1 jiaiiiiii! i\ liaiiyiisi MV5EVM OFTHEA/nER-lCAN INDIAN! FREDERICK W. HODGE COLLECTION Huntington Free Library Native American Collection CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 3 1924 097 696 508 PHILUPS ACADEMY, ANDOVER. MASSACHUSETTS DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY BULLETIN III A Narrative of Explorations in New Mexico, Arizona, Indiana, Etc. TOGETHER WITH A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE DEPARTMENT By WARREN K. MOOREHEAD, Curator PRICE 75 CENTS (POSTPAID) AjfDovBR, Mass. THE ANDOVER PEESS 1906 Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924097696508 PHILLIPS ACADEMY, ANDOVER. MASSACHUSETTS DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY BULLETIN III A Narrative of Explorations in New Mexico, Arizona, Indiana, Etc. TOGETHER WITH A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE DEPARTMENT By WARREN K. MOOREHEAD, Curator PRICE 75 CENTS (POSTPAID) Andovbb, Mass. THE ANDOVEK PEESS 1906 The Trustees of Phillips Academy: Gentlemen : I herewith hand you my report upon the origin and development of this Department. During Mr. Peahody's life- time the explorations and collections were made under his direction. Since 1902 the work has been done under and with the approval of the Honorary Director, Dr. Charles Peabody. I wish to thank the Honorable Trustees of Phillips Academy, Principal Alfred E. Stearns, and Dr. Peabody for cordial sup- port rendered me. Waeeen K. Mooeehead. NOVEMBEE 10th, 1906. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page a histoky of the department . . . . 17 Sketch of Me. Robert Singleton Peabody . . 26 Explorations in New Mexico 33 Explorations at the Mouth op the Wabash . 54 Field Work in Arizona 89 The Kalpus Ruins 98 Collecting at. Flint Ridge 107 Explorations at Hopkinsyillb, Kentucky . . 115 A Flint Quarry in Tennessee . . . .126 Certain Unknown Stone Objects in the Andover Museum 135 Two EaIrthworks Near Andover .... 150 The PictogrAphs on a Fragment op Birch Bark 159 Synopsis of Specimens (according to numbers) in the Phillips Academy Museum . . . 167 List of Accessions to the Museum from May 1, 1901, TO November 1, 1906 . . .170 The Preservation of Archaeological Specimens 179 A Brief Description of Flint Ridge . . . 181 PREFACE. Bulletin No. Ill is not confined to descriptions of explora- tions. It was suggested by Mr. Alfred E. Stearns, Principal of the Academy, and Mr. James C. Sawyer, treasurer, that a Bulletin suitable for distribution among the Alumni and friends of the school should be published. It must be remem- bered that Phillips Academy, Andover, is the only preparatory school in the world that possesses a fine museum and Departs ment of Archaeology. The instruction given the students by the Department is not confined to archaeology, but embraces anthropology and kindred subjects : psychology, sociology, criminology, evolution, etc., all of which are treated as elemen- tary courses. While this report is not confined to the technicalities of ex- plorations as explamed above, yet it describes the work done for Mr. Peabody and also the explorations conducted by the Department since 1901 and as yet unpublished. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN BULLETIN III. No. 1 Front view of the Archaeology Building. 2 One of the Exhibition Halls in the Archaeology Building. 3 A view of the detail on the exterior of the Archaeology Building. 4 Western End of Pueblo Bonito. Room 36 in the foreground. 5 Inlaid Scrapers and other Ceremonial Objects in situ. 6 Scraper prepared for inlaying. 7 Bone Scraper showing remnant of mosaic. 8 Turquoise Pendants (slightly reduced). 9 Turquoise Birds (natural size). 10 Double Jar from the Chaco. 11 Three Chaco Bowls. 12 Three Chaco Bowls. 13 Four typical Chaco Pitchers. 14 A large Bow'l from ruins along the San Juan River. 15 A Pitcher and Double-jar from the Chaco. 16 A Sandal Last, a " Post Base ", and a Stone Sword from the Chaco. 17 Clay Sandal Last, Butler Canon, Utah. 18 Showing how the Sandal was plaited over the Last. 19 Plan of Village and Cemetery at the mouth of the Wabash river, Indiana. 20 Group of Pottery from the Cemetery at the mouth of the Wabash. 21 Three Effigy Bowls from the Wabash Cemttery. 22 Peculiar Pipes from the Wabash Cemetery. 23 Copper and Stone Pendants from the Wabash Cemetery. 24 Large Ruin at Mesa, Arizona. 25 Bowl from the3Iesa Verde ruins, Arizona. 26 Skeleton and Bowls from the Kalfus ruins near Phoenix, Arizona. 27 Group of objects from the Salado valley ruins. 28 Slate Tablet from the Kalfus ruins. 29 Perforated Stone Disc, ruin near Mesa. 30 Perforated Pottery Disc, ruin south of Phoenix. 11 31 Effigy of an Owl from large ruin near Mesa. 32 Effigy of Armadillo (?) Salado valley. 33 Effigy of a Bear (?) Salado \ alley. 34 Effigy of an unknown animal. Salado valley. 35 Effigy Mortar (?) Salado valley. 36 Unknown object. Salado valley. 37 Unknown object. Salado valley. 38 Unknown object. Salado valley. 39 Shell Bracelet, Pendants and Decorated Pottery Discs from ruin near Mesa. 40 A Double Grooved Hammer from ruin south of Phoenix. 41 Typical Axe of the Salado region. Ruin south of Phoenix. 42 Effigy Mortar (?) Salado valley. 43 Effigy Owl (?) Salado valley. 44 Clay Effigy of an Animal. Salado valley. 45 Shell Pendants, King and Effigy. Salado valley. 46 Two finely worked Effigies in Black Onyx and two minute Arrow- points of Obsidian. Ruins near Mesa, Arizona. 47 Group of various Shell Effigies from the Salado valley ruins. 48 Pictographs copied from the cliffs six miles south of Phoenix. 49 Pictographs copied from the cliffs six miles south of Phoenix. 50 Pictographs copied from the cliffs six miles south of Phoenix. 51 Shell Frog, two Shell Effigies, Onyx Bead and Effigy Fish (jade?) from ruins near Mesa. 52 Engraved Shell, Tennessee. 53 The "Willis Field at Hopkinsville, Kentucky. Site of Cemetery. 54 Engraved Shell, grave on Willis Farm. 55 Human Pipe, Hopkinsville, Kentucky. 56 Effigy from South CarroUton, Kentucky. 57 Ravine at Johnson's Farm, near Herndon, Tennessee. 58 Nodules in position, ravine near Herndon, Tennessee. 59 Pottery from Florida mounds. C. B. Moore collection. 60 Pottery from Florida mounds. C. B. Moore collection. 61 Case containing Mr. C. B. Moore's Florida collection. 62 McElhaney's Cavern, Arkansas. 63 Group of Pipes from various localities in the Mississippi valley. 12 64 Group of Pipes from various localities in the Mississippi valley. 65 The Frog Pipe from the mouth of Brush Creek, Adams County, Ohio. 66 Bar amulet, Tennessee. 67 Peculiar Ceremonial, Ohio. 68 Cannel Coal Ceremonial, Mercer County, Ohio. 69 Unfinished Ceremonial Stones from the Ohio valley. 70 Unfinished Ceremonial Stones from the Ohio valley. 71 Ceremonial Stones, nearly finished. Ohio valley. 72 Finished Ceremonials. Ohio valley. 73 Three peculiar Ceremonials from Ohio. 74 Arrow-points from the Pacific Coast. 75 Arrow-points from the Pacific Coast. 76 Flint Discs and Turtlebacks. Ohio. 77 Leaf-shaped and Unfinished Implements. Flint Ridge, Ohio. 78 Blades and Spear, Practically Complete. Flint Ridge, Ohio. 79 Flint Cores and Flakes. Flint Ridge, Ohio. 80 Effigy of Whale. New England. 81 Log in which Birch Bark was found. Iowa. 82 Fragment of Birch Bark, Iowa. n Fig. 1 — DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY BUILDING Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass. From a photograph by Mr. Guy Lowell. A BRIEF ACCOUNT OF THE DEPARMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY AT PHILLIPS ACADEMY. In November, 1895, a short article on " Mound Exploration " appeared in the Philadelphia Press. The article did not differ essentially in character from others upon this subject. How- ever, it attracted the attention of Mr. Robert Singleton Pea- body, a gentleman residing in Germantown, Philadelphia, and he wrote to the editor for information, and the editor forwarded the letter to the author. Thus began a correspondence and ac- quaintance which culminated in the founding of the Depart- ment of Archaeology at Phillips Academy. During the year, 1896, the author of this Bulletin purchased a number of collections for Mr. Peabody. In the spring of 1897 he went to Farmington, New Mexico, in order to regain health and made collections at the Chaco Group and m the San Juan Valley. In November the same year he left Ohio and estab- lished himself in Phoenix, Arizona, and gave his time thereafter in Mr. Peabody's interests. From November until the first of June, 1898, he employed a number of men and dug in the adobe ruins in the Salado valley and collected from the surface of various sites. On returning to Ohio he visited the large village sites along the Ohio river, between the mouths of the Great Miami and the Wabash, exploring at Aurora, Lawrenceburg, «tc. In the fall he went to the Adirondacks and resided there three winters, and during this time occasionally visited Mr. Peabody and was in constant communication with him. Being unable to collect in person, he employed several competent col- lectors, notably Mr. Clifford Anderson, who excavated the cem- etery at the mouth of the Wabash, collected at Flint Ridge, and in Tennessee, Arkansas, and elsewhere. In March, 1901, Mr. Peabody and his wife, Margaret A. Peabody, founded the Department of Archaeology at Phillips. The foundation was sufficient for future maintenance, and to erect a beautiful building suitable for museum purposes, con- taining a large lecture hall, a library, and offices. 17 Mr. Peabody wished to improve the social condition of the students of the Academy. He dwelt upon his own boyhood at Phillips, laying particular stress upon the lack of a reading- room and meeting place for the boys, and upon the inadequate provision for the various societies and clubs. Mr. Guy Lowell, the distinguished architect of Boston, was asked to design a building that should contain adequate space for museum pur- poses, and at the same time combine the social features Mr. Peabody had in mind. The result is that after three years of occupation the building is entirely satisfactory. The two sepa- rate and distinct interests do not in any way conflict or mcon- venience each other. The building which is the home of the Department of Arch- aeology, while it was built but four years ago, seems a very part of the Academy. Surrounded by fine old elms, constructed of dark red bricks, with granite base and entrance motive, it is a. building of great simplicity and dignity. It has all the charm of the old Colonial structures, with the added attractiveness of well designed modern work. It stands on the site of the original Philhps Academy. The exterior has but little ornament, the interest being given by the triple arch motive on either side of the main entrance, which repeats on the ends, with the decoration being concen- trated about the central feature. This portion is constructed of granite. Just beneath the pediment at the center, the Coat of Arms of the Academy is beautifully carved in Tennessee mar- ble. At either side is a cartouche of the same material, the one on the left bearing the date 1778, the one on the right 1901. The building is entered by broad granite steps flanked by large buttresses. The generous entrance hall, with its Doric columns, opens directly into the exhibition rooms, one on either side. These are well lighted and admirably' arranged for the- interesting and valuable collections they contain. There are eighteen large cases, but only a small proportion* of the speci- mens are shown ; the rest f being stored in the lower part of the cases and in the attic. The whole first floor gives one an impression of spaciousness,. * 11,150 t 44,778 18 Fig. 3 — DETAIL OF THE FRONT OF THE ARCHAEOLOGY BUILDING quiet and charm, having the distinct character of a museum where one expects to find rare and unusual groups of objects. This floor also contains the Director's office, the Curator's office, and the cataloguing room. In the exhibition room at the left is a handsome and massive fireplace, with mantel finished in Mexican onyx. The room to the right has a circular iron staircase extending to the story above. A broad staircase, set off by a graceful ornamental iron raU, leads to the second floor. Here again a generous hall opens, with the lecture hall on one side and the library on the other. The lecture hall has a small platform and is well adapted to day and evening use. It will accommodate 175 per- sons and belongs exclusively to the students after four o'clock, constituting a convenient meeting place for the various musical clubs, societies, etc. The library serves to make the building whole and complete. It is not as large as might be desired, but it presents sufficient books for research along almost any line. Naturally, in a pre- paratory school, one would not expect as comprehensive a library as is found in colleges. It is finished in oak with a handsome fireplace. Including the room at the rear, the library has a capacity of 4000 volumes. It is furnished with all im- portant magazines and with files of newspapers from the leading cities of the United States subscribed for by the students. In the basement there is a fine dark room and developing room equipped with necessary chemicals for work in photog- raphy; various club rooms jfor athletics, school periodicals, chess, and golf clubs. All these rooms are furnished with desks and tables for use of the students. The building is so designed that wings may be added if nec- essary. It is heated from the central plant and the whole structure is fire-proof. It cost 150,000.00 and the specimens are valued at $50,000.00 more. Mr. Peabody's entire collection numbered some 38,000 speci- mens, and on the appointment of his son, Dr. Charles Peabody, as Director and the writer as Curator of the Department, the latter went to Germantown and expressed the collection to An- dover. While the building was under construction, the exhibits were numbered, catalogued, and arranged in another building, 21 and were moved info their present quarters in March, 1903. At the present writing, October 10th, 1906, there are 65,928 specimens* in the museum. Most of these specimens were col- lected by or under the direction of the writer, although many persons have contributed to make the Andover collection what it is since the foundation of the Department. Next to Mr. Pea- body's gifts, the largest accessions have been received from Mr. Clarence B. Moore of Philadelphia. Mr. Moore has carried on explorations in Florida, Alabama, and Georgia for the past ten or twelve years, and has made extensive collections and pub- lished a number of reports descriptive of his work. Mr. Moore very kindly presented the Department some thirteen hundred specimens of pottery, beads, stone implements, clay effigies, etc., covering almost the entire range of art among the Florida tribes. These are mounted in a case seven meters long, two and one-third meters high, and one and three-fourths meters wide. The drawing of the case and contents is reproduced in fig. 61. Mr. Moore's donation enabled the Department to present for the benefit of students a comprehensive idea of prehistoric times in Florida. It is the best single exhibit in the entire museum. While a list of donors f and the various objects they have kindly presented the Department is appended to this report (see p. 170), several persons should be especially mentioned in this place. Mr. J. L. B. Taylor of Pineville, Missouri, sent the De- partment some five hundred stone and bone objects from village sites and caverns of southwest Missouri. Mr. J. W. VanKirk of Pottsgrove, Pennsylvania, gave us a thousand specimens, being pestles, axes, celts, projectile points, ornaments, hoes, etc., from the village sites along the Susquehanna river, Pennsylvania. Mr. Gilham of Hopland, California, formerly of San Francisco, presented a collection of one hundred obsidian implements from Cahfornia. Miss MoUie Hall of Hopkinsville, Kentucky, sent three hundred and fifty archaeological objects from Tennessee. Messrs. E. R. Steinbrueck and Rev. A. T. Gesner sent a collection * In round numbers. The last number in the catalogue is 41,763, but in many instances five to twenty specimens are entered under one number. t Requests similar to the one presented on page 179 of this Bulletin were sent to owners of archaeologlo collections. 22 Fig. 2 — one of THE EXHIBITION HALLS IN THE ARCHAEOLOGY BUILDING of a hundred and fifty implements from the Mandaii sites, North Dakota. These are especially interesting at this time, as Har- vard University made a detailed study of the Mandan sites in the summer of 1905. It was suggested as a result of the inves- tigations that the Mandaus may have come from the Ohio valley. The writer of this report advanced the same theory in 1889*, and based it on a different line of argument. Other collections of consequence were received from Mr. H. K. Deisher of Kutztown, Pennsylvania, who gave us certain pestles, obsidian implements, crania, etc., from California; Dr. Charles Peabody, material from Bushey Cavern, Maryland; Albert L. Addis of Albion, Indiana, unfinished ornaments and ceremonials, and through Mr. Addis' donation some new infor- mation was secured, and this has been of value in the study of " The So-Called ' Gorgets ' " f , and the process of manufacture of Mr. Addis' specimens will be set forth in more detail in a future Bulletin devoted to the " ceremonial " or " problem- atical" class. The Department wishes to also thank several persons to whom it is indebted for past favors : Miss Mollie Hall, for infor- mation regarding the prehistoric remains in the vicinity of Hop- kinsville, Kentucky ; Dr. W. N. Wallace of Farmington, New Mexico, who accompanied the expedition to the Chaco Group as interpreter and rendered valuable assistance; jNIr. William Foster made several hundred drawings of the specimens in the PhilKps Andover Museum, and some of his sketches are repro- duced in this Bulletin. Thanks are tendered Dr. George H. Pepper of the American JMuseum of Natural History, New York ; and Dr. F. W. Hodge, editor of the " American Anthro- pologist ", for the loan of six illustrations and for information. *Fort Ancient, p. 11.5. f Bulletin II, The So-Called '^ G07-gets'\ Department nf Archaeology. Phillips Academy, Andover, Massachusetts. C. Peabody and W. K, Moorehead, 1906. 25 SKETCH OF MR. ROBERT SINGLETON PEABODY. Mr. Robert Singleton Peabody was born in Muskingum County, Ohio, in 1837, and entered Phillips Academy April 20, 1854, at the age' of sixteen years. He graduated the first man in the Class of 1857 with the Valedictory address at the close of an English oration on the subject " Roman Literature and Arts as affected by Foreign Conquest". His uncle was Mr. George Peabody, the noted philanthropist. Mr. George Peabody was interested in his nephew and attended the Commencement exer- cises of 1857. Recognizing the worth of Phillips Academy, he established, in 1866, a Chair of Natural Sciences and the Trustees appointed Professor William B. Graves as hoad of that Department. After Mr. K. S. Peabody had graduated from Harvard, in the Class of '62, he practiced law in Vermont and subsequently took up his residence in Germantown where he afterwards resided. Among his classmates were Mr. Convers, the founder of the Mathematical prizes in the school. Professor Allen C. Barrows of the Ohio State University at Columbus, Dr. John H. Denison of Williamstown, James B. Hammond of Hanxmond Typewriter fame, the eminent physician James N. Hyde of Chicago, Ex- Congressraan Joseph A. Scranton, and the patriot Frazar A. Stearns who fell at Newbeni. Mr. Peabody spent his boyhood in the valley of the Muskin- gum and as in that region there are numerous mound-builder and Indian remains, he became interested in archaeology. With his own hands he collected some one or two hundred specimens on his father's farm. When the collection at Phillips was numbered the records properly began with Mr. Peabody's per- sonal finds and No. 1 is an interesting hematite celt. In 1889 and 1900 Mr. Peabody consulted with Dr. Cecil F. P. Bancroft, Principal of Phillips Academy, and Dr. Thomas Wilson, Curator of Anthropology at the Smithsonian Institu- tion, and the three projected the scheme for the Department. Mr. Peabody died October 1st, 1904. The last four or five years of Mr. Peabody's life he was an invalid and suffered more than falls to the lot of the average man. Yet he bore it all very 26 patiently, although frequently suffering intense pain. He had a ]dnd word for every one and men who came in personal contact with him wore charmed by his delightful manner. He was a fine Latin scholar and because of his legal knowledge he was frequentljr sought by men of great affairs. In an unostentatious way he did a great deal of good, and the sum and substance of his liberalities will never be known. Modesty was his character- istic trait and he was prompted to keep the splendid donation to PhiUips out of the newspapers. Indeed, so far as it was possi- ble, he desired, that no one refer to himself and Mrs. Peabody as the founders of the Department. He was a nature student and for more than twenty-five years spent his summers in the Adirondacks, where he had a cabin at Saranac Inn. Aside from his desire to teach the young something regarduig the primitive conditions in America, he vdshed that the boys in Phillips might have better facilities than those he enjoyed fifty years ago when on the Hill. The present building accomplishes this end, and will always stand as a monument to him During the years 1896 and 1898 Mr. Peabody took active in- terest in the collecting of specimens and although frequently confined to his room, he had the boxes as they came opened, and inspected their contents. He was particularly interested in the "gorgets", "ceremonials", and other "problematical" forms and it was his wish that the Director and the Curator de- vote their spare time during several years to the study of these unknown artifacts. Mr. Peabody had no desire to found a great museum. He rather-had it in mind to establish a " working department " and so expressed himself on numerous occasions. He held that the greater museums emphasized the necessity for explorations of sites, and investigation of living tribes almost to the exclusion of the serious study of material on hand. He thought that there were now sufficient specimens in the museums and private collections of the United States to furnish data for reasonable conclusions. In the summer of 1890 the Curator was invited to spend some weeks with Mr. Peabody at his cabin (Saranac Inn on Upper Saranac Lake, Adirondacks). During several long conferences 27 ]\Ir. Peabody outlined with particular detail just what he de- sired to accomplish when he should establish