CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 924 092 400 245 / U.S. BUHBAU OP LABOH STATISTICS Labor conditions in Hawaii ... I'^l^ Cornell ilr LIBRARY Martin P. C School of Ind latherwot ustrial and La Dd Library )or Relations C4tb: Congress 1 aii'ivrATT? f Document 1st Session / bJiNAii. | j^^_ ^32 LABOR CONDITIONS IN HAWAII LETTER FROM THE SECRETARY OF LAROR V?) TRANSMITTING THE FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LAROR STATISTICS ON LAROR CONDITIONS IN THE TERRITORY OF HAWAII FOR THE YEAR 1915 '%v>--^"\tf«"^P^f;j,^ AUG 3 1916 April 17, 1916. — ReferredtoTE5T!ommittee on Printing WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OITICE 1916 REPOETED BY ME. SMOOT. In the Senate of the United States, May 9, 1916. Resolved, That the report transmitted by the Secretary of Labor on April 17, 1916, entitled "Fifth Report of the Conunissioner of Labor Statistics on Labor Conditions in the Territory of Hawaii," be printed as a Senate document, with illustrations. Attest: James M. Baker, Seerdary. CONTENTS. Letters of transmittal 5, 6 Descriptive and historical 7-10 Generallabor conditions 10, 11 Organization of the sugar industry 11-14 Physical conditions of sugar production 14, 15 Field employment on sugar plantations 15, 16 Sugar-mill occupations , 16-18 Nationality of sugar-plantation employees 18-21 Nationality of sldlled employees 19-21 Age and sex of unskilled wage earners on sugar plantations 21-23 Timeworkers, pieceworkers, contractors, and planters on sugar plantations 23-26 Kates of wages and earnings of plantation employees 26-34 Housing conditions and general welfare of plantation employees 34-41 Cost of living 38, 39 General social conditions 3941 Organization and extent of the pineapple industry 41, 42 Labor conditions in the pineapple industry 42^5 Small farming in the sugar and pineapple industries 45-58 The question of the Asiatic. 58-62 The immigration question 62-64 Review and conclusion 65-69 Planter's contract '. 69-74 General tables 75-187 Table A. — Occupations, rates of wages, hours of labor, and nationality or race of employees on 50 sugar plantations, 1915 78-118 Table B.^ — Occupations, average daily wages and weekly hours of labor, and nationality or race of employees on sugarplantations,1910and 1915. 119-152 Table 0. — Occupations, rates of wages, hours of labor, and nationality or race of employees of 12 pineapple plantations and canneries, 1915. . . 153-166 Table D. — Occupations, average daily wages and weekly hours of labor, and nationality or race of employees in the pineapple industry, 1910 and 1915 167-175 Table E.— Quarterly retail food prices for 4 years ending June 30, 1915 . . 176-181 Table P. — Wholesale and retail prices of 56 articles as reported by 13 plan- tation stores 182-187 ILLUSTRATIONS. An old camp Facing page 34 A representative good camp Facing page 34 Plantation laborer's shack Facing page 35 Japanese laborer's "one-family" house Facing page 35 Laborers' model camp PrOQeTTV" C?T Facing page 36 Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924092400245 LETTERS OF TRANSMITTAL. Depaktment of Labor, Office of the Seceetaet, Washington, April 12, 1916. Sir : I have the honor to transmit herewith the fifth report of the Commissioner of Labor Statistics on labor conditions in the Terri- tory of Hawaii, prepared in aocordanoe with the provisions of section 76 of "An act to provide a government for the Territory of Hawaii," as amended April 8, 1904. Very respectfully, W. B. Wilson, Secretary. Hon. Thomas R. Marshall, President of the Senate, Washington, D. C. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, April 12, 1916. Sm: In accordance with the provisions of "An act to provide a government for the Territory of Hawaii," approved April 30, 1900, I have the honor to transmit herewith the fifth report on the conditions of labor in the Territory of Hawaii. The detailed provisions of the act directing this report are contained in section 76 thereof, as amended April 8, 1904, and read as follows: " It shall be the duty of the United States Commissioner of Labor to collect, assort, arrange, and present in reports in nineteen hundred and five, and every five years thereafter, statistical details relating to all departments of labor in the Territory of Hawaii, especially in relation to the commercial, industrial, social, educational, and sani- tary condition of the laboring classes, and to all such other subjects as Congress may. by law direct. The said commissioner is especially charged to ascertain the highest, lowest, and average number of empfovees engaged in the various industries in the Territory, to be classified as to nativity, sex, hours of labor, and conditions of employ- ment, and to report the same to Congress." The material for this report was collected and the larger part of the text was written by Dr. Victor S. Clark, a work for which he was especially qualified because he had performed similar services in 5 b LETTERS OF TRANSMITTAL. preparing for the bureau the reports on Hawaii for the years 1902, 1905, and 1910, and had been commissioner of immigration, labor, and statistics for Hawaii from 1910 to 1913. I am, very respectfully, Royal Meeker, Commissioner of Labor Statistics. The Secretary of Labor, Washington, D. G. LABOR CONDITIONS IN HAWAII. DESCRIPTIVE AND HISTORICAL. The Hawaiian Islands lie just within the Tropics, in the same lati- tude as Cuba, 2,100 miles southwest of San Francisco and 4,600 miles northwest of Panama. Twelve principal islands form the group, of which seven are inhabited. However, only four of these, with an aggregate area of 6,000 square miles, are extensively arable or have industries of importance. They are inhabited by more than 200,000 people, of whom nearly 60 per cent are Asiatics. Of these the Japa- nese are the most numerous, followed in order by Chinese, Filipinos, and Koreans. Persons of native and mixed blood number nearly 40,000. The residents of Caucasian origin embrace some 16,000 Americans and North Europeans, and about 30,000 people of Portu- guese and Spanish birth or descent. These do not include troops stationed in Honolulu, of whom there are now nearly 10,000. TABLE 1.— POPULATION AT CENSUS PERIODS FROM 1853 TO 1910, BY RACE. [The data tor population from 1853 to 1896, inclusive, have been taken from the Hawaiian Annual for 1901, and those for 1900 and 1910 from the records of the Census.] Races. 1853 1866 1872 1878 1884 1890 1896 1900 1910 70,036 983 364 57,126 1,640 1,206 49,044 1,487 1,938 44,088 3,420 5,916 40,014 4,218 17,937 116 ■18,293 34,436 6,-186 15,301 12,360 ■21,707 31,019 8,485 19,382 22,329 27,805 29,799 7,857 21,746 56,230 38,369 26,041 12,606 Foreign-bom Chinese 21,674 79,674 52,014 All other 1,756 2,988 14,428 4,561 Total 73,138 62,959 66,897 67,985 80,578 89,990 109,020 154,001 191,909 1 These figures are necessary to make the totals given, but they do not agree with details as found in the nawaiian Annual. Table 2.— ESTIMATED POPULATION, JUNE 30, 1915, AND INCREASE OR DECREASE SINCE 1910. [From the Report of the Governor of Hawaii.] Races. Census April 16, 1910. Estimated June 30, 1916. Increase. Decrease. Per cent Increase. Per cent decrease. 26,041 12,506 22,303 1,990 4,890 13,029 21,674 79,674 } 7,964 24,120 14,800 23,650 4,210 6,080 16,000 21,770 93,136 / 15,220 \ 6,270 1,921 7.34 2,294 1,347 2,220 190 2,971 96 13,462 } 12,526 18.34 6.04 111.66 3.89 22.03 .44 16.92 157.28 Filipinos All others Total 190,071 1,838 223,266 9,600 36,106 7,762 1,921 18.47 422. 31 1.00 Total. 191,909 232,856 42,868 1,921 22.34 1.00 8 SEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF LABOR STATISTICS ON HAWAII. Since 1900 Hawaii has been a political dependency of the United States with a Territorial form of government. Members of any race except Mongolian immigrants can acquire citizenship, and the leg- islature conducts its proceedings in both the English and the Ha- waiian tongue. The Territory is divided into five counties, one embracing the leper settlement and the other four corresponding to the four principal insular divisions of the archipelago. All the islands are mountainous and entirely of volcanic origin. No minerals of economic value occur and the indigenous flora and faima are very limited. Moisture is carried to Hawaii by the north- east trade winds, which prevail throughout the year. Consequently the windward side of the archipelago has a heavy rainfall, and the northern and eastern coasts have a rugged contour, cut by deep ravines that extend from midmountain altitudes to the sea. In con- trast with this the leeward coasts are in some places comprised of con- siderable plains and are so dry as to require irrigation for successful agri- culture. There are few localities where the heat is excessive, though frosts never occur except in the mountains, some of which reach the altitude of perpetual snow. In general the climate is temperate, because the islands, though so far south, are bathed constantly by cool winds and ocean currents from the North Pacific. The political and .social history of the Territory has been closely associated with its industrial development. Soon after Hawaii was discovered by Capt. Cook, the warring tribes of the different islands were subjected for the first time to a single king. This period of political integration coincided with the formative years of our own Republic, prior to the second war with England, when our merchant marine was rapidly growing and our commerce had already reached the Pacific Ocean. Yankee vessels started a sandalwood tradebetween Hawaii and China, and this conamercial intercourse brought some Chinese traders to the new Kingdom, and these were probably the first people to make sugar in the islands. The same trade indirectly accounts for the appearance of the New England missionaries, who soon after 1820 gave laws and customs to the natives and took a leading part in organizing a modern civil govern- ment. They introduced the concept of private property, especially in land, and their influence gradually abolished the servitude of the com- mon people to the chiefs. Toward the middle of the century Hawaii became the principal outfitting and transshipping point of the Pacific whaling fleet, and several hundred vessels annually wintered at its ports. This strengthened the commercial ties between the King- dom and our Eastern States, while our acquisition and settlement of California developed its intercourse with the Pacific coast. When whaling declined our Government, after much deliberation and against the protracted opposition of the antiexpansionists in Con- LABOR CONDITIONS IN HAWAII. 9 gress, concluded a treaty with the Kingdom, in 1876, by which Pearl Harbor was given to us for a naval station and Hawaiian sugar was admitted free of duty to our markets. Few then supposed that the island sugar crop would ever exceed 100,000 tons. With the ratifi- cation of this treaty Hawaii became an economic dependency of the United States, and both its industrial and its political destiny were virtually determined. Prior to the treaty there were a few small sugar plantations in Hawaii," but the country was devoted chiefly to grazing and varied crops. Only a small part of the land was cultivated and the popu- lation had been declining for a century. Already a few Chinese coolies had been imported by planters, under a contract modeled upon the provisions of the American seaman's law, which previously had been adopted by the native Government to control the recruiting of whaling crews in the Kingdom.* The great stimulus given the sugar industry by the free admis- sion of its product to the American market created a large demand for labor, both to open new land and to plant and cultivate sugar cane. This was supplied by continuing and extending the importa- tion of Chinese coolies, and by bringing indentured laborers from Japan and from the Portuguese islands of the Atlantic. So long as the contract labor system continued the orientals brought to Hawaii were mostly young single men, who returned to their native countries after their indentures had expired; but the Portuguese were accom- panied by their families and became permanent residents. In 1900 annexation to the United States abolished the coolie sys- tem. After a short period of confusion and disorganization in the labor market, due to the boom in cane planting and plantation pro- motion that accompanied annexation and to changed conditions of employment, it was found that field hands worked nearly or quite as well and as regularly under a free contract as under the former con- tract of indenture. Wages rose and Chinese were kept out by the Federal exclusion law. But until the recent "gentlemen's agree- ment" with Japan thousands of immigrants from that country-made Hawaii a stopping place on their way to California, and afforded a constant stream of labor for the plantations. Under this mutual understanding between our Government and that of Japan, which went into effect July 1, 1907, the authorities of the latter country ceased to grant passports to laborers departing for Hawaii or the mainland of the United States, unless they were returning residents of this country, and our own officials refused to admit Japanese laborers unless they possessed such passports. Japan thus ended a practice by which Japanese laborers were assisted • A history of this legislation is given on pp. 12-20 of the Report of the Commissioner ol LaTjor on Hawaii tor 1902. 10 EEPOET OF COMMISSIONER OF LABOR STATISTICS ON HAWAII. by "emigration companies" in their own country, which were financial associations advancing transportation to intending emi- grants, to get to Hawaii or the Pacific coast. Those who thus came to Hawaii usually emigrated in a short time to the mainland. Jap- anese labor agents in California and other Western States procured positions for them, and these labor agents not infrequently advanced the passage money from Honolulu to destinations in America to the men for whom they secured employment. When this supply of Japanese was restricted, the planters found a new recruiting field in the Philippines, from which about 15,000 laborers have been brought within five years. The Territorial government for a number of years paid the fares to Hawaii of several thousand immigrants from Spain and Portugal. At first the passage moneys were col- lected directly from the planters. More recently these fimds have been derived from the proceeds of a special income tax which is paid largely by the plantations and by those interested in the sugar industry. The people thus induced to immigrate to the Territory were supposed to come as permanent settlers. A few thousand Rus- sians were brought from Manchuria by the same agency. This move- ment had the twofold purpose of reheving the labor shortage and of increasing the population ehgible to citizenship. In fact, the fear of an oriental electorate had much to do with the adoption of this poUcy. Recently these activities of the Territory have ceased, though a gov- ernment department stiU exists, with authority to resume assisting immigration when it seems desirable. Two considerations have pro- vented the continuance of European immigration with Territorial aid — the uncertain prospects of the principal industry of the islands imdor a free-sugar policy, and the fact that a large number of the immigrants leave immediately upon arrival or shortly afterward for Cahfomia. This movement to the coast continues because of the wider opportimities of the mainland. It may be due in some degree to the fact that California is associated in the minds of Spaniards with gold discoveries and stories of vast wealth. It continues with httle diminution in spite of the fact that many of these immigrants suffer privations in Cahfomia and ultimately become dependent on charity and have to bo returned to their own country. GENERAL LABOR CONDITIONS. A large oriental population and a tropical cUmate make labor con- ditions in Hawaii different from those on the mainland of the United States. But there is probably no other tropical coimtry except northern Queensland where average earnings and tho standard of living of workers are as high as in the islands. Cuban plantation hands receive more pay per day for part of tho year, but employ- ment at these wages is not so continuous as in Hawaii, while housing LABOR CONDITIONS IN HAWAII. 11 and sanitary conditiohs for ordinary laborers are below the Hawaiian standard. However, wages in the Territory are lower, and the opportunity for a common laborer to advance is less, than in California. Skilled American and part-Hawaiian mechanics in Honolulu earn from $3 to $5 a day, and unskilled laborers and helpers are paid $1.50 and $2 a day. Working people of this class hve in small frame cottages, not so good as the houses occupied by town and vUlage workers of the same grade in our colder American cUmate, but preferable as homes to many of the tenements occupied by the un- skilled laboring popiilation of our large cities. Clothing costs more per article but less per individual than on the mainland. Little fuel is used except for cooking, and table expenses vary with the manner as well as the standard of hving — this depending upon the propor- tion of imported food the taste of the worMngman demands. The general condition of Hawaiian workers presents no evidence of economic hardship, though individual instances of such hardship doubtless occur. Beneath the surface also there must lurk traces of the struggle attending the displacement of white and Hawaiian by oriental labor, which has continued ever since Asiatics began to leave field work for other occupations. However, this displacement has been caused by social antipathies almost as much as by economic competition, and data relating to its various phases are largely conjectural. Rural labor conditions are standardized by the nearly uniform practice of sugar plantations, and here we enter the reahn of more exact information. Sugar plantations employ so large a part of the rural laboring population that other employers are obHged to con- form to their labor standards. Moreover these plantations keep a statistical record of their labor history. ORGANIZATION OF THE SUGAR INDUSTRY. Sugar forms about nine-tenths in value of the agricultural produce of Hawaii, and more than one-fifth of the entire population is upon plantation pay roUs. The industry is highly centrahzed and capital- ized and it presents an excellent example of typical twentieth century methods of production. Its growth has been regular and rapid, as is indicated by an increase in the crop from 360,038 tons in 1901, the year following annexation, to 646,445 tons in 1915. This progress has been accompHshed in two ways — by bringing more land into cultivation, mostly through great irrigation works, and by increasing the return of cane per acre and the amount of sugar made from a ton of oane through scientific cultivation, cane selection and breed- ingj pest control, and fertilization, and through improved construc- tion and practice in mill and boiling house. This advance, indicative of a complex and highly organized industry, has been possible only 12 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF LABOR STATISTICS ON HAWAII. through the expenditure of large sums of money in experiment and improvements. Under dispersed ownership and direction, such experiments might have been conducted by the Government, but it is not likely that their results would have been so imif ormly applied as has actually been the case. However, other conditions, some of them going back to the origin of cane planting in the islands, account for this centralized system of agriculture, which, indeed, characterizes sugar making the world over. Even before the arrival of white men the land was held by the chiefs in large grants imder a sort of feudal tenure. These hold- ings persisted and came partly under the control of Americans and Europeans during the grazing era, before cane was extensively culti- vated in Hawaii. The pastoral lands are stUl controlled in that form. Though the early sugar miUs were small affairs, whose ruins may still be seen at several places in the islands, the men who owned them were mostly large landholders. A few central nulls were built to serve groups of smaller cane farmers; but in every case such mills within a few years were acquired by companies which soon came to control the land, instead of the landowners maintaining control of the null. Early plantations depended on direct rainfall for their crops or hd,d inexpensive irrigation. With the larger development of cane plant- ing, when this industry extended into the formerly arid districts that have proved so wonderfully adapted to this form of agriculture, a large capital was required for initial outlays, exclusive of the cost of the null. Irrigation works demanded heavier investments than individuals would risk in a single enterprise. The Government was not ready to undertake water development for agricidtural purposes. So the utilization of these arid lands fell into the hands of large companies. Sometimes the water company and the planting com- pany were distinct corporations, but their relations and interests were so intimate that they were always imder identical control. Where artesian wells were used for irrigation their construction was ■undertaken by the planting company itself. With the extension of cane raising into the arid sections of Hawaii, therefore, came the organization of larger corporations than before, and to-day the largest plantations are in such districts. But the example and suc- cess of these big companies influenced the organization of the industry in regions of direct rainfall, where otherwise cane farming might have remained relatively more dispersed than at present. Some citizens in Hawaii oppose this centralized system of agriculture, and resent the control over their economic independence which is thus given into. the hands of plantation officials. But it doubtless is the most efficient way of making sugar, and, measured by this material standard, the fittest method of production has survived. LABOR CONDITIONS IN HAWAn. 13 There are 47 corporations in Hawaii exclusively or largely engaged in producing sugar, of which 43 operate mills. One plantation with- out a mill is owned by the Mormon Church, and five individual cane growers raise crops equal to those of the smaller corporations. One of these unincorporated planters also has a mill. All the companies are owned and controlled by Americans or Europeans with a single exception — a small establishment that passed into the hands of Japanese in 1915. Some very profitable companies, including one or two large ones, are practically closed corporations, owned by a few estates and families, and their stock seldom appears in the open market. But most plantation stocks are quoted and dealt in upon the Honolulu Stock Exchange and at San Francisco. A few companies are incor- porated in California. Nearly 10,000 individuals and firms are share- holders in Hawaiian sugar companies. As in large manufacturing and transportation industries upon the mainland, policies are determined and directorates are named by a small group of men, who give their entire time and most of their capital to the sugar business. These men have developed a very efiicient organ of centralized control in the factor system. There are five principal sugar agencies in Honolulu,' each of which represents from 4 to 13 plantations and handles crops aggregating from 55,000 to 160,000 tons. In addition, there are other firms representing one or two plantations each. These houses not only are purchasing and financial agents of the plantations, but they largely appoint and con- trol the managing force of the different companies, determine planta- tion policies, and through their traveling auditors and engineers constantly inspect, advise, and to some extent direct mill and field operations. With three exceptions, all the incorporated sugar plantations in Hawaii belong to the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association, whose directorate is composed of representatives from the several agencies. The association's funds are raised by a tonnage tax upon the sugar produced by its members. The association conducts a large experi- ment station, besides making field and miU experiments at several plantations. It recruits labor and supervises labor conditions, com- piles statistics, and supervises marketing arrangements. More par- ticularly in relation to labor, it maintains a regular force of recruiters in the Philippines and has a local transportation service in those islands for supplying hands to Hawaiian plantations; and, in this connection, it prescribes schedules of wages to be paid to ordinary field hands by plantations receiving labor from this source. It also has established and supervises a system of bonuses for plantation 1 Alexander & Baldwin, Brewer & Co., Castle & Cooke, Davies & Co., and Haokteld & Co, 14 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OP LABOR STATISTICS ON HAWAII. laborers, which is described later in this report; but it does not regu- late the wages or working conditions of laborers other than field hands. PHYSICAL CONDITIONS OF SUGAR PRODUCTION. While methods of manufacture are ill a general way nearly uniform throughout the islands, methods of cultivation and transportation vary as widely as do the sharply contrasted topographical and cHmatic conditions found in different localities. In well-watered regions, where the land is broken by ravines, the ground is plowed and cultivated with animals, and cane is carried to the mills in flumes. Where the land is rough and the rain only sufficient for cultivation, the cane is sometimes taken to the mill by conveyors running on a wire rope suspended on poles. Rainfall districts usually have a rank weed growth, which makes cultivation to kill weeds a principal item of expense after planting. Green cropping is some- times used to restore land in wet districts as a partial substitute for commercial fertilizers. The varieties of cane best suited to such sections are not always the varieties that give the best results in dry regions, where "Lahaina" cane, which has an exceedingly rank and tangled growth, and is difl&cult to cidtivate, strip, or harvest, is stni largely raised. There the seasons are more definite and the period of cane maturity, when it has a maximum sugar content, is shorter than is the rule on irrigated plantations. EainfaU planta- tions usually have a smaller tonnage of cane per acre and a smaller yield of sugar per ton than those in irrigated districts. In general, methods of cidtivation are slightly more extensive, as compared with the highly intensive cultivation of irrigated plantations; although everywhere in Hawaii cidtivation is very intensive as compared with Cuba and most other cane-growing coimtries. In irrigated districts land is plowed by steam, furrows are laid with a surveyor's level, and as each row of cane stands in an irrigation ditch, animal cultivation is little used. On the other hand, weeds do not grow so rapidly or abimdantly as in wet regions and can be removed by hand labor. Railways carry the cane to mills. Water for irrigation is generally obtained from the mountains, where rain falls almost continuously throughout the year. Extensive tunnels and ditches, sometimes extending 30 miles or more into the mountains, tap the high regions of heavy rainfall and conduct the water to the lower levels of little or no rainfall. Artificial reservoirs are some- times constructed to store the water, but these structures are so costly to build and so easily cracked and destroyed by slight earth- quake shocks that they are not extensively used. Water pumped by steam or electricity from deep wells is sometimes used for irriga- tion, but frequently water so obtained is brackish and must be used sparingly if at aU. Commercial fertilizers can be used with maximum LABOR CONmTIONS IN HAWAH. 15 effect in irrigated districts, because they are not washed away by rains; and it pays to use fertilizers hberally, for the initial expenditure for irrigation ditches is great and large yields must be obtained to meet these expenses and yield profits. The grinding season is long, in a few places continuing throughout the year. Indeed, so system- atic and artificial are methods of agriculture in these highly developed districts that cane growing may be likened to a manufacturing industry which works up the raw materials — seed cane, water, fertilizer, sunlight, and heat — ^into sugar cane. These varying conditions of cultivation influence the conditions of labor. Climatically the rainfall regions are cooler than the irrigated regions. In the latter there is relatively less lost time on account of bad weather, though in some dry places extreme heat lessens regu- larity of employment. The Chinese are supposed to stand the heat better than other nationalities. Spaniards and Porto Ricans, espe- cially on their first arrival, complain of heavy rains and migrate to drier districts; and some incur diseases from working in wet cane. But the relatively large amount of teaming in rainfall regions, and their cooler temperature, attract Portuguese and Hawaiians, who handle animals weU and are employed in the better paid occupations in which they are used. Small cane farmers are more numerous in the rainfall than in the irrigated districts. But irrigated planta- tions employ a larger mechanical force and more semiskilled hands to operate railways, pumps, and steam plows, and the higher pay in these occupations attracts a good grade of labor. FIELD EMPLOYMENT ON SUGAR PLANTATIONS. Field employment covers all occupations outside the miU and office, including those of workers engaged in transportation and in maintain- ing field and camp equipment. The supervision of field operations is in charge of overseers, known locaEy as "lunas," a term applied to all foremen below the manager. The manager's salary is sometimes $1,000 a month or more, while the lowest-paid foreman, such as the boss of the women's gang, receives wages little above those of a good field hand. Nearly every plantation has a head carpenter and a head blacksmith, and those of lai^er size have foremen mechanics in other trades. These as a rule, like the lunas, are salaried men paid by the calendar month. Common laborers and field hands are paid a daily wage, totaled for a month of 26 working days. Some assist- ant mechanics, especially on large plantations, are also salaried men; but helpers are ordinary laborers transferred from field work. Train crews consist of an engineer and an assistant, who is usually the fireman. During the season when cane is being hauled, and on large plantations throughout the year, one or two brakemen are employed 16 EEPOET OP COMMISSIONER OP LABOR STATISTICS ON HAWAII. for every locomotive in service. Except in one or two recent in- stances, steam tractors are not used for plowing, but the gang plows are drawn across the field between two standing engines by wire ropes winding on a drum. Two engineers and possibly as many firemen or helpers are therefore needed for each plow. In addition there is a water tender, who hauls water and fuel for the engines. Upon the plow itself is a steerer, who directs its course across the field, and several riders. Those termed surveyors upon the pay rolls are often no more thanfurrow levelers, who lay out the fields before planting. Mules are used for animal cultivation, which presents no featm-es not familiar upon mainland farms. Field hands are em- ployed in planting, hoeing, fertilizing, irrigating, and stripping. The latter operation, which is not universally practiced, consists of pull- ing the dead leaves off the lower cane stalks, thus admitting the sun- light and air that make the sugar in the cane itself. Harvesting consists of cutting and trimming the cane and getting it to miU. Sometimes the dead leaves are burned off before cutting. Cane cutters are usually paid by the ton, at such a rate that their earn- ings exceed those of day hands. The top joints of cane are used as seed; and in case of varieties which it is desired to increase rapidly the entire stalks are cut into joints for planting. This also is a contract operation, but is paid for at a lower rate, and is light work, left to children and women, or to old men. After the cane is cut it is bun- dled and carried to the flume, railway, or wire rope conveyor, accord- ing to the kind of transportation employed. Men and women often work in teams at this occupation, the women collecting the stalks into bundles and the men carrying the heavy bundles to their imme- diate loading place. Men delivering the cane into the fliunes are known as flumers, but the same term also designates watchers who are stationed at different points to keep the flumes clear. Loading cane, whether into wagons or railway cars, is done almost entirely by contract. Irrigated plantations have a group of special occupations. Res- ervoir men and ditch men live at isolated points to watch the water heads and turn the water at proper times into main feed ditches. A corps of engineers, oilers, and firemen is required to operate steam pumps. This irrigation force is on duty seven days a week, except during occasional periods of rainfall, which occur even in the drier districts. SUGAR-MILL OCCUPATIONS. After cane reaches the mill it is crushed between roUers, the juice is clarified, filtered, and evaporated, and the sugar is dried, bagged and shipped or warehoused. Most mill occupations require little special skill and command no higher pay than field labor, except that mill hands work 12 hom-s, while those in the field work 10 hours. LABOR CONDITIONS IN HAWAII. 17 A few positions pay higher rates. One or two men are engaged in unloading cane from cars by a mechanical device, or in tending feed flume where cane is brought by water. If cables are used they usually deliver the cane directly into cars on a short railway, or into a re- ceiving yard at the mill itself. Four or five men form a shift on the carriers or endless belt conveyor that takes the cane evenly to the crusher. Modern mills have 9, 12, or 15 rollers, and these require constant attendance, taking the labor of as many or more men than serve the carriers. From the miQ the juice is pumped into receiving tanks in the boiling bouse. This department employs rather more skilled labor than the mill proper, as some experience is needed at every stage of operation until the sugar reaches the bags. But this labor is of attendance mainly, and does not require severe physical exertion. The number of men employed at each stage of manu- facture varies with the size of the estabUshment; but there is at least one man at the liming or juice tank, another on the clarifiers, another on the filters, one or more on the evaporators, an assistant besides the sugar boiler at the strike pan where the concentrated juice is crystallized, and a man for every large or every two small centrifugals. The labors of the men who control the processes through which the cane juice goes from the miQ to the strike panl consist principally in passing the juice, by means of cocks or pumps, from one tank to another, either at fixed intervals of time, or at the direction of the sugar boiler or chemist. In better equipped mills are several intermediate processes not mentioned, but they are nearly automatic. After the sugar leaves the centrifugals it is bagged, the bags — previously marked — are closed, and the sugar is stacked in the ware- house or on cars by sugar-room men. Scattered through the boiling house are tenders to the molasses and juice pumps. An extra man may have charge of the molasses tanks; a woman is employed to repair filter cloths; and the chemist or sugar boiler has helpers or sampling boys, besides whom there are miscellaneous and extra hands with no specific occupation. In addition, the engineer has an engine- room staff of wipers and oilers, water tenders, and firemen. The mill force has employment only during the grinding season, which may last from three to nine months, and in a few places irregu- larly throughout the year. During the remaining months most of the ordinary hands return to field occupations. Skilled men, such as the engineer and his helpers and perhaps the sugar boiler, are engaged during the "dead" season in overhauling and repairing mill and boUing-house machinery and in installing new apparatus. Nearly every sugar mill in Hawaii is in a state of constant change, and few pass more than a season without modifying or improving their equipment. 41104°— S. Doc. 402, G-1-1 2 18 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OP LABOR STATISTICS ON HAWAII. Mills generally work two shifts during the grinding season, the hands remaining on duty 12 hours and taking their meals in the building. As their duties while exacting are not arduous, the extra money they earn makes these positions eagerly sought by field hands. Some mills do not receive enough cane to work double shifts, but are not able to handle their cane in ordinary working hours. Under these exceptional conditions it is the practice to work long hours, paying an excess rate for overtime. In such cases men make in- creased earnings for a few months, their hours increasing toward mid season and declining to normal when the grinding is finished. So little special skill is required for millwork that men are shifted from job to job as convenience requires, often without a change of pay. The classification of occupations varies in different factories, and is at best very shifting. NATIONALITY OF SUGAR-PLANTATION EMPLOYEES. The nationality of sugar-plantation employees for a series of years is shown in the following table: Table 3.