r 
 
 
 Lii 
 
Cornell University 
 Library 
 
 The original of tliis book is in 
 tlie Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http ://arch i ve . o rg/detai Is/cu31 924029768573 
 
BRITISH MUSEUM. 
 
 DKPARTMRNT OF 
 
 COINS AND MEDALS. 
 
 A GUIDE 
 
 I'd THB; Pi:iNCIl'AL GOLD ANT) SliVER,' 
 
 COINS OF THE ANCIENTS, 
 
 FROM CIRC. B.C. ?C0 TO A.D. 1. 
 
 FOURTH EDITION. 
 
 BT '• 
 
 BAECLAY V. HEAD, D.C.L., Ph.D., 
 
 KEEPER OF COINS. 
 
 KXHIBITED IN THE ETRUSCAN SALOON. 
 
 LONDON: 
 FEINTED BY ORDEE OF THE TRUSTEES. 
 
 Price One Shilling. 
 
3 1924 029 768 573 
 olin 
 
 BEITISH MUSEUM. 
 
 DEPAETMBNT OF 
 
 COINS AND MEDALS. 
 
 A GUIDE 
 
 TO THE PBINCIPAL GOLD AND SILVER 
 
 COINS OF THE ANCIENTS, 
 
 FROM CIEC. B.C. 100 TO A.D. 1. 
 BY 
 
 BAECLAY V. HEAD, D.C.L., Ph.D., 
 
 KEEPER OF COINS. 
 
 FOUBTH EDITION. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 FEINTED BY OEDER OP THE TEUSTEES. 
 
 B. QUAKITCH, 1 5, Piccadilly ; 
 
 Henry Frowde, Oxford University PressWarehouse, Amen Corner, Londoo , E.G. ; 
 
 A. ASHER & Co. ; Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. ; 
 
 Longmans, Green & Co. ; 
 
 C. ROLLIN & Feuardent, 6, Bloomsbury Street, & 4, Place LouTois, Paris. 
 
 1895. 
 
I\.\^ui°i^ 
 
 PRTNTRD BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LUIITKD, 
 STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING Ci:u-^S 
 
PREFACE. 
 \ 
 
 The want of a general chronological view of the coinage 
 of the ancients has long been felt by all who have devoted 
 any study to this branch of archaaology. It is this want 
 which I have here made a first attempt to supply. 
 
 In the choice and classification of the coins described 
 in the following pages, I have throughout endeavoured 
 to keep simultaneously in view the historic, artistic, ami 
 strictly numismatic interest of the coins selected. Thus, 
 and thus alone, have I found it possible to present to the 
 spectator a tolerably complete representative series of the 
 gold and silver money current throughout the ancient 
 world in approximate chronological order. 
 
 This series gives at the same time a view of the finest 
 and most interesting Greek coins in the National Collec- 
 tion. Putting aside all theoretical ajsthetic methods of 
 classification according to styles and schools of art, my 
 endeavour has been to arrive at one which is mainly 
 historical. With this object in view I began by erecting 
 as many definitely fixed points of comparison as possible, 
 that is to say, I chose a certain number of dated coins, or 
 coins about the precise dates of which numismatists are 
 generally agreed. Working by analogy, I next proceeded 
 to group around these fixed points all such other coins as 
 seemed to me, on various grounds — numismatic, historical, 
 or artistic — to belong, as nearly as possible, to the same 
 
IV PREFACE. 
 
 periods. The divisions into periods do not, it will be 
 seen, exactly correspond with those of the history of 
 art, but are rather those of the political history of the 
 times. 
 
 If, then, the result of thus grouping together from a 
 historical standpoint specimens of the chief monetary 
 issues of all parts of the ancient world prove to be also 
 a commentary on the history of the growth, development, 
 and decline of Greek art, it will be none the less valuable 
 for being a thoroughly independent commentary. 
 
 As an aid to those who may not be intimately acquainted 
 with the well-known handbooks of Greek art, a few slight 
 indications have been given, at the head of each period, 
 of the chief characteristics of the art of that period, as 
 exemplified by the most notable extant sculptures. 
 
 The artistic side is, however, but one of many from 
 which it is possible to approach the science of numis- 
 matics, and I hope that it will be found that undue 
 importance has not been attached to any one aspect of 
 interest to the neglect of the others. 
 
 In the very compressed form in which alone the 
 dimensions of this little Guide permit of explanations 
 of the coins described, prominence has been given to the 
 time and circumstance of the striking, and to such infor- 
 mation as is not generally accessible to the public in the 
 dictionaries of classical archseology. 
 
 The wall-cases 32-42 on the left of the entrance to the 
 Department of Coins and Medals contain electrotj'pes of 
 the finest ancient coins in the National Collection, arranged 
 in such a manner as to afford a synoptical view at once 
 historical and geographical of the gold and silver coinage 
 of the ancient world, from the invention of the art of 
 coining, about B.C. 700, down to the Christian era. 
 
 The oases of Greek coins are divided vertically into 
 seven historical compartments. These compartments, 
 numbered I. to VII., contain the principal coins current 
 during the following periods ; — 
 
PREFACE. V 
 
 I. — Circa B.C. 700-480. Period of Archaic Art, ending with the Persian 
 
 wars. 
 II. — Circa B.C. 480-400. Period of Transitional and Early Fine Art, to 
 
 the end of the Athenian supremacy. 
 III. — Circa B.C. 400-336. Period of Finest Art. Age of the Spartan and 
 
 Theban supremacies. 
 IV. — Circa B.C. 336-280. Period of Later Fine Art. Age of Alexander 
 
 and tlie Diadochi. 
 v.— Circa B.C. 280-190. Period of the Decline of Art. Age of the 
 
 Epigoni, &c. 
 VJ. — Circa B.C. 190-100. Period of continued Decline of Art. Age of the 
 
 Attalids. 
 VII. — Circa B.C. 100-1. Period of late Decline of Art. Age of Mithri- 
 dates the Great and of Roman dominion. 
 
 Eacli of the above seven compartments is divided hori- 
 zontally into three geographical sections, the upper one 
 (A) containing the coins of Asia Minor, Phoenicia, Syria, 
 &o., and Egypt ; the middle one (B) those of Northern 
 and Central G-reece, the Pelojjonnesus, and the islands of 
 the jEgean ; and the lowest (0) those of Italy, Sicily, 
 the southern shores of the Mediterranean, and Western 
 Europe. 
 
 Each of the seven historical compartments thus offers 
 in its three geographical sections a complete vievr of the 
 coins current throughout the civilised world during that 
 particular century or period, the whole forming a series of 
 historically successive tableaux. 
 
 The individual specimens are separately labelled and 
 numbered in each of the twenty-one sections, the numbers 
 referring to the following Guide, where sufficient descrip- 
 tions and explanations are given. 
 
 Barclay V. Head, 
 
 Keeper of Coins. 
 
LIST or ABBEEVIATIONS AND EXPLANATION ,S 
 OF TEEMS. 
 
 A/, cmrum (gold); EL, electrum. an alloy of gold and silver; JP^, 
 
 argentum (silver). 
 Obv. obverse, the face of a coin. 
 Rev. reverse, the back. 
 
 Type, the principal device upon the obverse nr r(!verse. 
 Field, the area betwetn the type and the circumfcremc. 
 i?x. exergue, the lower portion of the area of a coin separated from 
 
 the rest by a straight line. 
 Sijmhol, an accessory rlevice in the field or exergue. 
 
 N.B.— On the plates the inetals Kf and EL arc alone indicated; all 
 the rest are 2S,. 
 
PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION. 
 
 Since the publication of the second edition of this Guide 
 (1881), I have had occasion, during the preparation of my 
 larger wort Historia Numorum (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 
 1887), to re-examine tray by tray the entire collection of 
 Greek coins in the British Museum. This revisiion has 
 enabled me to make some material improvements in the 
 text of the Guide. Numerous and important articles 
 have also appeared in various Numismatic publications 
 both at home and abroad, some of which involve re- 
 attributions of whole series of coins. The arrangement 
 adopted in this Guide is fortunately very slightly affected 
 by these new discoveries, as they for the most part merely 
 call for an occasional change of local attribution witliin the 
 ■periods to which the coins were previously assigned. The 
 most important re-attributions are the following : I. A. 10 
 from Lesbos (?) to old Smyrna ; I. A. 21 from Clazomenee 
 to Cyrene; I. A. 22 from Colophon to Delos; II. A. 21, 
 22, Ancore to ApoUonia ad Ehyndaoum ; V. B. 28, Allaria 
 to Lacedaemon ; YI. 0. 30-32, and VII. C. 39, Numidia, 
 Mauretania, to Carthago-Nova(?), the capital of the Barcide 
 dynasty in Spain. In the few instances in which a change 
 of period as well as of locality is necessitated, the fact 
 has been noted in the revised text ; but, as complete sets 
 of electrotypes have already been widely distributed among 
 British and Foreign Museums, I have not thought it 
 advisable to make changes in the arrangement of the 
 Plates, which are consequently identical with those of the 
 previous editions, for any alteration in the numbering of 
 the specimens might lead to much confusion in cases where 
 this Guide has been quoted as a work of reference. On 
 the seven representative Plates of the half-crown edition, 
 references are given to the fully illustrated edition con- 
 taining seventy Plates. 
 
 Bakclat v. Head. 
 
 June, 1895. 
 
SELECT GREEK AND ROMAN COINS. 
 
 PEEIOD I.— CIRCA B.C. 700-480. 
 
 About seven hundred years before the Christian era 
 the Lydians in Asia Minor, at that time ruled by the 
 illustrious dynasty of the Mermnadas, first began to 
 stamp small ingots of their native gold ore, obtained from 
 the washings of the river Pactolus, vrith an ofEcial mark 
 as a guarantee of just weight, thus rendering an appeal 
 to the scales on every fresh transaction no longer a 
 matter of necessity. These stamped ingots were the 
 first coins. 
 
 The official marks on these earliest of all coins con- 
 sisted merely of the impress of the rude unengraved 
 punches, between which the ingot was placed to receive 
 the blow of the hammer. Very soon, however, the art of 
 the engraver was called in to adorn the lower of the two 
 dies, that of the obverse, with the badge of the state or the 
 symbol of the local divinity under whose auspices the cur- 
 rency was issued, the earliest mints having been, it is gene- 
 rally supposed, within the sacred precincts of a temple. 
 
 The Greek cities which studded the coasts and islands of 
 Asia Minor soon adopted and improved upon this simple 
 but none the less remarkable Lydian invention, and to 
 the Greeks the credit is probably due of substituting 
 engraved dies for the primitive punches, and certainly of 
 inscribing them with the name of the people or ruler by 
 whom the coin was issued. 
 
 In European Greece, Phidon, king of Argos, is said to 
 have been the first to introduce standard weights and 
 measures, on which occasion he dedicated bars of metal, 
 
 B 
 
J PERIOD I. 
 
 ofieXia-Koi, in the temple of Hera at Argos, as official 
 standards of weight. The earliest European coins were 
 struck, according to the Phidonian standard, in the island 
 of Aegina ; and the Euboean cities Chalcis and Eretria, as 
 well as Corinth with her colonies, and Athens, were not 
 slow to follow the example of Aegina. 
 
 From these centres, Asiatic and European, the new in- 
 vention spread far and wide, to the coasts of Thrace on the 
 north, to those of the Cyrenaica on the south, and to Italy 
 and Sicily in the west. In each district the weight of 
 the standard coin or stater was carefully adjusted in relation 
 to the talent there in use for weighing the precious metals, 
 these talents being different in different localities, but all 
 or nearly aU traceable to a Babylonian origin. 
 
 The form of the ingot (^flan) of most of the early coins 
 was bean-shaped or oval, except in Southern Italy, where 
 the earliest coins of the Achaean cities were flat and cir- 
 CTilar. The device (type) consisted usually of the figure 
 of an animal or of the fore-part of an animal, heads and 
 figures of gods and men being rare in the early period. 
 The reverse side of the coin does not at first bear a type, 
 but only the impress in the form of an intaglio or incuse 
 square of the upper of the two dies between which the 
 flan or ingot was fixed. The early coins of certain cities 
 of Magna Grsecia above mentioned are characterised, 
 however, by having devices on both sides (generally 
 the same), on the obverse in relief and on the reverse 
 incuse. 
 
 The coins of the two centuries previous to the Persian 
 wars exhibit considerable varieties of style and execution. 
 In common with the other remains of archaic art which 
 have come down to us, and with which it is instructive to 
 compare them, they may be divided into two classes, of 
 which the earlier is characterised by extreme rudeness in 
 the forms and expressiveness in the actions represented ; 
 the later, by a gradual development into more clearly 
 defined forms with angularity and stiffness. The eye of 
 the human face is always drawn, even when in profile, as 
 if seen from the front, the hair is generally represented by 
 lines of minute dots, the mouth wears a fixed and formal 
 smile ; but, withal, there is in the best archaic work a 
 strength and a delicacy of touch which are often wantiog 
 in the fully developed art of a later age. 
 
PEEIOD I. 3 
 
 To facilitate a comparison of the coins witli the other 
 contemporary productions of the plastic art, a list of some 
 of the chief artists and best known works of art is ap- 
 pended : — 
 
 Principal Artists : 
 
 Sicyon — Dipceaus and Scyllis of Crete, circ. B.C. 600 (?). Founders 
 of the earliest school of sculpture in. marble. 
 
 Chios — Micciades and Archermus, circ. B.C. 600-550. 
 
 jEgina — Smilis. 
 
 Sparta — Gitiadas. 
 
 Magnesia — Bathycles, whose- chief work was the throne of Apollo 
 at Amyclse, 
 
 Argos — Ageladas. 
 
 TEgina — Gallon and Onatas, 
 
 Sicyon — Canachus and Aristocles. 
 
 Athens — Endoeus, Antenor, and Hegias ; also Critias and Nesiotes, 
 the sculptors of the group of Harmodius and Aristogitou. 
 
 Principal extant Works : 
 
 The three oldest metopes of Selinus. 
 
 The marble statues known as " Apollo " from Orchomenus, Thera 
 
 (at Athens), and Tenea (at Munich). 
 Two archaic statues of Apollo. British Museum. 
 The statues from the Sacred Way to the Temple of Apollo at 
 
 Branchidse. British Museum. 
 Seated Athena attributed to Endceus. Athens. 
 Stele of Aristion by Aristocles. Athens. 
 Harpy Tomb. British Museum. 
 Victory by Micciades and Archermus. Athens. 
 Pedimental Groups from the Early Temples on the Acropolis, 
 
 Athens. 
 Man carrying a calf. Athens, 
 Relief from Chrysapha in Laconia. Berlin. 
 Series of female statues dedicated to Athena ou the Acropolis. 
 
 Athens. 
 Copy of Apollo of Canachus. British Museum. 
 Copy of group of Harmodius and Aristogitou. Naples. 
 The Thasos Reliefs. Paris. 
 
 B 2 
 
4 PERIOD I. A. 
 
 I. A. 
 
 Plates 1-3. 
 
 Flatb 1. 1 . X/ydia. BL. Obv. Striated surface. Eev. Oblong sinking between 
 two square sinkings. Babylonic stater. Wt. 166'8 grs. 
 
 This is tlie earliest known coin. B.C. ciro. 700. 
 
 2. Lydia (?). EL. Obv. Raised square. Sev. Incuse square. Phoenician 
 
 half-stater. Wt. 110 grs. 
 
 3. Lydia (?). BL. Obv. Round shield (?) in high relief, divided diagon- 
 
 ally by two broad bands. Eev. Incuse square, containing a cruciform 
 ornament. Phoenician half-stater. Wt. 108'6 grs. 
 
 4. Parium (?). EL. Obo. Gorgon-head. Sev. Ornamented incuse. 
 
 Euboic stater. Wt. 124 grs. 
 
 5. SamOS. BL. Obv. Lion's scalp. Sev. Oblong and triangular sink- 
 
 ings. Euboic stater. Wt. 133 grs. 
 
 The extremely archaic style of Nos. 4 and 5 marks the 
 first part of the seventh century B.C. 
 
 6. Miletus. BL. Obv. Fore-part of lion, with star over forehead. 
 
 Eev. Oblong sinking between two square sinkings. Phcenician 
 stater. Wt. 217 grs. 
 
 Struck probably during the period of the highest 
 prosperity of Miletus, before B.C. 623. 
 
 7. Bphesus (?). EL. Obv. OANOZ EMI SHMA (retrograde 
 
 in archaic letters), " I am the sign of Phanes." Stag feeding. Sev. 
 Oblong sinking between two square sinkings. Phoenician stater. 
 Wt. 216-3 grs. 
 
 This is the earliest inscribed coin known. There -v^^as 
 a Halicarnassian named Phanes of no small account at 
 the court of Amasis, the king of Egypt, whose service he 
 deserted for that of Cambyses, king of Persia, whom he 
 assisted in his invasion of Egypt, B.C. 526. This coin 
 was, however, probably struck at Ephesus by an ancestor 
 of Phanes. It was found at Halicarnassus. 
 
 8. Chios. BL. Obv. Sphinx. Eev. Incuse square. Phrenician stater. 
 
 Wt. 217 grs. 
 
 9. Samos. EL. Obv. Fore-pa]-t of bull, looking back. Eev. Incuse 
 
 square. Phffinician stater. Wt. 217 grs. 
 
 A coin perhaps struck during the rule of Polycrates, 
 B.C. 530-520. 
 
B.C. 700-480. 5 
 
 10. Old Smyrna (?). EL. OJt,. Lion's head. if.B. Incuse square 
 
 Phocaic stater. Wt. 248-3 grs. 
 
 11. Zeleia. EL. Ohv. Chimxra.. iJet). Two incuse squares. Phocaic 
 
 stater. Wt. 252'6 grs. 
 
 12. Cyzicus. EL. Obv. Tunny-fish and fillets. iJw. Two incuse- 
 
 squares, one containing a scorpion. Phocaic stater. Wt. 252 grs. 
 
 _Nos. 10, 11, and 12 may belong to the period imme- 
 diately preceding the reform of the coinage by Croesus, 
 circ. 560 B.C. 
 
 13. Sardes. N. Obv. Fore-parts of lion and bull face to face. Beo. 
 
 Two incuse squares. Euboio stater. Wt. 124 grs. 
 
 14. Sardes. AT. Similar. I stater. Wt. 42 grs. 
 
 15. Sardes. M. Similar. Babylonic stater. Wt. 159 grs. 
 
 16. Sardes. JR. Similar. Siglus. Wt. 82-4 grs. 
 
 Nos. 13-16 are specimens of the gold and silver coinage 
 of Croesus, b.c. 568-554, which he substituted for the 
 previous coinage in electrum. 
 
 17. Persia. A7. Obv. The Great King holding bow and spear. Sev. 
 
 Incuse. Daric. Wt. 129 grs. 
 
 A Persian daric of the earliest style; struck in the 
 reign of Darius I., b.c. 521-485. 
 
 Plate 2. 18. LampsacUS. M. Obv. Janiform female head. Sev. Head of 
 Athena within an incuse square. Wt. 82 grs. 
 
 A coin of fine archaic style, probably as early as b.c. 480. 
 
 19. Tenedos. .5v. Obv. Janiform head, male and female, Zeus and 
 Hera (?). Eev. TENE. Double axe. Tevi^ios niX^Kvs. 
 Wt. 138 grs. 
 
 Aristotle (ap. Steph. Byz. s. v. Tenedos) refers this 
 type to a decree of a king of Tenedos, which enacted that 
 all persons convicted of adultery should be beheaded. He 
 is, however, certainly wrong in this interpretation : as 
 Leake justly remarks, " such subjects were never repre- 
 sented on the money of the Greeks ; their types, like their 
 names of men and women, were almost always euphemistic, 
 relating generally to the local mythology and fortunes of the 
 place, -with symbols referring to the principal productions, 
 or to the protecting numina." Cf. the myth of Tennes 
 and the Tenedian axes dedicated at Delphi. (Pans. x. 14.) 
 
6 PEEIOD 1. A. 
 
 20. Cyme (?). M. Obv. Fore-part of horse, Scv. Two incuse squares 
 
 adorned with floral devices. Wt. 182 grs. 
 
 Extremely archaic. As early as the seventh century B.C. 
 
 21. Clazomense (?). M. 06w. Lion devouring prey. iJeu. Fore-part 
 
 of winged boar in incuse square. Wt. 266 grs. 
 
 This remarkable coin is now attributed to Cyrene (see 
 Numismatic Chronicle, 1891, p. 9). Like certain other 
 coins of Cyrene, also having types on both sides, previous 
 to 480, it is of the Euboic standard. 
 
 22. Delos. .31. Obv. Lyre. Bev. Incuse square. Wt. 126 grs. 
 
 A didrachm of the Euboic weight, struck during the 
 early period of Delian independence before the Persian 
 wars. 
 
 23. Phocsea. ^38. Obv. Seal (Phoca), " type parlant." Rev. Incuse 
 
 square. Wt. 58'5 grs. 
 
 This coin is contemporary with the earliest electrum 
 of Phocffia, struck in the time of Crcesus, circ. B.C. 568 
 (cf. a stater in the Museum collection with the same type). 
 The Phocaean Thalassocracy lasted from about 602-558. 
 
 24. TeOS. M. Obv. Griffin. Eev. Incuse square. Wt. 183 grs. 
 
 The griffin is probably connected virith the Asiatic 
 worship of Dionysus. The type also occurs on the coins 
 of Abdera, to which place most of the Teians removed 
 in 644. This coin is probably somewhat anterior to 
 that date. 
 
 25. Samos. &. Obv. Lion's scalp facing. Sev. Incuse square. Wt. 
 
 39-1 grs. 
 
 Later in style than the electrum Nos. 5 and 9, but the 
 earliest known silver coin of this island. 
 
 26. Chersonesus. M. Obv. Lion's head and fore-leg ; beneath, X. 
 
 Bev. XEP. (retrograde). Head and neck of bull. Wt. 183-4 grs. 
 
 27. Cnidus. .51. Obv. Similar. Eev. Head of Aphrodite in incuse 
 
 square. Wt. 96 grs. 
 
 Chersonesus and Cnidus in early times were two distinct 
 communities, but were afterwards united into one. The 
 lion is the symbol of the sun-god, the bull of the moon- 
 goddess, the Asiatic Aphrodite, whose head is seen on the 
 coins of Cnidus. 
 
B.C. 700-480. 7 
 
 Plate 3. 28. Samos (?). JR. Obv. Lion's scalp 'facincr. Sev. Roush incuse. 
 Wt. 63gk f- - S 
 
 It is very doubtful wlietlier this coin should be given 
 to Samos. It may be compared for style with No. 33 of 
 Lycia (?), but this may perhaps be Cretan, of Lyttus. 
 
 29. Calymna. M. Oio. Bearded helmeted head. iJei). Lyre within 
 
 an incuse depression. Wt. 156 grs. 
 
 This head perhaps represents one of the Argive heroes 
 who were shipwrecked on this island after the Trojan War. 
 The style is rude, and the coin must be assigned to the 
 first half of the sixth cent. b.c. 
 
 30. Camirus. JR. Obv. Fig-leaf. Sev. Incuse square in two ohlong 
 
 divisions. Wt. 185 grs. 
 
 31. lalySUS. M. Oio. Fore-pai-t of winged boar. iJci). lEAYZION. 
 
 Eagle's head in incuse square. Wt. 223 grs. 
 
 The territory of the island of Rhodes was anciently di- 
 vided among the three cities Lindus, lalysus, and Camirus. 
 Of the above coins, that of Camirus is the earlier. It 
 exhibits the form of incuse peculiar to the Carian coasts. 
 
 32. Poseidion in Carpathus. Si. Obv. Two dolphins. Sec. 
 
 Two oblong sinkings as on No. 30. Wt. 208 grs. 
 
 33. Lycia (?). .31. Obv. Boar's head. Sev, Incuse square. Wt. 
 
 64*4 grs. 
 
 34. Lycia. 2R. 060. Fore-part of boar. Sev. Incuse square. Wt. 
 
 138-4 grs. 
 
 35. Lycia. .SI. Obv. Boar walking. Sev. Incuse square, containing 
 
 triskeles ending in cocks' heads. Wt. 143*2 grs. 
 
 These three coins may serve to show the gradual pro- 
 gress of art in Lycia. It is probable that these coins are 
 all previous to B.C. 480. The wild boar was plentiful in 
 parts of this district. 
 
 36. Phaselis. .S,. Obv. Prow of galley in form of boar's head. Sev. 
 
 4>AZ. Stern of galley in incuse square. Wt. 171 grs. 
 
 The types are appropriate to a maritime city of the 
 importance of Phaselis, Andparlants ; cf. <j>a.u-q\oi, " a skiif." 
 
 37. Celenderis. M. Obv. Goat. Sev. Incuse square. Wt. 93 grs. 
 
 Celenderis, on the coast of Cilicia, is said to have been 
 an ancient settlement of the Phoenicians, but Greeks from 
 Samos settled there in the sixth century B.C. 
 
O PERIOD I. B. 
 
 I. B. 
 
 Plates 4-6. 
 
 Plate 4 1. Thrace Or ThaSOS. EL. Obv. Centaur carrying off a nymph. 
 Sev. Incuse. Phocaic stater. "Wt. 252-5 grs. 
 
 Tliis remarkable electmm stater of the Pang^an dis- 
 trict of Thrace or of Thasos is of the same weight- 
 standard as the early electmm of Cyzious and Zeleia, 
 
 1. A. 11, 12. 
 
 2. Thrace. Zaselii. JR. 06b. lAlEAEQN. Centaur carrying 
 
 o£f a nymph. liev. Flat incuse square. Wt. 141-3 grs. 
 
 3. ThaSOS. ^31. Obv. Satyr kneeling with a nymph in his arms. 
 
 Bev. Incuse square. Wt. 150-2 grs. 
 
 4. Lete. .51. Obv. Satyr standing opposite a nymph and holding her 
 
 by the wrist. Sev. Incuse. Wt. 152-6 grs. 
 
 5. Lete. M. Similar, but of finer work. Wt. 146-6 grs. 
 
 The types of the ahove coins all refer to the worship of 
 the rude forces of nature symbolised in the orgiastic rites 
 of the Thracian Bacchus and his following (Centaurs, 
 Satyrs, Msenads, &c.). Mt. Pangseum, on the summit of 
 which was the famous oracle of Bacchus, was the religious 
 centre of the Thracian mining tribes, whose coinage 
 spread over the whole district north of Chalcidice, from 
 the Nestos in the east to the Haliacmon in the west, 
 before the time of the Persian wars. 
 
 6. Neapolis. M. Obv. Gorgon-head. Sev. Incuse. Wt. 147 grs. 
 
 Neapolis, opposite Thasos, was the port of the Pangaian 
 district. Its coins follow the standard of the neighbouring 
 mining tribes and of Thasos. 
 
 7. Acanthus. M. Obv. Lion devouring bull. Sev. Incuse square. 
 
 Wt. 268 grs. 
 
 AU the early coins of the cities of Chalcidice follow 
 the Attic standard. That there were lions in this district 
 at the time of the Persian wars we learn from Hero- 
 dotus, who relates how they came do-WTi from the moun- 
 tains and seized upon the beasts of burden in the arm-y of 
 Xerxes. 
 
B.C. 700-480. 9 
 
 8. Mende. .51. Obv. Crow on the back of an ass ; in the background, 
 
 a vine. Hev. Incuse. Wt. 263-5 grs. 
 
 The Dionysiac types on the coinage of this city refer 
 to the famous Mendsean wine. 
 
 9. Potldsea. JR. Obv. Poseidon Hippios, on horseback, holding tri- 
 
 dent ; beneath, star. Sev. Incuse. Wt. 271-2 grs. 
 
 This type is perhaps copied from the sacred image of 
 Poseidon -which Herodotus (viii. 129) mentions as standing 
 in front of the city. 
 
 10. Terone. M. Obv. Amphora. Sev. Incuse. Wt. 256-4 grs. 
 
 This coin is re-struck on a tetradrachm of Acanthus. 
 
 11. DicKa. .31. Obv. Co-w scratching herself. Sev. Incuse. Wt. 
 
 38-3 grs. 
 
 Dioaea in Chalcidice was a colony of Eretria in Euhoea, 
 whence its coin-types are derived. 
 
 12. Uncertain. M. Obr. Pegasus standing. Sev. Incuse. Wt. 
 
 209-8 grs. 
 
 13. Uncertain. .51. Oio. Pegasus galloping, with dog beneath him. 
 
 Sev. Incuse. Wt. 207 grs. 
 
 These coins were both procured at Salonioa, and may 
 have been struck at the ancient Therma, before that city 
 was incorporated in the Macedonian kingdom. 
 
 Plate 6. 14. Bisaltse. M. Obv. BIZAATIKON. Man carrying two spears 
 standing on the further side of a horse. Eev, Flat in-cuse square. 
 Octadrachm. Wt. 422-9 grs. 
 
 15. Edoni. Getas, king. M. Obv. Man between two bulls. 
 
 Sev. rETA2 HAONEON BA2IAEYZ. Incuse square. Octa- 
 drachm. Wt. 417-8 grs. 
 
 16. Orrescii. M. Obv. ORREZKION. Similar type. Sev. In- 
 
 cuse. Octadrachm. Wt. 440-3 grs. 
 
 17. Odomanti (?). 2R. Obv. Bearded charioteer, in wicker-sided car 
 
 drawn by oxen. In field above, helmet ; beneath oxen, flower. 
 Sev. Triskeles of human legs ; between them, floral ornaments 
 Dodecadrachm. Wt. 624-3 grs. 
 
 The Bisaltas, Edoni, Orrescii, Odomanti, &c., were 
 Thracian tribes, who dwelt in the valleys of the Strymon 
 and the Angites, to the north of the Pangaean range. 
 
10 
 
 PEEIOD I. B. 
 
 The Orrescii probably also occupied a portion of that 
 range, as some of their coins follow the Babylonia standard. 
 The ;large octadrachms, &o., of these peoples belong to 
 the Phcenician standard introduced from Abdera. "When 
 Alexander I. of Macedon took possession of the Bisaltian 
 territory, about b.c. 480, he adopted the Bisaltian coin 
 types, and appears to have put an end to all coinages 
 within his dominions except his own. 
 
 18. Coroyra. M. Obv. Cow suckling calf. Sev. Two oblong sink- 
 
 ings ; within which, floral pattern erroneously called Gardens of 
 Alcinoiis. Wt. 170 grs. 
 
 The Corcyreans identified their island with the Scheria 
 of Homer, inhabited by the Phseacians and their king 
 Alcinoiis. 
 
 19. rhocis. zR. Obv. Bull's head facing. Sev. Incuse square. 
 
 Wt. 44 grs. 
 
 20. Thebes. .51. Obv. Bteotian shield. Sev. A cross within a circle, 
 
 the archaic form of the letter 0, within a deep incuse. Wt. 190 grs. 
 
 21. Euboea. .31. Obv. Wheel of four spokes. Sev. Incuse square, 
 
 divided diagonally. Wt. 126 grs. 
 
 The wheel is the badge of Chalcis in Euboea. 
 
 22. Eubcea or Ceos. M. Obv. Amphora. Sev. Incuse square, 
 
 divided diagonally. Wt. 127 grs. 
 
 This vase occurs on coins of Ceos of the ^ginetic 
 standard ; and it is not improbable that the first coins of 
 that island were Euboic in weight. 
 
 23. iiUboea. .nx, Obv. Bull's head facing. Sev. Similar to preceding. 
 
 Wt. 133-7 grs. 
 
 The bull's head may allude to the name of the island. 
 
 24. Eubcea. j5i. Obv. Gorgon-head. Sev. Similar, but a panther's 
 
 head in one of the triangular divisions of the sunk square. Wt. 
 131-6 grs. 
 
 25. Euboea. .M. Obv. Gorgon-head. Sev. Bull's head facing in 
 
 incuse square. Wt. 254-3 grs. 
 
 The above coins, Nos. 21-25, were formerly attributed 
 to Athens before the time of Solon, but they have been 
 since restored by Prof. E. Curtius to Euboea. The 
 Gorgon-head is probably the type of the city of Eretria, 
 
B.C. 700-480. 11 
 
 as the wheel is of Chalois. The tetradrachm, No. 25, 
 probably dates from the time when the Pisistratidae were 
 exiles in Eubcea. 
 
 PiAiE 6. 26. Athens (?). M. 06o. Owl to left. &». Incuse square, diagonally 
 divided. Wt. 124 grs. 
 
 27. Athens. M. 06d. Head of Athena. Jiev. hQE. Owl and olive 
 
 branch in incuse square. Wt. 264:'8 grs. 
 
 28. Athens. M. Similar. Wt. 257 grs. 
 
 These two tetradraohms are fine examples of the archaic 
 style of art in Hellas. It is probable that they are not 
 much later than the time of Solon, or, in other words, 
 of about the middle of the sixth century b.c. At this 
 remote period Athens seems to have been one of the few 
 cities which made use of double dies (reverse as well as 
 obverse) for the coinage. 
 
 29. .3i]gina. JR. Obv. Sea-tortoise. Sev. Incuse square, divided into 
 
 eight compartments. Wt. 192 grs. 
 
 Phidon, king of Argos (8th cent. B.C.), is said to have 
 been the first to introduce weights and measures into 
 European Greece, and ^Egina was the first town in 
 Europe to strike coins. It is probable that the jEginetio 
 standard is that which was introduced by Phidon. 
 
 30. Corinth. ^. Obv. Pegasus prancing ; beneath, koppa. JRev 
 
 Incuse square, divided into eight triangular compartments. Wt, 
 128-3 grs. 
 
 This is the earliest coinage of Corinth. It may date 
 from the time of Periander, b.c. 625-585. 
 
 31. Corinth. ^31, Obv. Pegasus standing ; beneath, koppa. Hev. 
 
 Incuse of peculiar form, resembling the so-called *' swastica " 
 pattern. Wt. 131-3 grs. 
 
 These thin flat coins of Corinth are also of a very early 
 period, though later than the preceding. 
 
 32. Crete. CnosSUS. M. Obv. The Minotaur, in the shape of a man 
 
 with the head of a bull, kneeling on one knee and holding a stone 
 in his hand. Mev. Labyrinth of " swastica " pattern, the four 
 corners consisting of deep incuse squares. Wt. 184-8 grs. 
 
 This is an early representation of the famous labyrinth 
 built by Daedalus, the home of the Minotaur. 
 
12 PERIOD I. B. 
 
 33. Ceos. GrOresia. JR. Obv. Sepia and dolphin. Bev. Incuse 
 
 similar to that of No. 30. Wt. 180 grs. 
 
 The coinage of Ceos at first followed the Euboio stan- 
 dard. This coin of Goresia is of the jEginetio weight, 
 and of ahoTit the middle of the sixth century. 
 
 34. NaxOS. M. Obv. Cantharus wreathed with ivy and grapes. 
 
 Bev. Incuse square quartered. Wt. 187 grs. 
 
 35. ParOS. JR. Obv. Goat kneeling and looking back. Bev. Incuse 
 
 square, in eight triangular compartments. Wt. 187'5 grs. 
 
 36. Siphnos. JR. Obv. Eagle flying. Bev. Similar to No. 34. 
 
 Wt. 197 grs. 
 
 The early coins of the Cyclades are all of this globular 
 fabric, and follow the iEginetic standard. 
 
B.C. 700-480. 13 
 
 I. C. 
 
 Plates 7-9. 
 
 PLATE?. 1. Etruria. Populonia. M. Obv. Gorgon-head, beneath which 
 X (mark of value). Sev. Plain. Wt. 129-5 grs. 
 
 This is one of the most ancient coins of Etruria, although 
 possibly not earlier than 480. Both the weight-standard 
 and the type of this Etruscan money seems to be derived 
 from Euboea (cf. I. B. 24). 
 
 2. Campania. Cumas. JR. Ofc. Head of nymph. Sev. KYME. 
 
 Mussel with marine plant. Wt. 117*2 grs. 
 
 The coins of the Campanian cities are from the earliest 
 times struck on both sides. 
 
 3. Calabria. Tarentum. JR. 06». TARA^ (retrograde). Apollo 
 
 Hyacinthius kneeling, holding lyre and flower. £ev. Same type 
 incuse. Wt. 111'6 grs. 
 
 4. iarentum. ^. Obv. Same inscription. Taras riding on dolphin ; 
 
 beneath, scallop shell. Mec. Same type incuse. Wt. 123 grs. 
 
 The oldest coins of Tarentum, with those of many of 
 the neighbouring Greek cities of Southern Italy, are 
 distinguished from all other early Greek coins by their 
 having, instead of the plain incuse square, an incuse type 
 on the reverse. All the coins of this style are probably 
 anterior to B.C. 500. 
 
 6. Tarentum. M. Obv. Similar. Rev. Wheel. Wt. 122 grs. 
 
 6. Tarentum. M. 05b. TARA4. Taras riding on dolphin, holding 
 
 cuttle-fish. ii!eu. TARA 4 (retrograde). Sea-horse ; beneath, scallop 
 shell. Wt. 124-5 grs. 
 
 7. Tarentum. JR. Obv. TARA 4 . Taras seated on dolphin ; beneath, 
 
 scallop shell. Mev. Head of Taras, of archaic style, wearing neck- 
 lace. Wt. 122 grs. 
 
 "We learn from Aristotle that the youthful figure seated 
 on the dolphin, -which is the most common type on the 
 coins of this city, was intended for Taras, a son of 
 Poseidon, from whom the city is said to have derived its 
 name. 
 
 8. Lucania. LaiiS. JR. Obv. fAfi. Man-headed bull, looking 
 
 back. Bev. NOM. Same type incuse. Wt, 120-9 grs. 
 
 The inscription on this coin (Aaftvo;) is begun on the 
 obverse and completed on the reverse. 
 
14 PERIOD I. C. 
 
 9. Laiis. -51. Obv. AAf (retrograde). Man-headed bull, looking 
 back ; in exergue, acorn. Jiev. Same inscription. Man-headed bull. 
 Wt. 123-7 grs. 
 
 10,11. Metapontum. JR. Obv. META. Ear of com. Sev. Same 
 type incuse. Wt. 124-2 and 123-8 grs. 
 
 No. 11, -wJiioli is less spread than No. 10, is re-struck 
 upon a CorintMan stater similar to I. B. 31. The ear of 
 com refers to the fertility of the territory of Metapontum, 
 -which -w-as so great that the people of Metapontum -w-ere 
 able to dedicate at Delphi " a golden harvest " (Strab. yi. 
 264). 
 
 12. Posidonia. Si. Obv. MOP (=nOZ retrograde). Poseidon 
 naked but for chlamys, which hangs across his shoulders, wielding 
 trident. Hev. Same type incuse, except inscription, which is in 
 raised letters. Wt. 115-5 grs. 
 
 Plates. 13. Posidonia. M. Obv. HOMEiAlKf'i i AT AM (Jloa-eLSayiaTas). 
 Similar type. iJer. ROMEIAA. Bull. Wt. 122 grs. 
 
 At Posidonia, as at the other Achaean to-wns of 
 Southern Italy, the flat coins -with an incuse type on the 
 reverse give place at an early period to pieces of smaller 
 dimensions, -thicker, and ha-ving a type in relief on both 
 sides. 
 
 14. Siris and Pyxus. M. Obv. MOV\ZqZM CSip7yos). Bull, 
 
 ■with head turned back. Sev. flV+OEM (nu|((es). Same type 
 incuse. Wt. 120-5 gi-s. 
 
 Monetary alliances of this kind between t-wo to-wns 
 are not unusual in the sixth century in Southern Italy. 
 The reverse inscription, Tlv^ovs, is the name of the to-wn in 
 the nominative ; Stpivos is an adjective, also in the nomina- 
 tive case ; sub. voS/n/xos. 
 
 15. Sybaris. M. Obv. VM (2u). Bull, -with head turned back. 
 
 Eev. Same type incuse. Wt. 121-8 grs. 
 
 Sybaris -was colonized from Achsea about B.C. 720, and it 
 enjoyed unexampled prosperity until B.C. 510, when it -was 
 destroyed by Croton. 
 
 16. Velia. M. Oiw. VEAH. Female head, of archaic style. Sev. 
 
 Lion, above which B. Wt. 123-5 grs. 
 
 Yelia -was founded in B.C. 544, by the Phocaeans 
 
B.C. 700-480. 15 
 
 who left their native city rather than submit to the 
 Persians. The lion is a common type on coins of the 
 Phocsean colonies. 
 
 17. Bruttii. Caulonia. M. Obv. KAVA. Naked figure, hold- 
 
 ing in his raised right hand a branch, and on his outstretched left 
 arm a small running figure with winged feet, which also holds a 
 branch ; in front, a stag, looking back. Eev. Same type incuse, 
 but small figure wanting. Wt. 128 grs. 
 
 This type has been explained by Garrucci as an imper- 
 sonation of the promontory Cocinthus holding the Wind- 
 god Zephyrus. 
 
