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""NEi-L UNIVERSny LIBBiRr 
 
 3 1924 075 437 420 
 
SPRINGS AND WELLS 
 
 IN GREEK AND ROMAN LITERATURE 
 THEIR LEGENDS AND LOCATIONS 
 
 BY 
 
 JAMES REUEL SMITH 
 
 mm TWO ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 G. p. PUTNAM'S SONS 
 
 NEW YORK AND LONDON 
 
 tlbe •ftnlcherbochcr ptcee 
 
 1922 
 
Copyright, ipaa 
 
 by 
 
 James Reuel Smith 
 
 All rights reserved, including the right of translation into any foreign language 
 Made in the United States of America 
 
 ^ii^ 
 
To 
 
 HOWARD RUSSELL BUTLER 
 
 who has fondly pictured 
 
 " The Mother of Springs " 
 
 IN EVERY mood OF HER BEAUTY 
 THESE SKETCHES OF SOME OF HER DAUGHTERS ARE DEDICATED 
 
PREFACE 
 
 Even the Queen and the King, in the days of fable, 
 were constrained to visit the sources of water supply 
 quite as forcibly as Mahomet was compelled to the 
 Mountain, and, just as, later, the idler at the village 
 pvunp, or the more aspiring Spa, learned all the news of 
 the neighborhood, so the reader, who leisurely traces the 
 path that meanders by the numerous fountains of the 
 ancient writers and makes the rounds of the Springs of 
 Mythology, becomes the entertained recipient of all the 
 gossip and the family history of that classic band of 
 beings of the brain that the early poets preserved and 
 transmitted to posterity. 
 
 The gossip at each successive Spring widens the reader's 
 circle of acquaintance, and, before the end of the path is 
 reached, there is little of interest in the records of the 
 masters of make-believe that has not been laid before 
 the literary loiterer and absorbed in the most pleasant 
 manner. 
 
 One of the first of the philosophic tenets likely to 
 present itself to the human mind would be Metemp- 
 sychosis, and Metamorphosis would follow by natural 
 suggestion. Given the factors of facial resemblance, 
 affection and absence, and the germs of the doctrine 
 would inevitably sprout in some thinking brain. 
 
 Later, in meditation, fancy and reasoning would find 
 no limit to the guises the vital spirit might assume. When 
 one had seen the yolk of a little egg change into an eagle 
 
vi PREFACE 
 
 with a six-foot spread of wing and fiy away out of sight 
 Heavenward; or had discovered that a tiny acorn could 
 assume the form of a tree and become a giant in size and 
 strength, it was not a stretch for the imagination but 
 rather a pastime to fancy a human being changed into 
 any conceivable object; or even, as in the story of Deu- 
 calion and Pyrrha, or that of Cadmus, to suppose stones 
 transformed into men and women, or teeth into a fully 
 accoutered army. 
 
 A simple plot was thus naturally furnished upon which 
 to ring the changes of a thousand tales, going back even 
 to the creation of the world out of — nothing. 
 
 Every country and every tongue produced entertain- 
 ing fancies of this character, borrowed, interchanged and 
 elaborated through legendary mediiun, until, at last, 
 they appeared polished in rhythm, and then in writing. 
 
 Such tales came down from Hesiod, Homer and Ovid 
 in their best embellished form, and, among them all, 
 those relating to transformations into Springs are neither 
 the least romantic nor absorbing, for the thread of them 
 is, in many instances, spun from an ardent affection. 
 
 In these stories writers sometimes differ in giving 
 names, and, sometimes, more or less in their versions. 
 Perfect agreement among them, however, could hardly 
 be looked for when it is considered that ancient authors 
 frequently had to rely upon memory, as, with the com- 
 paratively few manuscripts then in existence, it was often 
 impracticable to verify names and details by referring 
 to the original work from which the account was 
 drawn. 
 
 Ovid's description of the Creation shows a common 
 origin with that of Moses — similarly, he mentions the 
 Springs as the first terrestrial features created — and a 
 serious interest attaches to Mythology from the fre- 
 
PREFACE vii 
 
 quently overlooked fact that it was for two thousand or 
 more years the religion of millions of people, among 
 whom were some of the brightest intellects of which there 
 is any record. Mythology, giving the genealogy of the 
 gods from the beginning, was the Bible of those people 
 and they accepted its most wonderful relation with no 
 less gravity and respect than pious modern people, Mor- 
 mons, Mohammedans, and others, accept the miracles 
 in the basic books of their religions. 
 
 Temples were frequently built about or above Springs; 
 and on the 13th day of October the Festival of the Fon- 
 tinalia was held in honor of the divinities that presided 
 over all Springs and fountains. 
 
 The nymphs of the Springs were the naiads to whom 
 they were sacred, and this was not only poetical but 
 practical, for, when the Spring is the sole source of supply, 
 its waters need to be carefully protected so that they 
 may be clear and clean at all times, and, among the re- 
 ligiously superstitious Greeks and Romans, such purity 
 was best assured by appealing to their fears and call- 
 ing them sacred, thus making their pollution an act of 
 sacrilege. 
 
 The sacredness of the fountains being thus established, 
 and their waters being perpetual, they became preemi- 
 nently fitted to be called upon as witnesses when making 
 vows, and they were so called upon even in ordinary 
 assertion and exclamation, as, "By the Earth and all its 
 Springs, ' ' ' ' Now by the Wells whereof our Fathers drank, ' ' 
 "O Fount of Dirce and thou, spacious Grove, ye are my 
 witnesses." 
 
 Pausanias is one of the most prolific enumerators ot 
 Grecian Springs, but unfortunately he gives little data 
 from which their appearance may be pictured. The 
 poets, however, often portrayed the peculiarities of their 
 
viii PREFACE 
 
 founts with minute detail, and it is to be hoped that their 
 likenesses were true to nature. 
 
 Pausanias did little more than enumerate, and his book 
 might be called a catalog of ruins from which one who is 
 not on the spot can seldom draw any but a hazy outline 
 of what he saw. The greater part of the temples and 
 towns that he seems to have seen had been in ruins for 
 centuries before he wrote about them, and were in a more 
 dilapidated condition than the cities and cathedrals in 
 the war-stricken districts of Europe in 1918. The best 
 of the statuary had been carried off by conquerors, or 
 was buried in the wreckage of roofless temples, and such 
 wooden works of ancient art as remained were mutilated 
 and rotting with age. 
 
 It would be interesting to know where he spent his 
 nights on the road through these ruins, and on what he 
 subsisted; he mentions no caravansary and no wine 
 shop — but one can almost tell how often he quenched 
 his thirst, by the names of the Springs he jotted down in 
 his diary. 
 
 In fact, mountains. Springs and watercourses are now 
 the best guides to the route he took in his travels. The 
 mountains and the rivers are shown more or less meagerly 
 in such atlases as furnish a very small scale map of 
 "Ancient " this or that, but no one can get an idea of the 
 whereabouts of the Springs without perusing the pages 
 of old travelers, or those of the poets, or laboriously and 
 often in vain going through Geographical Dictionaries, 
 and the present is the first attempt to group together 
 many of the Springs that classic authors of prose and 
 poetry have thought worthy of mention. 
 
 After the deluge of the Greeks, who perhaps derived 
 much of their mythology from the Egyptians, Deucalion 
 and Pyrrha, the leaders of such as had survived with the 
 
PREFACE ix 
 
 animals, not in a ship, but by seeking the heights of Mt. 
 Parnassus, descended the mountain and began repeopling 
 the country in the vicinity of the Spring of Castalia. 
 
 That Spring, having been erroneously endowed by the 
 Roman poets with inspirational properties, has become 
 the most famous Spring in the literary world, so that, 
 though there is no fable of any transformation as its 
 origin, it may be regarded as the origin of many trans- 
 formations. 
 
 But incalculable harm has thereby been done to the 
 Spring of Aganippe, and it is time she came into her own. 
 
 Still, as Castalia, up to the present, has enjoyed the 
 honor of being the most noted Spring in the world, and 
 neither sought the undue honor nor could protest against 
 it, it would seem to deserve first mention in a list of 
 Springs. Its history, however, commences with the 
 flood, and there are antediluvian fountains whose age 
 claims precedence, especially those of Arcadia, as to 
 whose residents a suggestion is hazarded in the Foreword 
 to The Springs of Thessaly. 
 
 Greece was a dwarf country whose distances were im- 
 pressively magnified by the measure that was used to 
 express them; thus the great stretch of 1400 stadia, both 
 in length and in breadth, that was assigned to the Pelo- 
 ponnesus, represents 175 miles when the stadia are taken 
 at their modern value of a furlong each and eight of them 
 are reckoned to the mile. 
 
 In all languages "Spring" and "Well" are often used 
 interchangeably and the "Well" of the classics is nearly 
 always a Spring; when, in rare cases, it is really a driven 
 well this is usually made clear either by the context, or by 
 the reports of modern describers who have rediscovered 
 the shaft. 
 
 An ancient author is cited in every case as a base 
 
X PREFACE 
 
 from which the history and fortunes of any particular 
 fountain may be followed down in detail. 
 
 A series of intimate impressions of ancient springs as 
 modem features having been interrupted by the out- 
 break of the recent war, that phase of the subject has 
 for the most part been drawn from reports of scholarly 
 travelers of the 17th century and subsequent years; 
 and a concrete list of their names is substituted for 
 several thousand scattered references, to them and to 
 ancient writers, which have been deleted as being unduly 
 cumbersome in a book for popular reading. 
 
 J. R. S. 
 
 New York, December, 1920. 
 
Authorities Cited for Legends or 
 Ancient Locations 
 
 About B.C. 
 
 A.D. 
 
 About B.C. 
 
 A.D. 
 
 .(Eschylus 
 
 525 
 
 . . 
 
 Martial 
 
 
 43 
 
 ApoUodorus 
 
 443 
 
 
 Ovid 
 
 
 18 
 
 Apollonius 
 
 
 
 Pausanias 
 
 
 170 
 
 Rhodius 
 
 235 
 
 , . 
 
 Philostratus 
 
 
 182 
 
 Aristophanes 
 
 444 
 
 
 Plautus 
 
 254 
 
 
 Athenasus 
 
 
 200 
 
 Pliny; 
 
 
 
 Callimachus 
 
 260 
 
 
 the elder 
 
 
 79 
 
 Cicero 
 
 106 
 
 
 Pliny; 
 
 
 
 Claudian 
 
 
 400 
 
 the younger 
 
 
 no 
 
 Diodorus 
 
 50 
 
 
 Propertius 
 
 
 14 
 
 Euripides 
 
 406 
 
 
 Ptolemy 
 
 
 100 
 
 Florus 
 
 65 
 
 
 Servius 
 
 
 400 
 
 Herodotus 
 
 400 
 
 
 Strabo 
 
 
 24 
 
 Hesiod 
 
 850 
 
 
 Suetonius 
 
 
 140 
 
 Homer 
 
 950 
 
 
 Theocritus 
 
 300 
 
 
 Horace 
 
 65 
 
 
 Theophrastus 
 
 350 
 
 
 Hyginus 
 
 10 
 
 
 Thucydides 
 
 471 
 
 
 Juvenal 
 
 
 96 
 
 Virgil 
 
 19 
 
 
 Livy 
 
 59 
 
 . , 
 
 Vitruvius 
 
 100 
 
 
 Lucan 
 
 
 65 
 
 Xenophon 
 
 435 
 
 
 Authorities 
 
 FOR 
 
 Modern Locations 
 
 
 Clavier, E. 
 
 
 
 Pococke, Ed. 
 
 
 
 Dodwell, Edward 
 
 
 Smith, Dr. Wm 
 
 
 
 Fellows, C. 
 
 
 
 Spon & Wheeler 
 
 
 
 Hamilton, W. J 
 
 
 
 Texier, C. F. M 
 
 
 
 Irby & Mangles 
 
 '• 
 
 
 Wheeler, Spon & 
 
 
 Leake, Wm. M 
 
 
 
 Wilkins, Wm. 
 
 
 
 Mangles, Irby & 
 
 
 Wilkinson, Sir ^ 
 
 .G. 
 
 
 Mure, Wm., of Caldwell 
 
 Wordsworth, Christopher 
 
 Murray, Hugh 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 XI 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Preface ... .... . v 
 
 List of Basic Authorities ..... .xi 
 
 Synopsis . . xv 
 
 Springs and Wells of: — 
 
 Greece . ..... i 
 
 Peloponnesus ...... i 
 
 Central Greece . ... 140 
 
 Northern Greece ..... 257 
 
 Magna Gr-ecia . . . 293 
 
 Asia Minor . 312 
 
 Greek Islands . 383 
 
 Foreign Countries . 421 
 
 Homer 537 
 
 Virgil 554 
 
 Italy . ... 568 
 
 Italian Islands ..... 661 
 
 Indexes: — 
 
 A — Names and Characteristics of Springs and 
 
 Wells . . . . 683 
 
 B — Divinities, People, Places and Subjects . 694 
 
 C — Countries, Divisions, Districts and Islands 721 
 
SYNOPSIS 
 
 SPRINGS AND WELLS OF 
 
 GREECE 
 
 PELOPONNESUS: 
 Arcadia : i 
 
 Neda-Hagno, Arnc, Three Wells, CEnoe, Tritonis, Linus, 
 Mt. Elaion, Tcgca, Lcuconius, The Blacksmith's Well, 
 Well at Phigalia, Jay's Well, Lymax, Melangeia, Mt. Ales- 
 ium, Alalcomenea, Orchoraenus Well, Wells called Teneje, 
 Nonacris (Styx), M^nalus, Stymphelus, Clitorian Spring, 
 Crathis, Well Alyssus, Lusi, Menelaus', Philip's Well, 
 Well of the Meliastae, Olympias, Alpheus, Ladon, Eryman- 
 thus, Brentheates, Buphagus.Helisson, ScoIitas,BathyUus, 
 Theater Spring, Dionysus', Hill Spring, Lusius-Gortynius, 
 Nymphasia, Tragus. 
 
 Argolis: 47 
 
 Adrastea, Perseus', Amymone, Physadea, Hippocrene, 
 Hercules' Well, Hycessa, Inachus, Treton, Asopus, Erasi- 
 nus, Hyllicus, Methana, Wells of Hermione, Well of Cana- 
 thus, Wells and Fountains of j^ilsculapius. Dine. 
 
 Laconia: 75 
 
 ^sculapius', Gythium, Pellanis, Lancea, Dorcea, Envoys' 
 Well, Tiassus, Messeis, Polydeucea, Marius, NymphEeum, 
 Water of the Moon, Taenarum, Pluto's Springs, Atalanta's, 
 Belemina, Fortunate Springs, Anonus, Gelaco, Naia, Ger- 
 onthra;. 
 
 Messenia: 94 
 
 Dionysus', Clepsydra, Pamisus, Pharas, Well Achaia, (E- 
 chalia, Plataniston, Mothone. 
 
 XV 
 
xvi SYNOPSIS 
 
 Elis: - - - - - - 104 
 
 Piera, Pisa, Salmone, Cytherus, Letrini, Arene, Aniger, 
 Cruni. 
 
 Achaia: 116 
 
 Patrse, Pharae, Well of Argyra, Well of ^gium, Mysaeum, 
 Cyros, Sybaris, Dirce, Cymothe. 
 
 Sicyonia: 123 
 
 Dripping Well (Dropping fountain.) 
 
 Corinthia: 126 
 
 Corinth (foreword), Peirene, Glauce, Well of Lerna, Bath 
 of Helen. 
 
 Megaris: - - 138 
 
 Fount of the Sithnides. 
 
 CENTRAL GREECE: 
 
 Attica: 140 
 
 Athens' Springs, Erechtheium Well, Callirrhoe, Halirrho- 
 thius, Semnse, Clepsydra, Pan and Apollo, Panopus, Calli- 
 chorus. Well of Flowers, Eridanus, Cephisia, Macaria, 
 Larine, Attic fountain. 
 
 Boeotia: 167 
 
 Thebes', Dirce, Ares', Strophie, Antiope, Well of CEdipus, 
 Aulis, Potniac, Hercyna, Tilphu.sa, Amphiaraus', Hyaia;, 
 Ma;nads', Well of Dirce, Fountain of Cithaeron, Plata;a, 
 Gargaphia, Asopus, Cissusa, Lophis, Acidalia, Orcho- 
 menus, Arethusa, Epicrane, CEdipodia, Psamathe, Melas, 
 Cyrtones, Donacon, Thcspiie, Libethrias and Petra, Aga- 
 nippe, Hippocrene, Other Helicon Springs. 
 
 Phocis: 222 
 
 Phocis (foreword), Castalia, Cassotis, Corycian cave's. 
 Crow's Spring, Cirrha, Hyampnlis Well, Cephissus, Pano- 
 peus, Stiris, Saunion Well. 
 
 .£tolia: 244 
 
 Callirrhoe, Orea, Hyrie, Phana, Mt. Taphiassus Spring. 
 
SYNOPSIS xvii 
 
 Acarnania: - 253 
 
 Crenae. 
 
 EastLocris: - - 254 
 
 Thermopylae, ^anis. 
 
 NORTHERN GREECE: 
 Epirus: 257 
 
 Achelous, Athamanis (Dodona), Lyncestis, Royal waters, 
 Chimerium. 
 
 Illyricum: 265 
 
 ApoUonia, Cephissus (see Phocis). 
 
 Thessaly: 266 
 
 Thessaly (foreword), Hypereia, Messeis, Cerona, Neleus, 
 Peneus, Titaresius, Dyras, Cranon, Pagasse, Inachus, Eury- 
 menas. 
 
 Macedonia: - 280 
 
 Pimplea, Baphyra, Fountain of Inna, Ma, Pella, Lita;, 
 
 Nonacris. 
 
 Thrace: 288 
 
 Well Libcthra, Teams, Trilonian lake. 
 
 MAGNA GR^CIA 
 
 Bruttii, lapygia, CEnotria : 293 
 
 Foreword, Fountain of Blood (Sybaris), Thuria, Medma, 
 Locria, Well Lyca, Leuca, Ela. 
 
 ASIA MINOR 
 
 Mysia: - 312 
 
 Caicus, Astyra, Royal fountain, Dascylum, Artacian foun- 
 tain, Cleite, Jason's, Perperena. 
 
 Bithynia: - - - 319 
 
 Pegas, Amycus, Azaritia, Pliny's Bithynian. 
 
xviii SYNOPSIS 
 
 Paphlagonia: - 3^6 
 
 Paphlagonian fountain. 
 
 Pontus: 327 
 
 Thermodon, Cainochorion, Apollonia, Phazemonite. 
 
 Lydia: 330 
 
 Niobe, Hypelaeus, Calippia, Smyrna, Claros, Pactolus, 
 Clazomenai. 
 
 Phrygia: - 34' 
 
 Marsyas', Rhyndacus, Claeon, Gelon, Pipe fountain 
 (Maeander), Lycus, Midas' Well, Themisonium, Caruru 
 Boiling Springs, Hierapolis, Gallus, Dorylieum, Menos- 
 come, Lion's village Spring, Sangarius, Arms of Briareus, 
 Fountain of Midas. 
 
 Cappadocia: - - 356 
 
 Asmaba;an Well. 
 
 Caria: 358 
 
 Cnidus, Petrifying Spring, Labranda, Phausia, Salniacis, 
 Byblis, Branchidae, Achillean fountain, Mylasa. 
 
 Lycia: 372 
 
 Mela, Dinus, Limyra, Myra, Cyaneaj, Plane tree fountain. 
 
 Cilicia: 377 
 
 Pikron Hydor, Pyramus, Cydnus. 
 
 Colchis: Fountains of Hephaestus. - 380 
 
 GREEK ISLANDS 
 
 Ithaca: - 383 
 
 Arethusa, Penelope's Spring. 
 
 .ffigina: . . - 387 
 
 Psamathe." 
 
SYNOPSIS xix 
 
 Euboea : 39 r 
 
 Foreword, ^depsus, Hercules', Arethusa, Lclantum. 
 
 Tenedos: 397 
 
 Tenedos. 
 
 Lesbos: - - 398 
 
 Lesbos (Sappho's Spring). 
 
 Cydonea: - 401 
 
 Cydonea. 
 
 Andros: 401 
 
 Andros (Dionysus'). 
 
 Samos : 403 
 
 Samian Spring, GigarlJio, Lcucuthea. 
 Ceos: 405 
 
 Carthea, lulis, Cea. 
 
 Tenos: 409 
 
 Tenos. 
 
 Delos: 410 
 
 Dclos (Latona's). 
 
 Cos: 414 
 
 Burinna. 
 
 Nisyrus: - 416 
 
 Nisyrus. 
 
 Crete: - - 417 
 
 Gortyna, Sauros, Ceres' Spring. 
 
 FOREIGN COUNTRIES 
 
 Africa: 421 
 
 Foreword, Nigris, Serpent Spring, Sandhills' Springs, Augi- 
 la, Garamantes, Debris, Atarantes, Atlantes, Fountain of 
 the Sun, Flora's, Tacape, Cinyps, Tunis, Zama, Carthage, 
 Cyrene, Thestes, Ex pede Herculem. 
 
XX SYNOPSIS 
 
 Egypt: - 447 
 
 Nile, Well of Syene, Blackthorn Spring, Memnon, Wells of 
 Apis, Pyramid Well, Marea, Cairo, Rhacotis, Pharos, 
 Bitter Springs, Tatnos. 
 
 Ethiopia : 469 
 
 Fountain of Health, Liparis, Tisitia, Red fountain, Cucios. 
 
 Arabia: 472 
 
 Arabia, jEnuscabales, Coralis, Daulotos, Dora, Arsinoe, 
 Red Sea Spring, Seven Wells, Petra. 
 
 Phoenicia, Palestine: 476 
 
 Joppa, Hiericus, Engadda, Callirrhoe, Jordan, Tiberias, 
 Aradus. 
 
 Mesopotamia: - 486 
 
 Callirhoe, Chabura. 
 
 Armenia: - - 488 
 
 Armenia, Euphrates, Tigris. 
 
 Assyria, Syria, Persia: 491 
 
 Thisbe's Spring, Babylonian naptha, Ardericca Well, Cas- 
 talian Spring (Daphne), Typhon, One Thousand Springs, 
 Dardes, Euleus, Bagistanus, Golden Water. 
 
 England: 501 
 
 AquaiSulis. 
 
 France, Belgium: 502 
 
 Bormo, Aquas Calidas (Vichy), Orge, Aquae Convenarum, 
 Aquas Tarbellse (Aqs), Aquse Sextia; (Aix), AqujE Gratiana^ 
 (Aix-les-Bains), Nemausus, Wound-cure Springs, Pons 
 Tungrorum (Spa). 
 
 Switzerland: 510 
 
 Rhone. 
 
 Spain: - 512 
 
 Tartessus, Pillars of Hercules, Taniaricus, Magnet-like 
 Springs, False Goldfish, Ilerda, Aquas Calidae, Ana. 
 
SYNOPSIS xxi 
 
 Germany: 5il 
 
 Danube, Rhine, Paralysis, Mattiacum. 
 
 Russia, Scythia: ... 527 
 
 Exampeeus, Librosus, Lethe. 
 
 India: - - 531 
 
 Fountains of Calanus, Ganges. 
 
 EPIC POETS 
 
 Homer: 537 
 
 Foreword, Meles, Fountains of Mt. Ida, Scamandcr, 
 Simois, La?strygonia, Lotos-Land, Lachaca, Apollo's Isle, 
 Ogygia, Phasacia, Ithaca, Pharian Isle, Ithaca, Unnamed 
 Springs. 
 
 Virgil: 554 
 
 Foreword, Bucolics' Springs, Theocritus' Springs, Geor- 
 gics', Castalia, Peneus, Clitumnus, ^neid's, Arethusa, 
 Timavus, Eridanus, Numicus, Silvia's Fawn Spring, 
 Libyan, Avernus, Cocytus Mire Spring, Lethe. 
 
 ITALY 
 
 Latium: - - - 568 
 
 Rome, Bona Dea, Tarpeia, Ausonia, Faunus and Pious, 
 Egeria, Juturna, Mercury's, Apostles' Springs, St. Peter's, 
 St. Paul's, Virgin's Spring, Egeria (Aricia), Albunea, Fonte 
 Bello, Sinuessa, Pliny's Laurentian, Labanas, Golden 
 Water, Neptunian, Feronia, Ghost -Laying Springs. 
 
 Campania: 621 
 
 Baise, Posidian, Cicero's Water, Salmacis, Araxus, Acidula, 
 Well of Acerra, Fountain of Samus. 
 
 Apulia: - 628 
 
 Bandusia (Horace's Spring). 
 
 Calabria (see also Magna Grascia, page 293) : 630 
 
 Brundusium, 
 
xxii SYNOPSIS 
 
 Peligni: ..... 631 
 
 Marcian, Ovid's Spring. 
 
 Sabini: - - 634 
 
 Albula, Neminia, Cotylia;. 
 
 Etniria : 636 
 
 Pliny's Tuscan founts, Aquae Tauri, Pisa, Vetulonia, Ccere- 
 tana, Feronia, Aqua; ApoUinarcs, Aquas Passcris, Clusian. 
 
 TTmbria: 646 
 
 Rubicon, Clitumnus. 
 
 Liguria : - 650 
 
 Eridanus, Aqua; Statiella;, Padua, Aponian Springs. 
 
 Gallia Transpadana : - 655 
 
 Pliny's Wonderful Spring. 
 
 Venetia: - - - 658 
 
 Timavus, Monte Falcone. 
 
 ITALIAN ISLANDS 
 
 Sicily: 66 e 
 
 Enna, Cyane, Arethusa, Acis, Founts of the Palici, Agri- 
 gentum, Plinthia, Leontium, Tcmenitis, Archidemia, Ma- 
 ga;a, Milichie, Anapus, Amenanus. 
 
 Sardinia: ~ 681 
 
 Aq. Lesitante, Aq. Hypsitana;, Aq. Neapolitans. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Neda; The Oldest Spring . . Fmnlispiece 
 
 Byblis Changing into a Spring . . . Opposite 365 
 
SPRINGS AND WELLS 
 
GREECE; PELOPONNESUS 
 
 ARCADIA 
 
 I 
 
 Neda; Hagno 
 
 Arcadia offers a most suitable starting point for a read- 
 ing ramble through southern Greece. 
 
 Circling over Mt. Cyllene, which is more than a mile 
 and a quarter high and lacks less than two hundred feet 
 of being the highest peak in the peninsula, one would see 
 the latter making its own map and describing the form of 
 a mulberry leaf, a shape that suggested the present name 
 of Morea and displaced the earlier one of Pelops' Isle 
 or Peloponnesus. 
 
 Arcadia has been called the Switzerland of the Pelo- 
 ponnesus of which it is the second largest country, having 
 a territory equal to a tract forty miles square, as against 
 Laconia's square of forty-three and a half miles. 
 
 The Arcadians claimed an antiquity greater than that 
 of the moon, a boast that becomes remarkably suggestive 
 when considered in connection with a theory of one of the 
 leading astronomers of the XXth century that the earth's 
 satellite was thrown off from the western part of North 
 America. 
 
 Among the Greeks the Arcadians were considered the 
 rudest of their countrymen, and their religious ceremo- 
 nies included human sacrifices down to the Macedonian 
 period. 
 
2 GREECE; PELOPONNESUS 
 
 Thanks, however, to the Latin poets, arcadian has 
 become a synonym for ideal innocence and virtue as 
 illustrated in the lives of simple shepherds and their 
 mates. 
 
 Arcadia was surrounded by mountains and was land- 
 locked near the middle of the Morea; but in compensa- 
 tion for her isolation from the sea she was richer in river 
 sources than any of the surrounding districts. 
 
 The Alpheus, the chief river of Greece, rose in her 
 boundaries, and so did "the most ancient of waters" — 
 the Spring of Neda. 
 
 By the brink of that Spring one stood at the entrance 
 to the Corridor of Time. 
 
 Nearby was Lycosura, the oldest town; the first that 
 the sun looked upon; the model of men's subsequent 
 cities. 
 
 And yet Lycosura was some way down the Corridor, 
 for before the time of towns came the gardens of the gods, 
 and the birthplace of the greatest of the gods was at the 
 Spring of Neda on Mt. Lycseus where Rhea became the 
 mother of Zeus, or Jupiter as he was called across 
 the sea, in Italy. 
 
 Other people, it is true, contended that Zeus was 
 reared in their district, but the claim of the Arcadians is 
 made appealing by its circumstantial presentation of 
 details. 
 
 Rhea's name, given to a cave on Mt. Lycasus, locates 
 the exact scene of the great event; before it occurred 
 there was no water in sight in any part of Arcadia, all of 
 its fountains being then still beneath the surface of the 
 earth. 
 
 But as soon as the birth occurred Rhea raised her great 
 arm and smote a spur of Mt. Lycaeus called Cerausius so 
 that it was rent asunder, and this Spring burst forth for 
 
ARCADIA 3 
 
 the infant's bath. It formed the River Neda which the 
 Arcadians called the most ancient water, and which had 
 the additional distinction of being the crookedest river in 
 Greece; indeed it ran more erratically than any river in 
 the world, as it was then known, except the Phrygian 
 river Mseander whose 600 windings are proverbial and 
 have enriched languages with a word to express superla- 
 tive sinuosity. 
 
 Three Nymphs acted as nurses for Rhea and the 
 juvenile Jove ; Neda, Thisoa and Hagno ; and the same 
 writer who calls it Neda says that Hagno gave her name 
 to the Spring on Mt. Lycaeus; under that name it is said 
 that the stream's flow was unusually constant, it fur- 
 nished as much water in summer as in winter, and in 
 periods of drought it became the producer of rain, to 
 cause which it was only necessary, after the proper sacri- 
 fice had been made, to lower a branch of oak to its surface 
 and gently stir the water; whereupon a steam-like mist 
 would rise, and after a little interval become a cloud, and 
 this cloud gradually growing, and joined by other clouds, 
 the parched parts of Arcadia were soon overcast, and 
 then refreshed by a gentle rain, all of which had started 
 from the stirring of the Spring, which was a much quieter 
 and pleasanter process than one modern method of caus- 
 ing rain by cannonading and noisy explosions. 
 
 Among Jove's many epithets was that of Pluvius, 
 Rainmaker, an attribute that perhaps led to the concep- 
 tion of this pretty conceit that the Spring possessed in 
 a limited degree the power of the baby god that was 
 brought up by its waters. 
 
 Rather remarkably this use of a branch to produce 
 some peculiar virtue in a Spring seems never to have been 
 improved upon — Moses used it and so did Elisha, and 
 even the water finder of the present day, when he has 
 
4 GREECE; PELOPONNESUS 
 
 supplied himself with nothing more than a hazel twig, is 
 fully equipped to locate the spot that shall, on digging or 
 boring, produce the needed water, after, as of yore, a 
 certain sacrifice having a pecuniary value has been made 
 by the landowner. 
 
 Near the Spring of Hagno were two very notable 
 groves, in one of which, the sacred Grove of Despoena, 
 were specimens of grafting, far antedating and out- 
 wizarding the works of Burbank, that showed trees of 
 different kinds, such as the oak and the olive, growing 
 from the same root. In the other grove, that flourished 
 long before the days of "Peter Schlemihl," men and 
 beasts cast no shadows at any season of the year, al- 
 though, as it was understood that any man who entered 
 this grove would not live more than a year, it is per- 
 haps not very surprising that in those days of rampant 
 superstition no men's shadows were ever seen in the 
 enclosure. 
 
 This ancient wonder was itself only an improvement on 
 the account of a similarly shadowless forest, of Syene in 
 Ethiopia, in which animals and trees cast no reflections, 
 during that part of the year when the sun was in Cancer. 
 (See No. 324.) 
 
 Perhaps it was somewhere among these scenes of the 
 genesis of Jove that he afterwards had made that wonder- 
 ful creation of the Grecian mind — the first woman; for 
 Mt. Lycaeus was known also as Mt. Olympus, and it was 
 the Olympian body collectively that under Jove's com- 
 mand produced the composite creation Pandora. The 
 account is more elaborate than the Mosaic relation, and 
 it is only a coincidence that Eden read backwards sug- 
 gests the name of Neda. 
 
 Jove having given his instructions, the Olympians 
 began their composite labor; Vulcan, mixing earth with 
 
ARCADIA 5 
 
 water, "fashioned one like unto a modest, fair and lovely 
 maiden: Venus endowed her head with grace: Minerva 
 girdled and arrayed her; and around her skin the Goddess 
 Graces and august Persuasion hung golden chains. The 
 fair tressed hours crowned her about with flowers of 
 spring; and Pallas adapted every ornament to her person. 
 
 " But Mercury endowed her with a shameless mind, and 
 in her breast wrought falsehoods and wily speeches, and 
 tricksy manners, and a winning voice. And all bestowed 
 on her a mischief to inventive men, to whom she was 
 given that they might delight themselves at heart and hug 
 their own evil, and against which all man's arts are vain." 
 
 And perhaps if the Spring of Hagno could have spoken 
 when she first looked in its mirror she would have heard, 
 like Eve at Eden's Spring, "What there thou seest, fair 
 creature, is thyself." 
 
 This Spring produces an impetuous river, now called 
 Buzi, which during its journey to the west performs much 
 important and delicate work in defining the boundary 
 lines of three countries; first adjusting the borders of 
 Arcadia and Messenia, and then outlining the strip that 
 separates Messenia from Elis at whose southern extrem- 
 ity it passes into the Ionian Sea. 
 
 Callimachus; Hymn to Jupiter. Pausanias; VIII. 38. 
 
 2 
 
 Arne 
 
 Some ten stadia beyond the plain of Argum and near 
 the highroad was another plain in which was the fountain 
 of Arne, Lamb Fountain. It is second in interest only 
 to the Spring of Neda, for Poseidon, the brother of Zeus, 
 was reared at this fountain and fed with the lambs of the 
 
6 GREECE; PELOPONNESUS 
 
 flocks it watered, when his mother Rhea had deceived 
 Cronus in order to prevent him from eating the baby 
 sea god whom the Romans called Neptune. 
 
 The tale of her deceit seems to furnish a reason for the 
 appellation Hippius that was often given to Poseidon 
 which is more likely than any of the explanations usually 
 offered ; it was, as Rhea told it, that Cronus' latest son 
 was a foal, and he, as she had expected, immediately de- 
 voured the colt that she led up to him to prove her story. 
 This royal example might have made horseflesh more 
 popular had Cronus not weakened his authority as an 
 epicure by devouring with equal avidity the stone that 
 Rhea at another time made him believe was the form 
 in which his son Zeus had been born. 
 
 The fountain of Arne was about twelve stadia from 
 what two thousand years ago was called "the modern" 
 town of Mantineia, on the Ophis, the Dragon, River; the 
 inhabitant's of the ancient town of that name, founded 
 by Mantineus the son of Lycaon, having been guided 
 to the new site by a Dragon. Other old Mantineans were 
 said to have gone still farther away, and to have been the 
 original settlers of Bithynia in Asia Minor — a contention 
 quite in accord with the Arcadian propensity to make 
 sweeping claims, such as that their Evander settled by 
 the Roman Tiber before the Trojan War; that their 
 Italus gave his name to Italy ; that Zeus was born in Arca- 
 dia; that the Arcadians were the oldest people in Greece; 
 and that they lived there before the Moon was created. 
 Paleopoli now represents the ancient Mantineia and 
 Arne would doubtless be found almost due south of it, 
 and a mile and a half distant, were it not that the courses 
 of the surrounding streams, and even the channel of the 
 river, which is still called the Ophis, have been changed 
 many times in attempts to prevent the flooding of the 
 
ARCADIA 7 
 
 plain, watery incursions in which one might fancy ghostly 
 revisitations of the sea god to the site of his lambs' wool 
 cradle. 
 
 Pausanias; VIII. 8. 
 
 3 
 Three Wells 
 
 Hermes was born in the mountains called Tricrena at a 
 place where there were Three Wells in which the Nymphs 
 of the mountains gave him his first bath, thereby mak- 
 ing the springs sacred to that god, the Mercury of the 
 Romans. He was brought up on a hill by the town of 
 Acacesium near Mt. Cyllene, the highest altitude in all 
 Arcadia, and the home of all-white black birds. 
 
 There would seem to have been a tacit understanding 
 that the Olympian home of the gods must be reserved 
 entirely for grown-ups, as there is no account of any 
 accouchement that occurred in the heaven of the heathen. 
 
 The stork of the goddesses usually selected some local- 
 ity near a convenient spring on a faraway mountain, 
 where no infant cries could disturb the councils or the 
 conversation of the adult divinities in Olympus. 
 
 The cup bearer Ganymede, and Cupid, appear to have 
 been the only small people allowed in the paradise of 
 Mythology ; and Cupid, always represented in diminutive 
 form at all stages of his existence, was in effect not a 
 youngster, but a mature and mischievous dwarf divinity. 
 
 The springs are possibly still somewhere in the hills 
 south of the village of Fonia and west of the mountain 
 called Skipezi, the Pheneus and the Geronteum of 
 Pausanias. 
 
 Pausanias; VIII. l6. 
 
8 GREECE; PELOPONNESUS 
 
 4 
 (Enoe 
 
 (Enoe's Well was fifteen stadia from Pheneus, and near 
 the tomb of Chalcodon. 
 
 The Nymph CEnoe was the nurse of Pan, and probably 
 acted at some time in the same capacity for Zeus as there 
 was in the temple at Tegea a carving representing her in 
 charge of that god while he was still a babe. 
 
 Pan the son of Hermes was born perfectly developed 
 and neither grew nor changed in appearance afterwards. 
 His mother fled in fright when she saw his hairy body 
 with full size horns, tail and goat's feet; but the gods were 
 particularly pleased with his unusual shape, and had him 
 carefully cared for by Nymphs of whom CEnoe was his 
 special and private nurse. 
 
 As Pan's principal seats of worship were in Arcadia, it 
 may be assumed that he was born in that district, and 
 perhaps at this Well; it being apparently a nurse's per- 
 quisite to have her name bestowed on the natal Spring, 
 as in the cases of the niirses Neda, Hagno, and others. 
 
 This Spring was northeast of and about two miles 
 from where the village of Fonia is now located. 
 
 Pausanias; VIII. 2d. 
 
 5 
 Tritonis 
 
 Zeus having been born in Arcadia, and his brother 
 Poseidon, and his son Hermes, he was inevitably drawn 
 to that district when the most wonderful of all known 
 births was about to take place — the birth of Athena from 
 the head of Zeus, more sensational even than the so- 
 called birth of Bacchus from the Thunderer's thigh would 
 
ARCADIA 9 
 
 have been if Semele had not, before that, presented the 
 world with her fully formed infant. 
 
 The marvel occurred at the fountain of Tritonis where 
 afterwards was founded the town of Aliphera, named in 
 honor of Alipherus, one of Lycaon's sons. 
 
 The town had a temple of Athena, and a statue of her 
 in bronze, of large size and of artistic merit, for they 
 accorded her the most worship inasmuch as she was born 
 and reared in that locality. They also celebrated a public 
 festival for the goddess. 
 
 That Athena, armed cap-^-pie, sprang from the head 
 of Jove is common knowledge imbibed so early that few 
 pause to wonder how she got into the god's head or to 
 inquire about the details of the birth. 
 
 As to the first query, it was through the family fond- 
 ness for eating people. 
 
 Jove, inheriting the cannibalistic proclivities of his 
 father, devoured his first wife Metis, and at the momen- 
 tous time he solicited the good offices of HephaBstus, who, 
 well known as a blacksmith under his more frequently 
 used name of Vulcan, merely exchanged his sledge for an 
 axe, and deftly made an opening in Zeus' skull through 
 which Athena immediately leapt with a hearty yell that 
 indicates that Zeus was not the only one to feel the force 
 of the axe's impact. 
 
 In the Temple of Diana Alpheionia there was a picture 
 by the Corinthian painter Cleanthes depicting the birth 
 of Athena, the Minerva of the Romans, and the subject 
 was still more grandly portrayed by Phidias in the 
 sculptured front of the Parthenon on the Acropolis at 
 Athens. 
 
 It was disputed whether Tritonis refers to the date of 
 the birth, the third of the month which was August ; or to 
 an old word " trito " meaning head; and there was hardly 
 
lo GREECE; PELOPONNESUS 
 
 any place having a Spring, or any body of water, called 
 Tritonis, that did not claim to be Athena's birthplace. 
 Ruins found on a hill called Nerovitza are said to be 
 those of Aliphera. 
 
 Pausanias; VIII. 26. 
 
 6 
 
 Linus 
 
 The Spring of Linus, or Lechnus, was regarded with 
 great favor by prospective mothers who believed that its 
 waters might be employed to insure the well-being of 
 children in the early stage of their development. 
 
 Linus was, according to one account, a son of Hermes 
 and the Arcadians may possibly have claimed that his 
 birth took place at this Spring. 
 
 He ranked with Orpheus and Musasus as musician and 
 composer, and that Apollo killed him after a musical 
 contest, as he killed Marsyas, might be considered good 
 evidence of his ability. 
 
 No clue seems to be extant as to the precise location of 
 this Spring. 
 
 Pliny; XXXI. 7. 
 
 7 
 Mt. Elaion 
 
 The town of Phigalia was surrounded by mountains; 
 on the left was Cotilius, and on the right Elaion, which 
 was thirty stadia from the town. On the second moun- 
 tain a warm Spring bubbled up in a grove of oak trees 
 that concealed a cavern called the Cave of Black Demeter 
 because the goddess, when she was grieving over the pony 
 
ARCADIA II 
 
 Arion that belonged to Poseidon, went into mourning, 
 appareled herself in black, and retired for a period to the 
 cave behind the Spring. 
 
 The effect of Rhea's deceit in describing Poseidon to 
 Cronus as a foal would almost seem to have had an in- 
 fluence upon the god's very existence, and to have con- 
 nected him with horses in several ways that are quite 
 foreign to the conception of him as the ruUng divinity of 
 the sea. 
 
 If such was really the case, it was but natural that 
 when he desired to disguise himself he should have as- 
 sumed the shape of a handsome horse, as he did before 
 the birth of Arion, which colt according to one account 
 was the pony that appeared out of the shaft of the salt 
 Well that Poseidon opened at Athens in his contest with 
 Athena for the title to that valuable piece of real estate. 
 
 At the village of Tragoi near the ruins of Phigalia, 
 French explorers found remains of baths whose masonry 
 clearly showed the action of warm waters, but their 
 sources, it was reported, had become dry in some distant 
 period. 
 
 Demeter, a sister of Zeus, was the Ceres of the Romans. 
 
 Pausanias; VIII. 42. 
 
 8 
 Tegea 
 
 In very ancient times, before the Trojan war, there 
 was at Tegea a venerable temple to Athena Alea, and 
 north of it there was a Spring near which Hercules in his 
 rather rough way wooed the daughter of Aleus, Auge who 
 became the mother of Telephus. 
 
 Her father Aleus, not flattered by the rose covered 
 alliance, enclosed the mother and son in a chest which 
 
12 GREECE; PELOPONNESUS 
 
 he threw into the sea. The Ocean, however, opposing 
 the plans of the heartless parent, safely floated the human 
 cargo to the shores of Asia Minor where Teuthras the 
 king of the Mysians married the mother and brought up 
 the son who in due time succeeded his adootive father as 
 ruler of the kingdom. 
 
 Telephus was wounded by Achilles at Troy and his 
 cure is perhaps the first instance on record of the applica- 
 tion of the Similia SimiUbus Curantur system of healing, 
 for he recovered from the hurt on being treated with the 
 rust of the spear that spitted him. 
 
 The old structure at Tegea having been consumed by 
 fire was superseded by a new and magnificent temple that 
 excelled all other temples in the Peloponnesus for beauty 
 and size. It combined Doric, Corinthian and Ionic archi- 
 tecture, and was designed by Scopas, the Parian. 
 
 The temple contained at one time much that was of 
 unusual interest, but one conqueror after another, follow- 
 ing along-used custom, carried off the best that the pred- 
 ecessor had left. Augustus took away the ancient statue 
 of the goddess for whom the temple was erected, to 
 beautify his forum at Rome. He also abstracted the 
 tusks of the Calydonian boar, one of which was suspended 
 in Caesar's gardens, in the temple of Dionysus, and was 
 two and a half feet in length. The hide of the boar was 
 also preserved in the temple and was allowed to remain 
 only because it had rotted with the lapse of time and was 
 nearly devoid of hair. 
 
 The despoilers left the bed of Athena, and also the 
 armor of the widow Marpessa who led a company of 
 women and won a battle against the Lacedaemonians 
 under King Cherillus. 
 
 Few Romans of leisure or patriotism, however, could 
 have been found without affection for Arcadia, or a 
 
ARCADIA 13 
 
 perhaps pardonable desire to have a souvenir of the dis- 
 trict which cradled one ancestor of Rome and coffined 
 the other, Evander and Anchises. 
 
 Evander the son of Hercules and a Nymph, the daugh- 
 ter of Lado, lived at Pallantium a short distance from 
 Tegea. Sixty years before the Trojan war he went from 
 his home with a force of fellow villagers and founded 
 another Pallantium in Italy, on the River Tiber where 
 Rome is now. Time and tongues changed the name to 
 Palatium, and then to Palatine which one of the seven 
 hills still bears. 
 
 Pallantium raised a temple to Evander, and the elder 
 Antonine paid the place the homage of an Empire by 
 raising it from a village to a town, and exempting it from 
 taxes. 
 
 Tegea was some three miles southeast of the present 
 town Tripolitza. 
 
 Pausanias; VIII. 47. 
 
 9 
 
 Leuconius 
 
 Leucone was the aunt of Auge whose romance with 
 Hercules, and subsequent vicissitudes, have been men- 
 tioned. There was a Well near Tegea called, after her, 
 Leuconius. 
 
 Leucone's father Aphidas ruled over Tegea and the 
 territory in its neighborhood; he was a grandson of Cal- 
 listo, and was the father of Auge's father Aleus who was 
 Leucone's brother. 
 
 No author extant seems to have made mention of the 
 incident that led to connecting the name of the princess 
 with the Well. 
 
 Pausanias; VIII. 44, 
 
14 GREECE; PELOPONNESUS 
 
 10 
 
 The Blacksmith's Well 
 
 Many interesting and some valuable discoveries have 
 been made in the digging of wells. 
 
 Lycurgus, while acting as guardian, for his nephew 
 Leobotas, king of Sparta, having given the Lacedaemon- 
 ians new laws and changed their customs, they prospered 
 rapidly and in time became eager to show their superior- 
 ity by conquests. 
 
 They questioned the oracle as to where they should 
 begin their campaign; and the reply they received was 
 that the oracle would give them Tegea to measure out by 
 the rod. 
 
 They therefore sent an army against the Tegeans and, 
 in perfect confidence as to the result, the army was 
 supplied with fetters enough to secure and enslave all of 
 the vanquished they might capture. 
 
 The Spartans, however, on that occasion were worsted, 
 and the Tegeans after fastening them with their own 
 fetters set them to work measuring fields with rods, as 
 the oracle had predicted. The fetters that were then 
 used were preserved and were still to be seen in the temple 
 at Tegea many centuries later. 
 
 The Lacedaemonians, on consulting the oracle again, 
 were told that it would be necessary for them to find the 
 bones of Orestes before they could conquer the Tegeans. 
 
 Orestes, the one who had murdered his mother Cly- 
 temnestra, and whose friendship with Pylades is paral- 
 leled only by that of Damon with Pythias, had been a 
 king of the Lacedaemonians. He was killed by the bite 
 of an Arcadian snake in the century of the Trojan war, 
 and, as during the intervening four hundred years all 
 trace of his sepulchre had been lost, it became necessary 
 
ARCADIA 15 
 
 to make another application to Delphi, and that brought 
 the answer that they were to be found where two winds 
 by hard compulsion blow; and stroke answers stroke, and 
 woe lies on woe. 
 
 Search was made everywhere, but unavailingly until 
 one day a Spartan named Lichas, who was watching in 
 palpable wonder the effects a blacksmith was producing 
 at his forge, attracted the attention of the worker who 
 said to him that he could show him something even more 
 wonderful than the transformation he was watching, 
 something he had found while he was digging his Well. 
 This proved to be a coffin nearly eleven feet long which 
 contained a skeleton of proportionate size; and Lichas, 
 piecing together the different facts, concluded that the 
 winds of the bellows, the anvil and the hammer, and the 
 iron (as a weapon) a woe to mankind, all agreed with the 
 oracle's description — and he surmised that the huge coffin 
 contained the very bones that all Sparta was in search of. 
 
 After many subterfuges, the Spartans having osten- 
 tatiously banished Lichas in order that he might seem to 
 have an excuse for taking up his residence in Tegea, he 
 managed to rob the blacksmith of the bones and carry 
 them to Sparta. The result was an immediate change 
 in the luck and fortunes of the Lacedaemonians who not 
 only became superior to the Tegeans but were able to 
 subdue the greater part of Peloponnesus. 
 
 The search for the bones was a long one, but it was 
 continued with true Spartan pertinacity as more than 
 two tedious centuries elapsed between the fettering of 
 the Spartans and their defeat of the Tegeans in 560 B.C. 
 when the bones found in the Well had become their 
 talisman. 
 
 Tegea was one of the oldest towns of Arcadia, and re- 
 ceived its name from Tegeates a son of Lycaon; but there 
 
i6 GREECE; PELOPONNESUS 
 
 are now hardly any remains of it visible, and neither the 
 Well of the Blacksmith nor the long-cherished fetters are 
 among them. 
 
 Herodotus; I. 67. 
 
 II 
 
 A Well at Phigalia 
 
 Hercules and Lepreus had a friendly contest to see 
 which could draw the most water from a Well before be- 
 coming exhausted. 
 
 This trial resulted in the death of Lepreus, and, as he 
 was buried at Phigalia, in the southwestern part of 
 Arcadia, it is probable that the Well was in that town; a 
 location that is also indicated by another feature which 
 was introduced into the contest to determine which one 
 could outeat the other, for the Phigalians were notorious 
 for their excesses at table and, among themselves, rated a 
 man's valiancy according to the amount of food he could 
 consume. 
 
 Admirers of Hercules claimed that he showed more 
 wonderful power in what he did for pleasure at the court 
 of King Thestius, and in eating whenever opportunity 
 offered, than he exhibited in any of his twelve compulsory 
 labors; but, although the cormorant had been assigned 
 to him as a symbol of his voracity, Hercules was not able 
 to eat an ox any sooner than Lepreus did. He, however, 
 easily won the contest at the Well, as also that with the 
 discus and in a drinking bout, and, at the end, in a per- 
 sonal combat, in the course of which Lepreus lost his life. 
 This Well has no doubt been filled in by the ruins of 
 PhigaHa of which only some traces of walls are left near 
 the village of Pavlitza on the banks of the Neda. 
 
 Athenseus; X. ■^, 
 Pausanias; V. S- 
 
ARCADIA 17 
 
 12 
 The Jay's Well 
 
 Thirty stadia from the town of Methydrium there was 
 a Spring on the side of Mt. Ostracina, and not far from it 
 a cave where Alcimedon used to dwell. 
 
 He had a daughter Phialo who unknown to her father 
 contracted an alliance with Hercules and who was driven 
 from the cave with her son ^Echmagoras as soon as the 
 child was born. She was bound to a tree on the mountain 
 in sight of the Spring, and the sudden transfer from the 
 warmth of the cave caused the baby to wail in discomfort 
 for several hours. An imitative Jay learning the iterated 
 wail repeated it so naturally as he flitted about that 
 Hercules, searching the forest for Phialo, took the bird's 
 voice for the child's, and following the sound was led 
 to the Spring and freed the mother from her bonds 
 with [little time to spare to save the life of the boy. 
 And from that occurrence the Well was called after the 
 bird. 
 
 They who attributed the infant's rescue to the mimick- 
 ing of a Magpie called the Well Cissa. 
 
 Methydrium is supposed to have been somewhere 
 within ten miles of the village of Nimnitza in a south- 
 easterly direction. 
 
 Pausantas; VIII. 12. 
 
 13 
 
 Lymax River 
 
 The opportunity that Arcadia offered streams to fall 
 into the ground at one place only to be forced up again 
 at another gave rise to differences of opinion about the 
 real source of the River Lymax. It was said by one 
 
1 8 GREECE; PELOPONNESUS 
 
 writer to come from a Spring on Mt. Cotilius forty stadia 
 from Phigalia. 
 
 Another authority, however, disputed that statement 
 because the water from that Spring flowed only a short 
 distance and then dropped out of sight. But unfor- 
 tunately he neither advanced any view of his own as to 
 where the Lymax rose, nor made any inquiry about the 
 matter in the neighborhood where the question might 
 have been settled, for after running only twelve stadia 
 from Phigalia the Lymax definitively came to an end by 
 drowning itself in the river Neda, not far from where 
 there were some hot baths. 
 
 The Lymax was so called because Rhea threw the 
 lymata into it after the birth of Zeus at the Spring of Neda. 
 
 The Spring of the short stream has been located in a 
 wild and desolate glen on the mountain a half mile south- 
 west of a temple of Apollo, one of the best preserved 
 fanes of Greece, the frieze of which is now in the British 
 Museum. 
 
 Pausanias; VIII. 41. 
 
 14 
 
 Melangeia 
 
 The Springs of Melangeia were on the western side of 
 Mt. Alesitun, by the road called Climax which ran from 
 Argos to Mantineia along the banks of the River Inachus. 
 
 The waters of the Springs were carried to Mantineia 
 by an aqueduct some portions of which have survived 
 to the present time. 
 
 Their site is marked by the modern village of Pikerni, 
 an Albanian word that is translated as "Abounding in 
 Springs." 
 
 Pausanias; VIII. 6. 
 
ARCADIA 19 
 
 15 
 
 Mt. Alesium 
 
 Mt. Alesivun rose above the town of Mantineia, and at 
 the extreme end of the mountain a temple of Poseidon 
 had been erected in early times by Trophonius, of oracle 
 fame, and his brother. (See No. 137.) 
 
 One of the ntimerous marvels of Arcadia was a sea 
 water Spring in this temple on a mountain in the center 
 of a country that had not a single inch of sea coast. 
 
 The salt beds of Silesia or Syracuse, and their cause, 
 were unknown in those days, and a salt water Spring 
 then could only be a flow from the ocean; and this Spring 
 was therefore looked upon as supernatural. 
 
 The temple, as usual, was in ruins, but the Emperor 
 Adrian regarded them and the Spring with so much ven- 
 eration that he had a new temple built around the old 
 one, with strict orders that no portion of the old ruins 
 should be disturbed. 
 
 In view of the awesome Spring and the commands of 
 the Emperor, it was thought sufficient to stretch a string 
 about the new construction work to keep intruders out. 
 
 But one spectator, .^Epytus, impelled by bravado, 
 boldly broke the string and passed the forbidden bound- 
 ary, only to be stricken blind by the outraged god who 
 caused the salt water to spurt into the eyes of the impious 
 intruder. 
 
 Pausanias; VIII. lo. 
 
 16 
 
 Well of Alalcomenea 
 
 Near and northerly from the ruins of the old town of 
 Mantineia was the Well of Alalcomenea. 
 
20 GREECE; PELOPONNESUS 
 
 In its neighborhood reposed the dust of two of the 
 ancient world's prominent characters, in the tomb of 
 Penelope ; and in the sepulchre of Anchises, the father of 
 ^neas, who, after his famous escape pickaback from the 
 Trojan conflagration, separated for some reason from 
 ^neas and going to Arcadia died there and was buried 
 at the foot of the mountain thereafter called Anchisia. 
 
 With Penelope's resting place there was connected a 
 little-known story of that patient lady's last days; to the 
 effect that Odysseus after his return from Troy accused 
 her of having encouraged the host of notorious suitors 
 that nearly eat him out of house and home, and, not- 
 withstanding her tearful denials, drove her away, un- 
 mindful of Circe, Calypso, and Enippe the mother of 
 more than a dozen of his children. After wandering dis- 
 tractedly from place to place she migrated to Mantineia 
 where she died and was buried. 
 
 Pausanias; VIII. 13. 
 
 17 
 
 Well of Orchomenus 
 
 Beyond the tomb of Anchises and on the top of a hill 
 was the old town of Orchomenus, below which the newer 
 town was built. 
 
 Among its notable sights were this Well from which 
 they got their water, and the temples of Poseidon and of 
 Aphrodite ; and a wooden statue of Artemis set in a large 
 cedar tree ! 
 
 The village of Kalpaki now occupies the site of the old 
 lower town, and just below it is a copious fountain thai 
 is still a notable sight. 
 
 Pausanias; VIII. 13. 
 
ARCADIA 21 
 
 i8 
 The Wells Called Tene^ 
 
 The Wells called Teneae were beyond Orchomenus and 
 the tombs of Anchises and King Aristocrates ; the king 
 was stoned to death in 640 B.C. by his subjects, the Or- 
 chomenians; the cause of the demise of Anchises in Ar- 
 cadia is not given, but his death in Asia Minor was 
 attributed to lightning. 
 
 Some distance beyond the Wells, the road passed a 
 bubbling Fountain in a ravine at the end of which was 
 the town of Caryas, the site of which is still in dispute 
 though there are perhaps few cities in the world that do 
 not possess several statues of the ancient town's inhabit- 
 ants which are seen wherever columns are carved in the 
 form of females; such caryatides represent the women of 
 Caryse who were all doomed to slavery and the support 
 of others, in punishment for the adherence of the people 
 to the Persians after the battle of Thermopylae. All of 
 the men of the town were killed by the loyal Greeks of the 
 neighborhood. 
 
 The various sites that have been assigned to Caryae are 
 in the neighborhood of Arakhova. 
 
 Pausanias; VIIL 13. 
 
 19 
 
 NoNACRis, Water of the Styx 
 
 On the road northeast from Pheneus lay the ruins of 
 Nonacris, a small place that took name from the wife of 
 Lycaon; but even in the dawn of the Christian Era it 
 was difficult to trace any portion of the ruins. 
 
 Beyond some vestiges of them, however, a very high 
 
22 GREECE; PELOPONNESUS 
 
 cliff overhung the river Crathis, and from that cliff a 
 Spring of poisonous water dripped drop by drop upon a 
 natural shelf of stone below it, and oozing through the 
 shelf fell at intervals into the river that ran beneath. 
 
 Those drops the Greeks called the Water of the Styx; 
 they were deadly both to man and beast, so that to have 
 "taken a draught of the Styx" became one of the many 
 early euphemisms for physical dissolution. 
 
 The constant dripping wore a hollow in the shelf of 
 stone large enough to accommodate some small fish that 
 were as deadly as the water; and, to protect both the 
 hungry and the thirsty from this death trap, the hollow 
 was surrounded with a fence of masonry. 
 
 Glass and crystal and porcelain; and articles made of 
 stone; and pottery, were broken by the water. And 
 things made of horn, bone, iron, brass, lead, tin, silver, 
 and amber melted when put into that water. Gold also 
 suffered from it. 
 
 A horse's hoof alone, or a mule's was proof against the 
 water of the Styx. 
 
 Homer when speaking of the Styx usually refers to the 
 river which issued from a rock in Hades; but in his oath 
 of Hera the water of the Styx she swears by is none other 
 than this water near the ruins of Nonacris, for 'as used by 
 the gods it formed the original acid test ; besides playing 
 havoc with containers of all kinds, it had mysterious and 
 uncanny properties that made it the bane of even the 
 gods themselves. It was exceedingly cold and could 
 throw a divinity into a stupor that lasted a year; and, 
 when a quarrel arose among the immortals and the ver- 
 acity of one of them was impugned, it was the custom of 
 Jove to send Iris with a golden ewer for the cold and im- 
 perishable water of Styx, which on her return was made 
 use of as an infallible test for truth. If the statement. 
 
ARCADIA 23 
 
 repeated on oath over the surface of the water, was false, 
 the perjiirer lay breathless for the following twelve 
 months. Then more and severer troubles ensued, one 
 after the other, and the deceitful divinity was exiled 
 from the gods' councils and feasts during a period of 
 nine years. 
 
 The water was said to be good during the day and to 
 exert its evil effects at night. 
 
 There was an old tradition that Alexander the Great 
 died from this poisonous water. Voltaire following 
 Pliny asserts that Aristotle sent a bottle of it to Alex- 
 ander; that it was extremely cold, and that he who 
 drank of it instantly died, and he adds, with unnoticed 
 nullification, that Alexander drank of it and died in six 
 days. 
 
 Alexander's death before the age of 33 is commonly 
 attributed to excessive wine drinking, he having, with 
 twenty guests at table, drunk to the health of every per- 
 son in the company and then pledged them severally. 
 
 After that, calling for Hercules' cup, which held six 
 bottles, he quaffed all its contents and even drained it a 
 second time; then, falling to the floor, he was seized with 
 a violent fever which ended in death. 
 
 There is also another version to the effect that Cas- 
 sander, the eldest of Antipater's sons, brought from 
 Greece a poison that lolas his younger brother threw 
 into Alexander's huge cup, of which he was the bearer, 
 and that this poison was the acrimonious and corroding 
 distillation from the cliff above the Crathis, and was 
 brought from Greece to Babylon for its horrid purpose 
 in a vessel made out of the hoof of a mule. 
 
 Leake conjectures that Nonacris may have occupied 
 the site of modern Mesorougi, where two slender cas- 
 cades dropping 500 feet, as Pausanias said, from the 
 
24 GREECE; PELOPONNESUS 
 
 highest precipice in Greece, unite and flow into the Cra- 
 this River. 
 
 The present day inhabitants of the neighborhood speak 
 of the streams as The Black Waters and The Terrible 
 Waters, and still attribute to them some of the un- 
 canny properties with which they were endowed by the 
 ancients. 
 
 It is some slight relief from the gloom engendered by 
 reading about this doleful neighborhood to find that it 
 also produced something to mitigate evil ; that being the 
 Moly plant which had the power of neutralizing the 
 effects of the most potent sorcerer's spells. Whether or 
 not this marvelous plant grew anywhere except in 
 Homer's imagination, the name is still applied to what is 
 also called Sorcerer's Garlic. 
 
 Strabo; VIII, 8. Pausanias; VIII. 17-18. Ovid; Metamorphoses; XV. 
 In 333- 
 
 20 
 
 The Spring of M^nalus 
 
 If the power of the Moly plant had not been limited 
 no transformation would have occurred at the Holm-oak 
 Spring of Maenalus, and there would have been a less 
 brilliant conclusion to the tale of Callisto, the nymph of 
 Nonacris, which, written in those stars that never set in 
 the north temperate zone, may nightly be read in the 
 unclouded sky. 
 
 It was due to more than personal eccentricity that 
 Callisto was the most favored nymph in Diana's virgin 
 train, for even Jupiter regarded her with more than 
 ordinary favor, and accorded her unusual attentions. 
 
 One day, having hunted in the woods a thousand 
 beasts of the chase, the weary and heated party came 
 
ARCADIA 25 
 
 shortly after noon to a sacred grove on Mt. Maenalus, a 
 grove thick with many a Holm-oak which no generation 
 had ever cut, and in the midst of which there was a 
 Spring of ice cold water whence a stream ran flowing with 
 its murmuring noise, and borne along the sand worn fine 
 by its action. 
 
 Diana, calling upon her train to follow her example, 
 impetuously plunged into the refreshing waters ; and only 
 Callisto was tardy in joining in the revels. 
 
 Diana, on the spur of the moment, angered beyond 
 the limits of friendship, ordered her to leave the throng 
 and never more rejoin the virgin troup. 
 
 Misfortunes often lockstep in their eagerness to over- 
 take their victim, and hardly had some months of modera- 
 tion come to poor Callisto's grief, when angry Juno began 
 to overwhelm her with a wifely rage, going even to the 
 extent of personal chastisement, during which she caught 
 her by the hair, threw her on the ground, and, crying, 
 "I will spoil that shape of thine by which, mischievous 
 one, thou didst charm my husband," changed her into a 
 shaggy she-bear. 
 
 As such she wandered through the woods for fifteen 
 years, until a day when her own son. Areas, scanning the 
 thickets for game, espied her bulky form. 
 
 He had drawn his bow to nigh its full extent, and with 
 unerring aim, was all unconsciously about to kill his 
 mother, when Jove snatched them both away and 
 placed them, carried through vacant space with a 
 rapid wind, in the heavens and made them neighboring 
 constellations. 
 
 Juno, made still more furious at this elevation, tried 
 in vain to get the act annulled. Then she visited the 
 Ocean, and said, "Another has possession of Heaven in 
 my stead. May I be deemed untruthful if, when the 
 
26 GREECE; PELOPONNESUS 
 
 night has made the world dark, you see not in the 
 highest part of heaven stars but lately thus honored to 
 my affliction; there where the least and most limited 
 circle surrounds the extreme part of the axis of the 
 world." 
 
 And Ocean at her entreaty agreed never to let the 
 bears bathe in his waters. Hence the mariners of 
 the Mediterranean have with Milton oft outwatched 
 the Bear that never sets upon that sea. 
 
 Perhaps there were few more useful fancies among the 
 ancients than those which, by linking a pleasing conceit 
 with a constellation, foster an interest in astronomy, and 
 start and cement an acquaintance with the celestial 
 spheres. And it might be wished that no one had ever 
 attempted to lessen the interest in such myths, by the 
 easy and wide amplification of the very prosaic cat-and- 
 canary idea that a change into an animal is merely a 
 mode of saying that someone has been devoured, a theory 
 that should not be applied, especially in the case of 
 Callisto; for the unfortunate girl inherited the tendency, 
 her Father Lycaon having changed into a wolf. 
 
 Callisto's family made Arcadia ; her grandfather Pelas- 
 gus was its first settler, indigenous and brought forth by 
 Black Earth. He was a man of ideas and initiative, the 
 inventor of huts and pigskin clothing. He also intro- 
 duced refinements in food, and taught his people the 
 superiority of acorns over grass. 
 
 Lycaon, his son (contemporary with Cecrops), Cal- 
 listo's father, made greater improvements and built the 
 first town, Lycosura. 
 
 Under her son Areas the country made further ad- 
 vances; he introduced corn and bread, and taught spin- 
 ning and weaving ; and Arcadia is the land of Areas. 
 
 CaUisto's youngest brother OSnotrus was the first to 
 
ARCADIA 
 
 27 
 
 found a Grecian colony abroad, and became King of 
 CEnotria in Italy. 
 
 And for a long time other members of her family, 
 female as well as male, supplied names for towns, and for 
 natural features in the home district of Arcadia. 
 
 Near the ruins of Maenalus there was a "winter tor- 
 rent" called Elaphus, which may have been the "ice-cold 
 water" through which Diana learned Callisto's secret. 
 
 There are differing conjectures about the position 
 Maenalus occupied, but several agree in surmising that 
 it was on the right bank of the Helisson River opposite 
 the village of Davia. 
 
 Ovid. Metamorphoses; II. Fable 5. Ovid. Fasti; JI. In 155. Paus- 
 anias; VIII. 1-3; 36. 
 
 21 
 
 Stymphelus 
 
 The great grandson of Areas who was the son of Cal- 
 listo founded the city of Stymphelus around the Spring 
 of that name and his own. 
 
 This copious Spring supplied a marsh, a river, the city, 
 and even another city, for in later years the emperor 
 Adrian conveyed its water to far-away Corinth. 
 
 In winter the marsh water ran into the river, but in 
 simmier the marsh was dry and the Spring alone supplied 
 the current of the river, which, with the characteristic 
 trait of Arcadian streams, sought and found a way into 
 the earth and traveled through it to Argolis, where on 
 emerging it was called the Erasinus. 
 
 Another version about the marsh was that it was 
 drained in one day by a cavity opened when a hunter, 
 chasing a deer, jumped or dived into the marsh with all 
 the impetus of his headlong pursuit. 
 
28 GREECE; PELOPONNESUS 
 
 The marsh came into prominence from its being the 
 scene of the sixth labor of Hercules. The task assigned 
 to him in this case was to destroy the man-eating birds 
 that had congregated around the marsh; they were lofty^ 
 cranelike, cannibalistic terrors, more powerful than 
 ostriches, whose straight and lancelike beaks could pierce 
 a coat of mail, and they were surmised to have flown over 
 from their native habitat in Arabia. 
 
 The perilous feat of attacking and overcoming this 
 savage and vicious flock was reduced by the detractors 
 who camped on the trail of Hercules to a simple ruse — to 
 frightening them away with the noise of rattles, so that 
 they took flight and probably returned to their haunts in 
 Arabia where perhaps they became the rocs of Aladdin's 
 tale. 
 
 Hercules on his way to Colchis with the Argonauts was 
 again attacked by these vicious birds which flew over the 
 Argo and, like arrow shooting aeroplanes, showered the 
 crew with sharp pointed feathers from the security of 
 the sky. (See No. 278.) 
 
 Wooden representations of the birds were placed on the 
 roof of the town temple at Stymphelus, and at the rear 
 of the fane there were white stone figures with birdlike 
 legs and women's bodies that were called Stymphehdes. 
 These appeared also on the city's coinage. 
 
 Hera the wife of Zeus was said to have been reared at 
 Stymphelus when, after having been swallowed by her 
 father Cronus, she, with a number of his other children, 
 was released by a spasm of emesis produced by Neptune's 
 daughter Metis. Later, after her marriage to Zeus, she 
 returned to the town again, possibly to recover from the 
 strain of being hung to the sky with two anvils tied to 
 her heels; or, maybe to escape some of the manual 
 measures of correction that, according to Homer, the 
 
ARCADIA 29 
 
 divinity was in the habit of frequently threatening, and 
 sometimes carrying out to preserve his husbandly 
 authority. 
 
 The ruins of Stymphelus are near the settlement called 
 Zaraki, and still include the copious Spring. 
 
 Pausanias; VHI. 21-22. Apollodorus; I. 3. § 6. Iliad; XV., li. 17. 
 
 22 
 
 The Clitorian Spring 
 
 The town of Clitor, founded by poor Callisto's great- 
 grandson Clitor, was in a plain surrounded by hills of 
 moderate height, and the Clitorian fountain, the curiosity 
 of the neighborhood and of the district, rose in a suburb, 
 a settlement of which not even any ruins were visible as 
 far back as eighteen hundred years ago. 
 
 But when the modern exhumer of towns reached the 
 locality, the Spring, still gushing forth from the hillside 
 on which the suburb once straggled, directed him where 
 to dig, and the long buried ruins again came to light and, 
 in their turn, established the identity of the fountain 
 that was impregnated with the medicines of Melampus 
 and became a curiosity to the common people and a 
 wonder to the wise, for even Varro "the wisest of the 
 Romans" and the author of 490 books mentions the 
 peculiar quality of this Spring, which was such that 
 whoever quenched his thrist at it forthwith hated wine, 
 and, in his sobriety, took pleasure only in pure water. 
 
 There were several speculations as to the cause of the 
 fountain's remarkable virtue, the most interesting of 
 which attributes it to the thoughtless act of the physician 
 Melampus, the son of Amithaon, who was called in to 
 attend the four daughters of Proetus, king of Argos, when 
 
30 GREECE; PELOPONNESUS 
 
 Venus inflicted them with madness because they had 
 boasted of their superior beauty. 
 
 These lovely young ladies, Mera, Euryale, Lysippe and 
 Iphianassa, became afflicted with the hallucination that 
 they were ungainly cows. Melampus treated them suc- 
 cessfully, and completely restored their minds, though 
 the youngest and prettiest lost her heart to the physician 
 and became his wife. 
 
 In the treatment of these cases the herb hellebore was 
 employed by Melampus, and it is, therefore, called 
 melampodiiun. 
 
 On the recovery of the daughters, the unused herbs and 
 charms that were employed in the cure of their minds 
 were thrown into the Clitorian Spring and tinctured its 
 waters. 
 
 It might, however, perhaps be wished, for the sake of 
 the memories of these poor royal ladies, that the subse- 
 quent benefits of the Clitorian waters were not confined 
 solely to dipsomaniacs. 
 
 Pausanias mentions a belief held by some that Melam- 
 pus cast into the river Anigrus the purifying materials 
 through which he freed from madness the daughters of 
 Proetus, which materials were supposed to be the cause 
 of the bad odors of the Anigrus' waters. But one's faith 
 in Ovid's version may be kept intact in view of the opin- 
 ion, held by others, that the Anigrus owed its evil odor 
 to the Hydra poison which the Centaur Chiron washed 
 out of a foot wound accidentally inflicted by one of the 
 arrows of Hercules. 
 
 The ruins of Clitor are now called Paleop61i, meaning 
 the old city, and are distant about three miles from a 
 village which still bears the name of the ancient town. 
 They lie in the modern eparchy of Kalavryta, south of 
 the highest peak of the Aroanian, now called the 
 
ARCADIA 31 
 
 Azanian mountains, on the summits of which the 
 daughters of Proetus wandered in their miserable 
 condition. 
 
 The fountain was probably the source of the stream of 
 the same name that within a mile of the town ran into 
 the river Aroanius, or as it was called later in its course, 
 Olbius, the remarkable vocal properties of whose vari- 
 egated fish were the cause of little less wonder than the 
 marvelous fountain itself, for they were said to sing like 
 thrushes after sundown. Pausanias, without considering 
 that few birds sing any more after sunset than the 
 silentest sort of fish, sat patiently on the river bank to 
 hear these ichthyoid thrushes, without, however, being 
 able to leave to posterity any corroboration of the stories 
 of the nature fakirs of the Arcadians. 
 
 The founder of the town lost his life through the bite 
 of a worm as peculiar as either the fish or the fountain; 
 it is described as small, ash colored, and marked with 
 irregular stripes; it had a broad head supported by a 
 narrow neck, a large belly and a small tail ; and it walked 
 sideways like a crab. 
 
 Ovid. Metamorphoses; XV. In. 322. Vitruvius; VIII. 3. 
 
 23 
 
 Crathis 
 
 The Crathis, the river that received the homeopathic 
 triturations that filtered through the rock of Nonacris, 
 had its Springs in the Crathis mountain, and flowed into 
 the sea near JEg^ a deserted town of Achaia. 
 
 Someone from the banks of the Crathis apparently 
 went to Italy and fondly transferred his na'tive river's 
 name to the stream in Bruttii. 
 
32 GREECE; PELOPONNESUS 
 
 The mingling of the waters is said to have suggested 
 the name, which means mixture. 
 
 Strabo; VIII. 7. 
 
 24 
 
 Well Alyssus 
 
 Two stadia from Cynastha there was a Well of cold 
 water and a plane tree growing by it. 
 
 Whoever was bitten by a mad dog, or had received any 
 other hurt, if he drank of that water got cured, and, for 
 that reason, they called it the Well Alyssus. 
 
 It was pointed out for the benefit of the pessimistic 
 that the gods always furnished a compensation for mis- 
 fortunes, and that there were Springs like the Alyssus 
 provided to cure many ills, as well as harmful water like 
 that of the Styx. 
 
 Fortunately, to the benefit of those not living near this 
 Spring, it was discovered that its properties were also 
 possessed by the plant Alysson whose name, expressing 
 in one word Depriving of Madness, came from a reputa- 
 tion that is now enjoyed by the Pasteur treatment for 
 hydrophobia. Such as were bitten by mad dogs were 
 assured that they would not become rabid if they took 
 this plant in vinegar, and wore it as an amulet. The 
 modern name for the plant conveys little suggestion of 
 the virtues it was formerly supposed to possess — it is now 
 called the wild madder. 
 
 Many Springs that had no medicinal or curative powers 
 themselves, under ordinary conditions, seem to have 
 fostered the growth of plants that possessed such powers. 
 There was the Lingua (Wildenow) whose roots re- 
 duced to ashes and beaten up with lard, made from a 
 black and barren sow, cured Alopecy when the mixture 
 
ARCADIA 33 
 
 was rubbed on the patient's head while the sun shone 
 on it. 
 
 The Onobrychus (Sainfoin) cured strangury when it 
 was reduced to powder and sprinkled with white wine. 
 
 Centaury (Felwort) was a purge for all noxious sub- 
 stances; it was used in the form of an extract made from 
 leaves gathered in the autumn and steeped for eighteen 
 days in water. 
 
 Adiantum (Maiden-hair fern) was so called because it 
 had an aversion to water and dried up when sprinkled 
 with it. Nevertheless it was always found in the grottos 
 of Springs. It received its Latin name of Saxifragum 
 (Stone-breaking) because of its efficacy in breaking and 
 expelling calculi of the bladder. It was also an antidote 
 for the venom of serpents and spiders. It relieved head- 
 ache; cured Alopecy; dispersed sores and ulcers; and a 
 decoction of it was good for asthma, and for troubles of 
 the liver, spleen and gall, and for dropsy, and half a dozen 
 other affections. 
 
 Bcchion or Tussilago is not mentioned medicinally, 
 though its growth anywhere was an infallible sign that a 
 Spring of water lay below. 
 
 But independently of surrounding plants, or of mineral 
 contents, all Springs and Wells had healing properties 
 when their waters were used under certain conditions; 
 thus, according to Artemon, epilepsy could be cured with 
 the water of any Spring, if it was drawn at night and 
 drunk from the skull of a man who had been slain and 
 whose body remained unburned. 
 
 For Tertian Fever, it was recommended to take equal 
 parts of water from three Wells, using a new earthen 
 vessel and administering the combination to the patient 
 when the paroxysm came on; part of the water being 
 first poured out as a pious libation. 
 
34 GREECE; PELOPONNESUS 
 
 Another good office performed by Wells was their silent 
 prediction of the occurrence of earthquakes in advance 
 of which the water became turbid and emitted an un- 
 pleasant odor. This faculty became known at a very 
 early date, for Pherecydes, the first man who wrote any- 
 thing in prose, foretold an earthquake as soon as he ob- 
 served these conditions in some water he had drawn out 
 of a Well ; and he is said to have obtained his knowledge 
 from the secret books of the Phoenicians. 
 
 On the other hand, Wells whose waters were perfectly 
 good sometimes became suddenly poisonous because 
 salamanders had accidentally fallen into them; in conse- 
 quence of which whole families were sometimes made 
 dangerously ill, for Wells were often used as ice-boxes 
 by sinking into them vessels containing fruits and other 
 foods. 
 
 The site of Cynaetha, which was a quarter of a mile 
 from the Spring, is now marked by the village of 
 Kalavryta. 
 
 Pliny; XXIV. 57. 
 Pausanias; VIII. 19. 
 
 25 
 
 Lusi 
 
 At Lusi there was a fountain in which land mice lived 
 and dwelt. 
 
 This marvelous story appears to have originated in a 
 statement made by Aristotle. 
 
 Lusi was northwest of Clitor, and eight miles from 
 Cynaetha; near its supposed site there are now three 
 fountains, but none of them contains any specimens of 
 the family of amphibious mice. 
 
 Pliny, XXXL 10. 
 
ARCADIA 35 
 
 26 
 
 Menelaus' 
 
 A little above the town of Caphyae there was a well and 
 by it a large and beautiful plane tree called Menelaus'. 
 
 Although the Arcadian contingent that went to the 
 siege of Troy had to go in other people's boats, some of 
 the preliminaries of the campaign were arranged in that 
 navy less country. 
 
 Menelaus went there to muster a part of the army and 
 stayed there long enough to plant the hardy tree. He 
 seems to have had a fondness for planes, and if there was 
 not one already growing where he stopped he supplied 
 the deficiency without delay. 
 
 The tree at Caphyae had no such momentous connec- 
 tion with the fate of Troy as the one at Aulis (see Aulis) 
 had in the dragon incident while the fleet was awaiting a 
 favorable wind, but it was understood to be the fifth oldest 
 tree in the world a thousand and five hundred years after 
 it was planted ; the others, in their order, being the Willow 
 in the temple of Hera at Samos; the Oak at Dodona; the 
 Olive in the Acropolis and the Laurel of the Syrians, who 
 claimed for it the third place. 
 
 Caphyae is now represented by the small village called 
 Khotiissa. 
 
 Pausanias; VIII. 33. 
 
 27 
 
 Philip's Well 
 
 A few miles beyond Arne stretched the plain of Argum 
 where were the ruins of Nestane, a mountain village by 
 which Philip had encamped. 
 
 The outlines of the ruins could be traced more than 
 
36 GREECE; PELOPONNESUS 
 
 four hundred years afterwards about the Spring that the 
 commander used, and that was thereafter always asso- 
 ciated with his name. 
 
 The Commander was that Philip II, the son of Amyn- 
 tas and the most valorous of all the Macedonian Kings, 
 who, himself "Always Great, " was the father of Alexan- 
 der the Great. 
 
 2250 years before the term was invented, he was a 
 scrap of paper diplomatist, and preferred bribery to 
 battles. The effect that his example had on the moral 
 fiber of the country can be seen, although one can onlj' 
 speculate how much longer the Grecian structure would 
 have lasted if he had not loosened so many stones of its 
 foundations in the 46 years before he was assassinated. 
 A village called Tzipiana now occupies the site of 
 Nestane. 
 
 Pausanias; VIII. 7. 
 
 28 - 
 
 Well of the Meliast^ 
 
 The Spring called the Well of the Meliastas was seven 
 stadia from Melangea. 
 
 The Meliastae had a Hall of Dionysus, near the Well 
 and in his celebrations they held orgies. 
 
 They had also a temple to Black Aphrodite. There 
 have been concessions made by statuaries that were 
 seemingly not consistent with the principles of accurate 
 Art such as representing Venus for Africans with the 
 complexion of its connoisseurs of female beauty, and 
 carving statues of the River Nile out of black stone 
 instead of white: the Black Venus of the Meliastae was, 
 however, in no such category, but was a sincere attempt 
 to express a custom by color, and to convey the idea that 
 
ARCADIA 37 
 
 while men devote the day to making lucre they have only 
 black night to give to making love. 
 
 This Well was in the neighborhood of the present 
 village of Pikerni which abounds in Springs whose waters 
 were anciently conveyed by an aqueduct to Mantineia; 
 some remains of the aqueduct have been discovered, and 
 others may yet be brought to light that will designate 
 which particular Spring was the one appropriated by the 
 Nymphs. 
 
 Pausanias; VIII. 6. 
 
 29 
 
 Olympias 
 
 The Spring called Olympias was between the river 
 Alpheus and the ruins of the town of Trapezus, and not 
 far from the river Bathos. 
 
 This Spring flowed only every other year, and fire came 
 out of the ground near it, and the people there sacrificed 
 to Thunder and Lightning and to Storms. 
 
 The Arcadians were fond of correcting a common error, 
 the belief that Thrace was the battle ground of the war 
 between the gods and the giants, and they pointed to this 
 Spring as marking the site of the contest, with which they 
 were sufficiently familiar to add that the giants engaged 
 in the battle had dragons instead of feet. 
 
 Trapezus received its name, meaning table, from an 
 early and unheeded expression of Zeus' disapproval of 
 human sacrifices, for it was at that place that the offended 
 god overturned a table on which Lycaon had laid meat 
 of human beings for his entertainment. 
 
 The people of the town claimed to have founded the 
 city of the same name on the Euxine Sea, which, as Tre- 
 bizond, was the residence of Anthony Hope's Princess. 
 
38 GREECE; PELOPONNESUS 
 
 The modern village Mavria lies below the site of the 
 Arcadian Trapezus. 
 
 Pausanias; VIII. 29. 
 
 30 
 Al-PHEUS 
 
 The first source of the Alpheus river was at Phylace; 
 it was the chief river of the Morea, both in fact and in 
 fable, and in its short course of less than one hundred 
 miles it frequently changed its character, being a Spring 
 at one place, a river at another, and often an unseen 
 underground watercourse. 
 
 It was a virile and impulsive stream and when it finally 
 reached the Ionic Sea at Cellene, even the Adriatic though 
 a big and stormy sea could not bar its passage or change 
 its nature, and it continued to flow through the salt 
 water until it. reached the shore of Ortygia, in Sicily, 
 where it bubbled up in the form it assiimed at its birth — 
 ending its course as it began it, in the shape of a Spring. 
 
 Not far from its source, at a place called the Meeting 
 of the Waters, it was joined by another river in company 
 with which it traveled until it dropped with a loud roar- 
 ing sound into the earth in the Plain of Tegea. 
 
 It reappeared five stadia from Asea near the source of 
 the Eurotas with which it united; after flowing together 
 some twenty stadia, they retired through a cavity to an 
 underground bed and, while out of sight, separated, the 
 Eurotas coming up in Laconia and the Alpheus making 
 its reappearance at Pegae in Megalopolis. 
 
 The Asean Spring of the Alpheus is now called Frango- 
 vrysi, Frank Spring, and gushes out copiously on the 
 present Mt. Kravari near what the Fountain has located 
 as the ruins of Asea. 
 
ARCADIA 39 
 
 Where the streams flowed together they acted as very 
 intelHgent common carriers though, unfortunately for 
 general merchandise shippers in the zone, only for the 
 delivery of crowns; but these, when a certain charm had 
 been uttered over them, had merely to be cast into the 
 common channel in order to infallibly insure their ap- 
 pearance as desired, either in the Eurotas or the Alpheus 
 when they reemerged separately. 
 
 The efficacy of the charm in causing crowns to float 
 might seem to be quite as notable as its power to direct 
 their course ; but the crowns were not of metal ; they were 
 garlands which at first were made of ivy or myrtle, and 
 called crowns because revelers bound them about their 
 heads to ward off aches that might follow wine drinking- 
 
 They were invented as ligatures by the man who first 
 reflected upon the relief he felt when pressing his hands 
 about his head after a carouse. The crude crown was 
 improved by interweaving herbs with a scent that offset 
 the fumes of wine, and then beautified by the addition of 
 colored flowers that made it an ornamental garland. 
 
 After one period of seclusion the Alpheus rose as a 
 Spring called The Wells in a deep ravine near Tricolini ; 
 and after another disappearance it came to light again at 
 Carnasium in Messenia and absorbed two new rivers. 
 
 By the time it had reached the Adriatic it had become 
 a plethoric stream, a notable River Trust, that had ab- 
 sorbed a score or more of competing tributaries and con- 
 trolled the product of 74% of the Springs of Arcadia 
 which it distributed to the ultimate consumer, the Sea. 
 
 It passed a third of its existence in the district of Elis, 
 and at Olympia two altars were erected to it. In that 
 neighborhood it was held in special veneration; women 
 of Elis were forbidden to cross it on certain days under 
 penalty of being hurled from Mt. Typasum, and at one 
 
40 GREECE; PELOPONNESUS 
 
 time even flies were allowed access to only one side of it, 
 being driven from the Temple side by a special sacrifice 
 that Hercules instituted, although it is not explained 
 why the fresh carcass of the ox in this sacrifice was sus- 
 pended on the other side of the stream. 
 
 Its banks were poted for the production of the wild 
 olive tree, and towards the end of its course in Elis it 
 flowed through flowery groves filled with many images of 
 the gods, and many lovely little temples to the goddesses. 
 
 Its early name was bestowed on it from its beneficent 
 property of curing a form of leprosy called alphi. 
 
 At its source, the Alpheus is now called Saranda; then, 
 the Karitena, and, after its junction with the ancient 
 Ladon, the Rufea ; and its old time vagaries may still be 
 observed where, the ancient names having been changed, 
 Phylace has become Krya Vrysi; Asea, Frangovrysi; and 
 Pegae, Marmara. 
 
 The love that led this fresh water stream to undertake 
 its long journey through the salty sea is referred to in the 
 account of the Spring of Arethusa. (No. 486.) 
 
 Pau:3anias; VIII. 54. 
 
 31 
 
 Ladon 
 
 The Springs of the river Ladon were sixty stadia from 
 the town of Clitor, and fifty from Lucaria; it was said 
 that they were reappearances of the water of the marsh 
 at Pheneus which escaped below ground there through 
 pits under the mountain. 
 
 The Ladon excelled all rivers of Greece for the beauty 
 of its stream, and it was famous for its legend of Daphne 
 with whom Leucippus fell in love, and to whom he made 
 his advances in the guise of a girl. Letting his hair grow 
 
ARCADIA 41 
 
 long, and adorning himself in the garb of a maiden, he 
 succeeded in winning so much of Daphne's friendship 
 that Apollo became jealous and brought about his ruin 
 by a mental suggestion to Daphne while she and her 
 girl companions, together with Leucippus, were one day 
 swimming in the Ladon. It thus suddenly came into 
 Daphne's head to start so strenuous a romp in the water 
 that when the joyous party came out of the river their 
 clothing was little more than tatters. 
 
 Thereupon their joy gave place to furious anger and 
 they attacked Leucippus so viciously with their imple- 
 ments of the chase that he was overwhelmed and killed. 
 
 The Ladon is now known as the Rufea, and the same 
 name is applied to the Alpheus after it receives the old 
 Ladon; before the junction, the Alpheus is called the 
 Karitena. 
 
 The Island of Crows was formed where the Ladon 
 flowed into the Alpheus. 
 
 Pausanias; VIII. 20. 
 
 32 
 
 Erymanthus 
 
 The Erymanthus River had its sources in the mountain 
 Lampea, which was sacred to Pan, and was a part of Mt. 
 Erymanthus so named after a hunter who, according to 
 Homer, was a lover of Lampea. 
 
 Among other wild beasts of this river's neighborhood 
 there was a boar which so much exceeded all others in 
 size and strength that the killing of it was made one of 
 the labors of Hercules, and was the fourth that he 
 accomplished. 
 
 Another big pig, however, has become more prominent 
 because the chase of it was made the occasion of a large 
 
42 GREECE; PELOPONNESUS 
 
 gathering like the family parties that used to make up an 
 old fashioned Southern fox-hunt; the 61ite of Mythology, 
 both men and women, met together on that occasion by 
 the river Evenus in ^tolia. The party included Theseus 
 who destroyed the Crommyon sow, the dam of the Caly- 
 donian boar that the party assembled to hunt, and finally 
 killed. 
 
 Nearly all of the parts of the Calydonian boar except 
 the bacon were preserved for ages in places wide apart; 
 but of the Erymanthian brute only a few teeth seem to 
 have been kept as souvenirs. These were stored up by 
 the people of Cumae in the temple of Apollo; but a well 
 informed ancient antiquarian said of them that there was 
 very little probability that they were genuine. 
 
 The curious association of this name of Erymanthus 
 with boars is seen in the story of Venus and Adonis, in 
 which Apollo, metamorphosed into a wild boar, killed 
 Adonis because Venus had blinded Apollo's son Eryman- 
 thus for having seen her in the bath. 
 
 The Erymanthus was absorbed by the Alpheus two 
 and a half miles below where the latter received the 
 Ladon. 
 
 Pausanias; VIII. 24. 
 
 33 
 Brentheates River 
 
 On the right of a large plain between Gortys and 
 Megalopolis were the ruins of the town of Brenthe from 
 which the river Brentheates flowed to join the Alpheus 
 five stadia farther on. 
 
 This little stream, less than a mile long, is now the 
 modern brook called Karitena. 
 
 Pausanias; VIII. 28. 
 
ARCADIA 43 
 
 34 
 BuPHAGUs River 
 
 The river Buphagus rose at Buphagium beyond 
 Aliphera. 
 
 This river flowed into the Alpheus after forming the 
 boundary between the districts of Megalopolis and 
 Hersea. 
 
 Buphagus offended Artemis and she, in her quick- 
 tempered way, shot and killed him with an arrow. 
 As her anger was caused by persistent attentions 
 that she was not disposed to favor, the victim was 
 probably not that nephew of Rhea's who bore the same 
 name. 
 
 The identity of the Buphagus has not been agreeably 
 established. 
 
 Pausanias; VIII. 26. 
 
 35-40 
 
 Helisson River 
 
 The river Helisson rose in a village of the same name 
 and flowed through the city of Megalopolis which it 
 divided into two parts. 
 
 The Helisson was indebted to no less than five Springs 
 in the town of Megalopolis for additions to the volume 
 of its current : 
 
 (36) one that had its rise in the hill Scolitas within the 
 city walls; 
 
 (37) the Spring Bathyllus which came out of another 
 small hill in the city; 
 
 (38) a perennial Spring that rose in the theater which 
 was one of the most remarkable theaters in 
 Greece; 
 
44 GREECE; PELOPONNESUS 
 
 (39) a Spring that was held sacred to Dionysus and 
 which appeared not very far from the theater; 
 
 (40) a fifth Spring that rose from a third hil with- 
 in the city hmits, near a temple of ^sculapius 
 in which were stored the bones of a giant. 
 
 The first two Springs were on the north side of 
 the river, and the last three were on the south side 
 of it. 
 
 Thirty stadia from Megalopolis the Helisson gave itself 
 up to the Alpheus river. 
 
 Megalopolis was founded by Epaminondas 370 years 
 B.C. Planned, as its name indicates, on a huge scale 
 that was to extend for twenty-three miles, forty town- 
 ships were drawn upon to start its population; and it 
 became the capital of Arcadia. 
 
 The road that led from Megalopolis to Messene fol- 
 lowed the path taken by Orestes after murdering his 
 mother, and temples and mounds marked the sites of 
 various incidents that occurred during his passage; they 
 indicated, where he became insane; where he cut off his 
 hair; where he bit off his finger; and finally, where he 
 gained his senses. 
 
 The modern village of Sinanu has grown up among 
 the old city's ruins; these were examined in 1834, when 
 all of the five Springs gave efficient aid in identifying the 
 places of the ancient structures with which they were 
 connected. A deep pile of dampened rubbish was found 
 to conceal a Spring which led to the discovery of the 
 foundations of the theater where it occupied a prominent 
 position in the orchestra. 
 
 And the other Springs were equally useful in pointing 
 out to the excavators where the temples stood, and in 
 giving the names of the hills. 
 
 Pausanias, VIU 30-32. 
 
ARCADIA 45 
 
 LUSIUS-GORTYNIUS 
 
 On the borders of Methydrium at Thisoa were the 
 sources of one of the coldest of all rivers. It was known 
 as the Gortynius, except at the Springs, where it was 
 called Lusius because Zeus had been bathed in it after 
 his birth near the Spring of Neda. 
 
 The name suggests that this was an extra bath given 
 by Thisoa, one of the infant's three nurses. 
 
 This two-name river was another tributary of the 
 Alpheus, and the place where they united was called 
 Rhaeteas. 
 
 A nervous and excitable leader in the expedition 
 against Troy came from the district of Thisoa. His 
 name was Theutis, and he should be accorded the dis- 
 tinction of having fired the first shot in the Trojan War, 
 a shot that wounded a no less redoubtable antagonist 
 than the goddess Athena, and that unfortunately ended 
 his career. 
 
 Irritated by a long delay at Aulis where the fleet was 
 windbound, Theutis suddenly decided to march his 
 troops back home, and when Athena attempted to change 
 his decision he, in a boiling rage, ran his spear through 
 the goddess' thigh. On reaching Thisoa he was seized 
 with a wasting disease which extended even to the 
 fruits none of which would ripen in the neighborhood 
 of the Spring until, by advice of the oracle of Dodona, 
 a statue of the speared divinity was made which 
 showed the wound bound realistically with a purple 
 bandage. 
 
 Methydrium was 170 stadia from Megalopolis, and to 
 the north of it, and the river is said to be the one that now 
 flows by the village of Atzi Kolo. 
 
 Pausanias; VIII. 28. 
 
46 GREECE; PELOPONNESUS 
 
 42 
 Nymphasia 
 
 A Spring called the Well Nymphasia was found thirty 
 stadia from Methydrium; the latter town was 137 stadia 
 from Tricolini. 
 
 Tricolini is supposed to have stood within a mile of the 
 town of Karatula. 
 
 Pausanias; VIII. 36. 
 
 43 
 Tragus River 
 
 In the plain of Caphyse there was a reservoir of water 
 that was absorbed into the ground. Afterwards that 
 water came up at what was called Nasi, near the village 
 of Rheunos, and formed there the perennial river Tragus. 
 
 The stream now named Tara is believed to be the 
 ancient Tragus. 
 
 Pausanias; VIII. 23. 
 
ARGOLIS 
 
 44 
 Adrastea 
 
 After passing the small town of Cleone on the way to 
 Argos, the road became narrow and ran between for- 
 bidding mountains at one time the haunts of fearsome 
 beasts, man-eating dragons, frightful felidae of which the 
 most noted and dreaded representative was the Nemean 
 Lion, whose lair among those mountains was still pointed 
 out in the second century of the Christian Era to touring 
 travelers who gazed at it with awesome dread, hundreds 
 of years after Hercules had dispatched its mturderous 
 occupant. 
 
 At Nemea, only fifteen stadia distant from the lair, was 
 the cypress grove where Lycurgus' little son Opheltes, 
 left alone on the herbage by a thoughtless nurse, was 
 devoured by a dragon. 
 
 Amphiaraus the Soothsayer saw in this little tragedy 
 an omen of a larger one near at hand, but his warning 
 that might have averted it was disregarded. This all 
 happened on a pleasant day in the year 1225 B.C. when 
 The Seven Against Thebes, on their way to the assault 
 of that city stopped to ask the nurse where they could 
 find water. 
 
 She, only too glad to prolong a parley with the martial 
 party gaudy in their bright array of shining armor, having 
 laid the child down, piloted them around a screening 
 clump of bushes, and pointed out the fountain of Adras- 
 
 47 
 
48 GREECE; PELOPONNESUS 
 
 tea. Standing entranced with the sight of the brass- 
 armored band of soldiers drinking from their helmets at 
 the Spring, she was startled by the infant's cries and, 
 rushing back to where she had left him, her own piercing 
 shrieks filled the air as the sounds from the infant sud- 
 denly stopped. 
 
 The soldiers, running around the obscuring screen of 
 bushes to learn the cause of the cries, were only in time 
 to see the murderous monster disappearing in the dis- 
 tance, and a few splashes of bright red moisture shining 
 in the sunlight on the herbage where the infant had been 
 chewed up by the dragon. 
 
 It was then that the Seer, himself a soldier, and one of 
 the party, read the warning that Fate had set in the scene 
 that she had staged before them, and explained that 
 Thebes was the dragon, and the infant's end their 
 own. 
 
 But his warning was in vain, and the martial blood of 
 six of the heroes in a few days glistened in lakes on the 
 green grass around the gates of Thebes. 
 
 Through King Creon's cruelty, the corpses of the 
 heroes were left for a long time unburied, but the few 
 pieces of the bones of Opheltes that were rescued were 
 carefully placed in a tomb raised on the blood-sprinkled 
 spot by the Spring near the base of the mountain Apesas. 
 Both the dragon, which the heroes killed, and the Ne- 
 mean lion must often have quenched their thirst at this 
 fountain and washed down with its waters many a cruel 
 feast that made the human population smaller, for 
 neither the Inachus nor any of the other neighboring 
 rivers had water in their channels in rainless seasons. 
 
 The vicinage was not only made picturesque by the 
 numerous mountains that formed the valley in which the 
 Spring took its rise, but was endeared to the hearts of the 
 
ARGOLIS 49 
 
 Grecians through classic memories long and carefully 
 cherished. 
 
 Not far away, and in the direction of Argos, were the 
 ruins of Mycenas, the first and the oldest town of Argolis, 
 which was there founded by Perseus, because his scab- 
 bard dropped from his sword on its site. And it was 
 quite in keeping with this circumstance that the spot in 
 the woods so pointed out by the naked sword, should 
 afterwards, as a city, furnish leaders for the Trojan war, 
 and more than a quarter of the martial heroes whose 
 swords wrote in blood the stirring and enduring story of 
 Thermopylae. 
 
 Mycenae was in Agamemnon's time the capital of his 
 kingdom, and the chief city in Greece, and a list of its 
 principal citizens in those days, nearly a thousand years 
 before its fall in 468 B.C., reproduces the casts in the most 
 dreadful tragedies of .lEschylus and Sophocles, with such 
 names as Atreus, yEgisthus, Clytemnestra, Orestes, and 
 many others, against each of which is written some 
 maiTOw-freezing crime, from infant killing and cooking to 
 murders of relations of all degrees of kinship. 
 
 It might seem as though, long ago, germs of courage 
 and ferocity were bred in this Spring, and in the one 
 called the fountain of Perseus which rose in the ruins of 
 Mycenae, as, nowadays, other germs are cultivated in the " 
 broth of the bacteriologist, germs that made the men of 
 Mycenae no less hardy and fierce than the four-footed 
 terror that in earlier times ravaged Nemea until Hercu- 
 les, as the first of his labors, dispatched it and freed the 
 country from its depredations. 
 
 So strong were this lion's muscles, and so hard was its 
 hide, which no arrow could pierce, that the hero was at 
 last forced to throw away his weapon and squeeze it to 
 death in his arms. Afterwards this hide became the con- 
 
50 GREECE; PELOPONNESUS 
 
 queror's sole and imperishable armor and garment with 
 which he is pictured by the poets and painters of pos- 
 terity, except during the period when, under the domina- 
 tion of Omphale, he laid aside his club and lion's skin and 
 adopted the distaff and dress of a woman. 
 
 Here also, by this Spring, gathered the finest athletes 
 and artists of Argolis and elsewhere in the first and third 
 year of each Olympiad to celebrate one of the four great 
 festivals of Greece, the Nemean games — sports and con- 
 tests that aroused such widespread interest that no less 
 than eleven of the Odes of Pindar were composed in 
 honor of its victors, some of whom contended for promi- 
 nence in musical and in metrical composition. 
 
 The first of those Nemean games were held in connec- 
 tion with the funeral ceremonies of Opheltes; they con- 
 tinued to be held every two years thereafter, and the 
 prizes were always crowns of parsley, because it was in a 
 patch of parsley that Opheltes was devoured. 
 
 Owing to Amphiaraus' forecast, the poor child was 
 afterwards spoken of as Archemorus, that is, The Fore- 
 runner of Death. 
 
 The nurse whose carelessness was the cause of so many 
 untoward events had a sad story of her own. Before she 
 became one of the slaves of Lycurgus, she was a Princess 
 and the daughter of Thoas, king of Lemnos. When the 
 women of that island decided to kill all the men, and had 
 actually dispatched them, they discovered that Hyp- 
 sipyle had concealed her father Thoas and had saved him; 
 and in punishment of her defection they sold her into 
 slavery, and Lycurgus became her owner. 
 
 It was, of old, uncertain whether the Spring received 
 its name because Adrastus was the first to discover it, or 
 for some other reason; but as Nemesis, the power that 
 stood for justice, and punished unfairness, was also called 
 
ARGOLIS 51 
 
 Adrastea, a more appropriate name could hardly have 
 been found for the Spring by which so many rival athletes 
 spent their time while training, and during competition; 
 so called, at every draught the name of the goddess would 
 be on their lips, and in their minds, to warn them from 
 subterfuge and urge them to fair and honest effort in 
 striving for the prize for which they entered. 
 
 At the foot of Mt. Apesas, now named Fuca, are the 
 remains of the stadium of the ancient games, and to the 
 right of them is found the Spring of Adrastea whose water 
 supplied an artificial fountain structure the connection 
 with which is now out of order. 
 
 Pausanias; II. is-i6. 
 
 45 
 The Spring of Perseus 
 
 Mycenag, the oldest town in Argolis, was in ruins before 
 the year one A.D., but its Spring of Perseus, or Perseia, 
 still retained its youthful vigor amid the wreckage of 
 what it had seen built up in its virgin valley to become the 
 first city of Greece and the residence of Agamemnon. 
 
 The town was founded by Perseus who, having acci- 
 dentally killed his grandfather Acrisius during a game of 
 quoits while on a visit in Thessaly, returned to Greece in 
 very low spirits and, giving up his former kingdom, 
 started out to divert his brooding thoughts and establish 
 a new capital. 
 
 This he did where some water flowed out when he 
 pulled up a fungus, a growth that in his language was 
 called Mycenas. That this was the proper site for his 
 new city was fully confirmed when the scabbard fell from 
 his sword and slipped to the ground, an unusual happen- 
 ing that was palpably a double indication of what the 
 
52 GREECE; PELOPONNESUS 
 
 city's name should be, for mycenae meant scabbard as 
 well as fungus. 
 