the Andover Department. Although Mr. Peabody made no pretensions to archaeological knowledge, yet he was quite well versed in scientific mat- ters. He explained at length why he had instructed the writer to make extensive collections of surface material in Ohio and Kentucky in the previous year and during the winter of 1896- '97. His Department, he said, might or might not carry on ex- plorations in the future. If not, there were always available the results of extensive explorations on the part of other museums. He wished the writer to procure all the local collections possi- ble. That is, of collections well recorded and gathered in a specific area — collections that should illustrate the art of the region. These being surface collections from the village sites and fields, might be found to present differences more or less marked when contrasted with similar specimens from mounds and graves. He believed that the Ohio valley was inhabited for a great length of tune. The presence of Flint Ridge mater- ial in one locality, of Tennessee nodular flint in another and local chert in a third, might indicate separate tribes or a consid- erable length of occupation. Furthermore, that the gravel burials might be found to represent a different culture from that of the mounds. He took no stock in the old theory of " general mound builder culture " so far as it related to " high culture", as expressed by some writers. But he did believe that the modern tendency was to swing too far to the other ex- treme and classify all prehistoric peoples in the Ohio valley as on a plane with the Indian tribes found in the region by the earliest explorers. He requested that the writer make a careful study of the workmanship of flint implements, ceremonial objects, etc., after the Andover collection should become exten- sive. He hoped that such a study would- prove that the art of certain localities could be recognized and that aii arrow-head of uniform shape and workmanship did not necessarily imply the same culture or the same time horizons ; that in the various lo- calities one would find certain forms of knives, ceremonials, or some other implement characteristic of that tribe or that locality. In such observations, he contended, lay the value of archaeol- 28 ogy. The things must be studied as the botanist studies his leaves and the sweeping generalization made that flint imple- ments were all more or less alike had no foundation in fact, ac- -cordiiig to his observations. The Curator remembers one occasion especially during which the Founder emphasized his views in the course of a conversa- tion lasting most of the night. Mr. Peabody had read, or ex- amined, many of the museum reports and works upon archaeol- ogy. These were chiefly a record of facts, he stated. Hundreds of pages were devoted to a recitation of what was found in various mounds, graves, and sites. Thousands of pages chron- icled observations upon living tribes. The stone objects, and particularly those denoting the height of stone-age art, in great numbers were now on exhibition in the various museums. It was high time, he said, that some one should devote his life to their study. Such study would lead to a geographical distribu- tion of types and possibly the definite boundaries of certain prehistoric art areas might be determined. He thought that the Department at Andover would be able to avail itself for study of the great accumulations in museums. Mr. Peabody desired that the Department trace the development of forms from the rough to the completed object, and make collections with that end in mind. The wisdom of his suggestions has been fully appreciated by the Trustees of the Academy and the officers of the Department. 29 INSTRUCTION IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES. Since the Department was founded some 114 students have taken the course in American Archaeology. Naturally, the course offered is not as technical or comprehensive as similar courses in Yale, University of Chicago, Harvard, or Columbia. But it is sufficiently complete to give young men a pretty fair knowledge regarding stone age man here and abroad. The lectures are , frequently illustrated by lantern slides, of which the Department possesses about five hundj-ed. Addresses or formal lectures to the students by archaeologists and ethnoloT gists from the larger museums have been given. Among those who spoke were Professor Putnam, Dr. Farrabee, Professor Morse, Professors Smith and Robinson. Correspondents in various parts of the United States and Canada have asked for archaeologic information, and more than 3500 letters, containing desired data or advice, have been written by the Curator during the past five years. Several academy students have procured collections for the Department. SO EXPLORATIONS IN NEW MEXICO. In April, 1897, the writer left Farmington, New Mexico, with nine men, a large wagon, and five horses, bound for the Chaco Group ruins, seventy miles south. This had been partly inves- tigated by Dr. George 11. Pepper in the interest of the American Museum of Natural History, New York, and since the date men- tioned Dr. Pepper has conducted more extensive explorations.* It was not the purpose of Mr. Peabody's expedition to at- tempt a thorough exploration, but simply to make a typical collection in three weeks, and, as a total of about two thousand specimens of various kinds were secured in that time, the object of the visitation was accomplished. For fuller descriptions of the Chaco Group readers are referred to the various articles cited. For several days the men made careful search of the surface about each ruin and collected a number of large metates, mano stones, arrow points, fragments of pottery, etc. As there was practically no grass in the Chaco region, the teamster was sent back to Farmington for more baled hay, oats, etc , as well as * Ceremonial Deposits Found in an Ancient Pueblo Estufa in Northern New Mexico, U. S. A. (In the Monumental Records for July, 1899.) Ceremonial Objects and Ornaments from Pueblo Bonito, New Mexico. (Anthropologist, April-June, 1905.) The writer is indebted to Dr. Pepper for the following references to the Chaco Bibliography: — Gregg, Josiah. ^'■Commerce of the Prairies", I, 284-285, 1844. Simpson, J. H. "' Journal of the Military Reconnaissance from Sante Fe, New Mexico, to the Navajo Country." Washington, 1850. Jackson. Wm. H. " Ruins of the Chaco Canon, Examined in 1877 " ; Tenth Rep. Hayden Survey, Pt. Ill, Washington, 1878. A number of magazine articles. Chas. Lummis has written a short article concerning this group. There are scattering descriptions of it in the Government Reports. Holsinger's manuscript report in the General Land Office in Wash- ington covers the ground in good shape. The title of his article is "-Report on the Prehistoric Ruins of Chaco Canyon, New Mexico." Mentions of some of the articles pertaining to this group found in Hewett's bibliography, in his article entitled "Historic and Prehistoric Muins of the Southwest." 33 provisions for the men and empty boxes in which to pack the finds. He took with him five or six hundred pounds of boxed specimens, and in the couise of a week returned. After the expedition had collected such things as could be found on the surface, a small cemetery about a mile from the principal ruin was explored. At a depth of one half to one meter were found a number of skeletons and forty or fifty jars, bowls, etc. Some of these are illustrated in figs. 10, 11, 12, 13 and 15. The rooms of the first story of Pueblo Bonito, the largest building of the Chaco Group, are quite dark. This is true of all the large pueblos in the San Juan Country, and is due to the falling of walls, the shifting of sands by the winds, and other agencies, thus destroying the upper stories and burpng the doorways and air shafts of the lower rooms. The entire party spent two or three days in these underground rooms, climbing from one into another and collecting pottery and other objects. Under the floor of the small room near the northwest corner of Pueblo Bonito was found a splendidly preserved skeleton of a young woman wrappCjd in a large feather robe, which was orig- inally 1.3 by 2 meters. Some of the pottery accompanying this burial is shown in fig. 18. Unfortunately, of the feather robe nothing remains but the cords on which the feathers were strung. Sandals of both the cloth and fibre kind were collected, as well as some wooden objects and a "throwing stick ". In a letter to Mr. Peabody the following paragraphs occur: — "Just opposite our camp is the largest ruin — Pueblo Bonito. The upper stories have fallen down (it was originally three or four stories in height) and only the ground and second tier of rooms remain. In these rooms I found the fire-places, traces of corn and other foods, wooden implements, mortars, etc. We opened one or two rooms and observed several Kivas, built of stone, five to eight meters in diameter and perhaps four meters deep. In one that had been cleaned out by Dr. Pepper, there was a small walled, circular depression in the centre in which the sacred fire was placed. Around the base of this Kiva were seats on which performers in the ceremonies rested. Climbing down into the dark, underground rooms, over broken rafters, or through passageways, groping by aid of torches and candles, we 34 Fig. 5 — ceremonial OBJECTS From a room in Pueblo Bonito Fig. 6 — BONE SCRAPER On which Turquoise was to be inlaid pje. 7 — BONE SCRAPER Witli inlaid work in Jet and Turquoise found the rooms in which the ancients lived, — rooms in which burials were made. " There is something fascinating in this ' catacomb ' under- ground work — different from our Ohio explorations — more like that of Egypt. You can better understand the extent of Pueblo Bonito when I tell you that the walls are yet standing in two places eight meters high and fairly well preserved. "Selecting at random a small room filled with rubbish, the workmen dug it out to a depth of three meters, down to a hard adobe floor. Near the bottom of this room were found three peculiar objects. (See fig. 16.) One is evidently a sandal last ; the long stone, a knife or weapon ; and the third must ]-e- main a mystery. Some one suggested that it formed the base for a post or support. This may or may not be correct. One would suppose that an ordinary flat, smooth stone would serve to hold an ordinary post in place and that a carefully cut square surrounded by a mat or depression would be unnecessary. It is usual to assign to ' problematical stones ' a ceremonial signif- icance, and possibly the 'cut square depression' may have served such a purpose." The sandal last in fig. 16 is typical of similar specimens found in the Cliff Dweller country, according to Dr. J. F. Snyder, who has made a study of sandal lasts. The first pub- lished mention of them is found in Baron de Nordenskiokl's volume, "The Cliff Dwellers of the Mesa Verde", Stockh6lm, 1893, p. 99. Dr. Snyder wrote an article for the "Antiquarian" (May, 1897), and, when additional information had been col- lected, a more exhaustive paper for the "American Archaeol- ogist", (Jan., 1899). Dr. Snyder contended that these sandal lasts were used as bases on which to weave either sandals or small mats. He proves his contention by a study of the speci- men shown in fig. IT. This last was of baked clay, and came from a cliff house in Butler Canon, Utah. A careful examina- tion of the surface revealed a stamped pattern of the sandal fibre which Dr. Snyder has reproduced in fig. 17. He says the rights and lefts were made by the simple expedient of turning the sandal last over. Regarding the interesting discovery, he says that it unlocked the puzzle so far as to demonstrate that the impression was made on smooth clay, " but the motive for 38 Fig. 8 — TURQUOISE BIRDS From room 38 in Pueblo Bonito preserving tins stamped copy of the weaver's pattern on the terra cotta model remains yet to be explained, without we accept the conclusion that the ohject was made for no other purpose than simply to preserve the figure as a guide for weav- ing others to correspond with it." The clay sandal last is 30 cm. in length and 15 1-2 cm. wide. Regarding fig. 18, which the writer has reproduced from Dr. Snyder's article, Dr. Snyder says : — " Sandals of various kinds have been found in the cliff dwell- ings differing in texture, form, and material. A common variety were made of untanned buffalo or elk hide, witli the hair intact on the upper surface on which the foot rested. The yucca plant furnished the staple for nearly all the others. Some were coarsely made of twisted shreds of the leaf, and many, of neater structure, were wrought of the split fibres of more or less fineness. The prevailing shape of all, with the exception of those first described, was simply an ovoid, sometimes slightly modified, corresponding with the outlines of the foot only in length and breadth. The peculiarly curved front end with its square offset, of the more finely woven specimens, requiring a stone pattern for their fabrication, may perhaps be interpreted as a development of the esthetic in the progressive culture of those ancient tenants of the cliffs and caves." In one of the underground rooms was found a double vase or jar of most singular pattern. These two jars were modeled on a wide strip of clay, thus holding them firmly on the same base. They were about 3 1-2 cm. apart at the bottom and top. Nine or 10 cm. from the base on which they rested is another strip of clay joining them again. The top of one jar is slightly broken ; the other is broken half way between the base and the mouth. There are two perforations in the slightly broken jar near the top, for repair or for insertion of cords in order to suspend the vessel. The jars are painted with char- acteristic zigzag lines (lightning?), common on the Chaco pot- tery. Their height is about 27 cm. ; length of base 23 cm. ; diameter of top of one jar 11.5 cm. The Chaco group of ruins, comprising some fifteen buildings, scattered over an area of three or four miles, furnishes oppor 41 tunity for unlimited exploration. The sites should be preserved by the national government. There is every evidence of a numerous population for gener- ations. Roughly comparing the buildings with those of modern or inhabited pueblos, the writer estimates that at least 10,000 people lived in the Chaco Group at one time. There is no group of ruins in the United States to compare vnth these. For miles along Chaco Canon and upon the bluffs as well, the surface is thickly strewn with pottery fragments and other evidences of human occupation. Well worn, trails ascend the bluffs at numerous points, and opposite Pueblo Bonito the trail is worn deep into the rock. The culture is clearly pre- Columbian. Dr. Pepper published in the "Anthropologist" for April- June, 1905, a paper entitled "Ceremonial Objects and Ornaments from Pueblo Bonito, New Mexico". Dr. Pepper kindly permitted the Department to republish his description of certain interest- ing objects found by him, and loaned for use in this BtrLLBTiN, figs. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. The museum at Andover has none of the turquoise birds or inlaid scrapers in its collections, but quite a number of turquoise beads or small pendants were found at the Chaco group and in the Salado valley, and are in the De- partment's exhibits. It will be observed that portions of Dr. Pepper's text are omitted. Some of the sentences are not taken literally from his report, although the substance is practically the same. Fig. 4 shows the western end of Pueblo Bonito. "The room" (in the foreground) was found, on examination, to be " filled with debris consisting of sandstone slabs from the fallen walls, decaying ceiling beams, and the adobe floors of upper rooms with whatever objects were on them when they gradually weakened and finally collapsed. On this account many objects of scientific interest were broken or scattered through the de- bris." Work in this room '• brought to light an interesting collection of material, the greater part of which was of ceremo- nial character, or at least might have been used in sacred observances." In the western part of the room an object of bone was found, " and investigation showed that it was inlaid with turquoise and 42 Fig. 9 — turquoise PENDANTS From room 38 in Pueblo Bonito Fig. 10 — double JAR FROM THE CHACO S. 1-4 jet. The extremities of the bone had been shattered, but the mosaic had not been injured in the excavation." This specimen "proved to be of the so-called scraper form. Directly south and almost touching this scraper was another of similar shape and size." These and other objects are shown in fig. 5. The following specimens were found near by : two turquoise pendants and a large slab of jet, not shown in the photograph ; No. 1, a bird form of decomposed turquoise ; No. 2, also a bird form; No. 3, a turquoise pendant ; No. 4, a third bird form ; No. 5, another turquoise bird ; No. 6, tail portion only of a bird of turquoise ; Nos. 7 and 8, beads of jet. " Bone implements of the type represented in the accompany- ing photograph (fig. 5) are found throughout the ancient Pueblo region of the Southwest. * * * The bone scrapers from Pueblo Bonito were rarely decorated ; but when ornamentation oc- curred, it was generally in the form of incised designs, such as cross-hatching, meanders, and animal forms." One specimen, fig. 6, "was found in a fragmentary con- dition, but there are evidences that it had been prepared for the reception of an inlay. * * * In preparing the bone for the re- ception of the inlay, the usual method was no doubt employed. A groove was cut with a stone knife in one side of the humerus, and the cut extended until it encircled the bone. This process was continued until the bone could be broken apart. The cut- ting away of the under side was the next step. This was accomplished by grinding, and the final touches to the edges were given with a polishing stone. In scrapers designed for everyday use, no further work was done. "Scraper No. 10 (in fig. 5) when found, five of the tesserae, three of turquoise and two of jet, were in place. From their position and general arrangement it would seem that the design had been in the form of a half-meander or an interlocking fret. Beneath the scraper were found nine jet and twenty-seven turquoise tessertie. " This scraper is 15 cm. 5 mm. long, and is in perfect con- dition. The groove that held the mosaic is 2 cm. 6 mm. wide, and averages 2 mm. in depth. The loss of the design is com- pensated by the fact that we have been enabled to observe the 46 o J2 rt CO Ul h-1 o > u H-- '>< O OJ _C1 H o W ^ H P< K 'B H 0^ ." o 00 CO O cq O < "f U a o W -2 w "! ai CO H u g o finish of tlie bottom of the cut which was left rough in order that the pifion gum might the more firmly adhere. " Of the five bird forms found in Room 38, four were perfect, and the fifth was represented by several fragments, the largest being the tail end, fig. 8. These birds are cut from decom- posed turquoise, and in color are pale bluish green. There is practically no variation in the eight specimens of the type found in Pueblo Bonito. The material from which the birds are carved is so soft that it can be cut with a knife. The fig- ures were probably roughed out with one of the many forms of stone implements, and then ground to the desired shape with sandstone grinders. On the surface of some of the birds may be seen fine lines, which, under a glass of low power, have the appearance of file scratches ; they are nevertheless the marking made by the sandstone polishers. Lines of this character are in evidence on many of the stone implements found in this region, and are especially noticeable on objects of wood. "Over the surface of each of these five turquoise specimens there is a dull red patina. There are evidences of the matrix in some pieces, but the surface color seems to be due to soil dis- coloration. In the other three bird forms found in this ruin by the ISavaho workmen, there are indications of this discoloration, but the greater part of it had been removed by carrying the ob- jects about in their medicine bags, or in using them as pendants on their necklaces. The head, tail, and wings of the birds are indicated in each instance. The variety represented is doubt- less a water fowl, probably the duck, the poise of the head and the general angle of the body suggesting the appearance of a duck when resting on water. This form of bird seems to have been a favorite one with the sedentary people of the Southwest. From Pueblo Bonito alone it is carved from red hematite and stone, and in some Chaco ruins it has been found carved from pure turquoise, shell, and jet. In southeastern Utah, in the Grand Gulch region, some of the large basketry meal trays have a line of these bird figures as a decorative element ; and in one of them the design is associated with the butterfly.* The largest bird (No. 2) is 2 cm. 7 mm. long, and 2 cm. 1 mm. *Geo. H. Pepper, The Ancient Basket Makers of Southeastern Utah, pp. 13, 15. 