li Huntington Free Library Native American Collection CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY MV5EVMOFTHEAMER.1CAN INDIAN FREDERICK W. HODGE COO-ECTION 3 1924 103 985 630 '^. Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924103985630 THE ETHNOGEOGRAPHY OF THE TEWA INDIANS BY JOHN PEABODY HARRINGTON EXTRACT FROM THE TWENTY-NINTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1916 f RMC ^ OOIirTENTS Introduction „» Phonetic key go I. Cosmography ^^ The world 4]^ The cardinal directions and their symbolism 4I Cardinal colors 42 Cardinal Com Maidens 43 Cardinal mammals 43 Cardinal birds -; x : . ^.■. 43 Cardinal snakes -.'U 43 Cardinal shells ; 44 Cardinal trees 44 Cardinal mountains , 44 Cardinal sacred water lakes 44 Other cardinal identifications 45 The sky 45 Sun and moon 45 Sun-dog 48 Stars 48 Constellations 50 The underworld 51 The earth 51 Earthquake 52 Landslide 52 Water 52 Ocean, lake 52 Wave 52 Irrigation 52 II. Meteorology 53 Fair weather 53 Ice 53 Glacier 53 Heat, cold 53 Smoke 53 Steam, vapor 54 Mist, fog - 54 Dew 54 Frost, hoarfrost 54 Clouds - - 54 Eain -- 57 Rainbow - - - 58 Hail 58 31 32 CONTENTS Page Snow ^^ Hail-like flakes of snow ^^ Rainy snow ^° Little holes in the snow ^^ Wmd 59 Dust-wind 59 Whirlwind 59 Lightning 59 Thunder, thunderstorm 59 "Heat-lightning" 60 Mirage 60 Echo 60 III. Periods of time - 61 Year 61 Seasons 61 Months 62 The Christian week i 67 Day, night, times of day and night 67 Hours, minutes, seconds 68 Festival 69 Fair, carnival. .' 69 Time of plague 69 IV. ^Geographical terms 70 V. Place-names 94 Introduction ^ 94 Large features ? 98 Trails 106 Place-names in region mapped 107 [1] Tierra Amarilla sheet 107 [2] Pedemal Mountain sheet 120 [3] Abiquiu sheet 129 [4] El Rito sheet 140 [5] Lower Chama River sheet 147 [6] Upper Ojo Caliente sheet 157 [7] Lower Ojo Caliente sheet 168 [8] Taos sheet 172 [9] Velarde sheet I97 [10] Old San Juan sheet 205 [11] San Juan sheet 208 [12] San Juan Hill sheet 219 [13] Chamita sheet 223 [14] Santa Clara West sheet 231 [15] Santa Clara East sheet , 249 [16] San Ildefonso Northwest sheet 260 [17] San Ildefonso Southwest sheet 278 [18] Black Mesa sheet ; 289 [19] San Ildefonso sheet 3qq [20] Buckman sheet 020 [21] Jacona sheet ooq [22] Santa Fe Mountain sheet 33g [23] Namb6 sheet ^ ^ " ^ gg,^ [24] Namb6 North sheet 370 CONTENTS 33 Place-names in region mapped^-Continued. Page [25] Cunday6 sheet 377 [26] Tesuque sheet 385 [27] Jemez sheet 390 [28] Cochiti sheet 409 [29] Southern sheet 457 Unmapped places 558 Unlocated places, not in region mapped i' 571 Mythic places 571 VI. Names of tribes and peoples 573 VII. Names of minerals 579 Bibliography 585 List of place-names 588 87584°— 29 eth— 16 3 -4d .T3. ILLUSTRATIONS Plates Page Plate 1. a. Gallinas "Bad Lands" in the Chama drainage. 6. Scene near the headwaters of Santa Clara Creek, the slender truncated cone of Pedemal Peak in the distance 114 2. a. Ancient trail leading up the mesa to rsipi??y>'g5wj Ruin. 6. Tsi- Pivy'QV^i Ruin 121 3. a. P'eseM'QVwi Ruin. 6. The large white rock near Su'gywi Ruin, from which the ruin probably derived its name 152 4. Cliff of Puye Mesa 236 5. Potsuwi' qrjwi Ruin, looking west 271 6. "Tent rocks" near Potsuwi' qywi Ruin, showing entrances to exca- vated dwellings 272 7. "Tent rocks" near Potsuwi' gywi Ruin, capped by projecting frag- ments of harder tufa 272 8. "Tent rock" near PoisMTO'g7?wi Ruin, capped by projecting fragment of harder tufa 272 9. Scene on SsekevA'i Mesa, showing the old Indian trail 273 10. Scene on Ss^kewi'i Mesa, showing the old Indian trail 273 11. Ancient deer pitfall at Natawi'i 279 12. a. Black Mesa of San Ildefonso, from the Rio Grande, looking north. 6. View from top of the Black Mesa of San Ildefonso, looking Bouthwest. c. Tf^pivj' a small mesa-hke peak, from the fields east of the Rio Grande, looking west ' 293 13. Mouth of White Rock Canyon of the Rio Grande, looking south .... 323 14. Soda Dam, one mile above Jemez Hot Springs 393 15. Gorge of the Rio Grande near the mouth of Frijoles Canyon, looking upstream 410 16. Riiined cave-dwellings in the northern wall of Frijoles Canyon, near Puqwig.e'gywi Ruin 412 17. Fields in the lower part of Frijoles Canyon, below Puqwig.e' qrjwi Ruin . 412 18. The Painted Cave 423 19. a. CocMti Pueblo. 6. Santo Domingo Pueblo 440 20. a. San Felipe Pueblo, h. Santa Ana Pueblo 500 21. a. SiaPueblo. 6. Scene near Cabezon, ]S!'.Mex.,Cabezon Mesa on the left 519 Maps Map 1. Tierra AmariUa region 107 2. Pedemal Mountain region 120 3. Abiquiu region 129 4. ElRitoregion 140 5. Lower Chama River region 147 35 36 XLLUSTEATIONS Page Map 6. Upper Ojo Caliente region 1^^ 7. Lower Ojo Caliente region 168 8. Taos region 1^2 9. Velarde region 197 10. Old San Juan region 205 11. San Juan region 208 12. San Juan Hill region 219 13. Cliamita region 223 14. Santa Clara West region 231 15. Santa Clara East region 249 16. San Ildefonso Northwest region 260 17. San Ildefonso Southwest region 278 18. Black Mesa region 289 19. San Ildefonso region 300 20. Buckman region •. . . 322 21. Jacona region 329 22. Santa Pe Mountain region 338 23. Namb6 region 357 24. Namb6 North region 370 25. Cunday6 region 377 26. Tesuque region 385 27. Jemez region 390 28. Cochiti region 409 29. Southern region 457 29A. Plat of the San Crist6bal or E. W. Eaton grant 480 30. Key to the several regions mapped 558 Diagram 1. Ground-plan of southern half of San Ildefonso pueblo, giving the Tewa nomenclature for the parts of a pueblo 305 THE ETHNOGEOGRAPHY OF THE TEWA INDIANS By John Peabody Harrington INTRODUCTION THIS paper presents the geographical knowledge of the Tewa Indians of the upper Hie Grande Valley, New Mexico. These Indians speak a language of the Tanoan stock, related to the Jemez and Pecos languages, and again to those of Taos, Picuris, Sandia, Isleta, and the Piro. The Tewa inhabit at present five villages by the Rio Grande: San Juan, Santa Clara, San Ildefonso, Namb6, and Tesuque; and one, Hano, among the Hopi pueblos of north- eastern Arizona. The range of subjects is about the same as that covered by a school .textbook on geography. The information was gathered chiefly in 1910, partly by systematic questioning, partly as incidental to other information. The difficulties encountered have been many. The Tewa are reticent and secretive with regard to religious matters, and their cos- mographical ideas and much of their laiowledge about place-names are hard to obtain. Their country is rugged and arid. Most of the places visited were reached on foot in company with- one or more Indian informants, whose names for obvious reasons are not here given. The region has never been accurately mapped. All of the maps at the writer's disposal are full of errors, many of the features shown being wrongly placed or named, while others are omitted altogether, and stiU others given where they do not exist. The occurrence of many of the names in a number of dialects or languages has not facilitated the work. As in a school geography, cosmographical and meteorological information is presented first. An alphabetically arranged list of terms denoting the geographical concepts of the Tewa is next given. The treatment of place-names follows. The region in which Tewa place-names are more or less numerous has been divided iato 29 areas, each of which is shown on a map. The places are indicated on the maps by numbers which refer to the adjacent text. Thus arranged, maps and names will be found convenient for reference. Names of places in Spanish, English, and various non-Tewa Indian languages have been included. A list of tribal names and one of names of minerals known to the Tewa conclude the paper. 37 38 ETHNOGEOGEAPHY OF THE TEWA INDIANS [eth. ANN. 29 The section on place-names is the most complete portion of the paper. Interesting studies could be made' concerning them. The large proportion of etymologically obscure place-names leads to the important conclusion that the Tewa have inhabited for a long time the region at present occupied by them. Again, the presence in various Tanoan languages of phonetically differentiated cognate forms of Tewa place-names indicates that certain names of places must already have been used by the Tewa at a remote time in the past, when the divergence of the Tanoan languages was stUl null or slight. Folk-etymologies and forms assumed by Tewa names bor- rowed by Spanish are curious. The abundance and the preciseness of description of the geographical terms are also worthy of special men- tion. In an arid and little settled region there is perhaps more need of the richness and preciseness of these terms than elsewhere, since accurate descriptions of places seldom visited are necessary in order to identify them. That a remarkably large number of tribes and minerals are known by name to the Tewa should also be noted. The writer wishes to take this opportunity of acknowledging his deep indebtedness to Dr. E. L. Hewett, director of the School of American Archaeology, who suggested that the work be undertaken, made it possible, and has given information and advice on many points connected with it. Thanks are also due to Mr. F. W. Hodge, ethnologist-in-charge of the Bureau of American Ethnology, who has aided in many ways; Mr. K. M. Chapman, Mr. N. C. Nelson, and Mr. Owen Wood, who assisted in the preparation of the maps; Miss Barbara Freire-Marreco, Dr. H. J. Spinden, Mr. T. S. Dozier, Mr. K. A. Fleischer, Mrs. M. C. Stevenson, Mr. J. A. Jeangon, Mr. J. L. Nusbaum, Mr. O. Goetz, Mr. C. L. Linney, and several other persons, including the Indian informants. PHONETIC KEY I. Tewa Sothstds 1. Orinasal ("nasalized") vowels, pronounced with mouth and nose passages open: q (Eng. father, but orinasal), ^ (Eng. man, but ori- nasal), € (moderately close e, orinasal), i (Portuguese s*m), ^ (French pas, but orinasal), o (Portuguese torn), y, (Portuguese &tum). 2. Oral vowels, pronounced with mouth passage open and nose passages closed by the velum: a (Eng. father), e (moderately close e), i (Eng. routine), o (moderately close o), u (Eng. ri«le). Length of vowels is not marked unless it distinguishes words other- wise alike; thus 'o^M 'hill,' ^dhu 'turtle.' A superior vowel symbol indicates that the vowel is very short and apt to be grating (Ger. htiarrstimmig). All the vowels are breathy. Unless a vowel or nasal is followed by the glottal elusive, a glottalized elusive, or a sonant, an aspiration is distinctly heard at its end. 3. Semi-vowels: ,;' (Ger. _/a, but very fricative), w (Eng. way). 4. Laryngeal consonants: A (laryngeal A),' (glottal elusive). 5. Dorsal consonants: h (voiceless lenis), hw (voiceless lenis labial- ized (Latin g'wis), Tc (glottalized), h^ (aspirated), q (Eng. fiwp-er, voiced Jnflative g preplosively nasal), q. (Castilian abop-ado), qw (Castilian juez), y (Eng. sinp-er), yw (Eng. La^p-worthy). 6. Frontal consonants: nf (Castilian majlana), t (voiceless lenis), I (glottalized), f (aspirated), ^ (Eng. lanc^ing, inflative d preplosively nasal), ^ (Japanese roku), ts (Ger. s unaspirated), ft (Ger. s glottal- ized), s (Eng. saw), tj (Eng. cAew but lenis), ^ (Eng. cAew, glottal- ized), /(the capital form is/; Eng. sAip), n (Eng. wow). 7. Labial consonants: p (voiceless lenis), f (glottalized), p^ (aspi- rated), 6 (Eng. lambent, voiced inflative h preplosively nasal), 6 (Cas- tilian aSogado), m (Eng. man). The sound of I is heard in some words of foreign origin, and in San Ildef onso polam,imi ' butterfly. ' The consonants may also be classified as follows: Voiced constringents: j, w. Voiceless fricatives: A, s,J. Voiceless fricative labialized: qw. Voiceless lenis sonoplosive elusive labialized: Tew. Voiceless glottalized clusives: %, i, p. Voiceless lenis aflfricative clusives: ts, if. 39 40 BTHNOGEOGEAPHY OF THE TEWA INDIANS [eth. ann. 29 Voiceless glottalized affricative clusives: ts, fj". Voiceless aspirate clusives: F, f, p\ Voiced inflative clusives, preplosively nasal: ^, d, b. Voiced levis clusives: g, ^, S. The g of this series is not as levis as the ./ and i. Voiced nasals: y, nj', n, m. The following' phonems are consonantal diphthongs: qw, kw, ts, ts, tf, (f, g, 4, and 6. In the glottalized clusives (h, i, is, {/", p) the glottal plosion follows the oral plosion, even following the glided or sukuned « and/ of the consonantal diphthongs; that is, the A, % is, (J", or p is completely immersed in a glottal elusive. It has been determined that, in many instances, g and g, d, and J>, and S and J are respec- tively but two aspects of the same phonem, as is the case with CastiUan g and levis g, d and levis d, h and levis h. The consonants occur in one length only. They may be more or less orinasal when contiguous to orinasal vowels. The sonancy of the voiceless lenis clusives begins nearly simultaneously with the explosion. A grave accent is placed over the vowel of a syllable weakly stressed, and with falling intonation. The tone and stress of the other sylla- bles are not written in this memoir. An intensive study of Tewa phonetics has been made, the results of which will be published soon. The reader is referred to this forth- coming memoir for a more complete description of the Tewa sounds, including explanation of a number of assimilations and other phonetic phenomena not mentioned above. II. Phonetic Spelling of Non-Tewa Woeds The symbols used in Tewa have the same value as in Tewa. Vowels: d (French patte), y, (unrounded u). The acute accent over a vowel symbol indicates that it is loudly stressed. A circle under a vowel symbol indicates that it is surd. Consonants: ' (aspiration), ^ (a peculiar weak aspiration occurring in Jemez), k (marginal, "velar", Ic, lenis); q (Ger. acA), g, d, b (sonant stops as in Eng.), f (bilabial /); y after a consonant symbol indicates palatalized or palatal quality. III. Alphabetic Order The alphabetic order followed in this memoir is: aadse^qhbffd^ e ^f F g g ghiij hlcwlcF limn nf y yf o o p p p' qqw r J, sf t i t'ts tffs §" u y,y,v w. The glottal elusive is ignored in the alphabetic sequence. I. COSMOGRAPHY The Woeld Wpa .'the world' 'the universe'. The word is perhaps akin to Taos ^op'^ 'sky'. ' Opa includes everything that is. It is thought of as being alive and is worshipped as ' Ojpas^yf ' Universe Man ' {'opa 'world'; sqyy 'man in prime'). The Milky Way is said to belts backbone (see p. 51). The world is represented in Pueblo art in various ways. Bandelier"^ writes: Here [among the Tewa], as well as among the Queres [Keresan stock], we must distinguish between the heavens and the sky. The latter is a male deity called 0-pat-y Sen." This statement is incorrect; ' Opas^yy is not the Sky but the World. The Caedinal Directions and Their Symbolism The Tewa distinguish six cardinal directions or regions, namely: north, west, south, east, above, and below. They are usually named in the order here given. Tewa symbolism assigns series of colors, per- sons, animals, plants, and inanimate objects to these cardinal directions. Divinities in some instances are multiplied that one may be asso- ciated with each direction. These cardinal identifications are not regarded as merely general information, but rather as a portion of secret ritual; therefore it is difficult to obtain information about them. The names of the cardinal directions are clearly descriptive in ori- gin. In the names of the four horizontal directions the postpound is pije when 'in' or 'to' the region is expressed, p'a'ge when 'from' the region is expressed. Pije-ii {m 'from') sometimes takes the place otp'^q'ge. The names are used as nouns, adjectives, and adverbs. Pimpije 'in the north' 'to the north,' pimp'a'ge 'from the north' ifiVf 'mountain'; pije 'toward' 'direction'; p'q^'^e 'from the direction of). Tsimpije 'in the west' 'to the west', tsq,mp'a'ge 'from the west' {tsQ/yj' unexplained, but cf. tsffn^i'^ 'yesterday,' and ni'otSQnnq, 'it is a little cloudy'; pi^e 'toward' 'direction'; joV^e 'from the direc- tion of). 'Akompije 'in the south' 'to the south', 'akqmp'q'ge 'from the south' i^ako'Of 'plain'; pije 'toward' 'direction'; p^q'qe 'from the direction of.') 1 Knal Eeport, pt. i, 1890, pp. 311-12; see Bibliogeaphy, pp. 686-87 of the present memoir. 41 42 ETHNOGEOGRAPHY OF THE TEWA INDIANS [eth. ANN. 29 rqmpi^e' 'in the east' 'to the east', t'qmp'a'ge 'from the east' {f ay} 'sun'; pije ' toward ' ' direction ' ; p'q'ge ' from the direction of ') . ^OpakeM 'in or to the top of the world or above', ^opale&iip'q'ge 'from the top of the world or above' (^opa 'world'; Tceud 'on top of 'top'; p^q'ge 'from the direction of). U)panug.e, mnsogenvge 'in or to the place under the world or down where the earth sits', 'opanug.eud, ^opanug.ep'q'g.e, ninsog.enugeu,{ or n4mog.enug.ep'q.'ge 'from the place under the world or down where the earth sits' {'opa 'world'; nuge 'below' 'under' 'down' <«.w'w 'un- der', ge 'down at' 'over at'; niyy 'earth'; soge 'to sit'; u4 'from'; p'q,'ge 'from the direction of). Bandelier^ gives the Tewa cardinal directions as "Pim-pi-i", north; "Tzam-pi-i", west; "A-com-pi-i", south; "Tam-pi-i", east; "0-pa-ma-con", above; "Nan-so-ge-unge", below. These are for pimpije, ts4mpije, 'akompije, fqmpi^e, ^opamakowa, and n^nsogenuge. 'OpaTTiakowa means 'sky of the world' (^opa 'world'; makowa 'sky') and is not the proper term. Bandelier does not name the points in their Tewa order. Directions intermediate between the cardinal directions are defined by postfixing _;■«'« 'between'; thus pimpijetsq,mpijeja^a 'northwest' {pimpije 'north'; tsimpije 'west'; ja^a 'between'). More definite descriptions of points between cardinal directions of points appear not to be used, ^e'e ' dell ' ' corner ' is sometimes postpounded instead oija^a. Terms for the cardinal directions have been obtained in the neigh- boring languages also. The Taos and Jemez have somewhat com- plicated systems, position higher or lower than the speaker requiring different forms. Each distinguishes six directions. The Cochiti recog- nize six directions, which they name in the same order as do the Tewa. CARDINAL COLORS The color symbolism is the same at all the Tewa villages. It has been obtained by the writer from all of them, that of some from a considerable number of informants. This symbolism differs from that of some other Pueblo and non-Pueblo tribes of the Southwest. Thus, the Zuni and the Hopi color scheme assigns blue to the north and yellow to the west, but otherwise is the same as the Tewa. The cardinal colors of Isleta have been obtained by Gratschet,^ of Zuni by Mrs. Stevenson,^ of the Navaho by the Franciscan Fathers' and others, of the Apache by Gatschet,^ of the Diegueno by Waterman.* 1 rinal Eeport, pt. i, p. 311, 1890. 2 Handbook Inds., pt. i, p. 325, 1907. 3 The Franciscan Fathers, An Ethnologic Dictionary of the Navaho Language, p. 55, Saint Michaels, Ariz., 1910. • The Religious Practices of the Diegueno Indians (Univ. of Calif. PubU. in Amer. Anhsol. and Ethnol., vol, 8, pp. 332-4, 1910.) HAERINGTON] COSMOGRAPHY 43 The Tewa colors are: north, ts^yw^'i'^ 'blue' 'green'; west, iseji''^ 'yellow'; south, pi'i'^ 'red'; east, fi^'i'» 'white'; above, ts^geH'^ 'all- colored' or i^m^ge'i^^ 'variously colored'; below, jp'g^i^j'* 'black'. Bandelier's information,^ probably obtained by him at San Juan, is identical. An old Tewa of San Ildefonso said that this assignment of colors seems very natural to him. The north always looks blue to him, he says. The west is yellow, for it is not as bright as the east. The south is hot and reddish. The east is white just before the sun rises. The above is a mixture of all colors, like the sky, and the below is black. The Tewa do not seem to be aware that neighboring tribes assign diflferent colors. In connection with Tewa color symbolism Bandelier sa.js:'- "The summer sun is green, the winter sun yellow." "The winter rainbow is white, the summer rainbow tricolored." CARDINAL CORN MAIDENS The Tewa mention six corn maidens, each assigned a direction and a. color: north, K"'\Llsmfu''a"'nfy,, Blue Corn Maiden; west, K"yitseji'a"'nj"]i, Yellow JDorn Maiden; south, K'y,pinu'a"'nj"ti, Eed Corn Maiden; east, K"y,tss^nfu'a"'nfy,, White Corn Maiden; above, K'y,ts3egeH'''a"'nyy,, All-colored Corn Maiden; below, K'y,p'e''ndi'd"'n- j^. Black Corn Maiden. CARDINAL MAMMALS North, ¥e^7)J' "mountain-lion'; west, Jce 'bear'; south, %e'a 'badger'; e2iSt,Fy,jo 'wolf; above, tse 'eagle'; below, mrjlc s^y f 'gopher', lit. earth mountain-lion {n^yy 'earth'; TcsS'Vf 'mountain-lion'). These are very powerful medicine animals. The sacred corn-meal is thrown as a sacrifice to these and other divinities. The names have been obtained at San Juan, Santa Clara, San Ildefonso, and Namb^. Mrs. Stevenson has recorded similar "beast-gods" from Zuni and Sia. CARDINAL BIRDS An investigator at Santa Clara obtained the following names of cardinal birds: north, tse ' eagle'; west, ; south, qws^mpi ' red- tail hawk' OTtanfi 'macaw'; east, ; above, Fy,ntsue, unidenti- fied, lit. 'corn bird' {jc'tiyf 'maize'; tsiie 'bird'); below, Jcatsue, un- identified, lit. 'leaf bird' {ha 'leaf; tsue 'bird'). Mrs. Stevenson has recorded the Zuni and Sia cardinal birds. CARDINAL SNAKES The Tewa of San Ildefonso mention ^obanyy,, or serpent deities of the six regions, each with its appropriate color. Mrs. Stevenson^ mentions (not by name) the six snakes of the cardinal regions of the Zuni, and gives' the Sia names of six serpents of the cardinal points. 1 Final Report pt. I, p. 311, 1890. 2 The Zufli Indians, p. 445. ^ The Sia, p. 69. 44 ETHNOGEOGEAPHY OF THE TEWA INDIANS [eth. ANN. 29 CARDINAL SHELLS The information was obtained at Santa Clara that 'eji 'abaloDe' is the shell of the west; 'oga'e, applied to olivella and cowrie shells, that of the south; fss^fa, applied to large white bivalves, that of the east. A San Ildef onso Indian told the writer that 'eji ' abalone ' refers to the west, but that he had forgotten the other identifications. The Navaho shell assignments are given by the Franciscan Fathers. ^ CAKDINAL TREES The native trees assigned by the Tewa to the cardinal points have not been learned. Mrs. Stevenson records those of the Zuni^ and the Sia ^- An investigator learned at Santa Clara four cardinal fruit trees: north, he 'apple'; west, sq,yqwq,inbe,- a, kind of apple that ripens early, lit. St. John's a;pple {sq^yqivayf < Span. San Juan; he ' apple ' 'fruit'), since it ripens in St. John's month, June;^south, hetsejv'^ 'yellow plum' and ptbe'ved plum' {be 'apple' 'fruit'; tseji'"'' 'yellow' ; fi 'redness' 'red'); east, hepoH'^ 'peach' {he 'apple' 'fruit'; p'o 'hair' 'hairy'; T* locative and adjective-forming postfix). CARDINAL MOUNTAINS The cardinal mountains are the same for San Juan, Santa Clara, and San Ildefonso. From the other villages they have not been obtained. North, Kepivf 'bear mountain' (fe 'bear'; piyf 'mountain'), San Antonio Peak (see p. 660), northwest of Taos; west, Tsikumupivf ' cov- ered obsidian mountain' (fe» ' flaking-stone obsidian'; 'kumu 'to cover'; piyj- 'mountain'), Santa Clara Peak [2:13];* south, 'Okupiyy 'turtle mountain' ('oM 'turtle'; piyy 'mountain'), Sandia Mountain [29:83]; east, 'Agatf^nupiyj', of obscure etymology (^agatfs^nu unexplained; piyf ' mountain'), Lake Peak [22:54]. There is no cardinal mountain of the above or the below. The cardinal mountains are also called, respectively, according to the regions: Pynpije^ynpiyf ' north moun- tain' {pimpije 'north'; ^iyf locative and adjective-forming postfix; piyf 'mountain'), etc. Zuni and Sia cardinal mountains are mentioned by Mrs. Stevenson, but not identified with mountains now existing on earth. The names of the Navaho cardinal mountains have been recorded by Dr. Washington Matthews, the Franciscan Fathers, and Dr. Edgar L. Hewett. CARDINAL SACRED WATER LAKES The cardinal sacred water lakes have been learned for San Ildefonso only. When medicine water, wopo {wo 'medicine'; po 'water') is prepared in connection with certain ceremonies, small quantities of ' An Ethnologic Dictionary of the Nayaho langimge, p. 56, 1910. 2 The Zuili Indians, p. 25. •The Sia, p. 28. * See the accompanying maps, with explanation on p. 97. HARHINQTON] COSMOGEAPHY 45 water are collected from the following four places, all situated near San Ildefonso Pueblo: North, ^usogepokwi [15:17]; west, Potsinsin- n^pokwi [16:37]; south, Potsini'ege [19:123]; east, Potsiju'u [19:39]. These places are also sometimes called, respectively, pimpije^impokwi 'north lake' (pimpije 'north'; iyj' locative and adjective-forming postfix; pokwi ' pool ' ' lake '), etc. The medicine water from the above is rainwater; that from the below is obtained by digging a hole in the ground where water can be reached. The water from the six sources is mixed in a woposa'i'^ 'medicine- water bowl' (wo 'medicine'; po 'water'; sa 'to be', said of 3+; '?:'» locative) and used ceremonially. OTHER CARDINAL IDENTIFICATIONS Mrs. Stevenson 1 mentions cumulus clouds, ants, "iChayuta," etc., of the six regions of the Zuni. Certainly many Tewa identifications remain to be obtained. The Sky Makowa ' sky '. Distinct from ''opalceri ' the above ' ; see under Car- dinal Directions. This is probably what Bandelier means when he writes: 2 "Here [among the Tewa], as well as among the Queres [Kere- san stock], we must distinguish between the heavens [the above?] and the sky. The latter is a male deity called 0-pat-y Sen." "0-pat-y Sen " is evidently for ' Opas^ijf ' the World,' as remarked above under The World. The sky is personated as Makowasind/O 'Sky Old Man' {makowa 'sky'; s&i4o 'old man'). The Sky is the husband of the Earth, who is personified as Nq.ykwijo 'Earth Old Woman'; see below under The Earth. 'In the sky' is expressed by makowa without locative postfix. Thus the sun, moon, stars, the Christian God, etc., are said to live or to be in the sky: makowa fan 7i4fa 'in the sky the sun lives' (makowa 'sky'; if'aj^y 'sun'; Ti^'ifhe'; fa 'to live'). Makowak&ii means 'up in the sky' 'at the top of the sky' (Jceu^i 'on top of). Tewa stories tell of a pueblo in the sky in which an Indian from this earth has adventures. The sun and the moon have their paths in the sky. SUN AND moon The sun is called fqyf, the moon po. T'qyf is perhaps connected with the word fa 'day'. Po is used also with the meaning 'month'. The divinities resident in the sun and moon are called T'qns&i^o ' Sun Old Man ' {fqvy 'sun'; s^n^o 'old man') and Pos^n^o 'Moon Old Man' (po 'moon'; s^ndo 'old man'). Both sun and moon are male, as they 1 The Zuni Indians, pp. 21, 580. 2 Final Report, pt. i, pp. 311-12, 1890. 46 ETHNOGEOGRAPHY OP THE TiEWA INDIANS [eth. akn. 29 are also in the belief of the Cochitenos, and the sun is never called 'father' and the moon 'mother', as among the people of Taos, Isleta, Jemez, and Zuni. "The Tehuas [Tewa]," says Bandelier,i "call the sun T'han and the moon Po; and their principal deities bear the names of T'han Sendo, sun-father, and P'ho Quio, or moon-woman." The moon is never called Pokwijo, nor does T'^qns^n^o mean ' sun-father.' Names for sun in other Pueblo languages are: Taos fulerwi,, Isleta funiie, Piro (Bartlett) "pu-6", Jemez pe ovpetfosa, Cochiti 6 fata, Zuni _;a'^oA:y'a (Stevenson: "Yatokia . . . means bearer of light"), Hopi td^wa. The moon is called: Taos paend, Isleta paiie, Piro (Bartlett) "a-^," Jemez pd, Cochiti td^wata, Zuni jdHnanne, Hopi my,ja'w''(f,. There is in Tewa no name such as ' luminary ' applied to both sun and moon. The sun and moon pass daily from east to west over trails which run above the great waters of the sky. They see and know as do Indians here on earth. When they set they pass through a lake to the under- world and travel all night to the east, where they emerge through a lake and start out on their trails again. They know their trails,' imMpo'Ciyy 'they 2'+; ti possessive; po 'trail'). Cf. Sanskrit dyu-patha- 'sky trail,' Latin aursus solis. The trails are also called 'oFimpo 'vapor trails' i^oFiyf 'vapor'; po 'trail'). When there is an eclipse the sun or the moon is said to die. The expressions are: n^t'qntfu 'it sun dies' (w(| 'it' 'he'; fqyf 'sun'; tfu ' to die '), nipotfu ' it moon dies ' {ni ' it ' ' he ' ; ^o ' moon ' ; tfu ' to die '). The Indians never say T'ans^nio n4tfu or Pos^nd^ r>4tfu, for the divine persons in the sun and moon can not die. "Our Lords can not die." The sun is said to walk through the sky clothed in white deerskin and ornamented with many fine beads. The sun has a beautiful face tse, hidden by a mask, tan/i or i'ambi '4 {fqrif 'sun'; '4 'mask'; S* possessive). An extracted tooth is thrown to the sun. " The summer sun is green, the winter sun yellow."