 The town of Argos was founded seven miles south of 
 Mycenae, and they are sometimes spoken of as though 
 they were one city, each being called by the other's name. 
 In and between the two towns there were a number of 
 tombs of celebrated people; Agamemnon's was in My- 
 cenae, and that of his wife and murderess, Clytemnestra, 
 was considerately separated from his by the city walls; 
 and between the two towns, at a place called The Rams, 
 was the tomb of Thyestes whose children were slain by 
 his brother Atreus and served up to him at a feast. 
 
 The neighboring village of Kharvati is now supplied 
 through an aqueduct with water from a stream on the 
 north side of Mycenae's old acropolis, and one may fancy 
 that its source is the age-old Spring that took the name 
 of Perseus. 
 
 The city of Argos lay three miles north of the Argolic 
 Gulf. 
 
 Pausanias; II, i6. 
 
 46 
 
 Amymone 
 
 The Fountain of Amymone owed its existence to two 
 cases of poor marksmanship. 
 
 Amymone having shot at a stag and hit a satyr, he 
 while expressing his indignation was made the mark for 
 Poseidon's trident; that weapon in turn going astray 
 pierced a rock instead of the satyr. 
 
 These two incidents occurred during a search for water 
 that Amymone was making at the command of her father 
 Danaus who had recently arrived in Argos during a 
 drought and a scarcity of water. 
 
ARGOLIS 53 
 
 After making acknowledgments for her rescue, Amy- 
 mone pulled the trident from the rock and was surprised 
 to see a three-stream Spring follow the weapon's with- 
 drawal. It should, however, not be concealed that a 
 pleasant impression of Poseidon's gallantry in this case 
 must be formed in the face of some indications in the 
 story that possibly he exacted the acknowledgments as 
 inducements to show how the water might be obtained. 
 
 The modern location of this fountain is assumed to be 
 in the neighborhood rendered marshy by a number of 
 Springs and where seven or eight of them, instead of the 
 classic three, unite to form the Amymone, also called the 
 Lerna river. It broadens into a deep pool several hun- 
 dred feet in diameter which is supposed to be the Alcy- 
 onian Marsh whose depth Nero was unable to fathom. 
 
 Modern millers, who have walled the pool to make a 
 waterhead, also declare it to be immeasurably deep, as it 
 must have been back to the time when Dionysus de- 
 scended through it to the lower world to recover his 
 mother Semele, the daughter of Cadmus, when she was 
 stricken by Zeus' brilliancy. 
 
 Danaus had come from Egypt to Argos to escape his 
 brother .i^gyptus who desired to have his fifty sons 
 married to the fifty daughters of Danaus, and the latter, 
 though fearing a prophecy that he would come to his end 
 at the hands of a son-in-law, was finally compelled to 
 consent to the unions; though he secretly attempted to 
 avert the predicted fate by ordering every daughter to 
 do away with her husband on the night of the ceremonies. 
 All of the girls obeyed except Lynceus' bride Hyperm- 
 nestra, and the forty-nine severed heads were thrown into 
 the River Amymone. It is said, though it is also denied, 
 that Lynceus fulfilled the prophecy. 
 
 The sisters were doomed to expiate their wedding 
 
54 GREECE; PELOPONNESUS 
 
 night acts in Tartarus by forever trying to draw water in 
 sieves. 
 
 A commonplace substitute for this history has been 
 offered to the effect that Danaus means drought ; that the 
 daughters were so many nymphs of Springs and their 
 spouses an equal number of dependent streams, whose 
 beds became empty when in a period of hot weather the 
 fountains ceased to flow; and that the punishment was 
 suggested by the sandy nature of the soil at their sources, 
 which in time of drought were said to leak. 
 
 Danaus was said to have been the first who taught the 
 Argives to dig Wells, and for his surveys locating the 
 Springs of Argos he was made King; a reward that was 
 also bestowed on other men whose discoveries were of 
 much value, and which foreshadowed modern patent 
 rights, being in effect a Patent of Nobility. 
 
 Another Hypermnestra was the mother of Amphiaraus, 
 and an unlocated fountain that anciently bore his name 
 is supposed to have been in this neighborhood which was 
 near the seacoast and some five miles south of the city of 
 Argos. 
 
 In the swamp of Lerna near the Spring of Amymone 
 was where dwelt the monster Hydra one of the offspring 
 of Echidna, that mother of numerous freaks, the slaying 
 of which formed the second of the twelve labors of Her- 
 cules. The Hydra was represented as having a number of 
 heads variously stated as from seven to over a hundred. 
 Pausanias was inclined to doubt that it really had so 
 many, and in the absence of Peisander's works the num- 
 ber must still remain unfixed. Peisander who antedated 
 Hesiod is credited with having pubHshed the most de- 
 tailed history of Hercules, but httle or nothing is left of 
 it save perhaps the 24th and 25th Idylls of Theocritus 
 which have been attributed to the earlier poet. 
 
ARGOLIS 55 
 
 Between the little river of Amymone and the river 
 Pontinus a sacred grove of plane trees extended from Mt. 
 Pontinus nearly to the sea; and it was under one of these 
 plane trees that grew near the Spring that the monster 
 Hydra was reared. The identical tree was known and it 
 shared for ages in the awe that shivering strangers felt 
 as the glib guides of Argolis pointed out the exact spots 
 where the Lion, or the Dragon, or the Hydra had per- 
 petrated this or that especially cruel deed. Those who 
 might look upon these scenes in the fancied security of 
 terrors long passed away were roused to a sense of horrors 
 still close at hand by being shown a nearby circle of 
 stones that marked the place where Pluto descended 
 to his underground realms. 
 
 While there is no lack of fossil evidence that the earth 
 was once cimibered with enormous animals rivaling if not 
 exceeding the size of the whales of the present era, there 
 is no reason to surmise that these monsters were known 
 to any of the ancient races of men whose records have 
 come down through the last ten thousand years. There 
 were seemingly none of them left at the time that Noah 
 made his collection for post-diluvian perpetuation, nor is 
 there even a legend extant describing the remarkable 
 monsters as they are known today from the remains of 
 their fossilized femurs and the fragments of their spines. 
 
 It is, therefore, not unlikely that the exploits that are 
 viewed through the lenses of the epic poets would appear, 
 without these magnifying media, in much the same 
 category as the marvelous feat of Mr. Jack Horner of 
 nursery notoriety. 
 
 Indeed, some of the contemporaries of the greatest 
 heroes were the first to rock the pedestals upon which 
 their earliest monviments were reared; thus, King Lycus, 
 in his conversation with Megara, the wife of Hercules. 
 
56 GREECE; PELOPONNESUS 
 
 makes it clear that even the townsmen of the Greek 
 strong man were not greatly impressed by Hercules' 
 heroism in "killing a water snake in a marsh, " a remark 
 that may be much to the credit of Lycus' discretion, 
 as he made it only to the wife, and not until after the 
 husband had gone crazy. 
 
 Apollodorus; II. i. § 4. 
 
 Hyyinus; Fable 169. 
 
 Euripides; Heraclesi MaJ ; line 150. 
 
 47 
 
 Physadea 
 
 Physadeawas a Fountain in the neighborhood of Argos. 
 
 On the day set for bathing the statues of the goddess 
 Athena or Pallas, the Minerva of the Romans, it was 
 customary for the people of Argos to drink Spring water 
 only, and not to dip their vessels in the rivers whose 
 waters were used for laving the statues. 
 
 The handmaids were admonished to fill their urns on 
 that particular day either from the Fountain of Physadea 
 or from Amymone, from which it may be judged that it 
 was at one time a Fountain of prominence, although it 
 has not been located in modern days; perhaps because it 
 bore merely a local name given to one of the three Springs 
 produced by Neptune's trident and which were called, 
 collectively, Amymone. 
 
 Callimachus ; Bath of Pallas. 
 
 48 
 
 The Trcezen Hippocrene 
 
 This Spring was in Argolis, at Trcezen, the birthplace 
 of Theseus, now called Damala, and, though apparently 
 
ARGOLIS 57 
 
 lacking the guaranty of the Muses that the Hippocrene 
 fountain of Helicon enjoyed, it was quite satisfactorily 
 proven by very old tradition to have originated from the 
 same cause, having been pawed from the ground by 
 Pegasus when Bellerophon had ridden him there to seek 
 the hand and heart of ^thra. 
 
 It was in its vicinity that the unfortunate Phaedra 
 languished for love of Hippolytus, the son of Theseus and 
 the Araazon Antiope, whom his father had left at Troezen 
 when he went to marry Phasdra and whom Phaedra met 
 when Theseus, needing to be purified for the murder of 
 Pallas and his sons, selected Troezen for the ceremonies. 
 No doubt on that occasion he used the water of Hippo- 
 crene as Orestes had done before him, during his proba- 
 tion and trial and purification after the murder of his 
 mother. Nine men tried and acquitted Orestes, and the 
 large white stone that they sat upon was carefully pre- 
 served in front of the temple at Troezen. 
 
 Theseus, from the age of seven, when he first saw 
 Hercules, was fired witli ambition to emulate the hero's 
 deeds, and his life in consequence became a series of 
 adventures. 
 
 He was a many-sided character witn a mania for carry- 
 ing off ladies from their homes, even going, unsuccess- 
 fully, on one occasion, to Hades to steal Proserpine for 
 Pirithous. 
 
 He married a number of the beauties, and the revelries 
 at his wedding with Antiope the Queen of the Amazons, 
 whom the writer calls Hippolyta, are the theme of A 
 Midsummer Night's Dream. In the knight's tale Chau- 
 cer lauds him but one cannot lightly forgive him for 
 marooning Ariadne instead of marrying her, when it was 
 only her gift of the sword and her spool of thread that 
 made possible his escape from the labyrinth of Crete. 
 
58 GREECE; PELOPONNESUS 
 
 Theseus was unable to hold the Kingship of Athens, 
 that came to him from his Father ^^geus, but his fellow 
 townspeople of Troezen seem to have continued to vener- 
 ate him long after his death, and anything connected 
 with him or the members of his family was preserved and 
 exhibited with pride by the trusting people among whom 
 he was born. They loved him for the deeds by which they 
 benefited; before his time the roads around their town 
 had been infested with robbers and other most villainous 
 characters, all of whom he did away with, using, with a 
 Samson-like humor, their own contrivances with which to 
 punish them. Sinus was a heartless monster whose chief 
 enjoyment it was to bend together two stout pine trees 
 and then let them fly apart when he had tied the heels of a 
 traveler to one and his neck to the other. Theseus tore him 
 in two in the selfsame way. 
 
 He also put an end to the pranks of Polypemon, better 
 known as Procrustes, who took a demonish delight in 
 accurately adapting all lengths of body to the only bed 
 that he provided for every one of his victims, cutting the 
 long, and stretching the short, to make them fill the 
 space between the pillow and the footboard. 
 
 Among the Theseus family relics that the people of 
 Troezen preserved was the temple of Peeping Aphrodite 
 in which Phasdra fed her affection, by gazing out upon 
 the race course that it overlooked, when Hippolytus was 
 training to keep himself in condition. Another relic was 
 a marvelous maple bush with lacelike leaves, each one 
 filled with punctures that Phaedra had made with a hair- 
 pin while venting the despairing agonies of her misplaced 
 love. 
 
 Near this bush the tomb of the unhappy woman was 
 constructed, and when she could no longer make lace 
 work in the maple leaves her spirit could watch the sym- 
 
ARGOLIS 59 
 
 pathetic waters of Hippocrene fretting the surface of the 
 Spring with their bubbles. 
 
 Pausanias; II. 3i. 
 
 49 
 
 The Well of Hercules 
 
 (Troezen) 
 
 Trcezen had another noted Spring; it rose in front of 
 the house of Hippolytus and was called The Well of 
 Hercules, because, it was said, that hero was the one who 
 discovered it. 
 
 The Troezenians had a brook which they named Chry- 
 sorrhoe, the Golden Stream, but it is not stated whether 
 this Spring or that of Hippocrene was the source of the 
 brook which was given its pretentious name because in 
 a period of drought lasting nine years, when all other 
 streams dried up, this one continued to flow without 
 diminution. 
 
 More remarkable, however, than the ever flowing 
 fountain was the history of a tree that grew before the 
 statue of Hermes and which adds an interesting feature 
 to the biography of Hercules, and furnishes the fact that 
 he made his club from the wood of the wild olive, for the 
 tree before the statue sprang from the original weapon 
 wielded in a thousand exploits the memory of which 
 is endeared to the hearts of all learned worshipers of 
 muscular prowess. 
 
 The club, which had been cut from a tree in the Saron- 
 ian marsh, having been presented as an offering to the 
 god, was propped against the statue, and, respected alike 
 by hunters of relics and of fuel ; in due time it took root, 
 and, with even more vitality than the blossoming rod of 
 
6o GREECE; PELOPONNESUS 
 
 Aaron, it grew to a full-sized wild olive tree, showing a 
 vigor nothing short of marvelous in a weapon that had 
 seen such long usage and hard service. 
 
 An effort appears to have been made by Amphiaraus 
 to have this Spring called after him, but the claim of 
 prior discovery seems to have secured the Spring's right 
 to help to bear the hero's name to posterity. 
 
 Pausanias; II. 32. 
 
 50 
 
 Hycessa 
 
 The Fountain called Hycessa was near Troezen and 
 was one of the sources of the river Taurus which Athen- 
 aeus notes was called Bull's Water by Sophocles in his 
 play of .iEgeus. 
 
 Several bulls had prominent parts in episodes related 
 of the family of King ^geus; the Marathonian bull, and 
 the Cretan bull or Minotaur, bull-headed and man- 
 bodied, were slain by .lEgeus' son Theseus who long 
 before the siege of Troy impressed the form of an ox on 
 the money he issued. A third bull, however, turned the 
 tables by frightening the horses of Hippolytus who lost 
 his life (or one of his lives, for he was resuscitated by 
 .i^sculapius) in the runaway that resulted. The play of 
 Sophocles may have given an account of the connection 
 between one of these animals and the stream fed by the 
 Spring of Hycessa, but unfortunately it is one of the 123 
 lost works that the author wrote some five hundred years 
 before the Christian era, and the account has perished 
 with the play. 
 
 The Spring was near Theseus' Rock under which he 
 found his father's sword and shoes. 
 
ARGOLIS 6i 
 
 The Taurus was afterwards given the name HylHcus, 
 and is now known as Potami. 
 
 l^ausanias; II. 32. 
 Athena;us; III. 95. 
 
 51 
 
 Inachus 
 
 Pausanias states that the sources of the Inachus were 
 in Mt. Artemisium, but his brief addition, "though they 
 flow underground for some way," scarcely conveys an 
 adequate impression of the lengthy land, sea, and under- 
 ground voyage that others give the river the credit of 
 having performed. 
 
 Its first sources were in the mountain range of Pindus 
 that formed the boundary between Thessaly and Epirus, 
 from which range it flowed into the Ionian Sea on the 
 west and, pushing its way through the waves, passed under 
 the Peloponnesus and ascended through Mt. Artemisium, 
 which formed the boundary between Argolis and Arcadia, 
 until it reached one of its elevations called Lyrceium 
 where it burst out, near the town of (Enoe, as a fresh- 
 water Spring showing no evidences of its briny passage. 
 
 The town was named after the grandfather of Dio- 
 medes who buried him there after treating him "as well 
 as one would expect a person to treat his grandfather." 
 
 .Strabo considered the voyage of the Inachus a fiction 
 invented by Sophocles, in one of his plays that has not 
 been preserved, and preferred to attribute the trip to the 
 name, which he believed a colony had carried from Argolis 
 and bestowed on the stream from the mountain in Thessaly. 
 
 Greek traditions vary, as Pausanias mildly expressed 
 it, and for that reason a good story is often marred by 
 another version that contradicts it. 
 
62 GREECE; PELOPONNESUS 
 
 The contradictions probably arose in many instances 
 from misunderstandings such as occur daily through 
 attaching to a word a meaning not intended by the 
 original author; but another prolific cause of variations 
 was evidently, as in the case of the Inachus, the mistaking 
 of one person, place, river or other natural feature for 
 another that bore the same name, although the persons 
 lived in different generations, or the places were situated 
 in different parts of Greece, or even in other countries. 
 
 The Inachus of Argolis is now known as the Banitza. 
 
 Pausanias; II. 25. 
 Strabo; VI. 2. §4. 
 
 52 
 
 Treton 
 
 On the top of Mt. Treton there was a Spring which was 
 colder than snow, so cold, indeed, that people were afraid 
 to drink of it fearing that they would freeze if they did so. 
 
 King Ptolemy mentioned the Spring in his Commen- 
 taries, and satisfied himself of its temperature by fear- 
 lessly taking a draught of it. 
 
 It rose at the side of the carriage road called Contoporia 
 which ran between Mycenae and Cleonae. The mountain 
 it crossed was a haunt of the Nemean lion until it was 
 killed by Hercules. 
 
 Athenaeus; 11. 19. 
 
 53 
 Springs of the Asopus 
 
 There was much more than met the casual eye in the 
 Springs of the Asopus. 
 
ARGOLIS 63 
 
 They appeared to be at Phlius; that is, an observer 
 tracing the river's dwindling course from the town of 
 Sicyon, where it flowed into the Gulf of Corinth, and 
 following its banks to the south, would have seen it 
 making its appearance near the city of Phlius, and, re- 
 garding it in no manner as a River of Doubt, would have 
 gone his way satisfied that he had seen the river's first 
 source. 
 
 The good people of Phlius, however, had another view 
 about it. 
 
 A fondness for something different, whether for times 
 passed or for foreign products, may be innate in the 
 human race, and there were several instances of peoples 
 who were apparently not satisfied with a home-grown 
 river and were ready with plenty of proof to convince 
 visitors that the Springs they were looking at were 
 merely an episode in their river's course, and that the 
 stream originated abroad and in some country beyond 
 the seas. 
 
 The people of Delos boasted that their river Inopus 
 was really the Nile rising among them after a long under- 
 ground journey from Africa. Even the Euphrates was 
 said to be a reincarnation of the Nile after dropping out 
 of Ethiopian existence through a lake. 
 
 And the Phliusians were proud to boast that the 
 Asopus was a foreign and not an indigenous stream ; that 
 it was in fact imported by a very circuitous route from 
 Phrygia and was none other than the River Maeander 
 shipped from Miletus under sea to the Peloponnese, the 
 name given to that part of Greece, south of the Corin- 
 thian Gulf. 
 
 In early times the people had been content to consider 
 the Asopus a purely domestic river, as on its face it 
 seemed to be, that had been discovered by one Asopus, a 
 
64 GREECE; PELOPONNESUS 
 
 contemporary of Aras an Autochthon and the first 
 person who hved in their country. 
 
 It seems possible that the name itself was imported, 
 but only from Boeotia, just across the Gulf of Corinth, 
 where there was another river Asopus. 
 
 Afterwards it was equally as easy to transfer the river 
 as it had been to transfer the name, and no less easy to 
 manufacture proof, which was done by placing in the 
 Temple of Apollo at Sicyon, along with the spear that 
 Meleager used in slaying the Calydonian boar, and other 
 precious relics, the original flutes of Marsyas, which, 
 after his unsuccessful musical contest with Apollo, were 
 dropped in the Marsyas river, and thence carried into the 
 Masander from which they reappeared in the Asopus and 
 were rescued at the very moment when they were floating 
 out into the harbor of Sicyon on their way to the sea and 
 to obHvion. 
 
 Their rescuer was an honest shepherd with the shep- 
 herd's well-known fondness for pipes, and he recognized 
 the historical instruments at once and gave them to 
 Apollo. 
 
 It is a great pity that such a remarkable connoisseur in 
 flutes, and that a poor shepherd to whom any collector 
 would have given wealth for his find, should have to be 
 referred to merely as "a shepherd" and cannot be called 
 by name, for his name, if ever known, is lost, and, so far 
 as appears in the accounts, his honesty was his only re- 
 ward though on the strength of that honesty alone a very 
 small river became as remarkable in one respect as the 
 giant Nile. 
 
 In the back part of the market place of Phlius there 
 was a dwelling called the Seer's House where Amphiaraus 
 first formulated the principles of Oneirocrisy which made 
 him famous and which is the subject of considerable 
 
ARGOLIS 65 
 
 literature even at the present day. And near that ven- 
 erable house was a spot named Omphalus which the 
 Phliusians are said to have said was the center of all the 
 Peloponnese, though perhaps that was a slip of a tongue 
 that should have said, Greece. 
 
 The Asopus became a never failing stream for the 
 genealogists of the families within miles of the river, one 
 into which every ancestor seeker could plunge with the 
 certainty of reaching the source of the line he was at work 
 on, and that source was more than often Asopus himself. 
 
 The Asopus is now known as the river of St. George. 
 
 Pausanias; II. 5. 7. 12. 
 
 54 
 Erasinus 
 
 Through an arch-roofed recess that extended nearly 
 two hundred feet into the side of Mt. Chaon, the Springs 
 of the Erasinus River gushed out where a grateful grove 
 that they nourished to exuberance kept the waters cool 
 and offered the twittering birds a pleasing shade in the 
 heats of summer, and a refuge from the storms of wild and 
 windy days in winter. 
 
 These Springs immediately formed a sturdy river 
 whose course though short was full of labor and therefore 
 called The Mills of Argos, from the number of wheels 
 turned by its rapid and tireless current which persevered 
 throughout the year and when many other weaker 
 streams had become exhausted. 
 
 The Erasinus was said to be a reappearance of the 
 Arcadian river Stymphalus which dropped out of sight 
 under Mt. Apelauron and traveled through the earth 
 for twenty-five miles before coming out again under Mt. 
 Chaon. 
 
66 GREECE; PELOPONNESUS 
 
 These Springs of the river they christened were some- 
 what north of the town of Cenchreae perhaps named for 
 that son of Peirene at whose loss she wept herself into 
 that celebrated Fountain of Corinth by whose name the 
 Delphic oracle was wont to refer to the city, rather than 
 by its geographical designation. 
 
 The river is now called Kephalari but continues to be 
 the only stream in the Plain of Argos that flows through- 
 out the year; neither has any change been found in the 
 Springs and their grotto as described twenty centuries ago. 
 
 Pausanias; II. 24. 
 
 55 
 Springs of the Hyllicus 
 
 Some of the Springs of the river Hyllicus, originally 
 called the Taurus or Taurius, were in the mountains 
 through which ran the road from Troezen to Hermione. 
 
 Near them was the temple where Theseus was said to 
 have married Helen of Troy; and also the rock under 
 which he found the sword of his father JEgens, the rec- 
 ognition of which saved Theseus' life when his father, who 
 had not seen him since infancy, not knowing who he was, 
 was about to give him a poisoned draught at the instiga- 
 tion of his stepmother Medea. (See Hyoessa, No. 50.) 
 
 Pausanias; II. 32. 
 
 56 
 
 Methana 
 
 About thirty stadia from Methana there were some 
 Springs of such heat that they warmed the waters of the 
 Saronic Gulf into which they flowed. 
 
ARGOLIS 67 
 
 These Springs had their beginning in a blaze of glory, 
 for, at a time when their site was dry, a flame burst 
 suddenly from the ground and formed an imposing pillar 
 of fire; then, after the column had burned itself away, the 
 waters began to flow and afterwards continued per- 
 manently to bubble up, very warm and very salt, and 
 creating a mild temperature that attracted many sorts of 
 ocean monsters, especially sea dogs, that made it danger- 
 ous for anyone to attempt to swim in the vicinity. 
 
 The eruption cast up a mountain half a mile high, and 
 caused such heat and sulphureous smells that the place 
 was unapproachable by day, for, strange to say, at night 
 the odor became agreeable. The volcanic fires cast their 
 lights to great distances and made the sea boil, for half a 
 mile from the shore, so violently that the agitation ex- 
 tended for two miles beyond. 
 
 This disturbance occurred some 250 years B.C., but the 
 Springs are still hot and sulphureous; there are two of 
 them now known as Vroma and Vromolimni, in the small 
 peninsula north of Damala, and they are of especial 
 interest on account of their origin, for although the 
 Peloponnesus has often suffered from earthquakes and 
 tidal waves there are few traces of volcanic action in any 
 part of it except in the neighborhood of these Springs. 
 
 Pausanias; II. 34. 
 StrabojI. 3. 5 18. 
 
 57 
 Wells of Hermione 
 
 The people of the town of Hermione had two Wells. 
 
 Notwithstanding the fact that the older one of these 
 wells was of such magnitude and copiousness that the 
 whole population could never have exhausted it, they 
 
68 GREECE; PELOPONNESUS 
 
 rather strangely went to the trouble of digging the second 
 well which tapped a stream flowing from a place called 
 Meadow. 
 
 The water of the old Well flowed into it by a hidden 
 channel. 
 
 Hermione was at the southern limits of Argolis where 
 there is now a little village called Kastri. It contained 
 the sanctuary of Clymenus surrounded with a stone fence 
 that enclosed the entrance to a short cut and inexpensive 
 route to Hades which was so quickly reached from Her- 
 mione that its people never placed in the mouths of their 
 departed friends any fee for the ferryman Charon, an 
 expense for which the bereaved among all other Grecians 
 were obliged to make provision. 
 
 Pausanias; II. 35. 
 
 58 
 
 Well of Canathus 
 
 Nauplia was deserted and in ruins two thousand years 
 ago, when all that was left of it were vestiges of the walls 
 and of a Temple of Poseidon, and this Well of Canathus. 
 
 The identifier frequently has reason to give thanks for 
 the aid that the persistency of Springs affords him. 
 Where a city has crtunbled to rubbish and its stones have 
 perhaps been stolen to start a new town in another local- 
 ity — when nothing is left of the work of the men who con- 
 structed the city, its site may often still be identified by 
 the authenticating autograph the fountain pen of Nature 
 still traces with the water of its ever flowing Spring. 
 
 But in the instance of this old town, Hera's habit also 
 helped to point out what was once Nauplia, for, until 
 Grecian faith in her existence was lost, she continued her 
 
ARGOLIS 69 
 
 ancient practice of repairing yearly to the Spring of 
 Canathus to bathe in it and become a virgin again. 
 
 On a neighboring rock there was carved the figure of 
 an ass to commemorate the fact that his fondness for 
 gnawing the twigs of the grape vines first taught man the 
 benefit of pruning them to bring about a more abundant 
 yield of fruit. 
 
 The history of the town of Nauplia offers a striking 
 instance of rejuvenations which, according to individual 
 fancy, may be considered accidental coincidences or as 
 confirmations of the restorative powers that Hera found 
 in the Well of Canathus. 
 
 Named by Nauplius, a son of Poseidon and Amymone, 
 it became a city of independence. 
 
 Then its citizens were driven away by the Argives and 
 it lapsed into nonentity and fell into ruin. 
 
 In the Middle Ages, however, it showed new signs of 
 life; but in 1205 it suffered in a successful siege by the 
 Franks. 
 
 Two hundred years later it was captured by the Vene- 
 tians; and a hundred and fifty years after that it fell into 
 the hands of the Turks. 
 
 A century and a half later, the Greeks recaptured it 
 and not only restored it but made it the seat of the na- 
 tional government, which it continued to be until 1834 
 when Athens acquired the honor. 
 
 It is additionally strange to find it described a few 
 years ago not only as having one of the strongest for- 
 tresses in Europe, but as looking more like a REAL 
 town than any other place with that designation in 
 Greece. 
 
 And even its ancient name, received from Amymone's 
 son, has been restored. 
 
 Pausanias; II. 38. 
 
70 GREECE; PELOPONNESUS 
 
 59 
 Wells and Fountains of ^sculapius 
 
 The principal Well of ^sculapius was in his native 
 town of Epidaurus on the eastern coast of Argolis; it was 
 in the temple, and his throne and statue were set over the 
 Well, which provided enough moisture to keep the ivory 
 from checking — in dry temples it was customary to 
 sprinkle ivory statues with water, and in damp temples to 
 rub them with oil to preserve them. 
 
 But other wells of the first physician, with nearly lOO 
 shrines, were found in profusion throughout the length 
 and breadth of Greece, all dedicated to him and bearing 
 his name, and if other testimony were lacking they alone 
 would furnish ample proof of the monopoly in medicine 
 that he enjoyed. 
 
 These wells indicate that he very carefully canvassed 
 the country in person and had his name attached to them 
 with a full appreciation of the value of advertising, of 
 which he might be called the discoverer without fear of 
 raising a counter-claimant. They bring to mind the 
 private mile boards that picket so many modern rail- 
 ways and apprize the passengers from minute to minute 
 that they are so many stadia nearer the celebrated em- 
 porium of such a one in the city indicated. Travelers in 
 Greece had merely to follow the Wells of ^sculapius to 
 come in due course to the seaport from which to embark 
 for his office in Epidaurus, to which place whole cargoes 
 of clients were wont to set sail to consult him, and from 
 which they usually returned carrying in the hold of the 
 vessel a dragon, which the famous physician seems to 
 have been in the habit of dispensing in lieu of drugs. 
 
 In those days when open air existence was the rule, 
 and when some men still lived like Nestor for several 
 
ARGOLIS 
 
 71 
 
 generations, the ills of poisoned arrows were perhaps 
 only less prevalent than those of disease, and as a dragon 
 was but a snake the ancients may have known how to 
 make a counteracting serum from ^sculapius' stock, as 
 the Brazilian does from the South American rattlesnake. 
 
 It was never too late to be taken to ^Esculapius, for it 
 was no uncommon belief that he had even restored the 
 dead to life. 
 
 Among the resuscitated whose names and addresses 
 were given are: Androgeus, son of King Minos; Capaneus; 
 Glaucus; Hymenaeus, killed by the collapse of his house 
 on his wedding day; Hippolitus; Lycurgus, the son of 
 Pronax; and Tyndarus. 
 
 But even advertising may be carried too far and ex- 
 haust the capital, as the Epidaurian doctor found to his 
 cost, for his own death was due to his crowning claim of 
 being a life restorer; it raised the apprehensions of Pluto 
 who foresaw that such skill would soon put his ferry out 
 of business and prevent any increase in the number of 
 inhabitants in his underground Kingdom of Hades — and 
 Zeus, at Pluto's earnest solicitation, slew jEsculapius with 
 a flash of lightning. 
 
 The train of events that followed that flash endured 
 for a year, for Apollo having craftily ferreted out the 
 individual Cyclops who fashioned the bolt, bow-and- 
 arrowed him; and Jupiter, angered at this indirect shot 
 at himself, condemned Apollo to serve for twelve months 
 as a bondman, and he was indentured to King Admetus 
 of Thessaly. 
 
 The account adds the intimate detail that the monarch 
 made the god a swineherd on the banks of the river 
 Amphrysos, but does not state to whom was delegated 
 the duty of conducting the chariot of the Sun during 
 Apollo's year of service. 
 
72 GREECE; PELOPONNESUS 
 
 Had the great doctor disclosed the secret of life, his 
 students would have been able to make use of it in his 
 own behalf, and the moral is, therefore, more than a hint 
 to all secretive inventors. The fact that his disciples did 
 not restore him to life invalidates the malicious rumor 
 that in raising the dead he used the blood from the veins 
 of the right side of Medusa, and that he killed people 
 with the blood from her left side. 
 
 jEsculapius, who perhaps considered such a disclosure 
 quite unnecessary for his own benefit, would, however, 
 have done well to provide for accidents which no medical 
 power can avert, such as the flash of lightning, and hun- 
 dreds of minor mischances of daily occurrence, through 
 one of which a descendant of ^sculapius came to grief. 
 Asclepiades was the descendant's name, and so great was 
 his confidence in his skill that he laid a wager that he 
 would never be even sick ; a wager that the recorder dryly 
 states he won — as he met his death by falling down- 
 stairs. 
 
 Apollo's interest in revenging the death of the Doctor 
 may be accounted for by either of two rumors ; one, that 
 he was the father of .^Esculapius ; and the other, that 
 Hymenseus whom the physician restored to life was one 
 of Apollo's sons. But it is less easy to surmise why Hy- 
 men, as the unfortunate youth is generally called, whose 
 wedding day was so very inauspicious, should have been 
 made the god of marriage at whose altar all happy lovers 
 still continue to address their vows, although perhaps few 
 of them are aware that he was but the bridegroom of a 
 day. 
 
 The Temple of ^sculapius was outside of the town of 
 Epidaurus (which received its name from its founder, a 
 son of Pelops) in a sacred grove which was walled in on 
 all sides. In the grove there was a Fountain well worth 
 
ARGOLIS 73 
 
 seeing because of its decorations and the roof that had 
 been raised above it ; and about it were numerous pillars 
 on which were recorded the names and the maladies of 
 those whom ^sculapius had cured. 
 
 The grounds of the temple near the present village of 
 Pidhavro are covered with ruins that have not yet been 
 thoroughly investigated, but many of the testimonial 
 tablets have been brought to light, and the Temple Well 
 has been found and restored to its ancient condition. It 
 is fifty-five feet deep and is still supplied from its former 
 underground source. 
 
 Some portions of the source of a brook have also been 
 uncovered, and they are in all probability parts of the 
 channel through which ran the water of the Fountain 
 whose decorations were a striking feature in the grounds 
 that surround the temple. (See No. 103.) 
 
 Pausantas; II. 27. 
 
 60 
 
 Dine 
 
 The Fountain of Dine rose in the sea near a place called 
 Genethlium. 
 
 It was a Spring of fresh and sweet water, sacred to 
 Poseidon, and sacrifices of bridled horses were offered to 
 him there, apparently by throwing the ready-to-ride 
 animals into the Spring. 
 
 Nearby was a spot of as great interest to the Greeks 
 as the Pilgrims' Rock became to Americans, because it 
 was there that Danaus disembarked with his fifty 
 daughters when he first came to the Peloponnesus from 
 Chemnis in Egypt. 
 
 The surrounding country was named Pyramia, from 
 
74 GREECE; PELOPONNESUS 
 
 the number of pyramidal monuments that were scattered 
 over its surface. 
 
 The Spring is now called Anavalos. It is some five 
 miles south of Amymone and appears a quarter of a mile 
 off shore, gushing up with such force as to form a mound 
 of water and set the sea in commotion for several hundred 
 feet around it. Mariners are said to supply their vessels 
 from this Sea Spring with less trouble than it would be to 
 water from a land-locked Fountain, using, perhaps, some 
 means similar to those employed by the sailors who water 
 at the Spring of Aradus. (See No. 355.) 
 
 Pausanias; VIII. 7- & II- 38. 
 
LACONIA 
 6i 
 
 ^SCULAPIUS 
 
 The district of Laconia had several Springs that were 
 dedicated to ^sculapius, and it had a town, Epidaurus, 
 named after his birthplace in Argolis, which was founded 
 by a shipload of his patients who were driven there in a 
 storm. They had the usual .^Esculapian prescription of a 
 dragon with them, and when it made its escape from the 
 ship and darted into a hole in the ground they were con- 
 vinced by visions and the dragon's strange behavior that 
 they should stay and make a settlement, which they 
 accordingly did. 
 
 One of his Springs was at ; — 
 
 Pausanias; III. 23. 
 
 62 
 
 Gythium, 
 
 where he had a Fountain and a shrine and a brazen 
 statue. 
 
 Three furlongs from the town there was a white stone 
 upon which Orestes was said to have sat to be cured 
 of his madness; the "old man" that the townspeople 
 talked about was, however, not Orestes but the original 
 "Old Man of the Sea," Nereus, though what they said 
 about him Pausanias tantalizingly refrains from stating. 
 
 75 
 
76 GREECE; PELOPONNESUS 
 
 Gythium was a short distance to the west of the mouth 
 of the River Eurotas. 
 
 Thirty stadia from Gythium was the small town of 
 ^giae that had a remarkable body of water called Posei- 
 don's Marsh, in the neighborhood of which mushroom 
 mining stock companies of those days probably found a 
 fertile field for their operations. The Marsh though full 
 of fine fish was given a wide berth by all the progenitors 
 of Isaac Walton, and none of the beauties was ever either 
 eaten or caught because of a general and unchallenged 
 belief that anyone who cast a line or a net into the 
 uncanny waters would immediately himself become 
 a fish. 
 
 Opposite the city of Gythium lay the small island of 
 Cranas, and a shrewd,_foresighted statesman who scanned 
 the shipping news from its little port on a memorable 
 morning in the year 1 195 B.C. would have known at once 
 that he was reading the opening paragraph in the history 
 of the Siege of Troy when he saw, in the list of pas- 
 sengers who had sailed the day before, the names of 
 Paris and Helen, who had fled to the island in all haste 
 and immediately embarked for the city their escapade 
 doomed. 
 
 Little is left of Gythium but its Spring, and the Seat of 
 Orestes which is indicated by a chair carved in a wayside 
 rock a short distance from Marathonisi. 
 
 Another Spring of .ffisculapius was at ; — 
 
 63 
 
 Pellanis 
 
 The only notable objects here were the Temple of 
 .(^sculapius and the Fountain of Pellanis. This was a 
 
LACONIA 77 
 
 large Spring into which a nameless maiden fell when she 
 was filling her water jug. The maiden disappeared but the 
 veil she had worn was found in another fountain called ; — 
 
 64 
 Lancea, 
 
 of which nothing is related save that it received the lost 
 veil of the maiden who was drowned in the Fountain of 
 Pellanis. 
 
 The Springs of Pellanis and Lancea are supposed to 
 be two about seven miles from New Sparta (on the site of 
 ancient Sparta) ; the streams from them unite and flow 
 into the nearby Eurotas river. 
 
 Pausanias ; III . 21. (Gy thium) 
 Pausanias; III. 21. (Pellanis) 
 Pausanias; III. 21. (Lancea) 
 
 65 
 
 DORCEA 
 
 The Fountain of Dorcea at Sparta was an adjunct of 
 the temple of Dorceus who aroused the anger of Hercules 
 and was probably killed by the hero. 
 
 The fountain, if there was anything notable about it, 
 has lost its history in the more absorbing story of Sparta 
 itself which has become a synonym for all that is rugged, 
 as was even its speech which was said to be the least 
 euphonious of all the Grecian dialects. 
 
 The renown of such of its men as Leonidas, Menelaus, 
 and Lycurgus, has overshadowed the prowess of many 
 no less noteworthy individuals among its fair sex, for it 
 produced Cynisca, the first woman who bred horses, and 
 
78 GREECE; PELOPONNESUS 
 
 the first one to win the chariot race at Olympia; there was 
 also Euryleonis, another woman winner with horses at 
 that Mecca of skilled strength. When such mothers made 
 men, it is not to be marveled at that they made prodi- 
 gies of valor. And many of their sons were endowed with 
 bright brains no less than with muscle; what the Law 
 owes to Lycurgus, the statuaries owe to Theodorus, a 
 male resident of Sparta who discovered the art of fusing 
 and how to make statues of metal. 
 
 In one of its suburbs there was preserved for nearly a 
 thousand years the house of Menelaus ; and another sub- 
 urb contained the house of Phormio, preserved as a lesson 
 to inhospitable people; the story as told of it was that 
 Castor and Pollux having asked permission to occupy 
 one of Phormio's rooms over night were told to go 
 somewhere else as the room was that of his daughter. 
 The next morning his daughter and all of her attend- 
 ants had disappeared, and the room contained only some 
 statues of the indignant twins and a strong odor of 
 asafoetida. 
 
 In another suburb there was preserved the starting 
 place, and the road over which Odysseus ran the race in 
 which he won the faithful Penelope from the other suitors 
 in that peculiar courtship. 
 
 In the Spartan temple of Phoebe, there was suspended 
 from the roof, by fillets, the most wonderful egg that ever 
 was laid, the egg laid by Leda: its unknown and mysteri- 
 ous contents affording contemplative visitors more stores 
 of food for reflection than the nose of Cleopatra; one 
 might wonder if it were the unhatched twin of Helen, and 
 if it once, or maybe still, contained as many miseries as 
 the latter mothered. 
 
 The Spartan temple to Apollo was built to propitiate 
 him for the liberty that was taken in cutting down his 
 
LACONIA 79 
 
 grove of cornel trees on Mt. Ida for boards to raake the 
 Wooden Horse that brought about over night the capture 
 of Troy that ten years of fighting had failed to effect. 
 
 Sparta, which was also called Lacedasmon, was the 
 capital of Laconia and the chief city of the Peloponnesus. 
 It resembled Rome in being built on and about a nimiber 
 of hills; and, like Rome, it was captured by Alaric, in 
 396 A.D., several years before he took the Holy City. 
 
 The hills of Sparta's site are found at the upper end of 
 the valley of the Eurotas and west of that river, where it 
 runs along the western side of Mt. Tageytus, now S. 
 Elias, which reached its greatest height of 7902 feet 
 opposite Sparta. 
 
 The city's ruins have not yet been sufficiently un- 
 covered to determine which of several Springs among 
 them is the one that was called the Fountain of Dorcea. 
 
 Pausanias; III. 15. 
 
 66 
 
 The Envoys' Well 
 
 The Envoys' Well at Sparta was the cause of a succes- 
 sion of troubles for the Lacedaemonians. 
 
 When Darius contemplated a military operation in 
 Greece he decided to feel the pulse of the people in ad- 
 vance in order to find out where he would meet with 
 opposition and where no resistance would be made; this 
 he accomplished by sending envoys to the different rulers 
 to demand earth and water as a token of their submission. 
 
 A number of minor districts were frightened into 
 acceding to the demand, but Athens and Sparta were not 
 to be coerced. The envoys to Athens were thrown into 
 the Barathrum, a deep pit into which criminals were 
 
8o GREECE; PELOPONNESUS 
 
 tossed when sentenced to death. At Sparta the deputa- 
 tion was solemnly conducted to the Well and was told 
 that it was welcome to all the earth and water there was 
 in it ; and then without further ceremony they flung all of 
 the envoys into the Well and left them to drown. 
 
 So many untoward circumstances, however, followed 
 this violation of the safe conduct universally accorded to 
 envoys that the Spartans became convinced that repara- 
 tion must be made, and volunteers were called for to go to 
 Persia and submit themselves for execution to atone for 
 the death of the envoys. 
 
 Two citizens, Sperthies and Bulis, men of distinguished 
 birth and eminent for their wealth, answered the call and 
 were sent to Xerxes who had succeeded Darius. But 
 when they were taken before the king and informed him 
 for what purpose they had come, he refused to accept 
 their sacrifice, and sent them back to Sparta with the 
 message that he declined to do, himself, an act that even 
 the Spartans considered reprehensible, and that he would 
 not by killing them relieve the Lacedaemonians from guilt. 
 
 Herodotus; VII. 133. 
 
 67 
 
 TiASSUS 
 
 The feast that the Lacedemonians called Copis was 
 celebrated in the Temple of Artemis (Corythallia) near 
 the Fountain of Tiassus. 
 
 The Copis was a peculiar entertainment for which they 
 erected tents under which were strewn beds of leaves 
 covered with carpets, on which anyone, native, or visit- 
 ing stranger, was at liberty to recline, and to regale him- 
 self with meats, and little round rolls made with oil and 
 
LACONIA 8i 
 
 honey; together with new-made cheese, and sHces of 
 small sucking pig with beans, and black puddings, sweet- 
 meats and dried figs. 
 
 The Spring was on the road between Sparta and Amy- 
 clae where Castor and Pollux lived. The legend that 
 Amyclfe perished through silence has formed the basis of 
 scores of modern stories. The original was to the effect 
 that the people had so often been disturbed by false 
 alarms of an enemy's approach that a law was passed 
 prohibiting any such reports. Afterwards, when the 
 Spartan King Teleclus actually did come against the 
 city, no one daring to break the law and shout a warning, 
 he met with no opposition and the city fell an easy prey 
 to his assault. 
 
 The source of a small stream, now called Magula, that 
 runs a little south of Sparta's site, is supposed to be the 
 Spring that supplied the sparkling beverage at the tem- 
 perance feast of Copis. 
 
 Athenaeus; IV. l6. 
 
 68 
 Messeis 
 
 The Fountain of Messeis was at Therapne on the 
 banks of the Eurotas river. 
 
 Just above the Fountain were the tombs of Menelaus 
 and Helen under the roof of the Temple of Menelaus in 
 which offerings were made by men who desired to become 
 brave, and by women who wished to be beautiful. 
 
 History gives many illustrations of the valor of the 
 Spartan warriors; and a striking instance is recorded of 
 the effect of supplications for beauty, made in the temple, 
 in the case of the wife of Ariston a king of Sparta about 
 560 B.C. As an infant she was the ugliest and most mis- 
 
 6 
 
82 GREECE; PELOPONNESUS 
 
 shapen child in Therapne, but, being carried to the temple 
 daily, she became before reaching marriageable age the 
 most beautiful woman in all Sparta. 
 
 Therapne was opposite the southeastern end of Sparta, 
 so near to it as to be sometimes referred to as a part of the 
 city. 
 
 Homer mentions another Fountain of the same name 
 which Strabo says was near Larissa in Thessaly. (See 
 Polydeucea.) 
 
 Herodotus;VI.6i. 
 Pausanias;III. 30. 
 
 69 
 
 Polydeucea 
 
 This Fountain and the Temple Polydeuces were on the 
 right of the road from Sparta and near Therapne. Some 
 people said that this Spring was anciently called Messeis. 
 
 Further on, by the road to Taygetus, was an interesting 
 place called Milltown (Alesiae), where Myles invented 
 mills and first ground grain efficiently, perhaps with power 
 from the very stream to which the Spring gave rise. 
 
 Pausanias; III. 30. 
 
 70 
 
 Marius 
 
 The town of Marius was a hundred stadia from Geron- 
 thrae. It possessed an old temple common to all the gods 
 and around it there was a grove with fountains. 
 
 There were also fountains in the Temple of Artemis, for 
 Marius rivaled Belemina in its water supply and had 
 indeed an abundance, if any place had. 
 
 The ruins of Marius are found within a mile and a half 
 
LACONIA 83 
 
 of a settlement now called Mari, and the place continues 
 to be characterized by the abundance of its fountains. 
 
 Fausanias ; III. 22. 
 
 71 
 
 Nymph^um 
 
 In the town of Nymphaeum there was a cave very near 
 the sea, and in the cave a Spring of fresh water. 
 
 This was between the promontory of Malea and the 
 town of Boea; the building of which was attributed to 
 .^neas at a time when he was driven into the bay by 
 storms, during his flight from Troy to Italy. 
 
 This Spring has been located at Santa Marina where 
 there is a grotto from which there issues a Spring of fresh 
 water. 
 
 PausaniaE; III. 23. 
 
 72 
 
 The Water of the Moon 
 
 Near Thalamse there was a roadside temple of brass 
 and an oracle of Ino where whatever any perplexed 
 applicants desired to know was made manifest to them in 
 dreams. 
 
 From this temple's sacred fount there flowed fresh 
 water called The Water of the Moon. 
 
 Ino was born the daughter of Cadmus, the founder of 
 letters and literature, but, fleeing from her bigamous and 
 crazy husband, Athamas, she threw herself into the sea 
 and was changed into a goddess under the name of 
 Leucothea. Her oracle in Laconia, so far away from 
 her birthplace, indicates tha,t even the prophetess 
 
84 GREECE; PELOPONNESUS 
 
 with a fortune in her name found her greatest honors 
 abroad. 
 
 Her name was linked with another place in Laconia 
 where a small but very deep lake, two stadia from Epi- 
 daurus Limera, was called The Water of Ino ; it was only 
 a small lake but it went very deep into the ground. 
 
 At the festival of Ino it was customary to throw barley 
 cakes into it, the throwers considering it a lucky sign if 
 the cakes sank, and the reverse if they floated. 
 
 It is now described as a deep pool of fresh water lOO 
 yards long and 30 broad, surrounded with reeds and near 
 the sea, not far from Platza. 
 
 Pausanias; III. 26. III. 23- 
 
 73 
 
 T^NARUM 
 
 There was a Fountain at Taenarum, a town that de- 
 rived its name from one, Taenarus, of Sparta. The town 
 occupied the southernmost point of the Peloponnesus, a 
 promontory of Laconia now called Cape Matapan. 
 
 Besides a celebrated Temple of Poseidon, and extensive 
 marble quarries, the people could point to that fascinat- 
 ing but generally invisible creation — a boundary line, 
 which, in their case was one of more than usual interest, 
 it being the line that divided the Upper world from the 
 Lower, the entrance to the latter being through the mouth 
 of a cave in the town, the very cave through which Her- 
 cules emerged from the dominions of Pluto when he 
 brought back with him the three-headed dog, Cerberus, 
 of the Infernal regions. 
 
 Pausanias saw the cave but refused to believe the 
 legend, first, because there was no underground passage 
 
LACONIA 85 
 
 from it; and, secondly, because, if there had been a pas- 
 sage, no one could easily believe that the gods had an 
 underground dwelling where departed souls congregate. 
 
 Christianity was crouching for its coming spring, and 
 although the army of mythological deities had been 
 strengthened by a shadowy reserve of " Unknown Gods" 
 the ancient and decrepit host was losing its vigor and its 
 votaries day by day. 
 
 The wonderful property of the town's Spring was, 
 however, less gruesome than the mouth of hell, and much 
 more entertaining than the marble quarries, or the 
 temple; but whether its power was a manifestation of 
 Crystallomancy, or was due to the reflection of mirages, 
 may never be known, as the power was suddenly lost very 
 long ago, and there is nothing left to investigate but an 
 ordinary every day Spring with nothing to distinguish it 
 from any other Spring of the commonplace kind. 
 
 The fountain's entertainment was apparently on the 
 order of modern picture theater representations, as who- 
 ever looked into it saw views of harbors and of ships. 
 
 Unfortunately this peculiarity was stopped for all time 
 by the act of one of the townsladies who, more intent on 
 the labors of the laundry than solicitous about strange 
 sights or the sanitary condition of the Spring, inadvert- 
 ently filled it with such apparel of her own and her house- 
 hold as needed the customary Monday soaking. 
 
 As the Spring's power had long been only legendary 
 even in very old times, the tradition may have originated 
 in someone's laudable desire to prevent those thoughtless 
 practices that are only too common wherever Springs are 
 found; for even the Virgin, if Mandeville mistook not, 
 did not hesitate to do light laundry work at any con- 
 venient Spring that she encountered in her journeyings, 
 without any apparent thought of what use the next 
 
86 GREECE; PELOPONNESUS 
 
 traveler to arrive might wish to make of the contam- 
 inated water. 
 
 Cape Matapan is the most southerly point in Europe 
 and forms one side of Quail Bay whose shores are the last 
 resting place of the quail on their Autumn passage to 
 Crete and Cyrene and its Spring. (No. 320.) 
 
 The old city has dwindled to a village called Kyparisso 
 whose cave is still the cul-de-sac that caused the doubts 
 of Pausanias. 
 
 Pausanias;III. 25. 
 
 74 
 Pluto's Springs 
 
 The entrance to Pluto's regions that is afforded by 
 the cave at Taenarum permits a glance at Pluto's 
 Springs. 
 
 They were created in the imagination of Pherecrates 
 who, in commenting upon the customs in the early times 
 of Saturn when freedom was universal and there were no 
 slaves, assumed that there was consequently no work to 
 be done, and that there was no necessity for planters, or 
 reapers, or craters, or carters. 
 
 He then describes Nature's forces as performing the 
 operations of toilers and servants, and pictm-es streams 
 that flowed straight down from Pluto's Springs and 
 carried relishes for every guest. Rivers then ran down 
 every road, though half choked up with comfits, rivers of 
 rich brown soup that bore upon their seasoned floods hot 
 rolls and cakes, and every product of the baking art; 
 while Jove, meantime, rained fragrant wine, as though 
 it were a bath. 
 
 And the trees upon the hills bore hot cooked meats 
 
LACONIA 87 
 
 instead of leaves ; and roasted fish and fowls and game, in 
 place of blossoms. 
 
 Athenseus; VI. 96. 
 
 75 
 Atalanta 
 
 Cyphanta in Laconia was a ruin two thousand years 
 ago. There was nothing left of it but a little temple of 
 .(Esculapius, with a stone statue of the god, and a stream 
 bubbling out from a rock split in three — a stream of soft 
 water which was the Spring of Atalanta. She was the 
 daughter of Jasus and Clymene of Arcadia. 
 
 Atalanta's father, who had desired a son, cast the 
 infant daughter adrift on the bleak sides of Mt. Parthen- 
 ios; but some kindly hunters found her, and, reared 
 among them in the forests, she grew to be their counter- 
 part in all save form. 
 
 Knowing nothing of the ways and work of women, she 
 found her whole pleasure in the wild life of the chase and 
 in the adventures of Amazons. She became one of the 
 buccanneer band of the Argonauts, and was the only 
 woman admitted to the desperate enterprise of the hunt 
 of the Calydonian boar. 
 
 So confident was she in her fleetness, and so averse to 
 the duties and softnesses of others of her sex, that she 
 delighted in racing the would-be wooers her wildness 
 attracted — her hand against their lives as the stake. 
 
 She was never outrun, but she finally lost through a 
 trick. 
 
 Stronger than Eve, two apples were not sufficient to 
 gain a triixmph over her, and Meilanion, or Hippomenes, 
 was obliged to delay her a third time in the race, to pick 
 
88 GREECE; PELOPONNESUS 
 
 up the golden apples of Venus, that he threw forward, in 
 order to reach the goal before her. 
 
 This fleet-footed Atalanta is not always recognized in 
 the lumbering lioness so often seen yoked with a shame 
 faced monarch of the forest to the car of Cybele. 
 
 The lion is Hippomenes, the only one of his team 
 mate's suitors who succeeded in winning a race with 
 her, and, the gods, turning them into draught animals, 
 fittingly punished them for disgracing the ideals of the 
 running track. The race should never have gone on 
 record and ought to have been protested on several 
 grounds; it was won by contemptible jockeying, and 
 was practically thrown for gold by the loser who was 
 heard to say before the start that she hoped she would 
 not win. 
 
 The golden apples were given to Hippomenes by Venus 
 who grew them in her garden in Cyprus; indeed Venus' 
 part in the scandal was the most detestable of all, for, 
 after making the fraud possible and depraving the poor 
 dupes, she lost her temper and humiliatingly had them 
 lionized because, forsooth, she was not given enough 
 credit for the outcome. 
 
 But the most remarkable feat of Atalanta's life is 
 seldom mentioned, and is nearly lost in a coui)le of lines 
 in a Grecian guide book two centuries old, which speaks 
 of the temple first, and then, in half a dozen words and 
 without even an exclamation point, tells of the origin of 
 the Spring — a wonder birth, at the like of which all the 
 assembled hosts of Israel stood aghast; for Atalanta on 
 one of her long-continued hunting expeditions, becoming 
 very thirsty, struck this rock of Cyphanta with her lance, 
 and the dry stone burst instantly, in sentient sjonpathy 
 with her craving, and became the basin of this bubbUng 
 Spring. 
 
LACONIA 89 
 
 The ancient Baedeker's direction for reaching Cyphanta 
 is simplicity itself, and though very short is longer than 
 his description of the place; it is: "You go along the 
 coast from Zarax about six stadia and then turn and 
 strike into the interior of the country for about ten stadia 
 — and you come to the ruins." 
 
 The Fountain has been located afCyparissa on the 
 eastern coast of Laconia; and, rather strangely, on the 
 other side of the Peloponnesus at Cyparissia in Messenia, 
 and on nearly the same parallel, the 57th, is the miracu- 
 lous Spring that Dionysus produced by striking a rock 
 with his thyrsus. (See No. 82.) 
 
 Pausanias, III. 24. 
 
 Ovid. Metamorphoses; X. Fable 9. 
 
 ApollodoTus; III. 9. §2. 
 
 76 
 Belemina 
 
 The town of Belemina had fountains in abundance; it 
 was in fact the best off for water in all Laconia, for in 
 addition to its numerous Springs the King of Rivers, as 
 the Eurotas is styled in its modern name of Basilipotamo, 
 ran through the city, in or .near which it made one of 
 its singular reappearances after its underground parting 
 with the Alpheus beyond Asea. 
 
 The town and its Springs were the cause of frequent con- 
 tentions between Laconia and Arcadia, being captured and 
 held a number of times, first by one and then by the 
 other. 
 
 Some ruins on the mountains now called Khelmos are 
 thought to be those of Belemina. 
 
 Pausanias; III. 21. 
 
90 GREECE; PELOPONNESUS 
 
 77 
 Fortunate Springs 
 
 Accepting as true, for the nonce, the assertion that 
 such as have had uneventful careers may be said to have 
 been the happiest people, there may be grouped under 
 the head of "Fortunate" a number of Springs that not 
 only had no history of their own but that flowed in places 
 or among peoples that were equally fortunate, peoples 
 who left no records themselves, and of whom nothing was 
 recorded by others; Springs of which nothing more can 
 be said than simply, They Were, or, in general, more 
 accurately. They Are. 
 
 A Fountain that is tagged with a tale or a legend may 
 have an interest added to its normal function, but the 
 Spring in which no disconsolate Fair One drowned herself, 
 or that arose from no Sorrowing Beauty's tears, may 
 have done as much good for the world or its city as any 
 well lauded and widely known fountain; and as such 
 Springs furnished life-needed drink for the people of old, 
 so may they supply food for random reflections to the 
 people of later days. 
 
 In Nature's great scheme, which the wisest has not yet 
 been able to fathom, it is impolitic to say that this or 
 that is useless. It would be equally tyronic to affirm 
 that Alexander the Great was useless merely because 
 there is apparently no condition in the world that would 
 not have been as good as it is to-day if Alexander had 
 never existed. If the chief end of life is to be happy, then 
 Alexander ruined the lives of most of the peoples with 
 whom he came in contact.. If the principal end is to pre- 
 pare for a future existence, then he lopped off the lives of 
 a multitude before their preparations had been completed. 
 
 Alexanders, however, like other Anacondas, seem to be 
 
LACONIA 91 
 
 an inseparable concomitant of some sorts of existence, 
 and although no one has yet found out why they are so, 
 no one can see far enough ahead or behind to offer any 
 satisfactory argument why they should not be. 
 
 An humble Egyptian who helped to build the pyramids 
 and did honest work that remains long after shoddy con- 
 struction of later years collapsed or was condemned, played 
 a valuable part in the world's history, and, at a cursory 
 glance, is as useful to-day as is Alexander the Gone. 
 
 Without the Egyptian and his millions of fellaheen 
 mates the pyramids would never have been built, for there 
 were never enough architects in Egypt to have leveled 
 and laid the stones of those wonders before the Dynasties 
 interested in their completion had died out and given 
 place to others who were solely or much more concerned 
 in perpetuating memories of their own particular lines. 
 
 It might be said that the pyramids to-day benefit 
 nothing but a tourist agency, and a car line that would 
 never have been built if Cheops' mind had run to some- 
 thing other than architecture to preserve his name or his 
 mvunmy ; to which the rejoinder might be made that they 
 are an incentive to do good work, and that good work 
 and good deeds are from any point of view better than 
 work and deeds that are bad. 
 
 There are, no doubt, at this moment blooming in 
 jungles that Man never sees, as beautiful orchids as one 
 can find in the finest horticultural gardens; and nothing 
 more appreciative than a cockatoo or a monkey ever sees 
 them; though in the scheme of Nature they probably 
 have some use, and play a part, if it be only to enrich the 
 ground at their death and so keep it in condition to be 
 some day a center of civilization to take the place of 
 another center that shall be shifted to one side and made 
 uninhabitable by some coming convulsion of the Earth. 
 
92 GREECE; PELOPONNESUS 
 
 And those placid Springs, with nothing but a name, 
 without which the cities near them would never have 
 been founded; those Springs that furnished the pure life- 
 needed liquid that enabled the citizens to grow, even 
 though they did not produce great works or do great 
 deeds, are no less to be respected and worthy of being 
 mentioned by such names as they were gratefully given, 
 than the founts of fulsome fable. 
 
 Such Springs served a purpose, and perhaps they are 
 doing so still, for little short of an earthquake can stop 
 the flow of a hardy fountain. Cutting a conduit through 
 a country or a city sometimes makes a Spring a "traveler" 
 that moves its mouth in protest, or makes a new one 
 somewhere else, if it is not as nowadays diverted into the 
 conduit itself. 
 
 Even an earthquake is often ineffective, for the tears 
 that fall from the head of a mountain are not stopped by 
 shaking another part of the earth a hundred miles away, 
 and the numerous fresh-water Springs in the ocean are 
 probably the original fountains of a land that some up- 
 heaval of Nature in one place, and a consequent subsid- 
 ence in another, cast the ocean over without interfering 
 with their ceaseless activities, which continue below the 
 sea's surface as strenuously as they did when they were 
 atop of terra firma. 
 
 The names and locations of such Fortunate Springs of 
 Laconia as have not already been mentioned will be 
 found in the following four numbers: 
 
 78 
 Anonus 
 
 Dereum on Mt. Taygetus had a statue of Derean 
 Artemis, and near it a Fountain called Anonus. 
 
LACONIA 93 
 
 79 
 Gelaco 
 
 This fountain was near the town of Las, and was so 
 called because of the milky color of its water. 
 
 Las, the founder of the town, was killed by Pa- 
 troclus. 
 
 This Fount was two and a half miles from the sea, and 
 eight from Gythium. It is near a village called Karvela 
 and its little stream is now the Turkovrysa. 
 
 80 
 Naia 
 
 At Teuthrone there was a fountain named Naia. 
 
 Teuthrone has become a village called Kotrones; it is 
 on the west side of the Laconian gulf and nineteen miles 
 from Cape Matapan. 
 
 81 
 Geronthr^ 
 
 Geronthrae had a temple and grove of Ares, and 
 near the market place were fountains of drinking 
 water. 
 
 Gheraki, a corruption of the old name, is the present 
 designation of the town, and the position of the ancient 
 market place is plainly pointed out by a number of 
 Springs below the citadel. 
 
 Pausanias; III. 20. (Anonus) 
 
 Pausanias; III. 24- (Gelaco) 
 
 Pausanias; III. 25. (Naia) 
 
 Pausanias; III. 22. (Geronthra) 
 
MESSENIA 
 
 82 
 Dionysus' Spring 
 
 There was a Spring below the city of Cyparissias close 
 to the sea. It was called the Spring of Dionysus because 
 he produced it by striking the ground with his thyrsus. 
 
 One might surmise that the thyrsus, trimmed with 
 vine leaves and crowned with a pine cone, was primitively 
 a traveling larder, a stick bound with bunches of grapes 
 and pine cones; a larder somewhat rudely imitated in a 
 child's loUypop stick, and perfected in the Mexican's 
 cooked tortilla hat which provisions him for an extended 
 journey. 
 
 Grapes and cones tied to a stick are easily transported 
 by one who has no pockets, and even by one who has, for 
 a pocket is not an ideal container for grapes. 
 
 They who have motored and dined in the countries 
 through which Dionysus tramped have probably en- 
 joyed eating pine cones without ever knowing that they 
 have tasted them. They form one of the pleasantest 
 ingredients of the best salads that are served along Medi- 
 terranean shores, and one of the cones is an ample meal 
 for one of the humble classes. 
 
 The cone has at the base of each little scale two deli- 
 cious white cylindrical nuts, instead of the soft pulp of 
 the artichoke which is modeled architecturally much on 
 the same plan. 
 
 The scales are pulled off and the nuts are eaten green 
 -^ 94 
 
MESSENIA 95 
 
 on a walk, or, if leisure serves, the cone is set before a 
 fire whose heat swells the scales apart and warms the little 
 nuts, which the Italians call pinolas. 
 
 If Dionysus had had the foresight to use a hollow cane 
 instead of a stick for his thyrsus, he would not have had 
 to emulate Moses to moisten his meal when he had 
 finished his repast, but in that case his Spring would not 
 have been heard of and he himself might have come down 
 to posterity through the Messenian patent office and not 
 through Pausanias. 
 
 This Spring is in the modern town still called Cyparis- 
 sia, where, on its southern side, a fine stream gushes out 
 of a rock and flows into the sea close at hand. 
 
 Pausanias; IV. 36, 
 
 83 
 
 Clepsydra 
 
 The Spring called Clepsydra had its source on Mt. 
 Ithome in Messenia, where the mountain overhung the 
 town of Messene and made a commanding site for its 
 citadel. 
 
 Its water was used daily for religious purposes in the 
 nearby Temple of Zeus, and also supplied the secular 
 necessities of the citizens, being carried underground into 
 the market place at Messene, through a conduit, named Ar- 
 sinoe after the daughter of Leucippus, a Messenian prince. 
 
 This Spring excites particular interest from the fact 
 that the Messenians held it to be the site of the rearing- 
 place of Zeus, for the Pelasgian, always an improving 
 plagiarist, whether in architecture, art or literature, 
 prefixed a chapter to the Hebrew history of the World's 
 creation, which gave an account of the ancestry and 
 
96 GREECE; PELOPONNESUS 
 
 parentage of his Jehovah, the Jove of the Romans, and 
 the Zeus of the Greeks. 
 
 According to this account, Cronus, his cannibalistic 
 father, who had a predilection for eating his progeny, was 
 presented with a stone by his wife, and swallowed it, 
 thinking he was eating his son, who, however, had been 
 given into the care of Ithome and Neda, two Nymphs of 
 Mt. Ithome, where, at this Spring, they washed and 
 began to rear the great Divinity. 
 
 It is said that it was from the secret removal of the 
 infant to conceal him from his father that the Spring got 
 its name which comes from the same root as klepto- 
 maniac, the elegant euphemism that is applied to well- 
 to-do later-day people who carry off something without 
 first obtaining the owner's consent. 
 
 There were several localities that claimed the honor of 
 being the birthplace of Zeus, principly Crete and Arcadia. 
 
 Hesiod, in about 800 B.C., seems to have accepted Crete 
 as the rearing-place of Zeus; Cretan and fibbing, however, 
 had long been synonymous; and the islanders' prepos- 
 terous statement that Zeus was buried in Crete did not 
 make it any the easier to credit their contention about the 
 deity's nativity. 
 
 Callimachus, of about 250 B.C., names Mt. Lycaeus in 
 Arcadia as the birthplace, and says the god was taken 
 thence to the island of Crete where he was placed in a 
 golden cradle and brought up on the milk of the goat 
 Amalthea, and on honey especially made for him by the 
 bees of Mt. Ida. 
 
 The poetess Moero adds that water or nectar for the 
 infant god was daily brought through the air by an eagle 
 that drew it from a distant fountain, which, if it was the 
 Messenian Spring Clepsydra, might throw another light 
 on the origin of its name. 
 
MESSENIA 97 
 
 Two ways suggest themselves, by either of which one 
 might account for the rival roots of the godly genealogi- 
 cal tree; the first, by supposing them to have grown out 
 of a similarity of names in different places — a nightmare 
 that often carried its various riders in different directions 
 even while they dreamed they were bound for the same 
 destination. And, in fact, such similarities, in connection 
 with the birth of Zeus, are found, both in the names of 
 people and of places; the nurse-nymph Neda appears 
 both as an Arcadian and as a Messenian; and Crete is 
 found as a district in Arcadia far away from the island; 
 while Arcadia is not only a country in the Peloponnesus, 
 but also a city in Crete, a city which is said to have had 
 numerous Springs, all of which dried up when the city 
 was, very anciently, razed to the ground. That town was 
 afterwards rebuilt in the southeastern foothills of Mt. 
 Ida, and the Springs reappeared in their former places. 
 
 The second way, in accounting for the roots, is by con- 
 ceiving that they sprouted in two or more places whose 
 local and differing traditions persisted even after all 
 Greece- dominated countries had accepted a national re- 
 Hgion with only one family of gods, of which Zeus was the 
 chief and mightiest. 
 
 The Greeks, most admirably and in all sincerity, con- 
 sidered their Zeus the chief god of the universe; and, as 
 they became acquainted with foreign religions, they 
 simply substituted Zeus for whatever the barbarians 
 ignorantly called their own chief divinity. Thus in the 
 course of time so many Zeuses were mentioned that Varro 
 estimated the number of them at three hundred, many of 
 whom no doubt had individual birth traditions, of which 
 the most persistent were those of the original chief Cretan 
 divinity and the original chief Arcadian divinity, two that 
 may have been kept alive either through intense local 
 
98 GREECE; PELOPONNESUS 
 
 pride, or by writers loath to leave out of their records any 
 fragment of ancient lore; records made before Hesiod's 
 time, and long ago lost. 
 
 A little village 1375 feet up the side of the Messenian 
 mountain at present occupies part of the site of the an- 
 cient city of Messene. It is named after the Spring 
 Clepsydra which the people today call Mavromati, the 
 Black Spring, whose stream, having with the assistance 
 of an earthquake escaped from its old-time conduit, now 
 dances in joyous freedom through the village street. 
 Above the settlement some ruins of a pillared portico 
 before a grotto cut in the mountain rock evidently mark 
 a two-thousand-year-old resting-place that was made for 
 the stream on its run from the source to the city. 
 
 Another Spring called Clepsydra was at Athens; and 
 Neda's Spring was in Arcadia. 
 
 Pausanias; IV. 33. 
 
 84 
 
 Pamisus 
 
 The sources of the Pamisus were near the northern 
 boundary of the district, and the river in its course to the 
 Gulf of Messenia cut the country into two nearly equal 
 parts, coming out between the right arm and thigh of the 
 short-legged and headless giant that is sketched by the 
 outline of the Peloponnesus. 
 
 Thus, traversing the entire extent of the district, it was 
 from the Messenian point of view a worthy and im- 
 pressive river, navigable, according to one of its eulogists, 
 for a distance that would correspond, on the Mississippi, 
 to one hundred and twenty-five miles. 
 
 The waters of the Pamisus were clear and limpid, and 
 
MESSENIA 99 
 
 not full of mud as the other rivers were, and its fish were 
 in consequence finer in appearance and more palatable 
 than those that were fed in other streams on a more miry 
 diet. The lands along its course were unusually fertik; 
 and the annual sacrifice of the King was always made on 
 its banks. Hence the whole community, the King, the 
 farmer, the fisher, and even the fish, found reason for 
 pride or pleasure in the Pamisus. 
 
 Its most remarkable virtue, however, was a certain 
 limited therapeutical power which enabled mothers who 
 had any young Greek gamin with a disease to cure him 
 merely by dipping him in the river water. 
 
 Apparently the river's healing powers were not exerted 
 for the benefit of girls or for a male beyond that stage 
 when he is sometimes designated with no particular 
 degree of respect as "the small boy." 
 
 Someone may smile at the absurdity of the idea and at 
 the credulity of people who could have such a belief; but 
 there are many parents to-day living near the shore haunts 
 of whales who do not lose the opportunity when one of 
 those monsters is cast ashore, of placing their young 
 children in its mouth, in the firm conviction that the 
 children will absorb some of the whale's strength and 
 longevity while in contact with its tissues. 
 
 The Pamisus is now the Dhipotamo, the Double River. 
 
 Pausanias; IV. 31. 
 
 85 
 
 Phar^ 
 
 The town of Pharse lay a short distance to the east of 
 the mouth of the River Pamisus, and six stadia from the 
 sea. 
 
loo GREECE; PELOPONNESUS 
 
 It had a grove of Carnean Apollo with a fountain of 
 water in it. 
 
 The town of Pharae in Achaia had a Well concerning 
 which more information is given. 
 
 The Messenian Pharae occupied the site of the present 
 Kalamita, the modern capital of the country and the 
 focus of the revolution that spread over Greece in 1 82 1 . 
 
 Pausanias; IV. 31. 
 
 86 
 
 The Well Achaia 
 
 The ruins of Dorium and the Well Achaia were beyond 
 Polichne and the river Electra. 
 
 It was there that Thamyris was stricken with blindness. 
 
 The district of Achaia being far away from this Well, 
 it is not clear why it was so called ; for it was not until the 
 time of Sulla that Greece as a Roman province was 
 known as Achaia. 
 
 Perhaps some page of ancient history has been lost 
 that would explain why the Well was so called, and why 
 the harbor of the Messenian seaport town of Corone 
 was called the Port of the Achasans ; as also why the hill 
 near Samicum on the coast of Elis further north was in 
 very ancient times called the Achaean Rocks. 
 
 And the cause of Thamyris' blindness is a companion 
 mystery. According to Homer it was the punishment for 
 his effrontery in boasting that he could excel the Muses in 
 singing. On the other hand, Prodicus said that the 
 penalty was not exacted until Thamyris reached Hades. 
 
 Still another authority, whose skepticism frequently 
 crops out when relating matters of general belief among 
 his contemporaries, attributes the loss of the boastful 
 
MESSENIA loi 
 
 singer's eyesight to the same cause that made Homer 
 blind — to a commonplace disease. 
 
 The ruins of Dorium are supposed to be buried some- 
 where in the plain now called Sulima. 
 
 Pausanias; IV. 33. 
 
 87 
 CECHALIA 
 
 The plain of Stenyclerus lay beyond the two rivers 
 Leucasia and Amphitus, and opposite the plain was a 
 grove of cypress trees, called, in ancient days, CEchalia, 
 but in later times, that is, some two thousand years ago. 
 The Carnasian Grove. 
 
 The grove contained many statues and one of them, 
 representing Demeter, was placed near a welling Spring 
 of water. 
 
 Mysterious rites were celebrated around the Spring in 
 the wood, rites that were only second in sanctity to the 
 mysteries of the Eleusinians, and any description of those 
 rites was interdicted no less strictly than in Eleusis. 
 
 The river Charadrus flowed along one side of the Car- 
 nasian Grove. 
 
 Charadrus was a common name in Greece for a moun- 
 tain torrent, and the site of CEchalia was not agreed 
 ttpon, even among ancient writers. 
 
 Pausanias; IV. 33. 
 
 Plataniston 
 
 About twenty stadia from the town of Corone, which 
 lay under the mountain Mathia, there was one of 
 
102 GREECE; PELOPONNESUS 
 
 that peculiar class of Springs that has a tree for its 
 home. 
 
 Possibly it is not a case of selection on the part of the 
 Spring but of compulsion by the tree whose roots in their 
 powerful boring through the earth, penetrate an under- 
 ground current and open up a new outlet that pressure 
 compels it to use. 
 
 In this instance it was a platanos, a plane tree, that 
 gave the Spring its name, and that housed it like a small 
 cave, broad and hollow. 
 
 A strong stream of fresh water flowed from the tree and 
 ran all the way to Corone which was a modern town 
 before History began to reckon from the Christian 
 era, and grew over what had been an old town called 
 Mpea, among the ruins of which the builders of the 
 new one dug up a brass crow, for which their word was 
 Corone. 
 
 Corone was a seaport on the western side of the Mes- 
 senian Gulf and is now named Petalidhi. 
 
 Pausanias; IV. 34. 
 
 89 
 MOTHONE 
 
 Mothone, at the extreme south west point of Mes- 
 senia, was a very old town which was known as Pedasus 
 before the Trojan war, and was only given the other 
 name after that event, probably to honor Mothone the 
 daughter of Diomede, not the ferocious Thracian King 
 who fed his man-eating horses on the prisoners he cap- 
 tured in his conflicts, but the hero who next to Achilles 
 was the most illustrious of the expeditionary forces. 
 
 Mothone possessed what was probably a valuable 
 
MESSENIA 
 
 103 
 
 asset in a peculiar Well that contained a mixture of water 
 and pitch that resembled Cyzicenian ointment. 
 
 The town also had a temple to the Goddess of the 
 Winds; it was erected in gratitude to Athena who, in 
 answer to the prayers of Diomede, had relieved the town 
 of a constant scourge of violent and unseasonable winds 
 that frequently blew over it and caused great damage. 
 After the prayers were offered no trouble from wind ever 
 came to the townspeople thenceforward, and the temple 
 was built to prove to the goddess how deeply they appre- 
 ciated her kind interference in their behalf. 
 
 Modon is the modern name of the place, but search 
 and inquiry for the peculiar Well have proved fruitless. 
 
 Pausanias; IV. 35. 
 
ELIS 
 90 
 
 PlERA 
 
 The District of Elis was the cradle of Athletics. There 
 was wrestling in the plain of Olympia before there was 
 writing at the foot of Parnassus, for, as early as fifty 
 years after the Deluge of Deucalion contests were held 
 in that plain, where, between Olympia and Elis, the 
 fountain of Piera was located. 
 
 And even before the days of mankind, the gods held 
 contests there, Apollo boxing with Ares, and racing with 
 Hermes; and, earlier still, it was the scene of the contest 
 between Zeus and Cronus. 
 
 While poets of all recent ages have glorified the Pierian 
 Spring of Parnassus and trumpeted in numerous 
 tongues the debt they supposedly owed it for inspiration, 
 the fountain of Piera to which the athletic world is no 
 less indebted, still needs a minstrel to exalt it. 
 
 Even Pindar, the poet of the prize ring and the race- 
 course and all the departments that made up the pen- 
 tathlum, neglected this fountain when a line from him 
 would have given it as prominent a place in the world of 
 athletics as the other holds in the realm of rythmic 
 writing. But while today the poorest penny-a-liner poet 
 can tell the taste of the distant Spring in Phocis, blind- 
 folded, perhaps not one athlete in a million even knows 
 of the existence of the sanctioning Spring of Elis! 
 
 No athletic contest could take place without it. Time 
 
 104 
 
ELIS 105 
 
 is told, and History is written by the Olympiads, but no 
 Olympiad could begin until the waters of the fountain of 
 Piera had given the requisite permission, a sanction more 
 powerful than that of the A. A. A. U. of today , for the athletes 
 of the whole ancient world were subject at Olympia to 
 the authorization that no ink and no water other than the 
 water of this fountain made valid. 
 
 Here and there a poet may compose without first re- 
 freshing himself with a draft from the Spring of the 
 Muses, but not even the most unconventional wrestler 
 could fake a part of a round until this fountain had per- 
 formed its law-assigned function, because no Olympian 
 Umpire was qualified to act until after the sacrifice of a 
 pig, and lustrations of water from the fountain of Piera. 
 In the nearby temple of Ilithyia it was a custom for the 
 venerable Priestess to set before the goddess cakes 
 kneaded with honey, and to bring lustral water to her, 
 and perhaps this fountain supplied the water for the 
 goddess as well as for the Umpires of the godless athletes 
 whose fines for bribery and other offenses supplied enough 
 to make numbers of the statues that were displayed in the 
 Olympian temple. 
 
 It was a remarkable incident that led to the construc- 
 tion of the temple of Ilithyia, for it is said that once when 
 the Argives invaded Elis a woman came to the command- 
 ing General of the defense with a baby which she had 
 been apprized in a dream would make the defenders 
 victorious. The naked baby having been set down before 
 the army, probably while they discussed what warlike 
 use could be made of it, it suddenly turned into a dragon, 
 which so frightened the invaders that they fled, and being 
 pursued they were routed without difficulty. As the 
 miracle was attributed to Ilythia the temple was con- 
 structed to commemorate it, and the prescribed lustra- 
 
I06 GREECE; PELOPONNESUS 
 
 tions no doubt furnished a new use for the waters of the 
 fountain of Piera. 
 
 Oxylus, the three-eyed King, had a wife called Pieria, 
 but nothing is recorded about her, and, although the 
 names are nearly alike, it is not probable that there was 
 any connection between her and this fountain, for Oxy- 
 lus from the humble occupation of muleteer stepped in 
 one stride to the throne. 
 
 It was a curious illustration of the wobbles of the wheel 
 of fortune, and of the fondness that Good Luck has for 
 presenting herself disguised temporarily as her opposite, 
 his assumption of the ermine being due solely to his 
 mule's having had only one good eye ; thus, on a certain 
 occasion, while the people were trying to guess the 
 meaning of an oracle advising them to make a man with 
 three eyes their leader in a contemplated expedition, 
 Oxylus chanced to trudge by at the side of his wall-eyed 
 mule, and,"in a flash, one of the sharp wits, Cresphontes, 
 saw the answer in the sightless eye, and the leader of a 
 mule became the leader of a people, and their King. 
 
 It may have been Cresphontes too, who, when on the 
 death of Oxylus' son another oracle commanded that the 
 body should not be buried either in or out of the city, had 
 the grave dug across the boundary line by the gate of the 
 road to Olympia and the Spring. 
 
 The old Olympic field, after producing athletes of 
 world renown for many ages, has in modern times been 
 used to raise a very different crop, its long and level 
 expanse of plain opposite Lala being covered with corn- 
 fields in the making of which few reminders of the many 
 and magnificent buildings connected with the classic 
 athletic grounds have been allowed to remain and ob- 
 struct the plow, or rob the roots of room and nutriment. 
 
 Pausanias; V. 4. 16. 
 
ELIS 107 
 
 91 
 
 Pisa 
 
 Pisa was a fountain in the territory of the Pisatis, a 
 very ancient people who disappeared after Horaer's time. 
 
 The town of Pisa was founded by Pelops. Some of its 
 people, or their successors, went to Italy and founded 
 the Pisa of Etruria. 
 
 The name of the fountain signified "potable, " but even 
 ancient writers were not agreed on other points regarding 
 Pisa; some said it had been a city which took its name 
 frona a fountain; while others held that there had been no 
 such city, but only the fountain, and that the fountain 
 was the one called Bisa near Cicysium. 
 
 Denial of Pisa's existence is accounted for by its having 
 been completely destroyed in 572 B.C., in the last of many 
 conflicts its people had with the Eleians over the presi- 
 dency of the Olympic Festivals, an office that no doubt 
 controlled a large and profitable patronage. 
 
 Pisa is supposed to have occupied the land along the 
 eastern side of the Olympia athletic grounds by the rivu- 
 let now called Miraka, whose source, in that case, is the 
 Spring of Pisa that caused as many discussions as the city 
 caused conflicts. 
 
 Strabo; VIII. 3. S 3i. 
 
 92 
 
 Salmone 
 
 The fountain of Salmone was near a city of the same 
 name which belonged to the old Pisatis and was founded 
 by King Salmoneus a brother of Sisyphus, and the son of 
 ^olus. 
 
 Salmoneus came from Thessaly, and he attempted to 
 usurp the place of Zeus among his subjects, who were 
 
io8 GREECE; PELOPONNESUS 
 
 commanded to make their sacrifices to him instead of to 
 the god. To impress them with his mightiness he pro- 
 duced thunder and hghtning, by driving about in a 
 chariot to which were loosely attached numbers of re- 
 sounding substances, and by throwing lighted torches 
 over their heads from time to time. 
 
 In the end, a flash of real lightning destroyed both him 
 and his city. 
 
 The king's daughter Tyro became enamored with the 
 fountain and often added her tears to its waters which 
 were the source of the river Enipeus, which was once 
 called Barnichius, and flowed into the Alpheus near its 
 mouth. 
 
 There were many reasons for Tyro's tears besides the 
 sacrilege of Salmoneus. She was so shamefully ill-treated 
 by her stepmother Sidero that the latter was eventually 
 killed by Tyro's son, and that son, Pelias, came to a 
 shocking end at the hands of his own daughters, being 
 cut up and boiled until there was hardly enough of him 
 left to bury — a result that no one deplored more than the 
 daughters, who had followed a recipe given by Medea, 
 which they fully believed would cause their father's re- 
 juvenation. (See No. no.) 
 
 The stream from the fountain of Salmone was ab- 
 sorbed by the Alpheus near its mouth and was the last 
 river, of any size, of the many that the Alpheus greedily 
 swallowed during its journey to the sea. 
 
 Strabo; VIII. 3 $32. 
 
 93 
 Cytherus 
 
 The district of Elis had a score, and more, of rivers, 
 some of which rose beyond its boundaries, but the Springs 
 
ELIS 109 
 
 of many of them were indigenous to the district, and, as 
 leprosy originated in Elis and made its home there, it is 
 easy to suppose that there was no less enterprise in turn- 
 ing such Springs to good account than there is at the 
 Spas of modern resorts. 
 
 Something to cure leprosy would have been in the 
 greatest demand, but other afflictions would also have 
 cried out for relief, and for these the Spring of Cytherus 
 offered a general balm. It was apparently a source of the 
 river of the same name, and belonged to the village of 
 Heraclea some 50 stadia from Olympia. 
 
 It was presided over by four nymphs called the 
 lonides; they were Calliphasa, Synallaxis, Pegsea, and 
 lasis, and got their collective name from Ion the son of 
 Gargettus who migrated there from Athens. 
 
 The number of the nymphs indicates that the village 
 did a thriving business in sacrificial fees and offerings from 
 the patrons of the Spring which was held to be a univer- 
 sal panacea, so that people bathing in its waters got cured 
 of pains and aches of every kind. 
 
 Heraclea is assumed to have been where the modern 
 village of Bruma is located, and Strefi, a little brook of 
 the neighborhood, is supposed to have been called the 
 Cytherus river. 
 
 Pausanias; VI. 22. 
 
 94 
 Letrini 
 
 Letrini was i8o stadia from Elis, and about 6 stadia 
 beyond it there was a perennial lake some three stadia 
 in diameter which was fed from ever-flowing Springs 
 below it. 
 
no GREECE; PELOPONNESUS 
 
 Letrini was once a small town but in Pausanias' time 
 there were only a few buildings of it left, including 
 a temple with a statue of Alphea Artemis who was 
 so designated because Alpheus was for a time deeply 
 fascinated with her; instead of resorting to flight, 
 however, and crossing the sea by a submarine route 
 as Arethusa did when she was the object of the affec- 
 tions of the same lover, Artemis adopted a less stren- 
 uous and exhausting expedient to rid herself of his 
 importunities; thus, divining that her admirer had re- 
 solved to bring his solicitations to a climax, at one of 
 the nightly revels in which she and her sportive compan- 
 ions indulged near Letrini, she merely smeared the faces 
 of her nymphs and herself with a paste of earth and 
 water, so that Alpheus could not distinguish one mud- 
 masked beauty from another, and seeing nothing attrac- 
 tive in any of the dirty divinities, he departed in silence 
 and disgust. 
 
 While this simple way of checking the advances of 
 ardent but unwelcome suitors never came into popular 
 use, it is said that a modification of the stratagem 
 was adopted by the stanch friends of the nun whose 
 hair a spying Prioress cut off in the dark for purposes 
 of identification, only to find in the morning that every- 
 one of her saintly charges had discarded her crown of 
 beauty. 
 
 As this perennial lake is the only one mentioned 
 in the neighborhood of the Artemis incident, it was 
 doubtlese with mud from its margin that the artful 
 divinity effected the disguise of herself and her faithful 
 companions. 
 
 The monastery of St. John near the foot of Katakolo 
 is thought to occupy the site of Letrini. 
 PaHsaoiftSi VI. s?. 
 
ELIS III 
 
 95 
 Arene 
 
 The Spring of Arene was not far from the city of 
 Lepreus that got its name from the misfortunes of its 
 inhabitants, who were the first lepers. 
 
 According to tradition the Spring received its name 
 from the wife of Aphareus who seems to have had a great 
 fondness for her, as another of his cities, in Messenia, also 
 bears her name. Possibly Arene drowned herself in this 
 Spring as her female descendants were addicted to suicide. 
 One of her sons, Lynceus, might easily be shown, by the 
 favorite way of interpreting ancient descriptions, to have 
 been the first discoverer of the properties of the X-ray, 
 for it is recorded that he could see through the trunk of a 
 tree. (See No. 322.) 
 
 In all likelihood this Spring located the pre-ancient 
 town called Arene whose ruins, very near the river Aniger, 
 were perhaps once a part of the city of Samicum, if 
 indeed Samicum was not called Arene in very early days, 
 for Homer says: — "There is a river Minyeius that flows 
 into the sea near to Arene," and it is known that the 
 ancient name of the Aniger was Minyeius. 
 
 The name of this river recalls an old version of the fifth 
 of the dozen labors of Hercules that is far more interest- 
 ing than the current account, and makes it more like a 
 labor than the cleansing of a stable seems to be, and more 
 commensurate with the alleged capacity of the hero for 
 performing gargantuan feats. According to that old 
 version it was not a stable but a whole district that was 
 cleansed, for Augeus, the King of Elis, had such immense 
 herds and flocks that most of the country was deeply 
 buried under the' accumulations of their dung and could 
 therefore not be cultivated. 
 
112 GREECE; PELOPONNESUS 
 
 The depth of this overlying stratum was so great, and 
 the work of removing it was considered one of such mag- 
 nitude that Hercules is said to have secured the promise 
 of a part of the Kingdom if he accomplished the labor, 
 which he successfully did by flooding the country with 
 the waters of the Minius. 
 
 Possibly it was because the Minius is only a small 
 brook that the large river Peneus was substituted in the 
 later version, instead of accepting the Aniger, under its 
 Homeric name of Minyeius, as the stream that was utilized 
 by Hercules. 
 
 Perhaps also the incident was in reality only on a 
 par with the killing of the Hydra of Lerna, and the little 
 brook became a river by the same kind of creative power 
 that made the mountain out of a molehill; but, to con- 
 tinue the old version, when the present method of clean- 
 ing a city, which is only an adaptation of that employed 
 by Hercules to cleanse a kingdom, had brought the long- 
 hidden surface of the earth to view again and restored it 
 to cultivation, Augeus refused to pay the price, on the 
 quibble that using a river as a hose was novel and in- 
 genious, but was not work. 
 
 Then, as if that refusal by itself was not sufficiently 
 provoking, Eurystheus, whose primogeniture had em- 
 powered him to harry his brother Hercules with ten 
 labors, refused to count the cleaning as one of them, and 
 imposed upon him an additional task as punishment for 
 trying to graft by inducing the King to pay him for what 
 he knew he had to do without remuneration. 
 
 The repudiation, on the part of the King, led to a 
 bitter war during which Hercules captured and sacked 
 Elis, and stripped the country of young men to such an 
 extent that the women of the land prayed to Athena to 
 intermit for a time one of the laws of generation. Those 
 
ELIS 113 
 
 prayers the goddess answered with so much satisfaction 
 to the suppliants that they called their Gretna Green, 
 and the river that flowed through it, by the name of 
 Bady, which in their language meant sweet. 
 
 The modern village of Strovitzi is near the Spring of 
 Arene. 
 
 Pausanias; V. 5. 6. 1. 
 
 96 
 
 Aniger 
 
 The Springs of the ancient Minyeius, the Aniger, 
 which were in the mountain Lapithus, had a very un- 
 pleasant smell that could be distinguished several miles 
 away. 
 
 The water was so fetid that until it had been impreg- 
 nated by its first tributary, the Acidas, which was an- 
 ciently called the lardanus, no fish would swim in it, and 
 even after the confluence of the waters such fish as ven- 
 tured from the Acidas into the main stream became 
 inedible. 
 
 Among the natives and other Greeks there were various 
 theories concerning the cause of the nuisance; some 
 averring that Chiron, when he had been inadvertently 
 wounded by Hercules' arrow tipped with the poison of 
 the Hydra, fled to this Spring and washed his sore in it. 
 
 Others, possibly thinking that the wisest and most just 
 of the Centaurs would never have desecrated a Spring 
 in that manner, called Pylenor the culprit. 
 
 Still another theory was that Melampus, the son of 
 Am}rthaon, when curing the daughters of Proetus threw 
 the purifications into this Spring. 
 
 Local pride and dissimulation may have had nothing 
 
114 GREECE; PELOPONNESUS 
 
 to do with these explanations, but a thoughtful tourist 
 two thousand years ago might have wondered why the 
 effects of such very ancient incidents had not worn off 
 during the lapse of time, and might have considered that 
 there were enough contemporary sores afflicting the living 
 lepers of the state to contaminate the water and give it 
 an evil flavor, for it was a current practice of the lepers 
 of the district to swim in the Aniger in the belief that its 
 waters were a cure for their endemical disease. 
 
 Even at the mouth of the river this pernicious practice 
 was followed, and there was a cave at Samicum, called 
 the Cave of the Nymphs of the Aniger, and a Spring 
 called the Fountain of the Anigriades, where such as 
 suffered from either the Black or the White leprosy had 
 only to enter the cave and pray to the nymphs and, not 
 forgetting to promise to sacrifice to them, wipe the dis- 
 eased parts clean, and afterwards swim across the river ; 
 when they reached the other side they were well and their 
 skin was uniformly clear. 
 
 Pausanias was of the opinion that the taint of the water 
 was due to some ingredient of the soil, as he said was the 
 case with those rivers "beyond Ionia" whose exhalations 
 were lethal ; but in those days one might slander to his 
 spleen's content anything east of Asia Minor or west of 
 Spain for those parts of the world were terrors incognita 
 to everybody who lived in the zone that lay between 
 them. 
 
 Samicum is midway between the mouths of the Alpheus 
 and the Neda rivers, and its Cave of the Nymphs, the 
 Anagriades, fronts on a lagoon formed by the Anigrus, the 
 Aniger river, so that to reach it one must use a boat, or 
 swim as the cure seekers of old did. 
 
 There are nvunerous Springs in the deep lagoon whose 
 exhalations continue to taint the air with fetid odors ; and 
 
ELIS 115 
 
 pure yellow sulphur is brought out by the waters that 
 seep through the walls of the cavern. 
 
 Strabo; VIII. 3. § 19. 
 Pausanias: V. 6. 
 
 97 
 Cruni 
 
 The Spring called Cruni was between the river Chalcis 
 and a village of the same name as the river. 
 
 This locality seems to have been somewhere between 
 Samicum and Olympia. 
 
 strabo; VIII. 3- § I3- 
 
ACHAIA 
 
 98 
 Patrm 
 
 Patras was 80 stadia from the river Pirus. It was 
 founded by an Autochthon who received from Triptole- 
 mus the first corn, and it was then named Aroe because 
 its soil was the first in the neighborhood to be harrowed. 
 
 The women at Patrae were twice as numerous as the 
 men and were devoted to Aphrodite; their principal occu- 
 pation was making nets, for the hair and for dresses; and 
 the theater of the town was more beautiful than any in 
 Greece except the one at Athens. 
 
 Aphrodite had a sacred enclosure near the harbor and 
 a wooden statue, the fingers, toes, and head of which 
 were of stone. 
 
 There was also a grove near the sea which had a race- 
 course and was a most salubrious place of resort in svun- 
 mer time. In this grove there was a temple to Aphrodite, 
 and another one to Demeter in front of which was a Well 
 with a stone wall on the side of the temple and a descent 
 to it on the outside. 
 
 Such truth was there in the water that it was an un- 
 erring oracle in cases of disease, but apparently it pos- 
 sessed no curative power, and was able to do no more than 
 predict whether a sick person would get well or would 
 succiunb to the malady. 
 
 The process seems to have been of the nature of crystal 
 gazing and was carried out by means of a mirror that was 
 
 116 
 
ACHAIA 117 
 
 let down into the Well by a light cord and delicately 
 poised so that the rim of the mirror alone should touch 
 the water without being covered by it. Such as suc- 
 ceeded in performing this balancing feat, after saying a 
 prayer and burning some incense, had only to look into 
 the mirror to see what the result of the disease would be. 
 
 They had a chest at Patrae that had been made by 
 Vulcan, the same one that Eurypylus brought from Troy; 
 a relic so carefully treasured that no one was ever ac- 
 corded permission to see it. 
 
 Patrae still retains its old name and is one of the most 
 important towns of the Peloponnesus, being, as of old, a 
 port much used by travelers between Italy and Greece. 
 
 Like all long-inhabited Greek towns, it has few remains 
 of antiquity ; but it still preserves the ancient Well which 
 is under a vault of the church of St. Andrew, the patron 
 saint of the present town. 
 
 Pausanias; VII. 21. VII. 8. 
 
 99 
 Phar^ 
 
 Pharae was 150 stadia frora Patrae; it was on the river 
 Pierus, and had a remarkable grove of plane trees, most 
 of them hollow from old age, and of such great size that 
 one could eat and sleep inside of them. 
 
 The water at Pharae was sacred and was called Hermes' 
 Well, and the god's statue and his oracle were in the 
 center of the market place. 
 
 Instead of the eye, and auto-suggestion which were 
 relied on at Patras, the ear of the inquirer was the oracle's 
 medium at Pharae. The consultations took place in the 
 evening; on a stone hearth before the statue frank- 
 
Ii8 GREECE; PELOPONNESUS 
 
 incense was burned and then oil was poured into lamps 
 that were fastened to the hearth with lead, and the lamps 
 were lit. A brass coin was deposited on the altar at the 
 right of the statue, and the inquirer then whispered his 
 question into its ear and, stopping up his own ears, 
 walked out of the market place. Then he uncovered his 
 ears, and whatever he first heard was to be construed as 
 the answer he sought. 
 
 The Hermes statue was of stone and square-shaped, 
 and near it were thirty square stones each called by the 
 name of one of the gods, and, following the early-time 
 custom of all of the Greeks when they paid to unhewn 
 stones, and not to statues, the honors due unto the gods, 
 the townspeople venerated the thirty stones very highly. 
 
 Remains of the Achaian Pharse have been found near 
 the village of Prevezo, but recent explorers do not men- 
 tion the Well. (See No. 105.) 
 
 Pausanias: VII. 22. 
 
 100 
 
 Well of Argyra 
 
 Some almost untraceable ruins near the river Charad- 
 rus were all that was left of the town of Argyra. 
 
 But the Spring of the town had survived and was on 
 the right side of the highroad near the River Selemnus. 
 
 And the legend of the two, built only with breath but 
 more enduring than the town and as lasting as time, was 
 told in the neighboring villages to any inquisitive stranger. 
 
 Argyra was a sea nymph who used to come up from 
 the sea to spend every spare moment in the company of 
 the handsome shepherd Selemnus and pretend to help 
 him watch his feeding flock. 
 
ACHAIA 119 
 
 For some reason and very suddenly, the shepherd lost 
 his good looks, and at the same time Argyra lost her love, 
 and left him. 
 
 The sad spectacle of the poor lad, uglj^ and dying for 
 love, awakened the sympathy of- Aphrodite and she 
 turned him into the river, and not only granted him for- 
 getfulness of the inconstant sea nymph but made the 
 water a love cure, so that both men and women who 
 bathed in it were troubled no more. 
 
 Many listeners were pleased with the legend, but one 
 of them was inclined to think that if it had been true the 
 town would never have perished but would have become 
 a daily Mecca for all mankind, as the water of Argyra, 
 which seems to have been the source of the river Selem- 
 nus, would have been more sought after than great 
 wealth. 
 
 The Selemnus flows into the sea west of the point 
 farthest north in the Peloponnesus, now Cape Drepano, 
 and Argyra's site was a little inland from the river's 
 mouth. 
 
 Pausanias; VII. 23. 
 
 lOI 
 
 Well of JEgwm 
 
 On the seashore at ^Egium there was a Well that 
 furnished good water abundantly. 
 
 It was surrounded with a number of temples and 
 statues including one of Zeus the Gatherer, erected 
 because it was at ^giiun that Agamemnon gathered the 
 most famous men in Greece to deliberate in common how 
 best to attack the realm of Priam. 
 
 It was the people of this town who first made cook- 
 
I20 GREECE; PELOPONNESUS 
 
 shops of the sacrificial altars, and reduced the high cost 
 of sacrificing by eating the fire-cooked animal victims. 
 
 iEgium became the chief city of Achaia after the de- 
 struction of Helice on a night in 373 B.C. when an earth- 
 quake suddenly opened a chasm into which Helice 
 dropped, followed by the sea which drowned every in- 
 habitant and hid the city from sight. 
 
 The meetings of the Achaean League (of twelve cities) 
 were held near the sea in the same grove used by Aga- 
 memnon when planning his Trojan campaign. 
 
 Mgrnm under its modern name of Vostitza narrowly 
 escaped the fate of Helice, when, on the 23d of August, 
 1 81 7, two-thirds of the city were destroyed by an earth- 
 quake accompanied with sounds that resembled a can- 
 nonade. 
 
 Vostitza occupies a high bluff on the coast east of 
 Cape Drepano. 
 
 Pausanias; VII. 24. 
 
 102 
 
 Springs of the Mys^um 
 
 The copius Springs of the Mysaeum were used in the 
 peculiar ceremonies of the seven-day festival that was 
 held in the Mysaeum which was one of several temples 
 that were erected by Mysius, an Argive, to commemorate 
 the honor that Demeter had paid him by accepting the 
 hospitality of his house. 
 
 This one of the temples was some sixty stadia from 
 Pellene, and its Springs were in a grove of all kinds of 
 trees which surrounded the building in which the festival 
 was celebrated, some of the mysteries of which were 
 concealed even from a part of the devotees themselves, 
 
ACHAIA 121 
 
 for on the third of the seven days during which the feast 
 and revels were prolonged males of whatever kind, even 
 dogs, were excluded, and the women passed the night in 
 mysterious performances, the nature of which the men 
 could only guess at, and about which, when the men re- 
 sumed participation in the rites on thefollowing day, there 
 was much laughter and bantering between the two sexes. 
 The present Trikkala is taken to be the place where the 
 two temples, Mysasum and Cyros, stood. 
 
 Pausanias; VII. 27. VII. 23. 
 
 103 
 
 Cyros 
 
 Near the Mysaeum there was a temple of y^sculapius 
 called Cyros where cures were effected; and connected 
 with the temple there were a number of fountains whose 
 waters were probably utilized in some of the many ways 
 adopted by the .(Esculapian cult, as a statue of the god 
 was prominently placed at the side of the largest of the 
 fountains. 
 
 All the differences of opinion about the ancestry of 
 ^sculapius and the many mothers and fathers he had, 
 were finally swept away by assuming that he never had 
 any, and that his story was the allegory of an idea. This 
 idea can be traced back to Phoenicia, but after a time it 
 became dormant and was not revived again until the 
 twentieth century when it was introduced as something 
 entirely new. 
 
 The original idea was that jEsculapius was nothing 
 more than the typification of health — of which Fresh Air 
 and Sunlight are the parents! (See No. 59.) 
 
 Pausanias; VII. 27. VII. 23. 
 
122 GREECE; PELOPONNESUS 
 
 104 
 
 Sybaris 
 
 This fountain was in the town of Bura, a place so 
 suddenly destroyed by the earthquake in 373 B.C., that 
 all of the inhabitants perished, as related of its neighbor 
 Helice in connection with the Well of ^gium. 
 
 It is said that for centuries afterwards those who sailed 
 along the coast when the water was smooth could discern 
 the ruins of the wrecked city at the bottom of the sea 
 below them. 
 
 As a city seldom has a watery grave, there is an un- 
 canny coincidence between this catastrophe and the 
 burial by water, 1 37 years earlier, of the far-away Magna 
 Graecia city Sybaris, that, founded by people from Bura 
 and named after the fountain in that town, was over- 
 whelmed with the waters of a river, as related under The 
 Fountain of Blood, No. 211. 
 
 Ovid; Metamorphoses; XV. Fable 3. 
 Strabo;VIII.7. §5- 
 
 DiRCE 
 
 In the territory of Phara in Achaia there was a Foun- 
 tain of Dirce, of the same name as that at Thebes. 
 
 This is the same place as Pharas where Hermes' Well 
 was consulted in a peculiar way by such as wished to 
 know about future events. (See No. 99.) 
 
 Strabo; VIII. 7. §5. 
 
 1 06 
 
 Cymothe 
 
 The fountain of Cymothe was in Achaia, according to 
 Pliny, but he makes no mention of its. whereabouts. 
 
 Pliny;Nat. Hist. IV. 6. 
 
SICYONIA 
 
 107 
 Dripping Well 
 
 The town of Sicyon had a Spring near the gate, the 
 water of which oozed through the roof of a cave that con- 
 tained its basin, and it was called the Dripping Well. 
 