— NUMBEB, AND PEE CENT OF SUGAH-PLANTATION EMPLOYEES OF EACH NATIONALITY, 1901, 1902, and 1904-1915. [These numbers represent employees of members of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association, and since 1906 are for January 1 each year. They include also employees of one or two planters not members of the association. The omissions amount to less than 2 per cent and do not affect the ratio of nationalities.] NUMBER. Nationality. 1901 1902 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 American 509 2,876 654 3,194 667 3,042 544 3,351 521 3,497 733 583 3,586 668 625 3,775 655 133 670 3,811 526 232 688 4,096 1,344 210 669 4,081 1,361 137 638 3,550 1,868 78 627 European: Portugese.. 2,417 2,669 3,507 1,591 97 other 'i'476 2,095 4,976 27,537 'i,'493 2,036 3,937 31,029 470 1,312 2,066 3,778 32,331 2,435 455 1,711 2,029 3,938 28,030 4,895 486 1,491 1,986 3,932 26,255 4,265 415 1,284 1,921 3,364 28,035 3,180 438 1,111 1,912 3,096 31,774 2,334 183 4 380 1,172 1,919 2,826 31,280 1,861 155 56 Hawaiian Porto Jlican... Oriental: Chinese Japanese — 1,102 1,966 2,873 28,351 1,814 1,490 411 1,222 1,918 2,802 28,327 1,744 3,258 287 1,356 1,822 2,927 27,066 1,859 3,563 283 1,109 1,608 2,628 26,297 1,610 7,456 303 934 1,480 2,353 24,080 1,521 8,812 315 971 1,423 2,249 24,046 1,388 8,695 310 Another 1,092 1,078 83 45 26 28 Total... 39,587 42,242 45,860 44,951 42,150 42,122 46,603 44,486 43,095 44,797 45,214 46,159 45,629 ■14,904 PER CENT. American European: 6.1 6.3 1.1 6.3 1.5 7.1 1.6 7.2 1.3 8.0 1.1 7.7 1.6 1.3 8.1 1.5 1.4 8.8 L3 •3 1.5 8.5 1.2 .5 1.5 9.1 3.0 .6 L4 8.8 2.9 .3 L4 7.8 1.4 7.8 3.5 .2 R'ussian Other LO 2.9 4.5 8.2 70.6 6.3 1.0 3.8 4.5 8.8 62.4 10.9 1.2 3.5 4.7 9.3 62.3 10.1 1.0 3.0 4.6 8.0 66.6 7.6 1.0 2.4 4.2 6.8 69.7 6.1 .4 (') .9 2.6 4.3 6.4 70.3 4.2 .3 .1 Hawaiian Porto Rican... Oriental: Chinese Japanese Korean 3.7 5.3 12.6 69.6 3.6 4.8 9.3 73.5 2.5 4.6 6.7 65.8 4.2 3.4 . 11.0 2.7 4.3 6.3 63.2 3.9 7.3 .6 3.0 4.0 6.5 59.9 4.1 7.9 .6 2.4 3.5 5.7 64.8 3.3 16.2 .7 2.0 3.2 5.2 52.8 3.3 19.3 .7 2.2 3.2 5.0 53.5 3.1 10.4 .7 Another . 2.8 2.6 .2 .1 .1 .i Total... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 ' Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. LABOR CONDITIONS IN HAWAII. 19 Although the amount of sugar made by these plantations increased more than 50 per cent during the last 10 years of this period, the number of employees shows no appreciable change. This is due partly to the cessation of development work, but it is mainly the result of better methods of production. The shifting of nationalities has responded closely to the recruituig policy pursued at diBEerent times. Government-assisted immigration accounts for the appear- ance of Spaniards and Eussians upon the pay rolls and for the tempo- rary rise in the niimber of Portuguese. But the table indicates clearly that white and Hawaiian laborers leave plantation work for other occupations so rapidly that their numbers can be maintained only by constant accessions from without the Territory. The same thing is even more observable in the case of the Japanese on accoimt of their large numbers. Since 1908 they have decreased from nearly 32,000 to about 24,000, in spite of the growing Japanese population of the Territory. They have been replaced by another Asiatic race, the Filipinos, but as over 15,000 of these have been brought to Hawaii within five years expressly to work on plantations, and since the total number of those who have returned to the Philippines, together with those now on plantations, isonly about 9,000, it is evident that many of the latter also have sought employment elsewhere. NATIONALITY OF SKILLED EMPLOYEES. In plantation statistics employees receiving $50 a month or more, excluding the earnings of contractors and of persons receiving in excess of this sum on account of overtime, are classed as skilled without regard to occupation. The nationality of these employees for the 11 years ending with January, 1915, is shown in the following table: Table 4.— NATIONALITY OF SKILLED SUGAR PLANTATION EMPLOYEES, 1904-1916. [Compiled from statistics of tlie Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association. Employees of one or two small plantations are not included.] Ameri- can. Ha- waiian. Porto Rican. European. Fili- pino. Oriental. All others. Year. Portu- guese. Span- Rus- sian. Other. Japa- nese. cu- nese. Ko- rean. Total. 1904 462 636 539 617 481 525 644 611 627 606 577 579 156 200 211 186 177 190 122 146 165 162 166 159 8 5 4 7 9 ■"'io' 9 9 6 11 12 316 361 404 385 , 412 424 286 316 343 354 360 372 368 376 393 317 306 308 ....... 347 354 304 278 344 385 116 166 188 238 276 276 46 44 62 47 46 46 28 45 49 43 33 31 5 3 6 5 6 4 1 3 3 4 3 4 6 4 4 3 i' 289 239 232 256 269 265 1 691 1,883 1906... 1907 1,917 1,745 1,782 1908... 1909... 1910... 1911 1 1 4 2 4 4 3 1 4 6 4 3 2 1,397 1 542 1912... 1913... 1914... 1915... 11623 1,679 1,697 1,696 2 6 3 20 EEPOKT OF COMMISSIONER OF LABOR STATISTICS ON HAWAII. The sudden decrease of Japanese skilled hands in 1910 is explained largely by the decision of plantation managers not to reemploy Jap- anese foremen, mechanics, and millmen who joined plantation laborers in the strike of 1909. Skilled hands temporarily increased in number between 1905 and 1909, partly on account of the large amount of development and con- struction then under way. Their subsequent decrease, however, is partly due to the recent employment of Asiatics and Portuguese in skilled and semiskilled occupations at less than $50 a month, where previously Hawaiians and Europeans other than Portuguese were employed at a higher rate. The following two tables show this dis- placement more definitely: Table 5.— NUMBER, PBK CENT, AND AVERAGE MONTHLY SALARY OF OVERSEERS AND FOREMEN ON HAWAIIAN SUGAR PLANTATIONS, 1902, 1905, 1910, AND 1915, BY RACE. [Compiled from data collected from pay rolls by Federal agents In Hawaii, and includes all plantations.] 1902 1905 1910 1915 Race of overseers and foremen. Num- ber. Per cent. Aver- age montb- }^ salary. Num- ber. Per cent. Aver- age month- salary. Num- ber. Per cent. Aver- age month- salary. Num- ber. Per cent. Aver- age month- salary. Caucasian 1366 106 203 28 129 44.0 12.7 24.4 3.4 15.6 $87.54 47.90 42.93 36.67 31.62 339 116 273 24 6 125 38.7 13.2 31.1 2.7 14.3 184.36 44.24 42.19 31.70 31.33 333 2 123 310 3 25 6 226 32.7 12.1 30.5 2.5 22.2 S96.03 45.63 42.90 30.81 31.95 291 94 365 *26 '177 30.5 9.9 38.3 2.7 18.6 $104 95 Hawaiian and Part- 52.99 Portuguese 46 91 Chinese 38 92 Total 1832 100.0 61.21 5 877 100.0 56.93 8 1,017 100.0 68.04 «953 100.0 63.10 1 Including 1 New Zealander. 2 Including 1 Guam Islander. 8 Including 1 Filipino. * Including 7 Filipinos. 6 Including 2 Koreans. 6 Including 1 Korean. 7 Including 4 Koreans. 8 Including 1 Guam Islander, 1 Filipino, and 1 Korean. 8 Including 7 Filipinos and 4 Koreans. The decline in the number of Japanese in this table, and to a less extent in Table 6, has accompanied their rather more marked decrease in the whole plantation force, as shown in Table 3. In the table that follows skilled hands embrace mechanics and their assistants receiving wages higher than those of ordinary labopr ers; engineers, oilers, water tenders, and firemen in mUls; similar employees on piunps, locomotives, and steam plows; and sugar boilers, chemists, and assistant chemists exclusive of laboratory- helpers. The classification is intended to include under this head positions that might well be fiUed by citizens . LABOE CONDITION'S IN HAWAII. 21 Table G— NUMBER, PER CENT, AND AVERAGE DAILY WAGE OF SKILLED HANDS ON HAWAIIAN SUGAR PLANTATIONS, 1902, 1905, 1910, AND 1915, BY RACE. ICompUed from data collected from pay rolls by Federal agents in Hawaii, and Includes all plantatlans. Occupations are classified as skilled on account of tlieu- Character rather tlian the rate ofpay.] 1902 1905 1910 1915 Race of skilled hands. Num- ber. Per cent. Aver- daffy wage. Num- ber. Per cent. Aver- age ddly wage. Num- ber. Per cent. Aver- d^fy wage. Num- ber. Per cent. Aver- age daily wage. 1352 <160 230 111 1,075 18.3 8.3 11.9 5.8 65.7 J4.22 1.80 1.69 1.22 1.06 322 S163 286 155 1,272 14.6 7.4 13.0 7.1 57.9 S4.38 1.68 1.61 1.06 .97 346 6 138 309 151 » 1,580 13.7 5.5 12.2 6.0 62.6 $3.85 1.56 1.49 1.27 1.05 2 346 193 463 '214 » 1,604 12.7 7.1 17.0 7.9 55.3 SS3.98 Hawaiian and Part- 1.85 Portuguese.. . 1.67 1.11 1.21 Total. 101.928 100.0 1.78 52,198 100.0 1.61 "2,524 100.0 1.53 12 2,720 100.0 3 1.67 ' Including 2 West Indian Negroes and 1 New Zealander. 3 Including 1 American Negro. 8 Including 3 who also receive board. * Including 3 Filipinos and 1 South Sea Islander. ' Including 2 Filipinos. ' Including 7 Filipinos and 1 Guam Islander. ' Including 109 Filipinos and 1 Hindu. 8 Including 8 Koreans. 9 Including 10 Koreans. ■» Including 2 West Indian Negroes, 1 New Zealander, 3 Filipinos, and 1 South Sea Islander. " Including 7 Filipinos, 1 Guam Islander, and 8 Koreans. E Including 1 American Negro, 109 Filipinos, 1 Hindu, and 10 Koreans. AGE AND SEX OF UNSKILLED WAGE EARNERS ON SUGAR PLANTATIONS. Complete figures showing the employment of women and children on sugar plantations are not obtaiaable, because some work upon contracts where there is no separate record of their labor. The number of unskilled wage hands upon plantation pay roUs, classified by sex and as adults and minors, is given ia the statistics of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association, from which the following table has been compiled. The word "minors" is loosely used on plantations to include all employees who on account of youth receive a lower rate of pay than adults. Furthermore, the figures below are for January 1, a time when there are fewer children employed than during the summer vacation. Finally, women and children do not work as regularly as men, and the pay roUs carry many names credited with only two or three days' work a month, during school holidays or while a particular operation, like seed cutting, is at its height. Consequently the following table is offered for the contrast of national customs it presents, rather than as an accurate statement of female and child employment. 22 EEPOET OF COMMISSIONER OP LABOK STATISTICS ON HAWAII. Table 7.— NUMBEH OF MEN, WOMEN, AND MALE AND FEMALE MINORS EMPLOYED ASUNSKILLED WAGE HANDS ON HAWAIIAN SUG^R PLANTATIONS, IN THE MONTH OF JANUARY, 1906-1916, BY RACE. Portuguese and Spanish. Other Caucasians. Year. Men. Wo- Minors. Men. Wo- men. Minors. Men. Wo- men. Minors. Male. Fe- male. Male. Fe- male. Male. Fe- male. 1906. 1,200 1,005 827 861 847 906 919 795 663 679 7 9 20 17 18 18 20 10 15 18 46 67 59 60 68 92 90 66 56 64 7 ""2 i 1,882 2,209 2,762 2,775 2,885 2,765 3,615 3,398 3,420 3,292 127 162 285 265 218 153 327 407 347 255 510 612 689 631 675 713 830 850 843 778 69 73 161 149 112 157 187 214 178 183 1,742 1,695 1,758 1,669 1,589 .1,418 1,261 1,213 1,055 1,023 66 71 88 82 155 128 114 105 64 68 226 184 167 137 146 134 149 117 109 105 15 1907 16 1908 28 1909. 39 1910 19 1911 34 1912 29 1913. 34 1914 1915 26 25 Filipino. Japanese. Other Orientals. Year. Men. Wo- men. Minors. Men. Wo- men. Minors. Men. Wo- men. Minors. Male. Fe- male. Male. Fe- male. Male. Fe- male. 1906 17,145 19,325 21,030 20,135 15,036 13,056 10,483 9,396 9,543 9,266 1,786 1,615 2,267 2,198 1,709 l,fil4 1,455 1,871 1,688 1,718 38 114 214 77 76 110 132 206 317 298 5 3 10 23 4 24 69 36 90 68 5,523 4,163 3,660 2,844 2,001 1,868 1,537 1,533 1,739 1,305 72 49 60 24 13 5 7 11 13 10 44 13 5 32 14 10 12 7 6 4 1 1907 .. . 1908 1909 171 135 1,457 2,690 2,418 5,102 6,012 5,230 10 9 16 26 19 69 77 31 ....„ 17 11 11 59 76 53 2 ■■■"3" 1 1 2 5 1 1910.. 1911 2 1912 '2 1914 3 1918 Year. Total. Men. Women. - Minors. Male. Female. 1906 27,492 28,397 30,108 28,409 23,815 23,303 20,123 21,437 23,432 20,785 2,068 1,806 2,730 2,685 2,139 1,944 1,942 2,473 2,204 2. inn 864 890 1,034 939 996 1,070 1,214 1,304 1,407 97 1907 ^ 1908 204 215 136 221 290 288 300 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1 In addition to cutting seed young cliildren sometimes lay the seed joints in the planting furrows. A few serve as water boys and teamsters' helpers. Now and then a lad of 15 or thereabouts may be observed driving a cultivator. Women hoe and weed and engage in most forms of field labor. In spite of the fact that Japanese women are increasing so rapidly by the importation of picture brides the number of them working on plantations has not risen absolutely, LABOR .CONDITIONS IN HAWAII. 23 though the proportion of Japanese wonien to Japanese men employed as field hands has increased. The number of Japanese children thus employed is growing, though probably not so fast as the child population. The most noticeable fact in the table is the large proportion of Spanish and Portuguese women and children working as day hands. Large families are common among these nationalities and all the family work together. This is partly because the pay of one wage earner will not support so many and maintain their higher standard of living. But these large families accumulate savings rapidly, and use them either to settle upon homesteads or to migrate to California.^ TIMEWORKERS, PIECEWORKERS, CONTRACTORS, AND PLANTERS ON SUGAR PLANTATIONS. Many field and some manufacturing operations are paid for at a specified rate per unit of work. Cane cutting and loading, as already mentioned, are prominent examples of such operations. Portable track is laid, tunnels and ditches are dug, fields are weeded, roads are constructed, wood is cut for fuel, fertilizer is distributed, and many other forms of plantation work are carried on under what are locally termed "short-time contracts," but are in fact employment at piecework rates. There are also piecework, or "short- time contract" operations in the mills, where cane is fed to the carriers, sugar is dried and bagged, boilers and evaporators are cleaned, and other kinds of labor are performed by gangs or by individuals, who sometimes are paid by the ton, the bag, or some other unit of work, though time payment is more usual. A very common and important true contract is the long-term cultivating contract or "profit-sharing" agreement, where a gang of men takes a field of cane in the stool, if it has been ratooned, or after planting, fertilization, and first watering if it has just been planted, and brings it to maturity, for a stated price per ton of cane raised. During the term of the con- tract, which may approach two years, the expenses of the men are met by store credits or cash advances made them by the planta- tion, based upon the amount of work put on their field. In order to ascertain this basis for advancing money, the plantation time- keeper usually keeps a record of the time worked by profit sharers just as if they were day laborers. In addition to the contracts men- tioned, a man often rents a piece of land from a plantation, or uses his own land, to raise a crop of cane which he contracts to seU to the mill at a stated price, but this form of agreement, though men- tioned here in order to explain the term "planters" in thefoUowiag table, will be discussed more fuUy when we come to consider the relation of small farming to the sugar industry. 1 During the 15 years of Territorial Government 2,926 Iiolnesteads in addition to foe simple and leasehold farms acquired from private landholders, have been talcen up in Hawaii. 24 EEPOET OF COMMISSIONER OF LABOB STATISTICS ON HAWAII. Table 8.— NUMBER AND FEB CENT OF UNSKILLED WAGE HANDS, CONTRACTORS, AND NUMBER. Hawaiian. Portuguese and Spanish. Other Caucasians. Year. Wage hands. Contrao- tOTS. Planters. Wage hands. Contracs- tors. Planters. Wage hands. Contrac- tors. Planters. 1906 1907 1,260 1,081 908 942 934 1,017 1,033 872 735 761 16 13 22 29 15 47 127 62 23 45 4 4 4 11 31 12 31 13 11 6 2,588 2,956 3,797 3,810 3,890 3,788 4,849 4,869 4,788 4,508 19 10 15 19 90 166 174 140 184 161 35 2,049 1,966 2,041 1,917 1,909 1,714 1,543 1,469 1,254 1,221 43 33 20 79 190 347 448 229 295 298 Ill 40 14 41 70 135 88 100 56 35 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 5 2 63 63 72 75 92 54 PER CENT. 1906 98.4 1.3 0.3 98.1 0.6 1.3 93.0 2.0 5.0 1.2 .4 99.7 .3 96.4 1.6 2.0 1908 97.2 2.4 .4 99.5 .4 .1 98.4 1.0 .7 1909 95.9 3.0 1.1 99.9 .5 .1 94.1 3.9 2.0 1910 95.3 1.5 3.2 96.2 2.2 1.6 88.0 8.8 3.2 1911 94.5 4.4 1.1 94.3 4.1 1.6 78.1 15.8 6.1 1912 86.7 10.7 2.6 95.2 3.4 1.4 74.2 21.5 4.2 1913 92.1 6.5 1.4 95.8 2.8 1.5 81.7 12.7 5.6 1914 95.6 3.0 1.4 94.5 3.6 1.8 78.1 18.4 3.5 1915 93.7 6.5 .7 95.4 3.4 1.1 78.6 19.2 2.3 LABOR CONDITIONS IN HAWAII. 25 PLANTEES UPON HAWAIIAN SUGAR PLANTATIONS IN JANUARY, 1906-1916, BY RACE. NUMBER. Filipino. Other Orientals. Total. Wage handiS. Con- trao- tors. Plant- Wage hands. Con- trac- tors. Plant- Wage hands. Con- trac- tors. Plant- Wage hands. Con- trac- tors. Plant- 183 146 1,490 2,730 2,449 S,231 6,167 6,319 9 376 747 1,886 2,145 2,669 1S2 367 337 494 704 18,974 20^957 23,620 ^,433 16,825 15,404 12,139 11,508 11,638 11,340 4,297 4,538 5,306 5,768 8,764 9,686 11,330 10,271 9,498 2,680 2,263 2,604 2,704 2,647 3,073 3,409 3,280 2,668 2,500 5,640 4,225 3,626 2,900 2,028 1,885 1,666 1,553 1,761 1,319 1,839 1,649 1,287 1,351 2,406 2,270 2,611 1,969 1,812 2,018 644 469 440 346 391 618 616 311 320 30,611 31,185 34,076 32,148 27,076 26,538 23,569 25,502 26,343 24,468 6,210 6,243 6,650 7,246 11,465 12,891 16,437 14,557 13,957 15, 121 3,512 2,961 3,096 3,198 3,157 3,826 4,585 4,421 3,632 3,619 PER CENT. 73.1 75.5 74.8 72.6 69.6 64.7 46.2 46.9 48.9 47.7 16.6 16.3 16.9 18.6 31.0 34.4 iU 39.9 41.8 10.3 8.2 8.3 8.8 9.4 10.9 12.7 13.1 11.2 10.5 69.1 64.8 67.4 61.8 42.4 41.6 32.5 37.5 46.3 36.1 22.6 26.3 23.9 28.8 60.3 49.9 64.6 47.6 46.7 66.2 8.4 9.9 8.7 9.4 7.2 8.6 12.9 14.9 8.0 8.8 76.8 77.2 77.8 75.5 64.9 61.4 64.1 57.3 60.0 66. 6 16.4 15.5 16.2 17.0 27.5 29.8 36.4 32.7 31.8 3S.0 8.7 7.3 100.0 94.2 100.0 83.8 68.7 70.2 70.0 61.2 7.1 6.8 7.S 7.6 11.5 21.0 25.3 24.4 30.7 4.7 10.3 4.5 6.6 8.1 8.8 10.5 9.9 8.3 8.4 26 REPORT OF OOMMISSION-EK OF LABOR STATISTICS ON HAWAII. The number of contractors, and especially of profit sharers, rises and falls with the scarcity or abundance of labor. During the short- age of 1902 there were probably more contracts of this kiud than at any subsequent period. They declined after that with easier labor conditions and received a great setback in 1905, when an iuvasion of the leaf-hopper, an insect very destructive to sugar cane, made workers wary about entering into agreements by which they were paid according to the size of the crop. When Japanese immigration was terminated by the "gentlemen's agreement" with Japan, in 1908, the resulting labor shortage caused more men to be employed on contract than formerly, while a large importation of Filipinos, com- bined with a low price for sugar, caused fewer to be employed on con- tract in 1913 and 1914. The advantage of contracts for employers is less from saving in supervision than from the permanence they give to the laboring force. Profit sharers not only work their own fields well as a rule, but during certain periods in the growth of their crop they have time to work for the plantation as day hands. And they are always present during the harvest, when their labor is particularly needed. The proportion of Koreans who work by contract is larger than that of any other nationality. Chinese rank next in relative numbers, Chinese contractors outnumbering Chinese wage hands nearly three to two. The preceding table shows that of about 21,000 Japanese engaged in cane raising directly for the plantations nearly 10,000 are contractors. Probably their recent arrival prevents the Filipinos from entering so readily into these agreements; but already one-third of those employed on plantations are contractors. But among Porto Ricans and Europeans contractors number only a fraction of the wage hands. This is partly because Caucasians are more individual- istic than Orientals, and do not cooperate so well; but it is mainly because comparatively few of them work as ordinary field laborers. They do work that is paid for at a better rate, and have less induce- ment to go into piecework or contract occupations. RATES OF WAGES AND EARNINGS OF PLANTATION EMPLOYEES. The rates of wages of plantation employees are given later in this report. All workers receive in addition to wages. free house water find fuel, and upon many plantations free medical attendance. Some of them are allowed to use free of rent land to raise vegetables and have room to keep pigs and chickens. Omitting women and children, the lowest rate paid common field hands, with the exception about to be mentioned, is $20 a month. But on many plantations the base rate is $24 a month for all Europeans, and above $20 for Orientals. Places that are remote, or for other reasons are undesirable from the labor point of view, pay higher wages than those more LABOR CONDITIONS IN HAWAII. 27 favorably situated. In 1915 the Philippine Legislature tried to discourage labor recruiting in those islands by passing an act regu- lating the business. This law, among other things, requires that employers taking labor from the Philippines shall agree to return the laborers at the e.xpiration of their term of service. Therefore the Filipinos coming to Hawaii now are under contract to work three years for $18 a month,' with the right to demand their passage home at the end of the period. In practice most of them break their con- tracts soon after they arrive, either by leaving the plantations alto- gether or by going to another plantation where they get $20 a month or more. On some plantations special inducements are given certain national- ities to work regularly. One employer gives a bag of flour to every Porto Rican who works 20 days or more in a single month. For the same degree of regularity other plantations raise the rate of pay $2 for the month. Still another device has been adopted by a planta- tion on Oahu, which pays as follows : Men ■working 15 days or less in any month $0. 85 a day. Men working 16 to 20 days in any month 90 a day. Men working 21 to 23 days in any month 95 a day. Men working 24 to 26 days in any month 1. 00 a day. Comparatively few laborers except those recently imported work throughout the year as ordinary field hands. Pay roUs often show that most of the men employed receive more than one rate during a single month. A man may be employed at the base wage of $20 to $24 a month hoeing out weeds for 5 days; then he may work with animals for a week at a higher wage; later he may spend a few days irrigating at a third rate; and for the rest of the month he may work in the mill or in mechanic's gang at a fourth rate. Another man may finish a contract in the middle of the month and work the remainder as a day hand; or the very common instance may arise where a member of a profit-sharing company dovotes part of his time to cultivating his field under contract and part of his time to the service of the plantation. Not a few of the "planters" shown ia Table 8 are really duphcations of men on the regular pay roUs of the plantations, who spend Sundays and spare hours after field work, and use the help of their families, to raise a small plot of cane for themselves. Contractors usually earn more than daymen, but their income is more variable. Naturally their earnings bear no relation to the price of sugar, as do those of many "planters," but in case of profit- sharers they do depend on the yield of cane. StiU when the mem- bers of such a company fail to make day wages, on account of an unfavorable season or from other misfortune, the plantation usually 1 Since Apr. 1, 1916, this rate has been S20 a month. 28 EEPOET OP COMMISSIONER OP LABOR STATISTICS ON HAWAII. pays them enough above the amount called for in their agreement to enable them to net a common laborer's earnings. Other elements of uncertainty enter into cutting and loading contracts where the yield per acre, the distance to flumes or track, the condition of the weather, all affect eamiugs. Most contractors keep such working hours as they please, and these may be longer or shorter than the 10-hour day worked by field hands. In computing the earnings of contractors account is not always taken of the time they may work on Simdays or after regular hours, or of the assistance they receive from their wives and children in cultivating their fields. Therefore the daily earnings of contractors appear slightly higher than if they were invariably based upon a 10-hour day. The following two tables show the average rates of pay of common laborers and the average daily earnings of men employed in profit- sharing contracts, for those years for which statistics have been gath- ered by the Bm-eau of Labor Statistics since 1902. The number of contractors does not agree with the nmnber in Table 8, as the latter was compiled from statistics of the Hawaiian Planters' Association, and is classified on a different basis and for different months than the statistics gathered directly from plantation pay roUs by the agents of this bureau. Table 9.— NUMBEB, PER CENT, AND AVERAGE DAILY EARNINGS OP ADULT MALE FIELD EMPLOYEES ON HAWAIIAN PLANTATIONS, PAID AT TIME RATE AND AS CONTRACT CULTIVATORS, 1902, 1905, 1910, AND 1915. Number. On wage time. Contract cultivators. Year. Number. Per cent. Average daUy earnings. Number. Per cent. Average dally earnings. 1902 25,474 23,642 19,750 17,837 15,307 17,749 12, 769 no, 899 60.1 75.4 64.7 61.1 $0.68 .65 .73 .81 10,167 6,793 6,981 «6,938 39.9 24.6 35.3 38.9 110.99 !.83 8.91 81.23 1905 1910 1915 . . > Earnings reported for 9,286 employees only. ' Earnings reported for 3,437 employees only. ' Eamiags reported for 6,867 employees only. * Not tncluding 150 employees whose sex is not reported. « Not including 232 employees whose sex is not reported. B Earnings reported for 6,885 employees only. LABOR CONDITIONS IN HAWAII. 29 Tabud 10.— number and AVERAGE DAILY EARNINGS OF ADULT MALE FIELD EM- PLOYEES, 1902, 1905, 1910, AND 1915, AND PER CENT OF INCREASE IN EARNINGS. 1902 1905 1910 1915 Field employees. Num- ber. Av- SI wage. Num- ber. Av- erage daily wage. Per cent ol de- crease since 1902. Num- ber. Av- erage daily wage. Per cent of in- crease since 1905. Num- ber. Av- erage daily wage. Per cent of in- crease since 1910. Field hands 15,307 9,286 to. 68 .99 17,749 3,437 10.65 .83 4.4 16.2 12,769 6,867 to. 73 .91 12.3 9.6 110,899 36,885 to. 81 L23 Contract cultivators 2 35.2 All field labor' 24,593 .80 21,186 .68 15.0 19,636 .79 16.2 517,784 .97 22.8 1 Not including 150 field hands, whose sex is not,reported. 2 Includes those only whose average daily earnings were reported. ' Not including 232 contract cultivators whose sex is not reported. * Includes those day hands and contract cultivators only whose daily earnings were reported. 6 Not including 382 field laborers whose sex is not reported. The tables show that while the earnings of day laborers are lower than those of contractors, they have increased consistently through- out this period so far as the years quoted indicate; but that the daUy earnings of contractors have varied irregularly, ranging higher at times of labor scarcity when contractors form a large part of the total unskilled labor force. The figures in the following table afford an opportunity to com- pare the tons of sugar produced per laborer employed at different periods. Table 11.— NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES AND OF ADULT MALE FIELD HANDS, AND AVERAGE AMOUNT OF SUGAR MADE, 1902, 1905, 1910, AND 1915. Year. Total num- ber of employees. Number of adult male field hands. Tons of sugar made. Total. Per em- ployee. Per adult male field hand. 1902.. 1905.. 1910.. 1915.. 42,242 44,961 43,095 44,904 2^,474 23,542 19,760 17,837 355,611 426,248 518,127 646,445 8.4 9.5 12.0 14.4 14.0 18.1 26.1 36.2 The growth of product per employee has not depended on the accident of seasons, but is the combined result of mill improvements, better methods of cultivation, and increasing labor efficiency. Kising wages have made managers more economical of labor; some laborious processes, such as stripping cane, have been curtailed, more opera- tions are paid for by the piece, and there is greater specialization of occupations than formerly. Four years ago the planters' association introduced the system of bonuses, previously mentipned. Employees receiving $24 a month or less (on some plantations all employees receiving less than $50 a 30 BEPOKT OF COMMISSIONER OF LABOR STATISTICS ON HAWAII. month may participate), providing they have worked upon an aver- age 20 days each month for the plantation during the preceding year, receive as a bonus or a share of the plantation profits at the close of the season a sum which represents a percentage of their wages. This percentage is determined by the amount above a certain minimum per pound the plantation has received for sugar sold that year. When the price of sugar does not exceed 3.5 cents a pound in New York, that is, $70 a ton, no bonus is paid. For every $1 a ton that the average price for the year rises above $70, a bonus of 1 per cent of their annual earnings is paid to laborers who have worked the. required 240 days during the year for the same plantation.^ If a laborer does not work the fuU 240 days on account of physical disa- bihty or because he is excused from work by the manager or is discharged without his own fault, he receives a bonus upon the amount he has earned during the time he did work. If a laborer works 240 days on the same plantation, part of the time as a day hand and part of the time as a contractor, he receives the bonus on the amount that he earns as a day hand only. The bonus is paid on the regular pay day in November or December for the year ending October 31. In 1916 the average price of sugar was nearly $90 a ton, and the bonus paid laborers equals 20 per cent of their annual earnings. The actual bonus paid to date has been as follows; Year end- ing Got. 31— Per cent of earnings oi workers. Men en- titled to bonus. Amount distributed. 19121... 1913.... 1914.... 1915.... 13 1 5 20 15,994 14,934 15^^985 $335,933 48,717 189,025 1 For 10 months. ' Not reported. For example, a field hand actually earning $240 in 1915 received $48 additional at hohday time, when the bonus was paid. No forced tmemplojrtnent occiu^ in Hawaii, as in most other sugar countries, to affect the regularity of laborers. The custom of retain- ing the whole plantation force throughout the year has been con- tinued since the days of indentured labor, when such a pohcy was compulsory. Although the practice of thus holding workers when their labor is not absolutely needed makes the cost of producing sugar more in Hawaii than it otherwise would be, and higher than in 1 Since Aprill, 1916, tbe bonus rate has been 1 .5 per cent ot the laborer's earnings for every U that the price of sugar rises above $70 a ton. In addition the bonus is now paid to all contract cultivators or profit sharers and to all short-time contractors, as well as to wage hands. Finally the former requirement that the worker must remain on the plantation a year to obtain the bonus is aboliSied; and instead all workers laboring 20 days in a month are entitled to the bonus for that month. One-fifth of the bonus is paid at each monthly pay day, and the remaining four-fifths at the end of every six months. LABOK CONDITIONS IN HAWAII. 31 countries having a flexible labor supply, under existing conditions it is not likely to be changed. The only departure from this custom occurred a year ago, when the price of sugar was very low. One plantation then inaugurated the plan of laying off its surplus hands a few days each week and paying them a sum sufficient for their subsistence during the time they were thus necessarily idle. The company saved about $2,000 a week in this way, but its example was not followed by other managers. However, one other plantation sometimes advances the means of subsistence to men and famihes whom it desires to retain in the neighborhood pending the conclu- sion of contracts with them for planting cane. The real variation in the plantation labor force from month to month is less than 2 per cent. In 1914 the minimum number on the pay roUs of pla.ntations reporting to the Hawaiian Planters' Asso- ciation was 44,117 in November and the maximum number was 46,663 in July. But more than 1 ,000 of the additional July employees were school children, who usually work only a few days a month, and 300 were women, who are also less regular laborers than men. Moreover, during the grinding season plantation pay roUs are padded by the duplication of hands who sliift from contract to day labor and the reverse as old contracts are closed and new ones begun. But while there is httle forced unemployment in the sense that employees can not have work if they want it, the men themselves claim that they can not labor continuously at arduous field tasks without taking more than their Sunday leisure to recuperate. Natu- rally this depends upon the health and physical stamina of the indi- vidual, but in practice few ordinary laborers work the full month of 26 days. A computation made by the Hawaiian Planters' Associa- tion at the beginning of the present year showed that the Japanese on plantations work upon an average 21.9 days a month, or 84 per cent of full time, and Filipinos work 18 days a month, or 69 per cent of full time. Europeans are more regular workers than the Japanese, but a smaller proportion of them are engaged in arduous forms of labor. Men with families are steadier workers than single men, which indicates that physical reasons alone do not occasion irregu- larity. The influence of family responsibihty helps to account for the better showing of the Japanese as compared with the Fihpinos, for many of the former are married, while the latter are mostly young single men and youths. When the bonus system was introduced it^became necessary to keep a complete record of the days worked and the monthly earnings of each individual employed as a basis f orthe computations it required. Before this, plantation timekeepers, who sometimes have 3,000 em- ployees on their pay rolls and seldom hst laborers by name but by numbers, kept no record of cases where the same number was assigned 32 BEPOET OF OOMMISSIONEE. OF LABOE STATISTICS ON HAWAII. to different individuals in the course of the year. Therefore, it was impossible to determine the earnings of particular persons with cer- tainty. With the new data afforded by the bonus accounts, and through the courtesy of managers and bookkeepers who undertook much additional work for this purpose, statistics of the annual earn- ings of their employees have been compUed by several plantations, and a summary of the figures thus obtained is presented in the following tables: Table 12.— CLASSIFIED YEAELY EARNINGS AND CLASSIFIED NUMBER OF DAYS WORKED BY ADULT MALE SUGAR PLANTATION AND MILL WORKERS FOR THE YEAR ENDING OCT. 31, 1914, BY RACE. Num- ber of em- ploy- ees. Classified yearly earnings. Aver- age yearly earn- ings. Race, and classified number of days worked per year. Un- der $100 SlOO and un- der $150 $150 and un- der $200 $200 and un- der $250 $250 and im- der 8300 $300 and un- der $350 $350 and un- der $400 $400 and un- der $500 $500 and un- der $600 $600 and over. American: Under 240 days 240 and under 270 days 270 and imder 300 days 9 3 2 1 8 3 2 $813. 73 866 98 300 and raider 330 days 330 days and over 870 00 Total 14 1 13 833.18 CliiBese: Under 240 days 23 34 42 57 24 2 10 3 5 5 14 4 1 1 2 14 17 10 1 1 173.34 240 and under 270 days 1 4 6 5 270 and under 300 days 10 17 5 6 11 8 ..... 2 1 6 2 325.45 386.62 407.74 300 and under-330 days 330 days and over Total 180' 2 10 160 8 247 56 2 25 45 239 94 4 1 44 33 26 16 9 8 321.23 Filipino: Under 240 days 480 321 184 40 12 28 156.61 240 and under 270 days 25 78 13 1 270 and under 300 days 10 16 6 - 250.45 3ia75 344.75 300 and under 330 days 3 2 3 2 1 330 days and over Total 1,037 29 160 305 383 117 32 5 5 1 German: Under 240 days 240 and imdor 270 days 270 and under 300 days 30O and under 330 days 2 2 1 1 387.43 735.40 330 days and over 1 1 Total 4 1 4 5 8 14 2 1 1 1 1 8 2 9 2 1 21 16 5 2 1 24 21 6 2 45 S8 59 80 12 Hawaiian: Under 240 days 1 1 4 22 2 208.77 279.68 240 and under 270 days 270 and under 300 days 5 8 15 4 3 8 16 1 ..... 5 1 300 and imder 330 days 358.45 423.12 Total 254 1 10 12 44 54 33 32 28 10 30 382. 23 Japanese: Under 240 days 396 527 885 805 466 12 40 3 3 111 27 9 136 168 100 28 2 66 224 328 129 25 20 60 223 247 109 6 31 116 162 168 5 10 82 133 119 212. 98 268. 73 318. 13 240 and under 270 days 270 and under 300 days 300 and under 330 days 4 15 71 26 9 35 17 330 days and over 378. 38 396.03 Total 3,079 12 46 147 434 772 659. 483 349 116 61 323.69 LABOR CONDITIONS IN HAWAII. 33 Table 12.— CLASSIFIED YEARLY EAENINGS AND CLASSIFIED NUMBEE OF DAYS WORKED, BY ADULT MALE SUGAR PLANTATION AND MILL WORKERS FOR THE YEAR ENDING OCT. 31, 1914, BY RACE— Concluded. Num- ber of em- ploy- ees. Classified yearly earnings. Aver- age yearly earn- ings. Race, and classified number ol days worked per year. Un- der $100 $100 and un- der $150 $150 and im- der $200 $200 and un- der $250 $250 and un- der $300 $300 and un- der $350 $350 and un- der $400 $400 and un- der $500 $500 and un- der $600 $600 and over. Korean: 7 9 15 13 S 2 5 $163.94 240 and under 270days 5 6 1 4 7 3 1 242. 66 270 and under 300 days 2 2 266. 97 300 and under 330 days 3 4 2 1 1 372.64 350. 27 Total 49 37 62 64 17 3 2 5 12 15 4 7 2 1 1 284. 32 Porto Eican: 1 2 10 4 3 20 22 3 4 34 30 4 204. 36 240 and under 270 days 2 21 5 1 249.88 270 and under 300 days 3 3 5 1 1 2 282. 35 300 and under 330 days 2 395. 71 416. 