(UNIVERSITY) 
 
Cornell University Library 
 arV 17229 
 
 A syllabus of the epochs of history with 
 
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A SYLLABUS 
 
 THE EPOCHS OF HISTORY 
 
 Special Reference to Forms oe Government and 
 Changes in Social Conditions. 
 
 By 
 WILLIAM R. SHEPHERD, Ph.D, 
 
 CToXumMa; WCnirnvsitv; 
 in 1ft* ®ttg[ at Ha*r %ax'k 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY 
 
Cornell University 
 Library 
 
 The original of this book is in 
 the Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924031291267 
 
A SYLLABUS 
 
 THE EPOCHS OF HISTORY 
 
 Special Reference to Forms of Government and 
 Changes in Social Conditions. 
 
 By 
 
 WILLIAM R. SHEPHERD, Ph.D. 
 
 in ifte ©tla of Ipw IJotrk 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY 
 
Copyright, 1901, 
 
 BY 
 
 William E, Shepheed. 
 
 PRESS OF 
 THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY, 
 
 LANCASTER, PA, 
 
Notice. 
 
 Requirements. — The student must be provided with a copy 
 of this Syllabus, and with copies of the text-books and atlas as 
 prescribed. Informal lectures explanatory of the Syllabus, and 
 recitations based upon the material in the text-books and atlas — 
 the Syllabus being invariably used as the guide for study — will 
 constitute the class-room work. On the lectures the student will 
 take notes and submit them for inspection whenever called for. 
 These notes, also, together with such portions of the text-books 
 and atlas as have been covered in the meantime, will serve as 
 bases for a written test to be held bi-weekly. In addition, the 
 student is to prepare a series of brief notes on such topics in the 
 Syllabus, and from such readings, as may be assigned. The notes 
 should be made as near as possible at the time when the topics 
 under consideration are being discussed in class. These notes, 
 furthermore, are to be kept separate from those taken on the lec- 
 tures; but they are similarly to be handed in whenever called for. 
 The books for the purpose will be found in the History Reading 
 Room. It may be remarked, incidentally, that many topics 
 given in the Syllabus are not set forth in the text-books. These 
 will receive treatment in the lectures and readings. 
 
 Record. — The standing of each student will be computed on 
 the following bases, and at the following percentages of relative 
 importance: the oral recitations and the bi-weekly written test 
 (together, 50 per cent.) ; the notes on the required reading and 
 on the lectures (together, 20 per cent.) ; and the term examina- 
 tion (30 per cent.). Twice during the course of the term the 
 students will be informed of their respective standings. In all 
 undergraduate courses in history the record of each term is final. 
 
 Arrangement of the Syllabus. — The system of indenta- 
 tions is designed to show the connection and dependence 
 of the successive topics, and also to illustrate the essential 
 continuity of history. It will be observed that, while the 
 order in point of time is maintained in the broadest outline, 
 the attention of the student is constantly directed to the operation 
 of cause and effect — to the epochal character of historical events — 
 rather than to their mere chronological succession. The subject 
 matter that immediately follows a colon is a more concrete state- 
 ment, a pertinent example, or an accomplished result, of what 
 directly precedes it. 
 
 3 
 
Materials. 
 
 Text-books. 
 
 Duruy, History of the Middle Ages. (M. A.) 
 Duruy, History of modern times. (M. T.) 
 Fisher, Outlines of universal history. (F.) 
 Rose, A century of continental history. 
 
 Atlas. 
 
 Labberton, Historical atlas. (L.) 
 
 "Works and atlases for general reference. 
 
 George, Genealogical tables. 
 Hassall, A hand-book of European history. 
 Larned, History for ready reference. 
 Ploetz, Epitome of universal history. 
 The statesman's year-book. 
 
 Droysen, Historischer Handatlas. 
 Freeman, Historical geography of Europe. 
 . Poouj, Historical atlas of modern Europe. 
 Putzger, Historischer Schul-atlas. 
 Stdsler, Hand-atlas. 
 
 "Works for special reference. 
 
 Adams, Mediaeval civilization (primer). 
 Airy, The English Restoration and Louis XIV. 
 Andrews, Brief institutes of general history. 
 Archer and Kingsford, The Crusades. 
 Balzani, The popes and the Hohenstaufen. 
 Beesly, The Gracchi, Marius and Sulla. 
 Brodrick, The University of Oxford. 
 Bryce, The American commonwealth. 
 Burgess, The Middle Period. 
 Burgess, The Civil War and the Constitution. 
 Burke, History of Spain. 
 Bury, History of Greece. 
 Capes, The early Empire. 
 Capes, Age of the Antonines. 
 Cabr, The Church and the Roman Empire. 
 Church, The beginnings of the Middle Ages. 
 Cox, The Greeks and the Persians. 
 Cox, The Athenian empire. 
 Creighton, The age of Elizabeth. 
 
 Cunningham, Essays on western civilization in its economic 
 aspects. 
 
 4 
 
Cueteis, Rise of the Macedonian empire. 
 
 Dubuy, History of France. 
 
 Fisher, The colonial era. 
 
 Fisher, History of the Christian Church. 
 
 Gairdner, The Houses of Lancaster and York. 
 
 Gardiner, The first two Stuarts, and the Puritan revolution. 
 
 Gardiner, The Thirty Years' War. 
 
 George, The relations of geography and history. 
 
 Green, Short history of the English people. 
 
 Hale, Fall of the Stuarts, and western Europe. 
 
 Hume, Spain: its greatness and decay. 
 
 Hunt, History of Italy. 
 
 Ihne, Early Rome. 
 
 Johnson, The Normans in Europe. 
 
 Johnston, American politics. 
 
 Keary, The dawn of history. 
 
 Keltie, The partition of Africa. 
 
 Lane, Arabian society in the Middle Ages. 
 
 Lavisse, Political history of Europe. 
 
 Lewis, History of Germany. 
 
 Longman, Frederick the Great. 
 
 Mackenzie, The nineteenth century. 
 
 Mahaffy, Greek life and thought. 
 
 Mathews, The French Revolution. 
 
 McCarthy, The epoch of reform. 
 
 Merivale, The Roman triumvirates. 
 
 Moberly, The early Tudors. 
 
 Morris, The age of Anne. 
 
 Morris, The early Hanoverians. 
 
 Pelham, History of Rome. 
 
 Poole, Wycliffe and movements for reform. 
 
 Rambaud, History of Russia. 
 
 Reinsch, World politics. 
 
 Renan, The influence of Rome on Christianity. 
 
 Sankey, The Spartan and Theban supremacies. 
 
 Sayce, The ancient empires of the East. 
 
 Seebohm, Era of the Protestant revolution. 
 
 Seignobos, Political history of Europe since 1814. 
 
 Sheppard, The fall of Rome. 
 
 Sloane, The French war and the Revolution. 
 
 Smith, Rome and Carthage. 
 
 Stephens, Hildebrand and his times. 
 
 Stephens, Revolutionary Europe. 
 
 Stubbs, The early Plantagenets. 
 
 Symonds, A short history of the Renaissance. 
 
 Tighe, Development of the Roman constitution (primer). 
 
 Walker, The making of the nation. 
 
 Warburton, Edward III. 
 
 Ward, The Counter-Reformation. 
 
 Wilson, The state. 
 
Introduction. 
 
 1. The study of history. 
 
 A. The subject and content. 
 
 a. Derivation and definitions. 
 
 6. The scope: civilization, and the elements of human 
 
 progress — the emphasis on politics, 
 o. The philosophical and educational value. 
 
 B. The sources and methods. 
 
 o. Remains, records, and monuments : their explanative 
 sciences — the auxiliaries : geography and chronology 
 — the use of dates. 
 
 6. The treatment of themes: analysis and criticism — 
 interpretation and exposition. 
 
 C. The customary divisions. 
 
 a. The essential continuity of historical development, 
 and the convenience of classification. 
 
 6. The process of origination and growth: epochs and 
 periods. 
 
 c. The logical and chronological arrangement: dis- 
 
 tinction between the origin and the significance of 
 events in point of time. 
 
 d. The character of transitions: the lapse and per- 
 
 manence of institutions. 
 
 Text: F., 1-9, 15-16. Reference: Andrews, 1-23; George, 
 chs. 1-8. 
 
 2. The classification of mankind. 
 
 A. Ethnographical. 
 
 a. The origin of man: Biblical and scientific versions — 
 
 the question of unity of descent. 
 6. The physical tests: color, physiognomy, and cranial 
 
 structure — races and types — the agency of race, 
 c. The linguistic tests: the great families of languages 
 — the correspondence of language and race. 
 7 
 
B. Historical. 
 
 a. The relative influence of successive races on human 
 advancement: the recurrent antagonism of East 
 and West — supremacy of the European Aryan. 
 
 6. Extant peoples as historical survivals and anachron- 
 isms. 
 
 c. The concentration of interest upon certain individuals 
 and communities as makers of history: operation 
 of the personal element. 
 
 Text: F., 3-4, 9-11, 73-4. Reference: Andrews, 25-7. 
 
 3. Primitive man, and the evolution of the state. 
 
 A. The prehistoric ages, and the successive stages of civiliza- 
 
 tion as determined by food, implements, and occupation. 
 
 B. The rise of society and government. 
 
 a. Theories regarding the origin of the state. 
 6. The family, and the process of transition to the 
 political community. 
 
 The influence of kinship, and the instinct of asso- 
 ciation: the agency of religion. 
 Rule of the patriarch, and dominance of custom. 
 The growth of political practices and institutions : 
 diversity and progress — the migration and con- 
 tact of peoples — the military influence, and the 
 appearance of elective headship — the conception 
 of law, magistracy, and citizenship — the act of 
 legislation, 
 o. Historical exemplifications. 
 
 Patriarchal nature of the Oriental communities. 
 The city-state of the Greeks and Romans. 
 Germanic modifications, and the establishment 
 of the country-state. 
 
 G. The constitution of a state: its forms of government and 
 
 social organization. 
 
 u. The primary governments, and their numerical tests. 
 
 6. The monarchic, aristocratic, and democratic elements 
 in the composition and operation of governments: 
 the utility of charters and written constitutions — 
 the distribution of powers among the executive, the 
 legislative, and the judicial branches — the systems 
 of representation — the appointive and elective ten- 
 ures of office. 
 
 8 
 
c. The social teats of birth, wealth, official position, edu- 
 cation, and occupation: status of the priest and 
 the noble, the mercantile and professional classes, the 
 artisan and the peasant, in history — the gradual 
 transformation of distinctions, and the democratiza- 
 tion of society. 
 Text: F., 12-14. Reference: Keary, chs. 1-9; Wilson, 
 1-24, 561-5, 572-3, 575-8, 587-610, 612-15, 620-39. 
 
 4. General survey of historical development. 
 
 Divisions Characteristic Characteristic Characteristic social 
 
 of history, political organism. governments conditions. 
 
 {!»_„(,. mu„„„„. . Subordination of the 
 
 Empire. theocratic and individual to despotic 
 
 Citv atatf T?im^?.oS 9potlam - caprice, or to the ne- 
 
 City-state. Democracy. cessities of a city-state. 
 
 {„ . Regulation of indi- 
 
 Umversal church.Chriatian theocracy. vidual activity accord- 
 Universal empire.Feudal monarchy. tag to the practices of 
 feudalism. 
 
 {Struggle of individ- 
 Nascent nation. Absolute monarchy. ual interests an I 
 dynastic policies. 
 
 Contemnor f ™ .„ * Constitutional Liberty of the indi- 
 
 «neSf» 1 Unified nation. monarchy. vidual, and sover- 
 
 aneous. ^ Republic. eignty of the people. 
 
 Reference: Wilson, 555-7, 573-5, 578-86, 615-20; Gunning- 
 ham, Essays (mediaeval and modern times), 268-74. 
 
 Ancient History. 
 
 General Characteristics. — The geographical location: the 
 basin of the Mediterranean — the physical conformation of Asia 
 and Europe: its historical significance. The succession and 
 final absorption of separate empires and peoples. Contrast 
 of the despotism and social fixity of the Orient with the free 
 spirit, and the faculty for growth and improvement, among the 
 Greeks and Romans. Political conditions : the lack of systematic 
 administration — the despotic potentates and their warlike raids 
 — the change to city-states, and the process of experimentation in 
 forms and principles of government — the genius for law and 
 organization — expansion of the city-state into a world empire 
 —the establishment of universality and absolutism. Social 
 and economic conditions: the lack of assimilation, and the 
 disregard for humanity — the prevalence of caste and slavery — 
 the dominance of religious ideas and practices — the extremes of 
 enlightenment and barbarism — the knowledge and application of 
 arts and sciences — the rise of commercial, industrial, and 
 colonial activity — appreciation of man, and exaltation of the in- 
 
 9 
 
tellect — the appearance of individualism — replacement of the ideal 
 and theoretical by the moral and practical — the moulding and 
 transmission of ancient culture. 
 
 Text: F., 15, 17-19, 69-93, 80, 124-6. Reference: Andrews, 
 27-35, 44-60, 63-75; Lavisse, 1-7; Cunningham, Essays (ancient 
 times), 1-9, 75-7; George, chs. 9, 20, 
 
 I. THE ORIENTAL EMPIRES AND PEOPLES. 
 
 1. Egypt. 
 
 A. The succession of dynasties. 
 
 a. The Memphian rulers, and the invasion of the Hyksos 
 
 (B. C. 5000-1700). 
 o. The expansion under the Theban (eighteenth and 
 nineteenth) dynasties (B. C. 1700-1100). 
 
 Thothmes III and the height of power: the con- 
 quests in western Asia. 
 Barneses II and the beginning of decadence, 
 o. The advent of foreign control (B. C. 1100-525). 
 Invasions of the Ethiopians and Assyrians. 
 Erection of the Salte (twenty-sixth) dynasty, and 
 subjection to the Persians. 
 
 B. The political and social institutions. 
 
 a. The divine kingship and its sacerdotal regulation. 
 6. The' privileged orders: the priesthood and the 
 soldiery. 
 
 Text: F., 33-42. Atlas: L., 1-4, 6-7. Reference: Sayce, 
 1-89; Andrews, 35-40; Cunningham, Essays (ancient times), 
 10-39. 
 
 2. Assyria and Babylonia. 
 
 A. The succession of dynasties in Babylonia, and the forma- 
 
 tion of the first Assyrian empire (B. C. 1270-745) : the 
 exploits of Tiglath-Pileser I. 
 
 B. The second Assyrian empire (B. C. 745-608). 
 
 a. The work of Tiglath-Pileser II. 
 
 The conquest of civilized communities, and the be- 
 ginnings of regularity in government: the in- 
 troduction of satrapies. 
 The practice of deportation, and the encourage- 
 ment of commerce. 
 10 
 
6. The military eminence of Esarhaddon, and the process 
 of decline under Asshurbanipal. 
 
 0. The Babylonian empire (B. C. 608-538). 
 
 o. Revolt of the viceroys of Babylon: their junction 
 
 with the Medes and overthrow of Assyria. 
 6. The rule of Nebuchadnezzar, and the establishment of 
 
 Persian supremacy. 
 
 Text: F., 43-50. Atlas: L., 5-7. Refebence: Sayce, 
 90-178; Andrews, 41-2. 
 
 3. The Hebrews. 
 
 A. The patriarchal age, ana the theocracy (B. C. 2000-1060). 
 
 a. The sojourn and bondage in Egypt. 
 
 5. The Exodus (B. C. 1320), and the settlement in Pales- 
 
 tine : era of the Judges, 
 c. Religious and civil institutions: the Ten Command- 
 ments and the Levitical code — control of the priest- 
 hood. 
 
 B. The kingdoms (B. C. 1060-586). 
 
 o. The rise of monarchy: the rule of David and 
 Solomon. 
 
 ?>. The severance of Israel and Judah: their subjugation 
 by Assyria and Babylonia. 
 
 C. The dispersion. 
 
 a. Religious cohesion and the survival as a people: the 
 "problem of the Jew.'' 
 
 6. Influence of the Hebrew Bible and religion: the adop- 
 
 tion of monotheism. 
 
 Text: F., 55-64, .170. Atlas: L., 5. Reference: Andrews, 
 55-6; Cunningham, Essays (ancient times), 40-53. 
 
 4. The Phoenicians. 
 
 A. The confederacy of maritime cities. * 
 
 a. The commercial and industrial importance of Sidon 
 and Tyre (B. C. 1300-697) : the planting of colonies, 
 and the extension of Oriental culture. 
 
 6. The foundation of Carthage (B. C. 850) : its system 
 of government, and domination of the Mediter- 
 ranean. 
 
 B. Submission to Persia (B. C. 538), and advent of the 
 
 Creeks as carriers of the sea. 
 
 11 
 
Text: F., 51-5. Atlas: L., 3. Reference: Sayce, 179-209; 
 Andrews, 53; Cunningham, Essays (ancient times), 54-70, 77-80, 
 145-8. 
 
 5. The Persian empire. 
 
 A. The process of construction under Cyrus (B. 0. 558-529). 
 
 o. The union of Medes and Persians, and the conquest of 
 
 the Orient. 
 o. Subjection of the Greek colonies in Asia Minor. 
 
 B. The rule of Darius I. (B. C. 521-485). 
 
 a. The suppression of revolt, and the completion of con- 
 quest. 
 &. The organization of government. 
 
 The "Great King," and the court functionaries. 
 The central administration, and the system of 
 satrapies: the safeguards against rebellion. 
 
 Text: F., 64-9. Atlas: £., 11. Reference: Sayce, 234-75; 
 Bury, 219-41 ; Cox, The Greeks and the Persians, ch. 3 ; Andrews, 
 45. 
 
 6. The transition from the Orient to Europe: the frustration of Persian 
 
 supremacy over the Greeks. 
 
 A. The Ionian revolt, and the expedition of Darius: the 
 
 battle of Marathon (B. C; 490). 
 
 B. The invasion of Xerxes, and the battle of Salamis (B. C. 
 
 480). 
 
 Text: F., 93-6. Atlas: £.,8,9. Reference: Bury, 241-57, 
 265-96; Cox, The Greeks and the Persians, chs. 5-8. 
 
 II. GREECE. 
 1. Rise of the city-states. 
 
 A. The Homeric age, and the Dorian migration (B. C. 1100). 
 
 a. The kingship, the council, and the assembly. 
 
 6. Lapse of the patriarchal monarchies, and spread of 
 
 colonization, 
 c. The tendencies to isolation, and the evidences of racial 
 
 community, among the Greeks. 
 
 Text: F., 75-85, 91-2. Atlas: L., 5, 8. Reference: Bury, 
 1-119, 157-61; Cox, The Greeks and the Persians, chs. 1, 2; 
 Wilson, 26-45; Cunningham, Essays (ancient times), 71-91. 
 
 B. The typical oligarchy: Sparta. 
 
 12 
 
a. The government and social classes : the kings and the 
 ephors — tne "gerousia" and the "apella" — the Spar- 
 tans, the "periceci," and the helots. 
 
 6. The social, economic, and military features of the con- 
 stitution ascribed to Iycurgus (B. C. 820) : the 
 assurance of success in war. 
 
 Text: F., 86-7. Atlas: L., 8-10. Reference: Bury, 120- 
 57; Cox, The Greeks and the Persians, ch. 2; Wilson, 54-64, 621-2. 
 
 C. The typical democracy: Athens. 
 
 a. The fall of oligarchy. 
 
 Political and social conditions: the archons and 
 the Areopagus — the Eupatrids and the com- 
 mon freemen — the resident foreigners and the 
 slaves. The Draconian code. 
 
 The restriction of timocracy under the constitu- 
 tion of Solon (B. C. 594) : economic improve- 
 ment — the "boule" of four hundred, and the 
 "ecclesia" — the "helia^a." 
 
 o. The establishment of democracy. 
 Tyranny of the Peisistratids. 
 
 The constitution ascribed to Cleisthenes (B. C. 
 509: new classification of the people, and en- 
 largement of the franchise — the "boule" of five 
 hundred — the "prytanes" — the increased powers 
 of the "ecclesia" — the introduction of ostracism. 
 
 The completion of democracy under Pericles: de- 
 basement of the Areopagus — the general eligi- 
 bility to public office, and the payment for ser- 
 vices — the popular doles. 
 
 The immediate and eventual operation of pure 
 democracy. 
 
 Text: F., 85-6, 87-90, 97-8. Atlas: £., 10. Reference: 
 Bury, 163-218, 260-3, 346-52; Cox, The Greeks and the Persians, 
 ch. 4; Cox, The Athenian empire, ch. 2; Wilson, 64-88; Cun- 
 ningham, Essays (ancient times), 92-119. 
 
 D. The ascendency of Athens: the age of Pericles (B. 0. 444- 
 
 429). 
 
 a. Political: the "thirty years' peace," arid the attain- 
 ment of maritime supremacy — the confederation of 
 Delos (B. 0. 475). 
 
 13 
 
6. Artistic and intellectual. 
 
 The brilliance of Greek culture, and the adorn- 
 ment of the city. 
 
 The political teachings of the Sophists: their in- 
 fluence upon Athenian character. 
 
 Text: F., 96-102, 106. Atlas: L., 10. Reference: Bury, 
 263-4, 322-45, 352-89; Andrews, 64-9; Ooa>, The Athenian Empire, 
 ch. 1; Wilson, 45-7; Cunningham, Essays (ancient times), 
 119-23. 
 
 2. Decline of the city-states. 
 
 A. The rivalry of Athens and Sparta: the Peloponnesian 
 
 war (B. C. 431-404). 
 
 a. The Sicilian expedition (B. C. 415). 
 