^ Of a ring about the sun the Tewa say T^qm^nio 'olwmq 'Sun Old Ma.n hsLsa. Ting' {T'qnsin4o, see above; 'o'he"it'; 6m 'ring' 'circle'; ma 'to have'). Mexicans of New Mexico call this phenomenon ojo del busy 'ox's eye '. The Indians say that it does not mean anything. When the sun is "drawing water " the Tewa say fqmbi qwsRyf ' the sun's. tail' {t'^q'Of 'sun'; %i possessive; qwi^yf 'tail'). This phenome- non is seen when the sun is low in the sky, and the name is applied because the rays resemble a tail. The emergence hole in the lake through which the sun rises is called fqyk'oji (fq-Qf 'sun'; Tioji 'emergence hole' 'roof -hole'). Mt'qmpi, I Bandeller, Final Report, pt. i, p. 308, 1890. a Ibid., p. 3U. HAEBINGTON] COSMOGEAPHY 47 n4fqmpi''s^''^ 'the sun rises', lit. 'the sun comes out'(n4 'it' 'he'; fayf 'sun'; pi 'to come out' 'to go out' 'to issue'; '^'« 'to come'). N'&wa- j^msgyy 'it goes high' {nq, 'it' 'he'; kwaj^ 'height' 'high' 'on top'; m^yj' 'to go'). JVQtsiaems^yy 'it sets', lit. 'it enters' {n4 'it' 'he'; tsiue 'to enter'; ms^yf 'to go'). Of the winter solstice is said: t'^qn ru^wiyf or n^faywiyf 'the sun stands still' {fayf 'sun'; nq, 'it' 'he'; wiyf 'to stand'). The conception is that the sun rises at the same place for a number of days. (Cf. the etymology of "solstice".) The winter solstice marks the beginning of the year {pgjo), which is then called pq,jo tsanibi''^ 'new year' {pajo 'year'; tsambi'^ 'new'). Of the time following the winter solstice, when the sun rises a little farther south each day, the Tewa say t'any "'iH^ihoj)/ ifi'^QfVJ' 'sun'; '^ 'it'; Jc^qM said to indicate motion in steps or grades; Jioyf 'to go away'); also: t''q,n nq,'s^^^ 'the sun is coming' {fayj' 'sun'; 714 'it' 'he'; ^'* 'to come'). The summer solstice is called fan nq,i'a or nqfanfa 'the sun lives' (fqyj' 'sun'; n^ 'it' 'he'; fa 'to live'). When the sun rises a little farther north each day the Tewa say: fqnf ''iTfqAiA/nK^^ {t'WJ' 'sun'; H 'it'; k'^a 'world' 'universe'; tu 'back'; ¥y, ' hard straight thing' 'bone') appears to be the common name. It is called also fl^FoJ,o 'whitishness' {iss^ 'whiteness' 'white'; ¥oJ^o element to weaken force of ts^). The Taos and the Jemez call the Milky Way by names which mean 'backbone of the universe.' The Mexicans usually call it el Camino del Cielo. x The Undeewoeld No term for 'underworld' different from those meaning 'the below' has been obtained.' (See under Caedinal Directions.) The Tewa declare that they believe in a single underworld, where the sun shines at night, pale like the moon. It was there that the human race and the lower animals lived until they found their way through Sipop'e (see pp. 567-69) and entered this world. The underworld is dark and dank, and this world rests on top of it. The under- world is never personified; it is the base of ^opa 'the universe.' When the sun sets in the west it passes through a lake {pohwi) and enters the underworld (^opcmuge or 7i4nsogenuge), passing through the latter to reach the east {fQmpije) again. In the underworld is situated 'Wajima, ' ' the happy hunting-grounds " (see pp. 571-72). Wajima is described as a kiva-like place of the spirits of the dead. The word is akin to Cochiti Wenj'ema and Zuni Wejima. The Eaeth JVq.yj' 'the earth'; personified as Nq,ykwijo 'Earth Old Woman' {n^yf 'earth'; hwijo ' old woman'), wife of the Sky. Bandelier* says: "The earth a female deity, called Na-uat-ya Quio, and totally dis- tinct from the conception of below." "Na-uat-ya Quio'' must be intended for Nq.yhwijo, as the Earth is not known 'bj any other name. For the peculiar "-uat-ya" cf . Bandelier's ' ' 0-pat-y ", quoted under The Set. According to Mrs. Stevenson^ the Zuni speak of "A'witelin 1 Pinal Report, pt. i, p. 312, 1890. 2 The Zufli Indians, p. 24. 52 ETHNOGEOGKAPHY OF THE TEWA INDIANS [eth. ann. 29 *Si'ta (Earth Mother)". The Tewa never speak of the earth as ' Earth Mother ' but as ' Earth Old Woman '. The Taos call the earth namend, the Isleta namiie, the Jemez hy,y, or hy,napeta, the Piro (Bartlett) "na-f'ol-^". EAKTHQTJAKB Nq,nt'qt'q, 'earthquake' (?2427y 'earth'; fat" a 'to quiver' 'to trem- ble'). iV^w^wzS'aif'g^o"'' ' the earth is trembling' {nq, 'it'; myf 'earth'; fqfq 'to tremble'; po^° postpound). LANDSLIDE Nqn^Tisunfu 'the land slides or slips'; nqnqnjemu 'the land falls' ijiq, 'it'; 7>jiiVf 'land'; sunfu 'to slide'; jemxi 'to fall', said of 3+). Watek Po 'water'. Water was not personified. It symbolized life and fruitfulness. PoTcwi 'lake' 'ocean' {po 'water'; Tcwi unexplained). The Tewa in primitive times knew of many lakes, and doubtless also, in a more or less mythical way, of the ocean. All lakes were sup- posed to be the dwelling places of ''oMuwa 'cachinas' and passage- ways to and from the underworld. WAVE ''Vv/Wf 'wave'. ''Ola ( 'it is blowing hard' (kegi 'hard'). A buUroarer is called wQty, 'wind call' (wq. 'wind'; tij, 'to call'). Wind is produced by WCikwijo 'Wind Old Woman' (w^ 'wind'; Jcwijo 'old woman'), who lives on Sandia Mountain [29:83J. DTTST-WIND Jfq,>ijiH i dust- wind' (of obscure etymology). ''In<^iji^d"' 'it is dust- windy' 'there is a dust storm' ('*' 'it'; 'o'" present), iVa'S;*'»F^ 'a dark dust-cloud' {na'iji''^, as above; Fy, 'darkness' 'dark'). WHIRLWIND JSfqgomi 'there is a whirlwind' {nq, 'it'; gomi unexplained). Baji- delier ^ speaks of the whirlwind in Tewa symbolism. Lightning Tsig.uwstny,rj f 'lightning'. ''Itsiguw^ny,ni^e 'lightning flashes' ('* 'it'; tsiguwss.nii.y f 'lightning'; ^e'e present). At the point of each lightning bolt there is supposed to be a tsiguw^ny/ntsiH 'lightning point' {tsigxiws^ny.'oj' lightning'; tsiH 'flaking stone' 'piece of flint or obsidian' 'arrow point'). The light accompanying a lightning flash is called tsilisg.yf 'meal of the point' {tsi'i&s above; Fsgi/jf 'meal flour'). Lightning is produced by 'olc'uwa, who throw it from the clouds. Flaking stone, wherever found, is supposed to be the result of light- ning striking the earth. An ' d¥uwa, having hurled a tsigwws^ny.ntsi'i, picks it up again if it is not shattered. That is why no perfect tsiguws^wiintsi' i are ever found on the earth. The arrows of the War Gods were of lightning; these arrows they stole. Mr. C. L. Linney of the Weather Bureau at Santa Fe gives the in- formation that lightning caused more than twenty deaths in New Mexico in 1911. Three years ago a prominent Indian of Namb6 was killed at the place called JdbuhJu [25:60], east of that pueblo. Thtjbtder, Thunderstorm KwqtQ 'thunder'. ''ncwg,tq?d'° 'it is thundering' ('*' 'it'; Jcwqiq 'thunder'; '0'" progressive). Thunder is produced by the Kwitqhwijo 'Thunder Old Woman' {kwqtq, 'thunder'; kwijo 'old woman'). 1 rinal Report, pt. i, p. 311, 1890. ' 60 ETHNOGBOGBAPHY OF THE TBWA INDIANS [eth. ann. 29 There is no Tewa name for 'thunderstorm', although such storms are very freqilent in summer. The Tewa speak merely of kwQt4 'thunder* smd kw^.t^y 'rain'. ' ' Heat-lightning" My,ws[ 'heat-lightning' 'light of dawn which resembles heat-light- ning' 'northern lights' 'brightness/ said of starhght (of obscure etymology). Wq,my,wsi.tfa 'the heat-lightning leaps up' {p4 'it'; irf\i,w^ 'heat-lightning'; if a 'to leap'). Umy,w^^^ 'it is light- ning with heat-lightning' ('* 'it'; my,wB^ as above; u,^' present). W^iny,w^po'"' 'it is lightning with heat-lightning' {nq, 'it'; my,'WB^a.s above; po'° verbifying postpound). My,ws^ appears in a number of personal names. Mirage Nfl^okowagi n^io ov nQpolcowagi ^unff^yy 'it resembles water lying' (n^ 'it'; |io 'water'; Ico 'to lie'; ■^oa0^■'like'; n^ 'it'; ?o 'to resemble'; '^T^y'it'; (f^yj' 'to appear to one'). Echo Nqioto 'it echoes' {ng, 'it'; toto 'to echo'). Til. PERIODS OF TIME Year Pqio 'year'; cf. pqjog&ii 'summer'. iV^'«'» 'a^^nfuke t^u,isi pqjo 'inimu 'this girl is sixteen years old' (n,i§ 'this'; H'^ locative and adjective-forming postfix; ''d'^nfuke 'girl'; ts^J/isi ' sixteen'i 'from', s^'six'; pq^o 'year'; '*'she'; n^'she'; Trm 'to have' 'to be'). The year began at the time of the winter solstice. The time of new year was called joa/o tsq,mb '* {pq,jo 'year'; tsQ/mbi 'new'; '*'» locative and adjective-forming postfix). Ns^H'^pajo ' this year ' (ni^ ' this '; '*'* locative and adjective-forming postfix). Hepqjo 'last year' {he 'last' in this sense). W^wi'a pqjo or ^■owewv'a pqjo 'next year' (n^ 'this'; wi''a 'coming' 'other' 'dif- ferent'; ^owe 'there'). Wije pqjo w^^'iwe'*'* 'two years ago' {wije ' two' ipqjo ' year *; 014 ' it' ; p'cue ' to pass '; 'i'' locative and adjective- forming postfix). Wi^e pqjo 'vwe ' in two years ' ' two years from now' (wije 'two'; pqjo 'year'; 'iwe 'at', 'in' in this sense). Seasons The Tewa distinguish only two seasons — summer and winter. The summer {pqjog&ii, unexplained, but cf. pqjo 'year') begins in the spring and lasts until the fall, including the months of April, May, June, July, August, and September. The winter {te'ntui, unex- plained) begins in the fall and lasts until the spring, including the months of October, November, December, January, February, and March. The Tewa speak also of ia'g.nii ' the spring or planting time ', and 'p^'ojeJ'i ' the harvest time ', both of these words being obscure in derivation and not considered, to denote true seasons. Unlike the Tewa, the Jemez appear to distinguish four seasons: tqddgiu 'spring', pef 'summer', pdl 'autumn', tool 'winter'. Ns^'i'^ te'mui 'this winter' {nsg. ^this'; '*'' locative and adjective- forming postfix; te'niui 'winter'). JS'sgwi'a t^niui 'next winter' {fic^ 'this'; wi'a 'other'; tinvAi 'winter'). Hef^miui 'last winter' {he 'last'; te'mui 'winter'). All the clans of the Tewa villages belong to either the Summer or the Winter phratry. The same clan, wherever it is found, always belongs to the same phratry. The Summer phratry or division is called Pqjog.eJ'i'iTdowh 'summer people' {pqjogeM, 'summer'; '{yf locative and adjective-forming postfix; towa 'person' 'people'), 61 62 ETHNOGBOGEAPHY OF THE TEWA INDIANS [eth. ank. 29 Runj'dowa 'turquoise people' (kunfse 'turquoise'; iowo; 'person' -peo- ple'), or Kaje (of obscure etymology). The Winter phratry is called Te'nuu^intowh 'winter people' (t^niui 'winter'; 'JT^y ^locative and adjective-forming postfix; lowh 'person' 'people'); Potowh 'squash people' {po 'squash' 'pumpkin' 'gourd' 'calabash'; lowh 'person' 'people'), or KwB^J-i (of obscure etymojogy). The Summer people are presided over by the Summer cacique, fds^t^njo 'ceremony-presiding chief (|>o'« 'to preside at a ceremony', said of either Summer or Win- ter cacique); ty,njo 'chief, who is in charge of the summer ceremo- nies. The Winter people and ceremonies are in charge of the Winter cacique, 'ojiJcety,njo 'hard ice chief {'oji 'ice'; he 'hardness' 'hard'; tmjo ' chief ') . Bandelier ^ writes : "The [Tewa] altar (Cen-te) used in the estufas is green for the summer months, yellow after the autum- nal equinox." So far as the present writer has learned, the Tewa do not recognize equinoxes, but only solstices. Distinct personal names were considered appropriate for children according to the season in which they were born — summer or winter. Months The Tewa year contained twelve, not thirteen months. In this it agreed with the Zufii year according to Gushing (see the accompany- ing table). The months are said to have begun at the time of the new moon, but this subject needs further investigation. They are divided into summer and winter months (see under Seasons). Month is called po ' moon '. The term Pos^n4o is applied only to the divinity resident in the moon (see under Sun and Moon) . The months were known by descriptive names, which are passing out of use. These names difiered considerably according to the speaker and the village. The accompanying table gives month-names obtained from Indians of four Tewa villages; also Jemez and Zuni month-names, the latter from Gushing.^ It will be noticed that the old designations of some months have been supplanted partially or wholly by names of saints, whose festivals play an important r61e in present-day Tewa life. December is invariably named from ny,p^a 'Ghristmas,' and the old name could not be discovered. 1 Tinal Report, pt. i, p. 311, 1890. 2 Zuni Breadstuff, The Millstone, p. 68, April, 1884. HARRINGTON] PEEIODS OP TIME 63 ■*5 ""^ '« ;& if 5=1 . a H -111 a a P - o ^-^^ I -5 - o S !§• •« a :3 'S-r- S ■^ a - a H dj 9 o a <§■ ° a 1 i o o ^ •o •33 3 g o S ■ a -a 1 ■^ ■I § li-lii -a -. "s" ... g * - '-H ^<^- o •- ■^ a « g ■«.2 s 1 ^ " .a? a CQ ^ U c8 o'-i«i ? r .§ a a 5-'=' " «! 8 8<-8 ^ ri?<«- fl Cfl, Jj .« .« ■D" o 2? ^ i 8 V -g g 1=1 •y -■" S 5 I ^ " s f a g ^|.&g I 0) - ■" -i^ . I 5 S t ? a a " e o += o - o bo - i) ■" i; o a s ^ a.^ a o -4 a I ■S 'i'" S" - ■-' I |. s" a o a s ■ ^ OJ w O K a /-\ •Wj rf O g a $ .""^•ssass^ 5.^ - ^ o- „ p, a e " - « ° <§. d: -^ i ^ ^i:: g g ^ 0.S a z M •^ 2 -° a ;d ,*^ ID -fi ?! a w SJ -^ O 5 a 1 Tl s O IB Tl m •a o3 03 O P-i 64 BTHNOGBOGEAPHT OF THE TEWA INDIANS [bth. ann. 29 bo o s a •S iS -. "' -„ OS 3 Sis'" i S 2 ■* = s fi a » -• p ~' S '-' » » 3 ? oj S 2 « 3 ■" '3 rH -^ ju .. . a 3 r a tH -ii S ai a 13 "I s i; ^ ■5 I '3 s -§5 9 V ,d -' I g 5 o 3 S s ^ g o « +3 a; • - rt ^.~ -•" 2^ o d g ^ ^ *§• , -I s § I. .3 I ? ? w g .d lava o ^ <" - g a - d ■"S id i " ' d 'S d »< iJ j S" a s s a ■ g " 0) a o 2 - A! o ■§• ^ - § fi a 0) h 9 p " S '° CQ B ^ 5 . " » i a ° " § - t s "^ a I, § '^ i g a v5 ti4 M d ■a <§• S ^ d ° .^ +^ s* d "*^ S SB &, 5 « ^ d " rt 03 fl) w d ^ H 02 .Q ^ a « ■B ft HAERINGTON] PEBIODS OP TIME 65 S V, 3 3 I ■^^s CD a 03 O i "o d 2 o ° ^ « " S 5 « . s s ■§ 0) a ^^ <» g 5 § g -s „ fl a i H if illllll d'"o'Ow+3iS'to„ S a> d -^ « °o .9 H .2 a^j:paj(D fl ?''-'■§ a s - -S o TO d 8 a V « d 1-^ .- ' & « - o I.. S ja ■^ . -S - a (PI. bp tH 2 s .9 8 g a IV si ~(0 <©,- I ft .a I ^ 5 a &'o ft- ■&■«> a " 3.S d -a s M a ^ ao 0) OJ H •a s s ^ 2 B . i&nho''° 'early morning' {heui^yf- 'morning'; So'" progressive). HeJ^^n^i 'morning' 'forenoon' {heJ'ivJ'- 'morning' 'forenoon', absolute form never used; J,i ablative, locative). Hed^ntag.eJ'i 'morning straight up time' 'time about nine or ten o'clock in the morning' (h&i^yf 'morning'; taq^i as below; cf. f^itage^i^). 68 ETHNOGEOGEAPHY OF THE TEWA INDIANS [ETH. ann. 29 TaQ.e 'straight up ', referring to the sun, ' noon' (cf. taje 'straight', not crooked or bent). TageM 'noon' {tag.e as above; M ablative, loca- tive). T(in tag&ii n^n4 'the sun is at noon' (fayy 'sun'; tag.eM ' noon'; «4 'it'; n^ 'to be'). Mtag.epo'° 'i* makes straight up' 'it is noon' (w4 'it'; iage as above; po" 'to make'), fuwagi mtag.epo'" 'noon comes very soon' {fuwagi 'soon'; n^tag.epo"' as above). Nq.tag&Jiip'cue 'noon is passed' {n^ 'it'; tageM 'noon'; p'cue ,''io^ pass'). Tag&iip^cueM 'afternoon' {tageJ>i 'noon'; p'^cue 'to pass'; M ablative, locative). T^itagesi 'evening straight up time' 'time about two or three o'clock in the afternoon' (fii ' evening'; tageM as above). T^Ui 'evening' {tii 'evening', absolute form never used; J,i ablative, locative). Nugepije nif^amm^rjf 'the sun is declining' (mj^fi 'down' 'below' 'it gets dark' (n<| 'it'; Ti^^Vf 'dark'; fo'"' 'to make'). N4,¥y,'r)j' 'it is dark' 'it is night' {nq, 'it'; Ic^Wf 'to be dark'). N^¥y,nnq, 'it is dark' {n^ 'it'; Tc^yf 'dark'; n^ 'to be'). FyM 'night', especially used meaning 'last night' ijc^y,, con- nected with Yiiyf 'to be dark'; m ablative, locative). K^yMM 'night' {E'iiM as above; J,i ablative, locative). Ns^fa 'to-day' {n^ 'this'; fa 'day'). K^yM 'last night', see above. Tsq,'n4i KyM 'last night' (tsi^n^i 'yesterday'; k'y^i as above). Tsq?'n4i 'yesterday' {ts^yf, cf . tsq.mpije 'west' and nd'ots4n7i4 'it is a little cloudy'; u,i ablative, locative). Tsamp^yge 'day before yesterday' {ts^Vfi as above; fes.rige 'beyond'). T^aHn^i 'to-morrow' (tayf ' sun' ; M ablative, locative). T^cHn^ih&k^n^i ' to-morrow morning' (fdn^i 'to-morrow'; hed^n^i 'morning'). T^a^mps^yge ' day after to-morrow' {fayf, as above; fsgyge ' beyond '). HouKS, Minutes, Seconds WJ,a 'hour' (d, 'hour'; n^ 'it'; ie 'to be lacking'). Festival fQyki^iii 'festival' 'fiesta' (of obscure etymology) or hi ' festival ' 'fiesta '(related to Mtfq, 'to be glad'). Fair, Cahnival P'e.^ffl- « ij hJcw%F llm n nfD r)W rjf qp f p' giqwr J^s f tlf ts tfis {f uy,y,vw. The glottal stop (') is ignored in the alphabetic sequence. M'a 'steep slope'. Cf. ta'a 'gentle slope'. ^Akqmbu'u ' plain wholly or partly surrounded by higher land ' ' corner of a plain ' i^akq'Qf+hu^u). ^Akqmpije 'south,' literally 'direction of the plains' (^dkqyj'+pije). ' Akqmpije^inte^e ^aonth estufa' {'akompije "" aouth'+t^e). Synonyms: pajogeui'iniowabite'e, lcy,nfc^te^e, and ¥aje,tie. ^Akqmpije^iyqwap^yge 'locality beyond (south of) the south house- row of a pueblo' (^akqTtipije ' south '+'i'''+p^7/^e). See diagram 1, p. 305. ^AkqTnpij^iyqwasy, 'south houserow of a pueblo' (^akqmpije ' south '+ H^'^+qwasy). ^Akqmpijeps^n^/i''''' 'south part of a pueblo' ^akqmpije+ps^nii'''). ^Akqn^iAJoe 'at the plain' (^akqyf+'iwe). ^Ahqnnu 'plain' {^ahqyf+nv). ^Akqniwg, i^akq'rjf+7tc£)'\a never used. The various postfixes can be added to ^akqnnu as to "'ahoyj' with- out difference of meaning. But 'little valley' is rendered ''akq'tjf'e, not ''akqnnv^e. ^JJcqyge, ''alcqnnuQ.e 'down at the plains' (^akqyj", ^akonnu+ge). ''AJcqrjf 'plain'. ^ Akqt) fhenfii) f 'long plain' ' long valley or glen with flat bottom' 'long mesa-top' i^akqyj'+henj'i'rjf 'length' 'long', mineral gender). "'AkqijfhjUu 'arroyo with a flat, plain-like bottom' (^dk^f+hu^u). ^Anu'u 'foot of a slope' 'below a slope' ('a'a+W/M'w). ^Aj>inmui 'middle of a slope' 'half way up or down a slope' ('a'a+ pinmui). ''Awap^abv^ii,, "" awap' db^ e^ ^awapHiii^u, ''awap'ihe^e 'low place in which cattails grow' (^awap'a, ^awapH species of cattail + hu'u, he^e). '^^0 'race track' ('^ 'to run'+^o 'trail' 'track' 'road'). ''AM ' V-shape'. ^Avge 'foot of 'base of ('4?;y 'foot'+ge). This is often combined with other words, as: iyge'age 'down the slope to the base of the slope'. ''Anfs^gi ' on the head '. ^Anfs^gilcu, (^mys^gi+lu) a conical rook bearing on its apex a rock cap, thought by the Indians to resemble a person carrying a burden on the head. (See pis. 7, 8.) ' 70 HARHINGTON] GEOGKAPHICAL TEEMS 71 ^a'a ' woman's belt'. It is also used figuratively of a belt or strip of country. A man's belt is called sqmba^a {sqTjf 'man'+6a'a). Scdo 'ford' (hu^u 'arroyo the course of which makes large turns at intervals' b^yy + hu'u) . Pep'o 'coyote's den' (4e 'coyote' + p'o). peyy ' small point' ' small conical point'. PWJ" 'large point' 'large conical point'. '^ ' oflEspring ' 'child', also used as the diminutive postpound. The tone in the singular is falling, in the 2 + plural it is rising-falling. When meaning 'offspring' 'child' two plural forms are in use: 'e and 'enj'^. ''Ekwelb, 'school' (6 'place where stones are strewn or scattered' (leu + wcue 'to strew' 'to scatter'). -ff^'a 'corral' 'fence" surrounding an enclosure, 'fence' ' enclosure '- E^dbu^u 'roundish place enclosed by a fence or hedge of some sort' Qc^a + hu'u [1]). The enclosures made for certain Jicarilla Apache and Navaho dances are called Yabu^u. K^ajh 'fetish* 'shrine', applied to anything in which pin4'0J' 'magic power' is believed to reside. K'^aje 'summer person' ' member of sunmxer phratry ' (unexplained). Fbyeku, FajeTcuboJ'i 'sacred stone' 'sacred stones' 'sacred stone- pile' ' shrine' {Icaje +'ku + bo^i-i). Cf . %u¥ajL E'ajete'e 'summer people's estufa' (k'aje 'summer person' + te'e). Synonyms: 'akqmpije'iniowcMte'e, fajogejbi'inhwaiite'e, and hunfiete'e. K'avnH ' gap between fences ' ' entrance or exit of a corral ' Qc'a + ■w^'^). K'ewiH 'outside corner o a houserow, house, corral, etc' {¥e unex- plained +wi'*). K'o 'arm' of body or, used figuratively, 'branch' 'bough' of a tree, 'arm' of a lake or other body of water, 'inlet' 'bay' 'bight'. K'oji 'roof hole' 'door in the roof through which entrance and exit are effected'. In Tewa dwelling rooms the Ic'oji have been largely replaced by doors in the walls, but the estufas or kivas still have them. Mythica,l Foji are believed to exist at lakes ; see fokwiFoji. Tewa k'oji has been hispanized as c6ye, and the word is cur- rent in New Mexican Spanish. Bandelier ^ writes "Ko-ye." Tewa Foji means 'roof hole', not 'inner room'. K'qr4iwe 'place where mineral or other substance is dug' 'mine' 'quarry' {Fqyf 'to dig' + Hwe). K'qyge 'at the end' 'end' 'extent' {Foyf + ge). S'qvJ- in ¥qyge. Makina ^machine' 'engine' 'sawmill' (o + Js'y, indicating length and hardness, as va.p'eTcy, 'bone' {pe 'stick')). The Tewa constructed pueblos of adobe in pre-Colum- bian times, building up the walls, a layer at a time, with formless mud {nq,po). They learned from the Spaniards how to make adobe brick and the modern Tewa pueblos are constructed of such brick. The Tewa call an adobe brick wi n^poFy, {wi 'a' 'one'). Wo/po' Qvwiheji ^eAoh& pueblo ruin' {n^po + ^qyw^keji). JV0owi 'the water trickles down' said, for instance, of water trickling down a cliff (nq, 'it'; po 'water'; lo^ 'to trickle down'). ]!^q,toia^emu 'the bank falls' (n^ 'it'; iota 'cliff'; jemu 'to fall', said of 3+, used herewith mineral singular). Cf. the San Juan name for February (p. 63). Wi a Namb6 and San Juan form sometimes used instead of 'iyj; loca- tive and adjective -forming postfix. NoJAM ' well ' ( < New Mexican Span, noria ' well '). This is the ordi- nary Tewa word meaning 'well'. iV^M 'ashes'. Nu locative postfix meaning 'at', referring to one or more objects at any level. It never means ' in '. Its usage appears to be iden- tical with that of ns^. Nuge ' below ' ' under ' ' beneath ' ' at the foot of ' {nu^u + g.e). JVugepij e ^down^ {nug.e+j>ije). Mi^u 'below' 'under' 'beneath' 'at the foot of 'at the base of 'close to' 'down in'; said of liquids. iVw^wto'*'*' 'place where pine sticks are scattered on the ground' 'place where pines are dry' {vwsgyy 'rock-pine' +ia 'dryness' 'dry' +'«'»). JVys^'m^- 'left', in various compounds. Nf^^m^gMi ' at the left side of; locative postfix (nj'^'m^- + g_e + j,i). Nfc&^ms^nss. ' on the left' ' at the left side' {nfs^ms^- + ns^ (2)). '6> 'that' 'there', demonstrative element denoting remoteness from speaker. It can not be postfixed. Cf . w^ (1) and A^. It is much used before postfixes of locative meaning, e. g., ''ohwa^h 'way up there on top' ('o + hwaje). It is also used as a noun prefix, e. g., 'oteqwdOwe 'at that house' ('o + teqwa + 'iwi); also as an adjective 'o'*'» tegxodHwe ' at that house ' ('o + 'i'» + teqwa + Hwe). HABHINGTON] GEOGRAPHICAL TEEMS 81 ^Oge 'down there', denoting remoteness from and position lower than I speaker ('o + ge). ' Oji ' ice '. 'Ojipiyy 'ice mountain' 'mountain with ice, snow or glaciers on it' i'oji + Piy/). 'Oku 'hill'. Distinguished by its tone and the length of its vowels from 'oku 'turtle'. ' Okuheg.e ' gulchlike place by (lower than top of) hill(s)' {'oku + he'e + g.e). Ohuhegi 'gulchlike place of the hills '(^oku + hegi 'marked by gulches' 'gulchlike'). ' OhuTcewe ' hill peak ' ' peaked hill ' {oha + %ewe). 'Oleufiyf 'large hill' 'small mountain' 'mountainous hill' 'hill-like mountain' i^ohu + pivy)- ' Okup'q,yM ' not very narrow hill or hilltop ridge' {'oku+p'Qyki ' large- ness and narrowness ' ' large and narrow '). 'OkupHr/ki ' narrow hill or hilltop ridge' {'oku+^'iyH ' smallness and narrowness' 'small and narrow'). 'Okuiiiywsgjo 'Yeryhi^h hill' {^oku + ty,yw^ 'highness' 'high' 'tallness' . 'tall'; ^'o augmentative). The name is applied especially to cer- tain tall hills with shrines on them; near each of the three pueblos, . San Juan, San Ildefonso, and Tesuque, one hill called thus and having a shrine on its summit is found. These were in former times ascended each dawn by a priest to worship the rising sun, it is said. ' OTcuwaJii 'wide gap in the hills' (^oku + wcui). ' OTcuvn^i ' gap in the hills ' <^oku + wi'%). ' OlcQ/mh^e ' small sandy low place ' (^oF^yf + ie^e). 'OFq,mhui 'small sand pile' {'ok'iyj' + iud). This is used, for iq- stance, of the sand piles made by ants. ' O^imboJ/l 'sand pile' 'sand dune' (^o¥Q,'r)f+ houd). ' Ok'irribu'u 'large sandy low place' ('o^'#y + ^w'm). This is also the name of a constellation. (See p. 50.) ' Olcimpo ' sandy water' ^oTc^yf -n po). 'OF imp' o 'hole in sand' 'quicksand' ^oF^yf + fo). 'OFq,nnupo, nq,nnupo 'subterranean water' {'oFivj' + nu'u + po 'water'; n^yf). 'OFq,yF^to, ' oF iyF ^tolo 'quicksand' ^oFq.yf + Fs^to 'to sink in'; to 'to be apt to' 'to look as if it would'). 'OFq,vf 'sand'. 'OFiyf 'steam' 'vapor'. 'OFy, 'shadow' 'shade' 'shed'. 'OFy,'ivgeM 'shady side' l^oFij, 'shade' 'shadow'; 'ivgeJ,i 'side' K'lyge 'side', M ablative, locative). The shady side of a moun- tain, e. g. of Truchas Peak [22:13], is called thus. 'OFy,teqwa 'shed' (^oFy. + teqwa). 87584°— 29 eth— 16 6 82 ETHNOGBOGRAPHY OF THE TBWA INDIANS [bth. ANN. 29 '(9m^ 'there', denoting remoteness from speaker ('o + nsi, [2]). ''Ot'qnn^ 'on the other side', used especially with reference to bodies of water (^o + -t'qyf- + n^). For 'on this side' of a body of water ns^nsg, ''otqnnc^ is used. ''Owe 'there', denoting remoteness from speaker and position at about level of or higher than speaker ('e 'scattered driftwood' {pope + wcue 'to scatter'). Pom 'fishweir' (unanalyzable). PoMte 'watchhouse built near a fishweir' {poM + te 'dwelling place'). Pote^e 'squash estufa' {po 'squash' 'pumpkin* 'calabash' + iSe'/). Synonyms: pimpije^intowhMte^e, te'nuui' iniowabite'e, andlcws^uite'e. Potage 'place where squashes are dried' {po 'squash' 'pumpkin' ' calabash' + ta 'to dry ' + ge). Pu 'base' 'buttocks' 'root'. I\ji4^Vf 'tree stump' {pv, + ^^yf). Punake 'ball' (probably containing Se, referring to roundish shape). PumjUu 'near' 'a little way from', said, for instance, of an object on the ground near a house {pu + tim'w) . Pute 'rabbit holes' {pv, 'rabbit' 'cottontail rabbit' + ti). Pi«wa ' cultivated land ' ' ploughed field ' (unanalyzable). Puwdbu^u ' dell of cultivated land ' {pmjoa + Jm'm) , Pw^nte 'bridge' (< Span, puente 'bridge'). Ps^n4i 'on the other side' 'beyond' {fs^yf + J,i). Ps^n^i^^ 'part' 'side,' used especially of parts or quarters of pueblos {fwvy + '*'*)• Ps^nns^ ' on the other side' 'beyond' {ps^Vf + nsg. [2]). Ps^yge 'over or down on the other side' 'beyond' {p^Vf- + ge). Ps^Vf- 'beyond' 'side', used only in compounds, such as ps^n^ii'^, ps^nn^ ps^yge. Pvmbu^u ' a dell in the mountains ' {pivf + iu'u). Pimpije'inte^e 'north estufa' {pimpije 'north + '*'* + ie'e\. Synonyms: pajog.eu,i' iniowabite'e, pote'e, and Icwserite'e. Pimpij^ivqwaps^yge ' locality beyond (north of) the north houserow ' of a pueblo {pimpije 'north' + '*'* + qwa+ ps^yge). Pimpije^iyqwasy, 'north houserow' of a pueblo {pimpije 'north' + 'j'* 1 +qwasy). Pimpo 'mountain stream' {pivf+po 'water'). Pimpo 'mountain trail' {pivj- + po 'trail'). Pimp' a 'flat-topped mountain' {pivf + p^a, 'largeness and flatness' 'large and flat'). Pimp'o/ylci 'mountain ridge' (^i?7y + ^'4??^* 'narrowness' 'narrow'). Pimp'^opi 'bald mountain' {piyy+p'o 'hair' + j?^ negative). The term is doubtless due to the influence of Span, cerro pelado, etc. Pin4ugi 'mountain peak' {piyj- + iugi ' largeness and pointedness ' ' large and pointed '). Pinn^ 'in the mountains' {piyj" + nse [2] ). Pinsiywiyf 'zigzag-shaped mountain' {piyf + s4ywiyj' 'zigzag'). 