62 Total 183 1 S 17 45 72 29 8 4 2 268 31 Portuguese: Under 240 days 89 194 423 338 79 13 7 1 7 8 11 1 21 14 11 1 38 55 19 10 2 8 96 188 24 5 1 8 125 88 12 1 1 27 51 28 191. 14 240 and under 270 days 270 and under 300 days 300 and under 330 days 2 18 44 19 42 6 3 9 77 7 249. 75 313.04 479.63 429. 35 Total.... 1,123 21 27 47 124 321 234 108 83 62 96 350 77 Russian: 3 4 9 3 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 219. 58 240 and under 270 days 246 26 270 and under 300 days 1 ..... 3 1 1 ..... 1 435. 13 300 and under 330 days 453. 47 330 days and over 441.00 Total 20 1 5 5 1 1 6 1 1 Spanish: Under 240 days 49 141 247 54 16 2 2 4 9 4 15 7 14 26 47 8 1 74 196 13 1 2 24 33 11 195.85 240 and under 270 days 238.30 270 and under 300 days 1 3 4 271. 76 300 and nnder 330 days 3 ..... 2 336. 32 ..., Total. . . 507 4 17 36 81 284 71 8 3 1 2 264.54 All races: 1,129 1,350 1,937 1,412 622 59 10 1 233 22 21 1 422 115 40 1 292 569 240 46 6 83 496 868 202 35 27 77 424 423 146 7 37 161 254 218 5 16 117 210 149 ..... 33 127 37 1 4 32 148 31 240 and under 270 days 270 and under 300 days 300 and under 330 days 330 days and over. . . 249.26 307.33 411.62 401 55 Total 6,450 70 277 578 1,153 1,684 1,097 677 497 201 216 305.68 41104°— S. Doc. 432, 64-1- 34 EEPOKT OP COMMISSIONER OF LABOE STATISTICS ON HAWAII. Table 13.— AVERAGE ANNUAL EAENINGS OF ADULT MALE PLANTATION WORKEES WHO WERE EMPLOYED PART OP THE TIME BY THE DAY AND PART OF THE TIME ON CONTRACTS, FOR THE TWO YEARLY PERIODS ENDING OCTOBER 31, 1914, AND JUNE.30, 1915, BY RACE. Employees who received bonus. Num- ber. Day>vork. Contract work. Total. Race. Aver- age num- ber of days. Aver- age earn- ings. Aver- age bonus per em- ployee. Aver- age num- ber of days. Aver- age earn- ings. Aver- age num- ber of days, worked. Aver- .age earn- ings per em- ployee. Aver- age earn- ings toy. Chinese '. 1 161 607 ■ 8 18 13 1 9 32.0 88.7 93.1 61.5 167.3 164.6 181.8 219.5 S23.95 73.44 80.91 64.06 151.98 148.63 168.30 177.22 10.85 3.42 3.69 2.71 7.59 7.43 8.40 9.11 208.0 183.6 182.0 197.6 91.6 114.9 68.8 65.3 J217.20 184.38 238. 15 266. 38 107J46 141.84 71.30 64.25 240.0 272.3 276.1 859.1 258.9 279.5 250.5 274.8 $242.00 261.24 322.75 313.15 267.03 297.80 248.00 240.58 $1.01 .96 1.17 1.21 1.03 1.07 .99 .88 Total 1 718 96.6 83.20 3.85 177.3 218.71 273; 9 305.76 1.12 Employees who received no bonus. 13 50 143 13 10 2 2 58.9 119.7 61.5 64.6 98.4 27.8 268.8 46.46 93.83 50.15 42.32 77.92 26.55 222. 13 188.3 114.3 163.6 167.2 150.9 290.6 23.1 174.46 103.74 226.54 196.13 192.21 417.13 37.05 247.2 234.0 225.1 221.8 249.3 318.4 279.9 220.92 197.57 276.69 238.45 270.13 443.68 259.18 iO.89 .84 1.23 1.08 1.08 1.39 .93 Total 233 76.5 61.36 163.9 194.12 230.4 266.47 1.11 Workers employed the largest number of days include watchmen, stable boys, and yard servants, and men employed asround pumps and irrigation works. Their duties are not usually so laborious as those of men employed only duriag week days, and frequently their labors are not continuous throughout their working hours. The day hands reported in Table 12 earned upon an average more than $1 a day, this being particularly obvious in case of those employed 270 days or more in the year. In case of men working part of the time on contracts, whose earnings are shown in Table 13, the same general- ization is equally true. Comparisons between races are made unre- liable by the disparity in the number reported from different nation- atties. Probably the low annual earnings of the Spaniards are caused by the inclusion of many minors in the records, as the usual rate of pay of these workers is higher than that of Asiatics. HOUSING CONDITIONS AND GENERAL WELFARE OF PLANTATION EMPLOYEES. Since the preceding report of this bureau upon labor conditions in Hawaii, written in 1910, the housing conditions of European and Japanese plantation workers have continued to improve. S. Doc. No. 432, 64-1. PLATE 1. PLANTATION LABORER'S SHACK. PLATE 2. J k • 1 ii \l »TW J >« - 1 / ^H ^~ " 5^ 1) \L ^^ fp^^ ^Ij^ J Ml p j|»wiAJ , I r 1* ?w*T PfS^ BHM m r fmih' , fe. ^3 ^a»™ iimy^jwl r/. ... . ;A_y ^K ii^i^^ia^^^^.:-.-- ^-fM^^ M^jC^^T jj- r,.;.a HH JAPANESE LABORER'S "ONE-FAMILY" HOUSE. S. Doc. No, 432, 64-1. PLATE 3. AN OLD CAMP. A REPRESENTATIVE GOOD CAMP. LABOR CONDITIONS IN HAWAII. 35 Plate 1 is a photograph of an old, insanitary, plantation laborer's shack, representing the poorest conditions now found in Hawaii. Such shacks are rapidly being replaced by better quarters, and no quarters so bad as these are found on the larger and better adminis- tered plantations. Plate 2 is a photograph of a Japanese laborer's "one family" house, with a kitchen in the rear, and is representative of houses built within the past five or ten years. Practically all the family houses on the larger and better administered plantations are of this type. During the large immigration of Spanish and Portuguese conducted by the Hawaiian Government between 1910 and 1913 several planta- tions built new villages of family houses, of three, four, and five rooms each, to accommodate the new arrivals. These houses were superior to those previously erected. In order not to discriminate against the labor already settled upon plantations, and in accord with the general policy of improving the homes of workers, the camps occupied by Japanese and other Orientals were placed in better condition. In addition, the Territorial board of health has exerted constant pres- sure upon those in control of the sugar industry to provide better sanitation, with the result that there has been much improvement in water supply, sewage disposal, bathing facilities, and in general cleanhness of camp surroundings. Plate 3 is a photograph of an old camp, now abohshed, but repre- sentative of those not infrequently found in Hawaii 14 years ago. It harbored rats, and drew its water supply from the rain-water barrel shown in the picture. Typhoid epidemics and bubonic plague occur in camps of this kind. On some isolated plantations these conditions are still fotmd. Plate 4 shows a representative good camp, typical of all laborers' quarters on the larger plantations, with piped water and drainage. There is no opportunity for rats to multiply, and epidemics of plague or typhoid are practically imknown. Considering the demands of the climate, plantation workers are better housed than many rural laborers, mine workers, and unskilled city workmen on the mainland. However when new laborers from the Orient are introduced, with low standards of hving and primitive notions of hygiene, they invariably deteriorate the quarters where they are placed. The recent large immigration of FHipuios has had this effect. As they are mostly single they are often placed in long tene- ments or barracks, and some buUdings of this type — ^which it was hoped had been abolished from plantation camps — ^have been erected for them. On the island of Hawaii, where an active public-health department and the plantation managers have cooperated to make revf decided general improvements, sections of camps were seen that 36 BEPORT OP COMMISSIONER OP LABOR STATISTICS ON HAWAII. formerly had been fairly clean and attractive when occupied by Japa- nese and Hawaiians, but that were filthy and unpresentable under Fnipino occupancy. A new and in some respects a model camp built especially for laborers of this nationality on Kauai showed similar retrogression. The only Orientals except Filipinos who now are apt to create bad camp conditions are the Okinawas, islanders subject to Japan, but speaking a different language and having a lower civiliza- tion, who came in numbers to Hawaii when immigration was unre- stricted and who have remained there. They take naturally to a hut life, and their standard of living rises slowly if at all. Porto Ricans formerly were in worse repute than Asiatics for filthy home surround- ings, but those who now remain on the plantations, after 15 years' res- idence in Hawaii, have a better reputation. A commendable feature of camp improvement is the effort made in several places to beautify the home surroundiags of laborers. Japa- nese especially take kindly to encouragement in this direction, and in some places their camps are evolving into rustic villages. Eoad im- provements have made camps more accessible and have brought their condition more under the public eye. Plate 5 shows a model plantation laborers' camp, along a macad- amized highway, with houses equal to many farm homes on the main- land. It has advantages of clean, piped water, good drainage, and accessibihty, and is swept by breezes from the neighboring ocean. One plantation on Kauai has begun, the erection of two-story houses for its workers, the first story having floors and walls of potired concrete and the second story being of wood in a very simple chalet design. Some of these houses are buUt on graded streets, which it is proposed to curb and to lay out with open squares at intervals. If this plan is completed, and the houses are restricted to the use of single famihes, a type of home surroimdings will be developed superior to any heretofore attempted in the Territory. Such houses are rat proof, a very important feature in a tropical country where plague sometimes occurs; they have no open spaces beneath to accumulate rubbish; and their upper floor affords more privacy and is more easily kept clean than a single floor residence. A simple concrete stove with iron top has been built into the kitchens which promises better cooking facilities than most ordinary planta- tion laborers have enjoyed. Outdoor ovens are built in camps occupied by Portuguese for baking bread; and in Japanese camps — and some places in camps occupied by other nationalities — there are usually public bathhouses for both men and women. The use of these is free, though practice among plantations varies in the matter of furnishing free fuel. Some of these houses are quite elaborate, with large cement bath tubs and a furnace for heating water. Others have wooden tubs with sheet- S. Doc. No. 432, 64-1. PLATE 5. LABORERS' MODEL CAMP. LABOR CONDITIONS IN HAWAII. 37 iron bottoms, and the fire is made directly under them in a firebox of home construction. In such cases a wooden grating protects the bather's feet from the heated bottom of the bathtub . Most plantations that make any pretensions to good camps now provide washhouses for laundering, with running water and usually with cement floors. On a few plantations there are also day nurseries, where the children of employees are kept during the time their mothers may be employed in the fields. At the instance of the Territorial board of health, many planta- tions, especially on the island of Hawaii, either singly or in coopera- tion with their neighbors, have recently employed sanitary inspec- tors, whose duty it is to inspect daily or at short intervals all laborers' quarters and to enforce proper cleanliness. Camp cleaners form part of the regular plantation force. However, the inspectors are not a universal institution, and on a few remote plantations the health of laborers is still left principally to Providence. All large plantations provide hospitals and medical attendance for their employees. Some of these hospitals equal the best connected with industrial establishments upon the mainland, and are resorted to occasionally by pay patients from other parts of the Territory. Plantations not infrequently send, at their own expense, Ul or injured workers who require special treatment to hospitals in Honolulu. On the other hand, hospitals were visited on some plantations that provided no trained nurses, and contained few conveniences not afforded by the homes of the laborers themselves. Most plantation workers receiving the lower rates of pay are given medical attendance and hospital care free, but in some places 10 cents a month is deducted from the wages of all hands for the medical fund. In isolated districts throughout the islands no hospitals or adequate medical attendance are supplied by the plantations for their workers. The employees of the independent cane growers are even less well pro- vided with medical, hospital, and sanitary facilities. AU European immigrants assisted to Hawaii by the Government, who are employed on plantations, are entitled by the terms of their contracts with iJie Territorial Government to receive medical and hospital care without charge. As the same physician sometimes serves more than one plantation, and in most instances has a large number of employees to look out for, only accidents and illness of a serious diaracter receive much personal attention. But the people he attends are mostly in the prime of life and normally of healthy antecedents, working under conditions that remove them from any danger of most indoor and industrial diseases, and they are grouped con- veniently for visiting in compact commimities. The seivice they receive often is better than that received by other rural working people who employ doctors at their own expense. 38 REPOBT OF COMMISSIONER OF LABOR STATISTICS ON HAWAII. COST OF LIVING. Some factors that upon the mainland help to raise the cost of living do not affect plantation employees, because they receive free rent and fuel, and their expense for clothiag is a miaimum. Food prices have increased in Hawaii during recent years as rapidly as upon the mainland, though no decided recent rise has occurred in the price of rice, which is the principal item in oriental food budgets. Japanese single men pay about $7 per month for board, and this rate has not changed much for several years. A smaU family spends about $10 a month for provisions. European laborers probably feel the increased cost of food more than Asiatics. Late in 1910 the base rate of pay for Caucasian field hands was raised from $22 to $24 a month, following an earlier increase from $18 to $20 a month for Orientals. Probably these increases compensated for the rise in the cost of living dxiring the years immediately preceding. So many plantations now pay special rates higher than the regular schedule for different kinds of field labor, that there is probably an unobserved increase in wages and earnings in this way. The extension of contracting also affords workers opportunities to earn more than the minimum day rate. For the current year the bonus wiU make an appreciable addition to the income of many laborers. Upon the whole the economic condition of sugar employees is probably as good as at any previous time; and during the present year their earnings, even in comparison with the cost of living, will probably be larger than ever before. About half the sugar companies inn plantation stores, and em- ployees usually patronize them because of their convenient location, and because credit is assured so long as they have a balance due at the plantation office. Profit-sharing and other long-term contractors generally spend most of the advances made to them by the planta- tions for suppHes purchased at the plantation stores. In a few instances where the plantation does not run a store the firm that acts as its agent conducts one in the vicinity. Laborers have not pro- tested against the store system, even in times of strike, though new immigrants sometiines complain of the high cost, of provisions in Hawaii. No evidence has ever been presented that employees are compelled or imduly persuaded to patronize plantation stores. Their prices do not vary much from those of private stores, and gen- erally are somewhat lower. Both thrive in the same vicinity, and private stores buy part of their goods from the wholesale depart- ments of plantation agencies in Honolulu. Outside of the larger towns most of the retail establishments except the company stores are conducted by Orientals; and much independent white patronage goes to plantation stores because their stock is more varied and better selected than that of their Asiatic competitors. LABOR CONDITIONS IS" HAWAII. 39 Several facts indicate that plantation laborers reoeire more than a subsistence wage. The Japanese, including those not on plantations, send more than $1,000,000 annually to their home coimtry through the post office, and are said to transmit a still larger sum through the Yokahama Specie Bank, which has a branch in Honolulu. The bank officials state that a large fraction of their remittances comes from plantation hands. Practically all the Japanese in mercantile and small farming pursuits in the Territory (and their number is large and increasing) accumulated their original capital while working on a plantation. Spanish and Portuguese who arrive in Hawaii from Europe penniless soon are able to migrate to California with money in their pockets, after paying the passages of themselves and their families to San Francisco. Not all plantation hands, by any means, are thus forehanded, and some of the thrifty and industrious are imable to accumulate because they are not physically able to stand the hard grind of plantation labor without frequent rests. Similar conditions prevail among manual laborers in all countries and occu- pations. A few plantations maintain as pensioners, or as employees whose duties are only nominal, former laborers who have reached old age without acquiring independent means for their support. But many attractive little homes and thriving business undertakings have been established with the savings of plantation laborers, and their owners form the basis of a growing middle class. GENERAL SOCIAL CONDITIONS. The most hopeful feature of social conditions in Hawaii is the growth of such a middle class of independent freeholders, having its origin among the common working people. For the sugar industry, as at present organized, imavoidably subordinates the civic and social well-being of the Territory to its economic prosperity. No way has yet opened by which workers can find a satisfactory life career upon the plantation itself. They are too much parts of a machine, and have too little control over many phases of their lives that are self-directed as a matter of course in democratically organized communities. This is measuring such things by an American standard, which is the only standard that America can recognize. Even Asiatics, though they may not object as much as white men to living per- petually under the shadcTw of a master, seek, as soon as possible, employments allowing them more initiative and freedom from supervision than cane-field labor. This is why the plantation force has constantly to be recruited from outside the country, and is an aspect of the situation that is the subject of serious study by the men who control the sugar business in Hawaii. It doubtless benefits many Filipinos and other Asiatics not drilled to regular employment to be subjected to the existing plantation discipline, as compulsory military 40 EEPOET OP COMMISSIONER OF LABOR STATISTICS ON HAWAII. service is said to add to the orderliness and efficiency of European peasants. But the man who can not outgrow the necessity of that discipline is not much of an addition to American society. Plantations have to view laborers primarily as instruments of pro- duction. Their business interests require cheap, not too intelligent, docile immarried men. This kind of worker is sought by the man- agers of steel mills, packing companies, and coal mines. Certain qual- ifications are demanded by employers everywhere with regard to the amount of intelligence necessary to perform the required services with maximiun efficiency. Many industries carried on in the United States have use for no more brains, independence, and initiative than is required on the plantations and in the sugar mills of Hawaii. On the mainland, where labor is not imported and housed free by employers, there is less reason to prefer single men. Though nearly everybody in Hawaii recognizes that labor questions there can not be handled solely from the standpoint of cheap production, this consideration dominates every practical labor policy. The sugar industry developed its present organization with indentured labor. So long as the islands were autonomous that labor was controlled by special legislation so as not to create a serious political problem. Under that regime the country became orientalized. We accepted it as part of our own country in that condition. The plantation system, developed by compulsory labor, resists disintegration and represents the most efficient way of making sugar. It can not be abolished without checking for a long time to come the industrial prosperity of the coimtry, and in that way probably setting back political development as well; and it can not be maintained without new sup- plies of cheap labor, which, because of its cheapness, is not only socially undesirable but in the end economically imdesirable as well. 'The interests of those who are bent upon making present profits are thus inevitably more or less antagonistic to the highest civic and economic development of the islands. Whether these oonffioting interests can be harmonized depends largely upon the intelligence, courage, and public spirit of the planters and small independent farmers, but quite as much perhaps upon the attitude and action of the Federal and Territorial Governments. So long as the prosperity of the islands depends solely upon sugar, just so long will most of the arable land be held in large plantations, 'imless the Government regulates the sugar industry so as to encourage the process of breaking up the large plantation holdings into small freeholds. The experience imder the various homestead laws has been far from satisfactory, and the experiments with crops other than sugar have thus far generally met with failiire, although it has not yet been clearly demonstrated that diversified farming on a small scale can not be carried on profitably in the islands. LABOR CONDITIONS IN HAWAH. 41 Some American farmers are attracted to Hawaii from the mainland by its climate, and many Europeans, especially those from Portugal and Spain, readily become homesteaders. The native Hawaiians like to own land, and a very few of them are fairly progressive farmers. But the rural population of the Territory promises to remain chiefly of Asiatic origin, whatever system of cultivation and land holding may prevail. The Americanization of Orientals is not at all impossible. By cut- ting off fresh supplies of Asiatic immigrants and by encouraging small citizen freeholders it will be possible to make the Territory an integral part of the United States socially as well as economically and polit- ically. ORGANIZATION AND EXTENT OF THE PINEAPPLE INDUSTRY. It is only 15 years since pineapple canning for export began in Hawaii, and it was not until 1904 that the annual output rose above 10,000 cases. Ten years later the pack had increased more than two- himdredfold, or to about 2,200,000 cases. Therefore this business began after Hawaii was a Territory of the United States and grew up under a system of free labor. But its organization does not differ materially from that of the sugar industry. The canneries are owned and some of the most profitable plantations are cultivated directly by corporations. Among the more important of these companies is the large mainland canning firm of Libby, McNeiU & Libby. Twelve canneries were in operation in 1915, of which four of the largest were in Honolulu itself, and seven were on the island of Oahu, where Honolulu is situated. There were three canneries on Maui and two on Kauai. Hawaii, which is the largest of the islands, has had two of these establishments, but both have gone out of business. With one exception all the active plants are owned by corporations, and the stock of some of them is sold on the Honolulu Stock Exchange. One is controlled by Japanese, though its manager is a Portuguese and it is largely financed by an American bank. The pineapple plantations and canneries are not financed and con- trolled by factors, or agencies, as is the case with sugar plantations and mills, although most of the packing companies have intimate business connections with particular distributing houses on the main- land, to whom they look for sales and for current financing. One sugar factory company in Honolulu represents two canneries on other islands. The nine leading companies are associated in the Hawaiian Pineapple Packers' Association, whose first purpose was joint advertising. Gradually the association has assumed other func- tions, such as pest control and field experiments. It seems not to have been successful in standardizing market agreements. Some 42 EEPOET OF COMMISSIONER OP LABOR STATISTICS ON HAWAII. cooperation occurs between pineapple planters and sugar planters, mainly in the study of soils and plant diseases; but the two industries have fewer points of contact than might be supposed. At least one cannery in Honolulu imported part of the sugar for its 1915 pack from Mexico. Canners recruit no labor abroad, but draw their workers mainly from sugar plantations. This might benefit rather than harm the sugar people if the maximum demand for labor in one industry came at a time when there was a surplus of employees in the other; but though the height of the cane and that of the pineapple harvest do not exactly coincide, the periods of greatest activity overlap, and sometimes cause a temporary labor shortage. LABOR CONDITIONS IN THE PINEAPPLE INDUSTRY. Planting occupations in this industry present no special featm-es. The crop is grown mainly on land too high or too broken for successful cane cultivation. Steam plowing is seldom used, though a few gang plows drawn by caterpillar tractors have recently been introduced. Pineapples are more conveniently cultivated with animals than sugar cane, because the plant remains low and naturally thrives in a dry country requiring no irrigation. Harvesting is nearly as simple as cutting cabbages, and pineapples are hauled to the cannery or to the nearest pubHc railway in the same way that sugar beets or orchard fruit are dehvered by a mainland farmer. Consequently field occupa- tions are not specialized as they are on sugar plantations, and most labor is employed at a flat rate of about a dollar a day, with free quarters and fuel. As the industry is newer than cane planting, and is carried on upon land leased for short terms, the houses of laborers are not so good as those on sugar plantations, and the camps are not so well provided with water supply, drainage, bathhouses, and other community conveniences. Pineapple canning, like fruit canning, is seasonal. The main crop comes in July and August, but some fruit ripens throughout the year. Between harvests the large canneries retain about one-sixth of their maximum force. These off-season workers are engaged in shifting and shipping warehoused stock, in repairing buUdings and installing new machinery, and in handling the small lots of fruit that come in at nearly all seasons from peculiarly located fields or from winter maturing plants. In one of the principal Honolulu canneries the largest pay roll, excluding the office force, was $7,557, for the middle week in August, and the lowest was $825, for the last week in Novem- ber. Though the number of employees in the fields does not vary so much as the number in the cannery, it fluctuates more than on sugar plantations. The maximum pay roll of one pineapple plantation was $14,704, for the month, of August, when both planting and harvesting were active, and the minimimi was $4,201, for the month of June. LABOR CONDITIONS IN HAWAII. 43 On another plantation, where fruit matures eairher, the maximum pay- roll was $9j376, for July, and the minimum was $3,354, for May. It foUows that this industry does not attract so steady a class of labor as sugar plantations, but recruits most of its employees from the ranks of casual and seasonal workers. Only a few small estab- lishments, where a cannery is located in the immediate vicinity of pineapple fields, can transfer workers back and forth between can- ning and cultivating in the way thatsugar employees are transferred between the null and the cane fields. This need of a large number of workers for a short season accounts for the location of the largest canneries in an urban labor market like Honolulu. Special machinery for handling pineapples has been devised since the industry was established in Hawaii. Machines for preparing the fruit itself are original, while machines for makir^ and handling cans and goods in cans have been brought from the coast. At present, in a well-equipped cannery, after the fruit has been weighed in from the receiving platform it passes through an automatic machine. This machine delivers it in slices requiring only incidental trimming to belts that convey it past the "packers" or "canners," as the workers who grade the slices and place them in cans are called. The filled cans are then siruped, seialed by a double seamer machine, cooked, and finally delivered to the lacquering machine. The cores and heavy peelii^s, which are grated, are canned separately. Cans are made, delivered, and labeled by machinery. Only a modicum of skill is re- quired for most of these operations, and the labor they demand is light and sometimes merely of attendance. Accidents are not inifrequent, but are mostly of a minor character, according to the reports filed during the short period the compensation law has been in force. There are no special industrial diseases known to be associated with canning. All employees handling fruit directly use rubber gloves, which protect them from skin troubles caused by constant contact with its acid. The heavy work of a cannery con- sists of handling fresh fruit in crates and of trucking and stacking cases of packed fruit in the warehouse. Children and young persons are employed to inspect and to tray empty cans, which require two or three shiftings in their progress from the storeroom to the fruit conveyors. Women are preferred as packers, and this is the principal occupation in which they are engaged. Supervision is in the hands of men, who also handle the trays of filled cans and the fresh and packed fruit in crates and cases, and attend most of the important machines. Working hours vary erratically, according to the amount of fruit received each day and the condition in which it arrives. Some establishments work two shifts during the height of the season. 44 REPORT OF OOMMISSIONEE OF LABOR STATISTICS ON HAWAII. Naturally the personnel changes rapidly with the fluctuation of employment offered, many remaining on the pay roll only two or three days and others for only as many weeks. In the caimeries on Oahu girls from Honolulu work during the rush season to add to the fanuly income, just as is done in the caimeries on the mainland. School children oftentimes are able to earn enough in the canneries to pay for their books and minor school expenses. However, all canneries have a nucleus of fairly regular seasonal workers, as well as the small force that remains throughout the year. One estab- lishment reported that every season since it was started, several years before, the same gang of Chinamen had appeared to work through canning time. In order to draw necessary labor for their comparatively short season of full operation pineapple canneries and plantations pay somewhat higher wages than sugar plantations. But the margin between rates of pay in the two iudustries is not large. Employment on pineapple plantations is preferable to that on sugar plantations because the field work is mostly in cooler parts of the islands and is physically more agreeable than working in tall cane; and because the canneries and most of the principal planting areas are accessible to towns or villages. Probably contractors on sugar plantations eammorethan pineapple employees, both per day and per annum; but a cultivating contract is nearly a two years' job, which makes it undesirable to many laborers, and cane harvesting is more arduous than any occu- pation connected with growing, harvesting, or packing pineapples. Representative statistics of annual earnings in this industry have not been obtained, as most of its working people serve other employers part of each year; but the average daily rates of wages of cannery employees at the height of the season and of plantation field laborers, classified by race, sex, age, and occupation, are given in Table 14. LABOR CONDITIOlirS IN HAWAII. 45 TiBLE 14.— AVERAGE DAILY , WAGE OF UNCLASSIFIED (UNSKILLED) LABOR OF ADULTS AND CHILDREN ON PINEAPPLE PLANTATIONS AND IN PINEAPPLE CANNERIES, BY RACE AND SEX. Sex Field labor. Comieiy labor. Race Adults. Cbildren. Adults. Children. Num- ber. Aver- dMly wage. Num- ber. Arer- d^fy wage. Num- ber. Aver- &i!fy wage. Num- ber. Aver- age daily wage. U. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. M. M. F. M. P. M. M. F. M. F. f. M. F. U. F; M. F. 3 312 S2.00 1.02 23 218 154 669 141 2 2. 143 204 $1.26 1.07 .72 1.06 .65 2.11 .85 1.11 .70 1 8 2 1 1 $0.85 2 SO. 63 .58 Do .60 223 2 .93 .65 .35 j,iu^o.. .........---... ...... .50 Do 85 22 2 1.07 .56 .90 4 .60 11 37 .53 Do .57 Hindu 1 897 657 297 106 1 12 87 7 7 62 103 2.00 1.10 .69 1.11 .68 1.19 1.32 .76 .94 .69 1.06 .72 632 132 123 1 1.02 .64 .95 .60 1 .80 2 13 3 .75 Do .49 Korean 1 .60 .61 Do . KfexiCEui PnrtrTTAWf^if^'n 8 1.26 3 4 1 8 12 8 .60 Do .60 FortoRican U .97 .40 Do .39 82 15 1 .99 .63 .90 5 .72 .48 Do .46 Do ^ 35 16 64 152 81 .70 1.06 .68 1.03 .73 15 2 1.01 .68 Do Do Total 1,674 .97 13 .63 4,031 .94 115 .52 SMALL FARMING IN THE SUGAR AND PINEAPPLE INDUSTRIES. Many "planters," as they are locally termed, are virtually con- tractors, differing from, profit sharers only in that they sometimes work their own land, that they perform most or all of the operations of raising cane instead of only part of them, and that in many instances they are paid for their crop on a sliding scale according to the price of sugar. Profit sharers assume one risk, that of the yield of cane per acre; planters assume two risks, the yield of cane per acre and the price of sugar when their crop is ground. Usually they assume a third risk, the sugar content of their cane. It is not possible to draw a definite line between the planter who is little more than a field hand working land belonging to the planta- tion under a piecework agreement and the independent farmer who sells cane to a central mill. One merges into the other and statis- tically they can not be separated. The extent to which mills depend on planters' crops varies widely. One plantation buys aU or prac- tically all of its cane from renters, at a flat rate of $3.25 per ton. 46 EEPOKT OF COMMISSIONER 01" LABOR STATISTICS ON HAWAII. This plantation retains only enough field employees to supply labor to planters who fall behind with their cultivation, and to handle the harvest. Five neighboring plantations on Hawaii buy in the aggre- gate nearly 250,000 tons of cane a year from planters. One planta- tion on Oahu has several small farmers and homesteaders who sell cane to its mill, thoiugh in irrigated sections this is not so usual as elsewhere. On Kauai there is a homestead community established on formerly private land, with Government homesteaders, who fur- nish cane to neighboring mills. But relatively to the cane raised directly by plantation companies the total supplied by small farmers is in most places negUgible. The recent homesteading of Govern- ment cane lands previously leased to' plantations has added to the number of independent cane growers in some localities. This change may prove only temporary, as heretofore homesteaders owning cane lands adjacent to plantations have sold them to representatives of the planting companies about as rapidly as they perfected their titles. In 1910 Congress amended the organic act of Hawaii so as to render void patents to homesteads issued subsequent to the date the amend- ment went "into effect, in case the owner of the homestead at any future time conveyed the land covered by the patent to an alien, a corporation, or to a person who, if he acquired the land, would own altogether, or indirectly control, more than 80 acres of land in the Territory of Hawaii. This law would seem to prevent the sale of homesteads to the owners of plantations, as it does to plantation companies. But there are a number of persons associated with every large plantation as shareholders or as employees in more or less permanent arid responsible positions who do not own land, and who can purchase homesteads, to which they hold nominal title, though the land becomes virtually part of the plantation to which they are attached. And in fact managers and overseers, and persons owning stock in plantations, have acquired homestead land in this manner since the amendment went into effect. The new law does, however, greatly limit the ability of homesteaders to convey their lands to those who will control them in the interest of large corporations. Whether the planter be an oriental laborer, virtually or aictUally on the pay roll of the plantation, or a real American ' farmer, his dependence upon the miU company is almost equaUy great. The com- pany usually advances capital, in the form of plowing, seed caile fertilizer, store supplies, and perhaps w:ages to hired laborers, to enable the planter to make his crop; and in order to secure itself for this investment inserts in its contract with' the farmer a ckuse giving it free entry to the land to preserve and cultivate the crop if necessary, and to harvest it upon maturity. The time of harvesting is at the convenience and discretion of the mill company. Most or LABOR CONDITIONS IN HAWAII. 