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 The sex factor in human life a study out 
 
 3 1924 021 468 172 
 
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THE SEX FACTOR IN 
 HUMAN LIFE 
 
 A STUDY OUTLINE FOR COLLEGE MEN 
 
 BY 
 
 T. W. GALLOWAY, Ph.D. 
 
 Formerly Professor of Zoology, Beloit College. 
 Author of "Text Book of Zoology," "Use of 
 Motives in Moral Education," "Biology of Sex." 
 
 THE AMERICAN SOCIAL HYGIENE ASSOCIATION 
 
 Incorporated 
 
 New York MCMXXI 
 
Copyright, 1921, by 
 The American Social Hygiene Association, Inc. 
 
 Publication No. 320 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 Introduction 
 
 I. Appetites and Their Place in Life. 
 
 II. Nature of Sex, and Some of Its Effects 
 ON Human Development. 
 
 III. Right and Wrong Uses of Appetites. 
 
 IV. Directing Appetites through Sublimation. 
 
 V. Application of These Principles to Sex 
 Appetites. 
 
 VI. Some Popular Misconceptions about Sex. 
 
 VII. Practical Aids in Directing and Control- 
 ling THE Sex Appetite. 
 
 VIII. Social Results of Uncontrol. 
 
 IX. Sex and Inheritance. 
 
 X. Marriage, Democracy and the Home. 
 
 XI. Sex and Religion. 
 
 XII. Reference Bibliography. 
 
 [3l 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 THIS handbook is written primarily for groups of 
 college men joined together for voluntary discus' 
 sion of those points at which sex bears most directly 
 upon the happiness and sanity of every life. It is hoped, 
 however, that it may have in addition a value to any 
 thoughtful men and women in the commimity who 
 are ready to fit themselves to accept leadership for the 
 sake of the younger boys. 
 
 If it should seem to the young men that the discus- 
 sion in many places is addressed to the problem of 
 educating the younger boys as much as to the sf»ecific 
 problems of the college period, the reason for this is 
 twofold. It may aid you, in the first place, to see 
 what has been lacking of that to which you were en- 
 titled in your own education. More important still, 
 you have now come to the place, whatever may have 
 been your attitude to your own sex life up to this 
 time, where you must inevitably consider your obli- 
 gation to your younger brothers at home, to the 
 younger fellows in the fraternity and college, to the 
 boys of your own home neighborhood, and to your 
 own sons in the future. It is your privilege to help 
 do for the newer generation of bo)'^s, in respect to 
 sound sex guidance, what no one was prepared to do 
 for you. This is the time when you will be reorganiz- 
 ing your philosophy of life at many points. Your sex 
 philosophy will unquestionably enter into this change. 
 The writer feels sure that the average college man 
 will be more likely to work out for himself a sane 
 and satisf)ring philosophy and practise of sex in the 
 act of preparing himself to do his clear duty by the 
 younger boys who naturally look to him as a leader, 
 
 [5] 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 than in any other way. For these reasons you will 
 find many paragraphs which address you as a leader 
 in the character-development of others. 
 
 The whole theory of this outline is that there is 
 some correlation between knowledge and conduct; 
 that in the long run intelligence and not ignorance 
 about the great and fundamental issues of life will 
 advance human behavior and success; and that col- 
 lege men are really seeking to find sane and fruitful 
 interpretations of the life ahead of them. 
 
 The method of question and answer is used in order 
 to give a certain greater concreteness and brevity than 
 could be had in a descriptive statement of a subject 
 having so many abstract elements. This plan may 
 sometimes give the utterances the appearance of dog- 
 matism. This is not intended. The answers are not 
 given as final. It is hoped that they may be taken 
 as the starting point for individual thinking, reading, 
 and discussion. It is thought that the topics at the 
 beginning of each chapter may be used as the basis 
 of discussion; and that the remainder, including the 
 references, may be considered as source material. 
 
 In issuing this manual for discussion, the American 
 Social Hygiene Association is glad to acknowledge its 
 indebtedness to a small, pioneer pamphlet, entitled 
 "The Home," prepared for the overseas work of the 
 Young Men's Christian Association during the war 
 by Doctor James Naismith, of the University of Kan- 
 sas, and Professor G. E. Johnson, of Yale. Chapters 
 VI and VIII in particular owe much to this earlier 
 work. 
 
 T. W. Galloway, 
 Associate Director for Sex Education, 
 American Social Hygiene Association, 
 
 [6] 
 
CHAPTER I 
 
 APPETITES AND THEIR PLACE IN UFE 
 
 Topics for Discussion 
 
 I. What are the principal elements entering into our vari- 
 ous "appetites"? 
 
 1. What part is inherited? 
 
 2. In what degree are appetites modified by experience; 
 that is to say, acquired? 
 
 II. The broad value of appetites, biologically: 
 
 1. In adjustment to external conditions (environment, 
 including social adjustment) ; 
 
 2. In adjustment to internal (physiological) needs; 
 
 3. In respect to comfort and happiness (psychical needs). 
 
 in. Why, in the light of all this, can desires, appetites, and 
 satisfactions not be ignored f 
 
 IV. Why, equally, can they not be followed blindly: 
 
 1. From the point of view of the individual's good? 
 
 2. From the point of view of social welfare? 
 
 V. What is sane in respect to individual behavior and atti- 
 tude toward the urge of appetite? 
 
 Introductory Statement 
 
 IN all the higher animals, including man, the young 
 are born with certain impulses, tendencies, and 
 wants which urge them to act in definite ways. These 
 qualities are without any doubt transmitted from gen- 
 eration to generation. Doubtless, too, they have been 
 built up in the long evolutionary history of these races 
 of animals and in man; and every one of them has an 
 important place to fill in the welfare both of the indi- 
 vidual and the species to which it belongs. They are 
 
 [7] 
 
THE SEX FACTOR IN HUMAN LIFE 
 
 to be thought of, in men no less than in animals, as 
 quite natural, normal, and hence without reproach. 
 
 Among these native impulses in ourselves are the 
 tendencies to cry out when in pain, to swallow when 
 something that tastes good is on the tongue, to seek 
 food and drink when hungry or thirsty, to repeat ac- 
 tions that give us pleasure, to imitate others, and many 
 similar ones. Many of these give us positive satisfac- 
 tions in anticipation or in actual experience, either 
 when they are aroused or when we have responded 
 to what aroused us. These inherited states are spoken 
 of as reflexes, impulses, instincts, tendencies, depending 
 on their complexity and nature. 
 
 After we are enough developed to be conscious of 
 these tendencies and impulses, and have had enough 
 experience with their satisfactions to build up a per- 
 manent attitude within us, we call them desires and 
 appetites. There is no part of our nature that has a 
 more important and controlling influence upon our in- 
 dividual or social life and conduct than these. There 
 is no part to which, therefore, we must give more in- 
 telligent attention and guidance, if we would gain from 
 them their best gifts to us. How we react to our own 
 appetites and impulses when they are aroused is the 
 best measure of our control and our character. Our 
 reactions to these are also among the most self-educa- 
 tive things we do. They really make or un-make us, 
 both as to personality and as to our adjustment to our 
 larger social life. Because appetites are normal and 
 native, it does not at all follow that they are to be 
 followed blindly. They urge us, but all experience 
 shows that we should direct them. 
 
 1. What is the value of our appetites? 
 
 They lead us to perform certain acts that are de- 
 sirable for the good of the individual or of the race or 
 of both. These acts are satisfactory because, and to 
 
 [8] 
 
APPETITES AND THEIR PLACE IN LIFE 
 
 the extent that, they tend to adjust us to the essential 
 conditions of life. For example, hunger makes sure 
 that we do our best to get satisfying food. U. of M., 
 p. 55 ; D. of M., p. 4 ; S. & L., p. 60. 
 
 2. Why is pleasure associated with the gratifica- 
 
 tion of appetites? 
 
 It makes more certain that we shall do the things 
 necessary for life, and shall be left in a satisfied state, 
 after they are done, through recalling that pleasure. 
 The pleasure of eating makes us eat more than we 
 would otherwise, and the memory of the pleasure adds 
 to the later urges of hunger. U. of M., p. 56. 
 
 3. Is pleasure and gratification, then, the prime 
 
 value and result of appetite? 
 
 It is not. It is only an incentive to and a test of 
 action. The real thing is the adjusting attitude and 
 action. Biologically the pleasure is incidental. Psycho- 
 logically the pleasure of eating may interest us very 
 much; but, biologically, it is the eating that readjusts 
 the income and outgo of the body. We shall see later 
 that the psychological values of satisfaction make life 
 richer. B. of S., p. 57 ; U. of M., Ch. IV. 
 
 4. Should the normal and natural appetites be 
 
 gratified? 
 
 Yes. They should be allowed and encouraged to 
 make their necessary constructive contribution to the 
 life of the individual and the species. 
 
 5. What standards may be used to tell when and 
 
 how appetites should be gratjfied? 
 
 (i) They should not be used at such times, nor in 
 such degree, nor in such ways as to bring injury to 
 the individual or to other members of the species. 
 
 [91 
 
THE SEX FACTOR IN HUMAN LIFE 
 
 (2) They should be used only constructively for the 
 human purposes to which they are adapted. S. & L., 
 p. 65. I 
 
 6. Why are such limitations upon appetites neces- 
 
 sary? 
 
 All appetites, accompanied by their satisfactions, 
 tend to over action. For example, most healthy persons 
 eat more than they actually need. This is a per- 
 version. Perverted use of appetites is often more 
 destructive of right adjustment than to deny them alto- 
 gether. This extreme statement is' not true of hunger ; 
 but may easily be true of anger or rivalry. Perversion 
 is also destructive of comfort and happiness. This is 
 why wisdom and understanding in the use of appetites 
 and impulses are essential to right human life. S. & L., 
 pp. 65-70. 
 
 7. What are the chief classes of human appetites 
 
 and impulses? 
 
 Broadly there are three great centers of impulses, 
 appetites, and satisfactions which are common to the 
 lower animals and man : 
 
 ( I ) Those tendencies by which animals adjust them- 
 selves to the general environment — as to light, gravity, 
 heat, cold, drouth and moisture, to the mechanical and 
 chemical conditions, and to enemies. These include 
 avoidance of pain, desire for comfortable relations, 
 fear, sense of rough contacts, discomfort from drouth 
 or lack of oxygen, and the like. It will be noticed here 
 that the active feeling and response of the animal is 
 aroused by some unfavorable condition that produces 
 discomfort. When the conditions are right the animal 
 is comfortable, and hence quiet. The satisfactions in 
 this class are not so kpen and positive as those to be 
 mentioned below. 
 
 [ID] 
 
APPETITES AND THEIR PLACE IN LIFE 
 
 (2) Those tendencies by which animals adjust them- 
 selves to food and nutrition and by which they ex- 
 press the normal activity that flows from right nutri- 
 tion. These include hunger and thirst, taste, and the 
 liking for particular types of food; also desire for ex- 
 ercise, play, work, or other form of muscular expres- 
 sion. These are primarily concerned with the health, 
 growth, and internal adjustments of the individual. 
 They are both positive and strong. 
 
 (3) Those tendencies which relate the members of a 
 species to one another. These are social and arise out 
 of and in connection with reproduction. This involves 
 an adjustment not of the individual merely, but even 
 more for the welfare of the species. Closely related 
 to this impulse arise the powerful instincts of sex 
 which have associated with them urges and satisfac- 
 tions of the very keenest sort. (See also Question 8 
 below; and Ch. II.) 
 
 (4) There is another group of appetites or "hun- 
 gers" which is peculiarly developed in man. This is 
 "curiosity" or the desire for facts, knowledge, and 
 truth. This is the basis of our intellectual adjustment 
 to the universe order. It is the means of building up a 
 science, a philosophy of life, or a religion. U. of M., 
 p. 81 ; D. of M., p. 3. 
 
 8. What is peculiar about the reproductive ten- 
 dency and impulse? 
 
 These reproductive impulses are organic and reflex 
 (rather than conscious). When an organism, whether 
 low or high, grows up to its full maturity, forces within 
 it operate to cause it to divide, or to separate a part 
 of itself. By this means new and young individuals 
 are formed. While this is an unconscious process, it 
 is essentially an unselfish one, in that it produces new 
 individuals at the expense of the old. The other classes 
 of impulses always serve to build up or adjust the in- 
 
 ["] 
 
THE SEX FACTOR IN HUMAN LIFE 
 
 dividual concerned. This reproductive impulse uses 
 the individual to propagate the species. Without it 
 there could be no species and no social order. It is the 
 beginning point of all sacrifice whatsoever. B. of S., 
 Ch. IV; S. and L,, p. 11; also Chapter II of this 
 outline. 
 
 9. What determines the biological strength of any 
 appetite? 
 
 In general the powrer and drive which any appetite 
 has is a sign that the action called for by that appetite 
 is correspondingly important in the life of those organ- 
 isms that have it. Its strength in the individual and 
 social life of animals is, therefore, broadly a measure 
 of its value. 
 
 [12] 
 
CHAPTER II 
 
 NATURE OF SEX AND SOME OF ITS EFFECTS 
 UPON HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 
 
 Topics for Discussion 
 
 I. The outstanding biological phenomena of sex and re- 
 production, as furnishing impulses, incentives, attractions, 
 appetites : 
 
 1. The central core of crude biologfical phenomena; 
 
 2. The derived psychological and social phenomena. 
 
 II. Examine the evidences that the sex nature, sex differ- 
 ences, and sex impulses of human beings have had pro- 
 found influence: 
 
 1. On individual emotions and character; 
 
 2. On social structure and standards; 
 
 3. On esthetic standards ; 
 
 4. On economic forces and processes; 
 
 5. On moral and religious ideals and conduct. 
 
 III. Can you justify the idea of sane sex-education of young 
 people on these grounds? 
 
 IV. When individual desire and satisfaction conflict with 
 social good, is it fair to use influence to guide and 
 restrain individual indulgence, even if this should entail 
 some actual distress and injury to the individual? 
 
 Introductory Statement 
 
 MOST of us confuse reproduction and sex. Sex 
 really is not necessary to reproduction. We 
 have a good many low types of organisms in which, 
 without sex, reproduction is very effective. Repro- 
 duction makes two or more individuals out of one. It 
 is always a division. Sometimes a parent divides into 
 
 [13] 
 
THE SEX FACTOR IN HUMAN LIFE 
 
 two equal parts, and is thus destroyed as a parent. In 
 other cases, as in a fern, a parent may produce a large 
 number of very small offspring. 
 
 On the other hand, biologically, sex always involves 
 a union. In its lowest form two simple, single-celled 
 individuals fuse permanently to make one. This is 
 just the opposite of reproduction. There are fewer 
 individuals after this union than there were before. 
 But the new individual formed by the union is a bet- 
 ter individual than were those which united. The 
 kinds of plantsxand animals that do not combine this 
 sexual union with their simple reproduction, although 
 they may be very numerous and successful, never 
 reach a high state of development. The addition of 
 mating and sex to reproduction in animals has greatly 
 improved the stock of animals. We do not yet know 
 all the reasons for this improvement; but we can see 
 that it is real. 
 
 In man and all the higher animals, reproduction and 
 sex, though just as opposite in their nature as they are 
 in the lower organisms, have become so closely asso- 
 ciated that we really think of them as parts of the same 
 process. For example, we combine them when we 
 speak of sexual reproduction. Since every parent has 
 sex as well as powers of reproducing, we cannot sepa- 
 rate fatherhood and motherhood (facts of reproduc- 
 tion) from mating (a sexual relation). Indeed, in 
 that remarkably valuable human institution, the home, 
 we cannot tell just how much of its fine value is due 
 to the sex love of the husband and wife and how much 
 to the devotions of parents and children. There is no 
 doubt that the love of the mother for her children, 
 which has long stood as one of the supreme devotions 
 among mankind, and the wife's love for her mate 
 powerfully reinforce each other. It is important to 
 realize, however, that there is not among the animals 
 or in primitive man any consciousness of connection 
 
 [14] 
 
NATURE OF SEX AND ITS EFFECTS 
 
 between the instincts and processes of sex and those of 
 reproduction. H. & S., Ch. I. 
 
 1. What is the primary scope and object in life 
 
 of the sex instinct and appetite? 
 
 Its prime object is to secure the mating of males 
 and females. Normally in animals and man the sex 
 instincts include as their most striking phenomena: — 
 powerful attractions between individuals leading to the 
 process of mating, and coupled thruout with remark- 
 ably keen satisfactions. Just as in all the other appe- 
 tites, its tremendous strength and keenness show how 
 important biologically is this mating. R. S. L., Ch. I ; 
 S. & L., pp. 13-18; B. of S., Ch. V; D. of M., p. 84. 
 
 2. What immediate human impulses and instincts, 
 
 elements and relations are included in, de- 
 rived from, and associated with sexual repro- 
 duction? 
 
 All the distinctive sex tastes and tendencies of males 
 and females; all the mutual attractions of males and 
 females ; courtship and marriage ; love of mates ; father- 
 hood and motherhood; the devotions and sacrifices of 
 parents for children ; brotherhood and sisterhood ; home 
 and home ideals ; all the mental associations connected 
 with the home. B. of S., p. 3 ; S. & L., p. 20; R. S. L., 
 p. 6; D. of M., p. 88. 
 
 3. What more remote personal and social states 
 
 and inspirations arise from sex and reproduc- 
 tion? 
 
 All elements of social structure and of civilization 
 that are based on the home. The esthetic sense and 
 our standards of beauty and attractiveness first arose 
 about sex phenomena. For example, the attraction of 
 the males and females for one another is the earliest 
 form of strong individual attraction in lower species 
 
 [IS] 
 
THE SEX FACTOR IN HUMAN LIFE 
 
 of animals. The most basal attractions {sex) fur- 
 nished the first forms of attractiveness {"beauty"). 
 The sympathy that becomes the basis for any general 
 human consideration and brotherhood has its origin 
 in the sex-produced family. The first steps of service, 
 sacrifice, and social consecration are taken at the same 
 point. Historically, religion has always been closely 
 intertwined with sexual observances, and the religious 
 development of the individual has one of its chief roots 
 in his sexual development. The most inspiring con- 
 ception we have of God as head of the universe is as 
 "Father," with the dominating motive of "Love." Both 
 concepts arise in sex. It is not too much to say that 
 all our human loves and affections spring biologically 
 from reproduction and sex and from the associations 
 that later grow out of these. S. & L., p. 20; B. of S., 
 pp. 3, 67; R. S. L., pp. 10-13; D. of M., p. 119. 
 
 4. Among the various biological factors of life (see 
 
 also Ch. 1:8) how do reproduction and sex 
 rank in influence? 
 
 The other factors, as nutrition and proper relation 
 to the environment, make for selfish safety and per- 
 sonal growth and development, which must come first. 
 Sex also contributes greatly to individual development ; 
 but (probably more than all the other factors together) 
 sex and reproduction add to the social, esthetic, moral, 
 and ettiotional life of man and the higher animals. 
 
 5. & L., p. 4; B. of S., p. 32; R. S. L., Ch. I. 
 
 5. What is the primary difference between males 
 and females (i. e., the sexes) ? 
 
 The essential difference between males and females, 
 between a male body and female body, is not the body 
 itself. These bodily differences are spoken of as sec- 
 ondary. The great and primary difference is that egg 
 cells are being carried and matured in the female body, 
 
 [16] 
 
NATURE OF SEX AND ITS EFFECTS 
 
 and sperm cells are being matured in the male body. 
 Even the sexual organs (testes and ovaries), in which 
 the sperm cells and egg cells are developed, are sec- 
 ondary to the germ cells themselves. In all the higher 
 animals one of the sperm cells must unite with one of 
 these egg cells to start a new individual of the species. 
 This is the real act of sex and the purpose of mating 
 and is called fertilisation. B. of S., pp. 38, 44 ; S. & L., 
 pp. IS, 27; G. C.C, p. 19. 
 
 6. What effects do these egg and sperm cells pro- 
 
 duce in the parental body in which they are 
 being carried and matured? 
 
 Male and female individuals (bodies) are not created 
 outright as males or females, and then later in life 
 produce eggs or sperm because they are female or male. 
 On the contrary the sex quality of the primitive egg 
 and sperm cells is determined before the sex of the 
 body begins to show. The development of female cells 
 (eggs) within a body causes, in part at least, the de- 
 velopment of the female characteristics of that body; 
 and the development of the sperm sex cells helps to 
 cause the body which contains them to be male. B. W. 
 B., p. 36; S. & L., p. 23; B. of S., p. 46; G. C. C, 
 Ch. II; H. & S., p. 15. 
 
 7. How do we know this? 
 
 We are able to remove these sex cells from the body 
 very early in life. In some animals, if we so castrate 
 a body, — ^that is remove or destroy the male or female 
 cells, — very early in life, before the characteristic male 
 or female differences of body appear, and even before 
 the sex glands proper are formed, these sex features 
 may be altogether prevented from developing. The 
 body may grow, but it will be neutral in character. 
 Again we may take, in certain animals, such an unde- 
 veloped castrated body, neutral and destitute of sex 
 
 [T7l 
 
THE SEX FACTOR IN HUMAN LIFE 
 
 marks, and graft proper sex glands from another ani- 
 mal of the same species. Under these conditions the 
 appropriate male or female sex-marks may develop 
 in the body. 
 
 In some species it has even been found that to im- 
 plant ovaries from a female into a castrated male, 
 even fairly late in life, gives to this male body some 
 distinct female features. H. & S., Ch. V; R. S. L., pp. 
 12-15; B. of S., p. 46. 
 
 8. What are some of the special physical, derived 
 
 male characteristics in man? 
 
 Aside from the external sex organs and their par- 
 ticular functions, the principal are: the greater size 
 and height of the bones and body, muscular rugged- 
 ness and strength, deeper voice, coarseness of skin, 
 greater hairiness of body and face, slower rate of 
 maturing, and the like. R. S. L., Ch. 2 ; B. of S., p. 
 47;S. &L., p. 27. 
 
 9. What are the special derived human female 
 
 characteristics? 
 
 Aside from the sex organs and their functions are: 
 the smaller and more curving body; greater deposit 
 of fat beneath the skin, smoother skin, greater develop- 
 ment of the mammary glands, more highly pitched 
 voice, and more rapid maturing. B. of S., p. 48; S. & 
 t., p. 27. 
 
 10. Are there any secondary differences between 
 
 men and women in mental and tempera- 
 mental qualities? 
 
 There is difference of opinion about this. Educa- 
 tion is so powerful, and we have so long been educat- 
 ing boys and girls differently that any differences we 
 find are even more likely to be due to our artificial 
 education than to inherent sex causes, 
 
 [18] 
 
NATURE OF SEX AND ITS EFFECTS 
 
 Nevertheless, by analogy with the animals below 
 man (as the birds), it is not probable that the impor- 
 tant bodily and functional sex and reproductive differ- 
 ences which we see could exist without producing some 
 accompanying native mental and temperamental dis- 
 tinctions. The instincts and temperaments of male 
 and female birds are often as different as their bodies. 
 Probably very little of "education" enters here. The 
 terms "manly" and "womanly" have certain very defi- 
 nite meanings which include esthetic, emotional, tem- 
 peramental, and spiritual ideas to us, some elements of 
 which will probably be found to b? native sex differ- 
 ences, and not merely the result of social education. 
 S. & L., p. 29; B. of S., p. 45. 
 
 11. Wliat differences in sex impulses and appe- 
 tites are found in males and females? 
 
 In females: The production of eggs is inclined to 
 be seasonal or periodic in animals, including man. In 
 animals that carry the young inside the body (as the 
 mammals) eggs are not produced during pregnancy. 
 The females in many higher forms therefore have a 
 "season" of very keen sexual desire corresponding 
 roughly with the times of egg-production. Between 
 reproductive seasons the desire may be entirely want- 
 ing for long periods. From the best data we have, 
 therefore, it seems that the female sexual appetite is, 
 on the average, less keen and more seasonal than in 
 the males. 
 
 In the case of humans particularly, the sex impulses 
 do not express their whole energy in mere physical 
 acts. Through this unused energy the sex emotions 
 may associate with, complicate, and sublimate every in- 
 terest and relation in life. It is in these higher emo- 
 tional, rational, spiritual, and social refinements and 
 irradiations of sex that man most differs from the 
 lower animals. Likewise it is in them that we have 
 some of the most striking sex differences between men 
 
 [19] 
 
THE SEX FACTOR IN HUMAN LIFE 
 
 and women. It is probably true that the somewhat 
 less keen bodily sex appetite in women is associated 
 with and allows a greater development of the higher 
 and more spiritual phases of the impulse. This differ- 
 ence in the trend of male and female evolutions, and 
 in the strength and character of the sex desires in men 
 and women, and the failure of both men and women 
 to recognize the difference, are the cause of much 
 marital misunderstanding and unhappiness. 
 
 In males: Sperm cells are being produced more 
 nearly all the time. Males may be more sexually ac- 
 tive at certain seasons than others; but usually the 
 seasons are much longer, and frequently the males can 
 be aroused to maximum intensity at any time through 
 the special senses, or otherwise. This condition of being 
 easily aroused is found particularly in the polygamous 
 or promiscuous types, — such as chickens, dogs, horses, 
 or cattle. This is peculiarly true also of human males 
 (and in some degree of females), because of the large 
 conscious element in our life. This extra urge due to 
 consciousness makes conscious control all the more 
 necessary. S. & L., p. 30 ; R. S. L., pp. 2-5. 
 
 12. How do these basal biological differences work 
 
 out in the sex life of the males and females? 
 The function of the female is more that of repro- 
 duction and care of the young, and she has instincts, 
 habits, impulses, and attitudes that attract the male, 
 and that aid this unselfish task of reproduction. The 
 male on the other hand, with the function of seeking, 
 winning, and fertilizing the female, develops a more 
 self-gratif)ang group of qualities. He is naturally 
 more imperious and less considerate of others in his 
 sex desires. B. of S., p. 57. 
 
 13. What are the classes of stimuli that arouse 
 
 males to a state of sexual desire for the mat- 
 ing process? 
 
 [20] 
 
NATURE OF SEX AND ITS EFFECTS 
 
 (a) The inner, basal physiological processes; (b) 
 handling or other physical incitement of the organs; 
 (c) external appeals through the senses; (d) psycho- 
 logical states. R. S. L., Ch. VI. 
 
 14. What are the inner physiological stimuli of 
 
 the sex appetite? 
 
 Of course all stimuli are physiological; but in the 
 limited use of the term we mean internal processes 
 quite out of the range of consciousness, which acting 
 reflexly or automatically may gradually arouse the 
 organism to sexual desire. These are: 
 
 ( i) The hormones or internal secretions of the testes 
 and ovaries seem to furnish a general stimulating or 
 tonic basis for sex desires as well as for the develop- 
 ment of the organs. This is evident in the different 
 temperament of castrated and uncastrated male ani- 
 mals. 
 
 (2) The reflexes set up by the filling of the seminal 
 cavities with sperm and the accompanying secretions. 
 
 (3) Pressure exerted by distended bladder, rectum, 
 etc. 
 
 (4) Possibly the artificial derangement of the in- 
 ternal nervous controls by the use of stimulants or 
 unhygienic living. 
 
 (5) Abnormal formations, adhesions, and irritations 
 of the sex organs. 
 
 15. Do these normal physiological stimuli create 
 
 a biological necessity for gratifying the sex 
 appetite? 
 
 They do not. This is shown by the fact that, if un- 
 relieved voluntarily, the seminal vesicles will empty 
 themselves by the perfectly natural and harmless way 
 of emissions, usually at night. This relieves periodi- 
 cally whatever nervous tensions are due to the accu- 
 mulation, and helps to make sexual intercourse un- 
 necessary for health, 
 
 [21] 
 
THE SEX FACTOR IN HUMAN LIFE 
 
 Emptying the bladder and rectum immediately re- 
 lieves any sexual excitation due to them. D, of M., 
 p. 13, K. F. R; R. S. L., Ch. V; S. & L., p. 41. 
 
 Abnormalities should be removed where possible by 
 surgical operation. 
 
 16. Hov^ does direct stimulation of the sex organs 
 
 operate? 
 All the sex organs are highly nervous and vjrell sup- 
 plied with blood vessels. Any artificial rubbing or 
 handling is likely to set off a reflex that causes an ex- 
 pansion of blood vessels and allows an excessive amount 
 of blood to go to the organs. This enlarges them and 
 makes the individual still more conscious of them. This 
 erection of the genitals may be accompanied by con- 
 scious sex desire. The organs may be made perma- 
 nently over-sensitive by this practice if long continued, 
 and the consciousness of the whole sex reflex be made 
 imhealthily alert. 
 