48 Pi u H O U < U < u > O 2 wide. The smallest (No. 1) is 1 cm. 7 mm. long, and 1 cm. 3 mm. wide. These measurements do not include the project- ing beaks, which vary in size in the different pieces, all of them bemg proportionate to the size of the body. The tails and wings are carved in relief, and all the specimens have lateral perforations below the front or shoulder portion of the wings. The position of the holes causes a top-heaviness when the birds hang free, but against the body they maintain the proper angle, hanging with the head upward. " There were fifteen turquoise pendants associated with the larger objects herein described (fig. 9). Two of these are quite large, but the others are of medium size. The largest, No. 3, may be seen near the turquoise bird No. 2 (fig. 5), on a slight elevation northeast of the scrapers. It is 3 cm. 4 mm. long, with a width of 2 cm. at the top, and 2 cm. 5 mm. at the bottom, tapering gradually to the rounded base In color it is delicate blue. The polished surface shows an interlacing of matrix lines, and the back, with the exception of a very small space in the upper right-hand corner, is a layer of brown trachyte — the rock in which the turquoise is found. The pendant has a thickness of 5 mm. ; the edges have been smoothed and polished, and there is a perforation in the upper part. The drilling in this specimen, which is at an angle, with the larger opening on the turquoise side, is the most irregular that has been found in the turquoise work from Pueblo Bonito. The most remarkable feature of the specimen is its color, which is very light as compared with the other specimens from this room, whose prevailing shades range from dark blue to dull olive green. The light blue seen in the turquoise of commerce is seldom found. " Of the remaining fourteen pendants the largest is 3 cm. 1 mm. long, and the smallest 9 mm. They vary in shape and thickness, but are typical of the forms found in the various rooms of Pueblo Bonito, as indeed throughout this entire cul- ture area. Other objects of turquoise were 106 flat eircular beads and one small tessera. The beads ranged from 3 mm. to 6 mm. in diameter, and averaged 1.5 nun. in thickness." As our stay was brief, we made no remarkable discoveries. But Pepper's expedition was able to carry on continuous work 50 Fig. 14 — a LARGE BOWL From ruins along the San Juan river S. 3-5 for months, and on one occasion found hundreds of turquoise objects hidden in one of the Kivas. This rich field awaits future explorers. Archaeologists will rejoice if Dr. Pepper is able to resume the explorations of this remarkable place and carry them to a successful termination. Having begun his work under such auspicious circumstances, it is to be hoped that he will continue. The Chaco Group is the most important in the United States, and there is abundant evidence that the culture of the whole Southwest reached its zenith there. The party returned from the Chaco Group to Farmington, and the specimens were packed ready for shipment to Mr. Peabody. "We visited the Salmon ruins on the San Juan river, about 20 miles from Farmington, finding there two small build- ings that had been destroyed by fire. Mr. Salmon did not wish us to carry on explorations for greater length of time than three days, and we were unable to secure more than a few specimens. The site is interesting and merits thorough explo- ration. Such whole pottery as we obtained from this San Juan pueblo is as finely made as any found in the Southwest. Ap- parently, the pueblo was attacked, sacked, and burned wliile it was still occupied. By whom, may be determined after careful exploration. The La Plata valley was visited and a few specimens col- lected from Boulder ruins along that stream and the San Juan. A survey under the direction of the writer in 1892 had pretty thoroughly examined the lower San Juan region. En route to Durango several collections were purchased from ranchmen at La Plata, Farmington, and Olio, New Mexico. 53 EXPLORATIONS AT THE MOUTH OF THE WABASH. About August 1st, 1897, Mr. Peabody instructed the writer to proceed down the Ohio river from Cincinnati and examine various sites, mounds, and other remains, as far as the Mis- sisippi. The services of Mr. Clifford Anderson, of Fort An- cient, Ohio, were procured, and he continued working for Mr. Peabody practically all of his time for the next three years. Anderson had served the writer faithfully on the Ft. Ancient, Hopewell, Oregonia, and other surveys, and was not only a careful and intelligent field man but seemed to know by in- tuition the most likely places for explorations. Previous to the Ohio River trip, more Scioto valley specimens were obtained. Scioto types exhibit as high stone age art as have been found in the entire Mississippi valley. The writer called upon many farmers in Ross and Pickaway counties in Ohio, and seciired several hundred interesting spec- imens. In a gravel pit east of Circleville, while workmen were removing material to be placed upon the roads, fifteen or twenty skeletons were found one to one and a half meters below the crest of the gravel knoll. Among the ribs of one of these bodies was found a hematite plummet. Near the head of another skeleton was a bone knife handle and a tubular pipe. An ordinary flint knife lay near the bone handle, and originally may have been fastened to it. Two mounds near Waynesville, Ohio, were on the high terrace overlooking the Little Miami river ten miles above Fort Ancient. Both mounds were promising, but the exploration of each was a disappointment. Burnet mound was about five hundred yards north of the river. It is two meters in height and about 30 by 20 meters in diameter. An ash pit, two cre- mated skeletons, and. three decayed skeletons were observed. The only relic discovered was a flint knife. The Mason mound is half a mile farther up the river, one and a half meters high and twenty-five meters in diameter, circular and surrounded by a circular embankment. The circle is forty-two meters in diam- eter, and the inner trench, or moat, is very deep — perhaps two 64 Fig. 15 — A PITCHER AND DOUBLE JAR FROM THE CHACO S. about 2-5 f?1!!^BRji3??B!SK»iB-Tyvt^ -^ 1^ ' 1 . ..-^. ■--- i--fc^| ;ir77;-|iM, ^ Fig. 16 — a STONE WITH SQUARE HOLE, (for unknown purpose) A SANDAL LAST, AND A STONE SWORD FROM THE CHACO S. about 1-6 Fig. 17 — clay SANDAL LAST, BUTLER CANON, UTAH S. 1-3 Fig. 18 — showing HOW THE SANDAL WAS PLAITED OVER THE LAST S. 1-4 meters. Both are splendidly preserved. Tne owner would not permit the mound to be thoroughly explored, but said that we might sink several shafts, which revealed nothing beyond a large bed of ashes and masses of burnt cla>^. We found a pestle in the edge of the embankment, but that filid has no connection with the burial proper, and the pestle was undoubtedly lost or dropped by some passing native. The earth was thrown back, and both mounds were left in practically the original condition. Barren mounds are rare in the Ohio valley. During August, 1898, we located at Oregonia, and examined the village site at the mouth of Caesar's creek on the farm of Mr. Hiram Taylor. This is in Warren County, Qhio, five miles north of Fort Ancient. On Mr. Taylors fa;rm the expedition from the World's Columbian Exposition in 1891, under the writer's direction, opened upwards of 120 stone graves. The finds were typical of the Fort Ancient region. About August 10th we preceded down the Ohio river from the mouth of the Great Miami to Lawrenceburg and Aurora, Indiana. There were numerous collections in the neighborhood, and most of these were purchased. Five miles up Loughery creek (west from Aurora) is a large village site. Numerous excavations were made, but we were unable to locate the refuse pits and lodge circles. Some future expedition will find these, no doubt. From thence the survey moved to Holmes mound, three miles down the Ohio river from Aurora. This is a ' part of the largest village site ever observed by the writer in any section of America. While the culture seems to have been low, yet the abundance of surface material would indicate that the village extended for five or six miles along the north bank of the Ohio river, or that there were several villages here located at different times. \ The banks of the Qhio river from the mouth of the Kanawa in West Virginia to the Mississippi at Cairo, Illinois, exhibit traces of prehistoric village sites every few miles. Qn both the Ohio and Kentucky sides at the mouths of the Scioto, Licking, Muskingum, Little and Great Miami, and a score of other streams the sites appear to be of great extent. On the Ken- tucky side above Portsmouth, Ohio, great quantities of bone implements have been found and it appears to the writer that 58 STAT t OF K E. N ON OF THE MAP. FIGURE 19. ^iontown, Kentucky, he learned from a store keeper number of skeletons on the Sullivan farm. Anderson n the orchard (there was much village site debris on small cemetery (A). This was about 15 m. square, trials, those nearest the surface being about one-third lext layer some of the skulls and vessels were crushed, le horses used in plowing. The pottery and the skel- 1 layers were in good condition. natives buried deeper than one and one-half meters, f that deep. It seemed to me that all of the skeletons ildren, at least many of the skeletons were children b map, I found skeletons of adults with pipes, flint im- ;s, and a few vessels of pottery. The copper spiral vvHEAvT riE.^*^ shoulders, and were probably used to twist around (tery was about 5 m. wide and 50 m. long. I was not traw stacks.'' M — rv< c u N r H — M oust md cemetery C, where there were fragmentary skele- pottery. These burials were near the surface. He S — STRAW h cemetery. t the site might result in finding other burials, although ik many experimental shafts in the orchard and else- sely exaggerated in this map, the orchard being out of -om the house to the Ohio and Wabash rivers. The ivers and the house and the barn is exceedingly low, s likely that natives did not live there. be Posey Co. Fig. '^ 0(^ Fig. 20 — GROUP OF POTTERY From the cemetery at the mouth of the Wabash river, Indiana S. about 1-15 Fig. 21 — three EFFIGY BOWLS From the Wabash cemetery S. 1-5 there is an iiif cresting field for future exploration. These vil- lage sites are not necessarily extensive where the great earth- works are located. The earthworks in the Ohio valley have at- tracted more attention on the part of scientists than, the village sites and it is only in the last decade that these have been ex- plored. From above Lawrenceburg to two or three miles of Aurora, Indiana, there is an almost continuous village site, the ground being covered with broken stones, pieces of pottery, mussel shells, etc. During ten. days' work we found and purchased a collection of more than 3700 specimens. Three or four small mounds were opened and some plain bowls, one or two pipes and skeletons were found. The village sites certainly merit a thorough exploration. The workmanship is crude, the natives seem to have loft no artistic objects. Between Lawrenceburg and Aurora the banlts were apparently occupied by large num- bers of natives who spent their time in hunting and fishing. Some Flint Ridge flint was discovered although many of the knives, spear points, etc., were made of nodular flint from Ten- nessee or Indiana. Local chert was chiefly employed. Stone celts are very common. Nearly a thousand of all kinds were obtained. There were six mounds on the high terrace, within a third of a mile of the Ohio river. Three of these we were permitted to open; the others the owners wished to preserve. Number two was two meters high and thirty four meters in diameter and contained seven skeletons. None of these were well preserved and there was no regularity with reference to position or depth. With two of the skeletons were found two crude bowls, more northern than southern in type. There was some Flint Eidge material upon the surface. Both these facts are important and should be carefully noted. These mounds are of the t3rpe common in the Ohio valley, south of the state of Ohio. The exploration of a large number of them would probably be of little consequence to science, as they "appeared to be burial mounds pure and simple, each more or less different from another in detail and none of them repre- sented any liew facts, save that the Southern culture did not ex GO Fig. 2-2 — PECULIAR PIPES From the cemetery on the Wabash S. about 1-2 • e f g h Fig. 2:^ — copper AND .STONE PENDANTS From cemetery at the moutli of the Wabash S. 1-2 a and b — Wooden object covered with a thin sheet of eopjiei'. c and h — Copper spirals. f- Small copper finger band (?). d — Ornament of ca-ve gypsum. e — Small ear drop of stone. g — Amethyst bead or earring. tend to them, or that they were built either before or after that epoch. August 21st. after ten days about Aurora and Lawrenceburg, we went to Patriot, Indiana, but found nothing of consequence. At Uniontown some graves and a village site at the edge of the town were opened. Although several skeletons were exhumed, notliing worthji- of note was discovered. From Uniontown we visited Rising Sun, Indiana, and the Big Bone Springs in Kentucky. The swamp (also known as "Bone Lick ") is extensive and its waters were supposed to possess curative properties. In the ante-bellum days a group of hotels sprung up about the resort. Numerous large bones and one mastodon skeleton have been taken from the swamp. In spite of specious pleas, permission to explore was refused us. Mr. Peabody desired to have the swamp examined in order that he might obtain a mastodon skeleton and ascertain if there were any implements due to human agency among the bones of the extinct mammals. The owner, a vener- able gentleman, in refusmg us, justified his objections on rather peculiar grounds. The writer had heard many excuses given as to why owners did not care to allow explorations ; but never for the reasons named in this case. He said that the Almighty had placed those monsters in the swamp for some special pur- pose and he, the owner, being a very religious man, would not have them disturbed. Returning from the Bone Springs to the Ohio river, the writer instructed Anderson to proceed to the mouth of the Wabash. Anderson first tried the Kentucky side of the river but found nothing of consequence. Then he settled for the autumn on the Sullivan farm, Posey County, Indiana, near the mouth of the Wabash, on the east bank. The writer's health compelled him to abandon the field, and he returned to Columbus. In fig. 19 a plan of the village site is presented. During two months spent in excavating, Mr. Anderson exhumed 157 skele- tons. These varied in depth from one half to one and a half meters beneath the surface. It was observed that the bodies were all buried extended, the arms usually straightened at the sides. No regularity was observed with regard to the points of the compass although possibly more skeletons lay with the head 62 ^ j= 3 < O 5?, UJ O .a N n Pi < c -1 < >^ ^' , ■ "^-y ' ■ ^ ". 1 ' i * *- y ,/■, i. Fig. 26 — skeleton AND BOWL From the Kalfus ruin west of Phoenix, Arizona Fig. 27 — GROUP OF OBJECTS FROM THE SALADO VALLEY RUINS S. 1-7 a — Axes. b — Small mortars and " rings ". c — Rings and "unknown forms", d — For preparing potters' clay (?). Fig. 28 — SLATE TABLET FROM THE KALFUS RUIN S. 1-2 Other slate tablets are larger and smaller, but with depressed centers. Gushing said that on these ceremonial paint was mixed. Fig. 29 — PERFORATED STONE DISC Ruin near Mesa S. 1-2 Many of these are found. An extended reference to them was published in the American Anthro- pologist, April, 1889. Mr. Lorimer Fisson had observed their use among the natives of New Britain (in Melanesia). There the native men made use of it as a head to a war club. The Australian women used it to weight a digging-stick, but when the village was attacked, employed it as an effective weapon. The grooved-perforated stones were "fixed on the handle with the grooved side undermost, and this groove is filled up with gum in which is set, for ornament, I suppose, a circlet of small shell-tips, which, threaded on a string, are the money currency of New Britain." Fig. 30 — PERFORATED POTTERY DISC Ruin south of Phoenix S. 1-1 First. There is no preference as to how the burial " heads ' with reference to cardinal points. Second. Pottery is usually back of the head. This may carry significance. Third. Objects not regarded as pottery, although cup- shaped, are buried at the wrist or shoulder. Fourth. That there were several deposits of detached crania with lower jaws missing. (Between numbers 62 and T6. The field notes are left just as Anderson wrote them — ab- breviations and aU. Sept. 1st., I made out my report and answered Mr. Moore- head's letter. Procured packing material and went over to the Sullivan farm in Posey Co., Ind., near the mouth of the Wabash. That afternoon and next morning my prospect holes brought nothing to light. In the afternoon I looked over the site and observed that a ditch surrounded the vUlage site. I found large fragments of pottery upon the surface indicating pots as large as medium sized wash tubs. I began to work upon the edge of the moat or ditch and excavated about 3 feet in depth, carrying the trench straight ahead. Skeleton No, 14, headed south, child. No rehcs. Skeleton No. 15, directly below the child, headed east. Water bottle made to represent a woman at the right shoulder. Broken bowl at the left of the head. No, 16, headed west, nothing. No. 17, headed west, effigy bowl at left of head. No. 18, headed west, small pot at right elbow, water bottle at left of head. No. 19, headed east, nothing. No. 20, headed west, water bottle at left of head. Small bowl behind head. No. 21, child's skeleton, 28 bone beads around the neck. No. 22, headed east. Pot at left of head with squirrel bones iu it. Small pot near right arm. No. 23, headed west, nothing. No. 24, headed east, nothing. No. 25, headed east, octagon bowl and small pot behind head. .„rfi6)s«pr^-. Fig. 31 — EFFIGY OF AN OWL From large ruin near Mesa S. 1-2 No. 26, headed west, 2 badly broken bowls behind head and one at left shoulder. No. 27, headed west, effigy bowl and pot behind head. No. 28, headed west, 1 small broken bowl, 1 broken effigy bowl, 1 water bottle broken, behind head. No. 29, headed east, 2 plaui bowls behind head, 1 effigy bowl at left shoulder. No. 30 headed west, 1 effigy bowl at left of head, water bowl at right of shoulder. No. 31, headed east, effigy bowl and scalloped bowl behind head. No. 32, headed east, water bottle at right shoulder and pot behind head. No. 33, headed west, small bowl behind head and water bottle at left shoulder. No. 34, headed west, child's. Heart shaped stone ornament at neck. No. 35, headed west, 2 pots behind head. Across the knees of No. 35 were two other skeletons; No. 36 headed north and No. 37 headed south. Two water bottles were wedged in where the bones crossed This place must have been used a long time and burials made years after the first, without ref- erence to previous graves. No. 38, headed north, two shattered pots at left of head. No. 39, headed east, shattered pot at back of head and broken vessel at right hand. No. 40, headed west, two pots behind the head and one at the right elbow. No. 41, headed west. Two pots behind head. Nos. 42 and 43, headed west. No. relics. No. 45, headed west. Two pots behind head, water bottle at left of head. No. 46, head south, broken bowl and fragments of effigy, water bottle at left of head. No. 47, headed east. Two small pots behind water head, water jar left of head. One pot contained mussel shell. No. 48, head west, broken dish and fragment of dish behind head. Broken effigy bowl left of head. 75 No. 49, head east, e&gy bowl and pot behind head. Water bottle left of head across pelvis child's. No. 50, perforated stone at neck. SmaR bowl at head. No. 51, head east, broken pot and two broken bowls behind head. Small paint cups at right wrist. One bowl contained mussel shell. September 9th. No. 52, head east. Broken dish and two broken bowls behind head. Two small paint cups at right shoulder. No. 53, head north, bowl containing smaller bowl behind head. Water bottle at left shoulder. Broke bottle slightly with shovel. No. 54, headed west. Water jar and small bowls left of head. Paint cups left wrist No. 55, headed to north. Two broken pots left of head. Broken water bottle behind head. No. 56, headed south. Broken water bottle behind head. Broken dish left of head. Paint cup right arm across breast child's skeleton. No. 57, head south. Small cup on shoulder. Sea shell orna- ment on right arm. Sept. 10th. No. 58, headed south. Effigy water bottle left shoulder. No. 59, headed west. Small pot and water bottle behind head. No. 60, headed north, large pot behind head. Effigy water bottle left of head. No. 61, headed north. Small pot (rim broken) and water bottle behind head. No. 62, headed south. Water bottle on left of head. Report for week ending September 16, 1898. Seven frag- mentary skeletons, no relics. One heap of five skulls, no under jaws or other bones. One heap of skeletons fragmentary, with three skulls. One heap of skel's fragmentary, with seven skulls. One heap of skel's fragmentary with five skulls. One heap of skel's fragmentary with four skulls. Skel. No. 76, head south. Copper ornaments and bone break on neck and wrists. 76 "i-v >■ -, Fig. 32 — effigy OF ARMADILLO (?) Salado valley S. 2-3 No. 77, head south. One shattered pot at head. One effigy bowl at head. Discoidal at pelvis. No. 78, head east. Two small pots behind head. Pipe on right shoulder. No. 79, head north. Spear head on right foot. Discoidal at right shoulder, two pots behind head. SmaU cut at left wrist. No. 80, head west, no relics. No. 81, head south. Two pots behind head, one containing shell. Pipe at left hand. Bone implement on right knee. No. 82, heS-d east, two spear points at right shoulder. One shattered pot and one pot containing shell behind head. No. 83, head south. Squared bone at right knee. Copper ornaments and bone beads on neck and wrists. Bone orna- ments on wrists, unfinished discoidal near left wrist. Ear pen- dants at head. No. 84, child, headed south. Worked bone at pelvis, copper beads at neck. "Week ending September 24th, 1898 — One group of frag- mentary skeletons. Three skuUs, no under-jaws. Seven frag- mentary Skel's found separately. No relics. Skel. No. 85, head north. Shattered pot at head. Arm bone perforated. No. 86, head west. Skull perforated. Pot with shell, and shallow bowl behind head. Nos. 87, 88, 89, 90 and 91 buried side by side, heads north. Two of them, 88 and 90, were children. No relics. The others each had a shattered pot behind head. Directly underneath were Skels. 92 and 93, heads north, without relics, and Skel. 94 with two pots behind head, each containing a shell. No. 95, child. Head east. Coal ornament on heart. Copper and beads at neck. Copper stained arm bones. Skel. 96, head north. Effigy bowl and shallow bowl behind head, notched shell left of head. No. 97, head south. Copper rings, ear pendants, etc., at head and neck. Spear and arrow point at left shoulder, pipe at right hand, spear at left knee. No. 98, head south. Effigy bowl with shell and water bottle behind head. Bone, awls, needles, and flakes of bone and war paint at right of head. 79 No. 99, head west, no relics. No. 100, head south. Ear pendants, shell beads, and copper at neck and head. No. 101, head north. Pot and bowl behind head each con- taining shell. Found an oblong bowl in dirt, no shell near it. Broke bowl with shovel. No. 102, head north. Twenty bone beads around neck. No. 103, head north. No relics. No. 104, head north. Stone pipe on left shoulder. These last three were side by side. Weekending Sat., October 1st — Group fragmentary Skels. four skulls, flint celt and deer antlers with them. Edge of pot was broken and I broke it some with shovel. The group of fragmentary skel's, four skulls, no relics. Skel. No. 105, head east. No relics. No. 106, head south, perforated shells, copper and shell pend- ant at neck. Nos. 107 and 108. Heads north and buried side by side. No relics. Arm bones of 108 perforated. No. 109, head north. Pipe on left shoulder. Two arrows at right shoulder and spear point at right hip. No. 110, head west. Water bottle with neck missing and Effigy bowl with shell. Edge of bowl somewhat broken. No. Ill, head south. Bear teeth at neck. Discoidal and stone ball at left wrist. War paint near left shoulder and deer antler near left elbow. Nos. 112, 113, 114, 115 buried side by side. Heads north. 