 6. Collapse of the Delian league, and fall of Athens. 
 
 B. The hegemony of Sparta and its overthrow (B. C. 404- 
 
 362). 
 
 a. The imposition of oligarchy, and the expeditions 
 
 against Persia: retreat of the "Ten Thousand." 
 5. The reaction of Thebes, and the mediation of Persia: 
 
 the peace of Antalcidas (B. C. 387). 
 o. The headship of 'Thebes: the genius of Epamin- 
 
 ondas, and the battle of Mantinea. 
 d. The prevalence of exhaustion and disunity. 
 
 Text: F., 102-7, 109-11. Atlas: L., 9-11. Reference: 
 Bury, 390-628; Cow, The Athenian empire, chs., 2-7; Sankey; 
 Wilson, 47-8. 
 
 3. Erection of the Macedonian empire. 
 
 A. The subjection of Greece under Philip of Macedon. 
 
 a. The process of intervention. 
 
 The use of corruption, and the pretext of the 
 "sacred war." 
 
 The futility of opposition: the philippics of 
 Demosthenes. 
 
 B. The end of Greek independence: the battle of 
 Chseronea (B. C. 338). 
 
 B. The subjugation of the Orient: the work of Alexander 
 
 (B. C. 336-323). 
 
 a. The conquest of Persia and its dominions: the fore- 
 shadowing of world-empire. 
 
 14 
 
6. The diffusion of Greek culture over the Orient. 
 
 Text: F., 111-16. Atlas: L., 8, 11. Reference: Bury, 
 681-836; Curteis; Mahaffy; Wilson, 48-50; Andrews, 71-2; Cun- 
 ningham, Essays (ancient times)', 124-30. 
 
 4. The transition to Some : disruption of the Macedonian empire. 
 
 A. The Hellenistic kingdoms. 
 
 a. Egypt under the Ptolemies: prominence of Alexan- 
 dria, 
 o. Syria under the Seleucids. 
 c. Macedonia: the subservience of Greece. 
 
 B. The Hellenic leagues, and the establishment of Roman 
 
 power: the destruction of Corinth (B. C. 146). 
 
 Text: F., 116-21, 148-9, 150-1. Atlas: L., 12. Reference: 
 Mahaffy; Wilson, 50-3; Cunningham, Essays (ancient times), 
 130-9. 
 
 III. ROME. 
 
 1. The traditional kingdom (B. C. 753-509). 
 
 A. Government and social conditions. 
 
 a. The patriarchal kingship, the senate, and the 
 
 "comitia curiata." 
 
 b. The patricians and plebeians: the practice of client- 
 
 age — the resident foreigners and the slaves. 
 
 B. The Servian reforms: organization of the "comitia cen- 
 
 turiata," and formation of the tribes. 
 
 Text: F., 124-31. Atlas: L., 13. Reference: Pelham, 
 3-41; Ihne, chs. 1-9; Tighe, 7-63; Wilson, 91-5. 
 
 2. The city-state, and the fusion of patricians and plebeians into the 
 
 Soman people (B. C. 509-286). 
 
 A. The civil and political equalization. 
 
 a. Institution of the consulate and the dictatorship, 
 o. The economic issue: the agrarian system, and the 
 treatment of debtors — acquisition of the tribun- 
 ate — the right of intercession. 
 
 c. Rise of the plebeian assembly: the "comitia tributa" 
 
 — the Valerio-Horatian laws, and the legality of 
 "plebiscita." 
 
 d. The publishing of the law: the decemvirate and the 
 
 twelve tables. 
 
 15 
 
e. The creation of military tribunes with consular 
 
 powers, and the establishment of the censorship. 
 
 f. The plebeian attainment of the consulship: the 
 
 Licinian rogations — their economic features. 
 
 g. The removal of judicial power from the consuls: 
 
 creation of the prsetorship — the eligibility of ple- 
 beians. 
 h. Legislative equality of the "comitia tributa" with the 
 "comitia centuriata": the Hortensian law. 
 
 B. The social and religious equalization. 
 
 a. The validity of intermarriage: the Canuleian law. 
 6. The merging of the orders in the sacred colleges: the 
 Ogulnian law. 
 
 Text: F., 131-7. Refekence: Pelham, 45-67; Ihne, chs. 
 10-14, 18-19; Tighe, 63-7, 85-113; Wilson, 95-111, 142-7. 
 
 3. The imperial republic, and the destruction of the city-state (B. C. 
 343-31). 
 
 A. The process of expansion: conquest of the ancient world. 
 
 o. The reduction of Italy: the Samnite wars, and the 
 
 defeat of Pyrrhus. 
 o. The attainment of mastery in the basin of the Medi- 
 terranean. 
 
 The Punic wars: acquisition of Sicily, and be- 
 ginnings of the provincial system — the conflict 
 with Hannibal, and the overthrow of Carthage. 
 The subjection of Greece and the Orient: the 
 
 Macedonian and Mithradatic wars. 
 The subjugation of Spain and Gaul: the cam- 
 paigns of Cjesar. 
 
 Text: F., 138-41, 143-52, 154-60, 163, 167. Atlas: h., 
 12-19. Reference: Pelham, 68-157, 259-329; Smith; Tighe, 
 68-78; Cunningham, Essays (ancient times), 140-5. 
 
 B. Internal revolution, and the triumph of personal power 
 
 (B. C. 133-31). 
 
 a. The factors of success in conquest. 
 
 Compactness and moral integrity of the people. 
 
 The citizen-soldiery, and the ascendency of the 
 senate. 
 
 Military skill, and the system of roads. 
 The powers of statecraft and assimilation. 
 16 
 
6. The symptoms of reaction and decline: relations of 
 the subject communities and the city of Rome. 
 
 The privileges of citizenship, and the methods of 
 their apportionment: the colonies and munici- 
 palities. 
 
 The provincial administration: the governors 
 and their exercise of authority — the publicans 
 and speculators — the inefficiency of central con- 
 trol. 
 
 Social and economic conditions at Home: the 
 utility of provincial wealth, and the evidences 
 of demoralization — increase of slavery, and de- 
 cline of the middle class — the "latifundia,'' and 
 the servile insurrections — appearance of a pro- 
 fessional army, and growth of the proletariat 
 — rise of an official aristocracy: the senatorial 
 and equestrian orders — adoption of Greek 
 and Oriental practices: the spread of skepti- 
 cism and superstition. 
 
 Prevalence of political faction: the "optimates" 
 and the "populares" — rise of the demagogue — 
 antagonism of the senate and the "comitia." 
 o. The failure of peaceful reform: the work of the 
 Gracchi. 
 
 The proposed revival of the middle class: the 
 agrarian law. 
 
 The merging of constitutional and economic agi- 
 tation: the Sempronian laws — the projected 
 extension of citizenship — the largesses. 
 
 The impulse to class hostility, and the dominance 
 of the personal element. 
 
 Text: F., 141-2, 151-5. Atlas: L., 17, 19. Reference: 
 Pelham, 158-98, 201-14; Tighe, 78-84, 114-31; Beesly, chs. 
 1-3; Sheppard, 61-7; Wilson, 111-23; Cunningham, Essays 
 (ancient times), 148-69. 
 
 d. The change to monarchy: era of the civil wars. 
 
 Theoretical maintenance of the Roman constitu- 
 tion, and rise of the country-state: the army 
 as the decisive factor in politics — subordination 
 of the Roman municipality to personal and im- 
 perial interests. 
 Struggle of the proconsular rivals: Marius and 
 the "populares" against Sulla and the "opti- 
 
 17 
 
mates" — the series of proscriptions, and the 
 futility of the aristocratic reaction under Sulla 
 — the prevalence of demagogy. 
 
 Partition of the republic: the work of the coali- 
 tion. 
 
 The dictatorship of Caisar (B. C. 48-44) : en- 
 grossment of the public offlees — political, social, 
 and economic reforms. 
 
 End of the republic: the work of the triumvirate 
 — the conflict of "Ca?sar's friends" and the 
 "liberators" — the supremacy of Octavius: the 
 battle of Actium (B. C. 31). 
 
 Text: /*\, 154-9, 161-7, 185. Atlas: L., 17, 19. Reference: 
 Pelham, 214-58, 333-93; Beesly, chs. 4-15; Merivale; Wilson, 
 121-5. 
 
 4. The imperial monarchy. 
 
 A. Foundation of the prineipate: the Tule of Augustus 
 
 (B. C. 31-A. D. 14). 
 
 a. The concentration of power. 
 
 The apportionment and administration of the 
 
 provinces. 
 The simplicity of institutions, and the contrast of 
 political unity with social diversity. 
 &. The Augustan age of arts and letters. 
 
 Text: F., 168-9, 176-80- Atlas: L., 17, 19. Reference: 
 Pelham, 393-509; Capes, The early Empire; Sheppard, 16-42, 
 67-72; Wilson, 125-30; Cunningham, Essays (ancient times) 
 170-5. 
 
 B. Climax of the Empire: the process of civil and political 
 
 Romanization under the Flavians and Antonines (A. D. 
 
 69-180). 
 
 a. Growth of a systematic imperial administration. 
 
 Equalization of the provinces, and merging of 
 Rome in the Empire: maintenance of the 
 "Roman peace." 
 Universalization of citizenship: the edict of 
 Caracalla (212). 
 6. The influence of law and jurisprudence: the works 
 of the jurists. 
 
 Text: F., 180-3, 185-6. Atlas: L.,,17, 19. Reference: 
 Pelham, 509-45; Capes,' Age of the Antonines, chs. 1-5, 7-9; 8hep- 
 
 18 
 
pard, 54-60; WUson, 130-3, 147-57; Cunningham, Essays (ancient 
 times), 175-9. 
 
 The Transition from Ancient to Mediaeval History. 
 
 General Characteristics. — Shift of the Roman centre from 
 west to east, and erection of absolute monarchy. — Adoption of 
 the Christian religion, and replacement of the Empire in the 
 West by Germanic kingdoms. — The fusion of Roman, Christian, 
 and German institutions: the origin of Christendom. — The rise 
 of Mohammedanism, and the establishment of Arabian power in 
 the Orient and Spain. — Restoration of the Empire in the West 
 under Frankish and ecclesiastical auspices. 
 
 Text: F., 198; M. A., v-ix (preface). Reference: Adams, 
 7-16; Lavisse, 11-12; Cunningham, 1-9. 
 
 I. TRANSFORMATION OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 
 
 1. Political: The founding of despotism, and the reorganization of 
 government. 
 
 A. The soldier-made emperors, and the suppression of mili- 
 
 tary anarchy. 
 
 B. The Oriental exaltation of the imperial office under Dio- 
 
 cletian (284-305) : the apportionment of authority 
 among Augusti and Caesars. 
 
 C. The establishment of centralization: the rule of Con- 
 
 stantine (323-337). 
 
 a. Transference of the capital from Rome to Constanti- 
 nople. 
 
 6. The separation of civil from military functions: rise 
 of an administrative hierarchy. 
 
 The central government: the imperial court and 
 the palatine officials — the elaborate system of 
 taxation. 
 
 Tne local government and its reflection of im- 
 perialism: the prefectures and dioceses — the 
 provinces and municipalities. 
 
 Social and economic conditions: the process of 
 imperial regulation, and the tendency toward 
 fixation of classes— '-the senatorial nobility and 
 its villas — the curials — the plebs and their cor- 
 porations — slavery and the beginnings of serf- 
 dom: the "coloni." 
 
 19 
 
D. The final division of the Empire under Theodosius (395). 
 
 Text: F., 185-9, 194-6; M. A., 1-8, 17. Atlas: L., 20-1. 
 Reference: Pelham, 546-64; Sheppard, 42-53; Wilson, 133-7. 
 
 2. Religious: The establishment of Christianity, and the rise of 
 spiritual empire. 
 
 A. Organization and progress of the primitive Church. 
 
 a. The apostolic age : the congregations — the presbyter- 
 bishops and the deacons. 
 
 6. Attitude of the Roman government: the futility of 
 persecution. 
 
 B. The recognition of Christianity, and the elevation of the 
 
 Church. 
 
 a. The edict of Milan, and the conversion of Constantine 
 (312). 
 
 6. The growth of theological controversy, and the de- 
 termination of orthodoxy: the Arian dispute — the 
 ecumenical council of Nicaea (325). 
 
 c. The legal suppression of heathenism, and the progress 
 
 of Christianization. 
 
 d. The triumph of Christianity: its character as a re- 
 
 ligion, and the zealous devotion of its adherents. 
 
 Text: F., 170-2, 178, 189-94. Atlas: L., 20-1. Reference: 
 Capes, Age of the Antonines, ch. 6; Garr, ohs. 1-13; Fisher, 7-53, 
 74-94, 121-43; Andrews, 85-7, 93-5; Sheppard, 53-4, 72, 615-29, 
 637-46. 
 
 3. The interaction of Christianity and its environment. 
 
 A. The social and economic influence of Christianity. 
 
 a. The improvement of domestic conditions, and the 
 
 . alleviation of slavery. 
 6. The rise of asceticism: the anchorites and cenobites. 
 c. Moral refinement: the sentiments of charity and 
 conscientiousness. 
 
 B. The relation of secular Rome to the Church. 
 
 a. Organization and government. 
 
 The idea of a state religion, and the interconnec- 
 tion of church and state: the subordination to 
 imperial control. 
 
 Correspondence of the civil and ecclesiastical 
 hierarchy. 
 
 20 
 
The entrance of worldliness, and the distinction 
 of clergy from laity. 
 6. Ceremonial: the assimilation of heathen practices. 
 c. Doctrine: the infusion of Greek philosophy. 
 Text: F., 191-4; M. A., 7, 9-10, 108-10. Reference: Sheppard, 
 629-37, 646-50, 657-87; Carr, cha. 14-16; Fisher, 39-40, 53-74, 
 09-105, 108-14, 116-21; Adams, 25-9; Andrews, 87-90, 95-6; 
 Renan. 
 
 II. THE GERMANIC MIGRATIONS AND KINGDOMS: 
 1. Dissolution of the Roman Empire in the Vest. 
 
 A. The manifestation of decadence. 
 
 a. Political and military. 
 
 The lack of regularity in the imperial succession, 
 and the wane of public spirit: operation of the 
 recent changes in government. 
 
 Decline of the army: the presence of barbarian 
 contingents. 
 6. Social and economic. 
 
 The general lack of homogeneity: the attitude of 
 Christianity. 
 
 The moral and intellectual degeneration. 
 
 The process of depopulation, and the withdrawals 
 from the producing classes: the wane of com- 
 merce and industry — the incidence of taxation, 
 and the plight of the curials — the lapse of agri- 
 culture, and the evils of slavery. 
 
 Text: 194, 199-iiOO; M. A., 4-8, 10. Reference: Sheppard, 
 72-104, 411-20; Andrews, 99-111; Lavisse, 7-10; Cunningham, 
 Essays (ancient times), 179-95. 
 
 B. The advent of the Germans. 
 
 a. The beginnings of contact with the Roman world. 
 
 Tribal classification, and the formation of con- 
 federacies. 
 The process of entrance, and the continuous strug- 
 gle along the frontiers: the relative situations 
 of Rome and Constantinople. 
 The passage of the Danube : the battle of Adrian- 
 ople (378). 
 6. The destructive invasions. 
 
 The irruption of Alaric and the Visigoths (410). 
 21 
 
Attila and the raid of the Huns: the battle of 
 
 Chalons (451). 
 End of the Western Empire as an institution: 
 the barbarian dictators, and the deposition of 
 Romulus Augustulus (476) — the theoretical re- 
 sumption of unity under the emperor at Con- 
 stantinople. 
 Text: M. A., 10-11, 14-21, 23-7. Atlas: L., 20-2. Refer- 
 ence: Church, Introduction, and ch. 1; Sheppard, 127-31, 147-58, 
 169-211, 230-69, 420-6; Pelham, 567-76; Lewis, 1-16, 26^4; 
 Oarr, chs. 17-19, 22-3; Andrews, 111-13. 
 
 c. The constructive invasions, and the process of par- 
 tition. 
 
 Spain: the Visigothic kingdom (415-711) — the 
 
 council of Toledo. 
 Africa: the Vandal kingdom (429-533) — the 
 
 rule of Gaiseric. 
 Gaul: formation of the Erankish kingdom — the 
 conquests of Clovis (486-511), and his con- 
 version to orthodox Christianity. 
 Italy: the Ostrogothic kingdom (493-553), and 
 the administration of Theodoric — succession of 
 the Lombard kingdom (568-774). 
 Britain: the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms — unique 
 character of the conquest (449) — the synod of 
 Whitby (664), and the adoption of the Roman 
 creed — formation of the "heptarchy," and its 
 union under the hegemony of Wessex (827). 
 
 Text: M. A., 21-3, 28-42. 89 (note). Atlas: L., 22-6. 
 Reference: Church, chs. 2, 4; Sheppard, 271-320, 352-95, 
 426-56, 533-48; Lewis, 44-6, 53-61; Burke, I, 65-107; Duruy, 
 36-42; Green, 1-14, 17-44; Cunningham, 23-30. 
 
 2. Interaction of the Roman and the German : the rise of Christendom. 
 A. The influence of Rome. 
 
 a. Language: the Romance tongues — ecclesiastical and 
 
 literary Latin. 
 6. Law and government. 
 
 Utility of the civil law as "written reason." 
 Political principles, institutions, and terms: the 
 idea of empire, and the sentiment of allegiance 
 to the state — the municipal system. 
 Military science and public works. 
 22 
 
c. Religion: power of the Church as the representative 
 of the Roman Empire, and the unity of Christendom. 
 The preservation and transmission of Roman in- 
 stitutions. 
 
 Conversion of the Germans to Christianity, and 
 displacement of Arianism by orthodoxy. 
 
 The rise of monasticism: the rule of St. Benedict 
 — the economic and literary usefulness of the 
 Benedictines — the revival of education. 
 
 Deterioration of the Church resultant from its 
 contact with barbarism. 
 
 Text: F., 216-17; M. A., 111-13, 115, 225. Reference: Bhep- 
 pard, 1-16, 689-752; Adams, 36-H16, 48-9, 95-7; Andrews, 76-83; 
 Church, ch. 3; Cunningham, 17-23, 35H10; Fisher, 97, 114-16, 
 144-6, 160-1; Lavisse, 15-18; Lewis, 46-9, 73, 78-80; Wilson, 
 158-60, 165, 168-9, 180-1, 187-8. 
 
 B. The German institutions and their influence. 
 a. Political and social organization. 
 
 Territorial divisions: the homestead and the vil- 
 lage community — the mark — the hundred and 
 the gau — the tribal kingdom. 
 
 The government r the king — the nobles in council 
 
 — the popular assembly. 
 The judicial procedure and its ecclesiastical modi- 
 fication: the personality of law — compurgation 
 and the wergild — ordeals and the wager of 
 battle — the barbarian codes. 
 Social conditions: physical and moral traits — 
 the classes and their distinctions: the noble, 
 the free, and the unfree — the personal bands. 
 6. Self-government and individualism: the elective sys- 
 tem, the practice of representation, and the common 
 law — the spirit of independence and personal alle- 
 giance — the respect for womanhood. 
 Text: M. A., 11-14; 61-5. Reference: SKeppard, 131-41; 
 Adams, 49-55; Andrews, 113-26; Lewis, 16-26, 49-50; Wilson, 
 162-9. 
 
 3. The transient restoration of Roman power In the west, and the 
 eventual conversion of the Eastern Empire Into a Greek In- 
 stitution. 
 
 A. The reign of Justinian (527-565). 
 
 a. The assertion of imperial authority. 
 
 23 
 
The subdual of sedition at Constantinople. 
 Overthrow and dispersion of the Vandals and 
 the Ostrogoths. 
 
 b. Codification of the Roman law and jurisprudence: 
 
 the "Corpus Juris Civilis." 
 B. Appearance of the Byzantine Empire. 
 
 a. The question of territorial integrity, and the growth 
 of isolation from western Europe. 
 The struggle of Heraclius (610-641) with the 
 
 Persian empire of the Sassanides. 
 The successive encroachments of Slavs and Bul- 
 garians. 
 The absorption in internal affairs, and the ten- 
 dency toward concentration in the capital. 
 &. Position as the eastern bulwark of Christendom: the 
 maintenance of commerce, and the preservation of 
 Greek and Soman culture. 
 
 Text: M. A., 43-53, 221, 261-4. Atlas: L., 22, 27-8, 30. Ref- 
 erence: Church, ch. 6; Bheppard, 395-405; Lavisse, 13-15, 33-7; 
 Wilson, 157-8. 
 
 III. THE ARABIAN DOMINION. 
 1. The diffusion of Mohammedanism. 
 
 A. Characteristics of the Arabs. 
 
 a. The alternation of zeal and apathy, and the main- 
 tenance of the patriarchal system. 
 
 6. Intellectual activity, and the mixture of religious 
 ideas. 
 
 B. The advent of Mohammed (571-632). 
 
 a. The Koran and the tenets of Islam: the principle of 
 
 fatalism. 
 6. The work of proselytism in Arabia: the Hegira 
 
 (622). 
 
 0. Conquests of the Arabs (632-732). 
 
 o. The termination of Graeco-Roman rule in the Orient 
 
 and Africa, and the overthrow of the Persians. 
 6. Subjugation of the Visigoths in Spain (711). 
 
 c. The stemming of conquest: the battle of Tours 
 
 (732), and the revolt of the Berbers. 
 
 Text : M . A., 71-84. Atlas : L., 27. Reference : Sheppard, 
 475-80, 548-61, 567-95; Burke, I, 112-32; Andrews, 217-29. 
 
 24 
 
2. The disruption of Islam (766-1068), and the communication of its 
 culture to Christendom. 
 
 A. The rival califates and creeds. 
 
 a. Establishment of the califate, and its limitation to 
 spiritual headship. 
 