 2089 B.C. is sometimes given as the starting-point of 
 Grecian chronology, and the year of the founding of 
 Sicyon; that is according to the computations of Eusebius, 
 but, accepting Herodotus as the older authority and 
 taking his time, about 2100 B.C., as the period when 
 Thebes was laid out, Sicyon may well be assumed to have 
 originated years before thai, for the small and select 
 circle known as Society had its beginning in Sicyon some 
 time after the dawn of Creation, when the place was 
 called Mecone and there were male inhabitants although 
 woman had, as yet, never been heard of; for in the Gre- 
 cian order of development ntmierous goddesses and 
 thousands of naiads and nymphs afforded mortals an 
 extensive circle of female acquaintance for some period 
 before Woman was eventually created — created, not as 
 a help, meet for Man, but to make him miserable. 
 
 The incohesive scheme of Grecian creation though 
 very crude was perhaps an improvement on still older 
 schemes from which it was copied. The Egyptian 
 parentage of the plan is clearly shown in the resemblance 
 between one persistent and repugnant feature that is 
 common in sketches of creation, a feature that originally 
 
 123 
 
124 GREECE; PELOPONNESUS 
 
 and in Egypt quite unobjectionable, the Grecians, in a 
 measure, modified. 
 
 Though they were content to tolerate any kind of con- 
 duct among their gods, their creation of the human race 
 was so arranged that marriages were made between such 
 as had no ties of kinship; and from their human males 
 and females, created separately, there flowed smoothly 
 and naturally a continuous stream of genealogy that ran 
 through no unlocated land peopled with a race that was 
 unaccounted for in the creative scheme. 
 
 That beginning of Society, its first and greatest event, 
 was the "coming out" of the original Woman — her in- 
 troduction to the world outside of the Court of Divinities 
 in which she had been designed and brought to perfection 
 by receiving from each divinity some attribute or adorn- 
 ment to make her irresistibly attractive; for this First 
 Lady of mythology is introduced girdled with golden 
 chains, and arrayed and perfumed with flowers, and not 
 garbed with the simple and ascetic fig leaf in which Eve 
 made her first appearance in the Terrestrial Paradise. 
 
 Felicitously named Pandora, the all-gifted, she soon 
 became the wife of Epimetheus, the brother of Prome- 
 theus in punishment for whose theft of fire from heaven 
 she had been made to bring misery on the human race, 
 on the somewhat inconsiderate system that makes an 
 innocent someone else suffer for another's wrong. 
 
 Little is known of the life of Epimetheus after his 
 marriage. Possibly he was drowned in the Grecian flood 
 that occurred in the time of his daughter Pyrrha who, 
 with her husband Deucalion, repeopled the inundated 
 district, by throwing behind them stones that became 
 men or women, according to the sex of the thrower. 
 
 But however miserable Epimetheus may have been 
 with his beautiful mischief of a wife, his brother Prome- 
 
SICYONIA 125 
 
 theus must often have wished he was in his place, for, 
 though finally blessed with immortality, he was for many 
 long years chained to a rock, and furnished countless 
 meals to a ravenous bird that fed on his liver which was 
 every night freshly renewed for the bird's next breakfast. 
 (See No. 278.) 
 
 Sicyon was two miles from the Corinthian Gulf. It 
 was called Aegialea at the same period in which it was 
 called Mecone. 
 
 There are some ruins of its temples and other large 
 buildings which are now surrounded by the village of 
 Vasilika. 
 
 The Dripping Well, or Dropping Fountain, which was 
 at the Corinthian Gate, has disappeared; its producing 
 rocks, probably broken up by the earthquake that de- 
 stroyed the town, have crumbled to pieces and no longer 
 act as a reservoir. 
 
 Pausanias; II. 7. 
 ApoUodorusjI. 7. §3. 
 
CORINTHIA 
 
 1 08 
 Corinth 
 
 In Corinth and its immediate suburbs there came 
 during the progress of its civilization to be many foun- 
 tains, the works of man, constructed in connection with a 
 water supply through an aqueduct from Lake Stym- 
 phalus. (See No. 21.) 
 
 Claiming, as Corinth did, to be the birthplace of 
 Grecian painting and a center of artistic impulses, these 
 fountains represented the best endeavors of the artists 
 to produce works that should challenge admiration for 
 beauty of form and decoration; and there was no lack of 
 means to insure perfection, for Homer in his day styled 
 Corinth wealthy, and an individual citizen could afford 
 to have a life-size statue made of pure gold. 
 
 And no doubt wealth was still plentiful 900 years later 
 when Diogenes, unable to find honesty at home, his banl<er 
 father Icetas having been convicted of swindling, was 
 still making his search for it at a very advanced age; when 
 ninety years old, he died at Corinth in 323 B.C., and his 
 tomb was shown near the gate. The city also had the 
 tomb of Lais, whom little but wealth would have kept in 
 Corinth, and whose last monument was a lioness with a 
 ram in her paws. 
 
 Perhaps it may not be amiss in this connection to ask 
 for Diogenes a gentler thought than his discourtesy to 
 Kings and his caustic tongue in public have conveyed to 
 
 126 
 
CORINTHIA 127 
 
 modern minds ; for, from a fragment that has been pre- 
 served by Athenseus about the life of Lais, there was evi- 
 dently an attractive backing under the cynic's veneer of 
 venom; otherwise Lais, one of the most beautiful and 
 perhaps accomplished women of her time, would hardly 
 have fallen in love with Diogenes, as is stated in that 
 fragment. 
 
 Lais was "discovered" by Apelles, the greatest painter 
 of ancient Greece when, as a little girl, she was drawing 
 water at the fountain of Peirene ; and it is greatly to be 
 regretted that the sketch he undoubtedly at once made of 
 the girl and the fountain some 350 years before Christ 
 cannot be reproduced, like one of his sayings which is 
 still heard almost daily, for words are more enduring 
 than the metals, more lasting than the hardest rocks. 
 The words spoken on Mt. Sinai are with us still, but the 
 stone tablets that accompanied them perished long ago. 
 
 Even the first four words ever uttered are as fresh to- 
 day as when light broke forth at their command. Of 
 Apelles' paintings not a tint is left, but his words still live 
 in the proverb, "Cobbler, stick to your last." The story 
 about it is that, overhearing a cobbler criticizing a 
 painted shoe, Apelles immediately corrected the shoe; 
 but when the next day the cobbler was overheard reflect- 
 ing on another part of the painting, Apelles furiously 
 admonished him, "Ne sutor supra crepidam." 
 
 But in Corinth there were apparently few of Nature's 
 fountains, and of these the principal two Springs were 
 Peirene and Glauce whose legends carry back beyond 
 the time of the Trojan war. 
 
 One of them was a factor in bringing about Sisyphus' 
 ceaseless labor with the stone, in which may be found a 
 lasting lesson to discourage misdirected effort and futile 
 work; and also an argument against bribery; as well as 
 
128 GREECE; PELOPONNESUS 
 
 an early and sad commentary on the transitory value of 
 slyness, with which Sisyphus was considered to have been 
 endowed in a greater degree than any other man of his 
 time. 
 
 In the story of the other Spring one may read a warn- 
 ing against marrying in haste, and a substantial reason 
 for the frequent inspection of water-going vessels. 
 
 109 
 Peirene 
 
 The Spring of Peirene holds the key to the mystery of 
 the laborious task that was assigned to Sisyphus in the 
 lower regions. 
 
 The incident of the perverse rock that unfailingly 
 rolled to the bottom of the hill as soon as it had been 
 painfully pushed to the top is familiar to all, but possibly 
 few recall the cause of the punishment, and the part that 
 Peirene had in bringing it about. 
 
 Sisyphus was the founder about 1350 B.C. of Greek 
 Ephyra, the primitive name of Corinth, and though the 
 place he selected for the Citadel was without a Spring, 
 he was perfectly confident that he could induce the water- 
 god Asopus to remedy this defect in what was otherwise 
 so ideal a situation for a fortress that modern military 
 authorities have called the hill the greatest natural citadel 
 in Europe. 
 
 The god's daughter, .(Egina, had been carried off to an 
 island by Zeus in the form of an eagle, and her place of 
 concealment had been discovered by Sisyphus whose 
 notoriety for slyness was so great that some of the writers 
 after Homer's time contended that only he could have 
 been the father of the crafty Ulysses. Sisyphus, there- 
 
CORINTHIA 129 
 
 fore, at the first opportunity offered to reveal ttie where- 
 abouts of ^gina to her father if he would produce a 
 Spring in the commanding rock selected for the Citadel, 
 and Asopus, only too glad to do so little for a chance to 
 rescue his kidnaped daughter, immediately provided 
 this Spring of Peirene. 
 
 Zeus, however, not relishing the betrayal of his private 
 rendezvous, ordered Death to do his duty at once and 
 put an end to a private Department of Publicity that 
 would probably only too soon have been overrun with a 
 clientele of bereft heads of families. 
 
 But Sisyphus, easily living up to his reputation for 
 craftiness, managed to put Death in fetters and to keep 
 him from plying his vocation until, after quite a lapse of 
 time, during which no life was shortened and no funeral 
 was seen, Ares succeeded in releasing him. 
 
 Sisyphus was then taken to the nether world where, 
 after once making a temporary escape, he was set to work 
 with the rock to atone for the affront to Zeus, and for a 
 number of murders he was alleged to have committed 
 among innocent travelers he had attacked while in his 
 dominions. 
 
 The Spring, however, continued unconfined and soon 
 became the most famous in the city; it was not only of 
 extreme brightness and purity, but was also sacred to the 
 Muses. 
 
 It rose below a small temple of Venus that crowned the 
 nearly two thousand feet high summit of the Acrocorin- 
 thus, and its overflow, which at first freely irrigated the 
 side of the hill, was conducted through conduits into the 
 square lower down where it was received in a marble 
 reservoir from which most of the inhabitants of the city 
 at one time drew their supply. 
 
 This Spring might have babbled "Corinth is I" with 
 
130 GREECE; PELOPONNESUS 
 
 less egotism than Louis XIV., for in classical literature, 
 and even in the utterances of the august Delphic Oracle, 
 when Corinth was referred to it was called the City of 
 Peirene. 
 
 Pausanias describes both the upper and the lower 
 fountain, and gives their histories as he gathered them 
 from the citizens on the spot. He writes, of the upper 
 Spring; — "On the ascent to Acro-Corinthus there is a 
 temple of Aphrodite, and the fountain behind the temple 
 is, they say, the gift of Asopus to Sisyphus, for he, though 
 he knew that Zeus had carried off ^gina, the daughter of 
 Asopus, refused to tell him unless he would give him this 
 water on Acro-Corinthus; and, Asopus giving this water, 
 he vouchsafed the required information, and for his in- 
 formation pays the penalty in Hades. But I have heard 
 people say that this fountain is Peirene, and that the 
 water in the city flows down from it." 
 
 Of the lower fountain, Pausanias says; — "Next to a 
 brazen statue of Hercules is the approach to the Well of 
 Peirene. They say that Peirene became a Well from a 
 woman through the tears she shed bewailing the death 
 of her son Cenchrias at the hands of Artemis." 
 
 Peirene was the daughter of Asopus and Metope, and 
 Poseidon was the father of her son Cenchrias whose 
 death, having been accidentally inflicted, must not be 
 dded to the long list of Artemis' murders. 
 
 Pausanias continues; — 
 
 "The Well is beautified with white stone, and there are 
 cells like caves to match from which the water trickles 
 into that part of the Well which is in the open air; and it 
 has a sweet taste, and they say that Corinthian brass 
 when hissing hot is dipped into this water." 
 
 Peirene having been gradually but steadily covered 
 by the rising rubbish of centuries was unearthed and 
 
CORINTHIA 131 
 
 again given access to "the open air" during the excava- 
 tions begun in Corinth in 1 896 under American auspices. 
 The deposit was so deep that a ladder had to be used to 
 reach down into the upper fountain. 
 
 A large flight of steps fifteen feet in width was dis- 
 covered descending from the Temple Hill to a broad 
 pavement leading to the ancient Agora or Public Square, 
 and to the lower fountain of Peirene which adjoins it at a 
 lower level and which was easily and indubitably identi- 
 fied by inscriptions and by the correspondence of the 
 surrounding ruins and remains with the structures that 
 Pausanias saw and carefully described as to their appear- 
 ance and locations while some of them were still in their 
 prime. 
 
 The fountain was found under thirty-five feet of 
 earth and had a limestone front of two stories in the 
 Roman style which had taken the place of its earlier 
 form. 
 
 The style of some of the architectural remains that 
 were discovered nearby indicated that much of the work 
 belonged to a period antedating the Christian era by 
 some six hundred years. The legend of the Spring, how- 
 ever, goes back half a dozen centuries beyond even that 
 archaic time, and tells that its waters reflected the taming 
 of Pegasus, an undertaking in which it was necessary for 
 Bellerophon to secure the aid of Athena whose work on 
 that occasion was of such memorable character that she 
 received, in recognition of it, the epithet Chalinitis, The 
 Bridler, the bridle itself having been made of gold. 
 
 Its sweet water was extolled by Athenseus, who seems 
 to have weighed the waters of all the Grecian Springs, as 
 being lighter than any that welled from the nvunerous 
 clear fountains of Greece ; and it is no less pellucid today, 
 so clear, in fact, that at the first view a visitor often steps 
 
132 GREECE; PELOPONNESUS 
 
 into it before realizing that the ground that looks so dry 
 is the bottom of the Spring. 
 
 Euripides always refers reverentially to Peirene as 
 sacred; and his Trojan women at the fall of Troy seem to 
 see some assuagement of slavery in the possible prospect 
 that they may become drawers of its holy water. Also, 
 he mentions the graybeards of the Corinthian checker 
 club — if "pessoi" was really the origin of that humble 
 cousin of chess — as playing their game "near Peirene's 
 sacred Spring." They played possibly on the pavement 
 of the ancient Public Square, by the two-storied fountain, 
 shaded by giant plane trees like the lordly specimen that 
 today adorns the modern Agora and shields the viewer 
 of a glorious panorama of azure sea in the Gulf of Corinth, 
 and the undulating land of half a dozen Grecian districts 
 that rise over the hilltops and the shoulders of Helicon to 
 merge with the sky and disappear in the dazzling crown 
 of crystal snow that marks the monarch height of Mt. 
 Parnassus. 
 
 The plane tree has grown to greatness through the 
 efficacy of Peirene's kindly and plenteous waters, waters 
 so plentiful that their abundance was used by an old 
 Greek comedy writer to describe the marvelous capacity 
 of the Corinthian music girls, one of whom alone could 
 drink up the fountain of Peirene, if it were flowing with 
 wine — an exaggeration perhaps permissible among those 
 who used the " Celeb^," a drinking vessel a foot high, and 
 one of which was found during the excavations about 
 Peirene. 
 
 "The Miser" of Fielding, and "L'Avare" of Moli^re 
 were based on Plautus' translation of this comedy for the 
 Roman theatergoers nearly three hundred years before 
 Christ, but as the original, of which no copy is extant, 
 was composed long before that time, Peirene at a still 
 
CORINTHIA 133 
 
 earlier date had become a popular prodigy and a vaunted 
 beauty throughout not only the fountful City of Corinth 
 but the whole land of Greece itself. 
 
 Pausanias; II. 3-5. 
 
 Athenfeus; II. 18. 
 
 Plautus; Aulularia; Act III. sc. X. 
 
 no 
 
 Glauce 
 
 The Spring of Glauce was beyond the market place on 
 the road leading to Sicyon, near a temple and a brass 
 statue of Apollo, and below the Odeum which was built 
 above it. 
 
 Like the Spring of Peirene, it received its name from 
 the similar circumstance of a woman's throwing herself 
 into its waters, though not from maternal grief, but in a 
 frenzied effort to still the pangs of poison cunningly ad- 
 ministered by another woman with a craze for killing. 
 
 One might trace the tragedy back through a record of 
 unstable love to its beginning in greed and the consequent 
 search for the Golden Fleece by Jason, the commander of 
 the ship " Argo " and the leader of the marauding expedi- 
 tion of fifty choice spirits known as the Argonauts, which 
 took place about 1250 B.C. under the instigation of Jason's 
 uncle Pelias of lolcus in Thessaly. 
 
 The Fleece, that wealth of wool which had been the 
 coat of Chrysomallus, the ram that was Neptune's and 
 Theophane's son, was found by Jason at Colchis and was 
 secured through the intervention of Medea, King .^Eetes' 
 daughter, who threw the Fleece's guardian dragon into a 
 sorcerous sleep. 
 
 Medea, infatuated, returned to Corinth with Jason 
 and they lived together for ten years, at the end of which 
 
134 GREECE; PELOPONNESUS 
 
 time Jason announced that he intended to marry Glauce, 
 the daughter of Creon the King of Corinth. 
 
 Medea, dissembling, sent a robe as a marriage gift to 
 Glauce who, innocently putting it on in her eagerness to 
 view herself in its finery, became mortally ill and rushing 
 out in agony plunged into the copious Spring to quench 
 the scorching and deadly pains that the poisoned fabric 
 of the present immediately produced. 
 
 On these facts alone, Medea would no doubt receive 
 the sympathy of the majority of modern readers; but the 
 deeds of one age can rarely be justly judged by the stand- 
 ards of another age. People of the past are best tried by 
 the laws and customs of their own periods, for even an 
 act of religious duty in one country or one age may be 
 considered merely murder in another country or age, and 
 the deed can only be considered dispassionately in the 
 light of the guiding principles of the people among whom 
 it was committed. 
 
 At Corinth it was Glauce with whom the citizens sided 
 and they would have executed Medea if she had not 
 managed to elude them and flee to Athens. They, how- 
 ever, captured a number of her children of whom Jason 
 was not the father, and through a committee of women 
 put them to death by the altar and buried them near the 
 Spring where the haunting ghost of the murdered Glauce 
 might continually trouble their sleep. 
 
 Indeed it was perhaps only because of her uncanny 
 ability to effect escapes that Medea lived long enough to 
 gratify her mania for murders by adding Glauce to the 
 list of those for which she could be indicted; she killed; — 
 
 Absyrtus, her younger brother, whom she cut into little 
 pieces which she threw into the sea; Perses, an elder 
 brother; Mermerus and Pheres, her two sons of whom 
 Jason was the father; Creon, the King of Corinth; the 
 
CORINTHIA 135 
 
 giant Talus at Crete; and Pelias whom she murdered in a 
 most fiendish way through his own daughters by induc- 
 ing them to cut him up and boil him, she, by so treating 
 a goat and then dextrously substituting a kid in its place, 
 having deluded them into believing that Pelias too could 
 be thus restored to youth. 
 
 Medea afterwards married ^geus a sovereign of 
 Attica, and their son, Madus, was held to be the pro- 
 genitor of the Medes. 
 
 Jason was finally the victim of, possibly, an overlooked 
 injury sustained by the Argo when she was carried a 
 twelve days' journey overland in Libya; or when her 
 stern was nipped by the Symplegades or swinging rocks, 
 at the entrance into the Black Sea, which came together 
 when she had almost completed a dash between them. 
 
 Fortunately for all later navigators these wicked rocks 
 became firmly fixed after that incident. 
 
 Jason having had the vessel drawn up on the shore of 
 the Isthmus as a monument, he lay down on the sands 
 under its shade and was killed by the stern which fell off 
 and overwhelmed him before he could make his escape. 
 The Spring, concisely located in ancient descriptions as a 
 short distance beyond the temple and bronze statue of 
 Apollo on the way from the market place to Sicyon, was 
 identified by the excavators before mentioned as un- 
 earthing Peirene, who found it about one hundred and 
 fifty yards from the west end of the temple, its basin 
 made out of a cube of the same sort of stone with which 
 that building had been constructed; a basin that prob- 
 ably was made to take the place of the natural pool into 
 which poor Glauce plunged in her frantic efforts to re- 
 lieve herself of the pain of the poison that permeated the 
 fatal wedding garment. 
 
 Pausanias; II. 3- 
 
136 GREECE; PELOPONNESUS 
 
 III 
 
 Well of Lerna 
 
 The Well of Lerna was on the ascending way to the 
 Acro-Corinthus, the top of the hill above the city of 
 Corinth. Apparently it was lower down than the foun- 
 tain of Peirene, but above, in the following order, the 
 temple of Athena the Bridler; the theater; a wooden 
 statue of a naked Hercules ; a temple of Jupiter Capitoli- 
 nus, and near an old gymnasium. The Well was sur- 
 rounded with pillars, and there were seats to refresh 
 those who made the ascent in summertime. Seemingly 
 the pillars supported a roof that shaded those who 
 stopped to rest on the way up the hill, and to slake their 
 thirst and enjoy the magnificent view. 
 
 It is not stated how far the Well was from the statue 
 of Hercules whose name is closely linked with Lerna and 
 its Hydra, nor whether, as might be inferred, the Well was 
 an outcropping or tapping of the Spring of Peirene higher 
 up on the hill. 
 
 Pausanias; IL 4. 
 
 112 
 
 The Bath of Helen 
 
 Opposite the Corinthian seaport town of Cenchreffi 
 there was a warm Spring of salty water that flowed copi- 
 ously into the sea from a rock, and its temperature is 
 informingly described as that of water just with the 
 chill off. This Spring was called the Bath of Helen; 
 but what part, if any, its delightfully tempered saline 
 waters had in contributing to or enhancing Helen's 
 marvelous beauty is not disclosed, as was done in the 
 case of the bathing of the grateful goddess who awarded 
 
CORINTHIA 137 
 
 Helen to Paris with such dire after effects. (See Nos. 
 402-403.) 
 
 This Spring is now found about a mile southwest of 
 Cenchrese on the western promontory and far enough 
 from the sea to admit of the overflow's being used for 
 mill purposes. 
 
 Pausanias: 11. 2. 
 
MEGARIS 
 
 "3 
 Fount of the Sithnides 
 
 A part of the water supply of the city of Megara was 
 derived from the fount of the Sithnides which was near 
 a place called Rhun; and some fragments of a fountain's 
 foundations on the north side of the site of the town have 
 led to the conclusion that they are a part of the ancient 
 Fount of the Nymphs. The water was conveyed to the 
 city through an aqueduct beautified by many attractive 
 columns. 
 
 One of the Sithnides nymphs was the mother of Me- 
 garus, one of Zeus' sons who at the time of the flood of 
 Deucalion saved himself by swimming to the top of Mt. 
 Geraneia under the guidance of some cranes. 
 
 The city was about twenty-six miles from Athens, and 
 near it were the rocks where Sciron, the highwayman, 
 kicked his victims into the sea while they were kneeling 
 to wash his feet, an act that he required them to perform. 
 Theseus, adopting the robber's manner of procedure, 
 destroyed him; and the rocks were said to be his dis- 
 membered body which the sea refused to receive. 
 
 The municipal Council met in a chamber of tombs 
 wherein the bodies of heroes were deposited; among these 
 may have been the remains of Hippolyta the Amazon, the 
 sister of Antiope, who fled to Megara when she was over- 
 come by Theseus, and passed her last days there in griev- 
 ing over her defeat. Iphigenia, also, is said to have 
 
 138 
 
MEGARIS 139 
 
 passed away in Megara, though that may be considered 
 a disputed point as some claimed that she died in Brauron 
 while others said that she never died, but became en- 
 dowed with immortality and eternal youth. 
 
 It is perhaps an instance of the natural rebound of 
 the human mind that among a people who legislated in 
 the Halls of Death there was produced about 650 B.C. the 
 inventor of Comedy — if the claim of the Megarans is to 
 be accepted in this matter. Susarion was the inventive 
 author's name. 
 
 The aqueduct was built about 630 B.C. by Theagnes, 
 an early Bolshevik who arrayed himself against the rich 
 and espoused the cause of the poorer classes by whom he 
 was installed as ruler of Megara. The wealthy were 
 banished, their property was confiscated, and the public 
 debts were repudiated. Payment of rent and interest 
 was refused, and the needy helped themselves to what- 
 ever they fancied. Even a century later the city was 
 still in a Russia-like condition and one of its residents 
 compared it to a ship in a tempest with a mutinous crew 
 usurping command and plundering the stores. 
 
 Megara was at the head of the Saronic gulf and 
 diagonally opposite the storied island of Salamis. 
 
 Pausanias; I. 40. Theognis; frag. LXIII. 
 
CENTRAL GREECE 
 
 ATTICA 
 
 114 
 
 Athens 
 
 In a year about 2100 B.C. when Cadmus was starting 
 the town of Thebes, Cecrops, 44 miles eastward, was 
 planning the city of Athens and modestly naming it 
 Cecropia; although the traditions of envious neighbors 
 averred that PorphjTion and Actasus and Celasnus were 
 previous kings in that locality. 
 
 That a place is the Athens of its district is putting its 
 praise in the smallest of nutshells, for Athens produced or 
 possessed much more than her proportionate quota of 
 Greece's notable works and people. 
 
 Of her illustrious sons, men who have never been 
 touched by a shred of the mythic mists, Solon the Solo- 
 mon of Greece; Sophocles, Miltiades, Phidias, Plato, 
 Themistocles, or Aristotle alone, would have sufficed to 
 make her name enduring. And a pace or two into the 
 mist shows that Deucalion, the Grecian Noah, lived in 
 the town; and that Daedalus, the first designer of wings, 
 did so too until having killed Calus he fled to Crete, as 
 well as Musaeus his compeer and compatriot, another 
 aviator of such skill, incredible as it may seem to later- 
 day flyers, that he died of old age. Callimachus, another 
 of her citizens, anticipated by some twenty centuries the 
 crowning glory of Edison's light, and lit the Acropolis 
 
 140 
 
ATTICA 141 
 
 with a golden lamp that used a wick that flame could 
 not destroy. 
 
 And, competing with six other towns, Athens con- 
 tended that she was the real home of Homer, who was on 
 a voyage to the city and not far from it when his death 
 occurred. 
 
 After a twenty-five-hundred-year journey over its 
 elliptical path, the long train of Progress was lately de- 
 livering at some of its western stations batches of ideas 
 so long forgotten that they were readily accepted as fresh 
 novelties under the general designation of Radical Poli- 
 tical Reforms; they included several different styles such 
 as The Recall, The Review, The Referendum, and others. 
 But the Recall is only Ostracism, which originated at 
 Athens and was delivered in a much attenuated form; 
 and the Review, a device of which Athens was also the 
 author, was regularly resorted to there at the end of 
 officials' terms; and later it was greatly improved by 
 making even the heirs liable for the peculations of pilfer- 
 ing politicians. 
 
 Perhaps Female Suffrage, too, would be traceable back 
 to Athens but for the disaster it brought upon the city, 
 as, according to St. Augustine, it was the female vote that 
 lost Neptune his case vs. Minerva. 
 
 Neptune, in revenge, flooded the country, and, in order 
 to secure relief from the inundation, which it was held 
 had been brought about by the females, their privilege 
 of voting lapsed. 
 
 Much of the statuary and many of the carvings that 
 adorned her world wonders of buildings have for years 
 been on view in the British Museum, and it affords a 
 feast for reflection that when Greece became wealthy 
 again through the Balkan war of 191 3 Athens should 
 have selected an Englishman to be her second Peisistratus 
 
142 CENTRAL GREECE 
 
 and revivify that still worshiped and wonderful Art 
 that had so long lain dormant among her country's ruins. 
 At the outset, Athena and Poseidon were rivals for the 
 tutelaryship of Athens, and they agreed to leave the 
 award to a jury of the gods, the decision to be based on 
 the relative value to man of the two things they were to 
 produce. 
 
 There were twelve gods in this first jury, and to the 
 sanctified inception of the system at that trial one might 
 attribute the persistence of the number to the present 
 day. 
 
 Poseidon produced a Well of water which in ordinary 
 case should have secured him the award; but, unfor- 
 tunately, he was apparently obsessed by his own pre- 
 dilections for the sea, and tinctured the water with salt. 
 
 Thus Athena who produced an olive tree received the 
 decision. 
 
 It has, indeed, been claimed that through the opening 
 caused by the trident stroke that made the Well there 
 issued the first horse the people of Cecrops had ever 
 seen; but the impressions of the trident points, and the 
 fissure, are still shown, and from the narrowness of the 
 latter it is apparent that the horse could have been no 
 bigger than the sea horses the Adriatic still produces, and 
 consequently utterly useless save as a curiosity. 
 
 Poseidon, however, was awarded the very small por- 
 tion of the territory that bore his trident's marks. 
 
 Both the Well and the tree were carefully preserved for 
 a score of centuries, and for at least several of them there 
 were people who protested that the Athenian water was 
 not what it should be. It seemed to take its taste more or 
 less mildly from Poseidon's Well. 
 
 When someone sang of the pure water of the Eridanus 
 that was quaffed by the Athenian virgins, Callimachus 
 
ATTICA 143 
 
 roared in rhyme and ridicule, and asserted that even the 
 herds would turn away from it. 
 
 Travelers, too, abused the water; and the best that 
 could be said of it seems to be that however bad it might 
 be at the moment there had been a time when it was good. 
 
 Nevertheless someone might have aptly retorted on the 
 lines a President followed when his greatest General was 
 accused of ebriety, that it would be well for the rest of 
 Greece if it used the same brand of water, for Athens was 
 not only the most popular and renowned of all Grecian 
 cities but also the most populous, having at one time 
 120,000 free inhabitants and more than 10,000 houses 
 that, notwithstanding the quality of the water, were 
 readily sold at any price from $24 to $2,400, according to 
 the character of the dwelling. 
 
 The city surrounded the Acropolis, a flat-top rock 150 
 feet high; 500 feet wide and twice as long from east to 
 west. In the beginning the city was on the rock which 
 was also the stage of the contest between the two deities 
 and where the Well and the tree were produced. But 
 afterwards the rock was devoted exclusively to the site 
 of temples and statues. 
 
 An inclined way and a flight of marble steps seventy 
 feet broad led to the top of the rock on the west where 
 the Propyleea, having an imposing fagade 168 feet wide 
 with five entrances, gave admission to the Acropolis. 
 The cost of this work was the equivalent of two and a 
 quarter million dollars. 
 
 The principal temple on the Acropolis was that of 
 Athena, the Hecatompedos (the temple of 100 feet, from 
 its breadth) or Parthenon (the Virgin's house), the most 
 perfect production of Grecian architecture. It was 66 
 feet high and built entirely of Pentelic marble. 
 
 Within it and upon it were the most exquisite pieces of 
 
144 CENTRAL GREECE 
 
 sculpture; some made by Phidias himself, and others 
 executed under his direction. The effect of their faultless 
 proportions was heightened by coloring, and the mon- 
 otony of all-marble groups was relieved by making of 
 metal such parts as bridles, swords, and other weapons. 
 
 This temple was in a fair state of preservation until 
 Friday, September 26, 1687, when it was wrecked by the 
 besieging Venetian artillery with a bomb that a German 
 lieutenant had the dubious honor of firing. 
 
 Another temple was the Erechtheium in which were 
 Athena's Olive tree and Poseidon's Well. 
 
 Besides these magnificent temples, and a colossal chrys- 
 elephantine statue of Athena with ivory face and flesh, 
 and garbed in a golden dress, there stood on the rock a 
 bronze statue of Athena. This gleaming giantess, seven 
 times as tall as an ordinary woman, was visible to marin- 
 ers far out on the distant sea, and was still standing 
 in 395 A.D. when its size and dignity so awed the ruthless 
 Alaric that he was afraid to climb to the Acropolis. 
 
 Within a mile of Athens no doubt a hundred Springs 
 broke forth, as Timon says ; but the city does not seem to 
 have had a due proportion of them; Pausanias mentions 
 two Springs, as also two Wells connected with temples or 
 shrines, and Aristophanes alludes to a third Spring, all 
 five of which sources of water supply have been written 
 about with considerable zeal in recent years. 
 
 Pausanias; I. \i. et seq. Shakespeare; "Timon of Athens," Act iv., a. 3. 
 
 "5 
 The Erechtheium Well 
 
 This was the Well of salty water ineffectually produced 
 by Poseidon when he struck the rock with his trident in 
 competition with Athena. 
 
ATTICA 145 
 
 The Erechtheium received its name from being the 
 place of sepulture of a successor of Cecrops, Erechtheus, 
 the inventor of the four-horse chariot, a device that 
 secured him the position he still holds as Auriga, the 
 charioteer of the sky, in the constellation of that 
 name. 
 
 According to Homer, a temple existed on the Acropolis 
 before the birth of Erechtheus, but that or one of its 
 successors was burned by the Persians, as was also 
 Athena's olive tree which, however, renewed itself in a 
 sprout three feet long two days after the fire, and was still 
 in existence in the 1st century a.d. The last temple was 
 probably completed about 393 B.C. 
 
 When the wind blew strong from the south a sound 
 was said to come from this Well that resembled the 
 roaring of the sea. 
 
 In the vestibule of the Erechtheium there was an altar 
 to Zeus where grain, cakes and wine were offered instead 
 of flesh ; and here a peculiar custom prevailed that seems 
 to have been a sop to such sacrificers as preferred some 
 excitement for their fee, for, a free ox having been per- 
 mitted to eat of the grain on the altar, a priest, deftly 
 throwing an axe at the ox, killed him and then ran away. 
 The axe was immediately arrested and put on trial as the 
 defendant in the Court called the Prytaneum where iron 
 and other substances were tried for injuries to man or 
 beast. Such incidents are now passed over with a casual 
 reference to the perversity of inanimate objects, but even 
 at the time when Cambyses received his death wound 
 from his own sword while leaping upon his horse, the 
 matter was considered as a personal assault and the 
 general verdict in that case was one of justifiable 
 homicide. 
 
 The Athenian axe was indicted annually and always 
 
146 CENTRAL GREECE 
 
 acquitted, but under an English law, not abolished till 
 during the reign of Queen Victoria, a chattel that caused 
 the accidental death of a person was always considered 
 guilty, and was forfeited to the crown. 
 
 Under the Draconian law of the Athenians, such ob- 
 jects were banished, being, if practicable, thrown into the 
 sea, as was the statue of Theagenes that fell on a man 
 and killed him at Thasos. 
 
 Perhaps many of the playful occurrences of today will 
 appear as serious customs in the far-away future, and some 
 historian of the coming race may chronicle that among 
 the tribes of the ancient days of the 20th century were 
 the English who worshiped Justice so devoutly that 
 they even had a Court in which they tried the criminals 
 of their story books — as indeed Dickens' Edwin Drood 
 was publicly tried in London by a judge and jury and 
 counsel of noted authors in 1914. 
 
 There was another Athenian court called the Phreattys 
 which was situated on the shore of one of the harbor 
 towns of the city, the Peiraeeus, where the peculiar prac- 
 tice prevailed of having the defendants, in a boat on the 
 water, address the judges on the shore. The accused in 
 that court were such as had fled from justice, and appar- 
 ently there was a mild principle of the "third degree" 
 involved in thus placing them where their minds would 
 be likely to dwell on the wrong of their flight. 
 
 Less important seats of Justice are told of, as Froggy; 
 and Scarlet, from their colors; Triangle, from its shape; 
 and Crush, because of the crowds that resorted to it for 
 the settlement of very trivial disputes. 
 
 The Erechtheium was north of the Parthenon and near 
 the edge of the AcropoHs ; many of the Athenian temples 
 became churches at the decline of the pagan rehgion in 
 the 6th century, and then mosques; but the fate of the 
 
ATTICA 147 
 
 Erechtheium was to be turned into a harem for a Turkish 
 bigamist. 
 
 Pausanias; I. 26. 
 
 
 Herodotus; III. 64. 
 
 
 
 116 
 
 
 CALLIRRHOii 
 
 Two rivers, the Ilyssus and the Eridanus, coming from 
 the east, joined just before reaching Athens, and then as 
 one river, the Ilyssus, passed under the southeast wall 
 and through the city for a short distance and then flowed 
 south to the sea — when its bed was not dry, as it gen- 
 erally is after rains. 
 
 Just within the walls the Ilyssus, making a waterfall, 
 passed over a broad ridge of rock from the side of which 
 flowed the Fountain Callirrhoe whose water was distinct 
 from that of the river. About 510 B.C. the side of the 
 rock was perforated with nine holes to increase the flow 
 of water, and the fountain was afterwards called En- 
 neacrunus or Nine Springs. 
 
 It was through this Spring that the Athenians had their 
 first walls constructed without cost. The Pelasgians who 
 built the walls received in payment for their work a 
 barren tract near the town which they converted in due 
 course into productive and valuable land. Then those 
 Athenians who in early days had no servants, claimed 
 that the wall builders ill treated their daughters when 
 they went to the Spring to fetch water, and on that score 
 they drove away the Pelasgians, and took back the land 
 in which they had paid them for their masonry woi^k. 
 
 Callirrhoe was the only source of good drinking water 
 in the neighborhood, and other parts of the town reHed 
 upon wells and cisterns. Of the latter there are still 
 
148 CENTRAL GREECE 
 
 many evidences visible, including a series of them below 
 the Olympieium so large that they were said to have 
 received the subsiding waters of the flood of Deucalion. 
 The Cerameicus, a wide street bordered with colonnades 
 and statues and containing private houses and the 
 Odeium or Music Hall, was the principal promenade of 
 the city and led from the fountain in the southeast to ths 
 Dipylum Gate in the northwest section of the walls. 
 From that gate the thoroughfare ran to Plato's Acad- 
 emy so called from Academus a former owner of the prop- 
 erty ; it was hardly a mile from the gate and was laid out 
 with paths winding through groves supplied with foun- 
 tains. 
 
 The name Akadhimia is still attached to the spot, and 
 near it is the grove of sacred olives derived from the tree 
 in the Erechtheium. 
 
 Through the nine holes, Callirrhoe's water poured into 
 a pool from which a canal three feet square cut in the 
 solid rock carried the overflow to a village a mile away 
 and there supplied a Well and a wayside fountain and 
 watered many gardens. 
 
 Two temples were built above the Spring, one to 
 Demeter, and the other to her daughter Proserpine. 
 In one of these there was a statue of Triptolemus as the 
 first sower of grain, Demeter having taught him the art of 
 agriculture in gratitude for the assistance he gave her 
 after the loss of her daughter ; and in front of the temple 
 there was a representation of Epimenides, the prototype 
 of Rip Van Winkle, who after sleeping for forty years 
 made use of his headful of dreams as a poet. 
 
 It may be supposed that it was not long after Athens, 
 when it was Cecropia, had become something more than 
 a small village that the increase in the Athenian thirst 
 began to exceed Callirrhoe's capacity to assuage it, and 
 
ATTICA 149 
 
 doubtless water was then brought from more or less dis- 
 tant Springs in the surrounding mountains, as the 
 Emperor Hadrian on a grander scale brought water from 
 one of the chief mountains of Attica, Mt. Lycabettus, 
 through an aqueduct that he had constructed about 117 
 A.D., and for which two reservoirs were made, in the 
 neighborhood of the Fountain of Panopus, which yielded 
 a quality of water that neither poets nor travelers seem, 
 during a long period, to have found cause to complain 
 about. 
 
 Several modern writers have attempted to trace a con- 
 nection between the water of Callirrhoe and the water of 
 a cistern that was under the Olympieiiun, the temple of 
 Zeus Olympius, which may have been what Pliny calls 
 the Well in the Garden of Jupiter, and what Pausanias 
 calls a cavity into which the waters of the flood of Deu- 
 calion drained. 
 
 Pausanias; I. 14. 
 
 117 
 
 Halirrhothius 
 
 The Spring of Halirrhothius was intimately connected 
 with the antithetical sciences — Medicine, always trying 
 to lead the pageant of Progress; and Jurisprudence, 
 lamely lagging behind and lazily piecing together out-of- 
 date theories and principles to cover practices as novel in 
 their way as aerography and aviation are in another field. 
 
 The first trial for murder took place when Halirrho- 
 thius, the lover of Alcippe the daughter of Ares, was 
 drowned in it by Ares. The trial was held in the Areo- 
 pagus ; the accuser was Neptune, the father of the victim, 
 and Ares was acquitted. 
 
I50 CENTRAL GREECE 
 
 The Spring was in the Esclepieium or Temple of ^scu- 
 lapius which was adorned with statues of the members of 
 the god's family, and with paintings, and which contained 
 a museum-like collection of relics and curios; not the 
 least interesting of which was a coat of mail made by 
 Sarmatians, a primitive nomadic people who used bone 
 points for tipping their weapons, and who apparently 
 were the inventors of the lasso which they employed in 
 conflicts with their enemies with no less skill than the 
 most proficient of modern cowboys. The coat was made 
 of mares' hoofs, cut in two and joined together with the 
 animals' ligaments, so that they resembled a dragon's 
 scales, or, if the reader has not seen a dragon (as the origi- 
 nal describer thoughtfully adds) the bosses of pine nuts. 
 The Spring's waters were not suitable for drinking but 
 were used in rites of a religious nature, and especially in 
 the ceremonies required of Grecian girls about to marry. 
 It is sometimes puzzling to picture the relative posi- 
 tions of the features Pausanias describes, as he had an 
 excursive habit of springing from one part of a town to 
 another and describing two objects far apart as if they 
 adjoined each other, in the same way that he leaps from 
 Greece in one line to Africa in the next, and in the third 
 to countries of One-Eyed, or Horse-Tailed, or other 
 imaginary men, from which accounts Polo and Mande- 
 ville could by skillful grafting have produced their won- 
 derful stocks of monstrosities. But he was quite exact 
 in stating the position of this Spring and that of Ennea- 
 crunus, after saying that there was only one Spring in 
 Athens; and perhaps from that remark it has been as- 
 sumed by some that they had one source, notwithstand- 
 ing that the water of one supplied the city while that of 
 the other was undrinkable ! 
 
 Pliny says that substances thrown into this fountain 
 
ATTICA 151 
 
 were cast up in a fountain at Phalerum which is similar 
 to the connection said to have existed between Clepsydra 
 and the harbor of Phalerum. 
 
 Pausanias; I. 21. 
 
 Pliny. Nat. Hist. II. 106. 
 
 118 
 
 9emn^ 
 
 This was a fountain of dark water in the sanctuary of 
 the Eumenides commonly called the Semnae, The Vener- 
 able Goddesses. 
 
 The sanctuary contained also a monument to CEdipus. 
 
 It was a gloomy recess that was reached through a wide 
 chasm in the rocks at the southeast angle of the Hill of 
 Ares, the Areopagus. The hill was a small, rocky, barren 
 height opposite and within bowshot of the western end 
 of the Acropolis. 
 
 The entrance to the chasm was fifty yards from a flight 
 of sixteen steps that led up to the bench of stone on which 
 sat the Areopagites the Judges of the Areopagus, the Mars' 
 Hill Court, for a long time the highest judicial tribunal 
 of Athens and the sittings of which were held in the open 
 air to avoid contamination of the judges by the presence 
 of the criminal. The litigants stood on two white stones, 
 one called Rigor of the law, and the other, Impudence. 
 
 The first case tried in the Court was that of Poseidon 
 vs. Ares, the latter being charged with the murder of 
 Halirrhothius, and the twelve gods, to whom there was a 
 monument nearby, were the judges. 
 
 Subsequently Orestes was prosecuted in this court for 
 killing his mother Clytemnestra, the accusers being the 
 Semnse. In that case the jury was divided, the result 
 being, not a mistrial, but, an acquittal. 
 
152 CENTRAL GREECE 
 
 The failure of their case rendered the Semnas furious 
 and they threatened to vex Athens with plagues innumer- 
 able. But Athena bribed them to renounce their ven- 
 geance by promising them marriage dues and birth 
 offerings from the people, and in addition, this darksome 
 cavern. Afterwards they received the benefits of the 
 sacrifices that those who were acquitted in the Areopagus 
 Court were expected to make, and it is assumed that 
 CEdipus was the first contributor. 
 
 It has been stated that St. Paul was put on trial in the 
 Areopagus, but the 17th chapter of the Acts does not 
 seem to imply more than that the Apostle stood on Mars' 
 Hill and made a short address to certain philosophers 
 about idolatry and the resurrection. 
 
 The fountain was near the cave at the northwest angle 
 of the Acropolis which had been the meeting place of 
 Apollo and Creusa, the daughter of Erechtheus, whose 
 son Ion was the first ancestor of the lonians. 
 
 Smith's Die. of Greek Geo.; "Athens." 
 iSschylus; Eumenides; line 778. In 683. 
 
 119 
 
 . Clepsydra 
 
 The Fountain of Clepsydra was near the Cave of 
 Apollo and Pan, a grotto in the Long Rocks on the north 
 side of the Acropolis. 
 
 The fountain was in ancient times called Empedo, its 
 later name being given because it was supposed to have 
 a subterranean communication with the harbor of 
 Phalerum. 
 
 The only access to this fountain was from an enclosed 
 platform, on the Acropolis above it at the north of the 
 
ATTICA 153 
 
 northern wing of the Propylsea, by a descent of 47 steps 
 cut in the rock and partially faced with marble. 
 
 The descent was arched with brick and opened out into 
 a small subterranean chapel in which was a Well sur- 
 rounded with a peristomium of marble, thirty feet below 
 which was the water. The Cave and the steps are repre- 
 sented on a coin preserved in the British Museum. 
 
 The water of this Well, which was also unfit for drink- 
 ing, was carried through a conduit to the Clepsydra or 
 town clock of Athens located in the center of the Horolo- 
 gium or Temple of the Winds, an octagonal structure 
 whose eight sides faced the usual Athenian winds and 
 bore figures representing them. It was forty-four feet in 
 height and was surmounted with the figure of a Triton 
 that turned on a pivot and indicated with a wand the 
 direction of the wind. Sundial gnomons on the sunlit 
 walls indicated the time of day. 
 
 Attached to the south side of the building was a turret 
 that contained the water that was the mainspring of the 
 Clepsydra. 
 
 The building was erected about the beginning of the 
 Christian Era and its remains are still visible north of the 
 Acropolis, as is also a portion of the conduit which in 
 later times was diverted to carry water to a mosque for 
 the religious ablutions of its Turkish congregation. 
 
 Smith's Die. of Greek Geo.; "Athens." 
 
 120 
 
 Pan and Apollo 
 
 North of the Acropolis, which was called at different 
 times the Rock, of Pallas, of Macrae, of Cecrops, there 
 were several caves, which Euripides says were the grottos 
 
154 CENTRAL GREECE 
 
 of Pan. One of them became associated with the name 
 of Apollo and was dedicated to him as a shrine. 
 
 Another of the caves, for it was assumably not the one 
 consecrated to Apollo, was similarly dedicated to Pan 
 when he complained that the Athenians were ignoring 
 him. This complaint was made to Pheidippides who 
 established a record, if not for truth, at least for speed, in 
 running the first race over the original Marathon course 
 in 490 B.C., to announce to the Athenians that the Per- 
 sians had been defeated on the plain of Marathon. He 
 expired as he gasped out the welcome news at the end of 
 his run of 26 miles and 385 yards, having no doubt over 
 strained himself in previously running from Athens to 
 Sparta in twenty-four hours, to solicit Lacedaemonian 
 assistance on the same battlefield — it was on this first 
 run that Pan intercepted him and made his complaint. 
 
 Pausanias says there was a Well near these caverns — 
 a Well that some moderns have seemingly taken for the 
 Spring called Clepsydra; but, as a Well is not usually 
 adapted for use as a bath, Cinesias would not have been 
 likely to recommend his frolicsome wife Myrrhina to 
 bathe in Clepsydra had Clepsydra not been an open 
 Spring. 
 
 The recommendation was made in the cave of Pan, or 
 just before Cinesias and his wife reached it, at the time a 
 momentous movement was in progress among the women 
 of several districts of Greece. 
 
 This movement occurred during the long war between 
 Sparta and Athens in the beginning of the 4lh century 
 B.C. when, all able-bodied men having been called away 
 from their homes to fight, the women of Athens, under 
 the leadership of Lysistrata the wife of an Athenian 
 official, decided to adopt a course that should speedily 
 bring about peace and restore to them their husbands 
 
ATTICA 155 
 
 and their natural home life — the same course, in fact, 
 that some of the Suffragettes of the early part of the 
 20th century proposed to take, and that might have been 
 carried into effect if, after even the bare hint of it, the 
 different State legislatures had not hastened to confirm 
 the XlXth Amendment. 
 
 The beauties of various districts met on the Acropolis 
 at the call of Lysistrata who explained her plan, and 
 bound them, by a solemn oath taken over a large black 
 cup turned upsidedown, to a promise that whenever any 
 of the husbands returned home on furlough they would 
 make unusual efforts to beautify themselves with alkanet 
 root, cosmetics, perfumes, and depilatories; and would 
 bedeck themselves with fine linen, saffron-dyed robes, 
 sandals, and transparent Cimmerian vests ; using every 
 expedient to appear as charming and attractive as 
 possible, and in all respects comporting themselves to- 
 wards their spouses as in the days of courtship. 
 
 How the details of this scheme were individually 
 worked out is minutely told in an amusing account of the 
 way in which Cinesias, the first husband to return on 
 leave of absence, was received by Myrrhina. 
 
 Lysistrata forged another edge to this powerful weapon 
 by seizing the war chest that was kept in the Acropolis, 
 thereby shutting off the financial supplies accumulated 
 for the contractors and the army. 
 
 A feeble attempt was made by some of the old men 
 and a superannuated police force to smoke the women 
 away from the Acropolis and break up the organization, 
 but the ladies hastily procured pitchers of water from the 
 fountain and not only extinguished the smoky fires but 
 drenched the men, who made a hasty retreat and left the 
 women in full possession of the rock. 
 
 The fair charmers of Sparta having organized to pursue 
 
156 CENTRAL GREECE 
 
 a similar course, the males of the two States were very 
 shortly driven to appoint peace ambassadors; and they 
 hurriedly opened negotiations with Lysistrata, who 
 proved to be as wily in diplomacy as she was apt in the 
 art of coquetry. She pointed out the absurdity of internal 
 conflicts among the Greeks when there were so many 
 barbarians against whom the martially minded might 
 wage wars to their swords' content ; she settled the con- 
 cessions to be made by each side, and arranged all matters 
 so much to the satisfaction of the contending parties 
 that, with complete unanimity, and in very short order, a 
 peace was concluded which restored to every wife her 
 husband. 
 
 The nearby cave associated with Apollo was a grotto 
 in which was conceived the first chapter of the long his- 
 tory of the Ionian people; a history that began with the 
 acceptance of Apollo's addresses by Creusa the daughter 
 of Erechtheus. And it was in the same grotto that Creusa, 
 later on, abandoned her baby son Ion the first of the 
 powerful Ionian line. 
 
 After the abandonment, Apollo showed a kindly in- 
 terest in the infant and had him taken to his Delphi 
 temple where the boy was brought up as one of the Fane's 
 officials. 
 
 Subsequently, Creusa married Xuthus and, when 
 several years had elapsed, the two went to Delphi to 
 arouse the oracle's sympathy in their childless condition 
 and to obtain some advice for its amelioration ; whereupon 
 the oracle suggested that they consider as their son the 
 first male that Xuthus met on leaving the temple. That 
 person, by a chance that Apollo perhaps made no attempt 
 to avert, was Ion; and from the warmth of their embraces 
 when the oracle's suggestion had been explained to him, 
 Creusa imagined that Ion was really the son of Xuthus, 
 
ATTICA 157 
 
 and, as soon as possible, she attempted to have him drink 
 a poison draught of dragon's blood. The pious Ion 
 immediately poured a portion on the ground for the 
 deities and, noting the instant death of a pigeon that 
 pecked at the moisture, turned upon his unknown mother 
 and would have strangled her had not a priestess inter- 
 vened and by explaining the true situation brought about 
 cordial relations between the long-parted mother and son. 
 Ion was said to have succeeded Erechtheus as king of 
 Athens. 
 
 With regard to Clepsydra it might be added that it 
 was an intermittent Spring, a feature that furnishes a 
 more likely explanation of its two names, than the reason 
 previously quoted (in No. 119), the occasional stoppage 
 of the water being called a theft in one name, and an im- 
 pediment in the older name of Empedo. 
 
 Euripides, "Ion"; lines 482 and I. 
 
 Pausanias; I. 28. 
 
 Aristophanes, "Lysistrata"; lines 912, 838, and 326. 
 
 121 
 
 Panopus 
 
 The Spring of the hero Panopus, possibly one of the 
 hundred that Timon had in mind, was outside of but near 
 the eastern wall of Athens, a little north of the Gate of 
 Diochares and about midway between that gate and the 
 Lyceum, a garden with a gymnasium, surrounded with 
 lofty plane trees and inseparably connected with Aris- 
 totle and his school of Peripatetics, the walking philo- 
 sophers. 
 
 The fountain furnished a large supply of excellent 
 water, and made a brook that ran into the river Ilyssus 
 which passed a short distance to the south of it. 
 
158 CENTRAL GREECE 
 
 North of Aristotle's Lyceum and the fountain was the 
 cradle of the Cynic Philosophy adopted by Diogenes, the 
 name of which came from the school's garden, Cyno- 
 sarges, "White Dog, " because such an animal once stole 
 the sacrificial meat that was about to be offered there. 
 
 Panopus, sometimes called Panopeus, was the son of 
 Phocus who founded Panopeus, the town that had no 
 fountain; he was the twin brother of Crisus with whom 
 he quarreled before birth; and was the father of Epeus 
 the designer of the solitary wooden horse with which the 
 Greeks won the Trojan war. 
 
 Panopus took an oath to be honest, and possibly the 
 fountain received its name from having been called on to 
 witness that pledge, a pledge that it is disappointing to 
 find was taken in vain, for he stole a part of the booty 
 that was taken from the Teleboans. 
 
 Strabo; IX. i. § 19. 
 
 122 
 
 Callichorus 
 
 The Spring of Callichorus might perhaps be viewed as 
 the first fount of Free Masonry. 
 
 At its brink the goddess Ceres sat down on the Sorrow- 
 ful Stone and was ministered to by Triptolemus when 
 she had become weary from her wanderings in search of 
 her daughter Proserpine whom Pluto had cunningly 
 carried away and concealed in his nether realm. 
 
 And it was here, on the Rharian plain that, afterwards, 
 in gratitude for his sympathy she taught him how to 
 cultivate and harvest grain; how to use the ox as a thresh- 
 ing machine with his hoofs as flails ; and showed him how 
 to prepare the grains for eating, in place of the acorns 
 
ATTICA 159 
 
 and roots that formed the principal fare of the primitive 
 population. 
 
 At the same time she planted in his mind the first seeds 
 of the rudiments of law, and of the rules of justice and 
 right living. 
 
 And thus the gulf that now separates civilized men 
 from the brutes has broadened out from the little trench 
 that was made to grow the first small crop of domesti- 
 cated wheat or barley that was raised around the Spring 
 of Callichorus and nourished to maturity by its fruitful 
 flow. 
 
 Here, too, the goddess originated those rites of the 
 Eleusinian Mysteries which continued to be performed at 
 the yearly festival of Ceres down to the time of Alaric. 
 
 They were the annual nine days' wonder of Greece, and 
 their inward signification is still, to this day, a puzzle to 
 the students of the Past, although their processions and 
 pageants were a public and absorbing spectacle and the 
 outward forms of their mystic meetings became known 
 in their minutest details, notwithstanding the most care- 
 ful precautions to keep them secret, and the dire penalties 
 imposed, alike upon informers on the inside, and spyers 
 on the outside. 
 
 The celebrations, which occurred in spring and in 
 autumn, apparently preceded the rise of Hellenic mythol- 
 ogy, and, in the first instance perhaps consisted of a 
 simple rustic song and dance that were maybe addressed 
 to and performed for the Spring, as personifying the 
 patroness of the farmers, and conducted in commemora- 
 tion of her civilizing agricultural teachings to the kindly 
 Triptolemus. 
 
 But, later, the temple the order required for its ritual 
 became the largest of the sacred edifices in all Greece; 
 it was presided over by a Priest called the Hierophant, 
 
i6o CENTRAL GREECE 
 
 and the initiates took an oath of secrecy which was re- 
 peated with awful ceremonies. 
 
 Any revelation about these secret ceremonies was 
 punished by death, and a similar penalty was imposed 
 upon any uninitiated person who became a spectator of 
 the rites, either through curiosity or by chance. 
 
 When the autumn proceedings had reached their most 
 elaborate stage, nine days were required for the celebra- 
 tion which began on the 15th of Boedromion, the third 
 month of the Attic year which corresponded to the 
 present month of September. 
 
 The fifth day was called the Day of Torches, and was 
 thought to symbolize the wanderings of Ceres and her 
 visit to the Spring. 
 
 Theodosius abolished the Eleusinian celebrations in the 
 IVth Century a.d., but college girls still recall them in 
 annual dances and pantomimes. 
 
 Eleusis was near the sea and opposite the island of 
 Salamis. It was destroyed by Alaric in 396 A.D., but 
 since the XVIth Century its site has been occupied by a 
 little village called Lepsina ; and a Well where two roads 
 meet near the village is thought to be best located to 
 prefer claim to being the original source of Callichorus. 
 
 Pausanias; I. 38. 
 
 Callimachus; Hymn to Demeter. 
 
 Ovid. Fasti; IV. line 502. 
 
 123 
 
 The Well of Flowers 
 
 Along the side of the road that led from Eleusis to 
 Megara, there was a Well called The Well of Flowers. 
 
 Pamphos records that it was at this Well that Demeter 
 sat in the guise of an old woman after the rape of Proser- 
 
ATTICA i6i 
 
 pine, and that she was taken thence as an old woman of 
 the country by the daughters of Celeus to Metanira their 
 mother. And not far from the Well was the temple of 
 Metanira the mother of Triptolemus, and next to it the 
 tombs of those that fell at Thebes, and were buried in 
 the time of Creon. 
 
 Next to the tombs of those heroes was the tomb of 
 Alope who was killed by her father Cercyon for having 
 flirted with Poseidon, if indeed he was not only too glad 
 of that pretext to exercise his innate brutality which was 
 otherwise shown in his practise of inducing strangers to 
 compete with him in wrestling matches, in the course of 
 which he always killed them. At last, however, he en- 
 countered Theseus who overcame him and on the strength 
 of that record successfully established training schools to 
 teach the art, and is credited with being the first one to 
 elevate the exercise to a science. He seems to have 
 taught a rudimentary Jiu Jitsu that enabled quickness 
 and agility to overcome strength and bulk which, pre- 
 viously, had been relied upon alone for victory in contests 
 where, except with such antagonists as the cruel Cercyon, 
 the object was to throw one''s opponent to the ground. 
 
 Pamphos was a very ancient authority who lived 
 before the time of Homer, but no modern observer seems 
 to have seen a water source that might represent his Well 
 and it is to be hoped, for the sake of its pretty name, that 
 it ceased to flow through some natural cause, and that it 
 is unnecessary to suppose that it is really the Well of 
 Callichorus that Pamphos called the Well of Flowers — 
 and so misled Pausanias. In his Hymn to Ceres, line 
 162, Homer, appai^ently following the version of Pamphos, 
 calls Callichorus a hill, and refers to Parthenius as a 
 Spring. 
 
 Pausanias I. 39. 
 
i62 CENTRAL GREECE 
 
 124 
 Eridanus 
 
 Near the empurpled hills of blooming Hymettus there 
 was a sacred Spring around which the ground was soft 
 with verdant turf and velvety grass intermingled with 
 the tiny trefoil, and perftuned with rosemary, laurel, and 
 the swarthy myrtle. 
 
 Strawberries and other lowly plants crept among the 
 grasses with their brightening blooms, and laid their 
 luscious fruits about in wild profusion. Above these, and 
 many an odorous, lovely flower besides, slender trees with 
 interspreading foliage formed a grove where the leaves of 
 the box, the tamarisk, and the garden pine, moved by the 
 gentle zephyrs and the balmy air, murmured soft sounds 
 as with light caressing touch they fondled each other and 
 quivered in the cooling breeze. 
 
 Here, when the grasses undulated and the many kinds 
 of leaves nodded in joyful recognition to the visiting 
 zephyrs, Cephalus, who had wedded Procris, the daughter 
 of King Erechtheus of Athens, was wont to repair and 
 sprinkle his glowing face with the waters of the fountain, 
 and to call aloud in sportive mood to the breeze to come 
 and fan him after the heating exercises of the chase. 
 
 Procris one day hearing this jesting address to the 
 wind, mistook the name for that of a rival, and, rushing 
 towards the Spring in jealous anger, parted the rudely 
 obstructing branches with so much vigor that Cephalus, 
 fancying a wild beast was approaching, launched his 
 javelin in the direction of the crackling twigs and 
 branches. 
 
 This javelin, as appears in the account of the Spring of 
 Psamathe, had the unusual endowment of never missing 
 its mark, and of always returning to the hand of the 
 
ATTICA 163 
 
 thrower, and in this instance it pierced the heart of 
 Procris who fell forward into the arms of her agonized 
 husband and expired a few moments later, after being 
 convinced that her jealousy had been groundless. 
 
 Cephalus was tried before the Court of the Areopagus 
 which acquitted him of all but a lack of due diligence, for 
 which he was sentenced to perpetual banishment from 
 Athens. He went to live on the largest island in the 
 Ionian Sea, an island belonging to him, and called after 
 him Cephallenia, but, driven to distraction with remorse, 
 crossed over to the opposite promontory of Leucata and 
 took the lover's leap from it, being either the first to do 
 so, or the next after Sappho. 
 
 Heat-scarred rocks and scraggly bushes have, for the 
 most part, taken the places of the former verdure that 
 brightened the banks of the stream that flowed from the 
 Spring of Eridanus, but the neighborhood of the Spring 
 itself, at Syriani, is described by modern travelers as still 
 a spot of striking beauty. 
 
 Ovid. Art of Love; HI. In 689. 
 Pausanias; I. 37. 
 
 125 
 
 Cephisia 
 
 The Fountain Cephisia rose in a town of the same 
 name which was one of the twelve original cities of King 
 Cecrops whose inhabitants he brought together in what 
 became Athens. 
 
 This Spring was the most distant soiurce of the Cephis- 
 sus river, the Spring at Trinemeis which Strabo mentions 
 as the beginning of the little stream being now said to be 
 only a minor tributary's head. 
 
 In ancient times the Spring failed in the summer but it 
 
i64 CENTRAL GREECE 
 
 has improved and grown steadier with age, as the river 
 is now said to be the only one in Attica that is suppHed 
 with water during the entire year. 
 
 The town is at present called Kivisia and lies at the 
 foot of Mt. Pentelicus, nine miles northeast of Athens. 
 It is a favorite summer residence of the present-day 
 Athenians, and in one of its many shady groves the 
 transparent waters of the fountain now flow in a generous 
 stream even when other Springs are dried by summer 
 droughts. 
 
 Pliny; IV. ll. 
 Strabo; IX. i. § 20. 
 
 126 
 
 Macaria 
 
 The Spring of Macaria was in the Plain of Marathon 
 and received its name in the century before the Trojan 
 war, when it was used to insure victory to the Athenian 
 arms. 
 
 One very naturally fancies that, seven centuries later 
 in B.C. 490, when the Athenians in the same Plain were 
 about to begin the historic battle of Marathon with the 
 Persians, the Greek leaders did not fail to point to the 
 fountain and assure their soldiers that the Spring that 
 had insured victory to their ancestors could be confi- 
 dently relied upon to bring about (as it did) the defeat of 
 the Persians they were on the point of attacking. 
 
 In the ante-Troy battle, however, Greek met Greek 
 and not a foreign foe. The descendants of Hercules who 
 were called the Heracleidas desired to recover certain dis- 
 tricts in Greece which they claimed on the ground that 
 Hercules had subdued them, and they went to the Athen- 
 ians to enlist their assistance; whereupon Eurystheus 
 
ATTICA 165 
 
 who had imposed the dozen hard labors on Hercules, and 
 who had no love for his children, demanded that the 
 Athenians surrender the Heracleidee to him. On their 
 refusal so to do preparations were made to enforce the 
 demand, and, on the part of the Athenians, to resist; 
 preparations that began as usual with requests that the 
 Oracle would foreshadow the outcome. 
 
 The reply, to the Athenians, was that they would lose 
 unless one of the children of Hercules should voluntarily 
 die. 
 
 Then Macaria, the daughter of Dejaneira and Hercules, 
 sacrificed herself in order that the allies and her relatives 
 might conquer; and the fountain received its name from 
 her act of heroism, a heroism all the more worthy of 
 homage when it is considered that in one abnormally 
 long but incomplete list of 66 children of Hercules 
 every one was a putative hero save fond Macaria, who 
 was the only heroine, unless there was another daugh- 
 ter among the 72 children that Aristotle says Hercules 
 had. 
 
 lolaus, the son of Iphicles who was half brother to, 
 and one night younger than Hercules, received permis- 
 sion to return from the lower regions to engage in this 
 battle, in which he slew Eurystheus, and dragging him to 
 the fountain there beheaded him. 
 
 The spot was close to the chariot road and was ever 
 afterwards called "Eurystheus' head." 
 
 The. Spring of Macaria still issues from the foot of some 
 rocks on the northern side of the level and grassy Plain 
 which is Marathon, and forms a marsh into which the 
 Persians, in the historical battle, were driven and drowned 
 in large nimibers. 
 
 Pausanias; I. 32. 
 Strabo; VIII.6. §19. 
 
i66 CENTRAL GREECE 
 
 127 
 Larine 
 
 The Fountain Larine is said by Pliny to have been in 
 Attica, but he gives no particulars about it or its pecu- 
 liarities or its exact position. 
 
 Pliny; IV. II. 
 
 128 
 Attic Fountain 
 
 There was an Attic Fountain celebrated in the "Phae- 
 drus " of Plato, the Athenian comic poet. He is supposed 
 to have lived about 400 B.C., but there is little left of his 
 works save a list of the titles of the plays, although he was 
 considered next to Aristophanes in popularity. 
 
 Strabo;IX. I. §24. 
 
BCEOTIA 
 
 129 
 Thebes 
 
 Following one of the many traditions that Greek his- 
 torians furnish, it may be said that the vicinity of Thebes 
 was first inhabited by the Ectenes under King Ogygus, 
 and was called Ogygae. 
 
 These people were carried off by a pestilence and were 
 replaced by the Hyantes and the Aones whom Cadmus 
 found in possession on his arrival from Phoenicia. 
 
 The Hyantes he drove away but he allowed the Aones 
 to remain. 
 
 The succession of rulers, from Cadmus down to Dirce's 
 transformation into Thebes' youngest Spring, was; — 
 Polydorus; Labdacus; Lycus with his wife Dirce; and 
 those were followed by Amphion and Zethus; Laius; 
 (Edipus and others down to the time of the Trojan 
 war. 
 
 Nearly twenty centuries after the period assigned to 
 the existence of Cadmus, the neighborhood of Thebes was 
 still an open air museum filled with objects connected 
 with these characters and their contemporaries. 
 
 With Electricity not then broken to harness for the 
 carriage of news, the local legends were negligibly older 
 than the tidings of the day from the outside world. 
 
 They were far more interesting and more delightfully 
 told, and one may turn to them even today with a sigh 
 of happy relief after glancing at the headings of fifty 
 
 167 
 
i68 CENTRAL GREECE 
 
 newspaper columns reporting more horrors and crimes 
 than a hecalogue carefully drawn up would cover. 
 
 Modern Historical Societies, pointing around to a cart- 
 load of tablets, might blush for their laziness when read- 
 ing of the energy of the Thebans in marking their places of 
 interest. Beginning with the event that brought Cadmus 
 to the country, they pointed out the place where Jupiter 
 hid Europa — a place so near where her brother gave up 
 the search that on a quiet day he might have heard her 
 screams if she had made an outcry — and they con- 
 tinued with unflagging vigor, locating the spot where 
 the cow first lowed; where she lay down; where the 
 dragon appeared; where the teeth were sown; and 
 kept on until every detail of the first part of the 
 legend was riveted to some mound or hill or rock or 
 field or Spring. 
 
 Then, applying their attention to the town, they 
 marked the house of Cadmus, converted into a Temple of 
 Demeter; and the spot in the market place where the 
 Muses stood and sang at his marriage with Harmonia, as 
 well as her bridal chamber; and also the lightning-struck 
 room where Zeus paid his court to her daughter Semele. 
 And delving deeply into the rubbish heaps of the Past, 
 they even rescued and preserved odds and ends of me- 
 mentos for the inspection of posterity ; ancient armor and 
 out-of-date weapons tagged with the names of the battles 
 they won or the soldiers who used them; pieces of v/ood 
 from Cadmus' ship; remains of furniture, such as frag- 
 ments of the bridal bedsteads of the prominent ladies of 
 the Cadmean family, not forgetting to hunt up parts of 
 the bed of Alcmena the mother of Hercules. 
 
 When every feature of the neighborhood had been 
 appropriately connected with some incident in the lives 
 of these people, then the roads were walled with their 
 
BCEOTIA 169 
 
 statues and tombs, or with cenotaphs in the cases of 
 those whose existence was terminated abroad. 
 
 At the tomb of Amphion no Httle additional interest 
 was excited by the presence of a number of stones lying 
 about in no particular order, the members of a pathetic 
 funeral deputation of the rocks that had so often moved 
 to Amphion's music when he was alive. 
 
 All of the local heroes having thus been monumental- 
 ized, and the highway's margin still affording vacant 
 spaces, a commission was sent across the seas to search 
 for celebrated heroes' bones, and brought back Hector's 
 body from the plains of Troy and placed it in a tomb 
 along the roadside. 
 
 To the Thebans, the riddle of the Sphinx was not the 
 usually accepted classical conundrum, but the more inti- 
 mate question, "What did the Oracle say to Cadmus?", 
 and the number of the Sphinx's victims was small enough 
 to show how few people in the neighborhood had not 
 committed the conversation to heart. 
 
 In such an atmosphere even infants breathed in patriot- 
 ism and pride perforce. No boy with a spark of imagina- 
 tion could drink at the Spring in the dragon's cave, or go 
 through the field where the armed men grew and fought, 
 without feeling each fiber tingle with the valor with which 
 every surrounding was saturated; and men were made 
 emulative heroes by the stirring associations linked with 
 each natural feature they had to pass in even such com- 
 monplace tasks as driving the flocks home through 
 meadows and forests, or watering them at the fountains, 
 of which Thebes had so many that it was described, as 
 late as the third century before Christ, as being "all 
 Springs." 
 
 Four of these fountains overflowed into the literature 
 of their countrymen; the Spring of Ares in the east; of 
 
I70 CENTRAL GREECE 
 
 Dirce in the west ; and of Strophie in the center ; they were 
 feeders of three rivers, the Ismenus and the Dirce which 
 ran about a mile apart, and the Strophia which ran 
 between them, all of them traveling northward. And a 
 short distance beyond the walls there was the fountain 
 of (Edipus. 
 
 In addition to this niunber of water sources, the city 
 derived a supply from an unlocated body that is thought 
 to have been tapped in ante-historical times and that 
 was brought to the town through an aqueduct coming 
 from the south. 
 
 The fountain of Ares as the foundation Spring of the 
 city is geographically the most important one of the town, 
 but its fame has been overshadowed by the prominence 
 that has been given to the Spring of Dirce, both in poetry 
 and in prose. 
 
 Pausanias; IX. g. et seq. 
 
 130 
 
 Dirce 
 
 The most famous of the many Theban Springs is 
 Dirce. It was written about by scientists, travelers and 
 poets, and especially by Pindar the poet of sportsmen. 
 Likening the flow of his song to the stream of the Spring, 
 his promise, to give the athletes the pure water of Duxe 
 to drink, was only a modest way of announcing that 
 another ode was about to be put forth for the heroes of 
 the stadium. 
 
 He called it the Glorious Fount of Dirce, and, holding 
 that man dull who did not mention its waters, referred to 
 them so frequently, and lived so near them, that Horace 
 styled him the Dircean Swan, a term that may have a 
 
BCEOTIA 171 
 
 trace of pity for the author's praise of water, or maybe 
 one of envy; for in the ever-recurring Grecian games 
 there were many hundred more victors to pay Pindar for 
 his pasans than there were wine growers willing to help 
 Horace on the way to fortune with his vinous verses. 
 
 Still, Pindar, like Dirce, remains one of the principal 
 realities of Thebes. Many of its other celebrities; (Edi- 
 pus the king; Amphiaraus and Tiresias, the seers; Her- 
 cules, the personification of strength, who was thought to 
 have derived a part of his power from drinking the waters 
 of Dirce, were all but little more than such creations as 
 Pindar himself had a part in bringing to life in literature. 
 Thus, perhaps, felt Alexander when he ruined the city so 
 completely that even the daughters of Arachne, the city's 
 spiders, were saddened with the foresight of the awful 
 wreck, and showed their sorrow by weaving their webs in 
 mournful black. He pulled down the mansions of myth- 
 ology as scornfully as he leveled the huts of the rabble ; 
 he regarded neither the palace of Lycus nor the home 
 of Amphitryon and Hercules. There was seemingly no 
 structure in all the town that he cared to save except the 
 house that Pindar lived in on the bank of the Dirce 
 river, for that was the only one the conqueror left intact. 
 
 Bacchus is said to have been brought up at the foun- 
 tain of Dirce; but as Bacchus was born before Dirce's 
 time that is perhaps a euphemism regarding some occa- 
 sion when Bacchus was brought to rather than up by 
 means of its cold waters. 
 
 Grecian Thebes, less rich in gates than her Egyptian 
 sister city with a hundred, had only seven, and the one 
 which stood near the fountain of Dirce was named the 
 Crencea or Dircean Gate. 
 
 The pessimist of the XXth century may take heart of 
 grace and feel a renewal of waning faith in the revival of 
 
172 CENTRAL GREECE 
 
 retributive justice when finding its waters at hard labor, 
 turning a mill and expiating the cruelties that in the city's 
 early days Dirce, as the queen of King Lycus of Thebes, 
 practised in her persecutions of Antiope; cruelties that 
 were suddenly cut short in a very unexpected manner. 
 
 It was the relentless jealousy of Dirce that caused the 
 Spring's tragic birth. 
 
 Even after Lycus had discarded his niece-wife Antiope 
 in Dirce's favor, Dirce continued to persecute her with 
 ever increasing vindictiveness. Not content with shred- 
 ding her face with her cruel nails, and even setting fire 
 to her fair and alluring locks, she reduced her to a state 
 of servitude, and imposed upon her the most menial and 
 degrading tasks. 
 
 She even went further in order to tire her out with 
 want of rest, and forced her to live in a dark and dirty 
 quarter where she could dispose her wearied and tortured 
 body only upon the bare, hard ground. 
 
 To these torments she added those of hunger and thirst, 
 withholding all but such little nourishment as was ab- 
 solutely necessary to sustain a weak spark of life in her 
 emaciated frame. 
 
 At last, upon a certain cold night, Antiope succeeded 
 in escaping, and managed to drag herself to a place of 
 refuge which she reached in an exhausted and fainting 
 condition. 
 
 Her respite, however, bade fair to be of but short dura- 
 tion, for Dirce pursued and discovered her, and had 
 perfected arrangements to have her tied to the horns of 
 a mad and frothing bull and dragged to death, when two 
 of the assistants, who, abandoned in infancy, had been 
 brought up in the belief that they were only ordinary 
 shepherds, fortunately discovering that Antiope was their 
 mother, seized Dirce and immediately meted out to her 
 
BCEOTIA 173 
 
 the horrible fate that she herself had fiendishly devised 
 for Antiope — and, either because the sentient and horri- 
 fied earth refused to retain her tears of agony, or the 
 streams from her wounds, and threw them forth as this 
 ever bubbling fountain; or because she was cast into it, 
 it thenceforth bore her name. 
 
 The incident is represented in the statuary group called 
 The Farnese Bull, found in 1546 in the Thermae of Cara- 
 calla, and now in the National Museum at Naples. 
 
 But the gruesome legend of barbarities does not con- 
 clude with the loss of Dirce's human life. She had been 
 a prominent devotee in celebrating the rites of Bacchus, 
 and that deity in revenge for her transformation, and 
 possibly considering her watery fate an innuent injury, 
 added another dash of misery to the cup of Antiope by 
 inflicting that hapless being with madness. 
 
 In the end, however, she was happily cured of that 
 disease by the grandson of Sisyphus, Phocus, who in 
 saving her mind lost his heart and received her hand in 
 marriage as his fee, and after a life of happy union they 
 were laid at rest together. 
 
 Antiope's sons, the two quondam shepherds, Zethus, 
 and Amphion who laid the walls with the magic music of 
 his lyre, came into their own and prospered in due mea- 
 sure until the loss of Amphion's children and Niobe 
 his wife, the children all killed suddenly and in the 
 same moment, drove him to end his life with a sword 
 thrust. He and his brother were buried in one grave 
 and worshiped as the Theban Dioscuri with white 
 horses. 
 
 There was an extensive grove by the Spring where 
 sacrifices for the dead, and other rites, were performed, and 
 in which there appears to have been laid out a park and 
 driveway, or a race-course, as Sophocles, writing of the 
 
174 CENTRAL GREECE 
 
 fountain, mentions its "spacious grove where Thebe's 
 chariots move." 
 
 The Thebans, somewhat oddly, seem to have held this 
 Spring in little less veneration than they did their tutelar 
 dragon; they swore "By the fountain of Dirce" in regis- 
 tering a vow, or in emphasizing a statement; and they 
 considered its waters as the most nourishing of all the 
 Springs with which the Ocean had endowed the earth. 
 
 Lord Byron, always anxious to make personal trial of 
 the founts that had inspired the poetry of his predecessors, 
 visited the Spring and wrote; "The fountain of Dirce 
 turns a mill, at least my companion (who, resolved to be 
 at once cleanly and classical, bathed in it), pronounced 
 it to be the Fountain of Dirce." 
 
 Nowadays, several Springs contribute to the western 
 stream, and the one called Paraporti is supposed to be the 
 ancient Dirce ; the river that receives its waters is now the 
 Platziotissa. 
 
 Apollodorus; III. 5. § 5. 
 Propertius; Elegy IV. 15. 
 
 Ares 
 
 The history of this Spring begins about 2084 B.C., in 
 the days of the letter carrier Cadmus who is credited with 
 the introduction of the germs of the alphabet into Greece. 
 
 Cadmus had been sent out by his father Agenor, a 
 Phoenician King, and commanded to search for and not 
 to return without his sister Europa, who had been lured 
 away by a beautiful snow-white bull into which Jupiter 
 had metamorphosed himself as an incognito under which 
 to pursue another of his numerous gallantries without 
 attracting undue attention. 
 
BCEOTIA 175 
 
 Being in a strange country, and unable to trace the 
 whereabouts of the bull, Cadmus applied to the Delphic 
 Oracle for assistance in his search, much as Saul in his 
 search for the asses turned to the Prophet for help. 
 
 The Oracle, adapting to the needs of Cadmus the idea 
 in Dumas' more elegant and celebrated phrase of " Cher- 
 chez la femme, " advised him to find and follow a cow, and 
 also to found a city wherever she might lie down. 
 
 If one cares to place credence in the Sidonian account 
 of Cadmus, a hidden sarcasm may be found in thus 
 setting a king's son a cowherd's task; and the more 
 readily if a ruminating reader finds it strange that a 
 father who had lost a daughter should run the additional 
 risk of losing a son by forbidding him the house until he 
 found her; and that the son should so soon have relin- 
 quished the search for his sister; for according to the 
 holy history of the Sidonians Cadmus was a cook in a 
 king's kitchen, and his heavenly ancestored wife Har- 
 monia was, in the same palace, a music girl slave with 
 wkom he ran away. 
 
 Shortly after receiving the Oracle's order, Cadmus 
 espied a cow in the land of Phocis, and followed her until 
 she finally came to rest in Boeotia; and there he began 
 without delay the necessary preliminaries to establishing 
 a city. Thus, although many towns seem to like to ac- 
 count for the crookedness of their streets by explaining 
 that they were laid out by the cows, Grecian Thebes can 
 claim the first recorded instance of the site of a city itself 
 having been selected by one of its cattle. 
 
 Seeking water from a running Spring for the first pre- 
 liminary of the required ceremonies, his retinue found it 
 in a near-by fountain which issued from a cavern that lay 
 in an ancient grove of virgin forest. 
 
 The Spring, surrounded with twigs and osiers , and pro- 
 
176 CENTRAL GREECE 
 
 tected with an arch formed by the junction of the rocks, 
 was sacred to Mars, and was guarded by a dragon, 
 adorned with crests, of now a golden, and, again, an azure 
 color; his eyes sparkled with fire; all his body was puffed 
 out with poison, and he had three tongues which he 
 brandished about from between a triple row of teeth. 
 
 The splashing of the water urn in the Spring aroused 
 the savage dragon, which, after killing all the party save 
 Cadmus, was finally slain by the latter. 
 
 The dragon's teeth sown in the ground at once pro- 
 duced a marvelous crop of armed men who fought furi- 
 ously among themselves until only five remained. With 
 these five conquerors, Cadmus laid out and began the 
 building of the city which, out of courtesy to the leader, 
 was quite naturally at first called Cadmea. 
 
 The figure of a lance appeared on the shoulders of the 
 five heroes and was transmitted as a birthmark to their 
 descendants down to the time of Plutarch. 
 
 The anger of Ares at the destruction of his dragon and 
 the capture of his Spring was fortunately so far appeased 
 that he afterwards gave Harmonia, his and Aphrodite's 
 daughter, to Cadmus as wife. 
 
 It remained, however, for Amphion two generations 
 l^ter to construct the walls of the town, which he did 
 with no more effort than was required to play upon his 
 lyre, at the sounds of which the enchanted stones grouped 
 themselves together in their proper positions. 
 
 Zethus, the brother of this musical mason, having 
 married the daughter of Asopus, Thebe, the walled town 
 was then named in her honor. It has been known, too, 
 by still another name, Dipotamos, because of its position 
 ,-, between two streams, the Ismenus, and the Dirce now 
 called the Platziotissa. 
 
 Many centuries after the founding of Thebes, the 
 
BCEOTIA 177 
 
 country around it became what has been named "The 
 dancing ground of Ares," and the town frequently felt 
 itself called upon to engage in wars and battles, down to 
 the time of Alexander who reduced it to ruins and sold 
 its inhabitants; and in all of these emergencies the leaders 
 from Pentheus down found no surer way to rouse the 
 courage of the Thebans and stimulate their martial 
 energy, than by referring to the valiancy of their ancestor 
 dragon and entreating them to emulate the valor he 
 showed in defending his immemorial fountain; a valor 
 that inspired the same feeling that made the early 
 Roman soldier believe himself more fierce than fighters 
 who had had no wolf at the root of their racial tree. The 
 gleaming shield of Alcmason was resplendent with a 
 many-colored dragon, and it seems natural that a similar 
 device should have adorned the banners of the army 
 which, under the command of Epaminondas, became the 
 best body of fighting men in all of Greece. 
 
 In the days when Thebes was described as the city 
 where mortal women became mothers of gods, the Spring 
 of Ares was called Ismenus after a son of Apollo by Melia, 
 and sometimes, also, Melia; but before that time it was 
 called Laden, a name associated with dragons, as in the 
 case of the guardian of the gardens of the Hesperides. 
 
 In the 2d century A. D., the Spring was still referred to 
 as sacred to Ares, and was described as to the right of the 
 gate that guarded the road that led from Plataea, and 
 somewhat higher than a temple of Apollo that stood on a 
 hill. 
 
 Today, as the Turkish town Thiva, with less than five 
 thousand people, Thebes can point to practically no 
 remains of all its ancient architectural glories — its armies 
 and walls of enchantment proved futile to preserve it 
 from the ravages of its numerous enemies ; but the Spring 
 
178 CENTRAL GREECE 
 
 of Ares, though quite defenseless, deprived of its watchful 
 dragon and bereft of the drago-human protectors who 
 succeeded it, has calmly survived the vicissitudes of forty 
 centuries that have elapsed since the days of Cadmus and 
 his guiding cow. 
 
 Its latest name, Ai lanni, is taken from the church of 
 St. John the shadow of whose spire, suggestive of a 
 dragon's tail, is thrown protectively across the waters 
 that are still as clear and copious as when Cadmus first 
 saw them issuing from their cavern in the ancient grove 
 of virgin forest and their purity appealed to him for use 
 in his ceremonial rites. 
 
 Ovid; Meta. III. Fable i. 
 Athenasus; XIV. 77- 
 
 132 
 
 Strophie 
 
 The Spring of Strophie, which was the source of the 
 middle one of the three rivers that ran through Thebes, 
 is named by Callimachus, but he makes no allusion to 
 its story or to the origin of the name; neither do other 
 writers throw any direct light upon the subject. 
 
 Strophius was the father of Pylades who lived in the 
 neighboring district of Phocis, and possibly a daughter 
 of his gave name to the Spring, but no account of the 
 circumstance seems to have been preserved. 
 
 Callimachus; Hymn to Delos; line 74. 
 
 Antiope 
 
 Eleutheras was a town situated where an edge of the 
 Rharian Plain began to slope upwards to the towering 
 
BCEOTIA 179 
 
 heights of Mt. Cithseron which rises to an altitude of 
 4600 feet above the level of the sea. 
 
 In the Plain, a short distance from the town, there 
 was a charming little temple to Dionysus with so pret- 
 ty a statue of the god that the art-admiring Athen- 
 ians afterwards carried it off to adorn their own city 
 in Attica. 
 
 By the temple there was a no less charming grotto that 
 looked upon a Spring of cold and sparkling water; and 
 on a soundless summer's day when the cozy retreat of 
 that grotto was soft carpeted with ferns and velvet moss, 
 its rocky entrance framed a pleasing picture of the grace- 
 ful god, the tree-leaf shaded Spring, and distant hills 
 whose gentle undulations, far across the Plain and thinly 
 veiled in softening azure haze, lay in charming curves 
 along the sky like a band of lazy clouds, loitering in their 
 course to take a noontime rest. 
 
 There in the grotto, on such a day, Antiope once 
 stopped while on her way to Thebes, and giving birth to 
 twins she left them to their fate, which the inquisitive 
 midgets did what was best to make a pleasant one, by 
 crawling into the open towards the Spring where they 
 were fortunately discovered by a shepherd who gave 
 them their first bath in it, and, taking them to his moun- 
 tain home, reared them both to lusty manhood. 
 
 The shepherd kept them in ignorance of the secret of 
 their birth and of the fact that they were the children of 
 a Queen, one of the most famous beauties of her time and, 
 like Helen, the cause of a war. 
 
 It was waged by Nycteus, her father, a grandson of 
 Neptune, against Epopeus, the King of Sicyon, because 
 the latter had abducted Antiope and married her against 
 the paternal protests. This war was won by Epopeus but 
 after his death the Sicyonians surrendered Antiope to 
 
i8o CENTRAL GREECE 
 
 her Uncle Lycus who became her husband as well as her 
 guardian. Mention is made of her subsequent sore trials 
 under the Spring of Dirce, No. 130. 
 
 One may easily guess why these two little boys, the 
 sons of Jupiter, were left to the chance that some tender- 
 hearted passer-by would find them; and it was fortunate 
 for the music loving world, and especially for the wall- 
 less town of Thebes, that a kindly disposed person came 
 upon them in the daylight as they sprawled about in 
 dangerous proximity to the chilly and unguarded waters 
 of the Spring, for they were the Amphion and Zethus 
 who as stalwart youths discovered their parentage in 
 opportune time to save their mother's life, and after- 
 wards played no paltry part in the making of Thebes, 
 and in its history, as mentioned in the account of the 
 Spring of Dirce. 
 
 From a fragment of a temple column, a modern archaeo- 
 logist may describe the structure it belonged to with the 
 same uncanny certainty that Cuvier showed in remodel- 
 ing fossils of bygone ages from a single bone of their 
 skeletons; for, owing to the accuracy with which the 
 ancient architects adhered to the rules of proportion for 
 the several orders, the size of a structure can be fairly 
 surmised if enough of a column is found to allow of 
 measuring a chord of its fluting; and skilful modern 
 travelers have therefore accomplished wonders in iden- 
 tifying sites by the ruins of buildings of which old descrip- 
 tions have been preserved. 
 
 In the case of Eleutherse, however, the ancient writers 
 themselves did not agree on its location; it had been on 
 the borders of Attica and Boeotia, and some placed it in 
 the former while others put it in the latter country, the 
 present result of which is three different locations for its 
 site, viz., east of MyupoH; west of Skirta; and, near 
 
BCEOTIA i8i 
 
 Kundara, each traveler being guided by a different 
 ancient author in making his selection. 
 
 Pausanias; I. 38. II. 6. 
 
 The Well of CEdipus 
 
 Leaving Thebes by the gate of Proetis, a highway 
 stretched onwards to Chalcis. 
 
 In front of the gate was a race-course, and then on the 
 right hand side a hippodrome in which, very appro- 
 priately, reposed the remains of the poet Pindar whose 
 honeyed lips were devoted to the praises of its patrons 
 and the victors in the contests that took place in its 
 precincts. His passion for poetry and the sweetness of 
 his song were said to be due to the fact that when he went 
 to sleep in his youth the bees selected his lips on which to 
 deposit their honey. 
 
 A. short distance further on, after passing a number of 
 tombs, the most prominent of which were those of the 
 children of CEdipus; that of, or, rather, the cenotaph of 
 Tiresias ; and the tomb of Hector the son of King Priam 
 of Troy, one came to the Well of CEdipus. 
 
 It having been prophesied to King Laius that he would 
 be slain by his son, the King undertook to make this 
 decree of Fate abortive by having his son killed in in- 
 fancy. CEdipus, however, having been raised to manhood 
 by the pitying agent entrusted with the execution, one 
 day met his unknown father on this road, and, in a dis- 
 pute that arose over the right of way, killed him; and 
 then in this Spring, as the modern version is, essayed to 
 purge himself of his patricidal sin ; or, as Pausanias more 
 bluntly puts it, he washed off in it the blood of his 
 father's murder. 
 
1 82 CENTRAL GREECE 
 
 From this circumstance the Spring was known there- 
 after among the ancients as the Well of CEdipus. But 
 after the introduction of Christianity it was rechristened 
 with the name of one of the Saints, and is today still 
 called the fountain of St. Theodore, perhaps after that 
 one, of the 28 Theodores who became Saints, whom the 
 Greeks honor on the first Saturday in Lent, and who 
 belonged to a Roman cohort and was martyred in 306, 
 February 17th. His head is still preserved in Gaeta, 
 though his body was sent to Brindisi. 
 
 Pausanias; IX. l8. 
 
 AULIS 
 
 Aulis was the daughter of Ogygus, that autochthonal 
 King of the territory of Thebes, who reigned long before 
 Cadmus came into the country with his letters, those 
 teeth by which men devour learning and which, sown in 
 the field of argument, produce such angry disputations 
 and bitter wars of words. Hence, possibly, there is no 
 record of the very ancient and perhaps absorbing incident 
 from which this Spring derived the name of the primitive 
 princess. 
 
 It was by this fountain's sacred brink, where a plane 
 tree shed its shade around, that the fate of Troy was 
 confirmed and its destruction foreshadowed. 
 
 The Grecian hosts gathered at Aulis and, at first, eager 
 to sail to the siege of the distant city, had been there 
 becalmed and weather bound for so long a time that they 
 had nearly lost their relish for making a lengthy sea trip 
 and engaging in a war of whose success there seemed, 
 with each day of delay, to be less and less assurance. 
 
BCEOTIA 183 
 
 They were on the verge of abandoning the adventure 
 when the miracle of the mysterious disappearance of 
 Iphigenia, about to be sacrificed to appease the wrath 
 of a goddess quite innocently deprived of a pet animal, 
 and the no less astonishing substitution of a doe in her 
 place, had just put them in a proper receptive mood ; so 
 that when, at this moment, they saw a mighty dragon 
 rear its sanguinary spires to a nest, in the top of the plane 
 tree, and devour its occupants, eight fledglings and their 
 mother, they readily accepted the interpretation of the 
 Seer Calchas that the dragon typified the Grecian host, 
 and the destruction of the birds guaranteed the fall of 
 Troy- in the next nine years. Immediately a favoring 
 wind sprang up ; the many ships, so carefully catalogued 
 by Homer, were filled with the reencouraged heroes, and 
 in due course the portent seen in the branches of the 
 plane tree was amply verified. 
 
 Fifteen hundred years later this wonderful tree was 
 still standing and its vigorous rootlets continued to drink 
 of the nourishing waters of the fountain of Aulis, which 
 can, however, hardly be credited with any part in the 
 even more remarkable preservation of the tent of Aga- 
 memnon that was, in the same period, pointed out on the 
 slope of a nearby hill. 
 
 Pausanias; IX. 19. 
 
 POTNIiE 
 
 Among the ruins of Potnias, which were ten stadia from 
 Thebes and on the other side of the Asopus River, the 
 Well of Potniae was pointed out as a noxious object, for 
 any horse that drank from it straightway went mad. 
 
i84 CENTRAL GREECE 
 
 One can imagine, too, that the water was not without 
 effect on the people themselves, and that their town might 
 still have been inhabited if they had done away with the 
 Well and sought for another and more wholesome supply. 
 
 They had been noted for their peculiar ways and 
 strange actions, and it is difficult to stifle the suspicion 
 that it was not horses only that were made flighty by the 
 Well of Potniae. 
 
 They admitted sucking pigs into their Halls and made 
 pets of them which was not considered any better form 
 by Pausanias in the Year One than it is in 192 1. 
 
 And once in their worship of Dionysus they had killed 
 the Priest — it was customary in those days to water the 
 wine — an insane act that brought upon them a pestilence. 
 To have the pestilence removed, they were obliged to 
 sacrifice a grown boy for several years annually. The 
 penalty was, however, commuted at last and they were 
 permitted to substitute a goat, a substitution that the old 
 religious powers frequently permitted, and that is still in 
 effect in certain societies of Neologists. Glaucus, the 
 father of Bellerophon the owner of the flying horse Pega- 
 sus, was very fond of horses and of chariot racing, and 
 he was eaten up by a pair of his racers who drank from 
 this Well. The incident formed the principal decorative 
 feature of one of the most sensational shields of antiquity ; 
 it was owned by Polinices who helped to slay the dragon 
 at the Spring of Adrastea, and represented Glaucus' 
 maddened steeds in a furious gallop, actually in lifelike 
 motion on the shield. The figures of the frantic horses 
 were attached to a revolving spindle set vertically in the 
 buckler, and the effect was that of an endless troupe of 
 wild stallions issuing from the targe at frantic speed and 
 pawing furiously with their menacing hoofs at any enemy 
 upon whom Glaucus might be rushing. Possibly more 
 
BCEOTIA 185 
 
 may be learned regarding this peculiar Spring if ^Eschy- 
 lus' lost tragedy entitled "Glaucus of Potniae" is ever 
 found. The Site of Potniae is in the neighborhood of the 
 village of Taki. 
 
 Pausanias: IX, 8. 
 
 Hercyna 
 
 The twin sources of the river Hercyna bubbled up close 
 together in a cave in the Grove of Trophonius near 
 Lebadea. 
 
 These Springs were accidentally uncovered by Proser- 
 pine who when playing with her friend Hercyna chased a 
 goose into the cave, and, lifting a stone in her search, 
 made an outlet for the fountains. 
 
 The oracle of Trophonius was on the side of Mt. Heli- 
 con above the grove. 
 
 Conducted under the name of a robber and murderer, 
 and with torturing ceremonies, this oracle which was 
 unknown one day became a short time thereafter the 
 second most noted of some three hundred semi- private 
 oracles that Greece is said to have supported. 
 
 Trophonius and his brother Agamedes were builders 
 and constructed a treasury for Hyrieus, one of the richest 
 men of the vicinity. In the walls they wickedly left a 
 cunningly fitted loose stone that gave them secret access 
 to the treasures, and their depredations were so great that 
 the diminution of the vast hoard was finally noticed; 
 then a trap was set and Agamedes was caught, and held 
 so securely that he could only get his head through the 
 opening. 
 
 Finding it impossible to pull him through, Trophonius, 
 
1 86 CENTRAL GREECE 
 
 to prevent identification and to save himself from sus- 
 picion, cut off his brother's head and was then swal- 
 lowed up by the earth in the grove of Lebadea, and 
 the cavity was marked with a pillar and called after 
 Agamedes. 
 
 A similar story, softened, however, with a love passage, 
 was told by the Egyptians in connection with a treasury 
 that was constructed for King Rhampsinitus some 1200 
 years B.C. 
 
 Occurrences in the cave of the Witch of Endor must 
 have been quite enjoyable in comparison with what those 
 who consulted the oracle of Trophonius had to endure. 
 It was said that no visitor ever laughed mirthfully after 
 one session in the oracle's hole of horrors. 
 
 One might imagine that the proceedings, in part at 
 least, were suggested by the terrors of Agamedes while the 
 trap was lacerating his legs and Trophonius' sword was 
 hacking his head off. 
 
 A person contemplating a consultation had to take up 
 temporary residence in a near-by temple and follow pre- 
 scribed sacrifices and invocations. He practically went 
 into training, bathing regularly in the cold river, and 
 eating plenty of animal food until the night appointed for 
 his descent into the cave, when he was anointed with oil 
 by two thirteen-year-old boys, and offered a final invoca- 
 tion to Agamedes. 
 
 After drinking, first the water of forgetfulness, and 
 then the water of memory, possibly that furnished by the 
 twin Springs, he proceeded up the mountain to a stepless 
 cavity into which he descended by a small ladder until he 
 reached a narrow opening to another cavity. Having 
 thrust his legs to the knees into this second opening, 
 his well-oiled body was sucked, as a swimmer is sucked 
 through a whirlpool, into an underground chamber where 
 
BCEOTIA 187 
 
 the future was made known to him, sometimes through 
 the eyes, and sometimes through the ears. 
 
 He was then ejected, feet first, and, while still in a state 
 of terror, and hardly knowing where he was, the priests 
 required him to rehearse his uncanny adventures and 
 describe all that he had seen or heard. 
 
 Afterwards he was required to recall his ordeal again 
 and to write down an account of all that had happened to 
 him. 
 
 It is said that only one man failed to come out at least 
 alive, and that when it was all over the victims laughed ; 
 but one can fancy that a conception of that laugh might 
 only be gained by watching the mirth of a maniac. 
 
 Lebadea, its name slightly changed to Livadhia, is still 
 a considerable town, and some copious Springs at the 
 eastern side of a hill near the southern end of the town are 
 taken to be the ancient twin sources. 
 
 They do not issue from the old cavern near-by, but from 
 openings outside having, perhaps, been again blocked up 
 in the cave as they were before Proserpine first uncovered 
 them. They now rise at the sides of the river; those on 
 the right, warm and unfit to drink, are called Chilia and 
 may have caused the stupor of f orgetf ulness ; those on the 
 left, cold and clear, are called Krya. 
 
 Pausanias; IX. 39. 
 
 138 
 TiLPHUSA 
 
 The fountain of Tilphusa was at the foot of Mt. Til- 
 phusium about fifty stadia from Haliartus ; the mountain 
 is now called Petra; and the town, Mazi. 
 
 The Tilphusa of the fountain was a river nymph, and 
 
1 88 CENTRAL GREECE 
 
 not the notorious Tilphusa the mother of Ares' serpent- 
 son, the dragon that Cadmus killed. 
 
 Pindar described the water as ambrosial, and declared 
 that its taste was as sweet as fresh honey. 
 
 This Spring caused the death, and marks the site of the 
 grave of Tiresias, one of the most famous of the old Gre- 
 cian Seers, who lived some 1200 years before the Christian 
 era. He was a Theban, a direct descendant of Udaeus, 
 one of the men who sprang from the serpent's teeth 
 sown by Cadmus. 
 
 Like Cseneus, the daughter of Elatus, he was born a 
 girl ; but at the age of seven was changed by Apollo into 
 a boy ; thereafter, he was several times changed from one 
 sex to the other, his final sex being feminine; and was once 
 transformed into a mouse, which, perhaps, led naturally 
 to his formulation of the doctrine that even the stars had 
 souls and were of different sexes. 
 
 Having had the experiences of both sexes, he was called 
 upon to proclaim whether the male or the female obtained 
 the more enjoyment from the pleasures of the affections, 
 and, having answered with mathematical precision, that 
 of their ten phases all of them were enjoyed by women, 
 and nine of them were unknown to men, he was stricken 
 with blindness by Juno for his garrulity. 
 
 It has been explained that, as the medicine men of 
 some tribes of Indians as far apart as Patagonia and the 
 Alaskan islands, dress like women, Tiresias, perhaps, at 
 times, appeared in female apparel, which gave rise to the 
 belief that he had changed his sex — but no one has yet 
 offered any theory to account for his transformation into 
 a mouse, though the power of foretelling disaster that 
 members of the Mouse family have long possessed is thus 
 easily accounted for, as being inherited from the strain 
 of Tiresias' blood that came into the breed at the time in 
 
BCEOTIA 189 
 
 question; during which no doubt he deserted any ship 
 that was about to founder on its next voyage, and moved 
 from any building that was shortly to be consumed by 
 fire. 
 
 The power, at any rate, was transferred and persisted 
 in his own human family, for not only was his daughter, 
 Manto or Daphne, gifted with prophetic powers equal 
 to his own, but even his grandsen, Mopsus, inherited the 
 gift, and had such a reputation that Calchas died of 
 vexation on finding that Mopsus was a better soothsayer 
 than himself. 
 
 There was a Tiresias oracle at Orchomenus twenty 
 generations after his unhappy demise, and, for all that is 
 said to the contrary, it may have been in charge of some 
 descendant in whose veins the strain of prophecy still 
 persisted. 
 
 At the capture of Thebes by the sons of Polynices and 
 the Argives, Tiresias fell into the hands of the victors, and 
 while being taken, with the spoil, to the temple at Delphi, 
 he stopped on the way at this Spring to quench his thirst, 
 and took a hearty drink. Being a very old man who had, 
 according to some accounts, outlived seven or more 
 generations, the coldness of the water, in his heated condi- 
 tion, proved more than his lowered vitality could bear, 
 and he was at once buried near the Spring. 
 
 Homer says that Tiresias was the only inhabitant of 
 the realm of the dead whom Proserpine permitted to 
 retain intelligence, but, judging from his powers, as evi- 
 denced in his lack of foresight of his personal misfortunes, 
 this boon possibly raised him very slightly above the 
 condition of his fellow phantoms. 
 
 He predicted the fate of Narcissus which overtook him 
 after drinking of the water of the Fountain of Donacon, 
 and some may regard his own end as a judgment upon 
 
IQO CENTRAL GREECE 
 
 him for that death ; but he, himself, was taken prisoner 
 at Thebes, and became bUnd at one Spring (Hippocrene) , 
 and died at another, at least two of which misfortunes 
 any but the most oblivious of Seers might have been 
 expected to be able to guard himself against. It is true 
 he admitted he was subject to lapses into forgetfulness, 
 and it was doubtless owing to reflective persons not tak- 
 ing such lapses into consideration that there gradually 
 grew up a loss of faith in Prophets among the ancients, 
 although as long as wishes have the progeny commonly 
 attributed to them there will be people who, wanting to 
 know about their future, will believe there is some one 
 who can supply the information, and will accept, as a 
 Seer, whosoever may present himself with the proper 
 persuasion. 
 
 Strabo; IX. 2. § 37. Pausanias; IX. 33. 
 
 Amphiaraus 
 (Fountain and Well) 
 
 The experiences of Amphiaraus and Tiresias were simi- 
 lar in several respects; they were both Seers of renown, 
 and they lived, in different ages, at Thebes, and both of 
 them came to their deaths while leaving Theban battle- 
 fields. 
 
 Tiresias died at the Spring of Tilphusa ; and Amphiar- 
 aus became a god by the fountain where his temple was 
 built, twelve stadia from Oropus. 
 
 Like another prophet, Amphiaraus departed from life 
 in a chariot — the Grecian Seer's conveyance, however, 
 went down and not up, and disappeared in the earth with 
 him and his driver, Bato, it is said, at some distance from 
 
BCEOTIA 191 
 
 this fountain, between Thebes and Chalcis at a place 
 called Harma, meaning chariot. 
 