114 and 115 No relics. Small pot with rim broken at head of 113. Broke pot some with shovel. Pot had shell inside. Skel. 112 had oblong bowl (with shell inside) behind head. Found fragments of a large bowl or pot in ash pit, containing four small cups and a piece of sandstone with groove in center. No 116, head west. Small pot with shell inside behind head, scraped pot with shovel. Week ending October 8th, 1898 — Found nine Skel's. (Nos. 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125,) side by side, heads to south and about ten inches in depth. All but 121 had a fragmentary pot or bowl at head. Beneath there were — Skel. 80 ^rf^^EtiijJ*'-' ' .- .*• 1 fe;'; .-■■A ^^^^^^^R^i' 1^^ Fig. 33 — EFFIGY OF A BEAR (?) Salado valley S. 1-2 FIG. 34 -EFFIGY OF AN UNKNOWN ANIMAL OR REPTILE Salado valley S. 1-3 ^ _,^ *^ ' -^-.^I^^^^^KM 1 Si EHk.'' ^^mK&'WS^'.S 'i^^- J^^M^Bfe. ■g^n^^ ^^ . \' .. ■ ■"■ ' t* ^^^^HH^I Bi 1 *■ '''^KOUS^Wr "j ^^ -•-■v'l- :,V- ..^j^i^flHHHiKl , . . J^ F V^wnM|fi0n^^g^^^^^ w Fig. 35 — EFFIGY MORTAR (?) Salado valley S. 1-1 Fig. 36 — UNKNOWN OBJECT Salado valley S. 1-1 126, head south, four arrow points at left forarm, bowl with shell at left of head. Flint knife beside pot. Skel. 127, head south, copper ornaments at each side of head. Skel. 1 28, head south, pot with shell behind head. Skel. 129, head north, pot with shell and small cups behind head. Skel. 1 30, head north. Pot at left shoulder. Beneath Skel's. 126, 7, 8, 9, and 130, were Skels. 131, head south. No relics, had a child's skel 132, laying across breast and pelvis whicli had 25 bone bead around neck. Skel. 133, head north, Small pot with handle missing and bit of mica in it. Skel. 134, head north. Small pot and Effigy bottle behind head. In other trenches were Skel. 135, head south, water jar fragment pot behind head. Skels 136, 137 and 138, heads with no relics. Skel. 139, head south, bowl with shell on left shoulder, spear at right fore- arm. Skel. ornaments at left hand and forearm, worked bone at right shoulder, (probably the handle for the spear or knife at right forearm). No. 140, head south. Bowl made of a broken water bottle on left shoulder. Found group of skels. intermingled with six skulls. Saved two of the skulls though in poor condition, and extra large arm and leg bones. Foimd crushed pot in dirt, no skeleton near it. Skels. 141, 142 ; side by side ; heads north ; no relics, while digging dirt off above I struck a pipe with shel. 143, who was lying directly above 142. Broke pipe in two ; can be easily restored. Also foimd spear and three arrows with 143. Pipe, arrows, etc., all at right hand and arm. Week ending Oct. 15th, 1898 — Skel. 144, head south; pot with shell behind head. No^ 145, head south. Fragment pot at right of head; four small cups at left of head. No. 146, head south ; copper at each side of head. No. 147, head east; no relics. No. 148, head west; no relics. These two were over lapping each other. No. 149, head south; small pot with rim broken behind head. No. 150, head south; pipe in right hand; one arm bone per- 85 forated. A stone of about ten pounds weight rested on the mouth, and the lower and upper jaws were badly crushed. Nos. 152, 153, 154, 155, side by side, heads to north. No. 153 had no relics ; others had fragments of pots behind heads. Skel 156, head north; pot with rim broken and containing shell behind head ; discoidal at right shoulder ; two arrows at right fore arm. Skel. 167, head south, no relics. SUMMARY. Skeletons headed North 43 Skeletons headed South 41 Skeletons headed West 30 Skeletons headed East 27 Cardinal point not given . 16 Total ..... . 157 Fig. 37 — UNKNOWN OBJECT Salado valley S. 1-2 -h^ Fig. 38 — UNKNOWN OBJECT Salado valley S. 1-2 Missing Page Missing Page ^^^-z^ Fig. 39 — SHELL BRACELET, TWO TURQUOISE BEADS, A DECO- RATED POTTERY DISC, A SHELL AND A SLATE PENDANT from the ruins near Mesa S. 1-1 Fig. 40— a DOUBLE GROOVED HAMMER From ruin south of Phoenix S. 1-2 Cliff-dwellers, Boulder Ruin people, Adobe Ruin people, etc. These are not accurate terms, but they will serve to indicate the various cultures. The Basket or Cave people of Southern Utah may mark a fourth tribe. Art in shell is characteristic of the Salado valley pueblos. Shells occur in great profusion in the ruins, and are scattered about on the desert. Either there was extensive trade with the natives living along the seacoast, or the Salado people made frequent journeys to the salt water. In the museum at Andover are over two thousands objects, chiefly shell and stone, from the ruins. When the valley had been examined, the writer began col- lecting for Mr. Peabody, employing from two to seven men as occasion required. Not only were several ruins partially ex- plored, but purchases were made from boys and from Indians. The frequent sandstorms, sweeping across the hard floor of the desert, leave exposed numerous objects, both large and small. Indeed, the number thus found is more considerable than one would imagine, and the author of this Bulletin has frequently collected all the specimens he could transport in one afternoon, through the simple process of riding from one ruin to another upon his bicycle and keeping his eyes on the ground. The Pima and Maricopa Indians at Tempe and elsewhere in the Salado valley make and sell to tourists, idols, mortars, rings, etc. Sometimes it is difi&cult to distinguish between the an- cient and the modern. But in case of doubt, the writer refused to buy specimens of them. However, as some discussion has arisen regarding the age of several of the stone objects, it is well to inquire further into the subject. As to the Salado artifacts, it must be borne in mind that the conditions in the Southwest are vastly different from those which obtain in the moist climate of the East. A stone on which is carved a snake or an unknown figure may be as old geologically as any stone in the East. Geologists may say 50,000 or 5,000,000 years, that does not matter. The age of the carving — the work of man — is an exceedingly small per cent, of the age of the stone. In the East the cutting weathers until it looks almost as old as the stone. In the Southwest it may oi may not weather, or at least only slightly ; depending upon the 91 '"itAu: Fig. 41 — typical AXE OF THE SALADO REGION Ruin south of Phoenix S. 1-2 conditions whether it is buried, or lies upon the surface or in a depression, or rests upon a knoll. Yet it may be a thousand years old. The dryness of the salt valley need not be com- mented upon here. It presents a condition totally different from that of the East. On this account picture writings upon the rocks are frequently scarcely weathered, and, although of designs manifestly not modern, look very fresh. Pictographs on rocks, overlooking the Licking, Ohio, or Susquehanna rivers of the East, have disappeared. Many of the relics themselves are made of soft limestone, or a chalk-hke formation, shales, etc. Others are made of hard granite boulders, lava, and sandstone. The softer stones have worn considerably all over, and, if their history was not known) might be considered by museum men as frauds, whether dug ■ from ruins or bought from Indians. Some of the cuttings on the harder stones look rather fresh, as has been remarked. There is an unfinished axe in the Andover museum which appears as "fresh" as if made yesterday. This object was found on a high terrace bordering the Merrimac river in Massa- chusetts in dry, white sand five feet deep. Its age is beyond question. Equally fresh tracings on desert boulders are to be seen. Some of them, preserved in the Andover Museum, may have been pecked by modern Indians — particularly those de- signs relating to the snake, lizzard, turtle, and bird. At Mesa, Arizona, (18 miles from Phoenix) is an adobe ruin about 13 meters high and nearly 220 meters long. Gushing considered it the most promising of that entire region. With a force of five men the writer spent a week in digging in the upper rooms. Some of the objects discovered are shown in figs. 39, 46, and 51, and the mound in fig. 24. However, the building is so extensive that the work done appears insignificant — a mere scratching. A careful estimate, based on the cost of the large Hopewell Mound (the effigy which was 170 x 70 x 7 meters), places the cost of exploration of Mesa ruin at more than 117,500. Scattered about, and within 200 meters, are fif- teen or more smaller ruins. A peculiar feature of life in the Salado valley is the mescal pits, the pottery kilns, etc. gome pits contain slag and other evidence of great heat. These places are numerous along the 93 FtG. 42 — EFFIGY MORTAR (?) Salado valley S. 1-2 Salado, particularly near Mesa. Some are more than six meters in diameter. Six miles south of Phoenix, near the foot of a high ridge, is a pit three meters in diameter surrounded by a circle of burnt stones. There is a well defined "rim" a meter wide and fifteen cm. higher than the surrounding soil. Near by is a circle of burnt stones, but no depression. There are several small ruins, on the south side of the Salt River opposite Phoenix, (and one large one) in this group. They range from five miles directly opposite (south) of Phoenix and about two miles beyond the Salt River, to one mile east and one mile west along the same. Our excavations in the smaller ones indicated that they were simply open air camps or refuse heaps — the accumulation of long cooking, etc., in one place. But our work in the larger ruin was productive of good results. We found that it was some 120 meters long and 90 meters wide and stood two stories high. But that it was of such great age that the adobe bricks have nearly disappeared. Some of the rooms have been fairly preserved. It appears to have been two stories high. The walls were thick, the lower rooms some two to two and a half meters in height. Today the ruin ap- pears as a mound and stands about four meters high, being sand-covered. About one and one-half meters below the pres- ent surface there appears to be a hard floor, not so much of adobe as of packed clay, and upon this floor at various points we found axes, some rude effigies of tufa, metates, mano stones, rings, etc. We also found three skeletons, and the crania of two of these were preserved. Low walls of rooms are observed. But the upper portions of the walls have disintegrated, and they now stand about one meter high. The vn:iter thinks that the floor indicates a secoiid occupation of the ruin. Some wander- ing tribe came along and levelled off the top of the structure and constructed thereon some low rooms. After they had de- parted (leaving such relics as we found) time levelled their walls. No trace of roof was foimd ; the logs and thatch having completely perished. In figs. 39 and 45 are exhibited some of the specimens here found. Wishing to explore the whole ruin, seven or eight men were employed, and for three vj'eeks continued digging steadily. 95 Fig. 43 — EFFIGY OF AN OWL (?) Salado valley S. 2-3 Fig. 4i — clay EFFIGY OF AN ANIMAL Salado valley S. 1-1 Fig. 45— shell PENDANTS, RING AND EFFIGY Salado valley S. 1-1 Twenty feet from the edge of the outer wall we found a cir- cular depression half a meter in diameter and 25 cm. deep. There were no ashes in it, yet it was burned to the hardness of brick. Near the further edge of the ruin, from this circular basin, were found some forty axes of greenish granite. Twenty-two of these were in one room — a small room, as indicated by the wall bases. There was little difference in the forms of the twenty-two axes, and the material was identical. Indeed, the same patterns prevailed, all the axes being three cornered, sharp and beautifully worked down to a tapering edge. These implements may have represented the stock in-trade of the pueblo, or the axe maker may have lived there. Caches of chipped implements are common, but of axes such discoveries are rare. It should be stated that the ruin at Mesa is upon a raised platform two meters high, and that the terrace upon which the ruins are located is eleven meters above the river. There is a circular depression near at hand which is sixty meters in diam- eter and three meters deep. There are " reservoirs " or de- pressions here and there. The smaller ones may have been Kivas, and their exploration is suggested. THE KALFUS RUINS. This group is three miles due west from Phoenix and per- haps three miles north of the Salt River. It belongs to the series lying on both banks of the stream and extending east and west for some 25 miles. It consists of ruined adobe walls and accumulated debris. The two larger buildings, called temples by Mr. Garlick, who worked some years with Mr. F. H. Gushing, occupy a central position, and are both surrounded by an adobe wall three meters wide and averaging half a meter high. To the south, this wall forms a sort of platform extension of the south or highest temple. The one to the north is east and west fifty meters ; north and south, seventy-eight meters. Archaeologists might differ as to where the "wash" or accumulation at the base end and the natural surface begins. Hence, these measurements might be a meter more or less upon each side and end. The writer would suppose that the original building was something like 35 X 60 meters. The wall measures: west side (north and south), 160 meters; north side (east and west), 80 meters. To "the east, lying between it and a smaller ruin, is a low place, evidently a reservoir, also from whence earth was taken for the adobes. To the west is a similar depression. Above these low places the ruin stands four and one-half meters. From the level, the height is about thirty-three meters, but the ends are lower by one-half or two-thirds m. than the central positions. During the course of exploration we uncovered seven skele- tons in various stages of preservation. The sides of the graves were smooth, of plastered adobe. One adult to the west had a child with it in the same grave. The little one was rather doubled across the adult. It is interesting to observe that three of the bodies headed east and two west. The last skeleton ex- humed (see fig. 26) had a whole pot near the head and a frag ment of large oUa in which were portions of a cremated skeleton 96 H O ^ § < - o S 1—1 OJ W S M o ^£ Q ^ W O o o H Z [i, o H ^ 9 I Pi CD <| 2 Fig. 47 — GROUP OF VARIOUS SHELL EFFIGIES From the Salado valley ruins S. 5-9 In a room, the floor of which was as hard as if it had been burned, we found a fine slate tablet, seven axes, three metates, two mortars, and other things. The room floor was two and one-half by four meters in extent. When the main treiich was down about three meters we ob- served numerous pottery fragments, ashes, charcoal, and broken bones. These were in little pockets or ash pits, ranging from half a bushel to as much as three or four bushels. One large ash-pit was three feet in depth. No floors could be traced and no walls found in the central cut save at the ends. We cleaned out the central cut to the original base, exposing six meters by 19 meters, and found little or nothing. It was even difficult to find the original base. No general floor seemed to have ex- isted, and we abandoned the central part of the cut completely mystified as to the purpose of the ruin at this point. The west trench showed several small rooms. The walls of these were about 40 to 60 cm. thick and fairly regular. Some few axes, metates, and other objects were found near the surface of the trench, but nothing further down or upon the original surface save the usual charcoal and ashes and pottery fragments. In fact, nearly all the objects occurred near the surface of the mound. We put the team and scraper to work and scraped off a foot from portions of the structure not yet examined, finding, during this operation, some axes, grinding stones, metates, chips of obsidian, and broken oUas. Of the latter several were saved, and though in a frag- mentary condition it is quite probable that they, can be restored. After completing work upon the large ruin, we examined a number of small ones of the same group. In these were found no walls save in the case of one. There was a well defined room, the floor being a meter below the present surface. A metate and grinder and an axe, also a broken oUa were found upon the floor. The other ruins seemed to be more the nature of mounds resulting from long living up- on one spot, or due to the accumulation of debris, The pottery in and on them was largely plain, although decorated varieties were not wanting. Regarding the north temple the writer would say that it does not present any regularities such as Gushing found at Los 102 Muertos, but on the contrary seems to be a collection of small rooms built upon an original kitchen-midden at various times. The -writer opines that no restoration of a complete series of rooms surrounding a common court can be constructed for the simple reason that no such regularity of construction ever existed. The rooms to the north and west and east seem to be small, with one or two exceptions, and to extend down not more than two meters in any case, and usually about one meter. The higher temple to the south may present more interesting structure, but it was thought best not to attempt its exploration. Save at the Kalfus mines and one other, no cremations were discovered while the writer was in the Salado country. In a small ruin near Mesa several basin-shaped plain bowls were dug out of the corner of a room, and in one of them was about a quart of calcined human bones. Often large ollas are dug up, and they invai-iably contain burnt bones. The adobe ruins of the Salado offer a rich field for archaeol- ogists. Particularly does the great ruin at Mesa appeal to the explorer. And near Los Muertos, where Gushing worked so long and faithfully, are other sites that should be examined. It is to be hoped that the region will not long be the prey of the curio hunters and the irresponsible collectors. South of Phoenix, some six miles, are remarkable pictographs upon the rocks and cMs of the bluffs bordering the Salado river. They number a hundred or more, and may, for aught the writer knows, extend for some distance in either direction. Several of the best ones are shown in figs. 48, 49 and 50. The originals are twenty to thirty times the size of the illustrations. Two pottery bowls were found south of Phoenix, that are un- usual in that they contain much flower gold. The natives must have found gold-bearing clay, and, with no idea of the value, made it into pottery. As they would naturally take the surface clay, probably larger nuggets could be found deeper down. The pottery was shown in Phoenix in 1898 and created some excitement, but those who searched were not rewarded for their pains. Possibly the pottery came from considerable dis- tance. Certainly the clay out of which it was made was not found near the ruin. 103 \^^bul^^^^ Fig. 48 — PICTOGRAPHS From Bluffs south of Phoenix S. 1-20 The illustrations (45, 46, and 51) give a fair representation of the small effigies numerous about the adobe ruins of Arizona. These are characteristic of the region, and their counterpart is not found anywhere in the United States. In the collection are numerous shells, exhibiting different stages of workman- ship. In some the crown has been broken off ; in others the grinding has begim, and step by step the process can be traced to the completed shell bracelet. There are finished and unfin- ished shell frogs, little shell discs and small ornaments with wing-like projections on either side. From these to the effigy proper is but a step. The finer shell effigies, illustrated by fig. 47, exhibit action, and are exceedingly well made. Transportations of these shells from the Gulf of Cahfornia across the American desert must have induced hardships and privations. If the natives came up the Colorado river and then followed the Salado to the Phoenix ruins, their route would have been longer but undoubtedly easier. They were assured of a water supply. As to the number of similar effigies found by Gushing in his work at Los Maertos, the writer is not informed. It will be observed that fig. 51 is a haK tone plate of four effigies shown in fig. 47, which is reduced from a drawing. The onyx bead in fig. 51 does not appear in fig 47. It was the writer's wish to present photographs as well as drawings of these remarkable specimens. The half tone plate (fig. 51) is full size and the drawings about five-ninths size. In fig. 46 the two effigies and the two arrow points are shown full size. Most of these effigies are perforated. The shell frog is not. Neither is the small owl (?) effigy shown above the frog in fig. 51. All of these are exceedingly well executed. The lower right hand figure in 47 appears to have been the head of an aquatic bird. Originally it may have formed a part of an entire ef^gj, as there are traces of break extending across the neck. Careful grinding has almost obliterated these evidences. 105 %f <|^,pf^V\ ^t^ P'iG. 49 — PICTOGRAPHS From Bluffs south of Phoenix S. 1-20 COLLECTING AT FLINT RIDGE. Mr. Peabody was greatly interested in Flint Ridge, particu- larly so as his home was within fifteen miles of the eastern extension of the quarries. In the summer of 1899 he wished that the writer would send Anderson on a collecting trip to Flint Ridge. Anderson spent about three months and obtained an exhibit totaling over five thousand objects. There was also another reason — and this is indicative of Mr. Peabody's kind heart. Anderson had contracted malaria in the south, and Mr. Peabody thought that a season's residence on the high ground of eastern Licking county would " drive all the malaria out of his system." He was entirely correct in his opinion. Mr. Gerard Fowke, in the interest of the Smithsonian Institution, made a study and exploration of the place over twenty years ago. His observations and -explorations are detailed in the "Smithsonian Report" for 1884. Mr. Fowke prepared a more condensed account of the re- markable place for one of the writer's earlier works.* The book is now out of print, and as Mr. Fowke 's paper is important, and worthy of preservation, it is incorporated in this Bulletin as an appendix. The obsidian quarries of the west, or the mica mines of North Carolina, or the nodular flint deposits in Tennessee, or the jaspar quarries of Pennsylvania — none of these exerted as much influence upon the aborigines as did Flint Ridge. Possibly, if the copper found in the mounds came from a limited area from either Wisconsin or Michigan, such a site may have been deemed more important in the eyes of the barbarians, as copper was naturally more mysterious than flint. But granting that the copper comes from a widely distributed area, the writer is of the opinion that Flint Ridge furnished more material for abor- iginal usages than did any given area in the United States. Arrows and knives made of its multi-colored chalcedony and chert are found in western New York and far down the Missi- sippi. Throughout the Ohio Valley no one may know what * Primitive Man in Ohio, p. 30. 