 18. Caulonia. M. Obv. KAVA (retrograde). Similar type. Rev. 
 
 Same inscription. Stag ; in field, branch. Wt. 122-6 grs. 
 
 The same change of fabric is noticeable here as on coins 
 of Tarentum, Nos. 4 and 6 ; Latis, 8 and 9 ; Posidonia, 
 12 and 13. 
 
 19. Croton. M. Obv. OPO. Tripod. Sev. Same type, incuse. 
 
 Wt. 115-7 grs. 
 
 20. Croton. ^. Obv. Same inscription and type. jRev. Flying eagle, 
 
 incuse. Wt. 123*6 grs. 
 
 The earliest coins of Croton, an Achaean colony founded 
 about B.C. 700, resemble in fabric those of the other 
 Achaean cities, but, unlike those of Caulonia, Sybaris, &c., 
 the series of its money is prolonged to a late period. 
 
 21. Croton and Sybaris. JR. Obv. Same inscription and type. 
 
 Sev. VM (2u). Bull, looking back. Wt. 123-9 grs. 
 
 This federal money of Croton and Sybaris together is 
 of considerable value as an indication of the style and 
 fabric in use before the great war which terminated, 
 B.C. 510, in the destruction of Sybaris. 
 
 22. Ehegium. JR. Obv. Charioteer in biga drawn by mules. Sev. 
 
 RECINON (retrograde). Hare. Wt. 261-3 grs. 
 
 Aristotle states that Anaxilaus, tjTant of Ehegium b.c. 
 494-476, having gained a victory at Olympia with the 
 mule-car, a-n^vr], struck coins for Ehegium on which the 
 mule-car was represented. This is one of the coins alluded 
 to by the philosopher. 
 
16 PERIOD I. C. 
 
 23. Terina. M. Obv. TEP^NA. Head of Terina. Sev. N5KA 
 (retrograde). Nike Apteros, wearing long chiton, with diplois, 
 standing. She holds branch. The whole in olive-wreath. 'Wt. 
 123-5 grs. 
 
 Terina was a colony of Croton. Its coins are of great 
 beauty, but little is faiown of its hifitorT. 
 
 Plate 9. 24. Sicily. Agrigentum. M. Obv. AKRACANTOZ. Eagle. 
 i?fr' Crab. Wt. 129-5 grs. 
 
 25. Catana. M. Obc. Man-headed bull ; above, water-fowl ; beneath, 
 
 river-fish. £er. KATANAION. Xike, holding wreath, walking 
 to the left. '«'t. 266-8 grs. 
 
 If this coin of Catana does not belong to the period 
 before B.C. 476, -wlien the inhabitants -svere expelled by 
 Hiero I. of Syiacuse, and the name of the city changed 
 to JEtna, it must be brought down to B.C. 461, when the 
 Catanseans were reinstated. 
 
 26. Gela. M. Obr. <EAAE. Fore-part of man-headed ball (River- 
 
 god). Hev. Quadriga, the horses crowned by flving Sike. Wt. 
 265 grs. 
 
 Grelon, the tyrant of Gela, conquered in the chariot-race 
 at Olympia, in B.C. -iSS. The reverse-type of this coin 
 may commemorate the event. 
 
 27. Himera. -±l. Ohv. Cock. H-t. Four incuse triangles arranged 
 
 like the sails of a milL Wt. S9-5 grs. 
 
 The most ancient coins of the towns Himera, Xaxus, 
 and Zancle in Sicily, and Ehegium and Ctunae in Italy, 
 follow the JEginetic standard. All these cities are Chal- 
 cidic colonies. The coins of this standard struck at 
 Himera are all previous to e.g. 481, when Theron of Agri- 
 gentmn seized Himera and introduced the Attic standard. 
 
 23. Leontini. -B. &!>!!. Quadriga, the horses crowned by Nike. Ser. 
 AEONTINON. Don's head with open jaws ; around, foxir barley- 
 corns. Wt. 264-3 i:r5. 
 
 This coin belongs, Kke Xo. 26 of Gela, to the time when 
 Gelon was master of Leontini. The lion's head on the 
 reverse is a type pa riant. 
 
 29. Zancle. Ji. Oir. DANKLE. Dolphin wit'ain a curved object 
 representing the harbour of Zancle. Her. Shallow incuse, divided 
 iiito several compartments ; in the centre, a shell. Wt. 85-6 grs. 
 
 The name of Zancle was derived from the old Sicilian 
 word Dancle, a sickle, and had reference to the form of the 
 harbour. The town was afterwards called Messana. 
 
B.C. 700-480. 17 
 
 30. Messana. JR. 06u. Head of lion, facing. iJCT. MES3ENION. 
 
 Calfs liead. Wt. 267-1 grs. 
 
 After the taking of Miletus, B.C. 494, a band of Samians 
 sailed to Sicily, and under the advice of Anaxilaus of 
 Ehegium seized the city of Zancle. Anaxilaus soon after- 
 wards sent a mixed colony to Zancle, and changed its name 
 to Messana. The Samian types of this coin show that it 
 dates from this period, circ. b.c. 490-480. 
 
 31. Naxus. JR. Ohv. Headof Dionysus, witli pointed beard and long 
 
 hair, wearing ivy-wreatli. JReo. N AXIOM. Bunch of grapes. 
 Wt. 87-2 grs. 
 
 Naxus was conquered by Hippocrates of Gela, in e.g. 
 498. The earliest coins of this city of ^ginetic weight 
 are anterior to this conquest. 
 
 82. Segesta. JR. Ohv. Hound loolving back ; above, shell, tnurex. Eev. 
 ZECEZTAIIB(= 267€(rTafi7; for 2c7C(rTai7)). Head of Trojan 
 damsel Segesta. Wt. 127-3 grs. 
 
 This city was said to have been founded by Egestus 
 (the Acestes of Virgil), the son of Segesta, by the river- 
 god Crimissus, who appeared to her in the form of a dog. 
 
 33. Selinus. .31. Ohv. Selinon-leaf. Rev. Incuse square of t^Yelv8 
 
 divisions, the alternate ones deeper. Wt. 128 grs. 
 
 This city derived its name from the plant selinon 
 (parsley), which grew there in abundance. 
 
 34. Syracuse. JR. Obv. JVRA. Quadriga. Bev. Incuse square, 
 
 divided into four quarters ; in the centre an incuse circle contains 
 a female head of archaic style. Wt. 267-4 grs. 
 
 This tetradrachm belongs to the time of the oligarchy 
 of the Geomori, who ruled Syracuse before Gelon became 
 tyrant there in B.C. 485. 
 
 35. Syracuse. JR. Ohv. SIYRA^OZION. Female head, of fine 
 
 archaic style, surrounded by four dolphins. Eev. Quadriga, above 
 which Nike alighting upon the yoke, and placing her hand upon the 
 head of one of the horses. Wt. 263-6 grs. 
 
 The delicate work of this coin is extremely remarkable 
 for the time (the reign of Gelon, B.C. 485-478) to which it 
 belongs. The head surrounded by dolphins is that of the 
 nymph Arethusa. The Olympian victory of Gelon is 
 commemorated here, as at Gela, by the Victory, who 
 crowns the horses of the chariot. 
 
18 PERIOD II. 
 
 PEEIOD n.— CIRCA B.C. 480-400. 
 
 The coins of this period, which coincides -with that or 
 the Athenian supremacy, may he divided broadly into two 
 classes, (a) those which resemble more or less the archaic 
 coins of Period I., and (J3) those which border upon the 
 coins of the fully developed art of Period III. 
 
 As a geographical order is adhered to in each section, 
 early and late coins within the above limits are some- 
 times to be found side by side. 
 
 In Asia Minor the important commercial city of 
 Cyzicus, on the Propontis, gradually obtained something 
 like a monopoly of coining electrum, the Great King 
 retaining in his own hands that of coining pure gold. 
 
 In European Greece the Athenian coinage had by far 
 the largest circulation, and obtained so high a reputation, 
 not only in Europe, but even in the far East, for purity of 
 metal and accuracy of weight, that it was found inadvis- 
 able to make any improvement in the types, lest its circu- 
 lation should be affected. 
 
 The Corinthian money had also a wide circulation, 
 chiefly however towards the West. The coins of Elis, 
 unlike those of Athens and Corinth, present a great 
 number of types and a continued development in style. 
 
 In Italy the coinage of Tarentum is the richest. In 
 Sicily Syracuse affords a larger variety of types than any 
 other Greek city, and on this series the progress in style 
 from archaic to fine art may be traced step by step. 
 
 During this transitional period a great advance is 
 noticeable in the technical skill with which the dies of 
 the coins are prepared. The rude incuse square is gene- 
 rally superseded by a regular incuse square, containing 
 sometimes a device, sometimes a more or less orna- 
 mental quartering, together with the name of the city 
 or of the magistrate under whose jurisdiction the coin 
 was issued. In Asia Minor the incuse square is for the 
 most part retained down to a later date than in European 
 Greece. 
 
 Artistically the devices on the coinage of this period 
 are characterised by an increased delicacy in the render- 
 
PERIOD n. 19 
 
 ingof details and a truer understanding of tlie anatomical 
 Btruoture of the human body, and towards the close of 
 the period by greater freedom of movement, every effort 
 being then directed to realize ideal conceptions, a com- 
 plete mastery of technical skill having been attained 
 during the preceding transitional stage. 
 
 The chief sculptors with whose works the coins of this 
 period are contemporary are the following : — - 
 
 Class a. Sicyou — Canachiis and Aristocies. 
 
 jEgina — Gallon and Onatas. 
 
 Argos — Ageladas, B.C. 508^52. 
 
 Rhegium — Pythagoras, before B.C. 4-50. 
 
 Athens^^Calamis and Myron. 
 Class $. Athens — Myron, Phidias, and Alcamenes. 
 
 Peloponnesus — Polycletus, Pseonius of Mende. 
 
 The principal extant works are : — 
 
 Class^a. The sculptures of the Temple of Athena at jEgina. 
 
 Munich. Casts in British Museum. 
 Class |8. Marble copy of Myron's Discobolus in the Palazzo 
 
 Massimi, Rome. Another in British Museum. 
 Parthenon sculptures. British Museum. 
 The sculptures of the Theseium and of the Temple of 
 
 Nike Apteros. Athens. 
 Sculptures of the Temple of Zeus. Olympia. Casts in 
 
 Berlin. 
 Metopes of the third temple at Selinus. Palermo. 
 The frieze of the Temple of Apollo at Phigaleia. British 
 
 Museum. 
 Caryatides of the Erechtheum, Athens. (One in the 
 
 British Museum.) 
 ^Marble copy of the Doryphoros of Polycletus. Naples. 
 Marble copies of the Diadumenos of Polycletus. British 
 
 Museum. 
 "S'ictory by Pasonius. Olympia. 
 
 c 2 
 
20 
 
 PERIOD n. A. 
 
 II. A. 
 
 Plates 10-11. 
 Plate 10. 1, 2. Persia. AI, daric (n-t. 129 grs.), and M, siglos (wt. 84 grs.). 
 As I. A. 17, but of later style. 
 
 3. Uncertain electrum stater. Obv. Horse prancing ; beneath, 
 
 flower. Rev. Incuse square, quartered. Wt. 215'3 grs. 
 
 4. Uncertain electriim stater. Ohv. Sow. Rei:. Incuse square, 
 
 quartered. AVt. 216 grs. 
 
 5. Uncertain electrum stater. Obv. Cock ; above which, floral 
 
 ornament. Rev. Incuse square, quartered. Wt. 216 grs. 
 
 These three staters of the Phoenician standard appear to 
 be of later date than Nos. 8 and 9 of Period I. They are 
 not to be confounded -n-ith the Cyzicenes, -which follow a 
 diiferent monetary system. 
 
 6-19. Cj-zicus, &c. EL. 
 
 Electrum staters of Cyzicus, of early style. Cyzicus 
 appears to have had a monopoly of coining these staters 
 and the becta?, which circulated in immense numbers 
 throughout the ancient world from about B.C. 478 down 
 to 387, and perhaj)s later. They are frequently men- 
 tioned both by writers and in inscriptions. The tunny- 
 fish is the mint-mark of Cyzicus ; the types are extremely 
 numerous. Of the above, the most interesting are No. 12, 
 which represents the two golden eagles on the omphalos 
 of Apollo at Delphi, which are mentioned by Pindar 
 (Pyth. iv. 4), and No. 14, Cecrops, half man and half 
 serpent, holding an olive-branch. The weight of the stater 
 is about 248 grs. No. 15 is a hecte of Cyzicus (wt. 41 
 grs.), Nos. 16-19, hectas of PhooKa (wt. 40-38 grs.); the 
 mint-mark on these being a small seal in addition to the 
 coin type. No. 17 has also the head of a seal as the badge 
 of Phocaja. The hect;\; of Phoca;a of this period are of 
 comparatively pure metal, but afterwards they obtained a 
 bad reputation throughout Greece for the base character 
 of the gold of which they were composed. Hesychius, s. r 
 "tuKais ... TO KaKUTTOv ■)(pv<jiov. 
 
B.C. 480-400. 21 
 
 20. Sinope. M. 06o. Head of nymph Sinope. ijec. ^INQ. Sea- 
 
 eagle carrying dolphin in his talons. Wt. 88-4 grs. 
 
 Sinope was the wealthiest G-reek city on the coasts of 
 the Euxine, of which its fleet was mistress as far as the 
 entrance of the Bosporus. On its currency the city is 
 likened to a sea-eagle seizing its prey in the waters. 
 
 21. Apollonia ad Ehyndaoum. M. Obv. Head of Apollo. 
 
 iJec. A. Anchor. Magistrate's name. Wt. 226-4 grs. 
 
 22. Apollonia ad Ehyndaoum. M. Obv. Anchor. £ev. Gor- 
 
 gon-head. Wt. 50 grs. 
 
 This city stood on a small island or promontory 
 through which the Khyndacus flows before emptying 
 itself into the Propontis. These coins were formerly 
 attributed to Astaous in Bithynia. They may be a little 
 later than b.c. 400. 
 
 23. Lampsaous. EL. Obv. Half sea-horse, in vine-wreath. Sev. 
 
 Incuse square. Wt. 235 grs. 
 
 One of the " Lampsacene staters " mentioned in Attic 
 inscriptions, together with staters of Cyzicus. About the 
 end of the fifth century these coins were superseded by 
 a currency in pure gold. (See III. A. 15-19.) The sea- 
 horse is a symbol of Poseidon. 
 
 24. Pordosilene. M. Obv. Head of Apollo, wearing taenia. Sev. 
 
 nOPAOZIA. Lyre, in incuse square. Wt. 61 grs. 
 
 Pordosilene was one of the little islands called Heoaton- 
 nesi in the channel between Lesbos and the mainland. 
 
 25. Dardanus. M. Oto. Naked male figure on horseback. iJ^. AA P. 
 
 Cock, in incuse s(iuare. Wt. 72*7 grs. 
 
 The reverse of this coin bears a monogram composed of 
 the letters iHi on which account it has been attributed to 
 Zenis, satrap of ^Silolis, under Artaxerxes Mnemon. The 
 figure on horseback has been erroneously supposed to 
 represent the famous queen Mania, his wife, and successor 
 in the satrapy. 
 
 26. Scepsis. M. Obv. SKHN'ION. Forepart of Pegasus. Eev. 
 
 Fir-tree and grapes. Wt. 59 grs. 
 
 Scepsis had belonged to Mania, but after her death 
 Dercyllidas the Spartan got possession of this town, and 
 restored the sovereign power to the citizens, B.C. 399. 
 This is perhaps the date of the coin. 
 
22 PERIOD n. A, 
 
 Platb u. 27. Methymna. M. Obv. Bo^r. £ii-. Head of Athena, her helmet 
 adorned with Pegasns. MAGYMNAIOZ, in archaic characters, 
 on both sides. Wt. 124,-6 grs. 
 
 The pure archaic style of the head of Athena, the ancient 
 forms of the letters, and the Euboic weight of the coin, 
 mark it as not much, if at all, later than B.C. -ir'J. 
 
 2?. Mytilene. Ja. Obv. Two calves' heads face to face; between 
 them a tree. Sev. Incnse square. Wt. 169 jrs. 
 
 This coin, in sijite of its globular form, is not of archaic 
 work; neither is the metal pure. It seems, therefore, to 
 belong to the latter part of the fifth century. 
 
 29. Clazomense. iR. Oli: Foret ai-t of winged bear, ii'-.'r. Iscuse 
 
 sqTiare. "Wt. 105 grs. 
 
 An early coin, but probably not before B.C. iiO. Jilian 
 relates that a winged Boar was said to have ravaged in 
 ancient days the Clazomenian fields. 
 
 30. Colophon. ^. Oir. KOAO<l>nN ION (retrograde). Heal of 
 
 Apollo, laureate. He':. Lvre in inctise square. Wt. S3 gr=. 
 
 A coin of Colophon under Persian rule ; the weight is 
 that of the Persian siglos, and the style of art transi- 
 tional. 
 
 31. Ephesus. M. Obv. E4>EZI0N. Bee. i?:T. Incuse square. 
 
 Wt. 205 grs. 
 
 This Ephesian silver stater belongs to about the middle 
 of the fifth century. The bee is connected with the 
 worship of the Ephesian Art«mis, and was the badge of 
 the city. 
 
 32. Erytnr^. JK. Obv. Xakel youth holiin^ in a prancinc' horse, 
 
 which is stung by a bee or wasp, ii'er. EPY0. Flower ia incuse 
 square. Wt. 72 grs. 
 
 A coin of the best transitional style ; the bee is pro- 
 bably only the symbol of a magistrate. 
 
 33. TeOS. iR. Obv. GriSn with forepaw raised; above, a bear led 
 
 mask. £er. Incuse square. Wt. 17 3 grs. 
 
 34. Chios. .Si. Obv. Sphinx, seated before amphora ; abore which, 
 
 bunch of grapes, i^'cv. Incuse square. Wt. ii35-7 grs. 
 
 Chios was famed for its wine, and the Sphinx is a 
 symbol of Dionysus. This stater is not of the first 
 currency of the island, but belongs to the period of the 
 Athenian dominion, B.C. 473-412. 
 
B.C. 480-400. 23 
 
 35. Samos. jE. Obo. Lion's scalp. Sev. Z^. Forepart of ox, in 
 
 incuse square. Wt. 203 grs. 
 
 A coin of the latter end of the fifth century. The ox 
 was the symbol of Hera, the tutelary goddess of Samos. 
 
 36. Cos. JR. Obv. KOZ. Naked athlete, preparing to hurl the 
 
 discus; behind him the prize tripod. £ev. Crab in incuse square. 
 Wt. 250 grs. 
 
 Cos, Lindus, lalysus, Camirus, and Cnidus made up the 
 Dorian Pentapolis. The temple of the Triopian Apollo 
 near Cnidus was the central point of this union. 
 
 37. Termera. M. Obv. TYMNO. Herakles kneeling. Seo. 
 
 TEPMEPIKON. Lion's head in incuse square. "Wt. 72-4 grs. 
 
 This highly interesting little coin was procured by 
 Sir Charles Newton in the island of Cos. The obverse 
 bears the name of Tymnes, a despot of Termera about the 
 middle of the fifth century. He was probably a son of 
 Histiseus the son of Tymnes of Termera, whom Herodotus 
 mentions as serving in the fleet of Xerxes in B.C. 480. 
 
 38. Lycia. JR. Obv. Head of Athena. Bev. Head of Persian satrap 
 
 in incuse circle. Wt. 129 grs. 
 
 The head of the Persian satrap on this coin is, if a 
 portrait, the earliest which occurs on a coin. The date, 
 judging by style, is about b.c. 400. 
 
 39. Aspendus. .iE. Obv. Warrior armed with shield and spear 
 
 (style archaic). Sev. ETP. Triskeles or Three-legs, and lion, 
 both running, the whole in incuse square. Wt. 163 grs. 
 
 The triskeles, like the wheel, is supposed by some to 
 be a symbol of the sun. This opinion is borne out by 
 its combination on this coin with the lion, a well-known 
 solar symbol. 
 
 40. Cyprus. JR. Obv. Bull, above which the Egyptian winged 
 
 scarabseus, and in front the crux ansata ; beneath, in the Cyprian 
 character, ARI. Sev. Eagle with spread wings, in incuse square. 
 Wt. 168-5 grs. 
 
 This is a coin of a king of Paphos, called perhaps 
 Aristophantus. Egyptian and Persian symbols are fre- 
 quent on Cyprian monuments. The Cyprians derived 
 them from the Phoenicians. 
 
 41. Cyprus. JR. 060. Kam, accompanied by the name of Euelthon, 
 
 in the Cyprian character. Bev. Crux ansata in incuse square. 
 Wt. 169-5 grs. 
 
^^ PEBIOD n. A. 
 
 Euelthon was one of the Teukrid kings of Salamis. 
 The ram is a symbol of Aphrodite Pandemos. 
 
 4/. Cyprus. ^. OW. Herakles, -n-ith bow and club, advancing ; the 
 lion's skin hangs bebind him. Sec. BAALMELEK, in Phcenician 
 characters. Lion, seated ; in field, ram's head. Wt. 166 grs. 
 
 43. Cyprus. M. Obv. Similar. Sev. AZBAAL, in Phcenician 
 characters. lion devouring stag. V\'t. 169-6 grs. 
 
 Baalmelek (479-449) and Azbaal (449-425) were Phce- 
 nician Hngs of Citiu'm in Cyprus. They shared the 
 hegemony of the island with the Greek kings of Salamis. 
 
B.C. 480-400. 25 
 
 II. B. 
 
 Plates ]2-14. 
 
 PiATi!l2, 1. Abdera. M. Obv. IMOP. Griffin; in the field, a dancing 
 satyr. Bee. Incuse square. \Vt. 230-5 grs. 
 
 The grifSn on the coins of Abdera is derived from the 
 money of Teos (see above, I. A. 24). The name of the 
 magistrate, Smordotormus, is apparently Thracian. 
 
 2. Aenus. JR. Obv. Head of Hermes, of fine transitional style. 
 
 Jiev. A\H\. Goat ; in field, ivy-leaf within crescent. Wt. 248-9 grs. 
 
 3. Byzantium. M. Obv. PY. Cow standing on dolphin. Eev. 
 
 Incuse square, granulated. Wt. 229-9 grs. 
 
 The type of the coins of Byzantium is almost identical 
 ■with that of those of Chalcedon on the opposite side of 
 the Bosporus, the name of which is referred to the cow, 
 lo, who is fabled to have crossed here from one continent 
 to the other. 
 
 4. Maronea. M. 06p. MAPnN. Horse, prancing; above, canthams. 
 
 Sev. Em MHTPOAOTO. Vine enclosed in square. Wt. 
 212-6 grs. 
 
 Maron, the mythical founder of this city, was a grand- 
 son of Bacchus. Maronea was famous for the excellence 
 of its wine. 
 
 5. Seuthes I. M. Obv. Armed horseman. Sev. EEYGA 
 
 KOMMA. (The striking of Seuthes.) Wt. 132-5 grs. 
 
 Seuthes, king of the Thracian Odrysse, succeeded 
 Sitalces b.c. 424. He was friendly to the Athenians, who 
 admitted him to the privileges of citizenship. Another 
 coin of Seuthes is known, reading ZEY0A APTYPION. 
 
 6. Thasos. JR. Obv. Satyr, Itneeling, with a nymph in his arms. 
 
 £ev. Incuse square. Wt. 129 grs. 
 
 7. Thasos. M. Obv. Head of bearded Bacchus, wearing wreath of 
 
 ivy. Hev. 0AZION. Herakles, drawing bow. Wt. 229-1 grs. 
 
 The remarkable change of fabric, as well as standard, 
 in the coinage of Thasos, which is noticeable in com- 
 paring Nos. 6 and 7, probably took place about B.C. 411, 
 when the democracy in the island was overthrown. 
 
26 PEEIOD ri. B. 
 
 8. Acanthns. iR. 0:.r. Lion devouring lii:i. £=t. AKANe^ON. 
 
 A square, the four q^janer; of whicii are granulate i. ^t. ilya grs. 
 
 About the year b.c. 42-t, the time of Brasidas, the 
 Chalcidian towns generally exchanged the Attic for the 
 Phcenician standard. Thi^ coin of Acanthus is of the 
 later system, after B.C. -±24. 
 
 9. blende. 2K. Wr. Dionvsas on ass: inir:i:t. crjwseated in avinc, 
 
 and teneath a=;. ^ dog. ' £ec. MENAAiON. Vine with grapes. 
 Wt. 260 gTS. 
 
 A tetradrachm of the Attic standard, struck about the 
 middle of the fifth century B.C. The Dionysiac types of 
 this city refer to the famous Mendsean -w-ine. 
 
 10. Olynthus. .3J. Obr. Ciiarictoer driving'quadriga. £er. Earle 
 
 drine. in incase sqnare. Wt. 255'6 grs. 
 
 This is an archaic tetradrachm of the important city of 
 Olynthus, struck sc'on after b.c. 479, when the Bottiaeans 
 were expelled from C'lynthtis and the Chalcidian popula- 
 tion restored by Artabazus. The type may oommemorat* 
 an Olympian victoiy in the chariot race. 
 
 11. Alexander I. vi Alacedon, b.c. 49S-4.54. JK. Ojr. ilan 
 
 arrvirir two spears, standing on the fartiier side of a horse. H^r. 
 AAEZ ANAPO. round an incline square, contioiing a qnadxipartite 
 square. Wt. 447'5 grs. 
 
 An octadrachm of Alexander I., of the type and 
 
 standard of the coins of the Bisalt<e; struck after his 
 acquibition of the Bisaltian silver mines in 4S','. 
 
 12. Archelaus I., B.C. 41:3-399. JR. C6v. Horseman wearing 
 
 ka-jisia and chlamys, and armed with two spears. £er. APXEAAO. 
 FoTOjart of goat to right, in incnso square. Wt. lo7-5 grs. 
 
 Pl4Ib 13. 13- Tarissa. JR. Obr. Man seizing bull bv the horns. In ex. TO. 
 Sev. AAPIZAl. H.rso galloping; the whole in incnse square. 
 Wt. 94 grs. 
 
 The Thessalian youths were renowned for their skill in 
 catching bulls and taming horses. 
 
 14. Corcyra. -E. Otr. Cow suckling calf. Ecv. KOP. Floral 
 j./ittern, so-cslled gardens of Alcmo-is. Wt. 169 grs. 
 
 Cf. I. B. IS. 
 
 15—18. Thebes. JR. Oiv. Boeotian buckler. licv. Incuse square, 
 in which — (15) 0EBA. Ha;-monia, da'^;hter of Ares and 
 Aphrodite, and wife of Cadmus, seated, holding helmet. Wt. 185 grs. 
 
B.C. 480-400. 27 
 
 (16) ©EB. Herakles, walking, holding bow and club. Wt. 
 185 grs. (17) GEBAIOJ. Herakles stringing his bow. Wt. 
 188 grs. (18) 0EBAION. Herakles carrying off the Delphic 
 tripod. Wt. 184 grs. 
 
 These Theban coins are fine examples of the style of 
 art immediately preceding that of Phidias. They are all 
 previous to 430. 
 
 19-23. Athens. 06b. Head of Athena. Bev. AQE. Owl and olive- 
 branch, in incuse square. (19) Decadraohm (wt. 659 grs.); 
 (20) Tetradraohm (wt. 265 grs.); (21) Didrachni (wt. 
 129 grs.); (22) Drachm (wt. 65 grs.) ; (23) Hemidrachm 
 
 (wt. 32-5 grs.). 
 It is instructive to compare these coins with I. B. 27, 28 ; 
 the later coins are " archaistio," the earlier truly archaic 
 in style. The archaic style and execution of the Athenian 
 money is to be accounted for by the fact that any altera- 
 tion in the appearance of coins having so wide a circula- 
 tion as those of Athens might have damaged their credit. 
 This fixed hieratic character of the coinage of one of the 
 greatest Hellenic cities remains, however, an isolated fact 
 in Greek numismatics. 
 
 24. jiEgma. j5J. Obv. Al. Land tortoise. Hev. Incuse square 
 
 divided into five compartments, within which the letters N i and 
 dolphin. Wt. 189 grs. 
 
 The coins of iEgina were popularly called x^^'^""-'-- 
 This island ceased to strike silver money in B.C. 456, 
 when it became part of the Athenian empire. 
 
 25. Corinth. .31. Obv. Pegasus; beneath, koppa. £ev. Head of 
 
 Pallas ; behind, koppa. Wt. 132"5 grs. 
 The staters of Corinth were sometimes called irSAoi, on 
 account of the Pegasus which they bore. In the earliest 
 period the name of the city was spelt with a koppa 
 (Q instead of K), which is afterwards retained as a distin- 
 guishing mark on its coinage. Nest to the money of 
 Athens, that of Corinth had the widest circulation in the 
 fifth and fourth centuries B.C., especially in the' districts 
 to the north of the Corinthian Gulf, and in Sicily and 
 Southern Italy. 
 
 Plate 14. 26-34. Elis. JR. (26) 06b. Eagle, with serpent. £ev. FA. 
 Thunderbolt. Wt. 182 grs. (27) Obv. FAAEION. Eagle, with 
 serpent. Sev. F A. Kike running, carrying wreath. Wt. 185-2 
 grs. (28) Similar, of later style. Wt. 185 grs. (29) Obv. 
 Head of the Olympian Zeus. Bsv. F A. Thunderbolt, in laurel- 
 
28 PERIOD n. B. 
 
 wrcath. Wt. 185 grs. (30) Obn. Head of Hera, wearing upright 
 
 Stephanos. Ben. FA. Thnnderbolt, in wxeatfa, Wt. 187 grs. 
 
 (31) Obv. Eagle deronring hare. Sev. F A. Kike seated on a base. 
 
 In the exergne, a branch of laurel. Wt. 183 grs. [The reverse 
 
 type of this coin was copied hy 3Ir. T. Wyon, the engraver of the 
 
 medal stmck to commemorate the battle of Waterloo.] (32) Obv. 
 
 Eagle's head and leaf of bryonia (?). See. F A. Thunderbolt, in 
 
 wreath. Wt. 185 grs. (33) Obv. Eagle deyonring ram. Sen. 
 
 FA. Thmiderbolt. Wt 190-8 grs. (34) Obs. Eagle deronring 
 
 hare. £ev. FAAEION. Thunderbolt, with two wings; one ei- 
 
 tremity ornamented. Wt. 183 gts. 
 
 The series of the staters of Elis is one of the most 
 
 varied and beautiful in the whole range of Greek coins. 
 
 Artiste of the highest abilities were employed at this 
 
 mint. The types lefer to the ■worship of Zens and Heia 
 
 at Olympia. The digamma 'was not abandoned on the 
 
 coins of Elis nntil Soman times. 
 
 35-38. Crete. 2S. (35) Gortyna. 06c. Europa seatedin tree. 
 Ser. rOPTVNION (retrograde). Bull. Wt 189 grs. (36) 
 Itanns. Obe. Triton striking with trident £ev. ITA. Two 
 marine serpents, fiice to face. Wt 173 grs. (37) PhsBStUB. Obv. 
 CEAXANOZ (retrograde). Velchanos (a Cretan form of Zens) 
 seated on the stump of a tree, with a cock on his knees. Sev. 
 0AIST. (r«tograde) BulL Wt 182-8 grs. (38) Phaestns. 
 Obv. Herakles contending with the Lemsan Hydra ; at his feet is the 
 crab. Sev. «t>AimON. Bull. Wt. 181 grs. 
 
 The coins of the Cretan cities are remarkable for the 
 unconventional style in which the sabjects represented 
 are treated. Some of them are very fine "works of art, 
 others snrprisliigly barbarons. The coins of Grortyna ' 
 refer to the abduction of Enropa by Zens, in the form of 
 a bnlL The assistance rendered by the crab to the hydra 
 (Xo. 38) is mentioned by Apollodoms (Biblioth. u. 5, 2). 
 Some of these Cretan coins may with eqnal probability 
 be given to the earlier half of the next centory, as many 
 of them are re-stmcfc on coins of Gyrene which can 
 hardly be earlier than B.C. 400. 
 
 39. Enboea. Eietria. .&. Obv. lo, as a cow, scratching herself; 
 on her back a bird. Sev. E. Cuttle-fish. Wt 265 grs. 
 
 In Enbcea the spot was shown on which lo was believed 
 to have been killed, as well as the cave in which she gave 
 birth to Epaphns. The bird on the cow's back is perhaps 
 Zens, who, in the form of a bird, gnided Hermes to the 
 place where Hera had tied lo to a tree. 
 
B.C. 480-400. 29 
 
 II. C. 
 
 Plates 15-17. 
 
 1. EtrUTia. JR. Obv. Winged Gorgon running, holding in either 
 
 hand a serpent. Bev. ©EH. Archaic wheel, haying long axle- 
 beam crossed by two bands curving outwards. Wt. 171'6 gi'S. 
 
 This coin has been attributed to Fajsulaj. The Gorgon 
 is the symbol of the worship of the moon-goddess, the 
 wheel of that of the san-god (of. II. A. 39 ; III. C. 2). 
 The date may be about the middle of the fifth century, or 
 earlier. The weight-standard is Persic. 
 
 2. Campania. Cumse. M. Obv. Female head. Ecv. KVMAION 
 
 (retrograde). Mussel shell ; above which, pistrix (sea-serpent). 
 Wt. 115-9 grs. 
 
 This coin may be assigned to the period of jjrosperity 
 which Cumee enjoyed after her deliverance from the 
 Etruscans by Hiero I. of Syracuse, b.c. 474. 
 
 3. Neapolis. JR. Obv. Head of Athena; helmet bound with olive. 
 
 Rev. NEnOVlTE5 (in archaic characters). Man-headed bull. 
 Wt. 115 grs. 
 
 4. Calabria. Tarentum. M. Obv. TAPANTINQN. Taras, 
 
 naked, helmeted, holding aplustre and round shield ; seated on back 
 of dolphin ; beneath which, fish. Rev. Man, seated, holding distatf 
 at which a young panther jumps. Wt. 122'9 grs. 
 
 The seated figure may represent the Demos of Taren- 
 tum. The presence of O on this coin compels us to place 
 it in the last years of the fifth century. 
 
 5. Lucania. Heraclea. JR. Obv. Head of Herakles, in lion's skin. 
 
 Rev. HE. Lion. Wt. 20-8 grs. 
 
 Heraclea was founded by the Tarentines, B.C. 433. This 
 is one of its earliest coins. 
 
 6. Metapontum. JR. Obv. META. Ear of corn. Rev. Apollo, 
 
 naked, holding branch and bow. Wt. 123-6 grs. 
 
 7. Thurium. JR. Obv. Head of Athena ; helmet bound with olive ; 
 
 above, <t>. ifei'. 0OYPIQN. Bull, -walking, with head lowered ; 
 beneath, bird. In e-xergue, fish. Wt. 119-1 grs. 
 
 Thurium, on the Tarentine Gulf, was one of the latest 
 of all the Greek colonies in Italy. It was colonized from 
 Athens about B.C. 443, and occupied a position near the site 
 of the deserted Sybaris. The style of the head of Athena 
 on this coin may be compared with II. 0. 3 of Neapolis. 
 
30 PERIOD II. C. 
 
 8. Telia. M,. O^r. Female head, wearing diadem of pearls. Sev. 
 
 VEAHTEnN. Lion ; abore which, owl flying. Wt. 117-6 grs. 
 
 9. Brtlttii. Caulonia. .31. Ohr. Apollo, naked, holding branch ; 
 
 left arm extended ; on either side of him, a dolphin. Ren. 
 KAYAONIATAZ. Stag. Wt. 122-8 grs. 
 
 None of tlie money of this city appears to be later in 
 date tlian the end of the fifth century B.C. 
 
 10. Croton. 3X. Oh: Eagle perched on the capital of a column of 
 
 the Ionic order ; in the field, a laurel-branch. Sec. QPO. Tripod, 
 ■n-ith a fillet attached to one handle. Wt. 116 grs. 
 
 This is the tripod of the Pythian Apollo -who was 
 worshipped at Croton, in a temple called the Pythion. 
 
 11. Pandosia. JS. Ohv. riANAOSIA (in archaic characters). 
 
 Head of nymph Pandosia, wearing broad diadem ; the whole in 
 laurel-wreath. iJfv. KPA0IZ (in archaic characters). Eiver 
 Crathis naked, standing, holding patera and olive-branch ; at his 
 feet, a fish. Wt. 104-7 grs. 
 
 The archaic forms of the letters on this coin are not 
 consistent with the style of art, which is that of the 
 middle or latter portion of the fifth century. The inscrip- 
 tion is therefore an affectation of archaism. 
 
 12. Ehegium. M. Ohv. Lion's scalp, facing. Eev. RECINOS. 
 
 Bearded figure, naked to waist, seated, his right resting on staff; 
 beneath his seat, a dog. The whole in laurel-wreath. 'SVt. 267-6 grs. 
 
 The seated figure on this coin, like that on II. C. -i of 
 Tarentum, may represent the Demos of the city. Coins 
 of this type may date from the time of the expulsion of 
 the despots, B.C. 461. 
 
 13. Terina. .31. Obi\ Head of Xike, wearing across forehead diadem 
 
 ornamented with honeysuckle pattern ; behind, <t> ; the whole in 
 laurel-wreath. Sev. TEPINAION. Winged Xike or Eirene, 
 seated on rase, holding caduceus and bird. Wt. 119-5 grs. 
 
 This is one of the most esq-uisi-fce productions of the 
 art of die-engraving. The <}) on the obverse is the artist's 
 signature. Nos. II. C. 7, of Thurium, and III. C. 22, of 
 Pandosia, appear to be by the same engraver, who was 
 doubtless well known in Southern Italy. All the finest 
 coins of Terina of this period are by him. 
 
 Plate 16. 14. Sicily. Agrigentum. A7. Ohv. AKP. Eagle devouring ser- 
 pent ; beneath, two pellets. Rev. Crab ; beneath, magistrate's name, 
 ZlAANOZ. Wt. 20-4 grs. 
 
 About the year B.C. 412, gold money appears to have 
 
B.C. 480-400, 31 
 
 been first coined in Sicily. The gold coins of this first 
 issue are all small. Cf. II. 0. 19, of Catana ; 23, of Gela, 
 and 39, of Syracuse. 
 
 15. Agrigentum. M. Obv. AKRACANTOS. Eagle on capital 
 
 of column. Sov. Crab; beneath which, floral scroll. \Vt. 2G8-7 grs. 
 
 This coin belongs to the beginning of the period to 
 which it is here classed. 
 
 16. Agrigentum. JR. Obv. Two eagles, standing on hare, the one 
 
 about to tear the prey, the other raising its head and screaming. 
 In field, the horned head of a young river-god ; above, ZTPATQN 
 (magistrate's name). Sev. AKPAPANTINON. Nilce driving 
 quadriga; above, vine-branch with grapes. Wt. 267 "8 grs. 
 
 Agrigentum was destroyed in B.C. 406. This coin 
 belongs to its last years. The style of the reverse may 
 be compared with some of the Syracusan coins of 
 Period III., and the eagles on the obverse suggest a 
 comparison with the chorus in .ffisch. Again. 115. 
 
 17. Camarina. M. Obv. KAMAPlNAinN. Head of young He- 
 
 rakles in lion's skin ; in front, olive-leaf and berry. Jiev. Athena 
 driving quadriga ; she is crowned by Nike, who flies above. In 
 exergue, grain of corn. Wt. 260'5 grs. 
 
 The letter n occurs occasionally on Sicilian coins before 
 the year 409. Camarina was destroyed in b.c. 405. 
 
 18. Camarina. .51. Obv. Horned head of young river-god Hipparis, 
 
 facing ; on either side, a fish ; all within a border of waves. Artist's 
 name EYAI. Sev. KAMA. Nymph Camarina, seated on swan, 
 holding her veil as a sail, and passing over water ; behind and 
 beneath, a fish. Wt. 122-8 grs. 
 
 This is one of the most poetical of the works of 
 Evaenetus ; unfortunately, it is not in very good pre- 
 servation. 
 
 19. Catana. A7. 06o. Head of Athena, wearing helmet adorned with 
 
 hippocamp. Bev. KA. Two olive-leaves with berries, Wt. 18 grs. 
 
 See above, II. C. 14. 
 
 20. Catana. M. Obv. KATANAKON]. Head of Apollo, laureate. 
 
 Sev. Quadriga ; horses walking. Wt. 266'4 grs. 
 
 21. Catana. M. Obv. KATANAION. Head of Apollo or River- 
 
 god Amenanus?; behind,' laurel-leaf and berry. Mev. Quadriga; 
 horses walking, crowned by Nike. Wt. 265'5 grs. 
 
 These tetradrachms are subsequent to the year B.C. 461, 
 when the expelled inhabitants of Catana were reinstated 
 by the Syracusans. 
 