84 ETHISrOGEOGEAPHY OF THE TEWA INDIANS [hth ann. 29 Piykwaje 'mountain top' 'mountain height' {fiyf + Jcviaje). Piylce ' sharp mountain peak ' {pivf + Tie)- Pi'o'ke4ugi 'mountain peak' 'mountain with a tall peak' {fiyj' + fee + 4ug.i 'largeness and pointedness ' 'large and pointed'). Piylcewe ' mountain peak ' {fiyf + Icewe), Piywcue ' place where mountains are strewn or scattered ' {pvof + wa-ie 'to strew' 'to scatter'). Piywcui ' wide gap in the mountains ' {pivf + wcui). Piywibo'o 'lone mountain' (pivj' + wi 'one' + hd'o 'being'). PiyioiH 'mountain pass' 'gap in the mountains' {fwf + wi^i). Piyy ' mountain '. PiVJ'^e 'small mountain' (piyj" + 'e). Piyy^oFy, 'mountain shadow' 'shady locality in a mountainous country ' {fiyf + 'ok'y,). Po 'water' 'river' 'creek' 'brook' 'body of water' 'juice'- The writer has not learned that rivers are personified by the Tewa. But Goddard says of the Pecos, Canadian, Rio Grande, and Chama: "These are the sacred rivers of the Jicarilla. The Canadian and Rio Grande are male, ' men,' the Pecos and Chama are female and are so pictured in the ceremonial by paintings."^ Po 'trail' 'track' 'road', Pdbe'e 'dell with water in it' {po 'water' + he^e [1]). Pobige ' sharp bend in a stream ' {po ' water ' + hig.e). Pobu'u 'dell with water in it' {po 'water' + bu'u [1]). Po^e 'small stream' 'brook' 'puddle' {po 'water' + 'e). Po''e 'small trail' {Po 'trail' + '«). Po'ego 'a stream or body of water which shifts its bed' {Po 'water' + ^ego 'to §hift'). Pog.e 'river' 'creek' 'low place where water is or runs' {po 'water' + g.e)._ Page 'trail' 'road,' conceived of as running low, on, or through the surface of the earth {po 'trail' 'road' + g.e). Pohe'e 'little gulch in which water is or runs' {po 'water' + Ae'e). PohegjB 'little gulch where water is or runs' {po 'water' + Ae'e + g.e). Pohuge ' arroyo or canada in which water is or runs ' {po ' water ' + Am'm + ge). Pohu^u ' arroyo or canada in which water is or runs ' {po ' water' + hu^u). Poj(Ue 'island' {po 'water' +j(Ue). Pojege 'confluence of two streams' {po 'water' +je 'to meet' ' to join' +g.e). Pojemuge 'waterfall' {po 'water' + jemu 'to fall', said of 3 + + ge). PojemuH'^ 'waterfall' {po 'water' +jemu 'to fall', said of 3 + +'*'»). PojemuHwe 'waterfall' {po ' water' +jemu 'to fall', said of 3 + + Hwe). 1 Goddard, Jicarilla Apache Texts, p. 223, footnote, 1912. HAKHINGTON] GEOGKAPHICAL TEEMS 85 Pokiyge 'bank of a river or body of water', said of a bank -which has a rather sharp and straight edge {po 'water' + h\yqe). Pokwaj^ 'up river' 'north' {po 'water' + hwajS). Pokwi 'lake' 'pond' 'lagoon' 'sea' 'body of water' (^o 'water' + kwi unexplained). The -kwi can perhaps be explained by compar- ing the Taos paqvM- ' lake ' and Taos q-uM- ' pit ' ' pitfall '. Lakes are believed by the Tewa to be the dwelling places of ^o¥uwa and to communicate with the waters beneath the earth. At every lake there is a ¥oji or roof -hole, through which the ^oVuwa pass when they leave or enter the lake. It is said that each pueblo has its lakes of the four cardinal points. Among the Tewa place- names will be found the names of many sacred lakes. Pohwj^e 'little lake' 'pond' 'lagunita' {pokwi + '^)- Pokwige 'lake' 'down at a lake' {pokwi + Q-^)- PokwiJciyge ' rim of a lake' {pokwi + kiyge). PokwiFo ' arm or inlet of a lake' {pokioi + k'o). Pokwik'oji 'roofhole of a lake,' a mythic opening in a lake through which the ^ok'uwa are supposed to pass {pokwi + k'oji). Pohwinsg. 'by a lake'- {pokwi + ns^. [2]). Pokwinu 'by a lake' {pokwi + nu). Pokwita^iwe 'place where lake grass grows' {pokwi + ta 'grass' + Hwe). Pokegfi 'banks or shore of a body of water' 'river bank' {po 'water' + IceQe). This word is commonly used where we use 'river.' The Tewa speak of going down to the river bank {PoTcege) instead of going to the river. PolcegepiHwe ' place on the edge or shore of a body of water where one enters or emerges from a ford' {polceg.e + pv'iwe). PoTco 'stagnant water' 'body of water' {po 'water' + Iro 'to lie'). PoTcowagi ng,io 'mirage' {po 'water' + ho 'to lie' + wagi 'like' 'similar to' + nq, 'it' + h 'to have the semblance of). Poi:u 'rock in the water' {po 'water' + leu 'stone' 'rock'). Pok'qrjge 'end of the water' 'end or mouth of a river' {po 'water' + Fqvge). Pomssyf 'running water' {^o 'water' + m.^r/f 'to go'). Ponuge 'down river' 'south' {po 'water' + nuge). Pdo 'watei- mill' 'mill driven by water' {po 'water' -n 'o 'metate' 'quern' 'mill').' Popi 'spring' {po 'water' H- fi 'to issue'). Popilie 'dell where there is a spring or are springs' {popi + hie [1]). Popihuhi 'dell where there is a spring or are springs' {popi + Mu [1]). Popi'e 'little spring' {popi + 'e). Popip'o 'basin, pool or bowl of a spring' {popi + p'o). Pop'o 'water hole' 'hole in a rock or elsewhere in which water col- lects' {po 'water' +^'(9). iFor a good illustration of a New Mexican water-mill, see W."G. Eitcli, Illustrated New Mexico, p. 133, 1885. 86 BTHNOGEOGEAPHY OF THE TEWA INDIANS [eth. ANN. 29 Poqwa 'water tank' 'water reservoir' 'basin of water' (po 'water' + qwa). The artificially constructed reservoirs of ancient Tewa pueblos were called thus. Poqwa' e 'little reservoir' ■'cistern' {poqwa + 'e), Poqwoge ' delta of a stream' ' place where the water cuts through or ' washes out' {po ' water' + qwoge). Poqwode 'water outlet' 'place where water cuts through or washes out little by little, as at the outlet of a lake' {Po 'water' + qwoJ^e 'to cut through little by \ittW 6 'to enter '+wi^??y 'to go' + 'woe). Poisige 'canyon in which water is or runs' (po 'water' + isi'i + g.e). Pois'Pi 'canyon with water in it' (po 'water' + isiH). Powe 'river' 'creek' (po 'water' + we). Used only in the Namb6 dia- lect. PowiH 'gap through which a trail or road passes' (po 'trail' 'road' + wii'i). Powqn^iwe 'confluence' of two streams (po 'water' + wqyj' 'to come down' + 'iwe). Pabe'e 'hearth' 'stove', literally 'fire corner' (p'a 'fire' + Ie'e [1]). JP'ahug.e 'hearth' (p'a 'fire' + buhi (1) + g.e). Palu'u 'hearth' (pa 'fire' + lu'u. [1]). P'ahewe 'hearth' (p'a 'fire' + he'e + we). P'q?mpiJ6 'hither from' (pq,''vf-+ pije). Fi'mpi^e means 'from hither toward speaker'; .^iand its compounds mean merely 'from' and denote nothing as to destination. Fi'yqe 'hither from' (^'^'z?y-+ae). P'i''vge means 'from hither to speaker'; J-i and its compounds mean merely 'from' and denote nothing as to destination. P'q'yf, in p'qi'mpije., p'q,''vqe. P'e 'stick' 'timber' 'log' 'wood' 'plant'. PeTca 'wooden corral or fence' (p^e + Ha). 88 BTHNOGEOGEAPHY OF THE TEWA INDIANS [eth.-ann.29 FeKss.yU'kewe 'a peak, hilltop, or mountain top as steep as a vertical pole' {'■pe + h's^.M 'verticalness' 'vertical' + %0we). P'epu 'underside of a roof {p'e+jpu). P'e^iw24??y ' dirt or dust that lodges on the rafters or thatch of the ceiling of a house' (p^epu + nO/yf). P'epasibe'i''^ 'sawmill' {p'ep'a 'lumber' 'o + p^awe 'to' go completely through'). Such holes in natural rocks and hill- tops attract much attention and are represented in pottery painting. See [19:75J. Pom 'doorway' 'door', referring to the hole and not to the leaf or operculum {p^o + m). The word is applied only to holes through which people pass. P'oM can be applied to a roofhole doorway or hatchway, although the more proper term for the latter is k'oji. Cf. p'otiii, k'oji, and qwap'OM. P'otiii 'thin flat object used to close an opening' 'door' 'shutter' 'operculum' (jo'o + ^i/* 'shield'). P'owui ' horizontally projecting point at or side of a hole ' ' canyon- side at the mouth of a canyon' {p'o + vxiii). Pqmpwy 'snowy mountain' {p'Q7jj' 'snow' + Piyy). According to ■ FewkesHhe Hano Tewa call the high, snowy San Francisco Moun- tains of Arizona, "Pompin," which is evidently this same term ; cf . Fewkes' spelling " Pon " as the name of the ' snow ' cachina (p, 123 of the same report). Qwa ' row of houses ' ' houserow or side of a pueblo.' In its primary meaning it seems to denote the state of being a receptacle; cf. ieqwa, poqwa. The houserow is regarded as the unit of pueblo architecture. Probably entirely distinct from qwa-, qwi- below. Qwa- referring to a wall in the compounds qwcUavoe and qwap'i. iHopi Katcinas, Twenty-first Rep. Bur. Amer. Etim., p. 105, 1903. HARKIKGTON] GEOGRAPHICAL TEEMS 89 Qwa-, qwi- 'line', in the compounds qwcui, qwiii. Qwa'awe 'surface of a wall' 'wall of a building' 'housewall' {qwa as in qwap'i+'awe unexplained). Cf. qwap'i, tepa, and tep'i. Qwakwage 'a mesa that resembles a pueblo houserow' {qwa+hwag.e). QwaTce, qwalc&ii 'upstairs' 'second story' 'upper stories' {qwa+Tce; u,i). Qwap'i ' small, low housewall,' apparently used as diminutive of qwa'awe {qwa as in qwa'awe+p'i as in tep'i, possibly identical with ^'i in p'iH 'narrowness' 'narrow'). ^wa/>"^ is employed espe- cially to designate the low parapet which runs around the flat roofs of Tewa adobe houses. Cf . qwa'awe, tepa, and tep'i. Qwap'o ' window hole, through which people did not pass, in the wall or roof of a building' {qwa {l)+p'o). These holes were sometimes closed by Pueblo Indians in ancient times by means of slabs of selenite or mica or by stretching cornhusk. Cf . qwap'ou^i. Qwap'oJ'i ' window of the modern sort, fitted with panes of glass, and capable of being opened '. Distinguished from the ancient ^wa^'o by their resemblance to doors {qwa+p'oJ^i). Cf. qwap^o. QwaM 'large long line' {qwa- + M). Augmentative of qwid. See waU'i, the San Juan form of the word. Qwasy, 'row of houses' 'houserow or side of a pueblo' {qwa + sy, unexplained). Qjoatsi'i 'street', as in Indian pueblos or Mexican or American settle- ments {qwa + isi'i). QwawPi 'gap or passageway between houserows of a pueblo' {qtoa + wi^i). Qwawiii 'end of a houserow' {qwa + wUi). QwawiisiH 'street-like gap or passageway between houserows of a pueblo' {qwa + wiH. + isi'i). Qwi 'fiber' 'line'. Cf. qwaud, qwui. QwUi 'small slender line' {qwi' + Jii). Diminutive of qwoM. See wiM, the San Juan form of the word. Qwog.e 'delta' 'place down where an arroyo or water cuts through, breaks through, or washes out' {qwo 'to cut through' + g.e). Qwo-ie 'outlet of a lake or body of water' {gwo 'to cut through' 'to break forth' +J,e). Cf. h4qwQJ.e. ^e is postfixed to many verb roots and denotes either continuous or intermittent action. Cf . se ' to push ' and seJ>e ' to push in little jerks'; qwo 'to cut through' and qwoM 'to cut through con- tinually', as water through the outlet of a lake. 2f * ' from.' The ablative meaning often goes over into almost locative meaning, ffi and its compounds mean merely ' from' and denote nothing as to destination; p'4'yge, p"q.^mpije mean 'from', in a direction to or toward the speaker. 90 ETHNOGEOGEAPHY OF THE TEWA INDIANS [eth. ann. 29 Sawayf 'vestibule' 'hall' 'corridor' (b). Te 'dwelling-place' 'house' 'habitation' 'nest or hole of certain animals'. Te-^ referring to wall in the compounds tepa and tep'i. Te ' Cottonwood tree ' ' Populus wislizeni '. le ' wagon'. Nothing could be learned as to the origin of this word. It means 'wagon' and nothing else. 'Wheel' is tehe (be 'round- ness' 'round'). Te'a'tipi' 'wigwam' 'tent' {te ' dwelling place ' + 'a 'cloth'). lehe^e 'dell where there are coltonwood trees' {te 'cottonwood' -i- he'e). Tekv!u ' dell in which there are cottonwood trees ' ' plaza or park in which cottonwood trees grow ' {te ' cottonw6od ' + hu'u [1]). HAREiNGTON] GBOGEAPHICAL Tb'rMS 91 Te^e, teH 'estufa' 'kiva.' Both pronunciations are in use. Te'elufagiH''^ 'round estufa' {te'e+bufag.i 'roundness' 'round' + 'i'^). Te'e hejiH'^ 'rectangular estufa' {te'e+ heji 'longness' 'long' +'i'»). Teku'u 'arroyo or canada in which cotton wood trees grow' (i!^' Cot- tonwood' + hu'u). Teji 'pueblo ruin' {te ' dwelling place' + ;* as in Tceji). This is said to be a little used San Juan form equivalent to the ordinary ^qywi- heji or tekeji. Tekeji 'ruin' {te 'dwelling place' + keji). This is a more inclusive term than ^qriwjjceji. Tekope 'wagon bridge' {fe 'wagon' + yfcoj9'e). T^a ' Cottonwood grove' {te ' cottonwood + lea). Tekabo-ii ' roundish grove of cottonwoods ' {te ' cottonwood ' + ^a + Te^wiui'inUyujaMt^e 'winter people's estufa' {t^mui 'winter' +*'*' + totoa 'people' +fe^■ possessive + ^e'e). Synonyms: pimpije^n- iowabite'e and pote'e. Te'oFy.yy 'wagon shed' {te 'wagon' + ^ok'y,r)y). Tepa 'wall' {te as in tep'i +pa unexplained). Cf. tep'i, gwcCofwe and ■ qwap'^i. Tefo 'wagon road' {te 'wagon' + po 'trail' 'road'). Tep'i 'small, short wall,' apparently used as diminutive of tepa {te as in tepa + p'i, as in qwap'i, possibly the same as in^'jH 'narrow- ness' 'narrow'). Tep'i is applied to the low, short walls or fire- screens built beside some fireplaces of Tewa houses. Tep'i was also applied to a low stone wall used as a fence, although tepa is said to be a more proper term for such a wall. Cf. tepa, qwa^awe, and qwap'i. Teqwa 'house' {te + qwa). This is the common term for separate house. A ' Kosa's house' traced on the ground in connection with a certain dance at Santa Clara was also called teqwa. Teqwabe^e 'inside corner of a house' {teqwa + be'e {!)). Teqwalcewi^i 'outside projection corner of a house' {teqwa + k'ewi^i). Teqwap'ak'qn^i''^ ' burnt house ' {teqwa +p'ak''Q'r)f ' to burn ^ Sa+ hwaje). Tdbanu'u 'place at the base of a cliff' (fdba + nu'ii). Toiap'o 'hole in a cliff' (foia + p'o). Totaqwa 'cliff-dwelling' 'cave-dwelling' {hia +^qwa). See plate 16. Tdbaqwa¥c^ntd'i'^ 'subterranean cave-dwelling' (toiaqwa + F^nto 'to sink' + 'i'*). Toiafu'u 'horizontally projecting point of a cliff' {ioia +fu'u). ' fdbat4'''n4€^ 'painted cliff' (tdba + t^'yf '+ 'i'*). Tdbawouid 'wide gap in cliffs' (?o8a + wcui). TdbawiH 'gap or pass in the cliffs' (fdba + wv'i). Tdbonoui 'horizontally projecting point of a cliff ' (fdba + wui). Tokd!akq'r)f 'sage-brush plain' (fo 'chamiso', commonly called sage- brush + 'ka + ^akqyf). Tq/mpije^iyqwaps^rjge 'locality beyond (east of) the east houserow' of a pueblo {fqmpije 'east' + '*'^ + qwa + p^yge). Tampije^iyqwasy, 'east houserow' of a pueblo {fqmpije 'east' + '»'» + qwasy). , T'qvf appears only in ^ot'onnss. 'on the other side'. Tsq,mpije''ivqwapc£,rjge ' locality beyond (west of) the west houserow' of a pueblo {tsq,mpije 'west' + '/'» + qwa + pa^yge). Tsq.Twpije'i'oqwasy, 'west houserow' of a pueblo {tsq.mpiJ6 'west' -i- '*'» + qioasy). Tsvma^ico 'chimney' 'hearth' ( o'kuty.yw^jo 'high hilP, a certain high hill near the village on which a shrine is situated being called thus, although there may be higher hills in the neighborhood. See [12:27], [19:27], [26:14]. There are several arroyos in the Tewa country known as Sdahv^u 'dry arroyo'; see [1:31], [15:26]. There is one P'efu^u [3:36] in the Chama Valley, another [20:unlo- cated] south of Buckman. Many streams are called by different names in different parts of their courses, as the Chama River [Large Features : 2], Pojoaque Creek [19:3], etc. On the other hand, several arroyos may have the same name if they come from the same water- shed, as [10:13]. Two streams starting from a pass, gap, or moun- tain in opposite directions sometimes bear the same name, as [13:19] and [13:26]; [20:9] and [20:10], etc. Place-names, overlap as much as among us. One place-name may cover an area part of which is covered by one or more others. Such an inclusive name as fumafs^yge ' the region abojit Buckman, south of [20:5]' covers many other more limited named localities. Names of small but important localities may be extended to cover the region of which the locality forms part. Thus P^ejupije 'toward Abiquiu [3:36]' is used with the meaning 'up the Chama Valley', since Abiquiu is to the Tewa the most important place in the valley. Numerous instances will be noticed of a stream being called from a height, or vice versa. The process of applying a' name to a place not previously named, or giving a new name to a place, could not be directly studied. It occurs very rarely. It appears that a place-name is usually first applied by a single individual. It may or may not be adopted by a smaller or larger group of other individuals. Many, perhaps the majority of place-names, exist for a shorter or longer time in the mind of one or a few individuals only and are then forgotten, never becoming generally known to the community. The process can not be called an unconscious one. How ancient or recent a place-name is can not in most instances be determined. The vocabulary sometimes enables us to distinguish post-Spanish names. Tek'dbekwaje 'break-wagon height' [2:40] and Kalaju^e^iyfhu^u "colt arroyo' [17:42] are clearly given by a people familiar with wagons arid colts. Many Tewa place-names have Spanish counterparts of the same meaning. In such instances the Tewa may be the translation of the Spanish name, the Spanish may be a translation of the Tewa name, both may be translations of a name in some other language, or both may be descriptive and of the same or independent origin. It is im- HARBINGTON] PLACE-NAMES 97 possible to determine satisfactorily the origin of many of these names. Tewa feeling or tradition is the safest guide. Where Tewa idiom is violated, as in Tewa 'Akqnnuis^ [13:46] for Spanish Loma Tendida (which is poor Tewa but good Spanish), the Tewa is clearly the translation. The Mexicans translated a number of Tewa place-names, and took not a fewof theTewa words directly into their language, very carelessly modifying their pronunciation. It is a custom of the Mexi- cans to call a place after the surname of a long-resident, important, or numerous family, or the sole family inhabiting it. These names are sometimes singular, sometimes plural; as, Velarde [9:6], Los Luceros [9:3.5]. The Tewa, not well understanding, this custom, attempt sometimes to translate Spanish names of this origin into their language, rendering Los Luceros, for example, by 'Agojoso^o^iwe ' place of the morning star' (translating Span, lucero 'morning star'). There is and always has been considerable dislike for the Mexicans on the part of the Tewa, and this feeling is responsible for the purist tendencies of many Tewa speakers. The Tewa are apt to avoid the use of Spanish place-names when speaking Tewa, either translating them or using the old Tewa equivalents. When talking Tewa in the presence of Mexicans they are especially careful not to use any Span- ish words, lest they be understood and the secret subject of the con- versation be betrayed. Dislike for the Mexicans has tended to keep the old Tewa place-names in use, and, in general, to preserve the language. The area covered by the maps is that in which Tewa place-names . are common. Twenty-nine regional maps (the key to which is pro- vided in map 30) are here presented, of varying scale according to the number of the place-names; these follow the Indian political divisions more or less faithfully. Each map is designated by a number in boldfaced type inclosed in brackets, and also by a name representing some prominent feature. For several reasons the place-names are not given on the maps: The Indian names are too long; frequently they have several variant forms in a single dialect; many are found in several dialects or languages; there are often two or more names for one pljice. The places are indicated by numbers. The text treatment of the names follows their placement on the maps. The number in boldfaced type in brackets indicates the map on which the place occurs; the light-faced number refers to the place of cor- responding number on the ma,p. Thus [22:3] refers to sheet [22], or Santa Fe Mountain sheet, and to the place on the sheet numbered 3. Explanatory information inserted by the author in quotations is placed in brackets. Conversation with Mr. Francis La Flesche, student of the Omaha and other Siouan tribes, suggests interesting comparisons between the place-names of a sedentary Pueblo tribe, as the Tewa, and those 87584°— 29 eth— 16 7 98 BTHNOGEOGBAPHY OF THE TEWA INDIANS [bth. ANN. 29 of a typical Plains tribe, as the Omaha. It appears that the Omaha have fewer place-names than the Tewa, but more widely scattered and more lucidly descriptive. A detailed study should be made of the place-naming customs of two such diverse tribes. Large Features [Large Features:!]. (1) Pimp^yge, Ts^mpyeH'^ fimfs^vge 'beyond the mountains' 'beyond the western mountains' {pivf 'moun- tain'; TsimpijeH'' pivf 'the Jemez Mountains' [Large Features: 8]; f^vge ' beyond'). 'This name is applied to the region of the "Valles" [16:44], [16:45], [16:131], and [27:6], q. v. (2) Eng. The Valles «Span. (3)), "the Valles".^ (3) Span. Los Valles 'the valleys'. = Eng. (2). "Los Valles".^ These are high, grass -grown meadow - valleys west of the crest of the Jemez Range {Tsimpij^i''^ pivf [Large Features: 8]). Such valleys are found also in the Peruvian Andes, where they are called by the German-speaking inhabitants Wiesentaler. There are four of the Valles with distinct Spanish names: Valle de Santa Rosa [16:45], Valle de los Posos [16:44], Valle Grande [16:131], and Valle de San Antonio [27:6]. See also [2:11] and Valle de Toledo [27:unlocated]. The Valles are at present unin- habited and no ruins of former Indian settlement have been dis- covered in them. This lack of inhabitants was perhaps due to altitude, cold climate, and unsuitability for Indian agriculture. "Altitude may have been the main obstacle to settlement in some cases, for the beautiful grassy basins, with abundant water and fair quality of soil, that extend west of Santa F6 [39:5] between the ranges of Abiquiu, Pelado, and Sierra de Toledo on the east, and the Sierra de la Jara and the mountains of Jemez on the west [for these names see under Tsdmpije'i' i fivf [Large Features: 8] ], imder the name of 'Los Valles', are destitute of ruins. There it is the Ipng winter, perhaps also the constant hostility of roaming tribes contending for a region so abundant in game, that have kept the village Indian out. '" " Twenty- five miles separate the outlet of the gorge [14:24] at Santa Clara [14:71] from the crest of the Valles Mountains [Tglj/mpije' -V ^ pLv.f]-* The Valles proper are as destitute of ruins as the heartof the eastern mountain chain [ T'^mpij^ i' i pivy^ ; beyond them begin the numerous ancient pueblos of the Jemez tribe".' " Against the chain of gently sloping summits which forms the main range iBandelier, Final Report, pt. n, p. 201, 1892. 2Ibid,, pp. 12, 200. sitid., pp. 11-12. <"The distances are not absolutely accurate, but according to tlie statements made to me, the only means of checking them being my own experience on foot. The view from the crest, where the Pelado [a:13] looms up on one side and the Toledo range [27:unlocated] on the other, is really striking. The sight of grassy levels glistening with constantly dripping moisture is something rare in the Southwest. To heighten the effect, groves of 'Pino Ee41' and mountain aspen rise everywhere. The soil is very fertile, and there is abundant water, and yet no trace of ancient abodes has been found. The winters are long in the Valles, and there is too much game not to attract the cupidity of a powerful tribe like the Navajos [Navaho] .... I suppose that no ruin on the Sanks of the chain, both east and west, la to be found at an altitude exceeding 7,500 feet." ' Bandelier, op. cit., pp. 65-66, and note. HARKINGTON] PLACE-NAMES 99 from the peak of Abiquiu [2:10?] to the Sierra de la Pq,lisada [27:unlocated] in the south abuts in the west an elevated plateau, containing a series of grassy basins to wMch the hame of 'Los Valles' (the valleys) has been applied. Per- manent streams water it, and contribute to make an excellent grazing region ot this plateau. But the seasons are short, for snow fills the passes sometimes till June, and may be expected again as early as September. During the three months of summer that the Valles enjoy, however, their appearance is very lovely. . ■ . The high summits are seldom completely shrouded for more than aJew hours at a time, and as soon as the sun breaks through the mist, the grassy basins shine like sheets of malachite. Flocks of sheep dot their surface, and on the heights around the deep blue tops of the regal pines mingle with the white trunks and light verdure of the tall mountain aspens. It is also the country of the bear and the panther, and the brooks teem with mountain trout. But for agriculture the Valles offer little inducement; for although the soil is fertile, ingress and egress are so diflBcult that even potatoes, which grow there with remarkable facility, can not be cultivated profitably. The descent to the east toward Santa Clara [14:71] is through a long and rugged gorge [14:24], over a trail which beasts of burden must tread with caution, while toward Oochiti [28:77] the paths are still more diflSioult. On the west a huge mountain mass, the Sierra de la Jara [27:10], interposes itself between the principal valley, that of Toledo [Valle de Toledo [27:unlocated] ], and the Jemez country. Both north and south of this mountain the heights are much less considerable; still the clefts by which they are traversed are none the less narrow, and the traveller is compelled to make long detours in order to reach the Jemez Eiver [27:34]."^ "The Valles constitute a water supply for the Jemez country. Two streams rise in it, the San Antonio [27 :11] on the eastern flank of the Jara Mountain [27:10], and the Jara [Jara Creek [27:unlocated]] at the foot of the divide, over which crosses the frail from Santa Clara [14:71]. These unite soon to form the San Antonio 'river' [27:11], which meanders through the Valles de Santa Rosa [16:45] and San Antonio [16:6] for seven miles in a northwesterly direction, and enters a picturesque gorge bearing the same name, and then gradually curves around through groves until, at La Oueva [27: unlocated], it assumes an almost due southerly direction." ^ See especially [16:M], [16:45], [16:131], [27:6], Valle de Toledo [27 : unlocated], and Tsq^mpijii^^ fivf [Large Features : 8]. [Large Features: 2]. (1) San Juan Po|iji;y 'red river' (jio 'water' river'; 'pi 'redness' 'red'; 'i??y locative and adjective-forming postfix). This is the old Tewa name of , the Chama River, doubt- less formerly current at all the Tewa pueblos. It is given because of the red color of the water of the river. The water discharged by the Chama frequently makes the Rio Grande red for miles below the confluence. Bandelier learned that this red water in the Chama comes from Coyote Creek [1 :29] (see the quotation below), but the water of the Chama is at all times reddish. (2) TfamMpo, Tfa7nafokeg.e {Tfama < Span. Chama, see Span. (5), below; fo 'water' 'river'; hege 'bank place' < Ice 'edge' ' bank,' ge ' down at ' ' over at ') . This loan-name is current at all the Rio Grande Tewa pueblos. 1 Bandelier, Final Report, pt. n, pp. 200-201. 2 Ibid, pp. 201-202. 100 ETHNOGEOGEAPHY OF THE TEWA IJTDIANS [eth. ann. 29 (3) CocMti Tfitepotfma 'northwest river' {tfUe 'north'; pd 'west'; tfma 'river'). TheCoohiti are fond of naming geograph- ical features according to their direction from Cochiti [28:77]. (4) Eng. Chama River. (< Span.). ^Tewa (2), Span. (5). (6) Span. Rio Chama, Rio de Chama 'river of Ts^m^', the name Tsdmi having been appHed by the Tewa to the pueblo ruin [5:7] and-its vicinity. For a discussion of the origin of the name see [5:7]. =Tewa (2), Eng. (4). The upper Chama River above the confluence of [1:4] and Vado settlement [1:5] is called by the Tewa Pgmpo/ see [1:6]. ' 'A picturesque gorge or canon terminates above Abiquiu [3 :36], and from it emerges the Chama River".' The (3hama usually carries its waters above the sand to the Rio Grande confluence. "South of the Rio Chama, the waters of not a single tributary of the Rio Grande reach the main artery throughout the whole year".^ The water of the Chama is always reddish. "The branches of which the Chama is formed are the Coyote [1:29] in the west, the Gallinas [1:24] north of west, and the Nutrias [1:14] north. ^ It is said that the waters of the first are red, those of the Gallinas white, and those of the Nutrias limpid. According as one or the other of these" tributaries rises, the waters of the Chama assume a different hue. The word 'Chama' is properly ' Tzama' ".