse jury — to present an indictment of the accused person. In the performance of its duties its dehberations are secret, and its members are sworn to to keep secret the evidence submitted. Only the county attorney, as the prosecuting officer of the court, can be present at its sessions and have knowl- edge of its proceedings. It is among the duties of his office to appear before it, present accusations of offenses, and submit evidence to show the probable guilt of those accused. If, after hearing the charges and evidence, twelve or more of the jurors decide by vote that the evidence submitted shows the probable guilt of the accused, an indictment is made out in legal form by the county attorney, is properly signed and 2o6 THE CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF MAINE attested, and reported to the court, and the accused is then held for trial. In some cases, also, the court instructs the grand jury to inquire into the existence of suspected offenses against the laws, and to submit its findings as grounds for further proceedings. 309. Office of the Traverse Jury.— When tlie grand jury has found an indictment against a person or per- sons accused of an offense, sucli person or persons must stand trial before a traverse jury. In such trial the county attorney appears as prosecuting officer. In capital cases, however, the attorney general of the State is usually called in to act with the county attor- ney. The accused is defended by an attorney or attorneys selected and employed by himself; or in case of inability to employ one, by an attorney selected and appointed by the presiding justice and paid by the State. It is the duty of the jury before whom the case is tried carefully to weigh all the evi- dence submitted on both sides. To aid them in this, when all the evidence has been submitted, the attor- neys on both sides make their arguments, each review- ing the evidence in such way as to bring out the strong points in favor of his side, and to obscure or weaken those on the other side. Next, to aid them further the presiding justice gives a charge to the jury, in which he instructs them regarding the legal principles to be applied in weighing the evidence submitted and reaching a decision or verdict. Then the jury retire to their room under the ckarge of the sheriff, and are kept behind locked doors until they have agreed, or found themselves unable to agree, on either a verdict of innocent or guilty. Finally, the jury are JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT SOJ required to make report in open court of the verdict found, or of their failure to agree. The foreman makes the report, every juror being required to state his assent to it, and a record is made of it. If the verdict is not guilty, the accused is discharged and cannot be tried again upon the same charge or charges; if it is guilty, he is remanded for sentence — that is, is given into custody of the sheriff till sentence is pronounced. If the jury have failed to agree, he is remanded for a new trial, and must remain in custody till such trial can be held. In civil cases tried before a jury, the course of procedure is practically the same as in crim- inal cases. The verdict rendered, however, differs in form, stating usually the jury's decision as to the rights involved. If the case, whether criminal or civil, be such as to consume much time in its trial, the jury, after reporting their finding, are generally given a recess, or are permanently discharged from further attendance. 3 1 0. Attorneys at Law. — Attorneys at law, or lawyers as they are commonly called, are officers of the court, and are very important functionaries i;i the administration of judicial afifairs, and stand in very intimate relations to the judicial department of the government. They must have pursued a pre- scribed course of legal study, have passed a satisfac- tory examination in open court before a justice of the supreme court, have been formally admitted to prac- tice before the courts of the State, and a record of the fact been made. They are, therefore, in a sense members of the court, having special privileges in it and owing certain duties to it. 2o8 THE CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF MAINE The judicial department consists of Senate: as a Court to try Im- peachments, Supreme Judicial Court, Trial Courts, Law Court, Superior Courts of Cumber- land and Kennebec counties, Probate Court, Police and Municipal Courts, Trial Justice Courts, Justices of the Peace, Notaries Public, Dedimus Justice, Grand Jury, Traverse Jury, Attorneys at Law. CHAPTER X RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF CITIZENS 3 1 f . Declaration of Rights. — The first article of the constitution of Maine is known as the Declaration of Rights, and is devoted to setting forth certain rights of citizens. These may be mentioned briefly as embodying the following principles : 1 . The right of the people to assemble in order to consult upon such matters as pertain to the public welfare and to seek redress of grievances. 2. The right to worship God according to the dic- tates of conscience. 3. The right of freedom of speech and the inter- change of opinions. 4. The security of home and property from any demand of government. 5. The right to appeal to the courts of justice to secure protection of life, property, or reputation. 6. The right to be considered innocent until proved guilty. 3 1 2. Duties of Citizens. — While it is just that the rights of the citizen should be carefully guarded, his property protected, and his interests served, yet it is quite as just that the government should demand a return for such care and protection. Every citizen owes a political duty to the community in which he lives. He must not only obey the law, but he must use his influence to secure wise and faithful officers to 2IO THF CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF MAINE serve the public. He must encourage every movement that has for its object the advancement of education and the general welfare. He must identify him- self with the government in such a way as to hasten the enactment of such laws as will foster morality, safety, and progress. 3 1 3. Citizenship. — America, in a greater degree than any other nation, tends to develop individuality in her citizens. The personal responsibility of every inhabitant and his right to free speech and free thought tend to build up a nation, whose foundation- is laid upon the loyalty of the people, their independ- ence of thought and action, and their own self-control rather than control by an arbitrary government. In the fourteenth amendment to the National constitution we read: "All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. " By this clause we understand that no person can be solely a citizen of the United States or of his own State; he must be a citizen of both or of neither. 3 1 4. Suffrage. — Suffrage is the right to vote. This right is conferred as a special privilege upon a certain class. Not every citizen has the right of suf- frage. Women and children are citizens; yet the latter never vote, and only a few States grant the privilege to the former. The State constitution and laws confer the right of suffrage, and also deter- mine the qualifications of voters. The constitution of the United States contains but little on the sub- ject; reference is made to it three times. The first RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF CITIZENS 211 passage says that electors of National representatives ' ' in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislature. ' ' This clause entitles any one to vote for a representative in congress who may vote for a member of the lower house of the State legislature. If women, by the State law, can vote for State representatives, they can vote for representatives in Congress, since the same qualifications are prescribed for one as for the other. The fifteenth amendment says •. ' ' The fight of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude." This clause does not state any qualifications of the voter, but simply forbids certain facts to be made tests of suffrage. We see, therefore, that it is left for each State to prescribe the qualifications of its voters, the National government reserving only a general supervision and control over the election of members of Congress. 