 The regulation of succession: displacement of 
 the Ommiads by the Abbasids — Oriental exalta- 
 tion of the office by the califs at Bagdad — the 
 reign of Harun-al-Rashid (786-809). 
 Revolt of the Seljuk Turks (1058) : creation of 
 the emirates and sultanates, 
 o. The erection of independent califates: the Ommiads 
 
 at Cordova, and the Patimites at Cairo, 
 c. The religious schism: the Sunnites and Shiahs. 
 
 B. Adaptive and originative faculties of the Arabs: their 
 
 influence upon arts and sciences, manufactures and com- 
 merce, literature and philosophy. 
 
 Text : M. A., 84-104, 264. Atlas : L., 27-8, 30. Reference : 
 Sheppard, 595-614; Andrews, 229-33; Cunningham, 114-23; Lane. 
 
 IV. THE GERMAN REVIVAL OP THE EMPIRE 
 IN THE WEST. 
 1. Union of the Franks and the Papacy. 
 
 A. The Merovingian kingdom, and the rise of the Caro- 
 lingians. 
 
 a. Introduction of the principles and practices of Roman 
 government. 
 
 The central administration: the household 
 officials, and their political duties — position of 
 the mayor of the palace — decline of the popular 
 assemblies — the employment of taxation. 
 The local administration: the powers of the 
 count and the duke — the "mall." 
 o. The alteration in social conditions. 
 
 Pusion with the Gallo-Romans : the divisions of 
 
 Neustria and Austrasia. 
 Appearance of a landed aristocracy: the lay and 
 clerical magnates — situation of the freemen — 
 the growth of serfdom. 
 c. The decline of royal authority under the "sluggard" 
 kings: the turbulence of the magnates, and its re- 
 pression by the Carolingian mayors of the palace — 
 25 
 
the battle of Testry (687) — anomalous position of 
 the Carolingians. 
 
 Text: M. A., 54-61, 64-70, 105-8. Atlas: L., 23, 27. Refer- 
 ence: Church, 71-88; Duruy, 43-69; Sheppard, 456-75, 481-4; 
 Lewis, 61-71; Andrews, 126-9; Lavisse, 17-21; Wilson, 170-1, 
 247-9; Cunningham, 32-5. 
 
 B. Formation of the ecclesiastical monarchy at Home. 
 
 a. Origin and development of the Papacy. 
 
 The political and religious traditions of Rome: 
 
 the Petrine theory. 
 The paternal element, and the necessity for single 
 
 headship. 
 The orthodoxy, opportune circumstances, and per- 
 sonal talent of the Roman bishops: the pontifi- 
 cate of Gregory I. (590-604). 
 6. Division of the Church into Greek and Roman 
 branches (726-1054). 
 
 The growth of divergence in doctrine and practice. 
 The outbreak of iconoclasm, and the rejection of 
 Byzantine authority: primacy of the bishop of 
 Rome in the west. 
 
 Text: F., 191; M. A., 113-18, 262. Atlas: L., 22. Refer- 
 ence: Sheppard, 320-6, 753-63; Adams, 29-34; Andrews, 90-3, 
 129-31; Carr, ch. 24; Fisher, 57-8, 105-8, 157-8, 176-7; Cunning- 
 ham, 30-2. 
 
 C. The process of combination. 
 
 a. Religious: the papal missions, and the reform of the 
 Frankish clergy — their subjection to the Roman See 
 (723-755). 
 6. Political: the Carolingian kingship, and the papal 
 temporalities ( 741-757 ) . 
 
 Relations of the Lombards and the bishop of 
 
 Rome. 
 The precedent for foreign intervention: the papal 
 
 appeal to the Franks. 
 Accession of Pippin to the kingship, and origina- 
 tion of the States of the Church: donation of 
 the exarchate of Ravenna. 
 Text: M. A., 116-21. Atlas: L., 27-8. Reference: Shep- 
 pard, 326-38, 484-95; Duruy, 69-73; Lewis, 73-8; Fisher, 149-52; 
 Andrews, 132-3, 135-6. 
 
 26 
 
2. Fusion of the Frankish state and the Soman Church: establishment 
 of the Carolingian Empire. 
 
 A. The territorial basis: conquests of Charlemagne (768- 
 
 814). 
 
 a. The practical union of the Germanic peoples on the 
 continent: incorporation of the Lombards (774) — 
 subjugation and conversion of the Saxons. 
 
 6. The expeditions against the Avars and the Arabs. 
 
 B. The political basis: the coronation of Charlemagne as 
 
 emperor of the Romans (800). 
 
 a. The coalescence of the German with the Roman and 
 
 the Christian. 
 &. The outward expression of unified Christendom. 
 
 C. The secular and ecclesiastical administration of Char- 
 
 lemagne. 
 
 a. Imperial position in the west: relations with the 
 
 Byzantine emperor. 
 5. The central government. 
 
 The court and its officials: the palatines and 
 
 ministerials. 
 The assemblies of magnates and freemen: the 
 "capitularies" 
 o. The local government: the countships and the mar- 
 gravates — the lay and clerical supervision of the 
 "missi dominici." 
 d. Social and economic conditions. 
 
 The literary revival, and the encouragement of 
 
 education. 
 The drift toward feudalism, and its partial check 
 by the stimulation of industry and commerce. 
 Text: M. A., 122-37, 152, 222-3. Atlas: L., 28. Reference: 
 Sheppard, 338-46, 496-527; Church, ch. 7; Duruy, 73-85; Lewis, 
 82-100; Adams, 55-66; Andrews, 137-44; Lavisse, 21-9; Wilson, 
 181-3; Cunningham, 40-54. 
 
 Mediaeval History. 
 
 General Characteristics. — Dominance of the Roman Church: 
 the pervading influence of religious conceptions and impulses — 
 the ideas of imperial and ecclesiastical universality, and the con- 
 flict of their representative institutions — exaltation of the Papacy 
 — the contest of Christendom with Islam. — Dominance of feudal- 
 ism: the ascendency of local over general interests — the absence 
 of popular liberty. 
 
 Text: M. A., ix-xi (preface). Reference: Lavisse, 30-3. 
 
 27 
 
I. RISE OP THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE. 
 
 1. Dissolution of the Carolingian Empire, and appearance of the po- 
 litical outlines of western Europe 
 
 A. The process of disruption (814-887). . 
 
 a. Fall of the Carolingiana. 
 
 Personal incapacity, and the influence of the mag- 
 nates: the practice of partition. 
 The beginnings of Prance, Germany, and Italy: 
 
 the treaty of Verdun (843). 
 The formation of elective kingdoms, and the lapse 
 
 of the imperial office. 
 Transference of the kingship in Prance to the 
 Capetians (987). 
 6. The renewal of invasion. 
 
 The raids of Northmen, Arabs, and Hungarians. 
 Diffusion and adaptability of the Northmen: 
 erection of the duchy of Normandy, and the 
 kingdom of Sicily. 
 Text: M. A., 137-50, 153-9, 164-80, 187-9, 220, 236. Atlas: 
 L., 28, 32. Reference: Church, chs. 8, 10; Duruy, 86-110; 
 Lewis, 100-16; Johnson, 3-19, 21-81; Adams, 67-71; Andrews, 
 144-5; Lavisse, 37-8; George, chs. 11, 13, 16. 
 
 B. The formation of England. 
 
 a. The reign of Alfred (871-901), and the dominion of 
 the Danes (1016-1042). 
 
 Social and political organization of the Anglo- 
 Saxons. — The classes of nobility, freemen, and 
 slaves — The central government: the king and 
 the "witenagemot" — The local government: 
 the shires, hundreds, and townships — the "folk- 
 moot" and the "hundred-moot" — functions of 
 the sheriff, the bishop and the ealdorman — the 
 county court, and the system of township rep- 
 resentation. 
 The partition of Alfred with the Danes (874), 
 and his prosecution of judicial, economic, and 
 educational reforms. 
 The establishment of Danish power: the rule of 
 Canute (1016-1035) — creation of the great 
 earldoms. 
 6. The Norman conquest: the reign of William I (1066- 
 1087). 
 
 28 
 
The battle of Eastings, and the consolidation of 
 monarchy: the Salisbury oath — the Domesday 
 survey — the counties palatine — the attitude of 
 ecclesiastical independence. 
 
 The end of English isolation: the stimulus of 
 race and language. 
 
 Text: M. A., 159-64, 180-6. Atlas: L., 29, 31. Reference: 
 Church, ch. 9; Green, 14-16, 44-87; Johnson, 19-21, 81-91, 
 109-81; Wilson, 364-9, 402, 404-5; George, ch. 10. 
 
 C. The institution of feudalism. 
 
 a. Evolution of the fief and the benefice. 
 
 Origin and tests. — The Roman element : the "bene- 
 ficium" — The ecclesiastical element: the "pre- 
 carium " — The German element : the "Gef olge." 
 
 The union of land tenure and public authority. 
 — The theory of land holding, and the feebleness 
 of the central government: the nominal king- 
 ship, and the actual power of the lay and clerical 
 magnates — the usurpation of lands and offices. — 
 The practice of commendation, and the survival 
 of the allod — The legal recognition of hereditary 
 office: the capitulary of Kiersy (877) — The 
 permanence of ecclesiastical tenure: The usage 
 of mortmain — Fitness to agricultural conditions, 
 and lack of uniformity. 
 
 b. The social and economic relations. 
 
 The hierarchical gradation of ranks: suzerainty 
 and subinfeudation — the grant of franchises — 
 the practices of investiture, homage, and vassal- 
 age — serfdom and the servile tenures : the "do- 
 main," the "corvee," and the banalities. 
 
 The reciprocal rights and obligations: fealty, 
 military service, and the "'aids" — the conditional 
 disposal of tenure- 1 — protection and justice. 
 
 c. The political aspect: nullity of the state — the enjoy- 
 
 ment of immunity, and the exercise of regalian 
 powers — the manorial courts. 
 
 d. Tendencies and effects. 
 
 The prevalence of private warfare and public in- 
 security : the feudal castle and its associations. 
 Origin of the grades and titles of nobility. 
 29 
 
The connection of feudal practices with religioua 
 ideas: the rise of chivalry — the spirit of 
 romance and adventure. 
 
 The traits of refinement: the inculcation of 
 manliness and personal honor — the sentiments 
 of loyalty and gallantry — the elevation of 
 womanhood — the regulation of rights and, duties 
 by mutual agreement. 
 
 Text: M. A., 62-3, 151-3, 200-17, 230-2, 325. Reference: 
 Adams, 71-7; Andrews, 175-201; Wilson, 171-8; Duruy, 111-17; 
 Johnson, 91-103. 
 
 2. Establishment of the "Roman Empire of the German Nation." 
 'A. Reconstruction of the German kingdom. 
 
 a. The ducal headship of Henry I (919-936), and the 
 revival of the margravates. 
 
 6. The rule of Otto I (936-973) : utility of the tradi- 
 tion of Charlemagne. 
 
 Political: the combination of personal, feudal, 
 and ecclesiastical elements in the royal acces- 
 sion — engrossment of the duchies, and alliance 
 with the clergy — power of the counts palatine. 
 
 Territorial: defeat of the Hungarians — sub- 
 jugation and conversion of the Slavs. 
 
 B. The imperial union under the headship of a German king. 
 
 a. The confusion in Italy, and the call of the pope. 
 6. The coronation of Otto I (962), and the postponement 
 of national unity in Germany and Italy. 
 
 Text: M. A., 189-96, 217-20. Atlas: L., 30. Reference: 
 Lewis, 116-38; Hunt, 16-28; Lavisse, 38—43; Andrews, 144-7. 
 
 C. Predominance of the Empire, and regeneration of the 
 
 Papacy: the reign of Henry III (1039-56). 
 
 a. The assurance of control in Germany: restoration of 
 
 the duchies, 
 i. The intervention in Italy. 
 
 The factions at Rome, and their manipulation of 
 the Papacy. 
 
 The synod of Sutri (1046), and the system of im- 
 perial appointment to the papal office. 
 
 c. The question of ecclesiastical discipline and papal in- 
 dependence: the work of Hildebrand. 
 30 
 
The prevalent abuses, and the operation of the 
 
 Cluniac movement. 
 Creation of the electoral college of cardinals 
 
 (1059). 
 
 Attachment of the Normans to papal interests. 
 
 Text: M. A., 196-9, 235-9. Atlas: L., 30. Reference: 
 Lewis, 138-61 ; Stephens, Hildebrand, chs. 1-5. 
 
 IL THE SECULAR AND SPIRITUAL EMBODIMENTS 
 
 OF CHRISTENDOM, AND THEIR STRUGGLE 
 
 FOR SUPREMACY. 
 
 1. Theoretical and practical character of the Empire and the Papacy. 
 
 A. The ideals: the reproduction on earth of the celestial 
 
 state. 
 
 a. The imperial claim to universality: the potence of 
 
 Roman and Carolingian traditions. 
 6. The papal claim to universality: apostolic succession 
 
 from St. Peter, and divine vicarship of the Holy See 
 
 — the utility of fictions: the "Donation of Constan- 
 
 tine," and the "False Decretals." 
 
 B. The actual powers and institutions. 
 
 a. Absurdity of the pretenses to universal dominion. 
 
 The imperial position: the revival of an effete 
 institution — feudal headship, and the necessity 
 for dependence upon personal ability and re- 
 sources — the lack of patriotic allegiance. 
 
 The papal position: human fallibility, and the 
 conflict of capacities in the bishop of Rome. 
 
 &. Constitution of the mediaeval Empire. 
 
 The system of election: choice of the king of the 
 Romans — evolution of the college of electors — 
 papal coronation of the emperor. 
 
 The government: the imperial authority, and 
 its feudal limitations: the great offices of 
 the household, and their assignment to the 
 electors — formation of the imperial Diet. 
 
 Social conditions: the multifarious titles of 
 nobility and subdivisions of domain — the 
 princes of the empire — prominence of the 
 Rhenish archbishops and the count palatine of 
 the Rhine — the middle and lower classes: 
 31 
 
origin of the "free cities" and the imperial 
 knights— the edict of Conrad II (1037). 
 Text: M. A., 198-9, 237, 245-6. Atlas: L., 42. Reference: 
 
 Adams, 16-24, 35-6, 77-81, 92-5; Andrews, 147-56; Lewis, 216-19, 
 
 224-5. 
 
 c. The government and influence of the Roman Church. 
 Central: the pope and the curia — the consistory, 
 and the administrative functions of the cardi- 
 nals — the pontifical chancery and courts — The 
 papal revenues: the Patrimony and. "Peter's 
 Pence" — The process of legislation: the 
 ecumenical councils — The enforcement of papal 
 commands over clergy and laity: the power of 
 arbitrament — the utility of legates — the employ- 
 ment of excommunication and interdict — the 
 deposition of rulers, and the absolution of their 
 subjects from allegiance — Composition of the 
 canon law. 
 Local : the secular and regular clergy — the episco- 
 pal hierarchy — the canons and the chapter — the 
 parish priesthood — the synods — the monastic 
 institutions and revivals. 
 Relation of the ecclesiastical power to the laity — 
 Religious: the sacramental system — the prac- 
 tice of confession and indulgence — the prev- 
 alence of credulity and superstition — Intel- 
 lectual: the clerical monopoly of learning — the 
 episcopal and monastic schools — the utility of 
 scholasticism — repression of speculative thought, 
 and aversion to ancient culture: the cases of 
 Abelard and Roger Bacon — Judicial, social, and 
 economic: the scope of jurisdiction — efforts at 
 the enforcement of justice and public order: 
 the "benefit of clergy," and the right of sanc- 
 tuary — the "peace of God," and the "truce of 
 God" — the condemnation of interest. 
 Text: M. A., 223-8, 237, 325-6, 328-32, 347-8, 372-4, 506-9. 
 
 Reference: Andrews, 254, 258-61; Fisher, 175-81, 201-4, 
 
 208-39; Duruy, 117-21; Green, 137-41, 150-2; Cunningham, 66-7, 
 
 84-7. 
 
 2. The assertion of papal theocracy: pontificate of Gregory VII 
 (1073-1086). 
 
 A. Condition of the Church, and the question of investiture, 
 o. The problem of reform in discipline and administra- 
 tion. 
 
 32 
 
&. The political, economic, and ecclesiastical aspects of 
 simony: bestowment of the symbols of office. 
 
 B. The contest with Henry IV (1056-1106). 
 
 a. The decree against lay investiture, and the interfer 
 ence in Germany: exercise of the power of deposi- 
 tion and absolution from allegiance. 
 
 &. Humiliation of the emperor: the meeting at Canossa 
 (1077). 
 
 C. The eventual compromise: the concordat of Worms 
 
 (1122). 
 
 Text: M. A., 239-44. Atlas: L., 33. Reference: Adams, 
 81-7; Andrews, 156-65; Stephens, Hildebrand, chs. 6-17; Fisher, 
 182-7; Hunt, 30-5; Lewis, 161-77. 
 
 3. The question of dominion in Italy : rule of the Hohenstaufen. 
 
 A. The effort of Frederick Barbarqssa (1152-1190) to re- 
 
 vive imperial authority. 
 
 a. The conflict of institutions and parties. 
 
 The alliance of the Roman pope and the Roman 
 people against the Roman emperor. 
 
 Rise of the Guelfs and the Grhibellines. 
 
 6. The assertion of control over the cities and the Papacy. 
 
 The resort to Roman legal principles: the Ron- 
 caglian decrees, and the imposition of the 
 podestas. 
 
 The contest with Alexander III and the Lombard 
 league. 
 
 c. The frustration of power: the battle of Legnano 
 
 (1176) — abolition of the imperial confirmation of 
 papal elections — the treaty of Constance (1183). 
 
 d. The acquisition of Sicily and lower Italy: the Nor- 
 
 man marriage. 
 
 Text: M. A., 245-53. Atlas: L., 33. Reference: Andrews, 
 165-8; Balzani, chs. 1-7; Hunt, 36-43; Lewis, 177-200. 
 
 B. Zenith of the papacy: the pontificate of Innocent III 
 
 (1198-1216). 
 
 a. The series of interventions, and the fourth council of 
 
 the Lateran (1215). 
 &. Formation of the mendicant orders, and the outbreak 
 
 of warfare against heresy. 
 
 33 
 
Respective missions of the Franciscans and the 
 Dominicans: their efficiency as papal agents. 
 
 Extermination of the Albigenses (1208), and 
 establishment of the Inquisition (1229). 
 
 C. The issue of the conflict: collapse of the Empire. 
 a. The career of Frederick II (1212-1250). 
 
 Modern characteristics and methods: the re- 
 pression of feudalism, and the maintenance of 
 royal power, in Sicily- — the exercise of ascend- 
 ency over the German magnates. 
 Renewal of the contest with the Papacy: the 
 battle of Cortenuova (1237), and the acquisi- 
 tion of imperial mastership in Italy. 
 6. Deliverance and enfeeblement of the Papacy: the ad- 
 vent of Charles of Anjou, and the extinction of the 
 Hohenstaufen (1268). 
 o. The severance and disintegration of Germany and 
 Italy. 
 
 Text: M. A., 253-9, 288-9, 292-5, 443-6, 506-7. Atlas: L., 
 35. Reference: Andrews, 169-73, 245-7; Balsam, chs. 8-16; 
 Fisher, 192-200, 204-6; Hunt, 43-4, 47-58; Lewis, 200-11. 
 
 III. THE WARFARE OF CHRISTENDOM AGAINST 
 ISLAM: THE CRUSADES (1095-1270). 
 
 1. The outburst of popular enthusiasm and religious devotion : the 
 first Crusade (1095-1099). 
 
 A. General character and purpose of the Crusades. 
 
 a. The outgrowth of pilgrimages, and the culmination of 
 
 the martial and religious spirit. 
 &. The mixture of pious and worldly motives. 
 
 The attraction of Palestine and the Orient: the 
 escape from localism. 
 
 The political and economic incentives: practical 
 continuity of the movement, 
 c. Connection with the issue between the Empire and the 
 Papacy. 
 
 B. Foundation of the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem (1099- 
 
 1187). 
 
 a. The plight of the Byzantine empire, and the Turkish 
 oppression of Christian pilgrims: the exhortations 
 of Urban. II at the council of Clermont. 
 34 
 
6. The transplantation of feudalism, and the formation 
 of the military-monastic orders: the Hospitallers, 
 the Templars, and the Teutonic knights. 
 
 Text: M. A., 264-72. Atlas: L., 33. Reference: Archer 
 and Kingsford, 1-196, 282-304, 349-66, 429-31, 445-7; Andrews, 
 233-40, 251-2; Cunningham, 107-8. 
 
 2. The wane of religious ardor : the ascendency of political and eco- 
 nomic enterprise during the later Crusades. 
 
 A. The expeditions of monarchs and cities. 
 
 a. The fall of Edessa, and the preaching of St. Bernard: 
 
 the second Crusade. 
 
 b. The advent of Saladin, and the capture of Jerusalem 
 
 (1187): the third Crusade. 
 The change of route from land to sea. 
 The altered relations of Christians and Moham- 
 medans. 
 
 c. Commercial activity of the Italian cities, and founda- 
 
 tion of the Latin empire of Romania: the fourth 
 Crusade. 
 
 d. The admission to Jerusalem hy treaty: the negotia- 
 
 tions of Frederick II. 
 
 e. The Mongol inundation, and the overthrow of the 
 
 calif ate at Bagdad: formation of the khanates. 
 
 f. The campaigns against Egypt, and the loss of the Holy 
 
 Land (1291). 
 
 B. Epochal significance of the Crusades. 
 
 a. The preservation of Constantinople, and the outposts 
 of Christendom in the Mediterranean. 
 