^ The water of the Chama is always somewhat reddish and when, the water of the Rio Grande is reddish it is said to be due to the dis- charge of the Chama. See Posoge [Large Features: 3]. Compare the San Juan name of the Chama River given above. The region of the Chama River is sometimes spoken of as the Chama region or Abiquiu region. For the Tewa expression see [1: introduction]. See [1:4], [1:6],J1:8], [1:11], [1:14], [1:15], [1:24], [1:29],[1:31], [5:7], [5:16], and Posog.e [Large Features:3]. [Large Features : 3]. (1) . San Juan, Santa Clara, San Ildef onso Posog.e, Namb6 Posqge 'place of the great water' {fo 'water' 'river'; so 'largeness' 'large' 'great'; ge 'down at' 'over at'). The Namb6 form is irregular. Compare the names of similar meaning. (2) Picuris "PaslapaanI".* (3) Jemez Hq^nfcipdlcwd 'place of the great water' {h4nf6, 'large' 'great'; p^ 'water'; ^wd locative). Compare the forms of similar meaning. (4) Cochiti Tfena 'river'. 1 Bandelier, Final Report, pt. ii, p. 55, 1892. sibid., pt. ii, p. 56. 'Ibid., pt. I, p. 17, 1890. < Spinden, Picuris MS. notes, 1910. HABEINGTON] PLACE-NAMES 101 _ (5) Zuni "the 'Great Flowing Waters'",' evidently a transla- tion of the Zuni name. Compare the names of similar meaning. (6) Hopi (Oraibi) Pajo 'river'— this is the only name for the Rio Grande familiar to the writer's informant. (7) Jicarilla Apache "Kutsohihl".^ No etymology is given. (8) Eng. Rio Grande. ( < Span.). Compare the names of similar meaning. (9) Span. Rio Grande del Norte, Rio (jrande, Rio del Norte 'great river of the north' 'great river' 'river of the north'. Compare the names of ^milar meaning. The Rio Grande never becomes dry as far north as the Tewa country. In summer the waters frequently sink into the sand a short distance above Bernalillo [29:96]. In July, 1908, the stream flowed only a short distance beyond Cochiti Pueblo [28:77]. At high water the Rio Grande is dangerous to ford in the Tewa^ country. The chief tributaries of the Rio Grande in the Tewa country are Truchas Creek [9:9], the Chama River [Large Features :2], Santa Cruz Creek [15:18], Santa Clara Creek [14:24], Pojoaque Creek [19:3], Guaje Creek [16:53], "Buckman Arroyo" [20:25], Paja- rito Canyon [17:30], Water Canyon [17:58], and Ancho Canyon [17:62]. The Chama River is said to run perennially to its con- fluence with Rio Grande. "South of the Rio Chama, the waters of not a single tributary of the Rio Grande reach the main artery throughout the whole year. " ^ The Rio Grande is quite clear above the Chama confluence. The water of the Chama is reddish with mud and the water of the Rio Grande below the Chama confluence has a dirty reddish or brownish color. See under [Large Fea- tures :2]. • Just above the Tewa country the Rio Grande passes through the Canyon [8:64], q. v. From this it emerges at [8:75], but the precipitous wall of Canoe Mesa [13:1] hugs the river on the west as far south as the Chama confluence. From the vicinity of the Chama confluence in the north to that of San Ildefonso Pueblo [19:23] in the south the valley of the Rio Grande is comparatively broad, bordered on the east by low hills and on the west by low mesas. This section is frequently called by Americans the "Espanola Valley", from Espanola [14:16], its chief town. In this section lie the three Tewa pueblos situated by the river, namely, San Juan [11: San Juan Pueblo], Santa Clara [14:71], and 1 Cashing in The Millstone, vol. ix (Sept., 1884), p. 152. a Goddard, Jicarilla Apache Texts, p. 41, 1911. aBandelier", Final Eeport, pt. i, p. 17, 1890. 102 ETHNOGBOGRAPHY OF THE TBWA, INDIANS [bth. ann. 29 Saa Ildefonso [19:22]. In the east lie the Santa Fe Mountains {TqmpijeH^^ pWf [Large Features:?], in the west the Jemez ch.aLmiTs^mp^e'i^^piVJ' [Large Features:8]), ranges parallel to the Rio G rande and 10 to 20 miles from it. About 3 miles below San Ildefonso [11:22] at [19:125] the Rio Grande enters a second canyon, which extends, with exception of a short stretch in the vicinity of Buckman [20:19], as far south as Cochiti [28:77].* This is called by the Tewa merely PoisiH 'water canyon' or Posog.e'itnpoisi'i 'water canyon of the Rio Grande '(^(9 'water'; fsi^i 'canyon';' Posog.e 'Rio Grande' (see above); ^iyf locative and adjective- forming postfix); but the Americans have a specific name for it, namely, "White Rock Canyon. See PoisiH [Large Features :4], below. So far as the writer has learned, the Tewa do not personify the Rio Grande and other rivers as do the Jicarilla Apache, according to Goddard.' The Tewa appear to have no myth of the origin of the Rio Grande, but say that it has run since the beginning of the world, as the result of rain. [Large Features:4]. (1) Poisi'i, Posoge'impoisi'i 'water canyon of the Rio Grande' (po 'water'; isiH 'canyon'; Posog.e^Rio Grande' — see [Large Features:3], above; 'iyj' locative and adjective-form- ing postfix). This is the only name which the Tewa have for this canyon of the Rio Grande. It is also one of the Tewa names of [8:64]. (2) Eng. White Rock Canyon. This name is said to have been applied only since the building of the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad. Persons very familiar with the region know of no white Tock to which it refers. It can hardly refer to the white rock [28:94] from which Pena Blanca [28:92] is named, for that is 5 miles below the southern end of the canyon. Span. (4) appears to be a translation of Eng. (3). "White Rock Canon."^ " White- Rock Canyon."^ (3) Eng. Devil Canyon, The writer has heard an American apply this name to the canyon. (4) Span. Cafion de la Pena Blanca, Canon Blanco 'white rock canyon' 'white canyon. ' (Probably < Eng'. ) . = Eng. (2) . " Canon Blanco. "2 (5) Span. "Canon del Norte. "^ This means 'north canyon' and is a Span, name used by people living south of the canyon. (6) Span. Caja, Caja del Rio Grande, Cajon, Cajon del Rio Grande Canon, Canon del Rio Grande, 'box' 'box of the Rio Grande Canyon ' ' Canyon of the Rio Grande. ' ' ' Caja del Rio. ' '* 1 Jicarilla Apache Texts, 1911. s Hewett, Communautfe, p 20 1908 »Bandelier, Final Report, pt. II, p. 79, 1892. 'Bandelier, op. oit., pp. 80, 149. HARBINGTON] PLACE-NAMES 103 "Almost opposite San Ildefonso [19:22] begins the deep and picturesque cleft through which the Eio Grande has forced its way. It is called 'Canon Blanco,' ^Canon del Norte,' or 'White Eock .Canon.' Towering masses [Buckman Mesa [20:5]] of lava, basalt, and trap form its eastern walls; while on the west those formations are capped, a short distance from the river, by soft pumice and tufa." ' The eastern wall of the canyon ends in the vicinity of Buckman [20:19] with the discontinuation of Buckman Mesa [20:6], but is continued farther south by Chino Mesa [29:1]. The whole canyon is spoken of by Bandelier^ as "the canon that separates San Ildefonso [19:22] from Cochiti [28:77]", He also speaks of "the frowning walls of the Caja del Rio . . . with their shaggy crests of lava and basaltic rock" as viewed from the dell [28:22] looking east.. "Except at the little basin [20:22], the Eio Grande leaves no space for set- tlement between San Ildefonso [19:22] and Cochiti [28:77].' It flows swiftly through a continuous canon, with scarcely room for a single horseman along- side the stream. The lower end of this canon afforded the people of Cochiti a good place for communal fishing in former times. Large nets, made of yucca fibre, were dragged up stream by two parties of men, holding the ends on each bank. The shallowest portions of the river were selected, in order to allow a man to walk behind the net in the middle of the stream. In this manner portions of the river were almost despoiled of fish. The same improvidence prevailed as in hunting, and the useful animals were gradually killed off. After each fishing expedition, the product was divided among the clans pro rata, and a part set aside for the highest religious oflicers and for the communal stores."* See Posoge [Large Features:3], [8:64:], also [19:125], [20:6], [28:81], [29:1]. [Large Features: 5]. Tewan^yge 'Tewa country' (Tewa name of the tribe; nq,y_/ 'earth' 'land'; ge 'down at' 'over at'). The Tewa consider their country the region between the Santa Fe {T'qmpijeH''^ piv?y [Large Features:?]) and Jemez {TsQ.mpijeH''^ fivf [Large Features :8]) Mountain Ranges, from the vicinity of San Juan Pueblo [11 : San Juan Pueblo] in the north to that of San Ildefonso [19:22] and Tesuque [26:8] pueblos in the south. The Rio Grande Valley proper, that is, the narrow strip of culti- vated land on each side of the river, is called ^ewa&e^e "Tewa dell' {Tewan'Avue of the tribe; he'e ' small, low, roundish place'; ge 'down at' 'overat'). Theentirelowcountryof the Tewa, extending from mountain range to mountain range and including high hills and mesas, is called Tewabuge 'Tewa valley' {Teniia name of the tribe; 6m'm 'large, low, roundish place'; ge 'down at' 'over at'). The 1 Bandelier, Final Report, pt. II, p. 79, 1892. 2 Ibid., p. 179. s The vicinity of Buckman [S0:19] shotUd also be excepted. 4 Bandelier, op. oit., p. 149. 104 BTHNOGBOGEAPHY OP THE TBWA INDIANS [bth.ann.29 portion of the Tewa country at the foot of the mountain chains is known as T&wapinnuge 'Tewa place beneath the mountains' {Tewa name of the tribe; pivf 'mountain'; nu^u 'below'; ge 'down at' 'over at'). According to the writer's informants the Tewa had in ancient times a strong feeling that the Tewa country was their' land and property, and would have resented the attempt of any other tribe to make a settlement in it. The Tewa had in former times also many pueblos in the region south of the present Tewa,^ountTj,known a.s T'anuge, q. v. [Large Features :6]. [Large Features: 6]. (1) Tanuge, Tanuge'akqyf 'live down coun- try" 'live down country plain' {fa 'to live'; nuge 'down be- low [14:25], Pitepirij' [14: 23], K^ygohuhwoQl [16:134], Cochiti Mountains [28:6], and the mountains with Jemez names shown on the eastern part of [27]. Trails Po 'trail' 'road'. "Wagon roads are sometimes called te^o ' wagon road' {te 'wagon'; fo 'road') or fosdjo 'big road' (^o 'road'; so' jo 'big'), in contradistinction to which trails are called ^o'e ('e diminu- tive). Kc^ajufo or hm^jipo 'horse trail' {kabajii, kw^ji 'horse'; fo ' trail '). j^uiupo ' donkey trail ' {bi4u ' donkey ' ; |>r? ' trail '), iBandelier, The Delight Makers, p.l, 1890; Final Report, pt. n, p 71 1892 nUd.,p. 199. 'Ibid., pt. I, p. 14, note, 1890. ije 'toward') is used to designate all the country about and beyond (north of) Abiquiu. Tierra Amarilla is applied to the sheet because Tierra Amarilla is the name of the coanty seat of Rio Arriba County, which has been used to denote thig district. Bandelier ' men- tions "the cold and well-watered Tierra Amarilla in northern New Mexica" as "among the few typical timbered areas". Only one pueblo ruin is shown on [1]. Probably many other ruins will be discovered later, however, in the southern part of this area. Inquiry has failed to reveal that the Tewa have any knowledge as to what people built these pueblos. The results secured by the writer are as negative as those of Bandelier, who writes: ^ "To what tribe or ■linguistic stock the numerous vestiges of pueblos along the Upper Rio Chama, north of Abiquiu and west of El Rito, must be attributed, is still unknown." See [3:7]. 1 See explanation regarding maps, on p. 97. 2 Bandelier, Final Eeport, pt. i, p. 19, 1S90. 3 Ibid., pt. II, p. 53, 1892. 108 ETHNOGEOGRAPHY OF THE TEWA IHTDIANS [bth. ANN. 29 The Jicarilla Apache now occupy the northwestern corner of the area. It was not many decades ago, however, that these Indians ranged east of Taos, and the country now occupied by their reserva- tion was held by the Southern Ute. See Jicarilla Apache and Ute, pages 574 and 578, respectively. [1:1] (1) PokwiwiH 'lake gap' {foJcwi 'lake' o 'water', kwi unexplained). Cf. (1), above. (3) Kupokwi 'stone lake' {leu 'stone'; Pokwi 'lake' < po 'water', kwi unexplained). = Taos (5), Eng. (6), Span. (8). (4) Piygepolcwi, Piyg^i'^Pokwi 'middle lake' {pivge 'in the middle ' ; *"'' locative or adjective-forming postfix, mineral singular, agreeing with postpounded p6kw\; pokwi 'lake' < po 'water', kwi unexplained). The lake is thus called in contradistinction to Horse Lake or North Lake [1 :1] and- Stinking Lake or South Lake [1:3]. = Eng. (7), Span. (9). (5) Taos QiuP'ecqiiyt&and 'stone lake' (qtu- 'stone'; paqytAa 'lake' < pa- ' water', qvna- unexplained; anA noun postfix, agreeing in gender and number with postpounded paqwA- ). =Tewa (3), Eng. (6), Span. (8). (6) Eng. Boulder Lake. =Tewa (3), Taos (5), Span. (8). Cf. Tewa (1) and (2). (7) Eng. Middle Lake. =Tewa (4), Span. (9). (8) Span. Laguna Piedra 'stone lake'. =Tewa (3), Taos (6), Eng. (6). Cf. Tewa(l) and (2).. (9) Span. Laguna en el Medio. =Tewa (4), Eng. (7). It is near this lake that the Jicarilla Apache hold a dance on the night of September 15 and for several nights following, every year. The dance takes place inside a large rbund corral built of brush. This corral is known to the Tewa as UabvJu ' large roundish low place enclosed by a corral' {Ua 'corral'; &w'ti 'large roundish low place'). The Tewa call the dance ^'a6M''w/i unexplained; one San Juan informant has tried hard to account for the origin of towi but without success; Sm'-m 'large low roundish place'). See [2:28]. [2:30] San Juan KotiMihu^u 'malarial chills dale arroyo' {Koiibu'u, see [2:31]; hu'u 'large groove' 'arroyo'). [2:31] San Juan Zbfo'Sw'-M ' malarial chills dale' 0coU 'malarial chills' as in 7)4 ^okotvpd"' 'I have the chills' <'w^ 'I' emphatic pronoun, 'o 'I' prefixed pronoun, Icoti 'malarial chills ', joo'" 'to make' 'to be affected by'; hu^u 'large low roundish place' 'dale' 'valley'). See [2:30]. ^ [2:32] San Juan fss^tagekq, Tss^tag.e'iykQ 'white slope barranca' {Tss^tag.e, see [2:unlocated]; ^iyj- locative and adjective-forming postfix; Tco 'barranca'). The place fssetag.e, from which this barranca takes its name, is not located. See [2:unlocated]. [2:33] San Juan Ts^uleqhu'u, TsQcu\j)kqhv!u 'basalt rocks arroyo' (fis\ 'basalt'; Tcu 'stone'; ^\r)f locative and adjective-forming postfix; ltqh%Cu 'barranca arroyo'<^Q 'barranca', Am'm 'large groove' 'arroyo'). [2:34:] funfs^Fqndiwe hu^u, funfs^Fqnniyf hw'u 'arroyo where the white earth is dug' {funj-sg. Fqn^iwe, see [2:35]; 'i??y locative and adjective-forming postfix ; hu^u ' large groove ' ' arroyo ') . See [2:35]. 128 ETHNOGEOGEAPHY OE THE TEWA INDIAN'S [eth. ann.29 [2:35] San Juan ['unfs^'k''qniiwe 'where the white earth is dug' {funfcS. 'a kind of white earth used by the Tewa', see Mineeals; ' h'QVf 'to dig'; 'iwe 'at'). See [3:34J. [2:36] San Juan Sipuwui 'projecting corner formed bj' the lower ribs at each side above the abdomen ' (s^jtw ' the depression at each side of the upper part of the abdomen of a person, just below the ribs,' noticeable especially in lean persons Ksi 'belly ', pu 'base'; wui ' projecting corner '). This name is given to the ends of the tongues of the low mesa west of San Jose [13:44] both north and south of fuyfB^Fqniiwehu^u [3:34], but chiefly south of the latter. See [2:37] and [2:38]. [2:37] San Juan SifrnjuiiiJivJu, Si'puvyuH'iyfhu^u 'projecting lower ribs arroyo' {Sipuwiii, see [2:36]; Hyf locative and adjective- forming postfix; hu'u 'large groove' 'arroyo'). This name re- fers to several small arroyos south of J">mj's^¥ qn^vwehu'u [2:34] and at Sipuwiii. See [2:36] and [2:38]. [2:38] San Juan Sipuwiii' oku 'projecting lower ribs hills' {Sipuwiii, see [2:36]; 'o^M 'hill'). These low hills are seen on top of the plateau west of Sipuwiii. See [2:36] and [2:37]. [2:39] (1) Watfekwa^l'akqyf 'plain of the height by Guache' {Watfi. 'Guache' [14:11]; hwaje 'on top' 'height'; ''akqyf 'plain'). =Tewa (2). (2) Mahybugfihwaj^ahoyf 'plain of the height by owl corner' {Mahyhu'u, see [14:11]; ge 'down at' 'over at'; Jcwaje 'on top' 'height'; 'akqyf 'plain'). =Tewa (1). See [14:11]. [2:40] San Juan TeFaUJcwajh 'break wagon height' {Te¥c^e, see [13:47]; hwaje 'on top' 'height'). San Juan Indians go much to this place for firewood. They reach the height by driving up a small arroyo which is called TeFdbehuu; see [13:47]. [2:41] (1) Eng. Romdn Mountain. (oi<)f* in Tewa; see [3:unlocated]. A trail passing up this arroyo connects Abiquiu [3:36] and El Rito [4:5]. [3:8] (1) PofukeJdhv?u 'squash projection height arrojo'' {Pofuk&ii see [3:10]; hu^u 'large groove' 'arroyo'). (2) E.y,lc&iihu'u 'skunk-bush height arroyo' {Ey,1ceJ,i, see [3 :10]; hu^u 'large groove' 'arroyo'). See also [3:8]. [3:9] (1) Pofu'ic&ii''qywikeji 'squash projection height pueblo ruin' {Pofvk&d, see [3:10]; ^qywikeji 'pueblo ruin' <^Qywi 'pueblo', keji postpound ' ruin '). (2) K^TceM'Qifjwikeji 'skunk-bush height pueblo ruin' {S.yHceJ'i, e [3:10]; 'qywikeji 'pueblo ruin' < 'qywi 'pueblo', keji'-vxan'). see See also [3:8]. 1 Hewett, Antiquities, pi. xvii. HARRINGTON] PLACE-NAMES 131 [3:10] (1) PofuTc&ii 'squash projection height' (po 'squash' 'gourd' 'pumpkin'; fu'u 'horizontally projecting end of anything'; Ic&ii 'at the top "height'), (2) Kyk&ii 'skunk-bush height' (^^ 'skunk-bush'; IceU 'at the top' 'height'). There is much skunk-bush growing on this mesa, [3:11] (1) Tomajofiyf 'good pinon mountain' (to 'pinon tree'; majo 'good' 'best' 'tip-top' 'chief, its second syllable being probably the augmentative ^'o; pivf 'mountain'). * It is probable that there are good-sized pinon trees on this mountain. With this name cf, Chimayo [23:18]. (2) Eng. "Black Mountains".^ The mountain is not at all black. (3) Span. Cerro de los Burros ' donkey mountain '. So called because there either are or were many wild donkeys on this moun- tain. This appears to be the common name among Mexicabs about Abiquiu. (4) Span. Cerro Tequesquite ' tequesquite [see Minekals] mountain'. This name is applied because Tequesquite Spring [3:14:] is situated near this mountain. (6) Span. Cerro Abiquiu 'Abiquiu mountain'. This name is frequently applied by Mexicans living in the Ojo Caliente region and in Chama River valley below the mountain. From Ojo Caliente it appears to be the most prominent moun- tain near Abiquiu [3:36]. Cf. [3:2], [3:13], [3:14], [3:15]. [3:12] Tomajopimps^'oge^oJcv^e 'small hills behind [3:11]' {fomajopiyf, see [3:11]; psevg^ 'over beyond' 'behind' Kp^yf- ' beyond ',ge 'down at' 'over at'; ^ohu 'hill'; 'e diminutive). This name could be applied by a speaker anywhere, the Tewa thinking of the set- tled Chama Eiver country somehow as being in front of the mountain [3:11] and of the little hills [3:l2]as being behind it. These hills could also be called Jq,mpowihu''oku^e [3:6] or by sev- eral other descriptive names. Cf . [3:11],' [3:13], [3:14], [3:15]. [3:13] fwnajoPinnug.e'oku 'hills at the foot of [3:11]' {fomajopiyj', see [3:11]; nug.e 'over at the base of 'a6w'M 'cattail corner' i^awwp'a 'cattail'; Jm'w 'large low round place'). This swampy place is just west of the cottonwood grove [3:25]. [3:26] Tie^a&w'-w ' cottonwood grove corner ' (fe 'cottonwood' ''Pofu- lus vnsliseni^ ; %a 'thicket' 'forest' 'thick', meaning 'close to- gether'; hu'u 'large low round place'). 1 Hewett, Antiquities, pi. xvii. 2 Bandelier, Final Report, pt. ii, p. 56, 1892. ' Hewett, Communautfe, p. 42, 1908. 134 ETHNOGBOGKAPHY OF THE TEWA INDIANS' [bth. ANN. 29 This is almost due north of Tierra Azul [3:26]. [3:26] (1) Nij/ntsi'ows^hu^u 'blue or green earth corner' {myf 'earth"; ts^yws^ 'blueness' 'blue' 'greenness' 'green'; 5w'w 'large low round place'). =Eng. (2), Span. (3). (2) Eng. Tierra Azul. (-, see [3:36]; Mn large groove' 'arroyo'). , ii 7 • (2) ^AUJuMu, 'AlekjuMu 'arroyo of [3:36]' i^AnSu-,'A%ehiu, see [3:36]; Aw'w 'large groove"arroyo'). _ (3) ^oso'g2?i«iAw'« 'arroyo of [3:36]' {K oso' qr)w% s^'^ [3:36]; Aw'-w' large groove' ' arroyo'). [3-38] {!)■ refu'qvwilceji 'pueblo ruin of [3:36]' (P #«-, see [3:3bJ; \Vwiheji 'pueblo ruin' <'92?ioi 'pueblo', heji 'ruin' postpound). (2) 'AUfu'QVwiheji, 'AUkju'Qvmkeji 'pueblo rum of [3:36J_ {'Ai^fu-, 'Aiekju, see [3:36]; 'qywikeji 'pueblo ruin' <'<>7?«)i 'pueblo', keji 'ruin' postpound), . . r-j q«ij (3) JCosd'qv/qvwikeji, K'osd'qvipiheji 'pueblo rum of [3:36] (^oso'9i7y-, see [3:36]; 'Q77M>i^ei* 'pueblo ruin' K'qywi 'pueblo', i;^;* 'ruin' postpound). (4) MolcVqvwikeji 'pueblo ruin of [3:36]' {Moh\ see [3:36J; 'qywiheji 'pueblo ruin' K'qywi 'pueblo', keji 'ruin' postpound). This ruin is described by Bandelier^ and by Hewett.^ See [3:36]. ^ ^ [3:39] (1) Feftihwagfi 'mesa of [3:36]' (P'e/w-, see [3:36]; kwag.e 'mesa'). (2) 'AUfukwage, 'J.&e^/Mfcoaae 'mesa of [3:36]' (^AUfu-, 'AUkju, see [3:36]; kwage 'mesa'). (3) E?osd'qvwihu)age 'mesa of [3:36]' ( Z"oso'Q»?w>i, see [3:36]; Tcwage 'mesa'). This mesa is high and flat-topped, and is composed of basalt. Cf. [3:40]. , [3:40] (1) P'efuleeM 'height of [3:36]' (P'e/w-, see [3:36]; keM 'height'). (2) ^AUfukeM, ^AbekjukeM {^AUfu-, ^Atekju, see [3:36]; ke^i ' height'). (3) X'oso'qywiheJ'i, IT oso'qylceJ>i^ height oi. [3:36]' {Foso'qywi, ^oso'qyj'-, see [3:36]; %Mi 'height'). Cf. [3:2] and [3:39]. Unlocated Cave near Abiquiu. According to information obtained by an inves- tigator at Santa Clara the ancient people were saved from a flood by fleeing to caves at Abiquiu, Chimay6, and the Black Mesa near San Ildefonso [18:19]. The cave at Abiquiu to which they fled was as large as a house. Since caves actually exist at Chimay6 1 Jicaiilla Apache Texts, p. 7, 19U. ' Pinal Report, pt. ii, pp. 54-6B, 1892. s Hewett, Antiquities, No. 31, 1906. HAEKINGTON] PLACE-NAMES 139 and at the Black Mesa near San Ildef onso we may assume that there is a large cave somewhere near Abiquiu. Jimfow''i, see [3 :7]. Span. Mesa Encantada 'enchanted mesa'. Mexicans say that there is an enchanted mesa near Abiquiu. Sounds come from this mesa resembling a faint singing of many voices or again like the faint crowing of a cock. fssB.Jiuhi, fss^\yj'hu''u',fs^po,fs9^impo ' white arroyo ' 'white creek' {fss^ 'whiteness' ' white'; ^iyy locative and adjective-forming post- fix; hu'u 'large groove' 'arroyo'; po 'water' 'creek'). This is the name of an arroyo or creek not far west of Abiquiu on the north side of Chama River. Pueblo ruin northwest of Abiquiu. "While at the Rito [4:5], Don Pedro Jaramillo told me of a pueblo lying west of it [4:5], and north-northwest of Abiquiu." '■ This may refer to [2:7]. Pueblo ruin on a high bluff near La Puente [3:19]. "Three miles below (southeast) Abiquiu, at a place called 'La Puente' (the Bridge), on a bluff close to the river on the south bank, stands the ruin which Dr. Yarrow of Washington examined about sixteen years ago, and of which he has given descriptions and a ground plan."^ Bandelier devotes pages 66 and 57 of his Final Report (pt. ii) to a description of this ruin. The ruin is described also by Hew- ett,^ and later mentioned by him.* Unfortunately the writer's Tewa informants did not know either the location or the name of this ruin, unless indeed [3:9] be meant. Bandelier gives two' names for this ruin, and Hewett records still another. (1) "To this ruin the San Juan Tehuas apply the name of Abechiu."^ This is true only in the sense that the San Jnan people might apply the name of [3 : 36] to any ruin in the vicinity of [3:36] of which they did not know the true name. The whole region about Abiquiu is called by the name of [3 : 36]. (2) " To this ruin the San Juan Tehuas apply tho name of Abe- chiu, while those of Santa Clara call it Oj-po-re-ge, 'Place where metates are made rough '. Abechiu is undoubtedly the original name, and the other one of more recent date'."' In a footnote on the same page Bandelier adds: " 'Lugar adonde pican los metates'. As the ancient metates were not made rough by pick- ing, I therefore conclude that it is a modern designation for 1 Bandelier, Final Eeport, pt. n, p. 53, note, 1892. 2Ibid., p. 56. Bandelier refers to H. C. Yarrow, Notice of a Euined Pueblo and an Ancient Burial Place in the Valley of the Rio Chama, Eeport upon United States Geographical Surveys West of 100th Meridian, vn, pp. 362-65. 8 Antiquities, No. 30, 1906. 1 Conimunautds, p. 42, 1908. 6 Bandelier, op. cit., p. 58. 140 ETHNOGEOGRAPHY OF THE TEWA INDIAN'S [eth. ann. 29 the place." Either Bandelier or his informants have made a mistake in giving this form, ' poH'''' means ' rough metate' ('o 'metate'; po 'rough'; '*'»' locative and adjective-forming postfix). The expression meaning 'I make the metate rough' is niJ'Qr)j''o- 'pd'o'"> (n4 'I' emphatic pronoun; uq'oj' 'I it for myself prefixed pronoun; 'o ' metate '; j5>c> 'to roughen'; 'o'" present progressive). No such form as -poM- is possible. The writer has studied this word especially with Santa Clara informants. Po ' rough ' is a very uncommon word, pa being the common word rendering ' rough ' and the verb Suisse the common expression meaning to roughen by pecking. ' Olcutssg^iwe would be the common Santa Clara translation of " lugar adonde pican los metates" ('o 'me- tate'; Tcutss^ 'to roughen by pecking'; 'zi^e locative). ^o.^emeans ' fish weir ', po.ie means ' head '. Prepounding 'o ' metate ' to either of these words would form a compound which has little meaning. The Santa Clara informants can not understand "Oj-po-re-ge" at all, and none of them nor any other Tewa informant ever heard Abiquiu Pueblo ruin called by such a name. ' Opo'oywi:, ^opd'qywige could be formed, but "does not sound right" (';" oyw^ceji 'pueblo ruin' K'q'ywi 'pueblo', %V 'ruin' postfix). 1 Bandelier. Final Eeport, pt.ii, p.53, 1892. 2 Ibid., p. 51. 3 144 ETHNOGBOGEAPHY OF THE TEW A INDIANS [eth. ANN. 29 The pueblo ruin is a quarter of a mile northeast of the Spanish- American Normal School. It consists of indistinct mounds which lie in a field. Potsherds of red ware may be picked up from the mound. According to San Juan informants this was a Tewa pueblo and its old name was the name given above under Tewa (1). This is all the information that could be obtained about it. [4:8] S^p^we' qywiJeeji ' S^ps^we Pueblo ruin ' {Ss^ps^w^ unexplained except that -we is probably the locative postfix used in the Namb6 dialect meaning 'at' 'up at'; 'qywikeji 'pueblo ruin' <.^Q'r)%oi 'pueblo,' Iceji 'ruin' postfix). An effort has been made to get the explanation of this name at San Juan, Santa Clara, San Ilde- fonso, and especially at Narab6, where the old Winter Cacique thought a long time about it. The meaning of the word has been forgotten by the Tewa. "Se-pa-ua".'^ "Se-pa-ue".^ "Sepaue". "Sepawi".^ This ruin is described by Bandelier^ and by Hewett." Accord- ing to Bandelier it is the largest ruin in New Mexico. "Les traditions rattachent cette tribu [Namb6] a celle des Sepawi sur I'oued El Rito, dans la vallee du Chama.'"' "A 9 milles au sud-ouest d'Ojo Caliente, dans la valMe El Eito, on aperpoit Se- pawi, Tune des plus grandes mines de la region Pueblo . . . On n'en connait pas I'histoire, mais, d'apres la tradition, ce serait le village actuel de Namb6, a [20] milles a vol d'oiseau au sud- est. " 8 The old Winter Cacique of, Namb6 informed the writer that Namb6 people or Tewa used to live at Ss^ps^we, but this informa- tion had to be gained as an answer to a leading question. A num- ber of Tewa were found who knew of Ss^ps^we ruin, but not one who seemed to know definitely that Namb6 people used to live there. It is generally known that it is a Tewa ruin. The writer is un- able to understand from reading Bandelier and Hewett on which side of El Rito Creek the ruin is situated. According to Hewett,' ."Sepawi" is located on the east side of El Rito Creek; three San Juan informants and the old Winter Cacique of Namb6 stated that the ruin is on the west side of the creek, but perhaps they were led to say this because they know the ruin is near El Rito town and that the latter is on the west side. [4:9] (1) Xasita. ( i-r , , ., .to™. » Antiquities, No. 38, 1906; Communaut4s, pp. 33, 41, 1908. ' Ibid., p. 33. 8 ihid d 41 n . i- •■ P' ^'- ' Antiquities, pi. xvii. HAEBINGTON] PLACE-NAMES 145 diminutive). =Tewa (1), Eng. (3), Span. ('4). This term would hardly be used, but the writer heard it employed once in the conversation of a San Juan Indian. (3) Eng. Casita. ( en < s < I o UJ o MAP 5 LOWER CHAMA RIVER REGION HARUiNGTON] PLACE- NAMES 147 Tsefu^u 'eagle end' {tse 'eagle*; fu^u 'projecting end of a long object in horizontal position '). This was said by a Santa Clara informant to be a mountain north of El Rito[4:5]. It was also said that the name is Tsefu 'eagle nose'(/'!