3 1 5. Voting as a Duty. — ^Since ours is a govern- ment "of the people, by the people, and for the people, " it is to the people that we look for all that makes our laws wise, just, and helpful. It is the people who must institute reforms and see that suit- able officers are elected to carry out the same. This brings the duty of voting home to every citizen. The refusal to exercise the right of suffrage is like taking the best things that can be provided and making no return. No man can argue that he has no part in the government. Every man who walks or drives on the public roads, who has the security from danger to him- 212 THE CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF MAINE self or his property that makes hf e endurable, and who enjoys the luxury of well lighted streets, well regulated fire departments, or healthful sanitary arrangements, and all the educational advantages provided for his children, is recei\ing all these benefits directly from the government, his duty towards which he cannot consistently ignore. The government helps every one within reach of its laws to lead a broader, happier, and more helpful life than could be possible if there were no laws. It therefore becomes the imperative duty of every intelligent citizen to recognize his obligation to vote, to vote for good men, to vote for good laws, and to vote for the advancement of every good cause. CHAPTER XI ELECTIONS IN MAINE 3 1 6. Time of Holding. — The general election is held in Maine once in two years, on the second Mon- day in September. The election years are 1896, 1898, 1900, etc. 3 1 7. Place. — The municipal officers, sixty days before any election, may divide towns of more than 4, 000 inhabitants and wards of cities into convenient polling districts, which shall contain not less than 300 voters each. They must also, ten days before any election, appoint a warden and ward clerk for each polling place other than the one in which the warden and clerk duly elected for such ward shall preside. 3 i 8. Qualifications of Voters. — It is prescribed by the laws of the State that the voter must possess the following qualifications: (i) The voter must be a male. (2) He must be twenty-one years of age. A young man does not reach his majority until he has arrived at the age of twenty-one years. Previous to that time he is under the control and guidance of his parents or guardian, and is not deemed sufficiently mature in his judgment to consider wisely the questions which come before the people at the elections. (3) He must have resided in the State three months before an election. This serves as a check against illegal voting. (4) He must be able to read the constitution in the English language and write his name. All per- 213 214 THE CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF MAINE sons possessing the above qualifications are entitled to vote at any election held in Maine. 3 i 9. Residence Explained. — A man votes in the place where his residence is established. The State constitution provides that one does not gain or lose a residence (i) by virtue of being employed in the service of the State or the United States; (2) by virtue of being a student at any seminary of learning; (3) by virtue of being an inmate of the poor-house at public charity. Students and State and National officers must vote at the place of their permanent residence. If a man's place of business is in one locality and his family resides in another, he must vote at the latter place. Paupers, persons under guardianship, and Indians who are not taxed are denied the right of suffrage in Maine. 320. Protection to Voters. — The constitution provides again that electors (meaning voters) "shall, in all cases except treason, felony, or breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest on the days of election during their attendance at, going to, and returning therefrom. ' ' This prevents voters from being placed under arrest on groundless charges by unprincipled partisans, to secure their own ends or to defeat the will of the people. 32 I . Polls. — The polls, or voting places, may be opened at eight o'clock in the morning, and shall not be held open later than five o'clock in the afternoon of the day of any election. 322. Ballot Boxes. — The officers presiding at any election shall use a check list, and one ballot box to be furnished at the expense of the town. These ELECTIONS IN MAINE 215 boxes are covered at the top with a slide only, and must be kept shut except when open to receive a ballot; but they may contain any mechanical device which tends to prevent fraud at elections, pro- vided it in no way interferes with the rights of the voters. 323. Check List. — In every town and city lists of persons qualified to vote are prepared and corrected. This is done in towns by the selectmen or assessors, and in cities by the board of registration. These lists are arranged alphabetically, and are deposited in the office of the towii or city clerk between the eleventh and eighteenth days of August of each gubernatorial year and similar lists are posted in one or more public places in the town or city. Certain days are pre- scribed by law when the officers meet in open session to make corrections, and to add the names of those quaUfied to vote, who have been omitted in the prepar- ation of the Hsts. 324. Returns. — The clerk of each town shall cause the returns of votes given in his town to be delivered to the secretary of State within thirty days after the election, and at the same time shall forward a statement of the number of votes cast for the differ- ent officers, which shall be opened and filed by the secretary and kept for public examination. 325. Australian Ballot System. — In accordance with public sentiment, Maine, in 1891, adopted the Australian ballot system, which seeks to prevent corruption in voting, and insures to the voter the privilege of voting as he desires, uninfluenced by the knowledge or dictation of any other person. This 2l6 THE CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF MAINE system provides for a secret ballot, which is supposed to be favorable to independence in voting. 326. Nominating Candidates. — Any convention of delegates, and any caucus or meeting of qualified voters, representing a political party that polled at least one per cent, of all the votes cast at the last election, ma}' nominate candidates for public offices. The certificate of nomination must be duly filed with the secretary of State, and must contain such a state- ment of facts as may be required for its acceptance. It must be signed by the presiding officer, or by the secretary of the convention or caucus, and also by the person nominated. 