47 all of the apparatus for carrying the cane to miU, whether flumes or portable track and railways, is ftrrtiished by the mill. For the use of this capital the farmer pays 6 or 8 per cent simple or compound interest, and in some cases he is probably charged a margih above the actual cost of the services the mill places at his disposal prior to the delivery of his cane. No white American farmers and but few of the Hawaiians engaged in cane raising perform manual labor themselves. They employ Asiatics and Portuguese to do the physical work. In addition to interest on their investment they are entitled to a wage for their work of supervision, but they farm on so small a scale that their services as superintendents are not worth very much. Some of them have managerial ability inferior to that of the hired limas of the plantations. Often they produce poorer cane and less of it per acre than the plantations. These small cane growers compete at a great disadvantage with Asiatics and Portuguese who combine the fxmc- tions of field boss and laborer in one. The white planter's dependence on the powerful corporation which is the other party to his contract is not agreeable. If he thinks himself unfairly treated he has no effective recourse except to stop raising cane; and this is often the only crop that promises cash retxuns. If there were competing crops, or competing mills, he would be much freer in the administration of his property. In fact his status as an independent farmier is only nominal. He is indirectly an employee of the plantation, working upon a contingent commission instead of an assured salary. This does not imply that plantation managers are unfair in their deaUngs with outside planters, or that the economic condition of the latter is hopeless. Planter contracts have been standardized by custom until they present little variation in districts having similar conditions of cultivation. In case of recent homesteaders who have not yet perfected title to their land, these contracts must have the formal approval of tlie Territorial Government. Some prominent men raise cane for plantations on this basis. The speaker of the lower house of the legislature is a cane farmer, selling to a plantation that buys cane to the value of $30,000 annually from outside growers. Small farmers can economize in some places where a plantation can not. They do not spend so much for housing and caring for their labor. They can discharge hands during the ' 'dead ' ' season with assur- ance of being able to replace them when needed. Some of them are storekeepers who sell goods to the men who work for them. One of the largest sugar agencies in Honolulu has compiled figures from its books that represent independent cane raising as fairly profitable. During the five years ending with 1915 five of its plantations bought 1,030,888 tons of cane from outside growers, for which they paid $4,173,860, or on an average about $4.05 a ton delivered at the flume. 48 EEPOBT OF COMMISSIONEB OF LABOK STATISTICS ON HAWAII. The average yield per acre of the farms from which this cane was cut was 42.5 tons. The average cost per acre of raising and har- vesting cane upon these five plantations themselves varied between $90 and $100 during the five years in question, rising above the latter figures in but a single instance and under exceptional circumstances. But assuming that the small farmers in this district spent upon an average $112.50 to raise and harvest their cane, allowing for two crops of ratoons from one planting, their average profit was $60 per acre, or $30 for each year the crop occupied their land. This is payment for use of capital and supei vision, as any manual labor the farmers performed is included in the $112.50 per acre just mentioned. The homestead lands occupied by most of these farmers cost them from $50 to $100 per acre and their investment in improvements and growing crop was under $100 per acre. The return for both supervision and capital outlay according to this statement was there- fore 15 per cent of the capital investment — a very good return. Figures taken from pubhshed reports for this region indicate that the direct expenditures by miU companies for labor and mate- rials used in the production of cane from planting to harvesting, inclusive, are sometimes as low as $3 per ton. These, however, do not include the proportion of general expenses and fixed charges of both field and factory operations, chargeable to the cost of producing cane, such as taxes, depreciation, repairs, and other overhead expenses.' Personal observation of homestead and plantation cane fields iadicated that plantations often cultivate their fields better and replant oftener than small farmers. Their ample capital and the fact that they carry surplus labor part of the year enable them to do this. A common fault of the small farmer is too much ratoon- ing. Small planters sometimes have fields excelling the average fields cultivated by mill companies. If it is possible for plantations to raise and harvest their own cane at a considerably lower cost per ton than they are accustomed to pay for cane raised by small farmers and dehvered at the flmne or railroad, they have no apparent motive to favor the latter. But much planter cane is grown where it would be inconvenient for a plantation that cultivates by wholesale methods to extend operations. Other cane comes from homesteads not yet sold to the controlling stockholders of a plantation, which can not be legally leased to or cultivated directly by the plantations themselves. Moreover, a num- ber of small farmers settled in' the neighborhood benefits mill com- panies by giving them a flexible labor suppljr during the grinding sea^ son, and such settlements are encom-aged for this reason. Above 1 Seo forthcoming report of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Department of Commerce, on the cost of production of sugar in Hawaii. LABOK CONDITIONS IN HAWAII. 49 all, mills nearly always have the capacity to handle more cane than the companies raise directly, and the extra employment they get from small farmers' cane aflFords them assured piofit. Many of these farmers are not satisfied with existing cane prices. Early in 1914, when the price of sugar was falling, those in the Hilo and Olaa districts of Hawaii, which are sections where much cane is raised by small growers, formed a group of societies on different plantations, which federated as the East Hawaii Cane Planters' Association. The main purpose of this association was protective, to secure more favorable agreements and a more liberal interpretation of them after they were made. It received the assistance and support of the director of the Federal experiment station, who has since returned to Washington. It had an additional occasion and stimulus from the fact that large tracts of cane land now leased to plantations in this vicinity are Ukely soon to be opened to homesteaders by the Gov- ernment. In any case the association is to be regarded as an organ- ized attempt to promote the small-farm method of raising cane and to agitate in favor of pubhc regulation of the relations of mUls and planters. This movement resulted in the grievances of these small farmers being brought before a special committee of the Territorial legislatiire during the 1915 session. The bxirden of the planters' complaints was either that they were not making money at all or that sugar mills took an unfair share of the profit from their crop. They also complained of arbitrary and excessive deductions for tare or waste in their cane, of the high interest rates on advances, and the fact that in some cases compound instead of simple interest was charged. Complaints were also made of excessive charges for fertilizers, of attempts made by one plantation to acquire permanent rights of way through their farms under the provisions of a temporary con- tract, and of certain other matters of technical or minor character. Such grievances as those last enumerated are almost certain to arise under a contract when capital, prestige, and power are so largely on one side of the agreement. Two principal grievances were pre- sented by the small cane growers, namely: (1) The cost of growing cane exceeds the contract price which the plantations agree to pay for it; (2) when this is not the case, the small planters do not receive a fair price, even though a profitable price, for their cane, 41104°— S. Uoc. 432, 64^1 4 50 EEPOET OF COMMISSIONER OF LABOR STATISTICS ON HAWAII. The complaint that small planters are losing money came from those located in places not very favorable for cane growing. One such statement, for which partial vouchers were shown, was as follows: Cost of raising and receipts from 602.33 gross tons of cane, produced upon 14.5 acres of land: Cost of cultivation, taxes, insurance, and in- terest on borrowed money $1, 121. 13 Cost of fertilizer advanced by the mill and in- terest on the same 738.59 Cost of harvesting, by the mill, at $0,825 a ton (543.4 tons net) 448. 31 Total cost of cane to planter $2, 308. 03 602.33 tons gross, less 58.913 tons tare, less 79.3462 tons chemist's deduction (probably for deficient sucrose content), makes 464.0708 tons credited planter, viz.^ — ■ 106.2940 tons at $4.66 a ton 495. 33 357.7768 tons at $4.86 a ton 1, 738. 80 Total receipts from two years' crop > 2, 234. 13 Net loss to planter 73. 90 This is an exceptionally bad showing, since it makes the cost of the cane harvested, including interest on operating capital, $4.97 a ton. The statement does not show whether this was plant or ratoon cane. If the former, the cost of the two succeeding crops would be much less. Some statements of this kind include under cidtivating expenses an item for supervision, which would be the planter's pay for his own personal contribution in producing the crop. Whether this was included in the above statement does not appear in the account. In 1905 figures were gathered from American homesteaders in Hawaii which indicated that the cost of producing cane ready to har- vest was at that time about $2.25 a ton. Testimony before the legis- lative committee in the winter of 1914-15 gave the cost in one district as $2.10forcaneready to cut. Private owners lease cane lands to Orien- tal planters for as high as $10 per acre per aimum, though plantation companies sublease for $2.50 an acre, or in many cases for 25 cents a ton of cane raised on the land for the crop period. This variation in a siagle cost factor shows how impossible it is to standardize cane prices so as to make this crop equally remunerative to aU growers. Con- ditions of soU, climate, and location vary not only from island to island, but from district to district and from field to field. Where these conditions are approximately the same the yield varies from year to year and for every cane grower. In fact, the intelligence foresight, and energy of the farmer are about as important as the character and location of his land; for without brains sugar can not be profitably grown even with the most favorable soil and climate. Cane raising under the conditions prevailing before the outbreak of LABOR CONDITIONS IN HAWAII. 51 the European war could hardly be expected to succeed permanently where the cost of raising and delivering it at the flume or railway is more than $3 a ton. The exceptional market conditions due to the war having brought about a price for sugar which repays the farmer for raising cane at very great expense. The main contention before the legislative committee was that small planters did not receive a fair division of the profits on a ton of sugar. This complaint obviously assumes that contracts between planters and mill companies are not ordinary business contracts, to be determined by the choice of the bargainers; but that mUl companies, like railways and other public-service corporations, have a quasi- public character and should be controlled by the Government in their rate-making powers. It is to a plantation company's interest to pay enough for cane to keep small planters in the business, for its mills can handle the extra cane these raise at a very low addi- tional expense. In fact, when the price of sugar fell abnormally early in 1914, one plantation revised its cane prices for the express purpose of protecting planters against loss if the low sugar prices continued, even though the mill itself made no money for a time. Neither party is altogether independent of the other. Hitherto the small farmer has received enough to keep him alive and in the industry. But the condition of small agriculturalists is affected in the same way as that of common laborers by oriental competition, and with the con- tinued influx of Japanese women and Filipino men that competition is certainly not lessening, as the organized protest of the small cane growers indicates. The particular scrap of paper that flxes the price of a certain crop or series of crops of sugar cane is but the result, not the cause, of discouraging conditions which confront the white or native smaU farmer in Hawaii. The imfavorable terms of cane con- tracts are caused by the unfavorable conditions surrounding the white planter, viz., oriental farmers who work longer hom-s, produce more, and consume less. Most planter contracts provide that cane shall be paid for on the basis of the price of sugar in New York when it is harvested. The computation by which this cane price is ascertained is compUcated; for it is determined by combining two variable quantities, the price of sugar and the sucrose content of the cane. These are worked out into tables which sometimes are made part of the contract and are printed on the contract forms. Several plantations pay for a ton of cane of standard (14 per cent) sucrose content 6 per cent of the price of a ton of sugar at the time it is harvested. With sugar as low as $60 a ton, the planter receives $3.60 for a ton of cane; with $80 sugar he receives $4.80, and with $90 sugar $5.40. Other plantations pay $4 for a ton. of cane when sugar is 4 cents a pound, and 11 cents a ton is deducted or added to that price for every one-tenth of a cent that sugar ,52 REPOET OF COMMISSIONEE OP LABOK STATISTICS ON HAWAII. falls below or rises above 4 cents. Still another plantation pays the planter for a ton of cane the value of 100 pounds of sugar in the San Francisco market the day it is dehvered. Except when sugar is very high, most contracts give the planter less than one-half the proceeds from the sugar made from his cane, the remainder being taken by the mUl to pay for manufacturing and marketing. When the crop of 1915 was harvested the New York price of sugar was about $90 a ton. Under the different agreements then in force on Hawaii, planters whose cane was of normal sucrose content and purity received from $4.3.20 to $44.40 for the 8 tons of cane needed to make a ton of sugar. For hauling the cane to mUl, making it into sugar, and marketing it in New York, the plantations received from $45.60 to $48.80. Both parties made money; for neither the cost of raising cane under nor- mally favorable conditions nor the cost of manufacturing and mar- keting sugar approached these sums. But if sugar had been $50 a ton instead of $90, as was the prospect a year earlier, planters would have received from $18.80 to $24 for cane enough to make a ton of sugar, while the mills would have received the difference between these amounts and $50. With $50 sugar the farmers at least would have lost money, though the mills might have avoided loss or have earned a profit. Manufactitting and marketing costs vary with the mill and the season, as much as does the cost of raising cane. A large crop dis- tributes fixed charges over a larger output; the expense of getting cane to the factory differs widely on different plantations; miUs are not equally economical and efficient; the important item of local freights on supplies and on sugar depends on the location of the establishment ; and the cost of carriage to New York rises and falls from year to year. A very favorably situated mill on Oahu, that charged neighboring farmers $30 per ton of sugar for maldng their cane into sugar and delivering it in New York, averaged $13 a ton profit from the transaction, after charging for aU expenses of super- vision, maintenance, and interest on plant. A neighboring mill, where conditions were less favorable but more representative of average conditions on that island, has foimd the cost of manufac- turing and marketing sugar from planters' cane, which in this instance has a rather long haul, $24 a ton. Testimony was presented before the legislative committee just mentioned to the effect that it cost one plantation $30.50 a ton to make sugar from cane delivered at its flumes and to market it in New York, after prorating maintenance, interest, and other fixed charges on the mill and transportation sys- tem to the entire amount of sugar made in a season. Probably man- ufacturing and marketing costs range around a median of about $3 a ton of cane, that is, the cost of manufacturing and marketing a ton of sugar is about equal to the cost of growing and harvesting the LABOR CONDITIONS IN HAWAII. 53 cane required to make a ton of sugar. But cultivation sometimes costs least where manufacturing and marketing cost most, and there is no constant ratio between these two quantities. Consequently the terms of a fair contract between planters and a particular mill depend on local conditions. Some independent cane growers take the position that the sugar mill should charge for converting purchased cane into sugar a fixed price sufficient only to pay the costs of the various processes, including depreciation of plant and equipment and interest at 6 per cent on capital invested. Such an arrangement would make the cane grower the sole risk taker. When the price of sugar is high he would gain the whole advantage of the high prices ; if the price falls below cost, the whole burden of loss would fall upon him. Only as growers of cane would the stockholders of plantations stand to make more than a Stated return on their investment. This proposed innovation could be effected only by legislation which would place sugar mills in the class of public utilities, to be rigidly supervised and controlled by the Government. Those who hold this view argue that the holders of plantation stock know and care nothing about the growing of sugar cane, and that it is wholly unfair to allow them to reap profits on sugar made from cane purchased from the independent cane grow- ers — profits which accrue because of the cane growers' low costs of production or because of advances in the price of refined sugar. This statement of the case sounds very plausible, especially when accompanied by affidavits and contracts showing a disposition on the part of the plantations to take advantage of their position to drive a hard bargain with the independent cane grower, and to give the harshest interpretation to terms already sufficiently hard. On the other hand, the plantation owners, factors, and managers say that the small cane growers want to reap all the reward due to the economies introduced by the plantations in .producing sugar cane, converting it into sugar, and' placing the sugar on the market. The independent cane planters never originated new and improved varie- ties of cane and methods of fertilization, cultivation, harvesting, and transportation of cane. Some small planters know little more about cane and cane cidture than the plantation stockholders who never saw sugar cane growing. Of course, the independent planters are not in a position to make improvements in mill practice resulting in the extraction of a larger proportion of the cane juice and the recovery of a larger percentage of the sugar content of the juice. Neither have they anything to do with improved methods of handling, load- ing, transporting, unloading, and marketing the raw sugar. Profits arising from all these improvements, it is claimed, belong rightfully to those who have risked their life careers in managing and direct- ing the affairs of the plantations and to those who have risked their 54 EEPOBT OF COMMISSIONER OP LABOR STATISTICS ON HAWAII. capital in the stock of the plantations, whether or not these invest- ors can distinguish sugar cane from onions. This view also sounds plausible, so long as one is not confused by the opposing argu- ments. The impartial judgment of the outsider is that both are right and both are wrong. The independent planters claim far too much when they assert that they should gather in aU the profits coming from the war prices for sugar. They have risked something and for this they are entitled to compensation imder the competitive system, but the plantation and the miU owners have risked far more. Likewise, the portion of profits due to cheapened costs of produciag and marketing sugar have been earned in larger part by the plantations and miUs. Unless the chance to reap some profits for enterprise is left to the plantations, the incentive to improve mill practices wiU be largely destroyed and the technique of the sugar-making industry wiU fall behind. On the other hand, unless some chance of profit for enter- prise is left to the independent planter, this type of producer will become extinct, his place being taken by an oriental contractor or a hired luna. A contract providing a guaranteed minimum price for cane, with a' bonus similar to the bonus granted to laborers when sugar exceeds a certain price, would seem to afford a more certain basis for the prosperity of small farming than a contract that pro- vides for cane prices entirely contingent on sugar quotations or one that guarantees a flat sum per ton of cane or per ton of sugar made therefrom. Injustice might be corrected by public regulation of these contracts, but the proposal to adjust the division of profits between grower and manufacturer by an inflexible rule, especially where conditions of production vary in so many ways, would seem impracticable. Pineapples are second to sugar cane as a staple crop. In 1915 overproduction had depressed this branch of agriculture and had affected most adversely small growers. The sugar market is so large that a cane planter can always sell his cane to a null; but the market for pineapples can be overstocked, and in 1914 many farmers saw their fruit decay in the field because canneries would not accept it. Cannery companies cultivate enough land directly to assure themselves of sufficient fruit to keep their canneries run- ning for some months. They contract in addition with outside growers, at prices subject to revision each May. During the recent great increase of canning in Hawaii niunerous small renters and petty landholders, principally Orientals, began to raise pineapples without a contract with a cannery, because of the high price and steady demand for fruit. These small growers were the principal sufferers from the recent fall in prices, though aU persons interested LABOR CONDITIONS IN HAWAII. 55 in the industry have felt its effects. Contract prices on Maui fell, in May, 1915, from $21.25 to $11.25 per ton for No. 1 fruit, and from $10 to $8 for No. 2 fruit. It is supposed to cost about $14 a ton, or $240 an acre, to raise pineapples in the pineapple district, of Maui, so the reduction at once changed this from a profitable to a losing industry. A field once planted to pineapples is like a cane field, in that it is expected to give returns for more than one season; so a change to other crops involves the direct loss of an agricultural investment. On the island of Oahu, where there are several competing can- neries and transportation facilities are good, pineapple farmers are not so dependent upon a particular establishment as are cane growers; and, in general, the points of controversy between them and the buyer of their product are fewer than in the sugar industry. In spite of this, the present low price of pineapples and the high price of sugar are causing farmers having land accessible to both mills and canneries to turn from the former to the latter crop. Cane does not deteriorate so rapidly after maturity as fruit, and when it has grown high enough to shade out the weeds requires little attention until harvested, while pineapples require frequent weeding. Small cane planters can supplement their income from cane by taking x>utside employment, thus earning a cash income imtil their crop is sold, but the pineapple grower has no such opportunity. Of about 222,000 acres planted in sugar cane the Territory owns less than 32,000 acres. The remainder is divided in about equal proportions between land leased from private estates and land owned directly by the plantations and small owners. Government land is leased to plantations for various periods, but aU recent leases are for short periods and can be terminated at the wiU of the Govern- ment for the purpose of homesteading. As the Territory owns less than 15 per cent of the land now under cane, and little new land suitable for cane growing exists, its land policy can not materially affect the organization of the sugar industry. The area under pine- apples is comparatively small and is mostly owned by individuals and corporations. Consequently the Government as a landlord can do little to influence small farming in these two industries. In addition to the demand of some of the cane planters that the Government regulate their contracts with mills in the same way that shippers' rates are regulated in the case of railroads, it has been proposed that the Territory erect central mills to grind the cane of home- steaders. Such a plan has been adopted with some success in Queens- land, where a large share of the sugar cane grown is raised by small cultivators and gentlemen farmers, whose crop is usually larger than that of the cane planter in Hawaii, but far less than that of the average Hawaiian plantation. The difficulties that a Government 56 KEPORT OP C6MMISS16NEE OP LABOR STATISTICS OK HAWAII. mill would encounter in its manifold relations with cane growers, in respect to grading cane, in determining the date of harvesting, and in other details too numerous to describe, would be the same that occur in the case of private mills. As private miUs with the best equip- ment and a complete transportation service already exist in Hawaii, Government miUs would have to duplicate their plant or buy out some of the corporations now in business. In any case Government mills in aU probability would have to compete with well-managed private mills , with a prospect that the latter might be the more economically operated of the two. If the Government mill lost money and the small planter made money, this plan wovdd tax all the community for the benefit of a special class. This is reported to have been the result, at least during certain seasons, in Queensland. However, conditions in the two countries are not comparable for many reasons, chief of which are the existing system of landholding and the respective characters and races of the rural laboring popu- lation in Queensland and Hawaii. Queensland employs almost ex- clusively white labor in its sugar fields. There is a bare possibility that a Government mill erected at HUo, which has access by public railway to a rather large territory, might obtain enough cane to run through the season. Rates for hauling would be subject to public regulation. Such a plan might help out small farmers by giving them a competitive market, though when the difficulties such an enterprise would meet are considered, it is likely to receive more support from one's sympathies than from one's judgment. No homestead settlement in the Territory has been more successful than one established by private landholders on Kauai, mainly to create a resident labor supply for a neighboring sugar plantation. There is also a pineapple cannery, more recently erected, in the same vicinity. The homesteaders are mostly Portuguese, with a sprink- ling of other Europeans and Porto Ricans. The land was bought on the installment plan, the owners taking mortgages for the greater part of the value of the land they sold. The mortgages were pay- able at the option of the homesteader before maturity. The follow- ing tabulated statement shows the principal cash crops actually sold, the total mortgage indebtedness, and the payments on the principal of that indebtedness made during the last three years: Year. Amount received for pineapples Amount received for; sugar cane sold. Total mort- gage in- debtedness Jail. 1. Principal paid on tliose mort- gages dur- ing year. 1913 1914 19151 «6,940.51 5,322.04 6,084.19 J4,762.15 24,041.35 23,261.70 t35;765.52 31,145.44 24,779.96 $4,620.08 6,366.48 6,125.73 ' For 9 months ending Sept 30. LABOB CONDITIONS IN HAWAII. 57 The success of this experiment is not due to special fostering by the large landowners who promoted it, but to the fact that the home- steaders are real farmers, tilling their own land. However, they are assisted by the ready market for their spare labor and that of their families afforded by the neighboring plantation and cannery. They are men who can compete with Orientals in field occupations, and so can compete with them as small farmers. Their homes and their standard of living, while not equal to those of prosperous American farmers on the mainland, are better than those of most European peasants, or even of some European farmers settled in America. Considering the Territory as a whole, Hawaii well illustrates how largely the organization of rural industry depends on the character of the population. Given an abundance of cheap, docile, low- standard labor, as in most tropical coimtries and in parts of the South- em States, and land wUl gravitate into the hands of a few owners or administrators, who will employ that labor and take most of the profit from their toil. Given a population of 'educated, self-assertive, high-standard labor, such as occupies northern Europe and America, and land tends to become subdivided into smaU farms worked by their owners, who are economically most efficient when they direct their own efforts in production under the stimulus of intelligent self- interest. Hawaii has been a land of cheap or low-caste rural labor; and the contest there between the small white farmers and the big plantations is a contest between little and big exploiters of Asiatic wage hands. There i^ almost no homesteading in Hawaii in the sense understood by Americans. Mainland and Hawaiian Island farmers do not take up land in Hawaii to fertilize it with the sweat of their brows; they take it up on speculation, hoping either to make it profitable with another person's labor or to sell it for more than it cost them. For this reason the attempt that has been made to model the land laws of Hawaii upon those of the mainland is mistaken; for it is trying to apply a system successful under one set of conditions to a coimtry where very different conditions prevail. Even in Texas and California, where land originally was divided into vast private grants, the inflow of white settlers has forced the subdivision of these large holdings into small farms, because the latter are more profitable. On the other hand, in Hawaii, where the native kings took many precautions to protect the thousands of small native holdings to which fee simple titles were given by the land law of 1848, small holdings have been absorbed by big corporations and large individual owners. A few years ago 25 new homesteads were carved out of some valuable cane lands that had been leased for several years to a sugar plantation in southwestern Hawaii. Americans and natives took up the 18 of these that already were planted in cane, while the 58 EEPOET OP COMMISSIONEE OF LABOB STATISTICS ON HAWAII. 7 that were uncultivated were not applied for. Although, as already mentioned, the present "homestead" law prohibits the selling or ■leasing of hom'esteads to a corporation or an ahen, it allows the trans- fer of 80 acres of homestead land to a citizen. Sixteen of the 18 homesteads in question have already been sold to men controlling the stock of the plantation of which they formerly were a part. The effect of the law has been to deprive the people of the Territory of the rental from the land when leased to the plantation, in order that a few speculators might profit individually. The title to the land has been fixed irrevocably in a large corporation that previ- ously had only the temporary use of the land. Numerous other ex- amples of a similar character might be cited. So long as the men who do the real agricultural labor of Hawaii are mostly of a class that either requires a boss in order to work effectively or is disqualified by law from acquiring land, homesteading and small farming will not be successful. The only men who make good are those who till their holdings by their own labor, or who have capital or outside employment that enables them to employ hired labor without becoming too dependent upon advances from a corporation. The former class, few in numbers, are the only real farmers in Hawaii, and almost none of them are native Americans. Other causes, to be sure, have hampered independent agriculture in the islands. Inadequate transportation facilities, high marketing costs, plant diseases, and insect pests have discouraged the cultiva- tion of many promising crops. But such discouragements are ho greater than those encountered on the mainland in places where farmers have ultimately been successful. The climate is no obstacle to white settlement. Americans and Europeans live long and retain their vigor in Hawaii, and an outdoor life agrees with them there better than indoor occupations. The determining reason why the Territory has so few small Caucasian farmers is that they have been displaced or anticipated by Orientals and by large landlords using oriental labor. THE QUESTION OF THE ASIATIC. This is the main question in Hawaii from all standpoints. The population is more largely Asiatic now than ever before, and that element is growing relatively faster than the rest of the people. The Japanese multiply through a high birth rate and the importation of picture brides. The planters' associations have brought, in more Filipinos since 1909 than the entire North European and American population of the Territory. The Japanese women who come to Hawaii under the peculiar arrangement mentioned engage in field work. Their principal occupation, however, is the bearing of chil- dren. They and their children are not as yet self-supporting, so that LABOE CONDITIOKS IN HAWAII. 59' the family expenditures have thus been enhanced. These importa- tions have not thus far acted to depress wages of male workers. There are about 14 adult men among the Filipinos for every 3 women and children, and their importation has probably helped to lower wages or at least to prevent them from rising. Economic competition, however, does not accoimt for the displace- ment of whites by Asiatics so much as social repulsion. Both races instinctively withdraw from each other in response to impulses that are hard to ana^lyze. Nevertheless these age-old barriers between the West and the East should not blind us to the rights acquired by oriental residents in Hawaii. They came at the invitation of the former Government and were there when we took the country, or have come with our consent since it was in om* possession. We have by our laws changed them from uidenttired laborers, who might be deported at our behest, into life residents and fathers of future citizens. Unless we abohsh representative government in Hawaii, their children, mostly Japanese, wiU soon be able if they are so dis- posed to dominate the country pohticaUy. We shall then have the choice of either denying our most typical institutions to one of our own Territories, or of giving over the control of one of our most important over-sea military possession into the hands of an Asiatic voting population. Moreover the political influence of these people, whose American- ization is still in question, wiU be reenf orced by their growing econo- mic influence. The Japanese have continuously for many years extended their business activities, beginning with small enterprises, until they are well entrenched in many hnes of commerce and manu- facturing. They control the local fisheries, and their vessels conduct our trade with the Orient and South America. No legal barriers stand in the way to prevent their eventuaUy acquiring a large influ- ence in the sugar and pineapple industries, in both of which they already have made a beginning. Japanese bom in Hawaii, but, in many cases, reared and educated entirely in Japan, are acquiring homesteads. As lessees of small holdings they are rapidly forming the beginnings of a local peasantry. So far as future results are pre- dictable from present tendencies, the Japanese bid fair to become owners of a large fraction of the arable land in the islands not directly cultivated by corporations. The amount of real estate upon which Japanese pay taxes is stiU small, but its assessed value has risen in 10 years from $168,545 to $1,002,203. The Chinese, who have been in Hawaii for generations, own real estate to the assessed value of $2,084,356, and the Portuguese and Spaniards have land valued at $3,894,078. The settlement of Europeans, however, has been encouraged in every way, while local sympathy is not favorable to Asiatic land ownership. Neither 60 REPORT or COMMISSIONER OP LABOR STATISTICS ON HAWAII. singly nor in the aggregate do these sums represent more than a small fraction of the total realty in Hawaii, which is valued at about $100,000,000, 58 per cent being owned by corporations. Moreover the part under corporate ownership increased from 43 per cent to 58 per cent in 11 years. The point in these figure is not that the Japanese or any other oriental race is hkely in the near future to acquire control of the land of the Territory, but that they are becom- ing estabhshed in the country so that their relation to its social and civic life is no longer temporary. Should the value of the land owned by them increase sixfold during the next 1 1 years, as it has dtuing the last 11 years, their interest and influence in the government of the Territory would become very great. Table 15.