< 'nose'), but this was probably due to misunderstanding. [5] LOWER CHAMA RIVEE SHEET This sheet (map 5) includes a part of the lower Chama River valley. Six pueblo ruins are shown, all of which have old Tewa names and are declared by the Tewa to have been occupied by their ancestors. [5:1] Tom.ajoJcqhu'u, see [3:22]. [5:2] Towa'e, see [4:14]. [5:3] El Rito Creek, see [4:3]. [5:4] TutsQ.m'behu^u, see [7:18]. [5:5] ^4wi4piz?y' wrestling mountain '(^^m^, see [5:7]; fiyf ^mowo.- tain'). This small, round hill is about half a mile southeast of the junc- tion of El Rito Creek with Chama River. It is not more than 60 feet high, but very symmetrical and prominent. The name given above is certainly the old Tewa name of the hill, and it is not im- possible that the hill gave the name Tsdw4- to the pueblo ruin [5 :7] and other features in the vicinity. Inquiry was made of a Mexican family which lives on the ranch situated between [5:5] and [5:6] as to the Mexican name of the hill, but they said that it has none. However, another Mexican said that he calls it Cer- rito Redondo 'round hill'. See [5:7]: Cf. [5:6], [5:8], [5:9]. [5:6] TsQ,m4ke-ii, TsQm4hw(ye 'wrestling height' {TsQ,m4, see [5:7]; IceM, hmaje 'height'). This is the height on which the pueblo ruin [5:7] stands. The main wagon road down the Chama River valley east of the river passes between [5:5] and [5:6] and then along the base of [5:6], between [5:6] and [5:8] and [5:9]. Cf. [5:5], [5:7], [5:8], [5:9]._ [5:7] Ts^mq'' qyv^ikeji 'wrestling pueblo ruin' {tsq,m4 'to wrestle'; 'qywikeji 'pueblo ruin' < 'g5^oi 'pueblo', keji 'ruin' postpound). The verb tsQtnq, is used only in a perfect or past sense; the verb denoting 'wrestling' in the present or future is nj'a. Thus ^Hi- nfo^^^ 'they are wrestling with each other' (^^8^ 'they 3+ with themselves'; n/a 'to wrestle'; ./e'« progressive present); iibitsq^mq, 'they have wrestled with each other' {^ibi 'they 3+ with them- selves'; tsqm4, 'to have wrestled'). The informants thought it likely that the name Ts^mq. was originally applied to the pueblo, perhaps because there was at some time in the past a wrestling contest there, and that the other places in the vicinity are named 148 ETHKOGEOGRAPHY OP THE TEWA INDIANS [hth. ann.29 Ts^m4 from the pueblo. The writer has not had an opportunity to look through early Span, documents for mention and forms of the nameChama. Theform"Zama"isu8edbyZarate-Salmeron.^ So far as he is aware the only other form which occurs in Span, docu- ments is the now standardized Chama; San Pedro de Chama also occurs. These terms, Zama, Chama, and San Pedro de Chama, appear to have been used in Span, invariably to designate either the whole Chama River district ("San Pedro de Chama, as the district was called after the reoccupancy of New Mexico"^) or the Chama River itself. The diminutive form Chamita has been and is given to the eastern part of the V-shaped tract of lowland formed by the confluence of the Chama River with the Rio Grande, and to the Mexican settlement made there. The latter place and settlement have been or are also called San Gabriel del Yunque and San Gabriel de Chamita, or even merely San Gabriel. See [13 :28]. ' ' The name Chamita dates from the eighteenth century, and was given in order to distinguish it from the settlements higher up on the Chama River," ^ Now Span. Zama, Chama, evidently come from Tewa Tsdmi, name of the former Tewa pueblo [5:7], applied also to several other places near that pueblo. Since there is much land good for agriculture in the vicinity of that pueblo, the writer believes that one of the Span, settlements higher up on the Chama River in contradistinction to which Chamita gets its name, was at Ts^mi-. At any rate, the first extensive farming land encountered in going up the Chama valley after leaving the region about the Canoe Mesa near San Juan [5:55] is at Ts^mg,-, and it is not at all strange that the name Tsc^m4- was taken over into Span, and applied first to a more or less definite region up the Chama Valley, as the Tewa applied it, then to the whole Chama River region, and more recently especially to the Chama River itself. It was forgotten long ago by the Mexicans, if indeed it was ever clearly understood by them, that Ts^ma- is properly only the name of a former Tewa pueblo and of a little round hill, a marsh, and rich bottom-lands which lie beside it. What relation the name Placita Rio Chama [5:16] bears to the names discussed above is impossible to determine without historical evidence. It is always called Placita Rio Chama 'Chama River town' and never Placita Chama. The settlement may be called by this name for no other reason than because it is in the Chama River valley. In going up the river it is the first compact Mexican settlement met after passing [5:33] and entering the narrower part of the Chama River valley. From Chama applied to the Chama River the 'Quoted by Bandelier^ Pinal Report, pt. II, p. 60, ]892. 2Bandelier, ibid., p. 62. HARRINGTON] PLACE-NAMES 149 modern town of Chama on the Denver and Kio Grande Railroad in the northernmost part of New Mexico gets its name. Ts^m^' qyviikeji is a very large ruin consisting of low mounds. Three large courtyards can be distinctly made out. An Indian living at San Juan also told the writer that there are three Iw'u 'courtyards' which can be seen at this ruin. The long axis of the village, running through these courtyards, is in a northeast-south- west direction. An old and disused wagon road can be traced up the side of the slope toward [5:5]. The Indian informants are inclined to believe that this village had already been abandoned at the tiuie of the coming of the Spaniards to this region. But the name Ts^m^ is still known to and used by the Tewa, being applied to this ruin and a number of places about it, but never, as the Mexicans apply Chama, to the Chama River or the Chama River region. See [5 : 5], [5 : 6], [5 : 8], [5 : 9], [5 :16], [13 : 27], [13 : 28], and Chama River [Large Features: 2], [5:8] Tsq,mq,nug.epotsa 'swamp below [5:6]' {Tsqitiq, see [5:7]; nug.6 'below' Knu'u 'below', g.e, 'down at' 'over at'; fotsa 'marsh' 6, see [5:19]; 'ohu, 'hill'). For an Indian's guess at the origin of this name see [5:19]. Cf. [5:21]. ]b:^l'\ fij,poJ,ekwag.e 'cicada's head mesa' {/"iipo-ie, see [5:19]; Jewage ' mesa'). This name refers to the broad rolling mesa on which the ruin [5:19] stands. See [5:19], [5:20]. . [5:22] Eapokohu^u, Kapo'iyhoJiu^u 'leaf water barranca arroyo' (Kapo, see [5:23]; 'iyj- locative and adjective-forming postfix; kqhu'u 'bai'ranca arroyo' < Jcq 'barranca', hu'u 'large groove' 'arroyo'). Cf. [5:24]; also the similarly sounding names J^'apo, Santa Clara Pueblo [14:71], and "Kapo", a Tano Tewa pueblo ruin [29:unlocated]. The latter name may be but probably is not identical. This is described as a large pueblo ruin. Cf. [5:22], [5:24]. [5:23] Kapo'o'owikeji 'leaf, water pueblo ruin' {ka 'leaf; po 'water'; 'oywikeji 'pueblo rmn'aji 'leaf water heights' {Kapo, see [B:23]; hwcyh 'height'). Cf. [5:22], [5:23]. [5:25] Ps^nfuteh'u:'u 'snake dwelling-place corner' {p^nfu 'snake'; te 'dwelling place'; huhi 'large low roundish place'). Cf. [5:26]. [5:26] Pmnfutekwaje 'snake dwelling-place height' {p^nfu 'snake'; ^e 'dwelling place'; kwaje 'height'). Cf. [5:26]. This is a very low mesa between [5:22] and [5:27]. [5:27] Tehu^u 'cottonwood arroyo' (!fe ' cottonwood ' ' Populus wisli- zeni'; Aw'w 'deep groove' 'arroyo'). It is not difficult to understand how this arroyo gets its name. There is at prgsent a large cottonwood tree growing in it not far from the mouth. See [5:28]. [5:28] TehuHwepopi, TehiHwe^impopi 'spring in [5:27]' {Tehu^u, see [5:27]; Hwe locative; ''{yf locative and adjective-forming postfix; Popi ' spring' <^o 'water', pi 'to issue'). [5:29] Ss^lekwaje^ see [2:22]. Ps^qwegn^iwe 'where the deer's tail' {ps& mule-deer; qws^rjf 'tail'; ''iwe 'locative'). This is the name of the whole region about [5:30] and [5:31], q. v. [5 :30] Ps^qws^niiwepiyf ' mountains at the deer's tail place ' {Ps^qw^n- ^iwe, see the preceding term; piyf 'mountain'). [5:31] P^qws^diw^ oTcu! e 'little hills at the deer's tail place' {Ps^qwcgn- ^iwe, see [5:29]; ^oku 'hill'; 'e diminutive). [5:32] Span. Arroyo Palacio ' palace arroyo'. According to information obtained from a San Juan Indian, Mr. Samuel Eldodt, the merchant of San Juan Pueblo, formerly had a claim on a bit of tillable land at the mouth of this arroyo; but a freshet washed the land away and Mr. Eldodt quit the claim. [5:33] PowQwui 'water wind point' (po 'water'; wq, 'wind'; iinM ' projecting corner '). This point projects far out, forming a narrow gap through which the river passes. This gap is always windy, according to Tewa informants. Although perfectly conceivable that the point might have been given this name because of the river flowing past and the windy character of the location, the Tewa when using the name also think of the Powq^hq, 'water-air spirits' {po 'water'; WQ/ 'wind' 'air'; hq, 'pulse' 'respiration' 'life' 'spirit'), invisible spirits who live in the air and are sometimes heard to speak. According to one story they catch people who try to kill them- selves by hurling themselves over cliffs and make them fall lightly and unhurt. Cf. [5:34]. [5:34] Pow^wuipiyf 'water wind point mountain' (Pow^wui, see [5:33]; ^ji?y 'mountain'). The following queer story came to the mind of a San Juan informaht when he was asked about this high hill back of Powq,- 152 ETHNOGEOGEAPHY OF THE TEWA INDIANS [eth, ann. 29 wid. St. Cecilia once appeared to some Mexican soldiers near Las Truchas [22:11]. The soldiers followed her axiross the Eio Grande and across Chamita [13:28]. At last she passed- through a hole in Pawiwuinvf. The soldiers found her shoe on the other side. [b:35] {1) P'esaepo 'shove stick creek' {P'esae, see [5:37J;^o 'water"creek'). This is the old Tewa name of the creek. (2) Kepo 'bear creek' (^e'bear'; po 'water' 'creek'). This is a mere translation of Span. (4), but is frequently used nowadays. =Eng. (3), Span. (4). (3) Eng. Oso Creek. (i 'pile' 'cluster'). The valley is wide here on the side southwest of the river, with good alfalfa fields and a grove of cottonwoods. This is possibly the Cottonwood grove where the Jicarilla Apache used formerly tb hold a ceremony at certain times. See under [5 :unlocated]. This is the cottonwood grove lying farthest down the river in the part of the valley above TsiwUi [13 :2]. [5:52] Nameless arroyo of considez'able size. [5:53] San Juan. Mq,sikwaje 'young female deer height' {m4si said by an aged San Juan informant to be an antiquated form of in4g.e 'young female of the mule deer'; Icwaje 'height'). This is the old San Juan Tewa name. This hill is south of Ojo Caliente Creek. The main wagon road between Ojo Caliente and Chamita passes between this hill and the mesa [5:55]. 156 BTHNOGBOGEAPHY OF THE TEWA INDIANS [bth. ANN. 29 [5-M] Tsiwid ' projecting corner of basalt ' {tsi ' basalt', as in Tsikwaje, the name of the whole mesa [5:55]; m^* 'projecting corner'). Tsiwiud is sometimes applied to this corner of the Black Mesa near San Juan, though it is usually applied to the more prominent corner [13:2], q. v. See also [13:1]. [5:55] Tsikwaje, see [13:1]. [5:56] San Juan Siyws^.kqhu'u 'sandstone barranca arroyo' (s^yi/)^ 'sandstone'; ^gAw'-w' barranca arroyo '<^Q 'barranca', Am'-m' large groove' 'arroyo'). [5:57] San Juan Towibuhw'u, see [2:28]. [5:58] San Juan fsssiagekq, see [2:32]. [5:59] San Juan Tsj^ukqhu^u, see [2:33]. TJnlooatbd Cottonwood grove, where the Jicarilla Apache used to hold a fiesta. Doctor Hewett informed the writer that he had learned from Tewa Indians that the Jicarilla Apache used to hold a fiesta at a cotton- wood grove in the lower Chama Valley about 4 miles above the confluence of the Chama with the Rio Grande, somewhere near the mouth of Ojo Caliente Creek. It is probably the same grove that ■ he means when he writes: "About 4 miles above the confluence of the Chama. with the Rio Grraude is the noble cotton wood grove whose grateful shade has been the noon or evening goal of every traveler that has toiled up or down that sandy valley for a cen- tury. At this point a chain of detached fragments of the great Black Mesa (Mesa Canoa) [13:1] crosses over to the south side of the river and extends for some miles southwestward".^ Even the statement that the basalt formation crosses the river at the place does not enable the present writer to locate the grove. It is not unlikely, however, that it is [§:51]. The San Juan Tewa inform- ants who accompanied the author up the Chama Valley knew nothing of the Jicarilla Apache having formerly held a fiesta at a grove in the lower Chama Valley. An informant at San Juan Pueblo, however, knew of this practice and volunteered the in- formation that it was the "fiesta de San Antonio" which was there celebrated. But unfortunately he was not certain even as to the side of the river on which the grove is situated. One of God- dard's Jicarilla Apache texts says of the fiesta: "We [the Jica- rilla Apache] started away [from Tierra Amarilla] immediately to Cuchilla [5 :49] where they were to hold a feast. For that purpose we all came there. The Pueblo Indians brought fruits there and the Mexicans came with wagons and on horseback. They had a rooster race. After the feast was over we moved camp back again to Tierra Amarilla, where we and the Ute remained in sepa- 1 Hewett, Antiquities, p. 88, 1906. MAP 6 UPPER OJO CALIENTE REGION GO '"""■•%«!>' MAP 6 UPPER OJO CALIENTE REGION HAREINGTON] PLACE-NAMES 157 rate camps ".^ Goddard explains concerning the fiesta: "The feast of San Antonio formerly held on the Chama River in a Cot- tonwood grove near the mouth of Caliente Creek [Ojo Caliente Creek] ".2 The text implies that the grove is at or near the Cu- chilla [5:49]. Perhaps [5:51] is the grove. "Poihuuinge".^ "Poihiiunge".* None of the informants interro- gated have kn6wn the name or the ruin. The -uinge or -unge of the forms of the name quoted above is evidently for 'qywige ' down at the pueblo ' ' over at the pueblo ' {^qywi ' pueblo \ge' down at' ' over at'). The etymology of the first part of the name is not apparent. The ruin is situated as follows: "About 4 miles above the con- fluence of the Chama with the Rio Grande is the noble cottonwood grove whose grateful shade has been the noon dr evening goal of every traveler that has toiled up or down that sandy valley for a century. At this point a chain of detached fragments of the great Black mesa (Mesa Canoa) [13:1] crosses over to the south side of the river and extends for some miles southwestward. On the top of one of these black fragmentary mesas about a mile south of the river stood the village of Poihuuinge".' See [9:unlocated], where Hewett's "Poihuge" is discussed. [6] TJPPEE OJO CALIENTE SHEET This sheet (map 6) shows the region about and above Ojo Caliente. Three pueblo ruins are included, all of which have old Tewa names. These are claimed by the Tewa as former pueblos of their people. The Tewa believe this region to have been the cradleland of their race. Ojo Caliente hot springs [6:24] and the caves at La Cueva [6:30], [6:31] are of special interest. [6:1] (1) Eng. Petaca. (/,'/ni <,fi(i ' wnLur', /v/ij iimkx liliilimd). Wllili IIki uH(( <>r l.liii iiliHdIiild I'di'iri of Mio color ndjcc- l/lvti III UiIm iiiuiic llini Ih, oI' //»/«/ limltwl of //rw/^/v''', f "««"'('';,/' coiii|iiM'c /»/\| '|iIiiI(ii(inh' 'pink' In Uiii iiiuiii^ |4:l| IiimI^oikI of /"'V '"''''. pi"'Qii'ii/,r and /w ')jfrii,,VM(w»' 'k'""',v' i" ''i** niun(^ |():i«/, f)/'(,(, imhI /tn ,h(M) |0;'.'/l I iil/ovi*. 'rii(( nl,_yin((loKy of fxiMl (finN/'in/'''', fumnnli/j') \h iin luiowii lo Uiif itiodtM'ti T(wii., lull. 11 limy ]m IIimI< il< wim (hm^I imlly r(iiii|(oiiiid(Ml ol' pn 'wiiinr' iind «/ ' l.o wlJiik', wlilc-li ii|i piMii'M, for IiimIjuicii, 111 iKjut'ny. '11, hUiiKm' (//i] 'II,'; nI '(.(» hIIiiK' pn^piiiiiid; M'l/' 'III Nlilitir liili'iuiNlfilvis Miiid (d' ii)j;'i'(MtiiJilif or (Hh- M^TKniiJiln NinitllN), Mild Ijiiil, piinl oii^'iiiidly ntfiwrod l^o hI'IiiMh^ wiiliM", which fnM|iu>iii,lv liilM ii. miohh (^rci'ii (iolor. TIiIm Ih, of cuiii'Hc, oid,v II, iuiiijcc|j|i'(t, Mini III lli(f idiHcncci id' roconlH id' lutclcidi 'rcwit liMi|^'iiii^'c ciui nolf \n\ proved. Al, I, he prcHciil, iJiiic •HlJiikliiK wiilrcr'' In I'lMidcrcd In 'I'cwii, h,v /'r«/«'(/,'/'' (po 'wiilicr'; m'>iy,\y ' hI-IiiUIiih'' • «/' 'do hMii1(,' which iippciu'H only pi'cpiilindtMl III cci'lidn yci'liH, fill' ' lo niiicII', iiil,i'iuiHilrlvis, Hiiid of i(j{'i'i>ilyiiiiilon'y of /'iw/ hcim iiMeerliiined or pnliliHlied. iliinde- llei'liiw " l'o,He" or " P'ho we" in all of IiIh forniH (Me(\ under |fl;>Jfi|), (,li(v t' of which CIUI he e\phdn(>d only ii,m ii, rivsull, of d(d'cct,i\'(t h(«iil'lnu' or of coiiI'iihIoii id' Mil-^ niuiiewllh Mie niinieof |,h(\ (nio", elc. II, i,M mMMllc,M,4 lo Hiiy Mud Ihe placivniiineH Itej^'inninj^' wlMi I'i's/ iind Mm niiiiie of Mi<> niylhlciil pernon Pii»;it'niii, iiliiiH Piin<'i/ir,'t)\ hiive noMiinji' in coiiiiiion i'xee|il, Mini Miey hiippen lo heyin wilh Mio word po * 164 BTHNOGEOGKAPHY OF THE TEWA INDIANS [bth. ANN. 29 'water'. The springs give rise to the names of [6:7], [6:16], [6:17], [6:25], [6:26]. See [6:Ojo Caliente region], page 165, where names for the Ojo Caliente region in the Taos, Picuris, • and Cochiti languages, based on names of the spring which were not recorded, are given. (2) Eng. Ojo Caliente hot springs, or more properly Ojo Caliente spring. ( • ^ '/,,>^ MAP 7 LOWER OJO CALIENTE REGION HARKINGTON] PLACE-NAMES 169 that Posejemu, the Tewa culture hero, had his contest with Josi, the god of the Mexicans and Americans, according to a Tewa myth. Whether the Tewa name is a translation of the Span, name, or whether the opposite is true, could not be ascertained. [7:4] (1) TfuQS^''iwehwajh^ Tfug.x'iw^ohi^e 'Falco nisus heights' 'Falco nisus hills' {Tfug^Hwe, see [7:3]; hwajh 'height'; ^oku 'hill'; 'e diminutive). (2) San Juan JS'^tehwaj^, N^t^okiCe 'ashes estufa heights' 'ashes estufa hills' {N^it^e, see [7:2]; Icwajh 'height'; ^oku 'hill'; 'e diminutive). A San Juan informant insisted that these hills are not called by the same name as [7:5], although one cannot understand why they should not be so called. [7:5] San Juan Tsifs^yge^ohu^e 'little hills beyond the basalt', referring to [7:16]; tsi 'basalt', referring to Tsi^wa/^ 'basalt height' [7:16]; 'oZ;w 'hill'; 'e diminutive). [7:6] Tfug^Hwepd'o 'water mill at Falco nisus place' {TJug^Hwe, see [7:3]; po^o 'water mill' ' -Trtv- -• V ,1-.. 'Z- -iV"-; ■ -s- k ■ ;•• . 'sf''<^~ MAP 8 TAOS REGION HARRINGTON] PLACE-NAMES 173 [8:'?'] Petaca settlement, see [6:1].- [8:8] (1) En^. Old Servilleta. (emb-iM Hewett, Communautfe, p. 30, 1908. HARRINGTON] PLACE-NAMES 201 [9:26] Nameless arroyo. The San Juan informant could not remem- ber its name. [9:27] Nameless pueblo ruin. Manyfragments of Indian pottery are strewn here on the ground. Part of a wall composed of adobe bricks was found at the place. The site is an open plain. It is not certain that this is the ruin of an Indian pueblo. The San Juan informant could not remem- ber the name of this ruin, but said that he had heard the name of either this or another ruin somewhere in this vicinity. It may be that this is PopdbV qywikeji; see under [9:unlocated]. Mr. Juan de Dios Romero, whose home is in this region, told the writer that he knows of Mexicans finding Indian metates at a place not far from the river and about midway between [9:27] and [9:34]. There used to be two Mexican houses at the place where the metates were found, but nobody lives there now. [9:28] Farmhouse of Mr. Felipe Lopez, given in order to locate [9:27]. [9:29] Farmhouse of Mr. Manuel Martinez, given in order to locate [9:27]. [9:30] San Jua,n Poison j'uiebu'iyko ' barranca of Avanu dwelling-place corner", referring to [9:dl]{Pois^nj'utebu''u, see [9:31]; 'i'*' locative and adjective-forming postfix; kq 'barranca' 'arroyo with a noticeable bank'). This gulch runs straight back from Alcalde station. [9:31] (1) San Juan Pois^njniiebu'u, 'Avanu dwelling-place corner', referring to the pool [9:32] (Pois^njnite, see [9:32]; hw'u 'large low roundish place '). (2) Eng. Alcalde station. (< Span.). =Span. (3). (3) Span. Alcalde 'magistrate' 'judge'. =Eng. (2). This name was recently given and properly belongs to Alcalde settle- ment [10:15] on the east side of the river. There are a station and windmill at [9: 31]. [9:32] S&n Juan Pois^nj^te, Poison yutepokwi 'Avanu dwelling-place' Avanu dwelling-place pool' {Poison j'u San Juan form of the San Ildefonso ^Abanj'u 'horned-snake divinity', probably < po 'water', p^n/u 'snake'; te 'dwelling-place 'ipokwi 'pool' 'lake' name, name of a Mexican family which used to live near this place) = Eng. (2)._ This spring is the only water in the vicinity and is used for watering sheep. The place is almost due west of Alcalde station [9:31]. The old San Juan informant formerly spent much time herding sheep about this spring. When the spring did not have enough water, the sheep had to be driven down to the river to water them. The whole region south of Kuso'jo [9:14] is loosely called TsiQMponu'u. See [9:39], [9:40], [9:41], and [9:42]. [9:39] San Juan Tsiauponuae'P^We 'little cliffs or banks down by the chico water' {Tsig.uponu\ see [9:38]; ae 'down at' 'over at'; ^" locative and adjective-forming postfix; foSa 'cliff' 'bank'; 'e diminutive). The spring and pool are surrounded on the north and east by peculiar little cliffs. HARRINGTON] PLACE-NAMES 203 [9:40] San Juan Tsig.uPonug.e'i''oMe 'little hills down by the chico water ' {Tsigufonu'u, see [9:38]; ge ' down at' ' over at'; '*'* locative and adjective-forming postfix; 'o/m'hilP; 'e diminutive). Southeast of the spring and pool is a range of very small hills. [9:41] San Juan Tsig.uponug.e'impohvi'e 'little pool down by the chico water' {Tsig.iiponu'u, see [9:38J; g.e 'down at' 'over at'; '*'» loca- tive and adjective-forming postfix; pokwi 'pool' 'lake' .'//M^\.'''' ,%^ / s ^^^ //ilK' '//IM'' '/M>^ >'•",, ""^/, /ll..- ■ //U V*' REGION MAP 10 OLD SAN JUAN REGION HAEEiNGTON] PLACE-NAMES 205 San Juan PopdbV oywjjceji 'squash flower pueblo ruin' {po 'squash' 'pumpkin'; pdbl 'flower'; 'qywilceji 'pueblo ruin' K'qywi 'pueblo', Iceji 'ruin', postpound). This name was known to three San Juan informants. They agreed that this ' ruin ' is lo- cated somewhere near S^efn'oywilceji [9:23]. It may be the nameless and problematic ruin [9:27] the name of which the in- formant could not remember. At any rate it is almost certain that it is the name for which Bandelier's "Pho-jiu" is intended. [10] OLD SAN JUAN SHEET This sheet (map 10) shows a tract just north of San Juan Pueblo. One pueblo ruin, Old San Juan [10:26], is included, from which the sheet has been named. [10:1] Canoe Mesa, see [13:1]. [10:2] San Juan Qwak&d, see [13:3]. [10:3] Tsefwifo 'eagle gap trail', so called because it passes north of but near [7:24] {TsewiH, see [7:24]; po 'trail'). This is an old trail. It is the one frequently taken when going by trail from the vicinity of San Juan to Ojo Caliente or El Kito regions. The trail winds its way up Canoe Mesa [10:1] just back of Mq,mponu^u [10:4] and almost directly opposite the old ruin of FiJ'og.e [9:43]. The trail is perhaps also called by the San Juan Wq.nvp'onupo{WQ.mp^onu^u, see [10:4]; po 'trail'). It is probably to this trail that Bandelier' refers when he says: "A trail leads across it [Canoe Mesa] to the Rio Grande from Ojo Caliente "- [10:4] (1) San Juan No^nvp'oniCu 'down at the holes in the earth", referring to holes of some sort in the ground at the foot of the cliff of Canoe Mesa [10:1] at this place (n^??y 'earth'; p^o 'hole'; nv^u 'below', applied to distinguish the place from the height of Canoe Mesa [10:1], which overhangs it). (2) Eng. Estaca settlement. ('a0?7i?;^o, see [11:6]; psgyge 'beyond'). This name refers especially to the locality which hes immediately north of the lower Kop'ag.i'i'r)/ [11:6]. [11:6] San Juan Kqps^ygebu'v,, Kqjoi'^agi'i'gJcqpc^'Qgebu^u 'low corner beyond the arroyo ' ' low corner beyond the wide gulch arroyo ' {Kqps^ygebu^u, Kqp'ag.i'i'Qhqp^'ggebu^u,, see .[11:4]; Jw'm 'large low roundish place'.) [11:6] San Juan Kqp^ag.i''\i)f, Kqp^agi^iiijJcq 'broad arroyo' 'broad gulch arroyo' {kq 'barranca' 'arroyo with banks'; p'agi 'broad'; ^VOf locative and adjective-forming postfix). This is a large and straight arroyo with barrancas at many places along its course. In the names [11:4] and [11:5] it is often referred to simply by kq 'the arroyo'. Its mouth is opposite the upper end of the sandy island [11:9]. Its upper course is called KqfilcagiJ'vgkq; see[12:7]. One should compare the name ^g^'agj- ''iljkq with Kof'ag.ekqhv^u [19:3], the San Ildefonso name of the lower part of Pojoaque Creek, which lies north of San Ildefonso Pueblo just as this [11:6] lies north of San Juan Pueblo. [11:7] San Juan Jop"eH'"^'oku, see [13:17]. [11:8] Pueblita Pueblo, see [13:15]. [11:9] San Juan Pojcuii 'the island' [po 'water'; joui 'in the midstof ' 'in'). This large sandy island is crossed by the wagon road which con- nects Chamita settlement [13:28] with San Juan Pueblo. [11:10] Poke 'water neck' 'water brink' {po 'water'; Tee 'neck' 'height'). The river bank in the vicinity of San Juan is known by this name. 87584°— 29 eth— 16 14 210 ETHNOGEOGRAPHY OF THE TEWA INDIANS [eth. ans. 29 [11:11] San Juan Pofupokwage 'level bank by the bend in the river' {po 'water*; fu^u 'projecting corner or point', in this instance referring to a bend in the river; fo 'water'; kwage 'high and level place'). [11:12] San Juan 'OTciaMnnu 'plain of Ohe or San Juan Pueblo' I^Oke, see San Juan Pueblo, below; 'akonnu 'plain' K'aJcoyj- plain; nu unexplained). The entire plateau on which the present pueblo of San Juan stands is called thus. Cf. [13:6]. [11:13] (1) San Juan Kwi'o Jija 'mother ditch', translating the Span, name {Jcw^o 'irrigation ditch'; jija 'mother'). =Span. (2). (2) Span. Acequia Madre 'mother ditch'. =Tewa (1). This is the chief irrigation ditch of the San Juan Indians, and is therefore called by this poetic name. A part of it' is sho-nrn on the map. [11:14] San Juan Jq.rik^'rriTm^u of obscure etymology {jq-Vf 'willow'; k\yf unexplained; hvHu 'large low roundish place'). Cf. [11:15] and [11:16]. [11:15] San Juan Jq^tjIc iywiii of obscure etymology {Myk'^yf, see [11:14]; wui 'projecting corner or point'). Cf. [11:14]. This name applies to a sort of projecting point of higher land east of the ditch [11:13]. [11:16] San Juan Penihege 'dead body corner' 'graveyard' {peni 'corpse' 'dead body'; i^e 'small low roundish place'; ge 'down at' over at'). This is the Roman Catholic graveyard at San Juan at present in use. In earlier times interments were made in the churchyard [11:22]. The graveyard is on the level ground just north of the north end of the race-track [11:20]. It is surrounded by a fence. [11:1T] San Juan Kulig.i''t'^ 'bunched stones place' (Jcu 'stone'; tigi ' in a bunch ' ' bunched ', as in Tig.i'iyj', San Ildef onso name for the Pleiades; 'i'* locative and adjective-forming postfix). This name refers to the bunches or groups of stones, which are said to be all that remain of the second pueblo called by the name ' Oke. See Euiigi'ok^Qywikeji under [ll:unlocated], p. 219. The whole lo- cality about this as yet unlocated ruin is called Kidig.iH''^- A number of Mexican houses are at the place. See KiAigikwajh [11 :23], ■ this name being applied to the height on which the present San Juan Pueblo is built. [11:18] San Juan Pejebu^u of obscure etymology (j)e is said to sound like jpe, ' an unidentified species of rodent resembling the field- mouse'; ^'e unexplained; 6m'm 'large low roundish place'). Cf. [11:19]. This low corner lies just west of the rise to the higher land and east of Kutigi'P^ [11:17]. HAERINGTON] PLACE-NAMES 211 [11:19] San Juan Pejebu'a'a 'slope by [11:18]' {Pejebu'u, see [11:18]; 'ffi'a 'steep slope'). It is said that the bottom [11:18] rises some- what to the north at this place; hence the nsune. [11:20] San Juan Pimpije'iyj'^sspo 'northern race-track' {fimplje 'north' Kfivf 'mountain', pije 'toward', '*" locative and adjective-forming postfix; ^^po 'race-track' <'^ 'to run,'' po 'trail' 'track'). This is the northern race-track of the San Juan Indians; it runs north and south. For the southern one see [11:33]. Mrs. Perlina Sizer Cassidy, of Santa Fe, New Mexico, informs the writer that there are at the northern end of this race-track two stones, one on each side, marking the starting place. The one on the eastern side is a shaft of sandstone nearly a foot in diameter, about 2i feet high, and approximately square. The one on the western side, about 30 feet from the other, is of a kind of granite formation of pyramidal form, about 1^ feet high, with base of rounded triangular form, each side of which is about 2 feet long. At about 2 o'clock on St. John's day, 1912, after a race run on this track was finished, three women were observed by Mrs. Cassidy to pour water with meal in it over these stones and rub them with their hands. This water was what remained in the ollas from which the racers had been drinking. Why there should be two race-tracks at San Juan and whether this one is considered to belong to the Summer or to the Winter phratry, or to both or neither, are questions which, so far as the writer ki;ows, have not been determined. [11 : 21] San Juan ' Okekwaje ' ' Olte (unexplained) height ' (' Ohe^ see San Juan Pueblo, pp. 211-215; hwaje 'height'). The extreme north- eastern corner of San Juan Pueblo is called thus. This place is said to be called Aguapa by the Mexicans, a term for which no explanation has been obtained. [11: San Juan Pueblo] (1) ''OMqywi of obscure etymology i^oke unexplained; "o'Qwi, 'pueblo'). The original etymology of ^oke is no longer known to the Tewa. ' Ohe sounds exactly like ' hard metate' ('o 'metate'; Ice 'hardness' 'hard'). One should also notice the Ts^oke name of a certain Tewa religious officer, which is said to mean ' hard metate face ' (Se ' face ';' Jouvenceau In Catholic Pioneer, i. No. 9, p. 12, 1906. M Hodge, op. cit., p. 444. " Spinden, Picuris notes, MS., 1910. ■2 Spinden, Sia notes, MS., 1910. HARBINGTON] PLACE-NAMES 213 (11) Oraibi 'Ro^i Jy,'paka Tewa 'last Tewa' {jylpaka 'last'; Tewa 'Tewa'). San Juan is the village of the Tewa passed last of all when going up the Rio Grande Valley; hence the name. (12) Navaho " Kin Klechini 'red house people '".