 6. The influence upon phases of the transition to modern 
 times. 
 
 Text: M. A., 273-88. Atlas: h., 33, 36-7. Reference: 
 Archer and Kmgsford, 197-281, 305-48, 367-426, 447-51 ; Adams, 
 89-92; Andrews, 240-5, 248-50; Cunningham, 124-7. 
 
 The Transition from Mediaeval to Modern History. 
 
 General Characteristics. — Growth of the secular spirit — The 
 wane oi feudalism, and of universality in Empire and Church : the 
 rise of national individuality embodied in the kingship, and the 
 appearance of a state-system — the introduction of representative 
 institutions and regularity in government — The development of 
 reaction against papal supremacy : the limitation of ecclesiastical 
 
 35 
 
power, and the beginnings of schism — The emergence from local 
 narrowness, and the rise of individual self-assertion: the in- 
 auguration of oceanic commerce — the stimulation of intellec- 
 tuality. 
 
 Text: M. A., xi-xv (preface), 505-6; M. T., v-vi (preface), 
 1-3; F., 311, 363. Reference: Lavisse, 76-8; Seebohm, 1-7; 
 Cunningham, 9-12, 157-61. 
 
 I. POLITICAL. 
 1. The revival of monarchy. 
 
 A. Application of Roman law and principles of government. 
 
 a. The demand for public security, and the conflict of 
 systematic legal procedure with local custom and 
 prejudice. 
 
 6. Activity of the legists: the extension of royal juris- 
 diction. 
 
 B. The overthrow of feudalism. 
 
 u,. Interconnection of the social elements. 
 
 Favor of the clergy and support of the commons. 
 The respective combinations of the crown with the 
 clergy, nobility, and people in the constitutional 
 development of England, France, and Spain. 
 6. The centralization of government. 
 
 Utility of the feudal and popular conceptions of 
 
 the crown. 
 Creation of a system of public taxation. 
 
 c. The change in the mode of warfare. 
 
 The introduction of gunpowder. 
 
 The employment of mercenaries: beginnings of 
 
 the standing army — the substitution of infantry 
 
 for cavalry. 
 
 d. The exercise of statecraft. 
 
 The theories of Machiavelli, and their adoption. 
 The introduction of diplomacy and the doctrine 
 of the balance of power. 
 
 Text: M. A., xi (preface), 316-17, 341-2, 357, 440-2, 534; 
 M. T., 7-9, 75, 116-17, 142-3. Reference: Archer and Kings- 
 ford, 426-9; Adams, 112-24; Andrews, 201-3, 208-9, 253-4; Wil- 
 son, 184-95; Seebohm, 15-16, 19, 73-4; Duruy, 166-8, 240-1, 
 243; Moberly, 1-13; Cunningham, 87-9, 151-4, 171-5. 
 
 36 
 
2. Growth of the English constitution. 
 
 A. The Norman government and social structure. 
 
 a. The central administration: the kingship and its 
 prerogatives — the justiciar and the chancellor — the 
 Great Council -and the "Curia Regis." 
 
 6. The local administration: the sheriff and the coroner 
 — the county court — the towns. 
 
 c. The social organization: feudal dependence on the 
 crown — the nobility and clergy — the commoners: 
 freemen and villeins — fusion of the Normans and the 
 Saxons into the English people. 
 
 B. The rise of Parliament during the rule of the Flantagenets 
 
 (1154-1399). 
 
 o. The judicial and military reforms of Henry II (1154- 
 
 1189). f 
 
 The effort to limit ecclesiastical jurisdiction: the 
 
 Constitutions of Clarendon, and the dispute 
 
 with Becket. 
 
 Beginnings of the jury and circuit court system: 
 
 the Assize of Clarendon. 
 The imposition of scutage, and the Assize of Arms. 
 
 6. Revolt against the arbitrary taxation of the crown, 
 and assertion of the elementary principles of civil 
 freedom: the extortion of Magna Charta (1215). 
 
 c. The founding of popular representation in govern- 
 
 ment: expansion of the Great Council into the 
 Parliament — the Provisions of Oxford, and the con- 
 sultation of knights of the shire and burgesses: 
 origin of the House of Commons (1265). 
 Text: M. A., 220-1, 343, 345-51, 356-7, 385-8; M. T., 34-5; F., 
 293. Atlas: L., 32, 34. Reference: Green, 87-132, 141-7, 
 152-60; Johnson, 222-37; Stubbs, 1-201; Andrews, 199-201; Wil- 
 son, 367-73, 388, 396, 404-5. 
 
 d. The reign of Edward I (1272-1307) : legislation and 
 
 conquests. 
 
 The regulation of feudalism by statute, and the 
 
 reorganization of the "Curia Regis." 
 The subdual of . Scotland, and the annexation of 
 
 Wales. 
 Summons of the Model Parliament (1295), and 
 acknowledgment of the control of the legislative 
 body over taxation. 
 37 
 
e. The division of Parliament into the House of Lords 
 
 and the House of Commons : the gentry as the bond 
 of connection. 
 
 f. The assertion of specific rights of Parliament. 
 
 Financial appropriation for definite objects, and 
 origination of measures for the purpose in the 
 House of Commons. 
 
 The impeachment of officials, and the superiority 
 of statutes to royal ordinances. 
 
 The determination of succession to the crown. 
 
 Legislative immunity, and the qualification of 
 members. 
 
 Text: M. A,, 388-91, 413-17, 433-7. Atlas: L., 34-5. Kef- 
 eeence: Green, 163-93, 201-22, 231-5, 260-7 ;Stub1>8, 202-76; 
 Warburton, 229-33; Gairdner, 25-37, 43-59, 64-5; Seebohm, 
 46-8; Lavisse, 71-5; Wilson, 371-4, 388-90. 
 
 3. Construction of the French kingdom. 
 
 A. The extension of power and domain. 
 
 a. Under Louis VI (1108-1137): the repression of 
 
 turbulence, and the alliance with the towns. 
 6. Under Philip II (1180-1223). 
 
 The abolition of royal homage for fiefs. 
 The English territorial barrier, and the beginnings 
 of its overthrow: the seizure of Normandy and 
 the battle of Bouvines (1214). 
 
 Government: the "hotel-du-roi," and the great 
 offices of the crown — the bailiffs and seneschals 
 — royal justice and supervision: the ''asseure- 
 ment," and the "quarantaine." 
 
 Text: M. A., 216-17, 342-7, 351-6, 358-9. Atlas: L., 32, 34. 
 Reference: Duruy,, 139-42, 144, 146-58; Lavisse, 58-60; An- 
 drews,< 204-6; Wilson, 183-4, 206-7, 198-200, 209. 
 
 e. Under Louis IX (1226-1270). 
 
 Establishment of the hereditary kingship, and ex- 
 altation- of the royal prestige: the emanation of 
 public powers from the crown. 
 
 Regularity of administration: the royal council 
 — origin of the Parlement of Paris — the "enque- 
 teurs"— subjection Of the communes, and circu- 
 lation of the royal coinage— the assignment of 
 appanages. 
 
 3* 
 
B. Representation of the middle class in government: the 
 reign of Philip IV (1285-1314). 
 
 Foundation of the Estates General (1302): its 
 contrast to the English Parliament — the "pays 
 d'etats." 
 
 The enhancement of financial ascendency: sup- 
 pression of the Templars. 
 
 Text: M. A., 325, 360-71, 377, 380-3. F., 299. Atlas: L., 
 34-5. Reference: Duruy, 159-65, 175-82; Lavisse, 60-3; An- 
 drews 206-12; Wilson, 205-11; Cunningham, 82-4. 
 
 4. The elevation of monarchy in France and England. 
 
 A. The beginnings of national rivalry: the Hundred Years' 
 
 War (1338-1453). 
 
 a. Accession of the House of Valois (1328). 
 
 The political and economic motives of the English 
 
 crown. 
 The Salic law and its mode of interpretation. 
 6. The English invasion under Edward III (1327-1377) : 
 the battles of Crecy (1346) and Poitiers (1356) — 
 agitation of the Estates General — the peace of 
 Bretigny (1360). 
 
 Text : M . A., 383-4, 392-410. Atlas : L., 35-6, 39. Refer- 
 ence: Duruy, 183-211; Warburton, 16-18, 32-42, 52-81, 98-130, 
 149-86 ;Green, 222-31; Lavisse, 63-5. 
 
 o. The advent of English power. 
 
 The distraction of France: the prevalence of un- 
 rest and insurrection— struggle of the Burgnn- 
 dians and the Armagnacs. 
 The revival of war: the battle of Agincourt 
 (1414), and the treaty of Troyes (1420). 
 d. Expulsion of the English: the mission of Jeanne 
 Dare, and the reconciliation of the Burgundians with 
 the French crown: the treaty of Arras (1435). 
 
 Text: M. A., 417-32, 437-41. Atlas: h., 36, 38. Reference: 
 Duruy, 212-50; Warburton, 187-97, 207-24; Gawdner, 92-113, 
 123-34, 137-8, 145-7, 154-5. Green, 267-81; Cunningham, 154-6. 
 
 B. The rebuilding of monarchy in France: the statecraft of 
 
 Louis XI (1461-1483). 
 
 a. The feudal revival under Charles the Rash of Bur- 
 gundy. 
 
 39 
 
The League of the Public Weal, and the inter- 
 view at Peronne. 
 
 The proposed erection of a middle kingdom, and 
 the overthrow of the great feudal houses: 
 triumph of the crown. 
 
 The completion of territorial unity: acquisition 
 of the duchies of Burgundy and Brittany. 
 
 Text: M. T., 3, 9-26. Atlas: L., 40-1. Reference: Duruy, 
 251-82; Andrews, 212-14; Lavisse, 65-9; Beelohm, 40-4, 46; 
 Cunningham, 156-7. 
 
 0. The restoration of royal ascendency in England: advent 
 of the Tudors. 
 
 o. Domination of the feudal baronage, and its destruc- 
 tion : struggle of the Lancastrians and the Yorkists 
 — the Wars of the Roses, and the battle of Bosworth 
 Meld (1485). 
 
 6. The concentration of royal power, and the eclipse of 
 Parliament, under Henry VII (1485-1509). 
 
 The Court of Star Chamber, and the utility of 
 
 "benevolences." 
 Politic marriage alliances, and the beginnings of 
 English maritime prominence. 
 
 Text: M. T., 27-38. Atlas: L., 38. Reference: Gairdner, 
 134-8, 140-229; Moberly, 13^9, 52-77; Green, 281-303; Beebohm, 
 50-5. 
 
 5. Rise of the Spanish monarchy. 
 
 A. The process of recovery from the Moors, and the appear- 
 ance of Castile and Aragon. 
 
 a. Formation of the Christian states, and dismember- 
 ment of the calif ate (756-1035). 
 
 6. The Moslem revival (1086-1212): invasion of the 
 Almoravides and Almohades — the prevalence of war- 
 fare. 
 
 c. The confinement of Moorish occupation to Granada: 
 the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa (1212).- 
 
 Text: M. A., 220, 295-304. Atlas: L., 28, 30, 33, 39. Ref- 
 erence: Burke, I, 133-240; Lavisse, 67-71; Andrews, 246-8; 
 George, ch. 12. 
 
 40 
 
B. Limitation of the crown in Castile and Aragon. 
 
 a. Power of the lay and clerical aristocracy : the "Privi- 
 lege of Union." 
 
 &. Prominence of the middle classes. 
 
 The "fueros," and the representation of the towns 
 in the Cortes. 
 
 The system of confederation: the Holy Brother- 
 hood. 
 
 c. The legal and judicial counterpoise: the "Siete Par- 
 tidas," and the powers of the justiciar. 
 
 Text: M. A., 476-81; M. T., 3, 39HU. Atlas: L., 39. 
 Reference: Burke, I, 240-99, 303-7, 309-76, 379-88; II, 1-25, 
 294-301. 
 
 G. The assertion of royal authority: the reign of Ferdinand 
 and Isabella (1479-1516). 
 
 a. Territorial unity and expansion. 
 
 The junction of Aragon and Castile, 
 
 The end of Moorish occupation: the conquest of 
 
 Granada (1492). 
 The acquisition of America and the Indies. 
 
 6. Political and religious unity: operation of the Holy 
 Office, and the beginnings of despotism. 
 
 The centralization of power: subordination of 
 the nobility and clergy — the royal councils, and 
 the employment of the middle class in adminis- 
 tration — imposition of the corregidors, and re- 
 striction of the Cortes — engrossment of the 
 military orders. 
 
 The economic errors of intolerance: expulsion of 
 the Jews, and oppression of the Moors. 
 
 Text: M. T., 41-50. Atlas: £., 39, 43. Reference: 
 Burke, II, 25-131, 165-89, 202-69, 277-87, 318-27, 351-2; Hume, 
 1-30; BeeboJim, 34-40. 
 
 6. Transformation of the Holy Roman Empire : Its establishment as 
 a confederation of German principalities and cities surmounted 
 by an imperial Action. 
 
 A. Foundation of the electoral college. 
 
 a. Exclusion of the Papacy from imperial elections : the 
 Declaration of Rhens (1338). 
 41 
 
6. Pree'min&lce of the seven electors: the Golden Bull 
 (1356), and the Electoral Union (1502). 
 
 B. Rise of the House of Hapsburg: its acquisition and re- 
 
 tention of the imperial title. 
 
 a. The Great Interregnum (1254-1273), and the election 
 of Rudolph of Hapsburg (1273-1291). 
 
 The usurpation of imperial rights and domain. 
 The leagues of lords and cities against disorder 
 and violence. 
 6. The advance to power. 
 
 The territorial nucleus: seizure of Austria. 
 Revolt of the Swiss cantons: the origin of Switz- 
 erland. 
 The beginnings of a permanent tenure of the im- 
 perial office (1438). 
 Eventual inclusion of Hungary and Bohemia in 
 the Hapsburg dominion (1308-1526). 
 
 Text: M. A., 460^74; M. T., 6, 51-3, 55. AtlaS: L., 35, 39,41-3. 
 Reference: Lewis, 229-77, 279-80', 283-98; Wilson, 249-51, 
 300-1, 333-5; Lavisse, 45-57, 101-2, 118-19; George, chs. 14, 
 15, 18. 
 
 C. Organization of the Empire. 
 
 a. Government and social conditions. 
 
 Functions of the emperor and the Diet: the im- 
 perial position and authority — the admission of 
 cities to representation in the Diet — operation 
 of the three colleges — political strength and 
 social station as the tests of legislation and its 
 enforcement. 
 
 Social diversity: the multiplication of ranks 
 among the principalities — prominence of the 
 "free cities" — anomalous situation of the im- 
 perial knights — condition of the peasantry. 
 6. Reconstruction of the imperial administration 
 (1495). 
 
 The prohibition of private warfare, and the insti- 
 tution of "circles." 
 
 Establishment of the "Imperial Chamber," and 
 the "Aulic Council." 
 
 Text: M. A., 463, 474-5; M. T., 53-5. Atlas: L., 39, 42. 
 Refebence: Lewis, 298-310, 317-25, 330-43; Beebohm, 27-33; 
 Gardiner, The Thirty Years' War, 1-7; Andrews, 290-1. 
 
 42 
 
7. Disintegration of Italy: the antecedents of foreign supremacy. 
 
 A. The political and social situation. 
 
 a. The rise of tyrannies and family politics: "the age 
 of the despots" — prowess of the military and politi- 
 cal adventurers. 
 
 6. Social instability: the prevalence of conflict and cor- 
 ruption. 
 
 o. The leadership in artistic and literary culture. 
 
 B. The foundation of French and Spanish control. 
 
 a. The Angevins'in lower Italy (1263-1435), and' their 
 expulsion from Sicily: advent of the House of 
 Aragon. 
 
 6. Erection of the Aragonese kingdom of the Two Sicilies 
 (1435). 
 
 Text: M. A., xiii (preface), 443, 445-8, 453, 456-9; M. T., 
 56, 66; F., 337. Atlas: L., 39. Reference: Bunt, 44-5, 58-60, 
 70-7, 89-90; Symonds, 27-36; Lamsse, 43^; Burke, I, 299-303, 
 307-9, 376-9. 
 
 C. The typical city republics and principalities. 
 
 a. Rome: the brief revival of republican institutions 
 under Rienzi (1347-1354). 
 
 5. Venice: maritime prominence, and the rigid gov- 
 ernment of the commercial aristocracy. 
 The doge, the signory, and the senate. 
 The Great Council and its concentration in the 
 Council of Ten : the three inquisitors of state. 
 o. Florence: industrial agitation, and the democratic 
 rule of the Medicis. 
 
 Contests of the Major and Minor Arts. 
 Rise of the Medici family to influence:, the 
 talents of Lorenzo the Magnificent ( 1478-1492 ) . 
 
 d. Milan: power of the Viscontis. 
 
 Formation of the duchy under Gian Galeazzo 
 
 (1395). 
 Advent and administration of the Visconti- 
 Sforzas. 
 
 Text: M. A., 448-57; M. T., 4, 56-64; F., 376. Atlas: L., 39, 
 43-^t. Reference: Hunt, 60-6, 77-89, 91-102, 105-10, 112-13; 
 Symonds, 36-51. 
 
 43 
 
8. The appearance of minor kingdoms. 
 
 A. Scandinavian: Denmark, Norway and Sweden — the 
 
 union of Calmar (1397). 
 
 B. Slavonic and Magyar. 
 
 o. The formation of Bohemia and Hungary. 
 6. The prominence of Poland, and the origin of its pecu- 
 liar constitution. 
 
 Text: U. A., 221, 482-92 ; M. T., 6-7. Atlas: L., 28, 30, 33, 
 35, 37, 39. 
 
 9. The establishment of Turkey, and the antecedents of the Eastern 
 
 Question. 
 
 A. Advent of the Ottoman Turks, and extinction of the 
 
 Byzantine Empire. 
 
 a. The spread of conquest and the relief of Christendom: 
 
 Timur and the Mongol deluge — the battle of Angora 
 
 (1402). 
 &. The revival of Ottoman power under Mohammed II: 
 
 the fall of Constantinople (1453). 
 
 B. Social and political organization. 
 
 a. The conglomeration of peoples: the treatment of 
 
 Christian subjects. 
 
 b. Political and religious despotism of the sultan. 
 
 The military system: the spahees and the jani- 
 zaries. 
 
 Government : the "Sublime Porte," the vizier and 
 the Divan — the pashas. 
 
 Text: M. A., 492-503; M. T., 6-7, 67-74. Atias: h., 36-7, 44. 
 
 II. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC. 
 1. The rise of cities, and the decline of feudalism. 
 A. The municipal centres. 
 a. Origin. 
 
 The survival of Roman settlements. 
 The formation and decline of communes. 
 Foundation of the city proper, and its freedom 
 from feudalism: the acquisition of charters. 
 6. Institutions. 
 
 The forms of government: the consuls — the 
 mayor, aldermen, and councils — the assembly of 
 the townsmen. 
 
 44 
 
Social conditions: the evolution of the Third 
 Estate, and the conversion of serfs into wage- 
 earners — the mercantile and professional classes 
 — the artisans, and the "citizens of the palisade" 
 — power of the merchant and craft gilds : their 
 regulation of political and industrial concerns — 
 the "Black Death," and the outbreak of peasant 
 insurrections — the advancement of personal 
 wealth, and the broadening of ideas — influence 
 of the municipal aristocracy. 
 
 Test: M. A., 248-9, 305-16, 323-5, 335-6, 370-1, 382-3, 402-4, 
 411-13, 417-19, 463-4, 505; M. T., 134-5. Reference: Adams, 
 110-12; Andrews, 201-3, 252-5; Wilson, 178-9, 200-5; Cunning- 
 ham, 54-66, 89-106, 132-51; Archer and Kvngsford, 433-6; See- 
 bohm, 19-21, 43-50; Duruy, 135-9, 166-7, 169-70; Warburton, 
 134-45; Gairdner, 12-19; Green, 93-201, 244-60; Lewis, 224-7, 
 320-5; Symonds, 18-27. 
 
 B. The revival of trade and industry. 
 
 o. The commercial and manufacturing centres: pros- 
 perity of the Italian and Flemish cities — ascendency 
 of the Hanseatic League. 
 
 &. The increase in the amount and circulation of money: 
 lae intervention of capital, and the enhancement of 
 the price of labor — the markets and fairs — the be- 
 ginnings of » system of banking and insurance — the 
 exploitation of mines. 
 
 Text: M. A., 318-22, 325-6, 382-3, 458-9; M. T., 118-19, 134-7. 
 Reference : Archer and Kingsford, 436-40; Adams, 106-12; 
 Seebohm, 17-18; Lewis, 227-9, 325-9; Hunt, 28-30; Cunningham, 
 70-82, 93-5, 107-14, 126-9, 162-70, 175-82. 
 
 2. The advent of the New World. 
 
 A. Shift of the centres of commerce to the Atlantic seaboard. 
 
 a. The mariner's compass, and the use of oceanic 
 waterways. 
 
 6. The discovery of America (1492), and of an eastern 
 passage to India ( 1521 ) : the papal line of demar- 
 cation. 
 
 B. The extension of traffic. 
 
 a. Circumnavigation of the globe, and spread of mari- 
 time enterprise. 
 
 45 
 
6. The beginnings of colonization : era of the Conquista- 
 dors. 
 Text: M. A., 322-3, 481-2; M. T., 36, 118-29, 134-5. Atlas: 
 L., 58. Reference: Cunningham, 129-32. 
 
 III. INTELLECTUAL AND RELIGIOUS. 
 
 1. The Renaissance. 
 
 A. The growth of secular thought and vernacular literatures. 
 
 B. Foundation and influence of the universities: eminence 
 
 of the institution at Paris. 
 