 17. What are the appeals through the higher 
 
 senses and how do they operate? 
 The sight of the female, or in many animals the 
 odor or the voice of her, may instinctively and nor- 
 mally arouse sex desires in the male. Suggestive ges- 
 tures and actions, pictures, stories, contacts, exposure 
 of parts of the female body not usually exposed may 
 operate similarly to stimulate the sex desires. Con- 
 sciousness plays an important part in this result among 
 human beings. 
 
 18. How do the mental processes urge toward sex 
 
 expression? 
 Curiosity is continually driving us to give our atten- 
 tion to interesting things. In consequence our thoughts 
 consciously dwell upon our various desires and capac- 
 ities for enjoyment. Our imagination is continually 
 picturing past experiences and possible future indul- 
 gences. If these concern themselves with sex situa- 
 tions, as there is every inducement to do, these situa- 
 
 [22] 
 
NATURE OF SEX AND ITS EFFECTS 
 
 tions may be brought so acutely into consciousness as 
 to arose the sex appetite at any moment, — apparently 
 without the slightest sensuous or physiological stimu- 
 lation. Ideas may serve either to reinforce or to in- 
 hibit our motor responses. 
 
 19. What are some of the ways in which the social 
 
 conditions influence these sex incitements? 
 (i) By encouraging the various causes of sex ex- 
 citement — as immodest dress, close dancing, "spoon- 
 ing," vulgarly suggestive shows, nude pictures, voluptu- 
 ous stories and books. 
 
 (2) By a low state of public opinion with respect to 
 sex standards, relations, and behavior. 
 
 (3) By lengthening the period between sex maturity 
 and marriage, through our increasingly unsocial 
 economic conditions. 
 
 20. Does it follow, from all these natural and arti- 
 
 ficial urges toward sex indulgence, that a 
 man should indulge in sex intercourse? 
 They certainly point to the fact that sex intercourse 
 is a perfectly normal human expectation. The expres- 
 sion of the impulse, however, depends upon many other 
 considerations. It is necessary for racial propagation ; 
 but there is no scientific evidence, either from men or 
 other animals, that sexual intercourse is necessary for 
 physical health. The sex impulses are in no sense self- 
 preservative qualities, as hunger is. Apparently there 
 are natural devices which relieve any physical strains 
 that arise from the natural sexual incitements, — and 
 without intercourse. If the sources of stimulation are 
 artificial they may be met by remedial measures. Fur- 
 thermore the idea of "biological necessity" is so obvi- 
 ously coupled with selfish and partisan interests as to 
 give it the quality of special bias. The justification of 
 sex indulgence must be on other grounds than biological 
 necessity. 
 
 [23] 
 
THE SEX FACTOR IN HUMAN LIFE 
 
 21, Is it mentally, emotionally, or spiritually in- 
 
 jurious for one to be compelled to control, 
 master, and guide as powerful and persistent 
 an appetite as that of sex — even if this in- 
 volves permanent abstinence from the sexual 
 act? Is there any "psychological necessity"? 
 This is the most vital question we can ask about 
 it. Several of the later questions undertake to analyze 
 this in the light of our best human understanding of 
 it. (See Chs. IV, V, and VII.) At this point the 
 thoughtful consideration of a still more fundamental 
 question will help in answering this one: — Hasn't all 
 the advance of the human race away from pure ani- 
 malism progressively involved just this thing of fight- 
 ing and mastering the more animal and instinctive as- 
 pects of indulgence for the finer forms of satisfaction? 
 If this is true there must be also a method of mastery 
 in respect to sex which is both satisfying and develop- 
 ing. Our problem is to find it. At present there is no 
 adequate evidence that there is any intrinsic psycholog- 
 ical necessity for sex indulgence either in men or 
 women. 
 
 22. Are there, on the other hand, aiiy compelling 
 
 reasons why individuals should control and 
 master the desires for sex gratification in 
 accordance with our best monogamous 
 standards? 
 There are vital and positive reasons both of indi- 
 vidual and social nature. Much of the remainder of 
 the discussion is given to portraying the reasons for 
 right control and guidance of the sex nature. Even 
 if it should be shown that abstinence is in some cases 
 both physiologically and psychologically injurious to 
 the individual, the final test must be the total welfare 
 and progress of society. The impulses and functions 
 are essentially social ones and must be used for social 
 ends rather than merely selfishly, 
 
 [24] 
 
CHAPTER III 
 
 RIGHT AND WRONG USES OF APPETITES 
 
 Topics for Discussion 
 
 I. The two great functions of appetites: — 
 
 1. Internal satisfaction, pleasure, happiness, — leading to 
 
 2. Actions that adjust the organism to its essential needs. 
 Why is each important? Relative importance? 
 
 II. Why is it that man has, and cannot escape, the "moral 
 dilemma"? Show how our peculiarly efficient form of 
 consciousness, working upon our animal appetites, in- 
 sures that we must choose. 
 
 III. Show why man's dilemma is a higher, more developing 
 one than animals could experience. 
 
 IV. What are the strong and what the weak elements in the 
 idea that each individual should get his adjustments by 
 "trial and error," through his own experience? What 
 will make this increasingly impossible if civilization is to 
 progress ? 
 
 Introductory Statement 
 
 OUR biological studies then indicate that the value 
 of appetites to animals is very great. The drive 
 of the appetite itself and the satisfactions which come 
 in gratifying it are to make sure that it shall do its 
 necessary work. Satisfying or giving pleasure is not 
 at all the primary end of the appetites, though this may 
 be all of which the animal is conscious. This is quite 
 incidental to' their real biological value. This deeper 
 end is to adapt and adjust the individual's behavior to 
 the great facts and forces of life in a way that will 
 
 [25] 
 
THE SEX FACTOR IN HUMAN LIFE 
 
 make for success. Broadly speaking, when an animal 
 is most comfortable its adjustment is most nearly right, 
 biologically. When it is suffering pain and discomfort 
 and unsatisfied longings it is poorly adjusted and some 
 action is called for. Appetites thus lead to satisfac- 
 tions and toward behavior which is both satisfying and 
 adaptive. To secure this effective adjustment to the 
 essential conditions of life is their right use. 
 
 There are then three important sets of facts to con- 
 sider about any appetite (for us humans who can ap- 
 proach these things consciously) : 
 
 (i) The pleasure or satisfaction it brings to the in- 
 dividual ; 
 
 (2) The adaptive value of the function to the indi- 
 vidual ; and 
 
 (3) The contribution it makes to the welfare and 
 progress of the race. 
 
 The possibility of wrong use of appetites arises from 
 the fact that we may give so much, attention to the 
 mere sensual and emotional pleasure or discomfort 
 as to lose sight of the fundamental adaptation which 
 is the real end both of the appetite and the pleasure. 
 This leads to the attitude of "pleasure for pleasure's 
 sake," which is not biologically nor morally sound. It 
 leads to licentiousness and demoralization rather than 
 to adaptation and life. This attitude is meant when 
 the term lust is used in this discussion. 
 
 It is doubtful whether we humans have yet dis- 
 covered any ultimate "end" which is big enough to be 
 for "its own sake." Certainly pleasure for its own sake 
 is wholly inadequate. All our best purposes are as yet 
 means to better ends. Perhaps "abundant life" is as 
 nearly an end as we can state; and this seems to de- 
 pend on promotion of personal and social self-realiza- 
 tion and on discovery of and a full adjustment to 
 "truth." For example, some men feel that research, 
 knowledge, "pure science" are worthy ends of life. 
 
 [26] 
 
RIGHT AND WRONG USE OF APPETITES 
 
 But unless there is developed an intelligence and moral- 
 ity adequate to save and guide the world in the search 
 and in the applications, science itself is utterly futile. 
 
 1. What is the state of the appetites, and of the 
 
 indulgence of them among the animals? 
 
 Probably in the very lowest animals there are no 
 definite appetites nor any exact sense of comfort or 
 discomfort. But well down the animal kingdom these 
 sensations doubtless exist. In a normal wild state of 
 birds and mammals, for example, the various appetites 
 of hunger, thirst, sex, and the like have become clear 
 cut and adjusted to their biological work. They are 
 just about strong enough to drive the animals to such 
 activities as will preserve them and their species. The 
 satisfactions are keen enough to reward and insure 
 action, but not keen enough under normal circum- 
 stances to produce excessive and destructive indul- 
 gence. 
 
 2. Do animals show perversion and over-indul- 
 / gence of their appetites? 
 
 Normally, no. Unless for some reason the animals 
 are under highly abnormal conditions that deprive them 
 or incite them in ways to which they are unaccustomed 
 and unadjusted, their impulses merely take care of 
 their actual needs. They do not lead to riotous indul- 
 gence. S. & L., p. 6i. 
 
 3. What is the normal cycle of an animal appetite? 
 
 (i) The gradual rising of hunger or the sex im- 
 pulse through the natural causes which operate physio- 
 logically to set up tensions and yearnings inside the 
 animal; (2) the physiological response of the animal 
 in seeking to satisfy the desires; (3) the gratification 
 of the desire, and the satisfaction that comes with it; 
 (4) the relaxation of tension through the satisfaction 
 
 [27] 
 
THE SEX FACTOR IN HUMAN LIFE 
 
 back to a state of mere comfort and indifference, until 
 the impulse is again aroused. All these are just effec- 
 tive enough to insure a suitable rh)rthm of behavior 
 made up of desire, activity, satisfaction, and rest. We 
 grow thirsty ; we have a sense of discomfort ; we seek 
 water; we drink and enjoy it; our thirst ceases for a 
 time. 
 
 4. What is the cause of man's specially powerful 
 
 tendency to overdo, and thus to pervert, his 
 desires and appetites? 
 
 Man has the same cycle of rise and fall of acute 
 desire which the higher animals have ; he has the same 
 keen satisfactions. He has also definite consciousness 
 of his present desires, which we are not sure exists in 
 any other animals in equal degree ; and more important 
 still he has imagination (memory) which enables him 
 to reimage in the present the satisfactions of his past 
 desires to an extent, probably, that no other animal can. 
 Likewise imagination gives him the power to antici- 
 pate the satisfaction that will accompany the future 
 gratification of a present desire, and thus brings that 
 also into the present in consciousness. In all of these 
 ways present appetites are made more powerfid than 
 in animals and are kept alive through longer periods. 
 These are the biological facts back of "wish" attitude 
 and purpose. 
 
 In humans, therefore, all our appetites and satis- 
 factions are strengthened by consciousness beyond what 
 nature needs. This, taken into connection with the 
 artificial sensual and emotional ways in which our 
 sex desires can be aroused, makes our urge to sex in- 
 dulgence very much stronger than it should be, and 
 makes necessary some adequate control of it not to be 
 found in the instincts themselves. S. & L., p. 6i. 
 
 5. How do these biological and psychological facts 
 
 affect human life in practice? 
 
 [28] 
 
RIGHT AND WKONG USE OF APPETITES 
 
 They make it impossible for us human beings to live 
 the rather more simple, unmoral, biological existence 
 of the higher animal. The first effect of the human 
 type of consciousness is to make sure that we shall 
 over-indulge these too-much-strengthened appetites. 
 This over-indulgence, however, gives experience. 
 Over-indulgence in eating or sex activity or any great 
 function brings a reaction which is not satisfying, — 
 of satiety, lassitude, sometimes pain and disease. Later, 
 as our own internal standards develop from the re- 
 sults of experience, and as individuals bring these to- 
 gether into social opinion, such over-indulgence or 
 wrong indulgence produces an increasingly uncom- 
 fortable sense of regret, self-condemnation, disgust, 
 and remorse. 
 
 It is this conflict within us, between these two re- 
 sults of consciousness — the tendency to over-indulge 
 because of excessive desire and to control because of 
 experience — which makes choice, personal obligation, 
 and morals possible and inevitable in human evolution. 
 
 5. & L., p. 6i. 
 
 6. If it is true that the race has achieved its moral 
 
 controls by following its lusts and then learn- 
 ing by experience that it is not a good thing 
 to follow one's lusts, will this not also be 
 the best way for each individual to make 
 this discovery? In other words because the 
 race had to get its experience by "sovidng its 
 wild oats," is this not also the logical method 
 for the individual? 
 
 To accept this means that the individual cannot 
 profit by the experience of the race. The outstand- 
 ing meaning of education is to save unnecessary and 
 undesirable experience. The most distinctive mark of 
 humanity is that we have forms of consciousness that 
 enable us to receive, and get profitable personal atti- 
 
 [29] 
 
THE SEX FACTOR IN HUMAN LIFE 
 
 tudes from the experiences of others. This is possible 
 because of intelligence, ideas, and reason. We thus 
 get a "short cut" in life. It is vicarious learning. If 
 this were not so there could be no progress, for each 
 individual would of necessity begin at the beginning 
 and be compelled to repeat the racial mistakes, and so 
 could never do more than catch up and the whole race 
 could go only one generation's journey into experi- 
 ence! 
 
 There is no point at which this great saving of time 
 and personality by means of instruction is so valuable 
 as in connection with appetites and their satisfaction. 
 S. & L., pp. 9, 65. 
 
 7. What then is the sound biological and social 
 attitude for humans to take with respect to 
 these powrerful animal desires, reinforced as 
 they are by our own memory, imagination and 
 thought? 
 
 Is it not to find, by the fullest application of our 
 human powers ( i ) just what various contributions these 
 appetites may make to the individual, — of satisfaction", 
 happiness, growth; (2) what thpy should do for so- 
 ciety; and (3) how to control and guide them in such 
 a way that they may give the greatest value and satis- 
 faction to the whole of life in performing their normal 
 biological work? As a program, does this not com- 
 mend itself to experience and thought as more sane 
 than the unrestrained indulgence of each sensuous im- 
 pulse as it arises ? The remaining chapters of this book 
 comprise an effort to find sex expressions which will 
 lead toward these greater satisfactions and values. 
 
 [3°: 
 
CHAPTER IV 
 
 THE DIRECTION OF APPETITES THROUGH 
 SUBLIMATION 
 
 Topics for Discussion 
 
 I. What are the diflferentiating marks of the three chief 
 ways, indicated below, by which sex (or other) impulses 
 may be guided or controlled? 
 
 1. By forceful repression,^-visua.lly involving some form 
 of force or fear. 
 
 2. By substituting for the motive some other interest in 
 such a way as to displace or delay the original. 
 
 3. By refining, combining, and sublimating the impulse and 
 thus having it express itself on a higher level, one 
 that furnishes more broad and permanent satisfactions. 
 
 II. The vital place of satisfactions in any education of the 
 emotions, character, and behavior. Is it possible to edu- 
 cate satisfaction? Value of this? 
 
 III. Why is forcible repression of acts and impulses, whether 
 by the person himself or by others, not an ideal way to 
 control? Is it ever legitimate to appeal to fear? 
 
 IV. Can you formulate for your own guidance something bet- 
 ter and more positive than such appeals? 
 
 Introductory Statement 
 
 IN social organisms such as man, in whom all the 
 appetites are overstrong because of consciousness, 
 there will always be two reasons why these enlarged 
 desires must be controlled : ( i ) Over-indulgence ulti- 
 mately works harm to the best adjustment and happi- 
 ness of the individual himself. (2) As society 
 grows older and more experienced it makes demands 
 
 [31] 
 
THE SEX FACTOR IN HUMAN LIFE 
 
 on the new individuals that they conform their choices 
 to its standards based upon its experiences and inter- 
 pretations. This may demand of individuals total ab- 
 stinence from indulgence of appetites. 
 
 There will always be in each individual, then, two 
 elements of struggle: (i) a struggle within himself 
 amongst the various individual desires that urge him; 
 and (2) between his own desires and the social stand- 
 ards. The young individual is largely at the mercy 
 of society in this. He has not the experience to solve 
 this struggle wisely. Unless society learns to help the 
 individual in his inner struggle with his desires, and 
 also to inspire him to develop within himself the right 
 social sense, rather than force upon him an arbitrary 
 social code, no individual can hope to develop a normal* 
 and spontaneous personality while taking upon Mmself 
 the standards demanded by the progress of society. 
 
 Theoretically the individual, or society, may do one 
 of the following things to guide an over-strong appe- 
 tite or motive in life : — 
 
 (i) The impulse may be suppressed by force or 
 fear, or shame, or by some similar method into con- 
 formity to social and moral codes, with no respect to 
 the effects which such violent repression may work in 
 the individual. Threat of punishment, for example, is 
 the common method whereby parents seek to curb the 
 natural desires of their children. 
 
 (2) Other motives and interests may be substi- 
 tuted for it, based upon the fact that full energy and 
 attention cannot be used on two interests at once. For 
 example, if strength and time are given to athletics or 
 business, clearly less energy can be given to dissipation 
 or sex indulgence. , 
 
 (3) The appetite itself may be refined, redirected^ 
 and guided into more catholic channels. This is called 
 "sublimation." It implies that appetites are complex;' 
 
 [32] 
 
THE DIRECTION OF APPETITES THROUGH SUBLIMATION 
 
 that some of the desires and satisfactions connected 
 with an appetite are more upbuilding and far-reaching 
 than others ; that we can get the grosser phases of the 
 indulgence controlled by getting the more refined satis- 
 factions clearly before consciousness. It also implies 
 that the individual has imagination enough to look 
 ahead and to believe that it will pay in satisfaction to 
 give up the present physical enjoyment for the later 
 and larger social, more humane, and complete enjoy- 
 ment. For example, the impulse of hunger and the 
 pleasures of taste are very strong drives to induce a 
 child tb eat at once a store of candy. Suppose, how- 
 ever, a favorite cousin is to come to visit him on the 
 following day, it is a refined use of these same motives 
 to cause the child to see that he will get more total 
 pleasure out of keeping the candy, and eating only 
 one-half of it himself, while giving half of it to the 
 visitor. He thus gets only one-half the grosser pleas- 
 ure ; but he has coupled with it the companionship, the. 
 generous pleasure of sharing, the joy of being an effec- 
 tive host, etc., and secures a more complete and lasting 
 satisfaction and memory than he could possibly have 
 out of eating it all immediately. The hopeful thing 
 about it is that a normal child, who has been trained a 
 very little in this sort of thing does really find a greater 
 pleasure in this type of solution. It is not a pedagogical 
 "dodge"; it is the essence of development, provided 
 we see to it faithfully that the child has as his reward 
 all the comfort of spirit that comes from the more re- 
 fined choices. It is only by the help and encouragement 
 and approval of his elders that the child can be brought 
 to trust these more subtle pleasures as against the more 
 simple and sensuous ones. This principle is not con- 
 fined to childhood. 
 
 1. What are the factors in any appetite, which we 
 must consider if we are to get its best con- 
 tribution to our lives? 
 
 [33] 
 
THE SEX FACTOR IN HUMAN LIFE 
 
 (i) The nature, strength, and direction of the urge 
 of each appetite. 
 
 (2) The various grades of pleasure and satisfaction 
 which may come through it. 
 
 (3) The personal and social efifects of free and un- 
 limited indulgence ; and equally the personal and social 
 effects and satisfactions of proper control. What is 
 proper control in each case — mere guarding against 
 over-indulgence or complete abstinence.^ Why? 
 
 (4) The best means of gaining control and direc- 
 tion of the appetite and its impulses. 
 
 2. Are all the satisfactions connected with any 
 one of our interests and appetites of the same 
 quaUty and value? 
 
 They are not. Consider the kinds of satisfaction that 
 may be associated with hunger and eating. We may 
 enjoy the tender side of a porter-house steak in exactly 
 the same gross way that a hungry dog would, but even 
 more keenly. Or we may eat it socially with friends, 
 and almost forget the grosser satisfaction, except as a 
 mere accompaniment to this higher type of satisfaction. 
 This is dining instead of gorging. Or again we may 
 get greater and more lasting satisfaction from it by 
 giving it altogether to our wife or to a hungry child, — 
 eating for ourselves something else that we care much 
 less for. Here we sacrifice and share. These are all 
 satisfactions in respect to the beefsteak ; but it is easy 
 to see that they do not come from the same type of 
 motive and conduct. 
 
 Or consider our instincts and desires relative to pos- 
 sessions. We may get pleasure in the mere owning, 
 hoarding, and accumulating of money; or we may en- 
 joy it for what we can buy with it, and spent it as fast 
 as we get it ; or we may deprive ourselves of the pleas- 
 ure of spending it in indulgence in order that we 
 may accumulate it to accomplish some high social pur- 
 
 [34] 
 
THE DIRECTION OF APPETITES THROUGH SUBLIMATION 
 
 pose later, and thus get satisfaction from a permanent 
 and lasting service which it may render to others. In 
 these instances we are refining and enlarging an in- 
 terest by combining it with others. S. & L., p. 54, 65. 
 
 3. What is the effect in human personality of this 
 
 fact that such different grades of possible 
 satisfaction are thus associated with a single 
 biological impulse? 
 It has a surprisingly beneficent effect. It gives 
 opportunity for more varied behavior in connection 
 with any of our appetites, and thus makes conduct 
 more complex. It increases the range of happiness, 
 and forces one to weigh and to discrimmate between 
 the various types of satisfaction, to estimate their in- 
 tensity and their permanence, and to estimate the effects 
 of the different actions upon oneself and others. It 
 therefore increases the range of choice and of the sense 
 of personal responsibility in respect to conduct, and 
 thus makes for richness of life and for character. It 
 makes it possible to feel that some forms of satisfac- 
 tion and behavior are higher, better, and saner, more 
 beautiful, outreaching, and worthy than others. It de- 
 velops thus a sense of values, of proportion, of per- 
 spective, without which life would be drab indeed. 
 S. & L., pp. 54, 68, 76; M. H. C, Ch. VII. 
 
 4. Is human nature really making progress when 
 
 it becomes able to deny itself a more obvious, 
 
 physical, primitive, and gross satisfaction in 
 
 order to enjoy later a higher, more refined, 
 
 more social kind? 
 
 It most certainly is. As a matter of fact this is just 
 
 the way in which our higher progress is always made. 
 
 This is the way by which we have gradually drawn up 
 
 from selfish competitive individualism in life to some 
 
 degree of social sympathy and conduct; from gro.es 
 
 physical standards to intellectual and spiritual holdings ;■ 
 
 [35] 
 
THE SEX FACTOR IN HUMAN LIFE 
 
 from pure materialism to a mixture of materialism and 
 idealism. This is called "sublimating" or "spiritualiz- 
 ing" our appetites and their satisfactions. It is the 
 finest and most enriching thing th^t we, as human be- 
 ings, are capable of doing. S. & L., p. 76; U. of M., 
 p. 21. 
 
 5. Is there any danger in this effort to refine and 
 improve our standards and ideals of pleas- 
 ure and behavior? 
 
 There is. Indeed, the whole process is surrounded 
 by most real dangers. If this delicate machinery of 
 refinement is not used in accordance with its real nature 
 and genius it may be most grievously wrecked. 
 
 For example, mature people become convinced by a 
 combination of experience, prejudice, traditions, super- 
 stition, teaching, and thinking that it is "wrong" for 
 young people to gratify certain natural impulses, as, — 
 taking whatever seems attractive to them, or playing 
 when they should be at work, or engaging in some 
 special form of dissipation of which we do not approve. 
 We seek to prevent them from doing the things which 
 we condemn. It may well be that these are unwise 
 things for young people to do. We pass laws against 
 stealing; we prohibit dancing; we forbid this or that 
 gratification, and require the individual to do things in 
 which he takes no interest. We try to refine the nature 
 by repressing impulses because it is much the easiest 
 and least thoughtful thing for mature people to do; 
 not at all because it is the wise thing. It is much too 
 simple to be true! 
 
 If we completely fail in our undertaking, we make 
 rebels, sneaks, and law-breakers out of our young peo-,^ 
 pie. If we seem to succeed we either make hypocritesl 
 of them or we merely cause them by external and arbi-*^ 
 trary force to repress into their unconsciousness these 
 tabooed desires and impulses. The result is a perma- 
 
 [36] 
 
THE DIRECTION OF APPETITES THROUGH SUBLIMATION 
 
 nent and unnecessary conflict in personality, in which 
 this arbitrarily repressed impulse continues to seek ex- 
 pression. When the restraints are removed the indi- 
 vidual may break over, because there has been no real 
 and convinced acceptance of the repression ; or in the 
 face of the restraints the desire may work itself out 
 in most unexpected and perverse forms of compensa- 
 tion. There has been no actual development of satis- 
 fied control or of character. U. of M., Ch. IV ; M. C 
 R, Ch. IV. 
 
 6. Does this mean that young people are to be 
 
 allowed to do just what impulse says, and 
 that there is to be no repression of desires 
 and conduct by them? 
 
 Not at all. One side of our progress from physical 
 to spiritual, from lower to higher, is the repression of 
 some qualities that others may have a chance. We 
 grow by forgetting outgrown states. We cease to be 
 interested in things which gave us keen pleasure in 
 childhood. We give up old habits in new situations. 
 We cannot have adult ambitions if we do not at the 
 proper time repress or refine our childish ones. M. H. 
 C, pp. 59-63. 
 
 7. What precautions must be taken then in all 
 
 such efforts to repress the grosser, more 
 primitive aspects of desire? 
 
 We ought not to repress the lower impulses by ex- 
 ternal force, or through fear or shame or other device 
 that is merely arbitrary. This might change conduct; 
 but it does not convince personality. We must convince 
 the whole personality; not force a part of it. Just as 
 soon as the child learns that it can get more pleasure 
 by a fair mutual sharing of toys with another child it 
 becomes easy to repress its first impulse to deny to the 
 other child any use of its playthings. The youth must 
 
 [37] 
 
THE SEX FACTOR IN HUMAN LIFE 
 
 really see that he gains a higher satisfaction by giving 
 up the lower; that social types of behavior give more 
 enlarging relations and satisfactions than narrow and 
 selfish conduct. 
 
 Repression, to be healthy, must not leave a struggle 
 in a personality not fully conyinced of the good of the 
 repression. Repressions like just government must be 
 with the full consent of the governed if they are to be 
 educative. Of course we are not referring here to 
 those rare occasions when repression may be necessary 
 as an emergency measure. We are speaking of it 
 solely as an educative measure. 
 
 8. What more does sublimation require? 
 
 Sublimation always implies the use of a satisfaction, 
 naturally and normally connected with the desire in 
 question, — a satisfaction entirely convincing to the per- 
 son himself, a pleasure of a more refined and unselfish 
 type, one that appeals less to mere sense and more to 
 the whole structure of the growing personality. We 
 are able to sublimate our desires only because all these 
 great impulses have strands that lead very much deeper 
 and higher into personality than the mere gross physi- 
 cal point at which they first begin. Lust can be trans- 
 formed into love only because the sex impulse is sweep- 
 ing enough to include them both. 
 
 9. What, then, are the essential steps by which we 
 
 may safely proceed to get this sublimation 
 of appetites so that the grosser may develop 
 into the more social and refined without a 
 hurtful, unsatisfied, permanent struggle in 
 personality? 
 
 ( I ) As a background for everything, we must see in 
 all his early life that the youth gets through actual 
 practice a taste of the pleasure that comes from social 
 effort, social sharing, and social approval and sym- 
 
 [38] 
 
THE DIRECTION OF APPETITES THROUGH SUBLIMATION 
 
 pathy, and appreciates the capacity which these pleas- 
 ures have for unlimited development, as compared with 
 the more selfish individual satisfactions. 
 
 (2) Instead of our traditional moralities and pro- 
 hibitions, we must bring sanely to the consciousness 
 of the youth, in terms that appeal to him, the limiting 
 results upon his own growth of becoming fixed in en- 
 joying the grosser, more primitive forms of the indul- 
 gence in question. For example, one can make very 
 plain how love of money for its own sake, — miserli- 
 ness, — while furnishing a sort of satisfaction robs one 
 permanently of a whole series of better satisfactions; 
 or how gratifying ill temper cuts the individual off from 
 the greater pleasure of companionship. 
 
 (3) We must make very real to him the other and 
 higher forms of satisfaction to which the appetite leads 
 when properly guided. These should be brought into 
 the present, — not merely by imagination of the future 
 satisfaction, but by siich anticipations of these as may 
 be safely brought into play. For example, even before 
 his social sense is strong, a boy may be given judicious 
 evidences of the increased pleasure he may have by 
 joining with the other boys in social games, even 
 though he has to let the other boys share in the use of 
 his bat and mask instead of holding on to them himself. 
 