— ASSESSED VALUE OF REAL AND PERSONAL PROPERTY FOR 1915, BY RACES, ETC., OF TAXPAYERS. (From report of the Governor of Hawaii.] Real property. Personal property. Total assessed value. Taxpayers. Number of tax- payers. Assessed value. Number of tax- payers. Assessed value. Percent- age. Corporations, firms, etc 800 3,200 5,741 889 2,332 845 $57,531,821 20,971,922 13,701,943 2,084,356 3,894,078 1,002,203 794 2,206 1,855 1,928 1,499 2,491 S66,930,707 3,365,505 1,477,088 2,224,647 593,937 2,823,015 S124, 462,528 24,337,427 15,179,031 4,309,003 4,488,015 3,825,218 70.48 13.77 Hawailans 8.60 2.44 Japanese 2.54 2 17 Total 13,807 99,186,323 10,773 77,414,899 176,601,222 100 00 The influence of the pubhc schools upon the rising generation of Japanese is modified by two conditions not affecting in the same degree immigrant nationaJities upon the mainland. A very large number of Japanese children are sent back to Japan as soon as they are able to leave their parents, to be educated and to be trained in the traditions, religion, and history of Japan, in order that they may not lose their loyalty to that country. A very complete system of Japanese schools is maintained throughout the islands. Nearly all the sugar plantations have at least one and the larger plantations have several such schools. These schools receive encouragement and funds from the Japanese Government. The plantations usually contribute sufficient land for the use of the school, sometimes con- structing the buildings and contributing money to help pay the salaries of the teachers. The reUgious societies of Japan furnish most of the teachers. AU Japanese children attend these schools for several hours each day. All classes are conducted in the Japanese language and the effect of the instruction is to maintain and strengthen Japanese culture and to foster veneration for Japanese institutions. During the months when the pubhc schools are in session Japanese LABOR CONDITIONS IN HAWAH. 61 pupils attend them, but they attend the Japanese schools practically aU the remaining hours of daylight, coming from them to the pubUc schools in the morning, and leaving the latter to resume work in their own schools in the afternoon. During.the vacation months the Jap- anese schools remain in session the full school day. Statistics of this school attendance are not included in the educational report of the Territory or the report of the governor. Of the 27,000 pupils of all nationahties enrolled in the pubhc schools of Hawaii more than 10,000 are Japanese. The number enrolled in both public and private schools when the Territory became part of the United States, 15 years ago, was 1,352, out of a total enrollment of 15,538. The corresponding numbers to-day are 13,553 Japanese pupils and 36,529 of aU races. No such marked increase has occurred in other nationalities. A result of the large proportion of children of oriental and mixed blood in the pubhc schools is that more Ameri- can children are in private schools than in the former institutions. Table 16.— PUPILS IN PUBLIC AND PEIVATE SCHOOLS SINCE ORGANIZATION OF TEERITOEIAL GOVERNMENT, BY RACES AND BY YEARS. [From report of the Governor of Hawaii.] Years.i Hawai- ian. Part- Hawai- ian. Ameri- can. Brit- isb. Ger- man. Portu- guese. Japa- nese. Clli- nese. Porto Rican. Ko- rean. Otliers.2 Total. 1900 4,977 4,903 2,631 699 232 320 3,809 1.3S2 1,289 1,385 229 15,538 17,519 1901.... 812 240 337 4, 134 1,993 696 260 1902.... 5,076 2,934 796 215 333 4,335 2,341 1,499 593 260 18,382 1903.... 4,893 3,018 799 217 295 4,243 2, Ml 1,554 538 337 18,415 1904.... 4,983 3,267 931 226 252 4,448 3,313 ■1,875 437 285 20,017 1905.... 4,943 3,430 1,025 268 298 4,683 3,869 2,087 405 636 21,644 1906.... 4,906 3,500 1,009 187 273 4,437 4,647 2,197 392 161 281 21,890 1907.... 4,858 3,546 937 220 295 4,537 5,035 2,548 368 210 733 23,087 1908.... 4,575 3,548 930 219 243 4,537 5,513 2,596 355 224 705 23,445 1909.... 4,608 3,681 972 173 276 4,696 6,415 2,830 438 180 620 24,889 1910.... 4,381 3,842 1,076 163 266 4,662 7,078 2,855 372 260 582 25,537 1911.... 4,196 3,738 1,034 165 264 4,699 7,607 3,005 484 283 657 26,122 1912.... 4,253 4,075 1,169 137 308 5,331 9,298 3,272 578 393 1,095 29,909 1913.... ' 4,290 4,146 1,239 151 270 6,497 10,990 3,783 757 400 1,415 32,938 1914.... 3,949 4,165 1,403 173 263 5,400 11,508 3,612 767 431 1,617 33,288 1915.... 3,866 4,494 1,446 140 308 5,701 13,553 3,916 934 462 1,709 36,529 1 The figures for 1900-1902 and 1904-1907 are as of Dec. 31; for 1903 and 1912 as of Jtme 30; and for 1908- 1911 as of June 30 for public schools and Dec. 31 of the preceding year for private schools. ' Others in 1913 include 678 Spanish, 234 Filipinos, and 108 Russians; in 1914, 991 Spanish, 243 Filipinos, and 183 Russians; and in 1915, 996 Spanish, 145 Russians, and 410 Filipinos. The growth of Japanese influence in agriculture, industry, and commerce is not the result of any large imperial pohtical design. It is an instance of the usual transfer, under the free play of economic forces, of an increasing share of the wealth and control of a country to the men who do its hard work. The Japanese in Hawaii earn all they get. They are competent intellectually and they have the per- sistence, industry, and discipline that win success. Filipinos do not present problrans of the same order. They have not yet manifested the persistence, foresight, and economy needed to acquire wealth and political influence. Politically they promise to 62 EEPORT OF COMMISSIOKEB OF LABOR STATISTICS OlST HAWAII. be embarrassing rather than dangerous. They have come to Hawaii too recently to have given much evidence of their abilities. Predic- tions regarding their future are imcertain, but they have displaced Europeans and increased the orientalization of the cotmtry without having thus far contributed to its social or civic betterment. A few years ago one could enumerate the occupations Orientals were entering for the first time and could observe the rate at which they were driving other nationalities out of particular employments. This competition still goes on, especially in the mechanical trades, but it is not as novel or as conspicuous as formerly. Perhaps Asiatics do not underbid American and Hawaiian workmen by such a wide margin as when they were new competitors and before they had the family expenses of a settled population. Citizen mechanics protest against the Federal Government's employing Orientals on pUbhc works. The Territorial Government employs no aliens. This com- plaint against the National Government has been made previously in respect to different departments, but just at present is directed against the war department. Japanese mechanics, it is charged, are building its army posts. The officers in immediate charge of this work are not required by law to employ citizens, but are expected to accept the lowest bids.. This results in our Government's supporting and encouraging in Hawaii an alien population, when it needs very badly in that country a larger militia population loyal to the country. THE IMMIGRATION QUESTION. Hawaii is a laboratory in which the effects of immigration have been demonstrated with few disturbing conditions to cloud the results. American civilization was early imposed upon the primitive native •culture of the islands, and they became an outpost of occidentalism in the Pacific. The natural decline of the original inhabitants, which had begun before many Europeans visited the coxmtry, promised rather the assimilation and preservation of their better element than their ultimate extinction. Th,e Territory's history probably would have been, in regard to institutions, labor conditions, and the dis- tribution of wealth, somewhat similar to that of California had the normal course of its development been iminterrupted by an infiow of cheap labor from the Orient. This labor produced in a high degree the effect upon social conditions in Hawaii that the stream of immi- gration from the less progressive parts of Europe has produced upon the mainland. White and native labor have been displaced in the occupations entered, and the native population has been driven out of those sections settled by the Orientals.* This immigration increased the inequality of wealth by depressing the wage level and by crowding wage employttients at the expense of ' See Volume XIII, page 467, of the Publications of the American Statistical Association. LABOR CONDITIDKS IN HAWAII. 63 independent occupations. It also created the important problems of civic standards and of a population with alien sympathies, which the mainland is facing with growing comprehension of their seriousness at the present time. For 15 years our Government has excluded Chinese laborers, and the Chinese ia Hawaii are becoming Americanized. Through an agreement with Japan it has curtailed the immigration of Japanese, and the standard of living of that nationality in Hawaii is rising. An immigration of laborers from Korea that might have reached large proportions has been stopped. Toward Filipino immigration the official attitude has been neutral, though the Philippine Government has regarded the expatriation of its people with disfavor. On the other hand, Washington has viewed with sympathy the immigration of Europeans under the auspices of the Territorial Government. Some islanders think that coolie labor should be admitted to the Territory freely and that any thought of allowing manhood suffrage to the working people of Asiatic descent should be dismissed. Tliese advocates of unrestricted immigration say that the work of the country can best be done by Asiatics and by their labor the islands can be made to attain their highest possible economic development. No doubt this policy would enrich the present investors of capital. It is practicable but utterly impossible. At the other extreme are people who would sacrifice the sugar industry and overturn the whole economic organization of the Territory by deporting all Asiatics, thus creating a white Hawaii on the model of the white Australia. This latter policy would cause an enormous depreciation of existing invest- ments. It would create in Hawaii a new economic earth and perhaps a new economic heaven in the far-distant future. It is possible but utterly impracticable. Most persons who have the good of the islands at heart hold views intermediate to these extremes. The policy pur- sued by the United States and by the Territory of Hawaii toward inunigration has always been both inconsistent and opportunistic. When times were good and sugar prospects bright the Territory turned to Europe for new settlers and tried to foster small farming and to increase its citizen population. When times were bad and the future of the sugar industry uncertain employers centered attention exclusively upon cheap Asiatic labor. The results of these policies — ^for very few voluntary immigrants except from Asia have come to the Territory — are shown in the fol- lowing table: 64 EEPOBT OP COMMISSIONER OF LABOR STATISTICS ON HAWAII. Table 17.— STATISTICS OF IMMIGRATION, HONOLULU, i JULY 1, 1900, TO JUNE 30,1915. (From the records of the U. S. Bureau of Immigration and reports of the Board of Immigration, Later, and Statistics to the Governor of Hawaii.] Departures. Period, and nationality Coast. Orient.' Total. M. F. Chfl- drea M. F. Chil- dren. M. F. Chil- dren. M. F. Chil- dren. M. F. Chil- dren. 1900-1905. a r,hin(»5p 2,548 29,156 6,717 115 8,873 677 814 8 166 8 465 8,031 «32,044 653 773 '5,971 40 669 13,580 28 ss. SEAL. SEAL.| SEAL.| SEAL.' SEAL.' SEAL.' On this day of A. D. 19.., personally appeared before me , to me known to be the person described in and who executed the foregoing instru- ment, and acknowledged that executed the same freelv and voluntarily for the uses and purposes therein set forth. Notary Public, Fourth Judicial Circuit. 74 EEPOBT OF COMMISSIONEE OF LABOR STATISTICS ON HAWAII. e^dcJoJcJeqeoeqeoM to cot c4e4e4c4NodeQmMco CSOCKNMCOCOCOCOeO C40lC4CieoMeoecmeo t-COOJ'-lN'iJ'iOtOt- oic4C4C4CQC4eQeocQeo OOO3CQt-4I>O0>O>O3 t*OOOOOC4CO>OU3eoSf-0)0.-ie4 CO CO CO CO CO CO CO ^ "^ ^ CO CO CO CO CO eo CO "t ^ciicoaiOooco" i-l04C0-*t>00Or-ICMC0 CO CO CO CO CO CO ^ ^ '^ ^ CO CO CO CO CO CO ^ ""t* "^ ^ CO CO CO CO CO ^ ^P ^ M* ^ cocoeoeocoeopoeoeoedco ,-1 OS "5 a> 3; t- g> £3 2; ffl CO K O So t- 1* 00 «> 00 0> OS 0» 0> "jH CO CO eo CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO u eococococoeocococo"^ Ot-eocQcocDOOjHcgujt; H5 r-r-QOooososos 0000 ^ cocoeoeocoeoeo'^*'^'*'* fi CO CO CO CO CO ^ f ^ ^ *^ ^ ^ t-OOOlOSOOOi-l'-li-l^ cocoeoeo"^'**'*"*'^'^''!' ©•^■^■^■^■^■^"^'^ t;iONriC->OOiOON«t-OCO NCO-^iraiOCDCDCOcDt-t-. ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ '^ "*">f inco« "^■^■^■^ij!-c»csOi-;eflco"* u3-'Qdosoo' «c4cic4wcdeocoeoco co co eo m co "* •* -^ ■* ■^ "qS LABOR CONDITIONS IN HAWAII. V5 GENERAL TABLES. The general tables which foUow continue the statistical compila- tions relating to the nationality, occupation, and wages of sugar- plantation employees, and to the retail prices of commodities pre- sented in the reports of the Bureau of Labor in 1902, 1905, and 1910, and to the nationality, occupations, and wages of pineapple plantation and cannery employees presented in the report of 1910. TcMe A. — Occupations, rates of wages, hours oflabor, and nationality or race of employees on 50 sugar plantations, 1915. — ^This table is based upon information gathered from the pay roUs of all the sugar planta- tions having mills, and from the larger plantations and cane farms not having mills, in the Territory. The figures are taken for the month of May, which is a time when most mills are running and when repre- sentative conditions of employment prevail. It has been observed in the preceding text that the same person may be employed in several capacities on the same plantation within one month. For this reason the niunber engaged in each occupation varies from day to day, so that a representative day is chosen in taking occupation statistics. Contractors ' earnings are computed on a basis of the earnings of companies who concluded their contracts during the crop of 1914-15, which was practically all harvested when the Territory was visited. The number of contractors is the number actually working in May, though some of them will not finish theix contracts until 1916 or later. Hours of labor are not measured upon plantations with the same precision as in a large industrial establishment. Some hands live at isolated points and begin work without reporting to a foreman. The hom-s given in the table, however, are customary hours, and except in emergencies — such as a cane fire — they are the maximimi hours that laborers are employed. Nationality is a rather dubious term as applied to the many races and race mixtures in Hawaii. Some employees of native or part native stock are doubtless reported as Americans, which of course they are politically. Plantation time- keepers do not distinguish according to any uniform principle of classi- fication between Portuguese and Americans of Portuguese descent. The nationality classification is important principally as showing the number of Asiatics, but it does not distinguish between those bom in Hawaii and those born in Asia. The T-ates of wages are as accurate and complete as usually can be obtained from well-kept factory pay rolls. Table B. — Occupations, average daily wages and weelcly hours oflabor, and nationality or race of employees on sugar plantations, 1910 and 1915. — ^This is a summary of the preceding table, combined with corresponding data from. the tables prepared for the report made by 76 REPOBT OF COMMISSIONER OP LABOR STATISTICS ON HAWAII. this bureau in 1910. It gives & detailed view of the change in average wages from 1910 to 1915. Table 0. — Occupations, rates of wages', hours of labor, and nationality or race of employees of 12 pineapple plantations arid canneries, 1915. — The general observations upon Table A apply with equal or greater force to this table. The statistics were taken directly from the pay rolls of all the pineapple canneries in the Territory, and from some of the lai^er pineapple plantations. Relatively more pineapples than sugar cane are raised by small farmers, who keep no labor accounts. The figures here given are for the week in the summer of -1915 when canneries were running with their maximum force of workers. The niunber of employees fluctuates so much in this industry that pay rolls are not so well kept as on sugar plantations, especially in small establishments, and timekeepers can not supplement pay roU sta- tistics from personal information. Therefore the figures for nation- ality, sex, and age are not equally reliable. Moreover the hours of labor are not uniform in different establishments and they vary erratically from day to day. Consequently, except as to the rates of wages, which are fairly accurate, the table should be understood to report truly representative conditions of employment, but not to state them exactly for any definite date. TaMe D. — Occupations, average daily wages and weekly hours of labor, and nationality or. race of employees in the pineapple indus- try, 1910 and 1915.— hv 1902 and 1905 this industry was not important enough to be reported. This table presents comparative wages and other data for the two years mentioned; but the classifi- cation of occupations, the nationality of employees, and aU figures except rates of wages, are less exactly comparable for these two years than in case of the sugar industry. Table E. — Quarterly retail food prices for four years ending June SO, 1915. — The figures given in this table are compiled from statistics gathered and tabulated by the department of immigration, labor, and statistics of Hawaii. They are gathered quarterly by correspond- ence, and at times by agents, from about 40 representative stores ui all parts of the Territory, some of which are owned by plantation companies and some are not. The term "large quantity" does not mean an amount greater than would be purchased for the monthly supply of a laborer's family, and generally designates the usual selling parcel, such as a dollar's worth of sugar, or a certain number of cans sold for 25 cents or 50 cents. The predominant price is the price quoted by the largest number of establishments, and it is by this price, rather than by the average price, that the actual increase in the cost of living for working people is shown most clearly. LABOR CONDITIONS IN HAWAII. 77 Table F. — Wholesale and retail prices of 56 articles as reported hy IS flantation stores.- — This table is compiled from lists of prices given the Biireau of Labor Statistics by storekeepers in August, 1915. Thewhole- sale price is the cost of the articles dehvered. at the retail store, and the margin between the wholesale and retail price is the retailer's gross profit. Foods and other perishable articles deteriorate more rapidly in Hawaii than in most places on the mainland on account of the climate. Salaries, except those of white managers, are low. Fuel and light cost very little. Plantation stores have few bad debts. A good delivery service to customers is maintained. It is the policy of most plantation stores to charge high prices for luxuries and relatively lower prices for staple articles of necessity. The quota- tions in this table are limited mostly to items of the latter class, and so do not iadicate very clearly the existence of this practice, though it is suggested by the wider margin between wholesale and retail prices of cheese, as compared with the corresponding margins in the case of flour and rice. 78 EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF LABOR STATISTIOS ON HAWAII. Aver- age wages per day. SI. 45 .96 .60 .64 .62 3 RgRS? s ' s 85 s a o- a s i s1^ ii§i« ^li^l 11 lis Si §11 4 00 ll9ls -l^ll SS t- 00 (O to TfNCM 00 »H.H iiii« M -g«- to .-H-* CD -SCO mdiH M S s ■"* '"' a .§« ss ass S ssgse ssss S £ SSS a ssss ¥ Sff KSS s fffsaeg s sssg s _ f2SS a ssss 33 gs sss »- sssss s SSS8 s ass a ssss M tO^ tOCOcO cOOcDO«0 CD towtoso (D CD COCOtO CO fO s 1 J c t 1 '^ J 'J •^1 1 • \ 'i 6 1 ►? ll 1 i J ,1 ■i i ■ ■< 1 c e 'J i aa NHri ;^*;dp«^H^ i aaaa i a aari aaaa u Cg« OSNiH a B (M ICO ■*«« 00 .HINCOrH .i 1 E '1 1 1 1 1 s 1 1 i 1 i 1 ca ) , S 5 1 LABOR OONDITIONS IK HAWAII. 79 iH «o i> o -^ o t^ i4< 1-t oa Q C4 ec t« CO (-1 1^ o> to 04 lO CO ntn ■^MiHiHWMT-lCaNN'*!-! 8g3 s; SS5 "21 It Hi-HNi-tO •eOr-t eOiHQOdi-< ■lOi-H O CO 55 CO ^S CO CO CO CO (O CO CD CO CO CO O O CO CO CD CO CO CD CO CO CO CO CO CO aaaaaaaa n p ca OS ®^ s^s o ^ § w< «]i-IOS §a g a 80 EEPOET OF COMMISSIONEB OF LABOR STATISTICS ON HAWAII. I-^N "11 ■TSgSa si ill llil* C»^rmN^>l'-^-t>^-^-l>i 38 tD OS C* i-t -Wi t«- iH -W (N T O .S LABOR CONDITIONS IN HAWAII. 81 E2S 1.74 2.18 .85 1.08 s s s 5gS8g s C 2 gg^gggss fe " " " (NrH CQ IM cq IM TP Ni-i TO) .ONrt *"* s e^) 09 ""I -«°s >a CCeDCOC-(0 i>^&w)p.cii 3 'O 22 ss. a cf I •5 F I 3 S •£ s £> rt P o >» 41104°— S. Doc. 432, 64-1- 82 KEPOKT OF COMMISSIONER OP LABOR STATISTICS ON HAWAII. -n "2 'Safe'" sli^i 5|§|a OS'S CJ »^ ■^■a CI »N s 3 isassasssg siiss °||°sss3ssa -"Spited ggg^o 5 so >■ 60 5 S ,->§ >-^,-^^~ COO«D(DtDt£)SDtD«D (0(0(0 0^ tOSD O CD "3 •9 as" isy .91 Si? 3a a> O m , p.'QJ s:^:^ aa aaai^as:^aa rH wee 3 I I 1 I LABOR CONDITIONS IN HAWAII. 83 fj> qj5 q^ (;0 <0 ^ CO eD (D 50 CO ^O to cD (O to to O ■SSsS t:|:il gsria arisriaa o n ^ .gsS .&aS asa est m££ aaaiilssg ■saspHS O I-Hl-I ~ as 3 5 t only nly. only, only. m iill ® 1 3 « h- tH *^«5 m-*iO"0 orted 4 boy orted orted orted orted £.£ m-c w£ SWKW S'H'H'a S'ft'S'E, gaaa « 03 on a> V o o o o o ftplftp, ft OJ -• oi oi CO m • m asssg.s o o o o b o MWWMMH O O m S O. tli|l b tj fc! SS t! • d3 O 03 C3 (D prt +J -iS 4-3 +> -W b Eld bj b b 4^ o o o o o fe &©'&§'§' fth ^< tri h h p n m CO CO n o o o o o o t s 84 BEPOBT OP COMMISSIONER OF LABOR STATISTICS ON HAWAII. SSSSSS S Sgjg 3l|i!?!3S3S:SSSga5S s ■n'SSS "St »li^l si §4 Sgg'o" a1^^" 00 11 CO • iQ I O-^f^OOOOt-'-trHOrHrH ass's' I r*.-too.-t ico <0 wO»« ■* C ss. rt £ ffi cCUD CO «0 to I (DcOOtOtDCOcOtD^COtC) .2 "^ s;^;^^:^ afNa aaaEH"£aap^aaa ssn:^ tpeONiHco 00 loeq I-' iOiQOOiOOO W CO N t^^ i-H r-li«T-i t^,HN ,-H 3 S E-i S o Eh LABOR CONDITIONS IN HAWAII. 85 88^ SSS ' n 5 04 s seasHggggs ". So gsggi: g s s ss S ir S^ S s " r-l " 1 CO " " " i CO (Ni-H • CO cq ■* iH C4 «5 w* "5 r^l-( TfrH lO w QO IN« S " S -# S5 M eD.HC<»O.H S3 00 -^■"S --tg CO .H CO ^ iH W .HrH«DCO s s '? M r "a-' i '"S" : i iHl-l * f PS M 2 lO o - Kggeegssss CD fjl tjfn ^Q qQ ff^ Fj^i f^ f Q rp rjp ^5 s ggggSSSSSSSSSS 8 -■ sssessssse s ooggoggogog s gggggggggggggg g sggsEJsesss s SSSSSSSSSsS s gggggggggggggg g| CO(OCO<£>i:0<£»(£>CDCOCOCOCD«DCOCO«0 CD CO«QCOC0tO«OcO<0-tC4(NeO0OC4^i<^HO>-^co 2 3 co2 ? i bO bobobo 3 .a.B3 Tti eo »o -iH Ph O O (-• O & O O JH o h tH 03 tH •^ m D3 *^ CQ cd o o ce o tfttf O.O tH tH o o « o APhoi P4I-I )H 0} s I-t 03 CO m *^ ^^ m O O o eO o3 O ^ r« M n '• 86 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF LABOR STATISTICS ON HAWAII. 1 age wages S6.90 6.75 6.71 6.67 5.75 3.83 9.11 10.54 5.75 3.83 5.56 CO 3.34 2.49 1.54 3.83 1.78 1.92 S oi 1.21 .91 .77 1.02 .65 1.10 .62 inn ss S . t Pi o »1| rt Olr^rt^ NT-lrt '^ = 1 iUM^ " "11" ,«lill ii^i^ ^^ ■"^ '"' I CQ rH '"' ■-W «|gii ii§i« N »^ o O ; ooo s CO icSeOCOCO s CDCOtOCDCDtOCDCDtDCDCOCDCDCDCOCOCDCD o CD S cOo rt lOrH^rtrt OS coWr-i.Hoo.-teo«-iOTi«i». o o II ma 3 o 6H &< »- 88 REPOBT OF COMMISSIONER 01" LABOR STATISTICS ON HAWAII. eg o w ■^ "* "5 ^ c4 C4 1-! i-i iH N w OS ^ to 22 s 29 «e es !=< " £3 3 2! 2 S3 "^"g CI few ■OS "SS'Ogj i§^s "■2cife° £33 '.r-i>.i>. t^ l>. r- CO t- CD I>. I- 1^ t- CO t^ If O rf «» I lit 1 1 . 1 ■ Qj <-iP4 t-> c8 (-< cS cQ d @ s » O ra P^S o ^ cd O ra o -d ^^ ^ «-< S o o o^ o fcH o ® i-i o o-j or? ■"SS OOOMOflO Ho O ra O w ijg cacQiQ'^coCia ^^w^wS '.§ .&.>.&-3.£ fe.E; S?.£-a.£-3 8882 lis ■gSSESS |S55 assa g (B ; o ; ™ ' M • ; ; * d ^ 0i^ te ^ g "O "0 13 S3 ;ia :S '; "■ ■ ■ ■ ■«10 .l»i .M .» aa'gaaagaaaf.; 1-1 Tt< M 0» CO "* »H N i-H CO lO >}? Q. eo «„ ep» g O giff 1O00.-I fx ^ b Sow O O o gg'S'&g' g'g'S'&S's&a' 3 3»£.^ gagajsa Maaa.2 g5 90 BEPOBT OF CDMMISSIONEE OF LABOB STATISTICS ON HAWAII. Aver- age wages (fey. $0.81 .89 1.23 1.00 s I 3.13 1.35 1.17 1.51 1.92 1 fa rA s rH g g 10 "tt s W .-J *rH i 1 -ii iH ili.^« «1^ll ilila '^ ^ siiii r-i r-4 ii§i3 s|gii N ^~* i-i CO « ilils N s ^rtrilO » N D) =^iiii ^3- S rHin-«< S s COCO"-" rHt- 1 CO •* ii§i« cO(N^ § tH • rH m ; CD 1 |l ssss 00 <0 StCXOCDtDtOtO s coSSSco g gss i essg s S S CO S CD ^ V CO s ggggg S SSg s «cc=c 3S esse s g ggggggg s sssss g ggs g SSg 1^1 t^tot^t- to CO 1:0 CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO to CO CO to r-t-b- 1 i! I-5 1 1 ; .1 E < 11 F 1 I 1 1 i c i 1 1 1 1 i 'I I'd OQ 1 k E I 1 .1 C 1 1 ^SSS i 1^' i^;^;;^;^';^;^':^ j aaaaa i aaa ■ ^^S MOTJOiH S rH « rH U3 0> rH iH «S ^ iH r-l CO ■«• N '"' 1-1 OOM ,fH eoco,'* 1 1 1 i 1 ■z 1 c i ■ I 1 i 1 & 1 1 1 ^ 1 C I i LABOR COUDITIOHTS IN HAWAII. 91 s 5S 1-H o o cOC s S3 s 8 D 9.58 15.34 12.23 9.58 s !? en I- M .H " w nf-*T^f-i CO " " - ", "" CO " - iHi-* N Cfl rH " iHtH O) ^N " •Hd « MM 04 t^ mOrt £^ N N N^ -^CO'* t;- CM 00 -CM U5 r-1^W CO " SSJS coScoeOOOcOOCCO COCDCOCOCOCOCOCOCOOO 00 CO sgsg CO CD CO (X) CO CO ssz s sssssgggs s ggggsssgss s ssss CD CO CO CO CO CD 00 ggs o so SwuncooocDcococo g ScdSSSSSSSm g gSHS s CD CO CD CO CO CO g cOCD«Dr^ CD cDCDCDtOtOr^CDcbcDW CO CO CO to CO CD CO CO t^ CO CO ■c = Ba °W &*j ssss;^:^:^:^^ H CQ « .-I W tH CM Haass' '^Is : ; SffSg .S' :ss ^;^;^;^;^a li ^^ ■a I 92 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF LABOR STATISTICS ON HAWAII. Aver- age wages SI. 00 1.05 .87 i.nB s S8g ^ S s SS ■^ ^ °. o 8 g s SS3 00 s C s 1 1 3 ^u llll» «l^ll ii^is ^M^l i1il» si ill ilil- .-(M O0i-« o* cs ■^l-t t~ ^^i 1 i 1 li t^ S 00 o 00 SSK s ssggsi CO CO ooSt^St^oooo Oi ggg ^ s sss s SHS K ssggse s ss^ssss s §88 ii t> CO 00 CO g SSS S ssssss s sssssss g 888 m «S (Or-eo w o CO^CO 'i>r- (DtDcO S fl 1 ■§ 1 1 g 1 1 ; 1 1 1 i 1 I 1 i C ^ ■1 1 .1 P4 i 1 c i 1 J 1 c 1 i CO a i^aa i aaa i ^^^^^^ I aaasasa i saa 1^ .H eCWtH - .-HM«rt ThiQ 8 I^ rH -J -H eo iH .H S PJcOrH o ( 1 g 1 i g 1 1 1 •> * 1 J i 1 1 • I 1 1 J n 1 I 1 1 1 ' 1 1 1 1 LABOR CONDITIOSrS IN HAWAII. 93 oc 4.73 4.22 1.99 1.54 1.79 1.64 1.46 1.35 2.30 1.80 2.11 1.89 3.83 3 7.39 4.41 7.03 6.58 4.22 7.67 6.71 5.69 4.79 6.49 3.83 5 SSSSSSgggSSgSg « rr CO N ■^ CO oi 1-1 U3 ■* CQ N f-J CO S CD «Ot-1 S : n ^ i" CO " 1-1 r" (N ,-..-ieo.-i ■ OS NCO 1-1 COt-* ' WiHCDCCCO ■=^8-^ ; S .-.CO CO t- oo F-HIO Ort TtflO s ■^ -H^cq . 00 N -; gs g ggssssessrsse gf2?2S?2f2g2f2?2fdg2 ^ isSSSSSF CO ss g ssssssesssese s i>t-t-cor-t^i^r-r-t^t- s gg s gJssseggHssggss g sssssssssss g S^KSSSSSKSSSS s l>C0C0tf)cD<0eD• CC o < I .1 1 ^ 1 N £ C ra < C 1 1 1 i t-9 (S o i u j= 1 J 1 il PI 03 WO 1 1 New Zealander- . Norwegian Part-Hawaiian. , Portuguese CQ sa : agasaaasaaaaa i assaaaasaaa : aasaaa'a'agssaa i ■Vr-i "^ eortr^Niomr->-.t^i>t^t-,oi--t-t- t^ cor-oeo t^ CO eococococo u o p ■4i III 9 ffi II MS ■ ca p 1 1 1 a 1 i •1 : Ph I { qOO 1 i CQ aaaaaaaaa i aaaa a'aaaaa ; a aaaaa P iraiOrHiHcocqosoot^ F^ CMtHi-HCM CD 11 rt .-,.-( cq ^ CO O iH MrHrHCMN 1 p. Eh 1 , 1 I P i 5 i \ ■I 1 [ 1 LABOB CONDITION'S IN HAWAII. 95 1-5 CO s §3 « 8 ^ a ■* i S8 03 u; SS K g Sg SSSSS s S; P S gs s N « ;iH ij< "i iH '^ ca IH , w w .1 --< W 1-t (M tH M M (Mi-i CO iH rH ec o "SS s Ne4C4 CO WrH CO CO CO 03 CM lo .HtHiOWCO c3 gSSgg g ggg g CD CD CO Oi-< «^CC00«MO N lOOlOiH r-T -*Q0 ^ '-H'-'as r-<0 ■ - - ^'^'2 OS 1-100 ■OOt^NOO -* 'as « «a eoiHiH •4 la 1 1 1 IS g_ggSSSSSgSSSgSS8SSgSSg§SS§SSSgSSSS 2, " S l< CO ^.. CO cocQcofO<0»CO«OCO«QCOOCO«0«D«CcDCCH CO " " CD - s CO 41104°— S. Doc. 432, 64-1- 98 REPORT OP COMMISSIONER OF LABOR STATISTICS ON HAWAII. Aver- age wages o 1.30 1.08 .96 s g? o in I- i 1 1 o »ii (M - -4 11 ii" - Wrt «iiii iH »i^ii llil» s|iii '^ " «llll (N^ ioe»coi-t S s ss 2" lO §^ t^^T-ICT. « ^ CO N CO CO p«i TO % o M oooo*ooSi>S C3a o^ioo CM* a ggg g ooo tOCDt* gl 00 00 00 OO 00 00 00 s ^ SSSKSSS 00 r- CDCDCD g tocot- ^*5 5s ssseses g 00 CO CO O (N N cq ,_^ t^ CO to CD *>• t~ C- s r- cDcDcO S CDCDt- 1^^ t^r-t-r-t^t^t^ r- CD <0 CD CD «D CD CO «0 CO CD COCOcD CD cDtOt- 8 li 1 c 1 1 ■I 1 c '1 1 Hs c E 'i i 1 1 1 s 1 H i ■1 I i i ^ saaaaaa i a gaaasaa j a asa : ^^S Si s sss^g"=:?3 ; W USCMiH 00 i-INtM 1 o 1 . i 1 i ■1 i a c i 1 1 1 i S LABOR CONDITIONS IN HAWAII. 99 ssg HCpt-OOQO OOOCQOO 1-^ N i-t .-I .-1 iOiOt-hMN CO -^CSWi-lrHFi o i> a .•a H t—.«o tOt^iO t^t^tOt^tO «ot^«ot-r-t* sis' I I 'S|i'S|' s a .■•sS'aa aa 1^:^ a aaasa a aaaa a aaaaa a aaaaaa CO t^ i-H C^NTH-^iHtH ^ "K ft o s o o a I a" s if Id 2 1 d fl S S e e- @ 9 -' 5 B i B S ^ "- = a 100 REPORT OP COMMISSIONER OP LABOR STATISTICS ON HAWAII. Aver- age wages day. CD 3.07 3.36 1.86 1.62 2.37 1.35 2.10 3.16 2.88 E5 1 NMiO CJ>I>CO 5 S?g s g ■a 6 p. o "If t-i '"' CSI.H N ; us s^lili *"* *"* *"* T-iOi ; iiii^ iH iH rHiH CCM^ 00 1-1 «iiii iH N N ■* CD N « tHIO r-l lO-^IM Ol s .-^ (N -■a- 00.-( ; £5 i-lN r- t-i « -a N ^ g§s«g 1 1 li ■CD S 8888 o CD i^ ooooooo (O t^ t^ «3 t^ t- t^ ^ (Q;C®<0!DSO(OtOtO 8 CO CD CO 8 CO CO CO CO 8 ii OiOOOiOOO CD (O t- «o o ^- 1- ^CDCOO^^CDCOCD g ISCOCO 8 8888 O CO (O I> i> «o I>. t- I> oo'w'o S5 O>Tf<00 ■*coi:- s S3 ^ t^ 00 1-1 1-.00CC o : ■ " r- ClCv3»-t CD (N CO CO CRi CM N 3 iHCO U3 .* CD w t> t~ r~ to !>• t> t> r^ D-D- t- t>CDD- CD J 'l^ c 1 i E 1 '1 1 1 I ■{ i 1 < § ■£ ^ C a 1 i 5 ■5 1 1 ; ■ 1 c 1 1 tl i c 1 c i 11 I 1 ^ L4 S 1 c ! sgaa'aa • a sgaaaa'a i ;^i=;p:;g[=;[i;sf^ ! af=; ; Hap=J : t^jHlNTtiOrH ^ (N wrt^^^^HrH S 1 >n T-l rH 00 1-1 M NCO a S^ CO ,-HrHOO O d H C9 H *H e3 O n O w CS O m o eg O O CO (D " CD « » m ,3 5 o Eh u-M u m « S S A O u u m t-i C3 t^ O 9 »X M ?> m «^ f-" M CD n O) ^ S (D t-»o® ®cO rH tH iH CO CD ,-1 rO-O 03 c3 cS 03 ^^ -Q-a ss sg iS 03 01 OJ > t* . I> > ^§ s ^ t. I-i dii C<1 S S S3 !>>*>* -o'4E. B-WOl ■gaa^ pC so o> o ^ s s s 5 3 --I « '-• O a cd o m 03 CO ■a a 3 w 102 BEPORT OF COMMISSIONEE OF LABOR STATISTICS ON HAWAII. Aver- age wages (fey. E5!§2 gsSSgggS > g gSSgg£S3SgSSgg§SSSg^5» 6 sii llils «l§ll »lili 1'^ Stj J. 1- ■^ si^ii '.'^ J (M 1 ; § jN^rHMog ; ;| ;5i : ;s p ; ^ SiB-Siw -SS^S s S r- g ;- 3 •;"§ ; :§?§ : i^-S-S iii^i |i-i ;fH 1 : i i^-'""^ ■."' : i C9i-t •;;;:::" ■ eow . i 1 4S «3lOI» so to «3 «5 CO (O g g N eo 1-1 >o0 cOOOO>cO - - - - « - - - CO s (N IN s o> s "§ CO i-H—tO ■"• -"§3 w " "^ eo "* I «4 s i " N WCT to Trj.-t .-*o In" cc CQ useo s ; r-N CO 00 - - - N cq »o SE2SSS g gsssgg o o o ^i^o o o o CD w <0^;^eo CO eo CO o ggggg o CO S CO CO CO CO CO CO cc gssss CD s ggg ~.g 2 = 3 ggg g ggggg J5 g gggggggg 00 sggss s ssssss to g ggs,^gggg g ggggg ? gggggggg oocoeoco eO (Ot* O P. ft w n. ft ft a> d> (1 s V 0) m wo CO ?i w o o " o o o wwawww a 03 m . o o S o "S a a a ajS^o ■3'3°S°W'So aasaaaaa O P4 CO p, M 5 00 "» o ft ft CuOft SO) ti o 00 0.S3 S o -1^ 104 REPOBT OF COMMISSION-BE OF LABOR STATISTICS ON HA-WAII. Aver- age wages per day. SO. 96 .54 .93 Q4 o- 0»t>00>CDO s « S .95 1.15 1.54 1.08 3 ss CDC cnc (NIT i a o CO CS) * : TlHl-l ^tm CQ »I§^1 CO CO ii^.i^ CO eor-t iH THf-Cb-iH N iiiiss CM CO "SS" CO ^liil CO lO CO iH r- tocq CD s 00 JH s rt« ■^ t^ s co «co ^ TH--ai o - - (N Ol 1 |i rOKOtOfO s ^C0(O^CO«O s CO cDCoScOCO S gggggssssss VtOCOCO s CO cD CO CO CO CD s Cp CDCOWCDCO s CDCDCOCOCOCOCDCDCOCoS CO CO CO CO s CO CO CD CD CO CO 8 CO CDCoScOCO g CDCDCDCOCOCDCDCDCDCOCO 1^1 CO CO 5D CO CD CO CD CD CD CD CD CO CO CDCOD-COCD CD COCOCDCDCOCOCOCDi' ; O SS " CO " CD ^00 . (N ••-* N ilCDCQi-IC^ s ^Y-IOS tDiHi-( a CO CO 1-1 Ir- S I-H.-ICOM s CD Nj^H Neo.H &r ^ CU tH « • lO i" l« I"* .CO ; S .-l-CO 1-1 tH « iO (O . s y t-i-l iHMW co^-l^- i 3; C^rtiOiQ «^««J5 o) ; 1 ■*.-i.-« CD-* oo °-s ^ CO C^ 1-t 03 a'aasagsHaasHaasaa ssggagaasHaaa 9 t; I 2S CD d a 108 EEPOET OF COMMISSIONER OF LABOR STATISTICS ON HAWAII. Aver- age wages day. $8.41 13.42 7.86 7.57 6.13 8.45 8.43 8.34 3.95 5.75 3.83 1.49 2.47 7.67 3.81 4.79 8.63 2.50 1.15 1.35 .92 1.25 1.34 1.21 .75 1.00 1.15 1.08 1 1 3 ^11 CO >H r.4 eO_.H O tH S3 I'' . . ..H - i llilS *"* rt 1 . . i " siiii H • ; " T ^ i s«l^l| ii§i^ ; ;: S5|il| i" i tH • -tH ■ ii9i» ,-( ■. . " ; • -ea . >rt . S> ■ : ■.■A : 111 llF ■I'j 1 gaasgaa i aaaasa i aa aaaaaaaa aaa 1^ lH I-H ^ t- tHi-l T-H i-l CO CO iH CO O TH iH iH Cq o if O < 1 1 o Total Overseers, steam plow • LABOR CONDITIONS IN HAWAII. 109 S8 IS 1.64 6.71 4.34 CO -^NlOWS «3 Lh'^^-W 1.42 2.31 1.00 1.92 1.25 3.55 1.11 4.11 2.82 3.83 2.04 1.15 2.14 3.22 2.22 5 1.06 .87 1.00 1.00 1.03 00 00 rH - - - Cv w W iH N " *"* " " -i W "fli tH tDr-co*r-t~ SSgigS gs g O (ocoeo^co s to to § mWCOIr-COOTIr*I> s SHggS oo CD ^ o^r ^ (D(0COI>t-l> CO CO cot- CO CO (T> N M Japanese Norwegian-. Part-Hawaiian. . Portuguese Si 11 o c Hawaiian American Canadian .E C III Is g II If -«!C 1 CD <: .11 ■■as is ; s as S asa as s as sa as aa aaaa a a aaa .g-a s.goS (D " a) 03 B..S ftp) igai Q> 03 (p 9 •g §'ca§ p w o o ON (N «e<«>-iw 1-- (M rH W ^ 1 : ea^wfl'i-^ o (0« CO 04 OS s -^ ■* lO i-< f-lOOrS . O ii^ii CO - I Tf rHCN>i»l I> pii - - 4 a u ssss t* (O to t*- to C™ s ees: e oo^ocsSco Ji - gSgJS « COtOt^ ^ °s„ (S Su3«OXCO S S(o«SS oc |i SSKS CD «DCD t^eor- g ss„ t>t--i>c-t- aS3 asN •as asf-iaa . .^.as . . . aaaaasaafHsaasaaaa goo !■"* £.s.g o S H ■eag s © ® ■ II s| .- aa e- " 112 REPOET OF COMMISSIONER OF LABOR STATISTICS ON HAWAII. Aver- age wages day. » o CO 10 (£> CO (£> g ssss 00 C* CO«3 so ic to «) s ggss ^ Sgggg 8 I> cD5DOcD tOcO ^ CO fO rHCC CO I— 1 05 CO ^. - - gg € ggg g gssssessssee sssssss S SSffSSSESS CO g gs O CD ggg s t>ooi>t-c-r-c^t^i>t~t*t* S ESSSSSSS s sssssssg K g gg g ggg s 8SSggSSSf2Sf2S ^ sssssss § SSSSHSSH as' g toto CD cDOeo «D «Dr~-«0C0eDC05DCDcDcD^cD CD cDcocoeot^toto CD to eo eo !0 eo eo CO »n CN (N 1-1 ^ ^„^„„^^„ CO 1 E i 1 C 1 1 3 S 1 &H fl 41104°— S. Doc. 432, 64-1- 114 REPORT OP COMMISSIONER OP LABOR STATISTICS ON HAWAII. gas's 6" ^n «|"^N«u3« ass's •• s|ill 'a atJgg Son as'ojj aaa-a* ••SS'dg *0_ri t . .4^ 03 to to (O tt5 <0 (O eD O <0 ; CO o CO "s " « 3 i ; irgr^s-'is^s' ? »" -^ ' ^o lO CO s o (0 COiH th fH 00- N C - - W 1 ssssssssssss ss g ss CD 0000 s SScocOCDcOCDCOCOCOCDcO s £S "" CD CO CO CO <£> «0 W to CO CO O coco s ss CD 0000 s CO CD CD CO CO CO CD CO CO CO CO CO s ££ £ CO CO CO CO CD CO CO CO !D CO CO ^ co cO s ss CO Sm s cococococococotococococo o CO €£: i CO CO CO CO SO CD CO CD CO CO CD CO co CO CO COCO i>i>. i> iOcOiacocOCOCDeOCDCDCOcD CO £r.„ t-«* iO»-l CO T-*r-( (M Q0.-li-4N.HC0CfliHiHr-f*e« K .H»-l N - 1 k r 1 7n 73 ^ H ^ H ■a o H .g ■1-3 o 116 BEPOET OF COMMISSIONER OP LABOE STATISTICS ON HAWAII. Aver- age wages per day. $4.12 1.87 2.65 1.65 1.46 .92 1.71 1.37 .69 1.57 2.14 .99 .70 1.17 1.15 1.50 1.16 • 1.64 1.00 1.33 1.33 1.14 2.27 1.10 CN .25 1.92 1.04 T-i l-( ii§iis l-l ■"* ^tm - — - ii^i* »i^ii r-i I-H ilils ^ ■^ siiii *"■ '"' W CO 1-1 T-* ; (N ai^is CCtH N ; CD " i-H sl^.ll «o rHU5 ; CO t> 1-1 iH CO «Dr-(THlft t> rH ilil« -a-«t^S s s ss ggggogooo s SISt^r-S<£iSSS«ji>Si>i-t-S S ffg 1^1 oeoeOfOCDt-coeDtD t-t-t-t^r-cDt^t^ixcic-r-t-t-ot- CO < i 1 1 ^ .i 11 i \ < 1 .2 3 ^'5 ,1 c i E c i 1 1 ^ .1 hi 1 1 f- 1 J saaaaaaaa i i^assaaaaaaasaaaa ; ^ ^1^ (N(NlH.VWr-<«t^.-t CO -(t^,-HrH s 1-1 wt* 1 c ■s 1 3 1 1 g 1 E 1 LABOR COl^DITIOSrS IN HAWAII. 117 -* CQ eq .-H (N i> OOOOONO Tj< OOUSt— 00 HQON.-I C^ r-t- cqcq 6toi>. O O CO CD CD l> CD t»- CD CD ■SS g a o s'3 SSao ;g eg c-t* I> o s i c 1= .1 1 1 1 1 E 1 C 0- i 1 i 03 aaasaasa i S Num- ber. N^-HCCgrtO- ? 1 c 1 ; 1 E § E 1 LABOR CONDITIOlirS IN" HAWAII. 119 Table B.— OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE DAILY WAGES AND WEEKLY HOURS OP LABOR, AND NATIONALITY OR RACE OF EMPLOYEES ON SUGAR PLANTATIONS, 1910 AND 19l5. Sex. 1910 1915 Occupation and nationality or race. Employ- ees. Aver- age hours per week. Aver- age wages &y. Employ- ees. Aver- age hours per week. Aver- age wages (fay. BagfiUers: M. M. F. M. F. 24 72 $1.00 22 3 9 12 1 72 72 72 72 72 $1.45 Bag fflfiers and markers: .Tapaposft .96 Bag markers: Japanese..... . . ... 2 60 .62 .60 .64 Do .62 Total J 12 72 .61 F. M. F. M. F. F. M. F. F. Bag markers and menders: 1 2 2 26 85 2 2 10 2 72 65 3 72 «68.1 71.4 68.5 72 60 72 .48 .69 .48 .82 .57 .46 .46 .62 .54 Bag sewers: Filipino '. 1 72 .77 TToTmiiisin 19 32 71.7 70.1 .93 Do .57 FortoRican Portuguese... 2 1 72 72 .89 Do .50 Total. 131 6 69.8 .62 55 71.7 .73 M. M. M. M. M. Bag sewers and fillers: Chinese 1 4 66 72 .81 .90 TTawHiiaTi 4 8 60 60 .90 .90 6 1 72 66 1.03 .81 Total 12 60 .90 12 71 .95 M. F. F. Bag sewers and markers: 1 2 3 66 78 78 .81 .49 .49 6 76 .54 M. M. M. F. Bag sewers, fillers, and pliers: 8 4 2 2 (•) 72 72 72 2.16 riUpino..... 1.19 1.19 Do . 1.19 Total 8 72 1.19 M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. Blacksmiths: 17 60.2 4.13 10 1 60 60 4.79 2.00 4 60 3.79 Enllish-Tahltlan 1 1 3 8 60 60 60 60 1.92 1.73 3 6 1 28 2 8 1 7 1 60 60.7 60 '59.9 60 8 61.7 60 60.6 65 3.58 2.92 2.75 1.48 1.76 3.01 2.60 3.98 1.34 2.37 3.03 35 6 14 2 i 1 60 60 60 60 60 60 1.71 2.67 2.59 Sussi^ . - 2.75 4.62 1.35 Total 78 »60.3 2.77 86 60 2.58 1 Boys. ' Including 2 boys. • Hours reported for 1 employee only. * Hours reported for 25 employees only. » Hours reported for 129 employees only. ' Not reported. ' Hours reported for 27 employees only. ' Hours reported for 7 employees only. » Hours reported for 76 employees only. 120 EEPOKT OF COMMISSIONER OF LABOR STATISTICS ON HAWAII. Table B.— OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE DAILY WAGES AND WEEKLY HOURS OP LABOR, AND N^ATIONALITY OR RACE OF EMPLOYEES ON SUGAR PLANTATIONS, 1910 AND 1915— Continued. Sex. 1910 1915 Occupation and nationality or race. Employ- ees. Aver- age hours per week. Aver- age wages day. Employ- ees. Aver- age hours per week. Aver- age wages day. Blacksmiths' helpers: M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. 