^ "Khinli- chini, the red house people, the San Juan " . ^ " Khlnlichi, red house,' San Juan."^ (13) Eng. San Juan. (n.)- = Span. (14). (14) Span. San Juan, San Juan de los Caballeros 'Saint John' 'Saint John of the gentlemen'. =Eng. (13). Bandelier* explains why "de los Caballeros" was addfed to the saint name: "The village [13:27] was definitively forsaken in 1598, for the benefit of the Spaniards, who established themselves in the houses temporarily, until they could build their own abodes. This occurred with the consent of the Indians, who voluntarily relin- quished the place to join their brethren at San Juan; and it was partly on account of this generous action that the title ' De los Caballeros' was bestowed upon the Tehuas of the latter village".* " Sant Joan".« " Sant Joan Batista".' " San Juan de los Cabal- leros".« "Saint-Jean de Chevaliers".' "St. Johns"."" "San Juan"." "S.John". '2 "S. Joanne".'^ "S. Jean''.^* "S. lean"." "San Juaners"." "San Juan de los Cabelleros"." "SanJuane- ros".'« "San Juan de Cabalenos"." 1 Curtis, American Indian, i, p. 138, 1907. ' Franciscan Fathers, An Ethnologic Dictionary of the Navaho Language, p. 128, 1910. »Ibii, p. 136. < Bandelier, Final Report, pt. ii, pp. 61-62, 1892. ^"SistoriadelaNuevix Mexico (fol.141) — Aqui los Indies mui gustosoa. Con nosotros sus casas dividieron. Y luego que alojados y de asiento, Ha^i^ndo vezindad nos assentamos. Also— Hazla nn gracioso Pueblo Men trazado A quien San Juan por nombre le pusieron, Y de los caualleros por memoria, De aqnellos que primero lebantaron, Por estas nueuas tierras y regiones, El aangriento estandarte donde Christo, Por la salud de todos lue arbolado. This disposes of the fable that the title 'Caballeros' was given to the San Juan Indians for their loyalty to Spain during the insurrection of 1680. On the contrary"! the Indians of San Juan were among the most bitter and cruel of the rebels; and their participation in the risings of 1694 and 1696 is well known ".—Bandelier, ibid. « Oiiate (1598) in Doc. Inid., xvi, p. 256, 1871. ' Ibid., pp. 109, 116. » Cordova (1619) trans, in Teruaux-Compans, Voy., x, p. 440, 1838; ViUa-Senor, Theatro Amer., ii, p. 418, 1748. 9 Cordova, op. cit. i» Heyleyn, Cosmography, p. 1072, 1703. • n Shea, Cath. Miss., p. 82, 1870. " D'AnvUle, Map. N. A., Bolton's ed., 1752. » Morelli, Fasti Novi Orbis, p. 31, 1776. " Vaugondy, Map AmSrique, 1778. 15 Crepy, Map Amfirique Septentrionale, 1783 {?). " Davis, Span. Conquest New Mexico, p. 289, 1869. " VOla-Senor (1748) quoted by Shea, Cath, Miss., p. 83, 1865.. 18 ten Kate, Eeizen in N. A., p. 221, 1885. " Donaldson, Moqui Pueblo Indians, p. 91, 1893. 214 ETJCNOGEOORAPHY 01'' XUE TBWA INDIANS [bth.ann.29 According to San Juan tradition, the present pueblo in the third one which ha« been called ' OU. The first ' Ohe Pueblo i« [10:26], the ruins of which are about a mile north of the present San Juan. When this pueblo was destroyed by a miraculous Aood, the inhab itants built a second pueblo called ^ Ohe at £zi^e»V< [IMT], the ruin of which has not been located. This second pueblo was only a few hundred yards northwest of the third and present pueblo ot ' Ohe, which is situated on the height or mesa near KuUgx i , the latter name applying to a low place. Why the second-bmlt pueblo was abandoned for the present sites was not known to the informants. The now ruined pueblo of Hvp [13:27] and the pueblo of ' Ohe (the present San Juan) used to be ' ' like brothers, - it is said. When Hv<}e was at)andoned its inhabitants went to live at ' Ohe or at Pueblita [13:15]. When Jm^e was permanently abandoned seems not to be known to the historians. Bandelier> says: "Yuge-uingge must have been still occupied in 1541, for Castaiieda says, in Cilola, p. 1^38: 'Mais ceux de Yuque-yunque abandonnSrent deux beaux villages qu'ils possddaient sur les bords du fleuve, et se retirSrent dans les montagnes ... On trouva beaucoup de vivres dans les deux villages abandonnds' ". Bandelier obtained the following interesting tradition from the San Juan Indians: "Indian folk-lore has much to say about Yuge- uingge. The Tehuas relate that when their ancestors journeyed southward from Cibobe, and the division into summer and winter people occurred, of which I have spoken in the First Part of this Report [p. 303], the sumnusr ijeople, under the guidance of the Pay-oj-ke or Po-a-tuyo, settled at Yuge-uingge; but the winter people, after wandering over the eastern yjlains for a long while, at last went in search of their brethren, and eHtablisht^d themselves near San Juan in sight of the other's village at Chamita. Finally it was agreed upon that a bridge should be built across the Rio Grande, and the official wizards went to work and constructed it by laying a long feather of a parrot over the stream from one side, and a long feather of a magpie from the other. As soon as the plumes met over the middle of the stream, people began to cross on this remarkable bridge; but bad sor- cerers caused the delicate structure to turn over, and many people fell into the river, where they became instantly changed into fishes. For this reason the Navajos, Apaches, and some of the PueMos refuse to eat fish to this day. The story goes on to tell that both fa(;tions united and lived together at Oj-ke on the east bank".^ The present writer obtained a somewhat different version of the same tale, which is given under 8ipoj/e, Mytiito Places, « BBndellcr, Final Report, pt, ii, p. 61, note, 1892. ' Ibid., pp. 60-61. HAKKINGTON] PLACE-NAMES 215 pages 571-72. The informant of San Juan who related this tale knew nothing of Jy^yge [13:27] being settled by Summer people and ^Oke by Winter people. He said that he supposed that both these places were settled by the same kind of people. He did not know that the feather bridges were made at San Juan; he had heard merely that they were made somewhere across the Eio Grande. The informant said that both JuVQe and ' OJce (at its various sites) were inhabited for a very long time, but that at last Jy,nge was abandoned, the people being merged into the ' OTce villagers, as stated above. The informant was an old man, and his statements were honestly made. The San Juan Indians will invariably tell one that San Juan was the chief Tewa village in olden days. Councils (Span, juntas) of villagers from all the Tewa pueblos, from Tano pueblos, Taos and Picuris, used to be held at San Juan. It was from San Juan that word was sent out when the Tewa tribe declared war. The Tewa of the other pueblos do not contradict these statements. San Juan, it will be remembered, played a leading part in the rebellion of 1680. In ancient times, it is said, the people of San Juan used to raise melons, corn, cotton, etc., on the highlands east of San Juan, in places which are now barren indeed. It was dry farming and crops were not certain; but usually plenty of rain fell in those times. According to the informants, the Tewa of San Juan are of pure blood, ifot mixed with non-Pueblo blood as are the Taos. This information was received in one instance unsolicited. Yet Bandelier^ says: "at San Juan the Yutas [Ute] and Apaches [Jicarilla Apache] . . . have assiduously contributed to the prop- agation of the species." As regards the architecture of San Juan the same authority says: "Santo Domingo, San Juan, Santa Ana, and especially Acoma, consist of several parallel rows of houses forming one to three streets."^ There is only one estufa at San Juan; this is in the northern part of the village. It is a rectan- gular structure, above ground, and contains no permanent paint- ings in its interior. The elevation of San Juan, according to the Wheeler Survey, is 5,601 feet.' There is a post office at present at San Juan Pueblo, but the official name of the post office is Chamita. The name ' Oke is also applied by the San Juan to a bright star seen in the southern skies; see Stars, page 49. 1 Final Eeport, pt. i, pp. 261-262, 1890. 2 Ibid., p. 265. ' Gannett, Dictionary of Altitudes, p. 660, 1906. 216 ETHNOGEOGEAPHY OF THE TEWA INDIANS [bth. anx. 29 [11:22] San Juan Mishte 'mass-house' 'church' {mish 'mass' "i.5.v^$' =1'/;,;:. a y/'iils-yii^;.- '/A*;,^— 1_>C -- 10 ---^^^'^ ^ ^.„..~=-=a lo =; -.^gw SAN JUAN TWENTY-NINTH ANNUAL REPORT MAP 12 ■'-- '*«««.' SION MAP 12 SAN JUAN HILL REGION HARRINGTON] PLACE-NAMES 219 Unlooated San Juan Sidigi^Qy-wikeji, SkUg.i'oke'oywi/ceji, ' Oke' qywikeji ^hunched stones pueblo ruin' 'bunched stones pueblo ruin of '(^/te (unex- plained)' 'pueblo ruin of C^fe (unexplained) ' {Kidigi, see [11:17]; 'oi;^^^^;^ 'pueblo ruin' <'Qywi 'pueblo', keji 'ruin' postpound; ^Oke, see San Juan Pueblo, above). This pueblo ruin of the second-built village called ' Oke is said to be somewhere in the vicinity of the place called Euiig.iH'^ [11 :17], in the lowlands a short distance northwest of the present San Juan Pueblo. The site was not visited b}' the writer. See dis- cussion under [10:26] and San Juan Pueblo, above. [12] SAN JUAN HILL SHEET This sheet (map 12) shows a small area of arid hill country east of San Juan Pueblo. The hill [12:27] is the chief ceremonial hill of the San Juan villagers. [12:1] San Juan QwoJ>en;s^Tc(ihAji!u^ see [10:20]. [12:2] San Juan Hyisekwaje 'yellow one-seeded juniper height' {hy, 'one-seeded juniper' ' Juniperus monosperma'; ise 'yellowness' 'yellow', absolute form of isejV^, isejiyj' 'yellowness' 'yellow'; hwafi 'height'). These two long ridges bear this name. Cf. [12:3]. [12:3] Q&n Swslo. Hyisekq 'yellow one-seeded juniper arroyos', refer- ring to [12:2] {JS-fiise, see [12:2]; Jcq 'barranca' 'arroyo with banks '). These arroyos join, forming QwoMns^hohv^u [10:20]. [12:4] San Juan Kqp'ag.i'i'Of, see [11:6]. Only the lower course of the arroyo is called by this name. [12:5] San Juan ^Ag.ehvaje^akoyj' ' plain of the height above the slope' (^ag.e 'down at the slope' <'a'a 'steep slope' 'short slope'; g.e 'down at' 'over at'; hwaje 'height'; ^akqrjf 'plain'). Just why this name is applied did not seem to be clear to either of the two informants. It refers to the generally level plain north of [12:7] and east of : 10:26]. [12:6] San Juan ' Okekwag^akqyf ' plain of the high flat place by ' Oke (unexplained)', referring to San Juan Pueblo (' Oke, see San Juan Pueblo, under [11], pp. 211-215; hvage 'high flat place' 'mesa top'; ^akqVf 'plain'). [12:7] San Juan KopiTcagi 'red starving arroyo' {hq 'barranca' 'arroyo with banks'; fi 'redness' 'red'; Icagi 'starving' 'becom- ing or having become thin from starvation'). 220 ETHNOGEOGEAPHY OF THE TEWA INDIANS [hth. ANN. 29 The connection in which this name was originally given was not known to the informants. This arroyo and its height [12:8] are reddish in places. The arroyo is nothing but the upper part of [12:4]. Cf. [12:8]. [12 :8] San Juan Kqpikag.i''i'ohvaje, Kqpilcag.i'i'ohwaje^ohi ' red starving arroyo height' 'hills of red starving arroyo height' {Kqpilcag.i, see [12:7]; 'i'* locative and adjective-forming postfix; hwajh 'height'; 'ohu 'hill'). This reddish height is north and northeast of the arroyo from which it appears to take its name. See [12:7]. [12:9] San Juan Jimp'anihq, Jq/im.p'oaiyhq 'broad willow arroyo' {jiVf 'willow'; ^'a 'broadness' 'broad' 'largeness and flatness' 'large and flat', here evidently referring to the shape of a willow tree or a group or number of willow trees; 'iz^y, n\ locative and adjective-forming postfix, the San Juan dialect sometimes having n\ for jj/y/ Icq 'barranca' 'arroyo with banks'). See [12:13]. Whether the name originally applied to the arroyo or to the height [12:13] it is of course impossible to determine. No willow trees were to be seen either in the dry gttlch or on the height. See [12:13]. [12:10] (1) San JuanTFo6«* ' medieinB piles ' (wo 'medicine' 'magic'; hidi ' pile ' or 'heap ' of roundish shape). Why this name is applied appeared not to be known to the informants. Perhaps it refers to the occurrence of the medicinal plant referred to by name (2), below. (2) San Juan ''Ag.ojop'ioku ' contrayerba hills ' (^agojop^e ' con- trayeTba' 'Dorstenia contrayerba', a kind of weed the stalks of which are chewed, the cud being applied to sores and swellings by the Indians <''agojo 'star',^'e 'stick' 'stalk' 'plant'; ^ohu 'hill'). [12:11] San Juan Pafnhie 'red fish corner', referring to [12:12] (I'api, see [12:12] ; be'e 'small low roundish place'). [12:12] San Juan Papilcwaje 'red fish height', said to be applied because the height looks like the reddish spine of a reddish fish, although the writer could not see the resemblance {pa ' fish ' ; pi 'redness' 'red'; hoaje 'height'). [12:13] San Juan J^mpahwajh 'broad willow height' {J^mp^a, see [12:9]; hwaji 'height'. .[12:14] Sa.nJua.n Tuita'iMnj'^H''^ ' little shield painting ' {tiii 'shield'; ta^i 'painting'; hinfse 'small'; '*'^ locative and adjective-forming postfix). This little hill is as round as a shield and is of reddish and yellowish color as if painted. The 'large shield painting' hill [12:33] is, however, not of shield shape. Cf . [12:15] and [12:33]. HAEEINGTON] PLACE-NAMES 221 [12:15] San Juan Tuitq^ihinfs^kq 'little shield painting arroyo' {Tuitq'ihinf^, see [12:14:]; kq 'barranca' 'arroyo with banks'). This little gulch takes its name from [12:14]. [12:16] San Juan NimfihUi 'pile of red earth' {mlyf 'earth'; pi 'redness' 'red'; iiui 'roundish pile of small size'). This is a small roundish hill of bright red color which is con- spicuous afar off. [12:17] San Juan Tdba, Tas^nty.ywss.johia 'the cliffs' ' the cliffs of the tall tas^yf grass species place', referring to [12:19] (toSa 'cliff' 'vertical bank'; Tas^nty,'r)ws§.jo, see [12:19]). These cliffs are high and noticeable, and give the upper part of the dell of [12:7] a markedly barren appearance. The cliffs are yellowish and reddish in color. See [12:18] and [12:19]. [12:18] San Juan J'oSap^^^^e, Tasentipywc^joioiapB^ygi ' beyond the cliffs' 'beyond the cliffs of the tall tas^yf grass species place', referring to [12:17] {Tdba, Tas^nty,yws^joioda, see [12:17]; pe^yge 'beyond'). This name refers to quite a large region of arid, broken country. [12:19] San Juan Tasinty,yws^jo'oku 'hills of the tall tas^yy grass species ' (tasiigf ' an unidentified species of grass which is very good for grazing purposes and grows waist-high under very favorable conditions, called by the Mexicans zacate azul' locative and adjeofcive-forming postfix; kq 'barranca' 'arroyo with barrancas'). [13:15] (1) San Juan Kunyw^qyivi 'turquoise pueblo' {huny^ 'tur- quoise' 'kalaite'; ^qywi 'pueblo'). This name is applied also to the pueblo ruin [29:23]. Compare also "alaPuenta [3:19], on voit la grande ruine de Kwengyauinge (maison de la turquoise bleue)".' See [3: unclassified]. (2) San Juan' Ot'qnnsg^qywi 'pueblo on the other side' {'ot-' qnns^ 'on the other side' K'ot'qyy unexplained, nsp locative; 'g^/'i^j 'pueblo'). This name is much used by the San Juan people. (3) Eng. Pueblito settlement. (u large groove' 'arroyo'). [13:26] is called by the same name. [13:20] San Juan Kqp^aQ.i'irjf, see [11:6]. [13:21] The San Juan name (which unfortunately has been mislaid by the writer) means 'where the water is deep'. [13:22] San Juan TePohop'e 'wagon road bridge' {tepo 'wagon road' » Bandelier in Eitcli, N. Mex., p. 210, 1885. u Bandelier, Final Report;, pt. n, pp. 48, 68, 60, 61, 1892. 12 Ibid., pt. I, p. 123, 1890. '» Hewett: Antiquities, p. 38, 1906; Communautfe, p. 30, 1908. " R. E. Twitchell in Santa Fe New Mexican, Sept. 122, 1910. « Hodge in Handbook Inds., pt. 2, 1007, 1910. "Ofiate (1598) in Doc. Inid., XVI, p. 116, 1871. 228 ETHNOGEOGKAPHY OF THE TEWA INDIANS [bth. ann. 29 (3) Span. "Sant Gabriel." ' "San Gabriel." ^ " Sant Ga- briele."^ "The pueblo was voluntarily relinquished to the Spaniards under OSate in 1598, the inhabitants joining their kindred at San Juan. In the year named the first white settlement in the West was here made, under the name ' San Francisco de los Espanoles,' and on September 8 the chapel was consecrated. In the following year the name was changed to San Gabriel, which has been retained by the Mexicans as the name of the place to this day. San Gabriel was abandoned in the spring of 1605 and Santa Fe founded as the seat of the New Mexican provincial government."* The older Indians of San Juan are still familiar with the name San Gabriel.^ [13:28] (1) Eng. Chamita settlement. (o 'water'; je 'to meet'; ge 'down at' 'over at'). This name applies to the confluence and the adjacent locality. As used at San Juan Pueblo it often refers especially to the fields of San Juan Indians bordering on the Rio Grande, just east of the confluence. [13:37] San Juan Qwe'bejegenug.ekeJ'i, sometimes abbreviated to Qwe- i^nugelceM 'height of kick down together low place' {Qweie- jegenug.e, see [13:38]; heM 'height'). The wagon road leading up the Chama Valley on the north side, of the river passes over this height before plunging into [13:38]. [13:38] San Juan Qwetejeg.emig.e 'kick down together low place' {gweM 'to kick an object' as in the kicking-race game; je 'to meet', said to refer here to the objects kicked; g.e ' down at' ' over at'; nu'u below'). The name probably refers to the kicking of objects in a direction toward each other and downward at this place, in connection with the playing of some game, it is said. Cf. [13:37]. [13:39] San Juan Tsikq 'basalt arroyos' {tsi 'basalt'; kq 'barranca' 'arroyo with barrancas'). These short and broken gulches extend from the mesa-cliff to the river. The place is strewn with blocks and masses of basalt. Cf. [13:1], [13:2]. [13:40] (1) Eng. Duende settlement. (Span.). = Span. (3). (3) Span. Guache, of obscure etymology. =Eng, (2). So far as it has been possible to learn, "Guache" has no meaning in Span., and is not a corruption of any Tewa name. Cf . , however, G uache- panque [14:20]. 232 ETHNOGEOGEAPHY OF THE TEWA INDIANS [eth. ann. 29 This Mexican settlement merges into Placita Larga [14:12] on the south, and is separated from San Jos4 de Chama [13:44] on the north by Mqhihxi^vnM [14:8]. [14:12] (1) ^Oywiheji, ^uheji 'long pueblo' 'long town', translating the Span, name (^qrjwi 'pueblo', hardly properly applied to a Mexi- can settlement; heji 'length' 'long'; 6w'm 'town'). =Eng. (2), Span. (3). (2) Eng. Placita Larga. ( Final Report, pt. ii, p. 66, 1892. 2 Bandelier, Delight Makers, p. 378, 1890. s Bandelier, Final Report, op. cit., pp. 7, 19, 66, 67. < Hewett: General View, p. 598, 1905; Antiquities, p. 14, 1906; Communautfe, p. 45, 1908. 6 Hewett in Out West, xxxi, p. 702, 1909. » Harrington, ibid. ' Final Beport, op. cit., pp. 66-67. 8 Antiquities, No. 1, 1906. " 236 ETHNOGEOGEAPHY OF THE TEWA INDIANS [eth. ann. 29 [14:39] Santa Clara Tsipiwi^ Qywilceji ' pueblo ruin at [14:38] ' {TsipiwiH, see [14:38]; 'qijwikeji 'pueblo ruin' <^Qywi 'pueblo', ^ji 'old' postpound). Hewett mentions "cliff dwellings of Chupadero Canyon" [14:87].! "Chipiwi".^ TsipiwiH is a ruin situated on the southern rim of the mesa east of the gap from which it takes its name, according to Doctor Hewett, by whom it is described.^ [14:40] Santa Clara Pujekohu'u, Puj^irjhqhu^u 'arroyo of [14:46]' {Puje, see [14:46]; '^??y locative and adjective-forming postfix; kqTwHu 'arroyo with barrancas' <^o ' water', Ihu'u ' large groove' arroyo'). Cf. Span. (2). (2) Span. Arroyo del Pinavete 'rock-pine arroyo . Ct. Tewa(l). , „ .,. , [14:87] (1) Santa Clara£ywiA«'« 'skunk-bush gap '(iT^wi't, see under [14 :unlocated] ; liu'u ' large groove ' ' arroyo ') . (2) San Ildefonso 'A"'nfy,'"4a''s^niyf7i,u'u ' arroyo where the two maidens sit' {'a"'nfy,vj'^ + pl^ral of 'a'^nyy, 'maiden' 'virgin'; 4a 'they two' third person dual prefixed pronoun with intransi- tive verb; '^2?y 'to sit'; '^i;/- locative and adjective-forming post- fix; hu'u 'large groove' 'arroyo'). Why this name is applied was not known to the informants. (3) Eng. Chupadero Creek, Chupadero Arroyo, Chupadero Canyon. ( .^ ^ n \ n 1^'"^""*^ / z. -,,,C- •■'/, 3 "I" ;/;:fl, N / * t 'iiu\^ 1 '5/ ir' J """'-^ v>'' '-. ) 0'"-, ' --■ ' , ^- '"'C'C'' "'/"• /„^ V / S M}i o^ \ '-r-S" ":^ ''"'''.„ / \ ^) V_^ x u ~ 0/ = \ \ / "=■- ».i» , •//,„,■ 'l,,\-^^^ o 2 \ .= « ''- t '' ..'l^ o ■o ' • '-..«' t P5 N e - CE - «> --ffl 1 ^:::^r-^ C8 5 " S2\ / ^^^ n _=j:--.£i%= y cf [^ ^ .^..^^w*-***-'*'***" ; /y--> -V n / 'v.- tj / J/O' ^*"*'**'*-t-*- 1 /^ J JfCf / Z^"' ""/■, ^??^^ •^: .^^^>■ b"'' .^^.^^■' ..^-^ CM -mni/^f "^ig^Jfe^ •:>,>^~ ''W^ ^v«';;«i//v i/ii .; : z o o uj cc 05 < UJ < CC < -I o < H Z < to MAP 15 SANTA CLARA EAST REGION HAEEINGTON] PLACE-NAMES 249 San Juan PopWcmu^u of obscure etymology {popi 'spring' Information, 1910. 250 ETHNOGEOGEAPHY OF THE TEWA INDIANS [eth. ANN. 29 [15:8] San Juan Po'okaMwe 'cold water place' {'po 'water'; 'ohui 'coldness' 'cold'; we for ''vwe locative). A stream of cold water runs from this place down to Potaage [15:10]. [15 :9] San Juan Pofuge ' down by the bend in the river ', I'ef erring to a small bend in the river (po 'water'; fu'u 'projecting corner or point', here referring to a bend of the river; g.e 'down at' 'over at'). There are several cottonwood trees at this place. [15:10] San Juan Potsage 'down at the marshy place' {po 'water-; tsa 'to cut through'; g.6 'down at' 'over at'). This place extends for some distance along the river. A stream from a spring, from which Pd'okcuiwe [15 :8] gets its name, runs down to this place. [15:11] San Juan Potsaqwog.e 'down where it cuts through or gouges out at the marshy place' {po 'water'; tsa 'to cut through' 'to ooze out'; qwq 'to cut through or gouge out as when a stream washes away land'; g.e 'down at' 'over at'). This name is said to be applied to a kind of gulch or bank at PotsaQfi [15 :10]. [15:12] San Juan Wdbe 'the high plain' (unanalyzable). The level land all about Ranchito settlement [12:14] is called thus by the San Juan Indians. Cf . [12 :13] and [12 :14]. It is probable that the locality called Llano [15 :15] was formerly included under the name Wdbe. [15:13] (1) San Juan H^SeoJT^^o 'arroyo of [15:12]' (TTofe.?, see [15:12]; 'i'* locative and adjective-forming postfix; ^g -'barranca' 'arroyo with barrancas'). (2) Eng. Ranchito Arroyo. (olcu {;o%u 'down' 'fluff'), 'the fluff of the seed of the female tree of these species'; fo 'water'; ge 'down at' 'over at'). There were cottonwoods and pools at the place; hence the name. This is the old Tewa name of the site of the present ranch of Mr. Lucero Amado, which is passed by the main road connecting San Juan Pueblo and Santa Cruz settlement [15:19]. [15:17] (1) Susoge,S%isog.epokwi^'b\g covnBT'' ' pool of the big corner ' (6m'-w' large low roundish place'; so'" 'bigness' 'big'; ge 'down at' 'over at'; fokwi 'pool' 'lake' 823 1910. •. r • , i-. , 2 Ibid. (Santa Clara information). ' Pewkes in Nineteenth Sep. Bwr. Amer. Elhn., p. 614 (Hano name.) < Hewett, General View, p. 597, 1905. 5 Hewett, Communautds, p. 31, 1908. 8 Bandelier, Final Report, pt. II, p. 83, 1892. 'Esealante (1778), Carta al Padre Morfl, par. 7, quoted by Bandelier, ibid., p. 103, note sRelacion An6nima, 1718, p. 127, quoted by Bapdeller, ibid. HARRINGTON] PLACE-JTAMES 255 Qrder to be nearer their kindred, the Tehuas [Tewa]. Vargas found them there in 1692, when he made his first successful dash into New Mexico. There , is also a ruin in that neighborhood, I-pe-re [elsewhere given by Bandelier as the Tano Tewa. name of San Laz- aro [29:52]], or San Ldzaro, which dates from the same period. Both wereabandoned after the reconquest, San Lazaro in 1694:, and Yam P'hamba or San Cristobal in the same year. It [San Crist6- bal] was subsequently reoccupied, and finally deserted in 1696, after the murder of the missionary Fray Jos4 de Arvizu on the 4th of June. With him was killed the priest of Taos, Fray Antonio Carboneli. In the Canada de Santa Cruz [15:18], consequently, there are ruins of historic, as well as of pre-historic pueblos; a fact which future explorers should bear in mind". ^ "After the expulsion of the Spaniards [1631], the Tanos of San Cristobal [29 ;4:5] settled in, the vicinity of Santa Cruz [15:18], as already related. Most of their descendants are now among the Mpquis [Hopi]".^ "San Lazaro [29:52] . . . which was abandoned after the uprising in 1680 and never occupied again. " ^ " Les ruines de Tsawari se trouvent sur une petite colline du ■c6t6 sud, h, cinq milles plus haut.[than [15:21] and [15:22]], sur la Canada [15:18]. Le nora historique de ce village est San Cristoval. Nous avons ^tabli que ce lieu est le Tsawari, ou Tcewadi, ou vivait le peuple Hano, aujourd'hui S, Hopi. Les Indiens de Santa Clara et de San Ildefonso ont h cet 6gard des traditions. Dans ces deux villages, on trouve encore des Indiens qui se rappellent les visites faites par les Indiens Hano k leur demeure ancestrale, selon une coutume en usage chez les Pueblo^. Une preuve d'identification importante est la locality elle-mSme . . . L'identificationde cet en droit avecle San Cristoval de I'histoire est 6galement complete, oar c'est le nom par lequel la ruine est connue des Mexicains de la valine. A propos de ce village, Bandelier dit: 'Yam P'hamba 6tait un village con- struit par les Tanos dans le voisinage de Santa Cruz apr^s la rSvolte de 1680, lorsqu'ils abandonnerent la region de Galisteo et allSrent au nord pour se rapprocher de leurs parents, les Tehuas. II y a aussi, dans ce voisinage, une ruine, Ipera, ou San Lazaro, qui date de la m^me p6riode. lis furent tons deux abandonn6s aprSs la conqulte, en 1694, furent ensuite repris et finalement d&ertfe en 1696.'"