32 PERIOD II. C. 
 
 22. Gela. M. Obv. CEAAZ. Forepart of man-headed bull (river 
 
 Gelas). Sev. Quadriga ; horses crowned by Nike. In exergue, 
 honeysuckle ornament. Wt. 264'8 grs. 
 
 23. Gela. AF. Obv. Horseman armed with spear, and wearing Phry- 
 
 gian helmet. Sec. TEAAZ. Forepart of man-headed bull ; above, 
 grain of corn. Wt. 27 grs. 
 
 This coin was struck between about B.C. 412 and 405. 
 Tlie tetradraclim, No. 22, is earlier. 
 
 24. Gela. .3i. Obv. Homed head of young river-god Gelas ; hair 
 
 bound with taenia; around, three fishes. Hev. PEAQION. 
 Quadriga driven by Nike ; above, olive-wreath. Wt. 264'6 grs. 
 
 The presence of the letter CI on this coin shows that 
 it must have been struck shortly before 405, when Gela 
 was destroyed. 
 
 25. Himera. JR. Obv. Xymph Himera, sacrificing at altar; behind 
 
 her, Silenus bathing under a fountain, which issues from a lion's 
 head; above, a grain of corn. Hev. I M EPA ION (retrograde). 
 Quadriga ; charioteer crowned by Nike. Wt. 265'3 grs. 
 
 Himera was destroyed in B.C. 408. This beautiful coin 
 probably dates from about the middle of the century. 
 
 26. Leontini. JR. 060. VEONTINON. Head of Apollo, laureate ; 
 
 beneath, lion ; around, three laurel-leaves. Sev. Quadriga ; charioteer 
 crowned by Nike. In exergue, lion. Wt. 260 grs. 
 
 This coin of the latest archaic style seems to be the 
 work of the artist who engraved the famous Demareteion 
 of Syracuse (II. C. 33) ; it may well have been struck in 
 B.C. 476, when Hiero established at Leontini a colony of 
 exiled Catanteans and Naxians. 
 
 27. Leontini. JR. Oiu. Head of Apollo, laur. i?ei\ V EONTINOCN] 
 
 (in archaic characters). Lion's head ; around, four grains of corn. 
 Wt. 269-5 grs. 
 
 A coin of the purest transitional style of about the 
 middle of the fifth century. 
 
 28. Messana. JR. Obv. MEZZANION. Hare; beneath which, 
 
 dolphin. Rev. Biga drawn by mules ; charioteer crowned by Nike. 
 In exergue, dolphins. Wt. 266-9 grs. 
 
 The hare and the mule-car were first adopted as coin- 
 types according to Aristotle by Anaxilaus, who won a 
 victory with the mule-car at Olympia, and is said to 
 have introduced hares into Sicily. 
 
B.C. 480-400. 33 
 
 PiAii; 11. 29. AaxUS. .at. Obv. Head of bearded Dionysus, crowned with iyy- 
 Sev. NAXION. Naked Silenus with pointed ears and horse's 
 tail, seated on the ground, with a wine-cup in his hand. Wt. 
 269-2 grs. 
 
 30. Naxus. Rev. NAZION. Similar types, but Silenus holds thyrsus 
 
 in his left hand, and by his side grows ivy. Wt. 264-7 grs. 
 
 A comparison of these t-svo coins, tte first struck about 
 B.C. 460, the second to-wards the end of the century, sho-ws 
 the transition from the strong firm style -which charac- 
 terises the earlier period to the softer modelling and more 
 ornate -work of the later. 
 
 31. Segesta. M. Obv. XELEZTAIIA (sic). Head of Segesta, 
 
 wearing sphendone ornamented with stars ; beneath, stallt of barley. 
 Hev. Youthful hunter (river-god Crimissus?), accompanied by 
 hounds ; he stands before a term, his left foot placed upon a rock. 
 Wt. 260 grs. 
 
 The terminations II A and II B on coins of Segesta are 
 local dialectic forms equivalent to Se-yeo-Taia and Se-yeo-raiTj. 
 
 32. Selinus. JR. Obv. ZEAINOZ. Young river-god Selinns sacri- 
 
 ficing at altar, before which is a cock, indicating it as sacred to 
 Asklepius ; in the left hand of Selinus is the lustral branch ; behind 
 him, a selinon-leaf and an image of a bull standing on a base. 
 liev. ZEAINONTION (retrograde). Apollo and Artemis in 
 quadriga ; Apollo discharging arrows. Wt. 269 grs. 
 
 The libation offered by the river-god to Asklepius 
 refers to the draining of a marsh by means of -which the 
 territory of the city -was relieved from a plague sent by 
 the god Apollo, referred to by the reverse type. A similar 
 idea is represented on the coin of Himera, No. 25, above. 
 
 33. Syracuse. M. OTv. 2YRAKOZION. Head of Nike, laureate, 
 
 surrounded by dolphins. Eev. Quadriga, horses walking, crowned 
 by Nike. In exergue, lion. Wt. 685-6 grs. Pentecontalitron or 
 decadrachm. 
 
 These coins -were called Demareteia because they -were 
 coined from the proceeds of a present given to Demarete, 
 wife of Gelon, by the Carthaginians, on the occasion of 
 the peace concluded between them and Gelon by her inter- 
 vention, B.C. 480. 
 
 34-38. Syracuse. 
 
 A series of tetradrachms illustrating the various modes 
 of treating the head of Arethusa on the coinage during 
 the fifth century B.C. All these coins are remarkable for 
 refinement and elegance of style. 
 
 D 
 
34 
 
 PERIOD E. C. 
 
 39. Syracxi.se. A'. Ob'-. Head of Herakles. B-iv. ZYPA. Incuse 
 
 square, divided into four parts ; in the centre of which, a temale 
 head. Wt. 17-9 grs. 
 
 This coin, lite 11. C. 14. 19, and 23. dates from about 
 B.C. 412. The incuse square containing a female head 
 is imitated from the earliest silver money of the city 
 (I. C. 34). 
 
 40. It^vracuse. M. Oic. ZYPAKOZION. Head of Areriusa, sor- 
 
 rounded by dolphins; on the band across her forehead, the artiste 
 name. EYMHNOY. Rer. Qnadriga, the charioteer crowned bv 
 Xike. Wt. i66-l grs. 
 
 The engraver of this coin spells his name sometimes 
 with an H, sometimes ■with an E. Most of his work 
 appears to be earlier than the end of the fifth century. 
 This artist may be said to have introduced the highly 
 ornate style -which characterises the .Syraeusan coinage of 
 the age of Dionysius the Elder. 
 
PERIOD III. 35 
 
 PERIOD III.— CIRCA B.C. 400-336. 
 
 During the war in Asia Minor between the Spartans 
 under Agesilaus and the Persians, Oyzicus continued to 
 strike her electrum staters in large quantities. On this 
 currency the incuse reverse of archaic times was to the 
 last retained. Probably about the time of the Peace of 
 Antalcidas, or shortly afterwards, this famous coinage 
 began to decline, and was generally superseded by a gold 
 currency, of which Lampsaous seems to have been the 
 principal mint. 
 
 Ephesus, Samos, Chios, Cos, and Ehodes now furnish the 
 larger portion of the silver currency of western Asia Minor, 
 while in the east the Phoenician cities of Sidon, Tyre, 
 and Aradus begin about B.C. 400 to strike large silver 
 coins, the circulation of which extended along the caravan 
 routes across the desert as far as the banks of the Euphrates 
 and the Tigris. 
 
 In the north the gold coinage of Panticapasum, the 
 modern Kertch, is remarkable for its peculiar weight, as 
 compared with that of other towns. In Macedon the 
 gold and silver currency of the Chalcidian League was 
 predominant until it was finally extinguished by Philip, 
 when about B.C. 358 he began to work the gold mines of 
 Philippi, and re-organised the coinage of the Macedonian 
 empire. 
 
 In central Greece the chief currencies were those of 
 Thebes, Athens, and Corinth. In Peloponnesus the 
 Messenians and the Arcadians, under the protection of 
 Epaminondas, began to strike money, though not in large 
 quantities. 
 
 In Italy the rich gold and silver coinage of Tarentum 
 was only rivalled by the silver of Neapolis and Meta- 
 pontum. 
 
 In Sicily, down to about B.C. 345, when the Dionysian 
 dynasty was finally expelled, the splendid coinage of 
 Syracuse had only to compete with that of the Cartha- 
 ginian dominions. After Sicily was freed from her tyrants 
 by Timoleon of Corinth, the Pegasus staters supersede the 
 larger coins of the age of the Dionysii. 
 
 D 2 
 
36 TEP.iOD in. 
 
 During this period the numismatic art reached the 
 highest point of excellence which it has ever attained. 
 The devices on the coinage are characterised by intensity 
 of action, pathos, charm of bearing, finish of execution, 
 and rich ornamentation. The head of the divinity on 
 the obverses of the coins of numerous cities is represented 
 facing and in high relief. Among the most remarkable 
 of these heads are those of Apollo at Clazomense, Ehodes, 
 &c., of Hermes at Aenus, of Apollo at Amphipolis, of the 
 nymph Larissa at the city of that name in Thessaly, of 
 Hera Lacinia at Pandosia in southern Italy, of Arethusa 
 and Athena at Sj-racuse, and of Zeus Ammon at Cyrene. 
 
 The fine head of Zeus on the silver coins of Philip of 
 Macedon was perhaps copied from that of the famous 
 statue of Zeus at Olympia by Phidias. 
 
 Among the most remarkable reverse-types are the 
 seated figures of Pan on the coin of Arcadia, and of 
 Herakles on coins of Heraclea and Croton. As a rule, 
 however, the reverse-types are less varied and interesting 
 than those of the latter part of Period II. 
 
 During this period it is not uncommon to find at certain 
 cities, especially in Sicily, the name of the artist in small 
 characters, generally in the field of the coin. 
 
 The principal sculptors of this period are the Athenians 
 Scopas and Praxiteles, and the principal extant works 
 with which the coins should be compared are — 
 
 The Mausoleum sculptures. British Museum. 
 
 The Choragic monument of Lvsicrates. Athene. 
 
 The statue of Dionysos from the Choragic monument of ThrasyUos, 
 
 B.C. 320. British Museum. 
 The statue of Hermes, by Praiiteles. Olvmpia. 
 The head of Asklepios or Zeus from Melos. British Museum. 
 The sculptures of the Niobides, by Seopas or Praxiteles. Copies in 
 
 Florence. 
 Two male heads from the Temple of Athena at Tegea, probably by 
 
 Scopas. 
 
B.C. 400-336. 37 
 
 III. A. 
 
 Plates 18-20. 
 
 FlAie 18. 1. Jrersia. A; . 06c. King kneeling with bow and dagger. Eev. 
 Incuse. Daric. Wt. IL'8 grs. 
 
 2. X ersia. A/ . Obv, Youthful king with bow and spear. Rev. 
 
 Incuse. (Countermarked.) Dane. Wt. 12G'8 grs. 
 
 3. 1 ersia. jR. Ohv. Half-length figure of king with bow and arrows. 
 
 Rev. Incuse. Siglus. Wt. 82 grs. 
 
 4-7. Cyzious. EL. staters (wt. 248 grs.) of the best period of art. 
 
 No. 7, with the head of the veiled Demeter, is especially 
 beautiful. The incuse reverse of these coins is a survival 
 of the archaic style which prevailed when the electrum 
 coinage of Cyzious commenced. 
 
 8. Cyzious. M. 06». SiOTEIPA. Head of Demeter or Persephone. 
 Rev. KYI I. Lion's head, and tunny. Wt. 232-5 grs. 
 
 One of the gems of Greek art, but unfortunately slightly 
 worn. 
 
 9-13. Heotee, of electrum, of the period of finest art. 
 
 Wt. about 40 grs. 
 
 Many of the towns of the western coast of Asia llinor 
 belonged to a monetary league. These heot», the cur- 
 rency of the union, were probably issued sometimes at one 
 mint, sometimes at another. 
 
 14. Abydos. A/. Ohv. Nike sacrificing ram. Rev. Eagle ; symbol, 
 aplustre, the whole in incuse square. Wt. 129 grs. 
 
 Abydos, on the Asiatic side of the Hellespont, began, 
 like Lampsacus, to coin money in pure gold about the 
 year 400 or perhaps a little earlier. There were gold 
 mines within the territory of the city. 
 
 15-19. Lampsacus. A/. Obverses. (15) Head of Jtenad ; wt. 
 1307 grs. (16) Demeter rising from the soil; wt. 129-3 grs. 
 
 (17) Head of Odysseus (?) in conical laureate hat ; wt. 129-1 grs. 
 
 (18) Head of Bacchante with pointed car; wt. 128-5 grs. 
 
 (19) Nike erecting a trophy ; wt. 130-2 grs. Reverses. Half sea- 
 horse. 
 
 The gold coins of Lampsacus, which superseded the 
 older electrum staters (cf. II. A. 23) about the end of 
 the fifth century B.C., continued to be issued until about 
 
38 PERIOD UI. A. 
 
 the time of Alexander. Among them are to be found 
 some of the most beautiful specimens of Greek art in 
 coins. 
 
 20, 21. Tenedos. jil. Oht. Janifonn head, male and female, Zeus 
 and Hera (?). Rev. TENEAION. Donble-aie. Infield, magis- 
 trate's letters and two symbols. Wts. 200 grs. and .55 grs. 
 
 Tenedos appears to have coined silver money of this 
 type at three different epochs : tirst, in the early period, 
 before the Persian wars, on the Babylonic standard (of. 
 I. A. 19) ; second, about the time of Alexander the Great, 
 ■when the island revolted from Persia, on the Phoenician 
 standard, of -which coinage these two specimens are 
 examples; and, third, about B.C. 189 (cf. YI. A. 13), on 
 the Attic standard. 
 
 22. Heracleia. M. Obv. Head of Herakles. £ec. HPAKAEIA. 
 
 Head of city Heracleia. Wt. 177 grs. 
 
 This is a corn of Heracleia Pontica, struck probably 
 in the reign of the Tyrant Satyrus B.C. 353-347. 
 
 23. Methymna. M. Ofe. Head of Athena. i??r. MA0YMNAION. 
 
 Lyre on raised square within incuse. Wt. 99 grs. 
 
 Plati 19. 24. Clazomenae. A'. Obv. Head of Apollo, fall face. Bev. KAAIO 
 A0HNArOPAZ. Swan. Wt. S5 grs. 
 
 25, 26. ClazomenEe. M. Similar, but with HPAKAEIA and 
 MANAPflNAZ. Wt. 2.;0-6 grs. Xo. 26 also has the en- 
 graver's signature — GEOAOTOZ EPIOEI. Wt. 2615 gi-5. 
 
 In the territory of Clazomenee there -was a temple 
 of Apollo ; the swan is one of the symbols of this god, 
 who sometimes even assumes its form (Xonnus, Dionys. 
 ii. 218). The delta of the Hermus abounds in wild swans, 
 and the name of Clazomenee may be due to their shrill 
 cries. The above coins are magnificent examples of the 
 full-face type of Apollo; they may be compared with 
 coins of Ehodes, Aenus, Amphipolis, and Syracuse. The 
 fashion of placing full-face heads on the coinage is 
 characteristic of the fourth century. 
 
 27. Colophon or lasus? M. 0?r. Heai of Persian king.- r^trap. 
 £er. BAZIA. Lyre. Wt. 236-2 grs. 
 
 A striking portrait of a Persian satrap (?), perhaps Phar- 
 nabazuB, or Tissaphemes, wearing the tiara, not the royal 
 ktdaris. The reverse indicates that the coin was struck by 
 the authority of the Great King. 
 
B.C. 400-335. 39^ 
 
 28. Samos. JR. Obo. ZA. Lion's scalp. Rev. SYN. Infant Heia- 
 
 kles strangling serpents. Wt. 178 grs. 
 
 29. EphesUS. M. Obv. E<t>. Bee; beneath, HE. Bev. As pre- 
 
 ceding coin. Wt. 176'6 grs. 
 
 Ttese two coins, witli others similar, of Eliodes, Cnidus 
 and lasus, are valuable historical records of an. alliance 
 entered into by these five cities, b.c. 394-387, for the 
 maintenance of their independence and neutrality in the 
 conflict between Sparta and Athens. The type selected 
 for this coinage is borrowed from coins of Thebes (III. B. 
 27), at this time the great rival of Sparta. It also occurs 
 on certain coins of Croton, in Italy, struck about b.c. 389, 
 when the Greek colonies of southern Italy, menaced by 
 Dionysius I. of Syracuse, formed an alliance for their 
 mutual defence. 
 
 30. Ephesus. M. Obv. E*. Bee. Eev. APIZTOAHMOJ'. 
 
 Forepart of stag and palm-tree. Wt. 234 grs. 
 
 A specimen of the Ephesian coinage, between the Peace 
 of Antalcidas and the time of Lysimachus. Both the stag 
 and the bee refer to the worship of Artemis. 
 
 31. Chios. .Si,. Obv. Sphinx, amphora, and grapes. J?iv, 
 
 BAZIAEIAHZ on the cross-bar of an incuse square. Wt. 
 232 grs. 
 
 The magistrate's name marks this coin as of a later 
 date than S^o. 34 of Period II. A. 
 
 32. Cnidus. JR. Obv. Head of the Cnidian Aphrodite. iTcti. 
 
 EOBQAO. Forepart of lion, in incuse square. Wt. 233 grs. 
 
 A coin apparently of the early part of the fourth 
 century. 
 
 33. Mausolus. JR. Obv. Head of Apollo, facing. Sev. MAY5"- 
 
 ZOAAO. Zeus Labrandeus, carrying double axe (AajSpus) and 
 sceptre. Wt. 232-5 grs. 
 
 Mausolus was satrap of Caria, B.C. 377-353. His coins 
 were struck at Halicamassus. 
 
 34. Pixodarus. A7. Obv. Head of Apollo, in profile. Sev. 
 
 mZQAAPO. Similar. Wt. 64 grs. 
 
 35. Pixodarus. JR. Obv. Head of Apollo, facing. Bev. Similar. 
 
 n I ZQAA PO Y . Wt. 108 grs. 
 
 The date of Pixodarus was 340-335. During thii 
 period the genitive in O is superseded by that in OY. 
 
40 
 
 PZEIOD III. A. 
 
 PiArE 20. 36. Cos. JE.. Oil. Head of bearded Herakles. Sec. KfllON. Crab 
 and clnb; beneath, AION. Wt. iij gr5. 
 
 It is iniitructive to compare the stvle of this coin with 
 that of Period lY. A. Xo. 32. 
 
 37. Rhodes. A". C'/r. Head ot Helios, r-7: fate, hii hair arranrei 
 in locks sjegsrtiTe of rays. £er. POAION. Rose with bTii. a- i 
 vine-spray with grapes ; the whole in incase sq-j are. V. t. l.j-'6 zrs. 
 
 The three ancient cities of the island. Lindiis. lalysus. 
 and Camirus. combined in e.l. 4' '^ to found the city of 
 Ehodes. Tliis coin is one of the finest Greek coins which 
 have come down to us. AT. Waddington, on account of the 
 incuse square, places it in the first half 'A tue fourth cent., 
 but it may l:>elong to the second haK. 
 
 3>. Ehodes. Si. .■similar. Sfhiiii in the £eld. Wt. ""i-2 grs. 
 
 39. Lycia. Ji. OVr. Head of At'r.ena. and Lycian letter, /.r:. Head 
 
 of bearded Herakles. and Lycian iiiiCTipti.iin. Wt. 126":' grs. 
 
 The inscriptions on the Lycian cc'iiis of the fourth 
 century desigTiate usually dynasts. h'H someTixiies towns. 
 
 40. Tarsus. .5J. Ohr. BAALTARS. in tie Aramaic iarater. 
 
 ZetLs of Tarsus, seated on tnrone. holding sceptre. Letters ani 
 grapes in the rield. liev. Aramaic inscrt^'tion. Lijn deTonring 
 t:iii ; beLe..tfi. walled citv. Wt. 171 grs. 
 
 The Aramaic inscription on the reverse contains the 
 name of Mazseus. the satrap or ruler of Cilicia. under 
 whose authority the coin was struck. It may \v trans- 
 lated '' ilazseus. who is over Eber-nahara, (the parts 
 beyond the river Euphrates.) and Cilicia.' 
 
 41. Cyprus. A'. C*r. Heii of Herakles. faiicg. in lion's si-.z. 
 
 "Ect. BA si LE O S E YA go RO, in tLe Cyprian ch:.- 
 racter. JJotiiHcn. Wt. 31-5 grs. 
 
 Euagoras I. reigned about 411—374. 
 
 42. 4-3. Cyprus. A". Obt. BA. Female head, wearlag ts-:a, w-.th 
 
 leaf-iifce f rcjectioas. .Bct. (42) Nl. Wt. lii grs. (43) HN. 
 Wt. 128 grs. Head of Aphroiite. ttaretei. 
 
 Pnytagoras reigned from 351-332. and Xicocrecn from 
 331-310. During this period the use of the Cyprian 
 character is discontinued. 
 
 44. Sidon. JS,. n-, Phtenician galley under sail. Bev. King cf 
 Persia in chari-t driven by Lis charicteer. In the f.eid is the 
 forepart cf a gcat, inctise : the whole in '.muse square. Wt. 
 422 S grs. 
 
B.C. 400-336. 41 
 
 45. Sidon. M. Oho. Galley, before the fortified wall of a city. In 
 
 exergue, two lions. Rev. King in chariot, driven at full speed by- 
 charioteer ; beneath, a goat, incuse. Wt. 425 grs. 
 
 These large ootadraclims were probably struck early in 
 the fourtti century. No. 44 is attributed by M. Babelon 
 to a king of Sidon, circ. B.C. 394, No. 45 to the time of 
 Strato I., B.C. 374-362. They are good instances of the 
 stationary character of art in the East at a time when in 
 Greece it had reached its highest point of development. 
 
 46. Tyre. int. Obv. Melkarth holding bow, and riding over the 
 
 waves upon a sea-horse ; beneath the waves, a dolphin. Bev. Owl, 
 accompanied by crook and flail, Egyptian symbols of royalty. 
 Wt. 206 grs. (PI. 29, 36.) 
 
 The coinage of Tj're commences about b.c. 450. The 
 same archaism of style is apjiarent here as in the money 
 of the other Phoenician towns. 
 
 47. Aradus. JR. Obv. Head of Melkarth, bearded and laureate. 
 
 Jiev. ND, in Phoenician characters. Galley, with rowers, on the 
 sea. Wt. 157 grs. 
 
 The inscription on this coin means ex Arado, the 
 letter a corresponds with the preposition ex. The third 
 letter is variable on different specimens. This series is 
 a,ttributed by M. Babelon to the period between B.C. 350 
 and 332. 
 
^2 PERIOD IIL B. 
 
 III. B. 
 
 Plates 21-23. 
 
 Plate 21. 1. Panticapajum. A^. Obr. Head of Satyr, faoing, with pointea 
 ears and dishevelled hair and beard. Her. PAN. Griffin, holding 
 spear in his mouth ; beneath, a stalk of corn. Wt. liOo grs. 
 
 2. Panticapseum. AT. Ohv. Head of bearded Satyr, in profile, 
 
 wearing wreath of ivv. Jiev. Similar to last. Wt. 140*.5 grs. 
 
 PanticapEeum, on the Cimmerian Bosporus, the modem 
 Kertch, was an important commercial city. It began to 
 coin gold money about the same time as Philip in Macedon, 
 or earlier. 
 
 3. Abdera. jR. Obv. ABAHPITEON. Head of Apollo. Sev. 
 
 EPI IKEZIOY. Griffin. Wt. 175-9 grs. 
 
 4. Aenus. .ZR. Obv. Head of Hermes, facing, wearing petasus. Sev. 
 
 Al N I O N . Goat ; in field, torch. Wt. 242 -2 grs. 
 
 Among the coins of Aenus are to be found some of the 
 finest examples of the full face on ancient coins. The 
 practice of representing the human face in this manner 
 upon coins is peculiar to the best period of art. Cf. 
 Ehodes, Amphipolis, Syracuse, &c. 
 
 5. Maronea. M. Obv. MAPO. Prancing horse. Her. EPI 
 
 IKEZIO. Vine ; symbol, caduceus. Wt. 1694 grs. 
 
 The coinage of Maronea, like that of all the other cities 
 of Thrace and Macedon, was put an end to by Philip 
 about B.C. 350. 
 
 6. Peeonia. Lycceius. .M. Obv. Head of Apollo. Ben. 
 
 AYKKEIOY. Herakles and Lion. Wt. 198 grs. 
 
 Lycceius (b.c. 359-340) was the first of the independent 
 kinsrs of Pajonia. The coins of this district are semi- 
 barbarous. 
 
 7. 8. Amphipolis. M. Obv. Head of Apollo, facing. Sev 
 
 AM<^inOAITEnN. Race-torch within a frame, the whole in 
 incuse square. Wts. 220-5 grs. and 217*5 grs. 
 
 Amphipolis was founded in B.C. 437, and it ceased to 
 strike autonomous coins when it became subject to Philip 
 of Macedon in 358. The fine silver staters of this city 
 are remarkable for intensity of expression. 
 
B.C. 400-336. 45 
 
 9. Chaloidice. AT. Obv. Head of Apollo. Sev. XAAKIAEON. 
 
 Lyre; beneath, magistrate's name, Em EYAOPIAA. Wt. 
 132-6 grs. 
 
 10, 11. Chalcidice. M. Two silver staters, similar to the gold 
 
 stater, but having the head of Apollo in the opposite direction. 
 Wts. 222-2 grs. and 222-8 grs. 
 
 These are coins of the Chalcidian League, struck at 
 Olynthus after B.C. 392, and before the time of Philip 
 of Macedon. The heads on this series exhibit varieties of 
 style, but are all remarkable for strength and beauty of 
 work. 
 
 12. Neapolis. M. Obv. Gorgon-head. Eei: NCEOIH. Head of 
 
 Nike, laureate. Wt. 58 grs. 
 
 This coin may be compared with I. B. 6, of the same- 
 city. The worship of Nike at Neapolis is due to the 
 Athenian settlers there, who associated her with Athena, 
 of whom there was a temple at Neapolis, called, as at 
 Athens, the Parthenon. 
 
 13. Philippi. Af. Obv. Head of Herakles. Sev. <t>lAinnON. 
 
 Tripod, above which palm ; in field, Phrygian cap. Wt. 133 grs. 
 
 The town of Philippi, anciently called Crenides, was 
 named after Philip of Macedon in 358. In the neigh- 
 bourhood were rich gold mines, which in the time of 
 Philip are said to have yielded 1000 talents a year, or 
 more than £3,000,000. 
 
 Plate 22. 14. Maoedon. Pausanias, B.C. 390-389. JR. Obv. Young 
 male head, wearing t<enia. Hev. FIAYZANIA. Horse. Wt. 
 118-3 grs. Plated coin. 
 
 15. Amyntas III., B.C. 389-369. M. Obv. Head of bearded 
 
 Herakles. Jiev. AMYNTA. Horse. Wt. 141-4 grs. 
 
 16. PerdiccaS III., B.C. 365-359. M. Obv. Head of young 
 
 Herakles. iJeii. HEPAIKKA. Horse. Wt. 158-9 grs. 
 
 17. Philip II., B.C. 359-336. AT. Obv. Head of Apollo. Sev. 
 
 OlAinnOY. Charioteer in biga. Wt. 132-7 grs. 
 
 These gold staters were issued by Philip at all the 
 chief cities of his empire. They were called $iA.iWeioi, 
 and are mentioned by Horace as regale numisma PMUppos 
 (Epist. II. i. 232). 
 
44 PERIOD III. B. 
 
 18. Philip II. M. 06t. Head of Zeus. Ac. <t>IMnnOY. Boy 
 
 on horse, holding palm. Wt. 224- grs. 
 
 The reverse types of Philip's coins refer to his victories 
 at the Olympian Games. The head of Zeus upon this 
 silver stater is a very fine work of art, and is possibly a 
 •copy of the famous statue of the Olympian Zeus by Phidias. 
 
 19. Thessaly. Larissa. JR. 06r. Head of nrmph Larissa, facing, 
 
 but turned slightly towards the left. ijfc. AAPIXAIflN. Horse. 
 Wt. 188-5 grs. 
 
 This beautiful head may be compared vtdth that of 
 Arethusa, struck about the same period at Syracuse (III. 
 C. 30), which it very closely resembles. 
 
 20. Pharsalus. M. 06r. Head of Athena; behind, TH. iJep. <t>APZ. 
 
 Thessalian horseman. In eiergue, TEAE<t>ANTO (retrograde). 
 Wt. 99-5 grs. 
 
 One of these names is that of the engraver. 
 ■21. Pherae. Alexander, tyrant, B.C. 369-357. M. obt. Head 
 
 of Hecate, facing; in the field, a torch. Eev. AAEZANAPOY 
 Armed horseman ; beneath, and also on the horse's hind quarter, a 
 bipennis. Wt. 183'1 grs. 
 
 22. Pherae. Alexander. M. Obv. Head of Hecate ; in front 
 
 torch. Sev. AAEZAN. Lion's head. "Wt. 92-7 grs. 
 
 23. Epirus. Alexander, B.C. 342-325. M. Obv. Head o 
 
 Zeus of Dodona, wearing oak-;TTeath. Sev. AAEZANAPOY 
 TOY NEOnTOAEMOY. Thunderbolt and eagle. Wt. 
 165-3 grs. 
 
 This coin closely resembles the gold stater of this king 
 which he struck at Tarentum, whither he went, B.C. 332, to 
 aid the Greeks against the Lucanians and Bruttians. Cf. 
 IV. C. 11. 
 
 24. Loori Opuntii. M. Head of Persephone. iJcr. OnONTlON. 
 
 Ajax, the son of Oileus, armed with shield and short sword, in 
 fighting attitude ; between his legs, AIAZ. Wt. 181-7 grs. 
 
 Ajax the Less was the national hero of the Locrians. 
 
 25. Delphi. Amphictyonic Council. JR. 0!>i-. HeadofDemcter, 
 
 veiled. .Eei-. AM<t>IKTIONON. Apollo, seated on the Delphian 
 omphalos, his right arm resting on lyre ; in his left hand a long 
 branch of laurel, symbol, tripod. Wt. 187*3 grs. 
 
 This coin was struck under the authority of the Am- 
 
B.C. 400-336. 45' 
 
 phictyonic Council, probably when it re-assembled after 
 tbe termination of the Sacred War, B.C. 346, and conferred 
 upon Philip of Macedon the votes in the council which 
 had previously belonged to the Phocians. 
 
 26. BcBotia. JR. Obv. Bceotian shield. Sev. EPAMI. Amphora^ 
 above which, rosette. Wt. 188 grs. 
 
 The Boeotarch's name on this coin is that of the famous 
 Epaminondas. 
 
 27-29. Thebes. M. Oto. Bcsotian shield. iJeu. (27) 0E. Infant 
 Herakles, strangling serpents. Wt. 187 grs. (28) E. Am- 
 phora enclosed in wreath of ivy-leaves and berries. Wt. 185 grs. 
 (29) Head of bearded Dionysus, facing, encircled by wreath of ivy. 
 Wt. 188 grs. 
 
 The rich floral ornamentation of the field of No. 28 iS' 
 especially noteworthy, and resembles modern Persian 
 work. The head of Dionysus on No. 29 wears an ivy- 
 wreath, which apparently covers the whole head, in- 
 cluding the ears. The date of these coins is circ. 400-387. 
 
 Pi,ATE23. 30. Athens. M. Oip. Head of Athena. iJec. A0E. Owl and olive- 
 branch. Wt. 132-5 grs. 
 
 Athens began to strike money in gold probably in the 
 year B.C. 393. Besides the stater, half staters, sixths, and 
 twelfths are known. 
 
 31. Corinth. JR. Obv. Pegasos flying ; beneath, koppa. Bev. Head 
 
 of Athena ; behind, acanthus pattern. Wt. 132 grs. 
 
 Cf. II. B. 25. 
 
 32. Sicyon. JR. Obv. Chimaera ; beneath, head of river-god 
 
 Asopus (?). iJet). Dove, flying ; around, olive-wreath. Wt. 189 grs. 
 
 The Ohimsera refers to the legend of Bellerophon, who 
 appears to have been honoured at Sicyon no less than at 
 Corinth. The dove was sacred to Aphrodite, whose wor- 
 ship was brought to Sicyon from Cyprus, between which 
 island and SicyoA there was frequent intercourse in early 
 times. At Sicyon was a temple of Aphrodite, and her 
 statue of gold and ivory by Canachus. The Asopus, on 
 the banks of which Sicyon stood, was famed in Greek 
 myth. 
 
46 PERIOD III. B. 
 
 33. Elis. Ja. Oil-. FAAEION. Head of Zeus, laureate. Bev. 
 
 Eagle on capita] of Ionic column. ^V't. 190 grs. 
 
 The head of Zeus on this coin exhibits a very marked 
 difference of style from that on II. B. 29. The earlier of 
 these tTs-o coins has been by some supposed to be copied 
 from the head of the famous statue of Zeus at Olympia 
 by Phidias, but it may be questioned whether the coin of 
 Philip of ilacedon (III. B. 18 i is not more in the style of 
 Phidias. 
 
 34. Zacynthus. Ji. Ok. Head of Apollo. iJci;. lAKYNOmN. 
 
 Infant Herakles, strangling serpents. Wt. 179'3 grs. 
 
 The tvpe of this coin was probably suggested by that 
 of Thebes (III. B. 27;. 
 
 35. Messenia. JR. Obv. Head of Demeter. £et. MEZZANIQN. 
 
 Zeus Aetophorus, naked, advancing. Wt. 188 grs. 
 
 The temple of Demeter on Mount Ithome is mentioned 
 by Pausanias as of peculiar sanctity. There was also 
 a temple on the same mountain to Zeus Ithomatas, in 
 •whose honour an annual festival was celebrated by the 
 Jlessenians. The Zeus, with thunderbolt and eagle, on 
 the reverse of this coin is probably copied from the statue 
 of the latter divinity made by Ageladas, before B.C. 4.5.5. 
 The coin is, however, much later, and cannot have been 
 struck before the time of Epaminondas, although the 
 .style of the figure of Zeus coiTesponds rather with that 
 of the school of Polycletus than with that of Euphranor 
 and Lysippus, w^ho introduced greater slimness of figure. 
 (Of. the same type treated in the style of Lysippus, 
 IV. B. 24.) 
 
 36. ArgOS. j5l. Ohv. Head of Hera, wearing Stephanos adorned with 
 
 flowers, earring, and necklace. liev. APPEIilN. Two dolphins. 
 Between them, wolf. Wt. 184 grs. 
 
 The head of Hera on this coin is copied from the famous 
 statue of Hera at Argos by Polycletus, which rivalled 
 that of Zeus at Olympia by Phidias in purity of style, 
 though it was less commanding in aspect. The dolphins 
 and the wolf are symbols of ApoUo, respectively as Del- 
 phinius and Lycius. The cultus of Apollo Lycius at 
 Argos dates from the earliest times. Sophocles (El. 6) 
 calls the Apollo of Argos Xvkoktwos. The idea symbolized 
 
B.C. 400-336. 47 
 
 by the wolf is that of winter slain by the god of light 
 and warmth. 
 
 37. Arcadia. JR. Oho. Head of Zeus. Bev. Pan seated on rocks, 
 
 holding in his right hand pedum ; at his feet, syrinx ; in field, 
 monogram of Arcadia ; on the rock, OAYM. Wt. 190 grs. 
 
 Zeus Lycseus and Pan were the two chief divinities ot 
 Arcadia ; their temples stood on Mount Lycseum, the 
 Arcadian Olympus. On the reverse of this coin Pan is 
 represented as sitting on the summit of the mountain. 
 This beautiful coin was issued by the Arcadian Con- 
 federacy after B.C. 371. Artistically, this coin is of the 
 highest interest, as it shows us a complete figure by an 
 engraver of the Peloponnesian school of Polycletus. 
 
 38. Stymphalus. M. Obv. Head of Artemis, laureate, wearing 
 
 earring and necklace. Sev. ZTYM<t>AAiriN. Herakles, wield- 
 ing his club ; the lion's skin round his left arm. Wt. 185"1 grs. 
 
 Stymphalus was a city in the north-east of Arcadia. 
 The only building in this city mentioned by Pausanias 
 was a temple of Artemis Stymphalia, in which were 
 figures of the Stymphalian birds destroyed by Herakles. 
 This coin is of about the same period as the preceding. 
 
 39. Crete. Cnossus. JR. Obv. Head of Hera, wearing Stephanos 
 
 adorned with flowers. Bev. KNOZIQN. Square labyrinth; in 
 field, AP, spear-head, and thunderbolt. Wt. 171 gr. 
 
 ars. 
 
 The foundation of this city was attributed to Minos. 
 The marriage of Zeus with Hera was here commemorated 
 by an annual festival, " the Sacred Marriage " ; hence the 
 head of Hera, as a bride, on the coins. The labyrinth 
 may be compared with that on I. B. 32. 
 
 40. Pheestus. -il. Obv. TAAON. Talos as a winged youth, 
 hurling a stone, ifeo. OAIZTION. Bull. Wt. 178 grs. 
 
 Talcs or Talon was a man of brass, fabricated bj- 
 Hephaestus. He watched the coast of Crete, and warded 
 off hostile ships by hurling stones at them. The presence 
 of the letter O on this coin renders it probable that it 
 is of later date than II. B. 38. 
 
48 
 
 PERIOD III. C. 
 
 III. c. 
 
 Plates 24-26. 
 
 PiATE 24. 1 . Etmria. Af . OLv. Young male head, bound with wreath. Mark* 
 
 of value, XX. Hev. Bull crowned by bird with wreath in beat; 
 
 in front, star. In eiergue, FELZPAPI, in Etruscan characters. 
 ■Wt. 72-1 grs. 
 
 This remarkable coin has not been attributed with 
 certainty to any particular city. The type of the reverse 
 seems to be Campanian. There can be no doubt, however, 
 that it belongs to the middle of the fourth century. 
 
 2. Etruria. M. Obv. ©EIVE. Cow's head. Sev. Sea-horse. 
 
 Wt. lU-9 grs. 
 
 The cow's head on this coin is, like the Gorgon on II. 
 C. 1, symbolical of moon-worship. 
 
 3. Campania. Hyria. M. Obv. Head of Hera, facing, wear- 
 
 ing lofty diadem adorned with griffins, &c. Hev. YPINA (retro- 
 grade). Man-headed bull. Wt. 114 grs. 
 
 4. Xeapolis. M. 06ii. Head of Parthenope. Sev. NEOnOAITHE 
 
 Man-headed bull, crowned by Nike. Wt. 115'5 grs. 
 
 Parthenope, the ancient name of Xeapolis, was derived 
 from one of the Sirens, whose tomb was shown at Xea- 
 polis in Strabo's time. 
 
 5. Calabria. Tarentum. A/. Obv. Head of Demeter (?), wearing 
 
 stephane, and veil hanging down behind. i?ep. TA. Youthful 
 horseman crowning his horse. Magistrate's name and symbols in 
 field. Wt. 132-7 grs. 
 
 The beautiful series of the gold money of Tarentum 
 probably commences about the middle of the fourth cen- 
 tury. This seems to be one of the earliest specimens. 
 
 6. Tarentum. 2B. Obv. Boy on horse; he is crowned by Kike; 
 
 in front a youth welcomes the horse, clasping it by the neck. 
 Hev. TAPAZ. Taras riding on dolphin, in his hand a cup. Wt. 
 118-8 gi-s. 
 
 7. Tarentum. .3x. Obv. Boy on horse, placing a wreath upon its 
 
 head. Another youth, kneeling, examines horse's hoof. Eev. 
 TAPAZ. Taras, armed with shield and trident, i-iding on dolphin; 
 beneath which, waves. Wt. 120-7 grs. 
 
 8. Tarentum. .5i. Obv. Boy on horseback, leading a second horse, 
 
 and crowned by Nike. JJer. TAPAZ. Taras, on dolphin, spear- 
 ing with his trident a fish which swims in the waves beneath. 
 Wt. 119-4 grs. 
 
B.C. 400-336. 49 
 
 9. Tarentum. JR. Obv. Naked horseman, armed with shield and 
 
 spears. Sev. TAPAZ. Taras, on dolphin, holding a Phrygian 
 helmet ; in the field, stars. Wt. 119'1 grs. 
 
 10. Tarentum. M. Obv. Nalced horseman, armed with shield ; his 
 
 right leg bent under him ; around, border of waves. Itev. TAPAZ. 
 Taras, on dolphin, holding trident ; around, border of waves. Wt. 
 115-5 grs. 
 
 The types of these coins of Tarentum all refer to the 
 celebrated Tarentine horsemen. (Of. the verb TapavTileiv, 
 " to ride like a Tarentine.") 
 
 11. Lucania. Heraolea. M. 06». Head of Nike, wearing olive- 
 
 wreath ; the background formed by the segis, with border of 
 snakes. 7?e». HPAKAEIQN. Herakles, najied, reclining on 
 rock, covered with lion's skin ; he holds cup ; beside him lies his 
 club. Wt. 120-1 grs. 
 