327. Certificates Filed and Certified. — Certifi- cates of nomination for offices to be filled by the voters of a division larger than a city, must be filed with the secretary of State at least thirty days, exclu- sive of Sundays, before the election. For other nominations certificates must be filed with the city clerk at least seven days, e.xclusive of Sundays, before the election. The certificates of nomination, when filed, shall be opened and kept open, under proper regulations, to public inspection; and the secretary of State and the town and city clerks shall keep them in their respective offices not less than one year. 328. Booths. — Screened booths or compartments are provided at each polling place. These are fur- nished with such supplies as are needed by the voter to prepare his ticket. A guard rail is so constructed that only such persons as are inside the same can approach within six feet of the ballot boxes. No per- son other than election officers and persons voting are ELECTIONS IN MAINE 21/ admitted within the inclosure, and not more than one person is allowed to occupy a compartment at the same time. 329. Form of Ballot. — Each ballot contains the names of all the candidates whose certificates of nom- ination have been properly filed. The names of the candidates of each party are grouped, each group being headed by the name of the party making the nominations. After each name a blank space is left large enough for a written name. 330. Distribution of Ballots. — The secretary of State is required to send, separately and at different times, or by different methods, two sets of ballots, together with specimen ballots and cards of instruc- tion, to the several city, town, and plantation clerks, so as to be received by them, one set seventy-two hours at least, and the other set forty-eight hours at least, previous to the day of election. Upon receipt of the packages, the several clerks are required to send receipts to the secretary of State, which receipt he must preserve for the period of one year. 33 I . Method of Voting. — Any person desiring to vote shall give his name, and, if requested, his resi- dence, to one of the ballot clerks, who thereupon announces it in a clear and audible tone, and if his name is found in the check list the voter is allowed to enter the space enclosed by the guard rail. The ballot clerk gives him a ballot, and, without leaving the inclosed space, he retires alone to one of the com- partments and prepares his ballot by marking in the appropriate margin or place a cross (X). If he desires to vote for some one not named in the ballot, 2l5 THE CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF MAINE " « e-J -e| so, o <=> p ^ jsi I- * CO QJ <=) > o * o a fe * > en tat ress. * t-l 0) 13 J ^ ^ O Oi o 1- ci o o* Q. O .2 * «2 o 2 s; tn 4= > 3|C a> z ^ o o S s ^ 1— 1 H fe* (U £ * rt u a> W 60 5 s > o -c3 o O P^ o ^ « ^ u o dl * ,° * (!< * o ¥ w * > * lU o li a U i| O s o kH p Cu o w o ^2 p * l-l o * * > * g tH •^ u 1— 1 o d > resenta ngress. * cq O D "J * a. o oj U * Oh W o cd o ■" * fe * ^ a a-§ O o d a rn W >> cn a a bo a o T3 O S n 0. J3 M P IS T1 cn J3 0) 11) T) P ft! R .3 S rt P S 'u a fl> 7^ o m U 3 > di o tn rt a V) P O •£ 7) ^O ^ .2 - p — > 9 f X u > P a _ ELECTIONS IN MAINE 219 he may make such changes as he sees fit by writing in the names of the persons for whom he desires to vote. If he wishes to vote for all the candidates found in any one of the several lists printed on the ballot, he may do so by simply placing a ■ cross in the space found at the top of the column containing the names of the persons for whom he wishes to vote. Before leaving the compartment, he folds the ballot so as to conceal its face, and finally deposits it in the ballot box with the official endorsement uppermost. If, for any reason, a voter is not able to prepare his own ballot, the clerk may prepare it for him as he shall direct. CHAPTER XII POLITICAL PARTIES 332. Origin of Parties. — Ever since this country became a Nation there have been different views as to methods of sustaining it and promoting its welfare. Leading men have studied the same questions, and have arrived at entirely opposite conclusions. These men have had supporters in those agreeing with their ideas, identifying themselves with them, and have in this way formed political parties. Each party believes that its views, if carried out, will, more than those of any other party, tend to the advancement of the Nation and the good of the people. Each voter, therefore, advocates the principles of his own party, and seeks to nominate men for office who, he believes, will sustain those principles, and works diligently to defeat the party holding opposite opinions. 333. Classes of Officers. — If the topics of pre- ceding chapters are recalled, it will be remembered that to make and administer the laws of the Nation requires many officers. There are town and village, city and county officers, besides the large number required for the government of the State and Nation. As each party is obliged to nominate candidates for all these positions, it necessarily involves much labor and wise management. 334. Party Organization. — It would be impos- sible for the parties to accomplish this task without a POLITICAL PARTIES 221 thoroughly organized system. It is necessary that arrangements be made for the nomination of candi- dates, the management of the campaign, and the continuance of the organization. To accomplish these purposes committees are appointed, canvassers employed, and suitable persons put in charge of each division of the work. 335. National Committee. — -The National con- vention appoints a committee of one or more from each State to take charge of the campaign to elect National officers. This committee has charge of the funds contributed for the campaign, employs and assigns speakers, and has general supervision of the entire work of the campaign. 336. State Committee. — The State convention appoints a committee, usually of one from each county, which committee has charge, under the direction of the National committee, of the campaign in its own State. 337. Other Committees. — The county committee is appointed by the county convention to attend to the canvass for county officers. This committee is made up of the members from the different towns in propor- tion to the majorities given for the party represented by the committee. Each town has also a town com- mittee chosen at the regular caucus of the party, which attends to all party details in its own town and works in harmony with the State and county committees. 338. Conventions. — Candidates for office to be supported by the voters of a party are not selected directly by those voters, except in case of members of 222 THE CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF MAINE the House of Representatives, and not then in large cities. It is customary to hold conventions to present the names of candidates. Delegates are chosen by voters of the towns or cities to attend these conventions. The meeting held to choose delegates is termed a caucus. Besides choosing delegates the caucus may instruct them in regard to the candidates to be sup- ported by them, and in other matters to be settled in the convention they are to attend. 339. State Convention. — The delegates making up the State convention adopt a platform, usually containing the general principles laid down by the National convention, and a statement of the party position on such State matters as may become issues in the election, nominate candidates for State officers, and may select delegates to attend the National con- vention. These delegates are, however, usually chosen at another convention held just before the regular State nominating convention. 340. Other Conventions. — District conventions are held to nominate candidates for representatives in Congress. They are made up of delegates from all the towns in the Congressional district. County con- ventions, composed of delegates from all the towns in the county, select candidates for State senators and the county offices to be filled by election. Class con- ventions are held to select candidates for representatives in the legislature. In large cities, these conventions are usually made up of delegates selected in the wards. In representative classes made up of a large number of small towns, delegate conventions are sometimes held. In general, however, by mutual agreement POLITICAL PARTIES 223 among the towns, each has the privilege of sending a representative in its turn; and in such case the candi- date is usually nominated in a convention of all the party voters in the town whose turn it is to send. Nomina- tions are made in the smaller cities and larger towns not classed in similar mass conventions. 