 The exact spot where the chariot dropped out of sight 
 was afterwards surrounded with pillars and enclosed, and 
 the place had an awesome atmosphere that even deterred 
 birds from profaning the pillars by perching on them, and 
 kept the cows from cropping the sacred grass that grew 
 around them. 
 
 The fountain by the temple was reserved for a peculiar 
 purpose; no sacrifices were made at it, and its water was 
 not used, either for lustrations or for the washing of 
 hands; it was, in effect, made use of only as a collection 
 box. 
 
 The oracle in the temple was of a semi-private charac- 
 ter, like that of Trophonius, neither of which ranked as 
 high as those that were presided over by the gods by 
 birth, and the consultants usually furnished their own 
 replies, which, if necessary, the oracle would interpret in 
 hexameters, and such as came true were preserved as 
 testimonials. 
 
 Amphiaraus' reputation as a Seer during his life was 
 made in divinations by dreams, and his system was con- 
 tinued in the temple, where it was customary for the con- 
 sultant to sacrifice to Amphiaraus, and then to a number, 
 of the gods whose names were rostered on the altar. 
 Then he killed a ram and skinned it, and, wrapping him- 
 self in the warm pelt, went to sleep and dreamed the 
 answer to his own inquiry. 
 
 Under such conditions oracular liability was reduced 
 to its lowest terms, and no dreamer could in fairness 
 blame anyone but himself if the outcome of his affair 
 was not to his satisfaction. 
 
 The temple oracle also conducted a department of 
 health, and it was in this branch of the ceremonies that 
 
192 CENTRAL GREECE 
 
 the fountain was made use of, for all patients who were 
 cured were expected to throw into the Spring some gold 
 or silver coin according to their wealth or their grateful- 
 ness. 
 
 The practice of making collections at Oropus was still 
 in vogue late in the latter half of the last century, and an 
 international complication arose because, for the ancient 
 and satisfactory method of employing the Spring, a more 
 strenuous one was substituted on April ii, 1870, when 
 Lord and Lady Muncaster and a party of English trav- 
 elers were seized at Oropus by brigands who attempted 
 to collect a ransom of £25,000, and, failing, killed five 
 of the party. 
 
 The boundary of the territory of Oropus caused fre- 
 quent contentions between Attica and Bceotia, and 
 brought out Carneades' famous oration on Justice in 
 which he contended it was purely an artificial idea for 
 purposes of expediency, based on either sensation or 
 reasoning which are rarely alike in any aggregation of 
 people. 
 
 Pausanias ays; — "I have seen also the Well of Am- 
 phiaraus, and the Alcyonian marsh," which latter he 
 describes as a sort of quicksand a third of a stade in ex- 
 tent and so deep that Nero's engineers were unable to 
 plumb its depth. He adds that he was not permitted to 
 describe the nightly rites that took place near it annually, 
 and, though, no more is said about the Well than if the 
 prohibition had extended to that also, it has been as- 
 sumed that the location of the Well was near the Spring 
 of Amymone. 
 
 The modern village of Oropo is within two miles of the 
 sea and on the river Vourieni, the Asopus of Amphiaraus' 
 times. 
 
 Pausanias; I. 34. II. 37. 
 
BCEOTIA 193 
 
 140 
 Hysi^ 
 
 Near Mt. Cithseron the highroad between Eleutherse 
 and Plateea passed on its right side the ruins of the former 
 city of Hysiae. 
 
 The ruins told one of those tales in which the life of a 
 city appears, in all but its longer span, much the same as 
 the life of a man. They told of blasted hopes, of plans 
 and preparations for the future that the city never lived 
 to carry out; for among the remains there were seen 
 not only half-ruined buildings, but buildings only half- 
 completed. 
 
 This similarity between the existence of towns and 
 their tenants is strikingly shown in the history of many 
 modern places that, instead of passing away in dry rot 
 where they first appeared, actually migrate when their 
 surroundings become uncongenial, and continue exist- 
 ence in new localities where better opportunities are 
 presented for a healthy and active life. 
 
 Nowadays a number of such migrations occur every 
 year in the western part of the United States, and in the 
 most up-to-date manner ; for, an ambitious town, rather 
 than become extinct when its mines or oil wells cease to 
 be productive, bravely shakes the dust from its founda- 
 tions, and all the stores and houses, mounting as many 
 motor tractors as each may require, travel quickly and 
 safely to the new site chosen, which is sometimes as many 
 as twenty-five miles away. 
 
 Before the first half of the year 1917 was completed, 
 such journeys had been performed by the American 
 towns of; — Bottsford, Cornish, Healdton, Hewitt, Staun- 
 ton and Walters. 
 
 Evidently there were good people in the city of Hysias, 
 
194 CENTRAL GREECE 
 
 for one of the buildings in process of construction when 
 the city's life came to an end, was a temple of Apollo; 
 and among the crumbling stones and sagging columns was 
 a holy well which though still flowing had in its old age 
 lost some of the power of its youth and could no longer, 
 as formerly, cause whoever drank of it to prophesy. 
 
 Between the highroad and the town stood the tomb of 
 Mardonius who tried to spoil the Spring of Gargaphia 
 that Diana made famous. 
 
 That tomb, for a foreign invader, was another evidence 
 of the magnanimity of the Greeks at a certain period, 
 when, with a fine sympathy for the feelings of vanquished 
 foes, they refrained from erecting moniunents to com- 
 memorate their own victories in battle. 
 
 Near where the road between Thebes and Athens now 
 skirts the mountain, there are some ruins of walls and a 
 partly filled Well which are supposed to be the identical 
 stones, and perhaps the holy Well that were noted by 
 Pausanias. 
 
 Pausanias; IX. i. 
 
 141 
 
 The Monads' Springs 
 
 The remarkable Springs that the Maenads made in 
 Boeotia as the agents of Bacchus were in the foothill 
 forests of Mt. Cithaeron and are described in The Bac- 
 chantes. 
 
 That tragedy is one of the most gruesome and un- 
 pleasant of Euripides' plays. Set in the time of the old 
 age of Cadmus, the founder of Thebes, when he had re- 
 signed the rulership to Pentheus, the son of his daughter 
 Agave, the drama opens with Bacchus' return from his 
 
BCEOTIA 195 
 
 trip made to India to introduce the vine and exploit the 
 pleasures of wine drinking. The god is incensed on dis- 
 covering that with the exception of Cadmus and Tire- 
 sias everyone has lost faith in his divine origin and that 
 no one in the town believes in his descent from Zeus. 
 To punish the people for thus disavowing his deityhood, 
 he inflicts all the women with a madness that impels 
 them to leave their homes and take to the woods of Mt. 
 Cithasron where they wander wildly about with Bacchic 
 insignia and in Bacchanal costume, hides of dappled 
 fawn skins girdled with snakes, petting and suckling the 
 whelps of wolves less savage than themselves. 
 
 When one of these Maenads needed nourishment, she 
 struck her thyrsus into the earth, and forth there gushed 
 a limpid Spring of water, or, if she craved a stronger drink 
 the god sent up a stream of wine in place of water. Such 
 of the women as wished for a draught of milk had but to 
 scratch the soil with their finger-tips, and there they had 
 milk in abundance. 
 
 The frenzied Majnads spent the days in orgies of crimi- 
 nal acts; carrying off the children of the country people 
 and chasing and wounding their parents; and in killing 
 the cattle which the fury and strength of insanity enabled 
 them to tear to pieces with their hands alone. 
 
 After such a strenuous and gory day's work they ran 
 back to the marvelous Springs, and at the water fountains 
 they bathed away their covering of blood, assisted by 
 the tongues of their serpent girdles which dissolved the 
 hardened gore and cleaned away the gouts and licked 
 them dry. 
 
 Pentheus, insanified by Bacchus, dressed himself in 
 the Bacchanal costume and climbed a tree to observe 
 the wicked doings of the women, who, in their delirium, 
 took him for a lion, and, led by Agave his own mother, 
 
196 CENTRAL GREECE 
 
 they surrounded the tree and with a thousand hands tore 
 it out of the ground and then, with foaming mouths and 
 wildly rolling eyes, they planted their feet upon his body 
 and pulled off his legs and arms; and ripping the flesh 
 from the bones with their rending nails they scattered it 
 about in little pieces, of which Cadmus afterwards col- 
 lected as many as could be seen. 
 
 Transfixing the head on the point of a thyrsus, they 
 carried it in a riotous procession to Thebes where Bacchus, 
 his vengeance being satisfied, restored them to their 
 proper senses and led them to a mournful appreciation 
 of the punishments the gods can inflict upon mortals 
 who ignore and disown them. 
 
 Unlike the Spring at Cyparissiae in Messenia which 
 Bacchus produced with his thyrsus, and which still re- 
 mains to testify to the miracle, none of the Milk and Wine 
 fountains of the Maenads is now to be found in Boeotia, 
 and it is therefore left to individual fancy to decide 
 whether the Springs dried up when the occasion for their 
 use had passed, or whether they were as imaginary as the 
 lion the women thought they saw in Pentheus. 
 
 Euripides; "Bacchantes," line 690. 
 
 142 
 
 Well of Dirce 
 
 In Mt. Cithasron, on the borders of Attica, there was a 
 Well called The Well of Dirce by those who, elaborating 
 the Boeotian account of the end of that jealous woman, 
 professed to believe that it was so named either because 
 Amphion and Zethus had thrown Dirce's body into that 
 Well, or, because Dionysus had transformed her into it 
 after the punishment by which the sons of Antiope de- 
 
BCEOTIA 197 
 
 prived Dirce of life, as stated in the account of the 
 fountain of Dirce. (No. 130.) 
 
 Hyginus; Fable 7. 
 ApoUodorus; III. 5. § 5. 
 
 Fountain of Cith^ron 
 
 Athenasus mentions a fountain of Cithaeron, near which 
 there was a temple of Jupiter, as an instance of waters which 
 change their natures by reason of falling thunderbolts. 
 
 Apparently this fountain's change was from bitter to 
 sweet. 
 
 Athenseus; II. 15. 
 
 144 
 
 Plat^a 
 
 There was a Spring, Pausanias says, on the right hand 
 of the way from Megara towards Platsea; and, a little 
 farther on, a rock called The Bed of Acteon because he 
 used to sleep on it when tired with hunting: and it was 
 in that Spring, Pausanias adds, that Actason saw Artemis 
 bathing. 
 
 This is a somewhat sketchy description, if it refers to 
 the Spring in the valley of Gargaphia, of what, fortu- 
 nately, there is another more enlightening account as 
 may be read in No. 145. 
 
 Pausanias; IX. 2. 
 
 Fountain of Gargaphia 
 
 This Spring was near the city of Platsea, in the western 
 part of Boeotia, about six and a half miles from Thebes, 
 
198 CENTRAL GREECE 
 
 and some ruins of it are still visible near the village of 
 Kokhla. 
 
 It was in the beautiful valley of Gargaphie, or Gar- 
 gaphia, "thick set and shaded with pitch trees, and the 
 sharp pointed cypress. 
 
 " In the extreme recess of this valley, which was sacred 
 to Diana, there was a grotto in a grove where nature had 
 formed an arch in the native pumice and the light sand- 
 stone ; from this a limpid fountain ran murmuring through 
 a spreading channel edged with a border of grass. 
 
 "Here, in the grotto, it was the delight of Diana, the 
 Goddess of the woods, to bathe in the clear water, and 
 rest herself when wearied with the efforts of the chase;" 
 and as she was so engaged one day Actaeon, the grandson 
 of Cadmus, wandering through the valley, found his way 
 by chance into the cave, and surprised the goddess in her 
 bath. Indignant at what she thought his curiosity, she 
 threw a double handful of water over him and cried; 
 "Now thou mayst tell, if tell thou canst, how that I was 
 seen by thee without my garments," and at once he 
 became a lively stag and dashed from the springside 
 through the valley, pursued by his own hunting pack of 
 fifty dogs who, overtaking him, unknowingly tore him to 
 pieces and then died of grief for their missing master, 
 while his sorrowing and disconsolate mother wandered 
 mournfully through the glades, gathering in her bosom 
 the gnawed and crunched bones of her son's dismembered 
 frame. 
 
 Juno is said to have stated that Diana resorted to this 
 extreme measure in order to silence a witness of a con- 
 cealed deformity. 
 
 Unfortunately, Juno did not account for the numerous 
 other deaths Diana caused or attempted — through snakes 
 introduced into Admetus' bed ; and through the boars that 
 
BCEOTIA 199 
 
 killed Adonis and the Calydonian people; and directly, 
 by slaying Niobe's children; and Cenchrias, and many 
 others before she was finally, and not inappropriately, 
 changed into a cat. 
 
 Of the fifty hounds in Actaeon's pack, not only was the 
 name of each dog preserved, but some special piece of 
 information was given regarding many of them indi- 
 vidually, and thirty-six of these little canine biogra- 
 phies are still extant. 
 
 The grief of the dogs when the tragedy was over, makes 
 quite plausible and pleasing the statement that they were 
 afilicted with sudden and temporary madness. 
 
 And yet the minute and substantiating particulars with 
 which the sorrowful story of Actaeon is told have not 
 deterred the incredulous from trying to pull the narra- 
 tion to pieces and give the impression that it is only an 
 involved method of relating the victim's ruin, through 
 the expense of keeping up a large hunting establishment. 
 
 The fountain of Gargaphia, many years afterwards, 
 came again into public notice through another instance 
 of bad temper and revenge, when Mardonius and the 
 Persian cavalry fouled its waters because the Greek army 
 they were fighting drank from it. 
 
 The effects in the latter case, however, were but tem- 
 porary, for the Plataeans were able to make the waters 
 pure again. 
 
 Of all the Boeotian leaders who went to the Trojan 
 war, only one returned; his name was Leitus, and his 
 tomb was near this fountain. 
 
 The Platseans had pleasant as well as painful memories, 
 and annually celebrated a festival of fun to keep their 
 recollections fresh. They had in the town a statue of 
 Hera which was carved in Pentelican marble by Praxit- 
 eles, and was made as the outcome of a charming comedy 
 
200 CENTRAL GREECE 
 
 arranged by Cithaeron, a ruler of Plataea, whose reputa- 
 tion for ingenuity was so great that once when Hera in 
 a matrimonial hufif had separated from Zeus, the latter 
 called Cithaeron in consultation and at his suggestion 
 made a wooden image of a woman, and, dressing it up in 
 bridal finery, placed it in a wagon drawn by gaily deco- 
 rated oxen. 
 
 Hera, hearing that her spouse was about to take 
 another wife, hastened to the scene and, proceeding in 
 jealous rage to shred the garments of her supposed rival, 
 was so delighted with the trick she discovered that an 
 immediate reconciliation followed. 
 
 It was this comedy that was acted over again every 
 year in a procession reproducing the story in its minutest 
 particulars ; and it was followed by general merry-making 
 that no doubt led to a better understanding in many 
 mortal households of Plataea. 
 
 Ovid; Meta. III. Fables. 
 
 146 
 
 Asopus 
 
 The principal source of the Asopus flowed from several 
 Springs near Platasa at a place now called Kriakuki where 
 beside the Springs there are two trees and a Well. 
 
 The Plataeans were the original inhabitants of the land 
 and got their name from a daughter of the river god 
 Asopus. 
 
 This Spring was made memorable by the battle of 
 B.C. 479, which was fought on the banks of its stream and 
 which freed the Grecians of the last of the horde of more 
 than five million Persians and allies that Xerxes had 
 brought against them. 
 
BCEOTIA 20I 
 
 Of 300,000 Persians commanded by Mardonius in this 
 battle, 257,000 were killed; while but 159 of 110,000 of 
 the Greeks lost their lives under the skillful leadership 
 of Pausanias the uncle of Thermopylae's hero Leonidas. 
 
 The valor and determination of the Greeks on this 
 occasion is indicated in the conduct of the Athenian 
 Sophanes who carried an anchor chained to his girdle 
 and moored himself from time to time so that he might 
 stand against the onrushing forces as immovably as a 
 ship outriding a gale-driven sea. 
 
 Smith's Die. of Gk. and Ro. Geo. "Asopus.'^ 
 
 CiSSUSA 
 
 One would not be disappointed if expecting some un- 
 usual characteristic in the Spring near which Bacchus 
 was born and at which he received his initial bath. 
 
 The statement that he first saw the light at Nysa led 
 later to some confusion about the location of his birth- 
 place, for Nysa was a name found in other parts of Greece, 
 in neighboring islands, and also in India and in Africa. 
 
 The Boeotians, however, calmly ignored all places 
 except their own Nysa, a village on Mt. Helicon. 
 
 The traditions about his birth might be condensed in 
 a statement as startling as Shakespeare's assertion that 
 cowards die many times. The relation that he was born 
 prematurely and sewed up in Zeus' thigh until nine 
 months had elapsed was supplemented by an even more 
 astonishing account of a third and earlier birth, as son of 
 Zeus and Proserpine, under which parentage he was also 
 called lacchus. During that existence, he was captured 
 by the Titans who, after separating his members, pro- 
 
202 CENTRAL GREECE 
 
 ceeded to make a stew with the pieces; the cookery's 
 odor, however, attracted the attention of Zeus who on 
 investigation readily recognized the parts of his son's 
 form that were simmering in the Titans' pot, and he in- 
 continently annihilated the cooks with lightning, rescued 
 the pieces, and had them interred on the slopes of Mt. 
 Parnassus — that is, all except the heart which was re- 
 duced to powder and eaten by Semele, whose son born a 
 few months afterwards was therefore said to be really 
 the reincarnation of the original and partly stewed 
 Bacchus. 
 
 The earliest attendants of this Boeotian born Bacchus 
 were the ill-fated Ino and Athamas and they bathed the 
 infant god at the Spring of Cissusa, the water of which 
 was appropriately and prophetically of a bright wine 
 color, clear and most pleasant to drink. 
 
 A Cretan plant, the storax, grew by the Spring, and 
 near it was the monument of Alcmena, Bacchus' grand- 
 mother, and the sepulcher of Rhadamanthus whom she 
 married after the demise of the god's grandfather Am- 
 phitryon. 
 
 Zeus' wife Hera in jealous and unreasoning anger 
 inflicted innocent Ino and Athamas with madness, during 
 which Ino, who had perhaps pondered and brooded over 
 the occupation of the Titans which Zeus had interrupted, 
 treated her own son Melicertes in a cauldron of boiling 
 water, and then clasping the bones to her breast threw 
 herself into the sea. 
 
 Athamas after wandering from place to place finally 
 settled down in the territory, between Epirus and Thes- 
 saly, which, known as Athamania, perpetuated both his 
 name and his madness. 
 
 The tender infant, Bacchus, was then transferred to 
 the care of the nymphs of Mt. Nysa in Asia where they 
 
BCEOTIA 203 
 
 brought him up as a girl, and their maidenly ministrations 
 were rewarded by Zeus with a permanent and prominent 
 position in the sky where they are still nightly in evidence 
 as the star cluster called the Hyades. 
 
 What effect, if any, the wine-hued water of the fountain 
 of Cissusa had upon Bacchus' career may be left to in- 
 dividual conjecture, but the chief occupation of his 
 after life was to show mankind how to cultivate the 
 grape and make use of its juices, which were called 
 The Fruit of Bacchus; and his relaxations were spent 
 in revelries that owed all of their hilarity to the effects 
 of wine. 
 
 His festivals, the Dionysia, became general holidays, 
 and the one that occurred when the grapes had been 
 gathered and the must had been fermented, not only 
 coincided closely in date, December 19th to the 22d, 
 with the November Thanksgiving Day of America, but 
 also partook of its partly solemn and partly grotesque 
 features. It had a religious phase of thanksgiving, for the 
 vintage, but it made its principal appeal as a day of feast- 
 ing, song and dancing; of rollicking parades and proces- 
 sions; and of mummeries for which the participants 
 dressed in odd and fantastic costumes, and in which the 
 children all took a prominent part. 
 
 Even Plato conceded that during these festivals the 
 bounds of sobriety might allowably be overstepped. But 
 with the growth and spread of the celebrations debauch- 
 ery and even crime were added to what may at first have 
 been merely convivial tipplings that Plato could coun- 
 tenance, and it became necessary to enact numerous 
 repressive measures, from time to time, and finally to 
 suppress the festivals completely. 
 
 This Spring is mentioned as a halting place of the 
 Theban soldiers in 395 B.C. when on their way to bar 
 
204 CENTRAL GREECE 
 
 Lysander in an assault on Haliartus, near whose gate he 
 lost his life. Described as being at the rear of the enemy, 
 it is assumed to have been a short distance north of the 
 city's walls where a row of Springs a few miles apart 
 makes it difHcult to give each one its proper ancient 
 designation; indeed, even in Plutarch's time writers 
 differed in naming them. 
 
 Apollodorus; HI. 4. §3. 
 Plutarch; "Lysander.'^ 
 
 148 
 LOPHIS 
 
 The river Lophis flowed through the district of Hali- 
 artus. 
 
 There is a tradition that the ground was dry there 
 originally and had no water in it, and that one of the 
 rulers went to Delphi to inquire of the god how they 
 might obtain water in the district ; the Pythian priestess 
 enjoined him to slay the first person he should meet on 
 his return. By a lamentable chance that person happened 
 to be his son Lophis through whose body he immediately 
 ran his sword. 
 
 Dizzied by the mortal wound, the dying youth 
 staggered around in a circular course, and wherever his 
 freely flowing blood touched the ground water gushed up 
 in the form of a clear, dancing fount that was thereafter 
 called Lophis. 
 
 Haliartus was midway of the thirty miles between 
 Thebes and Lebadea, and its remains were discovered 
 about a mile from the village of Mazi. The Lophis ran 
 along its western side and was sometimes called the 
 Hoplites. 
 
 Pausanias;IX. 33. 
 
BCEOTIA 205 
 
 149 
 
 ACIDALIA 
 
 Venus was called Acidalia from a fountain of the same 
 name at Orchomenus, in Boeotia, which was sacred to 
 her, and in which she and the Graces, her handmaids, 
 were wont to bathe. 
 
 Servius thus explained why Virgil called Venus "En- 
 eas' Acidalian mother." 
 
 A temple of the Charites, the Graces, is supposed to 
 have stood near the monastery of Skripu, the settlement 
 now near Orchomenus' site, where a tripod pedestal with 
 an inscription to the Charites was found ; and a nearby 
 Spring, which the women of the present settlement make 
 use of as a laundry, is said to be the fountain that, as a 
 bathing place of Venus, must have had some renown be- 
 fore the times of Troy. 
 
 Virgil ; .(Eneid J I. line 720. 
 
 Orchomenus 
 
 The Well from which the people of Orchomenus ob- 
 tained their water was placed at the head of the list of the 
 place's attractions, although among them was a marvel 
 inferior to nothing in Greece; that was the treasury of 
 Minyas, an ancient safe deposit vault that was forty- 
 one feet in diameter ; there is but one of its stones now left 
 but that is more than three feet thick, and i6 by 8 feet in 
 surface. 
 
 There was also a tomb containing the bones of Hesiod, 
 the whereabouts of which were unknown until revealed, 
 rather gruesomely, by a crow. 
 
 The town possessed, also, a temple of the Graces, to 
 
206 CENTRAL GREECE 
 
 whom the Boeotians were the first of all Grecians to offer 
 sacrifice. 
 
 At this Orchoriienus, which was 70 miles away from the 
 town of the same name in Arcadia, they annually offered 
 funeral rites to Actaeon ; and the people had put up a brass 
 statue of a Specter and fastened it with iron to a stone. 
 
 This work of art, and the stone, had a peculiar and 
 creepy history to the effect that once upon a time the 
 Specter itself frequented the neighborhood and devoted 
 its energies to injuring the land, perhaps by scratching 
 up the crops, as the crow scratched up the corpse, and its 
 resting periods to sitting upon that stone. 
 
 The townspeople having applied to the oracle at Delphi 
 to know what they could do to stop the depredations of 
 the Specter, were told to bury in the ground whatever 
 remains of Actaeon they could find, and to execute a 
 statue of the offending Specter and fasten it on the stone. 
 
 This having been done the Specter, not being able to 
 dislodge the statue and occupy his usual seat, presumably 
 went somewhere else and ceased to interfere with the 
 crops of the Orchomenians. 
 
 The village of Skripu occupies ground adjacent to the 
 site of the ancient city, which was on the banks of Lake 
 Copais. 
 
 Pausanias; IX. 38. 
 
 I5I-I54 
 
 Arethusa. Epicrane 
 CEdipodia. Psamathe 
 
 According to Pliny, the fountains of Arethusa, Epi- 
 crane, CEdipodia and Psamathe were in Bceotia. 
 CEdipodia is doubtless the Well of CEdipus. 
 Arethusa and Psamathe are mentioned by others, 
 
BCEOTIA 207 
 
 though not as in Bbeotia; but, seemingly, there is no clue 
 to the whereabouts of the fountain of Epicrane. 
 
 Pliny; IV. 12. 
 
 Melas 
 
 The source of the river Melas was within a mile of the 
 town of Orchomenus, where two bountiful Springs called 
 Phenix and Elsea, gushed from the foot of some precipi- 
 tous rocks ; one of them made the Melas which emptied 
 into Lake Cephissis and contributed to the production of 
 the fine eels for which the lake was famed; the other 
 formed a stream that spread out and lost itself in the 
 marshes that produced reeds with centers hollow from 
 end to end. Growing, as these reeds did, into all but 
 finished flutes, they became the preferred stock for the 
 making of those instruments, and are considered to have 
 been one of the most important factors in the develop- 
 ment of Grecian music. 
 
 The name Melas, meaning black, was given to the river 
 because of the dark color of its waters which was sup- 
 posed to be transmitted to the fleeces of the sheep that 
 drank of them. It was the only river in Greece that was 
 navigable at its source; it is now named Mavropotami, 
 and its twin Springs, gushing out at the base of some steep 
 rocks on the north side of the town's site, still produce a 
 stream that is navigable for hand-propelled craft. 
 
 Pausanias; IX. 38. 
 
 Cyrtones 
 
 The small town of Cyrtones was about twenty stadia 
 from Hyettus. 
 
208 CENTRAL GREECE 
 
 It was built on a high hill and had a little grove that was 
 sacred to the nymphs and that contained a Spring of cold 
 water flowing out from a rock, and nourishing the soil to 
 such richness that all kinds of trees that were planted 
 there grew luxuriantly. 
 
 At Hyettus there was a temple of Hercules where such 
 as were sick could obtain healing. 
 
 Cyrtones also had a temple and a statue of Apollo, 
 standing, of which no criticism is made ; but of the Her- 
 cules at Hyettus it was said that it was not artistic and 
 was made of rude stone as in old times. 
 
 One who endeavors to place those times that were old 
 twenty centuries ago gets a sense of how rapidly the per- 
 spective of the years becomes foreshortened; each time 
 the record of them is revised on the slate of History, the 
 scale must be reduced and the dates set down more close 
 together. Twenty thousand years from now. New York 
 and its art may seem to have been almost coeval with the 
 neighbors of Cyrtones and their stone-work. 
 
 It is thought that Cyrtones is represented by the 
 present village of Paula, and that an outgrowth of the 
 Festival of Apollo and Artemis may be seen in a yearly 
 festival that is conducted there in springtime. 
 
 Hyettus is placed where the village of Struviki is 
 planted, west of Lake Copais. 
 
 Pausaniasi IX. 24. 
 
 The Fountain of Donacon 
 
 "Near the village of Donacon, in the country of the 
 Thespians, in Boeotia, there was a clear Spring, like silver 
 in appearance, whose unsullied waters neither shepherds. 
 
BCEOTIA 209 
 
 nor the goats feeding on the mountains, nor any other 
 cattle had touched; which neither wild bird nor wild 
 beast had disturbed, nor bough from a falling tree. 
 
 "There was grass around it which the neighboring 
 water nourished, and a wood that suffered the stream to 
 become warm with no rays of the sun. 
 
 " To this gem-like mirror there came one day the youth 
 Narcissus, warm and fatigued with the labor of hunting." 
 
 Charmed with the beauties of the spot and the Spring, 
 he stood admiringly beside it, all unconscious of the 
 danger for him alone that lurked in its glassy surface and 
 silvery bowl, for Narcissus having despised the love of the 
 nymph Echo, who had become enamored of him. Nemesis, 
 the Goddess of Retribution, decreed that he should never 
 be loved by the one he loved himself. 
 
 Therefore "as he stooped to quench his thirst, a new 
 thirst grew upon him; when he raised his head, after 
 drinking, he was attracted by the reflection of his own 
 form seen in the water, and he fell in love with a thing 
 that has no substance. 
 
 "He gave vain kisses to the deceitful Spring, and he 
 clutched at his own- shadow. 
 
 "Extending his arms to the surrounding woods, he 
 cried ; ' Did ever anyone thus pine away as do I ? ' And 
 Echo answered 'I,' and continued to respond, 'Alas,' 
 and 'Ah me,' in her appropriate way, at each pause he 
 made at these words in his lamentations. 
 
 "When he disturbed the water of the Spring with his 
 tears and the form disappeared in the moving of the 
 stream, he cried, 'Farewell,' and Echo too cried out 
 'Farewell.' When he struck his arms with his hands in 
 his despair, Echo returned the like sound of a blow. 
 
 "Then he laid his head upon the grass at the brink of 
 the Spring, and when night closed about him he was seen 
 
210 CENTRAL GREECE 
 
 no more — instead of his body his friends found a yellow 
 flower with white leaves encompassing it in the middle." 
 
 That Narcissus should have been unconscious of the 
 fate in store for him seems to be rather remarkable, for it 
 was known to others through the prediction of the sooth- 
 sayer Teiresias. And it is equally remarkable that 
 Teiresias himself died after drinking the water of another 
 Spring — that of Tilphusa. 
 
 Pausanias, a stickler for botanical accuracy, regards 
 the flower change as a pure fiction, merely because 
 Pamphos says that Proserpine when carried away, long 
 before the time of Narcissus, gathered that flower in the 
 fields of Enna, or Henna. As Enna, which itself means 
 "Agreeable fountain," was where Ceres, the mother of 
 Proserpine, resided, and was lauded even by Cicero, for 
 its Springs of overflowing water, Pausanias might have 
 reconciled the flower fact to so pleasing a story by two 
 very simple suppositions. 
 
 Leake places the site of Donacon near a hamlet called 
 Tatezd, at a spot where there is a copious fountain sur- 
 rounded by a modern enclosure of which the materials 
 are ancient squared blocks. 
 
 There are many remains of former habitations in the 
 cornfields above the fountain, which, it may be assumed 
 in the present light of investigation, is the same that 
 caused the undoing of Narcissus. 
 
 The name of Narcissus' mother was Lily, Liriope. 
 
 Ovid. Meta. III. Fable 7. 
 
 Thespi^ 
 
 The waters of the Spring of Thespiae were believed to 
 have amatorian tendencies. 
 
BCEOTIA 211 
 
 Eros was the first deity worshiped in the town; and 
 fifty-two of Hercules' sons were born there on the same 
 day. 
 
 Phryne, was born there also, the frail caper gatherer 
 whose form inspired the most famous works of Apelles 
 and Praxiteles, and swayed juries more effectively than 
 the eloquence of her lawyers; and who became wealthy 
 enough to rebuild the walls of Thebes after Alexander had 
 destroyed them. 
 
 Thespias lay at the foot of Mt. Helicon, eight miles from 
 Hesiod's town of Ascra. In its early days it was terror- 
 ized by a dragon that every year devoured a youth who 
 was selected by lot for the monster's meal, until one of its 
 victims, Cleostratus, made the meal he furnished bring 
 about the dragon's death, by wearing a cunningly made 
 breastplate that was covered with concealed hooks that 
 tore the beast to pieces internally in his violent writhings 
 to eject what the curved points prevented his dislodging. 
 
 The remains of Thespias are found around a deserted 
 village called Lefka, ^nd the stream from the ancient 
 Spring is now known as the Kanavari River. 
 
 Athenaeus; II. 15. XIII. 60. 
 
 LiBETHRIAS AND PETRA 
 
 Libethrias and Petra were two fountains of Mt. Libe- 
 thriiun 40 stadia from Coronea. 
 
 Springs have been poetically and appropriately called 
 the Breasts of Nature, from which men draw sustenance 
 as in their younger years they fed at the fountains of 
 their human foster mothers. And perhaps if the phrase 
 could be followed far enough back the mountain Libe- 
 
212 CENTRAL GREECE 
 
 thrium might be found to be one of the original artists 
 who pictured the pretty thought in its formation of these 
 twin fountains. 
 
 The rocks and the mountains are the most popular 
 artists of inanimate nature, for the works of the stars 
 with their fondness for sketchy and Cubist constellation 
 forms, appeal to few besides the astronomers and their 
 imaginative disciples; and the clouds, the greatest and 
 the most prolific masters of them all, nervously destroy- 
 ing their artistic creations the moment they make them, 
 and permitting but a fleeting view of the wealth of color 
 and infinity of form in their painting and sculpture, have 
 a very inadequate number of admirers. 
 
 The statue of Niobe by Mt. Sipylus was little more 
 famous than the work of Mt. Libethrium which, besides 
 having man-made statues of the Muses, produced these 
 two fountains, one called Libethrias, and the other Petra, 
 that not only resembled the breasts of woman but 
 actually poured forth streams that had the appearance 
 of milk. 
 
 These milky streams were but a couple of miles distant 
 from a place closely connected with two famous animals 
 of antiquity; a place where there was one of the many 
 holes through which Hercules dragged up Cerberus, the 
 watchdog of Hades ; and a place where was the spot from 
 which the ram with the golden fleece set out for Colchis 
 at the eastern end of the Black Sea on his long-distance 
 flight through the air with two little passengers, the chil- 
 dren of Queen Nephele and Sisyphus' brother Athamas 
 who afterwards forsook Nephele for Cadmus' daughter 
 Ino. To save her children from the stepmother's perse- 
 cutions, Nephele set them on the soaring ram that let 
 one of his charges, the little girl Helle, slip off into the 
 water of the Hellespont whose first syllables commemor- 
 
BCEOTIA 213 
 
 rated the fall as the Dardanelles' last does, in a measure, 
 today. 
 
 This ram, whose name and pedigree are stated in con- 
 nection with the Spring of Glauce, could talk, and was of 
 so kindly and generous a disposition that on arriving at 
 the journey's destination, Colchis, he took off his golden 
 fleece and presented it to Phrixus, Helle's brother, as a 
 token of friendship and as a memento of their aerial trip ; 
 and, having finished his earthly mission, he leaped to the 
 stars where as a constellation he still shines as brightly as 
 when he wore his gleaming wool. 
 
 The Golden Fleece was hung in a grove under the 
 guardianship of an insomnious dragon, and it was the 
 coveted wealth that led to the expedition of Jason and 
 the other Argonauts, though the worth of gold that it 
 may have represented, and that they after many adven- 
 tures secured in the fleece, was offset time and again by 
 the trail of misery subsequently traced by Medea who 
 was brought back with the fleece. 
 
 Libethrium is believed to be that mountain in the 
 Heliconian range now called Mt. Zagara, and its ancient 
 name was perhaps applied to it by Thracians from 
 Libethra, a town on Mt. Olympus in Macedonia, or in 
 memory of the Thracian Mt. Libethras. 
 
 Thrace also had a town named Petra; and Thessaly had 
 one called Coroneia. 
 
 Pausantas; IX. 34. 
 
 160 
 
 Aganippe 
 
 On the left of the Mt. Helicon road from Ascra to the 
 Grove of the Muses was the fountain of Aganippe which 
 
214 CENTRAL GREECE 
 
 took its name from the daughter of Temessus, a river 
 that flowed around Helicon. 
 
 Farther along, and just before reaching the Grove, 
 there was an image of the Muses' nurse, Eupheme, 
 carved in stone; and next to that a statue of Linus famed 
 for his musical skill, and, like poor Marsyas, killed by 
 Apollo on account of it. Then followed statues of the 
 Muses, and of poets, and of noted musicians, Thamyris, 
 Arion, Sacadas, Hesiod, and Orpheus the son of the 
 Muse Calliope. Festivals were held in the Grove, and 
 the games of the Muses were celebrated there; and around 
 it there were the residences of many people. 
 
 The statues were taken to Constantinople where they 
 remained until 404 a.d. when they were destroyed by fire. 
 
 The mountain range of Helicon was in the south- 
 western part of Boeotia, and was in effect a continuation 
 of the Parnassus range. The greatest of its heights was 
 slightly under 5000 feet although the ancients considered 
 it the equal of Parnassus which was 3000 feet higher. 
 
 Of all the mountains in Greece, Helicon was the most 
 fertile and the best shaded, and its eastern slopes 
 abounded in Springs which gave the appellation of 
 " Many fountained Helicon." 
 
 At the base of this eastern side stood the village of 
 Ascra, the birthplace, about the Vlllth century, B.C., 
 of Hesiod the founder of the Pierian school of Poetry 
 and, next to Homer, the earliest of the Greek poets 
 whose works have been preserved. 
 
 The Spring is sometimes called the Hyantian Aganippe, 
 because the Hyantes were the original inhabitants of 
 Boeotia; and from the fountain itself the Muses were 
 called the Aganippides. In fact Aganippe has every 
 credential to prove it the "Pierian Spring" and the one 
 to which Pope's directions for taking the waters may 
 
BCEOTIA 215 
 
 be applied, although centuries ago Castalia came to be 
 accepted as the fountain of the Muses and the inspira- 
 tional Spring of Poesy in place of Aganippe, the original 
 and real Spring of the Muses that existed even long before 
 its younger sister Spring of Hippocrene on Mt. Helicon 
 was produced by the pawing protest of Pegasus. 
 
 Castalia' s great but fallacious fame appears to have 
 been built up on a foundation of errors laid by distant 
 Italian poets, who possibly mistook Cassotis for Castalia. 
 The latter was outside of the temple grounds and was 
 used to sprinkle, and even as a bath to purify, the pil- 
 grims before they entered the sacred enclosure; while 
 Cassotis adjoined the temple into which its waters ran 
 to disappear in the original goatherd's cleft of inspiring 
 vapors. Further, without any ancient warrant, the in- 
 spirational properties were transferred from the cleft to 
 the water whose effects were assumed to be seen in the 
 poetical form of the oracular announcements, when in 
 fact the announcements were the work of poets employed 
 by the temple to express the substance of the Pythia's 
 trance utterances made in the old-time jargon of the 
 goatherd. 
 
 None of the fountain heads of authority about Grecian 
 mythology has a word that warrants according to Cas- 
 talia its unmerited reputation; and there is no ancient 
 evidence that that fountain ever inspired anyone ; or even 
 that its somewhat distant neighbor-Spring Cassotis gave 
 poetical inspiration. 
 
 None of the oldest writers mentions meeting with a 
 Muse on Mt. Parnassus; and indeed it was not an attrac- 
 tive mountain for ladies of Muse-like temperament. 
 
 It was, of all places, the least Jikely one to attract a 
 Muse ; its gloomy caverns ; and its long-drawn-out dragon 
 and other wild beasts; and the noises of the crazy and 
 
2i6 CENTRAL GREECE 
 
 crapulous crowds that celebrated the wild revels of Bac- 
 chus on that mountain, were more than enough to keep 
 the mild Muses far ^way from its dangers and disorders. 
 Helicon was their birthplace and its Spring of Aganippe 
 was their own cherished fountain, there they were reared; 
 there they frolicked in infancy tenderly cared for by their 
 loved and loving nurse, Eupheme, whose statue occupied 
 a prominent place before their grove on Helicon, and 
 whose son, the archer Crotus, at the earnest request of 
 the Muses, was made even more prominent by Zeus who 
 placed him in the sky where everyone may view him as 
 the constellation Sagittarius. 
 
 Even if, on prying into the fairly irreproachable past 
 of the Muses, one is inclined to fancy that Bceotia was 
 not the home of their earliest days, and is tempted by the 
 number of places in ancient Thrace whose names are the 
 same as those of Boeotian places which are connected 
 with the Muses, to think that they came from the north, 
 one will readily find the name Helicon there, but will 
 search in vain for Parnassus. 
 
 The facts, evident to everyone, clearly show that Par- 
 nassus' atmosphere was not productive of poetry; and 
 that HeHcon, in its home of Boeotia, was conducive to 
 poetry of the highest order, and was the native heath of 
 Orthometry. 
 
 If Parnassus produced any poets their lights are hidden 
 in measures that are no better known than the where- 
 abouts of the one that was employed in harvesting the 
 crop of pickled peppers that was used for twisting the 
 tongues of bewildered youth of a generation now nearing 
 the century mark ; so far, there is nothing to indicate that 
 Parnassus and its district of Phocis ever produced any 
 notable poets — while Helicon and its district did so 
 prolifically. 
 
BCEOTIA 217 
 
 One glance around Mt. Helicon shows the atmosphere 
 fairly dancing in heated waves of the Divine Afflatus 
 that rise from all about its immediate neighborhood — 
 from the homes of such immortal singers as; — Corinna of 
 Tanagra; and Myrtis, another famous poetess of Boeotia 
 — for the air inspired the ladies as well; and the children 
 too, as Pindar composed in his cradle; — and Hesiod of 
 Ascra, founder of the Pierian school, and born at the base 
 of Helicon itself; and Pindar the Lyric Laureate of Greece 
 who sang in his cradle 522 years before the Christian era. 
 
 Aganippe has been sadly defrauded, and it is time she 
 came into her own and be accorded recognition as the 
 Inspiring Fount of the Muses and their songful subjects, 
 the poets. 
 
 Pyrgaki has been identified as Ascra; and Aganippe is 
 seen in the fountain that issues from the left bank of a 
 torrent between Pyrgaki and the Grove of the Muses 
 which latter has been located by the church and convent 
 of St. Nicholas, at the foot of Mt. Marandali the eastern 
 summit of Helicon, through remains found there of the 
 stones of habitations, and an inscription relating to the 
 games of the Muses. 
 
 Pausanias; IX. 2g. 
 Strabo;IX.3. §S. 
 
 161 
 
 The Fountain of Hippocrene 
 
 The fountain of Hippocrene was between two and 
 three miles above the Grove of the Muses. A brook, the 
 Olmeius, that ran from it joined the Permessus, a brook 
 from the fountain of Aganippe, and together they flowed 
 past the east side of Haliartus into Lake Copais as one 
 stream, now the Kafalari. 
 
2i8 CENTRAL GREECE 
 
 This. fountain, so called from the Greek "Hippos," a 
 horse, and "Krene, " a fountain, was said to have been 
 produced by a stroke from the hoof of the winged horse 
 Pegasus, for the reason related below. 
 
 It is also called the Gorgon Fountain because Pegasus 
 sprang from the blood of the Gorgon Medusa. 
 
 To see this wondrous prodigy, Minerva made a special 
 trip to Mt. Helicon. 
 
 The Muses, assuring her that the Spring had been 
 produced in the manner reported, gladly conducted her 
 to it, and she stood for a long time admiring the waters 
 surrounded by groves of ancient wood, and caves, and 
 grass studded with flowers innumerable. 
 
 Then the goddess seated herself under the pleasant 
 shade of the grove, and the Muses told her the particulars. 
 
 The nine daughters of Pierus of Macedonia challenged 
 them to a test of skill in singing to the accompaniment of 
 the lyre. The nymphs of the rivers were chosen as um- 
 pires and they sat around on seats made of the natural 
 rock. 
 
 The challengers lost not only the contest but their 
 tempers as well, and proceeding from abuse to menacing 
 gestures, they were changed into chattering magpies. 
 
 During the contest everything was motionless to hear 
 the songs, save Helicon which rose higher and higher in 
 its delight until Pegasus, to put a stop to this, gave a 
 kick with one of his hoofs from the print of which arose 
 this fountain. 
 
 The wonderful birth of the Spring was beautifully 
 portrayed on the handsomest conduit at Corinth which 
 was adorned with a figure of Pegasus, so arranged that 
 the water gushed from under the hoof exactly as it did in 
 that thrilling instant when Helicon's intense excitement 
 was rebuked by Bellerophon's flying horse. 
 
BCEOTIA 219 
 
 Whether or not the ambitious forecast of Pierus, King 
 of Thessaly, in naming his nine daughters as Muses, bred 
 in them an overweening ambition and a magnified es- 
 timate of their abilities which led to their melancholy 
 fate, it seems probable that Pierus' course gave rise to a 
 question that the most learned of the ancients later on 
 were unable to settle with unanimity, that is whether 
 there were originally nine Muses or only three. 
 
 In addition to giving his own name to the mountain in 
 Macedonia, some said that he ordered that nine Muses 
 should be worshiped instead of three, while others held 
 that there were nine Muses and that he only called his 
 daughters after them. 
 
 At any rate, the Springs of Aganippe and Hippocrene 
 were considered sacred to them and one may well 
 connect, preferably the former, with Pope's adjura- 
 tion to ; — 
 
 "Drink deep or taste not the Pierian Spring" 
 
 on the ground that ; — 
 
 "A little learning is a dangerous thing." 
 
 At this visit that Minerva made to the Spring she, 
 seemingly, became infatuated with its beauties, so that 
 she loved to return to it, and enjoyed bathing in its 
 pleasant waters; and it was owing to one of her return 
 visits that this Spring, which was supposed to be the 
 making of poets, led to the making of a prophet, the un- 
 fortunate Seer Teiresias. 
 
 His mother, the nymph Chariclo, was one of the special 
 favorites of Minerva, and "once on a time as they twain 
 were bathing in fair flowing Heliconian Hippocrene, and 
 
220 CENTRAL GREECE 
 
 noontide calm was holding the mountain, and much still- 
 ness was pervading the spot, Teiresias, alone with his 
 dogs, was roaming; and, thirsting unspeakably, he came 
 to a stream of the fountain and beheld what was not 
 lawful for him to see. Then wroth Athena addressed 
 him and said; 'Thou shalt never more bear hence thine 
 eyesight on an evil journey.' And night fell upon the 
 eyes of the youth. 
 
 "But the nymph shrieked out ; ' What, awful Goddess, 
 hast thou done to my Son? Are ye Goddesses Friends 
 such as this? O accursed child, thou sawest the bosom 
 and limbs of Athena ; but never again wilt thou behold the 
 sun; ah, wretched me.' And clasping her dear son round 
 with both arms, the Mother, deeply weeping, set up the 
 fate of plaintive nightingales." 
 
 Greatly grieved by the transports of the sorrowing 
 mother, the goddess explained to her the decree of Cronus, 
 — That whoso shall have beheld any of the Immortals, 
 when the Divinity himself shall not choose, this same 
 should behold with a heavy penalty. 
 
 And then she promised to make Teiresias a prophet to 
 be sung of by posterity, and, as a partial offset to the loss 
 of his sight, she added to his hearing the faculty of under- 
 standing the speech of the birds, and to his existence she 
 added many years, giving him a far distant end of his 
 life. 
 
 At the place now called Makariotissa there is a fine 
 Spring of water known as Kryopegadi, the Cold Spring, 
 which is said to be none other than the Hippocrene made 
 by Pegasus on Mt. Helicon; for he produced another 
 fountain, with his hoof, in Troezen. 
 
 Ovid. Meta. V. Fable 2. 
 Callimachus; Bath of Pallas. 
 Pausanias; IX. 31, 
 
BCEOTIA 221 
 
 162 
 Other Springs of Mr. Helicon 
 
 The mountain of the Muses was called Fountful Heli- 
 con because of its man}' Springs, but Aganippe and Hippo- 
 crene absorbed so much of the world's attention that the 
 others were unnoted, unnamed and unsung. 
 
 Many of its nameless fountains no doubt rose in caves 
 and were similar to other cavern Springs in the range of 
 mountains of which Helicon formed a part; caves that 
 are described as being, not gloomy recesses among the 
 rocks of the mountain, but, a series of grottoes through 
 which one could ramble without the aid of torches; cool 
 spacious chambers with a subdued light of their own. 
 
 They offered pleasant retreats to which the Muses 
 might retire from the heat and glare of summer middays, 
 and, in the dim but still sufficient light, criticize with 
 frankness the efforts of each other's protegees among the 
 poets. 
 
 In the cool quietude of these petrical parlors, ceiled 
 and adorned with glistening stalactites, the reposeful 
 melody of the many-toned murmurs of the fountain 
 streams floated softly and faintly to the ear in notes 
 that set the key for novel songs, and gave suggestions 
 for new rhythms and untried melodies in meter. 
 
 Often those notes from the Springs in the Heliconian 
 caves, conveyed by the caressing touch with which some 
 not impartial Muse would gently brush the ear of her 
 favorite poet in a dream, may have waked in his soul the 
 harmonies that made his song and fame immortal. 
 
 Pausanias; IX. 29. X. 32. 
 
PHOCIS 
 
 163 
 Phocis 
 
 A succession of contracting centers narrowed to a 
 point in the little province of Phocis, the sides of which, if 
 it were square, would each be only 28 miles long. 
 
 It was a focal point to which the eyes of the world were 
 for centuries directed to see the shadows of coming events 
 mirrored for the benefit of inquisitive mankind. 
 
 In Phocis, the bulk of its mountain range of Parnassus 
 with three snow-capped peaks, one of them over eight 
 thousand feet in height, left room for only twenty-two 
 towns. 
 
 The highest peak of Parnassus was the scene of the 
 orgies in the worship of Dionysus, while all the rest of the 
 mountain was sacred to Apollo and the Muses. 
 
 The immortal town of Phocis, Delphi (now called 
 Castri), contained the renowned oracle and temple of 
 Apollo; it lay on the upper slope of the valley of the 
 Pleistus River, and on the south side of Parnassus, two 
 spurs of which semicircled it east and west, while the 
 Corinthian Gulf flowed eight miles south of it. Greece 
 was the center of the world and Phocis was the center of 
 Greece. And Delphi was the center of Phocis, as had 
 been accurately established by the very simple method 
 of loosing two doves at opposite ends of the country and 
 noting that they came together on Mt. Parnassus at 
 Delphi. 
 
 222 
 
PHOCIS 223 
 
 Then came the center of Delphi which was marked by 
 a white stone, none other than the stone that Rhea gave 
 to her husband Cronus, instead of Zeus. It was oiled 
 and polished every day, and he who is able to imagine 
 anyone being near the North Pole without having an 
 uncanny impulse to step on the tip of it may believe that 
 it was not often necessary to renew the Delphic monu- 
 ment. 
 
 Phocis owes its fame to the oracle and the temple ; and 
 the stone lay by the temple ; to that, everyone gravitated 
 naturally all the way from the edges of the earth; the 
 pious, the generous, the wise, the healthy, the brave, 
 the honest; all these and their opposites were drawn to 
 the temple by many motives ; some to consult the oracle, 
 and fill the temple with votive offerings, and its treasury 
 with wealth— and others, to abstract those presents. 
 
 The temple was plundered from the beginning ; robbers 
 went to it singly, and by battalions. At times whole 
 armies pillaged it, or tried to; and at others, petty thieves, 
 from emperors to common sneaks, made away with what- 
 ever they could carry — even the birds were said to peck 
 off pieces of gold from the offerings. 
 
 Among the Greeks themselves, the Phocians committed 
 the greatest depredations ; but the Spartans rivaled them, 
 and the Phlegyasians and the Medonians were not far 
 behind. Some of the i ndividual thieves were ; — Hercules ; 
 Pyrrhus, son of Achilles; the son of King Crius of Euboea; 
 Phalsecus; Philomelus; and an unknown man who was 
 captured, and eaten, by a wolf that was reproduced in a 
 statue which was added to the temple's collection. 
 
 Of foreigners, the army of Xerxes attacked it in 480 
 B.C. ; and afterwards Brennus' freebooters from AsiaMinor 
 who, though 40,000 strong, were apparently repulsed. 
 
 Nero carried off 500 statues; and Sulla, and the 
 
224 CENTRAL GREECE 
 
 Emperors Constantine and Gaius took whatever they 
 fancied. 
 
 So numerous were the thefts from the temple that 
 Theopompus wrote a book enumerating the treasures of 
 which the shrine was plundered. 
 
 The oracle was the oldest in the woild; Earth, the first 
 of all the divinities, established it, and Poseidon became 
 a partner, with Daphnis, a mountain nymph, as priestess. 
 Earth retired in favor of Themis (Justice) who passed 
 her interest to Apollo; and he secured sole control by 
 giving Poseidon the oracle of Calauria in exchange; and 
 it continued under Apollo's auspices until it was closed. 
 
 If Apollo's title was quite regular, no one has yet ex- 
 plained why he had to kill the dragon, Pytho, that Earth 
 had provided for the oracle's protection, and then purge 
 himself of murder; but, after that dragon, the priestess 
 was designated Pythia, and the town was once called 
 Pytho. 
 
 There was no question too momentous, none too paltry 
 for the oracle to answer — from how a king could conquer 
 a country, or save his own, to how a fisher could increase 
 his catch. The oracle acted at need in any capacity; 
 as prophet, advisor, physician; and it was practically a 
 Court of last Appeal, with none of the tedious forms and 
 delays of the Mundane Law, but with all the latter's 
 power over life. If it directed the sacrifice of a beast or 
 of a human being, there was no evading the order, al- 
 though many of its doomings were apparently unjust and 
 cruel ; for, to cure a pestilence, it might order the sacrifice 
 of a goat, or it might require the death of the handsomest 
 maiden and lad in the town — sometimes as an annual 
 affair. To obtain water in a time of scarcity, one man 
 was told to go out and kill the first person he met. (See 
 No. 148.) 
 
PHOCIS 225 
 
 If it levied a fine, payment was made without any ado. 
 
 And yet, with such extensive power, and at a time when 
 the golden key was in general use to obtain ends ques- 
 tionably, it was said that there was only one known 
 instance of the oracle's having pronounced at the instiga- 
 tion of an outsider. That one outsider was Cleomenes, a 
 ruler of the Lacedaemonians, and he bribed the oracle to 
 say in reply to his subjects' queries whatever he desired. 
 
 He ended his own life horribly in a fit of madness. 
 
 Nero, before 68 a.d., being displeased with one of the 
 oracles, sacrificed an ass to the god, and, having thus 
 shown his estimate of the prophecy, ordered the temple 
 to be closed; but events of the future were still revealed 
 as late as 360 a.d,, in the time of the Emperor Julian. 
 
 It was probably closed definitively soon after 379 a.d., 
 which year marked the beginning of the reign of Theodo- 
 sius who abolished all religious places and practices of 
 paganism; though he himself continued to pry into the 
 future through his own prophet the Egyptian anchorite 
 John of LycopoHs, a Christian seer who, among other 
 correct revelations, predicted the year in which the 
 Emperor's career would come to an eiid. 
 
 164 
 
 Castalia 
 
 The sacred, classic and famous fountain of Castalia 
 was on the right of the road leading from the gymnasium 
 to the temple of Apollo within the sacred precincts in the 
 upper part of the town of Delphi. 
 
 This fountain rose in the angle where the spreading 
 bases of two peaks of Mt. Parnassus came together, and, 
 though obviously fed by the perpetual snows of the 
 
 IS 
 
226 CENTRAL GREECE 
 
 mountain tops above it, its water was said to come from 
 the subterranean Styx, and to have a connection with the 
 Cephissus, as offerings thrown in the stream of the latter 
 had been found in CastaHa's brook. 
 
 Its water was sweet to the taste, and, according to 
 Roman writers, a draught of it caused poetic inspiration; 
 even Byron's party "drank deep" of Castalia (unmind- 
 ful that that direction was given by Pope for taking the 
 water of the Pierian Spring of Mt. Helicon), instead of 
 snuffing the vapor in the temple as was done by the 
 priestesses. 
 
 Castalia furnished the holy water of the Delphic 
 temple, and all who consulted the oracle were wont to 
 sprinkle their hair with it, while those seeking purifica- 
 tion for murder bathed their whole bodies. 
 
 Though the oracle was coeval with the first era of 
 creation, when it could have been in use only for the in- 
 formation and guidance of the early divinities, and 
 though it was probably put at the disposal of men as soon 
 as they could pay the price, its first recorded predictions 
 related to the Trojan war and its cause, and were perhaps 
 made in the generation preceding that event. 
 
 Its introduction for the use of men was made through 
 the humble medium of an observing goatherd who, while 
 pasturing flocks on the slopes of Parnassus, noticed that 
 his charges were thrown into convulsions whenever they 
 approached a certain deep cleft in the mountain. On 
 investigation he found that there arose from the fissure 
 a pecuHar vapor which caused a temporary bewilderment 
 during which his utterances became unintelligible. 
 
 It was a short and natural step from that discovery to 
 utilizing the place for oracular purposes by placing over 
 the cleft a temple, which was constructed of tree branches 
 to resemble a hut. A tripod or three-legged stool that 
 
PHOCIS 227 
 
 was covered with the skin of the Python killed by Apollo, 
 was then set at the edge of the goatherd's cleft, and the 
 Pythia, a young woman, prepared for her part by ablu- 
 tion in the water of the Castalian fount, sat down and 
 inhaling the hallowed vapor discoursed under its in- 
 fluence. Afterwards her utterances were translated by 
 the attending priests and made public in poetical form. 
 The priestess after bathing in the water of Castaiia 
 crowned herself with laurel and masticated some of its 
 leaves before uttering the oracular responses. 
 
 The hut temple was destroyed by Deucalion's deluge 
 in 1503 B.C., and was replaced with a structure made of 
 wax and the wings of bees. This must have presented a 
 very handsome appearance before it acquired a coating 
 of dust and felt its first summer's sun, and it was 
 quite logically sent as a present to the Hyperboreans 
 whose climate was better adapted for meltable building 
 material. 
 
 A third temple, of brass, was destroyed by a landslide. 
 The fourth was built of stone, by Trophonius and Aga- 
 medes, and became famous as early as the Vlllth cen- 
 tiu-y before Christ; it was destroyed by fire 548 B.C. and 
 was rebuilt by the Amphictyones at a cost of nearly 
 $600,000. This, the fifth temple, seems to have endured 
 to the end. 
 
 From the goatherd's cleft covered with a hut, the 
 sacred precincts had expanded, in the time of the fifth 
 temple, to an enclosure of such extent that several en- 
 trances were required to accommodate the visitors, and 
 they contained a number of buildings that housed a 
 collection of a quantity, quality and value that made the 
 cost of the temple commensurate. In its vestibule the 
 Seven Wise Men of Greece, Bias, Chilo, Cleobulus, Pitta- 
 cus, Solon, Thales and Myson, had placed short precepts 
 
228 CENTRAL GREECE 
 
 useful to the conduct of human affairs, such as, "Know 
 Thyself," and "Nothing immoderately." 
 
 The collection included paintings, carvings and statu- 
 ary, relics and treasure. 
 
 The paintings portrayed the drama of Greece from 
 the rising of the curtain, and made everyone intimately 
 familiar with the actors and their features. 
 
 The statuary was by artists of such renown that to- 
 day even fragments, broken pieces of their works, are 
 treasures for modern museimis, and standards whose 
 approximate perfection living artists still emulate with- 
 out excelling. The temple in the time of Pliny had three 
 thousand statues and contained one of Apollo made in 
 pure gold ; and Athenaeus says there was one of Phryne, 
 by Praxiteles, also of solid gold. 
 
 Crates called it "a votive offering of the profligacy of 
 Greece." 
 
 The relics ranged from the sacred stone that Cronus 
 swallowed, to the iron chair that the poet Pindar sat in 
 when he visited the temple, a piece of furniture that to- 
 day would take precedence of Shakespeare's seat in 
 Avon. 
 
 The arms that heroes bore and the armor that they 
 wore were displayed to mark their gratitude to the gods 
 for victory, and to kindle or keep alive the fighting fire 
 of their successors. 
 
 And to the artistic and historic value of many of the 
 objects was added the intrinsic merit of the pure metal of 
 which they were made. 
 
 The name of the fountain of Castalia is stated variously 
 to have been derived; from a daughter of Achelous; from 
 a male native, Castalius ; and from Castalia, a nymph of 
 Parnassus. 
 
 The names of several of the features in the neighbor- 
 
PHOCIS 229 
 
 hood of Castalia are usually connected with Apollo and 
 his intimate associates ; thus, the name Delphi came from 
 Delphos the son of Apollo and Celasno; and the Pythian 
 cave was called after Delphos' son, Pythis; while the 
 nymph Corycia, a companion of Apollo, gave her name 
 to the Corycian cavern. 
 
 Castalia, which still continues with undiminished flow, 
 is now called Ai Idnni, from a small chapel of St. John 
 standing above one corner of its basin; and the same name 
 is given to the whole course of the rivulet down to the 
 Pleistus. It lies between 200 and 300 yards to the east of 
 the upper extremity of the present village of Castri, or 
 Kustri, which occupies a portion of the site of the ancient 
 town of Delphi, and is on the. right hand in entering a 
 narrow fissvire which separates the two renowned Par- 
 nassian sximmits. This fissure is called Bear Ravine and 
 forms the bed of a torrent originating in the upper region 
 of Parnassus. 
 
 Castalia itself is a copious pool of very cool and pure 
 water at the foot of a perpendicular excavation overhung 
 with ivy, saxifrage and rock plants, around which grow 
 some larger shrubs. In front there is a large fig tree, and 
 near the road a spreading plane, which is said to be the 
 only one in Castri, and is fabled to have been planted by 
 Agamemnon. 
 
 Ancient commendation of the fountain's water is con- 
 firmed by the natives who consider it as lighter, more 
 agreeable, and more wholesome than the water of Cas- 
 sotis. The pool is not only kept constantly full by 
 subterranean supplies, but affords also a small stream 
 flowing out of the basin into the bed of the Arkud horema. 
 The natural pool of the Castalian Spring was enlarged, 
 deepened, and made more commodius in ancient times, 
 by an excavation in the rock, both vertically and hori- 
 
230 CENTRAL GREECE 
 
 zontally ; and the steps to it seem to show that the sub- 
 terranean supply was not always equal; in summer 
 perhaps not reaching above the lowest steps, but filling 
 the basin in winter, when an outlet channel at the back 
 prevented the water from rising above the tipper step. 
 This channel, however, no longer serves its original pur- 
 pose, the Kastrites, who use the basin for washing 
 clothes, having cut an opening from the upper steps, so 
 that the depth of water in the basin can never be so great 
 as it was anciently. 
 
 The present chapel of St. John may perhaps occupy 
 the place of the heroum of Autonous which is described 
 by Herodotus as having been at the foot of Mt. Hyam- 
 peia near the fountain of Castalia. 
 
 The poet Byron who visited Greece in 1809 wrote; 
 "A little above the village of Castri is a cave supposed 
 to be the Pythian, of immense depth; the upper part of it 
 is paved and is now used as a cow-house. 
 
 "On the other side of Castri stands a monastery, some 
 way above which is a cleft in the rock with a range 
 of caverns difficult of ascent and apparently leading to 
 the interior of the mountain, probably to the Corycian 
 cavern. From this part descend the fountain and the 
 dews of Castalia." 
 
 One of the poet's companions wrote; "We were 
 sprinkled with the spray of the immortal rill; we drank 
 deep of the Spring but without feeling sensible of any 
 extraordinary effect." Later on, Byron wrote; "At 
 Castri we drank of half a dozen streamlets, some not of 
 the purest, before we decided to our own satisfaction 
 which was the true Castalian, and even that had a vil- 
 lainous tang, probably from the snow, though it did not 
 throw us into an epic fever like poor Dr. Chandler." 
 
 Before this, however, and on the spot, Byron himself, 
 
PHOCIS 231 
 
 if not feverish was at least more fervid, for he wrote some 
 stanzas of "Childe Harold" at the Spring, and, seeing a 
 flight of twelve eagles, was inclined to regard it as an 
 omen propitious to his future career. 
 
 There was a laurel tree near the Spring whose leaves 
 supplied the ordinary decorations for the temple altar, 
 but when large quantities were required they were pro- 
 cured from the vale of Tempe, and Plutarch, in his 
 "Dialogue on Music," gives a pleasant picture of the 
 youth to whom this duty fell, wending his way always 
 attended by a player on the flute. 
 
 The modern method by which a languishing maid, 
 having plucked a leaf, secretly reads the mind of an un- 
 certain youth, as the leaf grows dull or bright when im- 
 merged in a Spring, is similar to a mode of divination 
 practiced by the ancients, an instance of which is men- 
 tioned in the history of the Roman Empei^or Hadrian 
 who went to consult the fountain of Castalia, at Daphne 
 and, plucking a leaf from its laurel tree, dipped it into the 
 sacred Spring. 
 
 In Shakespeare's time the laurel leaves gave equally 
 momentous messages, as is indicated in "Richard H.": 
 where the Welsh Captain says to the Earl of Salisbury; — 
 " 't is thought the King is dead, we will not stay; the bay 
 trees in our country all are withered." 
 
 Hence, as the home of the most ancient of the Sibyls, 
 who lived before the time of the Trojan war, was by the 
 Castalian Spring, and as her name was Daphne, and as 
 one Greek word means both Daphne and laurel, it might 
 seem as though the first of the fateful and much prized 
 leaves of the Sibyls were those that were plucked from the 
 laurel by the fountain of Castalia. 
 
 Moore writes of this Spring in his poem, ' ' From the 
 High Priest of Apollo";— 
 
232 CENTRAL GREECE 
 
 "There is a cave beneath the steep, 
 Where living rills of crystal weep 
 O'er herbage of the loveliest hue 
 That ever spring begemmed with dew; 
 There oft the greensward's glossy tint 
 Is brightened by the recent print 
 Of many a Faun and Naiad's feet — 
 Scarce touching earth, their step so fleet — 
 That there, by moonlight's ray had trod, 
 In light dance, o'er the verdant sod." 
 
 Castalia is supposed by some authorities to be tha 
 fountain that Homer calls Delphusa in his Hymn to 
 Apollo. 
 
 It might appear indelicate to reflect here upon the 
 reputation of Castalia; but occasion is found, when 
 describing Aganippe and pleading that justice be done her, 
 to add a few words about the prevalent fallacy that 
 Castalia was the inspiring fountain of the Muses. 
 
 Pausanias; X. 8. 
 
 165 
 
 Cassotis 
 
 The fountain of Cassotis was a little north of the 
 temple of Apollo and to the east of the stone that Cronus 
 swallowed in place of Zeus. In the time of Pausanias, 
 who is the only writer who uses the name Cassotis, the 
 Spring was walled in; but its waters ran under the wall 
 and through a rocky channel into the vapor-exuding 
 chasm over which the Pythia sat when in her trances, 
 which is perhaps why her inspiration came to be at- 
 tributed to the water instead of as originally to the 
 chasm vapor. 
 
PHOCIS 233 
 
 At present Delphi is devoid of all volcanic vapors. 
 
 The Spring received its name from one of the nymphs 
 of Parnassus. 
 
 Higher up on the hillside, north of the Spring, there 
 was an art gallery containing paintings. That gallery 
 was called The Lounge because in old times the people 
 of Delphi assembled there to discuss both serious and 
 trifling subjects. Lounges it seems, according to Homer, 
 were favorite places for the gathering of gossipy Grecians ; 
 in the rural districts, smithies were made use of for the 
 same purpose, and, in both, the frequenters were wont to 
 refresh themselves with naps in the intervals of their dis- 
 cussions and story telling. 
 
 Cassotis was for a time identified with the Spring of 
 Kama or Krene; but later, with the Spring near the 
 church of St. Nicolaus where there are some remains of 
 an old wall; while the water that springs out of the 
 ground lower down, at what is called Hellenico, is sup- 
 posed to be from the stream that was formerly conducted 
 to the Pythia's chasm, and which, being dammed up by 
 debris from the temple, has found a different exit for 
 itself. Owing to this change in the position of Cassotis, 
 Kerna is now supposed to be the fountain anciently 
 called Delphusa, although some authorities consider that 
 Delphusa was the name by which Homer knew Castalia 
 and celebrated it in his Hymn to Apollo. 
 
 Pausanias; X. 24. 
 
 166 
 
 The Corycian Cave 
 
 There were a number of bubbling Springs in the Cory- 
 cian cavern, the most remarkable of all caves known 
 
234 CENTRAL GREECE 
 
 to the ancients, and of all of them the best worth a 
 visit. 
 
 It was a cave on Mt. Parnassus and there was an easy 
 access to it at a point marked by a brass statue sixty 
 stadia from Delphi, on the road that ran from that town 
 to Parnassus. It was 200 feet long and 40 feet high ; and 
 was connected with a side cavern about half as large. 
 
 One of the ancient approaches to it was by a continuous 
 winding flight of a thousand or more steps cut out of the 
 rock of the mountain side. 
 
 It was called after the nymph Corycia, of whom Apollo 
 was once enamored, and is not to be confounded with the 
 near-by Pythian Cave which was in very early days the 
 lair of the long and awful dragon that guarded the first, 
 the original Oracle. 
 
 The Cavern was sacred to Pan and to the troop of 
 nymphs attending the one whose name it bore. 
 
 Above it rose the peak of Parnassus that pierced the 
 clouds, the one on which the Thyiades indulged in their 
 mad revels in honor of Dionysus. 
 
 The cave is now called Sarant Aulai, or Forty Courts. 
 
 Pausanias; X, 32. 
 
 167 
 
 The Crow's Spring 
 
 The story of the Crow's Spring is connected with the 
 most colossal artistic conception ever formed in the 
 human mind — the Grecian concept of displaying to all 
 the world in imperishable pictures, on limitless space 
 with strokes that range to billions of miles in length, the 
 heroes and the legends of Greece, by drawing their por- 
 traits and catchwords on the heavens themselves; using 
 
PHOCIS 235 
 
 the everlasting stars as a medium and linking them 
 together with lines to form scintillating figures in dazzling 
 colors; figures of such mighty magnitude that no mind 
 can realize the vast distances between the starry points 
 with which the drawings are made. 
 
 Every nation in history has cherished these marvelous 
 portraits and paid deference to the immensity of their 
 conception; no attempt was made by the iconoclasts of 
 the Middle Ages, nor have the moderns with their mania 
 for improvement ever sought to rob the pictures of their 
 captions, or to associate them with stories foreign to 
 those that they were drawn to illustrate. 
 
 Some of the pictures, as in the illustrations for the 
 story of Andromeda (see No. 349) cover nearly all of the 
 characters in the legend they portray. So do the pictures 
 that tell the story of the Crow's Spring; which tale is to 
 the effect that once, when Apollo had sent the bird to a 
 Spring for sacrificial water, the crow seeing on a tree by 
 the fountain, a fig that was almost on the point of being 
 perfectly ripe, perched upon a limb beside the tempting 
 fruit and patiently awaited the epicurean stage of 
 maturity. 
 
 Then, having enjoyed the fig in its full perfection, the 
 crow filled the golden cup Apollo had given it, and, snatch- 
 ing a stray snake in one of its claws, flew back with the 
 truthless excuse that the innocent snake had opposed 
 approach to the Spring and so delayed the crow's return. 
 
 The god of oracles, angry that anyone should expect to 
 be able to deceive him, at once seized the prevaricating 
 bird, cumbered as he was with the cup and the snake, and 
 flung the trio into the distant sky, saying, as he did so, 
 that never again should that crow sip a cooling drink 
 from any Spring till figs grew ripe before the fruit was 
 green. 
 
236 CENTRAL GREECE 
 
 This immutable picture may always be seen in the 
 April sky just above the southeastern horizon, the crow 
 with one foot on the snake, and the golden cup shining 
 as brightly as when it left the hand of Hephaestus who 
 formed it. 
 
 The picture continues in sight during May and June, 
 and then disappears in the southwest ; the crow through- 
 out his passage keeping close to the horizon as if in search 
 of Springs and figs to break his long-continued fast. 
 
 The crow, which was originally a white bird, was 
 changed to black on another occasion because he brought 
 Apollo the irritating news that one of his favorites, Coro- 
 nis, had married Ischys. 
 
 As the legend of this constellation, called Corvus, 
 though replete with astronomical detail, does not mention 
 the site of the Spring, it can only be assumed that it lay 
 in the neighborhood of Apollo's principal shrine and 
 somewhere near Delphi in Phocis. 
 
 Ovid. Fasti; II. -line 243. 
 
 168 
 CiRRHA 
 
 From the effects of the Salt Spring near Cirrha, the 
 port of Delphi, it has been suggested that Solon made 
 use of its waters in his double stratagem by which the 
 town was captured when besieged by the Amphictyones 
 in 595 B.C. 
 
 The Oracle having declared that Cirrha would not be 
 taken until the sea broke into the Grove of Apollo, which 
 was far from the shore, the first step in Solon's strata- 
 gem was to bring the grove to the sea by consecrating all 
 of the intervening land. 
 
pHocrs 237 
 
 Having thus satisfied the Oracle's conditions, Solon 
 then made a new channel for the Castalia fed river 
 Pleistus that watered the town, and saturated it with 
 some substance of a relaxing nature. When he turned 
 the river back into its natural bed and the thirsty people 
 in the town had drunk their fill to make up for recent 
 privations, they were all seized with an incessant diar- 
 rhoea that reduced them to such a state of weakness that 
 they were unable to continue any defense, and were 
 obliged to surrender. 
 
 As the water of the Salt Spring had the same efTect 
 that the treated river water had, it has been suggested 
 that Solon made use of the Spring in doctoring the river, 
 although, according to one author, hellebore was the 
 substance used by the celebrated law-giver. 
 
 There is still a salty Spring near Cirrha and its water 
 has been proved to have the same effect as that produced 
 by hellebore. 
 
 Fausanias; X. 37. 
 
 169 
 
 Hyampolis Well 
 
 Hyampolis was on the highroad to Opus. Its people 
 had only one well to supply water for drinking and wash- 
 ing and the needs of their live stock; but it evidently 
 produced a plentiful and a wholesome beverage, as even 
 their cattle were free from disease and were more fat than 
 neighboring herds; their animals were sacred to Artemis. 
 
 Hyampolis was a very old town, having been founded 
 by the Hyantes, whom Cadmus drove out of Boeotia. 
 They were a courageous people given to employing un- 
 usual devices against their enemies ; they were fertile in 
 
238 CENTRAL GREECE 
 
 expedients and successfully opposed infantry to cavalry 
 by setting earthware pots in the ground, and covering 
 them deceptively, so that when the charge was made the 
 legs of the animals were broken and the troopers were 
 unhorsed and crushed in the sprawling mass. 
 
 On one occasion, five hundred of them practiced a ruse 
 of the nature of Gideon's: they coated themselves with 
 white plaster, and at dead of night, when the moon was 
 shining, they rushed among the sleeping army of their 
 enemies who were put to flight with tremendous 
 slaughter, imagining that they were being assaulted by 
 a host of radiant supernatural beings. 
 
 These people took desperate chances to secure any 
 object they had in view, and, when they were about to 
 engage in battle with the odds greatly against them, they 
 prepared beforehand a funeral pile on which to burn all 
 of the survivors in case of defeat. This characteristic 
 gave rise to the term Phocian Resolution to express any 
 desperate resolve. 
 
 The ruins of Hyampolis are on a height a quarter of a 
 mile north of the village of Vogdhani, and, from the side 
 of a steep rocky bank below the town, a Spring continues 
 to pour its ample supplies into an ancient stone reservoir, 
 the Well, that served all the requirements of the people of 
 Homer's Hyampolis. 
 
 Herodotus; VIII. 27. 
 Pausanias; X. 35. 
 
 170 
 
 Cephissus 
 
 The largest river of Phocis was the Cephissus. 
 It rose at Lilaea, and the infant stream, as if conscious 
 of its coming prominence as the giant river of a dwarf 
 
PHOCIS 239 
 
 district, announced itself with lusty roarings like those of 
 a bull, which it indulged in especially at midday. 
 
 Lilsea was distant from Delphi a winter's day's journey, 
 which was 180 stadia. It had a theater, market-place 
 and baths which were no doubt supplied by the noisy 
 Cephissus. 
 
 The Cephissus formed Lake Cephissus, or Copais, 
 which was noted for the fine flavor of its eels. The Lake 
 was five miles from the sea and between them there inter- 
 vened the lower reaches of Mt. Ptotim, under which the 
 Lake's outlets flowed through several subterranean pas- 
 sages. These outlets, however, were at times inadequate, 
 and the surrounding country was frequently damaged by 
 inundations; therefore, very far back in the heroic age 
 two additional channels were constructed with engineer- 
 ing ingenuity that compares favorably with that seen in 
 similar works of the most modern school. One of the 
 tunnels was a rock-cut channel four miles long, four 
 feet square, and from a hundred to one hundred and 
 fifty feet below the surface, from which ventilating 
 shafts were driven at intervals of about a quarter of 
 a mile. 
 
 The central outlet of the Lake brought the waters of the 
 Cephissus to sight again at a place called Anchce, whence 
 it flowed sedately in a broad and rapid stream for a mile 
 and a quarter, and then ran into the sea at Lower Lary- 
 mna on the confines of Boeotia and Locris. 
 
 The land along the river was covered with farms which 
 were the best in the district both for planting and for 
 pasttire; and the banks of the stream were frequented by 
 bustards. The tribe of the Cephasias took its name from 
 the river. 
 
 There were two other Springs called Cephissus; one 
 In Lyrceum of Argolis ; and another in the gymnasium at 
 
240 CENTRAL GREECE 
 
 Apollonia near Epidamnus; and there were five rivers 
 that bore the name Cephissus. 
 
 The people who now live about the sources of the 
 Cephissus call them Kefalovryses ; they say that from 
 time to time the waters gush out with an increased force, 
 and one may suppose these extra efforts account for the 
 midday roarings of former days. 
 
 Strabo; IX. 3. | 16. 
 Pausanias; X. 33. 
 
 171 
 
 Panopeus 
 
 About twenty stadia from Chaeronea was the town of 
 Panopeus, if town that can be called, says the old chroni- 
 cler, that has no public fountain. 
 
 It is not alone on account of this striking abnormality 
 that Panopeus is mentioned here, but because The Foun- 
 tain of Youth, that for ages has been sought in the most 
 distant and unlikely places, must have been not far from 
 this town which was in all respects a most gruesome place 
 situated near a wild ravine that was the scrap heap of 
 creation, the refuse pile containing what was left over 
 when man was made by Prometheus; this discarded 
 material was in the form of stones, some of them large 
 enough to fill a cart. They were of the color of clay, and 
 had the odor of the human body, as was quite natural 
 for the remains of the material from which the human 
 race had been fashioned. 
 
 In this neighborhood, then, must have been that foun- 
 tain the waters of which gave perpetual youth to — but 
 perhaps it should first be recalled that men, in the Gre- 
 cian scheme of creation were not made until after the 
 brutes which were so lavishly equipped to meet the con- 
 
PHOCIS 241 
 
 tingencies of existence that there was nothing left to give 
 men for their protection, and they, therefore, started 
 life naked and defenseless. 
 
 Zeus, who had entrusted these productions to others, 
 at once noticed the poverty of men's equipment, and in 
 compassion bestowed on them the gift of Preservation 
 from Old Age. 
 
 This gift was placed upon an ass, which seems to have 
 been a beast of burden from the moment of its birth, and, 
 as it was summer-time and hot, and the ass was not yet 
 accustomed to work, he soon became exhausted and was 
 in a pitiable condition from thirst when he spied a foun- 
 tain, and made a dash for its brink. He was, however, 
 stopped by a serpent that would only consent to allow 
 him a drink in exchange for his burden. The exchange 
 was made gladly and quickly, and so it was that the 
 waters of that fountain gave to the snake the perpetual 
 youth which was first bestowed on men; and all the 
 internal evidence in the account indicates that the 
 spring could not have been at any great distance from 
 Panopeus, where the first of the htmian race was made; 
 and the superstitious will readily credit the statement 
 that in molding the material it was moistened with 
 tears. 
 
 Near this place was the sepulchre of Tityus which was 
 said to have been nine rods long. And less than a mile 
 away was Daulis; it had the gruesome reputation of 
 being the place where cannibalism first occurred. 
 
 The legend was that Tereus, a King of Daulis, north- 
 west of Chaeronea, having cut out the tongue of his wife 
 Procne, she wove an account of the matter into a tapestry 
 and so communicated the story to her sister Philomela; 
 whereupon the two killed and served up to the King his 
 infant son. The gods then changed them all into birds, 
 16 
 
242 CENTRAL GREECE 
 
 and so the hawk, Tereus, constantly pursues the swallow 
 and the nightingale, Procne and Philomela. 
 
 And beyond Daulis were The Cross Roads, the spot 
 where (Edipus murdered his father. 
 
 Homer speaks of the people of Panopeus as delighting 
 in the dance, but it was the dissolute, drunken dance that 
 was practiced by the women devotees of Dionysus. 
 
 Panopeus was a grandson of Psamathe of the ArgoHs 
 fountain; temperamentally, he was as unattractive as his 
 town; he quarreled with his twin brother even before 
 they were born, and he became a perjurer. 
 
 He was the father of Epeius who built the wooden 
 horse at Troy and who was considered to be one of the 
 greatest cowards in the camp. 
 
 A place called Aio Vlasi now represenxs the ancient town. 
 
 Pausanias; X. 4. 
 ApoUodorus; I. 7. 
 
 172 
 
 Stiris 
 
 Stiris was 120 stadia from Chseronea; it was on high 
 and rocky ground, and, for lack of piping and pumps they 
 had to travel down a hill for half a mile to get drinking 
 water from a Spring whose basin was hewn out of the rock, 
 for such water as was found on the height was only good 
 enough for washing purposes and to give their cattle drink. 
 
 The people of Stiris were primitive and their temple 
 was of unbaked brick. They dyed their wool with the 
 blood of a small grub that bred in a nightshade-like berry 
 of the Coccus, a bramble that grew in the plain; the grub, 
 when the fruit was ripe, became a gnat and flew away. 
 
 There is a monastery of St. Luke, within a mile of the 
 ruins of Stiris, now called Palea-khora, and its location 
 
PHOCIS 243 
 
 indicates that the history of the water toils of the people 
 on the hilltop was not written in vain; for the rock of the 
 Stiris Spring was made a part of the monastery wall, and 
 an inscription outside refers to the fountain and an- 
 nounces that it is now within the monastery. 
 
 Pausanias; X. 35. 
 
 Saunion 
 
 The Well named Saunion was in the town of Bulls in 
 Phocis, near the border of Boeotia, where a mountain 
 torrent called by the natives "Hercules'" fell into the 
 Gulf of Corinth; the place was loo stadia by water from 
 Anticyra. 
 
 The people of Bulls helped to rob the temple at Delphi 
 in the time of Philomelus, and they do not appear to have 
 been much more advanced than those of Stiris. Like 
 them, they were engaged in producing dyes which they, 
 however, made from a shellfish that more than half of 
 the inhabitants were employed in catching. The dye was 
 of a purple hue, as was that the Phoenicians made from 
 their shellfish. 
 
 They had no buildings to excite admiration, and their 
 statues were of wood and by unknown makers. 
 
 More fortunate, however, than the people of Stiris, 
 they had a good Well of sufficient presence to receive a 
 name, and they called it Saunion, perhaps from some inci- 
 dent connected with a javelin, which is the meaning of 
 that word. 
 
 The location of Bulls has been identified by its torrent. 
 It is in a deserted district, a mile from the solitary mon- 
 astery of Dobo. 
 
 Pausanias; X. 37. 
 
^TOLIA 
 
 174 
 Callirrhoe 
 
 The Spring of Callirrhoe in the city of Calydon 
 ^toHa, commemorates the cause of a minor misfortune 
 of the citizens, second only to the trials they underwent 
 through the ravages of the Calydonian boar, from which 
 they were delivered by Meleager. 
 
 Callirrhoe, a name that is pleasant enough to the eye 
 and to the ear, seems nearly always, however, to have 
 been coupled with calamity, and it has fallen into dis- 
 favor in modern nomenclature. 
 
 That daughter of Ocean who bore it saw deformity in 
 her progeny and became the mother of Geryon, the three- 
 headed monster; the half -serpent, flesh-eating, Echidna; 
 Pluto's dog Cerberus; the Hydra; the Chimasra; the 
 Sphinx ; and many other misshappen horrors. 
 
 Another unfortunate of the same name, a grand- 
 daughter of Argos from whom Greece received one of 
 its appellations, was a sister of the uncouth Argus 
 of a hundred eyes which were inherited by the gaudy 
 peacock. 
 
 Thrace, that, except for a short period, has always been 
 one of the most disreputable countries of the earth, re- 
 ceived one of its early designations from Biston, and he 
 was a son of Callirrhoe and Mars. 
 
 Still another Callirrhoe was even more unfortunate; 
 she, a daughter of Scamandcr, was wife of King Troas 
 
 244 
 
^TOLIA 245 
 
 and became the mother of the most beautiful boy among 
 mortals, only to see him carried away by an eagle to be 
 made the cup bearer of Jupiter. A pair of divine horses 
 is said to have been given to console her for the loss of 
 her lovely child, Ganymedes, who was, later, placed 
 among the constellations under the name of Aquarius — 
 these were, however, attempts at consolation that would 
 only make many mothers detest the sight of horses and 
 stars for ever afterwards. 
 
 The malign influence continued in her family, as is 
 well known in the misfortunes of her grandson Anchises 
 and his son .(Eneas. 
 
 The miseries of the daughter of Inachus who was 
 changed into a white cow by Zeus, and then forced by a 
 fretting gadfly to flee over half the earth, are the miseries 
 of one of the first Callirrhoes under her second and more 
 widely known name of lo. 
 
 And she of the same name, the daughter of Achelous, 
 who married Amphiaraus' son, Alcmason, was the cause 
 of his death through her coveting the necklace of Cad- 
 mus' wife, Harmonia. 
 
 Poor Callirrhoe of Calydon, however, was never 
 married; nevertheless even her maidenhood did not avail 
 to preserve her from the apparent spell of the name, or 
 from the passion of the Priest Coresus. 
 
 Having failed by all tolerable means to arouse a recip- 
 rocal regard for himself, he, apparently, adopted a policy 
 of terrorism, for numbers of the citizens became affected 
 with a sudden delirium, "insane with drink, " that ended 
 in death. 
 
 This peculiar epidemic is suggestive of the agency of 
 poison, perhaps even conveyed through the Spring itself, 
 but the crafty Priest caused it to be beHeved that it was 
 an exhibition of the favor with which his god Dionysus 
 
246 CENTRAL GREECE 
 
 regarded him, and an indication of the deity's disapproval 
 of Callirrhoe's disdain. 
 
 The afflicted people thereupon sent hot-footed to con- 
 sult the oracle at Dodona, where the lover's fellow 
 Priests, following suit to his lead, confirmed the delusion, 
 and even added that the scourge would not be stayed 
 until Coresus had sacrificed Callirrhoe, or — not merely 
 someone else, but — a victim who should volunteer to be 
 deprived of life in her stead. 
 
 On hearing of this decision, the young girl attempted 
 to conceal herself among her friends, and the wide- 
 spread fear of the citizens is indicated by the refusal 
 of even her most intimate associates to give her asy- 
 lum, or make any effort to preserve her life. She was 
 driven, therefore, to present herself at the altar for 
 sacrifice. 
 
 This unexpected ending of all Coresus' schemes, thrust 
 suddenly before him in public, allowed him no time 
 to consider new schemes or further complications, and, 
 convinced that all his plans and plottings had gone for 
 naught, he, in a moment of desperation and despair, 
 turned the sacrificial knife upon himself and expired at 
 his victim's feet. 
 
 Callirrhoe, looking upon the act as a proof of his love, 
 and in her pity implicating herself as the cause of the 
 tragedy, disconsolately descended the holy terrace to the 
 Spring, and there enacted another tragedy on the lines 
 of the one at the altar, and cut her own fair and blameless 
 throat — and the Spring from that time, by common con- 
 sent, was called by her name. 
 
 The Spring was situated near the harbor, and thus 
 became a sight and an object of interest for land and 
 water voyagers to and from the town, and so its story, 
 passing through many minds and mouths, to other lands 
 
^TOLIA 247 
 
 and ages, has been softened by time and the poets, and 
 one must read between the hnes to learn of the guilt, 
 deceit and villainy that was engendered by that simple 
 maid of Calydon, whose friends were less faithful than 
 her city's shoreside Spring, the waters of which nourished 
 her during life, and, receiving her last conscious look, con- 
 tinued through many centuries to keep her memory green 
 and preserve her sad episode from oblivion. 
 
 A modern version of the misfortune of the Calydonian 
 Callirrhoe appears in a drama, with her name as the 
 title, by Miss Bradley under the pseudonym of Michael 
 Field. 
 
 There were two other Callirrhoes, a daughter of Tethys ; 
 and another, a daughter of Lycus a king of Lycia. The 
 former was one of the 3000 taper-ankled Oceanides of 
 whose history nothing is known; and of the latter little 
 more is recorded than that she saved the life of Diomedes 
 when he was returning from Troy with the Palladium, 
 the talisman of Troy and afterwards of Rome ; it had been 
 found by Ilus, another son of Callirrhoe the mother of 
 Ganymede, and its history definitely locates the abodes 
 of the gods and gives additional interest to every glance 
 at the sky's galaxy whose innumerable lights are the glow 
 that streams from the grounds and the marble palaces 
 of the deities that are built about the ' ' coal sack, ' ' 
 through which the Palladium fell. That talisman was a 
 small wooden image of Pallas, a friend of the goddess 
 Minerva, which, accidently knocked from its resting- 
 place, rolled to the edge and dropped off to land on the 
 plain near Troy. 
 
 Calydon, which in prehistoric times was the ornament 
 of Greece, had sunk into insignificance two thousand 
 years ago, and now even its situation is disputed. 
 
 The iEtolian seacoast, too, has undergone many 
 
248 CENTRAL GREECE 
 
 changes, and Callirrhoe's Spring near the harbor is now 
 perhaps in the bed of the sea. 
 
 Pausanias; VII. 21. 
 
 Orea 
 
 The fountain of Orea, a lofty mountain in ^Etolia, 
 though not itself The Fount of Immortality might easily 
 have satisfied a not too exacting seeker in quest of that 
 long-sought Spring, for there grew around it the grass 
 called Agrostis. It was the grass of the gods, sown by 
 Saturn, and made those who eat it immortal. The steeds 
 of the Sun were fed upon it and were thereby enabled to 
 pursue their ceaseless round without stopping and with- 
 out fatigue. 
 
 . The grass was indigenous to the Isles of the Blest, but 
 a small bed of it was accidently discovered by Glaucus 
 while chasing a hare on Mt. Orea. The hunter was on the 
 point of capturing the animal which, exhausted by a long 
 pursuit, had fallen down and rolled over in the grass by 
 the border of the Spring, when, greatly to Glaucus' 
 surprise, the hare seemed to almost instantly recover 
 its full vigor and, darting away from under his hand, 
 made good its escape. 
 
 ; Glaucus' deductions from this unexpected ending of 
 the chase led him to examine the grass, and then to eat 
 some of it; whereupon his sensations clearly made him 
 aware that he had become immortal, as time proved to 
 be the case. 
 
 He found himself changed in body and in mind and he 
 longed to change his surroundings as well, which he did 
 by leaping into the sea and swimming to Sicily, where he 
 fell in love with Galatea of the Spring of Acis. 
 
^TOLIA 249 
 
 Glaucus was a son of Neptune and was one of those 
 who successfully contributed to the consolation of 
 Ariadne, after her desertion by Theseus. He was one of 
 the builders of the ship Argo, and became its Quarter- 
 master, and was the only one of the ship's complement 
 that did not at some time during the voyage receive an 
 injury. 
 
 There is still a grass called Agrostis Vulgaris which 
 may be readily recognized by its lanceolate glumes which 
 though very thin are firmer than its palets; there is, how- 
 ever, nothing by which the Spring, if seen, could be recog- 
 nized — nor even the mountain, unless Corax was the one 
 that Athenseus had in mind. 
 
 Athcnffius; VII. 47. VII. 48. 
 
 176 
 
 Hyrie 
 
 The tears of the mother of Cycnus formed the Spring 
 that was called by her name, Hyrie. 
 
 Cycnus, a pretty and greatly admired boy, having been 
 refused a prize bull that he asked Phyllius, one of his 
 admirers, to give him, threw himself in angry disappoint- 
 ment from a lofty rock. 
 
 In the course of his descent he was changed into a swan, 
 by his father Apollo, and flew away uninjured. 
 
 The mother, knowing of the leap but unaware of 
 the transformation, dissolved in tears and formed the 
 Spring. 
 
 The tear-made fount is seen at the foot of a steep moun- 
 tain, and it makes a lake the outlet of which is the river 
 Cyathus, a tributary of the Achelous. 
 
 Ovid. Meta. VII. Fable 3. 
 
250 CENTRAL GREECE 
 
 177 
 Phana 
 
 The story of the Spring and the siege of Phana are 
 sHghtly suggestive of that of BethuHa in the Bible. 
 
 Phana was a fenced village, of the ^tolians, and had 
 only one Spring, which was outside of the fence. The 
 Achaeans, having besieged the village for a long time with- 
 out making any progress, sent to the oracle at Delphi to 
 ask for suggestions that would make their campaign a 
 success; and when the Temple's Board of Strategy ad- 
 vised that they find out how much water the inhabitants 
 needed daily to keep themselves alive, the besiegers, 
 unable to see the drift of the response, decided to give up 
 their object and return home. 
 
 The villagers, noticing the preparations for departure, 
 became lax, and a woman issuing from the gate to get 
 water was captured in the act. From her the Achaeans 
 learned that the only water the people had was obtained 
 from this Spring, usually under cover of darkness, and 
 that it was carefully measured out for the next day's use. 
 
 The besiegers then concluded to wait a few days longer, 
 and meantime made the water undrinkable, with the 
 result that the defenders surrendered rather than perish 
 of thirst. 
 
 Phana is presumed to have been near Arsinoe, a place at 
 or about the junction of the Cyathus and Achelous rivers. 
 
 Pausanias; X. 18. 
 
 178 
 
 Mf. Taphiassus' Spring 
 
 There was a Spring in the southeastern part of .lEtolia 
 in a tract that once belonged to the Ozolse or Bad Smell- 
 
^TOLIA 251 
 
 ing Locrians, who were so designated because of the 
 stench their fountain emitted. 
 
 It rose at the foot of Mt. Taphiassus, near the town of 
 Macynia, and contained clots of blood that made it as 
 unpleasant to the sight as it was to smell ; these are not 
 found in the water today; but it still retains the fetid 
 odor of ancient times. 
 
 The smell and the particles were attributed to the 
 proximity of the poisoned body of the Centaur Nessus 
 whose grave on the mountain side was marked with an 
 identifying monument, for he had served many travelers 
 and people of the neighborhood in ferrying them for a 
 modest fee across the ^tolian river Evenus, once called 
 Lycormas, either pickaback or in his arms. Nessus was 
 the son of Ixion who, after receiving signal favors from 
 Zeus, affronted his wife Hera, and was therefore punished 
 in his progeny, who were the Centaurs and the Hippo- 
 centaurs, the former having the hind legs and the latter 
 all the four legs of a horse. Afterwards in the lower 
 world Ixion, while bound to a constantly turning wheel, 
 was continually scourged, and made to repeat, "Bene- 
 factors should be Honored." 
 
 Nessus was shot with one of the Hydra poisoned arrows 
 of Hercules, who, having hired him to carry over his wife 
 Dejaneira, was made jealously angry by the ferryman's 
 manner of holding her. 
 
 Nessus was not the only victim of that shot. He ad- 
 vised Dejaneira to save some of the blood that dripped 
 from his wound and assured her that it would keep her 
 husband from loving any other woman. 
 
 Sometime later, Dejaneira, having use for the charm, 
 sprinkled a shirt of the hero with the fluid or its powder, 
 and the poison, absorbed through the skin when Hercules 
 put on the garment, brought about the end of his earthly 
 
252 CENTRAL GREECE 
 
 career, fortunately without contaminating any Springs, 
 for he was carried up in a cloud to the home of the gods 
 where, as an immortal, he married Hebe. 
 
 Dejaneira hanged herself in a fit of grief when the un- 
 expected effect of the false philter was seen at the waters 
 of Dyras. (See No. 195.) 
 
 Mt. Taphiassus is called Kakiskula at the present time. 
 
 Strabo; IX. 4. § 8. 
 
ACARNANIA 
 
 179 
 
 Cren^ 
 
 The place called Crense, or, The Wells, seems to have 
 received the name from some Springs near the city of 
 Argos that was in a small district of northeastern Acar- 
 nania called Amphilochia. 
 
 The site of this Argos has not yet been definitively 
 determined, but some lagoons in the neighborhood of 
 Armyro are supposed to be the work of the Springs that 
 were called The Wells. 
 
 These were close to the sea at the point where the 
 Inachus river, now the Ariadha, started out on its long 
 ocean voyage to the Peloponnesus, as related of the source 
 of the Inachus in Argolis. 
 
 Thucydides;III. 106. 
 
 253 
 
EAST LOCRIS 
 
 1 80 
 Thermopyl^ 
 
 The warmth of the saline Springs in the celebrated 
 Pass gave it the name of Thermopylae centuries before 
 480 B.C., when Leonidas made it a cosmic word. 
 
 They are said to have been called forth by Athena to 
 please Hercules, with whose name a number of warm 
 Springs are associated. 
 
 There were two Springs about 600 feet apart, and their 
 hot and sulphurous waters were of a dark blue color, the 
 most beautiful of all blue waters. 
 
 When, in spite of the prediction of failure that the 
 diviner Megistias had made, the hero's little band at- 
 tempted to hold the hosts of Persians under Xerxes, these 
 Springs played no unimportant part in the defense, and 
 performed greater though less pyrotechnical prodigies 
 than the Spring of Ausonia when it came to the assistance 
 of Rome. 
 
 They copiously overflowed the narrow roadway, 
 making the rocks slippery, and converting the ground 
 into a slough through which perhaps the Persians would 
 never have managed to flounder, had it not been for the 
 treachery of the Trachinian Ephialtes in guiding a body 
 of the enemy by a secret path through a narrow defile 
 that brought them around at the rear of the defenders, 
 who were then crushed as in the jaws of a closing vise. 
 
 In later years when, in 279 B.C., the Gallati under 
 
 254 
 
EAST LOCRIS 255 
 
 Brennus made their invasion, and not only followed the 
 plan of the Persians on land but sent a fleet through the 
 Lamiac Gulf that ran at the side of the Pass, the Springs, 
 in their eagerness to aid the Athenian forces that emu- 
 lated Leonidas, rushed into the Gulf with their assistance, 
 and threw into it such volumes of oozy mud that the 
 rowers of the vessels, heavy with men and equipment, 
 succeeded only by the greatest exertion in propelling 
 their boats through the thickened sea. 
 
 Then, even as the Stars in their courses did fight against 
 Sisera, the Mountains aided the Greeks and prevented 
 the Gallati from stealing the treasures of the temple at 
 Delphi. Thus Parnassus, supplementing the efforts of 
 the Springs, shook its holy head and rocky sides in rage, 
 and hurled upon the heads of the invaders such a heavy 
 barrage of stones and bowlders that, with the added 
 assistance of the Lightning which killed some of the 
 enemy and blinded others, they fled in terror and aban- 
 doned the invasion. 
 
 Strabo;IX.4. 5 I3- 
 Pausanias; I. 4. 
 
 181 
 
 The Fountain of .^^anis 
 
 Near Cynus, in a leafy grove called JSaneium, there 
 was a fountain named after .<Eanis who was accidentally 
 killed by Patroclus during a game at dice; fountain sides, 
 as seen at Corinth and elsewhere, having been favorite 
 locations for playing games of chance or skill, and even 
 for the sites of oracles whose divinations were made by 
 means of tali, the ancient ancestors of modern dice. 
 
 The accidental killing of people during sports and 
 games seems to have been a hereditary fatality in the 
 
256 CENTRAL GREECE 
 
 family of Patroclus; his uncle Telamon killed his own 
 brother Phocus while playing at quoits with him ; and his 
 father Peleus killed his father-in-law, Eurytion, while 
 they were chasing the Calydonian boar. 
 
 Patroclus himself lost his life during the Trojan war, 
 killed by Hector while fighting in the borrowed armor of 
 his friend Achilles; a death that resulted in the capture 
 of the city of Troy, if there was truth in the prediction, 
 of the seer Calchas that the town could not be taken 
 without the cooperation of Achilles; for at the death of 
 Patroclus he was roused from his fit of the sulks and 
 immediately returned to the fighting line to avenge the 
 fall of his friend, who had atoned for the mysterious 
 death of j^anis. 
 
 Cynus was opposite the Spring of .ffidepsus in Euboea ; 
 Deucalion and Pyrrha were among its residents and it 
 contained the tomb of Pyrrha. 
 
 Strabo; IX. 4. §2. 
 
NORTHERN GREECE 
 
 EPIRUS 
 
 182 
 The Achelous 
 
 In the southern prolongation of the Balkan range that 
 is called Mt. Pindus, and at Chalcis now Khalika, the 
 Achelous, the largest river of Greece, had its rise; and the 
 spot where it appeared marked the scene of a touching 
 exhibition of maternal love and filial trust. 
 
 Achelous, the son of Gaga, was the father of those three 
 lovely singers the Sirens Ligeia, Leucosia, and Parthenope 
 after whom Naples, near which she Was buried, was 
 formerly called. They have long been wantonly aspersed 
 by unwarrantably stigmatizing every false charmer as 
 one of their kind; for they were good at heart and sym- 
 pathetic and unselfish, as was shown in their begging 
 to be given wings in order that they might search farther 
 and more widely for the missing daughter of Ceres. 
 Even if one cares to accept the other story that Venus 
 placed wings on them to mark her displeasure, the Sirens 
 must receive all the more credit, in that they submitted 
 to the wings rather than for a moment abate a jot in their 
 views about virtue. 
 
 The whole life of the Sirens illustrates the value and 
 
 effect of incentive. Doubtless there were myriads of 
 
 maidens in Greece who possessed natural abilities to 
 
 sing that equaled and perhaps in some cases surpassed 
 
 17 257 
 
258 NORTHERN GREECE 
 
 those of the Sirens; but not being constrained to sing, 
 those maidens are now unknown. On the other hand, 
 the very existence of the Sirens depended upon their 
 singing, and singing so well and so sweetly that they 
 should always hold their audiences and never lose a 
 listener. 
 
 As was so often the case with people of Mythology, the 
 Sirens' lives were overshadowed with a doom pronounced 
 when they were born. Meleager knew not at what 
 moment the hidden brand snatched from the fire at his 
 birth might again be set alight and bring about his death, 
 and many others lived in hourly expectation of the 
 happening of some event they knew portended their end. 
 
 The Sirens were aware that if ever a hearer passed by 
 unmoved by their song, that would be their death war- 
 rant; and it was, therefore, not to draw others from the 
 path of duty by their singing that they sang, but to pre- 
 serve their own existence. 
 
 The birth of the Spring of the Achelous gives additional 
 proof of the goodness of the Sirens, in its testimony that 
 they had endeared themselves to their father more deeply 
 than bad daughters ever could have. 
 
 It may be a question whether it was Orpheus' finer 
 vocal efforts, closing the ears of the Argo's crew to the 
 song of the Sirens, or Odysseus' wax-filled ears, that 
 brought about the trio's tragic drowning; but it was 
 either during the Argonauts' trip, or on the return from 
 Troy, that the Sirens succumbed to the event that was 
 originally set as marking the limit of their lives, and 
 threw themselves into the sea. 
 
 Achelous, after he was informed of the loss of his 
 daughters, suffered a sorrow so profound that, with a 
 childlike faith in his mother's consolation, he cried aloud 
 for her presence; and there, on that spot where his mother 
 
EPIRUS 259 
 
 heard the cry and gathered him to her bosom, she caused 
 the river Achelous to spring forth to mark the overflowing 
 of her heart at the manhood yearning of her son for her 
 sympathy and support. 
 