 Compare -with this coin the reverse type of III. C. 20 of 
 Croton. 
 
 12. Metapontum. M. Obc. t-OMONOIA. Head of Homonoia 
 
 (Concord). Eev. META. Ear of corn. Wt. 123-3 grs. 
 
 13. Metapontum. M. Obv. Young head, with ram's horn and 
 
 ear ; he wears a laurel-wreath. Jieo. M ET. Ear of corn. Wt. 
 121-2 grs. 
 
 14. Metapontum. M. Obv. AEYKinnOZ. Headof Leucippus, 
 
 the founder of the colony, wearing Corinthian helmet adorned with 
 figure of Scylla. liev. Two ears of corn. Wt. 44-3 grs. 
 
 15. Metapontum. JR. Obv. Head of Leucippus ; helmet adorned 
 
 with quadriga driven by Nike ; symbol in field, half-lion. Hev. 
 METAnONTINON. Ear of corn; symbol, club. Wt. 241-2 grs. 
 
 16. Metapontum. JR. Obv. Female head with curly hair (style 
 
 of Evasnetus of Syracuse). Bev. META. Ear of corn. Wt. 
 123-2 grs. 
 
 .17. Thurium. JR. 06b. Head of Athena, wearing crested Athenian 
 helmet, on which Scylla, dogs' heads springing from her waist ; 
 on the neck-piece a griffin. Sev. QOYP\Q.N. Butting bull. In 
 exergue, fish. Wt. 244-1 grs. 
 
 A magnificent example of the engraver's art. The bull 
 on the coins of this city may be derived from that on the 
 coins of the ancient Sybaris. 
 
 18. Velia. JR. Obv. Head of Athena ; helmet bound with olive ; on 
 helmet, engraver's name, H PA. Eev. YEAHTEQN. Lion 
 devouring s°tag. Wt. 119-2 grs. 
 
50 PERIOD III. c. 
 
 19. Bruttii. Croton. M. 06u. OIKIZTAZ, in archaic characters. 
 
 Heraliles, naked, seated on a roclj covered with lion's skin. He holds 
 a branch over a flaming altar, and rests with left hand on his club ; 
 behind him, bow and quiver. In exergue, two fishes. Sev, 
 KPOTQN. Tripod, on one side of which Apollo shooting an 
 arrow at the Python on the other side. Wt. 121-2 grs. 
 
 20. Croton. M. Obv. Head of Hera, facing, wearing high Stephanos, 
 
 and veil hanging down behind. Sev. KPOTONl. Herakles, 
 seated ; as on coin of Heraclea (III. C. 11). Wt. 121 grs. 
 
 Herakles, on No. 19, is represented as the founder, 
 otKtcmjs, of the colony ; the letters of this word are imi- 
 tated from the ancient forms. The head of Hera is that 
 of the Lacinian Hera, T^-hose temple stood on the pro- 
 montory near Croton. 
 
 21. Locri. jE. Obv. lEYZ. Head of Zeus, laureate, his hair short 
 
 behind. Sev. EIPHNH AOKPQN. Peace, holding caduceus, 
 seated on square cippus. Wt. 117-3 grs. 
 
 The head of Zens on this coin is identical with that of 
 Zeus Eleutherius on Syracusan bronze money struck soon 
 after B.C. 345. 
 
 22. Pandosia. .M. Obv. Head of Hera Lacinia, wearing lofty 
 
 Stephanos, adorned with foreparts of griffins and honeysuckles ; she 
 wears earrings and necklace. Sev. [PANIAOZIN. Pan the 
 Hunter, with hound at his feet ; he is seated on a rock ; in front, a 
 bearded terminal figure, to which is affixed a. caduceus. In field, 
 <P, engraver's signature. "Wt. 120 grs. 
 
 This magnificent coin is probably a later work, in his 
 
 finest style, of the artist <t> , who engraved II. C. 7, 
 
 of Thurium, and II. C. 13, of Terina. 
 
 23. Ehegium. M. Obv. PHriNOZ. Head of Apollo. Sev. 
 
 Lion's scalp. Wt. 261-6 grs. 
 
 Ehegium was destroyed by Dionysius in b.c. 387, after 
 which it never recovered its former greatness. The date 
 of this piece is between B.C. 400 and 387. 
 
 24. Terina. M. Obv. TEPINAION. Head of Terina (?), similar 
 
 in style to the head on the coin of Metapontum (III. C. 16). Sev. 
 Nike, or winged Eirene, seated on square cippus, a bird perched on 
 her hand. Wt. 117-4 grs. 
 
 Compare this coin with II. C. 13, which is of purer and 
 severer style. 
 
B.C. 400-336. 51 
 
 25. Sicily. Catana. M. Obv. Head of Apollo, facing. Engraver's 
 
 name, HPAKAEIAAZ. Bev. KATANAION. Quadriga; the 
 charioteer crowned by flying Nike. Wt. 259-6 grs. 
 
 This fine coin is not much later than B.C. 400 ; it may 
 even be a few years earlier. 
 
 26. Thermae. M. 06u. 0EPMITAN. Head of Hera, her Stepha- 
 
 nos adorned with sea-horses; behind, a dolphin. Sev. Herakles, 
 seated. Wt. 129-3 grs. 
 
 Thermse HimerEese, on the site of Himera, -was founded 
 in B.C. 405. This coin seems to be anterior to b.c. 350. 
 
 27. Syracuse. AT. Obv. ZYPAKOZION. Head of Arethusa; 
 
 behind, Kl and barley-corn. Sev. ZYPA. Herakles and lion. 
 Wt. 88-9 grs. 
 
 This coin is by Cimon, a contemporary and rival of 
 Evsenetus. The value of this piece in silver money vras 
 exactly that of t-wo large silver medallions or 100 litrse. 
 
 28. Syracuse. M. Obv. ZYPAKOZION. Head of Persephone, 
 
 surrounded by dolphins ; she wears a wreath of coi-n-leaves. 
 Beneath, in faint letters, artist's name, EYAINE. Rev. Vic- 
 torious quadriga. In the exergue, armour, and the word AQhA 
 (prizes). Wt. 660-9- grs. 
 
 Evsenetus, the engraver of this medallion, may be said 
 to have attained perfection in his art. Winckelmann says 
 of his works ; " welter als diese Miinzen kann der mensoh- 
 liche Begriff nicht gehen." 
 
 29. Syracuse. M. Obv. ZYPAKOZIflN. Head of Arethusa, 
 
 wearing jewelled net. On one of the surrounding dolphins, artist's 
 name, KlMCiN. Sev. Similar to last. Wt. 669-1 grs. 
 
 30. Syracuse. .31. OSd. APE0OZA. Head of Arethusa, facing ; 
 
 dolphins darting in and out among her flowing locks. On her 
 diadem, artist's name, KIMtlN. JJc-i). ZYPAKOZION. Quad- 
 riga, horses prancing. Nike, alighting on their heads, is about to 
 crown the charioteer. The horses have overturned the meta, and 
 the driver looks back as if at a rival chariot close behind him. 
 Wt. 266-3 grs. 
 This coin is the cTief-d'aemre of Cimon. The type has 
 been referred to the chariot-race at Olympia, in B.C. 388, 
 when Dionysius I. of Syracuse would have had the honour 
 of a victory had it not been for the popular demonstra- 
 tion against his tyranny. It is now thought, however, 
 that the coin belongs to about B.C. 400. 
 
 E 2 
 
62 PERIOD III. C. 
 
 Platb 26. 31. Syracuse. M. 06b. ZYPAKOZION. Head of Athena, facing, 
 sniTounded by dolphins. On her helmet, artist's name, EYKAEIAA. 
 Sev. Demeter, in quadriga; she holds torch, and is crowned by 
 Nilce. Wt. 265-6 grs. 
 
 The rich ornamentation of the obverse of this coin is 
 characteristic of the Sicilian art of about B.C. 400. 
 
 32. Syracuse. M. Ohv. ZYPAKOZION. Female head and dol- 
 
 phins. Sev. Similar to last. Wt. 267 grs. 
 
 The above coins, Nos. 27-32, all belong to the time of 
 Dionysius I., Tyrant of Syracuse, during whose reign 
 art in Sicily reached its highest point of excellence. 
 
 33. Syracuse. EL. Oiu. ZYPAKOZmW. Head of Apollo. Sev. 
 
 ZOTEIPA. Head of Artemis. Wt. 106-4 grs. 
 
 34. Syracuse. EL. 06ii. Head of Apollo. iJei). lYPAKOSinN. 
 
 Tripod. Wt. 58-4 grs. 
 
 35. Syracuse. EL. 06». lEYZ EAEY0EPIOZ. HeadofZeus 
 
 the Liberator. Hev. ZYPAK. Pegasus; beneath, three pellets, 
 marks of value, showing the coin to be worth thirty silver litriB 
 or three Corinthian staters. Wt. 32-8 grs. 
 
 36. Syracuse. JR. 06u. ZYPAKOZinN. Head of Athena. Eev. 
 
 Pegasus. Wt. 131 grs. 
 
 Nos. 33-36 represent the period of freedom restored to 
 Syracuse by Timoleon of Corinth. Hence the types of 
 Artemis Soteira, Zeus Eleutherius, and the substitution 
 for the tetradrachm of the Corinthian stater. 
 
 37. Africa. Carthage. A/". Obv. Head of Persephone. Eev. Horse ; 
 
 above which, symbol of Baal (?). Wt. 117-9 grs. 
 
 38. Carthage. JR. Ohv. Free horse, crowned by Nike ; beneath, 
 
 in Punic letters, Kart chadasat, " new city of Carthage." Eev. 
 Date-palm ((poi>'i|), with fruit; in the field, in Punic letters, 
 Mac.harmt, " the camp." Wt. 260 grs. 
 
 39. Carthage. 2R. Obv. Head of Persephone ; behind, Kart ch[ada- 
 
 saf\. Eev. Horse and palm-tree. Wt. 263 grs. 
 
 40. Carthage. JR. Obv. Head of Persephone, surrounded by dol- 
 
 phins : imitated from coins of Syracuse. (Of. III. C. 28.) Eev. 
 Horse's head and palm-tree; beneath, Punic letter, D (for macha- 
 nat ?). Wt. 264 grs. 
 
B.C. 400-336. 53 
 
 41. Oartnage. JH. Obv. Female head, wearing tiara of Phrygian 
 
 form ; perhaps Dido, or a form of the moon-goddess. Sev. Lion 
 and palm-tree. In exergue, SJtdm-maGhanat, *' of the people of the 
 camp." Wt. 265 grs. 
 
 Tlie finest known coin of Carthage. By a Greek 
 engraver. 
 
 42. Carthage. M. Similar to preceding. Wt. 265-2 grs. 
 
 The style of some of these Carthaginian coins shows 
 that they are the works of Sicilian artists. Some may 
 have been struck at Carthage itself, others in the Cartha- 
 ginian possessions in Sicily. It is a curious fact that 
 there are no Carthaginian coins before the end of the fifth 
 century. 
 
 43. Cyrene. M. Ohv. KYPANAION. Nike driving quadriga. 
 
 Rev. Zeus Ammon sacrificing before an incense-altar (thymiaterion). 
 Magistrate's name, POMAN0EYZ. Wt. 133-7 grs. 
 
 44. Cyrene. M. Obv. Headof Zeus Ammon, facing. iJec. KYPANA 
 
 (boustrophedon). Silphium plant. Wt. 203-8 grs. 
 
 The worship of Zeus Ammon was derived by the 
 Greeks of Cyrene from the famous oracle of that god in 
 the oasis of Ammon in the Libyan Desert. The silphium 
 plant was the chief article of commerce between Cyrene 
 and Greece. 
 
54 PERIOD IV. 
 
 PEEIOD IV.— CIRCA B.C. 336-280. 
 
 The age of Alexander and ot tlie Diadoolii is charac- 
 terised, as might be expected, by a very general cessation 
 throughout Greece of the issue of money by autonomous 
 states. The exceptions are, however, more numerous than 
 is at first sight apparent, for it is certain that, after Alex- 
 ander's death, some cities, although practically independent, 
 continued to issue their money in the name of Alexander. 
 The same remark applies to the gold and silver money of 
 several of Alexander's successors, especially at first. 
 
 In European Greece it would even appear that the gold 
 staters bearing Alexander's name continued to be struck 
 by the successive kings of Macedon down to Eoman 
 times ; for when the Eoman general Flamininus issued 
 gold money in Greece, B.C. 197, he simply adopted the 
 Alexandrine stater, placing upon it his own name. He 
 would hardly have chosen this type, had not these coins 
 been current in his time. 
 
 In Italy, Neapolis, Tarentum, and Metap)ontum con- 
 tinued to supply the greater part of the currencj". The 
 earliest gold and silver coins bearing the name of the 
 Eoman people were struck in Campania, from B.C. 338, 
 under Eoman dominion. In Africa, Carthage, influenced 
 by the popularity in all the markets of Alexander's tetra- 
 drachms, adopted his type, the head of Heiakles in the 
 lion's skin ; not, however, to the exclusion of the head of 
 Persephone, which she had borrowed from Syracuse. 
 
 Artistically, the heads on the coins of this age are re- 
 markable for expression of feeling. The eye is generally 
 deeply set, and the brows strongly marked. True portraits 
 now make their first appearance on money. Ptolemy 
 Soter is, however, the first to place his own head, as such, 
 upon his coins, not under the semblance of a Greek divinity, 
 but wearing the plain royal diadem. 
 
 A frequent reverse-type is a seated figure, the general 
 aspect and pose of which is borrowed at first, more or less 
 directly, from the seated figure of Zeus Aetophoros on the 
 money of Alexander. 
 
PERIOD IV. 65 
 
 As time goes on, the human figure as represented on 
 tlie coinage becomes gradually more elance, and the 
 muscles of the body are more strongly indicated. Of. for 
 instance IV. B. 24 with III. B. 35. This is due to the 
 influence of the school of Lysippus. The principal sculp- 
 tors of Alexander's time are those of the Argive-Sicyonian 
 school, Euphranor and Lysippus, and the sons of Praxi- 
 teles and of Lysippus, together with the gem-engraver 
 Pyrgoteles. 
 
 The chief extant works of art are : — 
 
 The sculptures from the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, in the 
 
 British Museum. 
 The marble copies of heads of Alexander, ia the British Museum, 
 
 Louvre, and Capitol. 
 The marble copy of the Apoxyomenos of Lysippus. Vatican. 
 The seated statue of Tyche of Antioch. Vatican. 
 
56 PERIOD IV. A. 
 
 IV. A. 
 
 Plates 27-29. 
 KINGS. 
 
 . 1. Persia. Al. Obv. King, with bow, quiver, and spear, kneeling; 
 behind, wreath ; in front, M. i2eu. Incuse. Double daric. Wt. 
 257-6 grs. 
 
 The double darics form a link between the coinage of 
 the Persian empire and that of the successors of Alexander. 
 The presence of Greek letters or symbols upon all of them 
 renders it hardly possible that they can have been issued 
 by Darius. 
 
 2. Alexander the Great. M. Tetradrachm. Obv. Head of 
 
 Herakles. Sev. AAEZANAPOY. Zeus Aetophoros ; in the field, 
 a head in Phrygian cap ; and under throne, a triskeles (Miiller, 
 CI. ii. Cilicia). Wt. 265 grs. 
 
 3. Alexander the Great. M. Stater. Obv. Head of Athena. 
 
 Sev. AAE!£ANAPOY. Kike, holding wreath and trophy-stand. 
 In field, K D (ea; Arado) ; and ^, monogram of Aradus. Wt. 
 133-1 grs. 
 
 This coin -was probably struck in B.C. 310, -when the 
 throne of Alexander had become vacant by the death of 
 Alexander the son of Eoxana in 311. 
 
 4. Alexander the Great. M. Tetradrachm. Usual types. 
 
 Monogram of Ai-adus under throne ; struck between B.C. 330 and 
 280. Wt. 265 grs. 
 
 5. Alexander the Great. M. Tetradrachm. In front of Zeus, 
 
 forepart of ram ; under throne, AA. Wt. 263-7 grs. 
 
 The ram is the badge of Damascus, for vrhich AA also 
 stands. 
 
 6. Alexander the Great. M. Tetradrachm with name of Ace 
 
 [Acre] in Phoenician characters and the date 27 of the Seleucid era, 
 which commenced B.C. 312. This coin was therefore struck in 
 B.C. 286. Wt. 258 grs. 
 
 7. Alexander the Great. M. Tetradrachm with feeding horse 
 
 in the field of the reverse. Wt. 264-4 grs. 
 
 Coins of this class are frequently found at Hamadan 
 (Ecbatana), in the neighbourhood of -which place were the 
 famous Nisaean Plains, -where, according to Strabo, as 
 many as 50,000 brood mares were pastured for the royal 
 stables. 
 
B.C. 336-280. 57 
 
 8. Alexander the Great. M. Tetradrachm with an anchor in 
 
 the field. Wt. 259 grs. 
 
 The anchor was the badge of Seleucus I, by whom this 
 com was struck before he adopted the titleof king in B.C. 306. 
 
 Of the above Asiatic coins with the name of Alexander, 
 it is probable that Nos. 2 and -i are the only ones struck 
 in the lifetime of that monarch, who died B.C. 323. 
 
 9. Philip III. Aridasus, b.c. 323-317. A7. stater of Ale..- 
 
 ander's tj'pes. In the field, a head of Helios. Wt. 131-9 grs. 
 This coin was found in Cyprus, and may have been 
 struck there, though the symbol suggests Ehodes. 
 
 10. Philip III. Aridajus. M. Tetradrachm of Alexander's 
 
 types, of Asiatic fabric. Jlint uncertain. Wt. 263-5 grs. 
 
 The money of Philip Aridajus was principally struck in 
 Europe. 
 
 Plate 28. 11. Syria. Seleucus I. Nicator. N. ZEAEYKOY. Stater 
 with Alexander's types, Wt. 130-7 grs. 
 The apparent absence of the word BASilAEnz renders 
 it probable that this coin was struck between b.c. 312 
 and 306. 
 
 12. Syria. Seleucus I. JR. Tetradrachm with Alexander's 
 
 types, with inscription, ZEAEYKOY BAZIAEnZ. After B.C. 
 306. Wt. 263-3 grs. 
 
 13. Syria. Seleucus I. JR. Tetradrachm. Obc. Head of 
 
 Zeus. i?CT. BAZIAEOZ ZEAEYKOY. Quadriga of elephants, 
 in which stands Athena fighting. In the field, the Seleucid anchor. 
 Wt. 262 grs. 
 
 14. Syria. Seleucus I. JR. Tetradrachm. Obv. Head of 
 
 Seleucus, in helmet, adorned with horn and ear of bull ; round 
 his neclc lion's skin. The bull's horn symbolises divine strength. 
 Sev. BAZIAEnZ ZEAEYKOY. Nike crowning a trophy. Wt. 
 260-1 grs. 
 
 Cf. this type with the coins of Agathooles of Syracuse, 
 No. IV. C. 29. 
 
 15. Parthia. A^. Otc. Phr[a]t[M]ph[e]r[nes] in Aramaic characters. 
 
 Head of satrap wearing Persian tiara. Hev. Phsph, in Aramaic 
 characters. Satrap, in quadriga. Wt. 135-9 grs. 
 
 The inscription on this coin is read by Prof. Gardner 
 as Phahaspes Padipada, or Phahaspes Lord of Lords, and 
 it is attributed by him to a king of Perscpolis of that 
 name, who may have reigned early in the third century. 
 
58 
 
 PERIOD ly. A. 
 
 A more probable rendering is that of Sir Henry Howorth, 
 who reads the name on the obverse Phrataphemes, who was 
 satrap of Parthia nnder Darius Codomannus and Alexander 
 the Great. 
 
 16. Parthia. M. Obv. Head of Zeus. Bev. ANAPATOPOY. 
 
 Warrior, in quadriga, accompanied by Nike, who drives the horses. 
 Wt. 131-9 grs. 
 
 This and the preceding coin were found at an old fort 
 on a tongue of land at the confluence of two rivers which 
 flow into the Oxus. One or more princes named Andra- 
 goras were supreme in Parthia between B.C. 330 and 250. 
 
 17. India. Sophytes. M. Obv. Helmeted head of Ising. Sev. 
 
 Znct>YTOY. Cocli. Wt. 58-2 grs. 
 
 Sophytes was an Indian prince in the Panjab, who 
 submitted to Alexander. In the time of Seleucus, whose 
 coins he imitated (of. obv. of 14), he would appear to have 
 been an independent ruler. 
 
 18. Lysimachus. M. Obv. Head of Alexander, deified, with horn 
 
 of Ammon, and diadem. Bev. BAEIAEnS AYZIMAXOY. 
 
 Athena Nikephoros, seated. Wt. 130 grs. 
 
 This coin has an anchor in the exergue, perhaps the 
 mint-mark of the town of Ancore, in Bithynia, vrhich 
 was rebuilt by Antigonus, B.C. 316, and which Lysimachus 
 renamed Niceea, in honour of his first wife. 
 
 19. Lysimachus. JR. Tetradracbm. Types as on No. 18, 
 
 with the bee, the mint -mark of Ephesus, in the field. Wt. 260 grs. 
 
 20. Egypt. Alexander IV., B.C. 323-311. M. Obv. Head 
 
 of Alexander the Great, wearing a headdress composed of an 
 elephant's scalp. J?ec. AAEZANAPOY. Zeus Aetophoros, seated. 
 Wt. 265-1 grs. 
 
 21. Egypt. Alexander IV. Obo. Similar. Sev. AAEZAN- 
 
 APOY. Athena fighting. In field, eagle on thunderbolt, badge 
 of Ptolemy. Wt. 241-1 grs. 
 
 These two coins were struck by Ptolemy Soter, as 
 governor of Egypt, in the name of Alexander IV., 
 the son of Alexander the Great by Eoxana. The Athena 
 on the reverse is perhaps a representation of the statue 
 of Athena Alkis at Pella, and is a symbol of sovereignty 
 over Maoedon. 
 
 22. Egypt. PtolemsBUS I. Soter, B.C. 306-284. Obv. Head 
 
 of Ptolemy, diademed, and wearing asgis. Bev. flTOAEMAlOY 
 BAZIAEOZ. Eagle on thunderbolt. Wt. 228-2 grs. 
 
B.C. 336-280. 59 
 
 Ptolemasus adopted the title of king in B.C. 306. PTe 
 struck coins not only in Egypt, but in Cyprus, Cyrenai'ca, 
 and other parts. 
 
 CITIES. 
 
 PiiiE 29. 23. Amastris. JR. Obv. He.id of Mithras ? wearing laureate Phry- 
 gian cap. JRev. AIVIAZTPIEON. Seated figure, Ana'itis or 
 Aphrodite, wearing modius and holding Nike. Wt. 141*8 grs. 
 
 Amastris, in Paphlagonia, w'as named after tlie niece of 
 Darius Codomannus, who married Dionysius of Heraolea, 
 B.C. 306-302, and after his death Lysimachus, who shortly 
 afterwards ahandoned her for Arsinoe, when she retired 
 to Heraclea. This coin was probably struck after her 
 death, at the city which bore her name. On an example 
 in the collection of M. Six, of Amsterdam, reading 
 AMAZTPI02 BAZIAIZZHZ, the figure on the reverse holds 
 Eros, instead of Nike. 
 
 24. Oius. M. 06». Head of Apollo. iJra. ATNON lAHZ. Prow. 
 
 In field, club and eagle. Wt. 131"8 grs. 
 
 All the gold staters known of this Bithynian town 
 came from the great find at Saida, which consisted 
 almost entirely of staters of Alexander, struck before B.C. 
 310. It is probable that the coins of Cius were struck 
 during the lifetime of Alexander. 
 
 25. Heraclea. Dionysius. M. Obv. Head of Dionysus. Bev. 
 
 AIONYZIOY. Herakles erecting a trophy. Wt. 148-4 grs. 
 
 Dionysius and Timotheus were tyrants of Heraolea, in 
 the time of Alexander; after the death of his brother 
 Timotheus, Dionysius reigned alone. He married Amastris, 
 and died in B.C. 802. The types of the obverse and reverse 
 refer respectively to the names of the tyrant and the city. 
 
 26. Heraclea. JR. Obv. He.ad of Herakles, in lion's skin. Sev. 
 
 HPAKAEOCTAN]. Dionysus, seated, holding cantharus and 
 thyrsus bound with ivy. Wt. 254*4 grs. 
 
 The tj'pes of this coin are suggested by the tetra- 
 drachms of Alexander. It is of the time of Lysimachus, 
 who restored autonomy to the people of Heraolea, and 
 introduced a coinage on the Attic standard, in place of 
 the Persic standard hitherto in use there. 
 
 27. CyzicUS. JR. Obv. Head of Demeter or Persephone; beneath, 
 
 tunny. Sev. KYIl. Apollo, seated on omphalos, and resting his 
 elbow on lyre ; he holds a patera. In the field, a cock. Wt. 192 grs. 
 
60 PEBIOD IV. A. 
 
 The attitude of Apollo on this coin as ■svell as the style 
 indicate the period immediately after Alexander. The 
 to^m appears to have maintained its aiitononiy down to 
 the time of Lysimachus, who is the first to strike money 
 there in his own name, certain tetiadrachms of Alexander 
 (Miiller, CI. v.J being later. 
 
 2S. PrOCOnnesus. JR. 04r. ANAZITENHS. HeadofApliroditeC?). 
 J^er. .PPOKON. Staj; at rest; in front, amphora; beneath, 
 astragalus. Wt. 55 grs. 
 
 Proconnesus (now 3Iarmara) is an island in the Pro- 
 pontis. Demosthenes (adv. Polycl. p. 1207) calls it an 
 ally of Athens, and says that it was besieged and taken 
 by the Cyzicenes. This coin, which bears a strikiiig 
 resemblance to certain coins struck at Ephesus, while 
 that city bore the name of Arsinoe, B.C. 288-280, is of the 
 time of Lysimachus. The stag is a " type parlant." 
 
 29. Ephesus. SI. Obr. Head of Artemis. Sev. E <t>. Half-stag^ 
 
 palm-tree, and bee. Wt. ~o-2 grs. 
 
 This coin belongs to the period of Lysimachus, circ. 
 B.C. 280. 
 
 30. Ervthra;. .M. Obr. Head of Herakles. in lion's skin. Ser. 
 
 EPY. Bow in case, club, and owl. In field, MOMON. VTt. 
 -3- grs. 
 
 This coin belongs probably to the time of Alexander 
 the Great. 
 
 31. Samos. M. Obr. Lion's scalp. Eer. ZA HTHEIANAZ. 
 
 Forepart of ox. Wt. 2oo grs. 
 
 Samos, like the Ionian cities, continued to coin money 
 both before and after the reign of Alexander. This 
 tetradrachm is now attributed to the first half of the 
 fourth century, B.C. 39^^365. 
 
 32. Cos. ^i. Oil. Head of Herakles, in lions skin. iJer. KOION. 
 
 Crab, and bow in case. Magistrate's name, MOZXION. Wt. 
 231 grs. 
 
 The style of this coin i.^ that of the time of Lysimachus. 
 The inscription KQION for KOION is an archaism. Sub- 
 sequently this island formed part of the dominions of 
 Ptolemy I. and his successors. 
 
 33. Ehodes. JR. Obr. Head, full-face, of Helics, radiate. Eiv. 
 
 POAION. Eose, with bud; beneath, AM BIN I AZ. In field, prow. 
 \Vt. 208 grs. 
 
B.C. 336-280. 61 
 
 These splendid coins, with the radiate head of Helios, 
 began to be issued at Khodes probably immediately after 
 the memorable siege of the city by Demetrius Poliorcetes, 
 B.C. 304. The head may be a copy of that of the famous 
 Colossus. 
 
 o-t. Tarsus. M. Obr. BAAL TARS, in the Aramaic character. 
 Zeus of Tarsus, on throne ; he holds sceptre. Bev. Lion ; above 
 which, the name of the Satrap ^laza^us, in the Aramaic character. 
 Wt. 264 grs. 
 
 Struck soon after the expedition of Alexander by 
 MaziBus, Satrap of Cicilia. The coins of Tarsus which 
 precede the arrival of Alexander are of the Persic standard. 
 This is Attic, and those which immediately follow bear 
 the Seleuoid anchor. It has been conjectured that the 
 reverse type of many of Alexander's Cilician coins is 
 imitated from the statue of Zeus Tersios, rejjresented on 
 the coins of Tarsus. 
 
 35. Sidon. JR. Obv. 35? (Abdastart). The King, in quadriga, driven 
 
 by charioteer, and followed by attendant carrying sceptre and flask. 
 Sev. Galley, at sea; above. III. Wt. 395 grs. 
 
 This octadrachm was probably struck in the third year 
 of the reign of Strato II., of Sidon, B.C. 346-332. The 
 king in the chariot is probably Artaxerxes Ochus. (See 
 Babelon, Perses Acheraenides, p. 232.) 
 
 36. Tyre. M,. Ohv. Melkarth, riding on sea-horse. Hev. Owl, and 
 
 symbols of royalty. In field, 1 1 and V, initial letter of Tyre. Wt. 
 l'32-4 grs. [PI. 20, 46.] 
 
 Azemilkos, king of Tj^re, was not dethroned by Alex- 
 ander after the siege in 332. The coinage was, however, 
 assimilated to the Attic weight. This coin is of year 2 
 of the Seleucid era = B.C. 311. 
 
62 PERIOD rv. B. 
 
 IV. B. 
 
 Plates 30-32. 
 
 KINGS. 
 
 Plats 30. 1. Pseonia. Patrans. JR. Ohv. Head of Apollo or Herakles. 
 Eev. PATPAOY (retrograde). Horseman spearing prostrate foe. 
 Wt. 196 grs. 
 
 2. Pffionia. Audoleon. M. Oic. Head of Athena, facing. Bev. 
 
 AYAOAE0NT02. Horse. Wt. 193-4 grs. 
 
 Patraus and his son Audoleon reigned over Pseonia 
 between B.C. 340 and 286. 
 
 3. Macedonia. Alexander the Great, B.C. 336-323. A/". 
 
 05m. Head of Athena. Sev. AAEZANAPOY. Nike, holding 
 wreath and trophy-stand. In field, thunderbolt. Double stater. 
 Wt. 264 grs. 
 
 4. Alexander the Great. A/. Stater. Similar types ; thun- 
 
 derbolt under neck of Athena. Wt. 133 grs. 
 
 5-7. Alexander the Great. M. Ohv. Head of Herakles. Bev. 
 AAEZANAPOY. Zeu.s Aetophoros, seated. Infield — (6) Bncra- 
 nium. Wt. 265 grs. (6) Prow. Wt. 266-4 grs. (7) 0, under 
 throne. The head on this coin is turned to the left. Wt. 266 grs. 
 
 The above coins of Alexander were struck in all pro- 
 bability during his lifetime. 
 
 8. Philip III. Aridseus, B.C. 323-317. N. Ohv. Head of 
 
 Athena. Rev. OlAlfinOY. Nike, holding wreath and trophy- 
 stand. In field, cornucopiEB. Wt. 131-4 grs. 
 
 9. Philip III. Aridseus. M. Ohv. Head of Herakles. Bev. 
 
 Zeus Aetophoros, seated. In field, torch. Probably struck at 
 Amphipolis. Wt. 258-5 grs. 
 
 10. 11. Alexander the Great. These two tetradrachms were pro- 
 
 bably struck in the reign of Cassander, B.C. 316-297, who did not 
 place his own name upon the silver coinage. Wts. 265 grs. and 
 264 grs. 
 
 Plate 31. 12. Antigonus, B.C. 306-301. M. 06». Head of Herakles. Bev. 
 BAZIAEOZ ANTirONOY. Zeus Aetophoros, seated on throne. 
 Wt. 263 grs. 
 
 As the fabric of this coin closely resembles that of Nos. 
 13 and 14, it is probable that it was struck in the Pelo- 
 ponnesus in the name of Antigonus. 
 
B.C. 336-280. 63 
 
 13, 14. Alexander IV. (?). Types of Alexander the Great's coins. 
 Wts. 263 grs. and 260 grs. 
 
 These two fine tetradraclims were fonnd, with others of 
 the same fabric, at Patras, in Achaia. They are supposed 
 to have been struck at Sicyon, by Polysperchon, between 
 the years B.C. 816 and 311, in the name of Alexander 
 IV., the son of Alexander the Great by Eoxana. Coins of 
 this class are distinguished from all others bearing the 
 name of Alexander by the presence of two Victories on 
 the back of the throne. 
 
 15. Demetrius Poliorcetes, B.C. 294-288. M. Obv. Head 
 
 of Demetrius, with bull's horn of Bacehus. Mev. BAZIAEQ^ 
 AHMHTPIOY. Armed horseman. Wt. 131-8 grs. 
 
 16. Demetrius Poliorcetes. JR. Obv. Similar head. JRev. 
 
 BAZIAEOZ AHMHTPIOY. Poseidon leaning on trident, his 
 right foot resting on rock. Wt. 264 grs. 
 
 17. Demetrius Poliorcetes. M. Obv. Nike, or Fame, carrying 3 
 
 trophy-stand, and blowing a trumpet, standing on the prow of a 
 galley. Eev. AHMHTPIOY BAZIAEOZ. Poseidon, naked, 
 wielding trident, his chlamys wrapped round his left arm. Wt. 
 266 grs. 
 
 The types of this coin refer to the naval victory gained 
 by the fleet of Antigonus, under his son Demetrius, over 
 that of Ptolemy, off the island of Cyprus, in B.C. 306. 
 
 18. Lysimachus, B.C. 306-281. M. Obv. Head of Herakles, in 
 
 lion's skin. &». BAZI AEQZ AYZI M AXOY. Zeus Aetophoros, 
 seated. In the field, the forepart of a lion, the mint-mark of the 
 town of Lysimachia. Wt. 264 grs. 
 
 19. 20. Lysimachus. (19) A/". Obv. Head of Alexander the 
 
 Great, with horn of Ammon. Eev. BAZIAEQZ AYZIMAXOY. 
 
 Athena Nicephoros seated, holding spear ; behind her throne, a 
 
 shield. Wt. 132 grs. (20) Si. Tetradrachm of the same type. 
 
 Wt. 262 grs. 
 Alexander the Great is represented on these coins in a 
 deified character, as the son of Ammon. The head is 
 probably taken from the statue-portrait by Lysippus or 
 the gem-portrait by Pyrgoteles. 
 
64 PERIOD IV. B. 
 
 CITIES. 
 
 PiATB 32. 21. Thessaly. Lamia. M. Obv. Female head, wearing royal diadem 
 and earring. Sev. AAMIEQN. Herakles, seated on rocls, holding 
 bow in case. Wt. 86 grs. 
 
 The head on this coin is probably that of the celebrated 
 hetaira Lamia, who lived with Demetrius Poliorcetes 
 as his wife. In her honour both Athens and Thebes 
 erected temples, and the people of Lamia, perhaps to 
 flatter Demetrius, placed her head upon the coinage. 
 
 22. Boeotia. JR. Obv. Head of Poseidon, laureate. liev. BOinTflN. 
 
 Poseidon, seated, holding dolphin and trident ; on throne, Boeotian 
 buckler. Vi^t. 238-4 grs. (Worn.) 
 
 This tetradraohm of the Attic standard is a specimen of 
 the new coinage of the Boeotian League. It belongs to the 
 earlier part of the third century, 288-244 B.C., and was 
 struck at Thebes, after the restoration of that city by 
 Cassander, in B.C. 315. 
 
 23. Elis. JR>. Obv. Head of Zeus, laureate. Hev. FA. Eagle, with 
 
 wings sj-iread. Wt. 182 grs. 
 
 Compare the head of Zeus on this coin with that on 
 III. B. 18 and 33, and II. B. 29 ; the decline of style 
 is very marked. 
 
 24. Messenia. M. 06t). Head of Demeter. iJeti. MEZZANIflN. 
 
 Zeus Ithomatas, naked, advancing with eagle and thunderbolt. 
 In field, ZnZIKPA, and tripod. Wt. 258-6 grs. 
 
 Compare the style of this coin with III. B. 35. 
 
 25. Crete. Hierapytna. M. Obv. Head of Zeus, laureate. 
 
 Sev. I EPA. Palm-tree; at foot of which, eagle. Wt. 167-6 grs. 
 
 26. Crete. Polyrhenium. M. 06o. Head of Apollo (?); at his 
 
 shoulder, bow and quiver. Sev. flOAYPHNION. Female 
 figure, seated, holding Nike. Wt. 239-3 grs. 
 
 27. TenOS. iR. 06b. Head of Zeus Ammon, bearded. Sev. TH. 
 
 Poseidon, seated, holding dolphin, and resting on trident. Wt. 
 254 grs. 
 
 28. TenOS. JR. Obv. Head of the youthful Zeus Ammon, without 
 
 beard. Sev. THNION. Poseidon, standing, holding dolphin, 
 and resting on trident. Wt. 106 grs. 
 
 At Tenos there was a famous temple of Poseidon, 
 situated in a grove, which was much frequented. 
 
B.C. 33G-280. 65 
 
 IV. C. 
 
 Plates 33-35. 
 
 'LATE 33. 1. Gallia. Massilia. M. Obo. Head of Artemis, her hair adorned 
 with sprigs of olive. Itco. MAZZA. Lion. Wt. 57 grs. 
 
 Massilia (Marseilles) was founded by the Phoceeans, 
 about B.C. 600. Its earliest coins are obols, of rude work. 
 Not until a comparatively late period does this city begin 
 to issue coins of fine work. The first branch of the olive- 
 tree is said to havr lieeu brought to Massilia with the 
 statue of Artemis from Ephesus; hence its presence on 
 these coins. Its cultivation was a source of great wealth 
 to the town. 
 
 2, 3. Campania. Xeapolis. M. Obv. Head of Parthenope; 
 symbol — (2) Demeter, with torch, (3) head of Helios ; beneath — 
 (2) PAPME. Sci\ NEOnOAlTQN. Man-headed bull, 
 crowned by Nike; beneath — (2) bee; (3) IZ. Wts. 114-6 grs. 
 and 105*8 grs. 
 
 The latter of these two coins seems to be about half a 
 century later in date than Xo. 2. 
 
 4. Nola. JR. Obv. Head of Athena ; helmet adorned with owl and 
 
 olive-wreath. Sev. NflAAION. Man-headed bull. Wt. Ill grs. 
 
 Nola begins to coin shortly before b.c. 400, and the 
 series of its money comes abruptly to an end in b.c. 311. 
 This is one of its latest coins. 
 
 5. Eomano-Campanian. M. Obv. Head of Herakles. Sev. 
 
 ROMANO. Wolf and Twins. Wt. 109 gr.-;. 
 
 6. Eomano-Campanian. M. Oi». Head of Mars. ijeo. ROMANO. 
 
 Horse's head. Wt. 115 grs. 
 
 7. Eomano-Campanian. JR. Obo. ROMANO. Head of Apollo. 
 
 Bei: Prancing horse ; above which, star. Wt. 105-5 grs. 
 
 8. Eomano-Campanian. JR. Obv. Head of Roma (?), wearing 
 
 helmet of Phrvgian form. i?cc. ROMANO. Victory, holding 
 palm, to which "is attached a wreath. Wt. 102-2 grs. 
 
 9. Eomano-Campanian. JR. O&u. Head of Apollo. Sev.ROMk 
 
 Prancing horse. Wt. 99-7 grs. 
 
 10. Eomano-Campanian. JR. OSb. Head of Mars, beardless. Sev. 
 
 ROMA. Horse's head ; behind, harpa. Wt. 103 grs. 
 
 The Eoman dominion in Campania dates from B.C. 338. 
 
 F 
 
65 PERIOD IV. C. 
 
 The series with the inscription ROMANO commences 
 about that time ; that Trith ROMA probably begins about 
 B.C. 318. 
 
 11. Calabria. Tarentum. Alexander of Epirus. M. 
 
 Obv. Head of Zeus of Dodona, wearing oak-wreath. Bev, 
 AAEZANAPOY TOY NEOnTOAEMOY. Thunderbolt; 
 beside which, spear-head. "Wt. 132-2 grs. 
 
 In spite of the resemblance of this magnificent gold 
 stater to the silver coin III. B. 23, it seems probable that 
 it was struck at Tarentum, where Alexander went, in B.C. 
 332, to aid the Greeks against the Lucanians and Brut- 
 tians. 
 
 12. Tarentum. A'. Ohr. Head of Zeus. i2er. Eagle, on thunder- 
 
 bolt. In field, <t>l. NIKAP, and two amphorse, surmounted by 
 stars. Wt. 131-7 grs. 
 
 13. Tarentum. A''. 0',c. Head of young Herakles, wearing lion's 
 
 skin; club below neck. Bev. TAPANTINON. Biga, driven by 
 Taras, holding trident ; above, NIKAP. Wt. 132-7 grs. 
 