 Text: M. A., 225-6, 228-30, 232-3, 326-8, 332-5, 337-40, 
 517-31. Reference: Archer and Kingsford, 440-5; Adams, 
 97-103; Andrews, 248-50; Seebohm, 12-14; Green, 132-7; Brod- 
 rick, chs. 1-7; Duruy, 170-3. 
 
 C. The rise of Humanism, and the- cultivation of classical 
 
 learning. 
 
 a. Origination in Italy: the influence of language, tra- 
 dition, monuments, and social characteristics. 
 &. Exposition and extension. 
 
 The works of Dante, Petrarch and Boccaccio. 
 The spread of rationalism and semi-pagan tenden- 
 cies: the spirit of criticism. 
 Appearance of the great masters and their schools 
 
 of art : patronage of the princes. 
 Scientific investigation: the theories of Coper- 
 nicus. 
 
 D.. The invention of printing, and the diffusion of knowledge 
 and ideas. 
 
 Text: M. A., 531-4; M. T., 138-59. Reference: Symonds, 
 1-12, 121-275; Adams, 103-6; Andrews, 257-9, 261-83; Hunt, 
 66-70, 145-9; Seebohm, 66-9, 74-6; Duruy, 324-31; Lewis, 
 349-52; Moberly, 77-83, 85-91; Green, 303-10. 
 
 2. Transformation of the Papacy, and growth of ecclesiastical se- 
 
 dition. 
 
 A. The decline of papal authority. 
 
 a. The collapse of theocracy, and the question as to the 
 source of power in the Church. 
 
 The pretensions of Boniface VIII (1294-1303), 
 and the period of subservience to the French 
 46 
 
crown: the conflict over taxation of the clergy 
 — institution of the jubilee, and issue of the 
 bujjj "Unam Sanctam" — the "Babylonian exile" 
 at Avignon (1309-1377). 
 
 The Great Schism, and the conciliar movements 
 (1378-1449) : the rival "obediences" — the .coun- 
 cils of Constance and Basel. 
 6. The assertion of royal power over the clergy. 
 
 In England: the statutes of "mortmain" (1279), 
 and "praemunire" (1393). 
 
 In France: the "liberties of the Gallican church" 
 — the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges (1438), 
 and its modification by concordat (1516). 
 
 Text: M. A., 371-80, 440, 507-15; M. T,, 89-90. Atlas: L., 
 39-40, Reference: Fisher, 240-64; Poole, chs. 1-3, 9-10, 12; 
 Adams, 124-8; Andrews, 210-12, 251, 283-4. 
 
 B. Erection of the-papal principate. 
 
 a. The assurance of authority over the States of the 
 Church. 
 
 6. Involvement of the Papacy in Italian politics. 
 
 The growth of disregard for spiritual concerns. 
 
 The practice of nepotism, and the extension of 
 
 family control: the pontificate of Alexander 
 
 VI (1492-1503). 
 
 C. The rise of opposition to the doctrines, practices, and or- 
 
 ganization of the Church. 
 
 a. The increase of heretical views and societies. 
 
 b. The agitation of religious reformers.. 
 
 The preaching of Wycliffe and the Lollards. 
 
 The teachings of Huss, and the rebellion of the 
 Utraquists. 
 
 The efforts of Savonarola for moral purification. 
 
 Text: M. A,, 411-12, 473, 511-16; M. T., 4, 64-6. Atlas: L., 
 39, 43. Reference: Fisher, 264-8, 272-7; Archer and Kings- 
 ford, 429-33; Bymonds, 52-76, 85-104, 276-7; Poole, chs. 4-8, 11, 
 13; Bunt, 102-3, 111-12, 132-4; Adams, 128-30; Andrews, 284-8; 
 Seebohm, 21-4, 69-73; Lewis, 281-5, 343-9; Green, 235-44. 
 
 Modern History. 
 
 General Characteristics, — The secularization of politics, and 
 the development of the. state system : the contest of dynastic and 
 
 47 
 
national policies — the partition and assignment of subject peoples 
 — the chimera of universal monarchy and its counterpoise: the 
 balance of power— rise of the law of nations— the interconnection 
 of eastern and western Europe — the clash of economic interests, 
 and the extension of the area of conflict: the process of coloniza- 
 tion, and the inauguration of world politics — the royal conception 
 of ideal rulership, and its practical application: rise of the 
 struggle for the recognition of popular rights and individual 
 liberty — The religious upheaval: the advent of toleration, and 
 the complication of politics — Social refinement, and the lux- 
 uriance of literary and scientific talent. 
 
 Text: M. 2\, v-x (preface); F., 361-2, 451. Reference: 
 Lavisse, 79-86, 128-36; Cunningham, 12-14. 
 
 I. THE POLITICAL AND RELIGIOUS REVOLUTION 
 (1517-1648): THE RISE OF INTER- 
 NATIONAL POLITICS. 
 
 1. The appearance of dynastic interests and rivalries : the conflict of 
 Hapsburg and Valois. 
 
 A. The question of supremacy in Italy. 
 
 o. The expedition of Charles VIII (1494). 
 
 &. The leagues and counter-leagues: activity of Pope 
 
 Julius II (1503-1513)— the battle of Marignano 
 
 (1515). 
 
 Text: If. A., 368 (note) ; M. T., 66, 75-90. Atlas: L., 43. 
 Reference: Duruy, 283-94, 299-302; Symonds, 105-20; Hunt, 
 114-28, 130-2, 134-44, 149-52; Burke, II, 132-64, 190-201, 270-6. 
 
 B. The predominance of Spain. 
 
 a. The imperial policy of Charles V (1519-1556). 
 
 The contest with Francis I (1515-1547) : the 
 imperial election — the complication of projects, 
 alliances, and treaties — the career of Solyman 
 (1520-1566), and the origination of French in- 
 fluence in the Levant. 
 The progress of France toward the Rhine: seiz- 
 ure of the bishoprics in Lorraine. 
 
 6. The abdication of Charles V, and the final adjust- 
 ment of territorial claims. 
 
 Division of the House of Hapsburg into Spanish 
 and Austrian branches. 
 
 The treaty of Cateau Cambresis (1559), and the 
 assurance of Spanish power in Italy. 
 48 
 
Text: M. T., 47, 91-108, 110-16. Atlas: L., 42-5. Refeb- 
 ence: Bume, 31-98; Duruy, 304-12, 314-18; Symonds, 277-89; 
 Hunt, 152-84; Moberly, 135-45, 219-24; Seebohm, 100-2, 149-55; 
 Andrews, 292; Lavisse, 86-9, 95-7. 
 
 2. The Protestant Revolution. 
 
 A. The degenerate condition of the Roman Church, and the 
 
 growth of aversion to authority and superstition. 
 
 a. Divergence from the Scriptures and early Chris- 
 tianity: the prevalence of abuses. 
 
 6. The religious aspect of the Renaissance: the mingling 
 of rationalism and theological polemics with the 
 desire for reform. 
 
 The Humanistic attacks on the scholastic system: 
 the satires and critical scholarship of Erasmus 
 — views of the Oxford reformers. 
 The origination in Germany: the character of 
 
 Martin Luther (1484-1546). 
 Analogy of the Protestant movement to the French 
 Revolution. 
 Text: M. T., 109-10, 145-6, 160-3; F., 396. Reference 
 Seebohm^ 8-12, 14-15, 55-65, 76-85, 89-97, 230-1 ; Fisher, 281-91 
 Poole, ch. 14; AdamSj 130-1; Andrews, 288-90; Lewis, 354-7 
 Moberly, 83-5, 91-5; Green, 310-20. 
 
 B. The destruction of ecclesiastical unity: the revolt from 
 
 the Roman Church. 
 
 a. The establishment of Lutheranism. 
 
 In Germany. — Rise of .the reformed creed: the 
 opposition of Luther to the traffic in indulgences 
 — the Ninety-five Theses (1517), and the doc- 
 trine of justification by faith — the successive 
 appeals of Luther, and the change in his atti- 
 tude toward the Church — the ultimate authority 
 of the Scriptures, and the right of private judg- 
 ment: translation of the Bible — the Augsburg 
 Confession. — The adoption of Protestanism : the 
 relations of Charles V with the Reformers — the 
 Diet of Worms (1521 ) and its edict — the appear- 
 ance of fanatical sects, and the secularization of 
 church property — application of the Scriptures 
 to economic grievances : the Peasants' War — for- 
 mation of religious parties: the protestation 
 at Speyer (1529), and the league of Schmalkal- 
 den — The failure of eventual coercion: the re- 
 49 
 
ligious peace of Augsburg (1555)— restricted 
 toleration, and the portents of the Thirty Years' 
 War. 
 In the Scandinavian countries: the political con- 
 nection of crown and creed — rise of the royal 
 power in Sweden. 
 
 Text: M. T., 163-74. Atlas: L., 42-3. Reference: Seeiohm, 
 97-100, 102-48, 151, 155, 162-6, 193-4; Fisher 291-306, 311-12, 
 314-18; Andrews, 292-8, 303-5; Lewis, 357-94; Symonds,, 78-84; 
 Greighton, 7-14 ;Gardiner, The Thirty Years' War, 7-12. 
 
 &. The establishment of Zwinglianism. 
 
 The simplification of creed and worship. 
 Ine involvement of religion in politics: the 
 process of cantonal regulation. 
 
 c. The establishment of Calvinism. 
 
 The theological system: the "Christian Insti- 
 tutes" — justification by grace — the interaction 
 of church and state. 
 
 The ecclesiastical regime at Geneva (1541-1564), 
 and the diffusion of Calvinistic influence: the 
 rise of Huguenotism, Puritanism, and Pres- 
 byterianism. 
 
 Text: M. T., 174-7, 179-80, 212-13. Atlas: L., 43. Refer- 
 ence: Beebohm, 159-62, 195-9; Fisher, 306-11, 318-30, 363-8; 
 Greighton, 52-61. 
 
 d. The establishment of Anglicanism. 
 
 The spirit of ecclesiastical independence in Eng- 
 land, and the replacement of papal authority by 
 the headship of the crown: political and 
 domestic policy of Henry VIII (1509-1547) — 
 Wolsey and the divorce question — the Act of 
 Supremacy (1534) — the confounding of treason 
 with heresy — suppression of the monasteries. 
 
 Construction of the Anglican church (1547- 
 1563) : the introduction of reform in creed — 
 the modification of Roman ritual and polity — 
 the Book of Common Prayer — the Act of Uni- 
 formity, and the Thirty-nine Articles. 
 
 Text: M. T., 180-4. Reference: Beebohm, 167-93; Molerlv, 
 99-106, 118-29, 132-5, 146-219, 224-40; Greighton, 14-39, 41-50; 
 Green, 322-70, 376-9, 384-5; Fisher, 346-63, 368-9. 
 
 50 
 
O. Epochal significance of the Protestant Revolution. 
 
 a. Religious: the overthrow of ecclesiastical authority. 
 The growth of individual conviction and religious 
 controversy: the practice of persecution, and 
 the ultimate attainment of toleration. 
 The principal forms and common tenets of 
 Protestantism: differences in church, govern- 
 ment. 
 
 6. Political: predominance of the secular power, and 
 eventual promotion of civil liberty. 
 
 c. Social and economic: the elevation of domestic life, 
 
 and the stimulation of industrial productivity. 
 
 d. Intellectual: the impetus to education, and to 
 
 freedom of philosophic thought. 
 Text: M. T., 184-8. Reference: Seebokm, 156-9, 212-30; 
 Adams, 131-5; Andrews, 298-300, 308-10; Fisher, 413-49; 
 Creighton, 1-6. 
 
 3. The Catholic Reaction (1540-1563). 
 
 A. The repulse of Protestantism. 
 
 a. Defensive measures: the failure of reconciliation — 
 reform of the Papacy, and purification of the 
 ecclesiastical system. 
 
 6. Offensive measures. 
 
 Organization and activity of the Jesuits: their 
 educational and missionary zeal. 
 
 Revival of the Inquisition, and creation of the 
 Congregation of the Index: the suppression of 
 independent thought in Italy and Spain. 
 
 B. Establishment of the Roman Catholic Church: the work 
 
 of the Council of Trent (1545-1563). 
 
 a. The assurance of papal supremacy. 
 
 6. The maintenance of absolute unity in faith and prac- 
 tice: the Tridentine decrees. 
 Text: M. T., 133, 189-200. Atlas: L., 43. Refeeence: 
 Ward, chs. 1-4; Seebohm, 199-208;; Fisher, 383-94, 452-9; 
 Symonds, 289-312; Hunt, 184-8. 
 
 4. The political struggle of Catholicism and Protestantism : the growth 
 
 of international relations. 
 
 A. The climax and decline of Spanish domination. 
 
 a. The reign of Philip II (1556-1598): its religious, 
 political and economic aspects. 
 51 
 
The championship of Catholicism. 
 
 The treatment of Portugal and the Netherlands: 
 
 the failure of foreign projects. 
 The evils of despotism and bigotry in Spain. 
 
 Text: M. T., 201-6, 235-11, 322. Atlas: L., 43. Reference: 
 Hume, 101-96; Beebohm, 208-10; Creighfon, 83-7, 223-4. 
 
 6. The advancement of England under the policy and 
 administration of Elizabeth (1558-1603). 
 
 The religious situation: the halting between 
 opinions — attitude of the crown — the parties 
 and their controversies: the growth of Puri- 
 tanism — the enforcement of uniformity: the 
 court of High Commission. 
 
 The assurance of national independence, and the 
 beginnings of naval ascendency: the claims of 
 Mary Stuart to the English crown — the machi- 
 nations of Philip II — the exploits of English 
 sailors, and the destruction of the Invincible 
 Armada (1588). 
 
 The reappearance of Parliament: the question of 
 the monopolies. 
 
 Economic reform: the Poor Law act (1601) . 
 
 Literary brilliance: the "Elizabethan age." 
 
 Text: M. T., 211-18, 241-5. Atlas: £., 43. Reference: 
 Green, 369-76, 379-174; Creighton, 43-5, 62-79, 101-7, 123-42, 
 155-60, 166-72, 174-80, 182-6, 192-229; Fisher, 369-81; Gardi- 
 ner, The Puritan Revolution, 1-12. 
 
 c. Foundation of the Dutch republic. 
 
 Government and social conditions of the Nether- 
 lands: the States General — the burgher class 
 • — economic prosperity, and the spirit of inde- 
 pendence. 
 
 The revolt against Spanish oppression under the 
 leadership of William of Orange (1567-1584): 
 the rule of Alva and the Council of Blood — the 
 Beggars of the Sea, and the capture of Brill — 
 the siege of Leyden — the Pacification of Ghent 
 (1576) — withdrawal of the Dutch provinces: 
 the union of Utrecht (1579), and the rejection 
 of Spanish authority. 
 
 The attainment of independence (1609-1648), and 
 52 
 
commercial prosperity: the Dutch colonial 
 dominion. 
 
 Text: M. T., 176, 206-11, 245-6, 321. Atlas: L., 42, 43, 47. 
 Reference: Creighton, 80-2, 87-97, 111-13, 117-20, 143-52, 
 158-9; Fisher, 341-6; Lavisse, 97-101; Cunningham,) 196-203. 
 
 d. The reconstruction of France: accession of the Bour- 
 bon dynasty. 
 
 Attitude of the crown toward religious innova- 
 tion: the social and political aspects of Hugue- 
 notism. 
 
 The aristocratic reaction: the parties of Guise 
 and Bourbon — the policy of Catharine.de Medici, 
 and the intrigues of Philip II — the succession 
 of civil wars — the alternation of concession and 
 repression — the massacre of St. Bartholomew 
 (1572)— conflict of the "Politiques" and the 
 "League." 
 
 The restoration of royal power under Henry IV 
 (1589-1610) : the battle of Ivry, and the ac- 
 ceptance of Catholicism — the grant of qualified 
 liberty of conscience: the edict of Nantes 
 (1598), and its guaranties of Huguenotism — 
 The overthrow of Spanish influence: the peace 
 of Vervins — The reform of administration under 
 Sully: improvement of the finances and pro- 
 motion of agriculture — the royal encourage- 
 ment of commerce, industry, and colonization. 
 
 Text: M. T., 176-9, 203-4, 218-34, 246-53. Atlas: L., 43. 
 Repeeence: Duruy, 309-10, 312, 319-23, 332-84; Creighton, 
 51-5, 60-2, 98-101, 108-11, 114-21, 161-4, 172-^, 180-2, 187-91; 
 Fisher, 330-41; Andrews, 343-4; Cunningham, 206-11. 
 
 B. Foundation of the state-system: the Thirty Years' War 
 (1618-lo"48). 
 
 a. The local issue: Catholicism and Hapsburg su- 
 premacy in the Empire. 
 
 The "ecclesiastical reservation," and the secular- 
 ization of church property. 
 
 Formation of the Evangelical Union, and the 
 Catholic League. 
 
 The Bohemian revolt and its suppression: trans- 
 ference of the Palatine electorate to Bavaria. 
 53 
 
The advent of Wallenstein, and the defeat of Dan- 
 ish interference. 
 
 Promulgation of the Edict of Eestitution (1629). 
 6. The international issue: religious toleration and 
 ilourbon ascendency. 
 
 The rise of Sweden: the intervention of Gus- 
 tavus Adolphus. 
 
 The conversion into a dynastic struggle: the 
 policy of Richelieu, and the humiliation of the 
 Austrian Hapsburgs. 
 
 Text: M. T., 267-83. Atlas: L., 43, 45. Reference: Gardi- 
 ner, The Thirty Years' War, 7-209; Lewis, 401-34; Andrews, 
 303-37; Ward, ch. 5; Lavisse, 92-5; Duruy, 398-402, 405-6. 
 
 c. The peace of Westphalia (1648). 
 
 The religious and constitutional settlement in the 
 Empire: freedom of the German states from 
 Hapsburg control — reorganization of the Diet 
 (1663) — social depravity and economic distress. 
 
 The political and territorial gains of France and 
 Sweden: tutelage of the Empire. 
 
 The establishment of systematic policy: diplo- 
 matic relations and the conceptions of interna- 
 tional law — the "reason of state" — the theory of 
 the balance of power, and the practice of com- 
 pensations. 
 
 Texts M. T., 283-5, 320, 324-6. Atlas: L., 45. Reference: 
 Andrews, 335-43; Gardiner, The Thirty Years' War, 209-16; 
 Lewis, 434-59, 473-5, 494; Airy, 1-8. 
 
 II. THE STRUGGLE FOR DYNASTIC AND COLONIAL 
 AGGRANDIZEMENT: ERA OF THE EN- 
 LIGHTENED DESPOTS ( 1648-1789 ) . 
 
 1. Predominance of France, and assertion of the sovereignty of Parlia- 
 ment in England. 
 
 A. The process of pacification, and the establishment of 
 absolutism, in France. 
 a. The ministry of Richelieu (1623-1643). 
 
 The removal of political power from Huguenots 
 
 and nobility: the reduction of La Rochelle. 
 The rigorous repression of faction and intrigue: 
 
 the "day of dupes." 
 Introduction of the system of intendancies. 
 54 
 
6. The policy of Mazarin (1643-1661). 
 
 Restriction of the parlements, and dissolution of 
 the Fronde. 
 
 Humiliation of the Spanish Hapsburgs: peace of 
 the Pyrenees (1659). 
 
 Text: M. T., 255-66, 311-20. Atlas: L., 45-6. Reference: 
 Airy, 8-83; Duruy, 385-98, 402-5, 407-15. 
 
 B. The elevation of French power: the reign of Louis XIV 
 (1643-1715). 
 
 a. The theory and practice of government by divine 
 
 right: the concentration of public forces in the 
 monarch. 
 
 The central administration: the "business of a 
 king" — the councils and ministries of state — 
 the system of police. 
 
 The local administration: power of the intend- 
 ants — the "pays d'etats" and the "pays d'elec- 
 tion" — the parlements — the fiscal organization. 
 
 Social conditions : the court at Versailles, and the 
 "age of Louis XIV" — the practices of etiquette' 
 and adulation — function of the nobility and 
 prelates-=-the professional and mercantile 
 classes: the "rule of the robe" — situation of 
 the peasantry. , 
 
 The economic reforms of Colbert: regulation of 
 the finances — the promotion of agriculture and 
 industry, commerce, and colonization — the em- 
 ployment of protectionism — the system of pub- 
 lic improvements. 
 
 Reorganization of the army under Louvois. 
 
 Religious bigotry: revocation of the edict of 
 Nantes (1685). 
 
 Text: M. T., 320, 329-38, 346-8, 364-5, 378-9,. Atlas: L., 46. 
 Reference : Duruy, 416-29, 442-4, 460-79; Sale, 5-13, 71-6; 
 Lavisse, 102-6; Wilson, 211-13. 
 
 b. The advancement of political ascendency, and the 
 
 territorial enlargement of France. 
 
 The policy of diplomatic isolation and military 
 aggression: the "war of devolution,'' and the 
 invasion of Holland. 
 The process of usurpation: the "chambers or 
 55 
 
reunion" and the seizure of Strasburg — devasta- 
 tion of the Palatinate. 
 
 Text: M. T., 338-46. Atlas: h., 46. Reference: Airy, 
 104-20, 140-4, 159-65, 189-93, 199-220, 229-31, 237-47, 252-3, 
 257-67; Hale, 3-5, 14-16, 67-71, 147-9; Duruy, 430hU. 
 
 G. The overthrow of absolutism in England. 
 
 a. The struggle of Parliament with the crown. 
 
 The Stuart principles of government, and the re- 
 ligious complication: the dispensing power — 
 the antagonism of Anglican and Nonconformist. 
 
 The revival of Parliament: the question of public 
 liberty and legislative independence — the contest 
 of the House of Commons with James I (1603- 
 1625) — the demand for the observance of free 
 institutions under Charles I (1625-1649): the 
 Petition of Right (1628) — the personal rule of 
 the king in state and church: the policy of 
 "Thorough" — the exaction of "ship-money," and 
 the convocation of the Long Parliament. 
 