 (4) We must see that he gets practical exercise in 
 these higher more social forms of behavior under spe- 
 cially favorable conditions. For example, if he is in- 
 clined to be miserly, we must create situations that 
 tempt him to part with his money for something that 
 will give him more satisfaction. On the other hand if 
 he tends to be a selfish spendthrift we shall need to 
 give him practice and satisfaction in accumulating it 
 to spend later for unselfish purposes. If he is glutton- 
 ous we must enable him to share his food under con- 
 ditions that will give him the most joy in doing so. 
 
 [39] 
 
THE SEX FACTOR IN HUMAN LIFE 
 
 (5) We must surely see that he always gets the re- 
 wards in satisfaction, — ^the best and most convincing 
 possible, — that belong to this higher use of the appe- 
 tite. These must be so genuine and adequate as to 
 leave no doubt or struggle with the lower phase of the 
 desire. This equally implies seeing that he suffers dis- 
 comfort from low and unsocial behavior. 
 
 (6) We must convince his judgment that he can- 
 not have both the lower and higher satisfactions. He 
 must give up one in order to win or merit the other. 
 He can't "have his cake and eat it too." 
 
 Repressions secured by this normal manner of 
 growth are not hurtful. They are of the essence of 
 all progress. Clearly every step must be true and sin- 
 cere. Lies do not work here! U. of M., Oi. IX; 
 M. S., Ch. IV. 
 
 [40] 
 
CHAPTER V 
 
 APPLICATION OF THESE PRINCIPLES TO 
 SEX APPETITES. 
 
 Topics foe Discussion 
 
 I. What is the sanest attitude for young people to take to- 
 ward the standards built up through racial experience? 
 what for mature people to take toward the inexperienced 
 longings of youth? 
 
 II. The application of the principle of "sublimation" to the 
 
 sex problems. Why is it especially promising in the field 
 of sex? 
 
 III. What are the greatest gains that have come to human 
 beings through the fact that they have learned in some 
 considerable degree to control their crude sex desires? 
 Could we have had these gains without the control? 
 
 IV. What appeal to you personally as the most valuable and 
 inspiring of the higher considerations and satisfactions 
 in the field of sex which enable a man to make a 100 per 
 cent restraint of gross indulgence ? How can these sources 
 of happiness be best conserved and developed for young 
 men, in your own opinion? 
 
 Introductory Statement 
 
 THE race has learned some very important facts 
 about what does and what does not "pay" in re- 
 spect to the appetites, including the sex impulses. 
 Doubtless some of its conclusions are not complete, 
 and some may be quite wrong. Society is naturally 
 disposed to want each new generation to accept and 
 adopt out of hand the conclusions which have been 
 reached. On the other hand each new individual wants 
 to explore for himself, follow his own desires, and 
 
 [41] 
 
THE SEX FACTOR IN HUMAN LIFE 
 
 establish his own adjustments in his own way. There ; 
 is no field in which this is more true than in respect 
 to sex impulses and experiences. 
 
 Qearly we must get the sex knowledge and stand- 
 ards of the race, when these have been put in their 
 best form, used by the new generation in such a way 
 as to give it the advantage of experience of the race 
 without marring and distorting the youth's own powers 
 of discovering truth and of applying it to his own ap- 
 preciations of life, his own happiness, and his own 
 moral adjustments to society. His choices must come 
 increasingly from his own discrimination and must in- 
 crease this power of discriminating. 
 
 It has been found that force, fear, punishment, re- 
 pression, commands, "moraUzing," and the like are not 
 our most successful methods of making this contact 
 with the young. The failure of these methods has been 
 taken to mean that the young are naturally wicked and 
 perverse. This is not true. It merely shows that the 
 mature people are usually unwise and the method is 
 wrong. As indicated in the last chapter the most hope- 
 ful method at present open for youth to get the benefit 
 of the experience of the race is through a gradual re- 
 fining of the natural impulses and desires by letting 
 them see in practice where control and refinement lead 
 in respect to personal development and satisfactions. 
 
 There is no group of impulses which show the possi- 
 bility of this method so well as those of sex. In its 
 most physical form the sex impulse is the mere animal 
 interest of mating. But even in animals there is added 
 to it the pleasure of being together, of companionship, 
 which in birds, for example, may have a number of 
 esthetic interests and satisfactions other than those of 
 sexual mating. In human beings these sex-satisfac- 
 tions, as we have seen, (Ch. II : 2, 3, 4) include all the 
 physical elements; but the emotional, esthetic, intel- 
 lectual aspects of the sex relation become so rich and 
 
 [42] 
 
APPLICATION OF THESE PRINCIPLES TO SEX APPETITES 
 
 numerous that no other side of life can compare with 
 them. Love of mates, love of parents, love of children, 
 love of brothers and sisters, sympathy and associations 
 and friendships among men and women; devotion to 
 beauty, to social justice, social morals, organized so- 
 ciety, and the hke are anchored in and fed by sex im- 
 pulses. After we pass out of a mere animal stage of 
 pleasure, these furnish the real and permanent joys of 
 life. They are the joys that are the inspiration of 
 poetry, of music, and of fiction as well as of social 
 ethics and religion. It is because these higher forms 
 give so much happiness that we can for their sake give 
 up, when necessary and right, the physical forms alto- 
 gether. 
 
 A first, most important consideration at this point is 
 that these high developments of love and satisfaction 
 cannot be had by the man or woman who "cashes in"^ 
 on the lower animal basis of the sex impulses. Com- 
 mitting oneself to the grosser selfish indulgence of sex 
 destroys the higher capacities for love development, — 
 which on their part are always marked by decreasing 
 selfishness. Any one might have either form of satis- 
 faction; but he can't have both. The libertine auto- 
 matically loses his sense of and ability to take pleasure 
 in beautyj purity, honor, and truth. 
 
 A second fact is that the lower satisfaction is more 
 transient and is self limited. The more freely and 
 grossly it is indulged the more quickly its own pleas- 
 ures turn to disgust and incapacity for satisfaction. On 
 the other hand no one has ever found any upper limit 
 to the personal and social comfort and satisfactions 
 that flow from fight and unselfish sex relations, nor to 
 the possibilities of growth and development of the 
 higher aspects of love. They lead to religion and to 
 God no less than to home and happiness. A third thing 
 to be noticed, and one of the most reassuring, is that 
 generous love for sweetheart or wife; ambition for 
 
 [43] 
 
THE SEX FACTOR IN HUMAN LIFE 
 
 home and children ; love of honor and justice in these 
 relations; the joys of chivalry and protection of 
 mothers, sisters, sweethearts, and daughters ; the long- 
 ing for a perpetual companionship with and increas- 
 ing understanding of some fine woman appeals pro- 
 foundly to the normal young man as his most natural 
 and worthy ambition. He is right. 
 
 It is because of these facts that we can refine the 
 gross sex desires so wonderfully. R. S. L. Introduc- 
 tion, pp. 11-13; Ch. I, pp. 4-6; S. & L., p. 76. (This 
 chapter should be studied in close connection with Ch. 
 IV, of this manual.) 
 
 1. Does it point to sexual intercourse when we say 
 
 that the sex impulses are natural, powerful, 
 and useful? 
 
 It does. S. & L., p. 16. 
 
 2. Does it mean then that this indulgence of the 
 
 impulse is permissible and right under all 
 
 circumstances? 
 It certainly does not. There are reasons both within 
 and without oneself why the sex impulses must be 
 restrained and guided, and sexual intercourse possibly 
 denied wholly. Seqc impulses in man are much stronger 
 than they need to be in order to provide for the basal 
 results which they contribute in perpetuating the 
 species. S. & L., p. 20, 35. 
 
 3. What are some of the internal conditions that 
 
 over-strengthen our sex impulses? 
 Our consciousness which, whenever the urge is felt, 
 tends to recall all that we have experienced or seen or 
 heard on the subject. Our imagination and day dreams 
 which enable us to picture scenes and indulgences that 
 arouse and gratify desires ; any sex thoughts and prac- 
 tises which tend to make our sex centers more sensi- 
 tive and uncontrolled. Chapter II, 2, 16, 17, 
 
 [44] 
 
APPLICATION OF THESE PRINCIPLES TO SEX APPETITES 
 
 4. What are some of the external conditions that 
 
 over-stimulate our sex impulses, and thus 
 make it necessary that we consciously mas- 
 ter and guide the situation? 
 
 Suggestive pictures, plays, songs, stories, literature; 
 association with people who interpret and practise life 
 grossly; close and unusual contacts with girls, — as in 
 dancing under the prevailing conditions, or in taking 
 unfair liberties with them ; the thoughtless manner of 
 dress of girls in which their bodies are unnecessarily 
 exposed. These are merely examples. 
 
 5. Are these things which reinforce and strengthen 
 
 a man's sex desires at all imder his control? 
 
 Some of them are not, and are entirely inevitable; 
 as for example, the constant close association of boys 
 and girls in our modern American life and education. 
 While this association has its dangers certainly, most 
 students are coming to agree that its opposite is more 
 abnormal and dangerous, and that the association it- 
 self is not merely an incitement. It may also be a defi- 
 nite means of refinement and sublimation, through 
 better understanding and appreciation. 
 
 Some of these influences, on the other hand, are quite 
 removable, — as when we expose ourselves to condi- 
 tions and persons that suggest and arouse the sensual 
 desires. No man can submit himself to "temptation" 
 and lay the responsibility on the environment. 
 
 All of them are controllable in the sense that a man 
 can use his numerous natural contacts with young 
 women to make both himself and them more human, 
 more appreciative, more refined, more capable of giv- 
 ing each other better companionship and richer good 
 times. And the same imagination that can suggest to 
 him a gross debauch, can also paint the truer and more 
 satisfying picture of the life that a young man and 
 young woman can live together when each puts a full, 
 
 [45] 
 
THE SEX FACTOR IN HUMAN LIFE 
 
 clean personality into it. S. & L., pp. 35, 76; D. of M., 
 pp. 94, 112. 
 
 6. What are the results in one's life of a conscious 
 sex mastery and controlled guidance? 
 
 (i) Within oneself: a buoyant self respect; a con- 
 sciousness of unity, harmony, and worth in one's whole 
 personality, that gives confidence and stability to one's 
 best powers; the comfort and assurance that comes 
 from consciousness of a clean record which allows no 
 fear of any dishonoring discoveries; known freedom 
 from venereal diseases and from danger of infecting 
 wife and children ; a knowledge that one has not con- 
 tributed to the marring of the personality and life of 
 any woman high or low, and thus degrading one's 
 standards ; a feeling of personal and spiritual equality 
 with our most cherished women — mother, sisters, 
 friends, sweetheart or wife ; the unsurpassed and ever- 
 growing happiness that can come only from a clean, 
 untainted love-life which fits one confidently to enjoy 
 and to call out in others the best human affections 
 whether in friendship, in love of woman, in marriage, 
 or in parenthood ; the confidence that one may go on 
 as long as life shall last in partnership and compan- 
 ionship with the woman of one's choice, exploring and 
 appreciating the richest human relationship we humans 
 know; a sense of happy social adjustment, of having 
 met in a big and fair way the obligations that come 
 from living with other people in a world of great privi- 
 lege and opportunity, and of having met serviceably 
 and socially rather than selfishly and grossly the claims 
 of life; the inspiration and exaltation of spirit and the 
 feeling of fitness that comes from being, in respect to 
 these most fundamental and intimate issues of life, in 
 harmonious relationship with God and the spiritual' 
 forces that call men away from animal indulgence; 
 the superb sense of having lived up to one's own best 
 
 [46] 
 
APPLICATION OF THESE PRINCIPLES TO SEX APPETITES 
 
 impulses, ideals, and standards, — which are the meas- 
 ure of God in us. S. & L., p. 2; R. S. L., Ch. IV; 
 D. of M., pp. 26, 38, 68. 
 
 (2) In Joae^y; Helping, by such a life and by pre- 
 cept, to make such clean and fine sex living more pos- 
 sible and more appealing to the world; setting up in 
 society sex standards that will reinforce the best sex 
 ideals of each person ; lending one's whole influence to 
 fix more firmly and improve vitally the most basic 
 social institution, — the home; the encouragement by 
 personal mastery of every other individual who strives 
 for mastery ; the reinforcement of every social agency 
 that seeks by education and inspiration to make all sex 
 expression more idealistic, more socially constructive. 
 
 7. What are the results of unrestraint in respect 
 to sex? 
 
 Just in proportion as one is a gentleman and sensi- 
 tive to justice and honor, unrestraiat destroys the pos- 
 sibility of all those positive joys, virtues, and services 
 suggested under question 6. 
 
 Sexual unrestraint perverts and turns into unsocial 
 and destructive channels one of the most powerful 
 and pervasive of our emotional forces. (See also Chs. 
 VI & VIII.) It means prostitution, unfaithfulness, 
 seduced and ruined men and women, illegitimacy, 
 wrecked homes, venereal diseases, undermining of con- 
 fidence in social evolution. 
 
 Sex abuse however does not end merely in a few 
 such gross sex perversions, as some people are inclined 
 to think. In exact proportion to the great outreach of 
 sex, abuse and misuse of it undermine all the higher 
 emotions and satisfactions and capacities to whidi sex 
 at its best ministers. This includes all these qualities 
 and appreciations that relate us in sympathy to other 
 human beings, to beauty, to social justice, to truth and 
 morality, to God and the universe order. A man can- 
 not grossly degrade this fountain of richness in life, 
 
 [47] 
 
THE SEX FACTOR IN HUMAN LIFE 
 
 and yet enjoy the high uses which its waters might 
 have served. S. & L., Lect. Ill ; R. S. L., Ch. IV. 
 
 8. What are some of the aids to human sex con- 
 trol that are at once effective and sound? 
 
 In general these may be classified under the follow- 
 ing heads : — 
 
 (1) Forces and conditions that tend to prohibit 
 irregular sex behavior. This would include laws, com- 
 mandments, moral and religious regulations and codes, 
 traditions, conventions, public opinion, and their like. 
 Through appeal to fear and shame, to emotions of con- 
 fidence and obedience, to desire for approval or for con- 
 formity, or to a sense of external obligation or duty, 
 society may exert restraining influence on the be- 
 havior of the young. Wherever this is necessary it 
 should be done persuasively and constructively rather 
 than negatively. 
 
 (2) Anything internal or external which tends to 
 draw the attention away from the sex desires. This 
 would include all employments, activities, interests, 
 amusements, purposes, ambitions, and plans that may 
 engross the mind and use up the bodily and mental 
 energies in other than sexual ways. Thus other mo- 
 tives, which naturally do not claim so much interest 
 as the sex motive, may be consciously encouraged to 
 the end that personality may be better balanced, and 
 the sex impulse be less able to outrun its uses. 
 
 (3) All influences and appreciations that tend to 
 combine with and to refine and sublimate the sex im- 
 pulses and satisfactions themselves. This includes such 
 knowledge and wise understanding of the whole great 
 range of possible sex satisfactions clear up to the 
 highest; such arousing of a desire to enjoy the more 
 social and lasting forms of sex relation and privilege; 
 such habits of choosing the more permanent satisfac- 
 tions even though they may be a little further away, 
 
 [48] 
 
APPLICATION OF THESE PRINCIPLES TO SEX APPETITES 
 
 that the youth gets more real pleasure in controlling for 
 the sake of the greater satisfaction than he would in 
 yielding for the sake of the immediate. This is build- 
 ing up within personality a group of appreciations and 
 powers that make guidance native and pleasure-giving, 
 and not arbitrary. Self-control thus becomes the un- 
 conscious result of a consciously chosen ideal. 
 
 Probably no individual can do this unaided. It comes 
 about through our confidence in and devotion to some 
 persons, who, because of their experience and wisdom, 
 can mediate and make real these more refined satisfac- 
 tions by their appreciation and approval. It is at this 
 point that religion as a spiritual influence operates to 
 connect the individual nature with the Divine. B. of S., 
 pp. 63, 65 ; R. S. L., Ch. VI. 
 
 9. What is to be said about the value of external 
 moral and social codes and of the effort to 
 repress the sex desires and tendencies by 
 means of them? 
 
 This is one of the most complex and difficult ques- 
 tions of all individual and social psychology in its bear- 
 ing upon education. No one can claim to be ready to 
 say anything final about it. Yet the following state- 
 ments may sum up the best present thought on the 
 subject : — 
 
 (i) All the human conventions, opinions, restraints, 
 and moral and social rules about sex have had an actual 
 history in human experience. They represent the racial 
 reaction to this experience. They cannot reasonably 
 be expected to be either absolutely right nor fundamen- 
 tally wrong. They certainly have a great positive and 
 practical value to the individual in pointing out his 
 right adaptations. 
 
 (2) To collect these, enlarge upon them, strengthen 
 them, and give them a complete and absolute sanction, 
 beyond anything which experience has warranted, is 
 
 [49] 
 
THE SEX FACTOR IN HUMAN LIFE 
 
 the most primitive and easiest way to bring adult 
 human interpretation of its own experience to the con- 
 trol of youth. It is a counsel of laziness and conser- 
 vatism. 
 
 (3) This method has at once the appeal and the 
 weakness of all "royal roads." It is too simple to be 
 true. It has all the weakness of stimulants. It is arti- 
 ficial, arbitrary, and autocratic. 
 
 (4) When the full power of society is thus used from 
 the outside to control the lives of strong individuals by 
 force or fear, the result is to get an arbitrary repression 
 of desires and longings, and to focus attention on mere 
 acts rather than upon the inner nature and spirit which 
 alone can produce moral behavior. It seeks a prema- 
 ture stable equilibrium, where a moving equilibrium is 
 what we want. 
 
 (5) Such social repression does not ordinarily se- 
 cure internal conviction, refinement of impulses, and en- 
 listment of personality to meet its own problems in the 
 most sane and upbuilding way. When it seems to suc- 
 ceed best it may lead to the most grotesque secret per- 
 versions of sex. More frequently with robust, healthy 
 youth it leaves personality unconvinced, unsatisfied, re- 
 bellious, inwardly (though possibly unconsciously) de- 
 termined to seek indulgence when the restraints are re- 
 laxed in any way. This unsound result in conduct is 
 not the fault of personality itself. It is the fault of 
 the short-sighted method of teaching. The line of in- 
 dulgence is no less hurtful to the individual and to 
 society than if it were his own fault, however. 
 
 (6) There is a better way. This method of forced 
 repression is like applying the emergency brakes as a 
 substitute for engine control. Good drivers regard it 
 better to have all the positive functions of the engine 
 so under control that it both drives the car up grade 
 and holds it back when going down. Sometimes the 
 brake is essential. But it is never a constructive in- 
 
 [50] 
 
APPLICATION OF THESE PRINCIPLES TO SEX APPETITES 
 
 strument. ' Our primary problem is to get natural en- 
 gine control, so that the least possible use need be 
 made of the brakes. See also Ch. IV: 5. 
 
 10. To what extent can we hopefully substitute 
 
 other interests so as to relieve the strain 
 upon sex impulses? 
 This will be discussed at length in Chapter VII. 
 
 11. Can the principles of sublimation (see Ch. IV) 
 
 be applied to sex? 
 
 There is no group of desires, satisfactions, and 
 choices to which they can be so vitally applied. This 
 is because of the fact that sex is so strong and so per- 
 vasive and gives pleasure, inspiration, and satisfaction 
 on so many levels, — low and high. It is because all 
 human loves grow out of reproduction and sex; it is 
 because love of beauty and the discovery of unselfish- 
 ness are no less derivatives of sex and reproduction. 
 Because the joys of marriage and home, the love of 
 man and of God, the satisfactions of honor and fair- 
 ness and chivalry have the same roots and yet are 
 greater than the satisfactions of prostitution, lust, and 
 unrestraint, that sublimation is possible. We can draw 
 the interest away from the gross to the refined because 
 the refined is as natural and satisfying as the gross. 
 
 12. What are the essential facts about sublima- 
 
 tion of the sex impulses? 
 
 There are three of these that are peculiarly sugges- 
 tive and full of meaning: — 
 
 (i) Any impulse that provides both the primitive 
 animal uses and satisfactions and at the same time con- 
 nects with numerous intense and refined kinds of pleas- 
 ure furnishes abundant raw material for sublimation. 
 
 (2) When these later and better types may not be 
 enjoyed in their highest degree except through suitable 
 control, restraint, and sacrifice of the grosser and more 
 
 [51] 
 
THE SEX FACTOR IN HUMAN LIFE 
 
 animal ones, we are forced to choose, and are given 
 the alternative of the lower self-limited satisfaction as 
 against continual progress in satisfaction. This makes 
 it certain that we shall either degrade or sublimate 
 them. 
 
 (3) The surplus urge which our consciousness has 
 given to our appetites is the thing which insures that 
 a choice will be made. This is not an evil. The vefy 
 excess drive, which tempts to fearful and gross indul- 
 gence and perversion, is the condition which furnishes 
 the zest and interest that may redeem it from the ani- 
 mal phase to the intellectual, social, and moral. Sex 
 is not merely a drive to gratification. It has been a drive 
 to improved gratifications and to progress in character. 
 
 13. What is thd essential mental function that 
 
 makes human sublimation possible? 
 
 It is imagination. Unless one can really image or 
 picture convincingly to himself the value and the future 
 satisfaction to himself of a later higher expression and 
 enjoyment, he can never inhibit or control a present 
 desire so powerful as that of sex. Imagination is not 
 a matter of invention. It is foresight and conviction. 
 It is the condition of all control and all progress. 
 
 This is the practical point at which the influence of 
 the older wise and loved hero can serve the young. It 
 is through confidence in such a one, through the plea- 
 sure of his approval, and through the vividness, with 
 which the later and higher enjoyment is endowed by 
 mediation of the parent or friend that the finer antici- 
 pation has power to appeal to imagination and check 
 the present urge. S. & L., p. 63. 
 
 14. What are the sex satisfactions among which 
 
 we must choose? 
 For convenience and brevity we may put these satis- 
 factions into two classes, although they interpene- 
 trate : — ' 
 
 [52] 
 
APPLICATION OF THESE PRINCIPLES TO SEX APPETITES 
 
 (i) The basal and primitive group: — ^The powerful, 
 pleasure-giving-, impulsive series of acts involved in 
 seeking, urging, in winning assent, and in indulging in 
 sex intercourse as a mere sensual operation. This 
 is reinforced at every point by the urges and satisfac- 
 tions of curiosity, excitement, entertainment, novelty, 
 and adventure. These latter are not at all primarily 
 sexual impulses; but both in animals and man they 
 are closely related to and supportive of sex appetites 
 and behavior. The romping, roaming, and migrating 
 instincts among animals are quite as much tributary 
 to sex and reproduction as to nutrition. S. & L., p. 39. 
 
 (2) The derived mental and social group: — In 
 this group there are foui' main types: (a) those 
 which are merely more intellectualized and socialized 
 forms of the courting and mating impulse; (b) the 
 pleasures of maternity and paternity and of home- 
 making, and the modifications which these make in the 
 mating instinct and in happiness; (c) those pleasures 
 which arise from extending these restrained and re- 
 fined forms of the sex impulse to all womankind in the 
 form of emotional and intellectual appreciation and 
 companionship and protection; and (d) the imper- 
 sonal esthetic and ethical satisfaction of having a broad 
 and inclusive adjustment and mastery of one's life, 
 rather than of following the pleasure of mere sensual 
 sex indulgence. This last leads into philosophical and 
 religious impulses, motives, and satisfactions. S. & L., 
 p. 76. 
 
 15. What are the chief refinements of satisfaction 
 possible to the courting and mating instinct? 
 The words "lovers," "courtship," "husband," "wife," 
 "marriage," as compared with those of "animal seek- 
 ing," "winning," and "mating" briefly point to the dif- 
 ference. These ideas include of course the physical 
 sexual act as one of the normal and real elements in 
 
 [53] 
 
THE SEX FACTOR IN HUMAN LIFE 
 
 the situation. But to men who have gained an appre- 
 ciation of the meaning of sex in life, the comradeship 
 and the emotional, intellectual, and temperamental at- 
 tractions surround the physical in such a way as to 
 give it merely a supporting part, — not an engrossing 
 one. Lust is expanded into love. The love, devotion, 
 mutual consideration, equal sharing; the planning and 
 sacrificing support of each ; the happiness from a sense 
 of equality in cleanness, in obligation, and satisfaction ; 
 in a word the pleasure of a genuine life-partnership 
 in which each puts everything of physical endowment, 
 emotion, affections, intellect, refinement, power, ser- 
 vice, purpose, and determination: — these are perfectly 
 possible things toward which every normal young man 
 and woman should look. Not every sexually clean 
 young man attains this in his marriage, because some 
 other positive factors beside sex cleanness are essen- 
 tial ; but no one can hope to realize this relation and its 
 full happiness, based on a life of lustful selfishness. 
 
 16. Do the parental satisfactions which are in the 
 future, have any merit in influencing men in 
 the choice we make in the use of our sex 
 life? 
 
 The male sense of home and the father's love for 
 children are probably not so strong as in the case of 
 the mother, though this may well be a lack in education 
 as much as in nature. And yet the average man only 
 needs to recall the terms father, mother, sister, brother, 
 son, and daughter to place himself in a line of persons 
 who make up much of the total happiness of his life. 
 Certainly pride in' the cleanness of the family from 
 which one has come is a real pleasure. Equally cer- 
 tainly, there is great joy in planning for and in build- 
 ing up a family of sons and daughters free from taint 
 and capable of maximum happiness because we our- 
 selves have kept clean. This whole group of relations 
 is powerfully connected with sex, and nothing can so 
 
 [54] 
 
APPLICATION OF THESE PRINCIPLES TO SEX APPETITES 
 
 limit our pleasure in them as wrong sex life ; but the 
 pleasures we may secure in building up the right sort 
 of a family unit include, besides sex satisfactions, the 
 whole range of human pleasure and purpose, as com- 
 panionship, social and economic interests, literary and 
 artistic efforts, an opportunity for rest and recupera- 
 tion, and inspiration for optimism and self-realization. 
 That is to say, perverse sex life excludes us from the 
 fullest realization of these higher sex and other pleas- 
 ures in the home. Sound sex life adds tremendously 
 to every other normal satisfaction we have in our 
 home life. B. of S., p. 58; R. S. L., p. 58; D. of M., 
 Ch. IV. 
 
 17. Of what satisfaction are we men capable 
 through a sublimation of the sex appetite in 
 respect to women in general? 
 The difference can be most quickly sensed by com- 
 paring the state of mind of the lustful youth who 
 thinks of every passing girl only as a possible means 
 of animal gratification with that of the strong man 
 who has let chivalry and idealism give to every woman 
 he sees something of the sentiment which he has for 
 his mother or sister or wife or daughter. The former 
 is the logical biological outcome of the animal impulse 
 strengthened by consciousness without the check of the 
 broader sex interests. The latter, without denying the 
 animal desires, holds them subordinate to the intellec- 
 tual, social, and ethical satisfactions. This higher 
 satisfaction comes from consecrating strength and ad- 
 miration to building up companionship, comradeship, 
 friendship, and mutual stimulation of all the higher 
 relations between the sexes. It is the pleasure of guid- 
 ance, of protection, of chivalry, of appreciation for 
 womanhood because of what wifehood and mother- 
 hood mean, as against the destruction of wives and 
 mothers through the use of women in the mere physical 
 gratifications of lust. 
 
 [551 
 
THE SEX FACTOR IN HUMAN LIFE 
 
 18. In what ways may the sex impulse add, by re- 
 
 finement, to the less personal and more 
 
 esthetic satisfactions? 
 We have already seen (Ch. II: 3, il) how sex has 
 helped to give us beauty in the world, and the sense 
 and appreciation of it; how it enriches the emotional 
 life ; how it helps to mold our moral and religious ideas 
 and states; how closely it is associated with social 
 progress and with all the attitudes that make for right, 
 justice, sacrifice, and devotion. It is itself closely in- 
 terwoven with all that we now hold as beautiful or 
 good. No man can give himself up to the gross, but 
 very real, satisfactions of sex, and have unmarred the 
 sense of beauty in personality, in character, in the arts 
 of life and literature, and in the order of the (Universe 
 in which we live. His satisfaction would be the keen 
 satisfaction of an uncontrolled monomaniac compared 
 with those broad ones open to a man of poise and uni- 
 versal interests. His would be the limited satisfaction 
 of the mere material "taster" of pleasure compared 
 with the permanent happiness of the man whose spirit 
 has related itself to all the richness of his own per- 
 sonality, to his fellows, and to God. 
 