 14. Tarentum. A/". Wr. TAPANTINflN. Head of Aphrodite (?) 
 
 wearing stephane, earring, and necklace. lUv. TAPAZ. Taras, 
 holding trident, seated on dolphin. "Wt. 66-3 grs. 
 
 15. Tarentum. Si. Oht. Xaked horseman, crowning his horse. In 
 
 field, magistrate's name, cpl AOKAHZ ; two other names in mono- 
 gram, and a dolphin. Ir. f. Similar to last. In field, two amphorae. 
 "Wt. 99-6 grs. 
 
 The head on Xo. 13 is clearly suggested by that on the 
 money of Alexander the Great, at this time circulating 
 far and wide. The magistrate's name, NIKAP. on Xo. 12 
 proves this coin to be of the same period. The issue of 
 gold and silver money at Tarentum in large quantities 
 during this period is a proof of the -widely extended 
 relations of this city, the rival of Eome in southern 
 Italy. 
 
 Plate 31. 16. Lucania. Heraclea. M. Ohr. Head of Athena; Scvlla on 
 helmet; in front, A. K. <t>. J?ec. HHPAKAHinN. Herakles, 
 naked, strangling lion. In field, club ; beneath, owl. Magistrate's 
 name, KAA. Wt. 120 grs. 
 
 Soon after the death of Alexander the son of Xeo- 
 ptolemus, B.C. 32."i, Heraclea fell into the hands of the 
 Lucanians. This coin is anterior to that event. 
 
B.C. 336-280. 67 
 
 17. Metapontum. JR. Obv. Head of Zeus; behind, thunderboit. 
 
 Sev. CMEJTAnON. Ear of corn. In field, KAA, and poppy-head. 
 Wt. 119'8 grs. 
 
 18. Metapontum. JR. Ohv. EAEYGEPICOa. Head of Zeus 
 
 Eleutherios. iJeo. META. Car of corn. Wt. 119-8 grs. 
 
 19. Metapontum. JR. Obv. Head of Dionysus, bound with broad 
 
 diadem and iry-wreath. Rev. METAD. Ear of corn Wt 
 124-7 grs. 
 
 20. Metapontum. JR. Obv. Head of Demeter, or Persephone; 
 
 hair bound with corn. Sev. M ETA. Ear of corn. Symbol plough 
 Magistrate, MAN. Wt. 120-2 grs. 
 
 21. Metapontum. M. 06u. Head of Demeter, or Persephone, facing. 
 
 -ffiei). META. Ear of corn. Wt. 121-3 grs. 
 
 Metapontum fell into the hands of the Lucanians soon 
 after the year b.c. 314; the above coins fall into the 
 period between about 330 and 314. 
 
 22. Thurium. M. 06t;. Head of Athena ; Scylla on helmet. Sev. 
 
 0OYPIQN. Butting bull. Magistrate, EYct>A. In exergue, fish. 
 Wt. 120-2 grs. 
 
 23. Velia. JR. Obv. Head of Athena, wearing crested helmet, 
 
 on which a quadriga and artist's name, <t>IAlZTION. Eev. 
 YEAHTON. Lion gnawing the bones of a stag; above, Niiie 
 flying. Wt. 103-3 grs. 
 
 24. Velia. 3i. Obv. Head of Athena, wearing helmet of Phrygian 
 
 form, on which female Centaur, ifeo. YEAHTQN. Lion derour- 
 ing prey. Wt. 117-7 grs. 
 
 25. Bruttii. Croton. JR. Ohv. Head of Apollo. £ev. KPO. 
 
 Tripod. In field, branch tied with fillet. Wt. 118-8 grs. 
 
 In style this coin resembles No. 20, of Metapontum. 
 
 26. Locri. ^. Ohv. Head of Zeus. Hev. Eagle deTouring hare. In 
 
 field, thunderbolt. Wt. 119-1 grs. 
 
 This coin may be compared for style with No. 17, of 
 Metapontum. 
 
 PuTE 35. 27. Sicily. Syracuse, b.c. 317-310. AI. oSc. Head of young 
 
 Herakles, laureate. Bev. ZYPAKOZION. Biga ; beneath which, 
 triskeles. Wt. 66-2 grs. 
 
 28. Syracuse, b.c. 317-310. M. Ohv. Head of Persephonp ; 
 beneath, Nl. Bev. ZYPAKOZIQN. Quadriga; above, triskele,. 
 In exergue, AI. Wt. 266-1 grs. 
 
 Although these coins do not bear the name of Aga- 
 
 F 2 
 
68 PERIOD IV. C. 
 
 thocles, there can be no doubt that they belong to the 
 earlier part of his reign. ( Vide Head's Coinage of Syracuse, 
 p. 40, sq.) 
 
 29. Syracuse, B.C. 310-307. M. Obv. KOPAZ. Head of 
 
 Persephone, crowned with com. Rev. Nike erecting trophy. In 
 field, triskeles. Wt. 259-6 grs. 
 
 30. Syracuse, B.C. 307-289. A''. Obv. Head of Athena. Rev. 
 
 AfAeOKAEOZ BAEIAEOZ. Thunderbolt. Wt. 87-8 grs. 
 
 About B.C. 306, Agathocles assumed the title of king, in 
 imitation perhaps of Antigonus, "who was the first of the 
 successors of Alexander to adopt it in this same year. 
 
 31. Syracuse, B.C. 307-289. M. Obv. Head of Athena. Rev. 
 
 Pegasus ; beneath, triskeles. Wt. 104 grs. 
 
 This is a piece of eight litrse ; No. 30 was worth eighty 
 litra;, or ten silver staters. Various new multiples of 
 the litra occur from this time forward in the Syracusan 
 currency. 
 
 32. Syracuse, Hicetas, B.C. 287-278. A'', oiv. SYPAKOZinN. 
 
 Head of Persephone; behind, poppy-head; beneath, 0E. Rev. 
 Em IKETA. Xike, in biga; above, crescent moon; beneath, 0. 
 Wt. 65-4 grs. 
 
 33. 34. Syracuse, B.C. 287-278. M. O'm. Head of Persephone ; 
 
 behind— (33) bee, (34) bucranium. Rev. ZYPAKOZinN. 
 Xike, in quadriga; above, star. Wts. 201-1 grs. and 191-1 grs. 
 
 Although these coins do not bear the name of Hicetas. 
 there can be no doubt that they were struck under his 
 rule. They are pieces of fifteen litrae. 
 
 35. Africa. Carthage. M. Ohv. Head of Persephone. Rev. 
 
 Horse, standing on dotted line, supported at either end by twu 
 small symbols, a goat*s head and an eye. Wt. 145-2 grs. 
 
 36. Carthage. ^U. Obc. Head of Herakles, as on coins of Alexander 
 
 the Great. Ret. Horse's head and palm-tree ; beneath, in Punic 
 characters, am nuzc/uinat, '- people of the camp." Wt. 257 grs. 
 
 This coin is subsequent to the time of Alexander ; the 
 two following are apparently somewhat earlier. They 
 are all undoubtedly by Greek artists. 
 
 37. Carthage. jE. Obv. Head of Per';ephone, copied from coins of 
 
 Syracuse. Rev. Horse, prancing in front of palm-tree. Wt. 262 grs. 
 
B.C. 336-280. 69 
 
 38. Carthage. M. 06t). Head of Persephone ; behind which, symbol 
 
 of Baal (?). Sev. Horse, standing in front of palm-tree ; behind, 
 the sun ; beneath horse, a flower growing. Wt. 264 grs. 
 
 39. Cyrene. A/". 06d. Horseman ; behind, star. Bev. K\PA. Sil- 
 
 phium plant. Wt. 43'8 grs. 
 
 40. Cyrene. M. Obv. Head of young Zeus Ammon. Hev. KYPA. 
 
 Silphium plant. In field, tripod. Wt. 118'5 grs. 
 
 41. Cyrene. M. Obv. Head of Apollo. Bev. KYPA. Silphium 
 
 plant. In field, jerboa and ZQ. Wt. 105"1 grs. 
 
 The above coins of Cyrene were striiok after e.g. 322, 
 when Cyrenaica became subject to the Ptolemies. 
 
70 PERIOD V. 
 
 PEEIOD v.— CIRCA B.C. 280-190. 
 
 Ddeimg the third century B.C., the age of the Epigoni, 
 the coinage tLroughont Asia is almost exclusively regal ; 
 some even of those cities -which preserved their autonomy 
 issued their coins in the name of Alexander, and -with the 
 types of his money. 
 
 In European Greece, the tetradrachms of the kings of 
 ilaoedon are the most important ; hut, towards the close 
 of the period, after the power of Philip V. had been re- 
 stricted by the Eomans, Athens once more became the 
 principal place of mintage in Greece ; the new Athenian 
 tetradrachiis soon obtaining a world-wide circulation. 
 
 At Eome, silver was first coined in B.C. 268, and at the 
 same time the silver coinage of the parts of Italy subject 
 to Eome ceases. Tarentum continued to coin money 
 until B.C. 209. 
 
 In Sicily, Hiero U. struck coins both in his own name 
 and in that of Queen Philistis ; but in 212, on the cap- 
 ture of Syracuse by Maroellus, the right of coining in 
 Sicily was monopolised by Eome. 
 
 Carthage meanwhile continued to coin largely both in 
 gold and silver ; her dodecadrachms, with the head of 
 Persephone on one side, and the horse on the other, being 
 the largest silver coins ever issued in ancient times. 
 
 The coins of this century are especially remarkable as 
 presenting a series of portraits of the kings of Egypt, 
 Syria, Bactria, Pontus, Bithynia, Pergamus, Macedon, and 
 Sicily, of inestimable historical value. 
 
 Although it cannot be affirmed that in any great degree 
 the coins of this period reflect the best contemporary art, 
 it is yet instructive to compare some of the reverse types 
 with the remaining sculptures of the time. 
 
 The plastic art of Periods T., YL, and YII., which it is 
 best to group together, is characterised — 
 
 (i.) By realism, striking effects, dramatic compositions. 
 
 The chief artists were — at Pergamus, Isigonus ; at 
 Ehodes, Agesandros, Athanodorus, and Polydorus ; at 
 Tralles, Apollonius and Tauriscus. 
 
PERIOD V. 71 
 
 The cHef extant works are — of tbe School of Pergamus, 
 the Pergamene Sculptures, combat of gods and giants, 
 Berlin ; the Dying Gaul, in the Capitol ; Wounded Gauls 
 and Amazons, Naples, Venice, and other Museums ; and 
 the group called " Psetus and Arria," in the Villa 
 Ludovisi ; of the School of Rhodes, the Laocoon, in the 
 Vatican ; and of the School of Tralles, the " Farnese Bull," 
 at Naples. 
 
 (ii.) By ideal mythological conceptions ; by personifici- 
 tions of abstract ideas ; and iinally by reproductions 
 of older works. 
 
 The chief artists were — of the New Attic School, Apol- 
 lonius, son of Nestor, Cleomenes, son of ApoUodorus, 
 Glycon, and others ; and of the School of Italy, Pasiteles, 
 Menelaus, and Stephanus. 
 
 The chief extant works are — The Venus of Melos, the 
 Farnese Hercules, and the group of Orestes and Electra, 
 at Naples ; the Belvedere Torso by ApoUonius the son of 
 Nestor, and the Borghese Gladiator by Agasias of Ephesns. 
 
I 2 TEEIOD V. A. 
 
 V. A. 
 
 Plate? 36-40. 
 
 Plate 36. \-^, FoTiT tetradracTims -«T.th Alexander's types. Xo. 1 
 v^&s struck at Cyzious, probably in the time of Anti- 
 oclms H., about the middle of the third centnry. 
 Wt. 262 grs. No. 2 has the Carian double axe. 
 W^t. 264 grs. Xo. 3 Cannot be attributed -^th cer- 
 tainty, but probably belongs to the western part of 
 Asia Minor. TVt. 263 grs. Ko. 4 is of Aradus, in 
 Phoenicia, and bears the date 62 either of the era of 
 Aradus, which commenced in B.C. 259, or of the 
 Seleucid era, B.C. 312. 'wt. 26-t-7 grs. 
 
 5. Pontus. Mithradates II. M. Obv. Portrait of kin;. Eer. 
 
 BAZIAEOZ MI0PAAATOY. Zens Aetopnoro=, seated; in 
 front, a star and crescent. Wt. 26-i"7 ^;rs. 
 
 This Mithradates reigned from B.C. 24iJ-190. The star 
 and crescent are emblems of the sun and moon, and 
 allude to the religion of the Persians, from whom the 
 tings of Pontus were descended. 
 
 6. Calchedon. M. Oir. Head of Demeter. veiled. Bev. KAAX. 
 
 Apollo, seated on omphalos. TVt. 215-6 grs. 
 
 Compare the obverse of this cijin with T. B. 3 and 32. 
 of Byzantium and Chalcis in Eubcea ; and the reverse 
 with V. A. 19, of Antiochus the Great. All these coins 
 may be assigned to the time of Antiochus HE., B.C. 
 222-187. 
 
 7. Bithynia. Prusias I., b.c. 228-180. M. Obv. Head of 
 
 Pmsias. Her. BAZIAEOZ flPOYZIOY. Zens, standing, 
 holding wreath and sceptre. Wt. 265 grs. 
 
 Plate 37. 8. Pergamus. Philetaerus. B.C. 28J^26o. jS.. Obv. Head 
 of Selencns I. diademed. £ f. <t>IAETAIPOY. Athena seated, left, 
 holding a shield in front of her. Wt. 2.Ty--t ^rs. 
 
 The coins of the Hngs of Pergamus can only be 
 arranged by style, as they aU bear the name, and most 
 of them the portrait, of Philetajrus. the founder of the 
 dynasty. This coin is one of the earliest ; it bears the 
 portrait of Seleucus, who appears to have been reoognised 
 by Philetaerus as his suzerain. 
 
B.C. 280-190. 73 
 
 9. Pergamns. Eumenes I., B.C. 26;J-241. JR. Obv. Head of 
 
 Phileterus ; his diadem twined round a laurel-wreath. Eev. Similar 
 to No. 8. Wt. 260 grs. 
 
 Ou the death of PUletserus, Eumenes, his nephew, 
 succeeded to the throne. The portrait on this coin is that 
 of his uncle, the eunuch Philetarus. 
 
 10. Ephesus. JR. Obv. Head of Artemis. Sec. E <P. Half-stag. 
 
 Magistrate's name, ZOZIZ. Wt. 101-6 grs. 
 
 This coin is of the Ehodian standard, and is of the 
 period during which Ephesus Lclonged tu the Ptolemies, 
 B.C. 258-202. 
 
 11. Ehodes. M. 06;!. Head of Helios, radiate. i?CT-. P O. Rose. 
 
 Magistrate's name, TEIZYAOZ. Symbol, Aphrodite (?), wear- 
 ing polos and holding dove. Wt. 203 grs. 
 
 A fine specimen of the best art of this period. The 
 date of this coin is probably about b.c. 200. Cf. IV. A. 33. 
 
 12-19. Syria. Antiochusl. (Soter), e.g. 280-261. (12) M 
 
 (wt. 132 grs.) and (13) Ji (wt. 2U4^-7 grs.). Head of Antiochus. 
 Sev. Apollo, on omphalos. (14) ^. Antiochus II. (Theos), 
 PiAiE 38. B.C. 261-246. Sev. Herakles seated. Wt. 252-7 grs. (15) JR. 
 
 Seleucus II. (Callinicus), B.C. 246-226. jRev. Apollo, 
 standing. Wt. 261-9 grs. (16) JR. Antiochus Hierax (?), 
 before B.C. 227. Bev. Apollo, on omphalos. Wt. 263-3 grs. 
 (17) JR. Seleucus III. (Ceraunus), B.C. 226-222. 
 Wt. 257-6 grs. (18) JR. Antiochus, son of Seleucus III., 
 B.C. 222. Wt. 262-8 grs. (19) A^. Antiochus III. 
 (the Great), B.C. 222-187. wt. 522-9 grs. 
 
 These coins form, with No. 14, of Period IV. A., and 
 with Nos. 24r-28, of Period VI. A., and Nos. 8-13, of 
 VII. A., an interesting series of portraits of the Seleucid 
 kings. 
 
 20. Marathus. JR. Obv. Head of city, turreted. Bev. MAPA 
 0HNON. Male figure. Demos of Marathus, seated on shield.-., 
 holding aplustre and stalk of the plant marathrum. In field, date 
 33 = B.C. 279. Wt. 258 grs. 
 
 The head on this coin is one of the best of the period. 
 The attitude of the figure on the reverse is probably sug- 
 gested by that of Apollo on the contemporary coins of 
 the kings of Syria. 
 
74 PERIOD T. A. 
 
 Tlat-e 39. 21-27. Bactria. (21) A/. Diodotus. Ilei: Zeus, hurling thunderbolt. 
 Wt. 128-3 grs. (22) A/". Euthydemus. Sev. Herakles, seated. 
 Wt. 129 grs. (23) M. Demetrius. i?ei-. Herakles, crowning 
 himself. Wt. 259-5 grs. (24) iR. EuthydenmS _ II. Sev. 
 Herakles, standing. Wt. 260-7 grs. (25) M. AntimachuS. 
 Hev. Poseidon, standing, holding trident and palm. Wt. 
 262-3 grs. (26) JR. Agathocles. Sev. BAZIAEYONTOZ 
 ArAeOKAEOYZ AlKAIOY. Zeus, hurling thunderbolt. CTj;. 
 AIOAOTOY 5:nTHPOS. Head of Diodotus. Wt. 263-5 grs. 
 (27) iR. Agathocles. Sev. Same inscription. Herakles, 
 seated. Obv. EY0YAH MOY.; 0EOY. Head of Euthydemus. 
 Wt. 261-2 grs. 
 
 THs remarkable series of coins furnishes us -with the 
 names of the successors of Alexander's generals in Bactria 
 and India, from ahout B.C. 250, the date of the separation 
 of Bactria from the Seleucid kingdom under Diodotus as 
 an independent king, down to the time of Antiochus the 
 Great of Syria. Agathocles, on the t-wo specimens aboTe 
 described, places the heads of his predecessors, Diodotus 
 and Euthydemus, on his coinage, but there are other 
 specimens -svith his o-wn portrait. 
 
 Pij.li; 40. 28-34. Egypt. (28) AF. obv. AAEA<J>nN. Ptolemy II. 
 and Arsinoe II. Tier. ©EON. Ptolemy I. and Bere- 
 nice I. wt. 428-6 grs. Ptolemy Soter and Berenice 
 -^\'ere deified after their deaths, and entitled GEO I 
 ZOTHPEZ. Arsinoe was sister and second -wife of 
 Ptolemy II., B.C. 285-247. (29) Af. Arsinoe II. Sev. 
 
 APZINOHZ <t>lAAAEAcl>OY. Double cornucopia;. Wt. 429 grs. 
 (30) N. Ptolemy III. (Euergetes), e.g. 247-222. 
 Sev. DTOAEMAIOY BAZIAEIIZ. Cornucopia;, surmounted 
 by semicircle of rays. Wt. 4295 grs. (31) Af. Berenice II. 
 wife of Ptolemy III. Sev. BEPENIKHZ BAZIAIZZHE. 
 Cornucopiffi. In field, bee. Perhaps struck at Ephesus. Wt. 427-9 
 
 grs. (32) Af. Ptolemy IT. (Philopator), b.c. 222-206. 
 Sev. nTOAEMAlOY ctlAOnATOPOZ. Eagle on thunderbolt. 
 Wt. 428-3 grs. r33) AT. Arsinoe III., wife and sister 
 of Ptolemy lY. Sev. APZINOHZ <t>IAOnATOPOZ. 
 Cornucopia;. Wt. 427-9 grs. (34) JJ, Ptolemy Y. (Epi- 
 phanes), B.C. 205-181. Sev. HTOAEMAIOY BAZIAEDZ. 
 Eagle on thunderbolt. Wt. 429 grs. 
 
 These magnificent Egyptian gold coins bear authentic 
 and striking portraits of the reigning monarchs, not, 
 as is generally the case with the silver money, the 
 traditional portrait of the founder of the dynasty. 
 
B.C. 280-190. 75 
 
 V. B. 
 
 Plates 41-43. 
 
 Pj.iTE4i. 1. OdesSUS. A''. Obu. Head of Alexander the Great, with horn of 
 Ammon. i;i'i-. BAZIAEHZ AYZIMAXOY. Athena Nikephoros, 
 seated. In field, monogram of Odessus and magistrate's name 
 KOI. Wt. 129 grs. 
 
 2. Odessus. M. Obv. Head of Herakles, in lion's skin. Hev. 
 
 BASilAEnZ AAE^ANAPOY. Zeus Aetophoros, seated. Mono- 
 gram of Odessus, and same magistrate's name. Wt. 257 grs. 
 
 Coins bearing tlie names of Lrsimachus and of Alex- 
 ander continued to be issued after the death of those 
 monarohs, both in Thrace and Asia Minor. Cf. V. A. 1-4. 
 
 3. Byzantium. JR. Obv. Head of Demeter, veiled. Seo. Ell I 
 
 MENISIKOY. Poseidon, seated on rock, holding trident and 
 aplustre. In field, monogram of Bj'zantium. Wt. 206 grs. 
 
 Compare this coin with that of Calchedon, V. A. 6. 
 
 4. Samothrace. M. Obc. Head of Athena. Sav. ZAMO. Cybele, 
 
 seated on throne ; beneath which, lion. Magistrate's name, 
 M HTPONAZ. Wt. 125-3 grs. 
 
 Both Alexander and Lysimachus, according to L. Miiller, 
 struck money in Samothrace. As the types of this auto- 
 nomous coin are suggested by the gold coinage of Alex- 
 ander, it is probable that Samothrace regained its inde- 
 pendence after the death of Lysimachus, whose widow 
 Arsinoe fled there in 279 from Ptolemy Ceraunus, then 
 king of Macedon. 
 
 5. Macedonia. Antigonus Gonatas, B.C. 277-239. JR. 
 
 Obv. Macedonian shield, in the centre of which a head of Pan, 
 horned; behind his head, a pedum. Ser. BAEIAEQZ ANTI- 
 rONOY. Athena Alkis, hurling thunderbolt. Wt. 265 grs. 
 
 The head of Pan on the coins of Antigonus refers to the 
 panic of the Gauls when Antigonus defeated them in 
 B.C. 277, which was followed by their retreat from Macedon 
 and the recovery of the kingdom by Antigonus. The 
 style of the figure of Athena on the reverse of this coin 
 is archaistic, not archaic. 
 
 6. Antigonus Gonatas or Doson ? B.C. 229-220. Obo. Head of 
 
 Poseidon. Sev. BAZIAEOZ ANTirONOY. Apollo, holding 
 bow, seated on the prow of a galley. Wt. 260 grs. 
 
 This coin was formerly attributed to Antigonus, king of 
 
( b PERIOD V. B. 
 
 Asia, B.C. 306-301, bnt tie flat fabric of the piece, no less 
 than the eifeminate character of the art, renders it pro- 
 bable that it -n-as struck either hy Antigonns Gonatas or 
 by Antigonus Doson. This latter made an expedition by 
 sea against Caria, which he. in alliance with Antiochus 
 Hierax. took from Ptolemy Eiiergetes. Compare the atti- 
 tude of the seated Apollo on this piece with that on the- 
 contemporary Syrian coins. Y. A. 12-19, and the head on 
 the obverse with that of Zeus on YI. B. 16, of Epirus. 
 For portrait of Antigonus D json, see below, Y. B. 27. 
 
 7. Philip Y., B.C. 220-178. Ji. 06r. Macedonian shield ; in'the 
 centre of which head of Perseus, wearing winged helmet, surmounted 
 by griffin's head; at his shoulder, harpa. Her. BAZIAECiS! 
 OlAinnOY. Club, in oak-wreath ; outside wreath, harpa. Wt. 
 
 260-3 grs. 
 
 The head on this coin is a portrait of Philip himself, in 
 the character of Perseus. 
 
 3. Philip Y., B.C. 220-17S. JR.. OW. Head of Philip. Eer. 
 BAEIAEHZ 4>iAinnOY. Athena Altis, in fighting attitude. 
 Wt. 259 grs. 
 
 9. Dyxrhachium. Monunius. ..Pi. fAr. Cow. suckling calf. 
 
 'jStr. BAZIAEOZ MONOYNIOY, Floral pattern, "Gardens 
 of Alcinoiis." Wt. 161 grs. 
 
 !Monunius wa5 an Illyrian chief, who, as Droysen sup- 
 poses, dujing the invasion of the Gauls, circa B.C. 280, 
 seized upon Dyn'hachium. 
 
 10. Epirus. Ambracia. 3i. Ofcr. Head of Dione, wearing wreath 
 
 and veil. J., r. AM. Ohelisk of the Apollo '.^-/a/fei^s of Ambracia 
 bound with fiiiet. in laurel wreath. Wt. 51 grs. 
 
 Plaii;42. 11. CaSbOpe. Ja. Oir. Head of Dodonsean Zetis, crowned with oak ; 
 behind, monozram. Sev. KAZSODAION. Eagle standing on 
 thunderbolt ; all in oak -wreath. Wt. 66 grs. 
 
 During the time of the Epirote Eepublic or League, 
 several cities of Epirus seem to have exercised the right 
 of issuing an independent coinage. Probably the unity 
 of Epirus "which was maintained by the personal ascend- 
 ency of the Molossian kings was partially relaxed when 
 their line came to an end. The above coins of Ambracia 
 and Cassope are earlier in style than YI. B. 16-lS. 
 and may be assigned to the latter part of the third 
 centnrv. 
 
B.C. 280-190. 77 
 
 12. JijpirilS. vtv. Obv. Heads of Dodona^an Zeus and Dione ; behind, 
 
 monogram. Her. AflEIPnTAN. Butting bull; the whole m 
 oak-wreath. Wt. 154 grs. 
 
 Wlien the family of Pyrrhus became extinct, about B.C. 
 238, a republican form of government was establislied in 
 Epirus, which, continued till the conquest of Macedonia 
 by Eome, in 168. This coin belongs to the earlier period 
 of the Epirote League. For later coins, cf. VI. B. 16, 17. 
 
 13. Acarnania. JR. Ohi\ Head of river-god AoheloUs. In field, 
 
 AYKOYPrOZ. llev. AKAPNANON. Apollo Actius, seated, 
 holding bow. Wt. 158 grs. 
 
 These coins of the Acarnanian League were struck 
 about the middle of the third century, probably at 
 Leucas. The style of the seated Apollo on the reverse 
 may be compared with that of Apollo on the tetradrachm 
 of Antigonus Doson ? V. B. 6. 
 
 14. jEtolia. N. Obv. Head of Athena. Eeo. AITQAON. ^tolia, 
 
 seated on shields ; she holds Nike. Wt. 132-7 grs. 
 
 This figure is sometimes but wrongly called Atalanta. 
 
 15. .Sltolia. N. Obv. Head of Herakles. Sen. AITOAQN. Similar. 
 
 In field, Artemis. Wt. 66 grs. 
 
 16. ^tolia. M. Obv. Head of Herakles. Heo. AimAnN. 
 
 yEtolia, seated on shields, among which the Macedonian and Gaulish 
 shields are conspicuous. Wt. 259 grs. 
 
 The above coins of the zBtolian League belong to the 
 period B.C. 279-168. The obverses are imitated from 
 coins of Alexander the Great. The gold stater, V. B. 14, 
 may be compared with the contemporary stater of 
 Pyrrhus, V. C. 24. 
 
 17. jEtolia. jE. Obv. Head of jEtolus bound with oak-wreath and 
 
 diadem intertwined. Bev. AITOAON. jEtolian hero yEtolus 
 naked, placing his right foot on a rock, and leaning on knotted 
 hunter's spear, sword under his arm. Wt. 158-4 grs. 
 
 18. ^tolia. M. Obv. Head of Artemis; at her shoulder, bow and 
 
 quiver. Sev. AITOAflN. ^tolia, seated on shields. Wt.81-8grs. 
 
 These two coins, which bear the same magistrate's 
 signature, <P\, were perhaps struck in the same year. 
 
^5 PERIOD V. B. 
 
 19. Boeotia. M. Obr. Head of Demeter, facing. Bev. BOlflTON. 
 
 Poseidon, standing, holding dolpliin, and leaning on trident. Wt. 
 7S1 grs. 
 
 Coins of tMs type probably belong to the period B.C. 
 l: 44-197. They appear to be later than IT. B. 22. 
 
 20. Athens. j3J. Otr. Head of Athena, wearing crested helmet, 
 
 unadorned. i?er. AGE. Owl, standing on amphora; on either 
 side, magistrate's monogram ; the whole in olive-wi'eath. Wt. 
 
 259 grs. 
 
 Xearly all the tetradrachms -which have the names of 
 the magistrates nnder "whose anthoritY they were issued 
 merely indicated by monograms, are classed as the 
 earliest of the later series of Athenian money "which 
 begins abont B.C. 220. 
 
 21. Athens. Ji. OU-. Similar head : helmet richlv adorned with griffin 
 
 and foreparts of horses. Se€. A0E — MIKIflN — EYPYKAEI - 
 APEZTOZ. Owl on amphora; the whole in olive-wreath. On 
 amphora, K ; heneath, M E. Symbol in field, the Dioscnri. Wt, 
 
 260 grs. 
 
 Euryclides and Micion are mentioned by historians as 
 —poa-rdrai. of the Athenians in B.C. 217. The two magis- 
 trates on this coin can hardly be these persons, thongh 
 they may be their descendants. The letter K on the 
 amphora is nsed as a numeral to indicate the tenth 
 prytany or month during "which the third magistrate, in 
 the present instance APEZTOZ, "was in office. The first 
 two magistrates on these late Athenian coins held their 
 places for one year; the third was changed every 
 prytany, about once a month. M E beneath the amphora 
 is the mark of the partictilar -svorkshop in the mint in 
 "which the die was engraved. The accessory symbol in 
 the field is almost alwavs the seal of the majristra-te 
 whose name stands iiist on the coin. 
 
 22. Athens. M. Similar types. Madstrj.tes' names, EYPYKAEI 
 
 -APIAPA— HPAKAEL Wt. 256-7 grs. 
 
 The Euryclides who signs this coin is probably 
 identical "with the magistrate of the same name on Xo. 21. 
 It "will be seen, by comparing these coins of Athens "with 
 those which belons: to the nest period, that the stvle of 
 the art continues slowly to deteriorate. 
 
B.C. 280-190. 79 
 
 PLiTE «. 23. Aohsean League. JR. Obv. Head of Zeus Homagyrius. Eev. 
 MoDogram of the Achseans, two smaller monograms of magistrates, 
 and a fish ; the whole in an olive-wreath. Wt. 36 grs. 
 
 The fisli is the symbol of Dyme, which joined the 
 league about b.c. 280. 
 
 24. Aoht«ail League. M. similar types; but on rev. AN, for 
 
 Antigoneia. Wt. 38*5 grs. 
 
 The city of Mantineia received this name in B.C. 222 
 from Aratus, in honour of Antigonus Doson. 
 
 25. Achaean League. M. Similar types; but on rev. wolf's 
 
 head, the symbol of Argos, which joined the league in B.C. 228. 
 Wt. 35-7 grv 
 
 The style of this coin shows it to have been struck very 
 soon after the above date. Each one of the confederate 
 towns of the Achasan League issued, under the responsi- 
 bility of its own magistrates, a 23ortion of the federal 
 coinage in silver or copper. Coins bearing the marks of 
 forty-three of these towns are known. 
 
 26. Elis. JR. Obv. Head of Zeus, laureate. Sev. FA. Eagle; in 
 
 front of which a coiled serpent. Magistrate's signature, Al. Wt, 
 184 grs. 
 
 Elis continued to coin money independently of the 
 Aohasan League, down to the year B.C. 191, when it was 
 the last city in Peloponnesus to join the league. The 
 head of Zeus on this coin is of a late period, not much 
 before b.c. 200. 
 
 27. Lacedasmon. JR. Obv. Head of a king, diademed. Bev. A A. 
 
 Archaic image of the Apollo of Amyclaj, holding spear and bow ; 
 beside the statue, a goat. Wt. 255-5 grs. 
 
 The portrait on this coin has usually been said to be 
 that of Cleomenes III., B.C. 236-220, but it has lately been 
 identified as that of Antigonue Doson, in whose honour it 
 may have been struck after the battle of Sellasia, B.C. 221. 
 
 28. Lacedasmon. M. Obv. Head of Athena. Sev. A A. Herakles, 
 
 seated on rocks. Wt. 235 grs. 
 
 The style of the seated Herakles on this coin shows it 
 to have been struck about the end of the third century 
 
 B.C. 
 
so PERIOD V. B. 
 
 29. Euboea. Car\-stus. A''. 0'..i-. Head of Herakles, bearded. 
 
 I:ec. KAPY. Bull r-jclming ; above, trident ; beneath, club. \Tt. 
 49-3 grs. 
 
 The Style of tlie head of Heraldes on this coin is dis- 
 tinctly later than that of the silver coins of the same 
 type. It may be as late as the beginning of the second 
 century B.C. 
 
 30. Carystus. .J?. Obr. Head of Antiochns III. (?), bonnd with ■ a.;- 
 
 wr'eath entwined with diadem. Set. KAPYZTIQN. Xike, in 
 biga. Wt. 9S-5 gr5. 
 
 This coin ttus pr':iliably struck in B.C. 191, when 
 Antiochns Tvas in Eubcea. 
 
 31. Chalcis. JS. Ohc. Female head, wearing; earring; two long 
 
 locks of hair hang down her neck, behind. Bev. XAAKI. Eagle, 
 standing with open wings, and contending with serpent. Magis- 
 trate's name, MENEAH. Wt. S4-S grs. 
 
 The spread fabric of this coin, the treatment of the hair 
 on the obverse, and the expression in the attitude of the 
 eagle, all point to a late period. 
 
 32. Chalcis. .<E. Utc. Head of queen as Hera, veiled. Ecr. 
 
 XAAKIAEON. Demeter, holding torch, in quadriga; bencTtk, 
 ZENOKPATHZ. The whole in oak-wreath, fft. 254-5 grs. 
 
 The head on the obverse may be an idealised portrait of 
 the lady of Chalcis whom Antiochns III. married there, in 
 B.C. 191 ; the reverse may commemorate the games held on 
 the occasion of the nuptials. 
 
 33. Eretria. M. 0\v. Head of Artemis. Rev. EPETPIEnN. 
 
 Bull reclining; beneath, 0ANIAZ. Wt. 865 grs. 
 
 Probably not earlier than B.C. 200. 
 
 3-1. ParOS. -U. Oh-c. F-male head, bound with crossing bands. Eer 
 riAPI. Goat. Magistrate's name, AN AZ IK. Wt. 118 grs. 
 
B.C. 280-190. 81 
 
 V. c. 
 
 Plates 44-47. 
 
 L 1. Gallia. Massilia. M. OAo. Head of Artemis, her hair adorned 
 with sprigs of olive ; at her shoulder, bow and quiver. Sev. 
 MAZEAMHTnN. Lion. Wt. 43 grs. 
 
 2. Italia. Eome. M. Denarius. Obv. Head of Roma, wearing 
 
 winged helmet; behind, X (10 asses). Sev. ROMA (in incuse 
 letters). The Dioscuri, charging, as they appeared at the battle of 
 the Lalce Regillus. Wt. 66-7 grs. 
 
 3. Eome. M. Qumarius. Same types ; behind head, V (5 asses). 
 
 Wt. 34-5 grs. 
 
 4. Eome. M. Sestertius. Same types; behind head, IIS (2 asses 
 
 and 1 semis). Wt. 16'5 grs. 
 
 The earliest Eoman coinage consists of large clumsy- 
 lumps of bronze, aes grave, wMch were oast in moulds, not 
 struck. Not until B.C. 268 was silver money coined at 
 Eome, and at the same time the issue of gold and silver 
 money was forbidden in all the subject districts of Italy. 
 
 5. Eome. JR. Victoriatus. Obv. Head of Jupiter. £ev. ROMA. 
 
 Victory crowning trophy of arms ; between Victory and trophy, 
 moneyer's mark, a sow. Wt. 44-5 grs. 
 
 The victoriate was originally a Campanian coin ; but 
 after the fall of Capua, b.c. 211, the Eomans transferred the 
 coinage of the victoriate to Eome itself, where it continued 
 to be coined for the use of the Provinces. 
 
 6. Eome. Af. Obv. Head of Mars; behind, marks of value (60 
 
 sestertii). Bev. ROMA. Eagle, on thunderbolt. Wt. 52 grs. 
 
 G-old pieces of the value of 60, 40, and 20 sestertii began 
 to be issued by Eoman generals in southern Italy B.C. 217, 
 during the war against Hannibal. The work of these 
 coins is Greek. The high values with which they are 
 marked is a proof that they were struck on some ex- 
 ceptional occasion. They are in fact coins of necessity. 
 
 7. Eomano-Campanian. Al. Obv. Janiform head, laureate. Sev. 
 
 ROMA. Two soldiers, taking an oath upon a pig, held by a kneel- 
 ing man. Wt. 106-1 grs. 
 
 These coins were probably struck between circ. B.C. 318 
 and 268. 
 
 8. Eomano-Campanian. JR. Quadrigatus. Obv. Janiform head, 
 
 laureate. Ecv. ROMA (in incuse letters). Jupiter, with thunder- 
 bolt and sceptre, in quadriga, accompanied by Victory. Wt. 
 100-6 grs. 
 
82 PERIOD V. C. 
 
 In B.C. 268, when the denarius was first coined at Eome, 
 the Campanian silver was restricted to the Quadrigatus 
 (of which this is an example) and the Victoriatus. 
 
 9. Campania. Cales. M. 0'.-!:. Head of Athena. £fr. CALENO. 
 
 Xike, in biga. Wt. 113 grs. 
 
 This tov.Ti was colonised from Eome in B.C. 334. The 
 silver money which bears its name must be attributed to 
 the period between this year and B.C. 263. 
 
 10. Suessa. S. Ohr. Head of Apollo ; beliind, ear of com. Eev. 
 
 SVESANO. Horseman, carrrijig palm, riding on one and leading 
 a second horse. Wt. 1\Z"2 ^rs. 
 
 Suessa was occupied by a Roman colony about B.C. 313. 
 Like Cales, it ceased to coin silver in B.C. 268. 
 
 11. Xuceria Alfatema. M. Ohv. Xame of town, in Oscan 
 
 characters. Yoimg male head, with ram's horn ; behind, dolphin, 
 i^tr. One of the Dioscnri, standing beside horse. Wt. 110-3 grs. 
 
 The silver money of this city is contemporary with 
 that of Cales and Suessa. 
 
 12. Teanum Siiiicinum. M. Obv. Head of ronng Herakles, in 
 
 lion's skin ; beneath, club. Bee. Name of town, in Oscan characters. 
 Xike, in triga. Wt. 1'J7'.5 grs. 
 
 This coin is clearly contemporary with Xo. 9, of Cales. 
 
 13. Apulia. Arpi. M. Oi,r. APnANON. Head of Persephone ; 
 
 behind, ear of corn, J?er. AAIOY. Prancing horse ; above, star. 
 Wt. 110-S ers. 
 
 The name of the magistrate on this coin recalls that of 
 Dasius Altinius, mentioned by Livy as chief magistrate 
 of Arpi during the Hannibalic war. 
 
 ■pu.nL 45. 14. Calabria. Tarentum. A'. Obr. Head of Herakles. Sev. 
 TAPANTINQN. Taras, holding trident, driving biga; beneath, 
 API, and thunderbolt. Wt. 1.32 grs. 
 
 This coin is the latest in style of all the gold money 
 of Tarentum. It seems to belong to the time of the Second 
 Punic War, B.C. 212-209. Cf. IV. C. 13, which is of the 
 same type, but much earlier. 
 
 15. Tarentum. .51. Ohr. Boy on horse, received by naked man; 
 beneath, APIZTID. Her. Taras, holding bow and arrow, riding 
 on dolphin ; beneath, elephant. Wt. 98-5 grs. 
 
B.C. 280-190. 83 
 
 The elopliant on this coin points to tlie time of Pyrrhus, 
 B.C. 281-272, as tlie earliest probable date to wMoh it can 
 be assigned. 
 
 16. iarentum. ^. 06u. Horseman, wearing chlamys. Magistrate's 
 
 name, ZENOKPATHZ. Eev. TAPA£. Taras, on dolphin; he 
 holds trident ; beneath, waves, in which cuttle-fish. Wt. 99-4 grs. 
 
 17. Lucania. Heraclea. M. Obv. t-HPAKAEinN. Head of 
 
 Athen.a. Rev. Heralcles, standing, holding club and lion's skin. 
 Nike, flying, about to crown him. Magistrate, <t> I AO. Wt. 97-9 grs. 
 
 18. Tburium. M. 06d. Head of Apollo. i?e!). GOYPinN. Butting 
 
 bull; above, API. In exergue, tripod. Wt. 94 grs. 
 