 Text: M. T., 286-96; F., 435-7. Reference: Gardiner, The 
 Puritan Revolution, 13-110; Green, 474-534; Fisher, 394-403. 
 
 b. Erection of the Commonwealth and Protectorate 
 
 (1649-1660). 
 The Puritan revolution: the abolition of arbi- 
 trary courts — the "Grand Remonstrance" — the 
 "five members," and the failure of coercion — 
 Social and religious organization of the con- 
 testants: the Roundheads and Cavaliers — the 
 Presbyterians and Independents — Preponderance 
 of the Puritan army: the "self-denying ordi- 
 nance," and the "new model" — the breach with 
 Parliament, and the execution of the king. 
 The rule of Cromwell (1649-1658) : the reSstab- 
 lishment of public order, and the suppression of 
 rebellion — the stimulation of commerce: the 
 Navigation Act (1651), and the beginnings of 
 maritime ascendency over the Dutch. 
 
 Text: M. T., 296-309, 320-2,; F., 437-40. Atlas: h., 45. 
 Reference: Gardiner, The Puritan Revolution, 110-86; Green, 
 534-604; Fisher, 403-7; Cunningham, 203-6, 215-17. 
 
 D. The supremacy of Parliament. 
 
 a. Restoration and deposition of the Stuarts. 
 56 
 
The reaction under Charles II (1660-1685), and 
 the resumption of Parliamentary opposition: 
 the statutes against Dissenters — the subservi- 
 ence to France — the counter statutes against 
 Catholics — the Habeas Corpus Act ( 1679 ) . 
 
 The futile combination of Catholicism and abso- 
 lutism under James II (1685-1688) : the 
 "Declaration of Indulgence," and the "trial of 
 the seven bishops" — the revolution of 1688. 
 
 Text: M. T., 309-10, 320, 349-53; F., 458-61. Reference: 
 Gardiner, The Puritan Revolution, 187-205; Airy, 84-104, 120-40, 
 148-62, 165-89, 193-9, 221-8, 231-7, 247-51, 254-7, 264-7; Bale, 
 17-66, 76-129; Green, 605-82; Fisher, 485-90. 
 
 6. The final establishment of constitutional monarchy. 
 
 The rise of parliamentary government: the acces- 
 sion of William III (1688-1702)— the Bill of 
 Rights (1689) — the Mutiny and Toleration acts 
 — the Act of Settlement ( 1701 ) : independence 
 of the judiciary — the formation of political 
 parties: the Whigs and the Tories. 
 
 The institutions and principles of parliamentary 
 government: position and powers of the crown 
 — the Privy Council — the Cabinet, and the sys- 
 tem of ministerial responsibility to Parliament 
 — the party majority in the House of Commons, 
 and the ultimate authority of the people. 
 
 Text: M. T., 353-4; F., 461-2. Reference: Hale, 131-47, 
 149-91, 208-27; Green, 682-705; Wilson, 374-89. 
 
 2. Advent of the new powers, and assurance of the maritime and 
 colonial predominance of England. 
 
 A. The frustration of French supremacy in Europe, and the 
 beginnings of world politics. 
 a. The league of Augsburg, and the extension of the 
 
 struggle to the colonies. 
 6. Disposal of the Hapsburg inheritance in Spain: the 
 war of the Spanish succession (1701-1713). 
 The projects of partition, and the question of 
 Bourbon royalty: formation of the Grand 
 Alliance. 
 The battle of Blenheim, and the capture of Gibral- 
 tar (1704) : the treaty of Utrecht (1713). 
 
 Text: M. T., 354-64. Atlas: L., 47. Reference: Airy, 
 
 .57 
 
144-8; Hale, 100-2, 126-8, 167-8, 181-2, 192-208, 218-20, 224-5, 
 227-31; Morris, The age of Anne, 1-12, 32-115, 128-38, 180-5; 
 Morris, The early Hanoverians, 1-10; Hume, 295-345; Lavisse, 
 106-9. 
 
 B. The rise of Prussia, and the interconnection of eastern and 
 western Europe. 
 
 o. The expansion of Brandenburg under the Hohenzollern. 
 The domain of the Teutonic knights and its con- 
 version into the duchy of Prussia (1525). 
 The junction of Prussia with Brandenburg, 
 (1618), and the beginnings of consolidation un- 
 der the rule of the Great Elector (1640-1688) : 
 the removal of Polish suzerainty, and the con- 
 flict with Sweden for hegemony on the Baltic 
 — the centralization of government: subjection 
 of the provincial Estates — the advancement of 
 industry and financial reform. 
 6. The foundation of military monarchy. 
 
 Recognition of the kingdom of Prussia (1701). 
 The paternal administration of Frederick William 
 I (1713-1740): establishment of the bureau- 
 cratic system, and the Prussian army. 
 
 Text: M. A., 247 (note), 290-1, 487; M. T., 5, 166, 325, 409-13. 
 Atlas : L., 30, 33, 35, 39, 43-5, 47-8. Reference: Lewis, 223-4, 
 232, 287-8, 477-94; Andrews, 247, 395-405; Longman, 3-26; 
 Lavisse, 113-17; George, ch. 17. 
 
 G. The rise of Russia. 
 
 a. Development of the Slavic principalities, and the 
 assertion of Muscovite supremacy. 
 
 The Tartar domination and its overthrow. 
 
 The "troublous times": the Polish usurpation, 
 and the accession of the Romanoffs (1612). 
 
 Autocratic government, and the social system: 
 powers of the Czar — the nobility — the Greek 
 church: the black and white clergy — the peas- 
 antry, and their village communities — the prev- 
 alence of semi-Oriental seclusion. 
 
 Text: M. A., 165-6, 221, 487-8, 498; M. T., 5, 267-8, 326-7, 
 387-8. Atlas: L., 30, 33, 37, 39, 43-4. Refebence: Lavisse, 
 122-5; Rambaud, I. 
 
 6. The approximation of Russia to the European states: 
 the work of Peter the Great (1696-1725). 
 58 
 
The process of political and social reorganization: 
 the arbitrary introduction of European ideas 
 and institutions — The employment of foreigners, 
 and the erection of St. Petersburg — Reconstruc- 
 tion of the army, and formation of a navy: sup- 
 pression of the "streltsi" — Subordination of the 
 church : establishment of the Holy Synod — Offi- 
 cial gradation of the nobility — The central 
 government : the senate, and the administrative 
 councils — the department of police — The pro- 
 vincial government, and the construction of a 
 municipal system — creation of a middle class: 
 the encouragement of trade and manufactures — 
 Superficiality of the innovations: their failure 
 to permeate the mass of the population. 
 
 The inauguration of foreign policy: territorial 
 expansion and commercial connection — the 
 struggle with Sweden and the Turks: the 
 career of Charles XII (1697-1718), and the de- 
 cline of Sweden — the treaty of Nystadt (1721). 
 
 Text: M. T., 388-400. Atlas: £., 45, 47-8. Refebence: 
 Lavisse, 125-8; Rambaud, II, 13-126; Morris, The age of Anne, 
 148-68. 
 
 D. The triumph of England and Prussia: the decline of 
 French and Austrian prestige. 
 
 o. The growth of party rule in England : domination of 
 the Whig aristocracy. 
 
 The union with Scotland (1707), and the attitude 
 
 of the parties on foreign policy. 
 Acession of the Hanoverians (1715), and 
 
 effacement of the Tories : the Septennial Act. 
 Parliamentary corruption, and the ministry of 
 Walpole (1721-1742): commercial considera- 
 tions, and the war with Spain. 
 Text: M. T., 434-8. Reference: M orris, The age of Anne, 
 24-31, 115-28, 138-48, 169-80, 208-10; Morris, The early Hanov- 
 erians, 10-47, 55-69, 73-87, 100-10; Green, 705-9, 712-41. 
 
 6. The prevalence of dynastic intrigue on the continent: 
 the replacement of Hapsburg by Bourbon in Italy. 
 The regency in France: the process of financial 
 
 experimentation. 
 The undoing of the treaty of Utrecht (1715-1735) : 
 the question of the Tuscan duchies and the 
 59 
 
kingdom of the Two Sicilies — the intricacy of 
 diplomatic combinations — appearance of the 
 kingdom of Sardinia — the war of the Polish elec- 
 tion (1733-1735), and its outcome. 
 
 Text: M. T., 401-9. Atlas: L., 43, 45, 47-8. Reference: 
 Duruy, 480-90; Hume, 345-69; Bunt, 190-9, 207-11; Morris, The 
 age of Anne, 185-8; Morris, The early Hanoverians, 47-55, 70-3, 
 88-99; Longman, 26-9; Lavisse, 89-92. 
 
 c. The preliminary encounter on the continent and in 
 
 the colonies: the War of the Austrian Succession 
 (1740-1748). 
 Disposal of the Eapsburg inheritance in the 
 Austrian territories: ratification and disregard 
 of the "Pragmatic Sanction" — the seizure of 
 Silesia. 
 The alliance of Prussia and Prance, and the en- 
 trance of Russia into Europe politics. 
 
 Text: M. T., 413-21. Atlas: L., 48. Reference: Morris, 
 The early Hanoverians, 110-79; Longman, 30-62; Lewis, 495-506; 
 Duruy, 491-6. 
 
 d. The Seven Years' War (1756-1763), and the struggle 
 
 for colonial dominion. 
 
 The reforms of Maria Theresa (1740-1780) in 
 Austrian administration. 
 
 The schemes of Kaunitz, and the accomplishment 
 of the "diplomatic revolution." 
 
 Merging of the dispute on the continent with the 
 colonial and maritime issue: the disposal of 
 Silesia — the mastery in America and India — The 
 policy of Pitt: support of Prussia, and stimu- 
 lation of the struggle with France — The defec- 
 tion of Russia — The "family compact," and the 
 humiliation of Prance and Spain : the treaty of 
 Paris. 
 
 Epochal significance of the war: the attainment 
 of British supremacy, on the seas, and in the 
 colonial regions — appearance of the great 
 powers, and dependence of the international 
 equilibrium upon their relations — the shift of 
 European interests to the east. 
 
 Text: M. T., 422-32, 438-44. Atlas: L., 48, 59-61. Refer- 
 ence: Longman, 1-3, 62-232; Lewis, 509-25; Qreen, 744-57, 
 
 60 
 
762-4; Duruy, 496-501; Rambwud, II, 159-66, 177-8; Lwoi&se, 
 109-13, 137; George, ch. 21. 
 
 E. The partial overthrow of British colonial dominion: revolt 
 of the American colonies. 
 
 a. The revival of Toryism in England. 
 
 Personal influence of the crown: the rule of 
 George III (1760-1820) and the "king's 
 friends." 
 
 The rise of democratic agitation: the Middlesex 
 election. 
 
 o. The thirteen colonies, and their transformation into 
 the United States. 
 
 Settlement and administration. — The motives of 
 colonization, and the types of provinces: ven- 
 tures of the commercial companies^— the re- 
 ligious communities — feudal reproductions : the 
 proprietorships — The process of conversion into 
 royal provinces — The control of the crown: 
 supervision of the Board of Trade, and annul- 
 ment of legislation. 
 
 Government and social conditions : the adaptation 
 of English institutions and principles of liberty 
 — the governor, the council, and the assembly — 
 the struggle for subjection of the executive 
 to the popular body — social and economic differ- 
 ences of the northern and southern groups. 
 
 The imposition of taxes, and the restriction of 
 colonial enterprise: enforcement of the navi- 
 gation acts — the subordination of manufactures 
 — outcome of the French and Indian war: the 
 Stamp Act (1765) — the beginnings of resistance 
 and its repression: the non-importation 
 agreements — the Townshend and "intolerable" 
 acts. 
 
 The overthrow of BritisJugjithority : the Eevolu- 
 tionary War (1775-17*2). — Convocation of the 
 Continental Congress, and issue of the Declar- 
 ation of Independence (1776) — The capitulation 
 at Saratoga, and the intervention of France and 
 Spain (1778) — Formation of the "Armed 
 Neutrality of the North" — The surrender at 
 Yorktown (1781), and the acknowledgment of 
 independence. 
 
 61 
 
c. The compensation in India, and the ministry of Pitt 
 the Younger (1783-1801) 
 
 The extension of royal control over India: the 
 
 trial of Warren Hastings. 
 The failure of efforts at parliamentary reform. 
 
 Text: M. T., 444-56. Atlas: L., 49, 57-62. Reference: 
 Green, 757-62, 764-97 ; Wilson, 438-57 ; Fisher, Christian Church, 
 459-83; Duruy, 501, 525-8; Fisher, The colonial era; Sloane, 
 
 F. The elevation of Prussia, and the rise of dual leadership in 
 the Empire: the reign of Frederick the Great (1740- 
 1786). 
 a. The process of administration. 
 
 Territorial enlargement, and the promotion of 
 economic recovery: solidification of the king- 
 dom, and repopulation of the rural districts. 
 Reform of the legal and educational systems. 
 6. The Bavarian question, and the formation of the 
 League of Princes. 
 
 Text: M. T., 432-3. Atlas: L., 48-9. Reference: Long- 
 man, 232-3, 236-42; Lewis, 506-9, 526-30, 534-40, 544-5; Lavisse, 
 117-18, 120-2; Andrews, 405-6, 408. 
 
 O. The advancement of Russia under Catharine II (1762- 
 1796). 
 a. The method of government. 
 
 Reorganization of the administrative districts and 
 
 the judicial system. 
 The secularization of ecclesiastical property. 
 The encouragement of education, and the improve- 
 ment of economic conditions. 
 
 6. The partition of Poland. 
 
 Government and social organization: weakness of 
 the monarchy — power of the magnates in the 
 Diet — the "liberum veto," and the right of con- 
 federation — the religious complication — lack of 
 a middle class — serfdom of the peasantry. 
 The intervention of Russia, Prussia, and Austria: 
 guaranty of the Polish constitution — the sup- 
 pression of reform and revolt — the process of 
 territorial and political absorption, 
 c. The decline of Turkey, and the establishment of Rus- 
 62 
 
sian preponderance in southeastern Europe: the 
 treaty of Kainardji (1774). 
 
 Text: M. T., 327-8, 457-69. Atlas: L., 48-9. Reference: 
 Longman, 233-6; Rambaud, II, 178-247. 
 
 III. THE PROGRESS OF CULTURE. 
 
 1. Social and economic. 
 
 A. The refinement of manners : influence of the French court. 
 
 B. The mercantile system, and the restriction of industry. 
 
 a. The principle of the balance of trade: the utility of 
 gold and silver — the influence of credit as an offset. 
 
 6. The excess of governmental and corporate regulation 
 of industrial activities. 
 
 C. The advancement of commerce and colonization. 
 
 a. Enlargement of the merchant marine, and construc- 
 tion of navies. 
 
 6. The various colonial systems: the practices of 
 monopoly and exploitation — the companies of mer- 
 chant adventurers. 
 
 Text: M. T., 129-36, 240-1, 243, 440-2, 477-8, 481-2. Refer- 
 ence: Cunningham, 183-96, 200-1, 211-15, 217-19, 221-4. 
 
 2. Intellectual and religious. 
 
 A. The expansion of secular thought. 
 
 a. The cultivation of art and literature. 
 6. The progress of systematic philosophy and natural 
 science. 
 
 The use of observation and experiment: rise of 
 
 the inductive method. 
 The discovery and classification of laws and 
 phenomena. 
 
 B. The liberation of religious ideas. 
 
 a. The multiplication of creeds and ecclesiastical bodies. 
 6. The clarification of conceptions: the opposing 
 
 theories of natural law and, divine revelation, 
 c. The political intrigues and commercial ventures of the 
 
 Jesuits: suppression of the order (1773). 
 
 Text: M. T., 184, 187, 244, 365-85, 471, 475-84, 503, 510; F., 
 493-5, 543-6. Reference: Morris, The age of Anne, ch., 22; 
 
 63 
 
Morris, The early Hanoverians, 180-224; Fisher, Christian 
 Church, 490-2, 497-527, 598-611, 618-23. 
 
 The Transition from Modern to Contemporaneous 
 History. 
 
 Genebal Characteristics. — Foundation of the existing struc- 
 ture of society and government: the revolutionary upheavals, 
 and the manifestation of the power and interests of the people — 
 rise of the constitutional system, and of liberal principles of social 
 activity — the recognition of international concerns and respon- 
 sibilities. 
 
 I. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION, AND THE NAPOLE- 
 ONIC EMPIRE. 
 
 1. Antecedents : the ancient regime. 
 
 A. The outcome of absolutism. 
 
 a. Political and religious. 
 
 The prevalence of confusion and corruption in 
 government: the lack of justice, and the 
 domination of officialism. 
 The growth of externalism and skepticism: the 
 tendency to moral degeneration. 
 6. Social and economic. 
 
 The rule of monopoly and privilege: the sur- 
 vivals of feudalism, and the inequality of taxa- 
 tion. 
 Intelligence and prosperity of the middle classes: 
 hostile attitude of the peasants and the city 
 populace, 
 c. Origination of the revolution in France. 
 
 The enjoyment of relative superiority in social and 
 economic conditions : the resultant appreciation 
 of abuses. 
 Actual distress and its manifestation: develop- 
 ment of the revolutionary spirit. 
 The disparity between ideas and institutions : 
 criticisms and theories of the French philoso- 
 phers. 
 
 Foreign influences: the English constitution, and 
 the issue of the American revolution. 
 
 Text: M. T., 479-82, 484-502, 509-11; Rose, 1-7. Reference: 
 
 64 
 
Mathews, 1-90, 100, 113-14; Andrews, 351-65; Stephens, Revolu- 
 tionary Europe, 5-10; Durtiy, 502-21; Lavisse, 136-7; Morris, 
 The early Hanoverians, 209-24. 
 
 B. The efforts at reform. 
 
 a. Futile activity of the enlightened despots and their 
 ministers under the stimulus of French philosophic 
 conceptions: the work of Joseph II (1780-1790). 
 6. Gravity of the economic problem in France: the at- 
 tempts at solution. 
 
 The administration of Turgot, and the financial 
 policy of Necker: the "Compte Rendu" — op- 
 position of the Court — the struggle with the 
 parlements. 
 
 The Assembly of the Notables, and the virtual 
 -acknowledgment of bankruptcy: convocation of 
 the Estates General (1789) as a financial ex- 
 pedient. 
 
 Text: M. T., ix-x (preface), 502-9, 511-15; Rose, 4-5, 7-8, 
 28-33. Reference: Mathews, 90-119; Stephens, 4-5, 11-41; 
 Andrews, 363-6; Mackenzie, 1-18; Duruy, 522-5, 528-38; Lewis, 
 530-4, 537-8; Bume, 392-411. 
 
 2. The outbreak and course of revolution (1789-1791). 
 
 A. The assumption of government by the National-Consti- 
 
 tuent Assembly. 
 
 a. Supremacy of the Third Estate: the "oath in the 
 tennis court." 
 
 6. Uprising of the masses: the destruction of the Bas- 
 tille — the system of local reprisals. 
 
 B. The process of constitutional reconstruction. 
 
 o. Theoretical excellence and practical defectiveness. 
 o. Social and economic reforms. 
 
 The "Declaration of the Rights of Man." 
 
 The removal of class privilege, pecuniary burdens, 
 and judicial inequality: abolition of the no- 
 bility. 
 
 The guaranty of religious freedom: the "Civil 
 Constitution of the Clergy," and the seculariza- 
 tion of ecclesiastical property. 
 
 Ineffectual regulation of the finances: the assig- 
 nats and their inflation. 
 
 65 
 
c. Political reform: the erection of limited monarchy 
 under the influence of Mirabeau. 
 
 The king, the ministry, and the legislative body. 
 Reorganization of the administrative districts: 
 creation of the departments, and adoption of the 
 elective system. 
 
 Text: Rose, 9-19, 22, 54. Reference: Mathews, 119-65; 
 Duruy, 538-45, 547, 549; Andrews, 366-72. 
 
 C. Epochal significance of the Revolution. 
 
 a. The deliverance of France from absolutism, intoler- 
 ance, and inequality. 
 &. Assertion of the fundamental principles of democracy. 
 The sentiments of patriotism and nationality. 
 The ideas of popular sovereignty and individual 
 liberty. 
 
 Text: F., 497; Rose, 1. Reference: Stephens, 1-4, 360-2; 
 Andrews, 349-50: Lavisse, 141-5; Mathews, 285. 
 
 3. The republic. 
 
 A. Foreign war, and the operation of democratic despotism 
 (1791-1795). 
 a. Ascendency of the Girondists. 
 
 The agencies of popular excitement: the political 
 
 clubs, newspapers, and pamphlets. 
 Opposition of the king to encroachments on his 
 
 authority : the flight to Varennes. 
 Formation of the Legislative Assembly: the 
 Feuillants, the Girondists, and the Mountainists, 
 Agitation of the emigres and non-jurant clergy. 
 The intervention of Austria and Prussia: the 
 declaration of Pilnitz, and the outbreak of war 
 (1792). 
 6. Supremacy of the Jacobins. 
 
 The National Convention, and the abolition of 
 monarchy: proclamation of the revolutionary 
 propaganda. 
 The revulsion of public sentiment in England: 
 
 the practice of subvention. 
 Rule of the Committee of Public Safety: the 
 struggle of France with the coalition of England 
 and the continental monarchs — the suppression 
 66 
 
of plot and insurrection: the Reign of Terror, 
 
 and the dictatorship of Robespierre. 
 
 c. The Thermidorian reaction, and the abandonment of 
 
 the revolutionary propaganda : the treaties of Basel 
 
 (1795), and the process of extension to the "natural 
 
 frontier." 
 