 19. What of the permanency of the two types of 
 
 sex satisfaction? 
 The primitive type, when indulged merely for its 
 own sake and unredeemed by the refinements of the 
 higher motives, not merely prevents the higher satis- 
 factions, but is self-limited in its own field. That is to 
 say, such merely sensual indulgence of qualities that 
 have high possibilities inevitably blunts the power to 
 get even the gross satisfaction. It carries its own de- 
 struction. It plays out, to say nothing of the disease 
 and of the demoralization it may bring to other per- 
 sonalities. This is shown by the continual necessity 
 of libertines to devise new ways and situations to yield 
 the desired satisfactions. 
 
 [56] 
 
APPLICATION OF THESE PRINCIPLES TO SEX APPETITES 
 
 The higher type has no such limitations. Being 
 merely the normal flowering of the whole sex func- 
 tion, as this is associated with all the higher human 
 capabilities, the happiness that belongs to it continues 
 to increase with the growth of human appreciation of 
 humanity, beauty, truth, life, and God. It carries its 
 own renewal in its natural growth. S. & L., pp. 34, 
 54-57; R. S. L. Introduction, pp. 11-13 and Ch. I, pp. 
 4. 5. 6. 
 
 U7] 
 
CHAPTER VI 
 
 SOME POPULAR MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT 
 SEX 
 
 Introductory Statement 
 
 SO great has been the desire of men to find a rea- 
 sonable basis for unrestrained sex indulgence 
 and for ignoring the demands for continence, in spite 
 of the adverse findings of race history, that we have 
 developed all sorts of subterfuges of excuse. The 
 "wish is father to the thought." The most of these 
 conceptions are without any real foundation. The most 
 plausible of them are only half-truths made entirely 
 false by a selfish bias. 
 
 1. "I don't believe the Creator would have given 
 men this powerful appetite if he hadn't in- 
 tended that we should use it and get pleasure 
 from it." 
 No appetite exists even among animals for its own 
 sake merely ; i. e., just to be gratified. Gratification is 
 always incidental. The sex appetite in man has as its 
 function the propagation and education of the human 
 species. Between human mates sex intercourse, when 
 in the right spirit, serves this end in two ways: (i) 
 It produces offspring. (2) It normally increases 
 the warmth of the love and devotion of these mates so 
 that a real home exists. The indulgence before mar- 
 riage and unfaithfulness after marriage, may, on the 
 other hand, destroy your own happiness and the health 
 and happiness of your family for two or three genera- 
 tions. D. of M., p. 84; S. & L., p. 15. 
 
 [58] 
 
SOME POPULAR MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT SEX 
 
 2. "I am particularly strongly sexed and therefore 
 
 cannot control myself." 
 
 Probably the assumption is not in the least true. We 
 have no adequate evidence of great natural difference 
 between healthy, vigorous men in respect to their native 
 sex desires any more than in respect to hunger. Most 
 men are over-sexed, so far as biological value goes. 
 The chief difference between them comes from the 
 degree of mental and social development, from the de- 
 gree to which one allows himself to be exposed to 
 sensual influences and suggestions, from the extent 
 to which he desires to guide and control the impulse, 
 and from the attitude in which he has been trained to 
 adjust himself to the problems of social behavior. 
 R. S. L., pp. 80-96. 
 
 3. "Only weaklings and mollycoddles refrain from 
 
 sex intercourse." 
 
 It is, on the contrary, much more difficult to restrain 
 an appetite like this than to indulge it. It is the lower 
 animal with little brain and personality, and the men 
 who do not assert either, if they have them, which in- 
 dulge the sex passion whenever strongly urged. It is 
 some lack of manhood, not excess of it, which leads 
 to sex indulgence. S. & L., pp. 69, 83 ; R. S. L., p. 50. 
 
 4. "One needs to have sex intercourse in order to 
 
 develop his sex nature and his manhood." 
 
 We have no known biological nor physiological 
 foundation for this belief. It is used purely as an ex- 
 cuse. The development of the sex nature and organs, 
 as well as the general qualities of vigor and manliness, 
 depend on the internal secretions of the testes and 
 other glands,^and thus upon the conservation of the 
 sex developing qualities; and not upon the use of the 
 function. Men who are hoping to produce stallions 
 or other male breeding animals of great vigor, fire, and 
 
 [59] 
 
THE SEX FACTOR IN HUMAN LIFE 
 
 long sex-career never try to get these qualities by early 
 or excessive use of them. R. S. L., p. 63; K. F. F., 
 P- 5- 
 
 5. "If I do not indulge, I shall have nocturnal 
 
 emissions." 
 
 You should normally expect some nocturnal emis- 
 sions. These vary in frequency owing to activity, 
 nutrition, and personal habits. This is exactly nature's 
 way of relieving the tensions and stimulations which 
 come from over-accumulations of the seminal fluids. 
 Physiologically, occasional seminal emissions do pre- 
 cisely what is needed with no harm to yourself or to 
 anyone else. They are no more abnormal than urina- 
 tion, unless they are over-incited by abnormal condi- 
 tions or unwholeome practices. S. & L., p. 41 ; R. S. 
 L., pp. 20-24. 
 
 6. "Sexual indulgence makes men contented." 
 
 In so far as there is any physiological truth in this, 
 normal seminal emissions do the same thing. They 
 relieve tension. In the sense in which the expression 
 is used the only discontent which it removes is the dis- 
 content of those who have accepted immoral sex grati- 
 fication as their standard. Experience has shown that 
 even men of this type can be enabled to be happy and 
 contented and yet be deprived of all possibility of sex 
 gratification. On the other hand, it is everywhere 
 noted that men who give themselves the excitement of 
 ilHcit sex relations do not find content therein. They 
 only feed their discontent. They are compelled con- 
 tinually to pervert and degrade further their sex ex- 
 periences in order to keep up the keenness of satis- 
 factions and excitements. This is because they are, 
 perhaps unconsciously, seeking the permanent sex 
 satisfactions and contentment which only real and 
 complete love can give. P. M. B. 
 
 [60] 
 
SOME POPULAR MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT SEX 
 
 7. "It is better to indulge with woman than to 
 
 masturbate." 
 
 This is not true as a general inoral statement, nor 
 as a physiological one. Morally it leaves out of ac- 
 count the fact that another personality is debauched. 
 At its worst masturbation is only an individual vice. 
 Wrong sex intercourse involves two people and is a 
 social vice. Physiologically the statement leaves out 
 of account the fact that the sex diseases are spread 
 almost exclusively through sex intercourse outside of 
 wedlock. 
 
 A real man does not have to choose between mas- 
 turbation and the debauching of women. His choice 
 is rather between these perverse uses and the program 
 of confining himself to the fine and limited relation- 
 ships which human experience has accepted as the 
 highest and most satisfying thus far discovered. This 
 means lOO per cent continence before marriage and 
 loo per cent faithfulness to one's wife and family after 
 marriage. S. & L., pp. 53, 70; R. S. L., pp. 50, 53. 
 
 8. "Everybody indulges; why shoooldn't I?" 
 
 Even if this were true, the conclusion would not be 
 sound. In matters where strong desires and lusts are 
 concerned, the majority of an uncritical, unthinking 
 population is usually wrong. 
 
 But the statement is false. Many men, — and among 
 them are the finest men the world has known, — and a 
 very large per cent of the women have kept them- 
 selves entirely free and clean of wrong sex relations 
 and have established thereby positive standards of sex 
 thought and behavior which go a long way toward 
 showing that the race is capable of mastering the prob- 
 lem of sex. This is the most reassuring single fact in 
 the sex situation today. 
 
 9. "If the girl is willing it is none of my business." 
 
 [61] 
 
THE SEX FACTOR IN HUMAN LIFE 
 
 It is the impulse of the real gentleman to protect 
 women even from his own appetites; and not to ex- 
 ploit or degrade them. Furthermore no man can 
 escape responsibility for his own obligations to society 
 at this point. S. & L., p. 72 ; D. of M., p. 1 1 1 ; R. S. L, 
 pp. 42, 43. 
 
 10. "She will do it anyhow." 
 
 This is not true. Few women, except perverts and 
 those mentally subnormal, fall into this kind of a life 
 unless they have been lured into it by want, love of 
 excitement, desire for luxury, or love-promises of men 
 and the desire to please them. They naturally desire 
 home, constancy, and children ; and these are the very 
 things that the appetite of men deprives them of. 
 
 11. "I have never seduced a virtuous girl; I have 
 
 merely used those who have already fallen." 
 
 When did it become any more honorable to rob a 
 person of his last dollar than of the first; or to kick 
 a man already down? Any one who exploits even a 
 prostitute is further debauching another human per- 
 son, and prostitutes his own personality in doing so. 
 This is where a man should protect and defend. R. S. 
 L., p. 41 ; L. C, p. 55 ; S. & L., p. 79. 
 
 12. "I pay for what I get. It is merely a business 
 
 transaction." 
 
 So was slavery. Lustful, uncontrolled, and degen- 
 erate men create the demand. The supply would not 
 exist but for this. One can buy murde^, arson, bur- 
 glary, or any other form of wrongdoing. The ability 
 to buy does not take the wrong off a transaction. R. 
 S. L., p. 50. 
 
 13. "Economic conditions are to blame; and until 
 
 these are changed prostitution and other 
 forms of social vice will continue." 
 
 [62] 
 
SOME POPULAR MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT SEX 
 
 The primary cause is not economic, but lies in the 
 sex desires and unwillingness to control them. Eco- 
 nomic conditions only modify this. Economic evils 
 must be met and improved. But even more we must 
 also meet the primary causes. P. E., p. 400. 
 
 14. "Prostitution cannot be stopped. It will al- 
 
 ways continue." 
 
 Probably stealing, murder, wrong sex indulgence, 
 and all other recognized vices or crimes will never be 
 completely stopped; but all of them can be greatly 
 diminished. More normal people can be brought to 
 full self-control. 
 
 15. "If prostitution is stopped at one place it will 
 
 merely break out somewhere else." 
 
 If this is true it simply proves that we must have 
 united and uniform rather than local and spasmodic 
 efforts to suppress commercialized vice. 
 
 16. "The only effective way to meet the problem 
 
 is to regulate the traffic and insure against 
 disease and unsanitary conditions." 
 
 Practically all workers and active investigators have 
 come to admit this method to be a complete failure, 
 and insist that suppression is the only possible solu- 
 tion. K. F. F., p. 8; P. E., pp. 205-264; S. T. L. 
 
 [63] 
 
CHAPTER VII 
 
 PRACTICAL AIDS IN DIRECTING AND CON- 
 TROLLING THE SEX APPETITE 
 
 Topics for Discussion 
 
 I. What are the chief possible improvements in the external 
 social conditions that would make for the most satisfac- 
 tory sex behavior and attitudes of young people? 
 
 II. What activities and interests other than those of sex, can 
 be encouraged in such a way as to give boys a better 
 chance to develop a clean, controlled sex life? 
 
 III. What are, in your opinion, the inner springs of person- 
 ality that have most to do in determining whether a man 
 improves or degrades his sex life? In what practical 
 ways can these qualities be strengthened? 
 
 IV. Can you show how such motives as the following, com- 
 bining with the sex impulse, make its control more diffi- 
 cult: — curiosity, self-assertion, love of adventure, excite- 
 ment, and experimenting? 
 
 V. How can the following motives be combined with the 
 sex motive so as to make control more possible: love 
 of athletics and competitive sports; any wholesome hob- 
 bies; ambition and definite purpose to succeed in life; in- 
 terest in intellectual pursuits; enthusiasm for social jus- 
 tice and betterment; desire for a clean home and family? 
 
 Introductory Statement 
 
 IF appetites are to be controlled and guided, shall it 
 be from the outside by society, or from the inside 
 by the individual? If guidance must always become 
 self-guidance in order to have value in character, how 
 can the aid, which experienced people can give to 
 immature people, be furnished with the greatest help 
 and least harm? 
 
 [64] 
 
DIRECTING AND CONTROLLING THE SEX APPETITE 
 
 We cannot from the outside reach and modify 
 appetites and their desires directly. We can act upon 
 them indirectly by influencing those elements that 
 arouse desires, those elements that control desires, and 
 the resulting attitude and conduct that grow out of 
 desires. 
 
 The environment may arouse or diminish a given 
 desire. We can change the environment for the bet- 
 ter. This may have a value in preventing wrong ac- 
 tion; but it does not really educate in self-guidance. 
 We may control conduct through force, and thus pre- 
 vent wrong actions. For example, soldiers may be con- 
 fined in camp to prevent their going to houses of pros- 
 titution. This is not educative of the control of appe- 
 tite, though it may be a necessary precaution. 
 
 Similarly we may, by threat of some sort of punish- 
 ment for lack of control, force internal control through 
 fear, shame, or other like motive. This is a more edu- 
 cative device than either of the others, because it forces 
 a choice between two groups of satisfactions and mo- 
 tives. But often the relation between the punishment 
 and the act is arbitrary and imposed autocratically, or 
 appears so to the individual, and hence does not con- 
 vince the inner personality. In proportion as this is 
 true the results in educating the appetite are not sound. 
 We may give to the young person the facts that bear 
 on all sides of the indulgence, repression, or control 
 of his desires, and seek to give him control through 
 knowledge and judgment. This is real, necessary, and 
 constructive education for personal mastery ; but knowl- 
 edge will not, standing alone, usually give control of 
 hot desires. We can so engage other desires than the 
 one under fire that the youth may temporarily forget 
 and ignore, and thus not be tempted to gratify it. This 
 has a value, because personality has limited energy, 
 and any time and energy wholesomely directed is so 
 much gain. It may be especially valuable at critical 
 
 [65] 
 
THE SEX FACTOR IN HUMAN LIFE 
 
 moments of personality or of temptation. It may get 
 the youth past a danger point. However, for actual 
 self-control it does not reach very high. It really 
 dodges the issue. 
 
 Real education means that we have to find and arouse 
 loves and desires within ourselves and our friends 
 which directly fuse and assimilate the knowledge we 
 have and equally, naturally, and without arbitrariness, 
 absorb and refine the coarser lust. We must do, 
 through imagination, what his first love for a fine young 
 girl does for the normal boy. Such love takes his ani- 
 mal sex desire up into itself and into the clean, chival- 
 rous, protective admiration and tenderness he feels for 
 her whole individuality. He protects her as fiercely 
 from any coarse desire of his own as he would from 
 that of any other man. This is a perfectly natural 
 youthful reaction. The grosser desires are most ad- , 
 equately educated then by a combination — (i) of 
 knowledge, (2) of more comprehensive and finer kin- 
 dred desires, and (3) of the sure satisfactions that flow 
 from putting these into actual practice. 
 
 It is the purpose of sex education to produce the 
 self-controlled individual, who uses his sex impulses 
 constructively; to arouse the warmest, most convinc- 
 ing motives for doing the finest things; and to make 
 very real and present the ha;ppiness that belongs to 
 refined sex development. 
 
 1. What is the purpose of sex control? 
 
 It is not to force people arbitrarily to conform^ to a 
 moral code. It is not merely to prevent the doing of 
 things we naturally long to do. It is not primarily 
 to escape disease and other penalties of indulgence. 
 It is rather to enable us to use a force, which greatly 
 influences the personal and social development of every 
 pearson, so as to get out of it the greatest, most endur- 
 ing individual happiness, growth, and progress with the 
 
 [66] 
 
DIRECTING AND CONTROLLING THE SEX APPETITE 
 
 least waste, and at the same time minister most to the 
 life of humanity generally. S. & L., pp. 39-40; 4-10; 
 R. S. L., Ch. VI. 
 
 2. Why is this effort at conscious control of sex 
 
 (and other impulses) any more necessary for 
 man than for the lower animals? 
 
 Because the longings and the satisfactions are more 
 consciously felt; because man can definitely recall the 
 past and anticipate the future ; because he can enlarge 
 and intensify his impulses by doing both; because he 
 can also form judgments as to the wisdom or unwis- 
 dom of his acts; because if he undertakes to live on 
 the plane of animal satisfactions he inevitably outdoes 
 the animal, and in doing so he automatically cuts him- 
 self ofif from the higher and richer satisfactions that 
 sex carries peculiarly for humans. For example, man 
 could never have come to the deep, fine, permanent 
 love and devotion to one woman without giving up 
 promiscuous sex relations. He never could have 
 known the joys of a home and love of children be- 
 longing surely and exclusively to himself and the wife 
 of his choice without sacrificing, along with other men, 
 the unlimited sex indulgence. He never could have 
 achieved faithfulness, constancy, fairness to women, 
 and honor in relation to them, chivalry, and devotion 
 to mother and children without sacrificing the animal 
 privileges of lust. S. & L., pp. 61-65 ; R. S. L., p. 3. 
 
 3. Can any individual work out alone a line of sex 
 
 behavior that will prove sound and fully de^ 
 veloping for himself, and will gain those 
 higher things? 
 
 It is not possible. Sex is too powerful an impulse 
 within and too rich and complex in its branches to 
 allow any individual safely and fully to meet its prob- 
 lems alone. The race has been thousands of years 
 
 [67] 
 
THE SEX FACTOR IN HUMAN LIFE 
 
 learning what is known about sex. If we are to make 
 any progress, the race must find a convincing way to 
 help the individual solve his sex problems in the light 
 of what the race has learned ; otherwise, the individual 
 is sure to make such gross errors as to allow neither 
 progress nor satisfaction in the result. S. & L., pp. 
 9,65. 
 
 4. Haw can the race help the individual in this 
 
 task? 
 
 By changing for the better his social environment as 
 it bears on sex. This includes eliminating conditions 
 that are unfavorable to right use of the sex impulses 
 as well as such positive and constructive changes as 
 are possible. 
 
 5. What is included in the making of more whole- 
 
 some conditions? 
 
 (i) Suppression of commercial prostitution and 
 solicitation to vice by making it impossible for it to 
 be profitable. 
 
 (2) Supervision, by segregation if necessary, of 
 men and women who have gonorrhea or syphilis in 
 communicable form. 
 
 (3) Segregating and protecting the feeble-minded 
 and defective, both for moral and for eugenic reasons. 
 
 (4) Preventing plays, literature, movies, and amuse- 
 ments and other commercialized activities that stimu- 
 late sex passions. 
 
 (5) More careful supervising and guiding of the 
 associations between children. 
 
 (6) More intelligent and comprehensive direction of 
 leisure by means of recreation, amusement, and play 
 scientifically and socially supervised. 
 
 (7) Remedy of economic and other conditions which 
 unduly postpone or prevent marriage, and make home 
 life unsatisfactory or abnormal. 
 
 [68] 
 
DIRECTING AND CONTROLUNG THE SEX APPETITE 
 
 6. How do such measures operate? 
 
 These methods are both negative and positive in 
 character. The elimination of the gross social sex 
 perversions only gives the young people a chance to 
 be normal without having to fight against these ab- 
 normal conditions that we have allowed to grow up 
 through a combination of lust and greed and neglect. 
 In addition to suppressing these we must give youth 
 the advantage of fine example, inspiring and uplifting 
 leadership, and supervising companionship and insti- 
 tutions, as positive educative features of their environ- 
 ment. 
 
 7. What are the chief educational methods that 
 
 may be used in connection with the sex im- 
 pulse? (See also Ch. V : 8.) 
 There are three ways in which we may approach the 
 
 education of young people in respect to their impulses 
 
 and tendencies: 
 
 ( 1 ) The use of commands, prohibitions, taboos, tra- 
 ditions, codes, and other forms of adult pressure ; 
 
 (2) Substituting and developing other equally natu- 
 ral motives and interests, activities and satisfactions in 
 lieu of those of sex; and 
 
 (3) Systematic and positive education and refine- 
 ment (sublimation) of the sex qualities themselves, in 
 their relation to all the other motives of life. 
 
 8. What are some illustrations of efforts by society 
 
 to repress wrong sex behavior? 
 
 ( 1 ) Moral and religious codes : — such as the pro- 
 hibition, — "Thou shalt not commit adultery" ; the regu- 
 lations of churches and other orders relative to mem- 
 bership, etc. 
 
 (2) Social and legal enactments : — such as laws and 
 statutes prohibiting various forms of sexual miscon- 
 duct ; marriage and divorce laws ; laws governing con- 
 sent, for the protection of immature girls, etc. 
 
 [69] 
 
THE SEX FACTOR IN HUMAN LIFE 
 
 (3) Customs, traditions, conventions which condemn 
 irregular sex relations through public opinion and the 
 social penalties of ostracism, or other barriers. 
 
 9. What is the actual value of these devices? 
 
 They appeal to the lively and active motive of' fear 
 of consequences in one form or another, and thus are 
 valuable in emergencies, personal or general. They 
 make demand directly for conduct, and hence do not 
 wait for internal conviction and full mental assent. 
 They partake of the efficiency and of the weakness of 
 autocracy. In so far as such processes are educative 
 at all they educate habits and behavior. They make 
 3 use of the impulses of obedience and conformity. 
 
 10. Hovir was this illustrated in the great war? 
 
 The preparation of our armies of efficient fighting 
 men was an emergency. During this period those in 
 authority forbade intoxicating liquors because these 
 make for sexual abuse and other forms of inefficiency ; 
 prostitution was suppressed about the camps, and sol- 
 diers forbidden to visit areas in which it existed; 
 soldiers were severely punished for sex conduct which 
 tended to make them inefficient as soldiers. This rigor- 
 ous treatment aided in making our American army 
 more free from venereal disease than any other army 
 of equal size in the history of the world. 
 
 Coupled with these repressive measures was also a 
 constructive program of utilizing personal contacts, 
 welfare agencies, recreation, and education. Even 
 emergencies call for more than force and fear. They 
 ought always to be made educative and convincing. 
 
 11. What are the weaknesses of these repressive 
 
 forms of sex control as devices for educa- 
 tion? 
 (i) Standing alone, they are weak educationally be- 
 cause they are external and autocratic, and may there- 
 
 [70] 
 
DIRECTING AND CONTROLLING THE SEX APPETITE 
 
 fore appeal to the individual as arbitrary. In order 
 to have any permanent value, it is important that the 
 individual himself shall understand how these controls 
 minister to his own life and to that of others. They 
 must seem fair and natural and satisfying to him. 
 
 (2) They are chiefly negative. They do not carry 
 in themselves suitable substitutes and adequate re- 
 wards to take the place of the indulgence which they 
 deny. Hence they do not develop convinced, enthu- 
 siastic, or positive character. 
 
 (3) They often contain much of prejudice, and are 
 thus unfair and unreasonable. For example, they bear 
 unequally on men and women. Men have never been 
 made to suffer for their sexual misdeeds as women 
 have. Beside being unjust to women, this has been 
 very bad for the morality of men. U. of M., p. 21. 
 
 12. What is the principle iinderlying the very 
 
 practical movement to aid sex education by 
 the substitution of other interests and activi- 
 ties? 
 
 It depends essentially on the fact that our time, in- 
 terests, and powers are limited, and that if we are 
 fully active in one field we cannot be in another also. 
 It involves therefore the prevention of undue atten- 
 tion to the sex appetites and of sex excesses, by drain- 
 ing off the excess of energy into other channels. It 
 is keeping down one impulse by developing and grati- 
 fying others. 
 
 13. What are examples of this method of educa- 
 
 tion? 
 
 ( 1 ) Any device, project, or organization for the bet- 
 ter use of the leisure time of boys, so that no time of 
 idleness is allowed, and the mind remains occupied 
 with wholesome interests. 
 
 (2) Definite guiding of the activities of boys and 
 
 [71] 
 
THE SEX FACTOR IN HUMAN LIFE 
 
 young men and the use of their energies and time in 
 engrossing and wholesome undertakings : — as clean en- 
 tertainments, movies, and shows ; indoor games, puz- 
 zles, hobbies, outdoor sports, hikes, athletic games, 
 appealing conversation, discussions, reading, and the 
 like. 
 
 (3) More intelligent use of, and provision for, the 
 various temporary impulses, motives, and instincts that 
 are large in the boy's life. Such are the gang impulse, 
 and those of play, exploring, roaming, collecting, con- 
 structing, inventing, creating, etc. 
 
 (4) Timely encouragements of, and appeals to, the 
 purposes, ambitions, and hopes of boys for their life 
 activities; and with this making clear the qualities of 
 body, mind, disposition, and the attitudes which are 
 necessary for success. Testing them for progress in 
 gaining winning qualities. 
 
 14. What is the relation of leisure and of whole- 
 
 some vigorous activity to right sex behavior? 
 
 Leisure, unguided, furnishes peculiar psychological 
 temptation to experimentation, bad companionship, 
 vulgarity, and lowered morale. 
 
 Leisure used in enterprises that do no more than 
 tax the body and hold the mind enable the boy to grow 
 up with so much less chance at the coarser mischief. 
 In its effects it is somewhat like cleaning up the en- 
 vironment. If, in addition, these interests of the leisure 
 time are in themselves valuable, we have made a posi- 
 tive contribution to sound character, although it may 
 not bear very directly upon sex control. 
 
 15. What is the weakness of this method of sub- 
 
 stitution in sex education? 
 
 It has only a general value such as exercise has in 
 
 fitting the body to resist contagious diseases. It lacks 
 
 power to give specific immunity and mastery. In a 
 
 certain sense, standing alone, it dodges the sex issue 
 
 [72] 
 
DIRECTING AND CONTROLLING THE SEX APPETITE 
 
 by substituting other interests. It neither provides 
 against the specific temptation which is sure to come, 
 nor (more important still) does it teach the young man 
 to use his sex nature for that building up of his own 
 character which it may so well do. 
 
 16. What is the place of positive education in re- 
 
 spect to sex direction, control, and develop- 
 ment? 
 
 This is the supreme service society can render youth. 
 What has been mentioned above is a part of this edu- 
 cation. But it is not enough. It is not the big con- 
 structive thing. In early life we must definitely pre- 
 pare the boy to recognize his own progress in sex life, 
 to know what it means to his happiness, to find his 
 chief pleasure in looking forward to a fine sex per- 
 fection of body and spirit, to recognize the various 
 dangers that threaten this, to take a fair and honor- 
 able attitude toward girls and women, to idealize the 
 phenomena of the home, to prize the refinement which 
 can occur there of all our more selfish satisfactions, 
 and most of all to regard his youth as a preparation 
 for this home making. U. of M., Ch. VIII. (See also 
 Ch. IV of this discussion.) 
 
 17. What is the real purpose of all education? 
 
 Its purpose is to improve choice and conduct in any 
 field, through the proper development of those inner 
 springs of personality which normally determine choice 
 and conduct. U. of M., p. 43. 
 
 18. What are these inner human springs that de- 
 
 termine choice, and must be rightly educated 
 in respect to sex choices, as in others? and 
 what does each contribute to choice and con-, 
 duct? 
 
 [73] 
 
THE SEX FACTOR IN HUMAN LIFE 
 
 The chief inner elements that control our choices 
 are: — 
 
 (i) Our native tendencies and impulses, and the de- 
 sires and appetites, which drive us in life. 
 
 (2) Our satisfactions, by which we measure the total 
 worthwhileness of our conduct because of the comfort 
 or discomfort which it brings, and which taken with 
 our desires furnish the motives of life. 
 
 (3) Our knowledge and judgment, by which we con- 
 sciously compare and measure the different elements 
 that enter into a situation and estimate the soundness 
 and wisdom of various possible lines of choice in the 
 light of our whole experience or instruction. 
 
 (4) Our standards, which represent that part of our 
 knowledge that we have really accepted and assimi- 
 lated. 
 
 (5) Our ideals, which are a kind of fusion of our 
 desires and standards. 
 
 (6) Our attitudes, which determine how our past 
 instruction and experiences will influence our open- 
 ness to any of the stimuli and appeals which come to 
 us. They express a kind of habit of outlook and of 
 relating oneself to his stimuli, his states of mind, and 
 his conduct. 
 
 (7) Our purposes and aspirations, by which we look 
 ahead and relate our present to the future that we want 
 to have. 
 
 (8) And in it all, our imagination, by which alone 
 we can image and make real to ourselves our past ex- 
 periences and our future possibilities, — ^both for our 
 present guidance. 
 
 Every one of these functions of our personality 
 bears practically and strongly on choice and behavior. 
 Apparently every one can be changed by education, — 
 both for the better and for the worse. Practical sex 
 education can ignore no one of them. U. of M., Chs. 
 II & III. 
 