 The greatness of the mother's heart is not the least 
 touching feature in this episode of all-round family affec- 
 tion, when it is recalled that, including Achelous, the 
 godly Gsea had three thousand sons. 
 
 The river was as white as the man, a characteristic so 
 marked that even the unsentimental moderns wove it 
 into the name Aspropotamos, the White River, by which 
 it is now known from its source to the Ionian Sea. 
 
 It was, moreover, the earliest active agent in the 
 cause of temperance; the first attempts to dilute wine and 
 lessen its evil effects having been made with its waters. 
 
 Georgics; I. 9. and Servius' Com. 
 
 183 
 
 Athamanis 
 
 This wonderful fountain was in Dodona, a grove that 
 adjoined a town of the same name in the district of Chao- 
 nia near the river Achelous. 
 
 The grove was sacred to Zeus and received its name 
 either from a daughter of that god and Europa, or from 
 an Asiatic goddess named Dione. 
 
 Dodona contained one of the three most celebrated 
 shrines of ancient superstition, the extent of whose re- 
 ligious fame was rivaled by their wealth, though probably 
 the latter equaled only a small part of the aggregate 
 siun spent on private fortune tellers of various kinds in 
 the XXth century, by people who number their dwell- 
 ings 1 13^ or iiA when they own the house between Nos. 
 
260 NORTHERN GREECE 
 
 1 1 and 1 5 ; and who rent offices in buildings that have no 
 floor nor room between the twelfth and the fourteenth. 
 
 The waters of this Spring were said to kindle wood 
 when applied to it at such times as the waning moon had 
 shrunk into her smallest orb. 
 
 In the grove was a temple to Jupiter and an oracle 
 which enjoyed a greater reputation in Greece than any 
 other save that at Delphi. While its surroundings were 
 probably not as overpowering as those of Delphi, with 
 its deep and dark caverns and the elaborateness of its 
 rites, Dodona had enough of its own peculiar profundities 
 to inspire its patrons with a full sense of its omniscience 
 and greatness, and its oracular responses were made with 
 so many concomitant mysteries that the exact manner 
 in which the divine information was communicated was 
 probably the most tantalizing mystery of the whole 
 proceeding. 
 
 There were oak trees, one of them the second oldest 
 tree in the world, and doves and brazen appliances, and 
 the murmuring Spring with its miraculous pyrotechnical 
 properties; and the priests were no doubt quite content 
 that each suppliant's imagination should have free play 
 in trying to decide whether oak, dove, brass or spring 
 made the sound that revealed the god's responses to the 
 attendant translators. 
 
 Possibly the most popular theory was that which 
 makes the "Talking Oaks" a familiar expression even 
 today. According to this surmise, the two old women 
 who interpreted the oracles were supposed to divine the 
 will of the god by the sounds the wind made in rustling 
 the leaves on the branches of the trees, whose prophetic 
 powers continued even after they were felled and fash- 
 ioned by the carpenter for useful purposes. Thus, the 
 mast of the ship Argo, of the Argonauts, which was cut 
 
EPIRUS 261 
 
 from the grove by this Spring, delivered oracles to Jason 
 in times of necessity during his voyage in search of the 
 Golden Fleece of the ram upon which Phrixus escaped 
 from his angry father, Athamas. jEschylus calls the oak 
 of Dodona "that wonder of the world, the language gifted 
 oak." And Sophocles, in his play, "The Trachinian 
 Maidens, " makes Hercules speak of the oracles that were 
 delivered to him in Dodona "by the mystic tongues 
 innumerous of my father's sacred tree." 
 
 In another passage in the same play, however, it is 
 stated that the proclamation was made by the an- 
 cient oak tree "through the sacred doves," whence, 
 perhaps, arose the assertion that the Priestesses, who 
 succeeded the original Priests, the Selli, were called 
 Doves. According to others, the original nymphs of 
 Dodona were the nurses of Bacchus whom Jupiter placed 
 in the sky where they are now seen as the Hyades, to 
 preserve them from Juno's anger against Semele and 
 her assistants. 
 
 Lucan, on the other hand, speaks of "The brass of 
 Jove"; and Stephanus Byzantinus specifically states that 
 in that part of the forest where the oracle stood there 
 were two pillars erected at a small distance from each 
 other ; on one there was placed a brazen vessel about the 
 size of an ordinary cauldron, and on the other a little boy, 
 probably a piece of mechanism, who held a brazen whip 
 with several thongs wliich hung loose and were easily 
 moved. When the wind blew, the lashes struck against 
 the vessel and occasioned a noise while the wind con- 
 tinued. Byzantinus even says that it was from these 
 that the forest took the name of Dodona; "dodo," 
 in the ancient language of the vicinity, signifying a 
 cauldron. 
 
 Others say that brass vessels were suspended to the 
 
262 NORTHERN GREECE 
 
 branches of the trees, which, being set in motion by 
 the wind, came in contact with each other and made 
 the sounds that revealed the will of the divinity. 
 
 Servius, however, relates, more naturally, that at the 
 foot of the sacred oak, the oldest tree but one in all Hellas, 
 the willow of the temple of Hera in Samos being the old- 
 est, there was a fountain the sound of whose waters was 
 prophetic and was interpreted by the Priestesses, and it 
 would seem surprising that the waters of this ever mur- 
 muring fountain were not generally accepted as the real 
 media through which the oracles were transmitted, at 
 least when the winds and the birds were silent, if not on 
 all other occasions. 
 
 Unfortunately it has so far been difficult to locate the 
 Spring of Athamanis, for Theopompus says there were a 
 hundred fountains at the foot of Mt. Tomarus where 
 Dodona is supposed to have stood, and it is rather re- 
 markable that its site is the only place of great celebrity 
 in Greece of which the situation is not exactly known in 
 modern times. Leake supposes that the ruins on the hill 
 of Kastritza, at the southern end of the lake of loannina, 
 are those of the ancient city, but this inference has been 
 challenged by others. 
 
 Doubtless after 900 B.C. there was a Dodona in this 
 neighborhood, brought down when the Muses and all of 
 their surroundings were moved from the northeast, but 
 before that migration it was in Thessaly, as Homer dis- 
 tinctly states. 
 
 The poet Lucan who was born 38 a.d., refers, as before 
 mentioned, to the oracle, though it had been long extinct 
 before his time, for in the year B.C. 219 the temple was 
 destroyed by the JEto\{a.ns, and the sacred oaks were cut 
 down. Hadrian, however, is supposed to have rebuilt it 
 between 117 and 133 a.d. 
 
EPIRUS 263 
 
 This fire-kindling fountain was so far from being hot 
 itself that it was ice-cold. 
 
 At noon it became dry; at midnight it was full; and 
 from this ebb and flow which alternated constantly, day 
 by day, it was sometimes called Anapauomenon. It is 
 also referred to as the fountain of Jupiter. 
 
 Pliny; II. 106. IV. 1. Iliad; II. line 941. 
 
 184 
 
 Lyncestis 
 
 The town of Lyncus in Epirus possessed a Spring that 
 should have made wine selling in that neighborhood a 
 precarious and unprofitable business. 
 
 The river Lyncestis was the stream of the town and 
 its source was reputed to give such people as drank of it 
 immoderately all the symptoms of a prolonged session 
 with the bottle; thickened speech, the hiccoughs and a 
 staggering gait, all lurked in that wine-like fountain. 
 
 Dr. Brown has identified this Spring with one of 
 mineral, acidulous water which he found near Banitza 
 on the road from Filiarina. 
 
 Pliny; II. 106. 
 
 185 
 
 The Royal Waters 
 
 The Spring known as The Royal Waters issued forth 
 in the Acroceraunian mountains under the fortress of 
 Chimsera. 
 
 These mountains were in the northern part of Epirus, 
 and received their name from the frequency of thunder 
 storms in their vicinity. They are now called Chimasra 
 
264 NORTHERN GREECE 
 
 after an ancient fortress which is itself represented by 
 the modern settlement called Khimera. This was diagon- 
 ally opposite the northern end of Corcyra island. 
 
 Pliny; IV. i. 
 
 1 86 
 
 Chimerium 
 
 Pausanias says that there was fresh water coming up 
 out of the sea at a place called Chimerium in Thesprotia, 
 and that it was similar to the sweet water Spring of Dine 
 in the sea off the coast of Argolis. 
 
 Chimerium was the name of a promontory and of a 
 harbor between the rivers Acheron and Thyamis; the 
 place was diagonally opposite the southern end of the 
 island of Corcyra. 
 
 Pausanias; VIII. 7. 
 
ILLYRICUM 
 
 187 
 Apollonia 
 
 There was a fountain in Illyricum which set garments 
 on fire if they were spread over it. This was probably the 
 fountain, near Apollonia, that the same author says, in 
 another place, was near the Nymphjeum, and was always 
 burning, and which threw out bitumen that mixed with 
 the water of the fountain. The Nymphaeum is described 
 by Strabo as being a rock that emitted fire, and he says 
 that the Springs below it flowed with hot water and with 
 asphaltus, a combination that explains why the garments 
 were set on fire. 
 
 The town of Apollonia was near Dyrrachium and was 
 the western end of the great military road, the Via Egna- 
 tia, made about 168 B.C., which ran eastward through 
 Illyria, Macedonia and Thrace, for a distance of nearly 
 550 miles, to Cypsela, every mile of the way being marked 
 by a pillar. 
 
 There are practically no remains of Apollonia now, and 
 there is no modern mention of any fire-containing rocks 
 in the neighborhood, although underlying beds of mineral 
 pitch still abound in Albania and Dalmatia, the modern 
 designations of Illyricum. 
 
 Pliny; II. lo6. 
 
 265 
 
THESSALY 
 
 i88 
 Thessaly 
 
 Thessaly was the cradle of Greece; there the infant 
 nation was deposited although the parents were foreign 
 born ; the Greeks themselves could not agree as to their 
 origin, and modern discussion has failed to bring har- 
 mony out of the age-old discord. 
 
 But by reading the records of the rocks during the 
 XlXth century information was gradually acquired re- 
 garding the Great Ice Age which seems to throw a new 
 light upon the subject, and to simplify any discussion 
 about Greek and Roman origin, by eliminating the west 
 of Europe, above the 40th parallel of latitude, which was 
 reached by the enormous ice-sheet that probably anni- 
 hilated mankind, north of that line, as suddenly as the 
 mammoths were overwhelmed in the snow and ice-banks 
 that for thousands of years preserved their flesh as fresh 
 as it was at the time of the catastrophe. 
 
 Owing to mountains and isothermal causes the south- 
 ern edge of the ice-cap did not form a straight line along 
 the 40th parallel, as is shown by the curving mark 
 that it left between the 40th degree and several lower 
 down; but even looking along the 40th parallel it is 
 apparent that when the ice-cap retreated there was 
 practically no place from which a new population could 
 have come except Asia and the south ; and it was said 
 of old that those from the south, from Phoenicia and 
 
 266 
 
THESSALY 267 
 
 Egypt, did not go north until in times comparatively 
 recent. 
 
 The Scandinavian account of the Ice Well Hvergelmeer 
 whose waters froze, layer upon layer, and of the beginning 
 of life in the north when beings, a man and a cow, emerged 
 from the mists that rose above the layers when at last 
 they started to melt, is a thumb-nail and graphic descrip- 
 tion of what no doubt occurred in and after the last Ice 
 Age, and it pictures the southward progress of the great 
 glacier and its subsequent melting, and what would have 
 seemed to be, had any old inhabitant been left to note it, 
 the advent of new life, as the first pioneer of the migration 
 drove someone's cow through the vapor and into the 
 lands recently vacated by the ice king ; for it seems plaus- 
 ible to suppose that a congestion of population, resulting 
 from long confinement within narrow limits by the lofty 
 ice barrier, was followed by a natural migration north- 
 ward, when such became practicable after the icy mass 
 had dissolved and drained into the inland seas of Europe, 
 and the great lakes of America that cleared morasses 
 such as in a previous ice age overwhelmed the prehistoric 
 animals that formed the present zoos in stone of Arizona 
 and Alberta. 
 
 One may judge, from the rivers that gush from the 
 glaciers of today, what oceans of water poured from the 
 glacial age glacier, and what a continuous flood ensued 
 during the centuries that were required to totally melt its 
 length of thousands of miles and its depth of hundreds of 
 feet. 
 
 A glance at the map shows that Thrace offered the 
 easiest passage upward from Asia into Europe and thence 
 across the continent to the Atlantic coast, and the view 
 that that passage was used is confirmed by finding in 
 the adjoining district of Thessaly the earliest people of 
 
268 NORTHERN GREECE 
 
 Greece who were not aborigines, that is, the descendants 
 of Hellen who gave Greece its classical name, for Grjecia 
 is only a name that the Romans, for some unknown 
 reason, gave to that country. 
 
 Homer spoke of Greece, in part, as Hellas, the land of 
 the descendants of Hellen, very suggestively called the 
 first man born after the flood, and in part, as the land of 
 the Argives, who were Aborigines, and of the Danai, 
 who were Egyptians. 
 
 Hellas was at first only a small district in Thessaly, 
 which began on the fateful 40th parallel, but from there 
 the Hellenes slowly spread over all Greece with the ex- 
 ception of the Peloponnesus, and perhaps Epirus. 
 
 Looking at the map of Asia Minor, it is seen that Phry- 
 gia, with its tip grazing the 40th parallel, was its most 
 northerly ice-free country, and consequently the logical 
 exit for an exodus, and, in effect, the only place from 
 which the Hellenes could have come ; and it is interesting 
 in this connection to find that the legendary Pelops, after 
 whom the Peloponnesus was named, is distinctly said to 
 have come from Phrygia.^ 
 
 Moreover, Phrygian words appeared in the language 
 of early Greece, and names of places were common to 
 both countries. 
 
 Doubtless it will never be possible to trace the Grecians 
 farther back than this, for, as to the origin of the Phry- 
 gians themselves it would be hazardous to give even a 
 guess. They stretch back into the utter darkness of 
 antiquity. The Egyptians with a chronology of more 
 than 25,000 years admitted that Phrygia was older than 
 Egypt; they even said that the Phrygian was the first 
 language spoken, as was attested by the fact that the 
 first word infants utter, if they have not heard human ^ 
 speech, is the Phrygian word for bread, a proof that 
 
THESSALY 269 
 
 any doubting parent may still very easily put to the 
 test. 
 
 Grecian tradition carried the starting-point of the early 
 migration no farther south than Phrygia ; but the pent-up 
 masses below the icy line no doubt surged up and out in 
 many waves of bands that spread in numerous directions, 
 some forced or attracted to the west, and the north, and 
 the east, and others to the south where they formed the 
 first of the occupants of upper Greece and Italy of legen- 
 dary times, and repeopled those countries of whose pre- 
 glacial inhabitants not even legend has ever breathed a 
 whisper, unless indeed their descendants were the in- 
 habitants the Greeks called Autochthons (aborigines) 
 who were found near the 38th parallel and who may have 
 survived the ice age (as possibly those did who were 
 south of the tip of the devouring ice tongue in Italy) in 
 the very small fragment of the Peloponnesus that lies 
 under the 40th degree. 
 
 The Autochthons above the 38th parallel were the 
 people of Ogygus, the Autochthon of Boeotia, who died 
 off with some pestilence, and whose lands were repeopled 
 by the Hyantes and others who were in possession when 
 Cadmus arrived. 
 
 Pelasgus, the Autochthon of Argos and Arcadia, lived 
 below the 38th parallel — he was the father of Lycaon — 
 but from its being said that he was the first to "settle" 
 in Arcadia and that he showed how to construct huts as 
 protection against the weather, and how to make gar- 
 ments, and raised the standard of eating from roots and 
 grass to acorns, in addition to his being mentioned also as 
 in Thessaly, it would seem that he was not indigenous 
 but possibly one of the Phrygian migrators who came to 
 Arcadia and found others already there, and improved 
 their living conditions. 
 
270 NORTHERN GREECE 
 
 These Autochthons were designated Pelasgi (storks) 
 and are said to have been so called because they flitted 
 from place to place, though perhaps those birds are more 
 suggestive of waders which the Autochthons probably 
 were, by reason of the marshy land the melting ice made 
 in their neighborhood around the 38th parallel. 
 
 It would be to little purpose to speculate how many 
 thousands of years ago that migration of the uncouth 
 began, or how long it had continued before a higher order 
 of people followed, such as Pelops from Phrygia with 
 ideas even above the improved acorn food of Pelasgus; 
 and such as Orpheus also from Phrygia, with ideas of 
 melody and of rhythmic motion, and of composition, 
 though then perhaps only vocal. 
 
 Legend places the era of Pelasgus in the nineteenth 
 generation before the Trojan war, and Orpheus was 
 perhaps not far distant from him, in introducing the 
 gentle arts into Thrace and forming a peaceful and pros- 
 perous civilization, whose peoples' cows and other prop- 
 erty doubtless in the end attracted the descendants of 
 the ruder pioneers, the first people who went up out of 
 Asia, vagabond classes who, seeking release from the 
 confinement and privations that had pressed most heavily 
 upon them in the south, were not likely to have turned 
 south again when passing through Thrace at the outset, 
 people who originated the barbarous tribes of the north 
 who were always a source of mystery and fear, and who, 
 occupied in seeking food and in defending their lives, had 
 neither leisure, inclination nor ability to leave their 
 progeny the story of their origin and travels; these, de- 
 scending from the north, drove the peaceful and prosper- 
 ous Thracians farther to the south where, in Boeotia, they 
 reestablished themselves and gave the Boeotian moun- 
 tains and streams and other natural features the names 
 
THESSALY 271 
 
 of those from which they had been driven, and continued 
 to associate them as closely as in Thrace with their re- 
 ligious rites, and their histories of the gods. 
 
 The route from the starting-point, in Phrygia, may no 
 doubt still be traced by many names and monuments 
 that providentially have been preserved, monuments the 
 most mighty and prominent of which are the numerous 
 peaks called after the Phrygian Mt. Olympus, the last 
 and most westerly one being that in the territory of 
 Grecian Elis. 
 
 These names cannot be marks made on the return 
 route of the Phrygians, their so-called migration into Asia, 
 for not only was that a flight, but it occurred after the 
 Trojan war or within the century before that war/ 
 
 The Phoenicians, and the Egyptians who came across 
 to Greece by water, added to the number of the Grecians' 
 divinities, and gave a broader base to their education by 
 introducing the material gifts of writing; the sciences of 
 mathematics and astronomy; and art; all of which, in 
 combination with the minor gods, among whom were 
 Aphrodite who was first worshiped by the Assyrians and 
 then by the Phoenicians, and the lighter spiritual presents 
 of music, romance and poetry brought from the east by 
 Orpheus and others, were mingled, and cemented a 
 foundation for the civilization that was raised to its 
 greatest height shortly before the Christian era — a civili- 
 zation that was perfected within about the same number 
 of centuries that covered the growth of Britain from 
 painted savagery to Queen Victoria. 
 
 Long before the retreat of the Ice Cap afforded a 
 northern outlet, a southern exit was doubtless sought by 
 the pent-up peoples in Asia; and it may be noted as 
 testimony from another source regarding the starting- 
 point of the migration of a part of the people, that an 
 
272 NORTHERN GREECE 
 
 Arab tradition, in connection with the Koran, pointed to 
 the fecund 40th parallel nearly one and a half thousand 
 years before the wavering line of discursive text, written 
 in icy characters on the rocks and in the gravels, had been 
 connectedly deciphered; a tradition that designated the 
 resting place in Armenia of Noah's Ark, the Biblical 
 cradle of the new and present human race, in which the 
 parti-colored brothers were saved from the flood, which 
 the melting ice alone might have caused; and the particu- 
 lar mountain that supported the cradle, whether it is set 
 down as Ararat or under some other name, is found within 
 a few miles of where the 41st meridian crosses the 40th 
 parallel. 
 
 * ApoUodorus; I. 7. § 2. 
 » Strabo; VII. 7. I i. 
 
 3 Herodotus; II. i. 
 
 4 Strabo; XIV. s. 29- 
 
 189 
 
 Hypereia 
 
 Around the pellucid and celebrated fountain of Hy- 
 pereia Jason's uncle Pheres built the town of Pliers. 
 
 That founder became the father of King Admetus who 
 enjoyed the unique distinction of numbering a god among 
 his slaves, during the twelve months that Jupiter sen- 
 tenced Apollo to servitude, for slaying the Cyclops who 
 forged the bolt that killed .<Esculapius. 
 
 This Spring is the one referred to by Hector in the Iliad 
 when, in his painful parting with Andromache, he ex- 
 presses a number of pessimistic fears about the future and 
 says, rather inconsiderately, that he foresees her a weep- 
 ing captive forced to fetch weights of water from Messeis 
 or Hypereia, both of which were near the tomb of Hellen 
 the son of Deucalion and his wife Pyrrha who repeopled 
 
THESSALY 273 
 
 the earth, after the deluge, with stones that when thrown 
 behind them became human beings. 
 
 Such remains of the city of Pherae as may still be traced 
 are found about the village of Velestino where Hypereia 
 continues to flow, the waters gushing out from several 
 openings in a rock on the southern side of a mountain that 
 overhangs the village, and immediately mingling to form 
 a considerable stream which has been described as ex- 
 panding into a shallow lake of crystal purity one hundred 
 yards in diameter, which is crossed by means of stepping 
 stones. 
 
 Strabo; IX. 5. § 18. 
 Iliad; Bk. VI. 
 
 190 
 
 Messeis 
 
 The fountain of Messeis, mentioned by Hector as one 
 of the Springs from which his wife might be forced as 
 a slave to carry quantities of water for his conquerors, 
 is supposed to have been in the town of Pherae in the 
 neighborhood of the more renowned fountain of Hypereia. 
 
 strabo; IX. S. 16- 
 
 I9I-I92 
 
 Cerona. Neleus 
 
 The Springs of Cerona and Neleus might have given 
 rise to the expression "dyed in the wool, " as their prin- 
 cipal features of interest were the effects that their waters 
 produced in the color of the sheep that drank them. 
 
 The fleeces of such as used the first fountain were 
 turned black; and those of the animals that drank the 
 waters of the Neleus were made white. 
 18 
 
274 NORTHERN GREECE 
 
 It followed, naturally, that those impartial sheep who 
 drank of both Springs acquired mottled fleeces. 
 
 The Cereus and the Neleus in Euboea, and the Crathis 
 and the Sybaris in Magna Grsecia, produced the same 
 effects, except for the mottling. But streams with these 
 peculiar properties became increasingly common and have 
 ceased to be noteworthy now that they are found in 
 all countries, so that sheep raised anywhere in the world, 
 whatever their original color may have been, become as a 
 rule either white or black. 
 
 StrabojX. I. §14. 
 
 Peneus 
 
 The Peneus rose in Mt. Pindus near Gomphi in the 
 western part of Thessaly and ran to the east some sixty 
 miles to reach the sea. 
 
 It passed between Mts. Olympus and Ossa and during 
 five miles of its journey it loitered in a charming vale that 
 was once a lake, the vale of Tempe, where, its surface, 
 silvered with the light reflected from its bed of bright 
 pebbles, mirrored the brilliant tints of the enclosing 
 mountains, and the many shades of the verdant herbage 
 bordering its banks. While the eye delighted in this 
 constant play of harmonious colors, the ear was no less 
 ravished by the music of melodious birds that made their 
 home in the beautiful valley. 
 
 The pleasantly environed Peneus received many tribu- 
 taries in its passage to the sea; but when the dreadful 
 waters of the Titaresius attempted to join the happy 
 throng the Peneus refused to receive them or to permit 
 them to mingle with its merry current, and it held them 
 
THESSALY 275 
 
 aloof so that they seemed to be borne up by its silvery 
 surface, like oil, and after a short distance it rejected them 
 entirely, as waters devoted to penal sufferings and en- 
 gendered for the Furies. 
 
 194 
 
 TiTARESIUS 
 
 The ostensible source of the Titaresius was in Mt. 
 Titarus in the northern part of Thessaly, where its 
 Spring was surrounded with carobs, the ill-omened trees 
 on one of which Judas Iscariot hanged himself, but it was 
 believed to be tainted with the hidden waters of the Styx 
 which made it repugnant not only to men but even to the 
 Peneus, as shown in its refusing to blend with them. 
 
 So much, however, do impressions depend upon a 
 point of view that there were some people who offered a 
 very different reason for the fact that the waters kept 
 apart while traversing the same channel. To them it 
 seemed as if the Titaresius disdained to touch the waters 
 of the Peneus and passed over them as though gliding 
 through dry fields; and they averred that, conscious 
 and proud of its relationship with the deities of the lower 
 world, it desired to preserve veneration for itself, and was 
 unable to endure contact with an ignoble stream such as 
 it considered the Peneus which could claim only an earth- 
 born origin. They even went further, and threw mud at 
 the Peneus; or, at any rate, they said it was a muddy 
 stream and not a shining river as it was described to be 
 by its admirers who affirmed that it was superior to all 
 others in celebrity. 
 
 The Peneus, as now known under the name of Salam- 
 bria, includes what seems to have formerly been a 
 
276 NORTHERN GREECE 
 
 tributary rising considerably north of Gomphi. The 
 Titaresius is now the Xerghi ; of old it was called indif- 
 ferently Europas, Eurotas, Horcus and Orcus. 
 
 Strabo;IX. 5. §20. Frag. I J. (Peneus.) 
 Strabo; Fragment 14. (Titaresius.) 
 
 Dyras 
 
 The waters of Dyras rose in mistaking kindness to 
 extinguish the flames in which Hercules was about to 
 immolate himself to escape the terrible pains of his last 
 mortal hours. 
 
 His flirtation with lole, the daughter of Eurytus of 
 CEchalia, reminded the hero's wife Dejaneira of the love- 
 philter furnished by Nessus near the Spring of Mt. 
 Taphiassus, and she made use of it to steep in the fluid 
 an undergarment which, as soon as Hercules had put it 
 on, clung to his cuticle, and inoculated him with the 
 poison of the arrow with which he had slain Nessus, a 
 poison that had permeated the amorous ferryman's 
 blood of which the philter was largely composed. (See 
 No. 178.) 
 
 Made frantic by the pain of the poison, Hercules tore 
 off the garment, and with it large masses of flesh to which 
 it had adhered, and made one single wound that covered 
 his whole raw body. Driven to distraction with rage and 
 agony, he forced a passing shepherd, Poeas, to assist in 
 building a furnace of wood from Mt. CEta, and im- 
 mediately threw himself into the center of the roaring 
 flames. 
 
 It was then that the kindly disposed waters of Dyras 
 gushed up to extinguish the blaze, not knowing that the 
 hero was destined to be snatched from the pyre by a 
 
THESSALY 277 
 
 thunder filled cloud and carried up to Olympus, to become 
 immortal and marry Hebe the daughter of Hera. 
 
 The waters that sprang up with such merciful inten- 
 tions continue to flow as the Gargo River. 
 
 Herodotus; VII. 198. 
 
 196 
 
 Cranon 
 
 The waters of certain hot Springs at Cranon possessed 
 the rare quality of thermos bottles, for when put in 
 vessels of wine they kept the mixture warm for three 
 days. 
 
 Perhaps they tempered the wine for the banquet the 
 tyrant Scopas gave at Cranon, during which Castor and 
 Pollux paid the poet Simonides the share Scopas had 
 ironically assigned to them for a poem the poet recited 
 at the dinner in eulogy of the tyrant, who, being pro- 
 voked at an incidental reference to the twins, peevishly 
 declared he would pay only half the stipulated price for 
 the eulogy, and that perhaps Castor and Pollux would 
 settle for the remainder. 
 
 Almost immediately a messenger informed Simonides 
 that two young men desired to see him outside, and on 
 leaving the hall and the building, to meet them, the roof 
 fell in and buried Scopas and all his company. 
 
 The poet, who considered himself more than paid for 
 his eulogy by his narrow escape, lived until 467 B.C. 
 having reached his 89th year. He is sometimes numbered 
 among the Seven Wise Men, and is said to have been the 
 first inventor of a memory system. 
 
 The margins of the Springs were covered with in- 
 crustations due to some chemical action of the water 
 
278 NORTHERN GREECE 
 
 which may have had to do with its heat-retaining 
 properties. 
 
 The ruins of Cranon have been located a few miles 
 from the city of Larissa. 
 
 Pliny; XXXI. 17. 
 
 197 
 
 Pagas^e 
 
 The port of Pagasae was given that name because of 
 the number of Springs about it, Pagai that in another 
 language would have made the name Springport. 
 
 It was the naval arsenal of Pheras, the home of King 
 Admetus and Homer's fountains Hjrpereia and Messeis ; 
 and next to it was the harbor of Aphetae the starting- 
 point of the Golden Fleece expedition of the Argonauts. 
 
 A slightly salty flavor in the water of the Springs fur- 
 nished an outlet for the aqueduct building rage of the 
 Romans, and in the time of their jurisdiction water was 
 brought to Pagasae from a distance over a structure whose 
 remains are still a prominent feature of the landscape 
 around the present town of Volo, under whose rocky 
 heights the many copious Springs of Jason's time con- 
 tinue their steady flow. 
 
 Strabo; IX. 5. § 15. 
 
 198 
 Inachus 
 
 The Arethusa-like sea -voyage of the Inachus river, 
 which traveled through the ocean and under the Pelo- 
 ponnesus and climbed a mountain, is referred to in con- 
 nection with the stream of that name in Argolis. 
 
 Pausanias; II. 25. 
 
THESSALY 279 
 
 199 
 
 EURYMEN/E 
 
 There was a certain fountain at Eurymenas which 
 converted chaplets into stone; a conversion which, 
 though perfectly useless at the time, was probably the 
 means of preserving the name of the town. It was on 
 the coast at the foot of Mt. Ossa upon which the giants 
 piled the adjoining mountain, Pelion, in an attempt to 
 reach the gods; the mountain is still similarly used to 
 reach rhetorical heights by such as are unaware that its 
 name has been changed to Kissavo. 
 
 Some ancient remains found between Thanatu and 
 Karitza are assumed to be what is left of the town of the 
 stone-making Spring. 
 
 Pliny; XXXI. 20. 
 
MACEDONIA 
 200 
 
 PiMPLEA 
 
 The Spring of Pimplea was sacred to the Muses. 
 
 There was a village in Macedonia called Pimplea 
 where Orphens lived; it was beneath Mt. Olympus and 
 near Dium on the bank of the Helicon River, where 
 Orpheus was torn to pieces by the women. 
 
 As, like Helicon, several other names of places and 
 features in Macedonia appear also in Thrace, in Thessaly 
 and in Boeotia, it was conjectured that they were applied 
 by Thracians who having migrated before the Trojan war 
 and ousted, for a time, the previous inhabitants of Boeotia, 
 continued the Thracian worship of the Muses with the 
 least possible change as regards names of surrounding 
 natural features — a duplication of names that no doubt 
 often caused later writers, ancient as well as modern, 
 to locate at a place in one territory incidents that really 
 occurred elsewhere. 
 
 Thus Pimplea, now at Litokhoro in Macedonia, is said 
 in one modern mythology to have been a fountain of Mt. 
 Helicon, when it would seem more probable that it was 
 near the banks of the Helicon River in Macedonia, which 
 district is not said, by ancient writers, to have had a 
 mountain called Helicon. 
 
 Strabo, writing of the transference of names, observed 
 that the Thracian religious ceremonies were like those 
 of the Phrygians, and he supposed from the song, the 
 
 280 
 
MACEDONIA 281 
 
 rhythm and the instruments and their barbarous names, 
 that all Thracian music was Asiatic; and thence he de- 
 duced that the Phrygians themselves were a colony of 
 the Thracians. 
 
 But perhaps it is not illogical to imagine that the 
 current flowed the other way, and that the Mysian Mt. 
 Olympus was really the original home of the Grecian 
 gods — that the unknown genius, priest or poet, who 
 created the first of them, lived at its base and there 
 propagated from the flowers of Eastern thought his new 
 varieties, which have no essential similarity with the 
 myth cultures of any peoples east, west, north or south 
 of the Grecian garden of the gods. 
 
 There is more than one Mt. Olympus westward to the 
 shores of the Adriatic, but not one to the east of Asia Minor 
 which, therefore, might seem to be the neighborhood 
 where the first seed of Hellenic classic culture sprouted. 
 
 Pausanias; IX. 30. 
 
 
 
 Strabo; X. 3. 5 17. 
 
 IX. 2. 
 
 525. 
 
 201 
 
 Baphyra 
 
 The Spring of the River Baphyra rose twenty-two 
 stadia from Diiun. 
 
 Its water was the reemergence of the River Helicon 
 which after flowing seventy-five stadia from its source, 
 sank into the ground near Dium and ran below the sur- 
 face for twenty-two stadia beyond that place. At its 
 reappearance it was given the name Baphyra and became 
 a navigable stream that finally discharged itself into the 
 sea, without further attempt at concealment. 
 
 The Helicon had originally been a surface stream 
 throughout all of its course ; but when the women of Dium 
 
282 NORTHERN GREECE 
 
 taught men for the first time the value of liquor for giving 
 soldiers what should properly be called Dium Courage, 
 and, priming themselves with wine, killed Orpheus, then 
 the horrified Helicon hid itself in the earth, and the gore- 
 stained women found its bed empty when they rushed 
 to the banks to wash and cleanse themselves from blood- 
 guiltiness. The Helicon, rather than be a party to cleans- 
 ing them, having plunged into the earth continued out of 
 their reach for the distance stated before it rose again in a 
 more quiet neighborhood. 
 
 Orpheus is said to have been killed because he taught 
 men things they had not before heard of, things that, as 
 described by Hyginus, were no doubt considered by the 
 women ample warrant for their deed. 
 
 Some of the remains of Orpheus were preserved in a stone 
 urn that was set on a pillar near the scene of the murder. 
 
 It might have been thought that no other place would 
 dispute the claim of being the site of such an atrocity; 
 but the Thracians did so, and they had what they said 
 was the tomb of the murdered musician. There were 
 nightingales' nests in the tomb, and the voices of those 
 that were bred there were more powerful and their songs 
 more enjoyable than those of other birds of the same sort. 
 
 The Springs of the Baphyra, now the Potoki, have been 
 located; and between them and the village of Malathria 
 many foundations of the larger buildings of Dium have 
 been uncovered. 
 
 Pausanias; IX. 30. 
 
 202 
 
 The Fountain of Inna 
 
 The fountain of Inna was in the Gardens of Midas 
 whose roses were as remarkable as those of Paestum. 
 
MACEDONIA 283 
 
 This was the fountain into which Midas poured wine 
 in order to make Silenus drunk so that he could capture 
 him. His reason for wishing to capture that drunken, 
 fat, pot-bellied old man with a puck nose and a bald head, 
 may be gleaned from the old man's history, for Silenus, 
 too, might have said, " I was not always thus. " He was 
 of godly descent, his father being either Hermes or Pan, 
 for in the early times when he was born pedigrees were 
 not kept with scrupulous particularity. He not only 
 possessed the power of prophecy regarding even the most 
 distant future, but, to mortals who could intoxicate and 
 bind him, he was obliged to reveal whatever they desired 
 to know about. Midas was no doubt aware of this and 
 designed to secure some eleemosynary information by 
 drugging the fountain of Inna, rather than incur the 
 sacrificial expense for consulting a public oracle. 
 
 The tale of the fountain holds another history the very 
 reverse of that of Silenus, a history commencing with a 
 servant and leading up to the conqueror of the earth, 
 for the royal genealogical tree of Alexander the Great 
 sprouted in the garden of the fountain of Inna where 
 Perdiccas laid the foundation of the Macedonian mon- 
 archy. 
 
 This Perdiccas, fleeing for some reason from Greece, 
 came to Lebaea and secured employment as an under 
 herdsman with the King of Macedonia when it was called 
 Pseonia, perhaps about 700 B.C. 
 
 The king's wife, who cooked for the household, happen- 
 ing to mention to the King the curious fact that the loaves 
 she baked for Perdiccas always doubled in size, the king 
 became terrified and went crazy, and, discharging the 
 under herdsman, pointed to the rays of the sun that 
 shone down the chimney on to the palace floor, and said, 
 "I give you this as your wages equal to your services." 
 
284 NORTHERN GREECE 
 
 Perdiccas, in a matter-of-fact way, as if to secure his emolu- 
 ment, immediately drew a line about the sunshine on the 
 palace floor, made three copies of the figure on his chest 
 as a record of the transaction, and quietly departed. 
 
 To relish the volume of wit that the king's madness 
 condensed into less than a dozen words to say what he 
 thought of the herder's efficiency, one must hark back 
 to the days when the chimney was a circular hole in the 
 center of the ceiling and showed the sunshine as a golden 
 coin-shaped figure on the palace floor. 
 
 Perdiccas went to the gardens that had belonged to 
 Midas, and took possession of them. 
 
 They were noted for the wonderful wild roses that 
 bloomed in them and surpassed in fragrance all other 
 roses, although they were overshadowed by Mt. Ber- 
 mion that was inaccessible from its cold. Each rose had 
 invariably exactly sixty leaves. 
 
 Perdiccas prospered and annexed properties after prop- 
 erties until he commanded all of the country and was 
 acknowledged king. From him to Alexander the line ran 
 through Argseus, Philip, iEropus, Alcetes, Amyntas I of 
 Macedon, Alexander I of Macedon, Amyntas II, Alex- 
 ander II, Philip II, Alexander III, the Great. 
 
 About 130 miles from Ancyra, near Thymbrium, 
 another fountain was pointed out to Cyrus as the foun- 
 tain of Midas; that one may have been the Spring at 
 which the king himself was made drunk, or, at which the 
 king drugged the Satyr who made fun of his asslike 
 ears. 
 
 Where Paeonia was is now Salonica, and in its center 
 is lenidja which seems even in its Turkish disguise to 
 sound the ancient fountain's name of Inna. 
 
 ^thensus; II, 23. 
 Herodotus; VIll. 137. 
 
MACEDONIA 285 
 
 203 
 
 J£,K 
 
 A single mention of the name of the Spring of Ma. in 
 one Une of Homer is perhaps all that the modern world 
 would have heard of that Macedonian fountain but for 
 a sleepy nod of the poet, or one of his scribes, and a re- 
 sulting transposition of two names. 
 
 The Spring rose near the town of Amydon, and dis- 
 charged so big a body of clearest water into the River 
 Axius as to cover and conceal the muddy surface of that 
 stream which was two miles wide near its mouth. 
 
 Therefore when Homer with two words pictured a map 
 of the place from which Pyrachmes led his Paeonian 
 troops to aid in the defense of Troy, and the line ; — 
 
 "Axius whose fairest water o'erspreads 'Ma,'" 
 
 appeared in the Iliad, the critics who knew of the fairness 
 of the fountain's waters and the rilincss of the river's, lost 
 little time in attacking the line and putting forward alter- 
 native readings that aired their knowledge and made the 
 fountain's name a household word in reading coteries. 
 
 And then the line was blotted out as effectually as, 
 not only the mud of the river, and the town, which was 
 afterwards razed, but as Pyraechmes himself; for that un- 
 fortunate warrior was pierced by the spear of Achilles 
 and probably expired under the impression that he fell 
 while fighting the great Grecian hero, although he was 
 really the victim of Patroclus, and the first Trojan ally 
 the latter killed after putting on the borrowed armor of 
 Achilles to frighten the city's defenders and drive them 
 away from the Grecian ships that they were trying to 
 burn. 
 
 The neighborhood of M& was little less unlucky for 
 
286 NORTHERN GREECE 
 
 another warrior, as it was on its nearby plain of Methone 
 that Philip Amyntus had his right eye put out by an 
 arrow shot from a long range catapult. 
 
 The name of the Axius has been changed to Vardhari, 
 and Amydon is supposed to have been somewhere near 
 its mouth on the Gulf of Salonica. 
 
 Strabo; Fragment 20, 23. 
 Iliad; II. line 1070. 
 
 204 
 
 Pella 
 
 The Spring of Pella rose in an elevation that was sur- 
 rounded by marshes made by its overflow. 
 
 On the elevation a city was founded which received its 
 name from the fountain and became the capital of Mace- 
 donia, the royal residence of Philip, and the birthplace of 
 Alexander. 
 
 The fish of a lake that formed in the marshes of the 
 Spring grew to a great size, and their fatness in summer 
 was a theme of the epicures. 
 
 Among the few clever sayings of the Athenian wit 
 Stratonicus that have been preserved, two refer to the 
 water of Pella which was said to produce enlargement of 
 the spleen. 
 
 When he saw some sallow-looking men drawing water 
 at the fountain, he asked them if the water was fit to 
 drink; and to their somewhat contemptuous reply, "We 
 drink it,", he immediately rejoined, "Then I am sure it 
 is not fit to drink." 
 
 While depositing his clothing with the keeper at the 
 Baths, a man who had an extremely prominent belly, he 
 observed, "I see that you receive the bathers' spleens as 
 well as their clothes." 
 
MACEDONIA 287 
 
 The Spring is supposed to have been in the center of 
 the city, at a spot among the ruins where there is now a 
 fountain whose name the Bulgarians of the neighboring 
 village of Neokhori have shortened to Pel. 
 
 Athenseus; VIII. 45. and 41. 
 
 205 
 LlT^ 
 
 At Litae a Spring of fresh water issued forth in the 
 middle of the lake that produced chalastricum, a pure 
 white substance closely resembling salt, and supposed 
 to have been carbonate of soda. 
 
 It was considered a "truly marvelous fact" that, 
 although this Spring in the salty lake flowed continuously 
 the volume of water in the lake never increased, and that 
 there was no overflow nor any apparent outlet. 
 
 Pliny; XXXI. 46. 
 
 206 
 
 NONACRIS 
 
 Seneca quotes Q. Curtius as stating that there was a 
 Spring called Nonacris, in Macedonia, whose waters 
 were malignant, but its precise location is not mentioned. 
 
 Possibly it was the source of one of the two streams 
 that flowed at the sides of Euripides' tomb at Arethusa, 
 the water of one of which was said to be excellent, while 
 that of the other was deadly. 
 
 Pliny; II. 106. 
 Vitruvius; VIII. 3. 
 
THRACE 
 
 207 
 The Well Libethra 
 
 From the Well Libethra in Thrace the Muses were 
 said to have derived one of their many appellations, that 
 of Libethrides ; as another, Aganippides, was due to their 
 Spring on Mt. Helicon. 
 
 The ancients at one period considered Thrace a very 
 large tract that formed the Fourth of the principal divi- 
 sions of the earth ; and that included, with a part of Mace- 
 donia, all of Europe to the north of Greece ; a part of the 
 world of which the musician and wit Stratonicus said 
 that its year consisted of eight months of cold and four 
 months of winter. 
 
 But by about two hundred years before the Christian 
 Era the name Thrace had been confined to a small section 
 at the southeastern end of Europe. 
 
 After its early names Perke and Aria, a change of 
 name occurred with nearly every shifting of its boun- 
 daries, which have included parts of what have been 
 called Thrace, Eumatia, Macedonia, Moesia, Bulgaria, 
 Servia, and, in the present time, Roumelia with its divi- 
 sion of Gallipoli. Thrace came under the dominion of 
 the Turks one hundred and twelve years after their ad- 
 yent in Europe in 1341 a.d., but, as Servia, won its in- 
 dependence in 1878. 
 
 To add to the confusion, Bithynia was at one time 
 called Thrace; and the people in Phocis and in the tract 
 
 288 
 
THRACE 289 
 
 about Mt. Parnassus and Mt. Helicon were once called 
 Thracians. 
 
 Owing to these changes, places may be spoken of as 
 in Thessaly, or Macedonia, or Thrace according to the 
 boundary the writer had in mind; and people of other 
 places may be called Thracians merely because their 
 ancestors came from Thrace. 
 
 Nothing is left of the Thracian language, or of those 
 parts of the writings of Strabo that probably shed some 
 light upon its speakers, so that there are only theories 
 to reconcile statements that the Thracians were wild 
 people who tattooed themselves and who lived by 
 war and plunder, with other assertions that the civili- 
 zation of the Grecians was the outgrowth of that of the 
 Thracians, who invented and cultivated the Muses with 
 all their softening influences in every branch of refining 
 thought. 
 
 One method of reconciliation is to suppose that the 
 refined people of Thrace were driven out by uncouth 
 people from the north who then became known as Thra- 
 cians. 
 
 The Muses who, according to late accounts, were 
 brought up on Mt. Helicon were, by earlier genealogies, 
 born in Thrace, when Macedonia was a part of it, on Mt. 
 Olympus which was also the home of the gods; and per- 
 haps it might even be surmised that the original legend 
 was attached to one of the several Mts. Olympus to the 
 east among Asiatic peoples from whom came florid tales 
 of such tissue as the Arabian Nights, and the more pre- 
 tentious poetry of the epics of India. 
 
 Helicon, Pieria, Thebes, and many other names of the 
 Thracians, transplanted to Boeotia thrived there until 
 replaced with Turkish designations. Where Boeotian 
 natural features were lacking for the Thracian names, 
 
 19 
 
290 NORTHERN GREECE 
 
 some of the latter continued to be used with seeming 
 irrelevancy, as when the Muses were styled the Libeth- 
 rides although the Spring that gave them that name was 
 a Thracian fount and not a fountain of Bceotia. 
 
 The modern Servians have all the conflicting charac- 
 teristics of the ancient Muse-creating Thracians; they 
 have a love for literature, and a rich poetic spirit ex- 
 pressed in a soft, melodious language. And they have 
 a bent for war that has allowed them few periods of 
 peace during many centuries. 
 
 They are not only warful themselves but the innocent 
 cause of war among others, as the shot of one of them in 
 1914 was made the pretext for the most widespread con- 
 flict of which the human race has any record. 
 
 The Well Libethra was near Dium, the modern counter- 
 part of which, Malathria, is taken to be a corruption of 
 Libethra. 
 
 Orpheus was buried at Libethra by the Muses, and at 
 their request Zeus placed the musician's lyre among the 
 stars where it may still be seen as one of the many bright 
 instruments in the celestial orchestra that produces the 
 music of the spheres. 
 
 Before this apotheosis, however, the rescued lyre was 
 exhibited at Lesbos in the temple of Apollo whose priests 
 sold it to Neanthus. If Neanthus dreamed of succeeding 
 to the fame of the original owner he was rudely awakened 
 by the dogs of his city who ran to him from all quarters 
 at the sound of his opening chords and incontinently 
 tore him to pieces. 
 
 While the remains of Orpheus were being searched for 
 to inter them, the dismembered head made its where- 
 abouts known by the sweet sounds that continued to issue 
 from its lips. 
 
 The head also was preserved at Lesbos and is said to 
 
THRACE 291 
 
 have uttered oracles from the bottom of a cave, in 
 that island. 
 
 Straho;IX. 2. | 25. X. 3- §17. 
 Ovid; Meta. XI. Fable i. 
 
 208 
 
 Tearus 
 
 The very remarkable Springs of this river came out of 
 a single rock in the southeastern part of Thrace. 
 
 It is not only surprising that there were thirty-eight of 
 these fountains issuing from one rock, but more astonish- 
 ing still that they came out of the rock at temperatures 
 varying from cold to warm. 
 
 Their waters passing from the Tearus into first one 
 river, and then another, finally reached the .i^gean Sea 
 through a third, the Hebrus River. 
 
 When Darius came to the sources of the Tearus, on his 
 Scythian expedition, he halted his army about the Springs 
 for three days ; and he was so much impressed with them 
 that he put up a pillar bearing an inscriptive testimonial 
 to the virtues of the waters — and to his own, as one 
 authority dryly expresses the matter. 
 
 The wording of the laudatory tablet gives no clue to 
 the particular virtue of the Springs, but as even in a 
 modern army, surrounded with every hygienic safeguard, 
 a little stick eighteen inches long is among the most 
 prized possessions of the privates, one can easily fancy 
 how much Darius' half savage, unsanitary and scratch- 
 ing soldiers appreciated these Springs when they learned 
 that the waters had curative properties and were a specific 
 in cases of mange, itch and other irritations of the skin. 
 
 The tablet was inscribed; — "The Springs of the Tearus 
 yield the best and finest waters of all rivers; and a man. 
 
292 NORTHERN GREECE 
 
 the best and finest of all men, came to them, leading an 
 army against the Scythians, Darius, son of Hystaspes, 
 king of the Persians, and of the whole continent." 
 The river is now called the Teare. 
 
 Herodotus; IV. 89. 
 
 209 
 
 The Tritonian Lake 
 
 Tritonis was a lake in the vicinity of Pallene, a city of 
 Thrace, of which Vibius Sequester says, when a person 
 has nine times bathed himself in it he is changed into a 
 bird. The water may, after long use, have caused an 
 efflorescence that suggested the down of young birds, or, 
 it may have had such an exhilarating effect as to give its 
 users that buoyant sensation sometimes described as 
 "feeling as light as a bird." 
 
 The waters of the Clitumnus, a small river in Umbria, 
 were believed to give white calves, so much required for 
 sacrifices, to cows who drank of them; a belief that was 
 still current in the time of Boccaccio. 
 
 Pallene was on the western of the three Salonica pen- 
 insulas, that one now called Kassandhra, and was one 
 of the places designated as the battleground of the gods 
 and the giants. 
 
 Ovid; Meta. XV. line 355. 
 
MAGNA GR^CIA 
 
 2IO 
 
 Magna Gr^cia 
 
 Long before Evander's herds were straying through 
 the bogs and wastes about the hills over which Rome was 
 afterwards built, there was opulence and art and litera- 
 ture among the Grecians. This was shown in the shields 
 of the soldiers at the siege of Troy, by the materials they 
 were made of, by their decorations and by the subjects 
 portrayed in the designs they bore. 
 
 Although the mooted question whether Homer's works 
 were originally in writing may never be settled, there is 
 much evidence that they might have been written, even 
 had they been composed a thousand years earlier. The 
 Letters of Bellerophon are as well known as those of 
 Junius; Homer himself describes them as sealed, and, 
 "With things of deadly import writ therein" (Iliad; 
 VL line 215), a description indicating, not only Homer's 
 familiarity with writing but, that the art was practised 
 before his period; indeed, two hundred years before the 
 time of Homer, his hero Ulysses wrote instructions to 
 his business managers, in letters that were preserved for 
 generations thereafter (Pausanias; VIIL 14). Five 
 hundred years before those instructions were written, 
 Moses received the Ten Commandments in writing; five 
 centuries before the time of Moses, Cadmus introduced 
 writing into Greece — and no one knows for how many 
 centuries before Cadmus' day his countrymen, the 
 
 293 
 
294 MAGNA GR^CIA 
 
 PhcEnicians, made use of the alphabet, nor, how many 
 ages still earlier the Egyptians began to write their 
 records in the characters that anyone may still, not only 
 see but, readily learn to read on the obelisks that today 
 adorn thoroughfares in European capitals and in New 
 York. 
 
 It may, therefore, be justifiably supposed that in 
 Homer's time there were other authors, and that in earlier 
 ages among the Greeks there were writers whose works, 
 like numbers of those that are known to have been pro- 
 duced centuries later, were destroyed by fire and decay, 
 or dropped out of sight in places where it is to be hoped 
 they may still some day be found. 
 
 With the advantage of the long time allowance their 
 earlier beginnings gave them, the continental Greeks had 
 located in their own territories nearly- all the events of 
 mythology evolved by them, or in Egypt, Assyria, or 
 elsewhere, before the dawn of refined writing in Italy 
 had begun to illuminate its literature; so that, when the 
 Romans entered the race of writers, there were few re- 
 markable incidents left to attach to Italian vSprings, save 
 such as were connected with local affairs. Therefore, 
 while something of religious and world-wide interest 
 occurred at many of the Grecian Springs, the history of 
 most of the Italian Springs beyond the boundaries of 
 Rome, might be condensed in the general statement that 
 they also bubbled and ran — though, but for Roman and 
 other armies, the Greek writers would no doubt in a few 
 ages have filled every Italian fountain as full of legends 
 and interest as were those of Greece across the Adriatic 
 Sea; for Italy itself was Greek in name and ownership 
 before it was Italian. 
 
 Owing to the catchword " The Boot, " the outline of the 
 map of Italy is probably visualized more readily than 
 
MAGNA GR^CIA 295 
 
 that of any other country in the atlas. The toe of the 
 boot, by which so many barbarous tribes were kicked 
 into civilized shape, forms a rough outline of a shoe, and 
 the shoe part was called Italy when still Grecian and 
 before any other portion of the peninsula received the 
 name, which was derived, according to one deduction, 
 from Italus who went there about 1710 B.C. with his 
 brothers QSnotrus and lapyx, three sons of the Arcadian 
 Greek Lycaon whose descendants gave names to so many 
 places in Greece itself, the three sons being the first of all 
 colonizers to leave the motherland. 
 
 The toe of the boot was at first called CEnotria, then 
 Italia, then Bruttii, and finally, Calabria. The heel was 
 at first called lapygia, after lapyx, then Massapia, then 
 Calabria, and, finally, Terra D'Otranto. 
 
 Others from Greece, swarming over the Brobdingnagian 
 boot, covered it with settlements, so that in time the 
 lower part of the peninsula, for a third of its length, came 
 to be called Magna Groccia. 
 
 Several of the cities of Magna Graecia are said to have 
 been founded at the close of the Trojan war, and in proof 
 that Epeius founded Metapontum the people of that city 
 exhibited in the temple of Minerva the tools with which 
 he made the wooden horse. 
 
 Nothing, however, is known of the careers of these 
 cities before 720 B.C. when the history of Sybaris begins; 
 still, it is quite possible that people from Troy, and else- 
 where, were stranded on the peninsula and appropriated 
 settlements of the dwellers they found there, just as the 
 CEnotrians did in 1710, for there is no account of any 
 discoverer of anything but desert islands who ever landed 
 where someone else had not preceded him. 
 
 The CEnotrians found the Siculi in possession, and 
 allowed them to cross over to the neighboring island and 
 
296 MAGNA GR.«;CIA 
 
 substitute Sicily for Thrinakia, or whatever the Sicani, 
 their predecessors, had called it when the still earlier 
 Elymi or Lcestrygones bestowed it on them, no doubt 
 with all that innate and charming courtesy that has in- 
 variably prompted primitive tribes to relinquish their 
 estates to the last arrivals and seek accommodations at a 
 distance if the new discoverers were unwilling to accept 
 their offers of servitude. 
 
 Charming concession has, however, not always been 
 one-sided in these early meetings, for there are many 
 instances of the courtesy of the discoverers themselves; 
 the Greek arrivals of the Vlllth century cheerfully 
 accepted the servitude of the OEnotrians; and, though 
 there are no evidences of the extravagances of Columbus, 
 or of what vast sum, in the aggregate, was paid to the 
 Indians of North and South America, the lavishness of 
 the Quakers in Pennsylvania, and of the Dutch in New 
 York, is an open secret, the latter having without a 
 quibble accepted Manhattan real estate at a figuie that 
 no one would think of asking for it today. 
 
 That Magna Grascia, from 720 down, cultivated the 
 arts, no less intensively than the mother country, may be 
 judged from the remarkable beauty of the designs on 
 their coinage; and their literary productions were doubt- 
 less of an equally high order, though they did not survive 
 the maelstroms of misfortune that the coins passed 
 through unscathed. 
 
 The material prosperity of the country was prodigious, 
 and led to a luxury of living that is still the standard for 
 valuing a voluptuary — a standard set by one of its cities, 
 Sybaris. 
 
 The wealth of Magna Graecia became coveted by many 
 outsiders for whom its most effeminate cities were an 
 alluring and easy prey, as they were, too, even for the 
 
MAGNA GR^CIA 297 
 
 hardier of their own neighbors. Foreign leaders, from 
 King Alexander of Epirus in 332, to Hannibal in 207, who 
 came to the country ostensibly as friends and to aid it 
 against enemies, quickly found pretexts for pillage and 
 destruction, from which the impoverished victims never 
 recovered. 
 
 With the defeat of Pyn-hus in 275 B.C., the southern 
 end of the peninsula came under Roman dominion, and 
 shortly before the Christian Era the cities of Magna Grse- 
 cia were Greek only in name — and, generally, the name 
 was all that was left of them ; such as had not crumbled to 
 broken bricks and stones, or dust, in the weakness of age, 
 had shriveled to villages, or even to a single building; and 
 under successive plagues of Norman, Saracen, and 
 malaria, these had disappeared so thoroughly 1300 years 
 ago that the locations now assigned to them are in many 
 cases admittedly merely conjectures that such and such 
 waste tracts were once covered with the grandeurs that 
 were Magna Graecia. 
 
 Strabo;VI. I. §4. 
 Fausanias; VIII. 3. 
 
 211 
 
 The Fountain of Blood 
 (In Sybaris) 
 
 The three sons of Lycaon who migrated in 1710 B.C. 
 and settled in what is now the lowest part of the Italian 
 peninsula, apparently incorporated with the people they 
 found there, and forgot Greece and even its language. 
 And these, in turn, some 500 years later probably ab- 
 sorbed a number of stranded soldiers and refugees from 
 Troy; so that 500 years still later, in B.C. 720, when the 
 colonists of less primeval Greece reached the district. 
 
298 MAGNA GR^CIA 
 
 they regarded the older population as Barbarians, and 
 in the course of time enslaved them. 
 
 The first of these later day Grecians, to whose presence 
 the name of Magna Graecia is due, were from Achaia; and 
 the first city they founded, or occupied, was Sybaris. 
 
 Probably they came from the Achaian town of Bura, 
 the home of the unfortunate fountain of Sybaris, as that 
 name was given both to the new town and to one of the 
 two rivers between which it was located, at a distance of 
 some three miles from the Tarentine Gulf. 
 
 The city was no less unfortunate than the fountain — 
 their ends, like their names, were exactly the same ; they 
 were both drowned ; the city, by a river; and the fountain, 
 by the sea. The water of the Sybaris river turned sheep 
 and cattle black; caused horses to shy; and made men 
 swarthy, hardy, and curly haired. The other river, the 
 Crathis, caused whiteness in the animals, and made men 
 fair and effeminate, with straight hair of a peculiar gold- 
 red tinge; it had, however, the property of curing some 
 kinds of disorders, and the Croton people may have shown 
 a grim conception of fitness in selecting it as the instru- 
 ment in their treatment of Sybaris. 
 
 Anciently these rivers followed separate routes to the 
 sea, but now they join three miles before they reach the 
 Gulf, a union that seems to confirm the statement that 
 the Crotoniats changed the course of the Crathis to inun- 
 date the Sybarites. 
 
 Nearly a century later, the waters of the Crathis were 
 again disturbed when one of its feeders, now called Bu- 
 sento, near the city of Consentia, had its course tempo- 
 rarily changed while the body of Alaric was buried in its 
 bed. When the interment was completed, the waters 
 were restored to their former course, and all of the 
 grave diggers were killed, as a double assurance that 
 
MAGNA GRiECIA 299 
 
 the last resting place of the Visigoth would never be 
 revealed. 
 
 The Sybaris, now called the Cosile, rose in the Apen- 
 nine mountains quite twenty miles away, and the city 
 itself had no local Spring until a short while before its 
 complete destruction by the neighboring town of Cro- 
 tona, when a miraculous Fountain of Blood gushed up 
 through the floor of the temple of Juno. 
 
 The people of Sybaris had then become unbearably 
 immoral and arrogant, through generations of luxury 
 and indolence fostered by a delicious climate, and made 
 possible by great wealth that a hiatus in history regret- 
 tably leaves unaccounted for. 
 
 The life rule of typical "Sybarites " seems to have been 
 "Eat, drink, love and waste away with pleasure." They 
 looked upon any kind of work, not only as disgraceful, 
 but as so irksome that as one of them expressed it, even 
 to see a person working made his bones sore ; to which an 
 auditor languidly rejoined that just to hear work spoken 
 of gave him a pain in the side. 
 
 Some of them may even have eaten from an atten- 
 dant's mouth, to avoid the labor of chewing, as did Sagus 
 the King of the Mariandyni. 
 
 Indeed, according to one of the local poets of those 
 days, not even the chewer's labor was required, for, as 
 Metagenes wrote, the Crathis and the Sybaris rivers, 
 acting as butlers, bore down to the Sybarites self -cooked 
 foods in regular courses which he describes, in full from 
 hors d'oeuvres to pastry, as swimming around every- 
 where and rushing into the mouths of the languid volup- 
 tuaries. 
 
 Prizes were given for the invention of delicious dishes, 
 and the profits secured by a year's patent on such built 
 up a large body of Edisons of the kitchen who amassed 
 
300 MAGNA GR^CIA 
 
 wealth in creating new delicacies, and flavors so subtile 
 that the mouth was covered and the hands were gloved 
 while the artist compounded them to the accompaniment 
 of inspirational music. 
 
 Cooks who served the most exquisite dainties were 
 crowned, and Smindyrides gave a fair field to rivalry in 
 his own household by employing a catering and kitchen 
 staff of a thousand slaves. That was in the heyday of 
 the city's prosperity, which perhaps reached its height 
 about 580 B.C. 
 
 In the care and adornment of their persons effeminacy 
 was carried to extremes; after a vapor bath, and when 
 their faces had been smoothed with pumice stone and 
 made whiter than milk, they were washed in perfumes 
 from golden ewers, and anointed with costly and sweet 
 smelling oils. 
 
 They wore embroidered robes and cloaks of purple and 
 scarlet and gold, of apple green, of blue, and of fiery red; 
 and one of the garments of Alcisthenes was sold for the 
 equivalent of $120,000. 
 
 Rewards were given for the invention of new pleasures, 
 and there was no extravagance that they did not think 
 nothing of. 
 
 At the evening meal there were entertainments by 
 dwarfs and conjurors, athletes and dancers, tragedians, 
 comic actors and rhapsodists. Music was a matter of 
 routine; the harp, or the lyre, or the flute, were no less 
 equipment of the culinary department than pots and pans. 
 
 The slaves were flogged to the melody of the flute, and 
 the horses were trained to dance to the strains of the same 
 instrument — an accomplishment that in the end brought 
 disaster to the Sybarites' cavalry, whose formation was 
 destroyed when the wily Crotoniats fluted familiar airs 
 that set it to prancing on the battlefield. 
 
MAGNA GR^CIA 301 
 
 The rooms of the dwelHngs were scented with burning 
 incense, and the floors, when not strewn with flowers or 
 fragrant herbs, were sprinkled with exquisite perfumes; 
 while, in the matter of decoration, the houses excelled in 
 magnificence the temples of the gods. 
 
 To make riding easy, more clothes were put on their 
 horses than on their beds; and three days were consumed 
 in going an ordinary day's journey. Such as walked, 
 were followed by slaves carrying folding chairs for fre- 
 quent rests in the awning covered streets. 
 
 There were attendants skilled in lulling to sleep, not- 
 withstanding the absence of all noise, for no brazier, 
 carpenter or smith, or anyone employed in a trade that 
 might disturb slumber, was allowed to live in Sybaris, 
 from which even the rooster was excluded, until his 
 crowing had been stopped. 
 
 After generations of such luxury and indolence, a 
 Crotonian army of 100,000 easily conquered 300,000 
 Sybarites, and, turning the Crathis river into the city 
 drowned it out of existence; a catastrophe that might 
 have been foreseen in the Fountain of Blood that flooded 
 the temple while the statue of Juno turned away its head 
 in token of anger at the wickedness of the inhabitants — 
 indeed one account even intimates that the flooding of 
 the city was the work of the miraculous fountain, which 
 the inhabitants strove to stifle with heavy slabs of brass 
 that they piled upon the temple floor in frantic but all 
 vain attempts to stop the resistless flow, whose effects, 
 whatever the cause, are still to be seen in a desolate 
 swamp, pestilential to all but the vast herds of buffaloes 
 that flounder through it today — a swamp that covers the 
 tract on which the unfortunate city flourished during 
 a short but merry life of only 200 years, for nothing 
 is known of its existence between 700 and 11 84 B.C. 
 
302 MAGNA GR^CIA 
 
 when according to one account it was settled by soldiers 
 from Troy. 
 
 Athenaeus; XII. 21. XII. 14. 
 Strabo; VI. 1. § 12 and § 13. 
 
 212 
 
 Thuria 
 
 About 443 years before Christ, the Athenians sent out 
 a colonizing party that included the historian Herodotus, 
 and these, under the direction of an oracle, founded a 
 settlement a short distance from the ruins of Sybaris, 
 where there was a fountain known as Thuria, from which 
 the city derived its name, Thurii, and Herodotus his, of 
 Thurius. 
 
 The town was laid out, by Hippodamus an Athenian 
 architect, with streets crossing at right angles, a new 
 arrangement devised by him and used for the first time 
 but one in Thurii. An amusing account of the estab- 
 lishing of a new city is given in Aristophanes' comedy 
 "The Birds," wherein the founder's secretary describes 
 himself as from Thria, so evidently Thurii that it is in- 
 teresting to think of this town as having probably pro- 
 duced more shouts of laughter than any other city in the 
 world, for even a place, that has contributed to the gaiety 
 of nations, is not lightly to be forgotten. 
 
 "The Birds" meant were no doubt the feathered 
 descendants of the transformed companions of Diomed, 
 they bred in southern Italy until the Christian Era, and 
 showed their human origin in their choice of food and 
 their approachability. 
 
 The novelty of Hippodamus' block system in streets 
 perhaps had such a counterpart in his political life as 
 that which extended the reputation of a modern senator, 
 
MAGNA GR^CIA 303 
 
 for it is said that Theano, a lady of Thurii, wrote to him 
 at considerable length on the subject of virtue. 
 
 The Thurians made a wine of repute, and enjoyed a 
 long period of prosperity, but the city became almost 
 depopulated through the oppressions of its neighbors; 
 the Romans repeopled it, and changed its name to Copiae, 
 but even that promising appellation failed to stabilize 
 its fortunes. 
 
 Maybe a clue to its oppressors and their oppressions is 
 to be found in the meaning of the nameBruttii (runaways) , 
 that the district in which Thurii was situated — the an- 
 cient land of Lycaon's youngest son QEnotrus — received 
 about 390 B.C., at which time, the many slaves, who fot 
 years had sought asylum in the tract, having become 
 niAmerous enough to gain domination, the designation 
 for runaway slaves was appropriately applied to it. 
 
 History repeated itself 300 years later when Spartacus, 
 the oratorical gladiator of the "Readers, " who was also 
 a runaway slave, after hiding for some time in Vesuvius 
 issued from its crater in an eruption that did more damage 
 to Italy than any that the volcano itself has ever pro- 
 duced. Proclaiming the freedom of the slaves, he at- 
 tracted a following that at one time numbered 100,000 
 and, between 73 and 71 B.C., devastated the country 
 from the Alps to the sea at its southern extremity, where, 
 in Thurii, he located his headquarters. He was conquered 
 and killed at the river Silaurus, and, as a warning to any 
 bandits still left, the Appian Way from Rome to Capua 
 was columned with the corpses of 6000 of his followers. 
 
 While at Thurii, Spartacus held great fairs to which 
 the countryside flocked to buy the booty of his raids and 
 robberies, and perhaps this was not the first time that the 
 honest traders of Thurii had suffered the oppression of 
 being forced out of business by merchandising marauders, 
 
304 MAGNA GR^CIA 
 
 who dealt in wares that cost them no more than did a 
 draught at the city's Spring. 
 
 Nothing more definite can yet be said of Thurii's site 
 than that it was somewhere in the vicinity of Sybaris, 
 on the Tarentine Gulf. 
 
 StraboiVI. I. §13- 
 
 213 
 
 Medma 
 
 The city of Medma within sight of the Lipari, Homer's 
 islands of .(Eolus, appears in strange contrast with that of 
 Locri, for, although it was settled by people from that 
 wide-awake town, it furnished but very few lines for the 
 pages of history. 
 
 It, however, endured long after many of its more 
 famous neighbors, and still existed in the Vlth century 
 A.D., after which time it was destroyed, probably by the 
 Saracens. 
 
 Medma took its name from a fountain of which even 
 less is recorded than is told about the town; it is described 
 only as a copious fountain, but the quality as well as the 
 quantity of its waters seems to be vouched for by the 
 length of the life of the settlement. 
 
 Its ruins are found on the right bank of the present 
 River Mesima below the town of Nicotera. 
 
 Strabo; VI. .. § 5. 
 
 214 
 LOCRIA 
 
 The first settlement of the Locrians in Magna Graecia 
 was made at the fountain of Locria, about 710 B.C.; but 
 
MAGNA GR^CIA 305 
 
 some three or four years later another site was selected, 
 and the story of the abandoned fountain is lost. 
 
 If the tale should ever come to light, it is to be hoped 
 that it will furnish more savory reading than the record 
 of a Spring of the Locrians in Greece, which is notorious 
 for the stench it sent forth, and still emits, and which 
 was supposed to be due to the poisoned body of the Cen- 
 taur Nessus who was buried at the foot of Mt, Taphiassus 
 from which the Spring, which formerly contained clots 
 of blood, continues to issue. (See No. 178.) 
 
 The colonial Locri was the first Grecian city to put its 
 laws in writing, and to set in them fixed penalties and 
 punishments instead of leaving such to the discretion of 
 the judges. Zaleucus devised the system, but others, 
 attempting to extend it to cover all possible offenses, 
 brought it into disrepute, as it was contended that with 
 many laws more lawsuits were fostered, just as sickness 
 increased with the number of physicians. 
 
 Zaleucus is said to have once been a slave shepherd. 
 He suffered the loss of an eye to save an eye of his son 
 who had incurred a penalty that required the loss of two ; 
 and he killed himself because he had violated one of his 
 own laws. 
 
 The Locrians were celebrated for their devotion to the 
 Muses, and for their lyric poetess, Theano of the Vth 
 century B.C. 
 
 In music they competed successfully with the greatest 
 performers in Greece, and, in one instance, under a 
 handicap that only the assistance of the Muses themselves 
 could have overcome, as was strikingly portrayed in a 
 statue of one of their musicians, Eunomus, with his harp 
 and a grasshopper on it, which immortalized an incident 
 in one of his contests at the Pythian games when, a string 
 of his harp having broken, a grasshopper alighted on the 
 
306 MAGNA GR^CIA 
 
 instrument and, supplying the sound of the severed string, 
 enabled him to win the prize. 
 
 They were noted, also, for their athletes, of whom 
 Euthymus, who laid the Temesa ghost, was one. And 
 their valor in war was shown when 10,000 of their soldiers 
 defeated 130,000 Crotoniats on the banks of the Sagras 
 River, and made "A victory of the Sagras" equivalent to 
 "incredible." That defeat is all the more astonishing 
 because, only a generation before, the army of Sybaris 
 was whipped by that of Crotona when outnumbered three 
 to one. But even more remarkable is the statement that 
 the noise of this battle was heard in Greece, at Olympia, 
 during the celebration of the games that were being held 
 there at that time. The victors then, however, were led 
 by their strong man Milo, who, made up to represent 
 Hercules, was an army in himself and performed exploits 
 as remarkable as his feat of eating an ox which he had 
 carried around the stadium of Olympia after killing it 
 with one blow of his fist. At another time he reversed 
 the feat of Samson and, with his arms as pillars, held up 
 a falling assembly building long enough to enable the 
 company to make their escape uninjured. 
 
 Nothing is now left of Locri but the basement of a 
 Doric temple, to Proserpine, that houses a farmer's family : 
 it is near the sea coast and some five miles from the 
 modern town of Gerace by the River S. Ilario. 
 
 Strabo; VI. i. § 7. 
 
 The Well Lyca 
 (Temesa) 
 
 The Well Lyca was in the very ancient town of 
 Temesa, or Tempsa, somewhat south of the present 
 
MAGNA GR^CIA 307 
 
 Lao River, a stream that marked the northern limits of 
 Bruttii. 
 
 Homer mentions its copper mines and the lucrative 
 commerce they gave it with over-ocean countries. 
 
 Even earlier still it was known, to its sorrow, by Ulysses 
 as it was in later times by Spartacus ; and there seems to 
 be no record of any period when the climate of southern 
 Italy, and its adjunct Sicily, was not congenial for some 
 description of pirate or bandit. 
 
 The Well apparently received its name from the ghost 
 Lycas, and was connected with the river Calabrus, from 
 which Laus and the present Lao perhaps come by lazy 
 locutions. 
 
 Pausanias saw the Well represented in a painting which 
 was a copy of a still older work of art. The picture, in 
 addition to the Well and the river, and the town of 
 Temesa, portrayed the Ghost, dreadfully swarthy and 
 most formidable in appearance, and dressed in a wolf- 
 skin. 
 
 The legend was, as expressed in the painting, that 
 Odysseus, when on his adventureful voyage home from 
 Troy, touched at Temesa where one of his sailors became 
 intoxicated and ofEered violence to a maiden in the town, 
 with the result that the people stoned him to death. 
 
 Odysseus probably considered it a case of tit-for-tat 
 and a closed incident, and he sailed away. But the ghost 
 of the sailor, with a heart as wolfish as his skin, was not so 
 easily satisfied; it returned and persecuted the town so 
 relentlessly, killing indiscriminately the young and the 
 old, that the inhabitants decided to abandon the place 
 and to sail away from Magna Grsecia. 
 
 The Pythian Priestess, however, bade them stay, and 
 commanded them to build a temple to the Ghost, and to 
 give it yearly, as wife, the handsomest girl in the town; 
 
3o8 MAGNA GR^CIA 
 
 all of which being done, the persecutions of the specter 
 ceased. 
 
 Afterwards, in 476 B.C., the athlete and boxer Euthy- 
 mus, returning victorious from the contests in the 76th 
 Olympiad, landed at Temesa on his way home to Locri 
 on the other side of the Peninsula, and, seeing the latest 
 wife of the Ghost sitting in the temple, in a thick grove 
 of wild olives, fell madly in love with her, and, waiting 
 till midnight when the Ghost appeared, attacked him 
 with such fury that the Shade fled in terror and dove into 
 the sea, or perhaps into the Well, and was never seen 
 again. 
 
 Euthymus thereupon married the Ghost's widow with 
 great pomp, and lived to an advanced old age — in fact, 
 he never died, but left mankind "in some other way, " as 
 the legend tantalizingly puts it. There is, however, a 
 fascinating pleasure in concluding that the Ghost could 
 have supplied the missing links in the mysterious dis- 
 appearance, and could have explained the real connec- 
 tion between itself and the Well that seems to have 
 acquired its name. 
 
 Euthymus was deified by command of the Oracle of 
 Delphi, and had two statues erected to him, one at Locri 
 and the other at Olympia; and it was considered "the 
 most wonderful circumstance ever known" that both 
 statues were struck by lightning on the same day. 
 
 Pausanias; VI. 6. 
 Pliny; VII. 48. 
 
 216 
 
 Leuca 
 
 lapyx, that one of Lycaon's fifty sons who gave the 
 present Terra D'Otranto its ancient name of lapygia, 
 
MAGNA GR^CIA 309 
 
 may be supposed to have taken the shortest water route 
 by which it can be reached from Greece, crossing, as did 
 Hercules, where the opposite shores of the Adriatic are 
 within forty miles of each other, and to have landed near 
 the little village of Leuca on the headland that is still 
 called Cape Leuca. 
 
 The village had a Spring with a fetid odor; a Spring 
 that owed its origin to the feat that necessitated the 
 trip Hercules took in order to kill twenty-four monstrous 
 snake-footed giants. They were immortal on their 
 native soil in Greece, and, therefore, Hercules dragged 
 them from it, and across to Leuca where he killed 
 them. 
 
 The surrounding district took its name, of Leuternia 
 from their presence, and the streams from their wounds 
 gave rise to the Spring, whose unpleasant odor may 
 explain why the place never grew beyond the limits of a 
 hamlet, while other settlements in lapygia became great 
 and celebrated cities, of which the chief was Tarentum, 
 whose prosperity and progress in the arts and in letters, 
 and whose subsequent luxury and laziness were as re- 
 markable as those of Sybaris. 
 
 Tarentiun was founded, two years after Sybaris, by the 
 Spartan Phalanthus whom an oracle directed to make a 
 city where he saw rain from a clear sky. Becoming de- 
 spondent after a long search for a rainy district that was 
 cloudless, he lay down with his head in the lap of his wife, 
 who, in monkey fashion explored his hair. 
 
 While thus tenderly engaged she wept in sympathy 
 with her husband's sorrows, and her tears falling on his 
 face revealed the oracle's meaning, and indicated the site 
 that Phalanthus was seeking — for his wife's name was 
 Clear Sky, ^thra. 
 
 That night he founded Tarentum. That is to say, he 
 
3IO MAGNA GR^CIA 
 
 took from the Barbarians the town they had already built 
 there. 
 
 From that inauspicious beginning, with an apparently 
 impossible riddle for solution, an unkempt and vermin- 
 ous state of poverty and despondency, desperation and 
 tears, sprang Tarentum, which became a wonder of 
 wealth and luxury; a case in curious contrast with the 
 history of the two dozen giants, practically endowed with 
 immortality, and with every initial prospect of unending 
 greatness, who founded nothing better than a village 
 Spring with a fetid odor. 
 
 Some of the forms of luxury enumerated as fads of 
 "Sybarites" were invented at Tarentum, or, more prob- 
 ably, were introduced there by exotic Eastern people who 
 were attracted by its enervating climate, which gave it a 
 record for indolence that has never yet been surpassed if, 
 as is said, it observed more holidays and festivals than 
 there were days in the year. 
 
 It endured several centuries longer than Sybaris, but 
 in the end it suffered the fate of all other Magna Graecia 
 cities, and by B.C. 123 it had fallen into decay. 
 
 It was plundered of its works of art and its vast quan- 
 tities of gold and silver, and was literally pulled to pieces, 
 so that hardly a trace of the old city can now be found. 
 
 The modern town that bears the name today is the larg- 
 est in that part of Italy, but it easily finds accommodation 
 in the space that the ancient town allotted to its citadel. 
 
 Strabo;VI. 3- IS- 
 
 217 
 
 Ela 
 
 The city of Ela was so called from an excellent foun- 
 tain. The name is found in different forms, which how- 
 
MAGNA GR^CIA 311 
 
 ever always retain the original three letters, such as, Elea, 
 Hyela, and Velia. 
 
 The town was originated by the Phocsans in 540 B.C., 
 and a system of philosophy, and a Gulf were indebted to 
 the fountain for their designations; the Eleatic Gulf in 
 the nearby coast ; and the Eleatic Philosophy originated 
 by Xenophontes. The philosopher wrote a poem describ- 
 ing the founding of the city, but that work has been lost 
 with such pictures and praises of the fountain as it no 
 doubt presented. 
 
 The basic theme of the Eleatic Philosophy was the 
 oneness of the Divinity. Zeno and other notables were 
 born in the place, which was described as an inconsider- 
 able city that was nevertheless capable of producing 
 great men. 
 
 The ruins of the town are about a mile and a half 
 from the mouth of the Alento river, the ancient Hales 
 the offspring of the fountain. 
 
 Strabo;VI. 1. § i. 
 
ASIA MINOR 
 MYSIA 
 
 218 
 Caicus 
 
 The sources of the Caicus river were in a plain near the 
 village of Gergitha. 
 
 The river flowed through a very extensive and fertile 
 country and entered the sea thirty stadia from Pitane 
 where was the dragon that Apollo hardened into life-like 
 stone, at the moment its gaping mouth was about to 
 snap at the head of Orpheus which had floated through 
 the sea from Thrace. 
 
 The modern Menduria is supposed to be where Ger- 
 githa was, and the Caicus flows into the bay that lies 
 southeast of the island of Lesbos across the channel. 
 
 It was at the mouth of the Caicus that Auge of the 
 Spring of Tegea was stranded with her infant, who 
 became king of the country. 
 
 According to one account the Caicus was really the 
 Mysius river that, tired of its Spring and its banks, 
 plunged into the earth for novelty and came up again as 
 a new Spring that was called Caicus. 
 
 Strabo; XIII. I. §70. Ovid; Meta. XV. line 27s- XI. Fable 1. 
 
 219 
 
 ASTYRA 
 
 The Springs of Astyra were considered remarkable 
 because they produced black water. 
 
 312 
 
MYSIA 313 
 
 The water was hot and was used in baths in the Mysian 
 town of Atarneus, which was opposite the island of 
 Lesbos. 
 
 The town was acquired by the people of the island of 
 Chios, in 546 B.C., as a reward for surrendering to the 
 Medes an absconding revenue collector named Pactyas. 
 
 Besides the Springs of peculiar black water, the town 
 contained a temple of Artemis. 
 
 The present village of Dikeli-Koi is supposed to occupy 
 the site of the ancient town. 
 
 Pausanias; IV. 35. 
 
 220 
 
 The Royal Fountain 
 
 The water of the Royal Fountain was warm but sweet. 
 
 It was in the town of Prussa at the northern foot of 
 Mt. Olympus in Mysia. 
 
 The warm water was used for bathing purposes, and 
 the old baths are still in existence. 
 
 Athenaeus; II. 17. 
 
 221 
 
 Dascylum 
 
 The fountain of the village of Dascylum was described 
 as similar to the Royal fountain, its water being warm 
 and sweet; but neither the fountain nor the village has 
 yet been located. 
 
 Pausanias says it was in Caria in a plain called White, 
 and that the water was sweeter to drink than milk. 
 
 Pliny; V. 40. 
 Pausanias; IV. 35. 
 
314 ASIA MINOR 
 
 222 
 
 The Artacian Fountain 
 
 On their way to Colchis to get the golden fleece the 
 flying ram had given to his rider Phrixus, the Argonauts 
 having passed through the Hellespont and into the Sea of 
 Marmora landed near a hilly island whose eminence was 
 called Arctos, where there lived a lawless race having six 
 hands, two additional hands growing on each side below 
 the shoulders. 
 
 The landing was at the Artacian Fountain, which per- 
 haps took its name from Artaces who is mentioned as the 
 leader of one of the local tribes only normally endowed 
 with hands, but no particulars are given in regard to it 
 save that, in after years, a settlement was founded by the 
 Spring and became the suburb of the large and thriving 
 city of Cyzicus. 
 
 Artaces himself unfortunately lost his life in a very 
 strange way within twenty-four hours of the Argonauts' 
 landing, which was apparently made for the purpose of 
 obtaining a heavier anchor than the one they had on 
 board, one which, like the heavier anchor they selected, 
 was a stone; the light one, which they threw away with- 
 out ado at the fountain, subsequently became a holy 
 object of veneration, and was set up in the temple of 
 Athena where it was called "The Fugitive Stone," 
 because until it was made fast with metal bonds, it had 
 an unanchorlike tendency to run away. 
 
 While the crew were rigging their new ground tackle, 
 a party of well-disposed people of the neighborhood 
 approached and advised them to row some eight miles 
 farther on, to the town of Cyzicus, and accordingly, when 
 their anchor arrangements were completed, they pro- 
 ceeded to the place indicated by their new-found friends. 
 
MYSIA 315 
 
 The ancient suburb is described as now ' ' the miserable 
 town of Erdek. " 
 
 Apollonius Rhodius; I. line 956. 
 
 223 
 
 Cleite 
 
 The town of Cyzicus, circa 1263 B.C.. was a new one 
 set in a plain about the hilly island in the vicinity of the 
 Artacian Fountain. It had been planned by and named 
 after the King of the Doliones who had met the Argon- 
 auts at the Artacian Fountain; he was a young man, 
 about the age of Jason who was then twenty years old; 
 his beard was just sprouting, and he had only a few 
 months before married Cleite, a lovely fair-haired girl, a 
 daughter of the King of Rhindacus who was a celebrated 
 soothsayer named Merops. 
 
 Cyzicus afterwards became a splendid city noted for 
 its buildings of white marble, and for its temple whose 
 walls, of the same material, were pointed up with gold 
 instead of mortar; for the beauty and value of its gold 
 coinage; and for the production of a popular perfume 
 called Cyzican ointment. 
 
 The Spring of Cleite gives ample proof that there were 
 at one time some who grieved o'er others' griefs sincerely, 
 and that the nymphs of Mysia were no.less tender-hearted 
 than those of Phrygia who saw Marsyas flayed. 
 
 When they reached the town, the Argonauts were 
 made welcome and were given a banquet, and their stores 
 were replenished with sundry provisions, among which 
 was included a plentiful supply of "Sweet Mead" which 
 apparently served the prehistoric pirate in place of the 
 rum of his counterpart of later periods, for mead, not- 
 
3i6 ASIA MINOR 
 
 withstanding its soft name, seems to have provoked 
 pugnacity and bleared the eye as readily as rum ; even on 
 the eve of the outset of the voyage, after a few draughts 
 of it one of the crew, Idas, called Jason a coward, and 
 offered to fight a god if one would show himself; and 
 Idmon, another member of the band, called Idas a 
 fool; and only the intervention of some of the others 
 and the soothing melodies of the lyre of Orpheus averted 
 a fight. 
 
 At dawn of the day following the banquet, the voyage 
 was resumed, but at the mouth of the harbor they were 
 ambushed by the men of half a dozen hands, who had 
 endeavored to block the channel with rocks and prevent 
 the Argo's exit. A few of the crew, however, led by Her- 
 cules, soon killed every member of the band, and the 
 boat proceeded on its way. 
 
 Late in the afternoon a violent storm arose, and during 
 the night they were blown ashore where, on landing, they 
 were hotly assailed by the inhabitants, several of whom 
 were slain before they could be driven off. 
 
 By the dim light that struggled through the heavy 
 storm clouds after daybreak, they discovered to their 
 infinite amazement and chagrin that the men they had 
 killed were some of their late hosts, among whom was 
 Cyzicus himself, and also Artaces. In the double dark- 
 ness of the storm and the night, the Argonauts had not 
 recognized the island, to which they had been blown back, 
 and neither they nor the other party saw that they were 
 fighting with friends. 
 
 Both sides were plunged in grief at the terrible mis 
 fortune, and the young wife in her anguish hanged herself, 
 an additional awful deed that harrowed the feelings of 
 even the wood nymphs; and the innumerable tears of 
 those gentle and sympathetic beings saturated the earth 
 
MYSIA 317 
 
 which spouted them forth as a Spring that men called by 
 the storied name of Cleite. 
 
 Some of the foundations of Cyzicus are still faintly 
 traceable in the present cherry orchards and the vine- 
 yards in the vicinage of the village of Bal Kiz, in whose 
 last syllable may also be faintly traced a kind of ruin of 
 part of the name of the ancient city. 
 
 The Spring of Cleite was also called Cupido. 
 
 ApoUonius Rhodius; 1. line 1865. 
 
 224 
 
 Jason's Spring 
 
 The terrible storm, that drove the Argonauts back to 
 Cyzicus with such sad results, continued with unabated 
 fury for twelve long dreary days and nights, during which, 
 the usual funeral rites having been performed, the leader- 
 less people seemed to lose all interest in life, taking no 
 thought of aught but their bitter grief. Their ordinary 
 occupations ceased, the housewives prepared no meals, 
 and such as eat a few mouthfuls partook of uncooked 
 food. 
 
 And during all that time the Cyzicans continued their 
 lamentations, and the wood nymphs in their softer strain 
 poured forth their grief and fed the fountain of Cleite. 
 
 At the end of the twelfth day, however, the shrill note 
 of the fair-weather Kingfisher was heard again, and the 
 Argonauts immediately repaired to one of the neighboring 
 heights of the Dindymus range, to offer sacrifice to Rhea 
 and beseech her to hasten the end of the violent winds — 
 and during all of the ceremonies they were obliged to 
 beat their bucklers with their swords to drown the lugu- 
 brious sounds of the islanders' mourning wails. 
 
3i8 ASIA MINOR 
 
 Having besought the goddess to give them a sign that 
 their sacrifice was acceptable and that she would be propi- 
 tious, the kindly deity vouchsafed them several signs, 
 the most practical and useful of which was the gushing 
 forth of a Spring on the hill of Diridymus, which had 
 always theretofore been dry and fountless — and that 
 Spring came to be called Jason's Spring. 
 
 As the Spring bubbled up and babbled cheerily down 
 the hillside, the winds were hushed and the delayed 
 voyagers lost no time in following the streamlet to the 
 shore and rowing away on the long and gentle swells 
 with which the bosom of the sea rose and fell in the quiet 
 sleep that followed its exhausting fortnight's fury. 
 
 As there seems to be no subsequent mention of this 
 Spring, it is possible that when it had served its purpose, 
 as one of the signs, the mountain reverted to its previous 
 dryness. 
 
 ApoUonius Rhodius; 1. line X148 
 
 225 
 
 Perperena 
 
 The Spring at Perperena petrified the ground wherever 
 the water touched it. 
 
 Perperena is one of several places at which the historian 
 Thucydides is said to have come to his end about 401 
 B.C. ; and a neighboring mountain called Alexandreia was 
 said to have been where the three goddesses met in con- 
 tention for the beauty prize awarded by Paris. 
 
 The town was southeast of Adramyttium near the 
 Caicus river, but there are no ancient remains even of 
 the latter and more important place. 
 
 PUnyj Nat, Hist. XXXI. 20, 
 
BITHYNIA 
 
 226 
 Peg^ 
 
 The Argonauts, in their eagerness to put so much sea 
 between themselves and sorrowing Cyzicus that no storm 
 could blow them back to the sound of its sighs and sob- 
 bings, rowed with a vigor that, before nightfall, completely 
 exhausted the energies of all but hardy Hercules, who. 
 long after the others had laid aside their oars in utter 
 fatigue, continued to force the vessel forward in laboring 
 plunges that made her timbers creak and groan at every ' 
 stroke. No single oar, however, could bear the strain 
 indefinitely, and in the middle of one giant pull the over- 
 tasked ash broke at the tholepin, and drifted far behind 
 in the frothing wake while the hero was being assisted to 
 raise his bulk from the bottom of the boat. 
 
 The hastily organized expedition, composed for the 
 most part of soldiers, soothsayers and farmers, was pro- 
 vided with no spare parts and was therefore under the 
 necessity of going ashore again to make another oar to 
 replace the one the sturdy strokes of Hercules had 
 broken. The landing for this purpose was made at the 
 mouth of the river Cios, and Hercules, glad enough of a 
 respite from the raillery of his friends, immediately 
 plunged into the forest to select a suitable tree from 
 which to make a strong man's oar. 
 
 In the meantime, his young friend Hylas, solicitous 
 about the hero's supper, took a brazen pitcher and went 
 
 319 
 
320 ASIA MINOR 
 
 into the woods to find a sacred Spring, for water with 
 which to prepare the evening meal. Beneath the crest of 
 Mt. Arganthus he found the fountain of Pegse, a liquid 
 abode loved by the Thynian nymphs. Around it grew 
 many rushes; the pale blue swallow- wort ; the green 
 maidenhair; and blooming parsley and couch grass. 
 
 Over it, from the boughs of the trees of the wilderness, 
 hung dewy apples ; and in the meadow it mothered there 
 rose fair lilies grouped with purple poppies. 
 
 The fountain was presided over by an aesthetic nymph 
 who was just rising from the lovely Spring as Hylas 
 approached along the path where it was lit by a beam 
 of the warm June moon that shone through an opening in 
 the forest foliage, and clearly revealed his curly auburn 
 locks, and the sweet grace and blush of his beauteous 
 body, a boyish beauty that had so attracted Hercules 
 that he killed his father to obtain him. 
 
 All unconscious of the presence of the admiring naiad, 
 Hylas kneeled at the brink of the Spring, and, as he bent 
 over and plunged the pitcher through the sparkling 
 bubbles, the amorous nymph laid her left arm on his 
 neck while with her right she plucked him by the elbow 
 and drew him under the rippling surface, in a longing to 
 kiss his soft lips. 
 
 Hercules, returning with a tree that he had pulled up 
 to make his new oar from, heard of Hylas' absence with 
 great concern and at once plunged back into the forest 
 on a night-long but futile search for his favorite, who was 
 never seen again. 
 
 Before daybreak, a favoring wind sprang up and the 
 Argo put to sea and was well on her way before it was 
 noted by some of the crew that Hercules had been left 
 behind. Mead, no doubt, played a latent part in this 
 very unfriendly trick, and afterwards a jealous clique 
 
BITHYNIA 321 
 
 prevented putting the ship back by meeting those who 
 favored that course with many arguments ; some alleged 
 it was unjust to keep the hero from his work in Argos 
 where his twelve labors were still unfinished, and others 
 brazenly asserted that he was a deserter. And so the 
 ship was kept upon her course. 
 
 Hercules will, however, receive little sympathy for 
 being left behind when it is recalled that, if his eloquence 
 and sarcasm had measured up to his strength, he would 
 have secured the abandonment of Jason at Lemnos where, 
 in a long speech, he tried to persuade the company to 
 sail away and leave the leader "to repeople the island." 
 
 The people about Pegae left no stone unturned in the 
 hunt for Hylas whom they had every incentive to find, 
 for when Hercules finally left to resume his work for 
 Eurystheus he took with him as hostages the sons of the 
 noblest people, and exacted from them an oath that they 
 would never cease from the search until the boy or his 
 body was found. As Hercules kept the child hostages 
 in the town of Trachin while the nymph kept Hylas in 
 the fountain of Pegae, the people pursued their search in 
 no perfunctory way, and for a long time their salutation 
 was, "Have you seen Hylas?" Even twelve hundred 
 years later, that oath to Hercules was respected, and the 
 inhabitants kept a festival during which they wandered 
 through the woods about the mountain calling on Hylas 
 by name, as if in search of him. 
 
 A similar story is related of Bormus a beautiful youth 
 of Bithynia whom the nymphs drew into a fountain that 
 may have been Pegae itself. Bormus was the son of a 
 rich and illustrious man named Upius, and was far supe- 
 rior to all of his fellows in beauty and in vigor of youth. 
 His popularity is evidenced by the fact that it became a 
 
322 ASIA MINOR 
 
 national custom of the Bithynians to go about, as if seek- 
 ing the youth, chanting a dirge or invocation with an 
 accompaniment of flutes; this occurred every year at 
 harvest time, for it was during the reaping season that 
 Bormus was kidnaped by the nymphs. 
 
 This Spring, the source of the river the poets call 
 Crudelis, has been taken for the Ascanius Lake the source 
 of the Ascanius River; but to accept this would require 
 that faith which is said to be able to move mountains; 
 for the Spring was under the crest of Mt. Arganthus 
 which is north of Cius, while Lake Ascanius is southeast 
 of that place and some distance away. 
 
 Cius, a town named after a shipmate and friend, of 
 Hercules, who founded it on his way back from Colchis, 
 was afterwards called Prusias, and is now Brusa on the 
 Bay of Gemlik. 
 
 Apoltonius Rhodius; I. line 865 and 1209. 
 AtheniEus; XIV. ii. 
 Theocritus; Idyll XIII. line 39. 
 Strabo; XII. 4. § 3, 
 
 227 
 
 The Spring of Amycus 
 
 The ship of the Argonauts made a stop for replenish- 
 ment on the southern shore of the Euxine Sea, in the 
 territory of the Bebrycians in Bithynia, and the crew 
 were soon busily engaged in foraging explorations through 
 the nearby country. 
 
 Castor and Pollux, while covering the sector assigned 
 to them, having reached the base of a mountain and 
 penetrated into the midst of a wild forest of vast size, 
 came suddenly upon an ever-flowing Spring under a 
 smooth cliff. Through its pure water the pebbles in its 
 
BITHYNIA 323 
 
 depths seemed like crystal, or silver; and its basin was 
 surrounded by tall pines and poplars, and planes, and 
 cypresses with lofty tops; and among the trees grew 
 fragrant flowers, pleasant workshops for hairy bees, 
 flowers as many as, when the Spring is ending, sprout up 
 along the meadows. 
 
 So engrossed were the brothers, in the contemplation 
 of this unexpected paradise in the wilderness, that it was 
 not until a deep grunt of mixed defiance and inquiry 
 stunmoned their attention, that they became conscious 
 of another pitesence in the charming nook; the presence 
 of a man of overwhelming size and forbidding appear- 
 ance who evidently resented the approach of the in- 
 truders, and whose biceps, like stones rounded by rolling 
 through a river, and iron-textured flesh, showing scars and 
 numerous lumps, clearly indicated his pugilistic calling. 
 
 Of this no doubt was left when the brothers, assvuning 
 the native's presumptive ownership of the Spring, and 
 his ill-nature, offered payment for the privilege of a 
 draught. 
 
 Their offer was immediately and sullenly declined; if 
 they desired a drink, it must be fought for in a boxing 
 contest, the loser of which should become the winner's 
 slave. 
 
 As such a contest was only too much to the liking of 
 Pollux, and as the Argo's sailing was not to be delayed, 
 there were few moments lost in the preparations. 
 
 The friends of the sullen native, who proved to be 
 Amycus a son of Neptune, and the crew of the ship, were 
 summoned with shout and by horn, and as soon as they 
 were assembled, the match began. 
 
 Of this fight to a finish, in 1263 B.C., almost every shift 
 and every blow, with its resultant gory or puffed effect, is 
 minutely recorded down to the knockout, which was de- 
 
324 ASIA MINOR , 
 
 livered by Pollux a few seconds after a well-placed hook 
 below the temple of Amycus. 
 
 Only the timekeeper's report is lacking, as it is, regret- 
 tably, in all ancient sports whose records would otherwise 
 be interesting and instructive in comparison with those 
 of modern courses and arenas; but no doubt if Pollux was 
 thirsty at the beginning, he thoroughly enjoyed his well- 
 earned draught, from the silver pebble Spring, at the finish. 
 
 It may be doubted whether even Castor and Pollux 
 could now, after the lapse of more than three thousand 
 years, retrace their forage ramblings in the wild forest 
 and point out this particular Spring. 
 
 Theocritus; Idyll XXII. line 3S. 
 
 228 
 AZARITIA 
 
 The fountain of Azaritia was above the city of Chalce- 
 don, apparently near the coast of the Bosphorus. 
 
 It was said to breed small crocodiles. 
 
 The location is in about latitude 40° which is perhaps 
 somewhat farther north than the saurian of today chooses 
 for his haunts, and one might be inclined to speculate 
 as to whether some hasty and superficial observer might 
 mistake a tadpole for a very young crocodile. 
 
 Strabo; XII. 4. J 2. 
 
 229 
 
 Pliny's Bitiiynian Springs 
 
 The fondness of Pliny the Younger for fountains and 
 water in his private villas was equally noticeable in his 
 official life; thus, at one time he secured the office of 
 
BITHYNIA 325 
 
 Curator of the banks and the channel of the River Tiber ; 
 and at another time when, in 103 A.D., he was appointed 
 Propraetor in Bithynia, which had then become a Roman 
 Province called Pontica, he immediately became in- 
 terested in the Province's Department of Water Works. 
 
 He was sent to the district to correct many rampant 
 abuses by criminals in the service of the State, and to 
 trace items illegally paid out of the public funds ; to put 
 an end to special kinds of bribery, and to correct mis- 
 carriages of justice; but among his first communications 
 from Bithynia, to the Emperor Trajan, is the announce- 
 ment that he has personally visited a splendidly clear 
 Spring from which he desires permission to build an 
 aqueduct to carry its water to the capital city, Nicomedia, 
 which, although it had paid the equivalent of $195,000 
 on account of two aqueducts, had nothing to show for 
 the amount but some ruinous arches and fake masonry. 
 
 This project was followed with plans for constructing 
 public baths at each end of the district, at Prussa and at 
 Sinope, to which latter place the water had to be brought 
 from a Spring sixteen miles away. 
 
 Another ambitious water improvement was the making 
 of a canal to extend the traffic of a river to a lake, without 
 draining the lake; for the accomplishment of which he 
 submitted a scheme, the like of which was adopted in 
 Europe in 19 16, to run the canal from the side of the river 
 where navigation stopped, and to transfer the freight across 
 the narrow strip of ground between the river and the 
 canal whose water from the lake was thus retained intact. 
 
 The letters, however, do not locate the Springs defi- 
 nitely, nor tell of the outcome of the projects, or of what 
 effect financing them had on the rate of interest, which at 
 that time in Bithynia was twelve per cent, a month. 
 
 Pliny the YoungeT ; X. letter XXXIX. 
 
PAPHLAGONIA 
 
 230 
 Paphlagonian Fountain 
 
 There was a very popular fountain in Paphlagonia 
 which was much resorted to because its water had a 
 flavor of wine. 
 
 Paphlagonia covered a territory of eight hundred 
 square miles between the Parthenius River on the west 
 and the Halys River on the east, and it is now as difficult 
 to locate the vinous fountain as it is to find the marvelous 
 Paphlagonian fishing grounds where it was only necessary 
 to dig into the earth to catch fish. 
 
 The birds of the neighborhood are, however, of more 
 living interest, as, besides having two hearts, they gave 
 the key to the origin of human music, to Chamaeleon, the 
 philosopher of Heracleia, who conceived that the art had 
 its beginning in man's idling attempts to imitate the wild 
 birds' notes and melodies. 
 
 The Parthenius River had its source in Paphlagonia and 
 flowed through a district abounding in flowers; if that 
 source was the Spring alluded to its enticing taste might 
 very well have been due to a tincture of the plants or 
 their roots. 
 
 Athen£Eus; II. 17. VIII. 4. 
 
 326 
 
PONTUS 
 
 231 
 Thermodon 
 
 The moods of nature are no less obvious than those of 
 man and the brute. 
 
 Though springing from the same chemical causes, 
 they are perforce manifested in different ways ; but what 
 is told by the wagging tail of the dog expresses satisfac- 
 tion no less clearly than the same sensation when con- 
 veyed by the wagging tongue of a man. 
 
 Unrest and excitement in Nature are understood by all , 
 in the storm and the earthquake, as are her loves and 
 hates in chemical attractions and repulsions. 
 
 Others can recognize her sorrow, in the overcast sky; 
 her tears, in the rain; her sympathy, in the healing balm 
 that covers the wound of the tree ; her fear, in the shrink- 
 ing shiver of the leaves whipped by the winds ; her courage, 
 in the steadfast rock lashed by the stormy waves; her 
 pride, in the mountain peak, unmeasured and unsealed; 
 and her joy, in the sparkle of the sun and a bright blue 
 sky. 
 
 Others, again, may find in the juggler deftly circling his 
 head with hand-tossed balls, only a weak attempt to 
 imitate Nature's skill in sport with countless starry 
 spheres ; or see in her so-called freaks, her vein of humor 
 and jocosity, as though she, also, relished a little nonsense 
 now and then. 
 
 Two instances of such humor were manifested by 
 
 327 
 
328 ASIA MINOR 
 
 Nature in the Springs of the rivers Tearus and Thermodon 
 as, from the thirty-eight Springs of the former she made 
 one single river, while she formed ninety-six rivers from 
 the solitary Spring of the Thermodon. 
 
 This Spring rose in a mountain of the Amazons, and 
 had no counterpart in all the world. Its stream spread 
 through a country of hills, and, striking the base of one 
 hill became two rivers; these, in turn, were split by other 
 hills; and so on, to such numbers that no man knew them 
 all. Many of them lost themselves in the sands, but the 
 others, after ranging widely through the land of Themis- 
 cyra, drew together in a plain and discharged an arching 
 flood of foam into the cheerless Pontus — where now the 
 Thermeh of Cappadocia falls into the Black Sea. 
 
 Apollonius Rhodius; II. line 973. 
 
 232 
 
 Cainochorion 
 
 The Spring of Cainochorion rose on the summit of a 
 ridge of precipitous rocks, and threw up an abundance of 
 water. As the ridge was very high, and almost impreg- 
 nable to attack, it was enclosed with a wall and was for- 
 tified by the unpoisonable Mithridates, Cicero's greatest 
 of kings (after Alexander) , and used as a treasury for his 
 accumulations of paintings, statues and precious stones, 
 which, finally, were captured by Pompey and taken to 
 Rome to grace its Capitol. 
 