* "The natives of this pueblo [San Crist6bal [29:45]], and of San Lazaro [29:51] were forced by hostilities of the Apache, the eastern Keresan tribes, and the Pecos to transfer their pueblos to the vicinity of San Juan [ll:San Juan Pueblo], where the towns were rebuilt under the same names (Bancroft, Ariz, and N. Mex. , p. 186, 1889). This removal (which was more strictly to a 1 Bandelier, Pinal Report, pt. ii, p. 83 and notes, 1892. ' Ibid. , p. 105, 3 Ibid., p. 103. < Hewett, Communantfe, pp. 31-32, 1908. 256 ETHNOGEOGRAPHY OF THE TEWA INDIANS [bth. ANN. 29 place called Pueblito LPuebla [15 :25]], near the present Potrero [15 : unlocated], about 2 m. b. of Santa Cruz [15:19], on the Rio Santa Cruz [15:18]), occurred after the Pueblo revolt of 1680, andpnorto 1692, at which latter date the natives were found by Vargas in their new locality. The pueblo was abandoned in 1694, but was later re- occupied, and was finally deserted in 1696 after the murder of their missionary in June of that year. Most of their descendants are now among the Hopi of Arizona." * It will be noticed that Bandeher ap- pears not to have visited "Fsmwoui Pueblo ruin or vicinity, and merely approximates the site of "Yam P'ham-ba" (San Crist6bal) as a pueblo [15:25]. Hewett is more definite, but his information is contradicted by the writer's information. Even the Mexicans living at Puebla [15:25] whom the author interviewed had appa- rently never heard that fss^wcuiVuehlo ruin is called San Crist6bal. The history of the people of fss^wcui after they abandoned the pueblo is, on the other hand, widely known among the Tewa. Bandelier says merely: "After the expulsion of the Spaniards [from New Mexico in 1680], the Tanos of San Cristobal [29:45] settled in the vicinity of Santa Cruz [15:19], as already rekted. Most of their descendants are now among the Moquis [Hopi]."^ "It [San Crist6bal by Santa Cruz [15:19]] was . . . finally deserted in 1696, after the murder of the missionary Fray Jos6 de Arvizu on the 4th of June.'" "Tsawari, ou Tcewadi, oil vivait le peuple Hano [unmapped], aujourd'hui k Hopi. Les Indiens de Santa Clara et de San Ildefonso ont a cet 6gard de traditions. Dans ces deux villages, on trouve encore des Indiens qui se rap- pellent les visites faites par les Indiens Hano a leur demeure ancestrale, selon une coutume en usage chez les Pueblos." * " Most of their descendants [those of San Cristobal [29:45] and San Lazaro [29:52]] are now among the -Hopi of Arizona."' The writer has succeeded in obtaining from a number of Tewa Indians the uniform information that the inhaliitants of fss^wadi were Tewa and that they fled to the Hopi several generations ago to escape from the tyranny of the Mexicans and to help the Hopi fight the Navaho and the Mexicans. On reaching the Hopi country they built a new pueblo, called "Tewa" (see Hano [unmapped]). Hano Tewa frequently visit the Tewa and other pueblos of the Rio Grande drainage, trading or selling goods. They sometimes visit also TsB^wcui, the site of their former pueblo. Two Hano Tewa men visited the Tewa villages in 1910. Information obtained by a friend from J. M. Naranjo, an aged Santa Clara Indian, assigns a reason not usually given for the migration of the people: "Long ago people of our language 1 Hodge in Handbook Inds., pt. 2, p. 428, 1910. 3 Ibid., p. 83. 2 Bandelier, Pinal Report, pt. n, p. 103, 1892. * Hewett, Communautfe, p. 31, 1908. HARKINGTON] PLACE-NAMES 257 lived near Chimayo [22:18], at fssewcul, and there came Moki [K^oso^qyj', Hopi] people and said they were fighting much with the Navaho, and for these people to go with them to fight the Navaho, and that they would give them lands to sow for their families. They all went, to a man, deserting fs^wcui. They went to toiakwajk. ' a mesa top ' \tdba ' cliff ' ; hwaje ' top '] and were given lands below. Then came Navaho, very many. The cap- tain told the people that he would spend the night below in the fields and half-way up on the mesa. After breakfast they all went down to fight the Navaho, they and the K'osd'qyj'. They met the Navaho at a place between two high hills. They fought all day, from breakfast until the sun was pretty low. All the Navaho were killed except one to carry the news home. Many Moki [Hopi] died also. So that place is called Twwi''i \tu ' flesh'; wiH 'gap']." An old man of San Ildefonso gave the writer the following information: A fellow tribesman of Pu^e 'Little Jackrabbit' {pu 'jackrabbit'; 'e diminutive; Tewa name of a young Oraibi Hopi silversmith, who lives, working at his trade, at San Ildefonso and Santo Domingo) visited San Ildefonso a couple of years ago. This man said that the people of "Tano " village at Hopi used to live at fs^wcui. When the people left Tsc^wcui they buried a big storage jar {rt4ly,mbe 'storage jar,' Span, tinajon) filled with blue turquoise, red coral, and other beautiful things, somewhere near the pueblo. What the jar contains is very valuable. Nobody has yet found it. The Ts^woM people went straight to the Hopi country. They shot an arrow four times and then they reached Hopiland. See [15:23], [15:25], Tano (Names of Tribes and Peoples, page 576), San Crist6bal [29:45], San Cristobal [15:unlocated], San Ldzaro [29:52], San Lazaro [15:unlocated], "Potrero" [15:unlocated], Jiyh'^ygi [15:unlocated], ''OFqmboM [15 :unlocated], and Hano Pueblo [unmapped]. [15:25] (1) Eng. Puebla. (< Span.). = Span. (2). (2) Span. Puebla, perhaps named from the large town of this name in Mexico. Span, puebla means 'settlement,' but is an uncommon and little-known word in New Mexican Span. = Eng. (1). "The site of Yam P'ham-ba is probably that of the so called 'Puebla' two miles east of Santa Cruz".' Bandelier identifies the site of his "YamP'hamba" with that of Ts^woM'Qywikeji; see "Yam P'hamba" [29:45]. "Tsawarii . . . The Tewa name of a pueblo that once stood at or near the present hamlet of La Puebla, or Pueblito, a few miles above the town of Santa Cruz, in s. e. Eio 1 Bandelier, Final Eeport, pt. ii, p. 83, note, 1892. 87584°— 29 eth— 16 17 258 ETHNOGEOGEAPHY OF THE TEWA INDIANS [eth. ANN. 29 Arriba Co. , N. Mex." ' Indian and Mexican, informants state that the place is called Puebla, never Pueblito. The settlement consists of a string of Mexican houses and farms between the arid hills on the south and the bed of Santa Cruz Creek on the north. See [15:23], [15:24]. [15:26] (1) Hulahu^u 'dry arroyo', probably translating the Span, name. Cf; Eng. (2), Span. (3). (2) Eng. Seco Arroyo, Arroyo Seco Arroyo. (< Span.). = Span. (3). Cf. Tewa(l). (3) Span. Arroyo Seco ' dry arroyo '. = Eng. (2). Cf . Tewa (1). This is a large, deep, and usually djy arroyo. It was at this arroyo that a " battle " was fought between Mexicans and Tewa Indians about a century ago-, according to a San Juan informant. "The governor of San Juan Pueblo was at that time Baltazar and the name of the captain of the Mexicans was Armijo. They had a battle in the HiAahiCu, or Arroyo Seco, south of Santa Cruz Creek. It was a big battle. There were five wagonloads of dead Mexicans. One wagon which the Indians captured contained ammunition. At evening of the day of the battle the Mexican leader wanted to confer with the Indian leader. The latter agreed to come unarmed to the former. Peace was made. But when the Mexicans and Indians were returning together to Santa Cruz, suddenly the Indians were seized and were locked up in Santa Cruz church. Just a little bread was thrown in to the Indians, but they refused to eat such food. They were Tewa Indians, and some of them were from San Juan." This informant was an old man and he stated that his father took part in this "battle." The writer is unable to explain this account. It can hardly refer to the engagement which Bandelier^ mentions: "The Arroyo Seco was the scene of the engagement in August, 1837, in which Gov- ernor Perez was routed by the insurgents from Taos and north- ern New Mexico". It is said that there is a deposit of good gua^'^ave stone [see Minerals] somewhere near Seco Arroyo. [15:27] (1) Eng. Polvadera settlement. (^ 'mule- deer'; qws^yf 'tail'; Jcwag.e 'mesa'). [16:22] San Ildefonso Pekehe^e 'little corner of the hard penis' (^e 'penis'; he 'hardness' 'hard'; le'e 'small low roundish place'). [16:23] San Ildefonso T'lipihuhwqje 'height by red white-earth ar- royo' {T^y,pihu''u, see [16:24]; hwaje 'height'). [16:24] San Ildefonso T'y,pihu^u 'red white-earth arroyo' (^'y'» 'a kind of white earth', see under Minerals; pi 'redness' 'red'; hu'u 'large groove' 'arroyo'). 262 ETHNOGEOGBAPHY OF THE TEWA INDIANS [eth. ann. 29 [16:26] San Ildefonso P^ahemiJwjDu 'arroyo of fire gully gap' {P^ahe- wiH, see under [16:unIocated], p. 277; hu^u 'large groove' 'arroyo'). [16 :26] San Ildefonso TfB^''%yhvage of obscure etymology {tfss, unex- plained, as in [16:20] and [16:27]; 'i' * locative and adjective-form- ing postfix; hvage 'mesa'). [16:27] San Ildefonso Tfs^piyy of obscure etymology (^/^ unex- plained, as in [16:20 and [16:26]; piyf 'mountain'). This large hill has a small flat top surrounded by cliffs. (See pi. 12, C.) This, hill is said to have no Span. name. [16:28] San Ildefonso TfsS'fimbu^u, Tf^hu^u of obscure etymology (Tf^piVf, see [16:27]; tfs^ unexplained, as in [16:20], [16:26], [16:27]; bu'u 'large low roundish place'). [16:29] San Ildefonso Ts^Vin^yV qyge 'down where the soft earth is dug' {tB^'bi 'soft'; n^Vf 'earth'; Yqyj- 'to dig'; g.e 'down at' ' over at '). [16:30] Eng. Pajarito station. This station was established by the Denver and E-io Grande Railroad Company some time between 1908 and 1912. The name was probably given by Miss Clara D. True, who owns a large ranch near by, which she has named Pa- jarito Ranch. The name Pajarito is taken of course from the Pajarito Plateau, etc. ; see [17:34]. [16:31] San Ildefonso Stii^sohvijdbinaia 'Mrs. Stevenson's ranch' {Stii^sQ dbuhvag.e ' mesa at [16 :40]' ; {K^oJ'ohu'u, see [16:47]; hvage 'mesa.') [16:42] San Ildefonso ^Omapiyj' oi obscure etymology (^oma unex- plained; fivf 'mountain'). '6> means with different intonations 'scar' and 'metate'. The syllable ma is postpounded in several other place-names, but its meaning is no longer understood. This high hill is thought of by the San Ildefonso in connection with. fumafiy J- [16:130]. ''Oma'pirif is on the west side of the Eio Grande at the mouth of the canyon, fumapiyj' is on the east side. The locality at the foot of ' Omapiyy is called ' Omafinnu'u or 'Omcmu'u (nu'u 'below'). "'Oinafiyf is a conspicuous moun- tain as viewed from San Ildefonso Pueblo. [16:43] San Ildefonso Wmapiywi'i, ""Omawm 'gap by [16:42]' (^Oma- fiVfi '(?wa see [16:42]; wiH 'gap'). A wagon road goes through this gap or pass. [16:44] (1) San Ildefonso Pimps^yge 'beyond the mountains' {piyf 'mountain'; ps^yge 'beyond'). There is no more definite Tewa name for this valley. (2) Eng. Santa Rosa Valley. (< Span.). = Span. (3). (3) Span. Valle de Santa Rosa ' valley of Saint Rose '. = Eng. (2). This is one of the high, grass-grown meadow-valleys west of the Jemez Range. Such valleys occur also in the Peruvian Andes, where they are called by the German - speaking inhabitants " Wiesentaler." Cf . [16 :45] and [16 :131]. See also [27:11]. [16:45] (1) San Ildefonso TsisoPimp^yge Ih&jouA the mountain of the great canyon', referring to [16:46] (rs^opi??^, see [16:46]; p^vge ' beyond '). The locality is also referred to by the more inclusive and loosely applied name Pimpsgyge ' beyond the mountains '. Cf . [16:45]. (2) Eng. Posos Valley. (< Span.). =Spaji. (3). HARRINGTON] PLACE-NAMES 265 (3) Span. Valle de los Posos ' valley of the holes'. =Eng. (2). The Span, name is said to refer to the holes in the grassy surface of the valley. This is, like [16:44] and [16:131], one of the high, grass-grown meadow-valleys west of the Jemez Kange. [16:46] San lldefonso Tsisopiyy, TsisofiyTcewe ' mountain of the great canyon ' ' mountain peak of the great canyon ' {Tsiso'o, see [16:53]; piyf ' mountain '; Icewe ' peak')- This mountain is at the head of Tsiso'o, or Guaje Canyon [16:53]. A trail much used by Tewa people when going to Jemez leads up the Guaje Canyon [16:53], over this mountain and across the Valle Grande [16:131] to Jemez. See [16:47]. [16:47] Sanlldefonso Tsi^ofiy/afcHi^^ 'great canyon mountain steep slope where one goes up as one ascends stairs or ladders ' {Tsiso- piyy, see [16:46]; a'a' ' steep slope'; fa ' to go up a stairway or a ladder'; '*'* locative and adjective-forming postfix). On this slope the trail mentioned under [16:46] is steep and stairway-like. [16:48] San lldefonso Kupiwcui 'iykwag.e ' red stone strewn mesa ' {hu 'stone'; pi 'redness' 'red'; wcui 'strewn' 'scattered'; iyy locative and adjective-forming postfix; 7cwag.e "mesa.''). Whether the name 'red stone strewn 'is originally applied to [16:48] or [16:49] or to both is not determined. Cf. [16:49]. [16:49] (1) San lldefonso Kufiwcui Hnisi'i ' red stone strewn canyon ' {KupiwcUi, see [16:49]; '^'^ locative and adjective-forming post- fix; isi'z ' canyon '). "Whether this name was originally applied to [16:48] or [16:49] or to both is not determined. Cf. [16:48]. (2) Eng. Angostura Canyon. («l/^e ' beyond'). [16:55] San Udefonso fsiweWiwe 'place of the narrow canyon' (ts-Pi ' canyon ' ; weki ' narrowness ' ' narrow ' ; Hwe locative) . The canyon is narrow at this place. The place has given the names to [16:54] , [16:56], and [16:57]. [16:56] San Udefonso PimpijefsiweM'ivhvag.e ' northern mesa, by the place that the canyon is narrow' {pii^ije 'north' aQ.e 'mesa where the pinon trees are all together' (?o 'pinon tree' 'Pinus edulis'; w^yqe 'together in one place'; hwag.e 'mesa'). [16 :89] San Ildef onso ''Aiihiyfhu^u ' arroyo with chokecherry grow- ing at its little bends' ('«Se 'chokecherry' 'Prunus melanocarpa'; h^yf 'a small bend'; hv^u 'large groove' 'arroyo') Cf. [16:90]. [16:90] San Ildef onso ^ Aiih(r) fhy^woge 'delta of the arroyo with chokecherry growing at its little bends' {'Aii.hiyj'ku'u, see [16: 89]; qwogje 'delta' 'down where it cuts through' < gwo 'to cut through', g.e 'down at' 'over at'). See [16:89]. [16:91] San Ildef onso Jq;yfh4nnu 'where the willow is all gone' {jiVf 'willow'; M-Vf 'to be all gone'; nu locative). This name is applied to the locality both north and south of the stream. There are many cottonwood trees at this place and the inform- ants think that thp Mexicans call tlje place Bosquecito 'little forest'. [16:92] San Ildef onso Mq,poma of obscure etymology. (No part of the word can be explained; ma occurs as the last element of several place-names). This locality is on the southern side of the stream-bed. [16 : 93] (1) San Ildef onso ]BudfU]cehjoag.e ' mesa where the donkey was killed' (by4u 'donkey' < Span, burro 'donkey'; ¥e 'to be killed'; hwagjs 'mesa'). Cf. Span. (2). (2) Span. Banco del Burro 'donkey bank'. Cf. Tewa (1). The following story explains the name: A Navaho once stole a donkey from the Tewa, taking it from a corral at night. He was overtaken by armed Tewa somewhat east of this place on the following morning. The Navaho made the donkey fall over the cliff of this mesa, thus killing it, and escaped by fleeing afoot. The Tewa found the dead donkey at the foot of the cliff. 270 ETHNOGEOGEAPHY OF THE TEWA INDIANS [bth. ann. 29 [16:94] San Ildefonso Ifw^mpekiH^ 'place where the rock-pine tree is 'bent' (7?w^2?y 'rock-pine' 'Pinus scopulorum'; peki 'bent', said for instance of an arm bent at the elbow or at the wrist; '*'* loca- tive and adjective-forming postfix). There is a peculiarly twisted and bent rock-pine tree at this place; hence the name. , [16:95] (1) San Ildefonso Kus'mfimhu'u of obscure etymology {ku 'stone' 'rock'; si unexplained; nfo-VJ- 'nest'; lu'u 'large low roundish place'). (2) Span. Vallecito ' little valley '. This is described as being a large and deep dell at the head of [16:98]. [16:96] (1) San Ildefonso KuJc'iwaMkwag.e 'tufa-strewn mesa' {lcuk^ 'tufa' < ^?< 'stone', F^■ unexplained; woM 'to strew' 'to scatter'; hwage ' mesa'). Cf . [16:97] and [16:99]. (2) Span. Chiquero 'pigsty' 'sheepfold'. Why this Span. name is applied is not known. ^ [16:97] SsitxlXAeionso KuMiwa^ipivf, Kuh'iwaMfivlcewe 'tufa-strewn mountain' 'tufa-strewn mountain peak' {E.uk'iwaJ'i, see [16:96];. fiyf 'mountain'; ^ewe 'peak'). Cf. [16:96]. [18:98] San Ildefonso Pitsawehu'u of obscure etymology {pi apparently 'redness' 'red'; teaswe unexplained; Jiu'u 'large groove '^arroyo'). [16:99] San Ildefonso Z■M*'^wa^^A■M''M ' tufa-strewn arroyo ' {EukHwoJ^i^ see [16:96]; hu'u 'large groove' ' arroyo'). This name is applied to the two upper forks of [16:100] because they are situated in the locality called KukHwaMhvag.e [16:96]. [16 :100] (1) San Ildefonso Tehu'u ' cottonwood tree arroyo ' (fe ' cotton- wood' 'Populus wislizeni'; /m'w 'large groove' 'arroyo'). Cf. Span. (4), of which this Tewa name is perhaps a translation. (2) San Ildefonso ' Obehuhu'u ' arroyo of [16:121]' (' ObeWu, see [16:121]; Im^u 'large groove' 'arroyo'). (3) Eng. Alamo Canyon. ( Bandelier, op. cit. "Hewett, op. cit. HARRINGTON] PLACE-NAMES 275 fsiH ' canyon '). Whether spruce trees now grow in the canjj^on is not known to the writer. This name is applied to the arroyo or canyon only below the vicinity of Potsuwi'i ruin [16:105]. See [16:102]. It is believed that the canybn is correctly located on the sheet. [16:116] San Ildefonso Tse^ewPi 'gap of the eagle(s)' {tse 'eagle'; 'e diminutive; wiH 'gap'). Cf. [16:117]. [16:117] San Ildefonso Tse^ewikwajh 'height by the gap of the eagle(s)' {Tse'ewiH^ see [16:116]; hnaje 'height'). [16:118] San Ildefonso '' Agap' itege of obscure etymology ('aga unex- plained but occurring also in a few other Tewa place-names, for instance ''Agatfanu [22:54]; p'i said to sound exactly like pi 'a sore '; te ' to lift up ' 'to pick up '; ge ' down at ' ' over at '). This name applies to the western part of the low mesa shown on the sheet. [16:119] San Ildefonso Wi^kwaje 'height thereby the little bend', re- ferring to [16:121]; ('OSg, see [16:121]; hwajh 'height') Cf. [16:122]. [16:120] San Ildefonso Ps^nfufakeg.e ' hill where the snake(s) live(s)' {pc^nfu 'snake'; fa 'to live' 'to dwell'; Icege '■ hiW 'knob' ': v^; ' 6 ,. i I' ■■■' I ■ ■ '■! .i. ■',■ , ■■,,• ■ .-■t.^;jL,.., i^ HARRINGTON] PLACE-NAMES 279 [17:11] San Ildefonso Ketdbaqwahjoaje 'bear cliff-dwelling height,' re- ferring to [17:12] {Keioiagwa, see [17:12]; kwaj^ 'height'). The name refers to a roundish mesa, it is said. [17:12] San Ildefonso JSetotaqwa, KetdbaqwaHwe 'bear cliff-dwelling' 'bear cliff-dwelling place' {ke 'bear' of any species; idbaqwa 'cliff-dwelling' i 'wind gap height', re- ferring to [17:23]; kwaje 'height'; Ice^i 'height'). Especially the mesa between J^w^wiH [17:23] and the Rio Grande is called by this name. [17:25] San Ildefonso ^WQwihu'u 'wind gap arroyo', referring to [17:23] {I^wcj,wi^% see [17:23]; /w'w ' large groove ' 'arroyo'). The Ke^awihii^u [17:19] is the largest tributary of this arroyo. [17:26] Buckman wagon bridge, see [20:20]. [17:27] Buckman settlement, see [20:19]. [17:28] San Ildefonso JT'owop'^'*'*' 'place of the twisted corn-husks ' {¥owa 'skin' ' tegument ', here referring to 'corn-husks';^'^ 'to twist' 'to braid' 'to interlace'; '*'* locative and adjective- forming postfix). Corn-husks were and are sometimes twisted and knotted into strange forms and thus prepared have some ceremonial use. At the ruins on the Pajarito Plateau a number of twisted corn-husks have been found. The locality is described as a nearly level dell at the head of the '^SsMm'-w [17:29]. [17 :29] (1) San Ildefonso ''Aiehehu^u, 'AiehefsiH ' arroyo of the little corner of the chokecherry' 'canyon of the little corner of the chokecherry' {'Aiebe'e, see under [17: unlocated], page 288; /m'w ' large groove ' ' arroyo ' ; isi'-i ' canyon '). (2) Buey Canyon, Ox Canyon. (epopq"itsiH, literally 'fishweir wat^ thread canyon', but the etymology is not clear {pou-e 'fishweir'; po 'water'; ^g'2' thread' 'cord' not used in modern Tewa with the meaning 'stream', but perhaps used so in ancient Tewa; isiH 'canyon'). (2) Eng. Water Canyon. ' Water Canyon ' is a common name in the Southwest. Cf. Huntington: " But there ain't no water in these mountains, except once in about 10 years in Water Can- yon".^ The reference is not to this Water Canyon. (3) Span. Canon del Diezmo 'canyon of the tenth or the tithe'. Why this Span, name is applied is not explained. The names apply to a very long canyon, running from [17:57], it is said, to the Rio Grande. [17:59] San IXAeionso Makina' P^ 'sawmill place' {makina 'machine' 'sawmill' *"- ■■ -'^ ^'!!^ (^^^f "'"■^/-^<""'"ii'i'\:^^..^' O) ,1"/ i in z o CD LU < CO Ul < MAP 18 BLACK MESA REGION HARRINGTON] PLACE-NAMES 289 This place is seemingly situated on either [16] or more probably on [17]. See the unlocated pueblo ruins given below. Two or three San Ildefonso Indians liave been questioned, but they know of no mesa by this name. San Ildefonso Posy,ge 'where the water slides down' {po 'water'; sy, said to be the same as sy, in sy,nyy, 'to slide'; g.e 'down at' 'over at'). This name is said to be applied to a place in or near the lower course of Posyge'i'Ofhuhi [17:17], from which the latter takes its name. See [17:17]. San Ildefonso Siywir)(je ' down where he or she stood and cried and wept' {siywiyf 'to stand and cry and weep' 'toward'; ^w'rock' 'stone'; tsiki 'notch "notched'; po' 'trail'; 'e diminutive). This is the expression in current use. It is said that through this gap brave young Tewa went down to the river to get water at night when the San Ildefonso people were besieged by Vargas on top of the mesa in 1694. It is at present difficult to get up or down through this cleft. See [18:19]. Cf. [18:28]. '^ I The cleft is called also KupaieHwe 'where the rock is cleft' {leu 'rock'; pafee 'to split'; 'iwe locative), but this is merely a de- scriptive term. It can, of course, also be spoken of as a wi'i, as [18:28] is usually referred to. [18:28] San Ildefonso ^Akqmptje'iywi'i 'the south gap' Cakompije 'south' <''akq'Of 'plain' 'down country', pije 'toward'; 'i'* locative and adjective-forming postfix; wi^i 'gap'). It is through this gap in the cliflF that access to the top of the mesa is usually gained. A well-worn ancient trail leads up the talus-slope and through the gap to the top of the mesa. See [18:19]. Cf. [18:27]. [18:29] San Ildefonso TsdbijdbipqnteHw^intepakeji 'old wall by the giant's oven', referring to [18:30] {TsaMjdbipqnte, see [18:30]; Hwe locative; 'i'* locative and adjective-forming postfix; tepa 'wall'; Iceji 'old' postpound). The name applies to the remains of a stone wall which may date from the time of de Vargas or earlier, or may have been built mOre recently for the purpose of fencing in stock. This was built across a place at which there is no cliff at all and at which ascent or descent would be easy if not barred in some way. See [18:19]. Cf. [18:30]. [18 :30] San Ildefonso Tsa'bijdbipqnte ' the giant's oven ' {tsaiijo ' giant ' ; 5* possessive ; pqnte 'oven' Kpqyj' 'bread' The most important tributary of Pojoaque Creek is Tesuque Creek [26:1]. ■ Bandelier, Final Eepbi't, pt. ti/ p. 84, 1892. 302 ETHNOGEOGBAPHY OF THE TEWA INDIANS [etu. ANN. 29 [19:4] San Ildefonso Pojiirjws^'^ of obscure etymology (po 'water'; .7 W./ apparently 'to pierce'; w^'^ unexplained). The locality to which this name is applied includes a portion of the creek bed and some territory north of it. In the creek bed is a water hole frequented by live stock. North of the creek Fe- cundo Sanchez of San Ildefonso has a shanty. There are some Cottonwood trees by the northern bank. The locality in this vicinity south of the creek is called Potsifu'u; see [19:38]. Pojtirjws^'s^ gives the name to the hills [19:6]. [19:6] San Ildefonso Pojy,r)ws^^oku 'hills of [19:4]' {Pojy,r)Wc^''s^, see [19:4]; 'o/fcw 'hill'). These little bare hills have ridges like devilfish arms stretching in many directions. [19:6] San Ildefonso P£e.sq,r)fhuhi, see [16:34]. [19:7] San Ildefonso PeJ.ag.e^qrjwikeji, see [16:36]. [19:8] San Ildefonso Ts^Mkohu'u, see [16:36]. [19:9] Rio Grande, see [Large Features], pp. 100-102. [19:10] San Ildefonso Pots^yw^sinns^,' see [16:37]. [19:11] San Ildefonso Potsq,'r)WB^8inns^''vr)j'hu''u, see [16:38]. [19:12] San Ildefonso PifopiHwe, Pogwog.eiipopt'iwe 'where they cross the river' 'where they cross the river by San Ildefonso' {di 'they 3+'; po 'water' 'river'; pi 'to issue' 'to cross'; Hwe 'loca- tive'; Poqwoge, see [19:22]). This is the chief ford in the vicinitj' and is more used than any other ford in- the Tewa country, the bridges at Espanola and San Juan Pueblo making fording unnecessary at those places. At high water the river is 3 or 4 feet deep at this ford. The fords [18:1] and [18:43] are said to' be slightly shallower, but not so conveniently situated. A Mexican family named Gonzales lives just west of the ford. [19:13] San Ildefonso Potdg.ebu'u 'marshy place corner' {potsi 'marsh' 7/: Corrrai fS eo ex r ct-i e fiou-se Q reye^e Pct'a.JLi\ Si4n\ ^kQTnpij\ rSi ot ir »va GROUND-PLAN OF SOUTHERN HALF OF SAN ILDEFONSO PUEBLO, Piazcc TWENTY-NINTH ANNUAL REPORT DIAGRAM 1 ^ (J 3 k T' ■>2Lane (1854) in Schoolcraft, Indian Tribes, v, p. 689, 1855. 13 Davis, El Gringo, p. 88, 1857. "Brevoort, New Mexico, p. 20, 1875. " Bandelierin Arch. Inei. Papers, i, 1881 (correcting Oilate, according to Handbook Inds., pt. 2, p. 441, 1910). "Curtis, Children of the Sun, p. 121, 1883. "Onate, op. oit., p. 266. "Final Report, pt. II, p. 82, 1892. 87584°— 29 eth— 16 ^20 306 ETHNOGEOGEAPHY OF THE TEWA INDIANS [eth. ann. 29 formerly occupied by the plaza is called fad/awe; see [19:26]. The south estufa [19:24] was in the center of the former plaza. The house rows surrounding the former plaza were two or three stories high; most of those of the present pueblo are Only one story high, while a few have'two stories. According to San Ildefonso tradition, when the plaza occupied its former southern location San Ildefonso was a populous and prosperous village. It was big and several-storied. All went well until certain sorcerers advo- cated moving the pueblo to the north. All good people, including the Pd^ntujo (Summer cacique), opposed this move, saying that people must always migrate to the south, villages must always be moved southward. It was arranged at last that the good people and the bad sorcerers should hold a gaming contest and that the pueblo should be moved according to the wish of the winners. What kind of game was played is no longer remembered. The bad sorcerers won the game by witchcraft, and according to their wish the pueblo was shifted northward. Since that time the San Ildefonso people have decreased in number, have had pestilence, famines, persecutions. This is because the pueblo was shifted in the wrong direction. Concerning this shifting Bandelier says: After the upriaing of 1696, when the church was ruined by fire, the village was moved a short distance farther north, and the present church is located almost in front of the site of the older one, to the north of it.' In a footnote Bandelier adds concerning the destruction of the church : This occurred on the 4th of June, 1696. Two priests. Father Francisco Cor- bera and Father Antonio Moreno, were murdered by the Indians, who during the night closed all the openings of both church and convent and then set fire to the edifice. Several other Spaniards also perished. The facts axe too well known to require reference to any of the numerous documents concerning the events. The plaza of the present San Ildefonso used to conj,ain, within the memory of an informant about 45 years of age, seven large Cottonwood trees. Of these at present only one remains. Cf. especially [19:23], [19:24], [19:25], [19:26]. [19:23] San Ildefonso Pimpijete'e 'the north estufa' {pimpije 'north* Bandelier, Final Report, pt. i, p. 267, 1890. sibld, pt. ii, p. 82, 1892. 