 Tex?: Rose, 19-28, 33-54. Atlas: L., 48, 50. Reference: 
 Mathews, 166-284; Andrews, 372-84; Duruy, 545-65; Green, 
 800-9, 
 
 B. Rise of military despotism (1795-1799): the advent of 
 Bonaparte (1768-1821), and the power of the army. 
 a. Government of the Directory: the construction of de- 
 pendent republics — reverses in arms, and inability to 
 quell internal disorders. 
 6. The campaigns of Bonaparte in Italy and Egypt. 
 
 The peace of Campo Formio (1797), and the coup 
 
 d'fitat of 17 Fructidor. 
 Failure of the project against England: the bat- 
 tle of the Nile. 
 c. Overthrow of the Directory: the revolution of 18 
 Brumaire (1799). 
 
 Text: Rose, 53, 56-74. Atlas: L., 50. Refeeence: 
 Stephens, 158-211; Duruy, 566-78; Hunt, 216-18; Andrews, 385. 
 
 4. The empire of the French (1804-1814): the career of Napoleon. 
 A. The process of formation: the heritage of the Revolution, 
 and its transmission to the European world. 
 a. The consulate (1799-1804). 
 
 The interval of peace: the treaties of Luneville 
 
 and Amiens ( 1801 ) . 
 The consulship of Bonaparte: the constitution of 
 the Year VIII, and its modifications — the policy 
 of reconciliation — the completion of centralized 
 administration, and the assurance of civil 
 equality: the prefectures, and the Code — the 
 ecclesiastical restoration: the Concordat — the 
 course of soeial and economic reconstruction, 
 o. Erection of the empire. 
 
 Assumption of the imperial title (1804) : its 
 
 novel character. 
 The lapse of republican institutions: the court, 
 the nobility, and the council of state. 
 67 
 
c. Expansion of the empire, and revival of the idea of 
 universal monarchy: the Napoleonic dynasty, and 
 the vassal states. 
 
 The renewal of war with the coalitions. 
 
 Overthrow of the French navy : the battle of Tra- 
 
 The humiliation of Austria: the peace of Press- 
 burg. 
 
 Extinction of the Holy Roman Empire (1806) : its 
 replacement by the Empire of Austria, and the 
 Confederation of the Rhine. 
 
 The summit of power: collapse of Prussia, and 
 defeat of Russia — the treaty of Tilsit (1807). 
 
 Text: Rose, 75-92, 94-7. Atlas: L., 50. Reference : Stephens, 
 212-50; Duruy, 579-604; Lewis, 564-82; Hunt, 219-21; Rambwud, 
 II, 271-96; Lavisse, 138-9; Andrews, 385-7; 409-10; Wilson, 
 213-15; George, ch. 19. 
 
 B. The process of destruction: the national reaction against 
 military despotism. 
 
 a. The defects of construction, and the policy of European 
 domination. 
 The factor of individual genius, and the character 
 of the Napoleonic armies: the practice of con- 
 scription, and the military exhaustion of France. 
 The Continental System, and the antagonism of 
 England: the Berlin and Milan decrees — the 
 Orders in Council. 
 &. The spirit of patriotic nationality. 
 
 The war of liberation in Spain : the generalship 
 of Wellesley. 
 
 The regeneration of Prussia under the ministry of 
 Stein. — Social and economic : the edict of Memel 
 (1870) — Political: reform of the municipali- 
 ties — Military reorganization: compulsory ser- 
 vice, and utility of the reserve. 
 The activity of popular associations in Germany: 
 the "Tugendbund." 
 Text: Rose, 93, 97-126. Atlas: L., 50-1. Refebence: 
 Stephens, 250-98; Green, 819-28; Dwuy, 598, 604-12; Macken- 
 zie, 46-52; Lewis, 583-610; Andrews, 411-13; Seignobos, 424-8; 
 Wilson, 252-3; Bunt, 218-21. 
 
 c. The overthrow of Napoleon. 
 68 
 
The Russian campaign, and the final coalition of 
 the powers: the battle of Leipsic (1813) — 
 the abdication of Napoleon. 
 
 The Hundred Days, and the battle of Waterloo 
 (1815). 
 
 The exile to St. Helena : survival of the Napoleonic 
 tradition. 
 O. The reconstruction of Europe: the' work of the Congress 
 of Vienna (1815), and the influence of Talleyrand, 
 o. The diminution of secondary states, and the disregard 
 
 of nationality. 
 6. Rise of the European concert: the system of the 
 great powers. 
 
 Text: Rose, 127-42, 144-62. Atlas: L., 50-1. Reference: 
 Stephens, 299-361; Rambaud, II, 296-365; Mackenzie, 52-70; 
 Duruy, 612-23, 625-31; Lewis, 610-65; Green, 830-6; Hunt, 
 221-3; Andrews, 388-92, 413-16; Seignobos, 1-7, 111-14; Wilson, 
 253-1; Lavisse, 140-1. 
 
 II. THE NATIONAL CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED 
 
 STATES. 
 
 1. The formation of government. 
 
 A. Weakness of the central power (1777-1789). 
 
 a. The Articles of Confederation, and the dependence of 
 the Congress upon the state legislatures. 
 
 6. The inability to levy taxation, or to regulate? 1 com- 
 merce: the conference at Annapolis. 
 
 B. The assurance of cohesion and efficiency. 
 
 a. The convention at Philadelphia, and the issue of 
 the Federal Constitution (1787). 
 
 The contest over the method of representation, and 
 over the power of the federal government to 
 regulate commerce : the three compromises. 
 The process of obtaining the ratification of the 
 Constitution: addition of the first ten amend- 
 ments. 
 6. The congressional system of government. 
 
 Functions of the President, the Congress, and the 
 
 Supreme Court. 
 The powers reserved to the states, and the guaran- 
 ties of individual liberty. 
 
 69 
 
Text : F., 487, 489-90. Atlas : L., 62. Reference : Walker, 
 1-77; Johnston, 1-21, 280-323; Wilson, 457-64, 469-550; Bryoe, 
 
 1. 15-276, 298-682, 686-724. 
 
 2. The exercise of government, and the rise of political parties : ap- 
 
 pearance of the states' rights theory. 
 
 A. Constitutional views and social contrasts of the Fed- 
 
 eralists and the Republicans: the respective influences of 
 English and French sympathies. 
 
 B. The process pf centralization: rule of the Federalists 
 
 (1789-1801). 
 
 a. Creation of the federal judiciary and the executive de- 
 partments. 
 
 6. Foundation of the national credit: the work of 
 Hamilton — funding of the public debt, and erection 
 of the United States Bank — construction of a system 
 of internal revenue. 
 
 c. The assurance of freedom from foreign entanglements: 
 
 the policy of Washington (1789-1797) — the Genet, 
 affair, and the Jay treaty. 
 
 d. The repression of popular criticism, and its outcome. 
 
 Enactment of the Alien and Sedition laws. 
 The declaration of states' rights: the Virginia 
 and Kentucky Resolutions (1798). 
 
 Text: F., 536-9. Atlas: L., 62. Reference: Walker, 78- 
 162; Johnston, 19-54; Wilson, 464-5. 
 
 3. The transposition of parties, and the completion of national inde- 
 
 pendence : advent of the Republicans to power. 
 
 A. The subordination of political theory to national necessity: 
 
 the purchase of Louisiana (1803). 
 
 B. The question of maritime freedom. 
 
 o. The impressment of American seamen, and the viola- 
 tion of neutrality: passage of the Embargo and 
 Non-Intercourse acts. 
 
 6. The second war with Great Britain (1812-1814). 
 
 C. End of the Federalists, and fusion of the parties. 
 
 a. The prevalence of discontent in the New England 
 
 states. 
 &. Issue of the Hartford convention: the "era of good 
 
 feeling." 
 
 Text: F., 539-i3, 601. Atlas: L., 62, 63. Refebenck: 
 Walker, 162-273; Johnston, 55-98; Burgess, The Middle Period, 
 ch. 1 ; Wilson, 465-6. 
 
 70 
 
III. THE ECONOMIC REVOLUTION: APPROACH OP 
 THE INDUSTRIAL AGE. 
 
 1. The lessening of trade privileges, and the investigation of economic 
 
 phenomena. 
 
 A. The restriction of domestic and foreign monopolies, and 
 
 the beginnings of freedom in colonial commerce. 
 
 B. Rise of the science of political economy: theories of the 
 
 Physiocrats and Adam Smith. 
 
 2. The application of scientific discoveries to industrial conditions. 
 
 A. The advancement in physics, mathematics, chemistry, and 
 
 the graphic arts. 
 
 B. The process of experimentation in electricity. 
 
 O, The decline of hand-labor, and' the assurance of rapidity in 
 manufacture and traffic: the invention of machinery, 
 and the beginnings of the factory system. 
 
 Text: M. T., viii (preface), 471-5, 481-2; F., 493, 546, 619. 
 Reference: Machenmie, 86-8, 182-90; Seignoios, 671-3; Gim- 
 ningham, 13-14, 225-42. 
 
 Contemporaneous History. 
 
 General Characteristics. — The transformation of political 
 and social institutions: the achievements of nationality, popular 
 sovereignty, and individual liberty. — Realization of the national 
 idea: the consciousness of unity and mutual responsibility. 
 --Adoption of the constitutional system of government: the rule 
 of parties. — National expansion, and the prevalence of world 
 politics. — The democratic organization of society. — The emancipa- 
 tion of labor and commerce. — Diversification of economic enter- 
 prises: the power of capital. — The diffusion of luxury, comfort, 
 and poverty: the problem of promoting the welfare of humanity 
 through a reconciliation of the social order, and the proper exer- 
 cise of government, with the rights and duties of the individual. 
 — The international community of action and sentiment. 
 
 Text: F., 361-2, 547-8. Reference: Andrews, 347-8; La- 
 visse, 145-7; Mackenzie, 454-60; Seignobos, 834, 838-47; Cun- 
 ningham, 14-16, 254-9. 
 
 I. THE ASSURANCE OF CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERN- 
 MENT, AND THE RECOGNITION OP 
 NATIONALITY. 
 
 1. The principles and problems. 
 
 A. The liberal and radical theories. 
 
 a. The rapid extension of popular and individual rights. 
 71 
 
6. The agencies of agitation: the utility of speech and 
 press — the work of secret societies — "Young Europe," 
 and its national branches. 
 
 B. The conservative and reactionary ideas. 
 
 a. The maintenance of existing institutions, and the in- 
 sistence upon moderation in progress. 
 B. Reversion to the past: "union of the altar and the 
 
 throne." 
 
 ... - i . 
 
 C. Interconnection of the questions of nationality and consti- 
 
 tutional government. 
 
 a. The tests of nationality : popular preference and racial 
 
 affinity. 
 6. The overthrow of foreign supremacy, and the co- 
 alescence of individual states: the methods of 
 opposition and union. 
 
 The resort to rebellion and to legislative obstruc- 
 tion. 
 Foreign alliance, and the adhesion to a national 
 
 nucleus. 
 The spirit and movements of "pan-nationalism." 
 
 Reference: Andrews, 347-9; Lavisse, 147-50; Mackenzie, 
 453-4, 460-1; Seignobos, 329-30, 335, 718-21, 834-8. 
 
 2. The progress of agitation and reaction. 
 
 A. The concert of Russia, Prussia, and Austria as a European 
 police: supervision of the "Holy Alliance." 
 
 a. The Bourbon restoration in France (1815-1830). 
 
 The grant of a royal charter, and the founding of 
 
 parliamentary government. 
 The conflict of parties, and the maintenance of 
 
 ultra-royalist control. 
 
 b. The Tory reaction in England. 
 
 The prevalence of economic distress and popular 
 discontent. 
 
 The adoption of repressive measures: the Man- 
 chester massacre," and the "Six Acts." 
 
 c. The trial and abandonment of liberal administration 
 
 in Russia: the experiments of Alexander I (1801- 
 1825). 
 
 d. Operation of the "Holy Alliance" under the direction 
 
 of Metternich: the congresses of the powers. 
 
 72 
 
The repression of liberalism and national senti- 
 ment in Germany: the Carlsbad decrees, and 
 the manipulation of the Diet. 
 The subdual of insurrection in Spain and Italy. 
 B. Collapse of the "Holy Alliance." 
 
 a. The defeat of intervention in Europe: the policy of 
 
 Canning — action of the powers in Greece. 
 6. The defeat of intervention in America : revolt of the 
 Spanish colonies, and pronouncement of the Monroe 
 doctrine (1823): 
 
 Text: Rose,- 105, 143-4, 150-1, 163-9, 173-87, 191-2. Atlas: 
 L., 51. Reference: Seignolos, 7-8, 10-15, 19-30, 103-11, 113- 
 26, 287-94, 326-33, 374-87, 403-6, 428-37, 578-86, 747-59; Mao- 
 hcnzie, 71-7, 92-3, 102-16, 253-8, 319-24, 341-2, 351-6; Andrews, 
 391-3, 416-19, 421; Duruy, 624-5, 632-^; McCarthy, 12-18; Ram- 
 laud, II, 366-99, III, 13-25; Lewis, 665-71; Hunt, 224-7. 
 
 0. The revolutionary movement of 1830. 
 o. The origination in France. 
 
 The Polignac ministry, and the issue of the "July 
 
 ordinances.'' 
 Overthrow of the Bourbons, and accession of Louis 
 Philippe (1830-1848) as the "citizen-king." 
 
 &. The communication to Europe. 
 
 The insurrection in Belgium, and the separation 
 from Holland: the recognition of national in- 
 dependence, and the formation of constitutional 
 monarchy. 
 
 The liberal modifications of government in Den- 
 mark, Sweden, and Switzerland. 
 
 The triumph of Russian authority: extinction of 
 the kingdom of Poland. 
 
 The premature uprising in Italy: its suppression 
 by Austria. 
 
 The futile commotions in Germany, and the forma- 
 tion of the Zollverein (1833). 
 
 The course of reaction in Spain: the Carlist in- 
 surrection — temporary alliance of the crown 
 with the constitutionalists — the resumption of 
 absolutism. 
 Text: Rose, 169-72, 195-206, 218-19, 225-8, 377-85, 390. 
 Atlas: L., 51.. Reference: Seignolos, 126-32, 229-55, 257-84, 
 
 73 
 
294-303, 333-5, 387-9, 451nt, 554-77, 586-8, 761-2, 764-71; An- 
 drews, 419-21, 425; Mackenzie, 258-63, 324-5; Wilson, 301-31, 
 347-62; Duruy, 634-5 ; Rambaud, III, 45-71; Hunt, 227-8; Lewis, 
 671-6. 
 
 D. The attainment of parliamentary reform in England: 
 
 supremacy of the House of Commons (1832). 
 
 a. The removal of religious disabilities: Catholic 
 
 emancipation (1829), and the relief of Dissenters. 
 6. The enlargement of representation and the suffrage. 
 
 Coercion of the House of Lords, and appearance 
 of the Liberal and Conservative parties. 
 
 The failure of radicalism : collapse of the Chartist 
 movement (1837-1848). 
 e. The abolition of slavery in the colonies (1833). 
 
 d. The restoration of self-government to cities: the 
 
 Municipal Corporations act (1835). 
 
 e. The introduction of free trade: repeal of the corn 
 
 laws (1846) and the navigation acts. 
 
 Text: F., 558-60. Reference: McCarthy, 18-96, 127-36, 
 171-91; Mackenzie, 99-102, 106-16, 118-19, 126-35, 141-4, 156-8; 
 Seignobos, 15-19, 32-7, 40-3, 50-4, 57-9; Wilson, 388-92; Cun- 
 ningham, 242—4. 
 
 E. The revolutionary movement of 1848. 
 
 a. The outbreak in France, and the revival of the Empire 
 of the French. 
 
 Unpopularity of the Orleans administration: the 
 reform banquets, and the socialistic movement. 
 
 The provisional republic: the suppression of na- 
 tional workshops and socialistic disorders — the 
 Bonapartist revival, and the presidency of Louis 
 Napoleon. 
 
 The "coup d'etat," and the erection of the ple- 
 biscite Empire under Napoleon III (1852-1870). 
 o. The extension to Europe. 
 
 Futility of the popular convention in Prussia: 
 the grant of a royal constitution (1850). 
 
 The sentiment of German unity, and its lack of 
 
 practical power: the popular manifestations of 
 
 patriotism — the racial and political hindrances: 
 
 failure of the national assembly at Frankfort. 
 
 74 
 
Dissolution of the national parliament in 
 Austria: the return to absolutism and the 
 suppression of the Hungarian revolt. 
 
 The failure of independent action in Italy. — Efforts 
 of the native forces of unity: the promulgation 
 of the Statuto (1848), and the beginnings of 
 constitutional government in the kingdom of 
 Sardinia- — patriotic agitation, and the prev- 
 alence of discord between the monarchists and 
 the republicans: the "Risorgimento," and the 
 work of "Young Italy" under the inspiration of 
 Mazzini. — The maintenance of Austrian control : 
 the lapse of papal liberalism and reform — the 
 suppression of revolt, and the defeat of Sardinia. 
 
 Text: Rose, 203-4, 206-17, 219-24, 229-49, 252-8. Atlas: L., 
 51. Reference: Seignobos, 132-52, 155-76, 335-48, 389-99, 
 406-9, 411-23, 437-51, 454, 771-23, 775-81, 783-4; Mackenzie, 
 263-90, 325-8, 342-7, 356-60, 436-7; Andrews, 421-5; Duruy, 
 635-57; Lewis, 676-9; Hunt, 228-39. 
 
 3. The triumph of constitutional government, and the attainment of 
 nationality. 
 
 A. The unification of Germany. 
 
 a. The advancement of unity: the exclusion of Austria. 
 
 The premature effort of Prussia, and its frustra- 
 tion: the conference at Olmiitz. 
 
 The policy of Bismarck, and the establishment of 
 Prussian ascendency. — The disregard of consti- 
 tutionalism : the reorganization of the Prussian 
 army, and the contest with the "Landtag." — 
 The acquisition of foreign alliance or neutrality. 
 — The pretext of the Schleswig-Holstein dispute, 
 and the overthrow of Austrian domination : the 
 act of secession from the Germanic Confedera- 
 tion, and the issue of the Seven Weeks' War 
 ( 1866) — the Prussian annexations, and the erec- 
 tion of the North German Confederation. 
 
 Text: Rose, 286-99. Atlas: L., 51-2. Reference: Seig- 
 nobos, 397-8, 456-76, 781-3, 787-9, 797-803; Lewis, 679-706; 
 Mackenzie, 328-35; Andrews, 425-34; Wilson, 254-5. 
 
 6. The realization of unity: the Franco- Prussian war 
 (1870-1871). 
 
 75 
 
The Rhine frontier, and the Hohenzollern can- 
 didature. 
 
 The mission to Ems, and the alliance of Prussia 
 with the south German states. 
 
 Collapse of the French Empire: the battle of 
 Sedan. 
 
 Foundation of the German Empire, and acquisition 
 of Alsace-Lorraine, 
 c. Constitution and government of the German Empire. 
 
 The executive and the legislature: the king of 
 Prussia as German emperor — the imperial 
 chancellor — the Federal Council (Bundesrath), 
 and the Diet (Reichstag) — powers of the in- 
 dividual states. 
 
 The Prussian contest with the Vatican:- the May 
 laws and their repeal. 
 
 The activity of the Social Democrats, and the 
 spirit of particularism. 
 
 Antagonism of the agrarian and industrial 
 parties: control of the Centrists. 
 
 Text: Rose, 262-8, 300-18, 389; F., 591-3. Atlas: L., 53. 
 Reference: Scignobos, 476-516, 803-11, 813-18; hems, 706-73; 
 Mackenzie, 296-307, 335-40, 449-51; Andrews, 435-40; Lavisse, 
 154-7; Wilson, 255-98. 
 
 B. Formation of the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary. 
 
 a. The failure of unitary government and the establish- 
 ment of the dual system (1867) : the "Ausgleich." 
 The executive: the emperor-king — the common 
 
 and separate ministries. 
 The legislatures: the Austrian Reichsrath, and 
 the Hungarian Diet — the Delegations. 
 6. The conflict of nationalities: the language question, 
 and the clash of Panslavism with Pangermanism. 
 
 Text: Rose, 320-6, 389. Atlas: L., 51-3. Reference: Seig- 
 nobos, 401-3, 409-11, 518-53; Mackenzie, 347-50; Wilson, 335-47. 
 
 O. The consolidation of France. 
 
 a. Establishment of the third republic (1871-1875)': the 
 
 suppression of the Commune — the provisional ad- 
 ministration of Thiers. 
 
 b. Constitution and government of the French Republic. 
 
 76 
 
The executive and the legislature: the President, 
 and the ministry — the Senate, and the Chamber 
 of Deputies — the complication of parliamentary- 
 groups, and the instability of cabinets. 
 
 The repression of clerical and military influence: 
 the measures of Ferry, and the Associations 
 Act — anti-Semitic agitation, and the Dreyfus 
 case — the socialistic agency. 
 
 Text: Rose, 269-84; F., 589-90. Atlas: £., 53. Refer- 
 ence: Seignooos, 176-84, 187-227; Duruy, 659-77; Mackenzie, 
 307-18; Wilson, 215-44. 
 
 D. The unification of Italy. 
 
 a. Foreign support, and the assurance of consolidation: 
 expulsion of the Hapsburgs and the Bourbons. 
 
 The policy of Cavour: the reorganization of Sar- 
 dinia — the alliance with France, and the war 
 with Austria. 
 
 The expansion of Sardinia into the kingdom of 
 Italy (1861) : the cession of Lombardy — 
 annexation of the duchies and the Papal States 
 — the overthrow of Bourbon rule in the Two 
 Sicilies under the leadership of Garibaldi — the 
 cooperation with Prussia, and the acquisition of 
 Venetia. 
 