 This Spring was less than twenty-five miles from 
 Cabeira where Mithridates had a fortified palace, a park 
 filled with wild animals for the chase, and some mines and 
 a watermill. 
 
 About thirty miles from Nikzar there is today a high 
 
PONTUS 329 
 
 perpendicular rock, almost inaccessible on every side, 
 with a stream of water flowing from its top; and this is 
 supposed to be the still youthful Spring of Cainochorion, 
 and the site of the old king's treasury. 
 
 Strabo; XII. 3- §31. 
 
 Apollonia 
 
 At Apollonia in Pontus there was to be seen near the 
 seashore a fountain that overflowed in summer only, and 
 mostly about the time of the rising of the Dogstar. The 
 warmer the summer, the more the fountain flowed, and 
 the milder the season the less abundant the water the 
 Spring supplied. 
 
 Pliny; XXXI. 28. } 4- 
 
 234 
 
 Phazemoniive 
 
 The Hot Springs of Phazemonitae in Pontus were highly 
 salubrious. 
 
 Pompey changed the name of the place to Neapolis, 
 and the modern baths of Cauvsa are supposed to be the 
 old and salubrious Springs. 
 
 strabo; XII. 3. 5 38. 
 
LYDIA 
 235 
 
 NiOBE 
 
 The Spring of Niobe, in combination with her own sad 
 monument of woe, was the most elaborate of all the 
 conceptions of fountains of transformed women; for, in 
 addition to the Spring that was fed by her tears, the 
 mountain from which it issued formed a portrait statue 
 of the grief-stricken mother. 
 
 Niobe, the daughter of Tantalus and the sister of 
 Pelops, became the wife of Amphion the musical mason 
 and monarch of Thebes. 
 
 Blessed with a number of beautiful children, and proud 
 of her royal descent and connections, she openly boasted 
 of her lineage, her wealth, her beauty and her fourteen 
 handsome children; she declared that plenty had made 
 her secure, and that she was too great for fortune to hurt ; 
 in addition, she made invidious comparisons between 
 herself and Latona; whereupon, almost immediately, that 
 Goddess caused the death of all her children. As the 
 youngest and last was stricken, Niobe turned to stone, 
 but still she wept on, and, enveloped in a hurricane of 
 mighty wind, she was borne away to the top of Mt. 
 Sipylus in her native land, and there, fixed on the moun- 
 tain top, the stone continued to distill tears. 
 
 Fifteen centuries after the occurrence, the statue-like 
 stone was described as still representing a woman all 
 tears and with dejected mien; and eighteen centuries 
 
 330 
 
LYDIA 331 
 
 later, modern travelers are agreed that the phantom of 
 Niobe may be plainly made out from one particular point 
 of view on the ancient mountain a short distance north 
 of Smyrna, beyond Magnesia the peculiar property of 
 whose stones gave name to the magnet. 
 
 Pausantas; I. 21. 
 
 Ovid; Meta. VI. Fable 2. 
 
 236 
 
 Hypel^us 
 
 The fountain of Hypelaeus led to the founding of the 
 city of Ephesus. 
 
 A party of people, in search of a new place to settle at, 
 being unable to agree upon a site, at last resorted to the 
 oracle and requested that it would designate a suitable 
 location for their purposes. 
 
 In reply, they were told to build a city in a place that a 
 fish would show them and to which a wild boar would 
 guide them. 
 
 With what was either the best of judgment or a very 
 fortunate chance, the party soon afterwards gathered 
 about the crew of a fishing boat who were cooking their 
 breakfast around the fountain of Hypelaeus. While they 
 were watching the preparation of the meal, a hot cinder, 
 thrown out by the sputtering green wood fire, fell on one 
 of the fish in a nearby pile, and the fish, with the cinder 
 sticking to it, flopped into some oily refuse that at once 
 blazed up and set fire to an adjoining thicket that con- 
 cealed a wild boar. The startled boar darted out into the 
 open and made for the mountainside but, struck by a 
 well-thrown javelin, fell and expired on the spot where 
 the Athenaeum, the Temple of Minerva, was afterwards 
 erected. 
 
332 ASIA MINOR 
 
 This so-called settlement, which endured until the time 
 of Croesus, seems to have been the one made by Androclus 
 by driving out the descendants of the Leleges and the 
 people who had settled the place long before, in the time 
 of the Amazons. 
 
 After the time of Croesus or about 560 B.C., the settle- 
 ment was moved to lower ground where the temple stood. 
 In the time closely following Alexander, Lysimachus 
 built a wall around the temple, and induced the unwilling 
 inhabitants to move again, by blocking up the sewers 
 during the next heavy rain that followed their lefusal. 
 The incident may have had some connection with the 
 peoples' objection to adopting "Arsinoe, " the name of 
 one of Lysimachus' wives, in place of "Ephesus, " and 
 with the separation of the city from the temple by the 
 interval of a mile. Cleophylus, in his "Annals of the 
 Ephesians," gives the account of the fish and the fire, 
 and the modern traveler Hamilton, in his Researches, 
 confirms at least the fountain part of the story by his 
 statement that he saw the Spring in his travels in Asia 
 Minor. 
 
 St.abo;XIV. I. § 4- 
 Athenseus; VIII. 62. 
 
 Calippia 
 
 The Spring Calippia mentioned by Pliny is doubtless 
 the Well Alitaea, or Halitaea that Pausanias says was near 
 Ephesus, and it may be assvuned was the sacred water of 
 the Temple of Artemis (Diana) one of the seven wonders 
 of the world, and the same beautiful Spring that still 
 rises some 200 yards north of the site of the sacred 
 edifice. 
 
LYDIA 333 
 
 There is no account of how the Sprinc: was connected 
 with the fane, but the city, which was nearly a mile from 
 the temple, was connected to it by a rope to indicate that 
 it was dedicated to the goddess. 
 
 St. Paul, who in 57 a.d. founded at Ephesus one of the 
 celebrated seven churches of Asia, lived there two years 
 and wrought many miracles, bringing the Holy Ghost to 
 his disciples, and making them prophets, and personally 
 healing the sick, and casting out evil spirits. In The Acts 
 there is an enlightening indication of the ramification of 
 prejudices Christianity had to overcome ; the silversmiths 
 opposed it on trade grounds, because it threatened to 
 affect the demand for images of the heathen Diana 
 which they made for the temple and its votaries and 
 visitors. 
 
 Ephesus was the home of the noble youths, Constan- 
 tine, Dionysius, John, Maximian, Malchus, Martinian 
 and Seraphion, who are known as the Seven Sleepers, 
 from their slumber of two hundred years' duration, and 
 whose coffin is shown at Marseilles in St. Victor's 
 church. 
 
 Had the Spring been nearer, its waters might have 
 saved the temple on the night of Alexander's birth, when 
 it was deliberately destroyed by fire. To thwart the in- 
 cendiary's scheme to make himself widely known by his 
 crime, an edict was promulgated fixing death as the 
 penalty for referring to his name. There is no record of 
 how many suffered the penalty, but today even a dic- 
 tionary description of the temple is not considered com- 
 plete unless it includes the arsonite's name. 
 
 The name Calippia was said to mean The Beautiful 
 Stream of Pion, Pion being the hill at the foot of which 
 Ephesus was located. 
 
 Pliny; V. 31. Herodotus; I. 27. 
 
334 ASIA MINOR 
 
 238 
 Smyrna 
 
 The town that was called "modern Smyrna" more 
 than two thousand years ago was founded by a Spring 
 shaded with a plane tree, under which Alexander the 
 Great, some 300 years B.C., lay down to sleep after a tire- 
 some day's hunt on Mt. Pagus. 
 
 There was a temple of Nemesis nearby, and the con- 
 queror, as he slept, saw the goddesses, for there were two, 
 and understood them to bid him found a city by the( 
 Spring, and people it with the inhabitants of old Smyrna 
 two and a half miles distant. 
 
 After consulting the oracle at Claros in the matter, the 
 citizens of the old town moved to the new site, which was 
 in effect the third, as Ephesus was at first called Smyrna, 
 after an Amazon of that name ; and it was a party from 
 Ephesus, doubtless those whom Androclus drove out who, 
 leaving it, started the second, the old, Smyrna; which 
 they did by occupying a place in which some Leleges, 
 whom they expelled, had been living. 
 
 This easy method of avoiding the preliminary drud- 
 geries of town-making was perhaps adopted in more cases 
 than are mentioned by many so-called founders of cities ; 
 it was the favorite plan of Lysimachus to whom Alexan- 
 der's death left the carrying out of the dream injunction 
 about Smyrna. 
 
 The modern town was two and a half miles from the old 
 one and came to be noted for its beauty. It lay for the 
 most part in a plain, and the streets, running symmetri- 
 cally at right angles, were lined with two-story houses 
 and porticos, and a lack of covered drains was said to be 
 its only defect. 
 
 It was near enough to the site of the old town to retain 
 
LYDIA 335 
 
 plausibly the traditions about Homer and his birthplace, 
 and it contained his statue and a temple to him, besides 
 having a metal money named after him, Homereium, of 
 which specimens are still in existence. 
 
 But the old town with the actual atmosphere of Homer 
 about it doubtless long remained a literary shrine as 
 attractive as Shakespeare's Avon became in later times. 
 
 The ancient place held the Poet's study, a cave near 
 the Springs of the Meles River, in which he was said to 
 have composed the story of Troy, the account of whose 
 siege now seems like a prophecy of what happened a few 
 miles away at Gallipoli 3100 years after he wrote, the 
 16-inch guns and the aeroplanes of which were seen by 
 the Poet's teeming brain, and portrayed in his less prosaic 
 but equally effective flying deities, and thunderous noises 
 that shook the earth; and even the stratagem fore- 
 shadowed by his wooden horse, rises far above the com- 
 monplace horde of a thousand decrepit donkeys that were 
 employed by the moderns to attract the Turks' attention 
 while the Anzacs made a landing at another place. 
 
 The Spring produces a stream that flows by the ruins 
 of the old town ; its water is bright, sparkling, wholesome 
 and agreeable, and an inscription discovered some years 
 ago ascribed to it the additional merit of having healing 
 properties. 
 
 Strabo; XIV. I. §4. Pausanias; VII. s. 
 
 239 
 
 Claros 
 
 The fountain in the grove of Claros had its name from 
 the tears shed by Manto a prophetess, and a daughter of 
 Teiresias. 
 
336 ASIA MINOR 
 
 The grove was by the town of Colophon some nine 
 miles north of Ephesus on the banks of the Hales, a small 
 river noted particularly for the coldness of its waters. 
 
 The town was one of those that claimed to have been 
 the birthplace of Homer, and the invincibleness of its 
 cavalry has made it an every -day word by giving name to 
 the flourish with which some signatures are finished, as 
 the cavalry was believed always to finish every battle in 
 which it was engaged — or, as the phrase was, "to put the 
 colophon to it." 
 
 After the capture of Thebes and the death of her father 
 at the Spring of Tilphusa, Manto was told by the Delphic 
 oracle to marry the first man she met on leaving the 
 temple. 
 
 It would undoubtedly be most interesting to know how 
 she set about obeying such an unusual order without 
 overstepping the ladylike limits of courtship; but, un- 
 fortunately nothing is recorded beyond the fact that she 
 married Rhacias and went with him to Colophon, in the 
 neighborhood of which place she was suddenly moved by 
 a recollection of her recent griefs, and from her copious 
 weeping on that occasion the Spring took name. 
 
 The bride and groom there founded a temple to Apollo 
 in which Manto delivered oracles, and, later, her son 
 Mopsus became the seer of this temple to which Calchas 
 paid a visit on his long walk back from the siege of Troy. 
 In the course of that call, the visitor desired Mopsus to 
 tell him how many figs there were on a nearby tree ; and 
 Mopsus in addition to giving the number, which was 
 10,001, added how much they weighed; and the number 
 and the weight were both found to be exactly as predicted. 
 
 Then Calchas was asked to forecast the number and 
 the sex in the litter that the temple sow was about to 
 have. A short time later, the answering prediction of 
 
LYDIA 337 
 
 Calchas was seen to be wrong, and he killed himself in 
 vexation. 
 
 The subsequent seers at Claros were apparently no less 
 gifted than those of the family of the founders. All they 
 required to know, from such as came to consult them, was 
 the number in the party, and their names; then, after 
 taking a draught of the water of the sacred fountain, the 
 priest gave his inspired answer in verse. 
 
 The prophetic effects of the waters of the fountain con- 
 tinued down to the Christian Era, but at that time the 
 lives of those who drank them were said to be shortened. 
 Manto's family is imperishably connected with the 
 fame of the ancient world's two greatest poets. One of 
 her sons founded the town of Mantua which, with filial 
 fondness, he named after his mother; and it was at or 
 near this town that Virgil was born on the 15th of Octo- 
 ber in the year 70 B.C. 
 
 Homer, it would seem, owed even more to the Manto 
 family, as it is hinted that some of his fame is due to ideas 
 or inspiration that he drew from the verses composed by 
 a seeress, a sister of Manto, who also delivered her pro- 
 phetic answers in metrical form. 
 
 The Spring of Claros, has been located at a place now 
 called Zill^, where there is a fountain of water with marble 
 steps leading down to the surface that perhaps reflected 
 the fruit on the fig tree when the reputation of Mopsus 
 was at stake. 
 
 Strabo! XIV. i. 5 27. Pliny; H. 106. 
 
 240 
 
 Pactolus 
 
 The fable regarding this Spring does not describe its 
 origin seemingly both the fountain and its river came 
 
338 ASIA MINOR 
 
 into existence in no unnatural way, and were not endowed 
 with any remarkable characteristics, nor greatly coveted 
 for their precious sands, until the time of Midas, the 
 Phrygian king. 
 
 He, having rescued Bacchus's friend, the drunken 
 Silenus, from some rustics who were making sport of his 
 condition and baiting him, as unrefined modern children 
 sometimes treat a disreputable, but inoffensive inebriate, 
 the god offered him, in return, his choice of any favor 
 that he might desire. 
 
 He accordingly wished that everything he might 
 touch should turn to gold, and he became supremely 
 happy until the following mealtime arrived, when what- 
 ever he conveyed to his mouth, in those forkless days, 
 became a chunk of unchewable gold. 
 
 Astonished at what he called the novelty of his mis- 
 fortune, being both rich and wretched, he besought 
 Bacchus for deliverance from this gilded calamity, and 
 was told; "That thou may'st not remain overlaid with 
 the gold so unhappily desired, go to the river adjoining 
 to great Sardis, and trace thy way, meeting the waters 
 as they fall from the height of the mountain, until thou 
 comest to the rise of the stream, and plunge thy head 
 beneath the bubbling Spring, and at once purge thy body 
 and thy crime." 
 
 Without cavilling at the apparent simplicity of the 
 specific, Midas at once took the prescribed journey and 
 placed himself beneath the waters ; whereupon the golden 
 virtue tinged the river and departed from the human 
 body into the stream, and the fields still received 
 some of the ore of this ancient vein of gold in Ovid's 
 time. 
 
 Pactolus was the ancient name of a small brook of 
 Lydia, rising on Mt. Tmolus, now Bozdaz, and emptying 
 
LYDIA 339 
 
 into the Hermus. It is never more than ten feet broad 
 and one foot deep. 
 
 The gold dust it contained is supposed to have been 
 carried down from the mountain; and the collection of 
 these particles, according to legend, was the source of 
 the wealth of Croesus, through whose city of Sardis the 
 brook flowed, traversing its market place. 
 
 This brook is now called Sarabat, and carries along in 
 its current a quantity of reddish mud, but it yields no 
 more gold dust, and, indeed, had ceased to do so even in 
 the time of Strabo, who lived in the first century B.C. 
 
 Some of the incidents in the career of Midas suggest a 
 common origin with the history of Job, but his life subse- 
 quent to his admission of wrong doing went naturally 
 from bad to worse. 
 
 At one time he was found near a Spring into which some 
 one had put wine that made him drunk. 
 
 At another time, Midas, when acting as referee in a 
 musical contest between Apollo and Marsyas, having 
 made a decision that displeased Apollo, the god changed 
 his misleading ears to those of a slowly moving ass. 
 
 Afterwards he was tormented with frightful dreams; 
 perhaps those of avarice; and he died from drinking warm 
 bullock's blood to avert them. Ants were said to have 
 crept into his cradle and put grains of wheat in his mouth. 
 All of which incidents have been assumed, by some of 
 the history's critics, to be but allegories of the prosaic 
 facts that Midas was lucky, accumulated wealth, became 
 a ruler of men and lost his fortune through dissipation 
 and consequent perversion of judgment. 
 
 Midas was the son of that poor countryman Gordius, 
 who, becoming King of Phrygia, dedicated his wagon to 
 Jupiter and tied it to the temple with a rope of bark fas- 
 tened with such an intricate knot that no one could untie 
 
340 ASIA MINOR 
 
 it, until Alexander the Great, being told that whoever 
 undid the knot should reign over the whole East, severed 
 it with his sword. 
 
 Ovid; Meta. XI. Fable i. 
 
 241 
 CLAZOMEN/E 
 
 There were hot Springs by a temple of Apollo, east of 
 Clazomenae which fronted the sea and eight small islands. 
 
 To the west of the town, at Erythrse, there was a 
 Temple of Hercules which contained a work of art of 
 perfect Egyptian design; it was a wooden raft on which 
 the god sailed from Tyre. The people found it on the 
 coast and, being anxious to secure such a precious 
 memento, made every effort to get it on shore, but with- 
 out success until Phormio, a blind fisherman, saw in a 
 dream that it could be drawn to land with a rope made 
 of women's hair. 
 
 The free-born belles of Erythrse refused to part with 
 their tresses, but the female slaves were able to furnish 
 enough material for the purpose, and the raft was drawn 
 ashore without further difficulty and afterwards placed 
 in the temple, which none of the women who had refused 
 to contribute their hair were permitted to enter. 
 
 The rope was preserved with the raft, and Phormio 
 recovered his sight which he retained to the end of his life. 
 
 The hot Springs, which register 150 degrees Fahrenheit, 
 have been found near the present Vourla ; the ruins of the 
 temple of Hercules are also still in evidence, but the raft 
 and the hair rope have vanished; and even two of the 
 islands have disappeared, for of the eight that are men- 
 tioned in the old descriptions only six can now be found. 
 
 Strabo; XIV. I. §36. Pausanias; VII. J. 
 
PHRYGIA 
 
 242 
 Marsyas 
 
 The highest peak of a mountain range that ran diagon- 
 ally across Phrygia reached an altitude of approximately 
 two miles, and was named Mt. Olympus; hence perhaps 
 the history associated with the Spring of the river Mar- 
 syas, which rose on the western slope of the range, al- 
 though it was nowhere near the Mt. Olympus usually 
 accepted as the home of the ancient divinities. 
 
 The history is to the effect that Minerva, getting an 
 idea from the hissing of the stiffened snakes, when Perseus 
 cut off serpent-haired Medusa's head, invented the flute, 
 in the windy month of March, and, having tortured the 
 forests in secret until she was satisfied with her proficiency, 
 gave the gods an exhibition of her skill. 
 
 The novel entertainment was, however, received with 
 such unrestrained mirth, because of the ludicrous spec- 
 tacle of the performer's puffed cheeks, that the irritated 
 goddess rushed away from the unsympathetic audience 
 and sought a fountain to see for herself how she looked; 
 and she was so provoked with her reflection in the mirror 
 of the Spring that she flung the flute into the waters and 
 foreswore its use for evermore. 
 
 The satyr Marsyas, finding the discarded instrument 
 in the fountain, accidentally discovered its possibilities, 
 and then practised diligently, and without any regard to 
 the effect upon his facial appearance, to perfect himself in 
 
 341 
 
342 ASI-A MINOR 
 
 its use. As soon as he was satisfied with the perfection 
 of his performance, he challenged Apollo to a competi- 
 tion, flute against lyre, with Midas as judge. 
 
 Apollo, apparently not very sure of his musical supe- 
 riority, resorted to a trick to increase his chances of success 
 and played upon his lyre held upside down, an unusual 
 and, at first sight, astonishing position, but one which 
 in no wise changed the order of the strings. 
 
 When Apollo had finished his part he then insisted that 
 Marsyas should compete under the same conditions, and 
 should play with his flute similarly reversed. Under the 
 circumstances, Marsyas' performance was no doubt little 
 better than Paderewski's would be if he were compelled 
 to play on a piano set upside down. 
 
 The entire performance was a farce and absolutely 
 disreputable ; it is even said that Apollo, who sang while 
 playing the lyre, preposterously contended that Marsyas 
 ought to sing while he was fluting, and Midas very justly 
 decided against Apollo; but the god, instead of grace- 
 fully accepting the judgment, malignantly changed 
 Midas' ears to such as an ass has; and then fiendishly 
 flayed Marsyas alive after suspending him to a remark- 
 ably tall plane tree, which Pliny records was in his time 
 still pointed out to travelers. 
 
 An apologist for Apollo has claimed that he merely 
 scourged Marsyas; but the murdered musician's skin, 
 which was preserved at Celaenae near the junction of the 
 two rivers, was ample proof of the god's more atrocious 
 act; and to that proof was added the testimony of the 
 Spring of the Marsyas River itself which was formed by 
 the tears that the rural divinities shed on seeing Marsyas' 
 murder. 
 
 The tears of the rural divinities, the fauns and nymphs 
 and satyrs, were agumented by the weeping of all the 
 
PHRYGIA 
 
 343 
 
 countryside, for even the hardy herdsmen and the shep- 
 herds cried as copiously as the others, and the fountain 
 was formed from what the over-moistened earth could 
 not absorb. 
 
 The flutes, for they were double pipes, floated down 
 the Marsyas River and into the Masander, and were finally 
 rescued at Sicyon and preserved for a long time after- 
 wards in the town's temple, the custodians of which were 
 glad to relate all the details of the occurrence to any 
 visitor who showed a proper appreciation of what is due 
 to well-informed and talkative temple attendants. 
 
 The Spring of Catarractes, which is described as rising 
 in the very forum of Celaenge and flowing into the Msan- 
 der River, is taken to be the Spring of Marsyas under 
 another name. 
 
 Xenophon adds the information that the Spring of 
 Marsyas rose in a cave wherein Apollo hung his victim's 
 skin. 
 
 Modern visitors report that the Spring is at a place now 
 called Denair, and that it gushes out with great rapidity 
 at the base of a stony cliff surrounded with broken rocks 
 that probably once formed the roof of the classic cavern. 
 
 Ovid; VI. Fable 4. Herodotus; VII. 26. 
 
 243 
 
 Rhyndacus 
 
 The source of the Rhyndacus River was in Lake Artyn- 
 ias near Miletopolis. The stream was formerly called 
 Lycus, and, in a part of its course, Megistus. 
 
 It formed the boundary line between Mysia and Bithy- 
 nia, and it flowed into the Propontis with much dignity, 
 brushing the sea aside and keeping to itself for a great 
 
344 ASIA MINOR 
 
 distance after entering, as was shown by the well-defined 
 path made by its yellow waters. 
 
 It is now called the Lupad, and its source is placed at 
 the foot of Mt. Olympus in what may have been Phrygia 
 Epictetus. 
 
 Piiny; V. 40. 
 
 244-245 
 CLiEON. GeLON 
 
 Not far from the Spring of Marsyas, there were two 
 other Springs called CIseon and Gelon, from the effects 
 that they respectively produced — the names meaning, 
 the one, to weep ; and the other, to laugh. 
 
 Pliny; XXXI. i6. 
 
 246 
 
 The Pipe Fountacn 
 
 Aulocrene, the Pipe or Flute Fountain, was on the crest 
 of a hill called Celaenae near a city of the same name. 
 
 It was the source of the River Mseander where at the 
 base of a rocky cliff its overflow gushed out in a consider- 
 able stream that formed a rapid brook. 
 
 Cyrus built a palace over the Spring, and made a 
 hunting park, filled with wild animals, along the borders 
 of the stream. 
 
 The waters of the Spring produced a reed that was 
 especially suitable for making flutes, and it was from 
 one of its reeds that Minerva fashioned the first pipe 
 ever made; the one she threw away and that Marsyas 
 found and used in his melancholy-ending contest with 
 Apollo. 
 
PHRYGIA 345 
 
 The stream is better known from the use of its name as 
 a synonym for crookedness, as it was believed to be the 
 most rambling river in the world until the Humboldt 
 River of Central Nevada in the United States was dis- 
 covered ; the convolutions of this revolving river in 
 Nevada are said to make some of the wild water fowl giddy 
 when trying to follow its course; it travels 8 miles to 
 progress a distance that a straight-away stream would 
 cover in 2^/^ miles. It runs north twenty-five times; 
 east, eighteen; south, thirty; and west, forty-one. 
 
 At 33 points it runs parallel to itself, the two currents 
 less than 150 feet apart, and the streams flowing in oppo- 
 site directions as if the river were doubling on its tracks 
 to elude pursuit. Finally it runs into the desert where it 
 makes good its escape by sinking out of sight. 
 
 In its turnings and twistings the Meander frequently 
 sliced off large portions of its banks and floated them to 
 some other part of its course; and raany actions were 
 brought against it for thus robbing people of their land 
 and transferring it elsewhere. 
 
 The fines that were imposed on the river in these cases 
 were collected ingeniously and without difficulty. As the 
 stream was a very deep one, at many places as deep as it 
 was broad, it could not be crossed except at the ferries ; 
 and whenever the river was mulcted for some new 
 robbery the passengers' tolls were increased until the 
 amount of the judgment was satisfied. 
 
 The present source of the Maeander has been reported 
 to be what is called a lake which is a half mile or more 
 across, and near Denair. Growing in this body of water 
 are many reeds which may justify calling it the Pipe 
 fountain of Minerva's period. 
 
 Xenophon: Anabasis; I. 2. § 7. 
 Strabo; XII. 8. § is and | 19. 
 
346 ASIA MINOR 
 
 247 
 Lycus 
 
 Many precipitous rivers were named Lycus, supposedly 
 because their rapid currents suggested the rushing of a 
 wolf in the pursuit of its prey. 
 
 This Lycus, of Phrygia, rose in the eastern part of Mt. 
 Cadmus but disappeared in a chasm near Colossse. It 
 sprang out again, a half mile away, loaded with calcareous 
 matter that formed a coating of stone wherever it was 
 deposited; and the water of the stream, dashing against 
 the rocks among which it rushed, was shred into spray 
 and flung to the height of its banks, painting them over 
 with coat upon coat that solidified and gained in thick- 
 ness until eventually the stone walls, growing out on each 
 side, met and formed arches or natural bridges of traver- 
 tine over the river, a passage below being kept open by 
 the force of the current. 
 
 The chasm where the stream first disappeared has been 
 found in the ruins of Chonae which took the place of 
 Colossse, a city widely known to the ancients through the 
 valuable fleeces of its raven black sheep, and to later day 
 Christians through St. Paul's Epistles to its inhabitants. 
 Laodiceia, of The Revelation, was also practically on the 
 banks of the Lycus, which reached the sea through the 
 Maeander River. 
 The Lycus is now called the Tchoruk-Su. 
 
 Herodotus; VII. 30. Ovid; Meta. XV. line 273. 
 
 248 
 
 The Well of Midas 
 Ancyra, in the peak of the northwest corner of Phry- 
 gia, was a town built by Midas the son of that Gordius 
 whose fame was tied up in a knot. 
 
PHRYGIA 347 
 
 The city had a temple of Zeus in which was kept the 
 anchor that Midas found, the anchor that gave name to 
 the city and that was reproduced on many of its coins. 
 The people showed a Well called the Well of Midas 
 because, they said, he poured wine into it that he might 
 capture Silenus. 
 
 If that incident resulted in Midas' pouring gold in- 
 stead of wine into another Spring {vide Pactolus), it 
 may throw a new light on the feature in the history of 
 Midas that made him even more famous than his farmer 
 father. If Midas made Silenus drunk for the purpose of 
 getting credit for rescuing him, then Bacchus' pretended 
 reward for a kindness to his friend may have been really 
 a spoofingly administered punishment for what Bacchus 
 well understood was a trick on the part of Midas, who 
 seems to have been a favorite victim for practical jokers. 
 He himself is said to have been made drunk by someone 
 who poured wine into a Spring from which he drank ; and 
 Bacchus gave him the power of transmutation in such a 
 way that Midas was only too glad to get rid of it even 
 though the process required his taking a long journey ; and 
 Apollo made him ridiculous by giving him a pair of long, 
 flapping ass' ears. 
 
 The Spring at which Midas himself was made drunk 
 may have been that wayside fount in the forest of Thym- 
 brium, 150 miles from Ancyra, which was pointed out to 
 Cyrus as the fountain of Midas. 
 
 Xenophon; Anabasis. I. ^. § 13. 
 Pausanias; I. 4. 
 
 249 
 
 Themisonium 
 
 A cavern thirty stadia from Themisonium in the 
 southern part of Phrygia was ranked as the third most 
 
348 ASIA MINOR 
 
 wonderful cave in the world of the ancients, the first and 
 second being the Corycian Cavern and the Cave of 
 Steunos, and the fourth The Cave of Hylae. 
 
 The existence of the Themisonium cavern was re- 
 vealed to the leaders of the town in a dream which, 
 also, gave them directions to hide the townspeople in 
 it when a raiding party of the Galati was approaching 
 the town. 
 
 As there was no direct road to it, and as it contained 
 Springs of water, it made a safe refuge for the threatened 
 inhabitants until the invaders had departed. But they 
 must have suffered considerable discomfort during the 
 time they had to hide, for, from the descriptions of the 
 cave, the most remarkable things about it seem to have 
 been a very low roof that almost touched the floor, and 
 an absolute absence of any sunlight. 
 
 The cave at Hyl£e was remarkable for its statue of 
 Apollo which had the power of inuring men to injury, 
 and could give them supernatural strength. Such as 
 received the power could leap down precipices without 
 suffering any hurt, and could tear up huge trees by the 
 roots and carry them easily and unchecked through 
 winding mountain passes. 
 
 Today the most remarkable thing about these caves 
 is that they should have been remarked ; for there were 
 really awe-inspiring caverns nearly under the feet of the 
 describers when they traveled through the country north 
 of Epirus. Their existence was of course unsuspected by 
 many, but it is not impossible that someone had glimpsed 
 them, and found in their sights inspiration the source of 
 which his hearers could never have surmised. 
 
 It was thought by ancient commentators that Homer 
 deflected the rivers Acheron and Cocytus, in Epirus, to 
 the subterranean tract where he located Hades and Ely- 
 
PHRYGIA 349 
 
 sium, and the idea has been tacitly accepted ever since 
 it was first expressed. 
 
 Within recent years, however, explorations by inquisi- 
 tive Italians have disclosed what, if Homer (as he may 
 have) had an inkling of, would turn the case the other 
 way around and show that he took the easier task of 
 founding his Hades near where those rivers were already 
 running ; for it is now known that within a few hundred 
 miles of the source of the Acheron there are caverns in 
 the earth many times more deep and extensive than the 
 lowest dives of ancient fancies ever described or fathomed; 
 those fictions now seem commonplace in contrast with 
 the facts that lay before their fathers, unknown and un- 
 imagined by many of them — -such as chambers with 
 colossal ceilings, and winding galleries, scores of miles in 
 length, through many of which great rivers flow in inky 
 darkness, plunging from time to time in cataracts of dizzy 
 height to lower and lower depths to reach their outlets 
 near the bases of plateaux covering thousands of square 
 miles, like the Carso table-land through which the 
 Timavo river ran its winding, unseen course. 
 
 Ruins found at Kai Hissar are thought to be those of 
 Themisonium. 
 
 Pausanias; X. 32. 
 
 250 
 
 Caruru Boiling Springs 
 
 The Springs of Caruru gave forth boiling water ; some of 
 them rose in the River Mseander, and others on its banks. 
 
 Caruru was a village on the dividing line between Phry- 
 gia and Caria, and a slab was set up by King Croesus 
 directing to the fact the attention of travelers, of whom 
 
350 ASIA MINOR 
 
 there were great numbers that passed through or stopped 
 overnight at the place, giving employment to numerous 
 innkeepers; for the village was on the highway running 
 along the valley of the Masander from Laodiceia to Ephe- 
 sus, over which all of the products of the interior were tak- 
 en down to the seacoast for shipment to foreign markets. 
 
 The village on the busy highway has disappeared, and 
 from very old accounts of the conditions ,of the country 
 at that time, little effort is required to imagine what 
 became of it. The district was subject to earthquakes, 
 each shock of which seems to be assumed as definitive by 
 people in all parts of the earth where they occur, so that 
 from Caruru to San Francisco the ground has hardly 
 ceased to tremble before the inhabitants are busy at 
 raising new walls and replacing the crockery. 
 
 In Caruru, during the earthquakes, cracks and chasms 
 were wont to appear and engulf whatever lay in their 
 path; sometimes in the night an inn with all its patrons 
 would drop out of sight before the lodgers could even 
 jump out of bed. 
 
 So much of the place has thus disappeared that the 
 Springs themselves are now the only guides to its old 
 location, and a spot 1 2 miles northwest of Denizli, where 
 some hot Springs are seen leaping out of the ground as if 
 trying to escape from the heat below, is supposed to have 
 been the location occupied by the Caruru of ancient days. 
 
 Strabo; XII. 8. | I7- 
 
 HiERAPOLIS 
 
 The very singular properties of the Hot Springs and 
 the Plutonium at Hierapolis aroused the wonder of the 
 
PHRYGIA 351 
 
 ancients; and some of the effects the waters produced 
 have appeared equally surprising to modern travelers. 
 
 The water of the Springs consolidated so readily that it 
 became stone even in the act of flowing, and made dams 
 of solid rock in its channels. 
 
 Under a small brow of the overhanging mountain there 
 was a pit of considerable depth that had at the top an 
 opening only large enough to admit the body of a man. 
 A four-sided railing surrounded this pit, which was the 
 Plutonium, and from which issued a dark and cloudy 
 vapor so dense that the bottom could barely be observed 
 through the veil it formed. Birds and animals, even 
 powerful bulls, if taken inside of the railing fell lifeless 
 instantly when they breathed the noxious fumes that 
 came from this Charon's sewer, as it was called. 
 
 There was also a Plutonium, with a cave called The 
 Charonium at Acharaca in Lydia. 
 
 The Galli, the attendant eunuchs, the priests of the 
 Mother of the Gods, who were in charge of the Plutonium, 
 seemed, however, to be immune from the gases and were 
 able even to descend into the pit unharmed; a fact that 
 led to current conjecture and discussion as to whether 
 their immunity was due to their physical difference from 
 other men, or to the guarding care of the divinity, or 
 simply to their holding their breath, or to their possession 
 of some antidote against the fumes. 
 
 Those emanations have ceased to proceed from the 
 pit; but there is plenty of proof of the consolidating 
 tendencies of the waters of the Hot Springs which, as 
 recent explorers assert, have left cascades of stone as 
 though the waters had been suddenly frozen in their 
 headlong rush, or instantly fixed as solid, wavy rocks that 
 seem to be nature-like wateirfalls molded in stone. 
 
 Hierapolis was the birthplace of Epictetus; it lay be- 
 
352 ASIA MINOR 
 
 tween the Mseander and the Lycus rivers, some five miles 
 north of Laodiceia whose people's welfare was the object 
 of St. Paul's "special conflict." 
 
 Strabo; XIII. 4- 5 M- Pliny II. 95. 
 
 252 
 
 Gallus 
 
 The Spring of the Gallus River was at Modra in Phrygia 
 in the district which was called the Epictetus and was 
 formerly occupied by the Bithynians. 
 
 It was either the water of this Spring, or that of 
 another small river of the same name in Phrygia, that 
 caused madness in those who drank of it immoderately, 
 although when taken in medicinal doses it was believed to 
 act as a cure for affections of the bladder. 
 
 The Galli, the frenzied priests of the Mother of the Gods, 
 were said to have derived their name from the fountain of 
 Gallus, to whose effects were attributed their self -mutila- 
 tions and their noisy ceremonies with tambourines and 
 cymbals and bowlings. 
 
 As the goddess was worshiped in Phrygia as early as 
 1506 B.C., it would seem more consistent to connect the 
 name of her priests with the fountain of Gallus than 
 with people of Gaul who migrated from the Pyrenees to 
 what became Galatia, as that migration did not take 
 place until many centuries later. 
 
 It seems not unlikely, too, that the Bona Dea, who had 
 her Spring at Rome in the time of Hercules, came to be 
 considered the same as the Mother of the Gods for whom 
 the Romans sent to Phrygia in 204 B.C. as a charm to 
 drive Hannibal out of Italy. On that occasion the eunuch 
 fraternity of Galli generously gave the Romans a stone. 
 
PHRYGIA 353 
 
 which they said was the goddess herself; and as the 
 Romans were perfectly satisfied, and conveyed the stone 
 to Rome with devout solicitude, one may gather that the 
 deity was the sharpened stone with which the Galli 
 mutilated themselves when they had become maddened 
 with overdraughts from the fountain of Gallus. 
 
 A town and its Spring, which are now called Aine Geul, 
 are supposed to be the Modra of Strabo, which, appar- 
 ently, he mislocated. 
 
 Ovid; Fasti. IV. line 364 and 233. 
 Strabo;XII. 3. §7- 
 
 253-255 
 DORYL^EUM. MENOSCOME. LiON's VILLAGE 
 
 Athenaeus mentions the fountain of Dorylaeum as being 
 very delicious to drink of. Dorylaeum is said to be repre- 
 sented by a settlement now called Eski-Shehr. 
 
 On the other hand, the fountains of Menoscome and 
 of the Lion's Village were pronounced rough and nitrous 
 in their taste. 
 
 The last two Springs have not been identified. 
 
 Athen£eus; II. 17. 
 
 256 
 
 Sangarius 
 
 The Spring of the Sangarius River was in the village of 
 Sangias on Mt. Adoreus. 
 
 The river was celebrated for the fine fish that were 
 taken in its waters, which emptied into the Euxine Sea. 
 
 It formed the boundary between Phrygia and Bithy- 
 nia. 
 
 strabo; XII. 3. i 7- 
 23 
 
354 ASIA MINOR 
 
 257 
 The Arms of Briareus 
 
 One hundred Springs flowed from a hill near the mouth 
 of the Rhyndacus River and they were called The Arms of 
 Briareus. 
 
 Briareus, sometimes designated iEgseon, and his two 
 brothers Gyges and Cottus were the first progeny of the 
 first god, Uranus. 
 
 Each one of the three had fifty heads and one hundred 
 arms. 
 
 Almost immediately after birth, their father confined 
 them in Tartarus, a region as far from the earth as the 
 earth was from the sky. They were released by the 
 Titans just before Uranus was succeeded by his son 
 Saturn called Cronus by the Greeks, who, however, re- 
 imprisoned them when they had assisted him to gain the 
 sovereignty of the world; and they were not released 
 again until Zeus was about to take the place of Saturn, as 
 sovereign, the 300 rocks they could hurl at one throw 
 making their services of great value in the different celes- 
 tial revolutions. 
 
 In an early dispute between Neptune and Apollo re- 
 garding the ownership of the isthmus of Corinth, Briareus 
 was appointed arbitrator, and, by giving a small part of 
 the territory to Apollo, angered Neptune who threw him 
 into the sea, in which he was unable to keep all of his 
 heads above water. 
 
 Briareus' body was buried near the mouth of the Rhyn- 
 dacus under the hill out of which there then gushed the 
 hundred Springs. 
 
 No corresponding fountains have been reported in the 
 near neighborhood in modern days, but it will be recalled 
 that the source of the Thermodon in Pontus produced 
 
PHRYGIA 355 
 
 ninety-six rivers, and that Hercules encountered a num- 
 ber of six-armed men near the Rhyndacus River. 
 
 E. Clavier's note on Apollodorus I. i. § i. 
 
 258 
 
 The Fountain of Midas 
 
 When Cyrus had reached Thymbrium, at the outset 
 of his expedition to capture Babylon, there was pointed 
 out to him at the side of the road a Spring called the 
 fountain of Midas, which he was told was the one into 
 which King Midas poured wine in order to capture the 
 satyr who drank of it — as to which circumstance, men- 
 tion is made under the fountain of Inna. (No. 202.) 
 
 If Thymbrium was at what is now the town of Ak 
 Shahir, then the king's fountain may be the one at 
 present called Alu Bunar Darbund, which is several days' 
 journey from Kara Bunar, the Black Spring, which 
 locates the town of Dana at which Cyrus stayed threie 
 days in Cappadocia. 
 
 Xenophon; I. x, § 13. 
 
CAPPADOCIA 
 
 259 
 The Asmab^an Well 
 
 The Asmabsean Well was a mysterious hot Spring 
 that rose in a cold lake near Tyana the capital of 
 Cappadocia. 
 
 Not less strange was the circumstance that though the 
 lake had no visible outlet the unvarying depth of the 
 water showed there was no increase in volume. 
 
 The Spring was sacred to Zeus, and on the border of 
 the lake a temple was erected to that divinity in which 
 he was worshiped with the surname of Asmabasus, de- 
 rived from the Spring. 
 
 The waters were shut in by perpendicular hills in which 
 were cut steps that led to the temple. 
 
 Tyana, however, produced a human mystery more 
 widely known than the phenomenal fountain ; a mystery 
 that traveled in person to all parts of the world ; of whom 
 books were written and to whom altars and temples were 
 raised, and who might, under diflerent conditions, have 
 prolonged the life of paganism. This mystery was Apol- 
 lonius of Tyana, who was born in the city four years 
 before the Christian Era. 
 
 His mission was to restore pagan worship to its primi- 
 tive piety, and free it from corruption and the effects of 
 its association with the fables of the poets; to abolish 
 sacrifices; and to emancipate prayer from service of the 
 lips, for he held that the heart's sincere desire was prayer 
 
 356 
 
CAPPADOCIA 357 
 
 and that it became polluted when touched with the 
 tongue or passed through the lips. 
 
 But in ApoUonius' time it was too late to attempt to 
 cure the cancer, that had spread throughout the pagan 
 body, by lopping off a few obtruding particles, and the 
 more radical method of the new school of salvation was 
 adopted, that of complete excision and the substitution 
 of Christianity. 
 
 ApoUonius was said to be an incarnation of Proteus, 
 and of the bookful of prodigies related about him two in 
 particular were of a nature to confirm such a claim, 
 they both occurred in Rome, but at different times; one, 
 when an indictment, under which he was about to be 
 prosecuted, was found to have become blarik, ApoUonius 
 having caused the writing to vanish ; and the other, when, 
 in similar peril, he himself vanished, appearing within 
 the same hour at Puteoli i6o miles distant. 
 
 In the temple of Diana at Castabala, to the northeast, 
 the priestesses walked barefooted but unhurt over beds 
 of burning coals, a feat that was, maybe, more of a marvel 
 to foreigners than to the natives, as the country of 
 Cappadocia contained many underground fires which 
 sometimes burst through the surface to the injury of 
 cattle and incautious strangers ; and to one of such hidden 
 furnaces the Spring no doubt owed its mysterious heat. 
 
 A long search for the ruins of Tyana was concluded 
 when the Asmabsean Well was found two miles north of 
 what is now called Kis Hissar where it continues to 
 bubble up, like a boiling cauldron, in a pool of cold water. 
 
 Philostratus; Vit. ApoU. I. 4- 
 Strabo; XII. 2. 5 7. 
 
CARIA 
 
 260 
 
 Cnidus 
 
 The Springs of Cnidus, in Caria, were in a grove which 
 surrounded a giant oak that towered above and over- 
 spread the other trees, as they overtopped and shadowed 
 the grass beneath them. 
 
 The enclosing wood was so dense that an arrow could 
 scarcely have penetrated it, and within were pine and elm 
 and pear and sweet apple trees, whose roots were nour- 
 ished by the water of these copious Springs that burst 
 from the ground like as amber, and were as dear to Ceres 
 as those of Eleusis, Triopas or Enna. 
 
 How very highly she prized them and the surround- 
 ing beauties, is shown by the terrible punishment she 
 inflicted upon Erysichthon, the great-grandfather of 
 Ulysses, whose trials appear trifles in comparison with 
 the tortures his ancestor suffered through having at- 
 tempted to violate the grove of these Springs. 
 
 Erysichthon was a man with large means at his com- 
 mand, and he planned a mansion in keeping with his 
 ample wealth and his station. 
 
 For such a structure no timber, he thought, could be 
 more appropriate than that the trees of the sacred grove 
 could furnish, and, at the head of a large band of wood- 
 cutters, he himself attacked the most magnificent speci- 
 men, the giant oak, the girth of whose trunk gave a span 
 of nearly sixty feet. 
 
 At the sound of the axe's first blow, the indignant 
 goddess voiced her protest, very gently, indeed, and in 
 
 358 
 
CARIA 359 
 
 such manner as none but a churl would have disregarded; 
 Erysichthon, however, not only turned upon her, but 
 even threatened her with his horrid axe, and bawled, and 
 loudly boasted that he would hew her trees and build of 
 them a house, in which he would enjoy himself and hold 
 many pleasant banquets to his heart's content. 
 
 Wretched boast! For Ceres too well knew how to 
 make the fulfillment of his wicked wish the punishment 
 of his shamelessness and sacrilege. Meeting his menace, 
 then, with such majesty of anger that his stout, hearty 
 woodcutters immediately fled in terror from the scene, 
 she pronounced his sentence, which was that he should 
 spend his time in eating to more than his heart's content, 
 but never to his belly's. 
 
 Thereupon she sent to the wastes of Mt. Caucasus, for 
 famishing Hunger, and directed her to breathe into his 
 veins, and scatter through his being, a constant and un- 
 quenchable desire for food. 
 
 This done, his ravening became a prodigy ; as the ocean 
 receives rivers from the whole earth and is never satiated; 
 as the flame rages more fiercely the more fuel it feeds 
 upon, so Erysichthon more famished grew the more he fed. 
 
 The continuous preparation of his meals required a 
 relay of cooks to the number of twenty; and his thirst, 
 which grew and kept pace with his hunger, necessitated a 
 Bacchanalian brigade of twelve butlers rushing in endless 
 round from the cellar to the table ; while ten handmaidens 
 were continually busied in washing dishes and serving at 
 the groaning board. 
 
 Such ceaseless gormandizing precluded any attendance 
 at public banquets, or even at private parties of his 
 friends, and his family reached the utmost limits of social 
 lying in devising excuses that should conceal the actual 
 state of affairs from all their acquaintances. 
 
36o ASIA MINOR 
 
 Not any of the vast quantities of nutriment, however, 
 with which he continuously gorged himself was assimi- 
 lated or served to nourish his frame, and it kept wasting 
 away like a wax doll in the sunshine, until his once 
 powerful body was little more than bone and fiber. 
 
 Great as was his wealth and the number of his flocks 
 and herds, these eventually became exhausted, and even 
 the chefs, tired out, refused to continue the ceaseless 
 round of roasting when it became necessary to kill and 
 eook the mules and horses. These, in turn, however, 
 were devoured, and then, when nothing remained un- 
 eaten save the family cat, and when that, too, had been 
 dispatched in the ineffectual fight to stay the doomed 
 man's craving, all the family's belongings were sold for 
 marketing money, and finally, when there remained 
 nothing of all the property, and when even his daughter, 
 Metra, had been sold, he was forced to sit at the cross- 
 roads, begging for morsels and cast-away refuse, while, 
 ever and anon, he gnawed and mangled the parts of his 
 person he could reach with his mouth, and miserably fed 
 his own body by diminishing it. 
 
 Such was the horrible fate that Ceres apportioned to 
 the man who had no respect for her grove and the Springs 
 of C nidus. 
 
 Cnidus was on the point of the peninsula terminating 
 in the present Cape Krio. 
 
 Ovid, Meta. VIII. Fable 7. 
 
 261 
 
 Petrifying Spring 
 
 At Cnidus there was a Spring of fresh water which 
 had the property of causing earth to petrify within the 
 space of eight months. 
 
CARIA 361 
 
 Great numbers of people were attracted to Cnidus, not 
 to watch this slow-working Spring curiosity but to view 
 the statue of the Cnidian Venus, the finest work of Prax- 
 iteles. It was exhibited in a temple open on all sides, and 
 was esteemed as the finest piece of sculpture ever pro- 
 duced, a judgment that modern critics have had no oppor- 
 tunity of reviewing, as the statue has not yet been 
 discovered. Many bids were made for the work, but 
 nothing could induce the islanders to part with it, not even 
 the oiler of King Nicomedes to pay a sum that would 
 have extinguished their municipal debt. 
 
 Pliny; XXXV. 47. 
 
 262 
 
 Lab RAND A 
 
 The sanctuary of Zeus Stratios at Labranda contained 
 a fountain in which there were eels that eat from the 
 hand, and that were adorned with earrings and golden 
 necklaces. 
 
 Two modern travelers believe the remains of a temple 
 at lakli are those of the sanctuary that contained the eel 
 Spring ; but others think it has not yet been found. 
 
 Pliny;XXXII. 7. 
 
 C63 
 
 Phausia 
 
 At Phausia there was a Spring that had a remarkable 
 upheaval every nine years and then discharged its accu- 
 mulated impurities. 
 
 This fountain was perhaps in the vast grotto, men- 
 tioned as at the same place, in which dripping water 
 
362 ASIA MINOR 
 
 hardened into columns that were tinted in various colors. 
 Phausia was a town in Caria opposite the Island of 
 Rhodes. 
 
 Pliny 1 XXXI. 30. and 20. 
 
 264 
 
 Fountain of Salmacis 
 
 This alluring fountain was near the city of Halicarnas- 
 sus. Its waters were clear to the very ground at the 
 bottom. About it there were no fenny reeds, no barren 
 sedge, no rushes with their sharp points. The water was 
 translucent and the edges were enclosed with green turf 
 and ever verdant grass. 
 
 So alluring were the attractions of this fountain and its 
 surroundings that the naiad Salmacis could rarely be 
 persuaded to leave it and join in the amusements of other 
 nymphs. She spent much time bathing in her Spring, 
 afterwards straightening her hair with a comb of Citorian 
 boxwood and devising new ways of doing it up, learning 
 from the mirror surface of the Spring which effects were 
 to be preferred, and continually striving to heighten them. 
 
 At other times she would gather flowers and combine 
 the colors so as to reproduce the pleasures of a painting 
 or a varied sunset. 
 
 When not thus or otherwise engaged, she would repose 
 on scented leaves scattered over the soft grass, leaning on 
 an elbow and contemplating her decorations in the 
 Spring with the keenest enjoyment. 
 
 Hither one day came the youth Hermaphroditus who, 
 though but fifteen years of age, had begun to rove with 
 the desire to see unknown beauties of nature. Charmed 
 with the temperature of the Spring's pleasant waters, he 
 
CARIA 363 
 
 plunged into it and was presently transformed into a 
 being possessing the attributes of both men and women. 
 
 Not perfectly pleased with the strange result, he 
 prayed that the waters might affect all others in the same 
 way, and, in answer to his request, the deities tainted the 
 fountain with drugs of ambiguous qualities. 
 
 Various matter-of-fact explanations have been ad- 
 vanced to account for the peculiar effect thus attributed 
 to the waters of this Spring. One theory is that the foun- 
 tain was instrumental in civilizing certain barbarians 
 who lived in the neighborhood when an Argive colony 
 began to establish itself there; these men being obliged 
 to repair to the Spring for water and meeting the Greek 
 colonists, their intercourse not only had a polishing effect, 
 but, in the coiu"se of time, corrupted them by the intro- 
 duction of luxurious manners; hence the fountain had the 
 reputation of changing men into women. 
 
 Another suggestion is that possibly the waters pos- 
 sessed some peculiar chemical quality that relaxed or 
 softened and made the drinker effeminate, as waters are 
 occasionally to be found with extraordinary qualities. 
 
 Lylius Gyraldus fancied that several disgraceful ad- 
 ventures happened near this fountain, which was enclosed 
 with walls, that in the course of time gave it a bad name. 
 
 Ovid attempts no explanation; he says tersely; it 
 enervates with its ineffable waters and softens the limbs 
 bathed in it; the cause is unknown, but the properties 
 of the fountain are very well known. 
 
 As to the remarkable youth Hermaphroditus, Ovid is, 
 however, pleasantly enlightening and explains the origin 
 of his name, which is a compound of the name of his 
 father and that of his mother, both of whom he strikingly 
 resembled, facially. He was born on Mt. Ida, and his 
 parents were Hermes and Aphrodite. 
 
364 ASIA MINOR 
 
 There was a widespread belief that Herodotus was 
 born near the Spring of Salmacis, and not by the fountain 
 of Thuria, and the city of Halicarnassus might have relied 
 upon that belief for a place in men's memories ; or, upon 
 having produced the first woman Admiral, Artemesia, 
 who gained historical praise for the management of her 
 squadron in Xerxes' fleet. But its fame was further 
 assured by the city's possession of a world wonder, one 
 of the seven, the mausoleum that another Artemesia had 
 erected, in 350 B.C., as a tomb for her brother and hus- 
 band, Mausolus. 
 
 The word still lives in more than one language, but 
 most of the building was converted into lime or used for 
 making walls for other structures, and there remain only 
 a few fragments of it, which are now among the treasures 
 of the British Museum. 
 
 Unfortunately, the tomb itself, to which explorers 
 had penetrated too late one evening to permit of ex- 
 amination, was found the next morning opened and 
 despoiled by pirates; doubtless they secured a valua- 
 ble collection of vases and vestments and other pre- 
 cious material; but there could have been few or no 
 remains of the king, as Artemesia is said to have 
 mixed Mausolus' ashes in her daily drink, during the 
 two years that she survived him while gradually dying 
 of grief. 
 
 The city, built on the Ceraunian Gulf, was the most 
 strongly fortified place in Caria ; and its strongest fortress, 
 which, alone, Alexander was unable to reduce, took its 
 name from the Spring that flowed, as it does to-day, near 
 the temple of Aphrodite, at the foot of a rock that was 
 crowned by the fortress. 
 
 Strabo; XIV. 2. § 1 6. 
 Ovid; Meta. IV. Fable s- 
 

 h ' - • '3% 
 
CARIA 365 
 
 265 
 Byblis 
 
 The fountain of Byblis was possibly not in Caria, 
 although she herself was of that district. The story of her 
 love is one of the saddest instances of perverted affection ; 
 she was the daughter of Miletus, the founder of the 
 celebrated city of that name, and she fell riotously in 
 love with Caunus. 
 
 After waiting a long while, in vain, for some overture 
 on the part of the object of her misplaced affections, she 
 proposed to him herself, in a lengthy and painfully com- 
 posed letter, which he threw aside as soon as received; 
 she, however, persisted in her efforts, saying to herself, 
 "He was not born of a tigress, nor does he carry in 
 his breast hard flints, or solid iron, or adamant; nor 
 yet did he suck the milk of a lioness — he will yet 
 be won." 
 
 Her persistence, however, far from awakening any 
 return, at last drove Caunus from the country. 
 
 Then Byblis, becoming frantic, wandered wailing over 
 the wild fields in search of him. 
 
 "At length she falls down, and laying her tresses upon 
 the hard ground, she presses the damp leaves with her 
 face, tearing the herbs with her fingers, and watering the 
 grass with the stream of her tears. 
 
 "They say that the Naiads placed a channel beneath 
 these tears that could never become dry, and immediately, 
 as drops from the cut bark of the peach tree, or as the 
 viscid bitumen distills from the impregnated earth, or as 
 water, that has frozen, at the approach of gently blowing 
 Favonius, the Zephyr of Spring, melts away in the sun, 
 so is Byblis the descendant of Phoebus, dissolving in her 
 tears, changed into a fountain which even now in those 
 
366 ASIA MINOR 
 
 valleys bears the name of its mistress and flows beneath 
 a gloomy oak." 
 
 Pausanias, critical again, as he was with the legend of 
 Narcissus, says that, as Byblis often went to weep by a 
 fountain which was outside of the town, those who related 
 the adventure magnified it by stating she was changed 
 into the fountain which after her death bore her name. 
 It may be noted, as a possible case of heredity^ that the 
 nymph Cyane (the name borne by Byblis' mother) who 
 dissolved into a fountain in Sicily, may be supposed from 
 Homer's statement to have come from Caria. 
 
 The end of Byblis was the subject of one of Aristides' 
 paintings called "The Anapauomene." 
 
 Owing to the distracted girl's wild wanderings in search 
 of her twin brother, there is small chance of locating the 
 indefinite valley in which the fountain of Byblis was 
 formed. 
 
 Ovid; Meta. IX. Fable s. 
 
 266 
 Spring of the Branchid^ 
 
 The Branchidae were a body of priests in charge of the 
 oracle of the temple of Didyma, which stood on a rocky 
 elevation above the harbor of Panormus, 2}/^ miles from 
 the sea, and about 22 miles from the city of Miletus. 
 
 The oracle was established in very ancient times by 
 Branchus, whose great beauty as a youth attracted the 
 attention of Apollo who gave him prophetic power, and 
 made him a man of brief, terse speech. 
 
 The sacred Spring of the temple rose on the forest-cov- 
 ered mountain of Mycale above the city of Priene where 
 Bias, one of the Seven Wise Men of Greece, was born. 
 
CARIA 367 
 
 It is thus seen that this wonderful Spring rose some 
 thirty miles from the seat of the oracle; but it imme- 
 diately dove into the earth again, and crossed under the 
 river Maeander, and under a bay of the sea, and came up 
 by the temple to perform its religious offices. And this 
 was not the only journey that the Spring is said to have 
 performed. 
 
 The temple was a magnificent structure of white and 
 bluish marble, with 112 columns 63 feet high and 6}/2 feet 
 in diameter. The approach to the building was called 
 The Sacred Way, and was bordered on each side with a 
 long row of figures, sitting with feet close together and 
 hands on knees, done in the Egyptian manner and 
 carved, each one and its chair, out of a single stone. 
 
 The oracle was the fourth in importance in all the 
 Grecian territory, and was among a niunber that Croesus 
 put to a test before deciding which one he would ask what 
 would be the outcome of a campaign against the Persians 
 under Cyrus. Through messengers, he asked each one of 
 the oracles under test what he was doing at that moment, 
 and the oracles of Delphi and Amphiaraus gave the 
 correct reply. The Delphic oracle's answer was given in 
 verse, and, as the messenger uttered the last word of his 
 question, the priestess without a pause replied; — "I 
 understand the dumb, and hear him that does not speak; 
 the savor of the hard-shelled tortoise boiled in brass with 
 the flesh of lamb strikes on my senses; brass is laid be- 
 neath it, and brass is put over it." As Croesus was cook- 
 ing a tortoise and lamb in a cauldron of brass with a 
 brazen lid, he was convinced of the power of these two 
 oracles to read the future, and, having put the question 
 about the campaign, he was told that if he marched 
 against the Persians he would overthrow a great empire. 
 
 Thereupon he went to war — and his own kingdom was 
 
368 ASIA MINOR 
 
 overthrown; but that, as the oracles afterwards declared, 
 was the empire they meant. 
 
 It has been claimed that there was something uncanny 
 in this test case; but, whether or not it was Eurybatus, 
 the Privy Councillor of Croesus, who divulged the king's 
 war plans to Cyrus, the story carries the moral that a 
 seer's knowledge of the future cannot be fathomed with 
 a line that, like Croesus', does not reach beyond the 
 present. 
 
 Xerxes, more successful than in his attempt on the 
 temple at Delphi, burned the Branchidae's building and 
 secured all of its treasures, receiving them, according to 
 some of his supporters, as presents from the generous 
 priests, who immediately decamped with the commander 
 and were settled by him at Sogdiana, where Alexander, 
 some 150 years later, slew all their descendants in 
 abhorrence. 
 
 Perhaps the priests did not go empty handed to Sog- 
 diana, which became Afghanistan with the capital city 
 at Bokara, whose Ameer was called the richest man in 
 the world before the collapse of the Russian empire. 
 
 It was at this time, when Xerxes was packing up his 
 presents, or his plunder, that the Spring made another 
 journey and disappeared from its basin by the temple. 
 
 Later, the town of Miletus rebuilt the burned temple 
 on a very magnificent scale, and conducted the seer's 
 department as a municipal enterprise under the name of 
 the oracle of Apollo Didymaeus, which was also author- 
 ized to act as a mint and issue money. 
 
 Alexander paid a visit to the oracle under its new 
 management, and the absent Spring reappeared on that 
 occasion and resumed its former functions. 
 
 This oracle, like all others, suffered great loss of patron- 
 age when heathenism was undermined by skepticism, 
 
CARIA 369 
 
 about the beginning of the Christian Era; but it after- 
 wards shared in the revival of oracle-consultation that 
 occurred during the third and fourth centuries a.d. 
 After the death of Julian, however, it began to go to 
 decay, and today but two of its temple's columns stand 
 to testify to the accuracy of those who described it and 
 its Spring in the time of its prime. 
 
 Strabo;XVII. i. 543. 
 
 267 
 
 Achillean Fountain 
 
 The Achillean fountain was in Miletus, and it was con- 
 sidered notable because, while its water was sweet, the 
 sediment that it deposited was brackish ; notwithstanding 
 which the Milesians regarded it with great consideration 
 as Achilles had bathed in it to purify himself, when he 
 discovered that Trambelus, a king of the Leleges whom 
 he had slain, was a relative of his friend Telamon. 
 
 The city of Miletus has been announced by some 
 explorers as represented by ruins found at Myus; but 
 others assume it to have been where a pestilential swamp 
 of mud and water, formed by the river Mseander, has 
 destroyed all traces of the city and its fountain. 
 
 AthenjEUs; II. ip. 
 
 268 
 
 Mylasa 
 
 The Salt Spring of Mylasa was regarded as a more 
 remarkable fountain than that in the Erechtheium at 
 Athens, because it was four times as far from the sea, the 
 ocean being eighty stadia distant. 
 
370 ASIA MINOR 
 
 Like the salty Spring at Athens, it was also in a 
 temple, that of the god the Carians called in their 
 dialect Osogo. 
 
 The information given about Osogo, in connection 
 with this Spring, suggests that a number of the three 
 hundred Jupiters, who were reckoned to have been 
 mentioned by ancient writers, may be accounted for by 
 the Grecian practice of prefixing Zeus to the name of the 
 principal deity of all peoples with whose divinities they 
 became acquainted; for the Carians claimed to be ab- 
 originals, with national gods, and they are distinctly 
 stated, in a very ancient instance of the ceremony of 
 drumming out of camp, to have gathered together, men, 
 women and children, and with loud noises to have driven 
 out of the country all gods but their own national deities. 
 When, therefore, writers designated this aboriginal god 
 of the Carians as Zeus Osogo, it is clear that it was only 
 an intimation to Greek readers that he was the principal 
 Carian god, and not an assertion that the Carians called 
 him Zeus. 
 
 The temple, over which the Spring was built, was the 
 most magnificent of the white marble shrines of the city, 
 of which it possessed so many that the wit Stratonicus, 
 having remarked that there seemed to be more of them 
 than there were citizens, began a public address with 
 the words, "Hear me, O ye Temples!" 
 
 Moore was indebted to another wit, Hybreas, one of 
 the citizens, who, like King Oxylus, was a muleteer but 
 became the greatest orator of his time, and the fore- 
 most citizen of Mylasa, and who in a speech about 
 Euthymus, the city's tyrant, said that he was a neces- 
 sary evil, for the state could live neither with him nor 
 without him. 
 
 The temple over the Spring may have been demolished 
 
CARIA 371 
 
 by time, or by the Turks, who destroyed ancient edifices 
 to obtain material for constructing their mosques, for it 
 has not been identified among the ruins over which is 
 built the modern town of Melosso. 
 
 Pausanias; VIII. 10. 
 AthenajuK; VIIT. 41. 
 Strabo;XIV. i. 5 24. 
 
LYCIA 
 
 269 
 
 Mela 
 
 The legend of the Spring of Mela has a two-fold in- 
 terest, first, as giving another illustration of the shortness 
 of Latona's temper, which, as seen in the incident of 
 Diana's metamorphosing Actaeon, was transmitted to 
 her daughter; and next, in showing the origin of those 
 natural attendants and zealous guardians of all good 
 Springs, the little frogs. 
 
 The garrulity of guides, even back to time immemorial, 
 is also pleasingly indicated by attributing the best 
 account of the Spring's origin to a Lycian guide who, as 
 he was conducting a traveler through that country in 
 Asia Minor, stopped at this Spring, and, by much mys- 
 tery and whispered muttering, secured an extra gratuity 
 to tell the legend. 
 
 Latona, fleeing from the wrath of Juno, with her babies, 
 Apollo and Diana, came to the Spring of fine water called 
 Mela, which was in the bottom of a valley, among bushy 
 osiers and bulrushes and the sedges, natural to fenny 
 spots, that some countrymen under the direction of 
 Neocles, a shepherd, were gathering. 
 
 When Latona stooped to take up some of the cool 
 water for the twins, the surly rustics forbade her using it : 
 she explained that she had no intention of bathing in it, 
 and wished only to assuage the thirst of herself and the 
 infants. The miserable country bumpkins, however, per- 
 
 372 
 
LYCIA 373 
 
 sisted in not letting her taste the water; moreover, they 
 added threats and abusive language, and even went 
 further, riling the water with their feet and hands, and 
 stirring up the soft mud of the bottom by spitefully 
 jumping to and fro. 
 
 The resentment of the goddess was so great that she 
 forgot her thirst, and, raising her hands to heaven, she 
 cried out, "For ever may you live in that Spring." 
 
 At once; "the backs of these wretches united with 
 their heads; their necks seemed as if cut off, their back- 
 bones became green; their bellies, the greatest part of 
 their bodies, became white, and, as new-made frogs, they 
 leaped about in the muddy water and seemed to say, 
 'Sub aqua, sub aqua,'" as their descendants have con- 
 tinued to do, even down to the latest times, and, irre- 
 spective of the language of the country whose Springs they 
 may be frequenting. 
 
 It is not possible to place this Spring concisely, but it 
 may have been in the grove of Latona, seven and a half 
 miles from Calynda on the present Gulf of Makri; the 
 Spring connected with the birth of the twins has, however, 
 been readily located in the island of Delos. 
 
 Ovid; Meta. VI. Fable 3. 
 
 270 
 DiNUS 
 
 The Spring of Dinus was a fountain of naturally sweet 
 water that, at the proper time, changed suddenly to sea- 
 saltiness. 
 
 The vSpring was in Lycia near the sea where there was a 
 sacred grove and an oracle of Apollo, of which the foun- 
 tain was a necessary feature. 
 18 
 
374 ASIA MINOR 
 
 The oracle was consulted in an unusual and unique 
 manner. Inquirers were obliged to have two wooden 
 spits, each containing ten pieces of roast meat, which 
 they threw into the Spring. The priests then sat around 
 in solemn silence, and the inquirer looked on to see what 
 would happen; and if he was unacquainted with the 
 character of the proceedings he was usually considerably 
 terrified; for the water would suddenly become salt; and 
 then an incredible number of fish of all sorts would surge 
 up in the fountain, some of them of such vast size, and 
 so near at hand, as to frighten even stout-hearted ob- 
 servers. 
 
 From this churning chaos of fish, in some way that 
 was probably known to the priests alone, conclusions were 
 drawn and answers were given to the inquirer in regard 
 to the matter concerning which he sought information. 
 
 AthenaeusjVIII. 8. 
 
 271 
 LiMYRA 
 
 The fountain of Limyra was a traveling Spring that not 
 infrequently made its way through neighboring localities ; 
 and it was remarked as a singular matter that the fish 
 that lived in the Spring always accompanied the waters 
 in their migrations. 
 
 Those fish were highly venerated in the district through 
 which they attended the moving Spring, and were con- 
 sulted as oracles by the inhabitants, who offered them 
 food and then drew their own conclusions according to 
 the actions of the finny prophets. 
 
 If the fish seized the food with avidity, that was con- 
 sidered tantamount to a propitious answer; but if they 
 
LYCIA 375 
 
 rejected it and flipped it away with their tails, then the 
 reply was assumed to be unfavorable. 
 
 The ruins of Limyra are found above Cape Fineka. 
 
 Pliny; XXXI. i8. 
 
 272 
 
 Myra 
 
 At Myra the fish in the fountain of Apollo known as 
 Surium, appeared and gave oracular presages when 
 summoned three times by the sound of a flute. 
 
 The presages were determined exactly as they were 
 in the case of the future-reading fish of the fountain of 
 Limyra. 
 
 Myra, which was the capital of Lycia, was on the River 
 Andracus, and was visited by the Apostle Paul, when 
 being taken as a prisoner to Rome, as related in the 27th 
 chapter of The Acts. 
 
 It continues as a town under its old name and the ruins 
 of its antiquity are among the handsomest in the country. 
 
 Pliny; XXXII. 8. 
 
 273 
 
 Cyane^ 
 
 The Well of Cyanese was the most important part of 
 the oracle of Apollo Thyrxis in Lycia. There was such 
 truth in its water that it showed anyone looking into it 
 whatever he wanted to know. 
 
 It was said to be similar to the Well of Patrse in Achaia; 
 but the latter Well, although the process of consulting it 
 was very elaborate, seems to have been able to do no 
 more than tell whether a sick person would succumb or 
 
376 ASIA MINOR 
 
 would recover — probably by showing the reflection either 
 of a corpse or a person in good health. 
 
 Cyanese is supposed to be one of the three sites that 
 have been discovered near the port of Tristomo. 
 
 Pausanias; VII. 21. 
 
 274 
 
 Plane Tree Fountain 
 
 In close proximity to a Lycian fountain of most re- 
 freshing coolness, there was a famous plane tree that 
 presented the foliage of a grove, and whose branches 
 equaled ordinary trees in size. 
 
 There was a cavity in the tree wherein was placed a 
 circle of stone seats covered with moss, and the consul 
 Lucinius Mucianus gave a banquet in the tree to eighteen 
 persons who were so greatly pleased with the entertain- 
 ment that a raging rain failed to interfere with their 
 enjoyment. 
 
 Pliny; XII. 5- 
 
CILICIA 
 
 275 
 
 PiKRON HyDOR 
 
 Twenty stadia to the northward of the promontory 
 Corycus, there was what was called the Corycian Cave. It 
 was in reality a large valley of a circular form, complete- 
 ly surrounded by a ridge of rock of considerable height. 
 
 The bottom was irregular in form and was rocky, but 
 interspersed with spots that produced saffron. 
 
 The valley contained a cave in which rose the Pikron 
 Hydor, a Spring of pure and translucent water which 
 immediately buried itself in the ground, and continued 
 a subterranean course until it discharged into the sea. 
 
 The saffron that gi^w in the neighborhood of this 
 Spring was more highly esteemed than that produced 
 anywhere else, and it was used in large quantities for 
 perfuming the Roman theaters. For that use the flowers 
 were reduced to powder and incorporated with water 
 which was then sprayed into the auditorium through a 
 gigantic overhead atomizer that was formed of many 
 pipes of the tiniest diameter. 
 
 This Spring was in the home of, and nourished one of 
 the monsters of antiquity that stalks through the modern 
 world and still retains the traits anciently ascribed to it ; 
 its various voices, ranging from the roar of a bull to the 
 hiss of a serpent; its exceeding swiftness; its fondness for 
 tossing the ocean about and scattering ships, and for 
 raising great clouds of dust on land — all of these traits 
 
 377 
 
378 ASIA MINOR 
 
 are as familiar to moderns as is its name, Typhon, some- 
 times spelled Typhoon or even Hurricane. 
 
 In this monster's early life it was the father of a number 
 of other monsters ; of the dogs Cerberus and Orthus, the 
 Hydra, the Chimaera, and of the Sphinx; as also of the 
 bad, but not of the good winds. 
 
 The meaning of the Spring's name, Pikron Hydor, was 
 Bitter Water; and in the promontory's name can be seen 
 the garden name of the saffron flower, the crocus. 
 
 The Cape is now called Korghoz, but the home of the 
 Spring behind the rocky ridge some two miles inland has 
 not yet been examined. 
 
 Strabo;XIV. s- 8 5- 
 
 Hesiod; Theogony; line 845-907. 
 
 276 
 
 Pyramus 
 
 The Pyramus River had its source in the middle of the 
 plain of Cilicia near the town of Arabissus. After falling 
 into a large underground channel, it sprang out of the 
 earth again with such force that an arrow could scarcely 
 be pushed into the water. 
 
 It flowed through a narrow chasm that a hare could 
 leap across, a mere split in the rock, the projections of 
 one side coinciding exactly with the hollows on the other, 
 through which the powerful stream rushed with roarings 
 that resembled the reverberations of thunder. 
 
 According to an oracle, the matter the river forced 
 into the sea would one day connect the mainland with the 
 island of Cyprus. 
 
 The river, once named the Leucosyrus, is now called 
 Seihun, and Jechun. 
 
 Strabo; XII. 2. J 4. 
 
CILICIA 379 
 
 277 
 Cydnus 
 
 The sources of the Cydnus were near the town of Tar- 
 sus on the southern side of the Taurus range of moun- 
 tains; the river flowed through the center of the city 
 while its waters were still spring-cold, and on that account 
 they were recommended for use in the treatment of vari- 
 ous ailments of men and animals — gout, and swellings of 
 the sinews, among others. Nevertheless, the river made 
 Alexander the Great violently ill after bathing in it when 
 he was overheated, and the resulting fever detained him 
 in the town for several weeks. 
 
 The cause of the coldness of the water was the snow 
 that formed the river's sources. 
 
 Tarsus was the capital of Cilicia and was said to have 
 been founded by Triptolemus while he was searching for 
 lo. It was the birthplace of St. Paul, and was of such 
 note as a center of learning that its philosophers were 
 held to surpass those of even Athens and Alexandria, 
 from which circumstance may have arisen the belief that 
 the intellect was sharpened by the waters of the Cydnus, 
 if that was the river referred to under the name of Nus. 
 
 The stream near its mouth formerly expanded into a 
 lake, but this was gradually filled with sediment and 
 eventually became, as it is now, a plain. 
 
 It was the Cydnus that Cleopatra selected to bear the 
 gorgeous pageant in which she presented herself to An- 
 tony unarrayed, to represent Aphrodite. 
 
 The stream, which was often spoken of as The River of 
 Tarsus, is now called the Tersoos Tchy. 
 
 Strabo: XIV. 5- 10. 
 
COLCHIS 
 
 278 
 The Fountains of Heph^stus 
 
 The Argonauts, having defeated Amycus at his Spring, 
 appropriated a quantity of booty and resumed their 
 voyage, to Colchis, during which they inade a landing to 
 relieve Phineus from the persecutions of the "hounds of 
 Zeus, " as the Harpies were called. 
 
 They sailed past the land of the Tibareni whose pecu- 
 liar custom might have been traced to Edmond About 
 if his "Gas de M. Guerin" had been written some three 
 thousand and odd years earlier. 
 
 Further on, at the Isle of Ares, they were assailed by 
 the birds that Hercules drove from the Stymphalian 
 Marsh, and they put them to flight by the same nois}' 
 means that hero employed, although not before the birds, 
 that had become able to flip their sharp-pointed feathers 
 from their wings with the accuracy of arrows, had rained 
 on the crew a shower of shafts that wounded one of their 
 number. 
 
 Passing the Caucasus Mountains, they heard the 
 agonized screams of Prometheus, chained to the rock for 
 having shown man how to make fire; and actually saw 
 with their own eyes the savage eagle engaged in eating 
 out his liver while the Argo rocked under the thrusts of 
 its powerful wings as it poised itself at the feast. 
 
 This marrow-freezing sight was within a day's row of 
 their destination, Colchis, which they reached that night. 
 
 380 
 
COLCHIS 381 
 
 The next day Jason called on ^etes to prefer his re- 
 quest for the Golden Fleece, which he secured after 
 performing some miraculous feats by means of the en- 
 chantments of Petes' daughter Medea, who had fallen 
 in love with the young man at first sight. 
 
 It was at that visit that Jason saw for the first time the 
 fountains of Hephasstus, the fatherless son that Hera 
 produced several thousand years before the Christian Era, 
 when she was in a pique with Zeus for producing his 
 motherless daughter Athena. 
 
 The fountains were the most wonderful of a number 
 of gifts that HephcEstus had fashioned or produced for 
 ^etes, in gratitude for a kindness once done him by the 
 latter's father. Besides decorations for his house and 
 grounds, there were such marvelous specimens of live 
 stock as bulls with brazen feet, and brazen mouths 
 from which they blew fearful blasts of fire ; and there was 
 a plow fashioned from a single diamond or piece of 
 adamant, with which Jason had to furrow a field after 
 subduing the bulls and harnessing them to that agricul- 
 tural gem. 
 
 One sees intuitively the natural suggestion that created 
 these fire-breathing bulls and their protective metal 
 hoofs ; for in this country of .^Eetes whose physical features 
 have undergone little change, and whose River Phasis is 
 still the River Faz, an observer, looking for the first time 
 at a Georgian landscape, and seeing a plowing ox pass 
 between his eye and one of the burning fountains of 
 naphtha that still abound in the country to the Caspian 
 Sea, would instinctively fancy that the flame came from 
 the ox's mouth, and that brazen hoofs were better 
 adapted than horn ones for plowing in such fiery fields. 
 
 The fountains were four eternal Springs that occupied 
 the place of the usual jet and basin set in the atriiun of 
 
382 ASIA MINOR 
 
 ancient mansions. They were bowered with blossoming 
 vines and tender green foliage, aijd would seem to have 
 originated in Calanus' metaphorical fountains of India. 
 One of them gushed with milk; from another flowed 
 wine ; and the third vied with the surrounding blossoms 
 in making the air fragrant with the scented unguents 
 that bubbled in its basin. The fourth spouted from a 
 hollow rock in a constant stream of water that alternated 
 twice a day in temperature, being tepid when the Pleiades 
 set, and gelid when that starry cluster rose again. 
 
 ApoUonius Rhodius III. line 222. 
 Apollonius Rhodius II. line 1034. 
 Pausanias; VIII. 18. 
 
GREEK ISLANDS 
 
 ITHACA 
 
 279 
 Arethusa 
 
 The fountain of Arethusa is first mentioned by Homer 
 on the occasion of Ulysses' return to his own island of 
 Ithaca, which he does not recognize after his twenty 
 years' absence. 
 
 A youthful swain, with a javelin and wearing painted 
 sandals, who then opportunely appears, being asked 
 what island it is, gives its name and requests to know 
 something about the inquiring stranger. In reply, 
 Ulysses with his usual readiness elaborates an entirely 
 fictitious story that so charms the guileful swain that he 
 at once appears in propria persona as the goddess Pallas 
 in all the brightness of her divinity, and she instructs 
 Ulysses in the course that he is to pursue to rid the earth 
 of his wife's unwelcome suitors — the greedy horde that 
 has, for years, been living in his palace and dissipating 
 his possessions. 
 
 To prevent any intimation of the coming vengeance 
 before the plan is ripe, the goddess spreads a barjc of 
 wrinkles over his face, turns his red hair to white, changes 
 his clothing into a dirty and disreputable deerskin, and, 
 having metamorphosed him into an aged and unsightly 
 beggar that even Penelope would never recognize, she 
 
 383 
 
384 GREEK ISLANDS 
 
 tells him to go to his master of the herds, Eumasus, and 
 adds ; — • 
 
 "At the Coracian rock he now resides, 
 Where Arethusa's sable water glides; 
 The sable water and the copious mast 
 Swell the fat herd; luxuriant, large repast! 
 With him rest peaceful in the rural cell. 
 And all you ask his faithful tongue shall tell." 
 
 This, as before said, is the first existing mention of a 
 fountain of Arethusa. The Spring is less than fifty miles 
 from the mouth of the River Alpheus, as against nearly 
 three hundred from the river to the island of Sicily, and 
 anyone who wishes to is at liberty to believe that the 
 nymph Arethusa, after being chased over a large part of 
 Greece, was still fresh enough to run an additional three 
 hundred miles under the sea to Sicily in preference to 
 taking the short cut to Ithaca ; and to contend that the 
 Sicilians have not been deceiving the classical world for a 
 couple of thousand years. 
 
 This fountain, as if seeking escape from a hasty pursuer, 
 still gushes out forcefully at the base of a cliff that 
 faces the sea on the southeast end of Ithaca, which 
 is west of the coast of Acarnania on the mainland of 
 Greece. 
 
 The cliff is still called Korax, Homer's Coracian rock; 
 and the foundations of the so-called Castle of Ulysses 
 whose walls rang daily with the riotous revels of the selfish 
 suitors, are still traceable, though naturally nothing 
 remains to mark the site of the humble herder's rustic 
 dwelling that stood near Arethusa's sable water. (See 
 No. 410). 
 
 Odyssey; XIII. 470, 447 and 496. 
 
ITHACA 385 
 
 280 
 Penelope's Spring 
 
 In the temple at Ephesus there was a work, by the 
 statuary Thraso, called Penelope's Spring. It included a 
 figure of Eurycleia, the nurse of Ulysses, and may have 
 commemorated the fountain with whose water she was 
 enabled to penetrate the disguise of a beggar's rags and 
 dust that he adopted to conceal his identity, on his return 
 to Ithaca after the Trojan campaign. 
 
 Homer mentions the Spring as one of the purest, and 
 it may have been one of Penelope's favorites to which 
 she sent the nurse for water for bathing her disguised 
 husband. 
 
 Having placed the stranger in a seat by the crackling 
 fire, Eurycleia tempered the cold Spring water in a bath- 
 ing basin and began her work with the king's grimy feet 
 and legs, on one of which she soon uncovered a scar below 
 the royal knee which marked the wound made by the 
 tusk of a boar, in a boyhood hunt on Mt. Parnassus. 
 
 The loving old nurse, in the excitement of recognizing 
 the narrow white scar revealed by the water and lit up 
 by the firelight, upset the basin and flooded the palace 
 floor, and in another instant would have shouted aloud 
 in her joy at the discovery had not the wily king clapped 
 a royal hand over the opening lips, and whispered a 
 caution not to reveal his identity and frighten away the 
 suitors before he could carry out his plans to dispatch 
 them for their persecutions of Penelope. 
 
 To finish her pleasant task, Eurycleia had to go again 
 to the Spring, and her mood as expressed in her features 
 while she drew the second supply was well calculated to 
 add interest to a representation of an old woman at a 
 fountain. 
 
386 GREEK ISLANDS 
 
 Among Homer's Springs, mention is made of other 
 fountains in the island of Ithaca which has retained its 
 name throughout the ages. (See No. 410.) 
 
 Strabo; XIV. I. §23. 
 
 Odyssey; XIX. 403, 4S0, 544, 548, 587. 
 
 Odyssey; XXIII. s. 
 
^GINA 
 281 
 
 PSAMATHE 
 
 The fountain of Psamathe was in the territory of Ar- 
 golis. Psamathe appears to have been credited with 
 evincing more versatility than the average Greek virgin 
 of fountains, as it is affirmed by some that she also as- 
 sumed the form of a fish and that of a seal in evading 
 her lover ^acus whose perseverance, however, succeeded 
 and resulted in their becoming the parents of Phocus. 
 
 Psamathe was the sister of Lycomedes the King of 
 Cyros, and was one of the Nereides, the nymphs of the 
 Mediterranean, the fifty daughters of Nereus and Doris, 
 and she naturally inherited the power of changing that 
 was possessed by her father. The Nereides are to be 
 carefully distinguished from the Oceanides, the three 
 thousand children of Oceanus and Tethys, who were the 
 nymphs of the great ocean beyond the inland sea; as 
 well as from the even more numerous Naiades who were 
 the nymphs of fresh water Springs and Wells and brooks. 
 
 The history of Psamathe and of her connections 
 abounds with remarkable changes, and the name itself 
 seems to be associated with transformation. Later on, 
 Psamathe was the wife of Proteus whose power of 
 assuming different forms was absolutely unlimited, and 
 whose memory is perpetuated by an English adjective in 
 daily use. 
 
 Thetis, one of Psamathe's forty-nine sisters, had 
 387 
 
388 GREEK ISLANDS 
 
 changed into a bird, a tree, a tiger, and even into water, 
 before becoming the bride of Phocus' half brother Peleus 
 and the mother of the hero Achilles. Thetis and Peleus 
 were the pair who planted the seed of the Trojan war 
 that was afterwards harvested by Helen. Their wedding 
 was attended by all of the gods and goddesses save only 
 Discord who had been overlooked ; she, however, appeared 
 for an instant at the festivities and threw in the midst 
 of the throng a present, a golden apple to which was 
 attached the inscription, "For the Fairest." 
 
 There was no difference of opinion as to who were the 
 fairest three, but the narrowing down of the choice to 
 one was left to Paris whose decision gave the apple to 
 Venus; Helen to Paris; and destruction to Troy. 
 
 .^acus himself, the ruler of one of the most celebrated 
 Greek islands, .<Egina, the birthplace of silver coinage, 
 when he lost his subjects by a virulent plague, prayed 
 that the ants that swarmed in one of his trees, grown from 
 an acorn of the Talking Oak of Dodona, might be changed 
 into men to replace them, and,, being the most pious of 
 all the Greeks, his prayer was answered and the ants, 
 transformed as desired, gave .^^acus nearly half a million 
 subjects. Of those transfigured insects, the Myrmidons, 
 the ant-sprung warriors, were the troops . that accom- 
 panied .(9Jacus' grandson Achilles to the Trojan war, the 
 war in which Phocus' grandson Epeus secured with his 
 wooden horse that which Achilles with his ant-men had 
 been unable to accomplish. 
 
 In the end, .^acus became the custodian of the keys of 
 Hades. 
 
 Psamathe's powers were not confined to changing her 
 own form but were also exertible over others, and she 
 thus became the creator of what was one of the most life- 
 like statues that ever appeared in the realm of Art. 
 
^GINA 389 
 
 Peleus, with a quoit that became an historical exhibit, 
 having killed his half brother Phocus, the son of Psa- 
 mathe, she in revenge sent a monster wolf to ravage 
 Peleus' herds; and not until the wolf had nearly exter- 
 minated his live stock was she induced, by her sister 
 Thetis, to stop the carnage, which she did in an instant 
 by changing the brute in its minutest details into a marble 
 statue that could only be distinguished from the original 
 by its color. 
 
 One who is fond of following the intricacies of mental 
 problems may like to attempt to trace the cause of the 
 similarity between this and two other incidents closely 
 connected with it, by the name Psamathe in one case, 
 and by Psamathe's son Phocus in the other. Thus, some 
 years before, Cephalus told Phocus that Themis, angry 
 because the Sphinx's occupation had ceased when CEdi- 
 pus had solved its riddle, sent a pestiferous fox to take its 
 place. Thereupon Cephalus hunted the fox with his dog 
 Lselaps (Tempest) made by Vulcan, and warranted to 
 outrun any wild beast ; a guarantee that in this test was 
 not made good, as neither could gain on the other and 
 there was a tie in the running. Then, as with faltering 
 confidence Cephalus was about to put to proof another 
 guarantee by throwing a javelin warranted never to miss, 
 some god, desiring that both animals might remain un- 
 conquered, changed them in a twinkling into statues of 
 solid marble that remained upon the plain, one showing 
 the fox fleeing, and the other, the dog at his flank barking 
 in pursuit. 
 
 The other incident is that another, a second Psamathe, 
 the daughter of Crotopus, King of Argos, having aban- 
 doned her infant, of whom Apollo was the father, it was 
 killed by the sheep-dogs belonging to Crotopus. 
 
 Thereupon Apollo to avenge his progeny's death sent 
 
^90 GREEK ISLANDS 
 
 a monster called "Punishment," which took Argive 
 children away from their mothers, until one Coroebus 
 killed it. 
 
 This story also terminates in a statue, a statue of Coroe- 
 bus killing "Punishment," which was placed on Coroe- 
 bus' tomb at Megara, together with some regrettably 
 unquoted elegiac verses relating to Psamathe. 
 
 This statue Pausanias says was one of the oldest he 
 ever saw; and the very great antiquity of the fountain of 
 Psamathe may be inferred from Cephalus' contempo- 
 raneity with the Sphinx, and from the story of the Cor- 
 inthian Spring of Pirene which, in a way, owed its 
 existence to .iEgina, who gave her name to ^acus' island 
 and was the mother of its owner and the grandmother 
 of Peleus who murdered his half brother Phocus. 
 
 Unfortunately, there is no clue to the particular part 
 of Argolis in which this fountain appeared, though it is a 
 fair inference that it was in what was at one time the 
 Argolian island ^gina, for it will be observed that each 
 and all of the three Psamathes lived in the vicinity of the 
 Saronic Gulf. That Gulf was so called because it was 
 encircled with oaks, but the fame that .^Egina now enjoys 
 is due to her almond trees, whose fruit is the best of the 
 kind produced in Greece. 
 
 The Gulf today is called after the island which has 
 made no change in its name except that of dropping its 
 old initial letter. 
 
 In the history of the Spring of Eridanus in Attica it is 
 seen that, on another occasion, the unerring javelin was 
 launched by Cephalus with tragic consequences that over- 
 whelmed him with misery. 
 
 Pliny; IV. 9- 
 
 Ovid ; Meta. XI. Fables s and 6. VII. Fable 6. 
 
 Pausanias; II. 29. 
 
EUBCEA 
 282 
 
 EUBCEA 
 
 The island of Euboea bears about the same relation to 
 the mainland of Greece at the west of it, that Long Island 
 does to its own mainland on the north; and the two 
 islands are similar in size, as the Grecian one, though but 
 105 miles long, is in some places 30 miles across. 
 
 It is the largest island in the .^Egean Sea, to which one 
 of its towns, JEgee, gave the name. It was where brass was 
 first discovered. One of its rivers turned sheep black, and 
 another one made them white, from which it might be 
 inferred that sheep were originally of some other color. 
 
 The royal residence of Poseidon was in the deep part 
 of the sea near JEgse, and connected with it were the 
 apartments containing his precious horses, with golden 
 manes and brazen hoofs, which received the personal 
 attention of himself or his wife Amphitrite. 
 
 Euboea was supposed to have been separated from the 
 mainland by an earthquake, but neither memory nor 
 mythology ever went back to the time when it was not an 
 island. It was one in Deucalion's day when he and his 
 wife Pyrrha lived in Cynus on the opposite continental 
 shore; and so it was, ages before, when Zeus loved lo 
 and gave her the form of a white cow to conceal from his 
 wife, Hera, the real object of his affections. Then wily 
 Hera, concealing her hate for lo with pretended fondness 
 for the heifer, secured it as a gift and had it tied to an 
 
 391 
 
392 GREEK ISLANDS 
 
 olive tree at Mycenas, appointing, as cowherd, Argus, 
 with whose hundred eyes she beautified the tail of her 
 favorite bird the peacock, when Zeus had Argus slain and 
 released lo, whom Hera then persecuted more actively, 
 goading the poor creature to constant flight from one 
 country to another with a tireless, stinging gadfly, until 
 finally, swimming through, and thence naming, the 
 Ionian Sea, she reached the shore of the island and sought 
 shelter in a cave which, from that circumstance, was 
 called Eu Bous, the Cow's Stall — a designation after- 
 wards applied to a city, and then to the whole island; and 
 an incident always recalled by the cow's head stamped on 
 the island's coinage. 
 
 Superstitious people might perhaps see in this a pre- 
 monitory sign, for Euboea afterwards became a far-famed 
 place of resort for sufferers, because they found potent 
 remedies for pains and disorders in some of its Springs. 
 
 Among these was the Spring of .ffidepsus. 
 
 Strabo;X. i. 5 3- 
 
 283 
 
 Spring of ^depsus 
 
 This Spring was near the town of .lEdepsus in the north- 
 west part of the island. 
 
 It was a cold Spring whose waters were taken inter- 
 nally and were freely at the disposal of anyone who 
 needed their benefits — that is, they were free until about 
 300 B.C. when a predatory representative of Antigonus, 
 seeing an opportunity in the great numbers of health- 
 seekers, or, as it is quaintly expressed, wishing to be 
 economical in respect of the water, placed a tax on each 
 draught— an impost that the charitable Spring promptly 
 resented by drying up. 
 
EUBCEA 393 
 
 A similar instance occurred in Troas when Lysimachus 
 attempted to derive a revenue from users of the water of 
 the Tragassean Lake, which Lake, however, reappeared 
 as soon as it was announced that the tax would be dis- 
 continued. 
 
 Atheneeus; III. 4. 
 
 284 
 
 Hercules' Springs 
 
 These were hot Springs by the seashore near .<Edepsus, 
 and such as sought their benefits used the waters for 
 bathing. 
 
 They had a greater vogue than the cold Spring, per- 
 haps because the patrons of the latter, after its disappear- 
 ance increased the clientele of the baths. 
 
 These Springs, too, suddenly went dry, not in protest 
 against any impositions, but because of an earthquake. 
 After being dry for three days, they reappeared in new 
 places, and they still exist today near the town of Lipso 
 which has taken the place of .(Edepsus. 
 
 Their sulphurous waters, ranging from 90° to 180° in 
 temperature, are still so popular that their ntunerous 
 patients support three modern hotels. 
 
 Pliny apparently refers to these Springs as "the warm 
 Springs known as Ellopiae, " that being an ancient name 
 for Eubcea. 
 
 Pliny; IV. 21. 
 
 285 
 
 Arethusa 
 
 The Spring of Arethusa was near what was, ages ago, 
 as it is still, the principal town of Euboea — Chalcis 
 
394 GREEK ISLANDS 
 
 "which feedeth the far-famed waters of Arethusa by the 
 sea," as Euripides praisingly described it. And it is 
 doubly remarkable that he made another Arethusa 
 immortal by burial in a town of that name in Macedonia; 
 and that the town was founded by people from Chalcis 
 who named it after their own home fountain. 
 
 A better known settlement by the Chalcidians was 
 Cumae, the mother of Naples, which, made by Megas- 
 thenes in 1050 B.C., was probably the second colony that 
 went from Greece, if CEnotrus' migration to Magna Grae- 
 cia was the first. 
 
 Arethusa heard the last words of Aristotle, who died in 
 Chalcis in August B.C., 322, owing, it is said, to the effect 
 of worry over being unable to account for the fourteen 
 mysterious changes of the tide that occurred daily in the 
 Euripus — the narrow strait before the city where it con- 
 tracted to a channel only forty yards in width and was 
 spanned by a two-piece bridge connecting it with the 
 mainland. 
 
 Chalcidians originated The Hague Conference idea of 
 regulating the conduct of war, and were the first to make 
 agreements with others restricting the use of the long- 
 range projectiles of those days — weapons that like 
 javelins and spears were thrown at enemies. 
 
 The fountain was remarkable for the volume of its 
 waters which supplied the whole city; and it contained 
 numbers of various kinds of fish so tame that they fed 
 from the hand; among them were eels, gaily decorated 
 with earrings of silver and gold, that crowded about the 
 margin of the Spring to receive fresh cheese and portions 
 of sacrifices that the devout brought to them from the 
 temples. 
 
 After an ancient earthquake the fountain was for a 
 time obstructed, but it forced for itself a new opening 
 
EUBCEA 395 
 
 and was still one of the attractions of the city in the 
 Hid century a.d., when its tame fish and earringed eels 
 were described. 
 
 Leake was unable to find Arethusa in the 1830's, and 
 it was supposed to have been drained by chasms opened 
 during convulsions of a comparatively late date; but a 
 modern guide book's description of the new iron bridge 
 over the Euripus, with a railway station at the end of it, 
 and the Chalcis hotels with electric lights and private 
 baths, is supplemented with a notice of a Spring, a mile 
 south of the city on the road to the seacoast, which it 
 introduces as the original, ancient Arethusa. 
 
 Strabo; I. 3. § 16. 
 Athenaeus; VIII. 3. 
 
 286 
 
 Lelantum 
 
 In the plain of Lelantum there were curative hot 
 Springs that were used by the Roman general Cornelius 
 Sulla. 
 
 The chief of these was one called the Eretrian Fountain 
 and its waters were apparently used for bathing, as 
 Erasistratus cited them as an instance of the absurdity of 
 judging waters by their weight, saying that, while the 
 waters of the Eretrian Fountain were bad, there was ab- 
 solutely no difference between their weight and the 
 weight of the good waters of the fountain of Amphiaraus, 
 which was near Oropus on the opposite coast. 
 
 There were several versions of the origin of the name of 
 the Curetes who once lived in the neighborhood of these 
 Springs, and one of the versions was intimately connected 
 with the Springs, it being to the effect that the control of 
 the plain and the Springs was a constant source of con- 
 
396 GREEK ISLANDS 
 
 tention between the Curetes and their neighbors, the 
 latter being in the habit of seizing the Curetes by the 
 forelock and dragging them about until they were ex- 
 hausted and lamed with bruises. 
 
 To minimize their injuries, the victims cut off their 
 front hair; but apparently their plan proved to be only a 
 temporary respite from their persecutions, for they finally 
 moved away from Euboea and went to j^tolia where they 
 settled on the eastern side of the Achelous River. It being 
 desirable to distinguish them from the people on the 
 opposite bank of the stream, they were called the Curetes, 
 the Shorn; and the othersiders were named the Unshorn, 
 the Acarnanians; whence the country of the latter be- 
 came Acarnania, a name that the district might never 
 have borne had it not been for the strife-breeding Hot 
 Springs of Lelantum. 
 
 The city of Eretria was on the coast and at the south- 
 west end of the plain, in the vicinity of the place now 
 called Vathy. 
 
 StrabojX.i. §9. 
 AthenEEUsjII. 25. 
 
TENEDOS 
 
 287 
 Tenedos 
 
 In the island of Tenedos there was a Spring that, after 
 the summer solstice, was full of water from the third 
 hour of the night to the sixth, which was approximately 
 between 9 and 12 p.m., as the Romans for six hundred 
 years, from about 150 B.C., divided the time between sun- 
 rise and sunset into twelve hours — the hours being longer 
 in summer, and shorter in winter, ranging between 75 
 and 45 minutes. Similarly they divided the night into 
 twelve hours, which therefore varied in length as did the 
 daylight hours. Their First Hour in stimmer corre- 
 sponded to 4.30 A.M. modern clock-time; and the same 
 hour in winter, to 7.30. This made no more difference in 
 the lives of the Romans than the change of hours in the 
 modern Daylight Saving plan, but it necessitates a cal- 
 culation whenever it is desired to fix an ancient happen- 
 ing by modern clock-time, accurately. 
 
 Tenedos is seventeen miles from the entrance to the 
 Dardanelles and was the island the besiegers of Troy 
 used to conceal their fleet while, feigning departure, they 
 awaited the outcome of the stratagem of the wooden 
 horse. 
 
 Pliny; II. io6. 
 
 397 
 
LESBOS 
 
 288 
 Lesbos 
 
 When, in a way, the world was at its wisest and its 
 wickedest, a swarthy little woman with dark hair sat by 
 a beautiful Spring in a lovely little island only eight miles 
 wide, and ten miles from the coast of Asia. 
 
 To her reflection in the Spring, as though it were a 
 sympathetic friend, she reviewed her many woes. 
 
 Left an orphan by the death of her father Scaman- 
 dronymus when she was but six years old, she was the 
 sister of a pirate, and of two other young men of lax 
 morality. She was an aphrodisian who had brought dis- 
 grace upon herself in the company of both women and 
 men, and was the mother of a Httle daughter, Cleis, six 
 years old, whom she regarded as an encvmibrance. 
 
 For the moment, she was in love with Phaon, a man 
 who had tired of her and gone off to the island of Sicily. 
 
 Thinking over so much of her misery as is known to 
 others, and maybe of more that is still unknown, she was 
 suddenly seized with an impulse to throw herself from the 
 promontory of Leucate, in Arcamania, which was a 
 precipitous rock called The Lover's Leap because those 
 who jumped from it were cured of their pangs, whether 
 the leaper lived or whether he lost his life in the sea. 
 
 This woebegone little woman was Sappho, the Tenth 
 Muse, the world's greatest lyric poetess, and the 
 author of nine books of poems, all of which have been 
 
 398 
 
LESBOS 399 
 
 lost fortunately — or unfortunately, according to whether 
 the matter is regarded morally or metrically. 
 
 Before starting on the journey to the distant rock, she 
 wrote to Phaon about her thoughts and the impulse that 
 came to her at the fountain which she described as "a 
 sacred Spring, limpid, and more pellucid than the glassy 
 stream, and many suppose that it harbors a divinity; 
 over it the lotus, delighting in waters, spreads its branches, 
 itself alone a grove; and the earth .is green with the 
 springing turf. There I was reclining my limbs, wearied 
 with weeping," she says, when she was seized with an 
 impulse to throw herself from the rock. 
 
 The result of the leap in her case was fatal. 
 
 An alleged temple record which enimierates the leaps 
 and their causes for one year, gives the case of Alcaeus 
 the lyric poet who, being in love with Sappho, appeared 
 one afternoon to make the leap ; but, learning that Sappho 
 had made it earlier in the same day, he sat down and 
 composed an ode on the occasion, and then returned 
 home. 
 
 Only a few lines of Sappho's voluminous writings were 
 known up to 1910, when one of her lost poems was an- 
 nounced to have been discovered in Egypt. 
 
 It was to one of Sappho's brothers, the pirate, that 
 Posidippus referred in his epigram, on a departed frail 
 one, written 251 1 years before Kipling; — 
 
 "Here, Doricha, your bones have long been laid; 
 Here is your hair, and your well-scented robe, 
 You who once loved the elegant Charaxus." 
 
 Doricha had been a fellow slave with .i^Isop, and the 
 fairy tale of Cinderella was perhaps suggested by the 
 stoy of her sandal, which was to the effect that while she 
 
400 GREEK ISLANDS 
 
 was bathing an eagle soared away with it and dropped it 
 in the lap of the king at Memphis. The beautiful shape 
 of the sandal aroused so much interest in the king that 
 he sent to all parts of the country to discover the owner, 
 and when she was found, in the city of Naucratis, the 
 monarch made her his wife. Her tomb was the third 
 pyramid, only one tenth the size of the others but the 
 most costly of all because it was built in large part of a 
 black stone, brought from a great distance in the moun- 
 tains of Ethiopia, and, owing to its hardness, very 
 expensive to work. 
 
 The Spring was perhaps near Sappho's home, either in 
 the town of Eresos, or in that of Mitylene, from which 
 latter the island of Lesbos takas its modern name of 
 Metelin. 
 
 Strabo; XVII. i. § 33. 
 
 Ovid ; Heroines Ep. XV. (Sappho'a.) 
 
 Athenaeusj XIII. 69. 
 
CYDONEA AND ANDROS 
 
 289 
 Cydonea 
 
 The island of Cydonea contained a warm Spring that 
 flowed only in the spring season. 
 
 Cydonea was one of the Leucas, a little cluster of five 
 islands on the eastern side of the island of Lesbos, the 
 group that is now called the Aspri islands. 
 
 Pliny; V. 39. II. 106. 
 
 290 
 
 Andros 
 
 There was a fountain at Andros in the temple of 
 Dionysus from which wine flowed during the seven days 
 devoted to that god's festival beginning on the fifth of 
 Januaiy. 
 
 Andros was one of the largest islands in the group of 
 the Cyclades, and the one nearest to Euboea from which 
 it is separated by a few miles of water, and its principal 
 city bore the same name. 
 
 Wine was, and still is one of the leading products of the 
 island; and by a considerate dispensation, that secured 
 the manufacturers from losing their occupations, the 
 vinous stream of the fountain lost its flavor as soon as it 
 was taken from the temple, and, outside of it, had the 
 taste of ordinary water. 
 
 26 401 
 
402 GREEK ISLANDS 
 
 A wine miracle of more moderate proportions look 
 place in the temple of Dionysus in the town of Elis when 
 his festival called the Thyia was celebrated; then the 
 priests deposited three flagons in the building in full 
 view of all the people present, and someone, whoever 
 desired to, sealed the doors; and on the next day, when 
 the doors were opened, the flagons were found to be full 
 of wine. 
 