 [74] 
 
DIRECTING AND CONTROLLING THE SEX APPETITE 
 
 19. "Sex education," then, is more than "Sex 
 
 hygiene" ? 
 
 Very much more. It means of course such knowl- 
 edge of sex physiology and hygiene as will help pre- 
 vent disease and secure sex health. But knowledge 
 is not enough. It means that every sex fact imparted 
 to youth should at once be so connected with the inner 
 sex development of his body, mind, and all personality 
 that he cannot ignore its intellectual, emotional, social, 
 moral, and esthetic contributions to his normality, his 
 adaptations, his happiness, and his growth. 
 
 20. Can one consciously set about strengthening 
 
 and developing for himself or for others 
 these traits of personality as they bear upon 
 sex choice? 
 
 He can. Every one of them can be modified and 
 educated. (For training of appetites and satisfactions, 
 see Ch. III.) 
 
 21. How can we train the function of sound judg- 
 
 ment and reason with respect to sex? 
 
 There is no way except to practice oneself in reason- 
 ing and judging. One may have knowledge without 
 judgment. To have the latter, one must insist on bring- 
 ing the whole situation into consciousness. It means 
 that one must observe life; must bring all the facts 
 into the problem; must not shut his eyes to the dis- 
 agreeable outcome of conduct which at first gives 
 pleasure but limits all later happiness; must watch 
 causes and their effects and try continually to find 
 what are the essential and important factors in an 
 effect. He must refuse to allow his present desires 
 and prejudices to determine his choice, merely because 
 they are present. They are always stronger because 
 they are close. He must continually include the ex- 
 periences of others in the forming of his judgments. 
 
 [75] 
 
THE SEX FACTOR IN HUMAN LIFE 
 
 In a word, the only way to educate oneself in the power 
 of judgment in any field is to apply the scientific 
 method consciously and with purpose in deciding every 
 choice he makes in that field. One thus builds up 
 standards of discrimination and choice. 
 
 22. What can we do to improve ideals? 
 
 Ideals are a kind of combination of our standards 
 and our desires. When you have a conviction of the 
 soundness of any point of view and a strong devotion 
 to it, with a desire to realize it in your life, you have 
 an ideal. Qearly, then, cultivation of sound ideas, 
 knowledge, and judgment helps toward ideals. 
 
 23. But how can we increase desire for and de- 
 
 votion to these standards, if there is in us 
 some strong, coarser desire which conflicts 
 with these? 
 
 This is probably the most difficult problem of human 
 life. Here is really the heart of the internal conflict 
 between the lower and higher life. There are those 
 who believe there is no natural or educational way to 
 change desires for the better; that it can only be done 
 by supernatural power. Our best studies of human 
 personality seem to show us, however, that desires and 
 devotions, even the most spiritual, can be naturally 
 trained and developed just as truly as any other of 
 our functions. This can be true only because the ele- 
 ments of the higher desires and satisfactions are already 
 naturally within us, and need only to be brought into 
 the range of personal consciousness and appreciation 
 in the right way. The following are some of the edu- 
 cative steps which one may take in respect to the sex 
 desires : — 
 
 (i) Compare, point by point, the pleasures and the 
 losses promised by the gratification of a present de- 
 sire for sex indulgence with the finer, more extended, 
 more lasting satisfactions that belong to sex life at its 
 
 [76] 
 
DIRECTING AND CONTROLLING THE SEX APPETITE 
 
 best and most unselfish level. Here is where informa- 
 tion can aid in guiding desire. 
 
 (2) Focus imagination effectively upon the higher 
 satisfactions and the grosser discomforts, so as to make 
 real in the present what they contribute in the future. 
 Do not allow the grosser satisfaction to occupy con- 
 sciousness apart from the inevitable dissatisfactions. 
 The only discomfort that attaches to the higher pro- 
 gram is in the sacrifice and denial of the lower satis- 
 factions. The fundamental function of religion is not 
 to try to insure an irresponsibly happy future life, but 
 rather to guide life in its continually present expres- 
 sion and unfolding. Yet in so far as any religion em- 
 phasizes the importance of using the present so wisely 
 that the future may naturally be more rich and worthy, 
 it is appealing to the same vital principle of prudence 
 and development which we are emphasizing here. Re- 
 ligion is essentially an agency which sublimates interest, 
 desires, attitudes, and conduct by use of the imagina- 
 tion. 
 
 (3) Set the whole matter of sex desire and the pos- 
 sible types of conduct and satisfaction into the whole 
 of life and its possibilities for you, and determine to 
 which you can give the greatest permanent enthusiasm 
 and devotion in such a way as to be true to the best 
 you know and feel, and thus maintain self-respect. 
 
 (4) Hold before you the lives and devotions of 
 those of your friends and acquaintances, men and 
 women, in whom you have the most profound confi- 
 dence and admiration. 
 
 (5) Similarly, select those heroic characters in fic- 
 tion and in history who have had most meaning for 
 humanity, and compare their desires and ideals and 
 devotions with those who have chosen to live gross 
 and uncontrolled lives. Study biographies of great 
 people. Whatever may be your religious views, the 
 life of Jesus looms up as one which most soundly 
 
 [77] 
 
THE SEX FACTOR IN HUMAN LIFE 
 
 measured and exemplified the real joys and satisfac- 
 tions of human life. Your search will never reveal to 
 you a life of more superb insight and outlook. 
 
 (6) School yourself in acting for and in desiring 
 the welfare of human society. Sex at its best is the 
 most consecrating influence we have for social up- 
 building. The social destructiveness of its perversions 
 is appalling. R. S. L., Ch. VI ; S. & L., pp. 68-70. 
 
 24. Hovr do aims and purposes serve to help us 
 
 control; and how^ can they be cultivated? 
 
 A great purpose for the whole of life gives color 
 and meaning to all of its details. If we intend to be 
 a great athlete, an upbuilder and leader of human na- 
 ture and society in any great profession, the founder 
 of a fine home in which cleanness, honor, confidence, 
 and love shall be the atmosphere of family develop- 
 ment, a Christian leader of thought and action, — then 
 we have a great object which causes us continually to 
 weigh every act, and which so engages our thought and 
 energy that the unworthy and debilitating selfish in- 
 dulgences seem foolish and wasteful. Intelligent pur- 
 poses in life can be strengthened by a study of the 
 biography of great and good men and by noting the 
 part that early ideals and purposes had in holding them 
 steadfast to a life program ; by thinking on the various 
 objects which other people strive for and noting 
 whether they seem to produce permanent happiness 
 and satisfaction together with usefulness and confi- 
 dence. S. & L., p. 72 ; R. S. L., p. 92. 
 
 25. What role should a young man of leadership 
 
 play in respect to sex education? 
 
 He should at least see that his younger brothers and 
 sisters have as early as possible the leadership and 
 help which he can give them. He should begin" to 
 plan that he will, as a father, render the best service 
 
 [78] . 
 
DIRECTING AND CONTROLLING THE SEX APPETITE 
 
 a father can to his own boys and girls so that they may 
 get the full benefit out of their sex. This generation 
 of young men and women can bring a splendid im- 
 provement to the sex life of the next generation if 
 they will, and can help shape public opinion toward a 
 sex education which shall be whole and adequate. 
 Young men should demand opportunities for educa- 
 tion in respect to successful marriage and parenthood. 
 These add even more to the possibility of happiness 
 than preparation for success in business. 
 
 [79] 
 
CHAPTER VIII 
 
 SOCIAL RESULTS OF UNCONTROL 
 
 Introductory Statement 
 
 NO brief statement, such as this, can do any justice 
 to the fierce social effects of man's refusal to 
 control his sex nature in the interest of development 
 instead of in the interest of temporary gratification. 
 Thus far we have been discussing chiefly the internal, 
 personal results that come to the individual from right 
 and wrong attitudes toward this most profound and 
 prolific of our endowments. 
 
 The problem of what constitutes sex control for 
 men and women is a complex one because we are 
 human. For example, if we had only the animal, bio- 
 logical facts to consider, there is no physical injury to 
 men and women from sex intercourse of normal fre- 
 quency out of wedlock. But such a program among 
 humans would wreck all social confidence. There is 
 no merely biological objection to a married man sup- 
 porting one or more mistresses ; but such practice dis- 
 integrates the human aspects of character and home 
 life just as fully as any other form of prostitution. 
 
 In the light then of the whole series of issues in- 
 volved, both personal and social, sexual control may 
 be outlined as follows: 
 
 For an unmarried man, — complete continence in re- 
 
 ispect to sex intercourse, and abstinence from sex prac- 
 
 Ijtices which either threaten his own personal powers 
 
 or character, or which will compromise or in|ure any 
 
 , [ 80 ] 
 
SOCIAL RESULTS OF UNCONTROL 
 
 woman. On the other hand, this all the more points 
 to the fullest development and enjoyment of all those 
 sex appreciations and companionships with women 
 which add to the development and sound happiness of 
 both. 
 
 For a married man, — built upon this early life of 
 continence and appreciation, control means complete 
 faithfulness to his wife and family and a considerate 
 attitude toward his wife in sex relations. Successful 
 married life is not one of sex license. 
 
 Among the hurtful social ills resulting from sex in- 
 dulgence are: — the venereal diseases which are the 
 most destructive of the communicable diseases; the 
 class of women prostitutes, with their brief, tragic, and 
 loathsome life; unmarried mothers, a disgraceful 
 arraignment of lustful and dishonorable men; illegiti- 
 mate children, who must approach life without the 
 surroundings to which every child is entitled, and are 
 unjustly handicapped through life because of public 
 opinion. 
 
 These are 'all direct and obvious. The most sinister 
 effect of sexual uncontrol however is indirect. The 
 most destructive result of incontinent and irregular 
 sex life is upon marriage, faithfulness, confidence ; and 
 upon the evolution of the home as the unit of repro- 
 duction, happiness, democracy, unselfishness, mutual 
 service, devotion, and of higher social organization. 
 To preserve and develop these high qualities under- 
 lying the home is the prime social purpose of sex edu- 
 cation. These are discussed in other chapters. 
 
 There is no occasion here to make any extended 
 analysis of the various forms and degrees of prostitu- 
 tion and promiscuity of sex relation. If the monoga- 
 mous home is an ideal and an institution worth 
 preserving and developing, any irregular sex connec- 
 tions which tend to destroy its existence or efficiency is 
 a prostitution of the sex relation. It is the business of 
 
 [81] 
 
THE SEX FACTOR IN HUMAN LIFE 
 
 those who are in sympathy with the best future prog- 
 ress of human society and human character to discover 
 what is destructive and what is developing. Prostitu- 
 tion may be professional or clandestine, permanent or 
 occasional, promiscuous or exclusive, paid by a fee, 
 by complete support, by entertainment, or merely in 
 kind. 
 
 1. If '^society were to adopt the view that men do 
 
 not need to control their sex desires in the 
 interest of personal and social welfare, what 
 eire the necessary corollaries? 
 Either women, too, would need to become promiscu- 
 ous in their sex relations or there must be maintained 
 permanently a special class of women who supply the 
 extra, irregular demand, — as concubines, mistresses, 
 and other prostitutes of varying grades. This means 
 perpetual machinery to seduce and degrade girls of 
 low mentality, of low moral and educational character, 
 of high sex excitability, of poor economic and social 
 opportunity, for the gratification of fhe lust of men. 
 The terrible tragedy and heartlessness of such a con- 
 dition can be realized by a man only when he remem- 
 bers that every girl is somebody's sister or daughter 
 and entitled to love and protection. 
 
 2. What is the central issue in the question? 
 
 It is really between the continued evolution and im- 
 provement of a satisfactory monogamous home based 
 upon mutual love, sex cleanness and control before and 
 after marriage, on the part of husband and wife alike 
 for the sake of one another and of their children, on 
 the one hand; — and on the other, the progressive de- 
 struction of the home-ideal by unchastity before mar- 
 riage and unfaithfulness after, coupled with the de- 
 moralization and prostitution of many women who by 
 natural impulse and capacity would become wives and 
 mothers. 
 
 [82] 
 
SOCIAL RESULTS OF UNCONTROL 
 
 3. Can prostitution and promiscuity be regarded 
 
 as a natural or sound method of sex gratifi- 
 cation? 
 
 (i) No; because gratification is not the end of the 
 sex impulse, but a means to an end. The end is per- 
 sonal and social development. 
 
 (2) This end is not only not achieved by prostitu- 
 tion, but is often made impossible by it. 
 
 (3) It disregards the other sex instincts which en- 
 hance the enjoyment and ennoble sex intercourse, such 
 as love, parenthood, etc. It destroys or weakens all 
 the more humane traits. 
 
 (4) Positive personal and social evils of the most 
 serious kind result from it. 
 
 (5) It tends constantly towards certain gross forms 
 of masturbation and other base perversions, as all his- 
 tory of prostitution shows. R. S. L., pp. 4-9. 
 
 4. Is there a physical necessity for prostitution in 
 
 spite of the social and moral objections to it? 
 
 No ; the social and physical welfare of the race co- 
 incide in this. R. S. L., p. 19 ; S. T. W., p. 16. 
 
 5. What is the relation of the man to prostitution? 
 
 Man who by his secondary sex characters should 
 be the protector of womankind, has used his powers 
 and the position that they have given him, to make 
 women the slaves of his appetite. He creates prosti- 
 tution by his demand for indulgence. R. S. L., p. 42 ; 
 L. C, p. 55. 
 
 6. In what ways do men overcome the moral ideals 
 
 of women? 
 
 (i) By maintaining a class of prostitutes. 
 (2) By using their own greater earning capacity to 
 entice women. 
 
 [83] 
 
THE SEX FACTOR IN HUMAN LIFE 
 
 (3) By pleading, flattery, entertainment, false pro- 
 fessions of love and loyalty. 
 
 (4) By perpetuation of a false and unfair double 
 standard. R. S. L., p. 43. 
 
 7. Does the woman have a fair chance before be- 
 
 coming a prostitute? 
 
 (i) She is immature, 
 
 (2) Often feeble-minded, 
 
 (3) Uneducated (a large proportion have not even 
 finished the grammar grades), 
 
 (4) Works for inadequate wages, 
 
 (5) Often unable to get a husband and home, 
 
 (6) Lied to and her affections abused; seduced 
 through false promises of marriage, 
 
 (7) Induced by appeals to fear, vanity, her natural 
 desire to please, by weakening her moral control 
 through drugs, etc. (See Kauffmann; also Kneeland.) 
 
 8. Is she mature enough to make an intelligent 
 
 choice? 
 
 Various investigators report approximately one- 
 half as beginning the life before the age of consent 
 (18 years). (Kneeland), C. P. N. Y. 
 
 9. Is she prepared by education to make an intelli- 
 
 gent choice? 
 A high proportion, variously reported from 75 per 
 cent to 90 per cent, have not even completed the gram- 
 mar grades. 
 
 10. Chief reasons offered by prostitutes for having 
 
 started the life? 
 (i) Difficulties in their families, 
 
 (2) Difficulties in marriage, 
 
 (3) Personal reasons, — such as love and desertion, 
 excitement, natural waywardness, discouragement and 
 loneliness, economic reasons. C. P. N. Y. (Davis); 
 various reports. 
 
 [84 1 
 
SOCIAL RESULTS OF UNCONTROL 
 
 11. Can prostitution be looked upon as due chiefly 
 
 to the unrestraint of unmarried people? 
 
 Statistics from 13 hospitals in New York City show 
 the following regarding patients having venereal dis- 
 ease: 
 
 Males Females 
 
 Unmarried 640 589 
 
 Married 2,950 802 
 
 Widowed 57 90 
 
 This suggests that men who have formed the habit of 
 patronizing prostitutes may not cease to do so when 
 they marry. (Kneeland), C. P. N. Y. 
 
 12. What is the relation of prostitution to venereal 
 
 disease? 
 
 It is claimed by some authorities that 90 per cent or 
 more of venereal disease is contracted by males through 
 prostitution and promiscuous intercourse, and that 85 
 per cent of married women with syphilis have received 
 it innocently from their husbands. Whether these par- 
 ticular percentages are true or not, there is no question 
 that there is a high correlation between prostitution 
 and venereal disease. 
 
 13. Does regulation and medical inspection of 
 
 prostitutes prevent the spread of venereal 
 disease? 
 
 "The amount of disease communicated and con- 
 tracted is . . .in the long run, dependent not on the 
 existence or the non-existence of medical inspection, but 
 on the frequency and amount of irregular intercourse." 
 
 "... There is one outstanding factor to be reck- 
 oned with, viz., the amount of promiscuous coitus." 
 Investigations among white prostitutes in several "red 
 light" districts show 90-95 per cent venereally diseased ; 
 
 [85] 
 
THE SEX FACTOR IN HUMAN LIFE 
 
 outside these districts 70-75 per cent. K, F. F., p. 8; 
 P.E.,p.255;S.T.L. 
 
 14- Does the open house, with regulation and in- 
 spection, increase the amount of irregular 
 intercourse ? 
 
 Yes, because : 
 
 ( 1 ) It is a constant advertisement of and invitation 
 to inimorality. 
 
 (2) It stimulates artificially the demand for prosti- 
 tution. 
 
 (3) It gives a seeming sanction of society for im- 
 morality. 
 
 (4) It gives a false sense of security. S. T. L. 
 
 15. If prostitution (promiscuous intercourse) 
 
 ceased, vrould venereal disease cease? 
 
 Venereal disease is communicated in the act of co- 
 ition, and if this were confined to life partners, the 
 diseases would be restricted and eventually vanish. 
 The cases of contagion outside of sexual contact are 
 a small percentage of the whole. 
 
 16. What has been the relation of war to the 
 
 venereal diseases? 
 
 All wars have been marked by the increase and 
 spread of venereal disease. It remains to be seen 
 whether this will be true in America as the result of 
 the World War. For the first time in the history of 
 armies the American army had a lower venereal-dis- 
 ease rate than the civilian population. 
 
 17. What was showm as to the effects o£ venereal 
 
 diseases on the efficiency of the armies in 
 the World War? 
 
 The reports of various commissions show that be- 
 fore the war and during the early part of the war the 
 
 [86] 
 
SpCIAL RESULTS OF UNCONTROL 
 
 yearly disease rate was lo per cent or more. Allowing 
 twenty days lost for each case, this would be the 
 equivalent of two days incapacity for every man in the 
 army. One American regiment on the Mexican bor- 
 der, in which accurate statistics were kept, showed a 
 yearly rate above 8 per cent. During and since the war 
 the yearly rate has been reduced in the American army 
 about one-half. 
 
 18. What are the effects of ss^philis on mortality? 
 
 Bramwell: in 3,658 cases, finds that life was short- 
 ened under expectancy from 4 to 4.4 years. 
 
 Tiselius : in 5,175 cases, the excess of mortality was 
 28 per cent. 
 
 GoUmer : in 5,385 cases, the excess of mortality was 
 33 per cent. 
 
 On an average, derived from a number of studies, 
 syphilis shortens life five years or more. 
 
 19. To what degree does syphilis give rise to other 
 
 human diseases? 
 
 An appreciable per cent of insanity (variously esti- 
 mated from 10-15 per cent) is connected with syphilis. 
 All cases of paresis and locomotor ataxia appear to 
 arise from syphilis. About one-half of the deaths 
 from softening of the brain, apoplexy, angina pectoris, 
 and the chief arterial diseases are held to be due to 
 syphilis. 
 
 20. If prophylactic antiseptics will kill the germs, 
 
 why is it true that their application does no 
 good a few hours after infection? 
 
 The germs soon become imbedded in the tissues and 
 cannot be destroyed without destroying the tissues. 
 The deeper the disease goes and the longer it operates 
 the less chance there is to kill the germ or to cure the 
 diseased person. 
 
 [87] 
 
THE SEX FACTOR IN HUMAN LIFE 
 
 21. How does this affect the possible breaking out 
 
 of the disease later? 
 If not properly treated, the germs may pass into a 
 resting stage and lie buried for years until something 
 starts them up and they break out afresh. 
 
 22. To what organs may gonorrhea extend in the 
 
 individual? 
 
 IN THE male: 
 
 IN THE female: 
 
 Urethral 
 
 canal 
 
 Vagina 
 
 Prostate 
 
 gland 
 
 Uterus 
 
 Seminal vesicles 
 
 Fallopian tubes 
 
 Seminal canal 
 
 Ovaries 
 
 Epididymis 
 
 Abdominal cavity 
 
 Testes 
 
 
 Urethra 
 
 Bladder 
 
 
 Bladder 
 
 Ureter 
 
 
 Ureter 
 
 Kidneys 
 
 
 Kidneys 
 
 Eyes 
 
 
 Eyes 
 
 Joints 
 
 
 Joints 
 
 Heart 
 
 
 Heart 
 
 R. S. L., 35;K. F. F.,p. 15. 
 
 23. If venereal diseases should be eliminated would 
 
 prostitution then be justifiable? 
 There is no rational justification of prostitution. It 
 is neither physiologically nor psychologically neces- 
 sary. It is economically wasteful, socially degrading, 
 destructive of domestic happiness, and perversive of 
 moral standards. The practice of it menaces the best 
 in our human nature and ideals and institutions. ' 
 
 24. What are the mental and emotional effects of 
 
 promiscuous intercourse upon the individual, 
 whether with professional prostitutes, clan- 
 destine prostitutes, chance acquaintances, or 
 Otherwise? 
 
 [88] 
 
SOCIAL RESULTS OF UNCONTROL 
 
 (i) If the individual escapes disease for a season, 
 he acquires a false sense of security. 
 
 (2) He forms habits and standards destructive to 
 clean living later in life. 
 
 (3) He has ugly memories and regrets. 
 
 (4) He must live a life of deceit, with perpetual 
 fear of discovery and social condemnation. 
 
 (5) His respect for vsromankind is lowered. 
 
 (6) His self-respect is lowered. This always marks 
 personal disintegration. 
 
 (7) His sense of social responsibility is destroyed; 
 and through his acts a vicious system is perpetuated. 
 K. F. R, p. 14; D. of M., p. 69. 
 
 25. What is the effect of prostitution on home life? 
 
 (1) Many men entirely shirk home duties, live im- 
 moral lives as bachelors, and thus attack the founda- 
 tions of the home. 
 
 (2) Disease from prostitutes is carried to the home 
 by married men, often making the wife incapable of 
 motherhood or of having mutual sex relations with her 
 husband. 
 
 (3) The husband cannot give his best affection to 
 his wife, and homes are broken up or robbed of hap- 
 piness and usefulness by disloyalty. 
 
 (4) Children are affected by disease. 
 
 (5) Children suffer by bad example and are handi- 
 capped socially and in their personal development by 
 parents' acts. 
 
 (6) Few prostitutes marry for homes, but often 
 marry "pimps" for protection and from a kind of de- 
 votion highly modified by the life. 
 
 (7) Economic effects. (See next question.) R. S. 
 L,. p. 50. 
 
 26. What are the economic effects of prostitution 
 
 in relation to the family? 
 
 [89] 
 
THE SEX FACTOR IN HUMAN LIFE 
 
 (1) Money spent on prostitutes is taken from family 
 resources. 
 
 (2) Disease makes a man less able to work, and re- 
 quires money for treatment. 
 
 (3) Money is spent for operations on the infected 
 wife. 
 
 (4) Disease, if uncured, produces conditions which 
 may appear years afterward and reduce or wholly end 
 productivity: — as locomotor ataxia, paresis, paralysis, 
 blindness, deafness, premature death. L. C. ; see also 
 questions 11, 13. 
 
 27. How does prostitution affect marriage and 
 
 motherhood? 
 
 (1) Prostitution deprives a whole class of women 
 of motherhood; it also frequently bringing death or 
 hopeless invalidism to innocent wives through infec- 
 tion from husbands. 
 
 (2) Much sterility of wives is due to gonorrhea 
 contracted innocently. 
 
 (3) Many women who would be wives are not, in- 
 asmuch as many men do not marry because they pre- 
 fer free and promiscuous indulgence without respon- 
 sibility, or from having become unfit for marriage 
 through venereal diseases. 
 
 (4) Syphilis adds to the number of still-bom chil- 
 dren. Gonorrhea produces blindness in babies. 
 
 (5) Syphilis may be congenital. 
 
 (6) Venereal diseases increase infant mortality. 
 
 The above effects do not come fully to the knowl- 
 edge of the average man or woman. They are known 
 chiefly to physicians. 
 
 28. Are followers of prostitutes satisfactory hus- 
 
 bands and fathers? 
 
 (i) They often carry disease to their families. 
 (2) They give their attentions and money to others. 
 
 [90] 
 
SOCIAL RESULTS OF UNCONTROL 
 
 (3) They live a life of deceit, which is dishonoring 
 and demoralizing to their families. D. of M., pp. 83 
 and 112; see also question 25. 
 
 29. Because of these physical, mental, and moral 
 
 effects of sex indulgence and of the diseases 
 so closely associated with it, what are some 
 of the most obvious general effects of pros- 
 titution on social and racial conditions? 
 (i) Causes fewer and later marriages. 
 
 (2) Injures the home life as the foundation of our 
 social institutions. 
 
 (3) Cuts out a great many eligible women from home 
 life and child production. 
 
 (4) Causes large illegitimacy, and the disgrace and 
 handicap to mothers and children. 
 
 (5) Necessary to maintain houses of reclamation, 
 clinics, hospitals, etc. 
 
 (6) Makes a large special class (prostitutes) who 
 bear, unjustly, the chief stigma of the wrong prac- 
 tices. 
 
 (7) Makes sterile many men and women, both pros- 
 titutes and those innocently infected. 
 
 (8) Increases infant mortality and the number of 
 still-born children. 
 
 (9) Produces deformed and defective children, in- 
 cluding those with congenital syphilis. 
 
 (10) Causes anxiety and unhappiness of infected 
 parents about their children. 
 
 (11) Limits the happiness and just privileges of 
 these defective children. 
 
 (12) Diminishes our constructive human and eco- 
 nomic resources. 
 
 (13) Lowers social, ethical, and moral standards 
 and thus decreases efficiency. 
 
 30. What is the economic bearing of prostitution 
 
 on society? 
 
 [91] 
 
THE SEX FACTOR IN HUMAN LIFE 
 
 While exact statistics are wanting, immense sums 
 are lost in ways which make no constructive returns 
 to society. These losses include: sums paid directly 
 to prostitutes and their managers; care of venereal 
 diseases and of blindness, illness, and insanity due to 
 venereal diseases; loss of production of the diseased, 
 the blind, and insane; expenses of courts, police, 
 prisons, detention homes for prostitutes, hospitals and 
 clinics growing out of prostitution. 
 
 31. Why, in spite of all these things, have we al- 
 
 lowed prostitution to persist? 
 
 (1) Because we think more of self -gratification than 
 of benefitting ourselves or the race, and have been 
 misled by miseducation and false ideals. 
 
 (2) Because "there is money in it" for profiteers. 
 
 (3) It is thought to be "easy money" for the pros- 
 titute. 
 
 (4) The demand is artificially and unnaturally stim- 
 ulated by dishonest and degrading propaganda. 
 
 (5) It is associated with drink and other forms of 
 vice and debauch. 
 
 (6) As a nation we have not thought through the 
 matter. Sec. II, 6; R. S. L., p. 43. 
 
 32. What will wake us up? 
 
 (i) The World War has begun to do so ; it has con- 
 vinced us of the necessity of having a low venereal 
 rate for the sake of military efficiency. 
 
 (2) The understanding that we need efficiency in 
 peace no less than in war. 
 
 (3) A realization that we are violating a fundamen- 
 tal principle of democracy in exploiting and degrading 
 a class of human beings. 
 
 (4) The implanting of big ideals and the awaken- 
 ing of conscience in respect to matters of sex. 
 
 All of this means that we must have adequate sex 
 education. 
 
 [92] 
 
CHAPTER IX 
 
 SEX AND INHERITANCE 
 
 Topics for Discussion 
 
 I. In what two ways can the individuals that make up a 
 
 species be changed? Compare the results of the two 
 niethods (euthenics vs. eugenics). Show how these can 
 be combined for the improvement (or deterioration) of 
 the race. 
 
 II. What is the best statement of the meaning of heredity 
 that you are able to find? Why do you regard it so? 
 
 III. What are the hopeful and the hopeless features, important 
 for social betterment, which grow out of the increasing 
 conviction that the results of education cannot be trans- 
 mitted through inheritance? 
 