341. The Canvass. — The campaign does not begin until candidates have been nominated. Then each party strives to secure the election of its candi- dates. Speeches are made, political documents dis- tributed, and all honest means adopted to secure a sufficient number of votes to insure success. 342. Political Duties. — Since so much is involved in party management, it is most emphatically the duty of every citizen to attend the caucuses and conven- tions of his party. If honest and trustworthy men conduct these meetings, faithful and reliable officers will be chosen, wise measures adopted, and the wishes and best interests of the people served; but if good and patriotic citizens persist in neglecting to attend the caucuses of their several parties, it follows that men actuated by less worthy motives are able to con- trol them in their own interests. CHAPTER XIII REVENUE AND TAXATION 343. Objects of Taxation. — The subject of taxa- tion is one which sooner or later confronts all classes of people, and it is one which is not always under- stood. If, however, we stop to consider, we shall see that in every town or city certain things are done for the comfort and benefit of all. Roads and bridges are made and kept in repair, schoolhouses built and teach- ers paid, fire companies organized, public libraries supported, and the poor provided for. In Maine the money raised for these purposes is supposed to be paid by the inhabitants of the municipality, each one con- tributing a certain share called a poll tax and another share proportioned to the property which he possesses. Fiske says: " Taxes are portions of private property which a government takes for its public uses." And further: "A government is not worthy of the name, and cannot long be kept in existence, unless it can raise money by taxation and use force, if necessary, in collecting its taxes." 344. Kinds. — Taxes are of two kinds — direct and indirect. Those that are levied upon persons or property and are paid by the person upon whom they are assessed are direct taxes. Taxes collected on articles of consumption are indirect taxes. Customs and the taxes on liquors, tobacco, and beer belong to this class. The National government is supported REVENUE AND TAXATION 225 rJmost entirely by means of indirect taxation, though it has power to levy direct taxes. * The taxes assessed and collected in Maine for State and municipal pur- poses are direct taxes. 345. Necessity for State Taxes. — In order that the officers of the State, the town, and the city may be paid, pubUc buildings erected, roads kept in repair, •and many other things done for the common good that require large sums of money, it is necessary to make some provision for raising the funds required to do these things. The State has no other way than by taxation, and it is just that a fair return should be made by citizens who enjoy the benefits obtained by having the use of these rights and privileges. The State, therefore, is legally authorized to levy a tax upon all property, real or personal, to be used in sup- port of the government or payment of the State debt, and for such purposes as will best advance the inter- ests of the State. 346. Sources of Revenue. — All personal property and real estate are. subject to taxation, save property belonging to a town, a county, the State, or the United States. Real and personal property of literary, charitable, and scientific institutions incorporated by the State, and houses of religious worship, are exempt from taxation. Revenues are received also from licenses from corporations, peddlers, etc. 347. Assessment. — It is necessary to know the amount of taxable property before a tax levy can be *The name "direct tax" has a special meaning, however, in the constitution of the United States. See B. A. Hinsdale, The Amer- ican Government, p. 197. 226 THE CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF MAINE made. For this purpose assessors are elected in cities, towns, and villages having corporate powers, to pre- pare lists of all taxable property, and to give its val- uation, which is usually assessed at less than its actual value. In Maine the State assessors are laboring to bring about, as nearly as possible, a uniform valuation of property in the different towns and counties. 348. Tax Rates. — The rate per cent of taxation is determined by the authorities alter the amount of taxable property has been ascertained, and the amount necessary to be raised has been decided upon. There are certain limitations imposed by the State, beyond which it is impossible to go. 349. Taxes Assessed by the State. — Certain taxes are assessed directly by State authorities and are paid directly into the State treasury. Such are fees fixed by law to be paid by certain persons for licenses to do business in the State at large, by trial justices, justices of the peace, and notaries public for their commis- sions or certificates of appointment, and by manufac- turing and other corporations organized under State laws for making record and issuing certificates of or- ganization. These are devoted exclusively to the defraying of State expenses. Of the same sort are certain pro rata taxes assessed on the average annual deposits in savings banks and similar institutions, and on the estimated value of the franchises of steam and electric railways, and of telegraph, telephone, express, and insurance companies doing business in the State. A part of the revenues arising from these sources is devoted directly to the expenses of the State; a part goes, for certain purposes, to the towns. For REVENUE AND TAXATION 237 instance, one-half of the tax on savings banks is dis- tributed to the towns to aid in the support of public schools. 350. Taxes Assessed by Towns. — Taxes to defray town, county, and the major part of State expenses are assessed and collected by the town authorities. When the legislature has determined the amount required to defray the expenses of the State government not otherwise provided for, it apportions this amount among the towns according to their valu- ation as fixed by the State assessors, and the sum so apportioned to any town is its State tax, to be assessed upon the polls and property of its citizens, and, when collected, to be paid by the town treasurer into the State treasury. In a similar way the estimated sums needed to defray the expenses of each county are apportioned by the legislature among the towns in the county, and are therein assessed, collected, and paid into the county treasury. Finally, the town at its annual meeting votes such taxes as it is required by law to assess for local purposes, and as the voters deem necessary to defray the expenses of the town for the ensuing year. The aggregate of all these various sums is the amount to be assessed upon the polls and property in the town, and collected and paid into the town treasury by the town collector. 