 The fountain in Andros was also called Dios Theodosia. 
 
 Pliny; II. io6. 
 Pausanias; VI. 26. 
 
SAMOS 
 
 291 
 The Samian Spring 
 
 One of the three greatest engineering works of the 
 Greeks was the tunnel they cut through the base of Mt. 
 Cerecteus, to carry the waters of the copious Samian 
 Spring to the capital of the Island of Samos. 
 
 The island was less than 100 miles in circuit, but the 
 mountain was nearly 5000 feet high and its spreading 
 base had to be hewn through for a distance of seven 
 eighths of a mile. The tunnel was eight feet square and 
 had a broad and deep channel cut in the center of its 
 floor, in which pipes were laid to carry the water from the 
 Spring. Eupalinus, a Megarian, was the architect of this 
 stupendous work. 
 
 Samos was the birthplace of three celebrated men 
 named Pythagoras; the philosopher, an athlete, and a 
 sculptor. It was also not alone the birthplace of the 
 goddess Hera but the scene of her marriage to Zeus. 
 The goddess was born on the banks of the Imbrasus 
 River under the shade of a shrub that continued to be 
 shown to visitors down to the opening years of the 
 Christian Era. 
 
 The present impression that the inhabitants of Samos 
 are more industrious than honest may have, as to honesty, 
 no more foundation than the very old story, dating back 
 to 540 B.C., that the Samians of that time relieved them- 
 selves from a Lacedaemonian fleet's siege by paying the 
 
 403 
 
404 GREEK ISLANDS 
 
 admiral a large sum of spurious money made of lead, per- 
 fectly stamped with the government dies, and carefully 
 gilded to represent gold. 
 
 The main tunnel leading to the Spring has not yet been 
 clearly identified, but what seem to be branches of it 
 have been uncovered near the city. 
 
 Samos, one of the Sporades group of islands, was 45 
 miles southwest of Smyrna, and it retains its old name. 
 
 Herodotus; III. 60. 
 
 292-293 
 GiGAKTHO. LeUCOTHEA 
 
 The fountains of Gigartho and Leucothea were found 
 in the Island of Samos. 
 
 Pliny; V. 37. 
 
CEOS 
 
 294 
 Carthea 
 
 The Spring at Carthea inspired Simonides' epigrain; — 
 
 " 1 say that he who does not like to win 
 The grasshopper's prize, will give a mighty feast 
 To the Panopeiadean Epeus." 
 
 When it was written, the great lyric poet was teaching 
 a class in singing, at a place near the temple of Apollo; 
 and, as there was no water near the school, the pupils 
 took turns in fetching it from the Spring, which was 
 quite a distance away. An ass employed to carry the 
 containers was called Epeus, after the son of Panopus 
 referred to in the No-Fountain town of that name, 
 because among Epeus' varied experiences had been that 
 of bearing water for the Atridae. 
 
 The epigram was, in fact, a law with a laugh in it, like 
 a dose from a glass with a sweet flavored rim, a poetically 
 phrased rule that tardy pupils should be fined a choenix, 
 about two and a half pints, of barley to be fed to the ass. 
 
 The "grasshopper's prize" was a prize for singing, as 
 the insect's music was called; and the "mighty feast" 
 was the barley. 
 
 Carthea was a town on the southeast side of one of the 
 Cyclades islands called Ceos, now Zia, in which Simonides 
 was born, and where those who reached the age of sixty 
 
 405 
 
406 GREEK ISLANDS 
 
 years were obliged to drink hemlock and end their lives, 
 in order that there might be food enough for those under 
 that age. 
 
 The vagaries of the fountain in Carthea indicate that 
 it was once a Spring in Boeotia, and was still fed by rains 
 that fell on the mainland of Greece many miles away; 
 and they explain one of the causes of the presence of 
 copious Springs in small islands, as, according to very 
 ancient tradition, Ceos was originally a part of Boeotia 
 from which was rent a portion that became the large 
 island of Euboea: from the latter there was torn away a 
 piece sixty miles long that became the island of Ceos; 
 and from this last a fifty mile stretch disappeared in the 
 sea leaving Ceos, as at present, only some twelve miles 
 in length. 
 
 The town of the fountain is now called Stais Palais. 
 
 Ceos is sometimes confounded with Chios, an island, 
 in the .^Egean Sea near the coast of Asia Minor, that 
 claimed to have been the birthplace of Homer whose 
 schoolhouse the natives fondly preserved. 
 
 Athenteus; X. 84. Pliny; IV. 20. 
 
 lULIS 
 
 The fountain of lulls gave its name to one of the four 
 cities that the island of Ceos once possessed, though two 
 of them had gone to decay before Strabo wrote about 
 them in the 1st century B.C. 
 
 lulis, the town in which Simonides was born, was in 
 the northern part of the Island, and the fountain was 
 about three miles from the sea. 
 
 If science is indebted to the fountain of Arethusa for 
 
CEOS 407 
 
 the law of specific gravity, the world at large may per- 
 haps be still more greatly obligated to the fountain of 
 lulls, on whose changing surface, rippled by its unceasing 
 upward flow, Simonides may have descried the outlines 
 of the four letters with which he completed the alphabet, 
 by adding E, O, Ps and Z to Cadmus' 16 and Palamedes' 
 4 characters. 
 
 There is now only one town left, the modern Zea, which 
 is located where stood lulls of which there are some re- 
 mains; and of these the most important is a colossal 
 figure of a lion twenty feet long which stands where the 
 fountain still gushes forth. 
 
 The animal is supposed to represent a character in one 
 of the island's earliest legends which states that the 
 original inhabitants were frightened away by a lion, and 
 convincement of the legend's verity is forced by the 
 animal's size, which is sufficient to have terrified stouter 
 hearted beings than the gentle nymphs who were said to 
 have been the original inhabitants. 
 
 Heraclides; Pol. c. 9. 
 Pliny; VII. 57. 
 
 296 
 
 Cea 
 
 It was said that the waters of a certain Spring in the 
 island of Cea dulled the senses. Cea is another form for 
 Ceos, but the vagueness of the statement has given no 
 assistance in locating this injurious fountain. 
 
 The Spring is mentioned as a foil to the River Nus, in 
 Cilicia, which sharpened the intellect. If the Cydnus is 
 the river thus referred to, the allusion is perhaps to its 
 having quickened Alexander's wits to the danger of plung- 
 ing into cold water when the body is overheated, for, 
 
408 GREEK ISLANDS 
 
 having, when in that condition, bathed in the Cydnus, 
 which was a snow-fed and extremely cold stream, Alexan- 
 der received a congestive chill that was followed by a 
 violent illness. (See No. 277). 
 
 Pliny; XXXI. la. 
 
TENOS 
 
 297 
 
 Tends 
 
 The fountain of Tenos was in the island of that name 
 which was a unit of the Cyclades group and a mile away 
 from the isle of Andros. 
 
 Tenos was first named Hydrussa because of the nimi- 
 ber of Springs that it contained, but the fountain in ques- 
 tion was the most noted of them all, owing to the peculiar 
 fact that its water would not mix with wine. 
 
 Another name of the island was Ophiussa, given it 
 because of the mmiber of snakes that were to be seen 
 there. It had a temple containing large banqueting 
 rooms to which multitudes of people resorted from 
 neighboring i)laces, to celebrate feasts and perform a 
 sacrifice to Neptune. 
 
 S. Nicholas, the present capital of the island, occupies 
 the site of one of the towns anciently called Tenos. 
 
 Tino is the island's modern name. 
 
 AthenEUs; II. 18. Pliny; IV. 22. 
 
 409 
 
DELOS 
 
 298 
 Delos 
 
 A small particle, now here now there, a will-o'-the- 
 wisp of land, floated at the will of the winds in the ^gean 
 sea. 
 
 At the same time Latona, soon to become the mother 
 of Apollo, wandered wearily about, unable to decide 
 upon his native land. 
 
 Strangely enough, Apollo himself made the decision 
 and advised her to select the floating island; which she 
 accordingly did. 
 
 The island, which drifted aimlessly like an asphodel 
 stalk, now carried by the currents, now driven by the 
 gales, had a remarkably fine, circular Spring with a width 
 of thirty feet, the overflow from which wandered moisten- 
 ingly through the island, as the island roamed through 
 the ocean, and finally, known as the River Inopus, slipped 
 into the sea ; sometimes it was called the Egyptian River, 
 for it was evidently a part of the Nile as the two streams 
 waxed and waned in volume at exactly the same period 
 of the year. 
 
 The island was noted for its numerous palm trees, and 
 at the side of the Spring, under one of these that became 
 a part of a peculiar ceremony performed for centuries 
 afterwards, Apollo was born, on a day in May, that is, on 
 the 7th of the month Thargelion, a day not even yet 
 forgotten, for Sunday still is the Sun-God's day. Seven 
 
 410 
 
DELOS 411 
 
 times, too, on that day did the well-advised swans from 
 far away Pactolus circle around the island, soothing the 
 goddess meanwhile with the melody of their tuneful 
 throats — and it was in memory of that sevenfold round of 
 song that Apollo gave the lyre its seven strings. 
 
 Afterwards the people, too, in a semi-religious way, 
 perpetuated the events of that day and, as a forerunner 
 of the fun those who first cross the equator are forced to 
 make, every new voyager to Delos, among other cere- 
 monies, was bidden to bite the bark of Latona's holy tree 
 by the Spring side, and to circle the altar, as the singing 
 swans circled the island. 
 
 With the birth of the god, the roaming island re- 
 formed; it settled and became fixed as the smallest 
 islet of the Cyclades, and, discarding Asteria, Cynthus, 
 Ortygia and other appellations it had received in its 
 travels, it assumed the name Delos (Known), as from 
 that time its whereabouts ceased to be a matter of 
 conjecture and a menace to nervous navigators, who 
 no longer sailed in constant dread of running afoul of 
 it, leagues away from the spot where it had last been 
 reported. 
 
 The steadfast island soon attracted the attention of 
 human settlers, of whom a party of lonians are supposed 
 to have begun the building of its first town near the 
 Spring; and, from having been called the Refuse of the 
 Sea, the land became a place of note and veneration which 
 no merchandising mariner would think of passing with- 
 out a visit. 
 
 Thus its traffic became enormous, and, in its Slave 
 Mart alone, ten thousand vassals were bought and sold 
 in a single day. 
 
 Because of Apollo's birth, the place became no less 
 renowned religiously than it was in commercial matters. 
 
412 GREEK ISLANDS 
 
 for its temple and its periodic festival attracted addi- 
 tional crowds of foreigners to whom Greed and Gain 
 might have beckoned without response. 
 
 Embassies arrived every year in such large delegations 
 that a special and sacred ship was employed for their 
 transportation ; and presents and offerings were sent from 
 countries so distant that the packages were relayed, 
 from one nation to another at their frontiers, until in the 
 lapse of time they arrived at Delos. 
 
 The ambassadorial ship was the "Theoris," the same 
 vessel in which Theseus sailed to Crete to slay the 
 Minotaur, and in which he carried off Ariadne on his 
 return. 
 
 As early as 426 B.C., the island was purified by the 
 Athenians ; all tombs were removed, and stringent meas- 
 ures were taken to make it invitingly healthy ; not only 
 was the departure of all sick people made compulsory, 
 but even births were prohibited, so that the death rate 
 for some time became absolutely nil. 
 
 The island was only a few miles in circumference and 
 its city, Delos, lay about the base of a 450-foot high 
 granite crag that was named Mt. Cynthus, after which 
 Apollo's twin sister Diana is sometimes called. 
 
 The city was respected by pillaging heroes of several 
 eras, but was laid waste in the Mithridatic war, and then 
 steadily crumbled away until, now, only traces remain of 
 its large temple and its enormous statue of the god who 
 made it great by selecting it to be his birthplace; for, 
 several centuries ago, shipfuls of rescued fragments of its 
 beautiful architecltire were carried away to adorn sur- 
 rounding cities on the mainland, from Constantinople to 
 Venice. 
 
 It is now called Dili, and its few inhabitants are raisers 
 of sheep and goats; but its immemorial Spring still flows, 
 
DELOS 413 
 
 no less clear and amply than it did before men came and 
 went; their sole effect upon it being shown in a small 
 segment of artificial wall which they added to its original 
 semi- rim of native rock. 
 
 Theognis; Maxims. Line 6. 
 Callimachus; Hymn to Delos. 
 
COS 
 
 299 
 
 BURINNA 
 
 The fountain of Burinna was made to issue from a rock 
 by Chalcon a son of Clytia, the daughter of Merops, a 
 queen of the island of Cos. 
 
 Chalcon planted his knee strongly against the rock 
 and made an opening for the water with his foot. 
 
 Poplars and elms growing beside the rock shaded the 
 fountain with waving green foliage, in whose cool shelter 
 fire-colored cicalas worked and chirped while thrushes 
 in the thorn bushes warbled, and tufted larks and golden 
 finches sang to the cooing of turtle doves and the hum of 
 tawny bees over beds of abundant flowers. 
 
 Those who reclined to rest in the musical shade 
 breathed the incense of fruit time when the summer air 
 was filled with odors from myriads of apple, pear and 
 damson censers suspended from heavy-laden, low-droop- 
 ing boughs, that acolyte-like breezes swung to and fro. 
 And if the resters tarried while the waters of the Spring 
 were cooling wine the years had aged, the mellow notes of 
 Lycidas the goatherd might reach them, and perhaps the 
 words of his pastoral recounting the worship Comatus 
 the herdsman accorded the Muses, and how they pre- 
 served him when shut in a chest by his master, so that 
 after three months Comatus was found none the worse, 
 and surrounded with honeycombs built by the bees the 
 Muses had sent to supply him with nourishment. 
 
 414 
 
COS 415 
 
 Cos was an island in the Myrtoan Sea hear Cnidus, and 
 was the birthplace of Apelles the painter, and of the 
 physician Hippocrates, the Father of Medicine, who was 
 born in 460 B.C., on the 26th day of Agrianus, possibly 
 July; he became one of the world's oldest men, reaching 
 the age of 109 years,— and it may be noted as a curiosity 
 of literature that he was the author of the apothegm, 
 Life is short and Art is long. 
 
 Cos, however, was more popularly known through its 
 Coan cloth, a silk gauze which was first made by Pam- 
 phila and soon acquired a vogue among well-formed 
 women on account of its glass-like transparency. 
 
 The island was also known as the home of the light- 
 weight poet Philetus who is said to have had to put lead 
 in his shoes on windy days in order to maintain his 
 balance. 
 
 Theocritus; Idyll VII. line i. 
 
NISYRUS 
 300 
 
 NlSYRUS 
 
 The Hot Springs of Nisyrus were at the northwest of 
 the island of the same name, and they are still to be found 
 about half a mile from the town which bears the name of 
 the Springs. 
 
 The island became one of the Sporades, and it produced 
 porphyry and millstones, and manufactured wine. 
 
 The island was the result of an incident that occurred 
 during the war between the gods and the giants. When 
 the ranks of the human monsters were broken and they 
 sought safety in flight, Polybotes was the one that Posei- 
 don pursued, and when he waded into the sea the god 
 with a stroke of his trident broke off a fragment from the 
 island of Cos and hurled it at the fugitive, with such 
 accurate aim that he fell and was pinned under the rock. 
 That was the origin of the island, and presumably Poly- 
 botes made many attempts to shake off his burden, for 
 Nisyrus was subject to frequent earthquakes. Outside 
 of its geographical interest, the feat was worthy of record 
 as the missile fragment is more than seven miles from Cos, 
 and is ten miles in circumference and nearly half a mile 
 thick. According to old reports and pictures, Poseidon 
 was on horseback when he pursued the giant. 
 
 Strabo; X. s. I 16. 
 
 416 
 
CRETE 
 301 
 
 GORTYNA 
 
 There was a fountain by the banks of the River Lithaeus, 
 at Gortyna in Crete, which served to identify the nearest 
 plane tree as being the one celebrated in Greek annals as 
 that under which Zeus and Europa held their love con- 
 ferences. 
 
 That particular tree retained its leaves throughout the 
 year. Slips from it were planted in different parts of the 
 island from the earliest times, and, later, one was reared 
 in Italy by Marcellus ^serninus, during the reign of the 
 Emperor Claudius. 
 
 The genuineness of reproductions was manifested by 
 their retaining their original leaves, a characteristic with 
 which Europa perhaps found no fault, although it came 
 to be considered an imperfection, as the warmth of the 
 winter sun was thereby shut off. 
 
 One of the places that have been suggested as the site 
 of Gortyna is near the town now called Haghius Dh6ka ; 
 and a cavern in the neighborhood is considered to be 
 the labyrinth through the intricate windings of which 
 Theseus found his way, by following Ariadne's thread, 
 after he had killed Minos' stepson Minotaur. 
 
 Minos himself had none of the bovine characteristics 
 
 that his great-grandparents Zeus and Europa exhibited 
 
 for a time; but he became connected, through his wife 
 
 Pasiphse, with two beings that were bovine in part or in 
 
 27 417 
 
4i8 GREEK ISLANDS 
 
 whole, her son Minotaur who had the body of a man 
 and the head of a bull, and Minotaur's father, who had 
 no human physical characteristics. 
 
 Theseus killed the Minotaur to relieve Athens from 
 contributing to the composite brute's keep by sending 
 every year seven youths and seven maidens for the 
 monster's manger. The contribution was levied by 
 King Minos as a punishment for the killing of his son 
 Androgeus who, having outpointed all the Athenian 
 athletes, was assassinated by some of those he had 
 vanquished. 
 
 Crete is now called Candia and, with a spread of i6o 
 miles, is the longest island in the Mediterranean east of 
 Italy : it lies near the intersection of the 25th Meridian 
 and the 35th parallel of latitude. 
 
 Three towns, of any size, are all that remain of nearly 
 a hundred cities that Homer knew; but all of the domes- 
 tic goats in the world today are believed to have sprung 
 from a Cretan ancestor, perhaps the one named Amal- 
 thea that supplied the milk that nourished Zeus in his 
 infant days. (See No. 83.) 
 
 The island still abounds in Springs, some of which 
 appear even at the side of the sea. 
 
 Theophrastus ; Hist, of Plants, III. 3. § 4. 
 
 302 
 
 Sauros 
 
 The fountain of Sauros was near Gortyna. 
 
 It was surrounded by a grove of black poplar trees 
 which had a peculiarity of their own that made them 
 as noteworthy as the evergreen plane tree that 
 shaded Europa on the banks of the Lithaeus River; 
 
CRETE 419 
 
 this peculiarity was a fruit that they produced, the 
 general belief being that this kind of tree was ordinarily 
 fruitless. 
 
 Other parts of the trees were useful in medical practice ; 
 — the seeds, taken in vinegar, for epilepsy; the resin for 
 making emollient plasters; the leaves, boiled in vinegar, 
 for gout; and the moisture from the clefts of the trees, 
 for removing warts and pimples. 
 
 The Spring was called The Lizard's Spring on occa- 
 sions ; it was twelve furlongs from the mouth of a cave on 
 Mt. Ida, and every cavern on that mountain has perhaps 
 been associated with Zeus' birth. 
 
 Theophrastus ; III. 3. § 4. 
 
 303 
 
 Ceres' Spring 
 
 "Not from every river do the Melissse carry water for 
 Ceres ; but a small fount from a sacred Spring which rills 
 pure and unpolluted, the choicest of its kind, from this 
 they draw." 
 
 Melissa was a daughter of Melisseus, a king of Crete; 
 she was one of the nurses who brought up Zeus, and 
 possibly the nymph who discovered honey and made 
 bees the symbols of the nymphs, and the Melissas one of 
 their designations. 
 
 The designation was afterwards transferred to priest- 
 esses in general, and particularly to those of Demeter or 
 Ceres. 
 
 From Melissa's birthplace, one might be disposed to 
 look in Crete for the small sacred Spring; but it seems 
 more likely that the passage is only a poetical form ex- 
 pressing the idea that the priestesses of Ceres, wherever 
 
420 GREEK ISLANDS 
 
 their offices might be performed, drew their water from 
 the Spring that was the choicest of its kind in that locaHty, 
 and that the reference is not to any one particular Spring 
 that can be located in Crete or elsewhere. 
 
 Callimachus; Hymn to Apollo, line 107. 
 
FOREIGN COUNTRIES 
 
 AFRICA 
 
 304 
 Springs of Africa 
 
 Africa, as the Libya of the ancients, did not reach to 
 the equator the heats of which were supposed to make its 
 neighborhood impassable. 
 
 The divisions of it that lay along the Mediterranean 
 may be marked approximately on a modern map by the 
 meridians of 5, 9 and 26 degrees, as Mauritania, Numi- 
 dia and Cyrenaica ; with Ethiopia below them and Egypt ; 
 Egypt running from meridian 26 to 34 and down to 23 
 degrees N. Lat. was not a part of Libya any more than 
 was Arabia which extended east of meridian 34. 
 
 The earliest travelers quoted in works still extant, 
 when giving accounts of Africa, from the west beyond 
 Egypt to the Atlantic Ocean, did little more than men- 
 tion the existence of the Springs that were there seen. 
 The travelers were perhaps obsessed and awed by the 
 human wonders that surrounded them, and the remark- 
 able physical characteristics of the people who inhabited 
 the country no doubt engrossed their attention and ex- 
 hausted their powers of description; for the annotating 
 traveler of antiquity seldom passed a Spring impassively. 
 A Spring was one of the great mysteries of natvire in those 
 days when even learned men knew less of chemistry and 
 
 421 
 
422 FOREIGN COUNTRIES 
 
 physics than a modern school girl. The marvel was, 
 that water which everywhere else tended to fall should 
 in a Spring force a vertical passage for itself, and bubble 
 upward in a violent effort to travel in a direction that 
 other waters refused to follow. A grazing lion, or a lamb 
 snarling over a feast of raw flesh would have caused no 
 greater surprise than the Spring's abnormal action. 
 
 Apes, gorillas and baboons, seen at a distance fieetingly 
 and uncertainly, and the exaggerating propensities of 
 the native Negroes and Moors in giving imaginary par- 
 ticulars about them and about distant tribes, may easily 
 account for a large part of the incredible in the records ; 
 records not likely to be questioned by those familiar 
 with the histories of the Gorgons, the Hesperides and 
 the adventures of Hercules in Libya; histories that had 
 come down to them as gospel from prior ages ; histories of 
 monstrosities that might have made Homer's foresight 
 seem to some as astonishing as the later Leverrier's in 
 locating the unseen planet Neptune at the exact spot in 
 the sky where it was found in 1 846. 
 
 The apparent plagiarism of those who traveled in the 
 East in ante-Christian years may no doubt be accounted 
 for in some measure by the many africanoid animals that 
 India produces. 
 
 The monstrous forms of the animals and the supposed 
 men were readily attributed to heat, whose power of 
 melting and changing could, as everyone knew, alter the 
 shape of even the metals. 
 
 These effects were shown in various ways in the peoples' 
 faces, producing some without noses; or, without upper 
 lips; or without tongues. 
 
 One tribe had neither mouth nor nostrils, but had a 
 small hole somewhere through which they breathed ; and 
 sucked, through an oat straw, their drink and food. 
 
AFRICA 423 
 
 The Sesambri district was earless; the people and the 
 quadrupeds, even the elephants, were earless. 
 
 The king of the Nigroae was like the Arimaspi who had 
 only one eye, which was in the middle of the forehead; 
 they were in continual warfare with Eastern monsters 
 called Griffins, beasts, that were like lions with the wings 
 and the mouth of an eagle. 
 
 The Monocoli had only one leg; but they leaped with 
 surprising agility, and held the foot over themselves as an 
 umbrella when they lay in the sun. Next to them lived 
 a tribe without necks, their eyes being set in the shoulders. 
 
 The feet of the inhabitants of Abarimon, like those of 
 Mt. Nulo, were turned backwards ; but no specimen was 
 offered in proof, because they could not breathe outside 
 of their native country. 
 
 The Artabatitae had four feet ; they inhabited what is 
 now Nubia on the frontier of Mauritania. 
 
 There were men with tails; and others with ears that 
 served also as cloaks and covered the whole body. 
 
 There were women whose bodies were covered with 
 hair, as was proved by the skins of two of them which 
 were exhibited in the temple of Juno at Carthage. 
 
 The Pigmies were mortal enemies to the cranes; the 
 little people were about two feet high, and their cavalry 
 corps, armed with bows and arrows and mounted on 
 goats, hunted the cranes and their eggs. It has been 
 suggested that the Pigmies were only the cat-size Bar- 
 bary apes that still retain their fondness for eggs. But 
 these apes are surrounded with modern mysteries no less 
 interesting than those of the Pigmies and their unique 
 cavalry; for they are the only monkeys of Europe and 
 are found only at Gibraltar, to which they are said to 
 have come, from Africa, through a tunnel that may still 
 be open under the straits. 
 
424 FOREIGN COUNTRIES 
 
 These little apes are carefully protected and a severe 
 penalty is imposed for killing one of them, because the 
 government knows the tradition, so say the natives, that 
 when none of the animals are left the British will lose 
 possession of the rock. 
 
 Some other races were twelve feet tall. 
 
 The Maerobili, like the Cyrni of India, lived 400 years 
 in the heats of Ethiopia; but the Calingaj lived only 
 eight years, becoming parents at the age of five. 
 
 The Sauromatae eat only two or three times a week. 
 The Androgyni were hermaphrodites. 
 
 Some had no language and expressed themselves in 
 pantomime. 
 
 The Ptoenphse selected a dog for their king, and under- 
 stood his edicts from the movements he made; while all 
 of the Cynamolgi were dog-headed, and perhaps, like the 
 120,000 men near Mt. Nulo, who were also dog-headed, 
 barked instead of speaking. 
 
 Among animals, the Satyrs had human faces, and 
 walked either on four feet or erect; though they were 
 probably looked down upon by the breed of horses that 
 possessed wings and horns. 
 
 The Crocotta could break anything with its teeth, and 
 digest everything as soon as swallowed. A still more 
 peculiar animal was the Leucrocotta: it was the size of a 
 wild ass, but had the legs of a stag; the neck, tail and 
 breast of a lion; the head of a badger; a cloven foot; a 
 mouth slit up as far as the ears ; and one continuous bone 
 instead of teeth. It ran with incredible swiftness — and 
 could imitate the human voice. 
 
 The Mantichora, an animal of the color of blood, found 
 among the Ethiopians, had a triple row of teeth ; the face 
 and ears of a man ; azure eyes ; the body of a lion, and a 
 tail ending in a sting like a scorpion's. It was also ex- 
 
AFRICA 425 
 
 ceedingly swift ; its voice resembled the sound of the flute 
 and the trumpet united — and it doted on human flesh. 
 
 The Monoceros had a stag's head, an elephant's feet, 
 the tail of a boar and the body of a horse. A single black 
 horn a yard long grew out of the middle of its forehead. 
 This strange animal made a deep lowing noise, and could 
 not be taken alive. 
 
 Among the Springs of the travelers who perhaps in 
 perfect good faith reported the strange people and ani- 
 mals, were the fountain of Nigris and the Serpent Spring. 
 
 Pliny; VIII. 30. 
 
 305 
 
 The Fountain of Nigris 
 
 One record says that the fountain of Nigris was among 
 the Hesperian Ethiopians, and immediately goes on to 
 describe the Catoblepas that was found near the fountain ; 
 a wild beast of moderate size and sluggish movement, 
 but with a head so heavy that it was forced to carry it 
 always bent down towards the earth — which was re- 
 garded as a most fortunate circumstance for the human 
 race, as all who beheld its eyes fell dead upon the spot. 
 
 In addition to the same power which lay in the eyes 
 of the Basilisk, the latter, a serpent only twelve fingers 
 long, had so active a poison that the venom ran up the 
 spear of any horseman who impaled it, and killed both 
 the rider and the horse. 
 
 The Amphisbaena had a less potent poison, but was 
 compensated with a larger quantity; it had two heads, 
 the second one at the tail, as though one mouth were too 
 little for the discharge of all of its venom. 
 
 Pliny; VIII. 32. 
 
426 FOREIGN COUNTRIES 
 
 306 
 The Serpent Spring 
 
 The Serpent Spring was a single fountain in a district 
 of intense heat, but such a multitude of snakes swarmed 
 about it that the spot could hardly contain them, and it 
 was both difficult and dangerous to approach the water. 
 
 There were Sepses whose bite caused the body, bones 
 and all, to dissolve as snow is melted by the sun. And 
 in the water itself lay Dipsas, whose sting induced a 
 lethal thirst that drove the victims to open their veins 
 and drink their own blood. 
 
 These serpents had been generated from the blood of 
 the one-eyed Gorgon Medusa whose look turned every- 
 thing into stone, as Atlas even now bears witness, for 
 that rocky mountain still rising above the clouds is the 
 giant of old who continues to hold up the heavens as he 
 was doing when petrified by Medusa's glance. Perseus 
 while cutting off her head used his burnished shield as a 
 mirror to direct his sword strokes and save himself from 
 the consequences of an eye to eye view. Coral owes its 
 formation to the change made in some seaweed by the 
 petrifying properties of the head which Perseus laid 
 upon it for a short time; and a part of the blood pro- 
 duced the team of flying horses, Pegasus and his brother 
 Chrysaor. 
 
 The neighborhood of this fountain was inhabited by the 
 Psylli; they were serpent proof and they knew how to 
 cure others who were stung. They had a variety of the 
 African odor that was at least useful inasmuch as the 
 scent of it made the snakes flee in horror. The Psylli, 
 perhaps rendered over confident by their power of putting 
 serpents to flight, undertook to drive away the south wind 
 because it had dried up their water or filled up their 
 
AFRICA 427 
 
 watering places with sand, and gathering their forces they 
 salHed out into the desert to frighten the wind which, 
 however, met the onslaught with such mighty blows that 
 the Psylli were overwhelmed and buried in the sands. 
 Their depopulated territory then passed into the posses- 
 sion of the Nasamones. 
 
 This Spring was beyond the Syrtes, somewhere south 
 of Tripolis. 
 
 Lucan; Pharsalia. IX. line 605. 
 Ovid; Meta. IV. Fable 10. 
 Pliny; VII. ^. VIII. 35. 
 
 Springs of the Sandhills 
 
 The Springs of the sandhills appeared at intervals of 
 from ten- to thirty-day journej^s across that part of the 
 African continent between the western border of Egypt 
 and the eastern limits of the present Morocco, within 
 which latter limits was the region of Atlas where he lifted 
 his head, not as formerly reported to the neighborhood 
 of the moon, but still to the respectable mountain-height 
 of 13,000 feet. 
 
 The large tract of the continent thrusting itself out far 
 beyond the British isles, as South America bulges out 
 eastward beyond New Foundland, was not concerned 
 with the Sandhills; the latter were in a stretch of the 
 desert which was separated from the fertile tract along 
 the northern coast by an intermediate strip called the 
 Country of Wild Beasts, the three strips undulating 
 across the continent like stripes of a monster banner 
 spread over the ground. 
 
 The sandhills were strewn with large lumps of salt in 
 white and purplish blocks with which the natives 
 
428 FOREIGN COUNTRIES 
 
 fashioned their dwellings; and from the tops of these 
 hills the Springs gushed up, cold and sweet. Between 
 the recurrent Springs stretched the desert, dry and 
 scorched. 
 
 The following five Springs of the Sandhills were men- 
 tioned, in addition to the fountain of Ammon; — Springs 
 of Augila, Garamantes, Debris, Atarantes and Atlantes. 
 
 Herodotus; IV. i8i. 
 
 308 
 
 Springs of Augila 
 
 Their neighborhood produced dates in great numbers 
 and of a large size. In summer the Nasamones lived 
 around these Springs and gathered the dates for a change 
 in diet. They were a numerous race of cattle raisers who 
 subsisted at other times upon powdered locusts stirred 
 in milk. 
 
 Herodotus; IV. 183. 
 
 Springs of the Garamantes 
 
 The Garamantes occupied the largest of the Sandhill 
 Spring tracts. They made shift to cover the salt and sand 
 with layers of earth in which they raised crops that were 
 shaded by fruit-bearing palm trees. 
 
 They raised cattle with an unusual downward curve 
 to their horns which forced them to walk backwards while 
 grazing, to prevent the horns from sticking in the ground 
 and stopping them as they nibbled. 
 
 In four-horse chariots this tribe made war on the Trog- 
 lodytes who fed on lizards and screeched like bats ; though 
 perhaps neither of these offenses against right living and 
 
AFRICA 429 
 
 speaking would have brought on them their neighbors' 
 reproof if the offenders' country had not produced the 
 precious carbuncle. 
 
 Herodotus; IV. 183. 
 
 310 
 
 Springs of Debris 
 
 If Pliny did not misread a parenthetical sentence of 
 Herodotus, and make two series of Springs out of one 
 series, these Springs were also in the domain of the 
 Garamantes, at a place called Debris; they were as re- 
 markable for their extraordinary changes in temperature 
 as were the Springs of Ammon, and more particularly so 
 because they reversed the order the latter followed, being 
 boiling hot between noon and midnight, and freezing 
 cold during the other twelve hours of the day. 
 
 Pliny; v. 5. 
 
 3" 
 
 Springs of the Atarantes 
 
 The Atarantes were a tribe who had no individual 
 names; every member of it was called "Atarante," a 
 custom that would seem to have necessitated consider- 
 able descriptive ability when speaking of people who 
 were not present. 
 
 Herodotus; IV. 184. 
 
 Springs of the Atlantes 
 
 These lay at the western end of the strip running 
 towards Mt. Atlas beyond which were the confines of 
 
430 FOREIGN COUNTRIES 
 
 the earth down to so few years ago that Columbus was 
 the first to cross them, and, traversing the "Sea of 
 Atlas," look upon that other half of the world that its 
 giant supporter had so long held out of sight. 
 
 The homes of these Sandhill Springs were oases which 
 were sometimes called "Islands, " and one may speculate 
 whether the supposedly lost Island of Atlantis is not still 
 to be found in the oasis near Mt. Atlas, instead of sunk 
 in the depths of the Atlantic Ocean, for the original de- 
 scription of it as being near the Pillars of Hercules excludes 
 all connection with any part of the American continent. 
 Not that the story did not probably have some founda- 
 tion, nor that the architecture of Egypt may not have 
 had its beginnings in South America; and not that, on 
 the eastern side, China and Japan did not owe something 
 to the North American Indian and the Eskimo. 
 
 The oasis, or Island of Atlantis, furnished as it was, on 
 the western side, with an abundance of trees and water 
 and numerous fruits, might well have accounted for the 
 charms of the lost island of Plato's dream. 
 
 No one can read the epitome-like passages of Hesiod 
 without feeling that he was but summarizing well-known 
 data that had come down from previous ages, nor without 
 regretting that they are all lost save a sentence or two, 
 such as the Egyptian hint, which might have furnished 
 the basis for Plato's dream, that more than 9000 years 
 before the Christian Era, a people, crossing the confines 
 of Atlas, had overrun the African continent and pene- 
 trated Europe until they were stopped and defeated by 
 the predecessors of the Athenians ; and another hint that 
 the progenitors of the Arabs and the Moors were brought 
 from India by Hercules. 
 
 There is a weird fascination in that line of Morocco 
 coast that was once the limit of the living, and where the 
 
AFRICA 431 
 
 shades of the departed disappeared in the mists of its 
 still treacherous and engulfing surfs. About it were 
 staged the scenes for the acts of the Gorgons, and the 
 Hesperides with their garden and dragon, and for the 
 wrestling match between Hercules and Antaeus who drew 
 inexhaustible strength from the ground, above which 
 Hercules had to hold him in order to win. The match 
 took place at Larache, the ancient Lixos; and the hill 
 near Tangier is the mound over the ninety foot long 
 skeleton of the loser. 
 
 Herodotus; IV. 184. 
 
 Fountain of the Sun 
 
 The most renowned of the oases of the Libyan desert 
 of Africa contained the fountain of the Sun and the 
 temple of Ammon. 
 
 The peculiarity attributed to the fountain might, on 
 first thought, be considered the result of an attempt to 
 rival, with temperatures, the productions of the creators 
 of Springs producing many substances, like those of 
 Mahomet, Calanus, and ApoUonius in his fountain of 
 Hephaestus. At dawn it was tepid; at midday cold as 
 ice, and at midnight it boiled. 
 
 A story is told about it to the effect that a king, who 
 was lost in the desert and on the point of perishing from 
 thirst, saw and followed a ram which suddenly disap- 
 peared just as a fountain gushed up in the place where 
 the animal vanished. 
 
 It was the wonder of all the ancients who visited the 
 temple, a structure about seventy feet square, and some 
 four hundred miles northwest of Thebes, which was 
 
432 FOREIGN COUNTRIES 
 
 devoted to the worship of the ram-headed god Amun, 
 and to the uses of an oracle which was as old as any, and 
 at one time perhaps the most renowned in the world. 
 Perseus and Hercules made pilgrimages to it ; and Alex- 
 ander the Great consulted it, and would have lost his 
 life in a sandstorm on the trip but for the protection of a 
 fortunate rain, and the guidance of two friendly crows 
 that no doubt came from the same source as the crow that 
 guided Battus to the fountain of Cyrene. 
 
 Alexander, it is said, did not hear the answers givgn 
 by the oracle inside the temple although his retinue on 
 the outside heard them, which is stranger still, as the 
 account says the answers were not given in words, as by 
 other oracles, but chiefly "by nods and signs," possibly 
 those made by the statue of the god as it undulated when 
 carried in procession by eighty priests. 
 
 The water of the Spring must under some conditions 
 have played an important part in the priests' predictions, 
 as a power of divination existed in even small and sepa- 
 rate quantities of it that were sold by the priests and 
 carried away to distant places where there was a great 
 demand for it, after poor patronage had closed the temple 
 at Delphi and, as Juvenal says, the oracle had become 
 dumb. 
 
 The fountain rose in a small tract about three by six 
 miles in size, one of the Islands of the Blest, the name 
 given to the African oases that appear where a foundation 
 of sandstone covered with clay retains the water that 
 elsewhere sinks through the desert sands. 
 
 A grove of date trees south of the temple surrounded 
 the fountain which now feeds a brook that runs towards 
 the ruins of the ancient fane, and, finding no accommoda- 
 tion there as formerly, turns sadly away and wanders 
 disconsolately into a swamp. 
 
AFRICA 433 
 
 With the exception of the extremes attributed to its 
 temperature, its seeming variations may be accounted 
 for by the tepidity of its waters, which were colder than 
 the heated atmosphere of the day but warmer than the 
 dew-cooled air at night. 
 
 The ruins of the temple are at Ummebeda. 
 
 Moore mentions this Spring in his Irish Melody entitled 
 "Fly Not Yet";— 
 
 "Fly not yet, the fount that played 
 In times of old through Ammon's Shade, 
 Though icy cold by day it ran 
 Yet still, like souls of mirth, began 
 To burn when night was near." 
 
 Herodotus; IV. l8i. 
 Strabo; XVII. I. 5 43- 
 
 Flora's Spring 
 
 Flora, who was at first called Chloris, was a nymph of 
 the Blessed Plains. 
 
 After a courtship of primeval intensity, Flora became 
 the wife of Zephyrus the brother of Boreas, and her sub- 
 sequent happiness is likened to that of one who enjoys 
 perpetual spring. 
 
 Her fond husband gave her dominion over the empire 
 of Flowers, and presented her with a garden that was 
 irrigated by a Spring of trickling water and filled with 
 flowers of the choicest kind, flowers that Flora succes- 
 sively colored with such divers hues that even she herself 
 could not reckon the multitude of their tints. Flora's 
 modesty forbade her to tell how beautiful she was, but it 
 did not deter her from boasting that the world was in- 
 
434 FOREIGN COUNTRIES 
 
 debted to her for this diversity of tints, as, prior to her 
 experiments, the earth was of one hue, which was pre- 
 sumably the montonous green of the grasses. 
 
 Detailed particulars of the processes that Flora em- 
 ployed to produce flowers that were not all of one color 
 were not disclosed, but it is admitted that the reds and 
 the pinks were due to the agency of human blood. 
 
 In the case of the violet, the life fluid was furnished by 
 Attis whose royal descent perhaps accounted for the 
 blueness of his blood, and its effect on the color of the 
 flower. 
 
 The properties of some of Flora's flowers were no less 
 marvelous than the number of tints; one of them, ab- 
 solutely unique, and of which she possessed the only 
 specimen in existence, was of such potency that it be- 
 came a father in several instances of which Flora relates 
 the particulars. 
 
 Flora's sovereignty extended over the blossoms of all 
 the earth's products whether they appeared in fields or 
 gardens, and it was consequently to her that the Seasons 
 repaired to obtain the various supplies that they dis- 
 tributed in the appropriate months. The Graces, too, 
 were her constant patrons, and she furnished them with 
 the numerous flowers they required for the chaplets and 
 garlands with which they bound their heavenly heads. 
 
 It has been surmised that the original of Flora's history 
 was a Greek narration regarding the Spring of Chloris 
 which has been lost, but that Ovid had it in mind when 
 writing his account of Flora who was a comparatively 
 modern Italian goddess, created by the Roman senate in 
 a session of shame. According to Plutarch, Flora left 
 a large fortune to the Roman people on condition that 
 her birthday should always be celebrated by a festival 
 to be called the Floralia. Rather than forego the fortune. 
 
AFRICA 435 
 
 which Flora had made in no maidenly manner, the re- 
 sourceful senate, taking a leaf from the unique flower, 
 created her the Goddess of Flowers, in order that the 
 celebration of the Floralia might be surrounded by an 
 odor of sanctity rather than with a taint of the streets. 
 
 It is here assumed that the Plains of the Blest in which 
 Ovid locates this Spring were, in the Greek original, the 
 Islands of the Blest, in Africa. 
 
 Ovid; Fasti. V. line 209. 
 
 Tacape 
 
 The Spring of Tacape was in a very fertile little district 
 three miles square, an oasis that appeared in the sands 
 of Africa, that vied with the residence of Rasselas in the 
 valley of Amhara, "where every month dropped fruits 
 upon the ground." 
 
 The growths of the district were so numerous that they 
 were almost telescoped into one another; they consisted 
 of enormous palms under which grew olive trees; under 
 the latter the fig tree grew, and under the fig the pome- 
 granate; and under that the vine; and under the vine 
 grew herbs, and plants of the garden and of the field, 
 including wheat. There was, thus, a variety of ripening 
 periods and no part of the year in which a crop of some 
 description could not be gathered — and yet the people 
 did nothing at all to promote this fruitfulness. 
 
 The Spring had an abundant flow of water which, 
 however, was distributed to the inhabitants only at 
 certain hours. 
 
 Tacape is identified with Ceb^s on the eastern coast of 
 Tunis just under the 34th parallel, although the Springs 
 
436 FOREIGN COUNTRIES 
 
 at that place, the Aquae Tacapitanee or El-Hammath, are 
 now warm mineral Springs. 
 
 Pliny; XVIII. 51. 
 
 316 
 
 CiNYPS 
 
 The Spring of Cinyps rose in a hill called The Graces, 
 thickly shaded with spreading trees. The district it was 
 in also bore the name of Cinyps, and was itself like a third 
 continental Grace, for it was the only part of Libya that 
 could be compared in fertility with Europe and Asia, 
 rivaling the land to the east of it with all of its attractions, 
 the land of the Lotophagi, the Lotos Eaters, whose con- 
 tinuous afternoon and other charms made travelers forget 
 their native homes. 
 
 It was well watered with Springs that were ever re- 
 plenished with rains, and had a rich black soil that re- 
 turned the husbandman three hundredfold. 
 
 The district lay between the two Syrtes, the Larger 
 and the Smaller now known, the former as the Gulf of 
 Sydra, and the latter as the Gulf of Cabes. The country 
 was occupied by the Macae, who followed the recent 
 modern fashion of the North American Indians and the 
 Chinese in their manner of wearing their hair; and who 
 made use of ostrich skins for armor, regarding which no 
 doubt Dorieus was well qualified to speak, for the Macae 
 were able to drive him and his Spartans from Cinyps 
 when, angry because Cleomenes had been chosen king of 
 Lacedaemon instead of himself, he attempted to make a 
 settlement at Cinyps without following the usual custom 
 of consulting the oracle at Delphi in regard to the enter- 
 prise — and this, too, was the same Dorieus who had 
 assisted Milo in conquering Sybaris. 
 
AFRICA 437 
 
 The Spring gave rise to a river of the same name 
 through which its waters were carried twenty-five miles 
 north to the Mediterranean, where there was a second 
 town of Cinyps. 
 
 The Spring's Httle river is now the Wadi Quasam. 
 
 Herodotus; IV. 17s nntl 198. 
 
 Tunis 
 
 There were hot Springs at the city of Tunis in Africa. 
 
 These it is said may be the hot Springs at Hamman 
 
 I'Enf near the bottom of the Gulf and the town of Carpis. 
 
 Strabo;XVII. 3. 5 16. 
 
 Zama 
 
 The voice was rendered more musical by drinking of 
 the waters of the Spring at Zama. 
 
 This fountain is presumed to have been in the neigh- 
 borhood of the town of Zama, about a hundred miles 
 southwest of Carthage, which is now known as Jama. 
 It contained a royal palace of King Juba and was the 
 scene of Hannibal's defeat by Scipio in 201 B.C. 
 
 Pliny; XXXI. 12. 
 Strabo; XVII. 3. 5 9. 
 
 319 
 
 Carthage 
 There was a fountain, in the Carthaginian Dominions, 
 on which something floated that resembled oil, but dark 
 
438 FOREIGN COUNTRIES 
 
 in color, which they skimmed off and made into balls 
 and used for their sheep and cattle. 
 
 Athenaeus; II. 17. 
 
 320 
 
 Cyrene 
 
 There was scarcely in all the world a finer location, or 
 a more beautiful prospect than where the inexhaustible 
 Spring of Cyrene opened its eye on the outlook. 
 
 Around it bloomed flowers in wild luxuriance, and of 
 such pleasing and delicate odors that finally they were 
 imprisoned in perfumes and sent abroad on the highways 
 of trade, to refresh and delight the senses of appreciative 
 people in less fortunate lands. 
 
 Fruits and vegetables, usually the products of various 
 climates, flourished in the neighborhood of the Spring 
 through the greater part of the year. And, growing wild, 
 were plants of such medicinal value that in later times 
 their export formed a large and lucrative commerce, the 
 staple of which was the gum of the Silphium. 
 
 The call of the myriads of flowers was eagerly answered 
 by armies of bees, and their product of honey made it 
 famous, even where honey made from other flowers was 
 plentiful. 
 
 On the natural vegetation all animals thrived, and the 
 succulent grass nurtured a breed of horses that distant 
 poets came to name in admiration. 
 
 There, too, the plumes of the ostriches were smoother 
 and finer than those that were borne by birds that bred 
 about Springs with a less softening influence. 
 
 In such featureful surroundings on the Plateau of 
 Barca, some 2000 feet in height, overlooking the sea and 
 
AFRICA 439 
 
 ten miles away from it, Cyrene rose, and then Sought the 
 Mediterranean, through a charming ravine that rioted 
 in the richest vegetation, and intersected the numerous 
 climate-making terraces from the top of the tableland 
 down to the shore. 
 
 This plateau was in the middle of the projecting bosom 
 of the African coast, just opposite and two hundred miles 
 distant from the Peloponnesus; it is called the Green 
 Mountain, and the summits of real mountains on the 
 south shut off from it the sands and the scorching heats of 
 the Sahara ; while on the north it was open to every sea- 
 cooled breeze that roamed across the inland ocean. 
 
 This delightful land, one of the most enchanting places 
 on the surface of the globe, was called "The Garden of 
 Zeus" ages before the autonym Allah came into use, and 
 here Apollo brought Cyrene in a golden car whose steeds 
 were swans of such swiftness that they made the journey 
 from Pelion in a single day. 
 
 Cyrene was the daughter of Chlidanope and Hypsaeus 
 the King of the Lapithae. 
 
 She found her fullest enjoyment and pleasure in pro- 
 tecting the flocks and herds, not as a meditating shep- 
 herdess sighing for a swain, but in energetic encounters 
 with the most ferocious animals that sought their prey 
 among the defenseless sheep and kine. It was while so 
 engaged, and when, unarmed, she was subduing a lion 
 that had long been a ravisher of the largest oxen, that 
 Apollo first saw her, and loved her at sight, and carried 
 her off to this fountain which acquired her name, though 
 sometimes also called Apollo's Fountain. The son of 
 this union was Aristaeus who discovered that bees could 
 be produced from the buried carcass of an ox. He married 
 Autonoe, a daughter of Cadmus, and became the father 
 of the unfortunate Actseon. 
 
440 FOREIGN COUNTRIES 
 
 Ages later, the Dorian Aristoteles founded a colony at 
 this Spring, and gave his city the fountain's name. The 
 city today is a village, but the ear still easily catches the 
 echo of its first name in its present one of Kurin. 
 
 Among the many trifles that make the sum of human 
 life, men's fortunes, as well as their follies, frequently 
 spring from their foibles, and if Aristoteles had not been 
 born a stutterer, the Spring that is one of the charms of 
 the equal of the most beautiful spot in the world would 
 have flowed unpraised by Piadar, and Aristoteles would 
 not have become the founder, and afterwards the king, 
 of a settlement whose borders extended from Carthage 
 on the west to Egypt on the east, and was ruled over for 
 two hundred years by his descendants. 
 
 Aristoteles, more dependent than Demosthenes, sought 
 a cure for his impediment from the Delphic Oracle, by 
 which he was advised to found a city in Africa. After 
 considerable hesitation and delay, he started on his 
 voyage in search of fluent speech. He left the island of 
 Thera, now called Santorin, and in shape a diminutive 
 Bermuda in the Ionian Sea. It is a very small island — 
 it was formed of a clod of earth thrown overboard by the 
 Argonauts — and can boast of nothing more than being 
 the mother city of the city of Cyrene. 
 
 The expedition landed on the African island of Platea, 
 where two years of suffering brought no improvement 
 in Aristoteles' trouble. Then he sought the Oracle 
 again, this time with a grievance, which was, however, 
 quickly set aside; if he had foolishly mistaken an is- 
 land for a continent, there was an obvious remedy 
 still left. 
 
 So he returned, and transferred his colony to Aziris on 
 the mainland, and spent six more years in stammering; 
 then one day, while prospecting, he was cured of his 
 
AFRICA 441 
 
 impediment in a moment — and knew that he had found 
 the right location. 
 
 His good fortune was due to the guidance of a friendly 
 crow and, like Gyrene's, to an encounter with a lion. He 
 and the lady, however, met their lions in different spirits, 
 for Aristoteles, powerful king though he afterwards be- 
 came, was so terrified at the sight of his lion that, for the 
 first time in his life, he cried out, loud and clearly — and 
 then stuttered no more. 
 
 Joyfully and without delay, he moved the colony to 
 its permanent home and built his city about the fountain, 
 a city to which Apollo gave more advantages than to 
 any other, as Callimachus, who was one of its natives, 
 modestly admits. 
 
 Aristoteles is usually designated as Battus, which was 
 the Libyan term for king, as Pharaoah was among the 
 Egyptians. 
 
 The colony when established in the right place grew 
 rapidly, and intermixture with the brown, brawny and 
 buxom Libyan women, produced men of energy and 
 enterprise who quickly made use of the natural resources 
 of the country. Through the new city's port of Apol- 
 lonia, its commerce became extended and fruitful; the 
 flowers, that once wasted their sweetness in the undis- 
 covered Garden of Zeus, furnished perfimies; the bees, 
 honey; the herds, hides; and the plants, medicines, corn, 
 olives and wine, that filled ships whose voyages made the 
 citizens wealthy; then culture, following on the heels of 
 commerce and leisure, developed men whose names are 
 still prominent in Grecian art, literature, science and 
 athletics, for within two centuries of the founding of 
 Gyrene in 631 B.C. its horsemen and its runners were 
 celebrated prize winners in the games of the Morea. 
 
 Indeed it was not until the time of Trajan that Gyrene's 
 
442 FOREIGN COUNTRIES 
 
 prosperity began to wane; then, weakened by a Jewish 
 massacre of nearly a quarter of a million of its territory's 
 people, it became an easy prey to unassimilated Libyan 
 barbarians. Afterwards, in 6i6 a.d., the Persians over- 
 ran it; and finally, in 647, the Arabs conquered Cyrene 
 and possessed themselves of its beautiful fountain. 
 
 This Spring, so old that its waters might seem to have 
 condensed from the mists of mythology, became a tem- 
 porary possession of the youngest country of the earth 
 when in April, 1805, the United States warship "Argus" 
 and two others, after bombarding the African coast, 
 raised the flag they represented on the plateau of Barca. 
 
 Callimachus calls this fountain Cyre. 
 
 Herodotus; IV. 158 and 15s el seq. 
 Callimachus; Hymn to Apollo; line 87. 
 Pausanias; X. 15. 
 
 321 
 
 Thestes 
 
 The Spring of Thestes marked the place where the 
 Egyptians had their first battle with the Greeks of Cyrene 
 and met with disaster. 
 
 The rapid growth of Battus' settlement was fostered 
 by a vigorous propaganda disseminated through the 
 oracle in announcements that the land was being rapid- 
 ly taken up, and with prophecies that those who 
 delayed migrating and getting a share would one day 
 repent. 
 
 The Libyans were in no need of an oracle to tell them 
 how fast the land was going, because with every acre's 
 increase to the Cyrenean territory there was an acre less 
 in that of the Libyans. By volunteering to become sub- 
 jects of King Apries of Egypt, they secured his interest 
 
AFRICA 443 
 
 in the growth of Cyrene, and he sent out an army to 
 stabilize the shifting acres. 
 
 His army and the forces of the colonists met and fought 
 by the fountain of Thestes, and the Greeks secured such 
 a decided victory that few of the Egyptians escaped with 
 their lives. 
 
 Then that early League of Nations came to a sudden 
 end, for the Libyans laid the blame for their increased 
 misfortunes upon King Apries — and they revolted from 
 him. 
 
 Herodotus; IV. iSp. 
 
 322 
 
 Ex Pede Herculem 
 
 After securing the Golden Fleece, the Argonauts, 
 what with their anxiety to avoid the Colchians who 
 swarmed the sea in pursuit of them, and what with a 
 succession of storms that again and again blew them from 
 their course, were driven to nearly every part of the world 
 of which their creator was cognizant, and to many that 
 are even now unknown. 
 
 The last adverse wind of which they were the victims 
 was aided by a far-reaching wave that carried them over 
 the coast line, and stranded them such a great distance 
 from the sea that the nearest navigable water was a 
 twelve days' journey, further inland still. 
 
 This water was the Tritonian Lake in Africa, and to it 
 the crew with exhausting exertion bodily carried the 
 Argo. 
 
 Over the desert hollows, and hills of sand, they were 
 guided by the hoof tracks of a horse, a marine monster 
 that they felt assured would make its way again to water. 
 
444 FOREIGN COUNTRIES 
 
 The water of the Lake, which connected with the sea, 
 was salty, and, as soon as they had launched their burden 
 on its bosom, they began a frantic search for a Spring to 
 quench the thirst that was driving them mad. 
 
 Very near the Lake they found a plain where three fair 
 and golden-haired women were lamenting around the 
 body of a large serpent, terribly wounded and with only 
 a tiny spark of life left in the tip of its writhing tail. This 
 was all that was left of Ladon, the dragon that had 
 guarded the golden apples of Juno. 
 
 The fair women were the Hesperides who had min- 
 istered to the dragon in his lifetime, and on seeing the 
 crew they turned to dust and ashes. Orpheus, however, 
 with words as charming as his music, besought them to 
 resume their forms and point out some fount of water, 
 either gushing from a rock or bubbling from the earth, 
 to quench the thirst with which he and his companions 
 were parched; and the goddesses, after causing grass to 
 spring up from the earth, and then shoots of taller vege- 
 tation, became themselves three trees, a poplar, an elm 
 and a willow, out of whose protective trunks they looked 
 and spoke ; telling how a man with gleaming eyes under a 
 grim forehead, garbed about with a lion's skin, and bear- 
 ing a heavy bough of olive and a bow, had shot the ser- 
 pent with poisoned arrows only the day before. In this 
 description the amazed Argonauts easily recognized the 
 hero they had abandoned far in the north near the Spring 
 of Pegae. And, further, they learned that, after this, his 
 eleventh labor, Hercules, parched with thirst as they 
 were, rushed about in search of water, and, finding none, 
 vented his rage in so viciously kicking a rock that he 
 opened a fissure in its side, through which a Spring 
 gushed out at once. 
 
 The Spring was shown them, close at hand, and one 
 
AFRICA 445 
 
 after another they slaked their thirst and then enjoyed 
 a second round. Their hearts melted when their mouths 
 were moistened; each one felt that Hercules had saved 
 them from death through thirst, and, wishing they could 
 tell him so, one impulse made them strain their eyes in 
 every direction with the hope that he might still be seen 
 and beckoned back. But Lynceus, with telescopic vision, 
 who could even see through trees and far into the earth, 
 called out, that he could only just discern the hero's 
 form, faint as the new moon's tips when mantled in a 
 mist, and so far off it seemed to be a speck upon the 
 arching line made by the meeting of the boundless sky 
 and the desert's endless sands; so distant that not the 
 fleetest in their company could hope to overtake him. 
 
 Later, however, two of the party who, as Hercules had 
 learned, argued most strongly against going back for 
 him at Cius, did meet the hero, and most unfortunately, 
 for he then took from them the lives he had saved by his 
 foot-made fount in Africa. 
 
 This labor of procuring the apples of the Hesperides 
 was one of the two additional toils that Eurystheus im- 
 posed upon Hercules, on the ground that he had been 
 assisted in two of the .original ten ; by lolaus in killing 
 the Hydra; and by the river in cleaning the Augean 
 property. 
 
 The time spent in the last two of the dozen was prac- 
 tically lost, as in both instances what Hercules procured 
 was returned, the apples, to the Hesperides; and Cer- 
 berus, to Hades. The trip to the garden, however, added 
 a timely contribution to geographical knowledge, and 
 was in effect a voyage of discovery, for no one knew where 
 the garden was located, and the hero consequently re- 
 ceived many conflicting directions, in following which he 
 traveled far to the north, to the country of the Hyper- 
 
446 FOREIGN COUNTRIES 
 
 boreans ; and then to the southern limit of Africa, and to 
 the end of the world on the Atlantic Ocean; and, finally, 
 eastward to the neighborhood of Cyrene, which proved 
 to be the actual location of the garden. 
 
 Apollonius; IV. line 144X* 
 
EGYPT 
 
 323 
 The Nile Spring 
 
 A longing to know where the Nile rose, or to see the 
 source of its initial drop, ran through the minds of many 
 men age after age from at least the time of an ancient 
 Egyptian king named Rameses; if, as some suppose, he 
 was the hard-hearted monarch whose negotiations with 
 Moses regarding the Exodus are recorded in the Bible, 
 then it is not unlikely that Moses himself was once con- 
 cerned about the river's source, and was one of the officers 
 that Rameses sent south to locate the Spring of the Nile ; 
 for Moses was a member of one of the expeditions that 
 Rameses sent to Ethiopia in which country he married 
 his first wife, who was a daughter of its ruler and the 
 cause of the upbraidings of his sister Miriam. 
 
 Another Egyptian king, Psammitichus, was so anxious 
 to have the Spring discovered that he carefully bred up 
 a band of boys for an exploring expedition, and accus- 
 tomed them to live solely on fish so that they would 
 neither have to cumber themselves with provisions, 
 nor be forced to interrupt the search and leave the 
 stream to hunt for other food than the river itself would 
 provide. 
 
 Alexander the Great, who turned aside to see the Spring 
 of Scamander, was no less interested in the fountain of 
 the Nile, and might, perchance, have drunk of it if his 
 unfortunate draught from the Spring of Nonacris had not 
 
 447 
 
448 FOREIGN COUNTRIES 
 
 cut short his career of conquest in Africa and on the 
 earth, June 30th, 323 B.C. 
 
 Cambyses, too, leaving the highways that led to booty, 
 turned his steps to the south intending to wrest from the 
 river the secret of its birth; but a wider acquaintance 
 with death was the chief result of his quest, for the heat 
 and lack of food caused such mortality among his men 
 that he was obliged to turn back no wiser than the pre- 
 vious seekers. 
 
 Caesar, chasing Pompey in the Civil War, having 
 reached the mouth of the secretive river, said that the 
 greatest of his great ambitions was to know the cause of 
 the stream, and its unknown head that had lain hid 
 through so many centuries. "Let me have an assured 
 hope," said he, "of seeing the source of the Nile, and I 
 will forego civil war." 
 
 Even Nero, amid the distractions of his horrible orgies, 
 took an interest in the search and sent an expedition of 
 surveyors to locate the source of the Nile, and, if, as it is 
 recorded, they reached latitude 4 degrees north before 
 being turned back by impassable marshes, they won 
 nearly as close to the Spring as Livingstone did in 186 1. 
 
 Not only was there the incentive that has secured the 
 success of nearly every human enterprise, the incentive to 
 do what others have failed to accomplish, but there were 
 the strange mysteries of the stream to excite seeker after 
 seeker — the wonder that a river that flowed through a 
 rainless land should expand to the size of a sea every 
 year at nearly the same hour ; and the uncanny fact that 
 the Nile broadened out in summer while other rivers 
 swelled in the spring when the snows began to melt. Ex- 
 plaining that this was proof that the Nile was not fed with 
 snow only increased the anxiety to see a snowless source 
 that could produce such a vast volume of water ; and age 
 
EGYPT 449 
 
 after age responded to the call of the Nile Spring, as in 
 subsequent years the multitudes went to Niagara. 
 
 But all the explorers failed. 
 
 Even the poets with their vast and unlimited resources 
 were at a loss, and their best contribution to the subject 
 was an explanation of why the source had so cunningly 
 concealed itself ; in this, they affirmed that when Phaeton, 
 frightened by the Dragon in the sky, lost control of the 
 horses of the Sun and set the world on fire, the Nile fled in 
 terror to the remotest parts of the earth and hid its 
 head. 
 
 Then the scientists found the abandoned ground a 
 fertile field for raising theories, as the product of any 
 man's guess was as good as another's. 
 
 The Spring as pictured by some of those guessers was 
 of a character in keeping with the great mystery of the 
 mighty river, and was such a fountain as never was seen 
 on land or in the sea. Indeed, as some of them conceived, 
 it was the sea itself that somewhere on a faraway coast 
 broke into the land and gave rise to the river, the salt of 
 the ocean becoming tasteless in the lengthy filter of the 
 river's course. 
 
 Some guessed that it ran from the South Pole. Another 
 faction attributed it to a common source ; a secret cavity 
 somewhere in the center of the globe, to which all waters 
 tended and from which all rivers were fed. 
 
 The African king, Juba II, guessed that the germ of the 
 Nile first appeared on a mountain of Mauretania near the 
 Atlantic, in a stream that wandered south, and east, and 
 eventually north, sinking several times in the sands of 
 the Sahara and elsewhere, and as often reappearing, 
 sometimes a thousand miles away, as various lakes and 
 rivers, one of which was the Niger, until, after its last 
 disappearance, it came up to be known as the Nile and to 
 
450 FOREIGN COUNTRIES 
 
 remain above ground for the rest of its course, the whole 
 of which apparently formed three quarters of an ellipse. 
 
 As the brook of the Mauretania mountain Spring ran 
 into a lake that contained crocodiles and three sorts ot 
 fish that were also found in the Nile, Juba's theory was 
 adopted by many of the best geographers; for the con- 
 vincement of such as might have doubted even a king, a 
 specimen crocodile from the Atlantic lake was preserved, 
 consecrated and exhibited in a temple of Isis, about the 
 beginning of the present era. 
 
 How far away the Spring was, or how long the river 
 was, apparently no one attempted to guess until about 
 139 A.D. when the Egyptian geographer Ptolemy, as if 
 juggling with the law of averages, guessed the Spring to 
 be in a southern latitude that may yet prove to be the 
 actual site — and the most wonderful guess of antiquity. 
 
 The surmise was said to have been based on reports 
 made in 50 a.d. by a merchant named Diogenes, and it 
 might be hoped that the light he shed on the Nile Spring's 
 true whereabouts may add additional luster to that name 
 of seekers after truth, when the number of different 
 designations given by successive discoverers to the same 
 bodies of water is finally reduced to one. 
 
 While all the rest of the world admitted that the source 
 of the Nile was unknown, Egypt was calling a spot near 
 the modern Assuan, "The Springs of the Nile " ; this was, 
 however, little better than an egotistic Egyptian pun on 
 the annual rise of the river, which was first observed at 
 that place in Egypt after the Nile had crossed the fron- 
 tier from Ethiopia. 
 
 Wearied with walking and glutted with guessing, man- 
 kind then rested for a long time under the impression 
 that all-powerful Nature had willed it that men should 
 forever wonder but never know where the river rose; 
 
EGYPT 451 
 
 and for the larger part of two thousand years men did 
 actually wonder in ignorance. And then, what with 
 alleged discoveries about the White Nile and about the 
 Blue Nile, mankind at large remained still more or less 
 in the dark that always results from the combination of 
 those two colors, and had but a hazy idea about where 
 the first drops of the river's current came out of the earth ; 
 for it was not until 1875 when Stanley circumnavigated 
 Lake Victoria Nyanza which Capt. Speke had discovered 
 in 1858, that the near neighborhood of the source of the 
 Nile was reached. In the next forty years more progress 
 was made in tracking the river to its lair than in the pre- 
 vious forty centuries. 
 
 In 1889 Stanley located the source in four-mile high, 
 snow-capped mountains that made the Semliki River, 
 though that stream is merely the connecting link between 
 two nyanzas or lakes, Albert Nyanza and Albert Edward 
 Nyanza. 
 
 In the year 1914, however, it was generally accepted 
 that the Nile starts as a little stream, near lat. 3 degrees, 
 45 min. south, and Ion. 29 degrees, 50 min. east, that 
 rises approximately a mile and a quarter above sea level, 
 in the northern tract of the mountains that border the 
 northeast side of Lake Tanganyika of Central Africa. 
 
 Of the leading atlases of 1914 that best depict this 
 region, the one giving the most detail is Andree's. It 
 shows with delightful German minuteness what a magni- 
 fying glass discloses to be a blue speck labeled the Nile 
 Spring (Nil-Quelle) , from which runs a twisting hairline 
 (the Lavironza River of others) that becomes (or accord- 
 ing to others joins the Ravuvu River and becomes) the 
 Kagera River that Stanley named the Alexandra Nile; 
 the Kagera enters the western side of Victoria Nyanza 
 which, through its sole outlet, the Nil (the Victoria or 
 
452 FOREIGN COUNTRIES 
 
 Somerset Nile) feeds Kioga (Ibrahim) Lake, from which 
 Albert Nyanza is formed ; out of the latter runs the River 
 Bar-el- Jebel which expands into Lake No to accommo- 
 date the Gazelle River, and together they issue from 
 Lake No, transmuted into the White Nile. 
 
 The Blue Nile rises in Abyssinia at ii degrees north 
 lat., 37 degrees east Ion., and joins the White Nile at 
 Assuan, from which place, with no nominal distinction 
 as to color, they flow united as the Nile to the Mediter- 
 ranean. But it is the sediment, which gives the Blue 
 Nile its color and name, that the consolidated river fur- 
 nishes to fertilize the Egyptian farmers' fields. 
 
 The Nile's trip covers a few leagues more than 4000 
 miles, and the river makes it in about two months ; but 
 the discovery progressed at the rate of only a mile a year 
 in the journey to the southernmost source. 
 
 Herodotus; II. 19. 
 
 Ovid; Meta. II. line 253. 
 
 Athenaeus; VIII. 35- 
 
 Lucan; Pharsalia. X. line 40-326 , 
 
 324 
 
 The Well of Syene 
 
 The town of Syene is known to everyone who has heard 
 of the syenite stone to which its quarries gave name ; but 
 its Well is perhaps seldom mentioned outside of scientific 
 circles, in which it has always been famous for having 
 shown that the sun was vertical there at the summer 
 solstice, and that consequently the Tropic of Cancer 
 crossed the town. 
 
 This geographical truth was found at the bottom of the 
 Well of Syene when someone noticed there what few 
 have ever seen in any other deep Well — a picture of the 
 
EGYPT 453 
 
 midday sun reflected from the surface of the water in its 
 depths. 
 
 It was not strictly an absolute truth, as one four- 
 hundredth of an up and down object's shadow might still 
 have been noted there at noon, but the heavily handi- 
 capped geographers of old may be cheerfully pardoned for 
 not noticing so small a fractional error. 
 
 The assistance that the Well of Syene thus gave to 
 the scientists is however expected to be immeasurably 
 exceeded by the boon that Syene's later and larger 
 reservoir of water is relied upon to confer on all of the 
 people in the lower Nile valley; for the great two mile 
 long dam at Assuan that was completed in 1902 was con- 
 structed to lay forever the two terrible specters of 
 Drought and Famine that have menaced the Egyptians 
 from time to time since long before the days of Joseph, 
 and the shortage of grain that followed the dream about 
 the lean kine, and the river's failure to overflow the fields. 
 
 Assuan, the modern name of Syene, is 774 miles from 
 the mouths of the Nile, and its dam was designed to 
 conserve water that would ordinarily go to waste, so that 
 a larger acreage than ever before might be irrigated, in 
 addition to controlling a reserve supply for use in years of 
 insufficient rainfall. 
 
 There was another very ancient and useful Well 
 opposite Syene in the island of Elephantina. It was on 
 the banks of the Nile, and was built of close-fitting stones 
 on which lines were drawn marking the greatest, least, 
 and mean risings of the Nile, whose waters flowed into 
 and formed the Well, so that its surface was always level 
 with the river's ; and from records of the dates of previous 
 years' levels it was possible to make forecasts of the 
 height the river would probably reach in the current 
 season. 
 
454 FOREIGN COUNTRIES 
 
 This Well was called the Nilometer, and was similar 
 to one at Memphis which was used for the same purpose. 
 
 Strabo; XVII. I. 5 48. 
 
 Blackthorn Spring 
 
 The Blackthorn Spring was in the vicinity of Thebes, 
 in a piece of woodland about thirty-seven miles from the 
 Nile, and it watered a grove of Blackthorn trees, the 
 wood of which was valued for ship-building; the flowers 
 for the beauty their colors added to garlands; and its 
 gum for various uses. The Blackthorn of the Spring is 
 supposed to be the Acacia which produces the modern 
 Gum Arabic. 
 
 Thebes was the No Amon of the Bible and was in its 
 prime centuries before the Trojan war. 
 
 There is an unfinished discussion as to whether Thebes 
 or Memphis was the older, but as they were both founded 
 by the first mortal monarch, Menes, the difference may 
 perhaps be measured in months. 
 
 The city was said to have had seven million inhabitants 
 and its army of six hundred thousand gained, among 
 other tributaries, peoples as far away as the Colchians 
 on the Caspian Sea. 
 
 The Thebans erected a statue of the god Toth, the 
 inventor of letters, and one of his wife. The Chinese 
 claim to have invented the characters of writing as well 
 as the art of printing, and there is no more reason to 
 doubt that they devised their own peculiar and numerous 
 signs for words than there is to question their statement 
 that the marks are copies of the tracks left by flocks of 
 birds on a certain seashore. 
 
EGYPT 455 
 
 It is not denied that birds taught men how to sing, 
 but a frank avowal that birds were their first writing 
 masters is made only by the Chinese and thp Romans, 
 the latter's Mercury, the couiiterpart of Toth and the, 
 inventor of their alphabet, having copied the flight of . 
 cranes when forming his characters. 
 
 Several nations, however, seem to have secretly con- 
 veyed, in a symbol, the admission of a debt to the birds, 
 the Romans, by placing a rooster beside the representa- 
 tions of their inventor; and the Egyptians by giving Toth 
 the head of another bird, the ibis, which is also the 
 hieroglyph of his name — indeed nearly a fifth of the 
 Egyptian letters were pictures of birds. 
 
 The letters that Cadmus carried to Greece were those 
 made by the Phoenician god Taaut, who was probably 
 the same as the maybe older Toth of the Egyptians. 
 
 No peoples, however, except the Egyptians, were 
 gallant enough to acknowledge the assistance that woman 
 would naturally be expected to have been anxious to 
 give in the inventing of letters, and her work in the 
 achievement was chivalrously proclaimed by the The- 
 bans who designated their statue of Toth's wife as the 
 Lady of Letters. 
 
 The dwellings of Thebes were four and five stories 
 high, and that it was the best adorned and most beautiful 
 city of the world may be opined from age-old descriptions 
 of its numerous palaces, temples, obelisks and statues. 
 Temples more than three hundred feet long were sup- 
 ported by columns nearly twelve feet thick and seventy 
 feet high; and some of its statues were more than nine 
 times life-size, the vocal statue of Memnon, and its 
 companion, being sixty feet high. Fortunately, however, 
 one is not required to rely alone on the ancient estimates 
 of the artistic embellishments of Thebes, for numbers of 
 
456 FOREIGN COUNTRIES 
 
 them now adorn streets and parks in the capital cities of 
 the world, or beautify their museums and galleries of art, 
 and their glories are as familiar to millions today as they 
 were to myriads of Thebans in their prime ; though per- 
 haps Thebes' share in producing them is unknown to 
 many beholders to whom they are only the ruins of Kar- 
 nak, or the obelisk of Luxor at Paris, or that on the 
 Thames embankment near Blackfriars' Bridge, the name 
 of Thebes being lost in the designation of this or that 
 village of nearly a dozen that have sprouted among the 
 ruins of the old metropolis that are found in the neighbor- 
 hood of the Spring of the Blackthorn grove. 
 
 Pliny; XIII. 19. 
 AthenEeus; IX. 43. 
 
 326 
 
 Memnon 
 
 The Memnonian fountain was at Abydos in the palace 
 of Memnon, the ruins of which are supposed to be those 
 now to be seen at the hamlet of Mensieh. 
 
 The palace was built on the plan of the Labyrinth; it 
 was entirely of stone, laid in a singular manner. 
 
 The fountain was within the palace at a great depth, 
 and was reached through an arched passage built of single 
 stones of remarkable size and workmanship. 
 
 Menes, the first mortal monarch, was born at Abydos; 
 and Osiris was buried there, in consequence of which the 
 place was selected as a cemetery by prominent Egyptians 
 in order that their remains might repose in the company 
 of the great god. Herodotus considered him the Egyptian 
 Bacchus; others called him a son of Rhea, and, as such, 
 he was either a brother of Zeus or, Zeus himself. Perhaps 
 the most simple solution of the perplexity is, that Osiris 
 
s^ EGYPT 457 
 
 occupied among the Egyptian gods the position that Zeus 
 held among the Grecian deities. 
 
 The father of Rameses the Great is supposed to have 
 constructed the palace, and also a neighboring temple of 
 Osiris, in which was discovered, in 1818, the Tablet of 
 Abydos, a list of Egyptian kings, that is valued as the 
 most precious document that has come down to modern 
 times regarding perhaps the oldest country in the world. 
 
 Memnon has been identified with a number of promi- 
 nent people, including Ham the son of Noah, and the 
 Egyptian King Amenophis. As the son of Tithonus, he 
 was killed by Achilles at Troy, and a river called Paphla- 
 gonios was produced by the flow from his wounds. 
 Tithonus was granted unending life, but having failed to 
 ask for the absolutely essential accompaniment of con- 
 tinuous youth, he shriveled up as he grew old, so that 
 finally little was left of him but a shell and a voice; 
 whereupon he was mercifully and appropriately changed 
 into a cricket. 
 
 The grief of Memnon's mother, Eos, more widely 
 known as Aurora, or, the Dawn, is the most enduring 
 sorrow that has ever been described, for her mourning 
 never ceased, and well-informed early risers are reminded 
 of it by the dewdrops, which are the tears she still con- 
 tinues to shed in her nightly lamentations. 
 
 It is not stated that this was a salt water fountain, but 
 it is said that along the road to the temple there were a 
 number of salt Springs bubbling up, and a vast number of 
 salt beds, and of mussel, oyster and scallop shells, — 
 deposits, it was supposed, of an ocean that covered this 
 land before the waters of the Mediterranean broke 
 through a barrier, at the Strait of Gibraltar, and ran 
 out into the Atlantic Ocean, which was then at a lower 
 level than the Mediterranean. 
 
458 FOREIGN COUNTRIES 
 
 Some of the ruins of Abydos are near the Arab village 
 of Arabat el Matfoon. 
 
 Strabo;XVII. I. §42- 
 
 Strabo; I. 3. § 4. 
 
 Ovid; Meta. XIII. line 575. «< scq. 
 
 The Wells of Apis 
 (The Fountains of the Priests) 
 
 There were two or more Wells of Apis ; one, from which 
 his drinking water was provided, at Memphis ; the others, 
 sometimes called the fountains of the Priests, were his 
 burial places, and their locations were known only to the 
 initiated. 
 
 The Golden Calf that the children of Israel adored was 
 not regarded with more veneration than Apis, who was 
 the sacred Bull worshiped by the Egyptians, and was 
 supposed to represent a reincarnation of the god Osiris. 
 
 He was maintained at Memphis in a court surrounded 
 by a colonnade full of sculptured figures and statues 
 forming the pillars of a Piazza, a part of the sacred pre- 
 cincts being reserved for the use of his mother. 
 
 There were two temples in his recreation court where 
 he appeared from time to time, attended by a choir of 
 boys who sang hymns in his honor, and where he gave 
 ocular responses to inquirers who judged whether fate 
 was propitious or the contrary, either, from his going 
 into one of the temples or the other ; or, from his taking 
 food from their hands, or refusing so to do. 
 
 At the age of twenty-five Apis was drowned in one of 
 the secret Wells or fountains of the Priests, and the coun- 
 try was carefully searched to secure his successor, if he 
 had not previously been discovered. 
 
EGYPT 459 
 
 There were twenty-nine features by which the right- 
 ful successor of the drowned Apis was to be distinguished 
 and verified, although the principal one, that of pedigree, 
 was itself of such phenomenal character that the other 
 twenty-eight might almost have been taken for granted 
 when any animal had been found with the pedigree 
 required. 
 
 This condition pedigree was that of an only calf, the 
 issue of lightning with a cow that could never have other 
 progeny. 
 
 Some of the other features for distinguishing the calf, 
 and guaranteeing the connection with Osiris, were; — a 
 predominating black color; a square spot of white on the 
 forehead ; a peculiar figure on the right side in the form of 
 a white crescent ; a representation of an eagle on its back ; 
 double hairs in the tail; and a peculiar growth that was 
 called a beetle, under the tongue. 
 
 The founding of Memphis has been assigned to the 
 year 4455 B.C. and is credited to the first mortal monarch, 
 Menes, who was, however, preceded by lines of prehistoric 
 kings who ruled for 18,000 years prior to his birth. 
 
 Ancient authors eulogized the magnificence of Mem- 
 phis, and its ruins were graphically described by an 
 Arabian writer in the Xlllth century; after that they 
 were forgotten until 500 years later when, their location 
 having become unknown, they were rediscovered on the 
 banks of the Nile, south and within ten miles of Cairo, 
 which was built in 638 A.D. with wreckage from its ruins. 
 
 The canals and the pyramids tell in two words what the 
 Egyptian engineers could accomplish, but no one, even 
 2500 years ago, could say what means they employed to 
 raise and transport masses weighing very nearly a thou- 
 sand tons. 
 
 The Egyptian obelisk in New York weighs only 70 
 
46o FOREIGN COUNTRIES 
 
 tons, but XlXth century engineers of the year 1881 re- 
 quired several weeks to move it three miles on land with 
 the aid of steam power, while the Egyptian engineers 
 moved masses twelve times as heavy and transported 
 them many miles farther from the quarries to their 
 present sites ; one of those masses at Thebes was a statue 
 of Rameses II carved out of a single block of syenite, the 
 feet of which, though more than three and a half yards 
 long and one and a half yards wide, are perfectly propor- 
 tioned for a man 75 feet tall, such as the statue repre- 
 sented. Works of almost equal magnitude at Memphis 
 are the colossal statues of Sesostris, his wife and four 
 sons, of different heights that range from 30 to 50 feet. 
 
 After seeing the marvels the Memphis builders per- 
 formed, it is difficult to select instances in which modern 
 members of their profession have shown greater ability, 
 and one is quite prepared to believe that Memphis had 
 subways before Rome had elevators, for the statement 
 that Memphis was built on arches, under which its armies 
 could pass out of the city without being seen, may be 
 taken as a very terse description of not only large but 
 even numerous subways. 
 
 Memphis was called the City of the Pyramids, and 
 within a few miles of it some thirty of them, including 
 the largest and most celebrated, are still to be found more 
 or less well preserved, and with the Sphinx among them ; 
 but earthquakes, the elements, the destruction of enemies, 
 the requirements of other cities' builders, and the zeal 
 of collectors, have worked havoc with all but the most 
 gigantic parts of Memphis, and it is now difficult to 
 identify the Wells of Apis, or even the site of his temples, 
 among the numerous heaps of shattered stone around the 
 little palm-shaded village of Matranieh, which represents 
 the old city with its circuit of fifteen miles. 
 
EGYPT . 461 
 
 But, from numbers of granite caskets containing 
 embalmed bodies of bulls that have been found outside 
 of the city, in a rock-cut gallery many hundred feet long 
 and twenty feet high and wide, it may be judged that the 
 remains of the pampered animals were all carefully pre- 
 served after they had been drowned in the sacred Wells. 
 
 Pliny; VIII. 71. 
 Herodotus; III. 27. 
 
 328 
 
 Pyramid Well 
 
 In the interior of the largest pyramid there was a Well 
 eighty-six cubits deep, which was believed to be con- 
 nected with the River Nile. 
 
 The shaft of this Well is now thought to have been 
 made to give the workmen a quick exit from the pyramid 
 to the ground. 
 
 Pliny; XXXVI. 17. 
 
 Marea 
 
 The fountain called Marea took its name from Maro, 
 one of the companions of Bacchus. 
 
 The district about the fountain produced a popular 
 wine that, in recognition of the Spring's irrigation, was 
 called Mareotic Wine. 
 
 The district was in the vicinity of Alexandria and of 
 Lake Mareotis, to which the fountain may have con- 
 tributed more than its waters, 
 
 Athenasus; I. 60. 
 
462 FOREIGN COUNTRIES 
 
 330 
 Cairo 
 
 There was a fountain where Cairo was afterwards 
 founded, near which there was a temple of Neptune ; its 
 waters changed from salt to sweet, and the reason was 
 because of the many thunderbolts that fell about it. 
 
 Atbenseus; II. IJ. 
 
 331 
 
 Rhacotis 
 
 Rhacotis was the name of a spot that always retained 
 that designation, even after it became a section of the 
 city of Alexandria. 
 
 In the days when it was only a spot in the wastes, 
 between Lake Mareotis and the sea, it was the station of 
 a solitary Egyptian guard that the government posted 
 there to keep foreigners from landing, and from ascending 
 the western branch of the Nile. 
 
 The Springs of Rhacotis no doubt located the station 
 and supplied water for the guard and the few herdsmen 
 of the neighborhood, who, on occasion assisted him in 
 repelling trespassers. 
 
 A mile out in the sea, on the southern side of the island 
 of Pharos, lay "Pirates' Haven," another lonely spot 
 that was the lurking place of Greek and Phoenician cor- 
 sairs on the watch for suitable prey among passing ships. 
 
 The military character, as well as the name of the 
 spot, continued even after Alexandria had spread her 
 numerous palaces over the wastes, for the old guard's 
 station became the site of the city's arsenal. 
 
 The Springs having become brackish, and being more- 
 over inadequate for the growing population, water. 
 
EGYPT 463 
 
 brought from the River Nile through an aqueduct, was 
 used in their place. 
 
 Hirtius; Alexandrine War; c. S. 
 Strabo; XVII. i. 5 6. 
 
 Pharos 
 
 The island of Pharos was a small oblong that protruded 
 from the sea, seven furlongs from the coast of Egypt and 
 half a day's sail from the western, the Canopic mouth of 
 the Nile. 
 
 About the island there were shallows and rocks, some 
 under the water and some above it, that made the neigh- 
 borhood a menace to navigators bound for any of the 
 river's seven arms that formed the delta; and therefore 
 in early times the Pharos, a tower admirably constructed 
 of white marble, and several stories high, the most cele- 
 brated lighthouse of ancient nights, was built on the 
 northeast end of the island where doubtless part of it 
 still remains in the tower that now takes its place. 
 
 The island nevertheless had attractions that were well 
 known to seamen of every land, even in the days of 
 Homer; these were its fresh and limpid Springs, which 
 were eagerly visited by sailors when their water had run 
 short during passages lengthened out by weak or adverse 
 winds. 
 
 Later on, this island was no less eagerly sought by 
 landsmen and all who were thirsty for knowledge, for it 
 stood before the doors of the largest and most valuable 
 library of those days, the library of Alexandria. 
 
 Gauged by the age of native cities in Egypt, Alexan- 
 dria was a place of no antiquity ; even five hundred years 
 after its founding it was spoken of as built only yesterday ; 
 
464 FOREIGN COUNTRIES 
 
 it was not founded until 332 B.C. when Alexander the 
 Great, struck with the breakwater value of the island, and 
 its strategic importance as commanding the western 
 mouths of the Nile, drew, himself, a plan for a coastal 
 city which in time was outranked by Rome alone. But 
 Alexander's body reposed in a gold coffin, and succeeding 
 monarchs and architects passed away before the enter- 
 prise was completed. Its two principal streets, two 
 hundred feet wide and crossing each other at right angles, 
 perhaps symmetrically reproduced two lines that Alex- 
 ander breezily dashed off and handed to the architect 
 as his plan for the city. 
 
 For the gold coffin, Ptolemy Sotor II substituted a 
 more modest casket of alabaster; but, as the chronicle 
 says, it did him no good, for he was almost immediately 
 deposed. 
 
 The island of Pharos was connected to the coast by 
 filling in the intervening ocean with a mole, and mole 
 and island were both built upon and became part of the 
 city. 
 
 When Alexandria had reached the rank of second city 
 in the world, its commerce produced five million dollars 
 a year in port dues alone, and it contained 4000 palaces, 
 4000 public baths, 400 theaters, and 12,000 groceries, 
 represented by herb sellers. 
 
 The library was the first public institution of its kind 
 established on a large scale, and it contained the cream 
 of the oldest literatures in 700,000 volumes. All new 
 books that were brought into the country were officially 
 borrowed, copied or translated, and laid in the library, 
 the importer, in some cases, receiving only the copy. 
 
 Following this custom, the Septuagint version of the 
 Bible was translated on Pharos for the library's shelves. 
 
 The collection was injured during Caesar's besiegement 
 
EGYPT 465 
 
 in 47 B.C., and again in 273 A. D., and in 389 : it was totally 
 destroyed by the Arabs in 640, and learning then sus- 
 tained an irreparable loss in every department. In the 
 ashes of the conflagration lie all that is left to the world 
 of peoples of whom nothing can now be known; and 
 science and the arts sorrow with history in their own 
 bereavements, for the loss of the records of the experience, 
 the discoveries, the formulas, and the secrets, in chemis- 
 try, mechanics and other lines, that had accumulated 
 during innumerable centuries has caused other centuries 
 of extra labor and research, much of which is still without 
 result; work that would have produced something new 
 if it had not perforce been diverted to finding out some- 
 thing that was old thousands of years ago, such, among 
 hundreds of instances, as the process for producing un- 
 fading paints, and for making malleable glass. 
 
 The limpid Springs that served a ship's crew amply 
 were utterly unable to meet the demands of a growing 
 city, and an aqueduct was therefore built and conveyed 
 water from the Nile to Pharos and all other parts of 
 Alexandria. (See No. 410a.) 
 
 Homer; Odyssey,. Bk. IV. 
 
 333 
 The Bitter Springs 
 
 The Bitter Springs were the private property of the 
 Egyptian kings, who derived a considerable revenue 
 from the alkaline salts obtained from the lakes that the 
 Springs produced ; salts that were used in numerous ways ; 
 in making pottery, in the kitchen and at table, and in the 
 ancient substitute for cold storage— the curing of meat 
 and fish. 
 
466 FOREIGN COUNTRIES 
 
 There are few fountains in all the world that the eye 
 of the public passes more often than it passes these very 
 old bitter Springs, for the lakes they form are a part of 
 the channel of the canal that was dug by Sesostris before 
 the time of Troy, the one now called the Suez Canal. 
 
 When in this ancient enterprise more than half of it 
 had been completed, the work was stopped at the Bitter 
 Springs ; not because it had, even then, cost the lives of 
 120,000 laborers, but owing to the discovery that the 
 surface of the Red Sea was four and a half feet higher 
 than the land in the interior of Egypt, and a consequent 
 fear of inundation. The stoppage, however, was but 
 temporary; the lock system was devised to obviate the 
 danger and the work, sixty-two miles long, was completed 
 and connected the Nile at Bubastis with the Red Sea at 
 Arsinoe, the present Suez. 
 
 In the course of time, accumulations of sand blocked 
 up the channel, although it was thirty feet deep, but it 
 was reopened by Trajan in the lid century. Some six 
 hundred years later the canal was again choked up, and 
 it remained useless until De Lesseps redug it, and opened 
 it on the i6th of November, 1869, having straightened 
 the course by running it northward to the Mediterranean 
 from the Bitter Springs from which it formerly turned 
 westward and ran to the Nile. 
 
 The perfection the science of engineering had reached 
 among the Egyptians nearly 5000 years ago is strikingly 
 shown in this wonderful undertaking, not only in the 
 application of the lock device to meet the difference in 
 water levels, but in the matter of the water level itself. 
 Napoleon considered the scheme of connecting the Red 
 and the Mediterranean Seas, but abandoned the idea 
 when his engineers computed that there was a difference 
 of thirty feet in the water levels. 
 
EGYPT 467 
 
 There is in fact no difference at all. But there is a 
 variation in the tide, which rises six feet six inches in the 
 south, but only one foot six inches in the Mediterranean 
 at Port Said. Thus the actual net difference of five feet 
 is within six inches of what the Egyptian engineers, of 
 before the time of Troy, calculated it to be when they 
 stopped operations long enough to work out a scheme to 
 meet the emergency. 
 
 When the old canal was opened, using, as now, the 
 Bitter Springs lakes, but connecting with the Nile direct, 
 the water of the river modified the saltiness of the lakes 
 to such an extent that they became the haunts of fresh 
 water fish and aquatic fowl; an upcreep of water that, 
 though noted twenty-five hundred years ago, much sur- 
 prised the people at Panama when it was reproduced in 
 the high level lake of the Panama Canal. 
 
 These Springs are sometimes called Fontes Amari. 
 
 Pliny; VI. 33. Strabo, XVII. ». §25. 
 Herodotus: II. 157. 
 
 334 
 Tatnos 
 
 The fountain of Tatnos was at Myoshormos north of- 
 Berenice. 
 
 The town was on the shore of the Red Sea, and its 
 name is taken to mean either the Harbor of the Mouse, or, 
 of the Mussel ; its remains are supposed to be those now 
 seen near Abuschaar. 
 
 Berenice was east of Syene, in the same latitude, and 
 on the Red Sea at the boundary of Egypt and Ethiopia. 
 It was one of the most popular points of departure for 
 ships sailing to India, and those who doubled their invest- 
 ments in the trade made no attempt to minimize the 
 
468 FOREIGN COUNTRIES 
 
 terrors with which the route was infested. Their accounts 
 were well calculated to deter intending competitors from 
 exposing themselves to the stifling heats, or risking en- 
 counters with pirates and hideous peoples, some of them 
 covered all over with long hair, except their heads ; or the 
 even more dreadful monsters of the tropic seas — giant 
 turtles so large that one shell served as the roof for a 
 whole family among the Chelonophagi ; and savage sea 
 serpents that were thirty feet long; and whales that 
 measured seventy-five feet; all of which had to be met 
 while the ships were being maneuvered in the midst of 
 furious tempests. 
 
 Pliny; VI. 33, 24, 26, 28. 37. 
 Strabo; XVI. 4. 5 5. and 3. 5 7. 
 
ETHIOPIA 
 
 335 
 The Fountain of Health 
 
 The fountain of Health was in the country of the 
 Ethiopian Macrobii, who, by using its waters Hved to the 
 age of 120 years, and often even longer. 
 
 The fountain gave forth the odor of violets, and the 
 water was so light that nothing would float upon it, 
 neither wood, nor substances more buoyant than wood 
 itself. 
 
 Those who washed with the water were made as sleek 
 as if they had been oiled. 
 
 The Macrobii were the tallest and the handsomest of 
 the Ethiopians, and they lived at the limits of the 
 habitable world in the south, while a nation of the 
 same name, among the Hyperboreans, lived at the north- 
 ern extremity of the world, and reached the age of looo 
 years. 
 
 According to the custom of the Macrobii, the reigning 
 family could secure its succession in rulership only 
 through a diligent cultivation of physical uplift ; men rose 
 to kingship neither through popularity nor by heredity, 
 stature and strength were the sole qualifications that 
 were considered in determining the succession of rulers, 
 and, when the reigning monarch had reached the limits of 
 his age, the tallest and strongest man in the community 
 received the crown. 
 
 469 
 
470 FOREIGN COUNTRIES 
 
 Their sepulchres were hollow columns of transparent 
 crystal, in the center of which were placed those who had 
 reached the greatest age the fountain of Health could 
 confer on them; and the columns were then set up as 
 pillars, at first in the houses of the relatives, and after- 
 wards in the outskirts of the city. 
 
 Cambyses, having heard that gold among the Macrobii 
 was so common that even the prisoners' chains were made 
 of it, personally conducted a large force against them. 
 But long before reaching the country the army's provi- 
 sions gave out. The soldiers then subsisted for a time on 
 the beasts of burden, and afterwards on such herbs as 
 they could gather; and it was not until it came to the 
 knowledge of Cambyses that the men were living on 
 themselves and devouring every tenth man as he was 
 selected by lot, that he abandoned his object and turned 
 back to his starting point, Thebes, which he reached with 
 a very small residue of the original force. 
 
 Perhaps the oiled appearance that came from bathing 
 with the water of the fountain has misled some modern 
 searchers for the Spring, but, unless it has lost its age- 
 producing virtue, it is not among any of the many places 
 that have so far been assigned to it, the chief of which are 
 Kordofan, Abyssinia and Somaliland. 
 
 Herodotus; III. 24. 
 
 LiPARIS 
 
 At Liparis there was a Spring that was used as a sub- 
 stitute for oil. 
 
 Pliny; XXXI. 14. 
 
ETHIOPIA 471 
 
 337 
 
 TiSITIA 
 
 There was, at Tisitia, a fountain that emitted 
 
 light: 
 
 Pliny; XXXI. 14. 
 
 338 
 
 The Red Fountain 
 
 The waters of the Red fountain required to be taken in 
 the greatest moderation, as otherwise they were apt to 
 cause dehrium. 
 
 Pliny; XXXI. 5- 
 
 339 
 Cucios 
 
 The Spring of Cucios was on a promontory much 
 resorted to by mariners. 
 
 The promontory was apparently south of an unex- 
 plored gulf on the Ethiopian coast. 
 
 Pliny; VI. 34. 
 
ARABIA 
 
 340 
 Arabia 
 
 There was a certain Spring in Arabia that gushed up 
 from the ground with such remarkable force as to throw 
 back any object pressed down upon it, however weighty. 
 
 Pliny; XXXI. is. 
 
 341 
 
 .iENUSCABALES 
 
 The fountain called .^nuscabales was in the town, 
 twenty miles from a mountain, inhabited by the Agacturi 
 which signifies the town of camels. 
 
 Pliny; VI. 32. 
 
 342 
 CORALIS 
 
 The fountain of Coralis appears to have been on the 
 island of Devade, in the Red Sea. 
 
 Pliny; VI. 32. 
 
 343-344 
 Daulotos. Dora 
 
 The fountains of Daulotos and Dora were in the island 
 of Dorice. 
 
 472 
 
ARABIA 473 
 
 This was perhaps Strabo's island of Doracta in the Red 
 Sea in lat. 17 degrees N, 
 
 Pliny; VI. 32. Strabo; VI. 3. 5 7. 
 
 345 
 Arsinoe 
 
 The Springs of Arsinoe came from a high rock near a 
 red colored mountain in the neighborhood of Arsinoe, a 
 town on the western coast of the Red Sea, one of many 
 towns named after the favorite sister of Ptolemy Phila- 
 delphus. 
 
 The waters were hot, salty and bitter, and dis- 
 charged themselves into the Red Sea opposite Mt- 
 Sinai. 
 
 strabo; XVI. 4. } S- 
 
 346 
 
 Red Sea Spring 
 
 Ctesias of Cnidus said that a Spring discharged a red 
 and ochrous water into the Red Sea. By others, the 
 sea's color was attributed to the reflection of the vertical 
 sun ; and some ascribed it to the reflection of the surround- 
 ing red mountains ; while a third theory was that both the 
 sun and the mountains had a share in causing the sea's 
 distinctive color. 
 
 In very ancient times, the Red was called the Ery- 
 thraean Sea, after Erythras the son of Perseus. 
 
 strabo; XVI. 4. } 30. 
 
474 FOREIGN COUNTRIES 
 
 347 
 Seven Wells 
 
 iEHus Gallus in his expedition into Arabia stopped at a 
 place called Seven Wells because it possessed that num- 
 ber of them. 
 
 The expedition was made in 24 B.C. by order of Augus- 
 tus whose covetousness was aroused by reports of the 
 great wealth of Arabia, through which the valuable 
 products of the Far East reached Italy, and where even 
 the commonest utensils were reported to be made of the 
 precious metals, and studded with jewels. 
 
 The expedition was barren of results, and it suffered 
 great hardships, as Gallus' guides purposely misled him, 
 and guided him in roundabout ways for six months to a 
 distance from which he was able to return in a third of 
 that time, after suffering intensely from want of water, 
 and losing the greater part of his soldiers through the rav- 
 ages of a disease that was new and unknown to the 
 Romans. It might be conjectured that these were the 
 two large and five small Biblical Wells of Beer-Sheba, 
 near which Abraham at one period had his residence. 
 
 Strabo; XVI. 4. §24. 
 
 Petra 
 
 Petra was surrounded with a natural fortification of 
 precipitous rock, within which there were abundant 
 Springs that were used for all domestic purposes, and for 
 irrigating the gardens. 
 
 The inhabitants stored quantities of water in vast 
 underground reservoirs cut in the rock; these were in 
 some cases loo feet square though the openings were 
 
ARABIA 475 
 
 made very small, so that when the people were attacked, 
 and fled to the wilderness as was their custom, they could 
 easily conceal the openings from their enemies. 
 
 Their favorite drink was made by mixing pepper and 
 wild honey with the water. 
 
 Petra was about three days' journey from Jericho and 
 was the capital of the Nabataeans who were descended 
 from Ishmael, and were fireworshipers. They were a 
 peaceable people who lived together in harmony, which 
 was particularly noticeable and surprising as such for- 
 eigners as dwelt in the place were often in litigation 
 among themselves, and even with the natives. They had 
 few slaves; they either waited upon themselves or, on 
 occasion, worked for their townmates and for the king. 
 
 Petra is seventy miles southeast of the Dead Sea and is 
 now called Wady Musa, from the outlet of its Springs 
 which is a charming brook flowing between flower-covered 
 and tree-shaded banks. 
 
 Among the place's ancient ruins are the remains of 
 many large structures that the present inhabitants believe 
 were the work of the Genii or Jins. 
 
 Strabo; XVI. 4. §21- 
 
PHCENICIA. PALESTINE 
 349 
 
 JOPPA 
 
 The Spring near Joppa and close to the sea was 
 noted for its reddish water, which was very much Hke 
 blood. 
 
 Its color was said to have been caused by the ablutions 
 of Perseus after his rescue of Andromeda, whose family 
 misfortunes were the subject of many dramas now lost, 
 though all of the principal characters have remained 
 enduringly pictured in the constellations, including 
 Cepheus her father, a king of Ethiopia, and Cassiopeia 
 her mother, who, extolling her beauty above that of the 
 Nereids aroused their resentment, to satisfy which they 
 induced Poseidon to send a sea monster to ravage the 
 kingdom of Cepheus, which he easily did by means of 
 an inundation. 
 
 The oracle of Ammon then announced that the people 
 and the lands could be saved if Andromeda was given to 
 the monster; and, her father being forced to consent, the 
 innocent daughter was chained to a rock near the Spring 
 to enable the monster to enjoy a leisurely meal. But 
 while he was plowing his way through the sea to the rock, 
 Perseus, returning with winged ankles from his adventure 
 with the Gorgon Medusa, appeared in the sky, and, 
 hovering above the beast destroyed it with vigorous 
 thrusts of his sword, while sustaining no discomfort 
 
 476 
 
PHCENICIA. PALESTINE 477 
 
 himself, save a drenching from the streams that spouted 
 from the wounds he inflicted. 
 
 Having colored the Spring in making himself present- 
 able, he released Andromeda and became her husband, 
 though not without further exertions with his sword for, 
 Andromeda having been previously betrothed, the rival 
 appeared at the marriage feast with a numerous retinue 
 of friends, and would have asserted his rights by force 
 had Perseus not slain a number of them, and then turned 
 two hundred of the others to stone by pointing at them 
 the head of Medusa. 
 
 In addition to the confirmation that was given to An- 
 dromeda's history by the constellations, there were 
 shown on the rock near Joppa vestiges of the chains that 
 bound the heroine; and in Rome the skeleton of the 
 monster itself was preserved; it was forty feet long, the 
 backbone being a foot and a half thick, and the ribs 
 higher than those of an Indian elephant. 
 
 Many centuries later, a more beneficent sea monster 
 appeared near Joppa and rescued Jonah when, at his 
 own request, he was thrown from a rowboat so that the 
 others might be saved from a tempest that arose shortly 
 after the boat had left Joppa for Tarshish. 
 
 The modern name of the town is Jaffa. 
 
 Ovid; Meta. IV. Fable lo. 
 Pausanias; IV. 35. 
 Pliny; IX. 4- V. 14. 
 
 HiERICUS 
 
 The toparchy of Hiericus was covered by groves of 
 palm trees and watered with numerous Springs. 
 
 This place though often named, alike by the pious and 
 the profane, would hardly be recognized in its ancient 
 
478 FOREIGN COUNTRIES 
 
 spelling, and the heathen chronicler's short description of 
 it gives but a meager suggestion of the city that has a 
 long and fascinating history for all Christian readers, to 
 whom it is known as the Jericho of the Bible. 
 
 Its ground was barren, and the water of its Spring was 
 naught until Elisha put salt in a new cruse and, flinging 
 it into the Spring, declared that he had healed the waters 
 and that there should be no more barren land. 
 
 The town contained the house, marked with a crimson 
 cord, of the notorious Rahab who reformed and became 
 the mother of Boaz the progenitor, with the gentle Ruth, 
 of David and of Jesus. Jesus Himself was baptized where 
 the Jordan flowed past the town; on the rocky heights 
 before it, the magnificent offers of the tempter were made 
 and spumed ; and in the city he restored the sight of the 
 blind. It was over against this town that Elijah was 
 carried up to heaven. 
 
 Jericho was some nineteen miles from Jerusalem, but 
 only a Bedouin encampment called Riha now marks its 
 site, and the neighborhood of its Spring called Rasrcl- 
 Ain, which, through Elisha's ministrations, made the land 
 fertile and produced the palm groves that Antony con- 
 sidered a worthy present to make to Cleopatra, for they 
 were remarkable because of their abundance and fruit- 
 fulness, having a rich, unctuous juice of a milky con- 
 sistency, with a vinous flavor and a peculiar sweetness 
 like that of honey. 
 