 Xos. 16-18 seem to be some of the latest silver coins of 
 their respective cities. 
 
 19. \ elia. JR. Oho. Head of Athena, wearing winged helmet. Sev. 
 
 YEAHTON. Lion, walking. Magistrates' letters, and ear of 
 corn. Wt. 115-7 grs. 
 
 This coin may be attributed to the period ending 
 B.C. 268. 
 
 20. Bruttii. AI. Obv. Head of Poseidon. Sev. BPETTION. 
 
 Amphitrite, veiled, seated on sea-horse ; before her stands an Eros, 
 drawing a bow. Wt. 65-5 grs. 
 
 21. Bruttll. JR. Obv. Heads of the Dioscuri, surmounted by stars. 
 
 Eev. BPETTIQN. The Dioscuri, on horseback. Wt. 86-1 grs. 
 
 22. Bruttii. JR. Obv. Head of Amphitrite, veiled ; at her shoulder, 
 
 sceptre. Sev. BPETTIQN. Poseidon, naked, placing his right 
 foot on the capital of an Ionic column, and resting on sceptre. In 
 field, crab. Wt. 72-4 grs. 
 
 Shortly after the time of Pyrrhus, the coinage of the 
 Greek towns of the coasts of Bruttium ceases, and is re- 
 placed by a federal Bruttian coinage, of which the above 
 pieces are examples. This lasts until after the Hannibalic 
 war. 
 
 23. Locri. JR. Obv. Head of Zeus. Sev. AOKPON. Roma 
 
 (PQMA), seated, with sword and shield, crowned by Fides 
 (DIZTIZ), who stands before her. Wt. 109-2 grs. 
 
 The obverse of this coin resembles so closely that of 
 Pyrrhus (V. C. 27) that, bearing in mind the type, it may 
 be considered as certain that it was struck in B.C. 274, 
 when the Eomans, after the final defeat of Pj'rrhus, 
 allowed the Locrians to retain their autonomy. 
 
 a 2 
 
84 PERIOD V. C. 
 
 Plate 46. 24. PyrrlniS, in Italy, B.C. 295-272. PJ. Ote. Head of Athena; 
 behind, owl. Eev. flYPPOY BAZIAEDZ. Xike, carrying 
 oak-Tvreath and trophy. Symbol, bucranium. Wt. 132-5 grs. 
 
 25. PyrrhTiS, in Italy. AF. Obv. Head of Artemis; in front, 
 
 torch. i^CT. riYPPOY BAZIAEflZ. Xike, carrying oak--\Treath 
 and trophy ; star above her head. In field, thunderbolt. Wt. 
 65 grs. 
 
 26. PyrrhllS. A^. Wr. Head of Artemis ; at her shoulder, qniver ; 
 
 behind, thunderbolt. Eev. HYPPOY BAZIAEnZ. Similar 
 type. Wt. 66 grs. 
 
 27. PyrrllUS. ^51. Oh\ Head of Dodonsean Zeus, wearing oak- 
 
 wreath. i?er. BAZIAEQZ HYPPOY. Dione, seated on throne, 
 holding sceptre, and raising her reil. Wt. 258 grs. 
 
 Some of the coins of Pyrrlius were struck in Italy and 
 Sicily, and others in Epims. A comparison of the head 
 on this tetradrachm with that on the coin of Locri, 
 Y. C. 23, combined with the fact that these coins of 
 Pyrrhus are commonly found in the neighbourhood of 
 Locri, is strong evidence in favour of their having been 
 struci there. 
 
 28. Pyrrhus. M. Obi>. Head of Achilles. Sev. BAZIAEQZ 
 
 riYPPOY. Thetis, veiled, riding on a sea-horse, and carrying a 
 round shield. Wt. 130 grs. 
 
 29. Pj'rrhus. iR. Obv. Head of Persephone; behind, amphora. 
 
 £ev. BAZIAEOZ DYPPOY. Athena Alkis, in fighting atti- 
 tude. Wt. 87 grs. 
 
 Pyrrhus crossed over into Italy in B.C. 280. In Italy 
 and Sicily he passed six years, returning to Epirus in b.c. 
 274. His Epirote coinage is insignificant, consisting 
 solely of copper. 
 
 30. Sicily. Svracuse. Hiero II., B.C. 275-216. N. Oiv. 
 
 Head of Persephone. Sev. lEPONOZ. Nike, in biga. Wt. 
 65-8 grs. 
 
 31. Syracuse. Hiero II. .51. Oiv. Head of Hiero, wearing 
 
 royal diadem. £ev. BAZIAEOZ lEPnNOZ. Xike, in quad- 
 riga. Wt. 428-4 grs. 
 
 This piece, of the weight of 32 silver litras, is one of 
 the finest coins of the third century b.c 
 
B.C. 280-190. 85 
 
 32. Syracuse. Hiero II. M. Oiv. Head of Athena. £ev. 
 
 IEPON02. Pegasus. Wt. 85-5 grs. 
 
 These coins, with Corinthian types, belong to the 
 earlier years of Hiero's reign. 
 
 33. Syracuse. Philistis. M. Obv. Head of Philistis, veiled. 
 
 Sev. BAZIAIZZAZ *IAIZTIA02. Nike, in quadriga. Wt. 
 209-5 grs. 
 
 Philistis, only known from her coins, and from an in- 
 scription in the theatre at Syracuse, was probably the 
 wife of Hiero. The coins of this queen are among the 
 most beautiful of the period to which they belong. 
 
 34. Sicily. jiR. Olv. Head of Demeter, veiled, and wearing wreath 
 
 of corn. Rev. ZIKEAIQTAN. Nike, in quadriga; above, 
 monogram, which may stand for the name of Hiero of Syracuse. 
 Wt. 104-3 grs. 
 
 After the conclusion of the First Punic War, B.C. 241, the 
 whole island of Sicily was divided between Hiero and 
 the Eomans. These coins were probably struck for the 
 dominions of Hiero outside the territory of Syracuse. 
 
 P"™ ii- 35. Syracuse. Hieronymus, B.C. 216-215. M. Oiv. Head 
 
 of Hieronymus, diademed. Sev. BAZIAEOZ lEPONYMOY. 
 Thunderbolt. Wt. 313-6 grs. 
 
 36. Syracuse, B.C. 215-212. AF. Obv. Head of Athena. Bev. 
 
 ZYPAKOSIQN. Artemis (huntress), with bow and arrow, quiver, 
 and hound. Wt. 42 grs. (Authenticity doubtful.) 
 
 37. Syracuse, B.C. 215-212. JR. Obv. Head of Zeus. Hev. 
 
 ZYPAKOSiaN. Nike, in quadriga. Wt. 210-4 grs. 
 
 38. Syracuse, B.C. 215-212. M. 06». Head of bearded Herakles, 
 
 in lion's skin. Sev. ZYPAKOZION. Nike, in biga. Wt. 78-6 grs. 
 
 39. Syracuse, B.C. 215-212. M. Obv. Head of Persephone, 
 
 crowned with corn; behind, owl. Sev. SYPAKOZICIN. Nike, 
 in quadriga. Wt. 108 grs. 
 
 After the assassination of Hieronymus, in b.c. 215, a 
 republic was proclaimed at Syracuse. Nos. 36-39 were 
 struck during the period which intervened between this 
 date and the capture of the city by the Komans under 
 M. Marcellus, in B.C. 212 
 
86 PEBIOD Y. C. 
 
 40. Sicily. Tanromenium. M. Obr. Head cf Apollo ; behind, 
 
 Btar. JJfr. TAYPOMENITAN. Tripod. Wt. 50-9 grs. 
 
 The weiglit of this coin, no less than the style, proves 
 it to belong to the age of Hiero II. 
 
 41. Africa. Carthage. EL. OW. Heal of Perseihone. Bet. 
 
 Horse standing. Wt. 115-5 grs. 
 
 This coin, though identical in. type with IT. C. 3-3. is 
 not only of a reduced standard, Irat of a metal much 
 alloyed Tvith silver : a considerable deterioration of style 
 may also be detected. 
 
 42. Carthage. jR. OW. Head of Persephone. £fv. Prancing 
 
 hcrse. Wt. "iiQ grs. 
 
 This large coin is a Punic dodecadrachm. A compariscin 
 of the debased and exaggerated style of these coins with 
 the more correct art of the coins of the previous period 
 shows that they belong to a later age. They were pro- 
 bably struck in the interval between the first and second 
 Punic TVars, B.C. 241-218. 
 
 43. Carthage. JR. Ohx. Head of Persephone. i?fr. Horse, looking 
 
 back. Wt. 82-9 grs. 
 
 This coin is contemporary with the last. 
 
 44. Cyrene. jE. Oht. Head of Ze'as Ammon, with ram's horn, and 
 
 bound with tsenia. Ser. KOINON. tilphinm plant. Wt. 
 117 grs. 
 
 The coins with this legend were issued for the whole 
 district of Cyrenaica during a short period of independ- 
 ence, when Ecdemns and Demophanes. citizens of Megalo- 
 polis, went over to Africa at the invitation of the people 
 of Cyrene to regulate their affairs, circa B.C. 243. 
 
PERIOD VI. 87 
 
 PEEIOD VI.— CIRCA B.C. 190-100. 
 
 The defeat of Autiochus by the Eomans at the battle 
 of Magnesia, B.C. 190, was for western Asia Minor no less 
 important than the defeat of Philip V. at Cynoscephalse 
 in B.C. 197 had been for European Greece. The freedom 
 of many Greek cities in Asia was forthwith proclaimed by 
 the Eomans, in consequence of which they again obtained 
 the light of coining money. This jsrivilege they imme- 
 diately took advantage of by issuing coins either in their 
 own names, as e.g. did Lampsacus, Alexandria Troas, 
 Ilium, Tenedos, Cyme, Myrina, Erythra;, Heraclea loniaj, 
 Lebedus, Magnesia, Smyrna, Perga, &o., or on the pattern 
 of the money of Alexander the Great, and in his name, 
 but with the addition of their respective badges and of the 
 names of their local magistrates in the field. Among 
 these towns were some of the above (which thus appear 
 to have coined simultaneously money of both sorts), and 
 Temnos, Mitylene, Phocaja, Miletus, Chios, Samos, Cos, 
 Ehodes, with many others. The adoption of Alexander's 
 coin-types by these cities is a proof that money of this 
 type was still the principal circulating medium : for a 
 general return to an extinct type by so many towns 
 would be inexplicable. All these coins are easily dis- 
 tinguished from the earlier money of Alexander by their 
 large dimensions and spread fabric. The period during 
 which the cities enjoyed the right of coinage differed. 
 Ehodes, for instance, probably ceased to strike Alex- 
 andrine tetradrachms in B.C. 168, when the Eomans 
 deprived her of her territory on the mainland ; other 
 cities may have continued to coin until B.C. 133, when the 
 Eoman province of Asia was constituted, at which time 
 the coin called from its type the cistophorus was adopted 
 by the Eomans as the standard coin for the whole pro- 
 vince of Asia. Meanwhile the series of the coins of the 
 kings of Egypt, Syria, Bactria, Parthia, Pontus, and 
 Bithynia continued uninterruptedly, and presents us 
 with many valuable portraits. In Palestine, the Jews, 
 under Simon Maccabeeus, are supposed, by most numis- 
 
88 PERIOD VI. 
 
 matists, to have for the first time issued money bearing 
 the inscriptions, " Shekel of Israel," and " Jerusalem the 
 holy," in virtue of a privilege conferred upon Simon by 
 Antiochus VII. Sidetes. 
 
 In European Greece, the money of the kings of Macedon 
 comes to an end in B.C. 168, on the defeat of Perseus by 
 the Eomans, but soon afterwards silver was again issued 
 in Macedon, divided into four regions under Roman pro- 
 tection. Maronea in Thrace and Thasos probably began 
 to issue their large flat tetradrachms about the time when 
 the Macedonian coinage ceased, circa B.C. 146, when Mace- 
 donia west of the river Nestus was finally constituted a 
 Eoman province. 
 
 Athens continued to coin throughout the whole of this 
 period on an enormous scale, her tetradrachms forming in 
 fact the staple of the currency for the trade with the 
 East through the market at Delos. So favoured indeed 
 were these coins in the market that their types were 
 imitated by certain cities of Crete, among which may be 
 specified Cnossus, Gortyna, and Priansus. 
 
 In Italy, Eome suffered no money to be coined except 
 in the name of the Boman state, and by magistrates 
 specially appointed for the purpose. In Africa, Carthage 
 continued to strike down to the conquest and destruction 
 of the city in 146. In the TV est the coinage of Jlassilia 
 was plentiful, and among the Gauls barbarous copies of 
 the gold staters of Philip make their appearance. Artist- 
 ically, the coins of Asia are incomparably superior to 
 those of the West ; the money of Pharnaces and Mithra- 
 dates of Pontus, of some of the Syrian and Bactrian kings, 
 and of a few of the Greek cities of Asia Minor, such as 
 Magnesia in Ionia, possessing great merit. For the con- 
 temporary schools of sculpture and extant works of art, 
 see the remarks at the head of Period V. 
 
B.C. 190-100. 89 
 
 VI. A. 
 
 Plates 48-52. 
 
 Plate 48. 1-4. Tetradraolims with name and types of Alexander 
 the Great, struck respectively at Temnos (wt. 257 grs), 
 Smyrna (wt, 260 grs.), Ehodes (wt. 260 grs.), and Aspen- 
 dus (wt. 253-7 grs.). 
 
 After the defeat of Antioohus III. at Magnesia, B.C. 190, 
 many of the Greek cities of Asia, declared free by the 
 Eomans, began to strike money bearing the names and 
 types of Alexander. Other cities, about the same period 
 or somewhat later, struck money in their own names and 
 with their own types. See Nos. 8, 9, 11-20. 
 
 5. Pontus. Pharnaces I., B.C. 190-169? JR. Obv. Head of 
 
 king, diademed. Bev. BASilAEaZ <t>APNAKOY. Male pan- 
 theistic divinity, holding cornucopias, caduceus, and vine-branch, 
 from which a doe feeds. In field, sun and moon. Wt. 262-4 grs. 
 
 This Pharnaces was the uncle of Mithradates the Great. 
 See Bevue Num. 1888, p. 456. 
 
 6. Cyzicus. JR. Obo. Female head, bound with oak-wreath and 
 
 wearing earring, the ends of a royal diadem hanging down behind. 
 JJct. KYIIKHNON. Long torch in oak-wreath. Wt. 251-7 grs. 
 
 The beautiful head of this tetradraohm is probably a 
 portrait of Apollonis, a Cyzicene lady who married 
 Attalus I. of Pergamus, B.C. 241-197. After the death of 
 her husband, their sons Eumenes II. and Attalus visited 
 Cyzicus with their mother, and after her death they 
 erected there a splendid temple in her honour. 
 
 7. Pergamus. Eumenes II., B.C. 197-159. OSd. Head of Eumenes, 
 
 diademed. Sev. BAZIAEilZ EYMENOY. The Dioscuri, or 
 Cabiri, standing, facing ; the whole in laurel-wreath. In the field, 
 a thyr.sus. Wt. 235 grs. 
 
 A striking portrait of Eumenes II. The coin may have 
 been struck in the island of Syros, as the reverse type 
 is very similar to that of the well-known coin with 
 the inscription, GEO N KABEIPQN ZYP ION, usually attri- 
 buted to Syros. 
 
90 
 
 PERIOD Vr. A. 
 
 Ptaix 49. 9, LampsaCTlS. JX. Olv, Heai of Priapas? iveanQg wreath of 
 iTv. £ec. AAMYAKHNnN. ArcUo Citharcdtis, and magis- 
 trate's name, COOKPATOY TOY ZENO<J>ANOY. Wt. 
 253 grs. 
 
 Lampsacns was one of tlie to-fms wlucli had its freedom 
 restored by the Eomans after the battle of Magnesia. 
 
 9. Pergamus. A'. Obv. Head of Athena, wearing c!o>e-f.t-ing 
 
 crested helmet. Eer. Palladinm. Wt. 44 grs. 
 
 The style of this gciLl tetrobol is late : cf. Xa. 17 of 
 Heraclea; but it is an open question "whether it may irnt 
 belong to crrc. B.C. 300. See Head, Mist. Xnm., p. 463. 
 
 10. Perg:amns. M. Ohy. Cista mTstica. with serpent : the wh-U 
 
 in ivy-vrrtath. Eec. Two serpent?, twined round a b:^-:i5e. 
 ilonogram of Pergamns in field. Wt. 192 grs. 
 
 The cistciphori, the issue of which commenced under 
 the tings of Pergamns (circ. B.C. 200). became after the 
 formation of the Eoman proTuice of Asia, B.C. 133, the 
 standard coinage for western Asia ilinor. They were 
 issued at Adramyteum. Pergamns. Ephesus, Smyrna, 
 Sardes, Thyatira. Tralles, Xysa, Apamea, and Laodicea. 
 
 11. Alexandria Troas. JR. n^. Head of Apollo. E-rr. APOA- 
 
 AQNOS; XMI0EOZ AAEZANAPEON AYZATOPOY. 
 Apoilci with bi:^-. walking. In field, date ISo = B.C. 130? ^ t. 
 
 250 grs. 
 
 Dated tetradrachms of Alexandria Troas are known of 
 the period between the years 137 and 236. either of tl.e 
 Seleucid era, or of the era of the town circ. B.C. 30'X 
 during which Alexandria preserved the freedom which it 
 obtained as early as. or earlier than, the defeat of Antio- 
 chus III. at Magnesia, b.c. 190. Apollo Smintheus. the 
 slayer of rats and mice, had a temple near Alexandria. 
 
 12. Hium. M. nhr. Head of Athena. Eev. A0HNAZ IAIAA02. 
 
 MENE0PONOS TOY MENE<l>PONOZ. Athena nias, 
 hclding spindle and spear. In field, bee. Wt. 250 grs. 
 
 The freedom and autonomy of Hium were confirmed by 
 thii Eomans in B.C. 1^'', when its silver coinage commences. 
 'l"he specially religious character of many of the coin- 
 tvpes and legends of this period ( cf. reverses of ^ I. A. 7, 
 8, 11, 12, 22, and B. .">, 6, 7 > is remarkable. 
 
B.C. 190-100. 91 
 
 13. Tenedos. M. TENEAinN. Types similar to I. A. 19. Wl. 
 
 257-8 grs. 
 
 After an interval of about a century and a half, Tene- 
 dos, probably in B.C. 189, regained her freedom, and began 
 to issue flat tetradrachms on the Attic standard. A com- 
 parison of the forms of the letters and of the style of the 
 art with those of the earlier coins is highly instructive. 
 Cf. I. A. 19 and III. A. 20. 
 
 14. Cyme. JR. Ohv. Female heiid (the Amazon Cyme?), bound with 
 
 tffinia. Mev. KYMAION. Bridled horse and one-handled vase. 
 In e,xergue, magistrate's name, KAAAIAE. The whole in laurel- 
 wreath. Wt. 250 grs. 
 
 The flat tetradrachms of this town begin, as elsewhere, 
 in 189, when its freedom was confirmed. 
 
 15. Myrina. M. Oho. Head of Apollo. Sev. MYPINAION. Apollo, 
 
 with lustral branch and patera. In front, omphalos and vase. The 
 whole in laurel-wreath. Wt. 257 grs. 
 
 The types of these coins refer to the ancient oracle of 
 Apollo at Griynium, within the territory of Myrina. 
 
 Plate 50. 16. Erythrse. AT^. Obv. Head of young Herakles, in lion's skin. 
 JRev. EPY. Figure, in short chiton, holding spear and pome- 
 granate (?), and wearing headdress of Ephesian Artemis. Magis- 
 trate's name in field. Wt. 43-5 grs. 
 
 Erythrte may have coined gold between B.C. 190 and 
 133, when it was in the enjoyment of full autonomy, or 
 during the Mithridatic War, B.C. 88-84. 
 
 17. Heraclea. JR. Obv. Head of Athena, wearing helmet richly 
 
 ornamented with foreparts of horses, as on contemporary coins of 
 Athens, ifec. HPAKAEOTON. Club, in oak-wreath ; symbol, 
 Nike. Wt. 250-6 grs. 
 
 The tetradrachms of this Ionian city (b.c. 190-133) 
 were formerly attributed to Heraclea Sintica in Mace- 
 donia, but erroneously. 
 
 18. Lebedus. JR. 06i-. Head of Athena. J?cf. AEBEAIflN. Owl, 
 
 on club, between cornucopise. The whole in laurel-wreath. Magis- 
 trate's namp, AflOAAOAOTOZ. Wt. 255-5 grs. 
 
 19. Magnesia. JR. O'jc. Head of Artemis, ifci-. MArNHTON. 
 
 Apollo beside tripod, on maeander pattern. Magistrate's name, 
 EY<t>HMOZ riAYZANIOY. The whole m laurel-wreath. Wt. 
 254 grs. 
 
92 PERIOD VI. A. 
 
 20. Smyrna. J?. Obt. Head of the citv goddess, tnrreted. Mm. 
 
 IM YPNAinN, in oak-wreath. Wt. 254 grs. 
 
 The three coins above described are all fine specimens 
 of the art of the period between B.C. 190 and 133. 
 
 21. EhodeS. A'. Wir. Head of Helios, radiate. Bet. P O. Rose; 
 
 above, ANTAIOZ. The whole in flat incuse square. Wt. 
 
 131-2 grs. 
 
 At the conclusion of the peace, B.C. 189, after the 
 battle of Magnesia, Ehodes obtained a large accession of 
 territorr, including Lycia (exclusive of Telmessus), and 
 the great-er part of Caria south of the llseander. In 168 
 the Eomans put an end to the Ehodian power on the 
 mainland, and the Lycian League was formed, the coins 
 of which have the same flat incuse square as the Ehodian 
 coins of this period, from which they took it. Contempo- 
 rary with this gold money of Ehodes are the tetradrachms 
 with the name of Alexander (TI. A. 3). 
 
 22. Perga. M. Ohv. Head of Artemis. Sev. APTEMIAOZ 
 
 nEPPAIAZ. Artemis Pergsea, with wreath and sceptre; at her 
 feet, stag. Wt. 257 grs. 
 
 The style and religious character of the reverse of this 
 coin (cf. TI. A. 11 and 12, abovej are sufficient to prove 
 that Perga preserved its freedom both against Eumenes 
 and Antiochus, at the conclusion of the peace of 189. 
 ■when the possession of Pamphylia was disputed between 
 them. 
 
 PiATB 51. 23. Cappadocia. Orophemes, B.C. 158-157. .E. Oht. Head 
 of king. Sei: BAZIAEQS OPO0EPNOY NlKH<t>OPOY. 
 Xike, with wreath and palm, \x. Wt. 253 grs. 
 
 Found with six others of the same king under the 
 pedestal of the statue of Athena Polias on the site of her 
 temple at Priene, in 1870. (C. T. Xewton, Num. Chron. 
 K S. xi. 19.) 
 
 24-28. Syria. Tetradrachmsof^(2-i~i Alexander I. (Balas), 
 B.C. 152-144. Struck at Tyre; date, year 163 of 
 Seleucid era = B.C. 150. Wt. 22lS grs. (25) Antio- 
 chus YI. (Dionysus), B.C. 145-142. Scr. Dioscuri. Wt. 
 
 2551 grs. (26) Tryphon (Diodotus), B.C. 142-139. 
 
 JJer. Helmet, with large ibex-honi in front. Wt. 246-8 grs. 
 
 (27) Demetrius II. (Micator), second reign, B.C. 
 
B.C. 190-100. 93 
 
 130-125. i?eo, Zeus, seated. Wt. 253'6 grs. (28) Cleo- 
 patra, B.C. 125. Sev. Two cornucopiic. Wt. 257 grs. 
 
 Tlie series of the Seleucid kings is here continued from 
 V. A. 12-19. 
 
 Plate 53. 29. Tyre. M. Obv. Head of Herakles. Sev. T\POV IEPA2 
 KAI ASYAOY. Eagle, on rudder. Year 2 = B.C. 124. Wt. 
 214 grs. 
 
 In B.C. 126, Tyre, hitherto subject to the Syrian kings, 
 commences a new era of autonomy. The coins dated 
 according to this era continue in an unbroken series 
 down to the reign of Nero. 
 
 30. Aradus. M. Obv. Head of city, turreted. Sev. APAAION. 
 
 Nike, holding aplustre. Date 127 = B.C. 133. The whole in laurel- 
 wreath. Wt. 230 grs. 
 
 The era according to which the coins of Aradus are 
 dated begins in B.C. 259, under Antiochus II. The issue 
 of tetradrachms like the above did not, however, commence 
 till B.C. 136, and comes to an end in less than a century. 
 
 31. Jerusalem. M. Shekel. Simon Maccabseus(?) B.C. 143- 
 
 135. Obv. Exits''' hp^'- Shekel of Israel. A cup, or chalice. 
 Above the letters, Htl* (for y'DZ^, sheiuith arbd), year 4. Jicv. 
 ncnpri DvB'l")', Jerushalahn hak-kedoshah, " Jerusalem the 
 holy." A triple lily. Wt. 220 grs. 
 
 Antiochus YII. (Sidetes), b.c. 138-129, conferred upon 
 Simon Macoabaeus, the brother of Judas and high-priest 
 and prince of the Jews, the right of coining money. Some 
 numismatists attribute these shekels to the time of Ezra, 
 circa B.C. 458-432 (Ezra vii. 18 ; Neh. v. 15), to whom 
 a special commission was granted by Artaxerxes Longi- 
 manuB. It must be stated, however, that both style and 
 palaeography oifer serious objections to this attribution. 
 There are, moreover, no traces of the incuse square almost 
 universal in the fifth century, and the honorific title, 
 ntJ'np, " the holy," added to the name of the city, is 
 almost proof conclusive that the coin belongs or is 
 subsequent to the period when Sidon, Tyre, and Byblus 
 adopted the same title, b.c 176-120. Neither does the 
 word nJK' occur on any Phoenician coins before the year 
 B.C. 238, when Aradus and Marathus begin to use it. 
 
 The chalice on these coins is usually called the pot of 
 manna : a similar one is represented on the triumphal 
 
94 PERIOD VI. A. 
 
 arcli of Titus, and I am myself now inclined to assign all 
 these shekels and half-shekels to the time of the first 
 Eevolt of the Jews nnder Xero. The reverse-type is 
 supposed by some to portray Aaron's rod that budded. 
 
 32. Bactria. Eucratides, cu'ca B.C. 180-150. M. Obv. 
 
 Bust of kittg, helmeted. Met. BAZIAEnZ MEfAAOY 
 EYKPATIAOY. The Dioscuri, on horseback, prancing. Wt. 
 258-2 grs. 
 
 33. Bactria. Heliocles, after circa B.C. 150. Son of Eucra- 
 
 tides. JR. Obv. Bust of king, diademed. i?<?r. BAZIAEnZ 
 HAIOKAEOYZ AIKAIOY. Zeus, standing, holding thunder- 
 bolt and sceptre. Wt. 2H1-2 grs. 
 
 34. Parthia. Arsaces YI. (Mithradates I.), B.C. 174-136. 
 
 j;. Oil. Head of king. £ei: BASIAEnZ MEPAAOY 
 APEAKOY <t>IAEAAHNOZ. Herakles holding wine-cup and 
 club. Date 173 of Seleucid era = B.C. 1-tO. TVt. 246 grs. 
 
 Probably struck at some Greek city in or near Baby- 
 lonia. 
 
 35. Egypt. Ptolemy YI. Philometor, B.C. 181-146. M. 
 
 Ot'C. Head of Ptolemy Soter, diademed, and wearing aegis. Hev. 
 nXOAEMAlOY BAZIAEnZ. Eagle, on thunderbolt. Wt. 
 219 grs. 
 
 Struck at Paphos, in Cyprus, in the twenty-eighth year 
 of his reign = B.C. 154-153. 
 
B.C. 190-100. 95 
 
 VLB. 
 
 Plates 53-56. 
 
 PiAiE 63. 1. OdesSUS. JR. Alexandrine. 06b. Head of Ilerakles, ia lion's 
 skin. £ev. BAZIAEflZ AAEZANAPOY. Zeus Ai-tophoros, 
 seated ; monogram of Odessus, in field ; beneath, the Thracian 
 name KYPZA. Wt. 245 grs. 
 
 2. Mesembria. Alexandrine. Similar coin ; in field, a helmet, 
 
 the mint-mark of Mesembria. Wt. 2*32-o grs. 
 
 3, 4. Byzantium. (3) AI. Stater. Obu. Head of Alexander the 
 
 Great, with horn of Ammon. Sev. BAZIAEnZ AYZIMAXOY. 
 Athena ^iikephoros, seated. On throne, BY; beneath, trident. Wt. 
 127 grs. (4) M. Tetradrachm. Similar types. Wt. 
 259 grs. 
 
 These and other cities on the European shores of the 
 Euxine and the Propontis continued to issue their muni- 
 cipal money after the pattern of the coins of Alexander 
 and Lysimachus, probably because the barbarians of the 
 interior preferred that currency. 
 
 5. Maronea. M. Obv. Head of young Dionysus. Sev. AIONYZOY 
 
 ZnXHPOZ MAPQNITQN. Dionysus, standing, holding grapes 
 and two stalks of the narthex. Wt. 244-1 grs. 
 
 6. ThasOS. M. Obv. Head of young Dionysus. Sev. HPAKAEOYZ 
 
 ZOTHPOZ GAZinW. Herakles, standing. Wt. 260-4 grs. 
 
 Maronea and Thasos probably began to coin these large 
 tetradraohms about the time -when the silver coinage 
 ceases in Macedonia, B.C. 146. A comparison of these 
 coins -with the contemporary dated tetradrachms of Alex- 
 andria Troas (VI. A. 11) shows the style of this period. 
 
 7. Thrace. M. Barbarous imitation of the last, but with HPA- 
 
 KAEOYE EflTHPOZ GPAKON. Wt. 25-3-2 grs. 
 
 This coin -was struck by the Thracians, -who, after the 
 reduction of Macedonia -west of the Nestus into a Eoman 
 province, B.C. 146, -were left to their native rulers. 
 
 8. Thrace. Mostis. JR. Obv. Head of king, diademed. Sev. 
 
 BAZIAEQS MOZTIAOZ. EHI ZAAAAOY ETOYZ AH. 
 
 Wt. 250-4 grs. 
 
 The portrait of this king bears a striking resemblance 
 to those of Nicomedes 11., B.C. 149-91, and Nicomedes III., 
 
96 PERIOD VI. B. 
 
 B.C. 91-74, of Bithynia (of. VII. A. .3). Mostis may have 
 ruled in Thrace about the year B.C. 100. The date on this 
 coia (year 38) cannot be referred with certainty to any 
 era, and is probably a regnal year. 
 
 Plate 54. 9. Macedonia. Perseus, B.C. 179-168. M. Obv. Head of 
 king; beneath, miAOY. Rev. BASIAEOZ HEPZEn^. 
 
 tagle on thunderbolt ; the -n-hole in oak-wreath. Wt. 259-5 grs. 
 
 This is a remarkable portrait of the last Greek king 
 of Macedon. Zoiilus, whose name occurs frequently on 
 Macedonian coins of this period stnick at different mints, 
 was probably superintendent of the whole ooiaage of the 
 kingdom. 
 
 10. Macedonia. B.C. 158-146. M. Obv. Headof Artemis, in the 
 
 centre ofa Macedonian shield. Rev. MAKEAONON nPnXHZ. 
 Club. The n-hole in oak-ivreath. Wt. 261-5 grs. 
 
 The right of coining silver was conferred by the Eoman 
 senate on Macedonia, at that time divided into four 
 regions, iu B.C. 158. This is a coin of the first region. 
 
 11. Macedonia. M. Similar, but MAKEAONQN only, on reverse. 
 
 Wt. 257-8 grs. 
 
 12. Macedonia. M. Similar, but in addition, LEG(atns), and a 
 
 hand holding an olire-branch. Wt. 258-7 grs. 
 
 The execution of these two coins, -which were issued 
 after Macedonia was made a Eoman pro-vince, in B.C. 146, 
 is more careful than that of the preceding coins of the 
 regions. 
 
 13. Thessaly. M. Obv. Head of Zeus. Rev. eEZZAAON. 
 
 Thessaliau Athena Itonis. in fighting attitude. Magistrates* names, 
 *IAOK. EniKPA. Wt. 96-7gi-s. 
 
 The Thessalian Confederacy, formed under Eoman 
 auspices after the battle of Cynoscephalse, in B.C. 196, 
 lasted till B.C. 146. 
 
 14. ^nianes. M. Obv. Head of Athena, star on helmet. Magis- 
 
 trate's name, EXEMEN • - Rev. AINIANaN. Slinger, 
 fighting in retreat ; behind him, two speai-s. Wt. 37 grs. 
 
 15. iEnianes. .5J. Obv. Heiid of Athena, helmet adorned with horses 
 
 as on Athenian tetradrachms. Rev. AINIANON. Slinger and 
 spears. Magistrate's name, ©EPZIfinOZ. In held, palm. Wt. 
 113 grs. 
 
 These coins were probably struck after the separation 
 of the .ZEnianes from the ^Etolian League, in B.C. 168. 
 
B.C. 190-100. 97 
 
 PtATE 56. 16, 17. EpirUB. M. 06r. Head of Dodonaean Zeus; two monograms. 
 Sev. AHEIPnTAN. Eagle, on thunderbolt; the whole in oak- 
 wreath. Wts. 78 grs. and 74 grs. 
 
 A comparison of these two coins, identical in type, 
 shows how rapidly art degenerated during the second 
 century B.C. No. 16 may be of the end of the third 
 century ; No. 17 is of the middle of the second. 
 
 18. Cassope. .51. Otv. Head of Zeus. Mev. KAIZOnAION. 
 
 Eagle, on thunderbolt ; the whole in oak-wreath. Wt. 72-8 grs. 
 
 Compare with this coin V. B. 11, which is earlier in 
 style. 
 
 19. Corcyra. JR. Obv. Head of young Dionysus. Sev. Pegasus ; 
 
 beneath, two monograms. Wt. 77-5 grs. 
 
 Corcyra, which fell into the hands of the Eomans B.C. 
 229, and was by them made a free state, may have begun 
 to coin money of this type soon after that date ; but the 
 style of this piece is certainly later than B.C. 200. Cf. 
 Maronea and Thasos, VI. B. 5 and 6. 
 
 20. Acarnania. M. Oiv. AKAPNANflN. Head of Apollo. Bev. 
 
 Artemis, carrying torch. In field, anchor. Magistrate's name, 
 ©YflN. The whole in wreath. Wt. 113-5 grs. 
 
 This is one of the latest coins of the Acarnanian 
 League ; the Seleucid anchor on the reverse may indicate 
 the year of its issue, B.C. 191, when the inland cities of 
 Acarnania, under Clytus, the etrategus of the league, 
 admitted Antiochus III. into the city of Medeon. 
 
 21. Leucas. JR. Obv. Statue of goddess, on base, holding aplustre ; 
 
 the whole in wreath. Sev. AEYKAAION YnEPBAAAflN. 
 Prow of galley. Wt. 118'5 grs. 
 
 The goddess on these coins is identified by Prof. B. 
 Curtius with Aphrodite .^neias, who had a sanctuary 
 near the town of Leucas, overlooking the canal through 
 which vessels passed between the island and the mainland. 
 This is the coinage of Leucas, probably struck after its 
 separation from the Acarnanian League, B.C. 167. 
 
 22. Boeotia. M. Obv. Head of Zeus. Sev. BOIQTQN. Nike, 
 
 holding wreath and trident. In field, name of magistrate. Wt. 
 76-9 grs. 
 
 This is the last coinage of the Boeotian League, which 
 was dissolved by the Eomans in B.C. 146. 
 
 H 
 
98 PERIOD VI. B. 
 
 23. Athens. JR. O't. Head of Athena, woririiis crested helniptr 
 
 adorned with gritfiii and foreiiarts of horses. Jfi'v. A0E — 
 ANTIOXOZ — KAPAIXOZ— MENAN — . Owl on amphora. 
 In tiehl. right, elephant; on amphora, I (number of jirytany); 
 beneath, Z0. (mint-mark). The whole in olive-wreath. \Vt. 
 25(;-9 grs. 
 
 Tlie first magistrate on this coin was afterwards Anti- 
 ochus IV. of Syria. In the year ii.c. 170 he was in 
 Athens. The sj'iuhol, an elephant, ck>arly refers to him, 
 and not to the second magistrate. 
 
 24. Athens. Similar types. KOINTOZ-KAEAZ-AIONYZCIOIJ. 
 
 Symbol, Nil;e, crowninc; seated figure. On amphora, T (:lrd 
 prytany); beneath, Al (mint-mark). Wt. 2+7 grs. 
 
 The first magistrate on this coin is supposed by some 
 to be C^uintns CaiciliiiB Motelhis, proconsul in IMaeedouia 
 B.C. 140. 
 25-27. Achiean League. M. (2.5) Elis. Wt. 36-5 grs. 
 
 (26) Messene. Wt. 37 grs. (27) Lacedajmon. Wt. 
 
 38-1 grs. 
 
 As none of these tmvns were members of the leac;ne 
 before B.C. 192, these coins are all subsequent to that date. 
 For early coins of the league, see V. H. 23-25. 
 
 Platp 66. 2S. Crete. CnoSSUS. JR. Ohi: Head of Minos, w ith roval diadem. 
 Af. KNOIIQN. Square labyrinth. Wt. Sr.V-,^ grs." 
 
 29. GnOSSUS. JR. Obr. Head of Apollo. Magistrate, DOAXOE. 
 
 Hev. KNQZinN. Circular labyrinth. Wt. 227 grs. 
 
 30. CnoSSUS. JR. O&u. Head of Athena, as on Athenian tetradrachms. 
 
 Hev. KNO)£inN. Owl on amphora. In field, labyrinth. The 
 whole in olive-wreath. Wt. 25+'3 grs. 
 
 Certain Cretan cities, for commercial reasons, adopted 
 for their coinage Athenian types during the second cen- 
 tury B.C., at the time when the Atlienians supplied th© 
 currency for the great central market at Doles, which had 
 the monopoly of the whole of tho trade with the East. 
 
 31. 32. Gortyna. JR. (31) 06». Head of Minos, diademed. Ucti. 
 
 rOPTYNION. Athena Nikephoros, standing; at her feet, ser- 
 pent Magistrate, GIBOZ. The whole in olive-wreath. Wt. 
 235-2 grs. (32) TOPTYNION. Coin of Attic type. Infield, 
 butting bull. Wt. 249 grs. 
 
 33. Hierapytna. JR. Obv. Head of city, turreteil. Ixcv. lEPA 
 riYTNIQN. Palm-tree, at foot of which eagle. Names of 
 several magistrates. Wt. 230 grs. 
 
&C. 190-100. 9» 
 
 3j^ mansos. .S. Omu ef Attie iT|ies. Sa. nPIANZI — 
 riYPriAZ— KA : S^nbd ia &ti, p^lB-trss. Wt. 3351 gr^ 
 
 All tiie above Cietui ccins app^str to lieloaog to the 
 eadiez' pmiHm of ^te period to Tdiidi tiiej are keie 
 
 nAPt£lN. Deoelia', seated aa io^ei^ bi^B!; e>is ef ctsB ami 
 sf^ti& b ^id, APIZTOAHM. Wt. :24>> gcs. 
 
 o(». ^^OOS. iEL CStr. He^ «f D^Ktcf, T^leL J;«e. flAPI. Itt- 
 
 wrai& ntk iksui9&. Wt. lis gis. 
 
 A coaapao^CBi of Xa. 35 with TX B. 6 and 19 shows it 
 to lie of the seccHid eeatuy b.Cl X o. 36 mi^t be same- 
 nicat eailier, tfMle Buras &Hmed part of the domimoiis of 
 
 H :: 
 
100 PEKIOD VI. C. 
 
 VI. c. 
 
 Plateb 57-59. 
 
 Plate 67. 1. Gaulisll. M. 06t'. Head of Apollo. JTcr. <l>lAinnOY. Char- 
 ioteer, in biga. Wt. 132 grs. 
 
 A barbarous but intelligent imitation of a gold stater 
 of Philip of Macedon. Cf. III. B. 17. 
 
 2. Massilia. .51. Obv, Head of Artemis ; at her shoulder, bow and 
 
 quiver ; in front, monogram. Jiev. MAZZA. Lion. In exergue, 
 magistrate's name. Wt. 42 grs. 
 
 3. Home. ^. Obv. Head of Roma, wearing winged helmet ; behind, 
 
 X (10 asses). £cv. ROMA. Diana, in biga; beneath, lobster. 
 Wt. 60 grs. 
 
 4. Eome. M. Obv. Similar. See. ROMA. The Dioscuri ; beneath, 
 
 L.COlL(ius). Wt. 61 grs. 
 