3 1 2 2 16 71 1 1 27 59.7 60 60 60 69.9 2 60.4 60 60 61 $0.92 .69 .69 .85 1.17 1.00 1.00 .92 1.07 13 60 JO. 97 Filipino.... 3 1 '13 3 62 2 1 «31 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 .89 German... . . 1.00 Hawaiiaai, . .96 1.04 .94 1.00 Portuguese ... .99 Total 124 6 60.4 1.02 «116 60 1.01 Boatmen: _ M. M. 4 60 '1.54 18 6 60 60 1.23 1.25 Total 4 60 '1.64 23 60 1.24 M. M. Boiler cleaners: 4 3 1.20 1.20 Total 7 m 1.20 M. M. Boiler makers: 5 6 60 60 5.20 1.55 1 9 60 60 85. GO 1.93 Total 10 60 3.38 10 60 "2.24 M. M. M. Boiler makers' helpers; 2 60 1.00 Chinese 1 20 60 60 l.OO 25 60 1.04 1.23 27 60 1.04 21 60 1.22 M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. Bookkeepers: American 20 1 3 1 12 3 68 60 60 60 "60.2 68 6.38 6.71 6.56 8.05 6.13 6.14 19 1 1 69.1 60 60 7.82 Australian 7.67 Canadian - 7.67 English 4 1 2 1 2 60 60 60 60 60 6.99 6 52 Irish 8.63 2 88 2 1 2 1 8 12 60 60 63 60 60 3.07 3.07 3.22 5.76 6.47 2 60 4 22 Kussian Scotch "16 60 7 S9 Total 54 "59.3 6.06 IS 49 59.6 7.25 ' Including 2 boys. 2 Hours reported for 70 employees only. » Including 4 boys. ' Including 6 boys. 5 Hours reported for 123 employees only. 6 Including 14 boys. ■' 1 employee receives also a bonus of S2 per month if he works 20 days during the monlh, B Not reported. Also board. 10 1 employee receives also board, u Hours reported for 11 employees only. '2 Hours reported for 1 employee only. »3 Includiag 1, who is also a sugar boiler, " Hours reported for 52 employees only. LABOR CONDITIONS IN HAWAII. 121 Table B.— OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE DAILY WAGES AND WEEKLY HOURS OF LABOR, AND NATIONALITY OR RACE OP EMPLOYEES ON SUGAR PLANTATIONS, 1910 AND 1915— Continued . Sex. 1910 1916 Occupation and nationality or race. Employ- ees. Aver- age hours per week. Aver- age wages per day. Employ- ees. Aver- age hours per week. Aver- age wages per day. Bookkeepers, assistant: M. F. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. 13 1 69.7 60 $4.14 3.84 19 60 $3.81 Do AnstrR-lis'" 2 1 60 60 4. OS 6.71 3 1 6 2 2 3 1 4 160 60 57.6 60 60 60 54 58.5 1.79 4.50 3.62 2.88 2.02 1.98 3.26 2.64 Danish English 4 7 1 4 60 60 60 60 5.22 4.24 HawaiKin 1.51 Japanese 1.63 2 4 20 60 60 60 3.26 3.69 Scotch 4 60 2.88 3.71 Total - .. . 40 2 69.2 3.26> 64 60 3.77 M. M. M. Bookkeepers and cashiers: 1 1 1 60 54 56.6 5.75 7.67 8.63 Total 3 56.8 7.36 Brakemen, railroad: M. M. M. M. M. M. M. 3 72 1.00 Filipino 3 23 16 16 66 2 72 72.3 69.8 72.4 72.4 72 1.06 - Hawaiian 16 6 7 68 64.1 62 70.3 69.2 .90 .95 .98 1.02 1.04 Japanese 1.02 1.05 i.or 1.17 Total 90 68 .99 124 72 1.03 Bricklayers: M. M. 1 60 .77 1 60 1.7S 1 60 .77 1 60 1.73 Bricklayers' helpers: M. M. M. M. M. M. 1 60 1.15 Butchers: 1 4 2 60 46.6 3.26 1.47 1.13 Chinese 3 4 2 60 47.6 60 1.74 Hawaiian 1.85 1.08 1 60 1.92 Total 8 <50.3 1.66 9 54.4 1.64 Butchers' helpers: M. M. M. M. 4 59 .99 1 1 60 60 1.00 .92 2 1 60 60 1.00 .58 Portuguese 1 60 .96 Total 7 69.4 .93 3 60 .96 Camp bosses : M. M. M. M. M. M. 1 3 1 4 (») 60 59.5 60 .99 2.17 2.88 .70 12 23 1 60 60.2 60 5.88 5.80 Guam Islander .77 1 Hours reported for 2 employees only. 2 Hours reported for 39 employees only. ' Irregular. ' Hours reported for 6 employees only. 6 1 eniployee receives also 1 cent a head for rats caught. 122 EEPOET OF COMMISSIONER OF LABOB STATISTICS ON HAWAII. Table B.— OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE DAILY WAGES AND WEEKLY HOURS OP LABOR, AND NATIONALITY OR RACE OF EMPLOYEES ON SUGAR PLANTATIONS, 1910 AND 1915— Oontmued. Sex. 1910 1915 Occupation and nationality or race. Employ- ees. Aver- age hours per week. Aver- age wages per day. Employ- ees. Aver- age hours per week. Aver- age wages day. Camp cleaners— Concluded. TTawaiif^n M. M. F. M. M. M. M. M. M. 3 80 15 3 1 1 11 63 60.9 30 60 60 70 60.9 $0.95 .74 .19 .81 .70 .79 .89 10 199 15 11 60 60.5 6 62.7 SI. 01 .TftT>a'"ft.sA . , . . 2 .87 ^Do! .... .15 .82 PortoKican 10 17 8 60 61.2 60 ».88 Portuguese -. .. < .95 Spanipn 5.91 Swedish 1 60 .85 Total 123 67.1 .75 1206 56.6 5 .82 M. M. M. M. M. M. M. Camp cleaners, head: 1 60 3.45 Cane cablemen: Chinese 1 • 15 1 34 1 8 72 '72 72 »72 72 72 .80 Filipino 1 17 1.00 Japanese. 1.06 Korean 1 00 .93 Total •60 »72 1.07 M. M. M. Cane carriers and flumers: Filipino 10 55 6 10) 10) 10) 1.25 1.10 Portuguese 1.25 Total 70 (10) 1.14 M. M. M. M. F. M. M. M. M. M. M. ........ Cane cutters: Chinese 1,296 85 22 2,538 "53.6 59.3 "56.8 "58.4 12 1.11 ".69 12.84 18.99 713 696 4 1,365 13 255 99 10 15 45 16 66.5 60 18 65.5 21^60^ 1 -17 .94 1.06 82 K'nfAf^Ti 432 356 114 1 8 34 20 58. 1 22 58.6 23 58.4 60 60 58.7 .94 .88 .93 .61 .84 .94 1 01 Portuguese 1 00 Scotch Spanish is S4 72 .93 Total 4,886 25 57.2 291.00 3,173 2' 56. 3 1 04 1 Including 3 boys and 1 old man. . 2 17 employees receive also 1 cent a head for rats caught. ' 1 employee receives also J cent a head for rats caught. ' 3 employees receive also 1 cent a head for rats oau^t. f 24 employees receive also 1 cent a head for rats caught. .« Including 1 boy. ? Hours reported for 7 employees only. 8 Hours reported for 22 employees only. 9 Hours reported for 40 employees only. «o Not reported. >i Hours reported (or 1,150 employees only. 12 1 employee receives also a bonus of $2 per month it he works 20 days during the month J3 Hours reported for 69 employees only. u 16 employees receive also a bonus of $2 per month if they work 20 days during the month JO Hours reported for 57 employees only. 10 Hours reported for 19 employees only. J' Hours reported for 2,473 employees only. 18 4 employees receive also a bonus of $2 per month if they work 20 days during the month 10 Hours reported for 124 employees ordy. «o Hours reported for 405 employees only. «i Hours reported tor 4 employees only. 22 Hours reported for 354 employees only. «> Hours reported tor 108 employees only. 21 Hours reported for 10 employees only. 20 Hours reported for 4,637 employees only. ■20 22 employees receive also bonus of $2 per month if they work 20 days during the month. ^ Hours reported for 258 employees only. LABOR CONDITIONS IN HAWAH. 123 Table B.— OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE DAILY WAGES AND WEEKLY HOUHS OP LABOR, AND NATIONALITY OR RACE OF EMPLOYEES ON SUGAR PLANTATIONS, 1910 AND 1915— Continued. Sex. 1910 1915 Occupation and nationality or race. Employ- ees. Aver- age hours per week. Aver- age wages (fey. Employ- ees. Aver- age hours per week. Aver- age wages per day. Cane cutters and bundlers: Filipino M. M. 22 30 [il SI. 10 Japanese 39 60 $1.20 1.10 Total 39 60 1.20 52 (1) 1.10 M. M. M. F. M. M. M. M. Cane dutters and carriers: 139 286 370 i 14.5 6 10 ^Si 3 66 6 66 »66 (1) 1.05 Filipino 1.00 1.02 Do... 1.10 1.02 .96 1.11 1.16 Total *915 '65.3 1.02 M. M. F. M. Cane cutters, carriers, and flumers: 424 761 10 49 (1) (1) m 1.09 1.09 Do ' . , - . 1.15 1.14 Total 1,244 0) 1.09 M. F. M. F. M. M. flumers: 50 2 158 9 40 7 &I 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 Total 266 (') 1. 10 Cane cutters, carriers, flumers, and loaders: M. M. M. 19 311 7 0) 1.36 1.36 1 1.36 Total 337 0) 1.36 Cane cutters and fliimeis: M. M. M. M. F. M. M. M. F. 21 28 1 170 2 25 23 6 11 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 8.79 8.79 ".79 S.79 S.79 8.79 8.79 8.79 8.79 ■Pili'-nino Total 287 70 8.79 M. M. M. M. F. M. 130 0) .93 Cane cutters, loaders, and haulers: 4 122 439 7 2 .8 iil .98 1.04 1.19 1.26 Korean .98 1 Not reported. ' Hours reported lor 23 employees only. 3 Hours reported lor 45 employees only. « Including 4 boys. s Hours reported for 28 employees only. 8 Hours reported for 1 employee only. ' Hours reported for 97 employees only, s Also share in profits, s Hours reported tor 31 employees only. 124 EEPOHT OP COMMISSIONEE, OF LABOR STATISTICS OS HAWAII. Table B.— OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE DAILY WAGES AND WEEKLY HOURS OP LABOR, AND NATIONALITY OR RACE OF EMPLOYEES ON SUGAR PLANTATIONS, 1910 AND 1915— Continued. Sex. 1910 1915 Occupation and nationality or race. Employ- ees. Aver- age hours per week. Aver- age wages per day. Employ- ees. Aver- age hoiars per week. Aver- age wages per day. Cane cutters, loaders, and haulers — Concld. Porto Rican . ; ^ M. M. 6 3 [5] S80.80 .80 Total 583 2 60 1.15 Cane cutters, seed cane: M. M. M. P. M. 73 3 137 16 1 360 <60 6 60 (1) .90 .80 1.22 Do .88 1.07 Total 230 = 60 1.09 M. M. M. M. M. 1 iine flumers: 1 26 6 232 1 3 V 1.06 1.29 1 32 1.29 Portueuese 1.29 Total 268 (1) 1.29 M. F. M. Cane haulers: 115 2 11 '60 60 (1) 1.13 Do .80 1.38 128 «60 1.15 M. M. M. M. M. F. '1 f. M. F. M. M. F. Cane loaders: I 11 13 2,379 315 60 (1) 59.8 >»5S "57.7 60.7 11.34 .75 :.84 .81 121.28 1.01 < 155 5 1,130 529 178 10 23 1 11 J.. 2 4S U60 1.35 1.15 Do 1 24 Do 1.30 17 16 10 "60.1 69.4 .99 1.12 1.24 1 30 16 15 3 iV2" 1 1'60 60 '"m" 60 1.13 .38 ""i.'w" .25 1 16 Russian . . . ■. 1 2 ^] 1.49 1.55 Do Total 19 2,772 2»5S.l 211.24 2,045 22 50.1 1 Not reported. 2 Hours reported for 31 employees only. » Hours reported tor 4 employees only. < Hours reported for 51 employees only, ' Hours reported for 1 employee only. 8 Hours reported for 56 employees only. ' Hours reported for 50 employees only. s Hours reported for 52 employees only. « 2 employees receive also a bonus of $2 per month if they work 20 days during the month. 10 Hours reported for 6 employees only. 11 Hours reported for 2,252 employees only. 12 10 employees also share in profits. i» Hours reported for 109 employees only. " Hours reported for 15 employees only. IS Including 2 boys. 18 Hours reported for 5 employees only. 17 Hours reported for 11 employees only. 18 Including 1 boy. 19 Including 6 boys. !» Hours reported for 2,627 employees only. i!i See notes to details. a2'Hours reported for 145 employees only. LABOB CONDITIONS IN HAWAII. 125 Table B.— OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE DAILY WAGES AND WEEKLY HOURS OF LABOR, AND NATIONALITY OR RACE OF EMPLOYEES ON SUGAR PLANTATIONS, 1910 AND 1915— Continued. Sex. 1910 1915 Occupation and nationality or race. Employ- ees. Aver- age hours per week. Aver- age wages per day. Employ- ees. Aver- age hours per week. Aver- age wages day. Cane loaders and cutters: M. M. M. F. M. M. M. M. 25 2 1,169 30 59 70 20 15 60 60 69.5 60 61 60.7 69.7 00 SO. 75 1.10 1.98 1.00 2.87 1.95 .92 .90 Total 1,390 59.7 3.97 M. M. F. M. Cane loaders and j3umers: 1 88 4G 1 (4) (4) $1.13 1.13 Do 1.13 1.13 Total 136 (*) 1.13 M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. Cane weigliers: S 1 67.2 60 2.07 2.30 11 72 2.20 Chinese 2 69 1.00 2 2 2 3 14 6 1 6 22 6 2 72 60 60 72 66 69.2 60 66.2 59.8 72 1.92 2.30 6.71 1.50 1.24 .96 1.00 1.38 2.27 1.13 1 2 2 13 8 2 29 11 66 72 72 70.6 72 72 71.8 72 3.45 .96 German .96 1.51 1.11 1.83 1.61 2.63 Total 6 69 66 6 1.60 81 71.6 1.69 M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. Carpenters: 13 1 8 1 1 3 18 191 1 1 39 60.8 60 69.7 60 60 60 60 8 60.2 60 60 60 4.36 7.60 1.51 6.00 1.00 2.98 '1.63 1.28 2.00 2.11 1.86 3 60 4.00 11 2 60 60 1.76 English. 4.23 2 11 9 161 5 1 26 3 1 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 2.71 1.72 1.60 4.06 1.99 2.30 4.80 2 1 60 60 1.34 "3.00 1.31 Welsh Total 280 "60.2 HI. 60 9 216 60 1.87 1 5 employees also share in profits. ! 6 employees also share in profits. s 16 employees also share in profits. < Not reported. , .,, , „„ , j • ^^ i, 6 1 employee receives also a bonus ol S2 per month if he works 20 days durmg the month. e Including 1 boy. * 2 employees receive also board. 8 Hours reported for 188 employees only. 9 Including 9 employees who are also railway repair gan w Also board. " Hours reported for 277 employees only. 12 3 employees receive also board. 126 EEPOBT OP COMMISSIONER OF LABOR STATISTICS ON HAWAII. Table B.— OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE DAILY WAGES AND WEEKLY HOURS OF LABOR, AND NATIONALITY OR RACE OF EMPLOYEES ON SUGAR PLANTATIONS, 1910 AND 1915— Continued. Sex. 1910 1915 Occupation and nationality or race. Employ- ees. Aver- age hours per week. Aver- age wages day. Employ- ees. Aver- age hours per week. Aver- age wages <^y. Carpenters' helpers: American M. M. U. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. 7 IS 1 1 7 404 60 60 60 60 60 •60.2 $1.32 1.70 .69 .58 1.12 1.02 14 4 20 1 28 <384 4 1 29 4 3 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 10.66 Chinese 1.02 Filipiao .92 1.15 Hawaiian .96 Japanese 1.08 ■ Korean.. 1.08 Porto Eican 3 18 59.7 60.8 .92 .99 l.OO Portuguese 1.15 RllRRi».n 1.23 Spanish. 2 59.5 .92 .91 Total 458 5 60.2 1.04 «462 60 1.07 M. M. M. Cashiers: 2 2 ;l 55.5 57- 72 7.99 11.62 5.75 1 54 6.90 English Total 5 69.4 8.95 1 64 6.90 M. M. M. M. Chauffeurs: 2 1 1 1 60 60 60 60 2.50 1.73 1.34 1.34 Japanese P^-Hawaiiau ; 5 60 1.88 M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. A TTipri'caTi 12 2 1 64.7 66 60 '6.27 6.62 6.71 11 71.5 6.75 1 1 2 72 72 72 6.71 6.67 Dutch 4 1 2 66 60 62 8.16 4.79 5.75 9.11 German 1 1 1 72 72 72 6.75 Hindu 3.83 Italian 1 1 1 60 8.63 1.34 4.79 10.54 . Norwegian 1 1 1 72 72 72 5 75 3.83 Scotch 2 66 5.66 6.56 Total 27 9 64.2 '6.30 21 71.7 6 72 M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. Chemists' assistants: 3 1 63.8 60 2.87 1.15 5 1 1 72 72 72 Austrian 2 49 1.54 English 1 72 1.63 German 1 72 2 3 72 68 .48 1.22 Japanese 4 1 72 72 1.78 1.92 Part-Hawaiian 1 72 .77 11 67.6 1.52 13 72 2.58 ' Including 3 boys. ' Including 1 boy. ' Hours reported tor 403 employees only. * Including 6 boys. 5 Hours reported for 467 employees only. ' Including 10 boys. ' Not including the earnings of 1 employee who is paid 25 cents per ton. ' Not reported. i> Hours reported for 26 employees only. LABOE CONDITIONS IN HAWAII. 12T Table B.— OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE DAILY WAGES AND WEEKLY HOURS OF LABOR, AND NATIONALITY OR RACE OF EMPLOYEES ON SUGAR PLANTATIONS, 1910 AND 1915— Continued. Sex. 1910 1915 Occupation and nationality or race. Employ- ees. Aver- age hours per week. Aver- age wages per day. Employ- ees. Aver- age hours per week. Aver- age wages per day. Chemists' helpers: M. M. M. M. M. F. M. M. 2 7 1 65.8 77.1 60 $0.77 1.12 .69 Chinese . . 6 3 1 8 45 1 S5 = 1 72 72 72 72.3 60 69.6 72 31.12 Filipino .91 .77 jatjanese 130 1 <3 2 69.2 72 70 .87 .58 .60 .95 Do .62 .61 .69 Total '44- 8 70.2 .88 = 62 71.8 .95 Clerks, field: M. M. M. 5 8 2 68.7 62.3 56.8 2.31 1.27 1.73 1 4 72 72 2.68 1.49 Total 15 60.3 1.67 5 72 1.72 Clerks, IreigM: M. M. M. 5 3 1 69.9 60 60 3.43 1.44 1.92 1 1 3 60 60 60 2.88 4.60 1.79 Total 9 59.9 2.60 5 60 2.57 M. M. M. M. I 1 60 1.15- Clerks, mill: 1 1 1 57 60 60 2.11 1.15 1.00 Total 3 59 1.42 Clerks, statistical: M. M. M. M. M. M. 6 1 57.2 56.5 3.71 5.18 5 58.8 4.41 i 1 1 1 54 60 60 60 3.45 1.92 1.92 Portuguese 1.54 Total 7 57.1 3.92 9 58.7 3.43 Clerks, store: M. M. M. M. M. M. F. M. M. M. F. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. 11 5 64.1 67.2 2.93 1.52 3 13 1 8 1 3 1 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 2.94 Chinese 1.60 3.26 1.02 3.45 2 72 1.54 2.12 .58 1 1 78 1 6 72 72 65.7 69 66.5 1.00 2.88 1.19 .38 1.23 6 144 60 1.34 4 1 3 2 146 60 60 60 60 60 1.62 2.88 2.75 Porto Rican 4 33 1 67.5 63.7 60 1.12 1.49 .77 2.21 Portuguese 1.71 2 1 60 60 3.07 1 72 1.34 2.30 Total 144 65.4 1.41 10 223 60 1.51 1 Ineluding 2 boys. 2 Hours reported for 29 employees only. 8 Including 8 boys. < Including 1 boy. 6 Including 4 boys. 8 Boy. ' Including 3 boys. 8 Hours reported for 43 employees only, 8 Including 13 boys. 10 Including 7 boys. 128 EEPOBT OP COMMISSIONER OP LABOR STATISTICS OiN jdAWA^i. Table B.— OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE DAILY WAGES AND WEEKLY HOURS OF LABOR, AND NATIONALITY OR RACE OF EMPLOYEES ON SUGAR PLANTATIONS, 1910 AND 1915— Continued. Sex. Hours reported for 25 employees only. ' 1 employee receives additional pay from employees for whom he cooks. » 15 employees receive also hoard and 1 also shares in profits ol boarding house. * i employees receive also board. » Hours rejMrted for 5 employees only. '^ 4 employees receive also board. ' And board. , .' Hours reported for 58 employees only. » Hours reported for 47 employees only. a^ 7 60 62 61.7 .84 .81 .70 1 3 2 66 60 60 .92 1.10 Spanish .92 Total 110 61.6 .74 8 60.8 .98 fence men: Cliinese M. M. M. 1 1 13 60 60 69 .77 .84 1.05 1 60 .85 Hawaiian i 60 .92 ' Including 6 boys. 134 BEPOKT OF COMMISSIONER OP LABOE STATISTICS ON HAWAII. Table B.— OCGUPATIONS, AVERAGE DAILY WAGES AND WEEKLY HOURS OP LABOR, AND NATIONALITY OR RACE OF EMPLOYEES ON SUGAR PLANTATIONS, 1910 AND 1915— Continued. Sex. 1910 1915 Occupation and nationality or race. Employ- ees. Aver- age hours per week. Aver- age wages toy. Employ- ees. Aver- age hours per week. Aver- age wages (fey. Fence men— Concluded. M. M. M. 29 1 15 159.8 •60 60 JO. 79 .84 .94 27 1 10 60 60 60 10.95 Polish .92 Portuguese.. . . .98 Total 60 2 59.7 .88 40 60 .95 M. M. M. M. M. F. s> M. F. M. F. s? F. S.' M. F. U. F. M. Field hands: 10 60 .88 82 1 '536 <60 60 60 .70 .92 Chinese »768 16 8 1,401 "11 "59.9 59.4 60 59.9 .72 .69 .69 .51 :.78 Filinino . . = 4,255 "53 65 60 60 60 10.77 .51 Do .77 6 "280 7 "7,578 1,301 60 60 60 18 69.8 2159.8 .79 .82 .52 .71 22.52 Hawaiian 16 155 3 "3,945 2=1,514 79 26 367 8 6 1 28 713 88 67 88 1,142 «245 26 37 i«60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 87 60 60 60 .79 Do: .55 Japanese 28.78 Do .55 Do :85 Korean 8 588 12 2<59.9 2' 59. 8 .73 .53 28.78 Do .68 Do .81 .86 Porto Kican. . 28 693 1171 3*1,334 "8 190 86 59.8 82 60.2 SS59.9 8»60.6 60.2 .80 .50 .78 .49 .81 88.83 Do... .63 Portuguese ■.75 .53 Russian :8S 1 Hours reported for 25 employees only. 2 Hours reported for 56 employees only. 8 Including 1 boy. * Hours reported for 1 employee only. 6 Including 2 hoys. 8 Hours reported tor 756 employees only. 7 7 employees receivea bonus of S2 per month if they work 20 days during the month. 'Including 5 boys. » Including 54 boys. 18 72 employees receive a bonus of S2 per month if they work 20 days during the month. " Including 2 girls. 12 Including 6 girls. 18 Not reported. » Indumng 17 boys. 1' Including 47 boys. • 18 Hours reported for 144 employees only. " Including 10 boys. 18 Hours reported tor 7,558 employees only. 18 Including 306 boys. 28 132 employees receive a bonus of $2 per month if they work 20 days during the month, 21 Hours reported for 1,294 employees only. t- 22 Not including the earnings of 3 pieceworkers whose daily rate of wages is not reported. 28 Including 50 girls. 2« Hours reported for 566 employees only. 28 Including 4 boys. 26 8 employees receive a bonus of $2 per month if they work 20 days during the month. 27 HouiB reported for 9 employees only. 28 Including 25 boys. 28 Including 94 boys. 86 46 employees receive also a bag of flour (value, $1.80) per month each if they work 20 days during the month. " 81 Including 9 gbls. 82 Hours reported for 61 employees only. 83 Including 13 guls. 84 Including 68 boys. 86 Hours reported for 1,251 employees only. 3" Indudmg 420 boys. 87 Hours reported for 1,140 employees only. 88 Including 52 gu'ls. 88 Hours reported for 133 employees only. « Including 62 girls. LABOR CONDITIONS IN HAWAII. 136 / Table B.— OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE DAILY WAGES AND WEEKLY HOURS OF LABOR, AND NATIONALITY OR RACE OF EMPLOYEES ON SUGAR PLANTATIONS, 1910 AND 1915— Continued. Sex. 1910 1915 Occupation and nationality or race. Employ- ees. Aver- age hours per week. Aver- age wages per day. Employ- ees. Aver- age hours week. Aver- age wages ^y. Field hands— Concluded. F. M. M. P. 14 60.2 10.53 '12 3 8 929 M51 60 60 60 60 . 10.54 .87 S254 M5 59. 8 59.6 .80 .47 .79 Do ; .51 Total. -.--- '14.645 '59.8 ".70 n4,279 = 60 •.74 Firemen, donkey engine: M. 1 1 60 60 1.35 Fortugaese 1.15 Total 2 60 1.25 M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. Firemen, locomotive: American i 1 73 GO 1.08 .84 "■■■'si' 1.02 .95 .92 .87 .86 Chinese i' 1 ■"72 "■ 72 .85 1.08 1 IS 13 2 3 4S 60 67.9 . 65.5 59.3 70 68.2 10 17 12 1 4 "59 1 72.4 71 72 73.5 72.1 72 1.14 1:02 1.31 1.02 1.08 .77 Total 84 67.6 .98 "96 72.1 1.08 Firemen, millT Chinese M. M. M. M. M. M. M. 19 1 73.3 62 .83 .77 19 54 1 190 72 71 72 71.7 .99 1.00 240 1 4 13 71 78 72 .86 .90 .85 .95 117 4 72 72 1.19 .94 Total 265 u 71. 2 .86 11275 71.6 .94 Firemen, pump: M. M. M. U. M. M. M. 28 73.7 1.01 19 2 1 54 2 6 1 84 84 84 81.7 84 77 84 .99 'Pili-ninn 1 74 1 4 84 81.3 84 84 .85 .98 1.00 .85 1.04 1.00 108 79.4 1 .98 85 82 . 1.01 Firemen, steam plow: Japanese M. M. 2 2 60 60 1.00 1.00 Portuguese 4 60 1 1.00 1 ! Flume layers: M. 1 13 (15) 1 1.30 1 Including 1 girl. 2 Including 23 boys, a Including 246 toys. < Including 3 girls. ' Including 56 girls. 1 See notes to details. 9 Hours reported for 14,265 employees only, w Including 1 boy. u Including 2 boys. 12 Including 3 boys. , , 13 Hours reported for 216 employees only. " Hours reported for 241 employees only. K Not reported. 136 BEPOET OF COMMISSIONER OF LABOB STATISTICS OST HAWAII. Table B.— OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE DAILY WAGE^ AND WEEKLY HOURS OF LABOR, AND NATIONALITY OR RACE OF EMPLOYEES ON SUGAR PLANTATIONS, 1910 AND l9l&— Continued. Sex. 1910 1915 Occupation and nationality or race. Employ- ees. Aver- age hours per week. Aver- age wages (&y. Employ- ees. Aver- age hours per week. Aver- age wages cfay. Flume men: Chinese Filipino U. M. M. M. F. M. M.- 22 66 J1.17 13 38 1 182 78 '70.9 66 71.9 SI. 30 1.03 U 2 514 12 6 9 2 49 fiO 3 67.3 66 es 60 60 .94 .98 1.32 .71 .99 .85 .95 1.11 Korean S 76.8 1.24 U6 72 .85 . Total.-. S626 «66.4 .98 (255 '72.2 1.10 M. M. U. M. M. M. U. M. Foremen, cane flumers: Japanese . 2 5 72 60 1.45 Foremen, carpenters: 6 1 2 S 60.8 60 60 60 4. 97 2.30 3.67 1.90 5.48 Chinese Pm-Hawaiian . . . 2 1 60 SO 4.22 Portuguese ' 3 1 60 60 2.56 2.30 2.30 Scotch : . . . Total ,... 18 60.3 3.27 8 60 4.77 M. M. M. Foremen, ditch men: 4 2 10 3 68 65 60 63 4.50 1.81 .77 1.88 1 60 4.45 3 3 63.3 66.7 1.94 Portuguese 1.70 Total 19 62.7 1.84 7 64.3 2.20 M. M. M. U. Foremen, firemen, mill: ■'. i 1 3 1 71 78 67.7 78 1.35 2.00 1.30 2.14 Hawaiian i . . . : 2 1 84 72 1.40 Portuguese 1.08 Total 6 71.7 1.57 3 80 1.29 M. M. M. M. M. M. Foremen, flume men; 1 1 I 16 60 84 72 79.5 1.73 J. 25 2 00 Hawaiian 7 1 71 62 1.27 2.30 1.27 Part-Hawaiian 4 72 Total 8 69.9 1.40 22 78 M. M. M. M. Foremen, laborers, pump: German 1 1 16 I 4 70 72 60 60 60 1 54 Chinese 1 11 66 59.9 1.92 1.19 1.92 1.30 2.30 1.54 1 60 1.99 Total 13 60.4 1.31 22 60.5 1.48 M. Foremen, laborers, road: Portuguese 1 60 1.15 1 Hours reported for 22 employees only. 2 Including 1 boy. ' Hours reported for 512 employees only. < Including 5 boys. ' Including 2 boys. • Hoiu's reported lor ' Hours reported for 624 employees only. 239 emjiloyees only. LABOR CONDITIONS IN HAWAII. 137 TaSm B — OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE DAILY WAGES AND WEEKLY HOURS OF LABOR, AND NATIONALITY OR RACE OF EMPLOYEES ON SUGAR PLANTATIONS, 1910 AND 1915— Oonfdnued. Sex. 1910 1915 Occupation and nationality or race. Employ- ees. Aver- age hours per week. Aver- age wages Employ- ees. Aver- age hours per week. Aver- age wages ji"oremen, mill: M. M. M. M. M. 2 4 72 78 $5.94 1.35 1 78 J5.75 1 2 3 78 75 72 5.42 Japanese 5 6 172 76 1.20 1.21 1.96 Portuguese --.. 2.05 Total 17 !175 1.80 7 74.6 3.03 M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. Foremen, painters : 1 17 15 60 63.8 60 68.8 70 70 67.9 70 67.6 70 70 3.07 Foremen, stablemen: 6 65.6 2.38 3.19 3.07 Chmese 1.38 1. 00 3 16 63.3 • 75.3 1.73 1.07 1.00 1.19 1.48 14 »70 1.66 1.63 1.17 Scotch • 1 1 60 70 2.88 1.48 2.47 Total - 41 «72.4 1.57 46 67.6 1.56 M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. 8 2 10 14 61 60 60 60 2.71 3.46 1.52 1.39 6 2 12 5 3 1 21 13 1 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 3.07 3.36 1.86 •1.62 2.37 1.35 13 2 1 61.9 59.3 60 1.41 2.78 2.88 2.10 3.16 ■ Swedish 2.88 Total 50 60. a 1.80 64 60 2.37 Foremen, wharf: M. M. M. M. M. 1 60 2.30 1 60 1.92 1 1 60 60 1.92 1.53 Sflwaiian 1 1 60 60 1.73 1.36 Total 3 60 1.92 3 60 1.67 M. M. M. M. M. M. M. 1 60 .85 2 8 1 1 1 1 69.8 59.9 63 63 60 60 .87 .83 .70 2.88 .92 .96 26 60 .92 1 60 2.88 'Portuguese 3 60 1.01 Total 14 60.3 .99 31 60 .99 Freight handlers: M. M. U. U. M. 2 5 70 5 13 60 59.9 '49.5 60 60 .73 .94 1.18 .80 .92 7 21 2 4 •60 B60 ..<6i i.28 Porto Eican » Hours reported tor 4 employees only. ' Hours reported tor 16 employees only. » Hours reported for 15 employees only. t Hours reported tor 13 employees only. 6 Hours reported for 39 employees only. s Hours reported for 6 employees only. ' Hours reported tor 38 employees only. ' Hours reported for 6 employees only. » Not reported. '0 Hours reported tor 1 employee only. 138 REPOET OF COMMISSIOirEE OF LABOE STATISTICS ON HAWAII. Table B.— OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE DAILY WAGES AND WEEKLY HOURS OP LABOR, AND NATIONALITY OR RACE OF EMPLOYEES ON SUGAR PLANTATIONS, 1910 AND 1915— Continued. Sex.' 1910 1915 Occupation and nationality or race. Employ- ees. Aver- age hours per week. Aver- age ■ wages Employ- ees. Aver- age hours per week. Aver- age wages <&y. Freight handlers— Concluded. M. M. 14 2 59.9 60 JO. 98 .92 10 1 160 60 11.04 Spanish... . 1.00 Total : 111 2 54.9 1.09 45 •60 1.16 M. M. U. Gardeners: ATnnrinf|T> 1 4 1 62 69.6 60 1.00 .83 .92 2 60 1.08 Total 6 60.1 .87 2 60 1.08 M. M. M. M. U. M. M. M. M. M. Harness makers: 1 2 1 59 60 60 1.73 1.10 2.50 1 1 60 60 2.30 Aiiptria"' 1.25 English . Gaucian 1 60 1.35 'Knwniinn 2 7 1 10 '59.5 59.9 60 60 1.68 1.11 1.15 1.18 LTApntlARA 12 60 1.23 Polish 11 1 1 60 60 60 1.24 Russian 1.64 1 54 .77 1.00 Total. 25 '69.7 1.24 2S 60 1.28 M. M. F. r. M. F. M. F. Health inspectors: 1 72 2.68 Hospital servants: Chinese S 1 1 8 i 32 3 70 70 70 70 67.5 70 70 •.83 Do. •.39 •.33 '.77 Do >.43 Portuguese. .. .64 Do .78 Total 10 24 69.6 •1 .68 M. F. M. 13 3 1 U72.7 15 84 72 ".86 W.61 .70 24 7 75.3 74 "1.03 M.53 Korean Total. . . ... 17 " 74. 1 18.81 31 75 ' » ct2 M. M. F. House servants: 1 1 8 70 60 70 1.17 Japanese. ..■..' 88 61 , Total 10 69 70 M. M. Japanese 1 4 60 60 1.27 2.45 Japanese ... ... 7 2 62.9 65 2.57 .60 T6tal 9 63.4 2.13 4 60- 2.45 1 Hours reported for 9 employees only. " Hours reported for 79 employees only. > Hours reported for 22 employees only. • Hours reported for 1 employee only. • Hours reported for 24 employees only. • And board. ' 7 employees receive also board. • 3 eihplayees receive also board. » Boys. 10 Including 2 boys. "17 employees receive also board. " Hours reported for 12 employees only. •« 1 employee receives also board. i< 10 employees receive ^o board. 1' Hours reported for 2 employees only. " 6 employees receive also board. 1' Hours reported for 15 employees only. !• 2 employees receive also board. 19 16 employees receive also board. LABOR CONDITIONS IN HAWAII. 139 Table B.— OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE DAILY WAGES AND WEEKLY HOURS OF LABOR, AND NATIONALITY OR RACE OF EMPLOYEES ON SUGAR PLANTATIONS, 1910 AND 1915— Continued. Sex. 1910 1915 Occupation and nationality or race. Employ- ees. Aver- age hours per week. Aver- age wages 71 SS0.8S <2,492 • 72 .96 M. U. F. M. M. Laborers, portable track: , 2 202 21 1 4 eo 60 60 60 60 1.05 1.08 1.05 .92 1.00 Do... Pnrto ■R.iV.a.n Portuguese Total 230 60 1.07 M. M. M. M. Laborers, pump: r.bip(wf 8 1 'I 72 72 71.7 60 .85 1.00 .89 .87 1 2 12 1 2 60 84 82 60 60 .92 HnwAfiATi .89 Japanese. . . , .99 Pni*t-^iC^i4«<* .92 RnaTilRh .92 Total 83 71.3 .89 18 77.3 .96 M. M. U. M. F. M. M. M. M. Laborers, railroad: 16 17 60 60 1.07 .86 Ha'Wfviifvn 18 221 15 59.6 59.5 60 .89 •.90 .61 '420 •60 1.26 Do..'.'.".:::::::::::: : : 1 4 '33 3 "60 60 1.26 1.11 20 60 .92 .99 Spanish .97 Total : 274 59. 9 •.88 12 494 "60 1.22 U. M. M. M. M. Laborers, road: 3 13 1 3 3 60 "60 60 60 60 .88 10 60 .87 1.96 1 00 1.00 1.00 10 60 .87 23 15 60 1 53 M. M. M. M. M. F. Laborers, steam plow: Australian. 1 1 3 3 123 1 59 66 60 60 60.1 59 1.00 1.00 .84 .85 .84 .46 Chinese Filipino 15 '4 »25 60 60 60 94 japm«s6„.... ......................... 1 Including 3 boys. s Hours reported lor 2,271 employees only. ' 8 employees receive a tonus of $2 per month if they work 20 days during the mouth. < Including 60 boys and 3 girls. ' Hours reported for 2,482 employees only. ' 1 employee also shares In profits. ' Including 1 boy. > Hours reported for 191 employees only. • Not reported. >• Hours reported for 3 employees only. " Hbiu^ reported for 31 employees only. " Including 2 boys. >' Hours reported for 261 employees only. " Hours reported for 1 employee only. !• Hoims reported for 11 employees only. LABOR CONDITIONS IN HAWAII. 141 Table B.— OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE DAILY WAGES AND WEEKLY HOURS OF LABOR, AND NATIONALITY OR RACE OF EMPLOYEES ON SUGAR PLANTATIONS, 1910 AND 1915— Continued. Sex. 1910 1915 Occupation and nationality or race. Employ- ees. Aver- age hours per week. Aver- age wages day. Employ- ees. Aver- age hours per week. Aver- age wages day. LaborerSjSteam plow — Concluded. M. M. M. M. M. 1 •13 2 69 8 16 60 60 60 60 60 SO. 85 Portfl RicHn 9 46 64.7 60.4 $0.85 .84 .89 .92 .93 .94 Total 187 60.4 .84 »151 60 .91 M. M. M. M. M. M. M. Land clearers: Chinese 3 60 .87 1 2 1 60 60 60 .95 FiliDino .77 1.00 12 2 4 60 60 60 1.00 .83 .97 Portuguese <5 7 60 60 .87 .92 Total 21 60 .96 '16 60 .89 M. F. M. M. M. M. M. M. Land preparers: 40 60 .81 Launt&ess: 1 1 59 .46 2.88 Lawyer: Lime burners: Filipino ... 2 8 60 66 .85 15 1 4 74.4 72 72 .96 .73 1.54 1.00 1 1 60 60 1.54 1.08 20 73.8 1.06 12 64 1.03 U. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. Machinists: AmericEui ..... 15 61.4 4.33 20 1 1 2 4 60 60 60 60 60 •3.73 4.79 4.00 55.00 . Chinese . 2 1 1 2 5 1 66 59 60 59.8 61.9 60 2.31 4.00 5.00 2.85 2.13 5.75 2.08 - 'Rn^lf^h 2 5 32 5 1 14 1 1 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 3.74 Hawaiifui.. 1.83 1.83 2.96 «5.00 6 63.3 2.18 2.25 2.50 Scotch 1 60 3.83 4.60 34 61.8 3.46 89 60 '2.64 M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. 1 11 1 2 1 1 4 37 2 60 62.6 60 65. S 66 72 60 8 61.6 59 1.75 1.05 1.25 1.64 .92 .69 1.08 1.03 .96 <3 1 60 60 1.10 1.25 12 <5 '10 '76 60 60 60 60.3 .98 1.24 Japanese ; Korean 2 60 nly. 1.09 1 Including 2 boys. » Including 6 boys. ' Including 11 boys. t Including 1 boy. 5 Irregu fl 1 emp '3 6mp 9 Hours ar. oyeereo oyees re< reported Bives als( !elve alsc for 34 ei ) board, board, mployees o 142 REPOET OP COMMISSIONER OP LABOR STATISTICS OK HAWAII. Table B.— OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE DAILY WAGES AND WEEKLY HOURS OF LABOR, AI^D NATIONALITY OR RACE OP EMPLOYEES ON SUGAR PLANTATIONS, 1910 AND 1915— Continued. Sex. 1910 1915 Employ- Aver- age hours per week. Aver- age wages Employ- ees. Aver- age hours per week. Aver- age wages day. Machinists' helpers— Concluded. Part-Hawaiian M. M. M. M. M. 10 U 220 »4 1 60 60 60 60 60 SI. 22 .46 Portuguese 16 61 $1.13 .96 Russian .98 RpHTiish .... 1.15 Total 75 *61.7 1.07 '145 60.2 1.06 M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. Mail carriers: Japanese.... >1 1 6 2 22 2 17 1 70 60 66 69.5 61.1 60 61.5 60 .79 7.67 2.33 3.92 1.35 1.00 1.84 2.U 1 60 2.88 ■ -AmnrlnfiTi Masons: German 2 14 60 60 3.92 . 1.77 Porto Rican Portuguese 16 1 60' 60 1.91 RpHTiiph 1.15 Total 60 61.7 1.74 - 33 60 1.95 M. M. M. M. M. F. M. M. M. M. Masons' helpers: 1 59 .68 Filipino i 60 .77 1 3 S9 1 60 60 61.9 66 .92 .87 .85 .68 Hawaiian Japanese .. Japanese..... . 5 38 60 .99 Polish i 1 5 3 60 60 60 60 1.00 1 19 1 60 S9.7 60 .84 .92 1.00 1.00 Portugurae 1.02 1.02 86 61.3 .86 «49 60 .99 M. F. F. Nurses, day nursery: Japanese 2 4 60 60 1.34 .58 29 1 60 60 .53 Portuguese .54 Total 6 60 .83 30 60 .53 M. F. F. F. M. F. F. Nurses, hospital: 1 4 60 66 2.88 2.21 Do 8 1 71.8 70 '2.20 »3.29 3 11 S 1 72 67 67.9 84 1.20 1.07 .61 .46 2 3 2 84 79.3 77 1.17 Do ^ 57 Portueuese 9 1 49 Total 28 68 1.13 16 73.5 w 1. 74 M. M. M. M. F. a. Office boys: ChinesBj* 2 1 1 8 60 60 60 60 1 00 1.00 1 15 9 1 3 61.2 60 62.8 .84 .29 1.40 Do 1 60 1 15 13 61.5 .93 13 60 '1 01 'Boy. 9 Including 9 boys. > Including 1 boy. 1 Hours reported for 72 employees only. • Including 17 boys. ' Including 2 boys. ' 7 employees receive also board. 8 And Doard. ' 1 employee receives also board. " 9 employees receive also board. LABOB CONDITIONS IN HAWAII. 143 Table B.— OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE DAILY WAGES AND WEEKLY S-2^?S,P^ LABOR, AND NATIONALITY OR RACE OF EMPLOYEES ON SUGAR PLANTATIONS, 1910 AND 1915— Continued. -^ ^^= Sex. 1910 1915 Occupation and nationality or race. Employ- ees. Aver- age hours per week. Aver- age wages day. Employ- ees. Aver- age hours per week. Aver- age wages OfGice cleaners: Japanese : F. M. M. M. M. M. 2 2 2 2 18 7 15 69.8 72 60 65.2 61.7 SO. 34 .92 .79 1.09 .87 .97 Oilers, car: rhitiftSB..., 2 2 3 16 6 72 72 72 71.3 72 tl.09 Filipino FOTtuguese 1 00 Total 31 64.2 .91 29 71.6 1.00 M. M. M. M. M. M. M. Oilers, centrifugal: Japanese 2 2 72 69 .94 .85 Oilers,' mill: Chinese. 1 3 1 274 1 6 72 70 72 72.6 72 72 1.35 .98 ■Fr^,^^r¥iiifvii, 1 70 2 5 78 171.8 78 72 1.32 .91 .89 1.21 1.15 Jajvineisft 1.06 PnHo Wiftftti .92 1.03 Total 80 3 71.7 .93 2 86 72.4 1.06 M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. Oilers, pump: 1 8 5 84 77 84 1.00 Chinese 13 66.5 .86 1.02 1.00 1 2 46 84 72 75.2 1.64 1.08 .90 2 39 1 9 84 83.3 84 80.9 1.13 1.02 1.00 4 60 .96 1.06 65 72.4 .91 66 82.3 1.03 M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. 96 1 11 1 19 1 29 1 63 1 1 83 1 4 9 1 3 182 <59.8 69.6 69.8 59.6 69.8 60 59.8 60 60.6 59 60 60.2 60 59.3 60.4 69 69.7 69.9 3.01 5.76 1.46 2.49 2.96 2.30 2.83 2.11 1.64 3.07 1.92 1.25 1.00 2.36 2.64 1.15 1.79 1.78 85 2 2 6Q.5 60 60 -3.86 3.36 Chinese 3.93 English 10 1 28 60 60 60 4.12 French 2.30 German 3.12 Hawaiian. 23 2 60 60 2.00 Irish 4.60 Italian Japanese 17 60 1.86 7 17 60 60 2.90 2.49 ' ' ' Porto Kican 6 132 1 44 1 60 60 60 60 60 1.45 2.24 2.68 vi , 1 Scotch ' 29 1 60.4 60 3.00 2.49 3.96 Swedish-... 4.70 Total 637 6 60.1 2.03 377 60.1 2.94 Overseers, assistant: M. M. M. M. M. M. M. 9 6 69.1 559.9 2.06 1.30 3 11 3 7 60 60 60 60 1.54 1.26 1.54 Filfplno 3 1 2 22 60 60 59.8 69.9 .89 1.34 2.40 1.35 1.09 Galician 5 21 60 60 1.58 1.41 1 Hours reported tor 69 employees only, s Including 1 boy. , , a Hours reported tor 79 employees only. < Hours reported tor 94 employees only. » Hours reported tor 635 employees only. > Hours reported tor 4 employees only. 144 KEPOBT OF COMMISSIONEE OP LABOR STATISTICS ON HAWAII. Table' B.— OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE DAILY WAGES AND WEEKLY HOURS OF LABOR, AiId NATIONALITY OR RACE OF EMPLOYEES ON SUGAR PLANTATIONS, 1910 AND 1915--Coiitinued. Sox. 1910 1915 Occupation and nationality or race. Employ- ees. Aver- age hours per week. Aver- age wages day. Employ- ees. Aver- age hours per week. Aver- age wages day. Overseers, assistant— Concluded. Japanese. H. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. 62 59.9 $1.17 93 4 60 60 tl.30 1.17 1 60 2.49 PaT+^Tfawaiian 8 7 177 1 60 60 60 60 1.56 Porto Rioan 4 72 1 1 3 1 1 60 IS9.9 60 60 58.7 60 60 1.39 1.64 2.30 2.88 2.55 1.15 2.49 1.32 1.43 1.36 Scotch Spanish 5^ 60 1.31 Swedish Total 188 2 59.8 1.44 345 60 M. M. M. M. M. M. M. Overseei:s, division: 3 11 1 1 6 1 10 59 60 60 60 60 60 60" 4.41 2.71 2.45 1.53 1.18 2.45 1.32 Overseers, field: AmnripAii., , 'Japanese, i Total 30 60 1.88 M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. U. u. M. Overseers, head: 30 3 4 1 14 1 1 1 1 8 61.9 60 3 60.5 (<) 57-4 59 60 60 60 59. 8 7.01 6.33 7.67 5.75 6.82 6.71 5.78 6.71 6.71 5.95 14 60 8.41 English 1 1 6 60 60 60 13.42 7.86 7.57 Irish . . 1 60 6.13 Scotch .'.->. 10 1 60 60 8.45 8.43 Total 64 6 60.3 6.79 34 60 8.34 M. M. M. American 1 1 1 59 59 59 2.49 2.68 2.49 English Total 3 59 2.55 . M. M. - M. M. M. M. M. Overseers, railroad laborers: 1 3 59 60 1.53 5.17 Overseers, ranch: 2 1 2 1 65 60 70 70 4 85 Gertnan 3.83 Hawaiian 6 60 1.73 1 49 Part-Hawaiian •:l^ :... 2 47 2 60 1.55 Welsh : 1 60 7.67 Total 10 60 2.73 7 65.7 M. M. M. M. Overseers, steam plow: Hawaiian....:. ; 1 2 1 2. 60 59.8 60 63 1.73 1.77 5.37 2.83 Japanese : 1 60 4.79 Total 6 60.9 2.72 1 60 ,4.79 I Hours reported for 69 employees only. ' Hours reported for 184 employees only.- > Sours re|iorted for 3 employees only. ' Not reported. 6 Sours reported for 62 employees only. LABOR COls^DITIONS IIT HAWAII. 145 Table B.—OCCUPATIQNS, AVERAGE DAILY WAGES AND WEEKLY 'HOURS OF LABOR, AND NATIONALITY OR RACE OF EMPLOYEES ON SUGAR PLANTA-TIONS, 1910 AND 1915— Continued. Sex. 1910 1915 Occupation and nationality or race. Employ- ees. Aver- age hours week. Aver- age wages Employ- ees. Aver- age hours per week. Aver- age wages day. Overseers, tunnel: American M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. 1 1 1 3 60 60 60 60 S8.G3 Painters: 1 66 $3.00 2.50 1.15 Chinese ^... . 6 1 2 60.2 60 62.5 1.23 3.00 .96 1.35 English Fii5>ino I 13 121 1 1 2 4 2 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 00 .92 1.25 TTftwfiiif^'n. .. 7 13 60.7 61.7 1.47 1.03 1.34 JftpftTiAiSe . . 1.19 Korean 1.00 1.15 1.08 3 60 1.33 1.71 1.09 Total i 33 61.2 1.30 153 60 1.27 H. M. M. M. Painters' helpers: 2 1 00 60 1.25 1.92 Parasite tenders: 1 GO 1.54 9 59.8 .75 Total 10 59.8 .87 1 60 1.54 M. M. M. M. Physicians: 5 2 1 1 2 60 6.95 6.33 6.03 5.75 8 10 2 6.71 Onnf^if^Ti 4.34 Total 9 2 60 6.58 3 12 (.') 6.31 n. M. Pipefitters: 2 2 1 2 eo GO CO 60 1.45 1.25 1..50 M. M. 6 1 64 59.5 1.28 1.00 1.54 Total 7 63.4 1.24 7 60 1.42 M. M. M. 1 1 2 60 59.5 1.00 .81 7 3 60 60 1.14 Portuguese 1.06 Total 3 59.8 .87 10 60 1.11 Pipe fitters, mill: M. M. M. M. M. M. M. 1 4 3 59 61.4 68.9 2.12 2.50 1.30 Pipe fitters and plumbers: 2 60 2.31 'Pilininn 1 2 4 2 60 60 60 60 1.00 1.92 2 1 59.5 60 1.45 1.63 1.25 Portuguese Total 10 63.1 1.83 11 60 1.96 1 Including 1 hoy. > Hours reported for 2 employees only. « Including 3 employees who work part time only. 41104°— S. Doc. 432, 64-1 10 * Not reported. 