35 1 . Method of Assessment. — Every male citi- zen qualified to vote in town affairs is subject to an an- nual poll tax not exceeding three dollars, unless excused by the town from the payment thereof by reason of age or some other disability. In making the annual assessment of taxes, the assessors deduct from the 228 THE CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF MAINE vi^hole amount to be assessed the part thereof to be assessed upon the polls. They then, as authorized by law, add to the remainder so found such a sum, not exceeding five per cent thereof, as may be necessary to provide for any subsequent abatements made by the town, and as will give the most convenient prac- ticable tax rate. This sum is called an overlay. Then the whole amount thus found is assessed ^rc rata on the personal and real estate, situated in the town, of all resident citizens, and on the real estate therein of persons resident elsewhere. A list of the amounts so assessed on each individual, including his poll tax, is then made out and committed for collection to the town collector. In a book made and kept for the purpose a complete record of the entire transaction is entered. This record states the several and total amounts to be assessed, the rate and amount of assessment on polls, the total amount, including overlay, assessed on estates, the amounts of personal and real estate respectively and in the aggregate, the rate per cent, of assessment, the total amount committed for collection, and the amounts assessed on each tax- payer. 352. Collection. — The collector is authorized and directed to make collection of the taxes committed to him and pay his collections into the town treasury within one year from the date of commitment. He furnishes bonds for the honest discharge of his duty, and is usually paid a commission on the amount col- lected. Any person refusing or neglecting to pay his taxes when due may, after proper notice, be compelled to pay them with certain costs additional. For non- REVENUE AND TAXATION 229 payment of his poll tax, he can be arrested and lodged in the county jail until payment is made or the tax is abated. For non-payment of his property tax, his property, or such part of it as may be necessary, may be distrained and sold at auction. CHAPTER XIV STATE INSTITUTIONS The principal institutions of Maine that are wholly or partially controlled and supported by the State, are the University of Maine, the Castine,Gorham, and Farming- ton Normal Schools, Madawaska Training School, the State's Prison, Reform School, Insane Hospital, School for the Deaf, Industrial School for Girls, Soldiers' Or- phans' Home, Maine General Hospital, and Central Maine General Hospital. In addition to these, the fol- lowing institutions outside the State are patronized by the State, viz. : The American School for the Deaf at Hartford, Conn. , the Perkins Institution and Massachu- setts School for the Blind, South Boston, Mass., and the School for the Feeble-Minded at Waltham, Mass. 353. University of Maine. — The affairs of this institution are under the supervision and direction of a board of trustees, consisting of eight members, each appointed for seven years by the governor and council; one of the eight is appointed at the suggestion of the Alumni Association. The president of the university and the superintendent of the United States experi- ment station are ex-officiis members. The board has charge and direction of the financial interests of the institution, elects its president and faculty, and per- forms such other duties as usually devolve upon such boards. It makes an annual report to the governor and council. STATE INSTITUTIONS 23 1 354. State Normal Schools — These four institu- tions, wholly supported and controlled by the State, namely, the Farmington, Castine, and Gorham State Normal Schools, and the Madawaska Training School, are under the control and direction of a board of trustees consisting of seven members. The governor and the state superintendent of public schools are ex officiis members of it, and the five other members are appointed by the governor and his council, each for a term of three years. Their powers and duties with reference to these schools are practically the same as those of the trustees of the State University. 355. State's Prison. — The State's Prison is located at Thomaston, Knox County. The details of its management are given somewhat at length under the title, Inspectors of Prisons and Jails. 356. Reform School.— The State Reform School, for the instruction, employment, and reform of juvenile offenders, is located in the town of South Portland, formerly Cape Elizabeth, in the county of Cumber- land. The government of the school is vested in a board of five trustees, appointed by the governor, with the advice and consent of the council, and commis- sioned to hold their offices during the pleasure of the governor and council, but not longer than four years under one appointment. Any boy between the ages of eight and sixteen, who is convicted before any court or trial justice of an offense punishable by im- prisonment in the county jail or in State's prison, not for life, may be sentenced to the Reform School or to other punishment provided by law for the same of- fense. If for any reason other than discharge he does 232 THE CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF MAINE not serve his full sentence in the Reform School, he is then liable to the alternative punishment. For aggra- vated offenses of a lesser grade, a boy may be sent to the Reform School during his minority. 357. Insane Hospital. — The Maine Insane Hos- pital is located at Augusta, on the east side of the Kennebec River, nearly opposite the State House. Its government is vested in a board of six trustees, one of whom is a woman. They are appointed and commis- sioned by the governor, with the advice and consent of the council, to hold their offices during the pleasure of the governor and council, but not longer than three years under any one appointment. The duties of the trustees are to have the general care and management of the institution ; to see that it is conducted accord- ing to the rules provided for its government; to hold in trust any money or other property given^or be- queathed to the institution, and apply the same for the support, comfort, or improvement of the insane, and the general use of the institution ; and to have power to bring actions, in the name of the treasurer, for all sums due the institution, and to defend all suits brought against it. They are required to appoint a superintendent, a steward, and a treasurer, subject to the approval of the governor and council, and to hold office during their pleasure. A thorough exami- nation of the hospital is made monthly by two of the trustees, quarterly by three, and annually by a major- ity of the full board, and at other times when it is deemed necessary. The superintendent must be a physician, must reside constantly at the hospital, and have general superintendence of the hospital and STATE INSTITUTIONS- 333 grounds and charge of the patients. The steward is the treasurer of the hospital, and under the direction of the superintendent and trustees makes all purchases, hires assistants, has the care and cultivation of the farm and grounds, and a careful oversight of such patients as are employed thereon. A committee of special visitation is appointed by the governor annu- ally, consisting of two members of the council, with whom is associated one woman. This committee has power to visit the hospital at their discretion, to ascer- tain if the inmates thereof are treated humanely, and they are required to report promptly every instance of abuse or ill treatment to the trustees and superintend- ent, who must cause all offenses to be punished. The committee of visitors report to the governor and council annually on the first day of December and whenever the welfare of the patients or the public good requires it. 358. General Hospital. — The Maine General Hospital, at Portland, and the Central Maine General Hospital, at Lewiston, are institutions for the care of the sick and are governed by their several corpora- tions. Both these institutions are beneficiaries of the State, appropriations being made toward their sup- port by the legislature at each session. An efficient corps of physicians, surgeons, and nurses is main- tained at each of these hospitals. 