107 Fig. 50 — PICTOGRAPHS From Bluffs south of Phoenix S. 1-20 numbers of chipped implements were made of its stone. Some of the mounds contain chipped objects of this material ; others do not. It is found on some sites, on others it does not occur. Such facts are of great archaeologic importance, and relate to the antiquity of the workings on the Ridge. No reference to Flint Ridge and its pits can be found among the earliest travel- ers and explorers. James Smith, the famous captive, in his well known narrative, does not allude to it. Smith was in Ohio shortly after Braddock's defeat, and there were few white men in the entire region. Explorations indicate that there has been no quarrying at Flint Ridge in the last four or five centuries. Speculation upon the age of the pits judged by timber growth is not satisfactory. Yet the earliest settlers noted large trees growing in pits and upon the fields where unfinished objects are most nuinerous. In the four illustrations presented (figs. 76-7-8-9), a few characteristic Flint Ridge implements are to be seen. Contrary to some quarry sites the material at Flint Ridge is found to be both finished and unfinished. Numbers of the natives carried away discs, turtle-backs, and thick blades, and did the final work at their homes. Others stopped within five, ten, or twenty miles of the Ridge and there completed their weapons and tools. This observation is quite true, for there are scores of workshop sites on the bills and in the valleys north, south, east and west from the main deposits of Flint Ridge. Whether Flint Ridge was sacred ground, as was the Catlinite quarry in Minnesota, is an open question. The presence of earth and stone fortifications about the Ridge and in the vicinity would indicate that the Ridge was not neutral ground. Yet such observation is more or less speculative, because these works may have been built at a subsequent period when the quarries were not worked. About the main pits themselves agriculture is impossible. In some fields spalls, chips, cores, etc., arc more numerous than earth itself. Dr. Wilson from one spot took out a section three or four feet in depth of which upwards of one-third consisted of fragments or chippings, the work of man. It has been sug- gested in the past, and the writer wishes again to call attention to the suggestion, that some museum make an exhaustive survey 109 of (he Ridge, mark all of the pits, and explore as many of them as practicable. In prehistoric times Flint Ridge was more necessary to the life of the barbarians than any other site or earthwork in the entire Ohio valley. Its preservation to future generations should be assured by purchase, through the medium of some society or other organization. Flint Ridge has not suffered as have the mounds and graves of the Mississippi valley or the cliff houses and adobe ruins in the west, because collectors of fantastic objects, who are respon- sible for the destruction of other monuments, found little of interest in the workshops and pits of Flint Ridge. Although some tens of thousands of specimens are to be found in museums and the hands of private collectors, Flint Ridge remains prac- tically intact. It is truly one of the wonders of aboriginal life in America. It is so extensive that no survey could hope to make thorough examination short of two years, but such an ex- ploration might reveal to the archaeologic world many things as yet unknown. Typical flint discs and turtlebacks are shown in fig. 76. There are two hammerstones in the lower left hand corner. The specimens shown are all one-fourth size. The largest speci- men is a rough block of Hint, practically as quarried. A half- dozen blows have been striick on either side. The others represent more or less early stage work, although all of them are more finished than the one just mentioned. The leaf -shaped and unfinished implements in fig. 77 represent the stage where the hammerstone is exchanged for the flaker. Fig. 78 are blades practically complete, which may be em- ployed as knives without further work. As spear-heads they must be pointed and barbed. Both varieties are shown in this illustration. Fig. 79 gives a fairly correct representation of the famous cores of Flint Ridge. These are seen in the two lower rows. Several of these are cone-shaped. They occur by countless thousands at Flint Ridge and are evenly grooved. From these flake knives were detached. Flint knives were quite sharp and doubtless served as cutting instruments, razors, etc. Eight of these are shown in the upper rows. 110 Fig. 51 — shell FROG, TWO SHELL EFFIGIES, ONYX BEAD AND EFFIGY FISH fjade?) From the large ruin near Mesa S. 1-1 It is of importance to archaeologists to know that Professor William 0. Mills, Curator of the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society, Colunibus, has examined Flint Ridge and other materials. By the following appended report, made by Mr. Mills to the writer, will be observed that it is possible to distinguish the material of doubtful specimens by microscopic analysis. The Ohio Sta*b Aechaeologicax, and Historical Society. Columbus, Ohio, October 30, 1906. Dbab Me. Mooeehead : — Your letter of the 26th received and contents noted. For a number of years I have been studying the flints of Ohio by making microscopical sections, and of the flints I se- cured one hundred and ten good slides. These slides show that the Flint Ridge material is a very fine giained variety con- taining but little iron or other foreign substances, and under the microscope it shows a fine grained aggregate of chalcedonic particles. The structure is crypto crystalline and so fine that the optical properties of the individual particles cannot be de- termined. In other sections we find that throughout this crypto crystalline base or ground mass are scattered numerous colorless polarized particles of chalcedonic material in a coarser condition ; while in other segregations areas of the same mater- ial showing fan shaped arrangements of the particles and on the majority of the slides made show small areas of granular quartz ; while in many of the slides the remains of f oraminifera are quite abundant. Up to the present time I have worked out upwards of twenty-five species of f oraminifera. Very truly yours, Wm. C. Mills. 113 Fig. 52 — engraved SHELL Tennessee S. about 1-2 EXPLORATIONS AT HOPKINSVILLE, KENTUCKY. In January, 1903, the Department received several communi- cations from Miss Mollie Hall of Hopkinsville, Kentucky, re- garding Indian cemeteries located upon the farm of Mr. James "Willis, about four miles south of the town. Early in April the Curator visited Hopkinsville, and spent some two weeks in an exploration of the graves on Mr. Willis' land. Mr. Willis kindly consented to a thorough exploration. Mr. Charles An- derson, a local photographer, was engaged, and seven or eight negroes were employed for manual labor. A total of 103 graves were opened and 100 negatives were taken. Mr. Ander- son kindly secured permission for exploration of other sites after the work had been completed at Hopkinsville. We divided the field into lower and upper sections. These are about one hundred and twenty meters apart. There may be graves between both, but this cannot be determined without more extensive digging than we could do. The force of labor- ers dug twenty or thirty holes daily and examined, quite thoroughly, some two acres of land. These graves range in depth from one-third to one meter, and were scattered throughout some fifty acres of land. It is quite probable that all of the graves were not found and opened by our party. The average grave is one meter and four deci- meters in length, three to five decimeters in width. Three graves close together covered three and two-tenths meters in extent. Our total digging covered an extent of forty-seven meters in both upper and lower cemeteries. A certain wide grave contained three bodies, one being north and south and the others east and west. But such an interment was out of the ordinary, none just like it was found here or elsewhere. An unfinished stone celt was found in one grave. Several hundred yards to the east of the field is a deep de- pression in which is a large spring. The level of the spring must be twelve or thirteen meters below the average level of the graves. The spring has a strong, steady flow, and is character- istic of similar underground springs found in Kentucky, Ten- 115 nessee, and Missouri. It bubbles up abruptly at the north end of the depression, flows along tranquilly for some one hundred meters, and then . sinks into the ground again. The entire de- pression is oval in shape, and the banks are as abrupt at the outlet as at the fountain head. The presence of this spring may have induced the natives to locate their village and burial ground on the surrounding land above. The graves were of the character common to southern Ken- tucky and northern and central Tennessee. Stones were placed upon edge on either side of the body, and a large, single, thin slab at the head and at the feet. The floor of each grave was lined with thin slabs, as was also the top. In other words, the material for each grave was taken from adjacent creek beds, wherein slabs of the Cincinnati and Niagara groups of limestone formation abound. These streams were quite convenient for the natives, and all tney had to do was to visit them, perhaps do a small amount of quarrying, select such slabs as suited their purposes, and carry them to the elevation above — a dis- tance of about three hundred and fifty meters — and inter the dead, using these stones as walls for the graves. The neatness of some of the graves was noticeable, while in others, more or less carelessness of construction was displayed. Of relics and utensils there were few, most of the interments consisting solely of the body. Usually the subject was placed upon the back, the hands extended at the sides, the legs straight, and the whole subject in such a position as to indicate that he was buried with the flesh on the bones. In certain instances the burial appeared to be made after the bones were denuded of flesh. Occasionally, we found two or three bodies in a grave. In such cases the grave itself did not vary from the ordinary, save in the number of interments, but the pecuharity was marked in that the bones were in confusion, or, if not in confu- sion, the two or three crania were placed together, and the longer bones, the femur, humerus, tibiae, etc., were heaped by themselves. As a theoretical consideration, it might be said that these represented bodies of persons slain in battle, or that the bodies were preserved by the tribe making these burials until the flesh had decayed from the bones. Certain it is that 116 &- • -Lj'/^if - • lap. '. M-' :%r^ r •^', '-. * ■.'*^ .W:i*-\>^Sl w B IS o h I CO 2 Fi(,, ."ii — en(;raved shell From a jjrave on the Willis farm S. 1-1 Fig. 55— human EFFIGY I'lPE rom a grave in tlie Willis cemetery, Hopkinsville, Kentucky S, about 2-3 Fig. r)G — EFFICY From a mound near .South CarroUton, Kentucky S. 1-1 the bodies of persons recently deceased could scarcely be put into so small a space, such as is apparent in some of the graves. We found graves two decimeters in width and one meter in length, and less than two decimeters in depth, which contained from two to three burials. Therefore, it is apparent, that numbers of deceased persons must have been kept in a charnel house for some time. Considered in its entirety, Mr. Willis' cemetery presents several problems for the consideration of the archaeologist. Although the graves, in construction are similar to those of southern Kentucky, northern and central Tennessee, yet, in the absence of clay vessels and large flint implements, and in the almost total lack of ornaments of shell or bone, they are differ- ent from those farther south. Flint chippings and broken pot- terjr were quite frequent upon the surface, but few of these were found in the graves. Whether this indicates a different tribe from the true stone-grave people of Tennessee, or whether it marks a division of that tribe, is a question for future solution. The culture is quite inferior to that evinced by the Nashville graves and those of other regions. Several graves were quite different from anything we had found hereabouts or in other (northern) portions of the country. In six or seven graves, placed near together, the skeleions were headed the same way, south, except the skeleton of a child, which was headed north. The preservation of the bones is the same as in other cases. This may be due to the pecuhar con- dition of the soil, or it may be due to the fact that the inter- ments were post-Columbian, which the writer doubts. On the field evidence, it seems that these interments are prehistoric, and not of the last three or four hundred years. If this state- ment is wrong, the writer stands corrected. The bones have been buried so long that every bone of the body is of the same color as the soil surrounding it. It was, therefore, necessary to whiten with pulverized chalk each skeleton in order to bring out the bones into relief, otherwise there would be no contrast between the skeleton and tlie surrounding earth. The graves seem to have been placed in no regularity as regards the points of compass— that is, some of the bodies show the head east, others south, others southwest, others northwest, etc., therefore 120 Fig. 57 — ravine AT JOHNSON'S FARM Near Herndon, Tennessee. The nodules are seen outcropping in two layers Fig. 58 -a CLOSER VIEW OF THE NODULES IN POSITION Ravine on the Johnson farm near Herndon, Tennessee no hard and fast rule can be established as to the burial of the bodies either in this direction or that direction, and the evidence is that these bodies were simply interred in stone graves, as previously mentioned. Fig. 55 is an effigy pipe from one of the graves at Hopkins- ville, Kentucky. Fig. 56, a little efiigj head from a mound near So. Carrollton, Kentucky. Both of these are from pre- historic burials. The effigies are remarkable in that the feat- ures are strongly southern, of that peculiar type which will at once be recognized by a study of the illustrations in General Thruston's book; certain of the human effigies found by Messrs. Squier and Davis are also identical with these. Mr. Mills found an idol pipe in the Adena mound, Chillicothe, Ohio. This pipe has the same peculiar features noted in the others. These various effigies may be taken to be likenesses of the people that built the mounds of the Mississippi valley. It will be observed by comparisons in museums that such Iroquois faces as are portrayed by means of effigies are quite different from the type represented in the Ohio, Tennessee, Hopkinsville, and So. Carrollton or Scioto finds. 125 A FLINT QUARRY IN TENNESSEE. Having ended explorations on tlie Willis estate, Mr. Anderson and the writer engaged a large barge and with our negro labor- ers visited several sites in Tennessee. We examined village sites that bad been favorably reported to us, and also some cemeteries, but all of these had been more or less disturbed; therefore, we concentrated our efforts upon the flint quarry on Mr. George Johnson's farm, six miles over the Tennessge line in Montgomery Co., and about eighteen miles from Hopkinsville. Village sites in the neighborhood contained a great deal of nodular flint. From a study of these the writer apprehended that the parent ledge must be somewhere near at hand. In- quiry confirmed this opinion, and we were soon at work on the original site. Figs. 57 and 58 show one of the ravines and flint nodules in situ. Several bushels of material in various stages of manufacture were fovmd by our men on the surface in the course of one day's examination. This was a very important discovery, as nodular flint had not been previously found in Tennessee in any considerable quanti- ties, so far as the writer is aware. Mr. Johnson kindly per- mitted excavation, and on the edge of the bluff, toward Little River, we found that the chips, spalls, and refuse exrended to a depth of one meter or more. This is distant about three meters from the edge of the ravine, near its head. Other points near this one revealed the fact that the flint deposit varied from one- fourth to two meters in depth. The ravine itself deepened and widened as it came nearer to the river, and at the mouth we found a ledge of limestone — rather soft limestone — in layers or shelves from one-half to two meters in thickness. From the top of the outcrop of the limestone to the surface of the water, at a distance of flve or six meters, flint nodules occurred fre- quently, and there is abundant evidence that the natives worked both the ravine and the land on either side. All over Mr. Johnson's farm, to the extent of at least fifty acres, are great quantities of chips, spalls, leaf -shaped implements, hammer- stones, etc. 126 Fig. 59 — I'UTTERV S. 1-4 Preseuted by Mr. Clarence H. M e to the IJeiiaitiiieiit. and taken by him fi-oni nK.iinds in Flmida during his expliaations. isM Fig. flO — FLORIDA I'OTTERY S. 1-i Presented by :Mr. Clarence P.. Moore and taken from Florida mounds by him 3E— - Y/^' f Fig. 61 — case CONTAINING MR. CLARENCE B. MOORE'S FLORIDA COLLECTION S. 1-88 This case is 7 meters long. About five miles from Herndon, and just over the line in Tennessee, is a high bluff overlooking a tributary to Little River. On this bluff an immense amount of chipping has been done, both from the nodular flint and from a brown or yellow chert, which occurs somewhere in the neighborhood. At this point material sufficient to fill a soap-box was picked up in two hours' search. The material is of the same general character as that found on the Johnson farm, six miles distant. In the "American Anthropologist" for July-September, '06, there is a comprehensive article of more than 130 pages entitled "Progress of Anthropology". This article states (p. 534) that Mr. Fowke and other searchers have been unable to find any large quarry from which the gray or bluish nodular flint was obtained. That is, flint in particular of the same character as the Hopewell discs. An examination of the Montgomery county deposit will reveal the same kind of material as that found in the Hopewell mound. And in the exhibit at Andover are a number of discs of the same workmanship as the ones from Hopewell's. The writer suggests that as the Cumberland river is not far from Mr. Johnson's farm, that discs might have been carried thither, then put in canoes and transported by water to a point on the Scioto opposite the Hopewell village. Small deposits of that material occur frequently, but no great quarry such as would account for the presence of countless numbers of knives, scrapers, and projectile points scattered throughout the upper Mississippi valley from Illinois to central Ohio and from northern Indiana to Knoxville, Tennessee. The writer does not claim that the quarry site on the Johnson farm furnished all this material. Indeed, the quarry is not of sufficient magnitude, but it is quite apparent that a great deal of work has been done in prehistoric times on the Johnson estate. The nodules vary from ten to twenty cm. in diameter, with a coating of grayish chalk-like formation on the exterior, and within are of the same color and appearance as the Hope- well discs. Contmued searching in the Clarksville region (northwestern Tennessee) may result in the discovery of much larger deposits. The writer would suggest a careful search of Little river and its tributaries, not only near the Johnson farm, but in the 131 vicinity of Herndon. Probably where the ravines are deeper, greater deposits will be found. In view of the scarcity of nodu- lar flint deposits, the writer considers the discovery one of very great importance. Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday the entire force drove a distance of sixty-five miles and visited a dozen farms. These had been recommended to us by various persons who came to the scene of the exploration on Mr. Willis' farm, and kindly offered information regarding sites near the Cumberland river and elsewhere. Most of these grave groups had been disturbed to no little extent, but several were located which are promis- ing, and might result in some discovery if an exploration were begun. But as it was necessary to explore Jacobs Cavern, some five hundred miles west of the Hopkinsville region, and as only six weeks remained for that purpose, the writer was compelled to defer further digging and, after shipping the specimens and skeletons to Andovor, proceeded to Bentonville, Arkansas. The Cumberland-Tennessee region, of which Hopkinsville is a part, merits thorough exploration. It is exceedingly rich in art in shell, and up the Tennessee and Cumberland are numer- ous cemeteries in Central Tennessee. In recent years some of the largest flint implements ever found in the world were ex- humed from several of these graves, and are now in the Missouri Historical collection at St. Louis. A number of commercial collectors are traversing the region or voyaging along the Ohio, Tennessee, and Cumberland rivers in houseboats. These men cause the destruction of a large number of monuments, and museum men should take the field before further damage is done. 132 '-v,-.^ ('•■<■ . ;--^-<:*'> ;•!;>,.. ■.;4^f%. Fig. 62 — McELHANEY'S CAVERN Arkansas Described in Bulletin I, The Exploration of Jacobs Cavern, McDonald County, Missouri. Department of Archaeology, Phillips Academy, Andover, Massachu- setts. C. Peabody and W. K. Moorehead. 