 IV. Positive and negative eugenics. 
 
 V. To what extent do the human qualities and functions, that 
 make for social and moral effectiveness, seem to you 
 capable of education ? Evidences for ? Importance of ? 
 
 Introductory Statement 
 
 THE improvement of human or other organisms 
 can apparently be brought about in only two ways : 
 — by modifying the individual by education or training 
 or other change from the outside ; or by breeding and 
 selection in such a way as to increase or diminish the 
 prevalence of certain natural traits. Profound changes 
 can often be worked in the individual by the first 
 method. For example, the very life or death of a 
 melon vine may be determined by spraying; cultiva- 
 tion may make all the difference between a nubbin and 
 
 [93] 
 
THE SEX FACTOR IN HUMAN LIFE 
 
 a great ear of corn ; education may produce the high- 
 est, most balanced culture we know of body, mind, and 
 morals in individuals who without it might have been 
 ignorant, unsocial, and impotent. Apparently, how- 
 ever, no special results go over into the riext generation 
 either from the spraying, the cultivation, or the educa- 
 tion. It must all be done again for the following gen- 
 eration. 
 
 Yet by not spraying our melons and by selecting and 
 breeding the few that may naturally survive the blight, 
 although attacked by it, it is possible to breed a race of 
 vines immune to the blight. This selective mating for 
 strong traits is the basis of eugenics, and can doubt- 
 less be applied to human beings just as effectively as 
 to plants and animals. We could doubtless breed in 
 time races of human beings that would be immune to 
 tuberculosis, or have high grade of musical talent or 
 unselfish disposition or any other special combination 
 of qualities we desire, if we were to apply to them the 
 methods we apply in breeding plants. 
 
 These methods, however, are not very open to us, 
 for various reasons ; but doubtless we shall be able to 
 limit some of the grosser hereditary, taints in this way. 
 As Ve come generally to know more about inheritance 
 we shall use more intelligence in marriage. All this 
 may make for improvement. 
 
 Nevertheless our greatest hope for humanity seems 
 to lie in studying our youth, in discovering the laws 
 of their whole development and how most surely to 
 influence this development wisely, and in patiently re- 
 peating this educative process more and more effi- 
 ciently with each succeeding generation, together with 
 such changes in our social structure and environment 
 as will make this education most effective. 
 
 We have a tremendous sex heritage in which we all 
 share. Its chief abuses in people approximately nor- 
 mal come apparently from imperfect and even vicious 
 
 [94] 
 
SEX AND INHERITANCE 
 
 educational processes and points of view. Education 
 of youth for wise use of this sex nature includes right 
 handling of practically every internal trait and exter- 
 nal relation. 
 
 1. Why is reproduction necessary? 
 
 Because accident, old age, and death would make 
 it impossible for any species to survive if new indi- 
 viduals could not be produced. S. & L., p. ii. 
 
 2. What is the nature and result of all reproduc- 
 
 tion? 
 
 All reproduction, high or low, means the division of 
 parents, or the separation of material from the par- 
 ents, to make a new individual. It marks some degree 
 of sacrifice of the individual. 
 
 It is in general a method, too, of renewing youth. 
 The offspring are not so old in body as the parents 
 from which they spring. This is the only "fountain 
 of youth." B. of S., Ch. IV; H. & S., pp. 1-4. 
 
 3. In what respects do the different methods of 
 
 reproduction differ? 
 
 (i) In the lowest types the parent may divide into 
 two, or more, young. The parent thus entirely dis' 
 appears ; — though there is no death in this. 
 
 (2) Higher up among organisms the parent may 
 produce a smaller bud or shoot in which is the power 
 to grow into a complete plant or animal like the parent. 
 The parent thus may continue its own life side by side 
 with its offspring. The sacrifice is not so great. 
 
 (3) In most of the higher animals and plants this 
 new offspring consists at first of a single cell only. 
 Usually two kinds of offspring must be produced {eggs 
 and sperm), and most commonly two kinds of parents 
 produce these (female and male). In order to develop 
 properly, an ^gg cell and a sperm cell normally unite. 
 
 [95] 
 
THE SEX FACTOR IN HUMAN LIFE 
 
 B. of S., Ch. IV; S. a L., p. ii; B. W. B., Ch. I; 
 H. & S., Ch. I. 
 
 4. What are the relations, in the higher animals, 
 
 'of the developing sex cells and the body in 
 which they occur? 
 
 The name germ-plasm is applied to that part of the 
 living material, found even in the very young organ- 
 ism, which finally produces the sex cells by which re- 
 production later takes place. The name body-plasm is 
 given to that part which specializes into bone, muscle, 
 nerves, and the other tissues belonging to any mature 
 body. This takes no real part in reproduction. We 
 have already seen (Ch. II : 6) that the developing germ- 
 plasm (sex cells) profoundly influences the body in 
 which it develops. Similarly the parent body certainly 
 modifies the vitality and well being of the germ-plasm 
 which it carries. It is important, however, to realize 
 that this effect of the body on the germ-plasm, whether 
 much or little, has nothing to do with heredity; that 
 the parent body is only a very intimate part of the 
 early environment of the germ-plasm. G. C. C, pp. 
 29-50; B. W. B., p. 37; S. & L.. p. 23; H. & S., p. 15. 
 
 5. What do we mean by inheritance? 
 
 It is the process by which characteristics, modified 
 or unchanged, pass from generation to generation 
 through the persistence and new combinations of cer- 
 tain materials in the germ-plasm. Not merely old 
 qualities (resemblances) but new qualities (variations) 
 come thus to the new generation by inheritance. B. W. 
 B., Ch. I; A. E., p. 440. 
 
 6. Inheritance in organisms that reproduce by 
 
 dividing the whole body. 
 
 In those plants and animals that may reproduce by 
 budding or by dividing directly into two or more off- 
 
 [96] 
 
SEX AND INHERITANCE 
 
 spring we have the simplest illustration of inheritance. 
 When the new organism is one-half the parent, we 
 can see every reason why it should grow up to be very 
 much like the parent. The offspring is a big "chip off 
 the old block." As a matter of fact, however, the off- 
 spring is never exactly like the old parent was. B. W. 
 
 B., p. 22. 
 
 7. What are the means of inheritance in those 
 
 forms in which reproduction takes place by 
 the germ cells, — eggs and sperm? 
 
 These germ cells are the sole carriers of the heredi- 
 tary qualities from one generation to the next. Noth- 
 ing which passes from parent to offspring in any other 
 way than in the germ-plasm, itself has anything to do 
 with heredity. For example, the food or the animal 
 heat which the mother imparts to the child before birth 
 is not "inherited." But the ability to use food and to 
 produce its own heat is. B. W. B., pp. 25-29, 36-54. 
 
 8. Since the germ-plasm of the egg and sperm in 
 
 the higher animals is the only bridge across 
 which inherited traits can pass from one gen- 
 eration to another, what difference does this 
 make with respect to the transmission of 
 parental qualities? 
 
 If the germ-plasm of the sex cells does not arise 
 from the body of the parent, as now seems certain, 
 but both body cells of the parent and its developing 
 sex cells arise side by side as "cousins" so to speak, 
 from the same germ^plasm of the fertilized egg, then 
 the germ-plasm which seems to spring from a given 
 body does not get its original material nor its char- 
 acteristics from that body. Both body and germ-plasm 
 get their qualities equally from the ancestral germ- 
 plasm that produced both. The body of the parent 
 and the body of the offspring are both "chips from the 
 
 [97] 
 
THE SEX FACTOR IN HUMAN LIFE 
 
 same block"; and the sex cells are not at all "chips" 
 from the body. B. W. B., Ch. V; G. C. C, Ch. II. 
 
 9. What is the value of having two parents (sexes) 
 
 in reproduction and inheritance? 
 Among other things this plan makes sure that each 
 new individual arises from a germ-plasm blended from 
 two strains. This provides for gaining new combina- 
 tions by crossing, and probably tends at the same time 
 to even up different strains and to prevent extremes 
 and freaks. B. W. B., p. 6 and Ch. X. 
 
 10. Hov7 do male and female respectively influence 
 
 this offspring through inheritance? 
 While one parent may influence one child more than 
 the other parent does, statistics involving great num- 
 bers of individuals do not show that either males or 
 females, on the average, have more power to transmit 
 their qualities, — even their sex, — to the offspring. The 
 egg of the female is many times the size of the sperm 
 cell, and from this one might suppose the mother would 
 influence the offspring hereditarily more than the male 
 does. But such is not the case. 
 
 11. What do human beings inherit? 
 
 We inherit all the characteristics that make us ani- 
 mals (rather than plants) ; everything that makes us 
 vertebrates rather than invertebrates, everything that 
 make us mammals rather than fishes or birds ; all that 
 makes us primates rather than rodents or horses; all 
 that makes us men rather than monkeys ; our Caucasian 
 or mongolian or negro characteristics; our sex; the 
 color of eyes, hair, etc.; many independent unit char- 
 acters of size, proportions, vigor, etc., of various or- 
 gans; functional strengths and weaknesses, nervous 
 and mental capacities, and many special tendencies or 
 predispositions which enter into what we call person- 
 ality. B. W. B., Ch. IV. 
 
 [98] 
 
SEX AND INHERITANCE 
 
 12. To what extent on the other hand does environ- 
 
 ment determine development? 
 
 (i) In the first place unless we have certain fairly 
 limited and definite range of temperature, moisture, 
 pressure, and chemical conditions, none of the organ- 
 isms we know couid develop at all. 
 
 (2) Small variations in these just mentioned fea- 
 tures of the environment modify the perfection to 
 which the inherited possibilities may develop. This may 
 range, in respect to any quality, from o to 100 per cent 
 of the original inherited capacity. 
 
 (3) In addition to this the environment has the 
 power to veto, by eliminating harmful qualities after 
 they appear, and thus to encourage the selection of 
 helpful qualities and so bring about progress and adap- 
 tation, within the limits of inheritance. B. W. B., 
 Ch. VI. 
 
 13. The environment may control the degree to 
 
 which an inherited power may be developed 
 in a given generation. Can the environment 
 thereby add to or subtract from the inheri- 
 tance itself so that this quality will be 
 stronger or weaker in the next generation? 
 
 There is no sufficient evidence that it can in any de- 
 gree. B. W. B., Ch. V. 
 
 14. What are the principal corollaries of this state- 
 
 ment? 
 
 It means essentially that culture, the results of the 
 environment and of education, — while greatly modify- 
 ing the individual body, mind, and social and moral 
 spirit, — cannot be passed on in any degree to the germ- 
 plasm of the next generation. It means that each gen- 
 eration will have to be trained, educated, nurtured 
 anew, no matter what work has been done upon the 
 
 [99] 
 
THE SEX FACTOR IN HUMAN LIFE 
 
 parents. It means also that the effects of bad social 
 environment do not work their way into inheritance. 
 It gives a wholly new chance to the new generations 
 if they are given a perfect environment. 
 
 This does not mean that parents may not destroy 
 the vitality of the germ-plasm they carry by destruc- 
 tive living and by disease. As the environment of their 
 own germ cells they may prevent development alto- 
 gether, or interfere with it in various ways, but ap- 
 parently cannot transmit their own experiences. B. W. 
 B., Chs. VI and IX. 
 
 15. How then can the human race be improved? 
 (i) The individual can be greatly improved directly 
 
 by suitable environment, education, and training. This 
 improvement ends with the individual, unless — 
 
 (2) We can organize our gains by gradually and per- 
 manently improving the environment, and our social, 
 industrial, and educational systems, and cultural ideals 
 so that each succeeding generation may have better 
 education through the progress of those preceding. 
 
 (3) The germ-plasm, — which enters into and domi- 
 nates all the later individuals of its strain, may be im- 
 proved by selective mating, — ^that is to say, by breed- 
 ing selected strains as we do with live-stock. In this 
 way we can either accumulate or diminish any inheri- 
 table qualities. B. W. B., Chs. IX and X. 
 
 16. To what extent may the influence of what the 
 
 individual inherits be overcome or modified 
 by education or other form of environmental 
 agency? 
 Many students in their eagerness to show at its true 
 worth the tremendous power of inheritance are dis- 
 posed to claim that circumstances and education can- 
 not after all do much to change the quality of the 
 individual. 
 
 It is true that no amount of culture can make a man 
 into any other kind of animal, nor a tall man into a 
 
 [100] 
 
SEX AND INHERITANCE 
 
 short one, nor a man of small intellectual capacity into 
 one of great. It is also true that equal training given 
 to high and low mental ability leaves them further 
 apart than when they began. This is a very different 
 thing, however, from saying that we cannot by the 
 right emphasis at the right time upon the various in- 
 herited unit characters of children produce the most 
 profoundly important differences in their bodily vital- 
 ity and resistance, in their habits of mental and emo- 
 tional reactions, in their motives and satisfactions, in 
 their social and moral attitudes and choices, and in 
 their skill and certainty in behavior. 
 
 In the gross biological way these features are minor 
 and superficial as compared with skeleton, race, and 
 color of hair. But socially they are more important 
 than these major biological facts. 
 
 One injection of serum will not change profoundly 
 any structural quality, but may make completely im- 
 mune one who is by heredity peculiarly susceptible 
 to an infection. This may be a matter of life or death. 
 The appreciation of one new fact may make a complete 
 reversal of one's whole life of choice and behavior; a 
 personal friendship and admiration may give an atti- 
 tude wholly opposite from that held before ; a purpose 
 or ideal may inhibit a whole series of activities which 
 otherwise would have been accepted. Actually oppo- 
 site attitude and behavior may result from slight edu- 
 cational differences. In conduct nothing greater in 
 the way of change can be produced than the opposite 
 behavior ! 
 
 While every child is born with a mass of racial and 
 individual capacities, tendencies, and limitations, ap- 
 parently every bodily, muscular, sensory, emotional, in- 
 tellectual, social, and moral quality is capable of enough 
 modification and refitting by education to make of any 
 average child either a perverted, unsocial criminal or 
 a serving and co-operative member of society. One of 
 
 [ lOI ] 
 
THE SEX FACTOR IN HUMAN LIFE 
 
 two things is true: — either we can by education work 
 profound change in the native inheritance of individ- 
 uals, — or by very small changes in the proportions of 
 some of our inherited mixtures make the whole world 
 of difference we find in individual character. 
 
 17. What is the bearing of this upon sex^ educa- 
 
 tion? 
 
 There are those who say "Human nature is still 
 human nature," meaning that all past education has 
 not enabled, and future education will never enable, 
 the human race to make any great improvement in sex 
 behavior. We shall of course never educate away the 
 natural sex impulse. It would be a calamity if we 
 could, because its fine contributions to the race out- 
 weigh its perversions. But it runs counter to all human 
 experience to jump therefore to the conclusion that 
 the elements which enable us to control sex and guide 
 it to its best uses are not as really a part of "human 
 nature" as the urge itself. Indeed, they are more 
 representative of the whole nature than is the crude 
 impulse standing alone. 
 
 18. What is the principle of "fit" matings? 
 
 It is based on our recent studies of inheritance, and 
 means that we apply a certain purpose in our mating 
 of domestic animals and thus get strains, or varieties, 
 of "thoroughbreds." This is only done by a thorough 
 care of "blood" or purity of strains. In human mating, 
 we have very largely ignored this. We have selected 
 our mates for the most part emotionally, with the least 
 possible reference to the qualities of the "blood," as 
 shown in family history even more than in individual 
 traits. In consequence our human breeding is in large 
 measure the mixed breeding to which we would apply 
 the term "scrub" among animals, — where strong and 
 weak, diseased and well, good and bad, bright and 
 
 [I03] 
 
SEX AND INHERITANCE 
 
 dull, large and small, are mated without any great 
 amount of care in selection. E., Ch. I. 
 
 19, What may make a human mating unfit? 
 
 (i) Possession of the more serious or permanent 
 communicable diseases of the body. Such are tuber- 
 culosis, leprosy, the venereal diseases, and others which 
 in the intimacy of home relations are peculiarly liable 
 to involve all the members of the family, both parents 
 and children. This is not a matter of inheritance, but 
 of physical contact and contagion. In the case of the 
 venereal diseases, gonorrhea and syphilis, the infec- 
 tion may be imparted at birth, or in the case of syphilis 
 in the uterus. 
 
 (2) Bad personal, social, or moral standards which 
 will prevent the formation of the kind of homes which 
 alone can give children a safe place in which to grow 
 up to their best personal, social, and moral capacities. 
 This would usually result in social and moral con- 
 tagion quite similar to physical infection. Such con- 
 ditions can be remedied only by improving the environ- 
 ment and giving normal social education to all young. 
 This treatment would be effective except for those less 
 frequent cases which are by actual inheritance hope- 
 lessly subnormal or abnormal. ( See also questions 20- 
 
 (3) Bad qualities of body or mind which are trans- 
 missible by inheritance — such as predisposition to dis- 
 eases, imbecility, congenital criminal tendencies, etc. 
 
 20. What can be done to improve race inheritance? 
 
 While we can never control human matings as we 
 do the crossing of farm animals, we can do something 
 even now to make for fitter marriage. 
 
 ( I ) We can prevent wholly those matings which are 
 grossly unfit and pour a continual stream of defectives 
 into society, as of all extreme types of mental defec- 
 
 [103] 
 
THE SEX FACTOR IN HUMAN LIFE 
 
 tives, — ^including insanity, feeblemindedness, epilepsy, 
 and criminality, — whenever due to heredity. 
 
 (2) We can guide by education the mating of those 
 subnormal or defective individuals who might safely 
 mate with some strains but not with others. 
 
 (3) We can encourage the mating and child pro- 
 duction of the superior stocks. A. E., p. 114; B. of 
 S., Ch. IX ; E., Chs. I and II, B. W. B., p. 30X. 
 
 21. Upon what discoveries does our hope for 
 
 eugenic guidance in matings depend? 
 Largely upon the rediscovery of the remarkable 
 investigations of Mendel and of the principles deduced 
 by him, followed as this has been by extensive and 
 brilliant investigations of plant and animal breeding 
 in all parts of the world. This work of the last twenty 
 years has added more to our understanding of inheri- 
 tance and our power to prophesy the results of mat- 
 ings than any discoveries ever made by man. As yet 
 our discoveries relate chiefly to plants and to domestic 
 animals. We feel no doubt, however, that they per- 
 tain just as truly to human characteristics. 
 
 22. What are these "Mendelian Principles"? 
 There are three of them as stated by Mendel. They 
 
 are not at all absolute ; but are being greatly modified 
 from year to year as we learn more about the facts. 
 
 (i) The first is, that organisms do not just inherit 
 all their nature in one mass, but that they get their 
 qualities by units, which are more or less independent 
 of one another, though certain qualities may be asso- 
 ciated. Any shape of nose for example may be in- 
 herited along with any color of hair, or any mental 
 capacity. They come as "units" which in turn are 
 carried by "determiners" or "factors" in the germ- 
 plasm conveyed by the sex cells. 
 
 (2) The second is, that the "determiners" or fac- 
 tors which come to us for each unit characteristic (one 
 
 [104] 
 
SEX AND INHERITANCE 
 
 from each parent, and thus two for each character- 
 istic) do not blend and strike an average of blond and 
 dark complexion, for example, but that one or the 
 other dominates in the body of the offspring. The 
 other {recessive) is still in the germ-plasm, but can- 
 not show itself in the body when the dominant deter- 
 miner is present. 
 
 (3) The third principle suggested by Mendel is that, 
 when the germ^plasm again produces eggs or sperm in 
 the new parent, the two determiners, dominant and re- 
 cessive, which came from the two parents, always 
 separate and hence cannot both go to the same eggs 
 or sperm. Thus half the eggs or sperm of a brunette 
 body, which had one blond and one dark-skinned par- 
 ent, will carry the blond determiner perfectly pure, 
 and half will carry the dark determiner equally pure. 
 This is called "segregation" of the determiners. It 
 further follows that each parent germ-plasm contrib- 
 utes one determiner for every unit quality, whether 
 dominant or recessive to each reproductive cell, egg 
 or sperm, which it produces. 
 
 (This statement of the standard notions of Men- 
 delian inheritance is much too simple for the theory 
 as expressed today. As a matter of fact few human 
 qualities, at least, are so simple as to be explainable 
 by one pair of factors or determiners. Probably a 
 large number of factors co-operate to produce any 
 quality of human personal character that we could 
 notice. But the general problem remains the same. 
 Furthermore, "dominance" is often very imperfect 
 or absent.) B. W. B., Ch. Ill; K, Ch. I; A. E., Ch. 
 V; H. & S., Ch. III. 
 
 23. What are the chief deductions from these prin- 
 ciples, for our purposes? 
 (i) We cannot tell by looking at the qualities of 
 an individual what kind of germ^plasm the individual 
 carries. 
 
 [105] 
 
THE SEX FACTOR IN HUMAN LIFE 
 
 (2) We can get more light on the kind of germ- 
 plasm carried by an individual by a knowledge of the 
 family for several generations, especially if the num- 
 bers are large, than we can by studying the individual. 
 
 (3) There is no such thing as a human "thorough- 
 bred" in respect to all qiMlities. Good, bad, and medi- 
 ocre qualities are mixed in each individual. They need 
 to be studied and compared, and a choice made on the 
 basis of the more essential qualities. 
 
 (4) By means of some degree of precaution we can 
 avoid the danger of mating with grossly bad char- 
 acteristics, and can secure reasonable certainty of nor- 
 mal offspring in the essential respects which tend to 
 make life worth while. We can greatly increase the 
 birth rate of the better strains. G., Ch. XI and XII ; 
 E., Ch. I. 
 
 24. What are some of the human traits that are 
 transmitted, and which give some indication 
 of accordance with these Mendelian princi- 
 ples? 
 
 While the human qualities in which we are most in- 
 terested are so complex and little understood that we 
 are unable to study them as we would the simpler 
 qualities of plants and lower animals and we cannot 
 experiment freely with human beings, we are still able 
 to get together data which throw some light on human 
 inheritance. There is statistical evidence with re- 
 spect to certain abnormalities of body and mind and 
 some forms of capacity which satisfy us that they are 
 definitely inherited; and that Mendel's laws probably 
 apply to man as to other organisms. The present state 
 of our knowledge, however, does not entitle us to be 
 very positive as to any specific human traits that figure 
 largely in life. Various students have cited as illus- 
 trations : — 
 
 (i) Various normal bodily characteristics, as color 
 of eyes, hair, and skin (including albinism), shape of 
 
 [106] 
 
SEX AND INHERITANCE 
 
 hair ; size and proportions both of the body as a whole 
 and of particular parts and organs; vitality and lon- 
 gevity; muscular strength. 
 
 (2) Abnormalities of body, as certain malforma- 
 tions of digits; chorea and defects of eye struc- 
 ture or function; defects of hearing, both organic and 
 functional ; "bleeding" ; tendency to obesity ; weakness 
 of mucous membranes; susceptibility to various dis- 
 eases, as tuberculosis and cancer; certain heart weak- 
 nesses. 
 
 (3) Mental qualities and capacities, and abnormali- 
 ties, as musical, mathematical, literary, or other special 
 abilities; memory, mechanical ability; mental defec- 
 tiveness and imbecility ; certain forms of neuroses and 
 insanity. B. W. B., Ch. IV; A. E., appendix D. 
 
 25. If a quality tends to follow the Mendelian laws 
 in its behavior, what practical applications 
 are to be held in mind? (See also Ch. X:23.) 
 
 ( 1 ) No inherited quality can appear in the new gen- 
 eration unless a basis for it is present in the germ- 
 plasm of one or both the parents. 
 
 (2) Such a factor may be latent in the germ-plasm 
 of the parents without showing in their bodies, if it is 
 a "recessive." For example, blue eyes or "St. Vitus' 
 dance" may be in the "blood" (germ-plasm) without 
 showing in the individual, because covered up by the 
 dominant. Two parents of this kind would probably 
 transmit these quaUties to one- fourth their children, 
 even tho they did not show them in their own bodies. 
 
 (3) If the normal character is negative (i. e., reces- 
 sive) then normals should mate with normals. Since 
 any taint (dominant quality) would show, if it were 
 present, even close kin from defective strains could 
 safely marry so far as that particular quality is con- 
 cerned. For example, normality in the number of 
 fingers is recessive to the condition of extra fingers. 
 The ofifspring of normals would be normal. 
 
 [107] 
 
THE SEX FACTOR IN HUMAN LIFE 
 
 (4) If the negative (or recessive) character is ab- 
 normal, as seems true in weakness of mucous mem- 
 branes and imbecility, then the children of two ab- 
 normals would probably all be abnormal. The mar- 
 riage of two normals from normal strains would 
 result in all normal children. The children of two nor- 
 mals, both from defective strains, would show about 25 
 per cent abnormal. The children of one normal from a 
 defective strain mated with another from a normal 
 strain would produce all normal children; but a pro- 
 portion (25 per cent) of the germ-plasm might carry 
 the taint to later generations, and would show if it also 
 mated with a defective strain. Marriages of close kin 
 from such defective strains, even though normal them- 
 selves, are in general unfit marriages, because of the 
 latent determiners in the germ-plasm. B. of S., p. 82 ; 
 E., pp. 23-25. 
 
 26. Can we have then any real optimism about the 
 value of educating the individual personality 
 if so much is fixed by v?hat the individual 
 inherits, and if none of the results of educa- 
 tion can be transmitted through heredity to 
 the next generation? 
 These decisions, which represent the best views of 
 science at the present time, certainly show us that 
 there is no short cut to race betterment. Superstitions 
 of parental care, pious wishes, or even persistent train- 
 ing cannot change the deep-seated structures on which 
 inheritance depends. 
 
 Every generation must therefore be trained for its 
 own saJce, and without any hope that the training is 
 permanently fixed in the race. In the light of our 
 ignorance of what are the right aims and methods in 
 education, it is not hard to see that this fact may really 
 be a blessing instead of a reason for discouragement. 
 Our mistakes at least, while we are learning to edu- 
 cate, are not treasured up in heredity ! 
 
 [.108] 
 
SEX AND INHERITANCE 
 
 Our hopefulness must consist in this: — The indi- 
 vidual at birth, while inheriting many well fixed ten- 
 dencies also receives many capacities which by neglect 
 or encouragement may be developed in any degree and 
 combined in any proportions. These important capac- 
 ities are quite as much those of longings, motives, and 
 satisfactions, as of knowledge and reason. All the 
 elements in personality are educable ; and we are grad- 
 ually learning how they are to be trained. As a mat- 
 ter of fact the great functions which are so basal that 
 they cannot be changed by education are already essen- 
 tially sound and tried out by long evolutionary test- 
 ing. It is exactly these more recently gained, less ab- 
 solutely fixed, and hence more educable variations upon 
 these basal functions that make the difference between 
 social and unsocial, moral and immoral, religious and 
 irreligious combinations and gradations of personality. 
 So far as we can see there is no limit to the improve- 
 ments we may make in the individual by rightly edu- 
 cating and combining these human traits. 
 
 In other words, human consciousness, a power be- 
 lated in its evolution, cannot by nurture change stature 
 or eliminate sex desires; but it can do a better thing. 
 It is possible by suitable conscious processes so to de- 
 termine the ideas, satisfactions, appreciations, and 
 habits of sex expression as to make normal to the in- 
 dividual the extreme attitudes either of license or of 
 mastery and guidance. Our task is to find what kind 
 of human beings we want; to discover more exactly 
 the combinations of intellectual and emotional qualities 
 that produce them; to learn by what educational em- 
 phasis and treatment we can get the right proportions ; 
 and then use all our educational resources in accord- 
 ance with the varying hereditary tendencies and capac- 
 ities in every child for the purpose of getting the best 
 which that child can develop. This is education in 
 character, of which sex education is a part. 
 
 [logl 
 
CHAPTER X 
 MARRIAGE, DEMOCRACY, AND THE HOME 
 
 Topics for Discussion 
 
 (Two Meetings) 
 
 I. The origin and nature of the home-making impulse. 
 Some of the elements in it: — ^mating, production, and 
 care of young, and the emotional states that arise out 
 of these combined functions of mating and parenthood. 
 
 II. The biological, psychological, and social arguments for 
 monogamous marriage. The chief weaknesses it has 
 developed. 
 
 III. The personal attitudes necessary for the success of the 
 home and its gradual improvement, on the part of those 
 who comprise it. The personal and the social ends which 
 should be met by the home. 
 
 IV. The essential weaknesses of all the various proposed 
 substitutes for a socially controlled monogamous stand- 
 ard of marriage. 
 