308 ETHNOGEOGEAPHY OF THE TEWA INDIANS [bth. ann. 29 was the former site ■ of .San Ildef onso. When at ths site the pueblo was only slightly north of a point due west of the shrine hill] 19 :27]. See [19 :22], [19 :24]. [19:27] San Ildef onso ^ Oltuty.'Qwss.jo 'the very high hill' i^ohu 'hill'; t^ywsejo 'great height' 'very high' i 'to issue '). (2) San Ildefonso T^qmpijepokwi 'lake of the east' {fqmpije 'east' < f'qrif 'sun', pije 'toward'; pokwi 'lake' 'pool' < po 'water', hvi unexplained). For the reason that this np.me is ap- plied, see below. These names refer to a small pool of water on 310 ETHNOGEOGEAPHY OF THE TEWA INDIANS [eth. ann. 29 the south side of Pojoaque Creek, almost in the middle of the marshy meadow [19 :38]. This pool or spring is never dry. Live stock drink there. The pool is the ' lake of the east' of the San Ildefonso sacred water ceremony; see pages 44^45. ^ [19:40] San Ildefonso T aba' qywikeji 'live belt pueblo ruin' {Tabaa see [19:41]; 'qywikeji 'pueblo ruin' K^gywi 'pueblo', %'i 'old', postppund).' " I'ha-mba."i The " I" is evidently a misprint for "T." "Ihamba."^ All that could be learned of this pueblo is that it is very old and probably was formerly inhabited by some of the ancestors of San Ildefonso people. It was constructed of adobe. Bandelier says of it: On the south side of the Pojuaque River, between that village [131: 29] and San Ildefonso, two ruins are known to exist; Jacona, orJSacona [31:9], a small pueblo occupied until 1696, and I'ha-mba, of more ancient date. I have not heard of any others in that vicinity.' Hewett says : Pr&s de la riviSre [19:3], au-dessus de San Ildefonso, on trouve les ruines de Sacona [21:9] et d'lhamba . . . Toutes ces ruines sont historiques.^ See [19:41]. [19:41] San Ildefonso Taha'a 'live belt' 'belt where they live' {t'a 'to live' 'to dwell'; Wa 'woman's belt', applied also sometimes to a belt of country). The etymology of the name is not very clear to the Indians. For quoted forms see under [19:40]. This name is applied to a strip of country at the foot of the north end of ffuma'oku [19:35]. The place gives names to the pueblo ruin [19:40] and the arroyo [19:42]. [19:42] San Ildefonso Tabakqhu'u 'live belt arroyo' {TaMa, see [19:41]; hqhu'u 'arroyo with barrancas' i>\ see [19:50]; 'olm 'hill'). HAREINQTON] PLACE-NAMES 813 [19:52] (1) San lldefonso K'osohqku'u 'arroyo of [19:50]' {K'oso'o, see [19:50]; Icqh^i'u 'arroyo with barrancas ' v\ o\W.^ :•''"•<':- '///i'^ 29 3 MILE'S MAP 20 BUCKMAN REGION HARRINGTON] PLACE-NAMES 323 [20:1] San lldeioaso ' Oma?iu''u, see [16:126]. [20:2] San Ildefonso JV^rdsewi^i ' yellow earth gap' (myj' 'earth'; Se 'yellowness', absolute form of tseji'^ 'yellow'; wi'i 'gap'). This is a little gulch about 400 yards south of [19:123]. In it lumps of yellow mineral (probably ocher) are picked up, which are ground and used as yellow paint. See under Minerals. [20:3] White Kock Canyon of the Rio Grande (pi. 13), see special treatment of the Eio Grande [Large Features: 3], pages 100-102. [20:4] San Ildefonso fdbats^i'i'' 'the white cliff or rock' (ioia 'cliff' 'large cliff -like rock'; iss^ 'whiteness' 'white'; '*'» locative and adjective-forming postfix). It is not certain that this "white rock" exists except in the minds of some of the Indians, who claim that White Rock Canyon of the Rio Grande must be named after it. See special treatment of Rio Grande [Large Features: 3], pages 100-102. One Indian describes the "white rock" as a "ledge as white as snow in the middle of a black cliff." Mr. F. W. Hodge suggests that the white rock referred to may be a perfectly white "patch" in a cliff on the east side of the river, which may be seen from the road out of Buckman leading to the Rito de los Frijoles. [20:5] (1) San Ildefonso j^mapiyj' of obscure etymology (yuma un- explain'ed, but containing -ma in common with many other unana- lyzable Tewa place-names, as for instance ^Oma [16:42] across the river ivom. fuma; ^i?;y 'mountain'). Mr. W. M. Tipton, of Santa Fe, informs the writer that "cuma" is given in an old Span, document as the name of a hill or mountain west of Santa Fe; see, however, Toma [29:3]. " ' Gigantes', or the black cliff of Shyu- mo south of San Ildefonso." 1 " The Tehuas call . . . the gigan- tic rocks forming the entrance to the Rio Grande gorge south of their village, Shyu-mo." ^ The o at the end of these forms of Bandelier is probably a misprint for a. (2) Eng. Buckman Mesa (named from Buckman [20:19]). This name seems to be rapidly coming into use. (3) Span. Mesa de los Ortizes 'mesa of the Ortizes (family name)'. This is the common Span, name; why applied is not ascertained. (4) Span. "Gigantes."' Probably so called because of the tra- dition ofthe giant; see [20:7], [19:118]. This high basaltic mesa j'uma forms, as it were, the eastern pillar at the mouth of White Rock Canyon of the Rio Grande; the smaller but equally dark Wma [16:42] forms the western pillar. The mesa is crossed by an ancient trail connecting San Ildefonso with the more southern pueblos. From two places on > Bandelier, Final Eeport, pt. II, p. 81, 1892. 324 ETHNOGBOGBAPHY OF THE TEWA INDIANS [eth. ANif. 29 fuma^re and smoke were belched forth in ancient times, it is said, namely, from [20:78] and [19:116], q. v. Many other features of interest in the vicinity of jTuma will be noticed on the maps. [20-6] San Ildef onso ' C>8:mA^6, ' Og.uhewekewe of obscure etymology (^oguJmve unexplained, except that -we is apparently locative; ^^e 'peak' 'height'). . The top of Buckman Mesa [20:5] is flattish; 'Oguhewe rises like a hillock on the western side of the mesa top. It contains the hole' Oguhmepo [20:7] from which fire and smoke used to belch forth. See [20:7]. [20:7] San Ildefonso 'Oguhewepo, ' OgjihewepoH'^ 'hole at [20:6] 'place of the hole at [20:6]' i^Og.uhme, see [20:6]; po 'hole'; '*'< locative and adjective-forming postfix). This is described as a hole 10 feet or so deep which goes verti- fically into the earth at the summit of [20:6]. According to San Ildefonso tradition this is one of the four places from which, fire and smoke came forth in ancient times; the other places were ywmawa^t>'o [19:116], ^fowza [29:3], and T^nfjapo\^»^.'lV\. Bandelier ^ mentions this tradition, but names only three of the places: "To-ma", "Shyu-mo", and "Tu-yo." [20: 8} San Ildefonso /Mwaw^'* 'gap by [20:5]' {jfuma, see [20:5]; w'i 'gap'). This is the pass east of /wma Mesa just as T'y,nj'owi'i[18:3'2,] is the pass east of T'unfjo Mesa [18:19]. The main wagon road between .San Ildefonso and Buckman runs through this pass. See [20:9] and [20:10]. [20:9] San Ildefonso Pvmpije^infumawihQhv^v., fvmawihqhnHu, see [19:101]. [20:10] San Ildefonso ^AJcqmpye^infuTnawikqhu^u 'southern arroyo of [12:8]' C^yfegm^i^e 'south '< 'ffi^o??y 'plain' 'down coun- tvj\pije 'toward'; Hyy locative and adjective-forming postfix; fumawiH, see [20:8]; ^qAm'm' 'arroyo with barrancas '< hq 'bar- ranca', Jiu^u 'large groove' 'arroyo'). This arroyo runs into the Kohoumvage [20:11]. It is not as important or as well known as [20:9], [20:11] San Ildefonso KqhoJAiwa^e of obscure etymology {kq 'bar- ranca'; KoJiu unexplained; wa apparently as mwcui 'wide gap'; Q.e apparently the locative 'down at' 'over at'). It has not been found possible to analyze the name. This arroyo is deep and narrow; its walls are in many places vertical cliffs, its bed sandy. One can walk through it, and to do so is a strange experience, so narrow and shut in is it. The arroyo discharges into the Kio Grande just below the spring [20 :17]. Its 1 Pinal Report, pt. ii, p. 81, 1892. HABRINGTON] PLACE-NAMES 325 lower course is spanned by a wooden railroad bridge. Its upper- most course, or what may be termed an upper tributary, is [20:10]. • [20:12] San Ildefonso Mcuiwe, Miuiwe'oku, see [19:102]. [20:13] San Ildefonso M(uiwef>^yge, see [19:104]. [20:14] Eujffinug.e'i'DkQhu'u, see [21:22]. [20:15] San Ildefonso Posy,gehv!u, see [17:17]. [20:16] San Ildefonso Kws^hy,'mpo 'the railroad' {kw^hy,yj' 'iron' ' metal ' ; |io ' trail ' ' road ') . This is the narrow-gauge Denver and Rio Grande Railroad. [20:17] San Ildefonso puma'ps^ygePotsip^owud. 'projecting corners at the mouths of the canyons of the river beyond Buckman Mesa [20:5]' {pumaps^yge, see introduction to sheet [20]; potsi^i 'river canyon' iwe'pss.r)ge, see [20:13]; Mouiwe, see [20:12]; ^{yf locative and adjective-forming postfix; hu''u 'large groove' 'arroyo'). Cf. [19:105]. This flows from the vicinity of [20:13] and enters [20:25] not very far above Buckman settlement [20:19]. [20:27] San Ildefonso Ss^isc^hu'u 'white round-cactus corner' {ss^ 'round-cactus' of several species, as 'Opuntia comanchica' and 'Opuntia polyacantha'; iss^ ' whiteness' 'white'; bu'u 'large low roundish place'). It is said that the cactus plants look whitish or dusty at this place, hence the name. The corner is believed to be accurately located on the sheet. [20:28] San Ildefonso P'amupube'iyj'hu'u 'arroyo of the little cor- ner of the roots of Yacca glauca', referring to [20:29] {P'amu- pube'e, see [20:29]; Hyj" locative and adjective-forming postfix; hu'u ' large groove ' ' arroyo ' ) . [20:29] San Ildefonso P^amupvb^e 'little corner of the roots of Yucca glauca {p'amu 'Yucca glauca 'a small species of Spanish bayonet the roots of which are used for washing people's hair and for other purposes; pu 'root'; h^e 'small low roundish place'). This small corner gives the name to the large arroyo [20:28]. [20:30] San Ildefonso Pa'ilcebu'u ' corner where the thread or fila- ment is on top' (;offi's 'thread' 'filament'; Ice said to be the same as in Icewe and to mean 'on the very top'; hu'u 'large low round- ish place'). To what the name refers is not clear to the modern Indians. It may be that the name was originally applied to [20:31], q. v. [20:31] San Ildefonso Pa^^lcekwaj^ 'height where the thread or fila- ment is on top' {Pq^^lce, see [20:30] ; hwaje 'height'). It may be that Pa^iTce- was applied originally to the height instead of to the dell [20:30], or more probably originally to both. [20:32] Tesuque ^ Aty,'r)W£^p^r)ge^i'r)kqhu'u, see [26:2]. [20:33] San Ildefonso MinWi''^ , M^ntipiyy 'place of the swollen hand' 'swollen hand mountain' {ra^yf 'hand'; ti 'swoUenness' 'swollen'; 'i'"' locative and adjective-forming postfix; p\yf 'moun- tain'). Why this name is applied is unknown to the informants. The little mountain bearing this name is clearlj^ visible from the railroad. It has a flattish top and is very picturesque. The common form of the name is said to be MinWi^^. It appears that Tewa usually use the word without thinking of its etymology. The mountain appears to give names to [20:34], [20:35], and [20:36]. 328 ETHNOGEOGEAPHY OF THE TEWA INDIANS [bth. ANN. 29 [20:34] San lldetoQSO MintiH^^ he' e 'little arroyo of the place of the swollen hand', referring to [30:33] (Minti'i''*, see [20:33]; he'e 'small groove' 'little arroyo'). This arroyito runs into [20:26]. [20:35] San Ildefonso JUdnti'i'^fi 'canyon at the place of the swollen hand', referring to [20:33] {MintiH''^ see [20:33] ; tsiH 'canyon'). • This name is given to the beautiful canyon of [20:25] opposite M^nti'i'^ Mountain [20:33]. It is at the lower part of the canyon in the bed of the arroyo that the spring [20:36] discharges. [20:36] San Ildefonso MUnWi'^popi 'spring by the place of the swollen hand', referring to [20:33] {MmtiH''\ see [20:33]; popi 'spring' - I- "\ a^f^^ ^i^ \WI^'% ^.;^/(x^: '/ .0' m"'V"' 22>^o,., z o C3 UJ ec < z o o < MAP 21 JACONA REGION HAKEINQTON] . PLACE-NAMES 329 The place ^ives the name to [20:50]. Why the name is given is not known to the informants. [20:50] (1) San Udefonso JS'yjmp'ihuhvaj^ 'height by shin corner' {ir'y,m_p'ibu'u, see [20:49]; kwaj^ 'height'). (2) Span. Mesa del Cuervillo, Mesa del Cuervo 'crow mesa'. Why this name is applied is not known. Mesa del Cuervo is erroneously identified with [29:3] by Bandelier. This name is given to the northern extremity of the great mesa [29:1], especially to the portion that towers above the dell [20:49]. Unlocated Jacona station, Jacona section. This is a place on the railroad a few miles east of Buckman. There are no buildings there. The name is but recently applied and is taken from [21:6], q. v. San Udefonso P'e/w'w 'timber point' {p'^e 'stick' 'log' 'timber'; fuhc 'horizontally projecting point'). Cf. I^'efu'u, the Tewa name for Abiquiu; see [3:36]. Just where this point is and of just what nature it is the infor- mants did not know. It gives names to [29:2], [20:48], and [20:47]. [21] JACONA SHEET The sheet (map 21) shows the vicinity of the Mexican settlements Jacona and Pojoaque, also three pueblo ruins about which definite traditions have been preserved. It is not certain what kind of Tewa formerly occupied this area. [21:1] Ssin lldeionso funyseFQywi'i, see [18:5]. [21:2] San Udefonso and Namb^ Pvog.e, Pijog.e'oku 'down at the very red place' 'hills down at the very red place' {pi 'redness' 'red'; jo augmentative; g.e 'down at' 'over at'; 'oku 'hill'). This is a high, long, and much eroded reddish range of hills. It is the highest and most conspicuous range between Namb6 Pueblo and the Black Mesa [18:19]. Pijog.e is separated from Nimpihegi [18:3] by the gap funfSsMqigwVi [18:6]. PijoQfi is nearly as conspicuous as the Black Mesa [18:19]. According to •a San Udefonso story, a Santa Clara man once loved a Cochiti woman. The woman had a Cochiti husband. A fenila 'dry corpse' {fmi 'corpse'; la 'dryness" 'dry') volunteered to kill the husband. The story ends by saying that the pemta went to sleep in a cave somewhere in Pijoge, where he is still sleeping. [21:3] Namb6 Tqtuge, T'qtuhu'u'' down at the place of the pure white earth' 'white earth corner' (T'g's Nambe form of fy,'^ 'white earth', see ubder Minerals; tu said to be for iuM'^ 'pureness' 'pure'; ge 'down at' 'over at'; &m'w 'large low roundish place'). 330 ETHNOGEOGRAPHY OF THE TEWA INDIANS [eth. ANN. 29 There is much "tierra blanca" at this place, as can be seen from far off. Cf. [21:4]. [21:4] Namb^ Totuluhwa^l 'heights by white earth corner', referring to [21:3] {Tqtuhu'u, see [21:3]; hwajh 'height'). [21:5] Pojoaque Creek, Namb^ Creek, see [19:3]. [21:6] (1) Sakqn^, Salcqns^hwxH'i''^ 'at the tobacco barranca' 'Mexi- can place at the tobacco barranca' {SaJcq-n^, see [21:9]; Kws^ky, 'Mexican', modifiedfromto«2:^27y' iron "metal'; 'i'^ocative and adjective-forming postfix). =Eng. (2), Span. (3). For quoted forms of the name see under (9) below. (2) Eng. Jacona settlement. ( < Span.). = Tewa (1), Span. (3). (3) Span. Jacona. (r luisba,nd back to Sakqnse, the home of his parents, she aliglUcd on the Siil'q/i'T'ol'i/. The nmiden and her husband remained (liei'c till after nightl'ail, when they went to the pueblo. [21:11] Nanibe S^iip'ejjfhiCu 'arroyo of the black rocks' (ku. 'rock' 'stone'; p'fj)f 'blackness' 'black'; hii'u. ' large groove ' 'arroyo'). This arroyo is foi'med by the joining of [16:2!)] and [21:20]. It discharges into Pojoaque Creek at the upper end of the marsh [21:8]. Cf. [21:1!)]. [21:12] Namb(5 'r'al-c/m'u, T'ah'bi(/i.ii^v 'iiiToyo where they live on top' 'arroyo of the corner where they live on top', said to refer to [21:13] {T'diy-, rnkcbn'u, see [21:13]; hu'u 'large groove' 'arroyo'). 1 Biimloller, Finixl Hoporl, pt. ii, \<. SB, 1802. 332 ETHNOGEOGRAPHY OE THE TEWA INDIANS [bth. ann. 29 [21:13] Nam be T'ahebu^v, 'the corner where they live on top' {fa 'to live'; Ice 'on top' as in tcewe 'on top'; Wu 'large low roundish place'). Why the name was given is not known; the informants presume that some people used to live ' ' on top " somewhere near this low place. The place extends both north and south of Pojoaque Creek and all about the lower course of [21:12]. On the south side of Pojoaque Creek there are many Mexican farms and a Roman Catholic chapel [21 :15]. The Mexicans include this locality under the name Pojoaque, it seems. The locality gives names to [21:12] and [21:14]. [21:14] Nambe T^akekwaje, T^alc^uhvaje 'height of the place where they live on top' 'height of the corner where they live on top' referring to [21:13] {T'alee-, T'^akebu^u, see [21:13]; hwaje 'on top'). The name refers to the high lands north of Pojoaque Creek in the vicinity of [21 :13]. [21:15] Nambg Misate^e, T akelumisate' e 'the little church' 'the little church of the low corner where they live on top', referring to [21:13] {misate 'church', literally 'mass house' Schoolcraft, op. oit., vi, p. 688. sand Miles, p. 208, 1867. w Domenech, Deserts N. A., n, p. 63, 1860. 8 Escudero, Noticias Estad. Chihuahua, p. 180, is Ibid., i, p. 183. Mexico, 1834. le Taylor in Col. Farmer, June 19, 1863.. ' Ruxton, Adventures, p. 196, 1848. " Jnd. Aff. Rep. for 1864, p. 198, 1865. 8 Ruxton in Nouv. Ann. Voy.,6th s., xxi, p. 84, i« Ibid., p. 191. 1850. HAKKINGTON] PLACE-NAMES 335 tra Senora de Guadalupe de Pojuaque".' "Poujuaque".^ "Pa- joaque".' "Pojoague".* "Pojoaque".^ "Pojanquiti"." "Po- jake".' "Pojanque".* "Po-zuan-ge".° " Pojuague"." "Potzua-ge" (given here as "native name" according to Hand- book Inds., pt. 2, p. 274, 1910)." "Pojouque".i2 "Pohuaque"." "Pojuaque, or more properly Pozuang-ge"." "Pojuaque, P'Ho zuang-ge"." " P'o-zuang-ge, or Pojuaque"." "Pojuaque, or P'o-zuang-ge"." "Phojuange"." "Posonw Hewett, Communautfe, p. 33, 1908. 87584°— 29 eth— 16 ^22 338 ETHNOGEOGRAPHY OF THE TEWA INDIANS [bth. ann. 29 It will be noticed that the first edition of the Handbook (1910), owing probably to the mention of San Juan informants in Bande- lier's sentence, is doubly in error in indicating the location of the ruin on the south slope a,t San Juan when in reality it is on the north slope at Pojoaque. The ruin lies on the nearly level hilltop, which slopes slightly toward Pojoaque Creek. It overlooks the creek, from which it is separated by a precipitous hillside. The land on which the ruin is situated belongs to Mr. Camillo Martinez, who lives near San Ildefonso Pueblo. The ruin consists of mounds of adobe. It measures 138 paces in an east- west direction and 131 in a north- south direction. The Tewa say that it had once a large popula- tion. The pueblo has certainly not been inhabited in historic times. Informants say it was a Tewa pueblo, but what became of its inhabitants they do not know. [21:32] (1) Namb6 Migdkqhvfu 'Michael arroyo' {Migel Bandelier, Pinal Report, pt. ii, pp. 35, 45, 1892. 2 Ibid., p. 35. 3 Bandelier In Papers .4rc/i. Inst. Amer., Amer. ser., i, p. 39, 1881. 4 See Bandelier, Final Report, pt. ii, pp. 34, 36, 63, 1892. HAEBiNGTON] PLACE-NAMES 341 only the northern ranges of the Sierra de San Francisco and the Sierra Blanca, rise above 12,000 feet.' Again: The Truchas are sHghtly higher than Taos Peak [8:51]. The latter is 13,145' feet, the former 13,150, — both according to Wheeler. The altitude of the Jicarrita [22 : 9] has not, to my knowledge, been determined ; but the impression of those who have ascended to its top la that it exceeds the Truchas in height.^ The United States Geological Survey has established the altitude of Truchas Peak as 13,275 feet, and that of " Jicarilla" Peak as 12,944 feet. See [22:14]. It is said tha,t nuhu is found on this peak; see under Minerals. [22:14] ^ Ok'y,''iygeU'i, Kus^mpimps^y^e'oFii'iygeJ'i, Eiis^nns^psevS^^ok'u- 'iyge^i 'the shadovsry side or place' 'the shadowy side beyond rock horn mountain ' ' the shadowy side beyond the place of the rock horns' (^ok'y, 'shadow'; ^lygeM 'side'; Kus^mpiyf, Kus^nnse, see [22:13]; ^^2?^e 'beyond'). It is said that on the other side of the great mountain [22:13] the sun rarely shines. On that side near the mountain top all the place is like smoky ice {'oji p'^ndi'^ 'black ice' < ^oji 'ice',^'g7?y 'blackness' 'black', 'i'*' locative and adjective-forming postfix). On the mountainside below this ice are flbwers, white, red, yellow. See [22:13]. [22:15] San Juan Tas^nty^yws^jd'oku, see [12:19]. [22:16] San Juan Sapobu'u, see [12:38]. [22:17] Santa Cruz Creek, see [15:18]. [22:18] (1) Tsimajo, Tsimajohu'u 'flaking stone of superior quality' 'town of the flaking stone of superior quality' .{isi^i 'flaking stone' of any variety; jnajo 'superior' 'chief, apparently < ma unexplained, _;■cwe 'owl water' 'owl creek' (ot^A^ 'owr;'^o 'water'; we locative). [22:40] ^axab^ Kekwaje 'qyivikeji ' pueblo ruin of the sharply pointed height' (Jce 'peak' 'sharpness' 'sharp'; kwaj^ 'height'; 'qvwiheji ' pueblo ruin ' < 'qywi ' pueblo ', heji ' old ' postpound). "Ke-gua-yo".i "Keguaya".^ Of this pueblo ruin Bandelier says: Mesas with abrupt sides border upon the valley [of Namb6] in the east, and on these there are pueblo ruins. The Indians of Namb6 assert that they were reared and occupied, as well as abandoned, by their ancestors prior to the establishment of Spanish rule in New Mexico. They also g ave me some of the ■ Bandelier, Pinal Report, pt. ii, p. 84, 1892. . Hewett, Communantfe, p. S3, 1908. HAKRINOTON] PLACE-NAMES 345 names: . . . Ke-gua-yo, in the vicinity of tlie Chupaderos [probably [22:51]], a cluster of springs about four miles east of Namb6 in a narrow mountain gorge.' Hewett says: Plus loin, ce sont les ruines de Keguaya, k quelques mllles £l I'est de Nambe ... on suppose qiie ce sont celles des villages historiques des Nambe.^ All that could be learned is that this is a very ancient village of the Namb^ people. [22:4:1] Namb6 ^Agawonu'Qywikej'i of obscure etymology, perhaps ' pueblo ruih where the cowrie or olivella shells are or were hang- ing down ' ('fflga unexplained, but occurring in several Tewa place- names, e. g. 'Agaifanupiyf [22:54], possibly an old form of 'ogas ' cowrie shell', 'olivella shell', it is said; wo 'to hang'; nu loca- tive; 'qywikeji 'pueblo ruin' <^Qywi 'pueblo', keji 'old' post- pound). Since the etymology above was given by a very reliable informant, an aged cacique, considerable weight is to be attached to it. "A-ga Uo-no".' "Agauono". This is given ^ both as the name of the pueblo ruin and, by mistake, as the name of Juan B. Gonzalez^ of San Ildefonso, whose Indian name is 'Ag.ojo'Q^nj'^ ' shaking star ' {'agojo 'star'; Q^nj'^ 'shaking'), not 'Ag.awonu. Bandelier has already been quoted with regard to this pueblo ruin (see under [22:40]). He speaks further of — A-ga Uo-no and Ka-a-yu [23:42], both in the vicinity of the Santuario in the mountains. • The location of " the Santuario" has not been ascertained. [22:20] is the Mexican settlement called Santuario. Hewett writes as follows: Plus loin, ce sont les ruines de Keguaya [22:40], k quelques milles &, I'est de Nambe et de Tobipange [25: 30], 3, 8 milles au nord-est; on suppose que ce sont celles des villages historiques des Nambe. Les ruines d' Agauono etde_ Kaayu [22:42] sur le Santuario [see above], ^ quelques milles plus loin au nord-est, indiquent probablement I'ancienne residence de certains clans des Nambe. ^ ^Agawonu is said to have been a very ancient pueblo of the Nambe people. [22 :42] Nambe K^i''E&wi^or)wikeji ' pueblo ruin of an unidentified species of bird called V^'s^wi' (k'q.'^wi'i an unidentified species of bird of bluish color which cries kqf/i4; 'qywikeji 'pueblo ruin' <'Qywi 'pueblo', ke)i ' old' postpound.) For Bandelier's spelling of wiH as "ye" or "yu", see [16:105] and [16:114]. I Bandelier, Final Report, pt. ii, p. 84, 1892. ' Ibid., pi. xvii. > Hewett, CommunauMs, p. 33, 1908. 346 BTHNOGEOGEAPHY OF THE TEWA INDIANS [hth. ann. 29 For quoted information about K'qi's^w^i see under 'Ag.awonu [22:41], above. As in the case of ^Ag.awonu, it could be learned only that X'q.^^wi'z was a very ancient pueblo of the Namb6 people. [22:43] (1) Namb6 M/mhefohuPojemuHwe 'place of the waterfalls of Nambg Creek' {Mmhepohu'u,s&&\l9-^'\\ pojem.u'iwe 'waterfalls' <,po 'water', jemu 'to fall', said of 3+, Hwe locative). This is the descriptive name current at all the Tewa pueblos. (2) 1^9,mh^ PojemuHwe ' the waterfalls ' {fo 'water'; ^'otim to fair said of 3+; Hwe locative). When this term is used at Namb6 it is understood which waterfalls are meant. (3) ^&mb^Potfu7i£S. 'where the water dies' {fo 'water'; tfu ' to die ' ; n^ ' at ' locative postfix) . Cf . [22 : 44] , [22 : 45] , [22 : 46]. (4) Eng. Nambe Falls. (5) Span. Salto de Agua de Narnb^, Caida de Agua de IS^amb^, 'Namb6 Falls'. These are the well-known waterfalls of Nambe Creek. Three portions of the falls have distinct names; see [22:44], [22:45], and [22:46]. The Namb6 name Potfunsg. appears to refer espe- cially to the two lower falls; see [22:46]. [22:44] Namb6 Potjuri'u 'below where the water dies' (Potfu, see [22:43]; wm'm 'below'). This name is given to the first water- fall met when going up Namb6 Creek, the lowest of the Namb6 Falls. See [^2 :43], [22 :45], and [22 :46]. [22:45] Nambe Potfnk'sprdabege 'meal -drying jar place where the water dies' {Potfu, see [22:43]; k'^Tiiabe 'meal-drying jar', for drying meal for preservation K.Tcsg.rjf ' meal' 'flour', la ' to dry'; he 'vessel' 'pottery'; ge 'down at' 'over at'). It is said that the name is applied because of the bowl-like shape of the canyon at the base of this fall. This name is given to -the middle one of the Nambe Falls, situated between [22:44] and [22:46]. See [22:43], [22:44], [22:46]. [22:46] Nambe, Potfupss,nn3^, Potfulcewe, Potfuhwajh 'waterfall or place beyond or above the place where the water dies' {Potfu, see [22:48]; p^nnw 'beyond' < psgyj' unexplained, n^ locative; Jcewe ' above ' < ^e ' top ', we locative; kwaj^ ' above '). This name is applied to the uppermost of the Namb^ Falls. See [22-43], [22:44], [22:45]. [22:47] Nambe Pimpijeimpowe 'the northern creek' {pimpije 'north' •< pivf 'mountain' 'up country', pije 'toward'; iyy locative and adjective-forming postfix; powe 'creek' < po 'water', we locative). This is the north branch of upper Namb6 Creek. See [19-31 [22:48]. -" HAEKINGTON] PLACE-NAMES 347 [23:4:8] Namb^ ''Ak.qmpiji\mpowe 'the southern creek' (^akompije 'south' < ^akqyf 'plain' 'down countrj^'; pije 'toward'; i?;y locative and adjective-forming postfix; fowe 'creek' < po 'water', we locative). This is the south branch of upper Namb6 Creek.' See [19:3] and [22:4:7]. [22:49] (1) Namb^ PiSiwe 'little red pile of roundish shape ' (^* 'red- ness ' ' red ' ; hi as in hiri, ' small and roundish like a ball ' ; we locative). (2) Span. Cerrito de la Junta ' little mountain of the joining', said to refer to the joining of [22:47] and [22:48]. This small mountain is a short distance southwest of [22:50]. [22:50] Namb6 KawW^ 'place of the twisted leaf or leaves' (Aa' leaf; wi for qwi of San Ildef onso and Santa Clara dialects, meaning ' to twist ' ; '«'* locative and adjective-forming postfix) . This place is described as a high, level locality a short distance northeast of the little mountain [22:49]. [22:51] (1) Nambe and San Ildef onso Tsefobu^u, Tsefokqge 'corner of the seven waters' 'place down by the barranca of the seven waters' (tse 'seven'; po 'water', here evidently referring to springs of water; 6m'm ' large low roundish place'; Jcq ' barranca'; ge ' down at ' ' over at '). (2) Span. Los Chupaderos, Chupaderos ' the sucking places ' meaning where water is sucked up. For the name cf. [23:25], [22:58], [14:87]. It is probable that the Tewa and Span, names refer to a single place. Bandelier says: "Ke-gua-yo [22:40] in the vicinity of the Chupaderos, a cluster of springs about four miles east of Namb6 in a narrow mountain gorge." ' See [22:52]. [22:52] Nambe Tsepopowe 'creek of the seven waters' {Tsepo, see [22:51]; powe ' creek' < po 'water', we locative). [22:53] (1) Nambe Poiifiyj' ' flower mountain ' {poU 'flower'; piyj' 'mountain'). Why it is called thus is not known, unless it be because it is bare on top, with flowery meadows in the summer time. This name refers to the very high peak just north of [22:54]. Cf. Eng. (2), Span. (3), Span. (4). (2), Eng. Baldy Peak, Santa Fe Baldy. Cf . Tewa (1), Span, (3), Span. (4) . " Baldy. " ^ " Santa Fe Baldy. " ^ (3) Span. Cerro Pelado ' bald mountain '. Cf . Tewa (1), Eng. (2), Span. (4). The mountain is so called because of its bald top, snow-capped in winter, grassy in summer. (4) Span. Cerro del Zacate Blanco ' mountain of the white grass'. This evidently refers to its grassy top. Cf. Tewa (1), 1 Bandelier, Final Report, pt. ii, p. 84, 1892. 2 Ibid., p. 88, no