1904. CERTAIN UNKNOWN STONE OBJECTS IN THE ANDOVER MUSEUM. At a meeting of the American Anthropological Association, held in San Francisco during August, 1905, a paper was read by the Director of this Department, in which he and the Curator urged that an archaeologic nomenclature be invented. A committee was formed consisting of Dr. Hodge, Professor Wright, Mr. McGuire, Dr. Peabody and the writer, Dr. Pea- body being chairman. That we need an archaeologic nomenclature no one will deny. Particularly is this emphasized when one views the multitudi- nous " stone artifacts and unknown objects which fill the cases in our museums. Some of these by their shape testify as to the purpose for which they were made. Others are of fantastic and unusual forms, are wrought from shales, granites, or quarztes, and because our ancestors made use of nothing like them we cannot conceive by comparison (or lack of comparison, rather) aright concerning them. For years they have remained an enigma. The light of history fails to aid us. Such specimens as are here illustrated have not been found elsewhere in the world. Earliest explorers and travelers in America allude occasionally to stone pendants worn by the natives, but do not specify what kind. A student cannot determine from these early narratives whether a small slate ornament, a large winged-perforated object, or yet another form is meant. The historical references are vague ; they do not help us. So far as the writer's reading extends, none of them assist in solving the problem. If there are references that clearly define the use of winged-perforated stones, and the writer has overlooked them, then he stands corrected. Manifestly, we must depend on the field testimony and follow the natural history method in treating of the speci- mens themselves. Archaeologists, for the most part, are silent on the subject. Holmes, Rau, Beauchamp, Fowke, and others make brief re- marks. Gushing had prepared a paper on such forms as are 135 Fig. 03 — group OF PIPES From various localities in the Mississippi valley a — Scioto Co., Ohio. b— Eoss Co., Ohio. c — Pipe made froiii a wliale".s tuotli. Alaska, d — Scioto C(j., (iliio. e — Miami Co., Ohio. t — Scioto Co., Ohio. s. — Scioto, Co., Ohio. h — Wabash cemetery, Indiana. i — Hancock Co., Ohio. j — Silver Creek, Morgantown, X. C. k — Grovetown, Oeoraria. Ill 1 k Fig. 64 — group OF PIPES From various localities in the Mississippi valley a — Meigs Co., Ohio. b — Meigs Co., Ohio, c — Ross Co., Ohio, d — Forsythe Co., Georgia, e — Miami Co., Ohio, f — New England. , g — Geneva, New York. h — i — Frankfort, Ross Co., Ohio. 'i' y f eh j — Ross Co., (Jhio. k — Scioto Co., Ohio. 1 — Yellow Bud, Ross Co., Ohio. (Bogus) m — Holmes Co., Ohio. n — Ross Co., Ohio. o — Richmond, Indiana. p — Miami Co., Ohio. q — Pickaway Co., Ohio. r — Manchester, Adams Co., Ohio. Fig 65 — THE FROG PIPE From a village site at the mouth of Bush Creek, Adams County, Ohio S. 1-2 \ \ Fig. 66 — BAR AMULET Tennessee S. about 9-10 Fig. 67 — peculiar CEREMONIAL Scioto County, Ohio S. 1-2 Fig. 68 — CANNEL COAL CEREMONIAL Mercer County, Ohio S. about 3-10 Found on the breast of a skeleton in a gravel pit. here presented, but no one seems to know what became of it — an unfortuuate thing, most certainly. SeA'^eral museums possess fine series of the winged-perforated class. There are comprehensive exhibits in most of the museums ; especially at Washington, New York, Chicago, Boston, Colum- bus, and Philadelphia. Several of the larger museums greatly exceed the Andover exhibit in point of numbers of these un- known forms. The Department of Archaeology at Andover has been actively engaged since its foundation in the accumulation of unfinished objects in slate, granite, shale, etc. In short, it has paid partic- ular attention to these forms. The net result is that there are some 1600 such specimens in the museum, a large part of which exhibit various stages of manufacture. At some future time it is the purpose of the Department to publish a bulletin devoted to them, and, therefore, the references here will be necessarily brief. Figure 69 shows four unfinished specimens of the winged type. In none of them is the drilling begun. It was the in- tention of the aborigines to complete the pecking, grinding and polishing before attempting the perforation. We can readily understand the wisdom of their action. A thin and delicately finished specimen is drilled with safety, whereas if first drilled it is weakened and subsequent pecking or grinding might destroy it. The rougher or heavier work, in most cases, was done first. Selecting a block of slate or other banded and bright colored material the workman roughly fashioned it, using the ever- present hammer-stone, holding the block edge uppermost ; that is, the grain of the stone parallel with the body. He struck it to right and left and then turned the stone over and repeated the process. Not unhke the first chipping on a block of flint is this prohminary work. Indeed the processes are almost identical. A sharp pointed stone is used in pecking the speci- men into the form presented by the four objects in Fig. 69. The manipulation is simple and consists of thousands- of gentle blows. Grindmg follows and last of all the polishing. Reed drills, the writer thinks, were preferred to others of flint or bone. The drilling in the majority of specimens is very 140 3785 3784 ■rMT"^, i Ml^^ Fig. 69 — early STAGES OF MANUFACTURE OF UNFINISHED CERE- MONIAL STONES FROM THE OHIO VALLEY S. 1-2 Figures 69-70-1-2 were loaned by Records of the Past, to whom the writer is indebted. Fig. 70 — unfinished CEREMONIAL STONES FROM THE OHIO VALLEY S. 1-2 even and true. Some unfinished types in every collection con- tain cores — clear evidence as to the use of hollow drills. The left hand figure in fig. 69 is from Indiana, the other three were found on Shimer's farm, Martin's Creek, Pa. In the secondary stage the slate-bands scarcely appear, and it is only when the polishing is complete that they are brought out clearly. In fig. 70 A from Ohio is almost ready for the grinding. C from Ohio, and D from Indiana, have been pecked and the grinding is partly completed. The L-shaped object B (Ohio) is ground and now ready to be polished. In fig. Tl, specimen A is finished. B is all complete save the perforation— as is C. D is polished but not drilled. All are from Northern or Central Ohio. Fig. 72 shows four completed types. A, the " butterfly," is from Southern Ohio. D, of granite, was found near Cairo, Illinois. B and C are from Ohio and made of slate. Fig.73 , introduced by way of comparison, shows one speci- men quite different from the broad winged types and may, possibly, at some future time, when these objects are better un- derstood, be found to con- vey a different meaning. They are from Western Indiana, of slate and well polished. The larger specimen is of peculiar form. From the small ovate slate bead one can build up a graduat- ing series until the larged " winged butterfly " is reached. Be- ginning with the pick one can make a series that ends in the double crescent. The Department grouped three hundred typi- cal specimens into eight or ten different series. The drawings or outlines were made on large sheets of paper, each series cov- ering half a line or more and terminating in some other series. A sheet was mailed to each of the museums and the curators were requested to outline any forms not represented. An ex- amination of the net result enabled one to classify types accord- ing to locality, and brings into strong relief the fact in the terri- tory of sedentary tribes these things are most numerous. They are almost entirely absent on the Great Plains and in the Rocky Mountains ; they occur in limited numbers in New England. They are not very numerous in the Carolinas or Florida. They are most common in the Mohawk valley, the Ohio valley (in- 143 b a d c Fig. 71 — ceremonial STONES, NEARLY FINISHED Ohio valley S. about 1-2 a b Fig. 72 — finished CEREMONIALS Ohio valley S. about 1-2 eluding the Tennessee and Cumberland) and the St. Lawrence region. As was remarked in the Department's Bulletin relat- ing to " Gorgets," it is impossible to draw a sharp line of demar- cation between many of the series. It is said of that strange form " bird-stone " that it was sel- dom met with out of the Iroquois region. That statement to the mind of the writer does not imply that " bird-stones " were used among the Iroquois although such may be the case. Of the "problematical" class as a whole, the claim that they are primarily Iroquoan cannot be substantiated. The range is too great and most of the forms, except the " butterfly," have been found in mounds and gravel interments. Whether the " winged-perforated " object comes from Wis- consin or Kentucky, the concept is the same although the form may vary. How did this peculiar form originate ? From the north and east did they go westward and southward, or vice versa ? These are questions easy to ask and difficult to answer. The modern tribes know nothing concerning them. That they mean more than mere ornaments we are quite willing to con- cede. A study of the "butterfly" from the rough block of slate to the completed form has given us some new facts. But the primary questions regarding these objects are, at the present writing, unanswered. Whether we shall be able to ferret out a correct interpretation, remains to be seen. A suggestion made by Professor Edward H. Williams, Jr., of Andover (formerly of Lehigh University), regarding the age of problematical, ceremonial, or ornamental forms should be re- membered by museum curators and students. Professor Wil- liams visited the museum and inspected the various collections. During the course of a conversation with the writer he proposed that an analysis and examination of the surface of certain of these stones be made. Accordingly the Curator sent some flfty speci- mens of the type described in this section of the Bulletin to Pro- fessor Williams. In a letter dated April 7th, '06, he reported on them at length. His entire observations will be published in a future Bulletin. Suffice it to say here that Professor WUliams was assisted by Professor John D. Irving who is secretary of the Geological So- 146 Fig. 73 — three PECULIAR CEREMONIALS From Ohio S. 9-10 Mr. Willoughby suggests that the spool shaped, decorated object was made use of as a stamp. It was coated with paint, then held between the thumb and forefinger and rolled along the arm (or chest), thus leaving a colored pattern. ciety of America. Both of these gentlemen are thorougli geolo- gists and mineralogists. Professor Irving examined each prob- lematical form through the microscope. It is determined as a result of the examination that some of these stones were weathered or etched to considerable depth. Others appeared more recent. Probably more than one-third of the specimens showed considerable antiquity. In one case a stone was ; " originally a dolomitic shale, now highly altered to a metamorphic slate." Another; a decomposed rock of the trap variety had become so weathered and softened that it was almost entirely chlorite. Thus the descriptions continue. The obser- vations of Professors Williams and Irving are important in that they open a new field to the archaeologist in the study of speci- mens. This microscopic examination coupled with the use of the metric system and a care'ful study of perforations, of broken specimens that have been remade into others, will doubtless enable archaeologists to solve many problems. 148 I f Fig. 74 — arrow POINTS From the Pacific Coast — Agate, Carnelian and Obsidian S. 1-1 TWO EARTHWORKS NEAR AN DOVER. On the estate of Mr. Charles L. Carter, known as Carmel Hill, is a curious, low earthwork almost obliterated. It can be traced on the west side for 53 meters; on the north for 44 meters, and on the east 43 1-2 meters. At Haggett's Pond, three miles west of Andorer, is another •embankment totally different from that of Carmel Hill and 66 meters in extent. Both of these earthworks have been super- ficially examined by the writer and numerous small holes dug in each and in the surrounding ground. Absolutely no trace of the purpose of construction of such works in this vicinity could be found. The works at both places were reported to the several gentle- men in New England who are interested in colonial antiquities and to Professor F. W. Putnam and Mr. C. C. WUloughby of Harvard University. Both works have been visited repeatedly by the writer and studied carefully but, up to the present, whether they are works of Indians or Europrans it was impossi- ble for him to determine. The work on Carter's Hill is not traceable save on the three sides mentioned, and how far it extends to the south is not known. Mr. Carter's estate and residence are upon a hill some three hundred feet in height, overlooking a broad valley that slopes toward the north until the Merrimack is reached. The Merri- mack, three miles distant, flows east. The valley was a great resort for Indians as all observers in New England are aware. There are many specimens in the museums at Salem, Cam- bridge, Andover and Concord from this region and some twenty-six collections in the hands of private individuals. In colonial times there were villages at various points from the mouth of the Merrimack to the head of Lake Winnepesaukee. Mr. Carter's hill commands a splendid view of the surround- ing country. With a view to obtaining the opinion of a more competent judge. Professor Putnam of Harvard, was asked to inspect the 150 Fig. 75 — ARROW-POINTS From the Pacific Coast — Agate, Chalcedony, Obsidian and Carnelian S. 1-1 Fig. 76 - DISCS AND TURTLEBACKS Flint Ridge, Ohio — First to second stages of manufacture S. 1-4 two earthworks. Unfortunately he was unable to visit And- over, but kindly sent his Assistant Curator, Mr. 0. C. Willoughby, who is one of the best archaeologists and ethnolo- gists in New England. Mr. Willoughby, in the company of the writer, inspected the two earthworks November 7th. Mr. Willoughby gave it as his opinion that the Carter's Hill work is not Indian ; that the hill top had been long cultivated and that a stone wall or a fence once enclosed the space known as the "fortification". Continued ploughing, presumably in the same direction, gradually worked earth from the field against the wall, where it banked up. After the wall was removed the ridge remained as a landmark. He pointed out several other fields, as we drove to Haggett's Pond, where the same condition was manifest. It was clearly to be seen that were the walls re- moved, small earthen " embankments " would also surround those fields. It is likely that generations of cultivation are required to produce this result. However, with regard to the embankment at Haggett's Pond, Mr. Willoughby Avas of the opinion that it was a part of an Indian stockade. He based his conclusions upon a careful examination of the site. The embankment is 66 meters long. The ditch is on the side furtherest from the pond, and the work itself is (estimated) 400 or 500 meters from the water's edge. From the bottom of the ditch to the top of the embankment is some one and one- third meters, although at certain points the ditch is not so deep. Within the trench, upon the embankment and upon the eastern or pond side, are numerous large old growth stumps. On the opposite side (west) there are no large stumps, and the growth is manifestly of recent origin. The land a few hundred feet to the west has been long under cultivation. The ends of the trench and embankment are nearly obliterated, but enough remains to indicate that at these points they turned abruptly to the west, and continuing, formed originally the northern and southern boundary of the fort or stockaded village. Mr. Wil- loughby therefore concluded that the present embankment is all that remains of an enclosure which surrounded an Indian town, the northern, southern, and western embankments having been ploughed away and the ditch filled by early owners of the farm. The soil at the point where the embankment still stands may 153- have been poor, or the timber may have been thick and heavy. At any rate, for some reason this portion of the work was not obliterated by the landowners. The village was rather extensive in size, and palisades crowned the embankment. Mr. Willoughby considered the site interesting and important. The writer is quite wUliag to accept Mr. Willoughby's sug- gestions as to the origin of both works. 164 Fig. 77— leaf-shaped AND UNFINISHED IMPLEMENTS Flint Ridge, Ohio — Third and Fourth stages of manufacture S. 1-4 ^^■H ■ w l^^^?^l '^^^1 ^^^^^^^^^ ^^^H rV." .^H ^^^^* ^ ''^ ^^^1 ^^^^K "- ^^1 './^^ ' ■ H .-iK. ^H ^^^^^^^B ^^^^ft ^H ^^^^^^^^^H H 1 J y ^^^1 ' "^ 1 ^^^^^^^^t ' "p^^l P S^ M*- mI ■ A M H ^^^ ■ ^^1 H' '°^'''' ^^1 K^fl^^H H L m ^^^^^^L'' '^^1 1 Im ■■ ■ Fig. 78 — BLADES AND SPEARS Practically complete — Flint Ridge, Ohio S. 1-4 THE PICTOGRAPHS ON A FRAGMENT OF BIRCH BARK Every museum has something among its collections that can- not be explained. The Department at Phillips Academy, And- over, is not an exception to the rule and we have stored away in one of our cases, in order that the light may not injure the ancient fragment, a piece of birch bark found in the former " buffalo country " near Fairfield, Iowa, and on which are cer- tain pictographs or unknown characters. Whenever something unusual is found and particularly when such an object is covered with unknown characters, the cry of " fraud " is raised. Let it be understood that the writer does not believe that the so-called engraved stones — that is, stones on which hieroglyphics are carved — are genuine.* And the writer has fondly hoped that he might never find, during the coui'se of explorations, anythmg that would indicate a knowledge of writing among primitive people north of Mexico. Therefore, this find is personally more or less of a disappoint- ment and the writer wishes to make that statement in all sincer- ity and with emphasis. After due investigation and examination, it seems to the Curator that the fragments of birch bark cannot be proved to be a fraud. First — A sufficient proof of its antiquity is in the fact that the log in which it was found has been cut with a stone axe or celt, and that the closest scrutiny fails to reveal that the cavity within the log was made with steel tools. Second — That the characters are not a combination of known characters of any language and not such as a child might make or as a person familiar with the English alphabet would be apt to produce. Comparison between that and the tablets known to be fraudulent, reveals no similarity in character, design, con- ception, or art. Third— ThsA, the human figure surrounded by sun symbol (?) and the animal (buffalo ?) are both exceedingly crude. *This statement is confined to Mississippi valley finds. 159 That the cliaracters are chiefly angles or straight lines accom- paiiied by dots, and may constitute description of country or a map. Fourth — That Mr. Griffith, who found this, is a plain, honest workman, not a practical joker, knows nothing of antiquities, is not a collector of specimens. Furthermore, that there is no practical joker in the neighborhood. Fifth — That Miss Emma Clark, an intellectual young lady of Fairfield, Iowa, and a teacher, having heard of the writer cor- responded with him regarding the MS., and proposed that it be preserved in a local school or library. Sixth — That the gum or resinous substance covering the log appears to be aboriginal make and neither wax, glue, or other substance known to white man. Serenth — The strongest proof of the antiquity of this birch bark fragment lies in the fact that it is not perfect. This in itself is a detail that does not impress one until due study is given the fragment. As against the antiquity of this interesting object no one has gone on record in print. In fact, the object has not been men- tioned save in the newspapers at the time of the discovery. To be perfectly fair to those several gentlemen who do not believe it genuine Indian work, the writer wishes to state that they did not give any special reasons but simply ventured the opinion that it was not genuine. The history of the find is as follows : September 2nd, 1896, Mr. J. T. Griffith was employed as a laborer on the water works excavation. About three feet beneath the surface he dug up a chunk of wood 21 cm. long, 13 cm. wide and 8 cm. thick. This was coated with dark pitch and the whole thing slightly charred in order to add further to its preservation. Splitting it open -wdth the pick there was a space in the center about 10 cm. long and 7 cm. wide and 2 cm. deep in which was a roll of birch bark. As is usual on the Plains a strong wind was blowing and as he imroUed this birch bark what was estimated to be three or four times the size of the present fragment was whipped off by the wind and carried away and lost. Mr. Grif- fith did not know the character of his find and brought the log and the fragment with him to Fairfield, where Miss Emma 160 Fig. 79 — FLINT CORES AND FLAKES Flint Ridge, Ohio S. 1-4 Fig. 80 — effigy OF A WHALE New England S. 3-8 Figure 80 is a specimen found near Fall River, Mass. It appears to be an efBgy of a whale. Number of rude effigies, more or less whale-like in character, are found along the Atlantic seaboard in Connecticut and Massa- chusetts. Doubtless the whale would excite wonder in the minds of aborigines — hence the effigies. Clark, who had heard of the archaeological museum at Colum- bus, Ohio, corresponded with the writer. The bark is about as thin as paper, of natural color and well preserved. The writer is informed that there are no birch trees near Fairfield, Iowa. Further excavation revealed nothing. Miss Clark recognizing that something unusual had been found at once enclosed the birch bark between two plates of thin glass. On the reverse of the fragment nothing appears. The editor of the County paper. Miss Clark and other citizens at the instigation of the writer made thorough investigation, all of which substantiated the claim that the "so-called MS." was found as described. The citizens wished to have it preserved in Fairfield. At the time of the discovery no value was attached to it. Mr. Peabody purchased the birch bark and the log for a small sum solely with a view to their preservation. What these characters mean I leave to others. The news- papers at the time stated that they were Maya or Aztec. Some of the characters may or may not be similar to Mayan gljrphs. Mayan scholars must decide that. The drawings by Mr. Foster present the characters (fig. 82) and the log (fig. 81.) The characters appear to be done in blood. If this is erroneous, the writer courts correction. As they hav3 faded the past few years, it has been found necessary to keep them in a dark drawer. It is impossible to photograph the log as there is not sufficient contrast to bring out the cutting. Both specimens will be shown visitors at the And- over Museum and as the writer considers the fimd of exceeding great importance, he would be glad to have a thorough examin- ation made of the site and of the specimens themselves. 164 Fig. 82 — CHARACTERS UPON THE BIRCH-BARK S. 1-2 SYNOPSIS OF SPECIMENS (ACCORDING TO NUM- BERS) IN THE PHILLIPS ACADEMY MUSEUM. In the following totals it will be observed that there are numbers of entries. Hence under the term " ceremonial " the total is not indicative of the number in the museum. " Plum- mets", "unknown forms", etc., and other names specifying Idndred objects, should be included. "Gorgets" are 57, yet "Ornaments" 296 and "Pendants" 143 would total 496 and they are all of the "So Called Gor- gets " class. Gorgots 57 Pottery, clay objects 5249-|- Hematites 249 Pipes 205 Shell objects 2300-|- Anchor stones ......... 