 These two coins were probably struck before circa B.C. 
 173. A certain L. Coelius is mentioned by Livy as living 
 in B.C. 179. 
 
 6. Eome. Si. Obv. Similar. Hev. ROMA. Victory, in biga; 
 beneath, S.AFRA(nius). Wt. 58-3 grs. 
 
 6. Rome. jE. Same types. ROMA and C .TALN A in monogram. 
 
 Wt. 57-8 grs. 
 
 7. Rome. JR. Oln-. Head of Eoma ; in front, X; behind, G.AN- 
 
 TESTI(us). iJc'c. ROMA. Dioscuri ; beneath, dog. Wt. 64- grs. 
 
 This may be C. Antistius Labeo, who was sent into 
 Macedon with other senators in b.c. 167. 
 
 8. Rome. .51. Oti-. Head of Roma; behind, X. iJcf. ROMA. Juno 
 
 Caprotina, in biga drawn by goats; beneath, . RENI(us). Wt. 
 60-8 grs. 
 
 9. Rome. -51. Obv. Similar. A-r. ROMA. Diana, in biga drawn 
 
 by stags; beneath, crescent. Wt. 63-5 grs. 
 
 10. Rome. M. Obv. Same head; in front, COTA. Scv. ROMA. 
 
 Hercules, in biga, drawn by Centaurs; beneath, M . AVRELI(us). 
 Wt. 57-4 grs. 
 
 A Marcus Aurelius Cotta is mentioned as a lieutenant 
 of Scipio Asiaticus, b.c. 190-189. This coin is, however, 
 certainly later in date, and was perhaps struck by his 
 son or grandson, circa B.C. 150-125. 
 
B.C. 190-100. 101 
 
 11. Rome. .51. 060. similar ; the whole within a myrtle-wreath. Sev. 
 
 ROMA. Warrior carrying otf a captive woman, in a quadriga; 
 beneath, CN . GEL(ius). Wt. 58-5 grs. 
 
 This Cnfeus Gellius may have been the historian who' 
 wrote in the first half of the seventh century of the City. 
 
 12. Eome. M. Obv. Head of Roma; behind, mark of value, XVI ; 
 
 in front, RVS(ticus). Bev. ROMA. Jupiter, in quadriga; be- 
 neath, M . AVF(idius). Wt. 59-4 grs. 
 
 The mark of value XVI occurs only on a small number 
 of denarii struck between circa B.C. 150 and 125, and again 
 during the Social War. See Babelon, Monnaies de Id 
 Be^ublique ram. p. xxiii. 
 
 13. Eome. ^E. Oh\ Head of Roma; in front, X; behind, vase. 
 
 Bee. ROMA.SEX.PO(mpeius) FOSTVLVS. Wolf and twins. 
 Shepherd Faustulus and fig-tree, with birds in the branches. Wt. 
 60 grs. 
 
 This Sextus Pompeius was probably an ancestor of the 
 triumvir. 
 
 14. Eome. M. Obv. ROMA. Head of Roma ; in front, X. Eev. 
 
 C . AVG(urinus). Column, surmounted by statue. To the- 
 capital of the column are attached two bells ; at its base are two 
 lions* heads, and ears of com. On one side stands a man holding 
 a loaf and patera, on the other an augur with his lituus. Wt. 
 60-5 grs. 
 
 This type represents the monuments erected before the 
 Porta Trigemina, B.C. 439, to L. Minucius, to commemo- 
 rate his successful attempt to reduce the price of com. 
 
 The above coins, Xos. 8-14, may be attributed to the 
 period between B.C. 150 and 125. 
 
 Plate 5S. 15. Eome. jE. Obi: Head of Roma; in front, X. Ecv. ROMA. 
 Jupiter, in quadriga. Moneyer, L . ANTES(tiu5) GRAG(ulus). 
 Wt. 59-7 grs. 
 
 16. Eome. iE. Obv. Similar. i?c-r. ROMA. Sol, in quadriga. 
 
 Moneyer, M .ABVRI(us) GEM(inus). Wt. 60-7 grs. 
 
 Livy mentions a M. Aburius as tribune in B.C. 187 and 
 praetor in 176. This man was probably an ancestor of 
 M. Aburius Geminus, who struck this coin. 
 
 17. Eome. M. 06ti. Similar ; behind, X. iSer. ROMA. Same type 
 
 as No. 14. Moneyer, Tl.MlNVGI.G.F.AVGVRINI. Wt. 
 60-6 grs. 
 
 This Minucius is doubtless a son of the moneyer of 
 No. 14. 
 
102 PERIOD VI. C. 
 
 18. Eome. M. Ohv. Head of Roma; in front, X; behind, ear of 
 
 corn. Sev. ROMA. Victory, in biga ; beneath, a man contending 
 with a lion. Jloneyer, CN . DOM(itius). Wt. 61-5 grs. 
 
 Probably struck by Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, consul 
 in B.C. 122. 
 
 19. Eome. jE. Ohv. Head of Eoma; behind, X, and balloting urn. 
 
 Rev. ROMA. Libertas, in quadriga. Moneyer, C.CASSI(us). 
 Wt. 60-2 grs. 
 
 Struck by 0. Cassius Longinus, consul in B.C. 96, the 
 son of L. Cassius Longinus, the author of the Lex Cassia, 
 for voting by ballot, B.C. 137. 
 
 20. Eome. M. Obv. Head of Roma; behind, X. Sev. ROMA. 
 
 Female figure, in biga ; beneath, elephant's head. Wt. 59 grs. 
 
 The elephant's head was, doubtless, at the time, a sufii- 
 cient indication of the moneyer by ■whom these denarii 
 were issued. 
 
 21. Eome. M. Ohv. Head of Roma; in front, X. Bev. ROMA. 
 
 Jupiter, in quadriga. Moneyer, Q . M ETE(llus). Wt. 60-9 grs. 
 
 This coin may have been struck by Q. CseciUus 
 Metellus Xepos, who was consul b.c. 99. 
 
 22. Eome. M. 06b. Head of Apollo; behind, G. EGNATVLEI(us) 
 
 C.F. Sev. ROMA. Victory, inscribing shield fixed on trophy. 
 Mark of value on each side, Q (quinarius). Wt. 23'5 grs. 
 
 The issue of the quinarius bearing the type of the old 
 victoriatus was ordered by the Lex Clodia, circa B.C. 104. 
 Cf. also Xo. 24. 
 
 23. Eome. M. Ohv. ROMA. Head of Roma; behind, wreath. 
 
 Sev. Victory, in biga. Moneyer, T. CLOVLI(us). Symbol, ear 
 of corn. Wt. 61 grs. 
 
 24. Eome. M. Obv. Head of Jupiter. Sev. T. CLOVLI(us). 
 
 VictorT, crowning trophy, at foot of which captive. In exergue, 
 Q, for quinarius. On ohv, F, moneyer's mark. Wt. 26-5 grs. 
 
 This moneyer belonged to the ancient patrician family 
 of the Cluilii. 
 
 25. Eome. M. Obv. Head of Roma; behind, X. Sev. ROMA. 
 
 Hercules, with club and trophy, in quadriga. Monevcr, 
 M.ACILIVS.M.F. Wt. 54-3 grs. 
 
 The above coins, Xos. 15-25, were all struck at Eome 
 between about B.C. 125 and 100. 
 
B.C. 190-100. 103 
 
 26. Italy. JR. Obe. Head of Roma; behind, X. Sev. ROMA. 
 
 Jupiter, in quadriga. Moneyer, CARB(o). Wt. 61-3 grs. 
 
 The fabric of this coin is not that of the Eoman mint. 
 It was probably struck at some other town between about 
 B.C. 150 and 125, by the father of C. Carbo and Cn. Carbo, 
 consuls respectively in b.c. 120 and 113. 
 
 27. Italy. M. Obv. ROMA. Head of Roma. Eev. Victory, 
 
 in biga. Moneyers, M . CALID(ius), Q . METEL(lus), and 
 CN . FOLV(ius). Wt. 62-2 grs. 
 
 Not of Eoman fabric. Probably struck between B.C. 
 124 and 103. 
 
 28. Italy. M. Obv. ROMA. Head of Roma. Bev. The sun, in 
 
 quadriga. In field, X. Crescent-moon and two stars. Moneyer, 
 A. MANLl(us) Q . F . SER(enus?). Wt. 62 grs. 
 
 Not of Eoman fabric. 
 
 IPLATe59. 29. Africa. Libya. JR. Obv. Head of young Heraliles, in lion's 
 skin. Bev. MBYON. Lion; above which, Punic letter irwm. 
 Wt. 117 grs. 
 
 This coin was probably struck by the Macse, a Libyan 
 people, during the second century B.C. 
 
 30. Hispania. Carthago Nova (?). JR. Obv. Young male head. 
 
 Eev. Horse and palm-tree. Wt. 109 grs. 
 
 31, 32. Hispania. Carthago Nova (?). .51. 06u. Head of King, 
 
 bound with diadem, twined round laurel-wreath. Bev. Elephant. 
 In exergue, letter aleph. Wt. 108 grs. and 52 grs. 
 
 These coins have been recently attributed to the 
 Barcide rulers of Spain. If this is correct they belong 
 to the period between b.c 234 and 210. They were 
 formerly assigned to Micipsa and Jugurtha of Numidia. 
 
 33. Carthage. EL. Obv. Head of Persephone. Bev. Horse ; above 
 
 which, Egyptian symbol, a disc flanked by two serpents. Wt. 
 162 grs. 
 
 This symbol would lead us to suppose that the worship 
 of Baal was assimilated to that of the Osiris cycle. 
 
 34. Carthage. EL. Obv. Similar. Bev. Horse. Wt. 113 grs. 
 
 35. Carthage. M. Obv. Similar. Bev. Pegasus, and Punic inscrip- 
 
 tion nSIXa (Byrsa ?). Wt. 563-1 grs. (decadrachm). 
 
 This coin is decidedly later in style than V. C. 40. 
 
104 PEBIOD TI. C. 
 
 36. Cetrthage. M. Obv. Similar. Rev. Horse ; abore which, the 
 
 Bun as a star of eight rays. Wt. 227-5 grs. 
 
 37. Carthage. M. Obv. Similar. Rev. Horse, looking back. Wt. 
 
 107-3 grs. 
 
 38. Cartilage. Si. Obv. Head of Persephone. Rev. Prancing horse ; 
 
 above, sun with eight rays. Wt. 113-9 grs. 
 
 39. Carthage. M. Obv. Similar. Rer. Horse, standing before 
 
 palm-tree. Wt. 57-8 grs. 
 
 These coins of Carthage, Xos. 33-37, belong to the 
 interval between the first and second Punic Wars b.c. 241- 
 218, and Nos. 38, 39 to the last period of her history, 
 from the time -when Hannibal was compelled to fly to 
 Antiochns III., B.C. 195, down to the conqnest and 
 destruction of the city by the Eomans, in B.C. 146. 
 
I'ERIOD VII. 105 
 
 PEEIOD VII.— B.C. 100-1. 
 
 On the money of this century we may trace the rapid' 
 extension of the Eoman power in every direction. In 
 Egypt the series of the Ptolemies ends with the coins of 
 the famous Cleopatra. The best portrait of this queen is, 
 however, to be found on a coin of Ascalon (VII. A. 19). 
 The Syrian series comes to an end in B.C. 69, when the 
 Armenian Tigranes was deprived of his Syrian dominions 
 by LucuUus. In the far East, the Bactrian and Parthian 
 coinages continued, losing, however, little by little, their 
 original Greek character. Throughout Asia Minor, after 
 the defeat of Mithradates, the Romans became practically 
 supreme. The coinage of the cistophori was long per- 
 mitted by them, but finally, towards the close of the 
 century, none but Roman coins in gold and very few in 
 silver are to be found. The right of striking bronze money 
 was, however, very generally conceded by Rome to the 
 local municipalities. 
 
 In European Greece, the Athenians, who had joined the 
 party of Mithradates, in B.C. 88, were, probably on the 
 capture of the city by Sulla, in 86, deprived of the right 
 of coining. Thus the long series of the tetradrachms of 
 Athens comes at last to an end. The Romans had, about 
 B.C. 88, attempted to supplant it by the issue, in the 
 province of Macedonia, of large quantities of tetradrachms 
 bearing the names of Quaestors of the province ; but this 
 coinage does not appear to have been of long duration. 
 In the north the mints of Maronea and Thasos were active 
 throughout the first half of the century. Byzantium and 
 the Thracian communities in that district also continued, 
 probably down to the close of the century, to issue imita- 
 tions, more and more rude in style, of the money of 
 Alexander and Lysimachus. During the civil wars, after 
 Pompeius and the Senate had crossed over into Greece, 
 B.C. 49, both they and the Caesarians issued money in 
 Greece and Asia Minor, and soon after this none but 
 Roman coins in gold or silver occur in Greece. 
 
106 PERIOD VII. 
 
 In Italy, the revolt of the confederate Italian peoples 
 against Eome, B.C. 90-89, gave rise to the issue of money 
 At their capital Corfinium, the name of vp^hich they changed 
 to Italia. In Spain, the Eomans, after having for the 
 greater part of a century permitted the various tribes of 
 the Citerior Province to strike coins with native Iberian 
 legends, put an end in b.c. 133 to these issues, but during 
 the revolt of Sertorius B.C. 80-73 there appears to have 
 been a temporary renewal of bronze money with bilingual 
 (Iberian and Latin) inscriptions. In Gaul and Britain 
 gold money was plentifully coined until each of these 
 countries was in turn subdued by Eome. 
 
 The only other non-Eoman coins were those of the 
 African kingdoms, Numidia and Mauretania. 
 
 The coinage at Eome itself, and of Eoman generals 
 during their various campaigns, calls for few remarks ; 
 its chief value is historical and chronological. 
 
 In point of style the coins of the whole of this century 
 exhibit a marked decline. Those struck in Asia maintain 
 their superiority, and are not without some artistic merit, 
 especially in portraiture ; those of Mithradates the Great, 
 of Cleopatra, and of Marcus Antonius, being among the 
 most remarkable. 
 
B.C. 100-1. 107 
 
 VII. A. 
 
 Plates 60-63. 
 
 PtATECo. 1. Pontus. Mithradates (the Great) Eupator (Diony- 
 sus), B.C. 121-63. AT. Obv. Headofking. Rev. BAZIAEOZ 
 MI0PAAATOY EYnATOPOZ. Stag, feeding. In front, sun 
 and ci-escent moon. The whole in ivy-wveath. Wt. 131 grs. 
 
 This beautiful gold stater bears the mint-mark of the 
 city of Pergamus, which, with all Asia Minor as far as 
 the Meeander, fell into the hands of Mithradates in B.C. 88. 
 He remained master of the former residence of the Roman 
 governor for more than two years. The ivy-wreath 
 adopted from the cistophori may allude to the title of 
 the " new Dionysus," by which the cities of Asia hailed 
 Mithradates as their deliverer from the tyranny of the 
 Eoman rule. 
 
 2. Pontus. Mithradates Eupator. M. Similar to preceding, 
 
 but bearing date 222 of the Bithynian era = B.C. 75. Wt. 2.59-2 grs. 
 
 The head on the coins of Mithradates is supposed by 
 Visconti to be copied from a silver statue mentioned by 
 Pliny (1. 33, xii. 54). The movement of the hair, blown 
 back by the wind, seems to indicate that the original 
 may have been either an equestrian statue or that of a 
 charioteer. 
 
 3. Bithynia. Nicomedes III., B.C. 91-74. M. Obv. Head of 
 
 liing. Hev. BASIAEOZ EHIOANOYS; NIKOM HAOY. Zeus, 
 holding wreath and sceptre. In field, eagle on thunderbolt, and 
 date 214 of the Bithynian era, which commenced in B.C. 297. 
 Wt. 247-6 grs. 
 
 This coin was therefore struck in B.C. 84. 
 
 4. EphesUS. JR. Cistophorus. Obv. Cista mystica and serpent, 
 
 in ivy-wreath. iJeo. T.AMPI.T.F.PRO . COS . Two serpents, 
 on either side of tripod ; above which, Apollo. In field, torcli, and 
 E<t>E EPMIAZ KAIYZTP and OZ = year 77 of the province 
 of Asia = B.C. 58-57. Wt. 192 grs. 
 
 The name of the Eoman proconsul of Asia begins to 
 appear in Latin on the cistophori about B.C. 61-58, when 
 ■Q. Tullius Cicero held that office ; T. Ampius Balbus 
 was Q. Cicero's immediate successor. 
 
108 PERIOD vn. A. 
 
 5. Perganms. M. Cistophorus. Similar ; but between serpents, 
 
 a legionary aquUa. Q . METELLVS. PIVS . SCIPIO IMPER, 
 and monogram of Pergamus. \Vt. 187 grs. 
 
 In B.C. 48, the year of the battle of Pharsalus, the 
 province of Asia was without a regular governor, but 
 Q. Csecilius Metellus ruled it as imperator. The names 
 of the Greek municipal magistrates finally disappear from 
 the coinage under his rule. 
 
 6. Cibyra. M. Obv. Hclmeted male head. Her. KIBYPATON. 
 
 Armed horseman, with couched spear, galloping. Magistrate's 
 name, and bee. Wt. 188 grs. 
 
 Cibyra was the chief of a confederacy of four cities 
 governed by a tyrant. The last of these tyrants, Moa- 
 getes, was put down by Murena, in B.C. 84, and Cibyra 
 was then attached to Phrygia. The weight of this coin 
 is that of the cistophorus, and it seems probable that it 
 was struck previous to b.c. 84. 
 
 7. Galatia, &c. Amyntas, B.C. 36-25. M. Obv. Head of 
 
 Athena. i?CT. BAE'lAECiZ AMYNTOY. Nike, holding sceptre. 
 Wt. 247-7 grs. 
 
 Amyntas was one of the tributary Asiatic kings set up 
 by M. Antonius. His money follows the standard (Attic) 
 and types of that of Side in Pamphylia, and •was struck 
 there probably after b.c. 31, when Augustus confirmed 
 him in his possession of Pamphylia, &c. Some of the gold 
 coins of this king appear to be modem forgeries. 
 
 Plate 61. 8-12. Syria. (8) and (11) Antiochus VIII. Epiphanes 
 
 (Grypus), b.c. 121-96. Hev. Athena, standing, holding Kike. 
 Wt. 243 grs. Zeus Nikephoros seated. Wt. 245 grs. (9) An- 
 
 tiochus IX. Philopator, B.C. 116-95. Scv. Athena 
 standing. Wt. 254-8 grs. (10) Seleucus VI. Epiphanes 
 
 Nicator, b.c. 96-95. Sei-. Similar. Wt. 241-1 grs. (12) 
 
 Philippus Epiphanes Philadelphus, B.C. 92—83. Scv. 
 
 Zeus seated. Wt. 246-9 grs. 
 
 13. Armenia and Syria. Tigranes, B.C. 83-69. M. Obv. 
 Bust of king, wearing tiara. Htv. BASIAEOZ TITPANOY. 
 City of Antioch, seated on rock ; the river Orontes represented 
 swimming at her feet. Wt. 253-9 grs. 
 
 Tigranes was deprived of his Syrian dominions by 
 LucuUus, in B.C. 69. 
 
B.C. lOO-I. 109 
 
 14^ Antioclir?). Gkc^traTL and AntoninB. M. Obt. 
 BAZiAIZ» KAEOnATPA SEA NEQTEPA. Bast of 
 Cleopitn, diademed. » Sec. ANTON IOC AYTOKPATHP 
 TPITON TPiaN ANAPON. "^iiitOBiiB Imperatflr for tke 
 tiiird time, tzmmTiT.'' Ptntnit of 31. *»*«■»?»« Wt. 221 gis. 
 
 This is the celefarated Cleopatra ; she xeigned B.C. 52-30. 
 
 15. Sidon. M. 0^ Head of dt^, Taled aad tmrreted. Set. 
 
 ZlAQNiaN THZ lEPAZ KAI AZYAOY. £agle, co rudder. 
 Wt. 211 gxs. 
 
 Sate, year 81 of the third era of Sidoo, which com- 
 menced B.a 111. This aan was therefore strack B.C. 31. 
 The Tight of asylum 'was poesessed 1)t many Asiatic cities. 
 The titles lEPA ^id AZYAOS fiist occdt on the coins of 
 ^dcoi under Oeopatia and Antiochns VILL, B.a 121. 
 
 16. Tyre. SmihT to TL A. 29, but dated 116=B.C 10. Wt. 216 gis. 
 
 17. AradnS. Sndlar to TL A. 30, but dated 199=B.a 60. Wt. 
 
 ^8 gis. 
 
 tua a. 18. Aaralmi- M. Oic Head of Ptdemj Anletes, 3.C. 81-52. Sec. 
 AZKAAONirON lEPAZ AZYAOY. Eagle with palin, on 
 thnnderimlt. Sate, jest 41=B.a 64. Wt. 1941 gis. 
 
 19. Asaraltm- .Si. Me. Head of Oeopatta, diademed. .S^ Smilar. 
 
 Date, year 55=Bja 50. Wt. 301-2 gis. 
 
 These two interesting ctmis are dated aocoiding to the 
 eia of Asc^on. The head on Ko. 18 is that of Ptolemy 
 Anletes, B.C. 81-52 ; that on ISo. 19, of his danghter Cleo- 
 patra, BjC. 52—30, who was in B.C. 50 nineteen yeazs of age. 
 
 20. Bactiia. Apoillodotiis. M. <%c BAZIAEOZ MEFAAOY 
 
 ZQTHPOS KAI «l>IAOnATOPOZ AnOAAOAOTOY. 
 Bnst of king. Sec Arian l^aid, MSkan^asa U wihitinn Apala- 
 dataea. A^aa. Bating. Wt. 128-5 gts. 
 
 This Iring may haT^e been a son of the Apollodotns who 
 was oontemparaTy with the last years of £ncratides, as 
 his coins are later in style. 
 
 21. Hetmsens. 2&. Cfm. BAZIAEQZ ZQTHPOZ EPMAIOY. 
 
 Bast tS kiDg. See. Arian legend, MAaFrgasa tr^atusa Bera- 
 M^tBO. Zeus, seated. Wt. 14fr6 gis. 
 
 H^msens was the last of the Gieek Inngs of the north- 
 westem district of India. 
 
110 PEUion VII. A. 
 
 22-25. Fai-tliiu. (22) Arsnoos X. (Pln-iintos III.), n.o. 69 to 
 I'irca 60. Oln: Hc-.id I'in-ing. Jul: Kins; with bow. Wt. (VJ s;is. 
 (2;!) Arsuces XU. (OroJos I.), B.C. ri.")-;i7. (lAc. Ilwid 
 of king. 7uT. King with how. Wt. Gl gis. (24) Tivi- 
 datcs II., B.C. :i3-32. Oin: Head 11 f king. Jici: King .^oiitoJ, 
 hoUiing Nike. Wt. '2;!1 gi'S. (,2.)) riinuit;!!'!'.-; I. i\nil Mnsa his 
 niothi'i-, 11.0. 'J-.i.K. 4. Obv. Hoad of Phivuitaocs 1. Jtvi: llo:»l of 
 Jlusa. Wt. 59 grti, 
 
 Thea Musa was an Italian slavo, wliom rhniatos IV. 
 had married. 
 
 26. E!;-ypt. rtolemy IX. (Aloxaudor I.), n.c. 114-88. 
 
 Wt. Lns grs. 
 
 27. Egypt. rtolcuiy XI. (Aulotos), n.c. 81-,'->2. \vt. 
 
 •JUi-i: grs. 
 
 Compare the hoad on tliis ciuu, a debased portrait of 
 Ptolemy Sotor, with the gouuiue portrait of AiUetow, ou 
 the coin of Ascalon, No. 18. 
 
 FIATE63. 28. L. JIanlius Torqiiatius, procpKvstor of Sulla. Al. Obi'. 
 L.MANLI PRO.Q. Ho:ui of li.ini.i. 7,', r. L . SVLLA. IMP. 
 Sulhi (?), in triumphal our, crowned by \'ictory. Wt. 1117-2 grs. 
 
 This coin appears, from its fabric, to have been struck 
 in Asia, circa B.C. 81. 
 
 29. M. Junius Brutus. M. Ohr. BRVTVS IMP. He.id of 
 
 Brutus, the whole in lanrol-wn-ath. Jioo. CASCA LONGVS. 
 Trojihy bi'twfi'n prows of two sliips. Wt. 1'.;;! grs. 
 
 Servilius Casca, one of tho assassins of 0a>8ar, was a 
 lieutenant of Brutus in Asia Minor, eirea b.c. 4ii-42. 
 
 30. Q. Labiouus. M. 06u. Q. LABIENVS PARTHICVS IMP. 
 
 Head of Labieuus. Hcv. Cavalry horse, saddled and bridled. Wt. 
 58 grs. 
 
 This Labionus, tho son of Ca-sar's general, allied him- 
 self with the Parthians, u.a. 40, and led them against his 
 countrymen into Syria, llo adopted tho title I'artliicus, 
 and struck money on the occasion of this oxpodition. 
 
 31. M. Antonius. M. Obv. M . ANTONIVS . IMP . COS . 
 
 DESIG.ITER.ET TERT. Jl<ad of Antonius, bound with 
 ivy; the whole in ivy-wreath. iiVr. Ill . VIR R . P. C . M. Aiito- 
 7iius impcraior consul dcsignntics itvnnn ct tertio, triumvir roipub- 
 licaj constituondo!. Head of Octavia, wife of Antonius, and cista, 
 between pair of serpents. Wt. 190 grs. 
 
 This and the three following coins were struck in the 
 
B.a 100-1. IIJ 
 
 province of Asia, on the standaid of the cistophorL the- 
 't^pes of irhich are still retained on Ko. 31, and as an 
 adjunct symbol on No. 32. 
 
 32. OctaTianns. JR. 06e. IMP. CAESAR. DIVI.F. COS. 
 
 VI.UBERTATIS P.R.VINDEX. H^d of OctarfMnis. l»a- 
 Kat«. JSm. PAX. Peae«^ haMin^ eadneeos. and tiampling ob 
 tonji of mur : Iiehiiid her, cista and seipent ; the whole in lauiel— 
 Tiiaith. Wt.' 179 gT& 
 
 Struck in B.a 28, the year he&ie Octa^ianus took the- 
 title of Augustus. 
 
 33. Augustus. M. O&r. IMP CAESAR. Head of Augustas. 
 
 Sm. AVeVSTVS. Spiiinx. Wt. ISS gis. 
 
 The figoie of a Sphinx was used as a signet by Au- 
 gustus during the early part of his reign. 
 
 34. Augustus. M. 06e. IMP. IX.TR. PO.V. Head of 
 
 AogBStos. Sfs. COM . ASIAE. Hexastrle temple, en &ieie- 
 of wiwAjROM.ET.AVGVST. WtlSigis. 
 
 This is the temple of Boma and Augustus at Fergamus, 
 the capital of the ProTince of Asia (Commune Asiae). 
 The date of the coin is B.e. 19. 
 
 35. Augustus, -ffi. 05(r- AVGVSTVS- Head of Angnstns. Seit. 
 
 ARMENIA RECEPTA. Aimeman twa; boir^in case, ani 
 
 Struck to commemoiate the resumption of Armenia 
 under tiie protection of Augustus, after the murder of 
 Artasjas by his own subjects, circa B.C. 19. 
 
112 PERIOD VII. B. 
 
 VII. B. 
 
 Plates 64-66. 
 
 Plate 64. 1. Thrace. Coson. B.C. 42. AF. OU. K020N. Brutus 
 (Consul, B.C. 509), betweeu two lictors. In field, monogram of 
 Brutus. Eev. Eagle, holding wreath and sceptre. Wt. 130 gi's. 
 
 Shortly before the battle of Pbilippi, B.C. 42, Brutus 
 granted to Coson, pi-ince of Tbrace, the right of coining 
 gold. It is worthy of note that the standard in use in 
 Thrace is stUl that of the coins of Philip and Alexander. 
 
 2—4. Thrace. M. Barbarous copies of tetradrachms of 
 Alexander (wt. 250 grs.) and Lysimachus (wt. 250 grs.), 
 bearing mint-marks of Odessus and Byzantium. 
 Xo. 4, Lysimachus (wt. 224 grs.), has the countermark, 
 CL.CAES, which shows the coin to have been stUl 
 in circulation in the time of the emperor Claudius. 
 
 5, 6. Maronea and Thasos. Similar to VI. B. 5 and 6, but 
 more barbarous. That Maronea and Thasos con- 
 tinued to coin silver dtiring the earlier half of the 
 first century is proved by the fact that one of the 
 Thasian pieces bears the signature of Bruttius Sura, 
 who was legate of Sentius Saturninus, proconsul of 
 
 Macedonia, B.C. 88. Wts. 242-6 grs. and 262-1 grs. 
 
 PiAiE 65. 7-10. Macedonia. M. Obi: MAKEAONON. Head of Alex- 
 ander the Great, with flowing hair and Ammon's horn ; behind, 0. 
 £ei-. of 7, 8, and 9, AESILLAS Q(uaEstor), and of 10, 
 SVVRA LEG(atus) PRO Q(ua:store). Club, downwards, be- 
 tween money-chest (jiscus) and subsellium ; the whole -within an 
 olive-wreath. Xos. 7 (wt. 2+3-8 grs.), 8 (wt. 254 grs.), and 
 
 10 (wt. 248 grs.) are tetradrachms ; No. 9, a drachm 
 
 (wt. 57*5 grs.). 
 
 As the date of Sura, B.C. 88, is kno-wn, it is probable 
 that this issue of silver coins from the mint at Thessa- 
 lonica was intended by the Eomans to supersede that of 
 the Athenian tetradrachms, when Athens deserted the side 
 of the Komans for that of Mithradates (see VII. B. 14). 
 11, 12. Illyria. Apollonia. Dyrrhachium. .31. ApoUonia. 
 
 Obv. Cow, sucliling calf; above, APIZTHN, magistrate; 
 symbols, crescent with star, and caduceus. Scv. AflOA— 
 APIZTONO^. Stellate or floral pattern. Wt. 52 grs. 
 (12) Dyrrhachium. AY P. Same types. Magistrates, 
 APIETON and AAMHNOZ. Symbols on obv. ear of corn and 
 bunch of grapes. Wt. 54 grs. 
 
B.C. 100-1. 113 
 
 13. Apollonia. M. Obv. Head of Apollo. Magistrate, AnPIONOS. 
 
 Sev. AFIOA. Three nymphs, dancing round fire ; beneath, magis- 
 trate's name, OINIAZ. Wt. 59-8 grs. 
 
 Nos. 11 and 12, of the weight of the victoriatus whioh 
 was assimilated to the quinarius at Eome by the Lex Clodia, 
 circ. B.C. 104, may belong to the end of the second cent, or 
 to the early j^ears of the iirst. No. 13, of the weight of the 
 denarius, was the new coinage introduced after that event. 
 The fire on the reverse is that of the Nymphasum, sacred 
 to Pan and the Nymphs. 
 
 14. Athens. M. Usual types. J?e». BAZIAE-MISPAAATHZ 
 
 — APIZTIilN. Symbol, star between two crescents. Wt. 250 grs. 
 
 15. Athens. M. Similar. Bev. AnEAAIKflN - rOPriAS 
 
 -APrEIOZ. Symbol, griffin. Wt. 253 grs. 
 
 The first of the above tetradraohms bears the names of 
 King Mithradates of Pontus, and the Athenian ambassador 
 at his court, Aristion. This coin was issued in B.C. 87-86 
 when Athens joined Mithradates against Eome. Apel- 
 licon, on No. 15, was the accomplice of Aristion, who 
 made himself tyrant at Athens B.C. 87. The coins whioh 
 bear his name were probably struck about B.C. 90. 
 
 PuiE 66. 16. Eoman. M. Denarius. 06t!. L.LENT. C.IVl ARC. COS. 
 
 Head of young Jupiter. Bev. Q. Jupiter, naked, before altar; 
 he holds eagle and thunderbolt. In field, star. Wt. 59 grs. 
 
 When Pompeius, with the Senate and magistrates, left 
 Italy for Greece, in B.C. 49, the two consuls L. Lentulus 
 and C. Marcellus struck money at Apollonia. 
 
 17, 18. Eoman. M. Denarii. Ohv. Head of Venus. Eev. 
 CAESAR. (17) Trophy and captives. Wt. 62 grs. (18) 
 jEneas carrying Anchises on his shoulder, and the palladium in his 
 right hand. Wt. 60 grs. 
 
 These coins were probably struck by Julius Caesar in 
 0-reece, for the payment of his troops who fought at 
 Pharsalia, B.C. 48. 
 
 19. Eoman. M. Denarius. Obv. L . SESTI . PRO . Q. Veiled 
 
 head of Liberty. Bev. Q . CAEPIO BRVTVS . PROCOS . 
 Tripod, axe, and simpulum. Wt. 60 grs. 
 
 L. Sestius, proqusestor of Brutus, served under him in 
 Macedonia. This coin was probably struck B.C. 43-42. 
 
 20. Eoman. N. Aureus. Obv. AHENOBAR. Head of Domitiua 
 
 Ahenobarbus. Bev. CN . DOM ITIVS . L . F . I M P {Cnceus Domitius 
 
 I 
 
114 PEraon vn. b. 
 
 lucii flius rii,jK:\it,jr). Temiile; above which, UEPT (Neptuno). 
 
 Wt. 126 grs. 
 
 This coin was struck B.C. 42-41 by Ciuvns Domitius 
 
 Ahenobarlms, who ■n'as saluted Imperator iu B.C. 42, in 
 
 consequence of his great naval victory civer Domitius 
 
 Calvinus off Brundusium. 
 
 21. Eoiuan. -T!. Denarius. 06c. M . ANT. IMP . AVG . Ill 
 
 VI R R. P.C .M . BARBAT.Q. P. (M'lrciis Antoiuns Impa\itiy 
 Aiujur Triumrir Scipublica' coiiffiluaida;. Marcus Btirl'.iliiis k'ii.i,--/i'i- 
 J'ronncMis.) Head of JI. Antcmius. if.r. CAESAR. IMP. 
 PONT .III VIR . R . P . C . (_c>s.7i- Imperator Pvniiu:c Triumn'r 
 Mcipublicie constUuciiJa). Head oi' Oct:lvi,\n^l^. Wt. Ml grs. 
 
 This coin was struck in B.C. 41, hv ^[. Barhatius Philip- 
 pus, provincial qu;¥stor of 'SI. Antonius. 
 
 22. Eonian. ,\.'. Aureus. c<(.r. t^ame head ami iDscription as 
 
 Xo. 21, but with M . NERVA . PROQ . P. (.Varciis Xfrm rr,>- 
 qiiai:tor Provlncialis). Brv. L . ANTONIVS COS . Head of 
 Lucius Antonius. Wt. 12o grs. 
 
 M. Cocccius Xerva, who struck this coin, was pro- 
 qurestor of M. .\.ntonius during his war with Octavianus, 
 B.C. 41. 
 
 23. Eonian. A^. Aureus. OJc. ANT IMP . Ill VIR . R . P . C . 
 
 Head of M. Antonius ; behind, lituus. Sci\ CN.DOMIT. 
 AHENOBARBVS IMP. Prow ; above which, star. Wt. 12:i grs. 
 
 Struck by Ahenoharbus, after he became reconciled to 
 Antonius, iu b.c. 40. 
 
 24. Eoman. A^ Aureus. Obv. ANTON . AVG . IMP. Ill . 
 
 COS . DBS . Ill . Ill V . R . P . C . He.id of M. Antonius. Ser. 
 M . ANTONIVS . M . F . F (J/. Antonius, 2IaroiJilnis, film.) 
 
 Wt. 12-1 grs. Head of young Antonius. 
 
 The titles of M. Antonius on this coin (^Imperator iertio, 
 Consul desitinatus tcrtio) prove it to, have been struck in 
 B.C. 34. His son, M. Antonius the youuger, was at this 
 time a mere boy. 
 
 •^5 Eoman. A". Aureus. Oii-. ANT. AVG . Ill VIR .R . P . C . 
 Galley. Eev. CHORTIVM PRAETORIARVM. Aquila U- 
 tweeii two legionary standards. Wt. 125 grs. 
 
 This coiu, with the other legionary pieces of Antonius, 
 was struck lictween B.C. 39 and 31. 
 
 '""6 Eoman. A'. Aureus. Obi'. CAESAR. Head of Augustus. 
 lice. AVGVSTVS. Bull. Wt. 123 grs. 
 
 This coin may have been struck iu d.o. 27. 
 
 Some of the" coins here assigned to C< recce may have 
 been struck in Asia. 
 
B.C. 100-1. 115 
 
 VII. c. 
 
 Plates 67-70. 
 
 Plate 61. 1. Hispania. Celtiberian. M. Obv. Bearded head; behind, 
 KN, in Celtiberian characters. Eev. KLSTHN, in Celtiberian 
 characters. Horseman, galloping. Wt. 57'5 grs. 
 
 The reverse inscription of this coin is to be read 
 KWlsPJTHMn =Celsitam the name of the tribe, not tliat 
 of the chief city Osca where the coin was actually 
 struck. 
 
 2. Gallia. Massilia. M. 06t). Head of Artemis ; at her shoulder, 
 
 bow and quiver. Mev. MAZSiAAIHTQN. Lion. In field, 
 monogram. Wt. 42'.'> grs. 
 
 Massilia lost the right of coining her own money when 
 the city surrendered to Ca3sar, in B.C. 49. 
 
 3. Gaulish. EL. Obv. Beardless male head. Rev. AB\/D(os). 
 
 Galloping horse ; above which, flying eagle ; and beneath, three 
 circles. Wt. 105 grs. 
 
 This coin is attributed to the Bituriges, south of the 
 Loire ; Abudos is the name of a chief. 
 
 4. Gaulish. A7. Obv. Laureate head. Bev. Charioteer, driving a 
 
 human-headed horse ; beneath which, a prostrate figure, holding 
 an uncertain object. Wt. 103 grs. 
 
 Attributed to the Aulerci Diablintes (Jublains). 
 
 5. British or Gaulish. N. Obv. Beardless, laureate bust, with 
 
 projecting face. Hev. Horse ; above which, Victory. Various 
 ornaments scattered about the field. Wt. 118*5 grs. 
 
 Coins of this class are found on the south-eastern coast 
 of England and on the opposite coasts of Erance. 
 
 Nos. 3-5 are anterior to the time of Ceesar; they are 
 all reminiscences of the gold staters of Philip of Macedon. 
 Of. VI. 0. I. 
 
 6. British. M. Obv. TINC(ommiua), in an oblong incuse. Bev. 
 
 C(ommii) F(ilius). Armed horseman ; above, star. Wt. 82 grs. 
 
 7. British. Kf. Obv. VERl(ca). Leaf. Bev. CO(mmii) F(ilius). 
 
 Armed horseman. Wt. 82 grs. 
 
 Tincommius and Verica, sons of Commius, king of the 
 Atrebates, were probably contemporary rulers in Hamp- 
 shire and Sussex. 
 
 8. British. AI. Obv. Cruciform ornament, formed of wreath, with 
 
 crescents and rings in the centre. Bev. TASCIOVAN. Horse, 
 
 I 2 
 
116 PERIOD VII. C. 
 
 galloping ; above which, a ring and pellets ; beneath, another ring 
 ornament. Wt. 85 grs. 
 
 The name of Tasoiovanus is not mentioned in history. 
 On numismatic evidence he may be supposed to have 
 reigned from about B.C. 30 to a.d. 6. 
 
 9. British. M. Obv. CAMV(lodunum). Ear of corn. Sev. 
 CVNO(belinus). Horse, prancing. Wt. 82-5 grs. 
 
 Cunobelinus, the son of Tasoiovanus, reigned over the 
 Trinobantes, with Camulodunum (Colchester) for his 
 capital, from B.C. 5 to circa a.d. 43. He is the Cymbeline 
 of Shakespeare. 
 
 Plate 8S. 10. Eome. M. Obv. Head of Saturn, with sickle at shoulder. Sev. 
 Two quEestors, seated. In field, ears of corn. Moneyers, PISO 
 CAEPIO Q(ua;stores) AD FRV(mentum) EMV(ndum) EX 
 S(enatus) C(onsulto). Wt. 61-2 grs. 
 
 The head of Saturn alludes to the cerarium Saturni of 
 the quaestors. These coins were issued in b.c. 100, when 
 the senate granted to the urban qusestors extraordinary 
 funds for the purchase of corn. 
 
 11. Eome. j3J. Obv. Head of Roma; in front, X; behind, tripod. 
 
 Hev. ROMA. Apollo, with bow and arrow, in biga. Moneyer, 
 M . OnEIMI(us). Wt. 62-2 grs. 
 
 B.C. 99-94. 
 
 12. Italy. Social War. M. Obv. ITALIA. Head of Italia; 
 
 behind, wreath. Sev. C . PAPI(us) C .(filius), in Oscan characters. 
 The Dioscuri. Wt. 61 grs. 
 