350. Maine School for the Deaf— The Maine School for the Deaf, formerly a public day school of the city of Portland, was made a State institution in 1897. It is governed by a board of five trustees, appointed by 234 THE CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF MAINE the governor and approved by the council. The trus- tees elect the principal and teachers, and at their dis- cretion admit deaf and dumb children of sound mind to the privileges of the school. The State pays for the board and tuition of the pupils, but their parents or guardians are expected to clothe them and pay for their transportation to and from the school. For nearly twenty years the school was conducted under the oral method of instruction, but in 1894 the combined, or American, system was adopted. In the oral method the deaf child was taught wholly by speech, signs and spelling on the fingers being strictly prohibited. The combined system aims to make use of the full ability for learning speech and lip reading possessed by each child, but at the same time employs finger spelling and signs in all cases where they will facilitate the general education and help the pupil to acquire a rapid and correct knowledge of the English language. The boys are given thorough instruction in manual training and the girls are taught to sew and cook. All deaf children of Maine are now educated at Portland, there being no provision of the statutes for sending them to other schools. This school is doing an important and much needed work. 360. Industrial School for Girls. — This insti- tution is a corporation composed of the original cor- porators and associate members. By them its affairs are committed to a board of managers. The State is represented on the board by the governor, secretary of State, and superintendent of public schools. The State has provided by statute for the custody and edu- cation of wayward and unprotected girls therein, and STATE INSTITUTIONS 235 aids in their material support. It is not a house of correction, but is designed as a refuge for girls between the ages of seven and fifteen years, who, by force of circumstances and associations, are in manifest danger of becoming outcasts from society. It is not a place o5 punishment to which its inmates are sent as criminals by criminal process, but a home for the friendless, neglected, and vagrant children of the State, where, under the genial influences of kind treatment and physical and moral training, they may be won back to ways of virtue and respectability, and be fitted for positions of honorable self-support and lives of useful- ness. The school is located at Hallowell, Kennebec county. * 36 1 . Soldiers' Orphans' Home. — This' institu- tion is located at Bath, Sagadahoc county, and is supported by the State and by charitable contribu- tions. Its affairs are governed by a board of seven trustees, four of whom are appointed by the State and three by the corporation. Orphans of deceased sol- diers and sailors are admitted, educated, and cared for until suitable positions are found for them. 362. Perkins Institution for the Blind. — This institution is located at South Boston, and the governor of Maine, with the approval of the council, may send such children there at the expense of the State as he may think proper. In the exercise of their discre- tionary power, they are allowed to make no distinc- tion on account of the wealth or poverty of the parents or guardians of the children to be sent. The sums necessary for the support, aid, and instruction of such pupils, including all traveling expenses, are paid by 236 THE CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF MAINE the State; but parents or guardians are allowed to bear the whole or a part of the expense of any pupil, if they are able and willing to do so. 363. Massachusetts School for the Feeble- Minded. — This school is located at Waltham, Mass., and the governor of Maine, with the consent of the council, may, under certain conditions, send feeble- minded children and youth there as beneficiaries of the State. Note. — The Eastern Maine General Hospital, at Bangor, has been recently established as a State beneficiary. * On April 21, 1899, in accordance with an act of the legislature, the Industrial School for Girls, with all its property, passed wholly into the hands of the State. CHAPTER XV MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS A few topics of interest and importance still remain unclassified. These are considered in this chapter under various heads. 364. Interest.— The legal rate of Interest in Maine is 6 per cent, unless otherwise agreed upon in writing. If no rate of interest has been mentioned, only 6 per cent can be collected. 365. Weights and Measures. — To avoid incon- venience in the exchange of articles of trade, it is necessary to have a fixed standard of weights and measures. The different States of the Union adjust the standard of all articles of produce, although Con- gress has power to fix a standard of weights and measures. The laws of Maine provide that the State treasurer shall procure at the State's expense, and preserve as public standards, a set of accurately adjusted weights : a bushel, half-bushel, peck, half- peck, ale quart, wine gallon, half-gallon, quart, pint, half-pint and gill ; also one ell and one yard. These standards are kept in the State House, at Augusta, and all weights and measures throughout the State are required to be adjusted so as to agree with them. 366. Public Safety. — All public houses where guests may lodge, all buildings for trade and manu- facture requiring the presence of workmen above the first story, and all places of public amusement must 238 THE CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF MAINE be provided with suitable fire escapes, outside stairs, or ladders from each story above the level of the ground, and these must be easily accessible to all inmates in case of fire. The doors intended for egress of all school houses of more than one story, and of buildings for public use, must open outward, 367. Travel. — Public roads must be kept in repair, so as to be safe and convenient for travelers with horses, teams, and carriages. At all crossings of high- ways, or where one public highway enters another, guide-posts must be erected, with guide-boards, on which shall be plainly printed the name of the next town on the route, with the number of miles. In rail- road travel, great care is taken to protect the public. Roadbeds, bridges, cars, and crossings must be kept in good condition, and companies are liable for dam- ages for injury to persons or property caused by the negligence of their employes. 368. Adulteration of Food and Drink. — The State legislature has passed laws for the protection of the people against the adulteration of foods and drinks. The manufacture of any imitation of butter or cheese, unless marked with its true name, subjects the offender to fine or imprisonment. Also the introducing of for- eign substances into sugar, vinegar, or molasses is a direct violation of the law, and renders the person guilty of such offense liable to the punishment provided for adulterations. PART III The Government of the United States CHAPTER XVI THE MAKING OF THE GOVERNMENT The American Government. Sections 66-222 inclusive. The United States, both as forty-five individual States and as a Nation, are an outgrowth of the Thirteen Eng- lish Colonies planted on the eastern shore of North America in the years IBOV-lVsa. The process by which this change was effected, will be briefly described in this chapter. 