3 Eed breccia 60 Cave breccia 26 Stalagmites 75-(- Copper 90-)- Human and animal bones ...... *1510-)- Skulls 164 Skeletons 17 Obsidian implements 678 + Flint objects 1752 + Stones and stone objects ....... 480 Slate objects 118 Rubbing stones 67 Adzes 9 Chips and spalls 2000 + Cupstones 22 Paint stones 24 Teeth 73 Effigies 98 Bicaves 82 Tubes 66 Meal grinders 5 Spear-heads 2527-|- Arrow-heads 12255-1- Amoaiit carried forward, ..... 30262-|- *Inclii(les bono inipleniunts 167 Amount brought forward, Knives Scrapers . Triangular points Projectile points Broken implements . Unflnished implements Celts . Axes . Hammerstones Ceremonials Ornaments Pestles Mortars Metates Mano stones Notched stones and sinke: Perforators Chisels Gouges Discs . Pendants . Plummets Unknown objects Quarry rejects . Wooden objects Photographs Paintings . Prints Negatives . Drawings . Lantern slides . Spindle whorls . Unflnished chipped objects Bird stones Arrow shaft straighteners Stone and quartz implements Chert ImplemeBts Nodules Cones Tablets Cannel coal objects Tomahawks Amulets . Casts Hoes Spades Amount carried forward, 168 30262+ 2708+ 1204+ 1308 354+ 4833+ 2878 1717 542 583 271 296 290 60 19 113 133 412+ 22 87 713 143 54 121 163 11 150 + 2 27 200+ 376+ 530 26 84 20 4 341 " 23 + 71 13 + 43 6 7 19 27 29 11 51306+ Amount brought forward, ..... 51S06-|- Leaf-shaped implements ...... 41+ Turtlebacks 26 Cups 19 Mauls 8 Lava objects 10 Miscellaneous objects 45184 Total 55928+ LIST OF ACCESSIONS TO THE MUSEUM FROM MAY, 1901, TO NOVEMBER 1, 1906. In this list the names of residences of donors are omitted. Name Objects Museum No. Abbott, Miss C. H . . . Gouge . .... 26770 Abbott, Howard T. Projectile points . 2677-87 Addis, Albert L. . . . . Finished and unfinished or- naments and ceremonials . 25614, 742, 850, 25874, 875, 31011-15, 32337- 39 Adler, A. . . . Hammerstone . . 26562 Allen, Thonias W. . . Stone implements and ar- rows 3690-f Amburst, Ferdinand. . Skull 41763 Amherst College . . New England Collection . . 25001-212 Amidon, R. W. . Pottery, bones, etc. . 3263-1- Amiet, J . . Pottery fiagnients . 20789-891 5100-9385 5365-5399 Anderson, Clifforc . . . Specimens from near F'ort Ancient 9S0 1-9385 20947-20999 22561 Angus, L. W. . Spear, arrows, etc. 3149 -I-, 34819-20 Angus, William . Grooved axe ... 26755 Appleton, R. . . Pendants and arrow 21627, 628, 640 Arthur, J. J. Iron arrow, bone tips .... 27272-274 Avery, Frank . Arrow-head . . 21192 Baatz, Capt. 0. L. . . Hammerstones, flints . 2^097-177 Batchelder, John Waterworn stone . Bailey, A. M. . . Grooved hammer . . . 22485 Bailey, H. R. Maine objects 23276-310 Bailey, J. W. T. . . . Pottery, shell objects, etc. . 5093-95, 32433. 444 Baker, Mr. . . . . Grooved axe . ... 10575 Baker, Mrs. Sue Leland . Pottery . . . 3244-50 Barnes, Frank S. Set of Archaeologist . . Library Barrott, A. F. . . Stone implements 2802-25 Barry, J. B. '. . Pipes 21631, 634 Bateman, F. A. . • . New England objects . . . 41670-760 Beale, Albert . Hammerstone . . 21186 Beencks, Chas. J. Pottery 2558-60 Bell & Smith, Mes 3rs. . . Arrow-head, Axe . . 4371' 3684 Beman, J. . . . Spear-head . 21554 170 Name Objects Museum No. Boys of Elmira, N. Y. . Arrowh-eads . .... 21768 Brawner, Morgan . . Flint implements . . . 21112-125 Briggs, Harry. . . . Stone implements . . . 22481-82 Brown, E. A. . . . Arrow-head 16432 Bryan, Ward E. . . . Pottery fragments, flints. stone objects . 18510-575,21765- 767, 769, 22488, 493-500 BiiUis, Roy H. . . Stone and flint objects 6971-75, 77-77 Bushm, A. E. . Flint implements . . 19470-581, 26586-590 Bushey, F. E. . Bushey Cavern material . . 4798, 41488, 41651-667 Bushnell, D. I. Maori adze 16428 Bussing, D. S. . Shells, arrows, pottery 5077-90 Butler, Fred Unflnished ceremonials, pot- tery, fragments, flints 1777-87 Butts, E. . . Pottery fragments and stone objects .... .... 2253-59 Caldwell, F. M. Copper and photos . . 20429-433,21800, 21802-805, 807 Carter, Charles . Mortar . . 26513 Carter, N. E. Unfinished ornaments and ceremonials, sugar quartz objects, etc. 34811-16, 19556, 26761-767, 791- 803-1- Gary, C. N. Ornament and drills . 21565-66, 600 Chubbuck, C. K. Axes and flints . . . 23633-665 Clark, William Celt and arrow . 21183, 556 Clegg, Thos. . . Skull, stone implements . 38897-907-39854, 26416-430 Cleveland, William Arrow . 21569 Clyne, Dr. A. C. . Rubbing stone 4795 Coates, Irving W. Pottery fragments . 16322-43 Cole, John K. . Unflnished object 18585 Craig, J. C. . Hematites,stone implements 16344-380 Cuddeback, Asa . Spear-head 21195 Cummings, A. G. Arrow-head . 3075 Cummings, Mrs. L. A. . Chips 3074 Curts, Milo Flint implements . . 26436-449 Dane, L. A. . Hammerstone 29985 Davis Bros., Messrs. . . Celt . 41669 Decker, J. E. . Flint implements . . 1794-99 Deishor, H. K. . Skulls, bones, motars, pes- tles, arrows and spears . 25732-860,31092, 31093, 31094, :-;o625-632 Derby, J. H., jr. . . Knives and arrow-heads 24790-798 D'Olier, J. G. . Cast of pipe 20995 Doyle, J. . . Spear-heads . . 171 21580.583 Vame Duprey, H. F. Backer, L. B. Eastwood, Geo. . . . Elder, T. L. . . Ellsworth, W. E. Emery, Prof. W. O. English, S. A. . Erwin, S. W. Farson, J. S. N. Fenton, W. T. . Field Columbian Museum Finear, F. . . . Foster, William H. Foster, Philip . . Gardine, Bud . Gesner, Rev. A. T. Gilham, F. M' . Gillis, Mrs. R. S. Gillis, A. W. Gleason, L. C. Gledhill, W. F. . Objects Shell ornaments, beads, ar- rows, etc. Unfinished stone objects . Pottery Arrow-heads . . Pottery fragments . Ceremonials . Mortar, arrows . Arrow-head Arrows, etc. . Cast . Implements from Trenton gravels, collected by Ernest Volk . Pipes . ... Stone implements, etc. arrows. Gouge, ornament, flint ii plements, etc. Spears and arrows . . Bones from Mandan sites . Obsidian collection . Pottery fragments .... Axe Arrow-heads Arrows Museum No. 2943-46, 3222, 3470-75 38173-195 20376-428 Used for e x change 18594^615 38205-f 2584, 3002-17 20594 26992-27000 20996 27117-263 and used for e x - change 21636, 643 4366 70, 29531- 542, 29552-560 41565-67 26826-864 4384, 27287-307 Goldsmith, Wm. G. . Goodell, C. S. . Goodnow, H. S. . Gordon, John S. Gould, Prof. Chas. N. Grabosch, M. M. Gray, Miss Alice Gray, James H. . Gray, S. C. . Griffing, W. J. . Grove, Frank L. Grover, Ed. . . Hall, Miss Mollie . . 27275 24506-507 19577-21000, 31095-99 Mortar and pestle .... 38206, 88207 Pottery fragments and ar- row-heads . . . . 35565-570 Waterworn stone . Quartz implements . . . 18312-318 Rejects . ... 5468-75,5477-84, 5554-64, 5827-39 Unfinished and broken im- plements 27319-332 Hammerstone . ... 36090 Gouge 21180 Pottery fragments and flint implements 20136-281 Pottery fragments and flint implements 16173-205 Unfinished objects 26966-976 Arrow-head 21555 Prestle, celt, flints .... 23666-672 172 Name Hale, Geo. G. . Hampson, J. K. . Heater, Spencer . Herriot, Seneca . Higgins, Bryant. Eight, H. H. . Hill, S. L. , Hillman, F. G. Hitchcock, T. B. Hodge, H. G. . Holcomb, Benton . Holcomb, I. . Holland, Dudley Homan, F. . Hope, Claude V. Hopkins, A. L. . Hopkins, Frank . . Hovey, G. U. S. . Hughes, F. M. . Humphreys, E. W. Husketh, James . . Hydon, W. J. . Jacobs, E. H. . James, J. B. Jenkins, L. . Johnson, C. E. . . Kern, D. N King, Gilbert , Objects Museum No. Arrows, spears and broken implements 4777-87, 4789-94, 24508-517 Pottery fragments . . . 25702-739 Knife 21584 Celt and arrows . 3495-500, 3503 Map, stone implements, pipes, etc. . 25861-872 Argillite chip . . . 16306 Stone implements . . Pottery bones, stone ob- jects, etc. ... 3234-25, 6962-70, 19678-719, 25901-904-9 Mastodon teeth Pottery fragments and ar- rows . 16266-305, 307- 310 Stone objects, slate and stone spears, etc. . . 18445-509 Stone implements, arrows 20325-375, 22978-989 Obsidian implements . 20527-529, 2571-719 Stone objects, pottery . 2266-67, 2927-35 Knives, arrows, spears . 34802-810 Hammerstones, scrap ers. knives and spears 22196-276, 25291-305, 38255-260, 31024.047, 27277-286 Projectile points . 21585-588 Scrapers . 3217, 25, 20434-440 Ornament 4377 Pottery fragments 3252 Crystal . 3223 Celt . . . 21184 pammerstones, spears, un- finished objects, etc. 38693-895 Pottery fragments 18680-740 Stone implements 22491 , 528 Pottery fragments . 3073 Unfinished and broken im- plements and pottery frag- ments 15503-5, 15411- 13, 15409, 15415- 18, 15421, 15885, 15888, 15982-83 Soapstone fragment . . . 18441 173 Name Objects Museum ISTo. *Kinney, D. A. Latham, Roy . . Pottery and flint implements Hammers, quartz imple- ments . . 4502-12 18383-392 16433-560, 662- 666, 16669-672 Lathrop, W. H. ... Lawson, P. V. . . Arrows . . . . ... Pottery fragments . . 26991 19645-51,658-60, 19667, 68, 73-76 LeClero, J. F . . . Pestle 20589 Levering, Richmond M. Arrows, celts, stone imple- ments ... 735-999, 1003- 1100, 1111-1250, 1492-98, 1500- 1545 Lewis, J. B. . Ling, Reamer . . . Love, W. H. Lowry, Otho B. Ludwig, Daniel . . McLain, W. G. McMahon, T. . McWhenney, Mrs. H. McWhorter, L. V Marland, Mrs. Abraham Martin, W. J Mattern, J. E. . Metzger, T. C Miller, H. C. . . Minchin, J. . Miner, Charles . Missouri Historical Society Mitchell, James . ... Moore, Clarence B. . . Moore, J. E. . Moore, Mrs. J. F. Moorehead, Miss Mabel , Mortar," pestles, and plum- mets . . . ... 3031-47, 3218 Pottery ... Chesapeake and tide-water specimens . . . . 2952-75, 2977-99 Stone implements, etc. . . 19009-119 26514-560 Axe and pestle . . . 3219-20 Stone mortars, pottery . 17918-928 Broken implements, beads, pipe fragments 21597,98,6391, 641, 21642 Texas arrows and spears 26576-597 Pipes, effigy, stone imple- ments 1802-3, 10538 Stone implements from Mer- rimac valley 3227-32 Flint implements and pot- tery fragments 19930-996 Stone implements, flints . 3120-25, 27-48 3202-15 Broken implements and pot- tery fragments 2847-50 Knives, broken objects, etc. 20703-727 Unfinished implements, deer antlers, etc 20281-324 Arrows 18365-375 Casts of flint objects . . . 35606-624 Scraper 20530 Pottery, celts, stone imple- ments, discs, crania, etc., from Florida, Georgia, and Alabama 38896-39635, 40275-499 and Arrows, knives, etc. . 26812-825 Flint, pottery fragments, ob- sidian ... ■ 20728-788 Knife and spear . . . . 22511, 26758 174 Name Moorehead, W. K. Morris, G. E. . . . Mott, Kaymoud . Neville, T. J. . . , Newlon, Dr. W. S. Noe, Dr. Chas. F. . Objects Various implements .... Stone implements, arrow- heads Stone implements . . Flint implements . ... Flint objects . . . Axe, knives, spears . Nourse, Geo. D. . . . O'Brien, W. E. . *0'Brion, John . Osburn, A. G. and S. R. Panning, H. G Peabody, Dr. C. . *Peabody, R. S. (Foundar) Spear-head Celt, broken pipes . . Knife, scraper, arrows Stone implements Celt, axe, spears and arrows War club, fffigy from Greece, obsidian imple- ments, Bushey Cavern ma- terial Original collection collected by himself. All implements purchased or collected for Mr. Peabody given by him Museum No. Scattered 27000-625 27323-27431 21562, 573 22926-38 255.S4-46, 76-85, 15987, 31075- 091 2561 21593, 644-50 22397 3466-69 25638-652 20579-588 3102-19, 19661, 41473-487, 489-562, and others to department . All numbers not credited to others Peck, H. Beads . 21190 Peck, J. W. . . Stone mauls 4439-42, 4386-87 Peel, J. . .... Arrow-heads . 21570-571 Penney, J. W. . . Pottery fragments . . . 3452-58 Pennock, F. ... Grooved hammer. 21624 Perkins, C. A. . Unfinished objects, discs and knives . . . 16206-265,21200- 539, 22644,925 31016-023 Phillips, Chas. S. . Spears, arrows, knives . . 35985-36088 Pickering, M. S. Gouges ... 16312-13 Piper, Richard Photos 21801 Pomeroy, Clay pipe fragments .... 3365-66, 3446 Prentice, G. A. . Discoidal, arrows, spears . . 2589-600 Price, Miss Anna V. Arrowheads .... 1790-93 Prokes, Joseph N. . . Tufa. 2587-88 Radley, W. W. Pottery and flints 4459-62, 4477-87 Reed, Alva S. . Cloth, brass, bones, etc., from Iroquois sites. 2527-37, 2539-43, 25876-900 35798-850 Reeder, J. T. Sheet copper. . . 4796-97 Reigo, A Knife and spear-head. . . . 21761-62 175 Name Objects Museum No. Roberson, Wilson . Flint implements. . 16381-427 Robinson Bros. Pitted stone, pottery frag- ments . ... 20802-817 Rogers, E. H. . Flint implements. 16317-321 Ropes, E. E. . . Pottery fragments . 38229-254 Ruggles, Chas. Stone implements, pottery 3534-50, 3577-99 Schiyter, C. S. Iron axe. . 21751 Scott, Wm. . Celt, spears and arrows. . 21179, 196-99, 553, 21557-561, 567, 568, 21572 Seacrist, E. F. Scraper . . 26772 Shelby, Mrs. Jane. . Discs, knives, spears. etc. 30999-31010 Shoemaker, L. D. . Sinkers, pottery, arrows, etc. 4452-62, 7529-39, 26759-760 Short, Frank . Gouge and celts . . 21594-596 Shrawder, W. H. Pipe, gorget, flints 22402-407 Simpson, Prof. A. M. Mandan pottery 25601-603 Slade, W. S. Notched stones and flint im- plements. . . . 4379-82 Smart, J. A. Spear-head. 35782 Smith, C Bird stone, perforated stone. spear-heads 21752, 58, 63, 64 Smith, J. R. Unfinished, broken. and quartz objects '3233-43,30018-35 34294-306 35779-80 Smith, J. T. Knives, discs, etc. 22939-977 Smith, S. L. Knife 22487 * Smith, W. N. Obsidians 25638-52, 25701-17 Smith, Z. T. Flint implements. 22201-380 Smithsonian Institution . Stone implements 21006-25, 32-44, 21052-69, 77-91, 21102-UO Snively, Benj. Celts and arrows . 2564-75, 3685-89 Stannard, Mr. . . Fossil, stone point . . 18442-43 State Historical Society, Des Moines, la. . Cast of large axe. . 41764 Stearns, Samuel. Unfinished New England implements Steinbrueck, E. R. ■ Mandan material. 2363-I-, 2377-I-, 2520-I-, 26910-961 Stewart, Arch V. . . Spears, arrows, beads , etc. . 38318-344 Stewart, Mrs. Susan A. Stone Implements, unfin- ished objects, arrow- heads. etc. . . . 3477, 3003, 4800, 15259-62, 396-97, 15399, 402, 26768-69 Stlefel, Victor H. . . Arrows . Used for ex- change 176 Name Objects Museum No. Stilwell, L. W Unfinished ceremonials. . . 9231 +, 9245-I-, 22517 +, 27264+ Stoddard, R Bone and flint implements, pottery 2714-25 Strevell, C. N Broken and unfinished flint objects 20001-135 Swarthaut, G. E Gouge 21592 Swift, R Gouge 22490 Talbot, A. E Hammerstone 2585 Tarbox, Mrs. 0. W. . . . Clay object 4383 Taylor, J. D Unfinished axes 9111-13 Taylor, J. L. B Material from the vicinity of Jacobs Cavern 21188-1-, 22398-I-, 26450-512 Taylor, W. A Hammerstones 3253-62 Thacker, W. H , Pestle, anchor stone, . ham- merstones, slate points, etc. 3048-50, 52-71, 5052-56, 58-66, 5069-75,20531-39 25571-575 Thomas, J. D Arrow-heads 21770-778 Thompson, C. A Pottery fragments 35636-660 Tooker, Paul S Unfinished objects, sinkers, spears, etc 10537, 37796- 38149 Treganowan, Alfred . Hematites,triangular points, pottery, etc 20540-550, 553-558 Tuttle, L Unfinished object 21756 Tweed, J. W Arrow-heads Used for ex- change Updegrove, Harry T. . . Unfinished stone objects . . 26773-790 Van Kirk, J. W Stone implements, flints, and pottery 35934-956 Van Rensselaer, Stephen Perforator, spear, arrow . . 25568-70 Vaughan, F. E Shell objects 26979-984 Walsh, Thomas Stone implements, and brok- en ornament 38901-904 Ware, Geo. O Arrow-heads and knives . . 22991-23020 Warner, Miss Rose . . . Pottery fragments, flint chips, shell 38261-317 Waterbury, A. H Drill 21760 Welch, Irving Celts 21753-55 Welty, John Stone objects, mussel shells, pottery fragments 16809-925 19652-53,, 35740-752-1- Wemmet, Clarence . . . Celts, knives, bone beads, pottery, etc 21185, 574-75, 21577-79, 618, 629, 21630 177 Name Objects Museum No. Westbrook, E. H Paint stone and pestle . . . 21277-178 Whelpley, Prof. H. M. . Flint implements 16721-730 Whitney, Dan Celts, hammerstoues, beads 21181, 82, 87, 91, 21590 Wilcox, Calvin Celt and grooved axe .... 22480, 484 Williams, Prof. E. H. . . Scrapers, arrow-heads, knives, etc 26382-26415 Wilson, F. A Unfinished stone objects, arrow-heads, etc 2502-512, 2514-19 Wilson, G. H Birdstone, flint implements 21599, 602-610 Wins E. T Stone implements . . 23178-195, ^' 401-427 Witmer, Dr. I. M. . . Arrow-heads . • 35912-933 Wooff, J. W. P. . • • Flint implements. . . . 20232-280 Wren, Christopher . Sinkers, jasper objects . . 2936-44 Wright, B. H Stone implement . . . 22486 Zoung, Calvin M Pottery fragments . . 4385 ♦Deceased. 178 THE PRESERVATION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SPECIMENS. It will be seen by the foregoing pages, that it was the pur- pose of the founders of this Department to encourage the study and preservation of archaeological material. As the museum building is fireproof, it offers a safe repository for collections. The circulation of Bulletin No. Ill will be somewhat exten- sive, and the Curator wishes to call attention of the alumni of Phillips Academy and of collectors of archaeological specimens, as well as those persons who know of such exhibits, to the Department. The Curator will be glad to enter into correspondence with persons who know of prehistoric village-sites, mounds, caverns, or other places of archaeologic interest. The Department par- ticularly desires specimens from various portions of the Dnited States, and will pay transportation charges upon such and give the donors due credit in the official catalogues and Bulletins. 179 APPENDIX A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF FLINT RIDGE* BY GERARD FOWKE * Reprinted from Primitive Man in Ohio. New Tork, 1892. APPENDIX. FLINT RIDGE. Aboeigiktal man was a practical lithologist. Un- acquainted with any method of ^'educing ores, he was unable to avail himself of the harder metals, and consequently was compelled to utilize some form of stone in the manufacture of implements intended for ordinary use. The glacial drift, covering three- fourths of the State, furnished an abundance of ma- terial for axes, pestles, celts, and other utensils required for rough work ; but, while quartzite, syen- ite, and diorite are well adapted for making any tool or weapon which must be both hard and tough, they are unsuitable for use when a keen cutting edge is necessary. For the latter purpose nothing else at the command of the ancient artificer was so suitable as the different varieties of chalcedony. Obsidian and the various forms of agate, so plen- tifully at the command of Indians in the extreme west, could not be obtained by the prehistoric in- habitants of the Ohio valley, who were therefore forced to adopt the flint, hornstone, chert, and chal- cedony found nearer home. These occur in quantity from central Ohio eastward, generally imbedded in limestone, but sometimes replacing that rock to a PlinT ridge. Small extent. Many of these deposits contain stone tliat is coarse, impure, of uneven texture, or other- wise unsuitable for the needs of the primitive hunter or waiTior. Direct exposure to atmospheric agencies also detracts from its availability, the manner of cleavage being so altered that the stone no longer splits into conchoidal flakes when struck, but shat- ters or breaks into irregular fragments. Thus, while a small, sharp-pointed fragment of stone, such as could be picked up almost anywhere, might be ser- viceable for an arrow-head, the requirements of a manufacturer of finer flint implements were more difficult to meet. He must have a stone very hard and compact, of homogeneous texture, free fi-om any admixture of foreign material, with a definite line of fracture that could be determined beforehand, and covered by a stratum of earth or rock which would prevent deterioration by weathering ; at the same time the overlying mass must not be of such depth or solidity as to prevent convenient access to the desired material. In the State of Ohio there are two flint deposits presenting these essential features to a marked degree. The first of these is between Newark and Zanes- ville. At no other place in the Ohio valley can be found so great a quantity of this material ; and prob- ably nowhere else in the United States are to be seen aboriginal excavations on so extensive a scale. The magnitude of the deposit is such that it has given to the locality the distinctive name of " Flint Ridge," by which it is well known to geologists and BULLETIN No. 3- collectors. Its outline is extremely tortuous, owing to the erosion that has made the whole country a suc- cession of hills and ravines. Throughout its length it forms the cap-rock of the high land, all the super- incumbent material having been either removed or converted into soil. The salient points of the surface in the region being practically in a horizontal plane, while the dip of the rock is to the southeast, it follows that the flint stratum was, at its eastern end, first covered by a considerable thickness of earth. The rounded knolls characteristic of the landscape are in some places eighty feet above the flint. This, however, is not common ; for the most part the overlying earth is only a few feet in depth, and toward the ends 'or sides of the numerous ridges the flint stands out in relief. Geologically the formation belongs to the car- boniferous or coal-measure rocks, being the last or uppermost layer of the " Putnam Hill Limestone " of the Ohio Geological Survey. A fine bed of cannel coal lies one hundred and four feet below the flint, and is mined on a consid- erable scale. Bituminous coal also is found south of the ridge, some distance below the level of the flint stratum ; the exact interval has never been measured. If the Kittaning coal of the Pennsyl- vania Geological Survey were extended thus far toward the west, it would lie about thirty-five feet above the flint. The western extremity of the flint is found in a detached hill in Franklin Township, eight miles FLINT RIDGE. southeast of Newark. It here appears as a porous stone, similar to buhr or millstone, but more open or cellular. This continues only a short distance, when it is cut off by a depression formed by ravines having their beginning on opposite sides of the ridge, of which this hill was formerly a part. These ravines have worn back until they have broken down and removed all the flint, as well as much of the subja- cent rock. Beyond this depression is a level tract extending eastward a little more than a mile, with an average width of about four hundred yards. Much of the flint about the outcrop is of the same nature as that to the west ; but there are several places where the exposed portions are quite solid and nearly white in color. The main body of the deposit has been pro- tected from weathering by a considerable thickness of earth ; in places where this has been removed the flint proves to be translucent, very dense, and with a decided tinge of blue, thus almost answering the description of chalcedony. Another depression similar to the one noted above, and