 The completion of unity: the capture of Borne, 
 and the extinction of the temporal power of the 
 Papacy — the Irredentist movement. 
 
 6. Constitution and government of the kingdom of Italy. 
 
 The executive: the king and the ministry. 
 
 The legislature: the Senate, and the Chamber of 
 Deputies. 
 
 The prevalence of parliamentary faction and per- 
 sonal rivalry: the financial problem, and the 
 precarious position of cabinets — influence of the 
 Socialists. 
 
 Text: Rose, 259-60, 297, 326-46, 389-90. Atlas: L., 51-3. 
 Reference: Seignobos, 348-72, 792-7; Hunt, 239-61; Lavisse, 
 150-3; Mackenzie, 360-74, 449, 451-2. 
 
 E. The operation of constitutional monarchy in Spain. 
 
 a. The process of erection. 
 
 The struggle of factions, and the Carlist revival. 
 
 77 
 
Military dictatorship, and the course of political 
 
 experimentation. 
 Restoration of the Bourbons, and adoption of the 
 constitution (1876) : modification of the fueros. 
 6. The system of government: power of the crown and 
 the ministry — the manipulation of elections to the 
 Cortes, and the practice of allotment between the 
 parties, 
 c. Issue of the war with the United States: the end of 
 colonial dominion — the problems of national reform 
 — the outbreak of agitation against clerical as- 
 cendency. 
 
 Text: Rose, 373-7. Atlas: L., 52-3. Reference: Seig- 
 nobos, 303-19. 
 
 F. The maintenance of autocracy in Russia: the process of 
 
 Russification. 
 
 a. The reforms of Alexander II (1855-1881), and the res- 
 
 toration of autocratic rule: the emancipation of 
 the serfs (1861), and the outbreak of Nihilism. 
 
 b. Government and social conditions. 
 
 The despotic administration of the Czar ana the 
 bureaucracy: the Council of State, and the 
 Committee of Ministers — the Senate, and the 
 Holy Synod — the rigor of police supervision. 
 
 The European aspect of the dominant classes, and 
 the adherence to semi-Oriental ideas and insti- 
 tutions among the populace. 
 
 c. Suppression of ihe grand-duchy of Finland (1900). 
 
 d. Economic progress, and the efforts of the intellec- 
 
 tual and industrial classes in behalf of constitutional 
 reform. 
 
 Text: Rose, 355-8, 369-72, 390. Atlas: L., 52-3. Refer- 
 ence: Rambaud, III, 207-56, 282-308, 320-4, 382-8; Seignobos, 
 588-613; Mackenzie, 380-93; Reinsch, 205-22. 
 
 G. The progress of democratic government in Great Britain 
 
 and its colonial empire. 
 
 a. The assurance of political equality: extension of the 
 
 suffrage to the working classes, and passage of the 
 Ballot Act (1872). 
 
 b. The relation of English politics to the question of 
 
 self-government in Ireland. 
 
 78 
 
The end of Irish legislative autonomy : the Act of 
 
 Union (1800). 
 The agitation of grievances, and the policy of Glad- 
 stone: disestablishment of the Anglican church, 
 and relief of agrarian distress, in Ireland — the 
 project of Home Rule, and the obstruction of 
 the Nationalists in Parliament: formation of 
 the Liberal Unionists (1886) — their alliance 
 with the Conservatives, 
 o. The grant of self-government to colonies: construc- 
 tion of the Dominion of Canada (1867), and the 
 Commonwealth of Australia (1901). 
 d. The policy of imperial federation. 
 
 Failure of the movement to sever connection with 
 
 the colonies. 
 Attitude of the parties on the war in South 
 Africa: collapse of the Liberals. 
 
 The process of military and economic coBperation: 
 the employment of colonial contingents, and the 
 scheme of preferential duties. 
 
 Text: F., 597-6'00. Reference: Seignobos, 22-3, 54-7, 61-6, 
 68-101; Mackenzie, 135-8, 144-8, 150-5, 249-52; Green, 811-15; 
 Wilson, 378-435, 557-60; Cunningham, 251-3; Reinsch, 37-41, 
 223-4. 
 
 H. Unification of the United States. 
 
 o. The growth of sectionalism, and the tendency to dis- 
 ruption: the question as to the constitutional 
 powers of Congress over slavery and the tariff. 
 The conceptions of the Constitution, and the diver- 
 gence of interests. — The basic law of a federal 
 commonwealth, or a compact among sovereign 
 states: the theories of broad and strict con- 
 struction — relative functions of the Supreme 
 Court and the state legislatures. — Social and 
 economic differences of the North and the South: 
 the fixing of slave labor in the South by the in- 
 vention of the cotton-gin — industrial contrasts: 
 the scope and the validity of tariffs — The politi- 
 cal aspect: the territorial extension of slavery, 
 and the preservation of the balance of power in 
 the Senate. 
 The controversy over slavery and the tariff. — The 
 Ordinance for the Northwest Territory 
 
 79 
 
(1787). — The awakening of sectionalism: the 
 Missouri Compromise (1820). — The reappear- 
 ance of political parties: the Democrats, and 
 the rise of the Whigs. — The foreshadowing of 
 disruption : the protective tariff, and the nulli- 
 fication ordinance of South Carolina (1832). 
 — The moral denunciation of slavery : the rise of 
 Abolitionism — the petitions against slavery in 
 the District of Columbia. — The annexation of 
 Texas (1845), and the war with Mexico: the 
 Wilmot proviso, and the formation of the "free- 
 soil" party. — The proposed elimination of Con- 
 gress from the question of slavery, the doc- 
 trine of "squatter sovereignty." — The Calif ornia 
 Compromise (1850) : the Fugitive Slave Law. 
 — The practical repeal of the Missouri Compro- 
 mise: the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) — the 
 struggle of the "black republicans" and the 
 "border ruffians." — The enforcement of "personal 
 liberty" laws, and the use of the "underground 
 railroad." — The break-up of political organiza- 
 tions, and tne beginnings of the Republican 
 party. — Assertion of the legality of slavery in all 
 the states and territories: the Dred Scott de- 
 cision (1857). — The raid of John Brown (1859). 
 
 Text: F., 601-6. Atlas: £., 62-4. Reference: 
 The Middle Period, ehs., 3-22; Johnston, 89-192. 
 
 6. The appeal to arms: the triumph, of liberty and 
 union. 
 The failure of secession. — Constitution of the Con- 
 federate States.— The Civil War (1861-1865): 
 the emancipation proclamation (1863), and the 
 abolition of slavery — the attitude of foreign 
 powers: the Trent affair — the battle of Gettys- 
 burg, and the surrender at Appomattox — 
 Epochal significance of t]je Civil War: the 
 assurance of national unity — broad interpreta- 
 tion of the Constitution — supremacy of the Fed- 
 eral government— the extinction of slavery. 
 
 Reconstruction of the South, and elevation of the 
 negro to citizenship: the practical and theore- 
 tical difficulties — conflict of the President with 
 Congress — erection of the Preedmen-'s Bureau, 
 and suppression of "Ku-Klux" terrorism — the 
 80 
 
acceptance of constitutional amendments under 
 military pressure — the resumption of control by 
 the whites, and the formation of the "Solid 
 South" — the disputed presidential election of 
 1876 : the electoral commission — withdrawal of 
 the troops from the South (1877). 
 The undoing of "Reconstruction" : the problem of 
 the negro, and the prosperity of the South. 
 Text: F,, 606-12. Atlas: L., 64. Reference: Johnston, 
 192-247; Wilson, 466-8; Bryoe, I, 683-4, II, 469-520; Burgess, 
 The Civil War and the Constitution. 
 
 u. The theory and practice of party-politics: the course 
 of economic transformation, and the rise of the ques- 
 tion of imperialism. 
 
 The organization and institutions of party govern- 
 ment: the methods of nomination to office, and 
 the construction of platforms in caucus and con- 
 vention: influence of the practical politician 
 and the "machine" — "rotation in office," and the 
 "spoils system": the corrective operation of 
 civil service reform. — The assertion of presi- 
 dential independence: employment of the right 
 of veto, and exercise of the military power — the 
 administration of Jackson (1829-1837) : aboli- 
 tion of the United States Bank, and the later 
 establishment of the sub-treasury system — the 
 war policy of Lincoln (1861-1865). 
 
 The dominance of financial and industrial issues: 
 the creation of a national banking system 
 (1862) — the resumption of specie payments 
 (1879) — the tariff and silver questions: col- 
 lapse of the Democratic party. — Labor as 
 a decisive factor in politics: the problem of 
 immigration, and the restriction of foreign com- 
 petition — the regulation of interstate commerce 
 — establishment of the Department of Labor — 
 the Populistic agitation. 
 
 The adoption of a colonial policy, and its influence 
 upon party principles: the Republican doc- 
 trine of territorial expansion, and the theories of 
 Democratic opposition — the factors of "imperial- 
 ism and militarism." 
 
 Text : F., 603-4. Reference : Burgess, The Middle Period, 202- 
 9; Johnston, 112-15, 123-6, 248-79; Bryoe, II, 3-244, 263-468, 
 
 81 
 
521-48, 563-606, 617-727, 767-853; Reinsch, 333-6, 338-40, 
 343-55. 
 
 II. THE PREDOMINANCE OF WORLD POLITICS. 
 
 1. The Eastern Question: the process of dismemberment, and the 
 international efforts at preservation, of the Ottoman empire. 
 
 A. Motives and interests of the powers: the maintenance of 
 
 the European balance. 
 
 a. Control of the Mediterranean and the approaches to 
 
 India. 
 &. Subjection of the Sultan to financial and political 
 
 tutelage. 
 
 B. The liberation of Greece (1821-1830). i 
 
 a. Turkish oppression, and the native rebellion. 
 6. European enthusiasm for the Greeks, and intervention 
 of the powers: establishment of the Greek king- 
 dom (1832). 
 0. The defection of Egypt: revolt of the viceroy, and con- 
 clusion of the Convention of the Straits (1832-1841). 
 
 D. Frustration of the Russian protectorate over the Greek 
 
 Christians: the Crimean war (1854-1856). 
 
 a. The proposal of partition, and the dispute about the 
 
 "holy places." 
 &. The alliance of France and England against Russia: 
 
 the peace of Paris, and its revision. 
 
 E. Autonomy of the Balkan and the Danubian states. 
 
 a. The prevalence of discontent and insurrection. 
 6. The denial of reform, and the intervention of Russia: 
 the treaty of San Stefano. 
 
 c. The international adjustment: the Congress of Ber- 
 
 lin (1878). 
 
 d. Continuance of the "storm centre" in the Balkans. 
 
 F. The erection of self-government in Crete. 
 
 a. The native revolt, and the Graeco-Turkish war ( 1896- 
 1897). 
 
 6. The exercise of autonomy under the supervision of the 
 powers. 
 
 G. The prevalence of misgovernment and financial corrup- 
 
 tion: the agitation of "Young Turkey" for constitu- 
 tional reform. 
 
 82 
 
Text: Rose, 188-94, 212-13, 325-6, 347-55, 357, 359-69. Atlas: 
 L., 51-4. Reference: Seignobos, 614-69, 759-61, 770, 773-5, 
 784-5, 789-92, 823-7; Mackenzie, 159-74, 394^11; Rambaud, 
 III, 36-41, 73-7, 85-206, 318-20, 325-81; Lavisse, 157-8; Remsch, 
 273-80. 
 
 2. The partition of the world. 
 
 A. The question of national imperialism. 
 
 a. The progress of geographical discovery and explora- 
 tion. 
 
 6. The motives and methods of territorial aggrandize- 
 ment. 
 
 The extension of commerce and civilization: the 
 promotion of national wealth and prestige — the 
 appearance of a tendency to subordinate do- 
 mestic affairs, and to enhance the power of the 
 the executive branch of government. 
 
 Appropriation of the lands of non-European peo- 
 ples: annexation and protectorate — the 
 "spheres of influence," and the policy of the 
 "open door." 
 
 The talent for colonization and assimilation: the 
 land empire of Russia, and the water empire of 
 Great Britain— the experiments of France, 
 Germany, and Italy. 
 
 Text: Rose, 284-5, 319; F., 590-1, 618-19. Reference: 
 Reinsch, 3-21, 27-37, 41-67, 70-80, 176-8, 261-6, 287-305, 327-32, 
 337-8; Lavisse, 158-60; Cunningham, 261-3. 
 
 B. Advent of the United States as a world power. 
 
 a. The course of territorial consolidation on the conti- 
 nent, by cession, annexation, and purchase. 
 
 6. The beginnings of a colonial system: the acquisition 
 of insular territories through the war with Spain 
 (1898). 
 
 c. Administration of the dependencies: the decisions of 
 
 the Supreme Court on the constitutional status. 
 
 d. The assertion of American ascendency. 
 
 Political: the guardianship of Latin- American 
 independence, and the application of the Mon- 
 roe Doctrine. 
 
 Economic: competition in the markets of the 
 world. 
 
 83 
 
Text: F., 539, 601, 613-16; Hose, 261-2. Atlas: L., 61-4. 
 Reference: Burgess, The Middle Period, chs. 2, 13-15; Reinsch, 
 281-6, 309-26, 356-62. 
 
 0. The appropriation of Africa. 
 
 a. The question of British preponderance. 
 
 Acquisition of the Cape Colony (1806). 
 
 The extension of control over Egypt and the 
 
 Soudan. 
 The Boer republics, and their overthrow : establish- 
 ment of the Orange Free State and the 
 Transvaal — the "Jameson raid," and the agita- 
 tion of the "Outlanders" — the outbreak of war, 
 and the process of subjection to British author- 
 ity. 
 6. Formation of the Congo Free State (1885) and the 
 system of European protectorates. 
 
 ■ Text : F., 590, 595-7. Reference : Keltie. 
 D. The domination of Asia. 
 
 o. The British possession of India. 
 
 The maintenance of ascendency over the native 
 states: the Sepoy rebellion, and the trans- 
 ference of government from the Company to 
 the crown (1858) — creation of the titular em- 
 pire of India (1877). 
 The rivalry of Great Britain and Russia for the 
 assertion of influence in Afghanistan and Per- 
 sia: the question of the frontier. 
 
 Text: F., 559-60, 593-5. Atlas: L., 55-7. Reference: 
 Mackenzie, 224-48; Reinsch, 232-5. 
 
 &. The control of the Pacific, and the disposition of the 
 Chinese empire. 
 
 The opening of China and Japan to European in- 
 tercourse. 
 The progress of economic and political enterprise 
 in China: the railway and mining concessions 
 — the territorial annexations. 
 The transformation of Japan: the introduction 
 of European government and institutions — terri- 
 torial expansion: the Corean dispute, and the 
 war with China (1894-1895) — appearance as a 
 world power. 
 The struggle of China with the allied powers: 
 84 
 
the question of preserving the territorial integ- 
 rity of the empire. 
 
 Text: F., 559, 590-1, 616-18. Reference: Reinsch, 85-202, 
 236-53, 268-73. 
 
 III. THE UNTVERSALIZATION OF CULTURE. 
 
 1. Political and religious. 
 
 A. The institutions of representative government. 
 
 o. The parliamentary and congressional systems. 
 
 The adjustment of central administration to local 
 self-government. 
 
 The process of legislation: the assurance of pub- 
 licity in debate — the determination of national 
 taxation and expenditure: the budget — the 
 question of direct popular action: the initiative 
 and the referendum. 
 
 The constitutional powers of national supreme 
 courts. 
 6. The prevalence of party rule. 
 
 Extension of the suffrage, and multiplication of 
 political organizations. 
 
 Rise and power of the Socialists as factors in the 
 politics of European countries. 
 
 The tests for eligibility to public office: party 
 favoritism, and the offset of the civil service ex- 
 amination. 
 
 B. The growth of a liberal spirit in religion. 
 
 a. The maintenance of state churches, and the allowance 
 . of freedom in belief and worship. 
 
 6. The theories of higher criticism, and the tendencies to 
 irreligion. 
 
 o. The Roman Catholic counteraction: ultramontanism, 
 and the declaration of papal infallibility — the coun- 
 cil of the Vatican (1869). 
 
 Text: F., 584, 625-9. Reference: Seignohos, 92-3, 140-2, 
 271-7, 479-80, 684-716, 737-9, 839^0, 845-7; Wilson, 309-13, 
 561-71; Bryoe, I, 277-97, II, 549-62, 607-14, 728-66; Mackenzie, 
 437-49. 
 
 2. Social and economic. 
 
 A. The assurance of individual liberty s and the diffusion of 
 popular enlightenment. 
 
 85 
 
a. The abolition of serfdom and slavery, and the emanci- 
 pation of woman. 
 6. The guaranty of freedom of speech, press, property, 
 labor, and association: equality before the law — 
 the authorization of trades unions — the force of 
 public opinion, 
 o. The multiplication of public utilities, and the growth 
 of humanitarianism. 
 
 The accumulation of private wealth, and the ele- 
 vation of the standard of general comfort: bet- 
 terment of the conditions of the working classes 
 — the effect upon the growth of population. 
 The foundation of educational and charitable in- 
 stitutions: the system of public schools — 
 reform of the criminal law and the penal estab- 
 lishments — the study of sociology. 
 d. The spread of- scientific research, philosophical specu- 
 lation, and literary productivity : the interchange of 
 ideas. 
 
 Text: F., 620-33. Reference: Mackenzie, 77-86, 89-90, 
 93-8, 111-12, 116-18, 119-25, 139-41, 148-50, 194-204, 219-23; 
 BeignoUs, 30-2, 43-50, 59-61, 73-1, 673, 677-81; McCarthy, 
 121-7, 140-54; Bryce, II, 247-62, 854-72; Cunningham, 244-50. 
 
 B. The achievements of individual and corporate enterprise. 
 a. The expansion of industry and commerce. 
 
 The progress of mechanical invention: the rapid- 
 ity of production, transportation, and communi- 
 cation : the power of steam and electricity — the 
 extension of markets, and the cheapening of 
 commodities. 
 
 The ^concentration of capital, and the restriction 
 of competition: the formation of trusts and 
 syndicates. 
 
 Commercial policy: the questions of protection, 
 reciprocity, and free trade. 
 6. The expansion of financial operations. 
 
 The diffusion of money, and the supremacy of 
 credit: the prevalence of speculation. 
 
 Establishment of the great corporate institutions: 
 their facilitation of exchange. 
 
 Text: F., 619-20, 623, 634. Reference: Mackenzie, 90-2, 
 190-4, 204-6; Beignobos, 671-3, 676-7, 681-2. 
 
 86 
 
C. The conflict of capital and labor, 
 a. The motives and forces. 
 
 The relative conditions of luxury and poverty: 
 problem of the poor and . the unemployed — the 
 influence of democratic sentiment. 
 
 Antagonism of the trusts and the labor unions: 
 their respective organization and action. 
 6. The methods of settlement and reform. 
 
 Private regulation. — Practical : profit-sharing — 
 the resort to voluntary arbitration — the rise of 
 cooperative associations. — Theoretical : the 
 principles of anarchism: absolute freedom of 
 the individual — the subversion of society, and 
 the redistribution of possessions and opportuni- 
 ties. 
 
 Governmental regulation. — Practical : factory 
 laws and inspection — employers' liability and 
 workingmen's insurance — compulsory arbitra- 
 tion — anti-trust laws and prosecution. — Theoret- 
 ical: the principles of socialism — absolute 
 supremacy of the democratic state — the govern- 
 mental ownership and operation of public utili- 
 ties — the process of actual application to the 
 means of transportation and communication. 
 
 Text : F., 588-9, 623. Reference : Seignoios, 721-37, 739-45 ; 
 Wilson, 624-39. 
 
 3. International promotion of the unity of mankind. 
 
 A. The tendencies to estrangement: the forces of national 
 
 individualism and hostility. 
 
 a. The survival of historic antipathies, and the incentives 
 of political, territorial, and economic competition. 
 
 &. The formation of alliances, and the maintenance of 
 huge armaments: the "armed peace." 
 
 The Triple Alliance (1882), and the Franco-Rus- 
 sian understanding. 
 The practical isolation of Great Britain. 
 
 B. The tendencies to cooperation: the forces of interna- 
 
 tional community and friendship. 
 a. The utility of international law. 
 
 The regulation of neutrality: the treaty of Paris 
 (1856). 
 
 87 
 
The employment of arbitration: the Genevan 
 award (1872). 
 
 b. The joint conduct of enterprises. 
 
 Commercial : construction and maintenance of the 
 
 Suez Canal (1868). 
 Industrial: the holding of expositions. 
 Religious: the activity of missions. 
 Scientific and literary: work of the learned 
 
 societies. 
 
 c. Approximation of the modes of life, and prevalence of 
 
 philanthropic sentiment. 
 
 Strength of the economic and moral obstacles to 
 
 war: financial considerations, and the plea of 
 
 humanity. 
 Assembly of the Geneva convention (1864), and 
 
 organization of the Red Cross Society. 
 The popular impression of the Bulgarian and 
 
 Armenian atrocities. 
 
 d. The proposals for disarmament, and for the systematic 
 
 preservation of international harmony. 
 
 Convocation of the Peace Conference (1899). 
 Establishment of the permanent court of arbitra- 
 tion at the Hague ( 1901 ) . 
 
 e. Share of the English-speaking peoples in the diffusion 
 
 of culture. 
 
 Text: F., 572, 607, 631, 633-7; Rose, 258, 318-19, 357-8. 
 Reference: Lavisse, 160-72; Mackenzie, 88-9, 176-80, 208-18; 
 Seignobos, 673-6, 818-22, 827-32; Cunningham, 263-7; Reinsch, 
 22-6, 68-70, 225-32, 253-7.