369. The Colonial Governments. — The Kings of England gave to the companies, proprietors, and associations that planted the Colonies certain political powers and rights. These powers and rights were formally granted in documents called charters and patents; they were duly protected by regular govern- ments, and so became the possession of the people of the Colonies. W^hile differing in details, these governments were alike in their larger features. There was in every Colony (1) an Assembly or popular house of •legislation; (2) a Council, which served as an upper house of legislation in most of the Colonies and as an 239 240 THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES advisory body to the governor in all of them; (3) a Gov- ernor, and (4) Courts of Law. The members of the as- sembly were chosen by the qualified voters. The mem- bers of the council and the governors were elected by the people in Connecticut and Rhode Island, and were appointed by the proprietors in Maryland and Pennsyl- vania, and by the king in the other colonies. The judges were generally appointed by the king or his representatives. Powers of local government were distributed to local officers in every Colony. 370. The Home G-overnment. — The Kings who granted the charters and patents, for themselves and their descendants, guaranteed to their subjects who should settle in the Colonies and their children, all liberties, franchises, and immunities of free denizens and native subjects within the realm of England. Previous to the troubles that led to the Revolution, the Home govern- ment commonly left the Colonies practically alone as free states to govern themselves in their own way. Still they were colonies. The charters enjoined them not to infringe the laws of England, and Parliament passed an act expressly declaring that all laws, by-laws, usages, and customs which should be enforced in any of them contrary to any law made, or to be made, in England relative to said Colonies, should be utterly void and of none effect. Moreover, the power to decide what was so contrary the Home government retained in its own hands. 37 I . Dual Government. — Thus from the very begin- ning the Colonies were subject to two political authorities; one their own Colonial governments, the other the Crown and Parliament of England. In other words, govern- ment was double, partly local and partly general. This fact should be particularly noted, for it is the hinge upon THE MAKING OF THE GOVERNMENT 24I which our present dual or federal system of government turns. The American, therefore, as has been said, has always had two loyalties and two patriotisms. 372. Division of Authority. — In general, the line that separated the two jurisdictions was pretty plainly marked. It had been traced originally in the charters and patents, and afterwards usage, precedent, and legislation served to render it the more distinct. The Colonial gov- ernments looked after purely Colonial matters; the Home government looked after those matters that affected the British Empire. The Colonies emphasized one side of the double system, the King and Parliament the other side. There were frequent disagreements and disputes; still the Colonists and the Mother Country managed to get on together with a good degree of har- mony until Parliament, by introducing a change of policy, brought on a conflict that ended in separa- tion. 373. Causes of Separation. — The right to impose and collect duties on imports passing the American cus- tom houses, the Home government had from the first as- serted and the Colonies conceded. But local internal taxation had always been left to the Colonial legislatures. Beginning soon after IV6O, or about the close of the war with France, which had left the Mother Country burdened with a great debt. Parliament began to enforce such taxes upon the people directly. These taxes the Colonies resisted on the ground that they were imposed by a body in which they were not represented or their voice heard. Taxation without representation they declared to be tyranny. At the same time, the acts relative to American navigation were made more rigorous, and vigorous measures were taken to enforce them. In the meantime the Colonies had greatly increased in 242 THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES numbers and in wealth, and the idea began to take root that such a people, inhabiting such a country, could not permanently remain dependent upon England but must become an independent power. The Stamp tax Was one of the objectionable taxes. 374. Independence. — The Home government dropped or changed some of its obnoxious measures, but still adhered to its chosen policy. New and more obnoxious measures were adopted, as the Massachusetts Bay Bill and the Boston Port Bill. The Congresses of 1765 and iVV-t protested, but to no real purpose. Some of the Colonies, like Massachusetts, began to take measures looking to their defense against aggression; and the attempt of General Gage, commanding the British army in Boston, to counteract these measures led to the battle of Lexington, April 19, 1115, and immediately brought on the Revolutionary war. All attempts at composing the differences failing, and the theater of war continuing to widen, the American Congress, on July 4, lYVG, cut the ties that bound the Thirteen Colonies to England. After eight years of war the British govern- ment acknowledged American Independence. 375. The Political Effects of Independence.^The Declaration of Independence involved two facts of the greatest importance. One was the declaration that the Colonies were free and independent States, absolved from all allegiance to the British crown. The other was the formation of the American Union. The original members of the Union as States and the Union itself were due to the same causes. The language of the Declaration is, "We, . . . the representatives of the United States of America, in general congress assembled, . . . do, in the name, and by the authority, of the good people of these Colo- nies, solemnly publish and declare" their independence. THE MAKING OF THE GOVERNMENT 243 The States took their separate position as a nation among the powers of the earth. Thus, before the Rev- olution there were Colonies united politically only by their corhmon dependence upon England; since the Revolution there have been States united more or less closely in one federal state or union. 376. The Continental Congress. — The body that put forth the Declaration of Independence, known in history as the Continental Congress, had, in 1775, assumed con- trol of the war in defense of American rights. It had adopted as a National army the forces that had gathered at Boston, had made Washington its commander-in-chief, and had done still other things that only governments claiming nationality can do. And so it continued to act. First the American people, and afterwards foreign gov- ernments, recognized the Congress as a National govern- ment. But it was a revolutionary government, resting upon popular consent or approval, and not upon a writ- ten constitution. A government of a more regular and per- manent form was called for, and to meet this call Con- gress, in 1777, framed a written constitution to which was given the name, "Articles of Confederation and Perpet- ual Union." Still Congress had no authority to give this constitution effect, and could only send it to the States and ask them for their ratifications. Some delay ensued, and it was not until March 1, 1781, that the last ratifica- tion was secured and the Articles went into operation. 