 V. The social results, from the evolutionary point of view, 
 that would arise from adopting sex relations of an 
 anarchistic type. 
 VI. The personal and social steps calculated to make mo- 
 nogamy really democratic. Christian, and socially most 
 serviceable. 
 VII. Special suggestive questions: — 
 
 1. Can a man, with a discriminating and democratic 
 sense of honor and fairness, claim special sex privi- 
 leges for himself? 
 
 2. If we come to a single sex standard for men and 
 women, which standard should it be? that held as 
 suitable for women, or that allowed themselves by 
 many men? 
 
 3. Compare with some thoroughness the most probable 
 results to the home, care of children, human confi- 
 dence and affection, chivalry and respect for women, 
 and the general structure and ideals of society, under 
 each assumption. 
 
 [no] 
 
marriage, democracy, and the home 
 Introductory Statement 
 
 YOUNG people of both sexes naturally look for- 
 ward to homes of their own, because (i) the home 
 is the most outstanding and influential situation in their 
 whole childhood experience, and (2) the natural sex 
 longings tend toward this. While psychologists have 
 pointed out that many perverse and hurtful mental 
 states may and do arise in children through this home 
 situation, it is certain that there is great refining value 
 to the child from the experiences of a home that is 
 at all normal. Its value for social introduction and 
 training is no less. With all its weaknesses the home 
 more often represents the spirit of true democracy 
 and Christianity than any other human association 
 which we have, not even excluding the church. True 
 enough, it is often a veritable hell! But this is be- 
 cause it has the intimacy of the home without the spirit. 
 The spirit is the essential thing ; and the spirit is largely 
 the outcome of the sex development and sex attitudes 
 of the members. It can be educated. 
 
 The monogamous home is the crowti of a long and 
 devious course of human sexual evolution. It marks 
 a present stage in the long human climb from free 
 animal self-indulgence to a very large measure of con- 
 sideration, mutuality, and restraint. Every step in this 
 progress in guidance of the primitive sex impulses has 
 marked a further adaptation to a more considerate, 
 humane life and relations. Every step has been accom- 
 panied by release of spirit and by refinement and so- 
 cialization of satisfactions. On the whole, these steps 
 seem to mark real progress and successful adjustment 
 to essential needs. 
 
 It means something that children should be born 
 into this group which represents the best that life has 
 brought to man. It gives prophecy of what may be 
 when the knowledge of parents as to how to teach is 
 
 [III] 
 
THE SEX FACTOR IN HUMAN LIFE 
 
 equal even to their devotion. In realizing this it is 
 fortunate tliat the sex impulse is so intimately wrapped 
 up in the home, if we can only save and improve the 
 home. It means that we shall have in time a most 
 natural instrument of sex education in the home itself. 
 As college men and as community leaders this ought 
 to be one of the most interesting goals of your think- 
 ing: how to make your own future home the best 
 possible place by which to introduce your sons and 
 daughters normally to this rich range of their lives. 
 D. of M., p. 96. 
 
 1. What is the origin of the home and of home 
 
 making? (See also Ch. II: 2.) 
 
 It seems to have arisen gradually by experiment and 
 evolution through the following factors: the primary 
 sex attraction of mates; the growth of sympathy and 
 devotion of the mother in the care of offspring; the 
 gradual drawing of the father into this relation through 
 his attraction to the mother; and the increased devo- 
 tion of the mates to one another in this common un- 
 selfish task. These things are all found in animals be- 
 low man. Of course, we humans have added to these 
 many elements of comfort, convenience, beauty, and 
 culture which supplement, and may tend to replace, 
 the essential elements of the home. (Fiske: Meaning 
 of Infancy.) 
 
 2. What then is the central home problem? 
 
 It is, is it not, that of the most successful rearing 
 of children into fine personal and social human beings? 
 While there are many other admirable things about 
 the ideal home, this is the heart of it: — that healthy 
 children may be born, may receive the care they need 
 from people who are devoted to them, may be trained 
 competently in all the essential experiences of the 
 race, so that they may have most effectively the knowl- 
 
 [112] 
 
MARRIAGE, DEMOCRACY, AND THE HOME 
 
 edge, habits, desires, ideals, and attitudes that will en- 
 able them to make the best personal growth and in 
 turn pass on to the race the best they have. 
 
 3. What are some of the great secondary problems 
 
 related to the complete home? 
 
 Clearly this home, in which children must be cared for 
 through a period of preparation, is also the life-center 
 for the parents themselves. It is where the two par- 
 ents bring their best sympathies to the solution of all 
 the tasks that concern their joint life and that of so- 
 ciety. All that can contribute to their interest, effici- 
 ency, enthusiasm, and satisfaction will not merely en- 
 rich their own lives but, if taken unselfishly, will in 
 turn make a better place for children to grow. It pre- 
 sents the most complete and favorable chance known 
 to human beings to develop a real democracy of loyal 
 service and devotion, coupled with maximum happi- 
 ness. Even childless homes may be very rich and 
 happy in all these fine, associations of mates. 
 
 4. What are some of the elements of personal char- 
 
 acter that make for success, — one part of 
 which certainly is happiness, — in the home? 
 
 The initial thing is the mutual sex attraction on the 
 part of the mates, and its related impulses and satis- 
 factions. This attraction motivates the various phases 
 of love, which makes us willing to act unselfishly. For 
 success and happiness this affection must be con- 
 sciously developed into a permanent attitude of mutual 
 consideration, democratic equality of privilege, respon- 
 sibility and sacrifice, complete loyalty and faithfulness 
 to each other and to the ideals of the home, willingness 
 to ignore trivial hindrances and difficulties in the joy 
 of the greater enterprise. No home can be effective 
 without these things. If they exist, there is no human 
 relation that gives so much of satisfaction and growth. 
 
 ["3l 
 
THE SEX FACTOR IN HUMAN LIFE 
 
 5. What personal qualities make a real home diffi- 
 
 cult and impossible? 
 
 Sex disloyalty and unfaithfulness are fatal. Incon- 
 siderate coldness in sex relations on the part of the 
 wife, and inconsiderate lust on the part of the husband 
 are alike destructive. Such insistence on one's own 
 selfish rights, points of view, preferences, prejudices, 
 and comforts, whether about sex or any other interest, 
 as makes one not a democratic sharer in the difficulties 
 as well as the joys of the partnership, kills any chance 
 of a home. The heart of the home task is unselfish, 
 and all forms of autocracy, special privilege, competi- 
 tion, or other forms of selfishness defeat both the pri- 
 mary end of making good human beings and citizens 
 out of the children and, no less, the secondary end of 
 happiness and comfort. 
 
 6. The feminine task in home making. 
 
 Physiologically and biologically this must always in- 
 clude reproduction and the care of children in a special 
 sense. Certain burdens fall on the wife and mother 
 in which the father cannot possibly share. Mother- 
 hood, because of its biological nature, will always carry 
 with it our most striking example of social sacrifice. 
 It has its compensations to be sure, and is not a ground 
 for pity. The close relation of mother to children dur- 
 ing their most dependent and impressionable age has a 
 most profound influence on the emotional and char- 
 acter development of both mother and children. There 
 is no point in life at which knowledge and appreciation 
 of child psychology will pay such great returns in pro- 
 ducing sound character and in preventing hurtful men- 
 tal attitudes as in the first five or six years of the child's 
 life. This is the mother's great function. 
 
 Our past economic and social customs have limited 
 the life of women in relation to the fields outside this 
 biological necessity. The future will almost certainly 
 
 ["4] 
 
MARRIAGE, DEMOCRACY, AND THE HOME 
 
 give to the wife and mother more active influence in 
 the general community life. 
 
 7. The male in relation to the home. 
 
 The father's primary bond with the home is through 
 the mother rather than through the children. He is in- 
 clined, probably both by nature and education, to be im- 
 patient with the small needs and cares of the home. 
 His work outside largely enables him to escape them. 
 If he has really developed to a normally humane and 
 generous attitude, this situation cannot be satisfying 
 to him. He too has a most interesting possible com- 
 pensation for his lack. His very inability to relieve 
 the mother of her inevitable sacrifices makes him more 
 alert to enlarge his part, by an increase and refinement 
 of appreciation, of loyalty, of devotion and chivalrous 
 determination to be careful and considerate of both 
 mother and children. There is no point in the whole 
 of life at which the joy of being a virile, capable man 
 takes on such keenness nor lasts so permanently as 
 just here. This is the unique reward which nature 
 holds sacred to the man of controlled and refined sex 
 appreciation and development. On the other hand, 
 nothing in all life more surely and completely breaks 
 down the finer capabilities of men than to refuse to 
 take this unselfish and sacrificing attitude toward wife 
 and children. We men must also be increasingly pre- 
 pared to welcome women into such enlargement of 
 their intellectual and public-serving opportunities as 
 will tend to make impossible the highly artificial life 
 of idleness and frivolity which tends for so many 
 women to destroy both home life and efficient woman- 
 hood. It is no part of chivalry on the part of man to 
 make toys, pets, and parasites of women. 
 
 8. Is marriage a really satisfactory and necessary 
 
 solution of this problem of rearing new gen- 
 erations? 
 
 [115] 
 
THE SEX FACTOR IN HUMAN LIFE 
 
 Of recent years several things have raised this ques- 
 tion in such a way that humanity must meet it frankly. 
 All sorts of sex relations have been tried by man in 
 his evolution — from promiscuous intercourse to the 
 most completely faithful monogamy. During this time 
 of experimenting there have grown up among most 
 civilized peoples a strong tendency toward the monoga- 
 mous family, coupled with many traditions, preju- 
 dices, moral and religious rules, and much social legis- 
 lation in support of it. 
 
 It cannot be said that monogamous marriage has 
 been really and completely adopted by any people. It 
 is theoretically accepted as a standard; but it is prac- 
 tically ignored and violated both by indulgence before 
 marriage, and by use of prostitution and other irregular 
 sex relations parallel with marriage. The exceptions 
 are so numerous that we may fairly say that strict 
 monogamy has never had a fair trial in any human 
 group. 
 
 9. What are some of the grounds for the attack 
 on marriage and the home as vi^e know them? 
 
 (i) The most basal of these is the combined lust 
 for sex indulgence and the excitement of new situa- 
 tions, which make many men and some women seek 
 freedom from the constancy, faithfulness, and the self- 
 sacrificing support necessary to make such a home. 
 
 (2) Increased economic difficulty of early marriage 
 and rearing of a family. 
 
 (3) Increasing selfish desire for ease and luxury 
 and freedom on the part of both men and women, lead- 
 ing to avoidance of marriage. 
 
 (4) Increasing economic and emotional independ- 
 ence of women from the urge to marriage, through edu- 
 cation and economic and social opportunities that lead 
 to interesting independent careers. 
 
 [116] 
 
MARRIAGE, DEMOCRACY, AND THE HOME 
 
 (5) Attitude of many people of specially individual- 
 istic pursuits, such as literature and other forms of 
 art, to regard themselves as entitled to be considered 
 as a special caste with peculiar sex privileges, — both 
 in their art expressions and social life. 
 
 (6) An increasing disposition to deny that the ac- 
 cumulation of social and moral and religious conven- 
 tions and regulations are of any particular pragmatic 
 and binding value, and to regard them as merely mat- 
 ters of convenience, prejudice, and tradition. And 
 growing out of this, a tendency to put individual free- 
 dom and happiness as the sole measure of conduct; 
 thus practically ignoring the obligation to society and 
 making sex relations anarchistic. 
 
 10. What alternatives are offered humanity in lieu 
 of marriage and the permanent home? 
 
 (i) Promiscuous sex relations, involving all sorts 
 of voluntary and socially unsanctioned making and 
 breaking of relations. 
 
 (2) Marriage bonds built solely to meet the tem- 
 porary whim or emotional state of the mates rather 
 than the obligations for propagation of the race and 
 the education of children. These suggestions are of 
 various types, but agree in regarding the married re« 
 lation as provisional and transient. 
 
 (3) Probably most of those who advocate these sub- 
 stitutes for a standard of permanent monogamous 
 marriage expect that a considerable portion of human- 
 ity will continue to abide by the monogamous standard. 
 They want the privilege of release largely for those 
 who shun obligations and seek special sex license and 
 variety, — a combination in society of monogamy and 
 promiscuity. 
 
 (4) Polygamy. 
 
 ["71 
 
THE SEX FACTOR IN HUMAN LIFE 
 
 11. What is the kernel of truth in these ideas? 
 
 It is that a marriage that has become so irksome and 
 uncontrolled that the mat^ cannot harmoniously en- 
 ter into the problems of home-making is not a place 
 suitable for rearing children nor for securing happi- 
 ness of mates. It thus defeats the very possibilities 
 for which homes are built and becomes a form of legal- 
 ized prostitution. Many nominal homes are like this. 
 
 12. What is the essential difficulty with these ideas 
 
 in practice? 
 
 By denying that the past experience of humanity 
 puts any compelling controls upon individual behavior, 
 these substitutes would leave the social problems of 
 marriage, of reproduction, of care and education of 
 children to the crudely sensual impulses and emotions 
 of the time and the individual. The powerful impulses 
 of sex cannot be safely left to such chances. 
 
 These devices seek to gratify the sex desires and to 
 obtain the satisfactions growing out of them without . 
 becoming responsible for the social obligations of mat- 
 ing, home-making, and parenthood. Accepting such 
 a program would mean either the refusal to produce 
 children at all ; producing them without definite insur- 
 ance for their care by their parents ; or a frank default- 
 ing of obligation and turning over of such children as 
 do result into the hands of individuals or institutions 
 employed to do such work. 
 
 There would, of course, always be the possibility of 
 real monogamous homes. Probably all that persisted 
 would be much more real than the present average; 
 but there would be every inducement of novelty and 
 lust and escape from obligation to prevent the form- 
 ing and maintaining of such homes, even on the part 
 of those quite capable of forming them. There would 
 result a social education of young people in the atti- 
 tude of avoidance of these responsibilities rather than 
 
 [ii8] 
 
MARRIAGE, DEMOCRACY, AND THE HOME 
 
 preparing for them. We should be setting up extra 
 inducements for the least satisfactory and most disin- 
 tegrating solution. 
 
 13. Is there any way to correct the failures of 
 
 monogamy, without going to the extreme of 
 throwing it over? 
 
 Without doubt modification of the laws of marriage 
 and divorce can be so devised as to discourage inad- 
 visable marriages, encourage and aid suitable ones, and 
 terminate those that are defeating the purposes of mar- 
 riage. Education and training of young people so that 
 they may make a better selection of mates, as well as 
 education in the elements of happy and successful 
 home-making is a perfectly possible, as well as hopeful 
 and desirable undertaking. 
 
 In all considerations that relate to home-making, 
 men and women should be placed on an equal basis. 
 For example, so far as specific home duties allow, the 
 wife should have the right to any intellectual and spirit- 
 ual career to which she is fitted. 
 
 14. The term "democracjr" has already been used, 
 
 in these questions, in connection with the 
 home. What is the essential meaning of 
 democracy? 
 
 Is it not this? That all social life is mutual. That no 
 life shall selfishly exploit another life for its own satis- 
 faction. That none of us, in spite of our inequalities, 
 which vnll never cease to be present, shall use strength 
 or wisdom or wealth or position to get further selfish 
 advantage or gratification at the expense of those who 
 are wcjJcer. That the civilized value of strength is 
 in serving the general ends of human progress with 
 it. That the half-truth of Darwin's competitive, jungle- 
 struggle for survival of the efficient will never in it- 
 self contribute to the social spirit or social progress 
 
 ["9] 
 
THE SEX FACTOR IN HUMAN LIFE 
 
 of man. Only competition in respect to co-operation 
 and service, such as the home encourages, can do this. 
 S. & L., pp. 70, 79. 
 
 15. What would a frank application of this spirit 
 
 of democracy to sex involve for men? 
 
 (1) That men would not exploit for their own lusts, 
 and to her disgrace, any woman high or low. 
 
 (2) That no man would claim for himself sex privi- 
 leges which he would not want to become universal 
 among men. 
 
 (3) That no man will allow himself any sex privi- 
 lege which he wouldn't as freely allow his mother, 
 sister, wife or sweetheart, or daughter to share with 
 other men. This means a single standard of sex, — 
 a square deal, — for men and women alike. S. & L., 
 p. 79;D. of M., p. 96. 
 
 16. Why have we so long allowed a double stand- 
 
 ard of sex for men and women? 
 
 (1) Many men have long been allowed to believe, 
 falsely, that in some way sex gratification is necessary 
 for their normal development, — and hence have re- 
 garded sex intercourse out of wedlock as necessary, 
 or at worst as a mild indiscretion. 
 
 (2) Men have had more power than women to de- 
 termine what the laws shall be and how they shall be 
 enforced. 
 
 (3) Hence, both within and without the law men 
 have unfairly shielded themselves and one another. 
 
 (4) Women have not taken as firm a stand against 
 sex immorality on the part of their sons, brothers, and 
 male friends as they have with one another. 
 
 (5) Male jealousy has demanded a purity of our 
 women which we have not accepted for ourselves. 
 
 (6) Men who follow a vicious sex life cannot be 
 so easily identified as the women who do. Women 
 are therefore held more closely to responsibility. 
 
 [120 J 
 
' MARRIAGE, DEMOCRACY, AND THE HOME 
 
 (7) The dishonor and unfairness of the double 
 standard from every generous point of view has never 
 been impressed by education. 
 
 17. Why is the double standard doomed? 
 
 (i) Both men and women are being educated to 
 see its injustice, and the train of human evils it brings 
 to the home and society. 
 
 (2) Women are coming into greatly increased in- 
 fluence, power, and responsibility in all matters relat- 
 ing to human betterment. 
 
 18. Monogamy vs. Polygamy. Is there anything to 
 
 support polygamy as a possible form of home 
 relationship? 
 
 Yes, it is possible to conceive where some strong 
 evolutionary forces would operate in a polygamous 
 society. It would tend to absorb the eligible females 
 by the males who triumph by strength or cunning or 
 some other form of efficiency; and so to eliminate 
 from the privileges of reproduction the less forceful 
 males. It would thus tend to perpetuate these quali- 
 ties of strength. It would produce the same sort of 
 monopoly in women which the present economic system 
 allows' for wealth. It would continue the use of the 
 principle of the survival of the efficient, through elim- 
 ination of the weak, tending to conserve the forms of 
 strength that belong to autocracy in general. 
 
 19. What makes polygamy impossible as a final 
 
 solution of human sex relationships? 
 
 Its lack of democracy. Through it there could never 
 develop a real home where sympathy, care, equal 
 loyalty, devotion and sacrifice, the mutual and demo- 
 cratic spirit, the joint and equal responsibility for the 
 culture of children, and the happiness which is the 
 
 [121] 
 
THE SEX FACTOR IN HUMAN LIFE 
 
 reward of these things could come to its best flower. 
 Its strength would be selfish and material. Its weak- 
 nesses would be emotional, moral, social, and spiritual. 
 A civilization with certain strong features probably 
 could be built upon polygamy, but it would be as un- 
 spiritual and heartless as the autocratic German ruling 
 class, and for similar reasons. It probably could not 
 become permanent, for just the same reasons that the 
 present economic and industrial system probably can- 
 not be permanent — because it would foster a small, 
 privileged class using a large class to support its privi- 
 lege. The state of woman in a polygamous society 
 cannot be one of .equality and democracy. 
 
 20. Are the principles back of the monogamous 
 home sound then, and presumably perma- 
 nent? 
 
 Human society has experimented with great free- 
 dom with every type of sex union, except with that 
 used in the breeding and improvement of farm ani- 
 mals, — namely rigorously to castrate or segregate the 
 undesirable of both sexes and all the males except 
 those of the very best strains, which alone are allowed 
 to breed. This of course is only an extreme form of 
 polygamy, with its strengths and weaknesses increased 
 to the highest possible degree. 
 
 In all this human experimentation no form of rela- 
 tion has been discovered which approaches monogamy 
 — even the partial and imperfect monogamy which we 
 have — in its p9wer to conserve and develop all the 
 various interests of reproduction, happiness, parental 
 |v;sponsibility and the care and education of children, 
 and the democracy of spirit which combine in making 
 the home at its best. 
 
 As nations progress in experience, therefore, monog- 
 amy has always spread at the expense of polygamy. 
 Monogamous marriage more than any other form of 
 
 [122] 
 
MAKRIAGE, DEMOCRACY, AND THE HOME 
 
 sexual selection forces some consideration of traits of 
 character rather than of mere bodily attractiveness, 
 temporary emotions, or accident in the choosing of 
 mates. 
 
 The folk lore, conventions, prohibitions, moral 
 standards that have developed about the home, — super- 
 stitions though some of them doubtless are, — are on the 
 whole sound and adaptive. They are not perfect nor 
 final. They need critical and sympathetic study by 
 normal psychologists and sociologists, — rather than by 
 those who are primarily interested in escaping restraints 
 and responsibility, — in order that their weaknesses may 
 be remedied and their strengths increased for the bet- 
 ter development of human society. 
 
 21. What of the problems and duties of that in- 
 creasing number of young men and women 
 who never marry, and are thus deprived of 
 the greatest of aJl the happinesses of life? 
 
 This is an abnormal state of affairs, and presents, 
 without any question, one of the hardest of the many 
 difficult problems of sex. These cannot be discussed 
 at length here. They deserve your most thoughtful 
 study. We must content ourselves with a few sug- 
 gestions for thought. 
 
 This problem relates after all to a minority of 
 humanity, — though a large and increasing one. The 
 reasons for non-marriage range all the way from selfish 
 unwillingness to accept the social and economic respon- 
 sibility of marriage to the most self-sacrificing devo- 
 tion to some form of duty that seems to make mar- 
 riage impossible. 
 
 Although it must be admitted that the single life is 
 not the normal life either for men or women, there 
 is no conclusive evidence that a continent life is physi- 
 cally or mentally harmful to either. 
 
 Always remembering that the home is a central 
 necessity for the sympathetic rearing of children, and 
 
 [123] 
 
THE SEX FACTOR IN HUMAN LIFE 
 
 must be preserved and improved, so far as we can 
 now see, for the perpetuation of the best in society 
 itself :— 
 
 (i) Can this minority, who do not form homes, 
 be safely allowed a type of sex life which, if it 
 should become general, would make the home itself 
 impossible ? 
 
 (2) What would be the further effect upon mar- 
 riage in general if sex license without accompanying 
 responsibility should be allowed to all who under these 
 conditions would refuse to marry? 
 
 (3) Are the higher sex satisfactions so tied up to 
 marriage and to the sex act that there is no right sex 
 relationship which will in part compensate for the 
 lack of these normal family satisfactions? 
 
 (4) Are there not compensating forms of service 
 for humanity, open to the great mass of young women 
 who do not marry, which amount almost to a kind of 
 substitute motherhood in which both happiness and 
 usefulness may be had through such a sublimation of 
 the sex impulses Cannot these services be better de- 
 veloped and honored by society ? Is not the same true 
 of celibate men? 
 
 (5) Cannot the number of those who do not marry 
 be diminished by right education for marriage, by in- 
 telligent economic and social reforms, by proper con- 
 trol of births, and by proper support by society of 
 motherhood — not as charity but as a reward for a so- 
 cial service quite equal to that of a male producer of 
 material wealth? 
 
 (6) There are no statistics at the present time which 
 show that men who never marry are markedly more 
 given to irregular sex practices than married men. 
 Sex control and clean living seem to be more a matter 
 of personality, character, education, self-control than 
 they are of being married or unmarried. 
 
 [124] 
 
CHAPTER XI 
 SEX AND RELIGION 
 
 Topics for Discussion 
 (Two Meetings) 
 
 I. Organize a definition of religion and a description of 
 its possible role in life, which seems to you at once 
 the most reasonable, fundamental, and inspiring. 
 
 II. The essential adjustments towards which such a re- 
 ligion must guide us, and the types of problems it must 
 help us solve. 
 
 III. The connection in the individual between the sex nature 
 and its development, and the religious development. 
 
 IV. Mutual influence between sex motives and religious mo- 
 
 tives in the development of human religions. 
 
 V. Value of religion as an aid in guiding individual sex 
 behavior. Those religious ideas and motives of most 
 worth for this purpose. 
 
 VI. The essential constructive and practical elements in 
 Jesus' Christian philosophy. 
 
 VII. Special suggestive questions: 
 
 1. What is the critical test of the value of one's religion 
 and philosophy of life? 
 
 2. What would be the effect of a full application of 
 Jesus' philosophy of life to our economic and in- 
 dustrial system? 
 
 3. What would be its effect individually and socially, 
 if applied fully to sex? 
 
 [125] 
 
THE SEX FACTOR IN HUMAN LIFE 
 iNTRCaJUCTORY STATEMENT 
 
 IN the discussion to this point little reference has been 
 made to religion as furnishing motives for sex guid- 
 ance. Many will feel this a definite weakness. This 
 was done, however, because the biological, psycholog- 
 ical, social, and moral grounds for a right use of the 
 sex impulse in life are not at all different for those who 
 do and for those who do not accept a religious inter- 
 pretation of life. The man who admits no religious 
 sentiments or obligations is not thereby freed from any 
 obligation to make his sex life sound and wholesome. 
 The necessity for such sex mastery and sublimation 
 rests equally upon both the religious and the unre- 
 ligious man, for the same natural and fundamental rea- 
 sons. It does not spring from the tenets of any religion. 
 It springs from the same fundamental nature of the 
 individual, of society, and of the universe from which 
 religion itself arises. 
 
 And yet the religpious-minded man does have an 
 advantage. He has an aid, an incentive, an additional 
 motive which helps him realize his purpose. His sex 
 and his religion may harmoniously supplement one an- 
 other. He has no more social obligation to keep clean ; 
 but his religious ideal includes this obligation, reinforces 
 it, and gives it an appeal which nothing else can give. 
 
 A statement such as this makes it necessary that we 
 should justify it by examining briefly, what is meant 
 by religion. There are two things included: (i) one's 
 religious nature itself; and (2) one's religious phi- 
 losophy and life. The former is the more fundamental, 
 since it is the native human quality which makes any 
 religious philosophy or life possible. Religious phi- 
 losophy is as varied as are human minds and training, 
 and is the outcome both of the progress of the inner 
 religious nature and of the state of civilization in which 
 one finds himself. 
 
 [126] 
 
SEX AND REUGION 
 
 Religion must be conceived, then, not as an external 
 code of rules. It is rather one's total balanced reaction 
 to the whole universe ; it is his philosophy as applied to 
 life. It is not a creed; it is his belief as it actually 
 shows itself in sense, satisfaction, impulse, desires, 
 ^ habits, ideas, attitudes, purposes, choice, and behavior. 
 In a word, it is the actual measure of character, con- 
 duct, and relation. 
 
 Now in this sense every one has some sort of reli- 
 gion. It is the same for no two people, even when they 
 profess to hold the same creed. It may be very scant, 
 meager, unspiritual, and selfish ; or it may be very rich, 
 humane, spiritual, and social. This religious instinct 
 and reaction is really as universal as the power of 
 conscious adjustment, and is deeply tinged throughout 
 by the sex impulse. 
 
 To most of the people who use this discussion reli- 
 gion will mean the Christian religion. It is not the 
 purpose in this chapter to argue the grounds for accep- 
 ting the Christian philosophy of life, as it is taught and 
 lived by Jesus. The whole purpose is to enable those 
 who find something supremely charming and compel- 
 ling in the life, purposes, teachings, and influence of 
 Jesus to see where these fit in with the satisfactions of 
 sex mastery and development. 
 
 1. Shall we think of religion as something arbi- 
 trary, fixed, absolute, and of external origin, 
 or as native, internal, progressive, develop- 
 ing? 
 
 This is very important. Clearly if religion is an 
 absolute, outer, final reality there is nothing but sheer 
 obedience demanded. All phases of life must merely 
 be brought to conform with its tenets. It is in this 
 event only a short cut to safety and avoidance of indi- 
 vidual thought. This is the view of religion now held 
 by many people. 
 
 [127] 
 
THE SEX FACTOR IN HUMAN LIFE 
 
 On the other hand if religion is, — ^like our other hold- 
 ings, — a growing', vital, reasonable thing, it is naturally 
 and not arbitrarily connected with all the rest of our 
 qualities. In this event we must study, understand, 
 and perfect our religion, as we do our other qualities 
 of mind and heart. The problem under this assump- 
 tion is much more than blind obedience to rules, and 
 repression by means of them. It is rather a great and 
 progressive assimilation of truth and reality, and an 
 unwavering loyalty to the total results of experience 
 and thought. 
 