due to the same cause, terminates this body of flint to the east. In this, on the north side, is a mine from which the cannel coal has been taken for many years. Reappearing east of this depression, the flint ex- tends without another interruption for nearly three miles. The outcrop along the northern side of the ridge'in this part is tolerably regular, and follows, approximately, an east and west line ; on the south- ern side, however, several spurs project to a distance BULLETIN No. 3- of more tlian lialf a mile. There are also detached hills and ridges which once were connected with the main ridge, but have been cut off by erosion. Beyond this large area of flint is an interval of three fourths of a mile in which the flint is entirely absent, except in scattered fragments or boulders sufficiently compact and homogeneous to resist the destructive atmospheric agencies that have reduced the general level from forty to sixty feet below the surface of the limestone which underlies the flint stratum. After passing this the flint is again found, but much of it is buried beneath a thickness of earth that precludes any definite knowledge of its nature. Such of it as is visible, either along the slopes or occasionally in places on the surface where removal of the soil has been more marked, is either buhr- stone or a white, compact stone whose monotony of color may be due to weathering ; for fragments about the ancient quarries show a considerable variety in texture and color, many of them being quite translucent, others containing an amount of carbonaceous matter that makes them almost black, while still others have the bluish-gray tints of chalcedony. This portion of the deposit, which at one point is almost a mile in width, extends in a general easterly direction for fully a mile beyond the Muskingum County line ; it then trends toward the north, form- ing a curve whose farthest limit is a mile to the north of any other part of the ridge. FLINT RIDGE. How much f artlier it may have extended eastward cannot now be ascertained ; but the present termina- tion is certainly much within its original boundary, for the rock which Juts out from the hillside at its very extremity is thicker than the flint at any other point, there being a vertical exposure of fully seven feet. How far downward it may reach is not known. In a number of places in the west and middle por- tions of the ridge, wells have been dug and other excavations made ; but nowhere has the stone been found more than four feet in thickness. The entire length of the deposit, measured on a section line, is eight miles, and its greatest breadth is three miles. Its actual area as it now exists is probably not more than four square miles, the re- mainder having been removed by denudation. It is not improbable that, as deposited, it comprised fully thirty square miles, with an average thickness of four or five feet. Baryte is found in small quantities in some places ; quartz crystals are abundant; while nearly all the flint, except the clear chalcedony, is highly fossilif- erous. As to the evidence of human occupation and industry, the first remains of this nature are on the western end of the level tract mentioned as extend- ing to the depression in which the coal mine is situ- ated. A space of about ten acres is here surrounded" by an ancient wall built of flint blocks that have been gathered up along the outcrop on the hillsides. The enclosure has almost disappeared, the stones B ULLE TIN No. 3. composing it having been hauled awaj' by those cultivating the field. Enough remains, however, to indicate its outlines. It commanded the valleys to the north and south, the wall being carried along the hill just at the top of the slope on either side, and connecting across the level surface of the ridge. Before being disturbed it was fully five feet in height and eight or ten feet in breadth at the base. Within the walls are two mounds not more than thirty feet apart. One, built entirely of earth, is fifteen feet in height, and seventy-five feet in diame- ter at the base; the other, a pile of loose stones heaped together, is not more than three feet in height, with a diameter of fifty feet. This structure was undoubtedly designed as a fort. From the north or south, approach is possible only by climbing a steep hill strewn thickly with angu- lar fragments of flint and sandstone ; from the east or west an attacking force would have a level space to cross, with little opportunity for shelter from the missiles of the defensive party. Nothing else of artificial character is found on this hill ; there are no quarries, workshops, or other remains, until the great deposit east of the coal mine is reached. Here occur the most interesting features of the entire region. Few persons have ever seen more than a small part of it, and yet such superficial examination as can be made in a day's visit will im- press the observer with a feeling that he is viewing the scene of operations by comparison with which the construction of Ohio's most extensive earthworks would be mere holiday sport. FLINT RIDGE. On almost every farm thousands of cubic yards of earth have been removed that the flint beneath might be reached. Acre after acre has been so thoroughly excavated that scarcely a single foot of earth or stone retains its original position. Hundreds of wagon-loads of spalls cover the ground, the refuse of ancient implement making. In. many places one may walk forty rods or more in a direct line with the certainty that nowhere within fifty feet of him would it be possible to find a spot that had not been dug for a depth of five to fifteen feet, or even more. To comprehend fully the labor necessary to accomplish all this, it must be borne in mind that the subsoil is as solid as the earth in a public highwa}^ Sharp picks, wielded by muscular arms, cannot be driven into it more than two or three inches. The stone, when reached, is so extremely hard that, unless fa- vored by a baryte or crystal deposit, a person, in digging a well, for example, may have to work an entire day with the best steel drills in order to make a hole deep enough to put in a blast. When one witnesses the slow progress made by good workmen aided by steel and powder, and remembers that the Indians had no better tools than they could fashion fi'om wood, bone, or stone, and when he finds fur- ther, that it requires several days merely to walk over the area included by the ancient quarries, he realizes the vast amount of toil involved in these excava- tions. Eleven miles from Newark the Zanesville road is intersected, by the road leading from Brownsville, on the old National Pike, to the Baltimore and Ohio BULLETIN No. 3- Eailway. This point, locally known as " The Ridge Cross-road," is one mile east of the coal mine, and three miles north of Brownsville. For fully half a mile to the east, west, and south, and half that dis- tance to the north, the debris from pits and work- shops literally covers the surface, not only on the spurs and minor ridges, but in many places on the lower ground. Most of the stone is very solid, though some of it is so porous as to be unfit for use. One of the pits near here is almost a hundred feet in diameter. A pole eighteen feet long has been thrust full length downward into the muck with which it is filled, without reaching the bottom. The flint in this entire central area shows an almost endless diversity in coloring. Much of it is milk-white. There are large beds, perhaps a him- dred acres in all, of striped Jasper, the colors being alternate light gray and dark gray in thin and regu- lar bands. This is an excellent material for arrow- and spear-heads, and has been extensively quarried. Segregated masses occur of lustreless, dull black, gray, or yellowish-brown. These contain various impui'ities, and apparently were not sought after. At various places, but mostly in the immediate vicinity of the cross-road, are immense deposits of what should have a distinct classification as " Flint Ridge Stone." It is a chalcedony, pure or nearly so, but differing somewhat in appearance from that in any other known locality. When thoroughly pro- tected from weathering it is of a light grayish-blue color, translucent in pieces of considerable thickness, FLINT RIDGE. exceedingly hard, and yet, wlien freshly dug, easily wrought by the usual methods in vogue among modern Indians. When exposed to the atmosphere for a long period it assumes an almost infinite variety of tints, equalling or even surpassing in beauty and brilliancy the finest agates or carnelians. But, no matter how it may have changed in other respects, it retains a peculiar gloss or lustre that enables one familiar with it to detect at a glance an implement from this locality, no matter where it may be found. This property has been useful in aiding to estab- lish two facts. First, that people using it cov- ered a wide territory ; weapons made from it have been found in New York, Illinois, and eastern Virginia, as well as nearer to its source. Secondly, that the aborigines resorted to this spot for a long period of time, perhaps many centuries ; chips or blocks of exactly the same composition found side by side on the surface vary greatly in appearance, some being as yet scarcely affected by the exposure, the exterior of other pieces being completely changed in color, while in still others the change of color may be uniform through the fragment. It was quarried anterior to the construction of some, at least, of the large mounds in Ohio and West Virginia, for many arrows, cores, and flakes of it have been found in them. In the large mound de- scribed in chapter xiv., a chip of it was found lying upon the original surface as if it had been carelessly thrown there pi'ior to the beginning of the first or oldest part of the mound. BULLETIN No. It was unquestionably used by the Indians occu- pying the Ohio valley at the time of its settlement by the whites, for thousands of implements made of it have been picked up on or very near the surface of the ground in spots where it is known that modern tribes had their domicile in quite recent times. Several hills situated between the ridge and the National road were once part of the plateau covered by the flint ; but erosive agencies have cut them off, and they are now entirely isolated. On all of these which retain their former elevation excavations have been made on a very large scale. None of the ma- terial here, however, has the diversified colors so noticeable in that nearer the cross-road. The only indications of permanent occupation along this portion of the ridge are three circular en- closures — two near the cross-road, now obliterated by cultivation, the third a mile and a half south. The last, which is still quite distinct, consists of an embankment with interior ditch, the outer diameter being about three hundred feet. They are probably the sites of small stockaded villages or camps. There are also two small mounds of earth, both of which have yielded human bones to investigators. On the third principal deposit of the flint, that lying along both sides of the line between Licking and Muskingum counties, the excavations are on a smaller scale than those heretofore noted. There is but one group of pits west of the county line ; these extend over an area of five or six acres. They occur at a place where the covering of earth was quite thin, and present no features worthy of special notice. FLINT RIDGE. The first excavations in Muskingum County are small. The stone is of the same general character as the chalcedony at the cross-roads, and therefore well adapted to the uses made of it ; but the quantity of earth to be removed before it could be reached was an obstacle too great to be overcome, and the at- tempted quarries had to be abandoned. It is not until the margin of the flint area in this direction is reached that evidence of extensive work is found. Almost the entire spur forming the north- ern and eastern extremity of the deposit has under- gone extensive denudation, owing to the peculiar arrangement of the drainage system about it ; conse- quently the stone is easy to reach. The pits extend very nearly to the final outcrop on the east and as far toward the north as workable material is to be obtained. But they are all shallow, and the im- mense piles of refuse show that only a small portion of the stone obtained was fit to be wrought into implements. Careful researches by various parties have shown the methods by which the primitive worker obtained the coveted material and made from it weapons or implements suitable to his wants. Probably numerous experiments and repeated failures in working the fragments found on the sur- face had taught him that if he wished to make specimens of symmetrical form and definite outline, he must procure a stone that was solid and uniform in texture. Either by accident, or by the use of his reasoning powers, he discovered that such material is to be found in the ground instead of upon it. BULLETIN No. 3- Digging away the earth with such tools as he could improvise — pointed sticks hardened by fire, antler, bone, or stone, — he came to the surface of the flint. This resisted all his efforts until he thought of the effects of heat. Placing wood upon it, he set fire to the pile. When the stone had reached a high tem- perature he threw cold water on it ; this caused it to shatter and crack in all directions. Casting aside the fragments, he repeated the operation, until he had finally burned his way to the limestone beneath. Removing all burned portions of the flint, he next procured a quantity of fine clay and spread a thick coating on the top and sides of the stone, to prevent injury to it. Then building a fire at the bottom of the hole, he soon burned away the limestone and the lower part of the flint stratum, leaving the top pro- jecting. This he broke loose with large boulders of quartz or granite ; hammers of this sort, weighing from twenty to one hundred and fifty pounds, have been found in the bottoms of pits that have been cleared out. Knocking loose the clay, which had burned almost as hard as the stone, he found himself in possession of a block of clear, pure flint. By means of the same hammers he broke this into pieces of a convenient size for handling. These were carried to a spot near by, which may be termed a " blocking out " shop. Here they were further broken by smaller hammers, and brought somewhat into the shape of the implements which were to be made from them. The work was never, or very seldom, carried beyond this stage at the spot where it was begun; the subsequent manipulation was at some FLINT RIDGE. other place, best designated as a " finishing shop." These are characterized by quantities of small chips, flakes and spalls, broken implements, and unfinished pieces, which were unavailable by reason of some flaw or defect not discernible until the final work was begun. The finishing touches were always made by means of pressure with a bone, antler, or some other tough substance. Many finishing shops are located near the quarries, others at a distance, some of them several miles away. The principal one was near the cross-road ; here a pile of fine chips, covering one fourth of an acre, and fully six feet in depth at the central portion, existed when the country was first settled by the whites, but from various causes it has been reduced until it now is all of one level. This, while the largest, is only one of several hundred such places. Second in importance only to Flint Ridge are the aboriginal quarries of Coshocton County. They are located on the south side of the Wal- honding River, four miles above Warsaw. The flint forms the cap-rock of a high hill intersected by numerous ravines, and is covered by a layer of earth whose thickness varies greatly owing to the contour of the surface. The area worked over, the piles of earth thrown aside by the diggers, and the fragments and blocks of stone scattered about in profusion, show that this was long a place of resort by the Indians. In one place is a pit more than one hundred feet in diameter, whose depth has never been ascertained, owing to the accumulated earth and decayed organic BULLETIN No. 3- matter that forms a bog within it ; but the quantity of debris scattered on every side shows that a great amount of labor was expended in opening it. In many other places in the vicinity smaller holes bear witness to the same industry. As a rule, these follow a line parallel with the outcrop of the flint. One of them has been cleared out, and the process of exca- vation found to be the same as that followed at Flint Ridge. On most of the hill-tops, the superincum- bent earth, having in some places a thickness of twenty-five feet, or even more, proved an efficient barrier against such tools as the ancient workers could procure. The most interesting feature of this quarry is in a ridge or promontory bounded on three sides by the river and a deep ravine, the sides being very steep — almost precipitous in places. A careful exploration of its summit has never been made, but sufficient evidence is at hand to justify the statement that the Indians began work at the outcrop on one side, next to the river, and followed the flint stratum entirely across to the outcrop above the ravine, throwing the earth and refuse material behind them as they pro- ceeded. Probably five acres have been I'emoved in this manner, while the sum of the areas dug in the different pits would be still greater. The flint forming this deposit is of various shades, from a pale amber or "honey color" to a jet black, much of it being banded like agate, or varie- gated with colors imperceptibly blending. The lighter varieties are translucent or almost transpar- ent, in pieces of considerable size; the darker are FLINT RIDGE. usually opaque except in very thin chips. In much of it the grain is as close as in the finest agate or chalcedony, consequently it is susceptible of very delicate manipulation. Some of the specimens from this locality are as thin, symmetrical, and highly finished as can be found among the best of those belonging to the neolithic age of Europe, and many may be found which, after decades or even centuries of exposure to an inclement climate, have an edge or point almost as keen as a piece of freshly broken glass. To a people living in the condition of the early inhabitants of the Ohio valley, stone possessing such qualities was invaluable. Arrows, speai's, and knives were essential to their existence, and in the absence of steel or iron no better material is ob- tainable for the manufacture of such implements than the finer grades of chalcedony, of which the Coshocton flint is a variety, or the "Flint Ridge Stone," which is fully equal to it. That the abo- rigines fully understood their worth for such uses is proven by the evidences still remaining of the great amount of labor which they performed in obtaining them. There are various other flint deposits in the State that have been worked to some extent, notably those in Perry County. In fact there is scarcely a county along the line of this geological formation, from the western border of Pennsylvania to central Kentucky, where these flint quarries do not occur. None of them, however, present any feature, except it be in tlie character of the stone, that is different from BULLETIN No. 3- what may be observed in the two localities herein described. A short explanation of the origin of flint deposits may not be out of place. Certain microscopic organic bodies belonging to both animal and plant creation extract from the sea- water in which they exist small quantities of silica, which enters into their composition as lime enters into the shells of moUusks or the skeletons of ani- mals belonging to a higher class. Most sponges also abstract from the water silica, which may be found in them in minute particles. On the death and de- cay of these organisms the silica is released and set- tles to the bottom. Being in the finest possible state of subdivision it forms a very compact mass which, when free from impurities, hardens into fine- grained chalcedony or flint. Should there be con- tained in it foreign substances of any sort the stone is con-espondingly altered, and there may result all the different varieties of flint, chert, buhr, and simi- lar stone, which is so abundant as compared with the purer kind. It is essential in this method of formation that the water in which it has its origin should be free from currents, and containing a smaller proportion of salt than in the open ocean, otherwise the necessary forms of life will not thrive. These conditions can only be met with in a small gulf almost enclosed by land, or in a depression protected by shoals, and in either case receiving a constant supply of fresh water with silica in solution. In this way is formed most of the chalcedonic stone occurring in large de- FLINT RIDGE. posits. Flint Ridge was thus made ; we find the baser stone or chert around the edges of this deposit nearer to the old shore line, while the finer grain of the central deposits shows a body of water un- troubled by currents and free from sediment. More- over, the deposit is irregular in its bedding, being considerably lower in some places than in others, showing that it was laid down on an uneven bottom. The single blocks or boulders, lying in some places many feet above the main body of fiint, are of later origin. A second manner in which rock of this character may be made is by a process of substitution or petri- faction. A body soluble or subject to decay, being covered with water charged with mineral of any sort, will, under certain conditions, be changed from its natural form into one exactly similar in shape and size agreeing in composition with the mineral solution in which it is immersed. As each particle of the original substance is removed it is replaced by a particle of the dissolved mineral ; and after a time the entire body is thus changed. In this way are formed petrified forests, silicified wood, and the many fossil remains that have been converted into flinty rock. Still a third method in which such stone is formed is by deposition. Water settling into a cavity and evaporating must deposit all the solid matter con- tained in it. If this be repeated a sufficient number of times the cavity will be filled ; and should the deposits thus made be of matter held in solution and not merely carried mechanically, they may harden BULLETIN No. 3- into a stone much more compact than that by which they are surrounded. Such is the origin of most agates, opals, and stones of that character. Should the evaporation be exceedingly slow crystals will be produced, their size and perfection depending upon the length of time allowed for their completion. i