 The name on this and the following coins (Nos. 12-16) 
 is that of C. Papius Mutilus, one of the principal Samnite 
 generals in the Marsio or Social War, B.C. 90-89. 
 
 13. Italy. Social War. JR. Obv. Helmeted head. Sev. Two 
 
 soldiers, taking oath of alliance, by touching with the points 
 of their swords a pig held in the arms of a kneeling man. In- 
 scription, in Oscan characters, C . PAAPI(us) C . MVTIL(us) 
 EMBRATVR (C. Papius C. Mutilus Imperator). Wt. 62-5 grs. 
 
 14. Italy. Social War. M. Obv. VITELIV (ITALIA), in 
 
 Oscan characters. Head of Mars ; behind, X. Sev. C . PAAPII . 
 C . , in Oscan characters. Four soldiers, taking oath of alliance as 
 on No. 13. Wt. 61 grs. 
 
 15. Italy. Social War. M. 06». Head of Bacchante. i?e!j. Sam- 
 
 nite bull, goring the Roman wolf. Inscription, in Oscan characters, 
 C . PAAPI . M VTI L. EM BRATVR . Wt. 59-2 grs. 
 
 The majority of the coins of the confederate Italian 
 peoples during their war with Eome were struck at their 
 
B.C. 100-1. 117 
 
 capital Corfinium, the name of whicL they" changed to 
 Italia. 
 
 16. Eome. M. Obv. Head of Apollo. Bev. Muse Calliope, playing 
 
 on lyre, which rests upon a column. Moneyer, Q . POMPONI(us) 
 MVSA. Wt. 63-2 grs. 
 This moneyer, in allusion to his name, placed the nine 
 Muses on his coins. He held office in B.C. 67. 
 
 17. Eome. M. Obv. Head of city, turreted ; beneath, ALEX- 
 
 ANDREA. Sev. M. Lepidus, crownin? Ptolemr Epiphanes. 
 Inscription, M . LEPIDVS TVTOR REG(is) S . C . PONTIF . 
 MAX. Wt. 61-5 grs. 
 
 The M. Lepidus who struct this coin, about B.C. 65, 
 -was a descendant of the 'SL. Lej)idus who was sent to 
 Egypt, B.C. 200, as guardian of Ptolemy Y. during his 
 minority. 
 
 18. Eome. ^. Obv. Head of Diana, surmounted by crescent ; 
 
 behind, lituus. Bev. Sulla, seated ; before him a kneeling man 
 
 (Bocchus) holds up a branch of olive, and behind him a bearded 
 
 captive, Jugurtlia, also kneeling. Sloneyer, FAVSTVS FELIX. 
 
 Wt. 59-7 gvs. 
 
 These coins were struck by Faustus Sulla, son of the 
 
 dictator, about b.c. 62. The reverse type alludes to the 
 
 betrayal of Jugurtha to Sulla by Bocchus, in B.C. 106. 
 
 19. Eome. JR. Obv. LIBERTAS. Head of Liberty, wearing ear- 
 
 ring and necklace. }!et. BRVTVS. Brutus, consul B.C. 50fl, 
 between two lictors, with axes and fasces, and preceded by an 
 accensus. Wt. 63 grs. 
 
 There is no moneyer's name on this coin, but it cannot 
 be doubted that it was struck by Q. Cai-pio Brutus, better 
 known as M. Junius Brutus. Probably issued in B.C. 58. 
 
 20. Eome. M. Obo. REX ARETAS. King Aretas, kneeling 
 
 beside a camel, which he holds by the halter. Moneyer, iVl . 
 SCAVR(us) AED(ilis) CVR(ulis) EX . S . C . I!ev. Jupiter, 
 in quadriga. In exergue, C . HYPSAE . COS . PREIVER(num) 
 CAPTV(m). Monever, P . HYPSAEVS AED(ilis) CVR(ulis). 
 Wt. 63 grs. 
 
 Struck in B.C. 58, under the asdileship of Soaurus and 
 P. Hypsseus. Aretas, king of the Nabathajans, had sub- 
 mitted to Scaurus, then governor of Syria, a few years 
 before. This is the first coin of the Eoman series on 
 which an allusion is made to a contemporary event. The 
 capture of Privernum by the Consul 0. Plautius Hyps^us, 
 B.C. 341, is commemorated on the reverse. This piece 
 shows that oh certain occasions the senate accorded to 
 the two curule aediles the right of issuing money. 
 
118 PERIOD VII. C. 
 
 ^1. Kome. JR. Obv. Head of Hercules, in lion's skin. Inscription, 
 S . C . FAVST(us), in monogram. Rev. Globe, surrounded by 
 four wreaths ; on either side of the lowest an aplustre and an ear 
 of corn, symbolising sea and land. Wt. 59-4 grs. 
 
 Struck by Taustus Sulla, urban quasstor in B.C. 54, the 
 son of tlie dictator, and son-in-law of Pompeius, whose 
 victories by sea and land are referred to on the reverse. 
 
 Plate 69. 22. Eome. Af. Obv. Head of Venus, wearing earring, necklace, 
 and oak-wreath; behind, XII (=52). Eev. CAESAR. Trophy 
 of Gaulish arms. Wt. 131-2 grs. 
 
 Aurei were first struck by Cassar in B.C. 49, when after 
 the iiight of Pompeius and the Senate he made himself 
 master of Eome. The numerals on the obverse are by 
 some supposed to refer to the age of Cassar at the time, 
 but this is very doubtful. 
 
 23. Eome. M. Obv. Head of Mars. Eev. ALBINVS BRVTI F. 
 
 Two Gaulish trumpets crossed, and Gaulish and Greek shields. Wt. 
 60-2 grs. 
 
 Struck in B.C. 49, by Decimus Brutus, who was sent by 
 Caesar against Massilia. 
 
 24. Eome. AF. 06». C . CAESAR COS . TER. Head of Pietas, 
 
 veiled. Bev. A . HIRTIVS . PR(aifectus). Lituus, epichysis 
 and axe. Wt. 124 grs. 
 
 A. Hirtius was one of the seven prsefects of the city 
 appointed by Caesar to govern Eome during his absence in 
 Spain, B.C. 46. 
 
 25. Eome. jiv. Obv. Head of Antius Restio. Eev. Hercules, carry- 
 
 ing trophy and club. Moneyer, C . ANTIVS C . F . RESTIO. 
 Wt. 59-4 grs. 
 
 The portrait on this coin is that of C. Antius Eestio, 
 tribune of the people about B.C. 74, who was the father of 
 the moneyer. 
 
 26. Eome. AT. Obv. C. CAES . DIC . TER . Bust of Victory, 
 
 winged. Sev. L . PLANC(us) PRAEF(ectus) VRB(i3). Epi- 
 chysis or one-handled jug. Wt. 124-1 grs. 
 
 Csesar, at the commencement of the year b.c. 45, con- 
 fided the care of the imperatorial coinage to the famous 
 L. Munatius PJancus, then prasfeot of the city. 
 
 27. Eome. Af. OJb. MAG . PIVS . IMP . ITER . HeadofSextus 
 
 Pompeius; the whole in oak-wreath. Itev. PRAEF(ectus). 
 CLAS(sis) . ET . OR(a!) . MARIT(ima!) . EX . S . C . Heads of 
 Pompeius the Great and his son Cnaeus Pompeius ; ou either side, 
 lituus and tripod. Wt. 128 grs. 
 
 These aurei were struck B.C. 42-36, by Sextus Pompeius, 
 
B.C. 100-1. 119 
 
 who, in command of a numerous fleet, had estahlished 
 his head-quarters in Sicily, whence he carried on war by 
 sea against the triumvirs. He had been appointed prse- 
 fedus classis et orse maritimse by the senate in B.C. 44. 
 
 28. Kome. Af. Obv. Head of Ceres. Rev. L . MVSSI Dl(u3) 
 
 LONGVS, within a wreath of corn. Wt. 124-4 grs. 
 
 Struck in B.C. 39, by L. Mussidius Longus, one of the 
 quatuorviri monetales. 
 
 29. Eome. N. 06t>. Head of Octavianus. iJet). CAESAR. DIVI . F. 
 
 Victory, in biga. Wt. 119-2 grs. 
 
 Struck B.C. 36-29. 
 
 30. Eome. M,. Obv. Head of Octarianus, laureate. Eev. IMP 
 
 CAESAR. Statue of Octavianus, on rostral column ornamented 
 with two anchors. Wt. 63-2 grs. 
 
 Struck B.C. 29-27. 
 
 31. Eome. A/. Obv. Head of Octavianus, bare. Sev. IMP . CAESAR. 
 
 Victory on globe, carrying a wreath and a vexillum. Wt. 119-6 grs. 
 
 Struck B.C. 29-27. 
 
 32. Eome. A/'. Obv. Head of Augustus, bare. £ev. AVGVSTVS. 
 
 Capricorn, with cornucopia, rudder, and globe. Wt. 115 grs. 
 
 The Capricorn was chosen as a badge by Augustus, 
 because he was born on September 23, the day on which 
 the sun enters that sign. This coin was struck between 
 B.C. 27 and 25. 
 
 33. Eome. Af. Obv. S . P . Q , R . IMP . CAESARI. Head of 
 
 Augustus, bare. Bev. QVOD VIAE MVN(itae) SVNT. The 
 emperor and Victory in a biga of elephants, upon a triumphal 
 arch, placed on a viaduct. Wt. 120-8 grs. 
 
 Struck B.C. 17. The type alludes to the restoration of 
 the Yia Flaminia. 
 
 34. Eome. A/. Obv. CAESAR. Head of Caius Csesar, the grand- 
 
 son of Augustus, within an oak-wreath. Bev. AVGVSTI. Large 
 candelabrum, within a wreath. Wt. 122-8 grs. 
 
 Struck in B.C. 17, the year in which Caius and Lucius 
 were adopted by Augustus. 
 
 35. Eoman. A/". 06o. AVGVSTVS . DIVI . F. Head of Augustus, 
 
 bare. Bev. I M P . X . ACT . Actian Apollo, holding plectrum 
 and lyre, and clad in long pallium. Wt. 122 grs. 
 
 This coin was struck B.C. 14-12, probably in Gaul. 
 
120 
 
 PERIOD VII. C. 
 
 36. Borne. AI. 06o. CAESAR AVGVSTVS DIVI . F . PATER 
 PATRIAE. Head of Augustus, laureate. Bev. C.L.CAE- 
 SARES . AVGVSTI . F . COS . DESIG . PRINC(ipes) . 
 IVVENT(utis). Caius and Lucius, each clad in toga, and holding 
 shield and spear. In field, simpulum and augur's stafi'. Wt. 120 grs. 
 
 The title Pater Patrise was conferred on Augustus B.C. 2. 
 Plate 70. 37. Africa. Numidia. Hiempsal II.? B.C. 106-60. M. 
 
 Obv. Male head, bound with wreath of corn. JRev. Horse and Punic 
 letter. Wt. 45 grs. 
 
 After the fall of Jugurtha, a portion only of his king- 
 dom was given to Hiempsal. Bocchus of Mauretania re- 
 ceived v^estem Numidia as a recompense for hie treason. 
 
 The attribution of this coin is extremely uncertain. 
 
 38. Numidia. Juba I., B.C. 60-46. M. Obv. REX IVBA. 
 
 Bust of Juha, bearded, and with hair in formal curls ; sceptre at 
 his shoulder. Hev. Punic inscri])tion, probably a translation of 
 that on the obrerse. Temple. Wt. 6i grs. 
 
 Juba is called by Cicero adolescens bene capillatus, and 
 Suetonius relates how Caesar, on one occasion, in B.C. 62, 
 pulled him by the beard. This coin presents us therefore 
 with a characteristic portrait. 
 
 39. Hispano-Carthaginian (?). M. Obv. Bust of king, diademed. 
 
 £ev. Galloping horse and Punic inscription. Wt. 224 grs. 
 
 Formerly attributed to Bocchus I., king of Mauretania. 
 
 40. Mauretania. Bogud II., B.C. 50-38. M. Obv. Griffin, 
 
 devouring stag. Bev. REX BOCVT. Griffin, above which the 
 mihir. Wt. 56 grs. 
 
 This king was recognised by Cassar in B.C. 49. The 
 Asiatic types of the coin prove the intimate connection 
 which existed between the religion of the peoples of 
 northern Africa and western Asia. 
 
 41. Mauretania. Juba II., B.C. 25 to a.d. 23. M. Obv. Head 
 
 of Juba. Bev. Elephant. Wt. 45 grs. 
 
 42. Mauretania. Juba II. M. Obv. REX IVBA. Head of 
 
 Juba. Bev. CornucopisE and sceptre. Wt. 45 gr». 
 
 43. Mauretania. Juba II. M. Obv. REX IVBA. Head of 
 
 Juba. Bev. KAEOHATPA BAZIAIZZA. Head of Cleopatra 
 Selene, wife of Juba. Wt. 51 grs. 
 
 This king, son of Juba I., who lost his kingdom at the 
 battle of Thapsus, was made by Augustus king of Mau- 
 retania. His wife Cleopatra Selene was a daughter of 
 M. Antonius and the famous C'leoiiatra. 
 
TABLE OF WEIGHTS. 
 
 121 
 
 H 
 
 w 
 S 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 tuD 
 
 
 
 P 
 
 r 
 
 E 
 
 
 r> — 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -* 
 
 i> CO CI -+I as (M ■* 1 
 
 to 
 
 t^ cc irs Tf< (M Cv 
 
 pl^ 
 
 
 CO 
 
 1— ( 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 K 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ; E 
 
 O 
 
 &JD 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1-1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 1 
 
 cr 
 
 rt- 
 
 <r 
 
 (M 
 
 cc 
 
 ^ 
 
 -^i 
 
 -=3 
 
 1 
 
 cc 
 
 OC 
 
 IC 
 
 Tt 
 
 CM 
 
 <N 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 z 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ;3 
 
 !^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 " 
 
 ft 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 o c 
 
 c 
 
 C 
 
 c: 
 
 IT 
 
 O 
 
 l5 
 
 tM 
 
 (M 
 
 CC 
 
 ^ 
 
 tc 
 
 (M 
 
 r- 
 
 1— 1 
 
 CM 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S5 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -«1 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 bo 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 e 
 
 -*H 
 
 Cv 
 
 ^ 
 
 l> cc 
 
 CO -t- 
 
 ~ 
 
 cq 
 
 C^ 
 
 
 li- 
 
 0* 
 
 (^. 
 
 t — 
 
 I— 
 
 
 f^ 
 
 (N 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ri 
 
 JQ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 3d 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 -^ 
 
 I^ 
 
 1 
 
 c/: 
 
 (T. 
 
 -t 
 
 ■■£} 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 
 
 OS — 
 1—1 
 
 
 -t- 
 
 cr 
 
 (M 
 
 •—1 
 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i-i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 W) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 ir. 
 
 
 
 lO 
 
 
 
 ir 
 
 
 t> 
 
 ir. 
 
 QC 
 
 CM 
 
 <i 
 
 o 
 
 ir. 
 
 l- 
 
 ,- 
 
 ci: 
 
 CN 
 
 ZC 
 
 T— 1 
 
 
 t^ 
 
 cr 
 
 
 -d^ 
 
 K 
 
 (^ 
 
 
 ]— 1 
 
 
 (M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ?a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 rS 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 'c 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 £ 
 
 _ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 'S 
 
 "^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 'c 
 
 , — 1 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 * 
 
 — 
 
 ^ 
 
 *- 
 
 c 
 
 e. 
 
 J la 
 
 
 t« 
 
 t- 
 
 
 f- 
 
 'c 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 -♦J 
 
 4) 
 
 ■t: 
 
 r 
 
 -4- 
 
 q. 
 
 
 c 
 
 ■r 
 
 XI 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 P 
 
 p 
 
 &- 
 
 e 
 
 £ 
 
 E- 
 
 o 
 
 
 ;_l 
 
 . 
 
 t- 
 
 ;_ 
 
 - 
 
 
 ;- 
 
 *:; 
 
 
 O 
 
 c 
 
 c 
 
 c 
 
 C 
 
 3 
 
 C 
 
 o 
 
 
 ;-< 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 <D 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 c 
 
 "t; 
 
 1 
 
 E= 
 
 
 p 
 
 K 
 
 r+ 
 
 
 t 
 
 a 
 
 ii 
 
 H 
 
 1^ OJ 
 
 xi OT 
 
 a I a" 
 
 5 J=l=: 
 
 
 OJ ■ 
 
 o 1- 
 
 S 5 o 
 
 -•-3 O '—' I 
 53 § 
 
 r O) to 
 
 CO jn o3 
 
 » m 
 
 S 5 5b 
 
 B ^ 
 
 3 »r ."3 2 
 
 ° 3 
 
 o 2 
 
 Eht3 
 a 
 
 a B "" 13 o o 2 
 g s =!■« o S -S 
 
 CD 03 o 03 9 o o 
 
 O m ^ 
 
 las 
 a.s 8 
 
 =" X . Cl p OS 
 S M .- g g 
 
 1*. 
 
 =sa:§cS|a 
 
 •S§2t^^x 
 
 a g 
 
 S S >.„ 
 
 £ « 
 
 
 3 "£5= 
 
 
 ■* c3 ;d bfl 
 
 13 r-H •'-' 
 
 S^oi'9 
 
 E2 o >H -.;- 
 
 O Sir 
 
 
 5 3 3 Moi 
 
 
 ^ .*; a " £ 
 
 ^..'i: OJ g " s-s 
 
INDEX I— GEOGEAPHIGAL. 
 
 Abdera, n. B. 1 ; in. B. 3. 
 
 Abydus, in. a. 14. 
 
 Acanthus, i. ji. 7 ; n. B. 8. 
 
 Aoarnania, t. b. 13 ; vi. B. 20. 
 
 Ace, IV. A. 6. 
 
 Achaean League, v. B. 23-25 ; vi. 
 
 B. 25-27. 
 ^gina, I. B. 29 ; n. B. 24 ; v. B. 23. 
 iBnianes, vi. E. 14, 15. 
 ^nus, II. B. 2 ; ni. B. 4. 
 ^tolia, V. B. 14-18. 
 Agrigentum, i. u. 24; ii. c. 14-16. 
 Alexandria Troas, vi. A. 11. 
 Amastris, iv. A. 23. 
 Ambraoia, v. B. 10. 
 Amphipolis, m. B. 7, 8. 
 Antiooh, Tit. A. 14. 
 Apollonia ad Ehyndacum, ii. A. 
 
 21, 22. 
 Apollonia Illyriae, vil. B. 11, 13. 
 Aradus, in. A. 47 ; iv. a. 3, 4 ; v. 
 
 A. 4 ; Yi. A. 30 ; vn. A. 17. 
 Arcadia, in. B. 37. 
 Aigos, ni. B. 36 ; v. B. 25. 
 Armenia, vn. A. 13. 
 Arpi, V. c. 13. 
 Asoalon, vn. A. 18, 19. 
 Aspendus, ii. A. 39 ; \I. A. 4. 
 Athens, i. B. 26-28 ; ii. B. 19-23 ; 
 
 iti. B. 30 ; v. B. 20-22 ; vi. B. 
 
 23, 24 ; vn. B. 14, 15. 
 Atrebates, vn. 0. 6, 7. 
 Auleroi Diablintes, vn. o. 4. 
 
 B. 
 
 Bactria, v. A. 21-27; vi. A. 32, 
 
 33 ; vn. a. 20. 
 Bisaltse, i. b. 14. 
 Bithynia, v. a. 7 ; vn. A. 3. 
 
 Bituriges, vn. c. 3. 
 
 Boeotia, m. B. 26 ; iv. B. 22 ; v. B. 
 
 19 ; VI. B. 22. 
 Britannia, vn. o. 5-9. 
 Bruttii, V. 0. 20-22. 
 Byzantium, n. B. 3 ; v. B. 3 ; vi. 
 
 B. 3, 4 ; vn. B. 3, 4. 
 
 Calohedon, v. A. 6. 
 
 Gales, V. c. 9. 
 
 Calymna, l. a. 29. 
 
 Camarina, ii. o. 17, 18. 
 
 Camirus, i. A. 30. 
 
 Caniuloduuum, vn. c. 9. 
 
 Cappadocia, vi. a. 23. 
 
 Caria, ni. a. 33-35. 
 
 Carthage, in. c. 37-42 ; iv. o. 35- 
 
 38 ; V. 0. 41-43 ; vi. 0. 33-39. 
 Carystus, v. u. 29, 30. 
 Cassope, v. b. 11 ; vi. B. 18. 
 Catana, i. c. 25 ; n. o. 19-21 ; m. 
 
 c. 25. 
 Caulonia, I. c. 17, 18; n. c. 9. 
 Celenderis, i. a. 37. 
 Celsitanl, vn. c. 1. 
 Chalcidice, ni. b. 9-11. 
 Chalcis Euboese, v. B. 31, 32. 
 Chersonesus, i. a. 26. 
 Chios, I. A. 8; n. a. 34; m. A. 31. 
 Cibyra, vn. a. 6. 
 Cius, rv. A. 24. 
 Clazomenae, ii. A. 29 ; in. A. 24- 
 
 26. 
 Cuidus, I. A. 27 ; in. A. 32. 
 Cnossus, I. B. 32 ; m. B. 39 ; vi. b. 
 
 28-30. 
 Colophon, n. a. 30 ; m. A. 27. 
 Corcyra, i. b. 18 ; n. b. 14 ; vi. B. 
 
 19. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 123 
 
 Corinth, i. a. 30, 31 ; ii. b. 25 ; 
 
 in. B. 31. 
 Cos, n. A. 36 ; in. a. 36 ; iv. A. 
 
 32. 
 Croton, I. c. 19, 20 ; n, c. 10 ; m. 
 
 c. 19, 20 ; IV. c. 25. 
 Oroton and Sybaria, i. c. 21. 
 Cumse, I. 0. 2 ; n. c. 2. 
 Cyme, i. A. 20 ; vi. A. 14. 
 Cyprus, n. a. 40-43 ; in. a. 41-43. 
 Cyrene, i. A. 21 ; ni. c. 43, 44 ; 
 
 IV. 0. 39-41 ; V. o. 44. 
 Cyzlous, J.. A. 12 ; n. a. 6-15 ; in. 
 
 A. 4-8 ; rv. a. 27 ; v. a. 1 ; vi. 
 
 a. 6. 
 
 Damascus, iv. a. 5. 
 
 Dardanus, n. a. 25. 
 
 Delos, I. a. 22. 
 
 Delplii, ni. b. 25. 
 
 Dicsea Chaloidices, i. B. 11. 
 
 DyrrhaoMum, v. B. 9 ; vn. B. 12. 
 
 E. 
 
 Edoni, I. B. 15. 
 
 Egypt, IV. A. 20-22 ; v. a. 28-34 ; 
 
 VI. A. 35 ; vn. A. 26, 27. 
 Elis, n. B. 26-34 ; m. e. 33 ; rv. b. 
 
 23 ; V. B. 26 ; vi. B. 25. 
 Ephesus, I. A. 7 ; n. A. 31 ; in. A. 
 
 29, 30 ; rv. A. 19, 29 ; v. A. 10. 
 Epirus, in. b. 23 ; v. b. 10-12 ; 
 
 VI. B. 16, 17. 
 Eretria, n. b. 39 ; v. B. 33. 
 Brythrse, n. a. 32 ; rv. a. 30 ; vi. 
 
 A. 16. 
 Etruria, i. c. 1 ; n. c. 1 j m. c. 1. 
 EubcBa, I. B. 21-25. 
 
 Oalatia, vn. A. 7. 
 
 G-aul, VI. c. 1 ; vn. o. 3-5. 
 
 Gela, I. 0. 26 ; n. o. 22-24. 
 
 Ooresia Cei, i. b. 33. 
 
 Gortyna, n. e. 35 ; vi. e. 31, 32. 
 
 Heraolea Ionise, in. A. 22 ; vi. A. 
 
 17. 
 Heraolea Lucanije, ir. o. 5 ; in. c. 
 
 11; IV. 0. 16; v. c. 17. 
 Heraolea Pontica, iv. a. 25, 26. 
 Hierapytna, rv. B. 25 ; vi. b. 33. 
 Himera, i. 0. 27; ii. c. 25. 
 Hiepano-Carthaginian, vi. c. 30- 
 
 32 ; vir. c. 39. 
 Hyria, m. c. 3. 
 
 I. 
 
 lalysUB, I. A. 31. 
 
 Ilium, VI. A. 12. ' 
 
 India, iv. A. 17. 
 
 Italy, VI. c. 26-28; vn. c. 12-15. 
 
 Itanus, n. b. 36. 
 
 Jerusalem, vi. a. 31. 
 
 L. 
 
 Lacedsemon, v. e. 27, 28 ; vi. B. 27. 
 
 Lamia, iv. B. 21. 
 
 Lampsacus, I. A. 18 ; ii. A. 23 ; 
 
 m. A. 15-19 ; vi. a. 8. 
 Larissa, ii. B. 13 ; in. e. 19, 
 Laiis, I. c. 8, 9. 
 Lebedue, vi. a. 18. 
 Leontini, i. 0. 28 ; n. o. 26, 27. 
 Lete, I. B. 4, 5. 
 Leucas, VI. B. 21. 
 Libya, vi. c. 29. 
 Locri Brutt., in. c. 21 ; iv. c. 26 ; 
 
 V. c. 23. 
 Locri Opun., in. b. 24. 
 Lycia, i. A. 33-35 ; n. A. 38 ; m. 
 
 A. 39. 
 Lydia, i. A. 1-3, 13-16. 
 LysimacMa, iv. B. 19. 
 
124 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 M. 
 
 Macse? Ti. o. 29. 
 
 Maoedon, v. B. 5-8 ; vi. e. 9-12 ; 
 
 vn. B. 7-10. 
 Magnesia, vi. a. 19. 
 Mantineia, t. b. 24. 
 Marathus, v. A. 20. 
 Maronea, ii. b. 4 ; in. b. 5 ; ti. b. 
 
 5 ; vn. B. 5. 
 Masailia, iv. o. 1 ; v. c. 1 ; vi. c. 
 
 2 ; vn. c. 2. 
 Mauretania, vn. c. 40-43. 
 Mende, i. B. 8 ; ii. b. 9. 
 Mesembria, vi. B. 2. 
 Messana, i. c. 30 ; ii. 0. 28. 
 Messenia, lu. b. 35 ; iv. b. 24 ; vi. 
 
 B. 26. 
 Metapontum, I. c. 10, 11 ; ii. o. 6 ; 
 
 in. 0. 12-16 ; iv. c. 17-21. 
 Methymna, n. A. 27 ; ui. A. 23. 
 Miletus, I. A. 6. 
 Myrina, vi. a. 15. 
 Mytilene, n. A. 28. 
 
 N. 
 
 Naxos, I. B. 34. 
 
 Naxus Sicilise, l. c. 31 ; ii. c. 29, 
 
 30. 
 Neapolis Campaniae, n. c. 3 ; in. 
 
 c. 4 ; IT. c. 2, 3. 
 Neapolis Datenon, i. b. 6 ; in. b. 
 
 12. 
 Nicaea, IT. A. 18. 
 Nola, IT. c. 4. 
 
 Nuceria Alfaterna, T. 0. 11. 
 Numidia, Tii. c. 37, 38. 
 
 0. 
 
 Odessus, T. B. 1, 2 ; ti. b. 1 ; tii. 
 B. 2. 
 
 Odomanti (?), i. b. 17. 
 Olynthus, n. b. 10. 
 Orreskii, i. b. 16. 
 03ca, vii. c. 1. 
 
 Pseonia, in. e. 6 ; it. b. 1, 2. 
 Paadosia, n. c. 11 ; in. c. 22. 
 Panticapseum, ill. B. 1, 2. 
 Parium (?), i. A. 4. 
 Pares, i. b. 35 ; v. b. 34. 
 Parthia, IV. A. 15, 16 ; vi, A. 34 ; 
 
 TH. A. 22-25. 
 Perga, ti. a. 22. 
 PergamuB, T. a. 8, 9 ; vi. A. 7, 9, 
 
 10 ; TII. A. 5. 
 Persia, i. A. 17 ; u. A. 1, 2 ; ni. A. 
 
 1-3; IT. A. 1. 
 PhseatuB, ii. e. 37, 38 ; in. b. 40. 
 Pharsalus, in. b. 20. 
 Phaselis, i. a. 36. 
 Pliers, in. b. 21, 22. 
 Philippi, III. E. 13. 
 Phocsea, i. A. 23 ; n. A. 16-19. 
 Phocis, I. B. 19. 
 Polyrhenlum, it. b. 26. 
 PontuB, T. A. 5 ; ti. a. 5 ; vn. a. 
 
 1,2. 
 Populonia, i. c. 1 ; in. o. 2. 
 Pordosilene, n. a. 24. 
 Poseidion Carpathi, i. A. 32. 
 Poseidonia, i. c. 12, 13. 
 Potidsea, i. B. 9. 
 PriansuB, vi. e. 34. 
 Proeonnesus, iv. A. 28. 
 Pyxus and Sins, i. c. 14. 
 
 B. 
 
 Bhegium, i. o. 22 ; ii. o. 12 ; in. c. 
 
 23. 
 Rhodes, ni. a. 37, 38 ; it. a. 33 ; 
 
 T. a. 11 ; VI. A. 3, 21. 
 Eomano-Campanian, it. c, 5-10 ; 
 
 T. 0. 7, 8. 
 Eoman, vn. e. 16-26 ; Tn. c. 35. 
 Rome, T. c. 2-6 ; vi. c. 3-25 ; vn. 
 
 0. 10, 11, 16-34, 36. 
 
rsvss. 
 
 125 
 
 SamoE, i.A.3,9,25,28; ii.a.3o; 
 
 m. A. 28 ; it. a. 31. 
 Samothiace, T. b. 4. 
 Said^ 1- A, 13-16. 
 Soepss, n. A. 26. 
 - Se^sia, i. a 32; il c. 31. 
 S^nis, I. c. 33; n. c. 32. 
 Sicilj, T. a 3t 
 SJcjon, m. B. 32. 
 Sidon, ni. A. 44, 45; it. A. 35; 
 
 Tn. A. 15. 
 Sinope, n. A. 20. 
 S^luns, I. B. 36. 
 ^ie and F}rxas, I. c. 14. 
 Smyrna, i. a. 10; ti. a. 2, 20. 
 S^e^la, see liaced^Biiioii. 
 Stymidialiis, m. b. 38. 
 Soeasa, T. a 10. 
 Sjrtiazis, I. c. 15. 
 Siftads and Ciotan, i. c. 21. 
 Syiaca3e,i.a34,35; ii.g33-40; 
 
 m. c. 27-36; iv. a 27-34; t. a 
 
 30-39. 
 Syria, IT. A. U-14; T. A. 12-19; 
 
 VI. A. 24-28; th. ^ 8-ia 
 
 Teannm Sidiciiiiini, v. c. 12. 
 
 TemnoB, ti. a. 1. 
 
 Tenedos, i. A. 19; m. a. 20, 21; 
 
 TLA-ia 
 Tenos, iv. B. 27, 28. 
 Teoe,!. A. 24; IL A. 33. 
 Teiina, i. c. ^; n. c. 13; m. a 
 
 24. 
 Tennera, n. A. 37. 
 Teione, i. B. 10. 
 Thasos, I. B. 3;'ii. B. 6, 7 ; tl B. 
 
 6 ; Tn. B. 6. 
 Th^>es, I. B. 20; n. b. 15-18 ; m. 
 
 B. 27-29. 
 Therms, m. c. 26. 
 The^aly, tl b. 13. 
 Thiace, i. b. 1 ; TL B. 7, 8 ; til b. 
 
 1-^ 
 Thoiium, n. c. 7 ; in.c.17; ir.c. 
 
 22; t. al8. 
 Tyre, m. A. 46 ; iv. A. 36 ; tl A. 
 
 29; TIL A. 16. 
 
 Yelia,!. a 16; iLa 8; m. o. 18; 
 IT. a 23, 24; t. c, 19. 
 
 Tarentnm, i. c. 3-7 ; n. c. 4 ; in. 
 a 6-10; IT. c. U ; Y. a 14-16. 
 Taisns, m. a. 40 ; it. a. 34. 
 T^onnnegQiDm, T. a 40. 
 
 Zacynthns, m. b. 34. 
 ZaBdii,LB. 2. 
 Zancle, i. c. 29. 
 Zeleia, L A. 11. 
 
INDEX II.— KINGS, DYNASTS, ETC. 
 
 A. 
 
 Abudos, vn. 0. 3. 
 .aisillas, VII. B. 7-9. 
 Agathooles of Bactria, v. A, 2G, 27. 
 Agathocles of Syracuse, iv. o. 
 
 27-30. 
 Albinus, Bruli f., vii. o. 'ili. 
 Aloxander, Bon of Boxana, iv. a. 
 
 20, 21 ; IV. B. 13, 14. 
 Alexander Balas, vi. a. 2J. 
 Alexander of Epirus, III. B. 23 ; 
 
 IV. 0. 11-1.''). 
 Alexander I. of Maoedon, ii. B. 11. 
 Aloxander the Great, iv. A. 2-8 ; 
 
 IV. B. 3-7, 10, 11 ; V. A. 1-4 ; 
 
 V. B. 2 ; VI. A. 1-4 ; vi. B. 1, 2 ; 
 VII. B. 2. 
 
 Alexander of Pherte, iii. B. 21, 22. 
 Amastris, iv. A. 23. 
 Amyntas of Galatia, vii. A. 7. 
 Amyntas III. of Maoedon, in. b. 
 
 15. 
 Andragoras, iv. A. K;. 
 Antigonus, iv. B. J 2. 
 Antigonus Doson? v. B. 0, 27. 
 Antigonus Gonataa, v. B. S. 
 Antimachus, v. A. 2!5. 
 Antiochus I., v. A. 12, 13. 
 Antiochus II., V. a. 14. 
 Antiochus Hierax? v. A. l(j. 
 Antiochus Selouci 111. v. A. ] 8. 
 Antiochus 111., v. a. 19; v. u. 17, 
 
 30, 32. 
 Antiochus VI., vi. A. 20. 
 Antiochus VIII., vii. A. 8, 11. 
 Antiochus IX., vn. A. 9. 
 Antonius L., vii. b. 22. 
 Anton iuB M., vii. A. 31 ; vn. b. 
 
 21-24. 
 Antonius M., and Cleopatra, vii. 
 
 A. 14. 
 Antonius M. Junior, vii. B. 24. 
 
 Apollodotus II. (?), VII. A. 20. 
 
 Apollonis, VI. A. (J. 
 
 Arclielaus I., Ji. B. 12. 
 
 Arsinoe II., v. a. 2f>. 
 
 ArBinoi; III., v. A. 33. 
 
 Audoleon, iv. B. 2. 
 
 Augustus, vn. A. 33- a.") ; vn. n. 
 
 2G ; vn. o. 32, 33, 3.';, 3(i. See 
 
 also Octaviauus. 
 Azbaal, ii. a. 13. 
 
 B. 
 
 Baalmeli:k, ii. A. 42. 
 Berenice II., v. a. 31. 
 Bogud II., VII. 0. 40. 
 BrutuB D., VII. 0. 23. 
 Brutus M. Junius, vn. A. 2:i ; vn. 
 11. 19 ; VII. 0. 19. 
 
 C.'CHar, Caius, vn. 0. 34. 
 
 Ctesar, Caius and Lucius, vn. o. 
 
 30. 
 CicBiir, Julius, VII. B. 17, 18, 21 ; 
 
 vn. a. 22, 2(;, 29. 
 Casoa, Si;ivilius, vn. A. 29. 
 fJa[iHiUi(L:r, IV. B. 10, 11. 
 Cleopatra of Syriu, vi. a. 28. 
 Cleopatra VI. of I'^gypt, vn. a. 19. 
 Cleopatra and Antonius, vn. A. 
 
 14. 
 Cloopalra Scli no of Maurctauia, 
 
 VII. 0. 43. 
 Olson, VII. B. 1. 
 Croesus, i. A. 13-16. 
 Ounobelinus, vn. o. '.). 
 
INDEX. 
 
 127 
 
 D. 
 
 Demetrius Polioroetes, iv. b. 15- 
 
 17. 
 Demetriua of Bactria, v. a. 23. 
 Demetrius II. of Syria, vi. A. 27. 
 Diodotus, V. A. 21. 
 Dionysius of Heraclea, iv. a. 2.0. 
 
 Evagoras I., in. a. 41. 
 Eveithon, n. a. 41. 
 Euoratides, vi. a. 32. 
 Eumenes I., v. A. 9. 
 Eumenes II., vi. a. 7. 
 Euthydemus I., v. A. 22. 
 Euthydemua II., v. a. 24. 
 
 G. 
 
 Getas Edonorum Bex, i. b. 15. 
 
 Heliocles, vi. a. 33. 
 Hermseus, vn. A. 21. 
 Hicetas, iv. o. 32-34. 
 Hiempsal II., vn. o. 37. 
 Hiero II., v. o. 30-32. 
 Hieronymufl, v. 0. 33. 
 
 Juba I., vn. 0. 38. 
 Juba II., vn. o. 41-43. 
 
 Labienus, Q. Parthious, yn. a. 30. 
 Lamia, iv. b. 21. 
 Lycoeius, in. B. 6. 
 Lysimachus, iv. A. 18, 19 ; iv. E. 
 
 18-20 ; v. B. 1 ; TI. B. 3, 4 ; 
 
 Til. B. 3, 4. 
 
 M. 
 
 Mausolua, in. a. 33. 
 Mazaeus, iii, a. 40. 
 Mithradatea I. of Parthia, vi. a. 
 
 34. 
 Mithradates II. of Pontus, v. A. 5. 
 Mithradatea the Great of Pontus, 
 
 vn. A. 1, 2 ; vn. b. 14. 
 Monunius, v. b. 9. 
 Mostis, VI. E.-8. 
 Muaa and Phraataces I., vn. a, 
 
 25. 
 
 N. 
 
 Nicocreon, in. a. 42. 
 Nicomedes III., vn. a. 
 
 Octavianus, vil. a. 32 ; vn. B. 21 \ 
 VII. 0. 29-31. See also Augustus. 
 Orodea I., vn. a. 23. 
 Orophernea, vi. a. 23. 
 
 Papiua C, vii. o. 12-15. 
 Patraus, iv. B, 1. 
 Pausaniaa of Macedon, in. b. 14. 
 Perdiccaa III. of Macedon, ni. B, 
 
 16. 
 Perseus of Macedon, vi. b. 9. 
 Phahaspes ? iv. a. 15. 
 Phanes, i. a. 7. 
 Phamaces I., vi. A. 5. 
 PhiletaeruB, v. a. 8. 
 Philip II, of Macedon, iii. B. 17,18. 
 Philip III. of Macedon, iv.'a.' 9, 
 
 10 ; rv. B. 8, 9. 
 Philip V. of Macedon, v. b. 7, 8. 
 Philip of Syria, vn. a. 12. 
 PhUiatis, y. c. 33. 
 Phraataces I. and Musa, vn. A. 25. 
 Phraates III., vn. A. 22. 
 Phrataphernes ? iv. A. 15. 
 Pixodarus, ni. A. 34, 35. 
 Pnytagoraa, ni. A. 43. 
 Pompeius, Sextua, vit. o. 27. 
 
128 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Prusias I., v. a. 7. 
 
 Ptolemy I., iv. A. 22. 
 
 Ptolemy II. and Arsinoe II., V. A. 
 
 28. 
 Ptolemy III., v. a. 30. 
 Ptolemy IV., v. a. 32. 
 Ptolemy V., v. A. 34. 
 Ptolemy VI., vi. A. 35. 
 Ptolemy IX., vii. A. 26. 
 Ptolemy XI., vn. A. 18, 27. 
 Pyrrhus, T. c. 24-29. 
 
 S. 
 
 Seleucus I., iv. a. 11-14. 
 Seleuous II., v. a. 15. 
 Seleucus III., v. a. 17. 
 Seleucus VI., vii. a. 10. 
 Seuthes I., ii. B. 5. 
 
 Simon Maccabaeus, vi. A. 31. 
 Sopliytes, IV. A. 17. 
 Sulla, VII. A. 28. 
 Sulla, Faustus, vn. o. 18, 21. 
 Sura, vn. B. 10. 
 
 Tasciovanus, vii. o. 8. 
 Tigranes, vil. A. 13. 
 Tincommius, vii. c. 6. 
 Tiridates II., vn. a. 24. 
 Tryphon, vi. a. 26. 
 Tymnes, ii. A. 37. 
 
 Verica, vn. c. 7. 
 
 Mr. Keadt, Electrotypist, British Museum, supplies complete sets 
 of electrotypes for museums, schools, &c., or smaller selections, classified 
 and labelled, in cases lined with velvet, as in the British Museum. 
 
 'Ondon: feinted bt wiixiau clowns and sons, limited, 
 
 BTAMFOBD BTBBET AND OHUlINa CROSS. 
 
'• •'■'.-«•