'Irregular. 146 BEPOET OF COMMISSIONER OF LABOR STATISTICS ON HAWAII. Table : B.— OCCUPATIONS^ AVERAGE DAILY WAGES J^ND WEEKLy HOURS OP LABOR, Al^D NATIONALITY OR RACE OF EMPLOYBJib ON SUGAR PLANTATIONS, 1910 AND l91&-^ontinued. Sex. 1910 1915 Occupation and nationality or race. Employ- ees. Aver- age houre per week. Aver- age wages Employ- ees. Aver- age hours per week. Aver- age wages day. Policemen: M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. S 1 3 8 166.3 70 63.3 175.1 2.47 2.05 1 84 14.11 2 •6 1 1 93 3 77 76.3 60 84 79.3 74.7 2.82 2.34 1.15 2.14 3.22 2 1 78 60 1.40 2.30 2.29 Scotch Total 23 <69.8 2.30 5 17 76.2 2.57 Printer: M. M. M. M. M. M. 1 59 1.00 Pump men: 9 6 1 •50 '2 72 75i7 60 71.8 78 1.06 .94 1 32 4 84 82.1 60 .99 1.03 1.53 1.00 1*02 .79 Total 37 79.8 1.08 «68 73.1 .99 Ham men: M. M. M. M. M. M. M. 2 1 59 70 1.2S 1.07 1 9 60 67.8 .88 Hawaiian 21 3 6 2 52. S 60 61.7 60 "1.43 .74 .84 1.20 1.10 5 64 1.09 Total 33 55.8 •1.23 15 66 1.08 Hat catchers: M. M. M. 1 2 5 70 70 '0.60 W.60 i».66 Total 8 "70 10.64 M. M. M. M. Repair men, pump: 2 1 11 2 84 60 73.1 60 1.25 1.23 7 60 1.28 1.43 1.66 Total •• 7 60 1.28 16 72 1.42 M. M. M. M. M. M. Reservoir men: 1 84 3.45 Chinese 2 2 108 4 3 60 84 "64.3 60 68 1.00 1.15 ".96 1.00 1.09 28 1 8 69.1 84 75.3 1.01 93 Total 119 "65 ".96 38 71.2 1 18 1 Hours reported for 7 employees only. s 2 enlployees also act as sanitary inspectors. ■ 1 employee also acts as sanitary inspector. * Hours reported for 21 employees only. > 3 employees also act as sanitary inspectors. • Including 4 boys. ' Including 1 boy. « Including S boys. • 6 employees receive also board. '0 In addition 1 cent per rat caught. 11 Not reported. " Hours reported for 3 employees only. 1' Hours reported for 107 employees only. " 24 employees also share in proflts. " Hours reported for 118 employees only. LABOR CONraTIOlSrS IN HAWAII. 147 Table B.— OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE DAILY WAGES AND WEEKLY HOURS OF LABOR, AlsfD NATIONALITY OR RACE OF EMPLOYEES ON SUGAR PLANTATIONS, 1910 AND 1915— Continued. Sex. 1910 1915 Occupation and nationality or race. Employ- ees, Aver- age hours per week. Aver- age wages (by. Employ- ees. Aver- age hours per week. Aver- age wages day. Riggers: M. M. M. M. M. M. 1 4 2 3 2 1 60 60 60 60 60 60 {1.54 Sanitary inspectors: Americfm .'.... 1 1 30 59. S S3. 06 3.07 3 07 3.16 2.11 PartrTTawaiiap 2 02 Scotch, 1 73 Total 2 44.8 3.07 12 60 M. F. School-teachers: 1 2 9 (■) 24 1 38 .38 .96 '.99 2 2 1 36 8 Japanese 87 Total 12 <34.5 a. 93 5 5 36 1 04 M. M. M. M. F. M. Shaft diggers: 30 1 48 70 1.00 .66 Sheep herders: Chinese Filipino 1 4 1 «2 70 68.8 70 70 .06 6 1 1 65.3 70 70 .85 .39 .62 Do Portuguese .72 Total 9 66.8 .75 "8 69.4 .77 M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. F. M. M. M. H. M. M. Sodarwater department hands: Japanese 4 3 2 10 59.5 70 60 62 1.07 1.88 .92 1.05 Stablemen: 10 7 1 3 8209 1 5 = 1 2 l»34 1 11 69 67.9 60 66.7 68.7 60 65 70 67.5 68.2 65 69.1 1.00 Filinino .79 .92 S 227 1 3 63 '68.1 59 74 .84 .86 .46 .72 .92 .96 .60 Korean .98 .62 '4 27 70 66.9 .73 1.04 .85 .97 .90 .95 TotEd 282 "67.7 .89 "285 68.5 .95 Steerers, steam plow: M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. 13 1 1 31 60 60 60 60 .86 1.35 4 41 1 1 20 61.4 60.1 60 60 60.3 1.00 .94 1.00 1.00 .99 1.00 .98 7 42 3 7 60 60 60 60 1.02 1.01 .99 Spanish 1 60 .84 .97 Total 68 60.2 .96 105 60 .98 > Not reported. 2 Hours reported for 6 employees only. , ^..^ ' 3 employees receive one-half of salary from parents of onilaren. « Hours reported for 8 employees only. 6 Hours reported for 2 employees only. « Including 1 boy. ' Hours reported for 212 employees only. • Including 2 boys. «Boy. iolnoluding4boys. II Hours reported for 267 employees. "Including 7 boys. 148 BEPOET OF COMMISSIONER OF LABOR STATISTICS ON HAWAII. Tabm B.— occupations, AVERAGE DAILY WAGES; AND WEEKLY BOUES OF LABOR, AND NATIONALITY OR RACE OF EMPLOYEES ON SUGAR PLANTATIONS, 1910 AND 1915— Continued. Sex. 1910 1915 Occupation and nationality or race. Employ- ees. Aver- age hours per week. Aver- age wages ^y. Employ- ees. Aver- age hours per week. Aver- age wages day. Stenogralphers: M. r. M. F. 6 1 1 57.9 60 60 13.87 2.70 3.83 2 1 3 1 60 60 60 48 S5.1S Do .' 2.88 Scotch - . . .. 4.34 Do..;..:.... • 2.30 Total...... 8 68.4 3.72 7 58.3 4.08 Stewards: M. M. M. M. M. 1 6 1 4 60 61.7 84 60 .96 .93 .76 .90 Stock herders: 3 4 '2 •1 70 68.8 70 70 1.00 Japanese . . .96 1.05 .50 Total 11 63.1 .91 no 69,5 .94 M. M. M. M. Stockmeii: 1 1 1 62 59 60 4.79 1.50 .77 1 70 1.25 Total... 3 60.3 2.35 1 70 1.25 M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. American 15 1 2 64.6 72 63 5.96 1.92 6.04 10 1 60 60 7.04 2.88 English 1 60 9.58 1 6 1 62 68 72 1.92 1.34 6.71 2 1 2 6 8 60 60 60 60 60 2.59 6.71 4.03 2 7 66 65.1 2.03 4.68 3.86 5.68 Total 35 65.6 4.48 31 60 5.53 M. M. M. M. M. M. Storekeepers, assistant: ' > American. 2 1 15 1 5 1 72 60 60.6 60 62.4 72 2.40 1.61 1.15 .96 1.70 2.68 1 60 5.75 'Japanese .j 1 1 60 . 60 3.45 Scotch 4.79 Total 25 62.3 1.43 3 60 4 66 M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M.' 18 71.1 6.18 18 2 3 2 1 11 72.4 72 68 69 72 71.6 7.19 ' Chinese 6 67.8 2.88 Danish . , 4 79 English 1 8 6 3 84 68.8 72 73.7 4.93 5.90 4.38 2.31 6 71 ' Hawaiian Pmt-Hawaiian 2 1 3 1 2 72 72 72 72 72 5 85 ■Polish 5 75 Portuguese 7 3 1 69.3 4 72 72 3.30 <4.30 7.67 4 92 Welsh 7 67 Total 53 »70.7 114.87 46 71.6 1 Including 1 boy. >Boy. 'Including 2 boys. ' Hours and wages reported for 2 employees only. 5 Hours and wages reported lor 52 employees omy. LABOR CONDITIONS IN HAWAII. 149 Table B.— OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE DAILY WAGES AND WEEKLY HOURS OF LABOR, AND NATIONALITY OR RACE OF EMPLOYEES ON SUGAR PLANTATIONS, 1910 AND 1915— Continued. Sex. 1910 1915 Occupation and nationality or race. Employ- ees. Aver- age hours per week. Aver- age wages per day. Employ- ees. Aver- age hours per week. Aver- age wages day. Sugar boilers, asslstant: M. M. M. M. M. M. M. >3 28 1 2 57 74.3 69.9 78 69 2 69.8 S2.03 1.28 1.97 1.00 1.21 S 7 3 72 71.1 72 ' rfiipexA,. 1 60 3 83 HAWftiiftn , , . .TapB'*''-.s6 17 2 11 72.7 72 72 1 81 Part-Hawaiian 2.88 5 73.2 2.14 Total 196 '72.4 1.31 45 72.1 2.46 M. M. M. M. M. Sugar boilers and bookkeepers: American 1 1 1 1 1 66 72 72 72 72 6.71 6.71 7.03 7.67 7.03 Sugar boilers and chemists: Danish .. Dutch flPtrmim Total 4 72 7.11 M. M. M. M. M. M. Sjigar boilers' helpers: 2 4 79 79 1.84 1.00 1 8 1 124 12 2 72 71.3 72 72 72 72 1.35 Chinese 1.36 English 2.30 TaiHinese 33 79 .86 1.26 .99 1 79 1.64 1.04 Total 40 79 .94 <38 71.8 1.28 M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. Superintendents: 1 69 9.58 Superintendents, mill: 1 8 1 60 60 60 9.58 Surveyors: 9 62.7 6.90 6.85 irj1|r]{Sb 4.79 1 3 60 = 59.8 4.79 1.96 -"^^pappjw. , 2 1 1 1 60 60 60 60 2.08 2.88 1 60 4.79 5.75 ' Scotch 2.88 Total 14 »66.4 5.54 14 60 4.82 Surveyors' assistants: CninnqA M. M. M. M. M. 1 1 3 1 1 60 60 60 60 60 1.50 1.53 1.78 1.92 1.15 3 60 1.92 Portuguese 1 60 1.25 Total 7 60 1.63 4 60 1.75 Hawaiian M. M. M. M. M. 2 11 2 60 60 60 1.08 .93 1.17 14 11 1 1 60 60 60 60 1.05 JftlMlTlftSft 1.08 1.00 .92 Fortaguese 2 60 1.00 Total 17 60 .98 117 60 1.06 Bwsmpers: ' Hawaiian Japanese M. M. M. M. 3 4 2 54 59.8 54 .67 .78 .92 Portuguese Total 15 24 54.4 55.2 .77 .77 ■ Including 1 boy. ' Hours reported for 54 employees only. • Hours reported for 93 employees only. < Including 2 boys. 6 Hours reported for 2 employees only. 8 Hours reported tor 13 employees only. 150 EEPOET OP COMMISSIONER OF LABOB STATISTICS ON HAWAII. Table B.— OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE DAILY WAGES AND WEEKLY HOURS OF LABOR, AND NATIONALITY OR RACE OF EMPLOYEES ON SUGAR PLANTATIONS, 1910 AND 1915— Continued. Rey 1910 1915 Occupation and nationality or race. Employ- ees. Aver- age hours per week. Aver- age wages (uiy. Employ- ees. Aver- holirs per week. Aver- age wages day. Teachers, kindergarten: F. F. M. F. 2 1 2 3 25 30 25 26.7 J2.98 .12 1.06 .57 3 0) J2.72 Japanese Portuguese... Total 8 26.3 1.24 3 (■) 2.72 F. F. F. F. T*eiM)hers, kindergarten, apprentice: Hawaiian 1 2 1 4 i .58 Japanese .34 Porto Rican .48 .39 Total 8 (') 41 M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. Teamsters: 8 9 54 60 1.00 .90 Teamsters wad cultivators: 1 2 12 3 534 3 6 236 '670 8 9 184 "507 as 2 8 115 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 1.02 Chinese 12 160 .96 Filipino 88 Galfcian : 1.0? Hawaiian 248 1,063 7 73 542 »69.1 «69.7 8 60 59.3 10 59. 1 .91 .87 .80 .94 .98 .93 .98 .98 .97 .97 .88 1 00 Japanese.. South Sea Islander 17 59.9 .95 .96 1,971 "59.4 .91 "2,279 60 M. M. M. M. M. German 1 "13 60 60 .58 .54 Japanese »5 60 61 Porto Rican 6 K22 60 60 .82 .63 "1 60 .62 Total "42 60 .63 "6 60 .61 M. M. 1 1 72 72 .54 .54 1 1 84 84 .58 .40 Portuguese Total 2 72 .54 2 84 .49 M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. Timekeepers: AmnriPAn 16 59.4 3.74 18 1 60 60 3.37 3.83 Australian 1 60 6.37 Chinese 1 2 1 3 2 1 1 11 4 12 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 , 60 60 60 1.92 3.21 3.83 3.20 2.88 1.54 4.79 2.98 2.92 3.78 English 5 60.3 3.15 French German 5 6 64.8 64 4.64 2.56 Japanese Norwegian Part-Hawaiian 2 66 2.59 2 9 65.5 60 2.40 3.19 Scotch Total 46 61.3 3.44 57 60 3.30 1 Not reported. « Hours reported for 11 employees only. 'Including 2 boys. * Hours reported for 242 employees only. <> Including 11 boys. • Hours reported for 1,029 employees only. ' Including 6 boys. a Hours reported for 6 employees only. ' Including 4 boys. " Hours reported (or 534 employees only 11 Including 61 boys. " Hours reported for 1,921 employees onlv 13 Including 88 boys. ^ " Boys. li Including 10 boys. M Including 23 boys. LABOR CONDITIONS IN HAWAII. 151 Table B.— OCCUPATIONS, AVERAGE DAILY WAGES AND WEEKLY HOURS OF LABOR, AND NATIONALITY OR RACE OP EMPLOYEES ON SUGAR PLANTATIONS, 1910 AND 1915— Continued. Sex. 1910 , 1916 Occupation and nationality or race. Employ- ees. Aver- age hours per week. Aver- age wages .Fa'y^ Employ- ees. Aver- age hours per week. Aver- age wages day. Trash balers: M. F. 6 4 72 72 $0.54 .50 Do Total 10 72 .52 M. M. Veterinary surgeons: linelish 1 1 $2.14 ^T7::::^:..::."":^.^y^v^...:. 2.30 Total 2 (') 2.22 M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. Waiters: 1 60 .69 Warehousemen: 2 60 4.12 1 3 60 68 2.68 1.10 2 1 4 13 2 J8 60 60 60 60.4 60 60 1.87 2.65 2 15 1 5 60 60 60 59.8 1.00 .97 1.34 1.06 1.65 1.42 1.71 1.29 Total 27 60.9 1.08 2 32 60.2 1.67 M. M. M. M. U. U. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. —^ Watchmen: 4 75 1.67 2 1 84 84 1.57 2.14 2 4 2 77 84 72 1.25 .98 2.11 8 80.6 .99 ITriaKch Trllinino 1 1 2 4 1 28 1 1 17 1 1 70 84 72 84 84 77 84 70 83.2 70 84 .70 1 3 3 84 71.3 84 1.00 1.26 .89 1.17 1.33 1.16 Irish 1.64 28 2 3 76.7 <84 .89 1.11 .99 1.33 1.33 23 75.8 1.07 1.14 2.27 Spanish 2 84 1.02 1.10 Total 74 5 78.1 1.06 69 79.6 1.12 Water boys: U. M. M. 1 60 .25 Water foremen: 4 2 59 69 3.02 2.40 Portuguese Total 6 2 59 2.81 Water tenders^ mill: M. M. M. U. M. M. 84 1.43 1 7 72 72 1.92 Chinese 4 1 36 3 75 62 70.9 80.1 1.23 .81 1.00 1.10 1.04 • Filipino 61 2 71.4 72 1.15 1.33 Portuguese Total 46 72.1 1.04 61 71.5 1.16 Water tenders, pump: M. 12 15 84 83.2 1.00 .95 Japanese 3 70 1.08 Totil 27 83.6 .97 3 70 1.08 1 Not reported. "Including 1 boy. > Hours reported for 27 employees only. * Hours reported for 1 employee only. s Hours reported for 72 employees only. l5S EEPOET OP COMMlSSIOiSfEB OP LABOR STAffltSSlCS OS HAWAII. Table B.— OCCUPATIOIfS, AVERAGE DAILY WAGES AND WEEKLY HOURS OF LABOR, AND NATIONALITY OR RACE OF EMPLOYEES ON SUGAR PLANTATIONS, 1910 AND 1915— Concluded. * Sex. 1910 1915 Occupation and nationality or race. Employ- ees. Aver- age hours per week. Aver- age wages Employ- ees. Aver- ^age hours per week. Aver- age wages Water tenders, steam plow: Galiolan.. M. M. M. M. M. M. 1 2 14 3 12 4 60 60 60 60 60 60 tl.OO 1.08 Japanese . , . 12 60 JO. 96 1.03 Porto Rican.. .95 7 60 1.01 1.07 1.04 Total 19 60 .98 36 60 1.04 M. M. M. M. M. Wharf hands: 24 24 4 11 161.4 8 59.8 <90 660 !1.05 1.02 1.00 1.07 14 19 8 19 18 60 60 60 60 60 1.00 Japanese 1.03 Porto Rican . . 1.01 1.00 Ppftnish 1.06 Total 63 '60.4 '1.04 78 60 1.02 M. M. M. M. M. M. Whariingers: 1 2 3 1 2 1 60 59. 5 60.7 59 60 59 1.92 2.40 4.34 1.73 1.73 4.22 3 60 4.09 . English German 1 2 4 1 60 60 62.5 60 3 83 2 30 Scotch 7 67 Total 10 59.9 2.92 11 60.9 M. M. M. M. M. M. Wipers and oilers, locomotive; American 2 1 1 17 84 84 60 66.6 1.00 1.00 1.00 .89 Chinese. . . 2 3 15 1 3 72 72 71.2 72 72 l.OB 1.06 1.01 1 25 Japanese :.,. . 5 64.8 .92 1.09 Total 26 68 .91 24 71.5 1.04 M. M. M. M. M. M. M. Wire tramway tenders : Japanese 4 4 12 59.5 60 60 1.06 1.96 .93 Woodchoppers: Chinese Japanese 8 2 1 »60 60 60 .92 1.35 i.po Korean 3 1 59.3 60 .95 1.15 Portuguese Spanish 1 60 1.00 Total 20 59.9 ■ 1.15 12 •60 1.00 M. M. M. M. M. Yard boys: 4 3 80 59.5 60 63 .96 .71 ».80 3 1 95- 1 "11 61.7 65 68.1 70 69 1.10 1.08 •0.88 .92 .93 Hawaiian Porto Rican Portuguese 4 59.3 .98 Total 91 62.5 ».81 "111 68.1 10.89 M. Yardmen, mill: Portuguese 1 72 1.92 .... 1 Hours reported for 17 employees only. ' Wages reported for 17 employees only, the re- maining 7 earninc; 25 cents per hour. ' Hours reported for 21 employees only. ' Hours reported for 1 employee only. 6 Hours reported for 6 employees only. ' Hours reported for 45 employees only. 'Wages reported for 56 employees only, the re- maming 7 earnmg 25 cents per hour '• " " » Hours reported for 10 employees only 9 1 person receives 75 cents per day and board. " 1 employee receives also board. """"• " Including 1 boy. LABOR CONDITIONS IN HAWAII. 153 O w >^ O Ph % I^N % 5o*« S ^2g 1.25 1.19 1.23 g32 lO 1.13 2.38 1.25 g -11 " j 1" . (N 11 ^IS r i • ; siiii ^ i i " i ii »ii^i ;(Ni-< CO ; ;^ iigis ,ia ; lO ^im CO-H ; ' i i iiiis M CO ; ; =^111 (M.-I ; CO 1 1 . . (N,. -0=0 j3 -« CO MM.-^ iO Hr S3BS s sse ilsg g g g gg s ggg g s sss a> Udw s s s 5gK g gg e ggg g ii s see ss 3 g g gS : g ggg s 1^1 to cD^-l> (D(D CO CD CO eor- . CD (OeOcD o ,1 E M ■§ i N W : 5 1h 3 : 3 o 1 a aas asa : H gaa sa aaa Num- ber. .-1 0)-«'f-< .-( «D N -"S" s I 1 M < 5 C 3 1 1 h £ f I 1 Z->!0 154 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF LABOR STATISTICS ON HAWAII. Aver- age wages 0> >0 C4 O CO O -* O >n Ol'ci CO to (O CD CO COtOOiCOOCO'^cOCOOOtOCDtO OCOOtDOcDOXOtDOtOtDeD tDCDO>COOS0 CO P4 I- Hi-i(OMt-i-*^-eO'- Heci-Hd Oi ■a ■af i ii t If M h in I o t> o o P (5 156 EEPOET OF COMMISSIONER OF LABOR STATISTICS ON HAWAII. Aver- age wages day. tl.63 1.10 1.38 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 .96 s 83 ° lo oi ■* "ri u5 « IN M eo P 1 D *ii "^ .- CO 4 ililis slili i -.t ." A ilils »lili ii^is : «lili « fH ■w< " ; " rt llil^ '"' I*"* N " .-1 « CO «lll NeOeOfHT-tfHiH J 2 (N cq ill^ « ^li ■i 1 w |i gsegsggg 00 [es 8 £58g CO BSg|S8SS i s |i gssssssg e ||£S 8 SoSS So BSSIfeSSg i g ►3 ® esssesss s oS 8 B8g 8 BS8|BSSS E; g W _m' 00 cO;d so r*OmOOi-H«i-(rHi-( . "^t^ t'.t-.H'a a'a = '= SSgg g.?,5S g p.o.aa SSsss p^ SSS^ r ■§■§■§■§ PiCuC^Pi 1 ^ ^ ^ ^ j^^i^-a-d Pi 'CJTJ'O'd €aS3 I&5 o > O o OS OS art 5z;o c^ 00 >o t~ ^CiONiH«»- CO • • 'CD • 'COeO o> r- xo in ua i> "O lO t» >o «o »Q t« t^ CO CO CO t> O cD't- «0 CO ^ ■c sail? I ;g;^:^s:g:^a 1^ ss ■9a-i s;^a a aii.aaaNaa»^si^ rS '« 1-1 1-t C4 PO d fH.-H W NiOcO M i-t MMCOeO'-'f^SC^OTeON I I I .3 1 1 •3 !3 I -3 •a a II ■gogg SB'S '3 iSiS,S2 Hune t I 160 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OP LABOR STATISTICS ON HAWAII. Aver- age wages sss SS E S8 sss g sss gSSBSSg? s SBS S <= t^i-COO OcoS 1^ i 1 »li ii§i- slili - - - - -: ii§is 8lili iiii" 1-1 s^lili - -: Ilil« " 1-1 o: C4 O -lis c* s g^ S i cq 00 a s M g "S sir "rs ?3 S3 ss U3a0 94 s S ss §-" Wg s:r sags -rss- M CM S""" o> 00 cocoes 0 lO lO lO BgSSSSS^gg^gSSSgSSgSSSSgigSSSSSgSggSSSSS CO -v o IS hi tC to CD to «D CD t^ t^ t- «l «0 (O <0 t^ t^ t~ -^ ■* (O eC CD (D r- ^- ^ Til » «D (O «s r^ 1^ -^ o « « 1 4 i .E o o c o c ■O'C 4 ^ 1 1 1^ 1 *5 1 o'.d o d d d d ? .3.5 ■ox d^i^if 4^1 1 aaBap^Ji^aaiiiaaN^aNfeaNaaiiliilariaixia apn'^a^'aaafe' Siass«g"g 1^ "-g^3.""S'S|ra«RS"=""?g^g^g5sss 1 H LABOE COKDITIONS IN HAWAII. 161 - ■■-irt g c* g lOooS ss ^ g S s !S ss rJ s s s ri gSi s s E2 s OC- 2 1.25 1.23 1.20 .98 1.41 1.S8 1.07 1 00 CO ■^T-l I s .-*« M o S CO C»l> fHTHTP-^OJ to s S" Tlf fH s U310 "-"^s CO s rteo r- S'S? t- ;0 000^ S!^ a w s j. 1-t 00 ;C0 ■^ a 8 Sg g eOcOt-SSotC ggssggsssgsgsssssesKssgKgg^ ? ee g ggggssg sgsggKgesggBgsssgegsssssgge 00 CO gg g (CKOIXOCCOtC t- 1* to <0 so «D CO (O t- 1> to » (D (O I> <© i> o o t^c- I> sDcor-t^° ssas ca CO 0} O) 9 o • O) O 9 = O S IH (H E IH Pt^ n ta <»> ca t~cot-cocoi> Nationality or race. w 11 a *■ o 1 •1 1 ! < M is t^ c 1 gaaasaaaaah ■ s:^*aa'fes;^ i SSigi^aBS's;^* U S2'SSS3'='=~"'^SS - «,^oo^c.c. ? Jt^-^-WrtlNrt CpCSN i 1 J ; i 1 LABOB. CONDITIONS IN HAWAII. 163 1 1.63 1.27 1.50 1.80 1.80 S a 2S3 uiJco lo 1.75 1.25 1.80 1.54 1.54 S 1 2.91 1.35 1.50 3.07 g a Tf eOiH T 1-1 ; ^olOt>cDt~cD^-'>o^-IS l-tO S ill" «D ■©«: J o eotot* ®« 5 I© t- «5«Dt^COt*CO si II St 1 : '■■& ■i i i < 3 1 5j 1 d Is c 1 ' 1 pi 1 : 1 I'd g 3 S^ gsssa '. ■ as sa ;^'sf^ aa i a gagggggaaa i~Hr~ lO NeO'CrM'H CO co^ ■«< H W < 1 1 1 . "el \ 6- > 1 i 5 C ^' il i Off ^ as CD i m ■§£■■ till s « 2 03 c8 t> o d SS a a I • w "" E S (Jl r m H M '-' fl !s b ^1 saa o o o 164 BEPOET OP COMMISSIONER OF LABOR STATISTICS ON HAWAII. Aver- age wages (fey. 51.60 1.74 1.53 4.79 2.47 ^ 1.16 1.27 1.16 .56 1.27 1.00 1.12 1.15 1.15 1.06 .69 1.13 1.04 .50 1.20 .50 o K w r-l 5 -a* eo ft S o «1| 11 il*^ (N M ^lill ^ • " ; S^lill ilils ■ a|^."i U3 ; tH W S rH " sg 00 C^.* ^jHco^CnwO goo o COrH,-!-^ CO CD 3 ■ CO ■* - rH o • 1 gssgs CO V CO OO »ra U3 ggggoSgessssssesss £ »n»«oo ^ gg8SS e ssssssssgsgggeggg , S g SS^S s |s ggggg s n Sossgsgggsegggsggg g g SS?Rg r M ISI>«5ePf . CO COt>eOt.-COt-TP(D«Dt-t-«OSOSO * " rHCQ ■(tH cc (N eo-*.-( CO cc rH CO (N CO gj -* IN CO 1^ r-l cor~cocoi>-o e sesss g gsg § COCO coua S g gsggssssssgggggsg s CD l> CO coo CD (DOeO CD' coco coco CO CO eDCD«DI>CDl>;7'' ( I C 1 c i 1 i i ^1 1 ; W-e = Hi S -e ^4 1- 1 o F 6 ,^ 1 t a 1 c i Wo r pin 1 E B .' saaaa aaa i aa aa j a aaa'aaaa'a'aa'a'aaa'saa i OTMrtC^rH o> ■*,-i S rtiH .-Ir-I (Tl II 1-1 «OjeOi-l'^(N"*«3cDMM.HrH(MOT(NTH tf 1 1 .1 ■a o El g m ^1 I ana QQ o Eh 5 o -OS 5 P« " P S (1> ^ £ * ® m « OS w o o o >■ 5 1 S & ■a §§■1 2| K '-' P K* fcj r3 ca o 03 ©5 2 i Eh 166 EEPOBT OF COMMISSIONER OF LABOR STATISTICS ON HAWAII. Aver- age wages day. S8S 3.45 2.59 1.93 1.23 2.88 2.17 04 '.60 2.33 1.15 1.00 2.33 1.23 1.20 2.10 g 2.00 1.00 .94 1 Pi sii 55|ill ilil« »lili '"' rH N 11 ^1^ tH .-t '"' rH ■ (N slili i i-H *"" " CC - ii^i« t- "" IN «lili i-t IN 1^ iiii« - ^11 CO CD 1 i w . 00 1-H C^ i-H M 1-H (N s o rH.-l(N 1 1 3 1 H J 1 1 1 1 I ^ p- LABOR CONDITIONS IN HAWAII. 167 Ti.BLE D.— OCCUPATION, AVERAGE DAILY WAGES, AND WEEKLY HOURS. OF LABOR, AND NATIONALITY OR RACE OF EMPLOYEES IN THE PINEAPPLE INDUSTRY, 1910 AND 1915. Sex. 1910 1915 Occupation and nationality or race. Em- ployees. Aver- age hours per week. Aver- age wages day. Em- ployees. Aver- age hours per week. Aver- age wages day. Accountants: English M. M. M. M. M. M. M. 1 14 60 66.6 16.71 2 11 Blacksmiths: Japanese 1 1 1 1 60 60 66.5 60 $1.92 .90 1.90 6.75 Blacksmiths' helpers: Boiler tenders: Bookkeepers: 4 1 1 60 60 60 4.46 5.18 3.26 Total 1 60 5.76 6 60 4.38 M. M. M. M. Bookkeepers, assistant: 1 9 60 67 2.68 1.15 Box makers: Chinese 3 10 8 63.3 160. 57 1.25 1.25 1.19 Total ' 21 2 69.2 1.23 M. M. M. M. Camp cleaners: 3 2 7 1 66.7 60 60 60 1.15 1.13 2.38 1.26 Total 10 60 2.02 Can pilers, contract: M. M. M. M. M. 4 1 60 60 3.24 Can testers: 1.60 Cappers: 1 3 60 69 .76 1.23 Carpenters: 25 1 3 60.8 60 1.93 Portuguese 1.50 Total 3 69 1.23 26 <60.9 1.92 Carpenters' helpers: M. M. M. M. M. M. 2 57 1.12 Chief cookers: 1 1 57 57 1.66 .71 Cleaners: __ Clerks, office: 2 10 1 60 87.5 70 3.36 1.82 Portuguese 2.50 Total 13 81.9 2.11 Clerks, shipping: M. M. 3 1 5 58.5 60 4.28 1.35 Total 4 S59 3.56 2 fin 1.15 1 Hours reported for 6 employees only. ' Hours reported (or 17 employees only. ' Hours reported lor 24 employees only. < Hours reported for 25 employees only. ' Hours reported for 2 employees only. « Hours reported for 3 employees only. 168 EEPOBT OP COMMlSSIO]SrER OF LABOR STATISTICS ON HAWAII. Table D.— OCCUPATION, AVERAGE DAILY WAGES, AND WEEKLY HOURS OP LABOR, AND NATIONALITY OR RACE OF EMPLOYEES IN THE PINEAPPLE INDUSTRY, 1910 AND 1915— Continued. Sex. 1910 1915 Occupation and nationality or race. ^ Em- , ployees. Aver- age hours per week. Aver- age wages per day. Em- ployees. Aver- age hours per week. Aver- age wages day. Clerks, warehouse: Ohinftpo M. M. M. M. 1 57 SI. 62 2 1 1 1 75 105 60 60 $1.55 Enelish 2.88 Filipino . 1.15 1.15 Total 1 57 1.62 5 75 1.66 Conductors, railway: M. M. F. M. 1 2 2 1 70 70 70 70 2.50 Cooks: 1 84 1.15 i .98 .69 i .66 Total 1 84 1.15 5 70 .80 M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. Cookers: 1 17 24 6 135 6 2 11 60 68.5 68.8 65 65.2 66 66 66 1.00 1.16 1.18 1.12 ! 1.13 1.21 1.00 1.19 Total 1102 66.8 1.15 M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. Cultivators: 7 60 .80 Doctors: American 1 12 16 10 31 1 1 3 60 62.8 80.2 8 67.3 60 60 62 2.47 Double seamers: .62 Filipino 1.14 1 31 1 10 1.50 Part-Hawaiian 1 00 Portuguese 1 73 164 «67.S 1 16 M. M. M. M. M. M. Drivers, auto truck: American 1 1 1 3 11 2 60 54 .1. 1 50 1 26 Filipino 1 18 Japanese 1 35 Total 19 6 57.6 1 32 M. M. M. M. M. M. M. TTn,WH,iiaTi 6 8 1 2 1 1 1 70 62 70 70 70 70 70 1.63 1.2^ 1.25 1.25 1.25 : 1.25 .96 Korean Part-Hawaiian Portuguese Nationality or race not reported Total 20 66.8 1.34 1 Including 1 boy. 2 Not reported. " Hours reported for 30 employees only. « Hours reported for 63 employees only » Hours reported for 8 employees only ' » Hours reported for 10 employees only LABOE CONDITIONS IN HAWAII. 169 ^^J^'?.J?'— OC^UP-A-TION, AVERAGE DAILY WAGES AND WEEKIY HOURS OP LABOR, AND NATIONALITY OR RACE' OP EMPLOYEES IN THE PINEAPPLE INDUSTRY, 1910 AND 1915-Continued Sex. 1910 1915 Occupation and nationality or race. . Em- ployees. Aver- age hours per week. Aver- ago wages (fey. Em- ployees. Aver- age hours per week. Aver- age wages per day. Dump-cart men: Norwegian M. M. 1 2 (■) 60 S2.00 Spanish Total 3 2 60 1.40 Electricians: Hawaiian M. M. M. 1 1 1 87 60 70 1.56 2.60 4.17 Part-Hawaiian i. Nationality or race not reported Total 3 72.3 2.74 Engineers: ' ' American M. M. M. M. M. M. M. 1 1 2 1 5 1 1 67 72 82.5 57 60 60 70 6.75 2.40 5.29 5.37 2.04 2.00 ' Chinese English Hawaiian 1 60 $1.25 ■ Portuguese Nationality or race not reported Total 1 60 1.25 12 65.1 3.30 M. M. F. F. M. 1 70 Factory hands: Japanese 343 90 10 5 60 60 60 60 .85 .65 .55 .85 Korean Total. . . 448 60 .78 M. M. Chmese 1 2 66.5 69.5 1.64 1.13 Total 3 61.8 1.30 M. M. F. M. F. M. M. F. M. F. M. M. f. M. M. F. nhinosf, «305 219 2 '79 22 2 '601 132 '118 1 6 12 i»56 15 1 14 2 68.8 63.2 60 = 88.7 «70 60 8 69.3 9 58.8 68.4 60 70 60 62.7 65.3 60 60.7 65 1.01 .93 Do .55 TJxwn.iia.n 1.03 Do .58 Hindu . . .90 100 69.8 .80 1.00 .84 6 60.0 .80 .94 Do . . .60 Part-Hawaiian 1.25 .96 .92 Do .63 .90, 1.00 .68 Total 106 69.8 .80 "1,487 H60.4 .94 M. M. M. 2 10 1 60 8 62.1 81 .85 1.40 3.38 13 18 63.3 1.47 • Not reported. 2 Hours reported for 2 employees only. 3 Including 2 boys. * Including 4 boys. » Hours reported lor 64 employees only. " Hours reported for 9 employees only. ' Including 1 boy. 9 Hours reported for 497 employees only. » Hours reported for 128 employees only. '» Including 5 boys. " Including 13 boys. 1! Hours reported for 1,441 employees only. i> Hem's reported for 12 employees only. 170 EEPOET OF COMMISSIONEE OF LABOR STATISTICS ON HAWAII. Table D.— OCCUPATION, AVEEAGE DAILY WAGES, AND WEEKLY HOURS OF LABOR, AND NATIONALITY OR RACE OF EMPLOYEES IN THE PINEAPPLE INDUSTRY, 1910 AND 1915— Continued. Sex. 1910 1915 Occupation and nationality or race. Em- ployees. Aver- age hours per week. Aver- age wages Em- ployees. Aver- age hours per week. Aver- age wages day. Foremen: HawfliiHTi , . , M. F. M. 1 1 1 57 54 66.5 $2.38 .90 2.61 Do Total 3 59.2 1.96 M. F. M. M. M. F. M. F. M. M. F. M. M. Foremen, cannery: ■A TTiflricim 10 1 1 1 1 8 11 2 1 \ 1 5 81.9 57 60 60 60 71.3 160 60 70 60 60 60 70 13.72 Do 2.68 Chinese 3.83 English 4 79 Fihpino 1.25 1.29 Japanese 1.69 Do... 88 1.10 Portuguese 1 00 Do .75 Spanish-. 1.00 ifationality or race not reported 4 07 Total 44 »69.6 2.37 M. M. M. M. M. Foremen, field: American 1 2 2 4 1 60 60 65 60 60 5 .37 1 64 Ppanish . , ... 2 00 Total 10 61 M. M. Foremen, refuse: 1 1 40 30 Total 2 35 5 25 M. M. M. M. M. M. M. Foremen, warehouse: 3 2 68 60 120 «70 60 60 70 4 28 r,hlTlfipP . ; . . , 3.83 Filipino Japanese .■ 1 90 3.83 13 <71.4 M. M. M. Japanese 2 1 1 60 60 60 1.54 1.10 .99 ^ Japanese Total 2 60 1.05 M. M. Kawpiia" 11 17 60 60 .71 .90 Total 28 60 .83 Graders: Hawaiian F. F. 2 8 54 54 .68 .63 Japanese Total 10 54 .64 ' Hours reported lor 6 employees only. * Hours reported for 38 employees only. > Hours reported for 3 employees only < Hours reported for 12 employees only. LABOR CONDITIONS IN HAWAH. 171 Table D.— OCCUPATION, AVERAGE DAILY WAGES, AND WEEKLY HOURS OP LABOR, AND NATIONALITY OR RACE OP EMPLOYEES IN THE PINEAPPLE INDUSTRY, 1910 AND 1915— Continued. Sex. 1910 1915 Occupation and nationality or race. Em- ployees. Aver- age hours per week. Aver- age wages day. Em- ployees. Aver- age hours per week. Aver- age wages ^y. Incinerators: Filipino . - M. M. M. 2 5 6 60 67.2 72 $1.25 1 36 Total 13 67.6 1 33 M. F. M. F. M. M. F. M. F. M. F. Janitors: 1 92 1.30 Labelers: American 1 60 11.00 2 13 3 14 27 17 3 3 2 70 67 57 57.9 157 . 58.5 57 60 57 1.65 Do .77 Filipino 1.19 JaDanese 1.18 Japanese... .72 1.22 Do .81 ^ .85 Do .71 Total 1 60 1.00 84 "57.9 .95 M. M. Laborers: 1 3 67 67 1.19 .86 4 ^67 .94 M. M. F. M. F. F. M. F. M. F. M. M. F. M. F. M. F. F. M. F. M. F. Laborers, cannery: no '159 S143 3 638 «142 2 '90 6 204 »684 "639 "213 103 1 14 7 16 91 36 "16 "41 "109 ■ 36 15 63 138 71 69.1 61.3 57.2 64.6 56.1 76.0 60.7 8 57.1 "61.9 "59.0 . 61.1 54.0 57.0 64.0 63.8 60.0 59.4 69.4 62.0 53.1 55.9 53.0 "60.0 "58.0 1.07 1.01 .72 1.03 iS :::;::;;::::;:::::::::: .65 .85 .91 Do .70 1.03 Do .68 1.08 .68 1.19 1.10 Do - .75 .83 Do .53 .76 .70 .70 tinflnish 1.05 .67 ^ Nationality or race not reported Do 1.03 .72 2«3,409 2160.4 .88 Laborers, field: M. M. F. 5 84 16 60 60 54 .95 1.03 .59 Do Total 105 59.1 .96 .......'... 1 Sours reported tor 25 employees only. ' Hours reported for 82 employees only. 3 Including Iboy. < lueluding 5 boys. 6 Including 2 girls. ' Including 1 girl. ' Including 8 boys. 8 Hours reported tor 202 employees only. 9 Including 35 boys. 10 Hours reported for 646 employees only, u Including 13 girls. " Hours reported for 537 employees only. 13 Including 3 boys. " Including 2 boys. " Including 4 girls. " Including 8 girls. " Including 11 boys. " Hours reported for 42 employees only. i» Hours reported for 1 employee only. 20 Including 67 boys and 38 girls. 21 Hours reported for 3,201 employees only. 172 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF LABOR STATISTICS ON HAWAII. Table D.— OCCUPATION, AVERAGE DAILY WAGES, AND WEEKLY HOURS OP LABOR, AND NATIONALITY OR RACE OP EMPLOYEES IN THE PINEAPPLE INDUSTRY, 1910 AND 1915— Continued. Sex. 1910 1915 Occupation and nationality or race. Em- ployees. Aver- age hours per week. Aver- age wages 66.8 70 60 62.4 SI. 18 1 13 CJiinese . . . . Filipino 1.09 1.14 1.08 Japanese .50 1 57 SI. 43 Total 1 67 1.43 6 149 «67.1 1 10 M. M. M. Stablemen: 1 5 60 65.2 .96 .80 21 1 67.1 60 1.35 Total 6 64.3 .83 22 66.8 M. M. M. M. Stenographers: 1 1 60 60 Storekeepers: American 2 30 1 1 S m 2.68 f^ArT"H" Total 2 »60 "2.68 1 60 M. M. Amcirican ^ 1 1 60 57 8 63 Total 2 58.5 M. M. M. M. M. M. A mnrif>ii.n 1 60 4.79 1 1 3 3 31 60 66.5 57 59.5 68 8.63 .99 1.16 1.15 1.11 Team bosses: Chinese Teamsters: Hawaiian Japanese Total 37 58 1.12 M. M. M. M. id. M. M. M. M. M. Teamsters and cultivators: 3 9 4 10 132 6 2 2 31 1 60 68 62.5 "62.3 58.5 64 65 60 60.6 70 2.00 1.24 1 02 Chinese 5 60 1.00 1.13 1.14 1.13 1.30 1.05 1.07 1.10 10 60 1.00 Korean Porto Rican Total 15 60 l.OQ 200 "59.4 1.14 M. M. Testers: 1 7 105 86.5 2.88 1.56 Japanese . Total 8 88.8 1.73 ■ ' Including 3 boys. ' Including 1 boy. > Hours reported for 34 employees only. *Boy. ' Including 6 boys. * Hours reported for 142 employees only. ' Not reported, s Per cent of profit only. 8 Hours reported for 1 employee only. '» Including 1 employee receiving per cent of profit only " Hours reported for 6 employees only. " Hours reported for 196 employees only. LABOR CONDITIONS IN HAWAII. 175 Table D.— OCCUPATION, AVERAGE DAILY WAGES AND WFFK-TT Sex. 1910 1915 Occupation and nationality or race. Em- ployees. Aver- age hours week. Aver- age wages <&y. Em- ployees. Aver- age hoiu-s per week. Aver- age wages day. Timekeepers: M. M. M. M. 1 3 3 3 60 75 60 66.7 i3.45 2.37 1.23 2.41 CSiinese -iT»paTifiSB Total 10 • 66.5 2.15 r. M. M. M. M. M. M. F. M. Waitresses: 1 70 Wareliousemen: 15 60 $0.90 Watchmen: 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 84 84 70 84 80.5 84 84 2 33 Chinese 1 15 1 00 Japanese 1 60 1.00 1 23 ^pf^n^S^ 1 20 Nationality or race not reported 2.10 Total 1 60 1.00 10 81.2 1 50 M. M. M. Weighers: Irish.. 1 1 2 60 70 70 , 2.00 1.00 Yardmen: 1 60 .96 .94 ' And board. 176 EEPOET OF COMMISSIONEE OF LABOR STATISTICS ON HAWAII. Table E.— QUARTERLY RETAIL FOOD PRICES FOR 4 YEARS ENDING JUNE 30, 1915. [Data from annual reports to the governor by the Board of Immigration, Labor, and Statistics.] Quarterly pe- riods ending- Bacon. Small quantity. Aver- age price per pound. Pre- domi- nant price per pound. Lar^e quantity. prace per pound. Pre- domi- nant price per pound, price per pound. Beans, Bayo, brown. Small quantity. Pre- domi- nant price per pound. Large quantity. price per pound. Pre- domi- nant price per pound, price per pound. Deans, Garabanzos. Small quantity. Pre- domi- nant price per pound. Large quantity. price per pound: Pre- domi- nant, price per pound. 1911. September - December. . 1912. March June September. December.. 1913. March June. September. December. . 1914. March June. September. December.. 1915. March June 1911. September December. 1912. March June September December. 1913. March June September, December. 1914. March June , September. December., 1915. March June SO. 2928 .2797 .2821 .2829 .3044 .3136 .3116 .3451 .3455 .3428 .3348 10.3000 3000 .3000 .3000 .3000 .3000 .3000 .3000 .3500 .3500 .3500 .3500 .3600 .3500 .3500 .3500 to. 2840 t0.2S00 2800 .2700 .2020 .2912 .2900 .3114 .3260 .3124 .3157 .3022 .3344 .3200 .3300 .2800 .2600 /.2600 \.2760 .3000 .2700 .3000 .3250 .3000 .3000 .3000 .3250 .3250 .3000 .3250 Beans, horse. to. 0465 to. 0500 10.0375 0486 .0500 .0425 0488 0500 .0491 .0500 .0437 .0476 0485 .0500 .0438 0487 .0500 .0433 0440 0457 0480 0480 .0500 .0500 .0500 .0500 .0410 .0462 .0400 .0422 0494 0559 0511 0496 .0500 .0500 .0500 .0500 .0375 .0360 .0426 .0433 0570 0677 .0500 .0500 .0540 .0550 $0.0390 .0416 .0450 .0450 .0415 .0416 .0416 .0416 .0416 .0416 .0416 .0416 .0500 .0550 SO. 0632 .0811 .0597 .0615 .0623 .0580 .0605 .0573 .0655 .0748 .0720 .0776 .0709 .0817 .0778 to. 0700 .0600 SO. 0580 0566 to. 0660 .0550 .OfiOO .0625 .0500 .0700 .0600 .0650 .0542 }•" .0600 .0600 .0500 .0625 .0700 .0700 .0700 .0625 .0800 .0600 .0666 .0655 .0720 .0725 .0727 .0691 .0754 .0741 .0660 .0560 .0625 .0600 .0600 .0625 .0626 .0626 .0625 .0660 .0650 .0660 .0800 .0750 to. 0526 .0530 .0519 .0513 to. 0500 .0500 SO. 0433 .0450 Beans, lima. to. 0770 .0818 .0826 .0820 .0812 .0817 .0863 .0860 .0922 .0906 .0876 .0845 1.0833 .0800 .0833 .0833 .0800 .0800 .0800 .0833 .0833 .1000 .1000 .1000 .1000 SO. 0886 .0718 .0763 .0750 .0796 .0770 .0768 .0730 .0750 .0791 .0777 .0865 .0867 .0811 .0790 .0783 to. 0650 .0833 .0750 .0833 .0833 .0833 .0833 .0833 .0833 .0833 .0833 .0833 .0833 .0534 .0541 .0630 .0543 .0666 .0737 .0913 .0976 .0977 .0918 .0600 .0500 .0600 .0500 .0500 .0600 .0600 .1000 .1000 .1000 .1000 •.1000 .1000 .0426 .0466 .0600 .0612 .0600 .0460 .0511 .0755 .0871 .0911 .0950 , . 0822 .0833 to. 0460 .0416 .0416 .0450 .0460 .0450 .0450 .0450 .0600 .0833 .0833 .0833 .0833 Beans, white, navy. to. 0606 .0609 .0622 .0617 .0638 .0635 .0630 .0870 .0714 .0700 .0724 .0803 .0785 .0791 .0800 to. 0625 0625 .0600 .0625 .0600 .0625 .0600 .0700 .0700 .0700 .0700 .0700 .0800 .0800 .0760 .0833 .0333 to. 0476 .0617 .0530 .0575 .0622 .0640 .0610 .0613 .0684 .0721 .0710 .0733 .0726 .0691 .0736 .0736 rtO.0450 L .0416 .0560 .0550 .0625 .0626 .0626 .0700 .0625 .0700 .0833 .0833 .0833 .0700 .0833 .0833 LABOR CONDITIONS IN HAWAII. 177 Table E.— QUARTERLY RETAIL FOOD PRICES FOR 4 YEARS ENDING JUNE 30, 1915— Continued. Beef, corned. Beet, fresh. Crackers, saloon pilot. Small quantity. Large quantity. Small quantity. Large quantity. Small quantity. Large quantity. Quarterly pe- riods ending— Aver- age price fit can. Pre- domi- nant price per 1-lb. can. Aver- age price per fib. can. Pre- domi- nant price can. Aver- age price per pound. Pre- domi- nant price per pound. Aver- age price per pound. Pre- domi- nant price T)er pound. Aver- age price per pound. Pre- domi- nant price per pound. Aver- age price per pound. Pre- domi- nant price per pound. 1911. September December 1912. Marcli 10.1963 .1964 .1957 .1950 .1961 .1940 .2125 .2060 .2214 .2244 .2348 .2322 .2521 .2590 .2628 .2532 $0.2000 .2000 .2000 .2000 .2000 .2000 .2000 .2000 .2000 .2500 .2500 .2500 .2500 .2500 .2500 .2600 $0.1766 .1712 .1729 .1717 .1732 .1783 .2060 .1860 .2136 .2142 .2254 .2236 .2340 .2450 .2489 .2420 $0. 1666 .1666 .1666 .1666 .1666 .1666 .1900 .1833 .2250 .2250 .2250 .2250 .2260 .2416 .2400 .2300 $0.1476 .1481 .1480 .1558 .1583 .1700 .1648 ;i?io .1611 .1555 .1641 .1586 .1769 .1723 .1686 .1664 80.1500 .1600 /.1600 \.1250 .1500 .1500 .1500 .1500 .1600 .1500 .1260 .1500 .1500 .2000 .1500 .1600 .1600 SO. 1100 .1360 ^.1100 .1466 .1425 .1550 .1250 .1300 .1328 .1225 .1550 .1288 .1614 .1460 .1614 .1600 $0.1666 .1666 .1700 .1250 .1260 .1250 .1250 .1600 .1250 .1800 .1260 .1800 .1800 SO. 1026 .1021 .1064 .1029 .1000 .1011 .1040 .1000 .1000 .1000 .1099 .1066 .1041 .1020 .1034 $0.1000 .1000 .1000 .1000 .1000 .1000 .1000 .1000 .1000 .1000 .1000 .1000 .1000 .1000 .1000 $0.0860 .0840 .0870 .0762 .0990 .1000 .0909 .0841 .0910 .0955 .0966 .0981 .0953 .0950 .0800 .0982 10.0850 .0850 .0900 .0900 September December 1913. Marcl) .0833 .0900 .0900 .0833 September December 1914. March .0833 .0900 .0900 Jimn , , . . .0900 September December 1915. Marcli .0933 .0933 .0900 Jnne . 1039 . 1000 .0900 Crackers, soda. Codfish, No. 1, HaUtax. Codfish, No. 1, Pacific. Fer pound. Per pound. Per pound. 1911. September December 1912. Marcli $0.1125 .1124 .1106 .1100 .1200 .1200 .1100 .1162 .1166 .1200 .1178 .1216 .1193 .1174 .1221 .1200 $0.1000 .1000 ,1000 .1000 .1000 .1000 .1000 .1000 .1000 .1000 .1000 .1250 .1250 .1000 .125C .lOOC $0.0840 .0950 .0888 .0930 .1200 .1100 .1100 .1210 .0714 .0700 .1184 .1181 .1163 .1140 .1238 .1066 $0.0900 .0900 ' .0900 .0860 .1250 .1250 .1250 .1260 .1250 .1250 .1250 .1250 .125C .125C .125( .125( $0.1247 .1273 .1251 .1280 .1352 .1321 .1357 .1351 .1379 .1378 .1391 .1368 .1400 .1359 .1386 .1385 $0.1250 .1250 .1250 .1250 .1500 .1500 .1600 .1500 .1500 .1500 .1600 .1600 .1500 .1500 .1500 .1500 $0.1176 .1260 .1100 .1200 .1243 .1107 .1180 .1240 .1266 .1253 .1258 .1228 .1246 .1230 .1271 .1264 $0. 1250 .1250 .1111 .HOC .1250 .1250 .1260 .1260 .1250 .126C .125C .12SC .125C .125C .126C .125( $0.0839 .0864 .0783 .0796 .0906 .08SS .0884 .0893 .091? .09ia .09U .08g( .090( .0964 .092f .084. $0.1000 .1000 .0833 .0833 .lOOC .lOOC .lOOC .lOOC .100( .KM .100( .loa .loot .100( .100( .100( $0.0773 .0766 .0657 .070C .0825 .077C .076S .075! .078( .078( .0811 .078! .080( .079! .077! .077( $0.0833 .0833 .0714 fime .0660 September December 1913. March .0833 .0833 .0833 June. .0833 September December 1914. jMarch .0833 .0833 .0833 '.Tnne .0833 September December 1915. March ) . 0833 ! .0833 .0833 .0833 41104°— S. Doc. 432, 64-1 12 178 BEPOKT OF COMMISSIONER OF LABOR STATISTICS ON HAWAII. Table E.— QUARTERLY RETAIL FOOD PRICES FOR 4 YEARS ENDING JUNE 30, 1915— Continued. Commeal, No. 1. Flour, patent. Flour, straight. Quarterly- periods ending— Small quantity. Large quantity. Small quantity. Large quantity. Small quantity. Large quantity. Aver- age price per6- pound sack. Pre- domi- nant price per5- potmd sack. Aver- age price per 10- pound .sack. Pre- domi- nant price per 10- pound sack. Aver- pnce. Pre- domi- nant price. Aver- price perSO- pdund sack. Pre- domi- nant price per 50- pound sack. Aver- age price. Pre- domi- nant price. Aver- age price per 60- pound sack. Pre- domi- nant price per 50- pound sack. 1911. September SO 2350 $0.2500 $0. 4150 $0.4000 $1. 5900 $1.6000 SI. 3700 /$1.4000 \ 1.5000 / 1.4000 \ 1.6000 .2410 .2500 .4160 .4500 1.5500 1.6000 ' 1.3700 1912. March .2310 .2500 .4120 .4500 1.5300 1.3500 1.4800 1.5000 2375 .2500 .4166 .4000 1. 6148 1.3500 1.5285 / 1.4000 \ 1.6500 / 1.5000 \ 1.5500 1.5000 September .2400 .2500 .4200 .4500 1.3500 1. 3500 1.5200 .2400 .2500 .4000 .4500 1.5200 1.6000 1.4600 1913. March .2400 .2400 .2400 .2400 .2600 .2500 .2500 .2600 .4000 .4000 .4000 .4200 .3500 .3500 .4500 .4500 1.5338 1.5200 1.5400 1.5500 1.3500 1. 3000 1.3600 1. 6000 1.4300 1.4000 1.4200 1.4300 1.5000 1.4600 September 1 5000 1.5000 1914. March .2423 .2444 .2500 .2476 .2500 .2500 .2500 .2600 .4222 .4346 .4400 .4400 .4500 .4500 .4500 .4500 1.5500 1.6400 1.7000 1. 7300 1.4000 1.4000 1.6000 1.6500 1.3700 1.3100 1.5000 1.5500 1 5000 1.4000 September 1.5000 1.6000 1915. .2550 .2523 .2500 .2500 .4437 .4357 .4500 .4600 2.0100 1.9300 1.9000 1. 7500 1.7600 1.7500 1.7500 1.7500 Ham. Kerosene, Star. - Laid, CO mpound. Per pound. Per quart. Per 5 gallons. P6r3- pa lound Per 10-pound pafl. 1911. September $0.2538 $0.2500 $0.2420 SO. 2500 80.0750 $0.0600 $1.1627 ($1.1600 \ 1.1000 |$0.3828 .3780 /SO. 4000 \ .3600 .3500 |S1. 