377. The Confederation. — The government that the Articles provided for was very imperfect in form. It con- sisted of but one branch, a legislature of a single house called Congress. Such executive powers as the Govern- ment possessed were vested in this body. The States ap- pointed delegates in such manner as they saw fit, and had an equal voice in deciding all questions. Nine States were 244 '^^^ GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES necessary to carry the most important measures, and to amend the Articles required unanimity. In powers the Government was quite as defective as in form. It could not enforce its own will upon the people, but was wholly dependent upon the States. It could not impose taxes or draft men for the army, but only call upon the States for money and men ; and if the States refused to furnish them, which they often did. Congress had no remedy. Much of the disaster and distress attending the war grew out of the weakness of Congress, and when peace came, the States became still more careless, while Con- gress became weaker than ever. Meantime the state of the country was as unsatisfactory as that of the Govern- ment. The State governments were efficient, but they looked almost exclusively to their own interests. Com- mercial disorder and distress prevailed throughout the country. As early therefore as 1785 the conviction was forcing itself upon many men's minds that something must be done to strengthen the Government or the Union would fall to pieces. 378. Calling of the Federal Convention. — In 1785 Commissioners representing Virginia and Maryland met at Alexandria, in the former State, to frame a compact concerning the navigation of the waters that were common to the two States. They reported to their respective Legislatures that the two States alone could do nothing, but that general action was necessary. The next j'ear commissioners representing five States met at Annapolis to consider the trade of the country, and these commissioners concluded that nothing could be done to regulate trade separate and apart from other general interests. So they recommended that a general convention should be held at Philadelphia to consider the situation of the United States, to devise further pro- THE MAKING OF THE GOVERNMENT 245 visions to render the Articles of Confederation adequate to the needs of the Union, and to recommend action that, when approved by Congress and ratified by the State Legislatures, would effectually provide for the same. This recommendation was directed to the Legislatures of the five States, but copies of it were sent to Congress also and to the Governors of the other eight States. So in February, 1787, Congress adopted a resolution invit- ing the States to send delegates to such a convention to be held in Philadelphia in May following. And the Legislatures of all the States but Rhode Island did so. 379. The Constitution Framed.— On May 25, 1787, the Convention organized, with the election of Washing- ton as President. It continued in session until September 17, when it completed its work and sent our present National Constitution, exclusive of the fifteen Amend- ments, to Congress. In framing this document great difficulties were encountered. Some delegates favored a government of three branches; others a government of a single branch. Some delegates wanted a legisla- ture of two houses; some of only one house. Some delegates wished the representation in the houses to be according to the population of the States; others were determined that it should be equal, as in the Old Congress. Differences as to the powers to be exercised by Congress were equally serious. There were also controverted questions as to revenue, the control of commerce, the slave trade, and many other matters. Furthermore, the opinions that the dele- gates held were controlled in great degree by State considerations. The large States wanted representation to be according to population; a majority of the small ones insisted that it should be equal. The commercial States of the North said Congress should control the 246 THE GOVEKNiMENT OF THE UNITED STATES subject of commerce, which the agricultural States of the South did not favor. Georgia and the Carolinas favored the continuance of the slave trade, to which most of the other States were opposed. But progress- ively these differences were overcome by adjustment and compromise, and, at the end, all of the delegates who remained but three signed their names to the Constitu- tion, while all the States that were then represented voted for its adoption. What had been done, however, was to frame a new constitution and not to patch up the old one. The body that framed it is called the Fed- eral Convention. 380. The Constitution Ratified.— The Convention had no authority to make a new constitution, but only to recommend changes in the old one. So on the comple- tion of its work, it sent the document that it had framed to Congress with some recommendations. One of these was that Congress should send the Constitution to the States, with a recommendation that the Legislatures should submit it to State conventions to be chosen by the people, for their ratification. Congress took such action, and the States, with the exception of Rhode Island, took the necessary steps to carry out the plan. Ultimately every State in the Union ratified the Constitution ; but North Carolina and Rhode Island did not do so until the new Government had been some time in operation. Nor was this end secured in several of the other States, as Massachusetts, New York, and Virginia, without great opposition. 38 1 . Friends and Enemies of the Constitution. — Those who favored the ratification of the Constitution have been divided into these classes: (1) Those who saw that it was the admirable system that time has proved it to be; (2) those who thought it imperfect but still be- THE MAKING OF THE GOVERNMENT 347 lieved it to be the best attainable government under the circumstances; (3) the mercantile and commercial classes generally, who believed that it would put the industries and trade of the country on a solid basis. Those who opposed it have been thus divided; (1) Those who re- sisted any enlargement of the National Government, for any reason; (2) those who feared that their importance as politicians would be diminished; (3) those who feared that public liberty and the rights of the States would be put in danger; (4)those who were opposed to vigorous government of any kind. State or National.' 382. The New G-overnment Inaugurated. — The new Constitution was to take effect as soon as nine States had ratified it, its operation to be limited to the number ratifying. When this condition had been complied with, the Continental Congress enacted the legislation neces- sary to set the wheels of the new Government in motion. It fixed a day for the appointment of Presidential Elect- ors by the States, a day for the Electors to meet and cast their votes for President and Vice-President, and a day for the meeting of the new Congress. The day fixed upon for Congress to meet was March 4, 1789; but a quorum of the House of Representatives was not secured until April 1, and of the Senate not until April 6, owing to various causes. On the second of these dates the Houses met in joint convention to witness the counting of the Electoral votes. Washington was declared elected Pres- ident, John Adams Vice-President. Messengers were at once sent to the President- and Vice-President-elect summoning them to New York, which was then the seat of government. Here Washington was inaugurated April 30. The Legislative and Executive branches of the Government were now in motion. 'G. T. Curtis: History of the Constitution, Vol. II, pp. 495, 496. CHAPTER XVII AMENDMENTS MADE TO THE CONSTITUTION The American Government. Sections 4SJ-4.60; 467-^^4; 536-53J; 6o