 2. What is the real meaning of religion to life? 
 
 Religion is a kind of synthesis or balance of powers 
 and qualities. It is an attitude of personality that re- 
 fuses to allow a sensation, a desire, an emotion, an 
 idea, a habit, a satisfaction, or a prejudice standing 
 alone to rule choice and conduct. It demands that all 
 of these, all of personality, be allowed to enter into 
 every one of its decisions. It means therefore balance, 
 perspective, poise, sense of proportion, a philosophy 
 of life and unity of purpose which includes all that we 
 know and feel and hope. It is not an after-thought; 
 it is of the essence of life and of the enthusiasm of 
 life. 
 
 3. Has this religious nature any practical value to 
 
 the individual? 
 
 The religious quality could hardly have survived so 
 generally in human evolution nor have come to play 
 such an important role if it had not shown itself to 
 have some great and real value. 
 
 Furthermore, from the standpoint of reason and ex- 
 perience, it is quite unthinkable that conduct based 
 upon an organized, unified, and broad view of life and 
 its relations, such as real religion calls for, should not 
 on the whole be more correct and adaptive than that 
 
 [128] 
 
SEX AND RELIGION 
 
 based on the whim of a single moment or on a special 
 aspect or prejudice of one's nature. 
 
 4. What are the chief adjustments that are aided 
 
 by a religious nature and a philosophy which 
 unify the whole of one's life? 
 
 Such a complete religion certainly includes the fol- 
 lowing very real types of adjustments : — 
 (i) Adjustment to one's fellows; 
 
 (2) Adjustment to the universe order; 
 
 (3) Adjustment to the component elements in one's 
 
 own nature. 
 These of course are not independent of one another 
 either in their operation or their evolution. 
 
 5. How does the element of religion operate in 
 
 social adjustment? 
 
 The necessity of livable adjustments with our fellows 
 is one of the clearest we can see. These range from the 
 intricate contacts in the homes into which we are born, 
 to those necessary in play, business, or society ; and in 
 all of them we are continually confronted with the 
 need of adapting our inmost motives and attitudes as 
 well as our conduct. The whole realm of social morals 
 presses upon us some sort of a philosophy of life. 
 Our affections, sympathies, loves and aversions, com- 
 pulsions, desires, satisfactions, sense of obligations, 
 all furnish the materials for our final philosophy of 
 social adjustment. One's religion as applied socially 
 may range from selfish competitive advancement at the 
 expense of others to complete democratic Christian 
 service and sacrifice. 
 
 6. How does the imiverse order furnish religious 
 
 adjustments? 
 
 This is the field in which most of us confine the 
 religious idea. This is where power, truth, reality, 
 
 [129] 
 
THE SEX FACTOR IN HUMAN LIFE 
 
 cause and effect, right, justice, and God are felt to 
 exist. This is the great field in which the mind — 
 reason and faith — operate, and strive to adjust the in- 
 dividual to what he finds in his earthly experience. It 
 is perfectly safe to say that no intelligent human being 
 ever existed or ever will exist, who does not in reality 
 consciously organize some sort of adjustment of him- 
 self to this order. All life without it would be chaotic ; 
 intellectual life would be impossible. From this point 
 of view human religions from the most sensual 
 and materialistic to the most ideal and abstract, from 
 the most impulsive to the most rational and complete. 
 
 7. What is meant by the adjustment to one's own 
 
 inner nature? 
 
 This implies that one's religious philosophy cannot 
 depart widely from the development of his own actual 
 personal nature ; nor can his conduct safely depart from 
 these so far as to threaten his self respect. Integrity 
 and harmony between the real inner philosophy and 
 control conduct through our philosophy, our habits 
 and desires tend to rise and parallel our philosophy. 
 If we continually violate our ideals in our conduct, the 
 ideals deteriorate, and we only hypocritically pretend 
 to hold the better philosophy. 
 
 It is easy to be seen that this is the real test of reli- 
 gion : its power to produce conduct which is consistent 
 with our best and most adequate philosophy of life, 
 and continually nourishes, socializes, and refines that 
 philosophy. In this particular our religion ranges from 
 the completest hypocrisy and separation of conduct and 
 creed to the most complete consecration of active life 
 by ideals. 
 
 8. Why can the guidance of any religion never be 
 
 absolute and perfect? 
 Simply because we cannot in a single life time com- 
 pletely get mastery of all the reaHties and adjust- 
 
 [130] 
 
SEX AND RELIGION 
 
 ments included in the above three classes of relations. 
 We do not add to the practical value of any religion 
 or morality by claiming for it, or pretending that it 
 represents, the final and absolute code for conduct in 
 these fields. 
 
 9. What part have the sex impulses in forming 
 the religious nature and in molding the re- 
 ligious philosophy of mankind? 
 
 Sex and reproduction are the basis of the human 
 attractions and of the sympathies and affections which 
 arise from these attractions between mates, parents, 
 and offspring, among brothers and sisters. The exten- 
 sion of appreciation and sympathy to the race at large 
 springs from this home-born sympathy. Therefore, 
 all the warmth of appeal of social morals, which is 
 one of the prime roots of religion, comes from this 
 sex-inspired situation. 
 
 No less is it true that the whole inner texture of our 
 personal character both in respect to motives and i<Jeas, 
 is influenced by sex to a degree not seen in any other 
 of our impulses. If religion is really in part an inner 
 adjustment of the various elements of our own person- 
 ality, so that they may have an integrity and the confi- 
 dence of self respect, then it is quite clear why sex 
 influences religion so profoundly. The sex impulse 
 influences, consciously or unconsciously, every sense, 
 motive, appreciation, habit, idea, satisfaction, ideal, 
 choice, and reaction. 
 
 Sex thus gives color to every outlook of the indi- 
 vidual upon his universe. It is again certain that every 
 one of us will appreciate and interpret his universe 
 order in terms of this which furnishes his chief internal 
 warmth, affection, and inspiration. Sex has made great 
 contribution to that form of attraction which we call 
 beauty. It has aided in forming all our standards of 
 beauty and attractiveness, — whether beauty of flower 
 
 [131] 
 
THE SEX FACTOR IN HUMAN LIFE 
 
 or of the song of the bird, or of the face or form of 
 woman, or of the devotion of the mother, or of the 
 honor and chivalry of the knightly man, or of the jus- 
 tice of fairness and right, or of the faithful fatherli- 
 ness of God, or of the loving sacrifice of Jesus. Not one 
 of these conceptions is free from the esthetic sense 
 which arises in and is saturated with the motives of 
 reproduction and sex. All of them in their turn con- 
 tribute to the highest and most satisfying guidance of. 
 the sex nature. 
 
 10. Is there any evidence that the sex development 
 
 of the individual has any influence upon his 
 
 religious development? 
 There certainly is. While no adequate analysis of 
 the natural connection has been made, we have many 
 intimations (i) that sex development is closely con- 
 nected in the growing boy or girl with the whole range 
 of emotions, appreciations, desires, satisfactions, as- 
 pirations, sympathies, and attitudes that characterize 
 our best human spiritual and religious life; and (2) 
 that these qualities of personality, even more than 
 knowledge and reason, are the fruitful soil in which 
 religion develops and influences conduct. 
 
 11. Does religion in turn have any influence in 
 
 guiding sex in life and conduct? 
 This is equaiUy sure. In exact proportion as one has 
 adopted a philosophy of life which respects and uses 
 all the factors of life in accordance with their real 
 value and influence, and not in accordance with mere 
 lust or whim or prejudice, will the demands of sex be 
 taken up and fitted into this religious and catholic pur- 
 pose of the whole nature. Indeed this is the only way 
 wherefcy we human beings, driven as we are by appe- 
 tites that are reinforced by consciousness, can be held 
 from being the mere sport of the desire and circum- 
 stance of the moment. 
 
 [132] 
 
SEX AND RELIGION 
 
 12. How do the religious nature and religion itself 
 operate to control and guide sex conduct? 
 
 ( 1 ) They may operate to inhibit and repress the sex 
 impulse in a purely external and arbitrary spirit. The 
 danger of this is discussed in Chs. IV : 5 ; and VII : 7- 
 II. It is just as hurtful and wrong to u^e religious 
 ideas and penalties to repress natural desires arbitrarily 
 as it is to use any other form of force. Besides, — it 
 discredits religion. Nevertheless, just as is true of 
 every other form of social repression, there are emer- 
 gencies when the brake of religious conventions may be 
 valuable. The spirit of right education is that this 
 should be used as little, not as much, as possible. 
 
 (2) The religious motives and purposes may be 
 substituted for those of sex. For example, the indivi- 
 dual may be so interested in discovering, guiding, plan- 
 ning a philosophy of life which shall include all his 
 qualities of personality and all his outer relations as 
 to reduce the direct appeal of his sex passions. Such 
 ideas as self-realization, personal and social usefulness 
 and efficiency, adjustment to the best forces of his uni- 
 verse, self respect, self mastery and guidance, sense of 
 responsibility to God and man, ideas of honor and fair- 
 ness and justice — all of them spiritual motives entering 
 into one's religious philosophy, — may be substituted 
 for those of passion, self-indulgence on the physical 
 level, unrestraint, and the like. It is possible to arouse 
 a real enthusiasm in these essenffally religious motiv es 
 which will do m ore th an athletics or sports, or me re 
 material ambiti(!ttl'^"ta"absorb arid" dlYeCt' the eneirpes 
 m young; men^ t i nis can be done only by e3ucation, 
 which always must include giving the young person the 
 maximum satisfactions that naturally and normally 
 belong to these fine substitutes. We have often fool- 
 ishly invoked and tried to use satisfactions that appeal 
 to no normal motives. See also Ch. VII : 12-15.) 
 
 [133I 
 
THE SEX FACTOR IN HUMAN LIFE 
 
 (3) The religious motive, having so much of the 
 sex impulse in it, is peculiarly capable of taking hold 
 of the sex motives themselves and of refining and sub- 
 limating them. (See also Qi. IV and Ch. VII; 16- 
 24.) It is peculiarly the province of religion — a con- 
 sistent philosophy which gives sound relative values to 
 life, — ^to prevent us from being cheated out of the better 
 contributions which a personal impulse may make, by 
 degrading it to its lowest uses. For example, religion 
 approves the intellectual and spiritual joys and refine- 
 ments of marriage in place of the sensual pleasure of 
 promiscuity ; religion refines the impulses of the liber- 
 tine to those of the husband and father ; religion makes 
 love out of appetite, and converts desire into sacrifice; 
 religion insures that chivalry and consideration for 
 others give more happiness than self indulgence gives ; 
 religion, saves even the grosser and more physical 
 pleasures from degeneracy by transmuting them into 
 spiritual incentives which in turn control indulgence; 
 religion thus makes possible the evolution of the best' 
 from that which is merely good and may become gross. 
 
 13. What are some of the essentials of our Chris- 
 tian religion as taught and lived by Christ? 
 
 (i) That personality, and not material things, is the 
 supreme fact about the universe. That the personality 
 of God and the personality of man are the great com- 
 plementary realities. 
 
 (2) That spirit, which is the aifectional side of per- 
 sonality, — not mere power nor intelligence, — is the 
 crown of personality. 
 
 (3) That love, sympathy, service, self-sacrifice (and 
 not hate, competition, and self aggrandizement) in 
 theory and in practice, furnish the only abundant life 
 of the spirit, — ^the only way of salvation. 
 
 [134I 
 
SEX AND RELIGION 
 
 (4) That the God of the universe is Himself the 
 great exampler of all this ; this is His own nature, and 
 furnishes the method of His own working. 
 
 (5) In consequence of this common quality of God 
 and man, the hope of the human race lies in opening 
 the whole personality of man by its every avenue, out- 
 look, capacity, and expression to the inspiration and 
 guidance of the kindred spirit of God. Thus alone 
 man's high devotions and affections, which are just 
 as natural as his animal selfishness and are even more 
 true to the universe order, may come to dominate life 
 and relations. 
 
 14. What would be the effect on human life of a 
 full acceptance of these basal elements in 
 Jesus' philosophy of life? 
 
 Whether Jesus has uttered the last word about the 
 spiritual life of man need not worry you. Without 
 any doubt more of sound individual and social guid- 
 ance and inspiration for our desires, standards, ideals, 
 and purposes have focussed about his life and philoso- 
 phy than anywhere else in human history. Further- 
 more, no other religious statement and practice is so 
 consistent with the best personal and social psychology 
 and philosophy which science has thus far discovered. 
 
 For these reasons, an increasing number of thought- 
 ful people, — quite apart from their theological creeds 
 or disbeliefs, — seem to be reaching the conclusion that 
 the future of human industrial, social, and moral prog- 
 ress can be made certain only by adopting and applying 
 this democratic and sacrificing platform of Jesus as 
 the rule of the individual and of society. The greatest 
 need of human civilization at the present moment is 
 to apply without any reservation the best science we 
 know, in the spirit of Christ and of His teachings to 
 our two most powerful impulses, — those of greed and 
 those of sex. The impulse for possessions, having no 
 
 [135] 
 
THE SEX FACTOR IN HUMAN LIFE 
 
 trace of democracy or Christianity in it, is responsible 
 for the present competition, exploitation, special privi- 
 lege, dishonesty, injustice, and tyranny of business and 
 industry; controlled in the spirit of Qirist business and 
 industry could be administered purely to advance 
 human life, welfare, service, and development, — and 
 not at all as a means of personal profit at the expense 
 of society. The sex impulse, having no trace of democ- 
 racy or Christianity, spells lust, unrestraint, heart- 
 less exploitation, prostitution, special privilege for 
 males, unfaithfulness, broken homes, and selfish, un- 
 social, and unscientific human adjustments; guided in 
 the spirit of Christ it means saving and heightening for 
 every man and every woman the most rich and influ- 
 ential factor in life; it means the consecration of all 
 attractions, companionships, love, marriage, home, and 
 parenthood to universal human development and 
 happiness. 
 
 [1361 
 
REFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 The following books will be found helpful in giving a broader 
 treatment to the topics presented herein. The initial letters 
 found below are those used for reference in the body of the 
 text. A few valuable titles are included to which direct cita- 
 tion is not made in the manual. 
 
 I. Sex Phenomena considered from the biological, psycho- 
 logical, social and ethical points of view. 
 
 R. S. L. — Exner: Rational Sex Life: Association Press, 
 
 1918. 
 B. of S.— Galloway: Biology of Sex; D. C. Heath & Co., 
 
 1913. 
 S. & L. — Galloway: Sex and Life; Association Press, 1919. 
 D. of M. — Gulick : Dynamic of Manhood ; Association 
 
 Press, 1918. 
 
 IL Reproduction, Heredity, Eugenics. 
 
 E.— Davenport : Eugenics ; Holt & Co., 1910. 
 
 B.W.B.— Guyer: Being Well Born; Bobbs-Merrill Co., 
 1916. 
 
 A. E. — Popenoe & Johnson : Applied Eugenics ; The Mac- 
 millan Co., 1918. 
 
 G. C. C. — Hegner : Germ Cell Cycle in Animals ; The Mac- 
 millan Co., 1914. 
 
 H. & S. — Morgan : Heredity and Sex ; Columbia Univer- 
 sity Press, 1913. 
 
 Conn : Social Heredity and Social Evolution, 1914. 
 
 in. Character, Mental Hygiene, Education. 
 
 M. C. F. — White : Mechanism of Character Formation ; 
 
 The Macmillan Co., 1918. 
 M. H. C— White : Mental Hygiene of Childhood; Little, 
 
 Brown & Co., 1919. 
 
 h37] 
 
REFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 M. S.— Groves : Moral Sanitation ; Association Press, 1916. 
 U. of M. — Galloway: Use of Motives in Teaching Morals 
 and Religion; The Pilgrim Press, 1917. 
 
 rV. Philosophical and Religious. 
 
 Fiske: Excursions of an Evolutionist; Meaning of In- 
 fancy; Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1887. 
 
 Coe: Social Theory of Religious Education; Scribners, 
 1917. 
 
 Huxley: Evolution and Ethics, and other Essays; D. 
 Appleton & Co., 1898. 
 
 V. Prostitution, Venereal Diseases, etc. 
 
 P. E.— Flexner : Prostitution in Europe; The Century Co., 
 
 1914. 
 — Flexner: Prostitution in America; The Century 
 
 Co. (In press.) 
 P. M. B. — Exner : Prostitution in Relation to Army on the 
 
 Mexican Border; Am. Social Hygiene Assoc, 1917. 
 L. C. — Hooker: Life's Clinic; Association Press, 1918. 
 C. P. N. Y. — Kneeland: Commercialized Prostitution in 
 
 New York City; The Century Co., 1917. 
 K. F. F.— Keeping Fit to Fight: Am. Social Hygiene 
 
 Assoc. 
 S. T. L. — Smash the Line: Am. Social Hygiene Assoc. 
 
 [138] 
 
INDEX 
 
 Acquired characters, not in- 
 herited, 99. 
 
 Adjustments, in one's own na- 
 ture, 130; included in re- 
 ligion, 129; intellectual, 11; 
 nutritive, ii; social, 11; to 
 environment, 10; to society, 
 129; to universe order, 129. 
 
 Aids to sex control, 48. 
 
 Appetite, normal cycle of, 27. 
 
 Appetites, abuse of, 26 ; among 
 animals, 27 ; biological 
 strength of, 12; classifica- 
 tion of, 10; factors in, 33; 
 indulgence of, 9; modified 
 by consciousness, 28; modi- 
 fied by experience, 29; need 
 of limiting, 10; pleasure in, 
 9; rational control of, 30; 
 role of, to humans, 26. 
 
 Attitudes, in choice and con- 
 duct, 74. 
 
 Biological necessity, 23, 59. 
 Bi-parental inheritance, 98. 
 
 Castration, effects of, 17. 
 Celibate life, problems of, 123. 
 Character education, 74, 108. 
 Children, central problem of 
 
 home, 112. 
 Chivalry, as a sublimation of 
 
 sex, 55. 
 Choice, factors determining, 
 
 73- 
 Christianity, essentials of, 134. 
 Codes, moral and social, for 
 
 sex guidance, 49. 
 Conduct, factors determining, 
 
 73- . ^ , 
 
 Conflicts, in the individual, 
 32. 
 
 Conscious sex control, 46. 
 Consciousness, effect on appe- 
 tites, 28. 
 Control of impulses, value of. 
 
 Curiosity, 11. 
 
 Cycle, normal, in appetites, 
 27. 
 
 Democracy, applied to sex, 
 120; definition, 119; in mar- 
 riage, 119. 
 
 Desires, education of, 76; re- 
 pression of, 32; sublimation, 
 32; substitution, 32. 
 
 Determiners in inheritance, 
 104. 
 
 Dominance, 105. 
 
 Double standard of sex, 120; 
 doomed, 121. 
 
 Economic effects of prostitu- 
 tion, 89. 
 
 Educable element in personal- 
 ity, 75- 
 
 Education, and inheritance, 
 100; for sex control, 73; 
 how to make democratic, 
 42; in character, 109; of de- 
 sires, 76; of ideals, 76; of 
 impulses, 71 ; of purposes, 
 78; purpose of, 29, 73; of 
 reasoning, 75. 
 
 Educational methods for con- 
 trolling impulses, 69. 
 
 Egg, 16. 
 
 Emissions, 21, 60. 
 
 Environmental effects upon 
 inheritance, 100. 
 
 Environmental influence on 
 development, 99. 
 
 Esthetic sense, origin of, 15. 
 
 [139] 
 
INDEX 
 
 Esthetic sublimation, and sex, 
 
 Eugenics, definition, 103. 
 Experience on appetites, 29. 
 Evolution of home, iii. 
 
 Female characteristics, hu- 
 man. 18. 
 
 Female, physical characteris- 
 tics, 18. 
 
 Females, contrasted with 
 males (physical), 16. 
 
 Fertilization, 16, 17. 
 
 Functions, male and female, 
 20. 
 
 Germ plasm, and inheritance, 
 97; effects upon body, 17; 
 in relation to body, 96. 
 
 Gonorrhea, organs attacked 
 by, 88. 
 
 Grafting sex glands, 18. 
 
 Heredity (see Inheritance). 
 
 Home, central problem of, 
 112; destructive qualities in, 
 114; evolution of, ill; fe- 
 male part in, 114; male part 
 in, lis; origin of, ii2j sec- 
 ondary problems of, 113. 
 
 Homes, and personal charac- 
 ter, 113; happiness in, 113; 
 shall they survive? 82. 
 
 Hormones, 21. 
 
 Human inheritance, 98. 
 
 Human versus animal control 
 in sex, 67. 
 
 Hungers (see also Appetites), 
 10. 
 
 Ideals, education of, 76; in 
 choice and conduct, 74. 
 
 Imagination, _ and appetites, 
 28 ; in sublimation, 52. 
 
 Improvement of human be- 
 ings, 100, 
 
 Impulses, 8 ; in choice and con- 
 duct, 74; reproductive, 11. 
 
 Inheritance, and education, 
 100; and environment, 99; 
 and the sex cells, 97; defi- 
 nition, 96; human, 98; in- 
 fluence of male and female 
 in, 98; of acquired charac- 
 teristics, 99; of mental 
 traits, 107. 
 
 Internal adjustments, 130. 
 
 Internal secretions, 21. 
 
 Jesus' principles applied to 
 human life, 135. 
 
 Knowledge, in choice and con- 
 duct, 74. 
 
 Leisure, and sex, 72. 
 Lust, meaning of, 26. 
 
 Male and female, differences, 
 20. 
 
 Male characters (human), 18. 
 
 Males, contrasted with fe- 
 males (physical), 16. 
 
 Man's part in home, 115. 
 
 Marriage, 1 15 ; alternatives to, 
 117; attacks upon, 116; 
 weakness of proposed sub- 
 stitutes for, 118. 
 
 Masturbation, versus prostitu- 
 tion, 61. 
 
 Mating, and its sublimation, 
 
 S3. 
 
 Matings, application of Men- 
 del's principles, 107; fit, 
 102; unfit, 103. 
 
 Medical inspection, and vene- 
 real diseases, 85. 
 
 Men and women, mental dif- 
 ferences, 18. 
 
 Mendelism, among humans, 
 106; application to human 
 matings, 107. 
 
 [140] 
 
INDEX 
 
 Mendel's principles, statement 
 of, 104; deductions from, 
 105. 
 
 Mental sex stimulation, 22. 
 
 Monogamous home, in evolu- 
 tion, III. 
 
 Monogamous marriage, 116; 
 attacks upon, 116; correc- 
 tives for its weakness, 119; 
 weakness of substitutes for, 
 117. 
 
 Monogamy, is it sound? 122; 
 support of, 122. 
 
 Moral codes, and sex guid- 
 ance, 49. 
 
 Morals, and choice, 29. 
 
 Mortality, and syphilis, 87. 
 
 Ovaries, 17. 
 
 Parental sublimation, 54. 
 
 Parents, value of two, 98. 
 
 Perversions, among animals, 
 27. 
 
 Physiological stimuli of sex, 
 21. 
 
 Pleasure in appetites, 9. 
 
 Polygamous marriage, 
 strength, 121 ; weaknesses, 
 121. 
 
 Promiscuous intercourse, 
 mental and emotional ef- 
 effects, 89. 
 
 Prophylaxis, 87. 
 
 Prostitution, and venereal 
 diseases, 85 ; causes for, 84 ; 
 desirable or necessary? 83; 
 economic effects of, 89; ef- 
 fects on home life, 89; ef- 
 fects on marriage, 90 ; man's 
 relation to, 83; not fair to 
 women, 84 ; social and racial 
 effects, 91 ; versus mastur- 
 bation, 61 ; why has it per- 
 sisted? 92. 
 
 Psychological necessity, 24. 
 
 Purposes, education of, 78 ; in 
 choice and conduct, 74. 
 
 Race betterment by educa- 
 tion, 108. 
 
 Race improvement, 100. 
 
 Race inheritance, improve- 
 ment of, 103. 
 
 Racial effects of prostitution, 
 91. 
 
 Reason, education of, 75. 
 
 Recessives, 105. 
 
 Regulation, and amount of ir- 
 regular intercourse, 86; and 
 venereal diseases, 85. 
 
 Religion, includes jyhat? 126; 
 natural or arbitrary, 127; 
 practical value, 128; rela- 
 tive to life, 128. 
 
 Religious adjustments, 129. 
 
 Religious influences upon sex 
 controls, 132. 
 
 Repression, dangers of, 36; 
 normal, 40; of desires, 32; 
 of sex impulses, 69; pre- 
 cautions, ZT, through re- 
 ligion, 133 ; value and weak- 
 ness of, 70. 
 
 Reproduction and sex con- 
 trasted, 13. 
 
 Reproduction, methods of, 95 ; 
 results of, 95. 
 
 Reproductive impulse, 11. 
 
 Satisfactions, educational value 
 of, 35; in choice and con- 
 duct, 74; of sex, classified, 
 52; sublimation of, 35; va- 
 rieties in, 34. 
 
 Segregation of determiners, 
 los. 
 
 Self-guidance in sex, 61, 64. 
 
 Seminal emissions, 21, 60. 
 
 Sex, and democracy, 120. 
 
 Sex and reproduction con- 
 trasted, 13. 
 
 [141] 
 
INDEX 
 
 Sex behavior, for married 
 men, 8i ; for unmarried 
 men, 80; the double stand- 
 ard of, 120. 
 
 Sex cells, and inheritance, 97; 
 in relation to body, 96. 
 
 Sex control, aids to, 48; in 
 humans, 67; social aids to, 
 68; value of, 46, 66. 
 
 Sex controls, eduqational 
 method, 69. 
 
 Sex development and relig- 
 ious development, 132. 
 
 Sex differences (mental), 
 males and females, 19. 
 
 Sex distinctions, 16 ; mental, 18. 
 
 Sex education, 75 ; and inheri- 
 tance, 102; is character edu- 
 cation, 109. 
 
 Sex functions, male and fe- 
 male, 19. 
 
 Sex glands, grafting, i8; re- 
 moval of, 17. , 
 
 Sex hygiene, 75. 
 
 Sex impulses, and religious 
 nature, 131 ; must be re- 
 strained, 44 ; over-stimula- 
 tion of, 44, 45; repression 
 of, 69; substitution in, 71. 
 
 Sex indulgence, 47; ills of, 
 81 ; social fruits of, 82. 
 
 Sex instincts, derivatives 
 from, IS ; elements in, 15 ; 
 value of, IS, 16. 
 
 Sex intercourse, is it neces- 
 sary? 59. 
 
 Sex relations of the unmar- 
 ried, 124. 
 
 Sex satisfactions, classifica- 
 tion, 52; permanent types, 
 S6; self-limited types, 56. 
 
 Sex, uncontrolled, 47. 
 
 Sexual indulgence and con- 
 tentment, 60. 
 
 Sexual stimuli, 20 ; mental, 22. 
 
 Social adjustments, 129. 
 
 Social aids to control, 68. 
 Social codes, and sex guid- 
 ance, 49. 
 Social education, 41. 
 Social effects of prostitution. 
 
 Sowing wild oats, 29. 
 
 Sperm cells, 16, 17. 
 
 Stimulation of sex desires, 20. 
 
 Stimuli, physiological, 21 ; 
 sensory, 22. 
 
 Sublimation, imagination in, 
 52; in sex, 51; of chivalry, 
 SS ; of desires, 35 ; of im- 
 pulses, 32 ; of mating, 53 ; of 
 sex by religious xnotives, 
 134 ; of sex through esthetic 
 motives, 56 ; steps in, 38 ; of 
 parenthood, 54. 
 
 Substitutes for monogamy, 
 117. 
 
 Substitution, for the sex im- 
 pulses, 71 ; of religious for 
 sexual interests, 133; weak- 
 ness of, 72. 
 
 Syphilis, and its after-effects, 
 87; and mortality, 87. 
 
 Testes, 16, 17. 
 
 Unfit matings, 103. 
 Unit characters, 104. 
 Universe adjustments, 129. 
 Unmarried men, sex behavior, 
 
 80. 
 Unmarried, sex relations of, 
 
 123. 
 
 Venereal diseases, and prosti- 
 tution, _ 8s ; and war, 86 ; 
 regulation and inspection, 
 85. 
 
 War, and venereal diseases, 
 
 86. 
 Woman's share in home, 114. 
 Women, outside the home, 
 
 114. 
 
 [142]