1700 1.1910 $1. 1600 December. .2470 .2500 .2366 .2400 .0808 .lOOQ 1.1289 1. 1600 1.2000 1912. March .2165 .2500 .2385 .2400 .0770 / .1000 \.0500 .0600 .0500 .0500 }l.l094 1. 1696 1.1600 1. 1147 1.0000 .3te .3600 1.1180 1.1000 June September December. .2465 .2500 .2718 .2500 .2500 .2500 .2435 .2500 .2528 .2400 .2500 .2500 .0688 .0737 .0750 1.1500 1.0000 1.0000 .3814 .3918 .3941 .4000 .4000 .4000 1.2086 1. 2121 1.1783 1.2000 1.2000 1.1500 1913. . March June September December. .2702 .2700 .2878 .2938 .2500 .3000 .3000 .2800 .2483 .2666 .2743 .2657 .2400 .2600 .2650 .2750 .0643 .0730 .0700 .0704 .0600 .0500 .0500 .0500 1.0812 1.1128 1.1259 1.1120 1.0000 1.0000 1. 1100 l.UOO .3954 .4075 .4441 .4400 .4000 .4000 .4500 ■ .4500 1. 1975 1.2000 1. 3047 1.3192 1.2500 1.2600 1.3500 1.4000 1914. March June September December. .2813 .2818 .2932 .2857 .3000 .2800 .3000 .3000 .2700 .2642 .2880 .2666 .2800 .2600 .2800 .2600 .0727 .0700 .0700 .0724 .0500 .0500 .0500 .0500 1. 1342 1.1323 1. 1203 1. 1133 1. 1100 1.1100 1.1100 1.1000 .4281 .4303 .4222 .4183 .4500 .4500 .4600 .4000 1.3159 1.3111 1. 2740 1.2750 1.4000 1.3000 1.3000 L3000 1915. March June .2768 .2800 .3000 .2500 .2612 .2685 .2500 .2500 .0736 .0700 .0600 .0500 1. 1168 1. 1033 1.1000 1.1100 . 4146 .4113 .4000 .4000 1.'2740 1.2278 1.3000 1.2600 LABOR CONDITIONS IN HAWAII. 179 Table E. -QUARTERLY RETAIL FOOD PRICES FOR 4 YEARS ENDING JUNE 30, 1915— Continued. Quarterly periods ending — Hilk,condensed,Eagle brand. Small quan- Large qustn- tity. tity. Aver- age price per 20- ounce can. Pre- domi- nant price per 20- ounce can. Aver- age price per 20- oimce can. Pre- domi- nant price per 20- ounce, can. Milk, condensed, Sunnyside. Small quan- Large quan- tity, tity. Aver- age price per 20- ounce can. Pre- domi- nant price per 20- ounce can. Aver- age price per 20- ounce can. Pre- domi- nant price per 20- ounce can. Aver- age price per pound Mutton, fresh. Small quan- tity. Pre- domi- nant price per pound. Aver- age price per pound. Large quan- tity. Pre- domi- nant price per pound. 1911. September . December. . 1912. March June September . December.. 1913. March June September . December. . 1914. March June September. December. . 1915. March June $0.1797 .1827 .1791 .1818 .1816 .1806 JO. 2000 .2000 .2006 .2000 .2000 .2000 $0.1644 .1629 .1626 .1604 $0.1666 .1666 .1666 .1666 .1666 .1666 .1802 .1800 .1828 .1877 .1837 .1847 .1834 .1800 .1815 .1903 .2000 .2000 .2000 .2000 .2000 .2000 .2000 .2000 .2000 .2000 .1604 .1615 .1645 .1641 .1616 .1652 .1628 .1604 .1608 .1615 .1666 .1666 .1666 .1666 .1666 .1666 .1666 .1666 .1666 .1666 $0.1305 .1291 .1272 .1384 .1373 .1313 .1402 .1521 .1399 .1397 .1402 .1414 .1336 .1403 .1365 $0.1250 .1250 .1250 .1250 .1500 .1500 .1500 .1500 .1500 .1500 .1500 .1500 .1500 .1500 .1500 .1500 $0.1247 .1228 .1213 .1418 .1215 .1227 .1222 .1208 .1271 .1237 .1247 .1241 .1240 .1247 .1221 .1221 $0.1166 1166 $0.1923 1977 $0.2000 .2500 .1166 .1166 .1250 .1250 .1250 .1250 .1250 .1250 .1250 .1260 .1250 .1250 .1250 .1250 .2000 .1816 .1973 .1954 .1944 .1957 .2000 .1940 .2000 .1930 .2000 .2000 .2000 .2050 .2500 .2500 .2000 .2500 .2000 .2000 .2000 .2000 .2000 .2000 .2000 .2000 .2000 .2000 .2000 $0.0800 .1200 .1666 .1666 .1550 .1640 .1100 .1000 .1380 .1300 .1533 .1675 .1800 .1783 .1533 $0.1700 .1100 .1000 .1250 .1500 .1800 .1800 .1800 .1800 .1800 .1800 Pork, fresh. Pork, mess. Potatoes, river. Per pound. Per pound. Per pound. 1911. September . . December.. - 1912. March June September . . December... 1913. March June September.. December. . . 1914. March June September . . December... 1915. March June $0.2069 $0.2000 $0.1657 .2055 .2000 .1800 .2131 .2142 .2183 .2232 .2000 .2000 .2000 .2000 .1700 .1650 .2000 .1983 .2213 .2269 .2247 .2387 .2000 .2500 .2500 .2000 .2300 .2200 .2060 .2180 .2300 .2261 .2286 .2200 .2000 .2000 .2000 .2000 .2026 .1836 .1900 .1833 .2276 .2450 .2500 .2500 .1983 .1933 $0.1666 .1666 .1666 .2000 .1900 .2300 .2200 .2000 .2000 .1800 .1800 .1800 .1900 .2000 .2000 $0.2230 $0.2000 $0.1760 .2150 .2000 .1635 .2115 .2085 .2033 .2047 .2000 .2000 .2000 .2000 .1618 .1666 .1673 .1740 .2075 .2108 .2154 .2100 .2000 .2000 .2000 .2000 .1833 .1800 .1750 .1666 .2145 .2190 .2166 .2125 .2000 .2000 .2000 .2000 .1900 .1933 .1950 .1815 .2289 .2281 .2500 .2500 .1915 .1966 to. 1666 1666 .1633 .1666 .1666 .1833 .1666 .1666 .1666 .1666 .1900 .1900 .1800 .2000 .1850 $0.0305 0291 .0331 .0300 .0269 .0209 .0234 .0242 .0256 .0273 .0260 .0283 .0255 .0271 .0280 $0.0250 .0300 .0300 .0300 .0250 .0200 .0200 .0200 .0300 .0300 .0250 .0250 .0300 .0250 .0300 .0300 80.0287 .0300 .0270 .0200 .0177 .0188 .0200 .0233 .0240 .0226 .0236 .0231 .0214 .0229 .0254 rtO.0250 [ .0233 .0225 .0300 .0225 .0150 .0150 .0150 .0150 .0200 .0260 .0225 .0225 .0250 .0250 .0250 .0275 180 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF LABOR STATISTICS ON HAWAII. Table E.— QUARTERLY RETAIL FOOD PRICES FOR 4 YEARS ENDING JUNE 30, 1915— Continued. Quarterly pe- riods ending — Potatoes, Salina. Small quan- tity. Aver- age price per pound. Pre- domi- nant price per pound. Aver- age price per pound. Large quan- tity. Pre- domi- nant price per pound. Rice, Hawaiian. Small quan- tity. Aver- age price per cwt. Pre- domi- nant price per cwt. Large quan- tity. Aver- age price per cwt. Pre- domi- nant price per cwt. Rice, Japanese. Small quan- tity. Aver- age price per cwt. Pre- domi- nant price per cwt. Large quan- .tity. Aver- age price per cwt. Pre- domi- nant price per cwt. 1911. September December. 1912. March June . .' September December. 1913. March June September December. 1914. March June September December. 1915. March June to. 0336 .0331 .0371 .0353 .0300 .0310 .0298 .0318 .0325 .0350 .0316 .0320 .0300 .0315 $0.0300 0350 .0400 .0400 .0300 .0300 .0300 .0300 .0300 .0300 .0300 .0300 .0300 .0300 .0300 $0.0315 0307 $0.0400 0300 .0361 .0300 .0286 .0282 .0278 .0233 .0273 .0300 .0300 .0277 .0263 .0242 .0287 .0300 .0356 .0300 .0300 .0250 .0250 .0200 .0250 .0250 .0250 .0250 .0250 .0250 .0250 .0275 $4.9300 4.7800 5.7300 5.8083 6.0500 5.9800 6.3900 6. 1500 5.5000 5.4800 5.4900 4.9900 5.5100 4.8500 4.9900 4.8800 $4.7500 4.7500 5. 7500 5.7500 6.0000 5.7500 6.5000 6.2500 5.7500 5. 5000 5.2500 4.7500 5.0000 4.7500 4.7500 4.7500 $6.1700 6.1900 6.4500 6.5300 6.9600 7.0600 7.2400 6.9200 6.7400 6.3400 5.9100 5.5300 6.6000 5.1000 6.1200 4.8000 $6.2500 2600 6.5000 6.5000 7.2500 7.0000 7.2500 7.2500 7.0000 6.5000 5.7500 5.6000 6.4000 6.2600 5.2500 4.7500 Salmon, red. Salmon, medium red. Salmon, pink. Per 1-lb. can. Per 1-lb. can. Per 1-lb. can. 1911. September December. 1912. March June September December. 1913. March June September December. 1914. March June September. December.. 1915. March June 10.1904 $0.2000 $0. 1714 .2107 .2000 .1730 .2037 .2032 .1961 .1873 .2000 .2000 .2000 .2000 .1738 .1725 .1805 .1624 .1886 .1803 .1700 .1740 .2000 .1500 .1600 .1500 .1619 .1653 .1586 .1526 .1655 .1712 .1796 .1832 .1500 .1600 .1500 .1600 .1309 .1472 .1600 .1608 .1743 .1889 .1500 .1500 .1465 .1660 $0. 1666 1666 .1660 .1666 .1666 .1666 .1666 . 1660 .1666 .1006 .1250 .1250 .1414 .1414 .1250 .1606 JO. 1450 .1550 $0.1500 .1500 .1586 .1562 .1474 .1400 .1430 .1382 . 1306 .1254 .1218 .1206 .1347 .1370 .1400 .1400 $0. 1340 .1483 .1600 .1500 .1500 .1500 .1500 .1500 .1500 .1600 .1000 .1000 .1250 .1500 .1500 .1500 $0. 1428 .1428 .1476 .1653 .1393 .1285 .1276 .1207 .1188 .1181 .1100 .1206 .1292 .1243 .1265 $0. 1169 .1346 .1428 .1428 .1428 .1250 .1260 .1250 .1250 .1250 .1260 .1250 .1260 .1250 .1250 .1250 .1322 .1291 .1161 .1044 .1020 .1026 .1036 .0972 .0968 .1016 .1072 .1065 .1030 $0.1000 .1250 .1500 .1500 .1250 .1200 .1000 .1000 .1000 .1000 .1000 .1000 .1000 .1000 .1000 .1000 .1000 $0. 1283 1228 $0.1250 1250 .1216 .1200 .1036 .0900 .0906 .0854 .0858 .0838 .0841 .0971 .1050 .0950 .0941 .1250 .1250 .0833 .0966 .1000 .0916 .0916 LABOE CONDITIONS IN HAWAII. 181 Table E.— QUARTERLY RETAIL FOOD PRICES FOR 4 YEARS ENDING JUNE 30, 1915— Concluded. Salmon, salt, Alaska. Sardines, American Key. Sugar, mill, brown. Small quan- Uty. Large quan- Small quan- tity. Large quan- Small quan- tity. Large quan- tity. riods ending— Aver- pnce per pound. Pre- domi- nant price per pound. Aver- aee price per pound. Pre- domi- nant price per pound. Aver- age price per can. Pre- domi- nant price per can. Aver- age Drice ■per can. Pre- domi- nant price per can. Aver- age price per pound. Pre- domi- nant price per pound. Aver- age price per pound. Pre- domi- nant price per pound. 1911. September December 1912. March $0.0971 .1287 .1317 .1246 .1166 .1055 .1081 .1061 .1028 .0967 .0968 .1012 .1010 .1050 .1015 .1028 $0.1000 .1260 .1250 .1250 .1000 .1000 .1000 .1000 .1000 .1000 .1000 .1000 .1000 .1000 .1000 .1000 $0.0850 .1218 .1225 .1157 .1133 .0966 .0883 .0892 .0885 .0820 .0818 .0784 .0916 .0910 .0963 .0957 $0.0833 .1260 .1260 .1250 .1250 .0833 .0833 .0833 .0833 .0833 .0833 .0833 .0833 .0833 .0833 .0833 $0.0557 .0513 .0497 .0473 .0497 .0486 .0484 .0488 .0494 .0497 .0606 .0570 .0565 .0526 .0513 .0500 $0.0600 .0500 .0600 .0500 .0500 .0500 .0500 .0500 .0600 .0500 .0500 .0500 .0500 .0500 .0500 .0600 $0.0462 .0450 .0418 .0424 .0416 .0417 .0420 .0419 .0416 .0416 .0436 .0460 .0500 .0466 .0433 .0400 $0.0416 .0416 .0416 .0416 .0416 .0416 .0416 .0416 .0416 .0416 .0416 .0416 .0416 .0460 .0450 .0416 $0.0520 .0554 .0532 .0504 .0516 .0530 .0483 .0466 .0484 .0486 .0465 .0452 .0586 .0529 .0570 .0563 $0.0600 .0500 .0600 .0500 .0600 .0500 .0500 .0500 .0500 .0500 .0500 .0500 .0600 .0600 .0.500 .0500 $0.0490 .0510 .0483 .0472 .0480 .0475 .0410 .0400 .0415 .0411 .0394 .0394 .0550 .0491 .0528 .0520 $0.0500 .0500 .0500 .0475 September December 1913. .0475 .0400 .0400 .0400 September December 1914. March .0400 .0400 .0460 June .0400 September December 1915. March .0575 .0551 .0625 .0525 Sugar, ] 'eerless T Dmatoes , canne d. Veal, fresh. Per poimd. Per 21- b. can. Per pound. 1911. September December 1912. March $0.0633 .0640 .0557 .0570 .0595 .0579 .0560 .0542 .0560 .0547 .0564 .0531 .0705 .0620 .0620 .0639 $0.0600 .0500 .0500 .0500 .0500 .0500 .0500 .0500 .0600 .0500 .0500 .0500 .0614 .0500 .0526 .0000 $0.0569 .0600 .0511 .0520 .0536 .0509 .0600 .0469 .0492 .0500 .0505 .0426 .0620 .0584 .0589 .0577 $0.0560 .0675 .0500 .0450 .0460 .0460 .0450 .0400 .0460 .0460 .0450 .0400 .0600 .0575 .0525 .0560 $0. 1125 .1091 .1093 .1126 .1200 .1153 .1158 .1142 .1128 .1102 .1103 .1117 .1093 .1056 .1093 .1040 $0.1000 .1000 .1000 .1000 .1000 .1000 .1000 .1000 .1000 .1000 .1000 .1000 .1000 .1000 .1000 .1000 $0.0950 .0850 .0976 .0976 .1163 .1056 .1029 .1033 .0986 .1007 .0981 .1006 .1044 .0933 .0975 .0808 $0.0833 .0833 .0916 .0916 .1260 .1260 .1250 .1250 .0950 .0833 .0900 .0933 .0933 .0833 .0833 .0833 $0. 1787 .1800 .1833 .1875 .2044 .1980 .1966 .1833 .2060 .2100 .2000 .1971 .2150 .2083 .2018 .2143 $0.1500 .1600 .1600 .2000 .2500 .2000 .1600 .1500 .2000 .2000 .2000 .2000 .2500 .2000 .2000 .2600 $0.1100 .1200 .1200 .1460 .1600 .1740 .1460 .1250 .1800 .1500 .1750 .1666 .1800 .1866 .1766 .1733 September December 1913. March $0. 1666 .2000 .1600 .1250 September December 1914. .1800 .1500 .1800 .1800 September December 1915. .2000 .1800 .1800 .2000 ::^ 182 REPORT OP COMMISSIONER OP LABOR STATISTICS ON HAWAII. Table F WHOLESALE AND RETAIL PRICES OP 56 ARTICLES AS REPORTED BY 13 PLANTATION STORES. Bacon. Beans, Bayo. Store number. Wholesale. Retail. Wholesale. Retail. Price. Unit. Price. Unit. Price. Unit. Price. Unit. 1 128.36 100 pounds.. S0.32i Pound $4.76 4.93 5.76 .051 6.00 .061 6.75 5.11 4.88 5.40 4.90 .05J 100 pounds.. do do Pound 100 pounds.. Pound 100 pounds.. do do do do Pound $0.06i .25 .26 .08 .07 .07 .08 .26 .06i .25 .25 .26 Pound. 2 3pounds. 3V pounds. Pound. 3 i '... 5 . . .29 Pound .40 Pound Do. 6 Do. 7 .271 .26i Pound.. do .32 .30 Pound do i)o. 8 3 pounds. 9 10 .28 .27 .281 Pound do do .35 .30 .32i Pound do do 3^ pounds. 4 pounds. 3} pounds. 11 12 13 Beans, lima. Beans, small, white. 1 S5.33 6.08 6.65 5.80 6.90 5.26 4.77 6.96 6.00 .061 100 pounds.. do do do do do do do do Pound 10.06} .26 .25 .08 .08 .25 .06i .25 .26 .25 Pound 2 3 pounds. Doi 3 5 . ... »6.67J 6.15 5.88 5.07 5.37i 5.38 .058 5.90 100 pounds.. -do do do do do Pound 100 pounds.. 10.08 .08 .26 .08 .25 .25 .25 .10 Pound do 3 pounds Pound 3J pounds. . . 4 pounds 3i pounds... Pound Pound. 7 8 3 pounds. Pound. 9 10 34 pounds. 4 pounds. 34 pounds. 11 12 13 Cheese, Calilornla. Codfish, dried, drums. 2 $0. 14i Pound 10.25 Pound {9.30 9.86 9.66 100 pounds.. do do $0.36 .15 .16 3 pounds. 3 4 Do. 5 .14J Pound .30 Pound 6 .07i .Hi 8.26 Pound do 100 pounds.. .12i .16 .I2i Do ' 7 .16J Pound .25 Pound 9 10 .13J .13 Pound do .20 .20 11 do 12.. . 9.50 100 pounds.. .26 2 pounds. Codfish, salt,' bales. Coffee. 1 . 16.18 4.27 100 pounds.. do JO. 26 .25 4 pounds doi. $7.77 .71 10.10 .86 9.55 .16 .88 8.55 10..62i 60 pounds. . . 5 pounds 60 pounds. . . 5 pounds 60 pounds. . . Pound 6 pounds 60 pounds... .....do $0.80 .86 1.10 1.00 1.00 :20 1.10 .85 1.00 5 pounds. Do. Do. Do. Do. Pound. 6 pounds. Do. Do. 2 3 ^4 : : : :.. .04S 6.76 6.45 .05i 5.00 Pound 100 pounds.. do Pound 100 pounds.. ;25 .10 .084 .25 .06i 3 pounds Pound do 3 pounds Pound 5 6 7 9 10 11 6.30 5.20 5.60 100 pounds.. do do .26 .25 .10 12 13 Pnnnd LABOE CONDITIONS IN HAWAII. 183 Table F.— WHOLESALE AND RETAIL PRICES OF 56 ARTICLES AS REPORTED BY 13 PLANTATION STORES— Continued. store number. Corned beef, canned. Wholesale. Price. Unit. Retail. Price. Unit. Com meal. Wholesale. Price. Unit. Betail. Price. Unit. $2.33 2.75 2.56 .21i 2.33 2.27 2.50 2.60 2.65 Dozen cans ao do Can Dozen cans do do do do SO. 26 .30 .25 .25 .25 .221 .26 .25 .25 Can. $0.20 5 pounds. $0.25 .do.. .do. .do. do. do. do. do. do. 1.80 .19 1.66 .20 .18 .21 100 pounds. 5 pounds... 100 pounds. 5 pounds... do do .25 .26 .26 .25 .25 .26 5 pounds. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Crackers, saloon pilot. Crackers, soda. $7.90 .08 .08} .07i .07i .08i 100 pounds. Pound do do do do 100 pounds., Pound $0.10 .10 .10 .10 .10 .10 .10 .lOi Pound - do.. do. do. do.. do. do.. $9.48 .07i .08} .09i .do. 100 pounds.. Pound Pound. do. $0. 12i .10 .121 .12| Pound. Do.' Do. Do. Plour. $5.39 6.10 1.62 1.71 1.90 6.75 1.57 5.10 6.89 7.00 1.69 1.58 1.36 Barrel $1.45 ....do .26 50 pounds... 1.73 ....do 1.75 ....do 2.15 Barrel 1.75 60 pounds. . . 1.70 Barrel 1.55 ....do 1.65 .-..do 1.83 49 pounds. . . 1.70 60 pounds... 1.68 ....do 1.75 50 pounds. 6 pounds.. 50 pounds. do $20. 37 do .....do do do do do 49 pounds. 60 pounds. do .22i .20i .22 .22 J .22J 100 pounds. Pound Pound - Pound.. do... do... do.. Poimd. $0.25 .25 .25 .24 .26 .271 Pound. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Kerosene. Lard, 3s. $1.82 .88 1.85 1.90 .95 1.84 1.77 1.75 1.87 1.85 10 gallons... $1.00 5 gallons 1.00 10 gallons 1.00 .-..do 1.10 6 gallons 1.10 10 gallons.... 1.10 .-..do 1.00 ..-.do 1.00 ---.do 1.10 ---.do .07 5 gallons - ----do.... ----do-... -.-.do... ---.do... .-..do... -.-.do... -...do--, ----do-.- Quart $5.48 6.60 6.00 .27 5.68 6.25 . 27i Tin 20tins- do.. do.. -...do.. Tin 20 tins.. ---do. $0.30 .40 .45 .40 .35 .40 Tin. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Lard, 6s. Lard, 10s. $5.38 .49 6.95 6.05 .61 .45 5.60 6.17J .49 Tin 12 tins. do. Tin do- 12 tins. - do. Tin $0.50 .65 .70 .65 .65 .65 Tin. Tin. $5.46 5.60 5.85 .do... -do.. 6.85 .do.. do.. ....do.. ....do. do. 6.10 6tms... do.. do.. 6 tins.. Tin... 6 tins.. tl.OO 1.10 1.26 1.35 1.25 Tin. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. 184 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OP LABOR STATISTICS ON HAWAII. Table F.— WHOLESALE AND RETAIL PRICES OF 56 ARTICLES AS REPORTED! BY 13 PLANTATION STORES— Continued. Macaroni. Milk, condensed, Eagle brand. store number. Wholesale. Betail. Wholesale. Eetail. Price. Unit. Price. Unit. Price. Unit. Price. Unit. 1 $0.69 12 pounds. . . $0.80 12 pounds. . . $6.46 6.38 4dozen cans. do $0.15 .15 Can. 2 Do. 3 .83 .75 .76 .75 1.05 12 pounds... do do do do .10 .85 .10 .10 .25 Pound 4 12 pounds. . . Pound do 2 pounds 1.67 6.75 7.00 .131 1.61 6.40 6.50 1.69 6.60 12 cans 4 dozen cans. do Can .20 .20 .18 .50 .15 .15 .15 .20 .15 Do. 5 Do. 6 Do. 7 8 12 cans 4 dozen cans. do 12 cans 4dozencans. Can. 9 Do. 10 .74 15 pounds. . . .90 15 pounds. . . Do. U Do. 12 , Do. 13 .80 12 pounds. . . .10 Onions. Pork and beans, canned. 1 $1.65 19.88 .Oli 1.25 .02} 100 pounds. . $0.02} .25 .03 .05 .05 PniiTiH 2 8 pounds $3.62 4dozencans. $0.10 Can. 3 Poimd 100 pounds. . Pound do 6 do .08i Can .10 Do. 9 1.40 .01 J 1.38 1.40 100 pounds. . Pound 100 pounds.. do .03 .02 .02i .25 Pound do do .87J 12 cans .10 Do. 11 Pork salt. Potatoes. $1.25 25.05 2.25 1.30 1.60 .02i .02 1.10 1.60 .01} 1.83 1.55 3.20 100 pounds. . Ton $0.01i .25 .03 2.00 .03 .03i .25 1.65 .03 .02 .02i .02} .04 Pound 2 $16.80 100 pounds.. $6.20 Pound 8 pounds. 100 pounds.. !!;!!do!!!;;! Pound do 100 pounds. . do Pound 100 pounds.. do 115 pounds.-. 4 100 pounds. Found. 13.50 100 pounds.. .20 Pound 6 Do. 7 .18} Pound .25 Pound 10 pounds. 100 pounds. 8 13.60 100 pounds.. .20 Pound 10 Do. .14 Pound .20 Pound Do 12 Do. Do. Eice.H awaiian. Kice, Japanese. 1 $3.86 3.80 4.00 4.10 4.00 4.00 3.75 4.00 4.00 4.00 100 pounds. - do do do do do. do do do do $4.40 4.50 4.50 .06 5.25 4.50 4.25 4.75 4.75 4.50 100 pounds.. do do Pound 100 pounds.. do do do do do $4.09 4.00 4.00 4.03 4.15 4.05 4.05 4.01 4.00 3.90 3.94 3.95 3.80 100 pounds.. do do..:... do do do do do do do 98J pounds.. 100 pounds.. do $4.20 4.50 4.75 4.75 5.25 4.75 4.70 4.50 4.75 4.50 4.15 4.50 4.20 100 pounds. 2 3 Do. 4 Do 5 Do 6 Do 7 . . Do 8 Do 9 Do. Do 10 98i pounds. 100 pounds. 12 4.00 100 pounds.. 4.50 100 pounds.. LABOE CONDITIONS IN HAWAII. 185 Table F WHOLESALE AND RETAIL PRICES OF 56 ARTICLES AS REPORTED BY 13 PLANTATION STORES— Continued. Salmon (canned), pink. Salmon (canned), medium red. store number. . Wholesale. Retail. Wholesale. Retail. Price. Unit. Price. Unit. Price. Unit. Price. Unit. 1 13.80 3.72 .79 4 dozen cans. do 12 cans SO. 10 .10 .10 Can S4.20 420 1.29 5.25 5.25 .99 473 1.20 4 dozen cans. do 12 cans 4 dozen cans. do 12 cans 4 dozen cans. 12 cans 4 dozen cans. $0.25 .25 .15 .12i .12i .12§ .12i .25 '.'25' ' 2 cans. 2 do do Do. 3 Can 5 Do. 6 3.75 .08i .80 3.73 .96} .98 4.10 4 dozen cans. Can .10 .10 .10 .10 .10 .10 .10 Ca" Do. 7 do do do do do do Do. 8 12 cans 4 dozen cans. 12 cans do 4 dozen cans. Do. 9 . . 10 11 Do. 12 Salmon (canned), red. Salmon, salt. 1 $4.79 4 dozen cans. $0.15 $13.60 13.80 1475 14.55 "".mi .08J 13.75 14.25 .08 14 50 200 pounds.. do do do 'Pound'.'!!!!! do 200 pounds.. do Pound 200 pounds.. $0.10 .25 .10 .15 '".'io" .10 .10 .25 .10 .10 2 ; 3 pounds. Pound. 3 6 6.25 5.75 .12i 4 dozen cans. do Can .15 .15 .15 Can Do. 6 do do 7 . -- Do. 8 Do. 9 Do. 1.37i 1.44 5.70 12 cans do 4 dozen cans. .15 .15 .15 Can 3 pounds. 11 do do Pound. 12 Do. Sardines, continental. Soap, laundry. 1 t3.72 .42 4.15 4.05 4.10 .03J .03* 3.68 3.85 .43 3.85 100 tins 12 tins 100 tins do do Tin $0.05 .05 .05 .05 .05 .05 .05 .05 .05 .05 .05 Tin $3.00 3.06 "3." 25" 72 cakes 100 cakes 'ioo "cakes!!!! $0.15 .25 ".'65 " 2 cakes. do do do do do 6 cakes. Cake. 6 8 do 100 tins do 12 tins 100 tins do do do do do "s.'io" 3.14 "3.'24 ' 166 cakes do '166 'cakes!!!! ■".'25" .07 ".'25 " 6 cakes. 10 Cake. 7 cakes. Sugar, brown. Sugar, granulated. $5.60 100 pounds.. $1.00 16 pounds. $4.36 425 4.25 .034 100 pounds.. do do Pound $0.05 .06 .06 .05 do do 6.25 100 pounds.. .10 Pound. do 6.50 100 pounds. . .25 3 pounds. Sugar, washed. Tea. $75.62 4.60 5.06 Ton $0.04i .25 .06} Pound 4} poimds. . . $8.00 8.00 60 pounds. . . 40 pounds. . . $0.25 .25 100 pounds.. do J pound. 3.90 .23 2.50 .22i 2.70 2.25 2.30 12 tins Pound 12 packages . Pound 12 poimds. . . 10 pounds. . . 12 packages . .46 .30 .30 .30 .30 .30 .25 Tin. 4.50 100 pounds. . .07 Pound Pound. , Package. 4.75 4.14 4.35 5.52 4 30 lOOpotmds.. do do 125 pounds.. 100 pounds.. .05J .05 .05 .25 .05 Pound do do 4i pounds... Pound Pound. 9 Do. Do. Package. 186 EEPOET OF COMMISSIONER OP LABOR STATISTICS ON' HAWAII. Table F.— WHOLESALE AND RETAIL PRICES OP 56 ARTICLES AS REPORTED BY 13 PLANTATION STORES— Continued. Tomatoes, canned. Vermicelli. Store number. Wholesale. Eetail. Wholesale. Retail. Price. Unit. Price. Unit. Prioo. Unit. Price. Unit. 1 $0.69 .16 .83 .76 12 pounds. . . Pound 12 pounds. . . do $0.80 .25 .10 .10 12 pounds. Pound. 2 $0.80 .88 1.95 2.00 .09i .72 1.78 .80 .68 1.45 12 cans do 24 cans do Can $0.10 .10 .10 .10 .25 .10 .10 .25 .10 .90 Can 3 do do .do Do. 5 Do. 6 7 2 cans 8 12 cans 24 cans 12 cans do 24 cans Can 9 . ..do 10 . . 11 Can 12 12 cans 13 .80 12 pounds... .10 Do. Awabi (canned abalone). Azuki (red beans). 1 $3.81 3.85 3.75 3.95 3.65 4.03 100 pounds.. do do do do do $0.05 .05 .05 .06 .05 .05 $5.80 4 dozen cans. $0.15 Do. 4 Do. 6 Do. 7 ■ m Can .15 Can Do. 8 Do. 9 4.81 4 dozen cans. .15 3.50 3.67 3.95 lOO pounds.. 98i pounds.. 100 pounds.. .05 .05 .05 Do. 11 Do. 12 6.40 4 dozen cans. .55 3 cans Do. Daim (soy beans). Ebi (dried shrimps). $3.15 100 pounds.. $0.05 Pound $0.17 .15 .31 .17 ........ Pound do do do Pound $0.25 .25 .40 .25 "".'25" 6 Do. 3.25 2.98 3.00 2.75 3.17 3.00 100 pounds.. do do do 98i pounds.. 100 pounds.. 3.80 .05 .04i .05 .05 .26 100 pounds.. Pound .. do do .. ..do.... Do 8 Do 9 10... Do. 11 12 4 polT^dS Fukujmzuke (canned vegetables). Iriko (dried fish). 1 $12.34 ' .12J .12 .121: .12 .13 .13 •1? .11 1 .121 17.27 110 pounds.. Pound do dtt do do i do i do ..; .....do. ' do. .i d» do 100 pounds. . $0.15 .20 .20 .15 .20 .20 .20 .20 .15 .25 . .60 .16 .25 2 $4.20 4 dozen cans. $0.25 2 cans Do 3 Do. 4 1.06 12 cans .25 2 cans 5 Do 6 4.50 4 dozen cans. .12i Can Do. 7 ^ . . Do 8 4.13 3.90 4 dozen cans. do :li| Do. 9 do 10 Do 11 3 pounds. 12 13 4.70 4 dozen cans. .15 Kamaboko (canned fish). Kampio (dried gourds). 1 $5.09 5.85 1.50 1.29 5.75 4 dozen cans. do 12 cans do 4 dozen cans. $0.15 .50 .20 .20 .16? $6.87 .23 50 pounds. . . Pound $0.20 .30 2 3 cans Can 3 do do 6 7 .19 Pound • .25 Do 8 7.12 S.IO S.50 1.37 5.75 5.65 4 dozen cans. do do 12 cans 4 dozen cans. do .20 .15 ■.^ .15 .20 Can... 9 ..do 10 2 cans .-.. Can .19 Pound .25 Do 11 12 :. . do do 4 13 LABOR CONDITIONS IN HAWAII. 187 Table P.— WHOLESALE AND RETAIL PRICES OP 56 ARTICLES AS REPORTED BY 13 PLANTATION STORES— Concluded. Kani (canned crab). KirUu (bread). Store number. Wholesale. Eetail. Wholesale. Retail. Price. Unit. Price. Unit. Price. Unit. Price. Unit. 1 $3.27 .23 .23 .21 32 pounds... Pound do do SO. 25 ■ .35 .30 .30 2 $4.50 9.64 6.25 1.60 7.50 4 dozen cans. do do 12 cans 4 dozen cans. SO. 15 .30 .20 .20 .20 Do. 8 do do do do ... 10 Do 11.. . 12 Matsutake (canned mushrooms). Miso, white (sauce made of rice). 1 $1,351 371 pounds.. $0.25 3 pounds. 2 16.00 1.46 6.75 .131 6.22 6.40 5.85 4 dozen cans. 12 cans 4 dozen pans. JO. 50 .20 .16? .50 .50 .35 .50 4 Can 6 do 1.55 371 pounds.. .081 Pound. 7 8 4 dozen cans. do do ..do.... 10 ... . 2 cans 3 cans 1.30 1.47i 1.47 371 pounds.. 35 pounds. . . 37 pounds. . . - .10 1.65 .07 Do 12 35 pounds. 13 Eaukio (pickled onions). Shiitake (dried mushrooms). 1 J1.81 1.95 1.95 1.95 1.82 1.85 1.70 37 pounds. . . Tub SO. 25 2.50 .10 .10 2.50 .10 2.25 3 pounds Tub $33.84 .65 50 pounds... Pound $1.00 .75 Do 6 38 pounds... do Tub Pound . .do 8 Tub .59 .51 .51 .52 Pound do do do .75 .90 .85 .80 Do. 9 27 pounds. . . Tub Pound Tub Do. 10 Do. 11 Do. 13 1.90 35 pounds... .07 Po^lT^d Shoyu (sauce). Somen (Japanese yermicelli). 1 $5.86 6.30 S.lOi 75 pounds. . . do 371 pounds.. $0.10 .10 .10 2 $2.10 2.35 1.92 Tub . $2.75 .15 .15 Tub Do. 3 . . . 6 gallons 5 gallons Quart Do. 4 8 .07 2.721 .13 Pound 32 pounds. . . Pound .10 .121 .20 Do. 9 1.92i S gallons .15 Quart Do. 10 Do. 11 2.04 4 gallons 2.30 3.00 6.80 37 pounds. . . 80 pounds. . - 3.60 .10 37 pounds. Pound. 13 1.97 5 gallons 2.50 5 gallons Takenoko (canned bamboo shoots). Udon (Japanese macaroni). $3.10 3.55 .931 1.55 1.75 2boxes do $2.00 2.20 1.15 .05 .08 Box. 2 S5.10 4 dozen cans. $0.15 Can Do. 3 Do. 4 1.11 .11 4.84 4.50 4.50 12 cans Can .25 .50 .50 .12i .25 2 cans 3 cans do 50 pounds. . . 37 pounds... Pound. 7 Do. 8 4 dozen cans. do do 9 Can 1.55 Box 2.00 Box. 10 9. cans 12 1.70 1.77 35 pounds... 40 pounds... 2.00 .07 35 pounds. 13 .. . Pound. INDEX. A. Page. Acreage planted to sugar cane 65 Age and sex ot unskilled wage earners, sugar plantations 21-23 American; Cannery and field labor, daily wages, etc., of, pineapple industry 45 Pupils m public and private schools 61 Sugar plantation and mill workers, number ajid yearly earnings of 18, 19, 32 Asiatics in Hawaii, the question of 58-62 Assessed valuatiou of real and personal property, by race of taxpayers 60 B. Bonus earned by employees, sugar plantations 29, 30, 34 British pupils in public and private schools 61 C. Cane valuation, table of, xised in sugar planters' contracts 74 Canneries and companies engaged in pineapple industry 41 Caucasian overseers and foremen, salaries, etc., of, sugar plantations 20 Caucasian skilled hands, daily wages, etc., of, sugar plantations 21 Children: Field and cannery workers^ pineapple industry, daily wages, etc., ot, by race and sex 45 Immigration statistics, arrivals and departures, Honolulu, 1900tol915 64 Public and private school attendance, by race, 1900 to 1915 61 Chinese: Assessed valuation of property held by 60 Bonus earned by adult workers, sugar plantations 34 Cannery and field labor, daily wages of, pineapple industry , 45 Immigration statistics, arrivals and departures, Honolulu, 1900 to 1915 64 Overseers and foremen, salaries, etc., of, sugar plantations 20 Population figures, at census periods, 1853 to 1910, and June 30, 1915 7 Pupils in pubUc and private schools 61 Skilled hands, daily wages, etc., of, sugar plantations 21 Sugar plantation and null workers, yearly earnings, etc., of 32 Sugar plantation employees, number of 18, 19 Contract cultivators and field hands, daily wages etc., of 29 Contractors, time workers and planters on sugar plsmtations 23-26 Cost of living, sugar plantation employees 38, 39 Cost of raising sugar cane 50 Days worked per year, classified number of, by adult male sugar plantation and mill workers, by race, 1914 32,33 E. Earnings: Average annual, of adult male plantation workers, employed both by daywork and by contract work, 1914 and 1915 34 Classified yearly, and classified number of days worked, adult male plantation and mill workers, by race, 1914 - 32,33 Wages and, rates of, ot plantation employees 26-34 Earnings. (See also Wages.) F. Field employment on sugar plantations ; 15, 16 Field hands and contract cultivators, daily wages, etc 29 Filipino: Bonus earned by adult workers, sugar plantations 34 Contractors, planters, and unskilled wage hands^number of 24 Immigration statistics, arrivals and departures, Honolulu, 1900 to 1915 64 Population flares, June 30, 1915 7 Sugar plantation and mill workers, yearly earnings, etc., of. 32 Sugar plantation employees, number of 18, 19 Unskilled wage earners, daily wages etc., of sugar plantations 22 Food prices, retail, quarterly, for four years ending June 30, 1915 (Table E) 76, 176-181 G. German: Cannery and field labor, daily wages, etc., of, pineapple industry 45 Pupils m public and private schools 61 Sugar plantation and mill workers, yearly earnings of 32 189 190 INDEX. Xf Hawaiian: ' P^ge- And Part-Hawaiian, overseers and foremen, salaries, etc., of, sugar plantations 20 And Part-Hawaiian, s&illed bands, daily wages, etc., of, sugar plantations 21 And Part-Hawaiian, unskilled wage-earners, daily wages, etc., of, sugar plantations 22 Assessed valuation of property held by Hawaiian taxpayers 60 Cannery and field labor, daily wages, etc., of, pineapple industry 45 Contractors, planters, and unskilled wage hands, number of 24 Islands, historical and descriptive account 7-10 Pineapple Packers Association 41, 42 Population figures, at census periods 1853 to 1910, and June 30, 1915 7 Pupils in public and private schools 61 Sugar plantation and mill workers, yearly earnings, etc., of 32 Sugar plantation employees, number of.- 18, 19 Sugar Planters' Association 13, 14, 31 Hindu cannery and field labor ,daily wages, etc., of, pineapple industry 45 Hindu immigration statistics, Honolulu, 1900 to 1915T 64 Homestead patents, effect on, of amendment of 1910, etc...,., 46,56-58 Hospital and medical attendance for employees, sugar employees 37 Hours of labor, wages, etc., of employees: Of 50 sugar plantations, 1915 (Table A) 75,78-118 Of 60 sugar plantations 1910 and 1915 (Table B) 75,119-152 Of 12 pineapple plantations and canneries, 1915 (Table C) 76, 153-166 Of 12 pineapple plantations and canneries, 1910 and 1915 (Table D) 76, 167-175 Housing conditions and general welfare, sugar plantation employees 34-41 I. Iberian immigration statistics, arrivals and departures, Honolulu, 1900 to 1915 64 Immigration question in Hawaii 62-64 Immigration statistics, arrivals and departures, Honolulu, 1900 to 1915 64 Irish, cannery and field labor, daily wages, etc., of, pineapple industry 45 Irrigation works 12,14-16 J. Assessed valuation of property held by 60 Bonus earned by adult workers, sugar plantations 34 Cannery and field labor, daily wages, etc., pineapple industry 45 Contractors, planters, and unsldlled wage hands, number of 24 Immigration statistics, arrivals and departures, Honolulu, 1900 to 1915 64 Overseers and foremen, salaries, etc., of, sugar plantations 20 Population figures, at census periods, 1853 to 1910, and June 30, 1915 ? 7 Pupils in public and private schools 61 Skilled hands, daily wages, etc., of, sugar plantations 21 Strike, island of Oahu, effect of 65 Sugar plantation and mill workers, yearly earnings, etc., of 32 Sugar plantation employees, number of 18, 19 Unskilled wage earners, daily wages, etc., of, sugar plantations 22 E. Korean: Bonus earned by adult workers, sugar plantations 34 Cannery and field labor, daily wages, etc., of, pineapple industry; 45 Immigration statistics, arrivals and departures, Honolulu, 1900 tol915 64 Pupils in public and private schools 61 Sugar plantation and mill workers, yearly earnings, etc., of 33 Sugar plantation employee?, number of 18, 19 L. Labor conditions, general 10, 11, 65-69 Labor conditions in pineapple industry 42-45 M. Medical and hospital attendance lor employees, sugar plantations 37 Mexican cannery and field labor, daily wages, etc., of, pineapple industry 45 Mills, corporations, and companies engaged' in sugar production 13 Minors employed on sugar plantations, number of, by race, 1906-1915 22 Minors. (See also Children.) Mortgage indebtedness of homesteaders, cash crops and principal paid, 1913, 1914, 1915 56 N. Nationality of sugar plantation employees 18-21 Nationality, wages, hours of labor, etc., of employees: OfSOsugarplantations, 1915 (Table A). 75,78-118 Of 60 sugar plantations, 1910 and 1916 (Table B) 75, 119-152 Of 12 pineapple plantations and canneries, 1916 (Table C) 76, 153-166 Of 12 pineapple plantations and canneries, 1910 and 1915 (Table D) 76, 167-175 O. Oocupations in sugar mills 16-18 Occupations, wages, etc., of empolyees: Of60sugarplantations, 1915 (Table A) 75,78-118 Of 50 sugar plantations, 1910 and 1915 (Table B) 75,119-152 01 12 pineapple plantations and canneries, 1916 (Table C) 76, 153-166 0112 pineapple plantations and canneries, 1910 and 1915 (Table D) 76, 167-175 Orientals, Americamzation of 41 Orientals. (See also Asiatics; Cliinese; Japanese; Koreans.) . Overseers and foremen, race, salaries, etc., of, sugar plantations 20 INDEX. 191 P Part-Hawaiian: " Page. Cannery and field labor, daily wages, etc., of, pineappleindustry 45 population figures, at census periods 1863 to 1910 7 Pupils m public and private schools 61 Part-Hawauan. (See oZso Hawaiian.) Pieceworkers, time workers, contractors, and planters on sugar plantations 23-26 pineapple and sugar industries, small farming in 45-68 Pineapple Packers' Association, Hawaiian 41 42 Pineapple plantations and canneries: ' Growmg, harvesting, and packing of pineapples 42-44 1/abor conditions in the industry 42-46 Occupations, wages, etc., of employees, 1915 (Table C) 76,163-166 Occupations, wages, etc., of employees, 1910 and 1915 (Table D) 76, 167-175 Organization and extent of the industry 41,42 unskilled labor, daily wages of, by race and sex 45 Plantation stores 38 Plantation stores, wholesale and retail prices of 66 articles at (Table F) 77, i82-187 Plantations. (Sec Sugar plantations.) Planters' contract, form of 69-74 Planters, timeworkers, pieceworkers and contractors on sugar plantations 23-26 Population, Hawaiian Islands; by race 7 Porto Eican: Bonus earned by adult workers, sugar plantations 34 Cannery and field labor, daily wages, etc., of, pineapple Industry 45 Immigration statistics, arrivals and departures, Honolulu, 1900 to 1916 64 Population figures, June 30, 1915 7 Pupils in public and private schools 61 Sugar plantation and mill workers, yearly earnings of 33 Sugar plantation employees, number of . . . •. ^ 18, 19 Portuguese: And Spanish, assessed valuation of property held by 60 And Spanish, contractors, planters, and unskilled wage hands, number of 24 And Spanish, unskilled wage earners, daily wages, etc., of, sugar plantations 22 Bonus earned by adult workers, sugar plantations 34 Cannery and field labor, daily wages, etc. , of, pineapple industry 45 Immigration statistics, arrivals and departures, Honolulu, 1900 to 1915 64 Overseers and foremen, salaries, etc., of, sugar plantations 20 Population figures, at census periods, 1853 to 1910, and June 30, 1016 7 Pupils in public and private schools 61 Skilled hands on sugar plantations, daily wages, etc., of 21 Sugar plantation employees, number of 18 19 Prices of food, retail, quarterly, for four years ending June 30, 1915 (Table E) 76, 176-181 Prices, retail and wholesale, of 56 articles, as reported by 13 plantation stores (Table P) 77, 182-187 R. Race, etc.: Adult male sugar plantation and mill workers 32 Adults and children, pineapple plantations and canneries 45 Female unskilled hands, sugar plantations 22 Overseers and foremen , sugar plantations 20 Plantation workers earning bonus 34 Pupils in public and private schools 61 Skilled hands , sugar plantations 34 Race. (See also Nationality.) Retail and wholesale prices of 56 articles, as reported by 13 plantation stores 77, 182-187 Retail food prices, quarterly, tor tour years, ending June 30, 1915 (Table E) 76, 176-181 Russian: Bonus earned by adult workers, sugar plantations 34 Cannery and field labor, daily wages of, pineapple industry 45 Immigration statistics, arrivals and departures, Honolulu, 1900 to 1915 64 Sugar plantation and mill workers, yearly earnings of 33 Sugar plantation employees, number of IS, 19 S. Schools, public and private, pupils in, by race, 1900 to 1915 61 Skilled employees, nationality of, sugar plantations 19-21 Small farming in the sugar and pineapple industries 45-68 Social conditions of sugar plantation employees 39-41 Spanish: And Portuguese, assessed valuation of property held by 60 And Portuguese, contractors, planters, and unskilled wage hands, number of 24 And Portuguese, unskilled wage earners, daily wages, etc., of, sugar plantations 22 Bonus earned by adult workers, sugar plantations 34 Cannery and field labor, daily wages, etc. , of, pineapple industry 45 Immigration statistics, arrivals and departures, Honolulu, 1900 to 1915 64 Popufationflgures,atcensusperiodsl863tol910, and June 30, 1915 7 Sugar plantation and mill workers, yearly earnings of 33 Sugar plantation employees, number of 18, 19 Sugar industry, organization of. 11-U Sugar plantations and sugar production: Acreage planted In cane -• 55 Bonus earned by plantation workers 29, 30, d4 Cane growing and harvesting \i~^ Cane harvested, cost per ton tv k C!ane, price paid for, basis of. 51, 52 Companies, corporations, and mills engaged in 13 192 INDEX. Sugar phmtations and sugar production — Concluded. I ^ Contract cuUivators and time rate worlfers, number of, etc 28) Cost of living of employees "" Cost of producing cane ready to harvest Days worked per year, adult male workers 32, Day workers and contract workers, annual earnings of. Earnings, classified yearly, of adult male plantation and mill workers, by race, 1914 32, Field employment 15, Hospital and medical attendance for employees Housing conditions and general welfare of employees 34- National ity of employees 18- Occupaf ions, wages, etc., of employees, 1915 (Table A) 76, 78-1 Occupations, wages, etc., of employees, 1910 and 1915 (Table B) 75, 119-1 Overseers and foremen, salaries, etc., of, by race Skilled employees, number of, by race, 1904-1915 '. Skilled hands, daily wages, etc., of, by race , Sugar-mill occupations 16- Time workers, pieceworkers, contractors, and planters 23- Tons of sugar produced ll. Unskilled wage hands, contractors , and planters employed, by race, 1906-1915 24- UnskiUed wage hands, niunber of, by sex and race J Wage earners, age and sex of 21-1 Wage and earnings, rates of, of employees : Strike of Japanese laborers, island of Oahu, effect of I T. Time workers, pieceworkers, contractors, and planters on sugar plantations 23-J U. Unskilled wage earners, age, sex, and numl »er of, sugar plantations 21-1 w. Wages and earnings, rates of, of plantation employees Wages, hours of labor, etc., of employees: Of .50 sugar plantations, 1915 (Table A) 76, 7&-1 Of 50 sugar plantations, 1910 and 1915 (Table B) 75,119-1! Of 12 pineapple plantations and canneries, 1915 ( Table C) 76, 153-1( Of 12 pineapple plantations and canneries, 1910 and 1915 (Table D) 76, 167-li Wages. (See also Earnings.) Water rights 68,( Welfare, general, and housing conditions of sugar plantation employees 34-4 Wholesale and retail prices of 56 articles, as reported by 13 plantation stores (Table F) 77, 182-lf Workmen's compensation act Y. Yokohama Specie Bank, branch of, in Honolulu, and the post office, remittances through o CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 3 1924 092 400 245