 Pliny; V, IS. 
 
 Engadda 
 
 The town of Engadda, once noted for its fertility and 
 its groves of palms, was only a heap of ashes in Pliny's 
 
PHCENICIA. PALESTINE 479 
 
 time. He describes the Esseni, the people who Hved 
 above its Spring, as being marvelous beyond all others 
 throughout the world, as they had no money, and they 
 had no women among them, their only companions being 
 the palm trees. But their numbers were recruited from 
 day to day by multitudes of strangers wearied with the 
 miseries of life and seeking a refuge from the tempests of 
 fortune. Thus through thousands of ages that people, 
 incredible to relate, had prolonged its existence without a 
 single birth taking place among them, so fruitful a source 
 of population to it was that weariness of life which is felt 
 by others. 
 
 John the Baptist has been supposed to have belonged 
 to the sect of the Essenes. 
 
 Engedi, some thirty-seven miles from Jerusalem, was 
 on the west shore of the Dead Sea; it was the Hazezon 
 Tamar of the Bible. Its Spring, Ain Jedi or the fountain 
 of the Goats, gushes out of the limestone rock of a lofty 
 cliff, at a height of about 400 feet above the plain and 
 forms a brook that empties into the Dead Sea. The 
 Spring's water is sweet and pleasant, although as warm 
 as 81 degrees Fahr., and the attraction the water still 
 has for numerous flocks of goats indicates how the foun- 
 tain originally received its name. 
 
 Pliny; V. 15. 
 
 Callirrhoe 
 
 Callirrhoe was a warm Spring remarkable for its medi- 
 cinal qualities and its name indicates the celebrity that 
 its waters gained. 
 
 This Spring was on the east side of the River Jordan, 
 and its waters had a sulphurous taste. 
 
48o FOREIGN COUNTRIES 
 
 The unpleasantness always connected with the name 
 of Callirrhoe was as marked in the case of this Spring as 
 in the other instances cited, if Renan is correct in his con- 
 jecture that it is the boiling and sulphurous Spring which 
 the apocalyptic Book of Enoch describes as being in the 
 subterranean valley that was the abode of the wicked 
 Fallen Angels, and whose only redeeming trait was that it 
 served to cure diseases. 
 
 Under medical advice, Herod, in his last illness, re- 
 sorted to the Spring of Callirrhoe, which was opposite 
 the center of the Dead Sea. 
 
 The Springs as now known, for there are four that 
 issue near each other, are in a romantic valley crowded 
 with canes and palms and surrounded by parti»colored 
 rocks, the yellow of which is produced by the sulphur 
 deposits of the waters. The stream formed by the out- 
 pouring Springs is twelve feet wide and ten inches deep 
 and has a temperature of 95° ; it flows into the Dead Sea. 
 
 Pliny; V. 15. 
 
 353 
 
 The Jordan 
 
 The river Jordanes rose from the cave Spring of Panias, 
 in Mt. Panias in the range of Anti-Libanus. 
 
 In the cave there was an oracle of Pan where revela- 
 tions were made by the interpretation of dreams. 
 
 Josephus went more into details, and stated that while 
 the source of the Jordan appeared to be in the sanctuary 
 of Pan, it was really some distance away in a circular 
 Spring at Phiala, from which it traveled underground to 
 Panias, or Banias, as had been proved by finding in one 
 Spring chaff which had been thrown into the other. 
 
PHCENICIA. PALESTINE 481 
 
 Unfortunately Phiala has not been identified, as there is 
 more than one circular Spring from which to choose. 
 
 Others gave a partnership credit to another Spring 
 that they believed to be the Ain of the Bible, and which, 
 as the fountain of Daphne under the hill of Dan 2 miles 
 west of Banias, gushed out all at once and made the Jor 
 a beautiful river of delicious water, the two streams, the 
 Jor and the Dan uniting to form both the river and its 
 name. 
 
 Modern travelers have added a third, and even a 
 fourth Spring ; the third gushing translucently from under 
 a perpendicular rock near Hashbeia and north of Dan; 
 and the fourth, the Spring of Esh Shar. 
 
 Although the Jordan is an unnavigable stream that 
 empties into a portless Sea and has never had a town of 
 any prominence upon its banks, it is the largest as well 
 as the most celebrated stream in Palestine, and it might 
 be called the original baptismal font, as Jesus and John 
 the Baptist were immersed in its waters. 
 
 The river's length is two hundred miles, which distance 
 it runs to get sixty miles away from its Springs. From the 
 tortuousness of its course it has been likened to a snake 
 twisting through vegetation and between rocks, and, 
 rather more pleasantly, to a vine creeping with many a 
 sidelong turn over the valley's floor. 
 
 The river has also been called a continuous waterfall, 
 as it drops in some places 1 16 feet in a mile, and in one 
 hundred and seventeen miles it falls 1983 feet. 
 
 It is supposed that the Jordan at one time emptied into 
 the Mediterranean, or the Red Sea; and that its course 
 was changed by the volcanic disturbance that anni- 
 hilated Sodom and Gomorrha and their wicked sister 
 cities of the plain, which sank to swallow the sinning 
 cities when they had increased to the fatal number 
 
482 FOREIGN COUNTRIES 
 
 thirteen, and left a basin into which the river poured to 
 form the Dead Sea which is 1374 feet below the level of 
 the Mediterranean Sea, and is gradually but measurably 
 going lower. 
 
 The modern name of the Jordan is Es Shiriah, which is 
 very like that of the third of its Springs. 
 
 Pliny; V. 15. 
 
 354 
 Tiberias 
 
 The hot Springs of Tiberias were conducive to the res- 
 toration of health. They were by Lake Tiberias, the 
 Sea of Gennesareth at Emmaus, the Hammath of 
 Josephus, where Jesus was first seen by the disciples after 
 the resurrection, as related by St. Luke. 
 
 Pliny; V. IS. 
 
 355 
 The Spring of Aradus 
 
 The Spring of Aradus rose in the sea between the main- 
 land and the city of Aradus, which was on a rocky island 
 of the same name, about two and a half miles from the 
 coast of Phoenicia, on a line with the island of Cyprus. 
 
 The island, only a mile in circumference, had so large 
 a population that it was necessary to build the houses of 
 many stories to economize space; and the inhabitants 
 secured their water from the Spring in the sea by very 
 ingeniously forming a temporary artesian Well, which 
 they constructed with a long leather tube attached to the 
 narrow end of a large lead funnel. Placing this apparatus 
 in a boat they rowed out to the Spring and lowered the 
 
PHCENICIA. PALESTINE 483 
 
 funnel over it, and when the gushing fountain had forced 
 the sea water out of the tube a constant stream of spark- 
 ling fresh water followed, and filled the receptacles that 
 were in waiting in othef boats which conveyed them to 
 the city's reservoirs. 
 
 Aradus was at the northern boundary of Phoenicia and 
 was the third of its most important cities, some of its 
 territory being across the channel on the mainland. It 
 was a very old town, not only mentioned in the Bible, 
 but, being of the same antiquity as its sister city Tyre, 
 dated back to at least 2700 years B.C. on the Mediterra- 
 nean; and even before that time, for that was the date of 
 the Temple of Hercules at Tyre, Aradus and Tyre were 
 towns in the two islands of Bahreim, in the Persian Gulf, 
 from which the two Phoenician names and settlements 
 were transferred. 
 
 The Tyrians when they moved from the Gulf erected a 
 temple to the Phoenician Hercules, perhaps the original 
 and only genuine hero, and the one the Phoenicians called 
 Melcarth, a name that seemingly suggested Melicertes, 
 the Greeks' early name for their Hercules; while their 
 later name, Heracles, is merely an anagram of Melcarth, 
 made by substituting two letters and spelling the name 
 backwards. 
 
 There was hardly any district about the Mediterranean 
 and along the waters to be reached from it, that did not 
 have some settlement perpetuating the name of Hercules, 
 and that too, as in the case of the temple at Tyre, gener- 
 ally long before the Greeks could have appropriated the 
 name to their own hero. 
 
 Another temple of Hercules claimed for the Grecian 
 hero was the one at Gades where, although it was founded 
 after the Trojan war, the rites practiced were not Grecian 
 but primitive Phoenician rites. 
 
484 FOREIGN COUNTRIES 
 
 It might perhaps be assumed that Melcarth was a 
 popular idol whose name was considered a talisman, 
 promising good luck to settlements and popularity for 
 products, because it was owing to his policies, extending 
 Phoenician commerce, and afterwards sending out colo- 
 nies to foster traffic and the growth of trade, that the 
 country reached its wonderful degree of prosperity. The 
 number of those colonies that may be tracked by a Phoeni- 
 cian name, or inscription, all the way from the shores of 
 the Euxine to the west coast of Spain, is surprising, and 
 all the more so when it is considered that they issued 
 from a country 120 miles long and 12 miles broad. And 
 equally surprising is the amount of originality and genius 
 the little country produced. Converting the hieroglyphs 
 of still older Egypt into an alphabet, she made possible 
 an easily transmitted record of the events of every coun- 
 try, though, ironically enough, practically no record at 
 all has been preserved of her own. Much, however, may 
 be learned from others ; thus. Homer praises the drinking 
 vessels of gold and silver made' by the Phoenicians, who 
 perhaps were no less renowned for the wares they made of 
 glass which they discovered how to manufacture. Their 
 Tyrian Purple was required wherever rich apparel was 
 worn, and they made the dye by extracting one single 
 drop from a gland in each of a certain kind of mollusk 
 peculiar to their coastal sea. 
 
 Phoenicia took the astronomical knowledge of Egypt, 
 or the East, and made it of practical value, to enable her 
 to find her way by the stars in her navigations to the 
 uttermost parts of the earth as it was known in her times, 
 even to Cornwall in Great Britain, and Cape Town in 
 Africa which continent she circumnavigated. She 
 adapted arithmetic to the necessities of her merchants for 
 keeping their merchandise accounts ; and, before the time 
 
PHCENICIA. PALESTINE 485 
 
 of Troy, the Tyrian Mochus had thought out the theory 
 of atoms. 
 
 Cadmus, who brought to Greece the infant alphabet, 
 then only fifteen letters long, was a Phoenician. 
 
 The island of the Spring of Aradus has today turned 
 into Ruad, and the Spring itself is now called Ain Ibrahim, 
 Abraham's fountain, though it is not mentioned among 
 the Springs of the patriarch that are enumerated in the 
 Bible. 
 
 The sea over the Spring is seventy-five feet deep, but 
 boatmen of today are said to continue the practice of 
 their ancient predecessors who drew fresh water from the 
 forceful fountain in the depths. 
 
 Pliny; V. 34. Strabo; XVI. 2. 513. 
 Herodotus; I. I. IV. 41. 
 
MESOPOTAMIA 
 
 356 
 Callirhoe 
 
 There was a fountain called Callirhoe in the north- 
 west part of Mesopotamia. 
 
 From this fountain a town is said to have taken its 
 name, which became Carrhae; and if, as some have sup- 
 posed, it was the same town as Haran, the fountain of 
 Callirhoe may have had even a closer relationship than 
 that of townmate with the Well of Nahor which was the 
 scene of the first recorded kiss — that with which Jacob 
 greeted Rachael. 
 
 Abraham migrated from Ur of the Chaldees to Haran, 
 where the descendants of his brother Nahor established 
 themselves, and where Jacob went for a wife. 
 
 Between the Euphrates and the Khabiir rivers there 
 is a modest village in about latitude 37° which is still 
 called Haran. 
 
 Pliny; V. 21. 
 
 357 
 Charura 
 
 The Spring of Chabura was the only Spring of water 
 in the whole universe that had an agreeable smell. 
 
 Its odor was due to Juno's having bathed in it. 
 
 In this fountain there were eels that eat from the hand, 
 and that were adorned with earrings. 
 
 486 
 
MESOPOTAMIA 487 
 
 Pliny, leaving it to the readei to decide between Juno 
 and the eels, places the incident of the goddess's bath 
 between two paragraphs to the effect that it is a virtue 
 in water to have no flavor, even an agreeable one; and 
 that to be truly wholesome it should, like good air, have 
 neither taste nor smell. 
 
 The river that results from this Spring is now called 
 Khabur, and it falls into the Euphrates at Circesium. 
 
 Pliny; XXXI. 22. XXXII. 7. 
 
ARMENIA 
 
 358 
 Armenia 
 
 There was a Spring in Armenia in which there were 
 black fish that if used as food were productive of instan-. 
 taneous death. 
 
 Pliny; XXXI. 19. 
 
 359 
 Euphrates 
 
 The Euphrates rose in Greater Armenia at the foot of 
 Mt. Capotes twelve miles from Zamara where it was 
 called Pyxurates. 
 
 Where it passed between the mountains of the Taurus 
 range it was given the name Omma, and afterwards was 
 called Euphrates. 
 
 Near the village of Massice the Euphrates divided, the 
 left branch running past Seleucia and falling into the 
 Tigris; the right branch running to Babylon, through 
 the middle of which it flowed, afterwards dispersed 
 through marshes. 
 
 The Euphrates increased like the Nile at stated times, 
 and at about the same periods. 
 
 Its modern name is Frat, and it is 1780 miles long. 
 
 Pliny; V. 20. 
 
 488 
 
ARMENIA 489 
 
 360 
 Tigris 
 
 The Tigris rose from a very remarkable source situated 
 on a plain in Greater Armenia ; the name of the spot was 
 Elegosine, and the stream there was known as Diglito, 
 which is supposed to be another form of the Hiddekel of 
 the Bible. 
 
 When the current became more rapid it was called 
 Tigris, which, in the language of the Medes, meant 
 "Arrow." 
 
 It passed through the nitrous waters of Lake Arethusa 
 so compactly that the fish of the river were unaffected 
 by them; and, reaching Mt. Taurus, it disappeared into a 
 cavern through which it siphoned under the mountain, 
 reappearing on the other side at Zoroande, the modern 
 Betlis. 
 
 Passing through Lake Thospitis it plunged into the 
 earth again and, traveling 22 miles unseen, it came up in 
 the vicinity of Nymphseum. 
 
 In its course it passed so near the River Arsanias that 
 when their waters swelled they met and flowed together, 
 but without intermingling, the Arsanias flowing on the 
 surface of the Tigris for four miles before they parted 
 company. 
 
 After passing Apamea it divided into two channels 
 which afterwards reunited and took the name of Pasati- 
 gris which river entered the Persian Sea through a mouth 
 ten miles wide, several miles from the marshes of the 
 Euphrates. 
 
 Strabo's impressions were that the sources of the Tigris 
 and the Euphrates were more than three hundred miles 
 apart; and that those of the Tigris were somewhere on the 
 southern side of the Taurus range. His knowledge of the 
 
490 FOREIGN COUNTRIES 
 
 stream lower down was, however, more intimate, and he 
 was able to state that after passing through Lake Thospi- 
 tis the river sank into the ground with a loud noise of 
 rushing air. 
 
 For the moderns, the Tigris rises in eastern Kurdistan 
 within a few miles of the Euphrates which it joins ninety 
 miles from the Persian Gulf into which, thus united, they 
 enter as the Shat-el-Arab. 
 
 Less tortuous than the Euphrates, the Tigris travels 
 only 1 150 miles as against the 1780 of the former. 
 
 Pliny; VI. 31. 
 
 StraboiXI. 12. 5 3. XVI. i. }2i. 
 
ASSYRIA. SYRIA. PERSIA 
 
 361 
 Thisbe's Spring 
 
 Thisbe's cold Spring was by a snow-white mulberry 
 tree near the walls of Babylon. 
 
 That was in the time when all mulberries were white 
 as they still are in China and the Far East, and as 
 they would still be in the Near East if it had not been 
 for Thisbe's Spring — for that attracted the lioness, 
 and she caused the tragedy that changed the mulberry's 
 color. 
 
 The walls of Babylon were noted for their solidity 
 even in times when massive masonry was by no means 
 uncommon, and, as neither time nor slave-labor, or even 
 baked bricks, were then of any appreciable value, it is 
 needless, now that the walls have disappeared, to ques- 
 tion that they were 350 feet high and 87 feet in breadth. 
 Their condition, however, was in marked contrast to the 
 party wall of the house in which Thisbe lived; a wall in 
 which there were chinks through which Pyramus, a 
 comely youth who lived in the adjoining house, made 
 Thisbe's acquaintance and carried on a courtship for- 
 bidden by the parents. 
 
 In whispers, an appointment was made for a meeting 
 at the Spring, and Thisbe, who was the first to reach it, 
 had hardly laid aside her veil when a lioness, seeking 
 liquid refreshment after a sanguinary meal of ox flesh, 
 approached the water and made the maiden retire, 
 hastily and unseen, to the shelter of a cavern. 
 
 491 
 
492 FOREIGN COUNTRIES 
 
 The veil, stained by the dripping jaws of the Honess 
 when she sniffed and pawed it, lay flaming in the moon- 
 light when the tardy Pyramus arrived, and, coupled 
 with the tracks the beast had left on the soft margin of 
 the Spring, pointed to but one conclusion. 
 
 Passionately blaming himself and his lateness for his 
 mistress' fate, Pyramus dealt his breast a mortal wound 
 with his sword, and fell at the foot of the mulberry tree 
 whose roots, dyed with his blood, colored the sap and 
 tinged the snow-white berries with a purple hue. 
 
 Thisbe, returning from the cave only in time to hear 
 her lover's last sigh, paused but long enough to adjure 
 the tree to retain the token of their fate and forever bear 
 black fruit as a mourning memorial, and then threw 
 herself upon the point of the discarded sword and re- 
 plenished the stream the roots were still absorbing. 
 
 The gods, moved by the pathetic adjuration, decreed 
 that all the mulberries of the country should thence- 
 forward be black; and the conscience stricken parents, 
 repenting their harshness, mingled in one urn the ashes 
 of the innocent lovers. 
 
 Shakespeare, when he travestied the tragedy in "A 
 Midsummer Night's Dream," assigned characters for the 
 Wall and the Moonlight, and the Lion — which Bottom de- 
 sired to play because he could roar as gently as any sucking 
 dove and would not frighten the ladies — but omitted a 
 part for either the Tree, or the principal factor, the Spring. 
 
 Ovid; Meta. IV. Fable i. 
 Herodotus; I. 178. 
 
 362 
 
 Babylonian Naptha Springs 
 
 There were Springs of naptha near the Euphrates 
 River in Babylonia; some producing white naptha which 
 
ASSYRIA. SYRIA. PERSIA 493 
 
 attracted flame and was liquid sulphur ; and others black 
 naptha which was liquid asphaltus and was burned in 
 lamps instead of oil. 
 
 Alexander was much interested in what he was told 
 about the properties of naptha and its almost inex- 
 tinguishable flame, and assured himself of its peculiari- 
 ties by means of some easily conducted experiments with 
 a boy, whom he put in a bath of it which he ignited from 
 the flame of a lamp. 
 
 Fortunately the boy's shrieks atracted the attention 
 of his friends, who succeeded at the last moment in res- 
 cuing him from the amateur scientist's zeal. 
 
 The Spring beyond the city of Demetrias, as it was 
 close to Babylon, possibly furnished the naptha for this 
 royal experiment. 
 
 Another incident in Alexander's life is recalled by the 
 name of a place in Babylonia east of this Spring, Gauga- 
 mela, where Darius was defeated by Alexander and lost 
 his kingdom, in October, 331 B.C. Gaugamela means the 
 Camel's House, and Darius gave it the name when he 
 assigned its' revenues for the support of a faithful camel 
 that had grown old in carrying his baggage and provisions 
 through the deserts. 
 
 Strabo;XVI. I. § is. XVI. i. §3. 
 
 363 
 
 Ardericca's Well 
 
 The village of Ardericca was above the city of Babylon 
 on the Euphrates, and the river's windings about the 
 village were as peculiar in their way as were the products 
 of the Well. 
 
 Passengers traveling by boat on the Euphrates touched 
 
494 FOREIGN COUNTRIES 
 
 at the village three times in three successive days, a river 
 squirm that perhaps has no parallel. 
 
 The Well was five miles from Ardericca, and it pro- 
 duced three different substances. 
 
 It had a wine skin for a bucket, and the skin was raised 
 with a swipe, a primitive form of pump handle made of a 
 young tree trunk with a shorter trunk for a post. 
 
 The contents of the wine-skin bucket, on being emptied 
 out, assumed three forms, one part becoming solid asphalt, 
 another part solid salt, and the third part a black, strong- 
 odored oil that the Persians called Rhadinace. 
 
 Herodotus; VI. ii8. I. i8s. 
 
 The Castalian Spring 
 (Daphne) 
 
 Daphne was a town of moderate size eight miles out of 
 Antioch. It had a large forest three miles deep, with 
 thick coverts of shade, and Springs of water flowing 
 through it. 
 
 In the midst of the forest there was a sacred sanctuary 
 and a temple of Apollo and Diana. Under the protective 
 security of the sanctuary license was let loose, and the 
 grove became the scene of a perpetual festival of vice. 
 
 King Antiochus Epiphanes, sometimes called the Mad, 
 is said to have mixed the water of the fountain of Antioch 
 with wine to add to the convivialities on one occasion. 
 His peculiar ways, as described at length by Athenasus, 
 indicate that he was the prototype of the Calif Haroun al 
 Raschid of the Arabian Nights. 
 
 Daphne has been called the Versailles of Antioch ; but 
 for the frequenters of the grove there was much to make 
 
ASSYRIA. SYRIA. PERSIA 495 
 
 it suggestive of the Grecian Delphi, one of its fountains 
 being called the Castalian Spring, and a nearby bay tree 
 being pointed out as the tree into which Apollo's Daphne 
 was transformed. 
 
 The fountain produced the sacred water of the Oracle 
 of Daphne, whose repute was such as might be expected 
 from its surroundings. It was destroyed by Hadrian 
 who had learned from it that he would become emperor, 
 his object being to prevent its encouraging anyone else to 
 attempt to supplant him. The Emperor Julian under- 
 took to restore the destroyed fountain and to rebuild the 
 business of the temple, and probably did so if the modern 
 supposition about the Spring's present existence is cor- 
 rect, although the temple was subsequently destroyed 
 through an accidental fire. 
 
 The waters of some of the Springs supplied the city 
 of Antioch, to which they were conveyed through 
 an aqueduct. 
 
 The numerous and prolific fountains of the modern 
 Beit-el-Maa have led to its identification as the ancient 
 and depraved Daphne. 
 
 Athenaeus; 11. 23. V, 21. 
 Strabo; XVI. -x. 5 6. 
 
 Typhon 
 
 Typhon, in the form of an immense serpent, having 
 been wounded by Zeus with a dart of lightning, bored 
 into the ground for concealment, and made a mole-like 
 passage of eight miles before reappearing. 
 
 The chasm the serpent made when entering the earth 
 was called Charybdis. Where it came up again, near 
 Libanus, Springs gushed out through the opening and 
 
496 FOREIGN COUNTRIES 
 
 formed the river called Typhon. The stream ran near 
 the city of Antioch and in the course of time it received 
 the name of Orontes, a man who built a bridge over it, in 
 place of the name of the serpent who brought it to light. 
 The Springs watered a hunting park whose location is 
 still marked by a sixty foot high square shaft having a 
 pyramidal top, and carved on its four sides with gro- 
 tesque hunting scenes. This is near the village of Kur- 
 mul north of, and a twelve-hour trip from the village of 
 Labweh (near Baalbek) which latter would seem to be 
 where the serpent actually entered the earth. 
 
 Strabo; XVI. 2. §7. VI. 2. §9. 
 Strabo;XVI.:i. §19. 
 
 366 
 
 One Thousand Springs 
 
 A large collection of Springs in Syria was called by the 
 people of the district Bing-gheul, or, the Thousand 
 Springs. 
 
 It has been conjectured that the River Lycus, anciently 
 mentioned as a tributary of the Euphrates, had its in- 
 ception in this aggregation of fountains, and that the 
 river was a confluent which flowed into the Tigris (not 
 the Euphrates) a little south of Larissa near Nimrud, 
 the town founded perhaps 2200 years before Christ, by 
 Nimrod the mighty hunter and the grandson of Ham. 
 
 Pliny; V. 20. 
 
 Springs of the Dardes 
 
 No mention is made of the Springs of the Dardes except 
 in the history of the march that the younger Cyrus 
 
ASSYRIA. SYRIA. PERSIA 497 
 
 began with the object of capturing Babylon, and that 
 Xenophon concluded with the sole aim of saving as many 
 as possible of the 13,000 defeated Greek soldiers, Cyrus 
 having lost his life without getting within thirty miles of 
 the coveted city of his brother Artaxerxes. 
 
 The celebrated advance and retreat occupied 15 
 months, beginning in B.C. 401 , and the retreat was made 
 through such rigors of climate, and harassments by foes, 
 that only 8640 of the original participants succeeded in 
 completing the round march of some 4000 miles. 
 
 Belesys, the governor of Syria, had built a palace at 
 the Springs and had surrounded it with a very large and 
 beautiful garden containing all that the seasons produce; 
 but Cyrus laid waste the notable garden and burned the 
 palace. 
 
 The Springs were, on one side, 30 parasangs from the 
 River Chains, which was full of large tame fish that the 
 Syrians looked upon as gods and allowed no one to harm; 
 and, on the other side, 15 parasangs from the River 
 Euphrates; but as the parasang was an elastic measure 
 that varied between three miles and half as many, accord- 
 ing to the nature of the ground traversed, and as the 
 compass direction of the march is unknown, such travelers 
 as have tried to retrace the route of the ancient army 
 have been unable to agree on the exact location of these 
 Springs. 
 
 They were perhaps approximately about 5 minutes 
 north of where the 36th parallel crosses the 38th merid- 
 ian; and their present name may no doubt be found 
 among the following that have been suggested; the 
 fountain of Fay, or Far; the fountain of Bab (al Bab) or 
 Dhahab or Dabb ; the fountain of Daradax, or Ain Abu 
 Galgal. 
 
 Xenophon. Anabasis; I. 4- 5 lO- 
 
498 FOREIGN COUNTRIES 
 
 368 
 
 EULEUS 
 
 The Spring of Euleus rose in rapid eddies ; its stream then 
 disappeared and concealed itself in the earth, but after 
 a short course underground rose again. 
 
 The kings of the country would drink no other water 
 than that from Euleus, even when traveling on long 
 journeys, during which they always carried a sufficient 
 supply to last them until their return. 
 
 The lightness and purity of the water were individual ; 
 indeed it was the lightest of all, for a cotylus, or about a 
 half pint of it, weighed less than the same measure of 
 any other water. Another of its merits was the excel- 
 lence of the eels that its river produced, and the river 
 itself was venerated with many pompous ceremonies. 
 
 The stream of the Spring flowed into the Tigris and it is 
 supposed to be the River Ulai, on the banks of which the 
 prophet Daniel had his wonderful vision that was fol- 
 lowed by his sickness of many days, the vision of the 
 combat between two remarkable animals ; the ram with 
 one horn higher than the other, and the goat that pro- 
 gressed without touching the ground, and that had a 
 single horn between its eyes. 
 
 AthensEus; VII. 56. Pliny; VI. 31. 
 Strabo; XV. 3- § 22. 
 
 Bagistanus 
 
 The great Springs of Bagistanus burst out from large 
 fissures in the mountain for which they were named. 
 
 They watered a plain, on the confines of Media, in 
 which Queen Semiramis had a wonderful garden laid out 
 
ASSYRIA. SYRIA. PERSIA 499 
 
 which was called "Paradise," and which abounded in 
 fruits and all other things pertaining to luxury. 
 
 High up on the mountain, from which the Springs 
 issued at one end of the garden, there was a colossal 
 group of figures representing the queen and a hundred 
 members of her court. These were carved in relief on the 
 mountain itself, where a huge portion of its side had been 
 hewn away to make a flat surface of rock on which to 
 cut the gigantic figures, many of which are said to be 
 still visible, and well preserved owing to a coating of 
 varnish which vies with the rock in its hardness. 
 
 The garden that faced these Springs was laid out within 
 a few years of 2182 B.C., which is a date in the period of 
 the reign of Queen Semiramis. Having been abandoned 
 by her mother she was fed and kept alive by doves. She 
 married King Ninus, and, having requested the privilege 
 of sole rulership for five days, she at once had the king 
 murdered and prolonged her reign for forty-two years, 
 during which she built Babylon and erected a tomb a 
 mile and an eighth high for Ninus. At the end of her 
 reign she disappeared in the form of a dove. 
 
 The locality is now called Basitun. 
 
 Diodorus; VI. 13. Pliny; VI. 31. 
 
 369a 
 
 The Golden Water 
 
 There was a Foimtain in Persia called The Golden 
 Water which rose in seventy Springs. 
 
 No one but the King and his eldest sons drank of the 
 water of this Fountain, and to confine its use to them 
 it was decreed that anyone else who drank from the 
 Fountain should be put to death. 
 
50O FOREIGN COUNTRIES 
 
 This account of the Golden Water was given by 
 Agathocles a Greek historian whose works were widely 
 read in antiquity but are now lost save for some 
 fragments that were quoted by other authors whose 
 writings have been preserved. 
 
 Athenaeus; XII. lo 
 
ENGLAND 
 
 370 
 Aqu^ Sulis 
 
 The Aquae Sulis of the Romans were the four curative 
 Springs of Bath on the River Avon in England. 
 
 Their hot, chalybeate waters range in temperature 
 from 97 to 117 degrees Fahrenheit, and are resorted to 
 for the cure of gout, rheumatism and many other affec- 
 tions. 
 
 They rise near the river, in the center of the town, and 
 have a flow of more than 184,000 gallons daily. 
 
 A larger number of Roman remains have been found 
 near these Springs than in any other place in Britain. 
 Ruins of the ancient baths were uncovered in 1775, and 
 in 1 88 1 an entire bath was found in a complete state of 
 preservation. 
 
 They were also called Aquae Soils, and Aquae Calidae. 
 
 Ptolemy; II. 3. } 28. 
 
 501 
 
FRANCE. BELGIUM 
 
 371 
 Springs of Bormo 
 
 A local deity, Bormo, gave name to Springs in two 
 localities in Gaul. They are exceptions that prove the 
 rule governing the fictions of ancient fountains and show, 
 like the proverbial good rule, that it may work in more 
 ways than one — for the transforming of a person into a 
 Spring, or, of a king into a god by deifying him, is seen 
 in the records of the Springs of Bormo to have been 
 reversed. 
 
 After several changes in sound as are frequently caused 
 by faulty ears or careless tongues, Bormo, passing 
 through Boronis, Borvonis and Borboni, finally became 
 Bourbon about the Xth century a.d. ; and the house of 
 Bourbon, which had long been connected with more than 
 one throne, came at last to have a king of its own. Thus 
 the old local deity perpetuated in the Springs, and then 
 in the farnily name, was eventually represented, in 1589, 
 by a man — a man who became King Henry IV. of France. 
 
 The Roman Itineraries, on tablets of marble or metal, 
 gave the names of stations on the military roads, and the 
 distances of the places from each other in miles, called 
 Mille Passum and written "M P, " each representing a 
 thousand paces of five feet ; in these tablets the locations 
 of mineral Springs were marked with a small square ; and 
 such is the marking on a still extant tablet that officially 
 located the Springs of Bormo. 
 
 502 
 
FRANCE. BELGIUM 503 
 
 The . waters continue to be noted for their mineral 
 content, and they are found in two places in central 
 France ; on the road to Bourges a fewmiles from the River 
 Allier; and at Bourbonne-les-bains, twenty miles north- 
 east of Longres, on the Borne River. 
 
 They are hot as well as saline Springs, thfeir tempera- 
 tures ranging from 121 to 136 degrees. 
 
 Smith's Die. of Gk. and Ro. Geo. 
 
 Aqu^ Calid^ 
 
 The Romans became acquainted with the curative 
 virtues of the mineral waters of the old volcanic region of 
 France long before the expiration of the heathen era, and 
 especially recognized the value of the Aquae Calidse or 
 Springs of Vichy, although they attracted no marked 
 attention from the moderns until as late as the XlXth 
 century, during which the place became the most popular 
 of all the French resorts for health, and acquired as much 
 vogue as it had enjoyed eighteen centuries earlier in the 
 reigns of Claudius and Nero, coins and remains of marble 
 baths of the periods of those emperors having been found 
 in abundance in the neighborhood of the Springs. 
 
 The home of these Springs is by the River Allier 35 
 miles from Moulins, where they rise at the foot of the 
 Auvergne mountains, and are hemmed in by hills clothed 
 with vineyards and orchards. 
 
 They are claimed to be the most efficacious of all alka- 
 line Springs in cases of indigestion, gout and catarrh. 
 They range in temperature from 68 to 1 12 degrees Fahr. 
 and are used both for bathing and as beverages; for the 
 latter purpose they were exported a few years ago in 
 
504 FOREIGN COUNTRIES 
 
 larger quantities than perhaps any Spring water except 
 ApoUinaris. 
 
 Some of the Springs are acid. 
 
 Smith's Gk. and Ro. Geo. " Aquae Calidae. " 
 
 373 
 Orge 
 
 The fountain of Orge in Gallia Narbonensis was 
 famous, and it derived its fame from the fact that plants 
 that grew in its waters did not draw their nourishment 
 from them, but from the rains. 
 
 The neighboring cattle were so immoderately fond of 
 feeding on the plants of the Spring of Orge that they 
 would even plunge their heads below the surface in order 
 to crop the ultimate particles of the stems. 
 
 It is not yet known by what means the ancients ascer- 
 tained that it was the rain and not the Spring's water that 
 nourished these peculiar growths, but it has been sur- 
 mised that they were the Festuca Fluitans. 
 
 Pliny; XVIII. SI. 
 
 374 
 
 AQU.E CONVENARUM 
 
 The location of these Springs has not yet been agreed 
 upon; Bigorre, celebrated in "Lucile, " Capbern and 
 other places, having been suggested by different iden- 
 tifiers. 
 
 In the Antonine Itinerary they are set down as being 
 on the road from the Aquae Tarbellae to Toulouse, and 
 to the east of Lugduntun. 
 
 They may have been what Strabo refers to as the hot 
 
FRANCE. BELGIUM 505 
 
 Springs of the Onesii (or Monesi) which were most ex- 
 cellent for drinking, and were at or near Lugdunum 
 (St. Bertrand). They may possibly be what are now 
 called the Bagnieres-sur-1'Adour. 
 
 Strabo; IV. 2. \ l. 
 
 375 
 Aqvm TaRBELL/E 
 
 The Springs of the Tarbelli were, some of them, hot, 
 and, others, cold. 
 
 The town of Aqs on the road to Bordeaux now possesses 
 those noted mineral Springs of the Tarbelli, and the 
 town's name is but a modification of the ancient "Aquae." 
 
 Pliny; XXXI. a. 
 
 376 
 Aqu^e Sexti^ 
 
 The Aquee Sextiae were in the territory of the Saluvii. 
 
 Aquae was the Roman designation for many medicinal 
 Springs and bathing places, and it is reflected in the 
 present name of these Springs, Aix ; they are in the De- 
 partment of the Bouches du Rhone eighteen miles north 
 of Marseilles. 
 
 When, in 122 B.C., Sextius Calvinus defeated the Sa- 
 luvii he founded a town at the Springs, and combined his 
 own name and the Springs' designation for the name of 
 the new settlement which erected a temple to Apollo 
 that is believed to have been converted into the baptistry 
 of the present cathedral. In early times many of the 
 Springs there were hot, but at the present day none is of 
 more than a moderate warmth, about 90° or 100° Fahr. 
 
5o6 FOREIGN COUNTRIES 
 
 They are clear and transparent waters with a slightly 
 bitter taste, but almost devoid of any odor. 
 
 They attract a considerable clientele of women under 
 the impression that has been created that they act as a 
 cosmetic by clearing the skin and beautifying the 
 complexion. 
 
 Pliny; III. 5. Strabo; IV. i. i S- 
 
 377 
 Aqu^ Gratian^ 
 
 The Aquae Gratianae are the mineral Springs of Aix-les- 
 Bains east of Lake Bourget and north of Chamb^ry in 
 the Duchy of Savoy. 
 
 They are two hot sulphurous Springs that appear 823 
 feet above sea level, and have a temperature of 100 
 degrees Fahr. 
 
 They were resorted to as now, in the time of the Roman 
 empire both for bathing and for drinking. 
 
 Aix is the French name for many places possessing 
 Springs ; it represents the old French word Aigues which 
 was derived from Aquae, the Latin word for waters, and, 
 when combined with the name of a place, usually for 
 mineral Spring waters. 
 
 Smith's Ok. and Ro. Geo. 
 
 378 
 
 Nemausus 
 
 The purity of the fountain of Nemausus received the 
 praises of the early poets, and modern writers, describing 
 it under the name of the fountain of the Nymphs by 
 which the citizens of its native place, Nimes, now call it. 
 
FRANCE. BELGIUM 507 
 
 are quite as laudatory in their prose accounts of its pellu- 
 cidness and freedom from sediment. 
 
 Nemausus was in Gallia Narbonensis, the designation 
 given to that part of Gallia that bordered on the Medi- 
 terranean as far east as the river Var at Nice, where Italy 
 then began, and of which Narbonne was the chief city. 
 It was named after a son of Hercules. 
 
 When Nemausus was the capital of the tribe of the 
 Arecomisci and its twenty-four villages, the fountain 
 supplied the capital through a subterraneous channel; 
 but, as the place expanded under Roman occupancy, the 
 Springs of the Eure and the Aizan, 25 miles away, were 
 tapped and their waters were carried to the town by an 
 aqueduct which, where it crossed the Gar don River over 
 three tiers of arches, is now known as the Pont Du Gard. 
 The neighborhood of Ntmes contains more remains of 
 Roman structures than any other part of France, and the 
 Pont Du Gard, which is thirteen miles from the city, is 
 one of the finest specimens in the country. 
 
 The fountain of the Nymphs rises at the foot of a well- 
 wooded hill in a finely adorned and beautiful park, 
 and its powerful upward pour has made a large pool 
 that has a depth of fifty feet and a width of twice as 
 many. 
 
 The old subterraneous channel, and some bathing 
 chambers that were connected with the fountain, were 
 repaired wherever restoration was needed, in the time of 
 Louis XV. 
 
 No attempt, however, has been made to renew an 
 ancient semicircular temple of Diana on the hillside 
 above the fountain, and its roofless ruins retain un- 
 marred all of the picturesque effects with which the 
 artful touch of time adorns whatever it ravages or 
 wrecks. 
 
508 FOREIGN COUNTRIES 
 
 The fame that Nemausus gained through its fountain 
 was greatly increased by its cheeses, which the epicures 
 of distant Rome ranked among the best that reached the 
 capital. 
 
 StrabojIV. I. } 3. 5 n- 
 Pliny; XI. 97. 
 
 379 
 Wound-Cure Springs 
 
 Pliny mentions Wound-Cure Springs in a general way, 
 and alleges that they possessed individual and special 
 properties, some of them being beneficial in the treat- 
 ment of injuries to the sinews, some adapted for relieving 
 the pain of sprains, while others had healing effects in the 
 case of fractures. 
 
 The Springs in the Department of the Basses-Pyre- 
 nees, in the southwest corner of France, were held in 
 similar esteem by the French soldiers of the i6th 
 century who regarded them as a cure for arquebus-shot 
 wounds, and called them the Eaux d'arquebusades. In 
 more peaceable times, these waters were found to be 
 equally valuable in treating constunption and other 
 forms of lung trouble, and they still continue to be re- 
 commended in such cases. 
 
 These Springs, now known as the Eaux Bonnes, are 
 located some twenty miles southeast of the village of 
 Oleron, and near the Eaux Chaudes which have similar 
 properties. 
 
 They comprise several sulphurous Springs with a 
 temperature of about 90° Fahr., which are used for 
 bathing, and a cold Spring whose water is taken in- 
 ternally. 
 
 Pliny; XXXI. 3- 
 
FRANCE. BELGIUM 509 
 
 380 
 
 FONS TUNGRORUM 
 
 The Tungri in Gaul possessed a fountain of great 
 renown. It sparkled as it burst forth with numerous 
 bubbles, and it had a taste of iron, though that was not 
 noticed until the water had been swallowed. 
 
 It purged the body and drove off tertian fevers, and 
 dispersed calculi. 
 
 When heat was applied to the water it became turgid, 
 and then turned to a red color. 
 
 This description is supposed by some to refer to the 
 Spring in the town of Tongres in Belgium which is still 
 called The Fountain of Pliny ; but others connect it with 
 the famous Spring of Belgium's Spa whose name, applied 
 to mineral water places, has become a designation almost 
 as general as the word "Springs " itself. 
 
 The waters of this fountain, and of six others outside 
 of the town, are cold and bright, and still sparkle and 
 bubble with carbonic acid gas; and they contain minute 
 particles of iron which the toy-makers of the town find 
 no less serviceable in their trade than the invalids find 
 them when used as a tonic, for the toys made in Spa are 
 given their rich brown color simply by steeping them in 
 the waters of the Springs. 
 
 Pliny; XXXI. 8. 
 
SWITZERLAND 
 
 381 
 The Rhone 
 
 Strabo often speaks of the sources of the Rhodanus, the 
 Rhone of the Romans, but he nowhere attempts to locate 
 them ; and Pliny says vaguely that the Rhodanus rushes 
 down from the Alps, and takes its name from a place 
 called Rhoda. 
 
 Indeed, down to the time of Ptolemy there was no 
 exact knowledge about the sources of the river, or about 
 its mouths, as to the number of which there was no 
 agreement, though seven seems to be the largest number 
 reported. How some of its mouths came to be located on 
 the Adriatic, is mentioned in connection with the Erid- 
 anus, which some writers seem to have confounded with 
 the Rhodanus, probably from the somewhat similar 
 sound of the names. 
 
 This ignorance about the river is all the more promi- 
 nent because the Rhone was known to the Romans earlier 
 than any other river of the West, and Hannibal with his 
 elephants had followed its course in order to reach an 
 easy pass through which to cross the Alps. 
 
 The Rhone is now known to rise in Switzerland in the 
 glacier west of the pass of St. Gothard, not far from the 
 Sources of the Rhine. The vast mass of ice stretches 
 across the entire width of the valley of the Gallenstock, 
 the mountain whose many snow-laden peaks supply the 
 inexhaustible stores of frost that the slowly creeping 
 
SWITZERLAND 511 
 
 glacier bears down the mountain to the warmer regions 
 below, where the Rhone, waking from centuries of torpor 
 in its glacial bed, leaps to liquid life and dashes in wild 
 abandonment through the lower valley. 
 
 It afterwards runs into the eastern end of the lake of 
 Geneva, the Lacus Lemanus of the Romans, entering it 
 as a muddy stream that plainly marks the course of its 
 rushing waters; but, cleansed in the lake's fifty-mile long 
 bath, it emerges in the west, at Geneva, as a clear river. 
 
 After passing through a gorge of the Jura mountains, 
 it disappears below the rocks for three hundred feet, 
 under what is known as La Perte du Rhone. 
 
 The slope of the stream is from six to seven feet per 
 mile in many stretches, and boats on the ascending 
 passage are frequently forced to use the slower waters of 
 paralleling canals in order to make headway where the 
 rushing current bars upward progress. Aided by this 
 unusual slope, the river in running from its source to the 
 Gulf of Lyons, where it reaches the Mediterranean, 
 traverses the distance of nearly 650 miles in record time, 
 and receives the honor of being the most rapid river in 
 Europe, if not in the world. 
 
 Pliny; III. 5. Strabo; IV. .. | 8. 
 
SPAIN 
 
 382 
 Tartessus 
 
 The silver bedded Spring of the Tartessus River is 
 fascinating as the origin of a supposed landmark in 
 Homer's peculiar geography. The river, though starting 
 out with such bright auspices, soon developed a liking 
 for darkness and frequently disappeared underground, 
 coming as often again to light, but none the brighter after 
 its burrowings through the discoloring soil; and at the 
 end of its 360 mile course it poured dark and muddy 
 streams into the Atlantic Ocean, through its two separ- 
 ated channels, one of which, then called Gades, has long 
 been extinct. 
 
 Homer, and also Hesiod, regarded the country of the 
 river's mouths to be the farthest towards the west, and 
 where the sun sank into the ocean drawing night after 
 him over all the earth ; and the poet's early ancient com- 
 mentators coupled his river of Tartarus with the dark 
 current of the Tartessus, the name Hades having per- 
 haps come from the lower branch called Gades, for Pluto's 
 cattle were pastured near Gades. The commentators 
 also surmised that that neighborhood, which had a river 
 Lethe, now called the Lima, was the one the poet had in 
 mind when describing the Elysian Plain, the realm of 
 Pluto, and the rivers of darkness. 
 
 Wherever may have been the other places that Ulysses 
 visited, the very-far-west of Spain, the end of the world, 
 
 512 
 
SPAIN 513 
 
 the place where daylight finally disappeared, the place 
 made mysterious by its distance and its dark river rolling 
 through lightless underground courses, all combined to 
 make the borders of the Atlantic much more appropriate 
 as a site for Hades than any of the other places that were 
 suggested near the heart of Greece, places that were only 
 relatively west to by no means a small part of the world 
 for whom Homer sang his story. The people of the 
 country through which the Tartessus flowed may have 
 been ancients to Homer, for they were not only reported 
 to be the earliest and most intelligent inhabitants of 
 Bastica, but were said to possess an alphabet, and ancient 
 writings and poems six thousand years old before the 
 birth of Virgil. 
 
 The river's name changed to Baetis where Baetica was 
 applied to the surrounding country ; then the Arabs called 
 it the Great River, that is to say the Wad-el-Kebir, from 
 which evolved its modern name of Guadalquivir. 
 
 Its source is near Castulo in the Sierra Cazorla moun- 
 tain. 
 
 Strabo; III. z. S 11. and S 13. 
 Strabo; III. 3. 4. § S- 
 Hesiod; Theogony; In. 720. 
 Hesiod; Weeks and Days, In. 167. 
 
 Pillars of Hercules Spring 
 
 Every age has had a mystery for solution, from the 
 time of the disappearance of Moses to that of the Man in 
 the Iron Mask, and the three days' wonder of the Shells 
 from the Sky that mystified Paris. 
 
 One of the mysteries of the geographers of two milleni- 
 ums ago was the peculiar action of the Spring in the 
 33 
 
514 FOREIGN COUNTRIES 
 
 temple of Hercules near Gades, the Cadiz of modern 
 Spain, which was the cause of almost as much discussion 
 among the learned of long ago as was the contemporane- 
 ous riddle about the Pillars of Hercules, a quadruples 
 query covering what and where they were, and their 
 number, and the origin of the name; to which riddle 
 there was then no generally accepted answer that settled 
 to every one's satisfaction whether they were Islands or 
 Capes or columns ; whether they were in India, Germany, 
 Gaul; or at Gibraltar, or just east, or to the west of it; 
 and whether there were four, three, two or only one ; and 
 whether they were named after the Phoenician or after 
 the Grecian Hercules. 
 
 Two attempts to obey an oracle, to found a city where 
 the pillars were, resulted in failures that were evidently 
 due to selecting the wrong location, and one of these was 
 at the Strait of Gibraltar. 
 
 In the third attempt, made by some Tyrians, the out- 
 come was the successful founding of Gades ; the sacrifices 
 were acceptable, and it was apparently proved that the 
 true location of the Pillars had been found in that place. 
 
 To some, it seemed clear, as the Pillars were known to 
 mark the limits of the world in the west, that they could 
 not be Calpe in Europe and Abyla in Africa that repre- 
 sent them near Gibraltar, because Hercules himself had 
 gone beyond that lion-shaped rock when he went after 
 and secured the coveted oxen of Geryon. 
 
 Beyond Gibraltar near Gades there was, however, a 
 district exactly fitted to produce such remarkable oxen as 
 those of Geryon; a place where the pasturage was so un- 
 usually nourishing that it was necessary to let blood 
 seven times a year from the animals that fed on it ; where 
 such rich milk was given that it had to be thinned with 
 water for cheese making ; and where even the trees of one 
 
SPAIN 515 
 
 species in the neighborhood gave a milk-like fluid when 
 their branches were cut. 
 
 There, on the small island of Hera south of Leon, was 
 the temple of Hercules, whose twelve labors were in- 
 dubitably typified by its distance of twelve miles from 
 Gades ; and in the temple were the bronze columns that 
 the native Iberians declared were the actual Pillars 
 themselves. 
 
 The wisdom and truthfulness of the Oracle of the 
 temple had drawn to it all who sought to pry into the 
 future during perhaps 2700 years — for the Phoenician 
 Hercules was said to have founded a temple that many 
 years before Christ — and those many visitors had given 
 wide publicity to the mysterious movements of the 
 Temple Spring. It was a fresh-water fountain rising 
 nearly to the level of the sanctuary floor ; and its strange 
 peculiarity or paradox for which the philosophers, each 
 with a different explanation, strove to account, was that 
 when the tide of the sea rose the Spring subsided or ceased 
 to run, but immediately flowed again when the sea-tide fell. 
 
 At least one of the scientists of antiquity sat in the 
 temple day after day, watching the Spring and saturating 
 himself with the subject in his efforts to solve the puzzle 
 which no doubt could have been made clear in a moment 
 by reference to the oracle right at hand, an easy and 
 obvious line of inquiry that seems never to have occurred 
 to any of the overwrought investigators. 
 
 The most popular mortal explanation was that the 
 bosom of the ocean rose and fell as the earth, which was 
 alive, alternately exhaled and drew in its breath. When 
 it exhaled, its breath blew against the current of the 
 Spring and stopped it ; and when it inhaled, the pressure 
 on the current was removed and the Spring bubbled up 
 with renewed vigor. 
 
5i6 FOREIGN COUNTRIES 
 
 The site of the old temple is occupied by the church of 
 St. Peter; an occupation that recalls the coincidence that 
 the Pillars of the gate of another Saint, St. Stephen, 
 guarded the "Troubled Waters of Bethesda, " the only 
 similar intermittent Spring mentioned in the Bible. 
 
 Strabo; III. s. § 7. III. 5- S 3-io. 
 Herodotus; II. 44. 
 
 384 
 
 Tamaricus 
 
 The sources of the Tamaricus River possessed certain 
 powers of presaging future events. They were three in 
 number, separated solely by an interval of eight feet, and 
 they united to form a mighty stream. 
 
 They were often dry a dozen times a day, and some- 
 times as many as twenty, when there was not the slightest 
 trace of water in them; while, on the other hand, another 
 Spring close by flowed all the time abundantly and 
 without intermission. 
 
 It was considered an evil presage if those who wished 
 to see these Springs found them dry, as was proved in the 
 case of the legatus Lartius Licinius, who died seven days 
 after visiting the fountains when they were waterless. 
 
 These Springs were in the extreme north of Spain, in 
 the district of Cantabria where the present Basques 
 originated. The Cantabrians were the most ferocious 
 people in the country and the last to be subdued, and had 
 little love for Lartius who was the Roman governor; and 
 Pliny was perhaps unduly impressed by the presage 
 instanced, as he had not yet accepted an offer of $4000 
 that the governor had made for the author's unused 
 literary notes. 
 
 Plinyj XXXI. 18. 
 
SPAIN 517 
 
 385 
 Magnet-Like Springr 
 
 In Spain in the territory of the Carrinenses two Springs 
 burst out close together that had the properties of the 
 poles of a magnet — one absorbed everything, and the 
 other threw everything out. 
 
 Pliny; II. 106. 
 
 386 
 
 False Goldfish Spring 
 
 In the same country (Spain) there was another Spring 
 which gave to the fish in it the appearance of gold — but 
 when taken out of the Spring the fish were seen to differ 
 in no respect from ordinary sorts. 
 
 Pliny; II. 106. 
 
 387 
 
 Ilerda 
 
 It was by means of the Springs of Ilerda that Caesar, 
 n the first year of the Civil War of 49 B.C., conquered all 
 of the forces that Pompey had been able to array against 
 him in Iberia. 
 
 Having crossed the Rubicon, driven Pompey over 
 into Greece and made himself master of Italy within three 
 months, Caesar left Rome in the early part of April, and 
 in four weeks transferred his activities to the other side 
 of the world where Spain, then under the name of Iberia, 
 still offered resistance; and there the Springs of Ilerda, 
 having been drawn over to his side in the contest, working 
 with even more expedition than their commander, en- 
 
3i8 FOREIGN COUNTRIES 
 
 abled him to bring the Spanish campaign to a close in 
 forty days. 
 
 Surrounding the Springs and their streams with a wall, 
 he prevented the opposing forces from obtaining any 
 water whatever, and thereby reduced them to such 
 miseries of thirst that they were compelled to surrender. 
 
 Penned up and confined in the parched hills, the men 
 of Pompey's generals in vain exhausted their efforts to 
 secure some drops of moisture to satisfy their cravings. 
 
 They dug feverishly for water even with the thin blades 
 of their swords, working their way deep down to the 
 underlying rocks of the hills, without finding either an 
 underground stream, a sweating cavern distilling small 
 drops, or any place where gravel was disturbed and 
 moved upward by a little Spring. 
 
 Wherever in some stony pocket the soil gave evidence 
 of the slightest dampness, they tore it up by handfuls and 
 squeezed the noxious clods over their longing mouths. 
 
 When their dried-up cattle ceased to give milk, they 
 punctured the bodies of these, and of their cavalry 
 horses, and swarmed about them to suck such feeble 
 streams as their opposing thrusts could express from the 
 animals' withering frames. 
 
 They chewed the leaves and the grass for their juices ; and 
 stripped the trees to lick the dew from the branches and 
 gnaw the sprigs and the fibrous stems, to extract the sap. 
 
 Their bodies were scorched with dryness; ulcers in- 
 flamed their throats; and their parched mouths were 
 roughened by their scaly tongues. Their veins shrank 
 and their lungs shriveled and contracted ; and all the while 
 their wretchedness was increased by seeing constantly 
 below them the pools and rivers of cool and sparkling 
 water the well-guarded wall prevented their reaching. 
 
 At last Afranius, the ranking general, dragged himself 
 
SPAIN ■ 519 
 
 half dead to the conqueror's camp and managed to gasp 
 that, penned up Hke wild beasts and unable to procure 
 water,' his men could no longer bear their bodily pain and 
 mental anguish, and confessed themselves at Caesar's 
 mercy. 
 
 Today Ilefda is Lerida, and doubtless more than one 
 of its townsmen while reading of the terrible days his 
 ancestors passed through when the Springs were walled 
 away from them, has lingered over Lucan's page in mus- 
 ing regret that the making of gunpowder was not, as it 
 is at the present time, one of the principal industries of 
 the town in the bone-dry year of B.C. 49. 
 
 Lerida lies some hundred miles to the west of Barcelona 
 and southwest of Andorra one of the smallest Free States 
 of the world, and notable as well for being, through a 
 political trick of the 17th century, a Spanish tract 
 within the French frontier. 
 
 A modern bridge in Lerida spans a stream fed by some 
 of its Springs ; and this bridge is built on the foundations 
 of a bridge that crossed the current in those ancient days 
 of drought; but the Springs themselves, fashioned by a 
 still better Builder, have never yet in any part required 
 renewal. 
 
 Lucan. Pharsaita; IV. !n. 266-372. 
 
 388 
 
 Aqu^ Calid^ 
 
 The Aquae Calidse, or Hot Springs, were twelve miles 
 from Barcelona, and the tribe that lived around them was 
 named the Aquicaldenses. 
 
 These Springs are now called Caldes. 
 
 Pliny; III. 4- 
 
520 FOREIGN COUNTRIES 
 
 389 
 Spring of the Ana 
 
 The Spring of the Ana, or Anas, rose in the district of 
 Laminium. The river is now the Guadiana, a form of 
 Wadi Ana by which the Arabs expressed the river of Ana. 
 
 The waters of the Spring at first spread out into a 
 number of lakes; then they contracted into a narrow 
 channel and suddenly disappeared. After breaking out 
 on the surface and then again vanishing and reappearing 
 a number of times, traveling in all many miles under- 
 ground, they fell into the Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 The river, as now known, rises eight miles northwest 
 of the town of Alcaraz, and in two different parts of its 
 course forms the boundary between Spain and Portugal. 
 It flows through the territory of Don Quixote, and retains 
 its fondness for underground courses, on account of which 
 and its narrowness, it is navigable for less than a tenth of 
 its length of 520 miles. 
 
 Pliny; III. :*. 
 
GERMANY 
 
 390 
 Danube 
 
 Some of the ancient geographers very accurately 
 described the Springs of the Danube as being in Mt. 
 Abnoba opposite Rauricum. 
 
 The fish near its source were poisonous when used 
 as food, and, therefore, another Spring feeder lower 
 down, and beyond which the harmful fish did not 
 swim, was called the source of the river, rather than 
 attribute its beginning to the actual but inauspicious 
 fountain. 
 
 Receiving the name of Ister in the latter part of its 
 course it flowed into the Euxine Sea through six vast 
 channels. 
 
 Early ancient geographers supposed that the Ister 
 flowed into the Adriatic opposite the Padus, and in such 
 volume as to overcome the Sea's saltiness for a distance of 
 forty miles from the shore. This misconception of the 
 location of the river's mouth arose from a literal accept- 
 ance of the account of the course taken by the Argonauts 
 who, from the Danube, reached the Adriatic near Ter- 
 geste. It was afterwards assimied, by those who did not 
 feel warranted in aspersing the log of the Argo, that the 
 crew carried the sljip on their shoulders across the Alps 
 and, with the aid of some intermediate streams, down to 
 the Adriatic; a method of proceeding that was not im- 
 probable if, as the Argonauts averred, they transported 
 
 521 
 
522 FOREIGN COUNTRIES 
 
 their vessel over the sands of Africa for many days at a 
 time. (No. 322.) 
 
 Although Donaueschingen is now generally called the 
 source of the Donau or Danube, the largest river of 
 Europe, its more minute headwaters are a tiny stream 
 flowing from some rocks of the old Abnoba mountain 
 in the Black Forest, from which it journeys about two 
 thousand miles to reach its terminus on the borders of 
 the Black Sea, the ancient Euxine. 
 
 A minute and charming description of the Danube's 
 Spring is given by F. D. Millet, who writes; — "At the 
 head of a pleasant little valley high up among the bristling 
 mountain tops of the Black Forest, a tiny stream of clear 
 water comes tumbling down the rocks, and, gathering 
 strength and volume from an occasional Spring or a 
 rivulet, cuts a deep channel in the rich soil of the hay 
 fields and dances gaily along over its bed of glistening 
 pebbles. 
 
 " To the north, west and south the bold summits of the 
 watershed, heavily clothed in dark masses of coniferous 
 trees, make a rugged strongly accented skyline; and to 
 the east delightful vistas of sunny slopes and fertile inter- 
 vales stretch away in enchanting perspective to the hazy 
 distance. 
 
 " This little stream the Brigach with its twin sister the 
 Brege which rises about ten miles further to the south, 
 are the highest sources of the mighty River Danube, the 
 great waterway of Europe since earliest history and 
 celebrated for ages in song, gathering on its banks in its 
 course of nearly 2000 miles to the Black Sea the most 
 varied and interesting nationalities in the civilized world, 
 and unfolding in its flow the most remarkable succession 
 of panoramas of natural beauty known to the geographer." 
 He adds; — "The Princes of Furstenberg have arbi- 
 
GERMANY 523 
 
 trarily declared for their own glorification that the large 
 Spring in their pleasure grounds is the actual source of 
 the Danube. They have surrounded the Spring with 
 expensive masonry, and erected a stone tablet with an 
 inscription giving the information, among other things, 
 that that spot is 678 meters above sea level, and 2840 
 kilometers from the Black Sea by way of the Danube." 
 
 Pliny; IV. 24. III. 22. XXXI. 19. 
 
 391 
 
 The Rhine 
 
 The source of the Rhenus, the Rhine of the ancient 
 Romans, was among the Helvetii near the Hyrcynian 
 Forest, an extremely dense woods overgrown with 
 mighty trees. 
 
 The length of the river was said by some to be 500 
 miles and by others to be 750 miles. 
 
 The Romans had another Rhenus, a tributary of the 
 River Po, whose sources were in the Apennines about 
 fifty miles above Bologna; this was called the Small 
 Rhenus to distinguish it from the more important 
 stream. 
 
 The banks of the shorter river produced a reed that 
 was superior to all others for making arrows, the great 
 quantity of pith it contained leaving so little weight in 
 the rest of the shaft that the missile clove the air more 
 readily than arrows produced from any other reeds in 
 the Roman country. 
 
 The Rhine of the moderns has three sources in the Swiss 
 canton of the Grisons; the most easterly rising in Mt. 
 Crispalt, 7500 feet above sea level, is joined twelve miles 
 lower down by the second, and at Richenau, where the 
 
524 FOREIGN COUNTRIES 
 
 river assumes the name Rhine, by what is called its chief 
 source, a stream from the glaciers of the Vogelberg. 
 
 The river broadens out to form Lake Constance, and 
 later produces the Falls of Schaffhausen by rushing over 
 a rock seventy feet in height. 
 
 Between Mainz and Bonn the stream presents its 
 finest scenery, and the land it runs through between those 
 places produces the best of the wines that take the river's 
 name. 
 
 The Rhine is the principal and the largest river in Ger- 
 many, and twelve thousand streams, of various volvune, 
 either directly or through others are said to find their way 
 into it. Its course of about 900 miles is generally north- 
 northwest and ends at the German Ocean. Its name re- 
 produces the sound of the German word for "clear," from 
 which it is supposed to have been derived. 
 
 Strabo; VII. I. §5. IV. 3- 5 3- 
 Pliny; XVI. 65. 
 
 Paralysis Spring 
 
 A single Spring near the seashore in the vicinity of the 
 River Ems, was the only source of fresh water for the army 
 of Germanicus Cassar on one occasion in his German 
 campaign. 
 
 Within two years of use this Spring's water had the 
 effect of loosening the teeth of the soldiers and causing a 
 total relaxation of the joints of the knees; but fortunately 
 a remedy for those affections was found in a plant called 
 britannica which the people of the Fresii nation pointed 
 out to the troops. 
 
 The plant proved also to be a cure for quinsy and for 
 
GERMANY 525 
 
 snake bites, provided it was eaten before thunder had 
 been heard. 
 
 Pliny; XXV. 6. 
 
 393 
 
 Mattiacum 
 
 The Springs of Mattiacum were boiling hot and re- 
 tained that heat for three days. 
 
 They were called Fontes Mattiacse and also Aquae 
 Mattiacse by the Romans, and many relics and remains 
 of those people have been found in the neighborhood of 
 the Springs at Wiesbaden twenty-six miles west of 
 Frankfurt. 
 
 The remains are of such nature as indicate that they 
 belonged to a well-founded settlement that was visited 
 by many invalids who left the place with grateful testi- 
 monies of restored health; there are preserved in the 
 town's museum statues and altars, and baths with tablets 
 commemorating the benefits derived from the waters by 
 people who had sought them for the relief of various dis- 
 orders. They are still as popular among the present 
 generation as they were among the Romans, and after- 
 wards, from a very early period, among the Germans. 
 
 The principal Spring, in an aggregation of fourteen, is 
 the Kochbrunnen, the Boiling Spring, which has a tem- 
 perature of 156° Fahr., and is a natural pot of steaming 
 water. Its outflow is of such volume that after supplying 
 the various bathing establishments of the present resort 
 there are streams of it left over to run to waste through 
 the streets and sewers, misting the atmosphere and 
 appreciably heating the air. 
 
 The Adler, the Eagle Spring, is nearly as copious and 
 
526 FOREIGN COUNTRIES 
 
 but slightly less hot, with a surface temperature of 134 
 degrees. 
 
 The waters minister still as effectively as of old to those 
 who suffer from gout or rheumatism or cutaneous affec- 
 tions—but it is now so well known that nature owes good 
 health to everyone that there are few commemorative 
 tablets in the museum that are less than a double decade 
 of centuries old. 
 
 Pliny; XXXI. 17. 
 
RUSSIA. SCYTHIA 
 394 
 
 EXAMP^US 
 
 The fountain of Exampseus was small, but it was such 
 an exceedingly bitter Spring that its overflow running into 
 the Hypanis River made the waters of that large stream 
 acrid and undrinkable throughout four-ninths of its course 
 — that part of it which ran between the bitter fountain 
 and its mouth on the northern shore of the Euxine Sea. 
 
 The waters of the Hypanis were sweet throughout the 
 other and first five-ninths of its course back to its source, 
 which was a vast lake in Scythia called The Mother of The 
 Hypanis, and around which droves of wild horses grazed. 
 
 The fountain of Exampseus was on the borders of the 
 Scythians and the Alazones, and near it was an immense 
 brass cauldron, six fingers in thickness and made entirely 
 of Scythian arrow tips, each one of which had represented 
 an inhabitant of Scythia. 
 
 The arrow-heads had been the counters that King 
 Ariantas employed in taking the census of his subjects, 
 and the scheme very likely suggested the method the 
 British government still employs in taking the country 
 census in India, where the illiterate heads of families are 
 required to deposit on a certain day in front of their 
 dwellings a stone for every individual in the household; 
 and those stones, collected in bags and sent to the Census 
 Bureau, form that department's basis in figuring out the 
 population of the country districts. 
 
 527 
 
528 FOREIGN COUNTRIES 
 
 The Scythian king by requiring a deposit of brass arrow- 
 heads acquired a large quantity of metal more valuable 
 than the stones of the British, and he used it for casting 
 the immense cauldron which was set up by the fountain 
 and dedicated to it. 
 
 The accuracy of the entuneration was provided for by 
 threatening death to anyone who failed to deposit the 
 requisite tip. 
 
 Another large exhibit of the country, perhaps less to be 
 relied upon than the census, was an impression made in 
 a rock by one of the feet of Hercules — the impression 
 was a yard in length. 
 
 The bitterness of the Spring was attributed to sand- 
 arach, a mineral containing arsenic, and has led to its 
 identification with the source of the Sinaja-Wada River 
 which runs into the Bog River, the old Hypanis. 
 
 Ariantas, the king who had the bowl made, is supposed 
 to have been a ruler of Aria and to have designed it as an 
 offering to Buddha whose worship is conjectured to have 
 extended to Syria. 
 
 Vitruvius; VHI. 
 Herodotus; IV. 52. and 81. 
 
 395 
 
 LiBROSUS 
 
 Librosus was a hill, in the country of the Tauri, from 
 which issued three Springs that inevitably produced 
 death, but without pain. 
 
 The Tauri were savage denizens of caves, and their 
 country, the Tauric Chersonesus which projected south- 
 ward into the Black Sea was likened to the Peloponnesus 
 in size and shape. The peninsula is now called the Crimea 
 and its battles of Sebastopol, Balaclava and Inkerman no 
 
RUSSIA. SCYTHIA 5^9 
 
 doubt rivaled the work of the three deadly Springs of 
 ancient days. 
 
 From the Tauric Chersonesus to the north, through 
 the present Ukraine and Russia, stretched the frozen and 
 mysterious land of one day and one night to the year, 
 where dwelt the Scythians, the Sarmatians and other 
 barbarous Bolsheviki of the ancients, whose descendants 
 reverted to type in the 20th century, in the same dis- 
 trict, and with even more Tauric rage. 
 
 Pliny; 11. io6. Strabo; VII. 4. I 5. 
 
 Lethe 
 
 Slothful Sleep and Mute Rest made their home in a 
 dark and silent cave that ran deeply into a mountain 
 near the Cimmerians. 
 
 From the bottom of the rock there issued the waters of 
 Lethe whose rivulet, flowing in a pebbly channel and 
 murmuring softly through the cave, addressed the ear in 
 whispered rhythm, adding its urge to drowse to the sleep 
 inviting odors of the atmosphere, laden with the scent of 
 poppies and mind relaxing herbs wafted by lazy breezes 
 from the beds of many soporific plants, that grew in dense 
 profusion around the cavern's entrance. 
 
 In the center of the cave was set Sleep's couch made of 
 night black ebony, stuffed with dark feathers and covered 
 with black colored clothing. 
 
 The rest of the cave was packed with a nu^ iberless host 
 of unsubstantial Dreams, in charge of three master mim- 
 ics, and thousands of their understudies; Morpheus, 
 often called in error Sleep himself, an imitator of any 
 human shape; Phobetor, equally skillful in representing 
 the forms of brutes of every sort; and Phantasmos who 
 
S30 FOREIGN COUNTRIES 
 
 could at will assume the appearance of any combination 
 of objects in the world of inanimate nature. 
 
 The manner in which these constunmate mimics were 
 employed is minutely described in the case of the dream 
 that was arranged to apprize Halcyone of the loss of her 
 husband Ceyx in a terrible storm at sea. Ovid's picture 
 of this tempest is unsurpassed by any ancient author, and 
 the noise and commotion of the wind and sea are placed 
 in dramatic and powerful contrast with the silence and 
 stillness that prevail in the cave of the Spring of Lethe. 
 
 On waking from the dream, Halcyone hastens to the 
 place on the shore from which Ceyx sailed away; and her 
 grief as the ground swell of the wornout storm slowly 
 bears the body towards her arouses the pity of the gods 
 and constrains them to give her the wings of the King- 
 fisher with which she flies to the floating corpse, on 
 which is then bestowed the same bird form, forms in 
 which their attachment has become no less proverbial 
 than the calmness of the ocean during the fortnight 
 around the shortest day of the year, a time of peaceful 
 quiet that gives its name of Halcyon Days to any period 
 of perfect happiness. 
 
 Halcyone was the daughter of ^Eolus the god of the 
 winds, and, as Eratosthenes put it in another case, when 
 one has found the cobbler who sewed up ^olus' winds in 
 the leathern sack, then one may expect to discover the 
 location of this Spring of Lethe. 
 
 The Alcyonides, which might be taken as a variation 
 of the Kingfishers' names, were Ice-birds into which the 
 daughters of the giant Alcyonides were changed when 
 they threw themselves into the sea after Hercules had 
 killed their father. 
 
 Ovid; Meta. XI. Fable 7. 
 Strabo; I. 2. § 15. 
 
INDIA 
 
 397 
 The Fountains of Calanus 
 
 The fountains of Calanus are only a figure of speech in 
 a few words, but they are interesting as perhaps pointing 
 in the direction from which came the idea of a Spring 
 producing something other than water. 
 
 Calanus was one of the Brachmanes that Alexander 
 had interviewed by learned men of his retinue, on his 
 visit to India in 327 B.C., when he entered the district of 
 the Five Rivers, the Punjab, where he founded the town 
 of Bucephalus, named after his favorite horse who died 
 there. 
 
 Of his fountains, Calanus said; — "Formerly there was 
 an abundance everywhere of corn and barley, as there is 
 now of dust; fountains then flowed with water, milk, 
 honey, wine and oil, but mankind by repletion and luxury 
 became proud and insolent, and Jupiter, indignant at this 
 state of things, destroyed all, and appointed for man a 
 life of toil." 
 
 And one hundred years later, in 238, Springs on this 
 Indian model appeared in Greek literature when ApoUon- 
 ius Rhodius created his fountains of Hephaestus, placing 
 them, too, nearly as far east as the original fountains of 
 Calanus. 
 
 With the exception of what Ctesias wrote about the 
 Far East as the result of information gathered between 
 415 and 398 B.C., in the seventeen years that he spent in 
 
 531 
 
532 FOREIGN COUNTRIES 
 
 Persia as the Court physician, almost all of which writings 
 are lost, these interviews of Alexander's men at Taxila 
 are the oldest accounts of India that the world has from 
 outside sources. 
 
 Centuries before that time, however, traders and travel- 
 ers had repeatedly had communication with the Far East 
 and brought back ideas that were apparently made use 
 of by the leading thinkers of the West. 
 
 Plato's immortality of the soul; Thales' theory that 
 water was the primal and life-producing element, may be 
 seen from the Calanus interviews to have been concep- 
 tions of Eastern philosophers doubtless long before they 
 were enunciated in the West. 
 
 Aristobulus and Onesicritus were Alexander's chief 
 inquirers and recorders, and besides numerous geographi- 
 cal facts, and information about the customs of the 
 country, that they learned from the native wise men with 
 whom they talked, through interpreters, they were told; 
 — That the earth was of spheroidal form; that the prin- 
 ciple of the world's formation was water; that the soul is 
 immortal, and that the death of a philosopher was birth 
 to a real and happy life; that diet is a better cure for 
 disease than medicine; that nothing that happens to 
 man is bad or good (otherwise the same person would not 
 be affected with sorrow and joy by the same things on 
 different occasions). 
 
 Socialism has not even yet caught up with all of the 
 practices of the ancient idealists as Calanus told of them ; 
 for they not only cultivated the ground in common, but 
 when all of the crops were collected and each had taken a 
 load sufficient for his subsistence during the year, the 
 remainder was burned, in order to have reason for renew- 
 ing their labor and not remaining inactive. 
 
 The Brachmanes asserted that Bacchus first introduced 
 
INDIA 533 
 
 the vine into India, as was proved by its growing wild 
 only in that country — which would indicate that not only 
 the vine but Bacchus himself was created in the East ; and 
 one cannot but be impressed, also, with the number of 
 philosophers and writers, who were not born or brought 
 up in Central Greece but on the Asiatic part of the con- 
 tinent, or near the door through which the sayings of the 
 East could be heard, who not only lived near the door, 
 but, as in the case of Thales, the most renowned of the 
 Seven Wise Men and the originator, before 600 B.C., of 
 philosophy and mathematics among the Greeks, who 
 possibly passed through the door and engaged in the 
 discussions of those who were more advanced in thought 
 than they were themselves; such, among many, were 
 Homer and Thales, both born in Asia Minor; Aristotle 
 and Theophrastus, one born within sight of it, and the 
 other not many miles away. 
 
 Strabo; XV. i. § 64. and 58-64. 
 
 Ganges 
 
 The Spring of the Ganges was in the mountains of 
 Scythia whence the river burst forth with a loud noise 
 and hurled itself over rocks and precipitous steeps until 
 it reached the plain, where it quieted down and broadened 
 out to an expanse of eight miles in its narrowest part, and 
 attained a depth of six hundred feet. 
 
 Its waters brought down gold; and its snakes were 
 thirty feet long. 
 
 The people in the country of the Ganges were no less 
 remarkable than many animals that are known through 
 their fossils. 
 
534 FOREIGN COUNTRIES 
 
 What had been done, in describing the tribes of Africa, 
 left so few unused permutations of anatomical parts that 
 it was easier to employ the old ones than to make new 
 combinations, and the result is a striking family resem- 
 blance between the human monstrosities of Africa and 
 India. 
 
 The Pygmies reappeared in India, where they not only 
 battled with the cranes as furiously as they did in the 
 West, but extended their warfare and fought against the 
 partridges. 
 
 The people who lived at the source of the Ganges 
 were supported by the smell of dressed meats, and the 
 fragrance of fruits and flowers which they inhaled 
 through orifices for breathing, as they were not pro- 
 vided with mouths. The dressed meats were, however, 
 not wasted, for the Amycteres, who were without nostrils, 
 had mouths and devoured everything that came within 
 their reach. 
 
 The Ganges was unknown to the Greeks who wrote 
 before the time of the Indian expedition of Alexander the 
 Great, and subsequent writers generally admitted that 
 the source of the river like that of the Nile had not been 
 located, as was indeed the fact, as to foreigners, until the 
 19th century, although several Eastern potentates had 
 endeavored to track the river to its fountainhead, among 
 them being the Chinese Emperor Tang-hi who sent out a 
 body of Llamas to trace its beginnings. 
 
 There were, however, numerous legends concerning 
 the river's origin; that of the Ramayana, the older of the 
 two classic epics of India, being to the effect that Vishnu 
 having killed the sixty thousand sons of King Sagara, 
 and reduced them to ashes, the family desired to sprinkle 
 them with heavenly water, and the king and his descen- 
 dants spent sixty thousand and more years in efforts to 
 
INDIA 535 
 
 induce Brahma to permit the Ganga to descend to the 
 earth for use in their aspersions. 
 
 At last, Bhagiratha, one of Sagara's descendants, pre- 
 vailed upon Brahma, and, the river having fallen, it docilely 
 followed Bhagiratha as he took his way to the unsprinkled 
 ashes. As they were passing the place of St. Jahun, the 
 river carelessly swept away some of the sacrificial pots 
 that were near the path, and the Saint in the heat of his 
 anger drank up the offending stream. Later, at the inter- 
 cession of the gods, the holy being was induced to restore 
 the river, which he did by letting it run out through his 
 ear, and the ashes of the sixty thousand were wetted with 
 its sacred waters. 
 
 In another poem, the Vishnu- Parana, the Spring of 
 the Ganges is set in the great toe-nail of Vishnu's left 
 foot. 
 
 A third account places the Spring in the moon, around 
 which the river flows, giving the satellite a large part of its 
 brightness, before falling to the earth. 
 
 Still another legend exists, and it describes the river as 
 flowing from the mouth of Siva, the third deity of the 
 Indian trinity. 
 
 The Indian god of war, Karttikeya, is called the son of 
 the Ganges, and the miraculous manner of his birth is 
 strangely suggestive of the creation of Mars and of Urion 
 as Ovid relates them in the fifth book of the Fasti. 
 
 Many hymns are addressed to the Ganges, and the 
 holiest of properties are attributed to it wherever it flows, 
 but especially at Allahabad. 
 
 It being accepted that the muddy color of the river is 
 really due to the unguents of the celestial nymphs who 
 bathe in the stream in heaven, it is easy for the devout to 
 believe that ablution in its waters washes all sins away; 
 but even those who live a thousand miles from the river 
 
536 FOREIGN COUNTRIES 
 
 will have their offenses forgiven by merely crying " Ganga, 
 Ganga." 
 
 The Ganges is now said to burst out from a glacier 
 more than halfway up a Himalayan mountain four miles 
 high, in 30 54 north lat., and 79 7 east long. 
 
 Ten miles from the source it reaches its first temple, 
 that of Gangotri; in that part of its course it is called 
 Bhagiratha, after Sagara's descendant whose efforts 
 crowned the pious works of six hundred centuries, and it 
 does not receive the name of Ganges until it has run 
 120 of the 1500 miles that it flows to reach the Bay of 
 Bengal. 
 
 According to modern measurements, there are some 
 stretches of the stream that average four miles in width, 
 and some places where it has a depth of 78 feet. 
 
 Pilgrimages to the holy source have long been made, 
 the round trip occupying six years, as the devoted are 
 required to measure some portions of the distance with 
 their bodies prone. 
 
 Pliny; VI. 22. Strabo; XV. i. S 57. 
 Ovid; Fasti; V. In. 235. 
 
HOMER'S SPRINGS 
 
 THE ILIAD AND THE ODYSSEY 
 
 399 
 Homer 
 
 When Homer in despair went to the Oracle at Delphi, 
 to ask where he was born and what was his Fatherland, 
 the Oracle endeavored to minimize its evident ignorance 
 by minutely particularizing concerning his death; by a 
 pun upon Mother Earth; and by dark hints that he would 
 solve the riddle of life in failing to guess a children's 
 conundrum. The latter seems to have been of the 
 What-was-it kind, with an entomological answer, to the 
 effect that; — 
 
 What we caught, we left upon the shore; 
 What we couldn't catch, away we bore. ' 
 
 When the Oracle had virtually admitted it did not know 
 where the Poet was born, there was nothing to prevent a 
 number of towns with a yearning for a poet's birthplace 
 from opening their portals to show where the homeless 
 cradle had been rocked. This led to an appeal to internal 
 evidence, which, more acute than the Oracle, and speak- 
 ing principally from Homer's dialect, though perhaps 
 aided by the supposition that he must have lived not 
 far from the plains of Troy, and maybe helped by the 
 law that seems to have ruled from the days of Hesiod — 
 
 537 
 
538 HOMER'S SPRINGS 
 
 that great writers must be born by little rivers — enabled 
 ancient historians to select Smyrna as the place where 
 Homer first opened the eyes that by losing their sight 
 gave him the name which for well on to three thousand 
 years has taken the place of Melesigenes, the natal name 
 given him by his mother. 
 
 ' Herodotus; Life of Homer. 
 
 400 
 
 Meles 
 
 Now, after the lapse of so many centuries, the reading 
 world might almost forgive Fate for the affliction that 
 substituted a short and simple dialect designation for the 
 blind in lieu of Melesigenes, which his mother selected to 
 convey the message that her son was "born on the banks 
 of the Meles." 
 
 The Father of History, who was his fellow countryman 
 of a later age, asserts that Homer was a very successful 
 school teacher, at Chios; that he amassed a fortune; and 
 that he married and had two daughters. 
 
 If he was born in the year 950 B.C., then he appeared in 
 Smyrna just one hundred years after the descendants of 
 the son of Apollo and Creusa founded Ionia and started 
 the Grecian settlement of which Smyrna became a cele- 
 brated city, and a city that has flourished almost con- 
 tinuously to the present day when, with a change of only 
 a few miles in location, it has nearly two hundred thou- 
 sand inhabitants, and a volume of traffic that supports 
 several steam railroads. 
 
 The Poet's existence started amid the joyous revels of 
 a frolicsome night -f6te around the Springs of the Meles, ^ 
 forming a small but most beautiful river now known as 
 
THE ILIAD AND THE ODYSSEY 539 
 
 the Sarabat, in Asia Minor; and it ended, during a jour- 
 ney to Athens, in the island of Ids, a tiny particle of the 
 Cyclades that is now named Nio. There, close by the 
 sea, his body was laid at rest; and there, perhaps because 
 of not appreciating the Oracle's pun, that while he had 
 no Fatherland that island would be his Motherland, the 
 natives soon claimed that his Mother, Clymene, had 
 lived, and showed a tomb to make good their asser- 
 tion. 
 
 One may pleasantly imagine the life that intervened 
 between these two events. It was no doubt, as the Oracle 
 predicted, both fortunate and unfortunate, as many at 
 home could have told to the saving of a tiresome journey 
 to distant Delphi, to hear it in hexameters which the Poet 
 probably improvingly recast as he listened to the me- 
 chanical drone of the mouthpiece of the Oracle whose 
 words, reduced to writing and hung near a brazen statue 
 of the enquirer, became a part of the Temple's permanent 
 exhibits. ' 
 
 Homer had traveled much before he became blind, and 
 had seen the sites and the cities that he sang of ; and the 
 loss of his eyesight naturally made even more vivid and 
 absorbing the images and recollections that a wonderful 
 and crowded memory redisplayed before his mental eye, 
 to the accompaniment of the low music made by the little 
 Springs of the Meles as he ruminated in the cool shelter 
 of his favorite cavern study — for the Springs had an ad- 
 joining cave, and in that cave Homer was wont to com- 
 pose his poetry, much as Numa prepared his laws to the" 
 tinkle of the Spring streams, and the soft, sinuous ripple 
 of the flowing water in the cave of Egeria; and here, in 
 childhood no doubt began that affection that grew to the 
 love of Springs which constantly flowed from his stylus 
 and traced in every book of the Iliad and the Odyssey 
 
540 HOMER'S SPRINGS 
 
 their names, or descriptions of their beauties, or a refer- 
 ence to their traditions, though nowhere in his writings 
 has he mentioned the Meles, or even Smyrna itself by 
 their names. 
 
 The IHad was not only composed beside a Spring but 
 it might be said that it begins and ends in a Spring. A 
 Spring is mentioned in the very first line of its version in 
 English — the "Direful Spring of woes unnumbered," 
 from which flows the subject of the whole epic; and half a 
 page of the last scene, in the last book, is devoted to 
 Niobe and her Spring on Sipylus. 
 
 In both poems, Springs are referred to more often than 
 any other beauty of nature, except possibly the sky ; but 
 those of his own creation seem, for the most part, to be 
 fancy fountains that never rose through either Earth or 
 Sea, for when they are not placed in fabulous or unknown 
 lands they cannot be found in what should, presumably, 
 be their present locations. In them he may possibly have 
 described Springs he had really seen, but if such was the 
 case it is a pity he concealed their actual whereabouts, 
 for more charming fountains with lovelier surroundings 
 it would require great effort to imagine. 
 
 He sometimes devotes the better part of a page to the 
 enumeration of their attendant beauties, and these 
 pictures are gems of minutely executed word painting 
 that seem to be done in chromatic inks and with all the 
 vividness and detail of a finely focused color camera. 
 The genius of these gems in the Greek has perhaps been 
 best reproduced by Pope, and the extracts that follow 
 are therefore from his English translation. 
 
 The Iliad's chief Springs are those of Mount Ida. 
 
 ' Pausanias; VII. s. 
 3 Pausanias; X. 24. 
 * Pausanias; VII. s. 
 
THE ILIAD AND THE ODYSSEY 541 
 
 401 
 Fountains of Mt. Ida 
 
 Mt. Ida, which he repeatedly mentions as, "The fair' 
 nurse of Fountains," or, "The Fountful Ida," or, "Ida 
 whose echoing hills are heard resounding with a hundred 
 rills, " produced many streams, but of all the rivers that 
 rose from those hundred rills, the two that flowed nearest 
 to Troy were the Scamander and the Simois. 
 
 s Iliad; VIII. line SS- XII. 120. Iliad; XIV. 340. 
 
 402-403 
 
 Scamander. Simois 
 
 The Scamander, as it was named by men, was called 
 Xanthus by the gods. 
 
 Its source was near the top of one of the crests of the 
 five thousand-foot high range, but Homer has placed it 
 by the city's walls, and in telling of the combat betweer 
 Hector and Achilles, he describes its remarkable hot and 
 cold, double Springs; these have been the despair of 
 identifiers, but they may really have existed in former 
 times for there are still hot Springs near the Tuzla River 
 which falls into the .^gean Sea north of Cape Lectum. 
 
 As Hector, now a piteous spectacle of panic, frantically 
 endeavors to escape from Achilles the heroes dart about 
 the field; they spring, now here, and 
 
 Next by Scamander's double source they bound, ° 
 Where two famed fountains burst the parted ground; 
 This hot through scorching clefts is seen to rise, 
 With exhalations streaming to the skies; 
 That the green banks in summer's heat o'erflows, 
 Like crystal clear, and cold as winter snows; 
 Each gushing fount a marble cistern fills, 
 
542 HOMER'S SPRINGS 
 
 Whose polished bed receives the faUing rills; 
 Where Trojan dames (ere yet alarmed by Greece) 
 Washed their fair garments in the days of peace. 
 By these they passed, one chasing, one in flight, 
 (The mighty fled, pursued by stronger might) ; 
 Swift was the course; no vulgar prize they play, 
 No vulgar victim must reward the day; 
 (Such as in races crown the speedy strife) ; 
 The prize contended was great Hector's life. 
 Thus three times round the Trojan wall they fly. 
 And gazing gods lean forward from the sky. 
 
 In summer many of the Grecian rivers are shallow, and 
 often nearly dry, but a heavy rain will suddenly swell 
 them to deep and rapid torrents, and Homer utilized this 
 peculiarity to make it appear that even the rivers of Troy 
 were loyal and rallied to the defense of their city; thus, 
 in battles on their banks, combatants, who had just 
 saved themselves from the sword, were often swallowed 
 up by the sudden and swift expansion of the streams. 
 The Scamander is even given voice sometimes and shouts' 
 to its ally, the Simois, instructions how to act and whom 
 to overwhelm, and indeed the final obliteration of the 
 city is credited to the rivers themselves, in whose sands it* 
 was buried from sight ; — 
 
 Now smoothed with sand, and leveled by the flood. 
 No fragment tells where once the wonder stood ; 
 In their old bounds the rivers roll again, 
 Shine 'twixt the hills, or wander o'er the plain.' 
 
 The Scamander received its name of Xaxithus because 
 of its yellow color, a color that led to its recognition in 
 the modern Mendere ; it possessed the power of imparting 
 a beautiful tint to hair and wool; and it added a subtile 
 grace of loveliness to the skin of those who bathed in its 
 waters; and for that reason Juno, Minerva and Venus 
 repaired to it to heighten the effect of their charms when 
 
THE ILIAD AND THE ODYSSEY 543 
 
 preparing themselves for the exhibition that yielded to 
 the handsomest the much coveted prize of Paris' golden 
 apple; the apple that, as disastrous to its country as the 
 apple of Eden was to the world, led, first, to the fall of 
 Helen, and, finally to the fall of Troy. 
 
 The story of Troy will always be alluring to anyone of 
 English blood who Ukes the legend that Brutus, a son, or 
 great-grandson of ^Eneas, founded Britain when the 
 country was occupied by a small number of giants, and 
 built himself a castle on the banks of the Thames in the 
 city that he called New Troy. 
 
 Three hundred years before the Christian Era the 
 remains of Troy had not disappeared, and Alexander, 
 while there were still worlds to conquer, turned aside and 
 left his army to the care of others, and went by himself to 
 drink from the Springs of Scamander and view the ruins 
 of the ancient city, but in the second decade of the 
 Twentieth Century the discussion begun seventeen 
 hundred years before, about the site of Troy, is not yet 
 settled, and zealous excavators are still burrowing to get 
 at the root of the question. But, according to the 
 weightiest authorities, so far, the ten years' war ended in 
 1 184 B.C., and the city stood by the present ruins of 
 Hissarlik, 3>^ miles from the Dardanelles: the old course 
 of the modern Mendere River was the bed of the Sca- 
 mander, and its tributary the Dumbrek Su was the 
 Simois: Mt. Ida is now Kaz Dagh, and Gargarus is its 
 highest peak. 
 
 After the destruction of Troy, it took Ulysses ten years'" 
 to find his way back to his home in Ithaca; but seven of" 
 these years produced only one new Spring, for all of that 
 period was spent in one place, the Island of Calypso. If 
 that had been his first stop the peoples of the ^Egean Sea 
 would have had no cause for regret, for at the outset his 
 
544 HOMER'S SPRINGS 
 
 people' overran and robbed many settlements. But'^ 
 occasionally they met what they richly deserved, as they 
 did at Laestrygonia. 
 
 'Iliad; XXII. 187. 
 
 7 Iliad; XXI. 381. 
 
 « Iliad; XII. 32. 
 
 9 Iliad; XII. 43. 
 "Odyssey; XIII. 343. 
 "Odyssey; VII. 346. 
 "Odyssey; IX. 44. 
 
 404-405 
 L^STRYGONIA. LoTOS-LaND 
 
 A reconnoitering party having been landed was pro- 
 ceeding along the road to the city of Laestrygonia, 
 
 When lo! they met, beside a crystal spring, '^ 
 The daughter of Antiphates the king; 
 She to Artacia's silver streams came down 
 CArtacia's streams alone supply the town) : 
 
 This delightfully dissembling little damsel of the crystal 
 Spring cheerfully guided them to her royal parents who 
 turned out to be giant cannibals and ravenously eat up a 
 large part of the party before the fleet could be got to 
 sea again. 
 
 Being driven into unknown oceans by a nine-day 
 tempest, Ulysses touched at the land of Lotos, "and"* 
 Springs of water found"; and then reached Lachaea. 
 
 '3 Odyssey; X. 119. 
 '4 Odyssey; IX. 97. 
 
 406 
 
 Lach^a 
 
 After leaving the land of Lotos he stopped at Lachaea 
 where he found a cavern fountain, and one seems easily '^ 
 
THE ILIAD AND THE ODYSSEY 545 
 
 to discern the impress and picture of the Meles cavern 
 Springs in nearly all of the Springs that the Poet created, 
 for almost invariably the Homer-made fountains are 
 furnished with grottos. Of Lachasa, he says; — 
 
 Opposed to the Cyclopean coast, there lay 
 An isle, whose hills their subject fields survey; 
 Its name Lachfea, crowned with many a grove; 
 And here all products and all plants abound, 
 Sprung from the fruitful genius of the ground; 
 Fields waving high with heavy crops are seen. 
 And vines that flourish in eternal green. 
 Refreshing meads along the murmuring main, 
 And fountains streaming down the fruitful plain. 
 
 High at the head, from out the caverned rock, 
 In living rills a gushing fountain broke; 
 Around it, and above, forever green. 
 And bushy alders formed a shady scene. 
 
 Leaving this lovely home of caverned fount and falling 
 water, the party visited the island of the god of the Sun. 
 
 '.' Odyssey; IX. i6i, 133 & 156. 
 
 407 
 
 Apollo's Isle 
 At this island the party make another stop, and. 
 
 Then, where a fountain's gurgling waters play,'" 
 They rush to land, and end in feasts the day. 
 Where in a. beauteous grotto's cool recess 
 Dance the green Nereids of the neighboring seas. 
 
 Here the wanton and cruel crew killed the god's sacred 
 cattle by heaps, and as soon as they put to sea again the 
 offended deity revenged himself with a nine-day storm" 
 that destroyed the bark of the depredators, and everyone 
 
546 HOMER'S SPRINGS 
 
 in it except Ulysses who clung to a plank and was washed 
 ashore at Ogygia. 
 
 "Odyssey; XII. 314 & 36i- 
 'J Odyssey; XII. 532. 
 
 408 
 
 Ogygia 
 
 All sense of locality having been lost in the turmoil of 
 the tempest and the many shiftings of its raging winds, 
 Ulysses can only say of the position of this island, on 
 which the waves providentially cast him alive, that it is; 
 
 Ogygia named, in Ocean's watery arms;"* 
 Where dwells Calypso, dreadful in her charms! 
 Remote from gods or men she holds her reign, 
 Amid the terrors of a rolling main. 
 
 It was not until he had been detained here seven years 
 that Pallas' persevering importunities induced Jove to 
 send Hermes to the charmer to compel Ulysses' release. 
 
 The messenger journeyed by air to, and then through 
 the sea, and; — _ 
 
 Then Hermes, rising from the azure wave, 
 Betrod the path that winded to the cave. 
 Large was the grot, in which the nymph he found, 
 (The fair-haired nymph with every beauty crowned). 
 She sate and sung; the rocks resound her lays, 
 The cave was brightened with a rising blaze; 
 Cedar and frankincense, an odorous pile. 
 Flamed on the hearth, and wide perfumed the isle; 
 While she with work and song the time divides, 
 And through the loom the golden shuttle guides. 
 Without the grot a various sylvan scene 
 Appeared around, and groves of living green; 
 Poplars and alders ever quivering played. 
 
THE ILIAD AND THE ODYSSEY 547 
 
 And nodding cypress formed a fragrant shade; 
 
 On whose high branches, waving with the storm, 
 
 The birds of broadest wing their mansions form, — 
 
 The chough, the sea-mew, the loquacious crow, — 
 
 And scream aloft, and skim the deeps below. 
 
 Depending vines the shelving cavern screen. 
 
 With purple clusters blushing through the green. 
 
 Four limpid fountains from the clefts distil;'' 
 
 And every fountain pours a several rill. 
 
 In mazy windings wandering down the hill: 
 
 Where bloomy meads with vivid greens were crowned. 
 
 And glowing violets threw odors round, 
 
 A scene, where, if a god should cast his sight, 
 
 A god might gaze, and wander with delight! 
 
 Calypso having been forced to release him from this 
 delightful retreat, Ulysses constructed a raft and, after 
 seventeen days on the ocean, reached Scheria, then "the^° 
 favored isle of Heaven" and now Corcyra, and landed" 
 near the city of Phaeacia. 
 
 "Odyssey; XII. 532; VII. 328. 
 ■'Odyssey; V. 90. 
 " Odyssey; VII. 353; V. 438 el seq. 
 "Odyssey; VI. 290. 
 
 409 
 
 Ph^acia 
 
 Here, in a suburban mead, he met the king's beautiful 
 daughter, Nausicaa, washing by a Spring. A very pleas- 
 ant acquaintance was immediately established and, after 
 an interchange of numerous courtesies, they set out for 
 the town, and he says; — 
 
 Nigh where a grove with verdant poplars crowned, 
 To Pallas sacred, shades the holy ground. 
 We bend our way: a bubbling fount distils" 
 A lucid lake, and thence descends in rills, 
 
548 HOMER'S SPRINGS 
 
 Around the grove, a mead with lively green 
 Falls by degrees, and forms a beauteous scene; 
 Here a rich juice the royal vineyard pours, 
 And there the garden yields a waste of flowers. 
 Hence lies the town, as far as to the ear 
 Floats a strong shout along the waves of air. 
 
 While Nausicaa, to prevent gossip among the towns- 
 people, proceeds to the city alone, Ulysses rests here for a 
 short time and then follows her. He describes how 
 
 Close to the gates a spacious garden lies. 
 From storms defended and inclement skies. 
 Four acres was the allotted space of ground, 
 Fenced with a green enclosure all around. 
 Tall thriving trees confessed the fruitful mould: 
 The reddening apple ripens here to gold. 
 Here the blue fig with luscious juice o'erflows, 
 With deeper red the full pomegranate glows: 
 The branch here bends beneath the weighty pear, 
 And verdant olives flourish round the year. 
 The balmy spirit of the western gale 
 Eternal breathes on fruits, untaught to fail: 
 Each dropping pear a following pear supplies, 
 On apples apples, figs on figs arise: 
 The same mild season gives the blooms to blow, 
 The buds to harden, and the fruits to grow. 
 Here arc the vines in early flower descried, 
 Here grapes discolored on the sunny side. 
 And there in autumn's richest purple dyed. 
 
 Beds of all various herbs, forever green. 
 In beauteous order terminate the scene. 
 
 Two plenteous fountains the whole prospect crowned:" 
 This through the gardens leads its streams around. 
 Visits each plant, and waters all the ground; 
 While that in pipes beneath the palace flows. 
 And thence its current on the town bestows: 
 To various use their various streams they bring. 
 The people one, and one supplies the king. 
 
THE ILIAD AND THE ODYSSEY 549 
 
 These fountains passed, Ulysses gains admission to the 
 palace. The king, Alcinous, entertains him royally; loads 
 him with a great store of precious gifts; and finally fur- 
 nishes a boat and crew who in less than a day convey him 
 to his own dominions. 
 
 '^Odyssey; VI. 351. 
 *3 Odyssey; VII. 169. 
 
 410 
 
 Island of Ithaca 
 
 The landing is made in a bay near the port of Phorcys;^'' 
 the rocky shore slopes upward here to where ; — 
 
 High at the head a branching oHve grows, 
 And crowns the pointed cliffs with shady boughs. 
 Beneath, a gloomy grotto's cool recess 
 Delights the Nereids of the neighboring seas, ' 
 Where bowls and urns were formed of living stone. 
 And massy beams in native marble shone, 
 On which the labors of the nymphs were rolled, 
 Their webs divine of purjjle mixed with gold. 
 Within the cave the clustering bees attend 
 Their waxen works, or from the root depend. 
 Perpetual waters o'er the pavement glide;'' 
 Two marble doors unfold on either side; 
 Sacred the south, by which the gods descend; 
 But mortals enter at the northern end. 
 
 Ulysses, who is sound asleep, is cariied ashore to the 
 cave by the crew who then unload his treasure of presents 
 from Phaeacia and, having piled them up under the olive 
 tree, row away. He is awakened by Pallas who tells him 
 that he is in Ithaca, where 
 
 Soft rains and kindly dews refresh the field. 
 And rising springs eternal verdure j'ield,'' 
 
550 HOMER'S SPRINGS 
 
 and adds, 
 
 Behold the port of Phorcys! fenced around 
 With rocky mountains, and with oHves crowned. 
 Behold the gloomy grot! whose cool recess'' 
 Delights the Nereids of the neighboring seas. 
 
 Ulysses, having hidden his treasures in the cavern, 
 learns, in a talk with the goddess under the olive tree, all 
 about Penelope, his wife, and her numerous hungry 
 suitors. Pallas then changes him into a wretched looking 
 old beggar in rags, and he goes to the house of Eumaeus,^' 
 his loyal swineherd, "Where Arethusa's sable water" 
 glides, " to whom he passes himself off as a Cretan.'" 
 
 »4 Odyssey; XIII. 114. 
 
 »s Odyssey; XIII. 132. 
 
 "'Odyssey; XIII. 298. 
 
 n Odyssey; XIII. 395. 
 
 ""Odyssey; XIV. 5. 
 
 "» Odyssey; XIII. 470. 
 
 30 Odyssey; XIV. 229. XVI. 61. 
 
 410a 
 
 The Pharian Isle 
 
 Shortly before the king's return to Ithaca his son Tele- 
 machus, who had become more and more anxious as the 
 years rolled by and extended Ulysses' long delay in reach-^ ' 
 ing home, had set out to make enquiries in Sparta, where 
 he visited Menelaus from whom he received an account 
 of that monarch's adventures after leaving Troy with'^ 
 Helen. This account was to the effect that he had been^' 
 blown to the Egyptian coast and was weather-bound 
 where ; — ■ 
 
 High o'er a gulfy sea, the Pharian isle 
 Fronts the deep roar of disemboguing Nile: 
 
THE ILIAD AND THE ODYSSEY 551 
 
 Her distance from the shore, the course begun 
 At dawn, and ending with the setting sun, 
 A galley measures ; when the stiffer gales 
 Rise on the poop, and fully stretch the sails. 
 There, anchored vessels safe in harbor lie, 
 Whilst limpid springs the failing cask supply. '< 
 
 There, after three weeks' detention, Menelaus cap- 
 tured the sea-god Proteus and compelled him to tell how 
 to propitiate the winds, and also what had happened to 
 his friends in the storm-scattered fleet. With news of 
 Ulysses thus obtained, Telemachus, evading an at-" 
 tempted ambush by the suitors, returns to Ithaca.'* 
 
 3* Odyssey; II. 241. 
 3^ Odyssey; IV. 421. 
 
 33 Odyssey; IV. 471. 
 
 34 Odyssey; IV. 486. 
 
 35 Odyssey; IV. 896. 
 315 Odyssey; XV. 33. 
 
 410b 
 
 Island of Ithaca 
 
 Going at once to Eumaeus' cottage Telemachus there" 
 meets his father who is changed back to his own form for 
 recognition, and then retransformed into the beggar, in'' 
 whose shape, and still unknown to the swineherd, he sets 
 out with the latter for the palace, and walking along; — 
 
 Now pass't the rugged road, they journey down 
 The cavemed way descending to the town. 
 Where, from the rock, with liquid drop distils 
 A limpid fount; that spread in parting rills 3 » 
 Its current thence to serve the city brings ; 
 An useful work, adorned by ancient kings. 
 Neritus, Ithacus, Polyctor, there, 
 In sculptured stone immortalized their care. 
 In marble urns received it from above, 
 
552 HOMER'S SPRINGS 
 
 And shaded with a green surrourding grove; 
 Where silver alders, in high arches twined, 
 Drink the cool stream, and tremble to the wind. 
 Beneath, sequester'd to the nymphs, s seen 
 A mossy altar, deep embowered in green; 
 Where constant vows by travelers are paid, 
 And holy horrors solemnize the shade. 
 
 At this fountain Eumaeus prefaces a prayer with an 
 invocation to the; — 
 
 Daughters of Jove! who from the ethereal bowers 
 Descend to swell the springs, and feed the flowers!" 
 Nymphs of this fountain ! to whose sacred names 
 Our rural victims mount in blazing flames! 
 To whom Ulysses' piety preferred 
 The yearly firstlings of his flock and herd; — 
 
 and concludes with a supphcation for the return of 
 Ulysses. (See No. 410.) 
 
 37 Odyssey; XVI. II. 
 
 38 Odyssey; XVI. 1 86 & 476. 
 
 39 Odyssey; XVII. 233- 
 *" Odyssey; XVII. 284. 
 
 411 
 
 Unnamed Springs 
 
 The numerous other Springs that are accessory to 
 Homer's stories are the useful but humble and nameless 
 fountains of palace and cottage and wilderness, Springs 
 that served as wells or drinking places, and furnished the 
 water, for washing, and, more important still, in the days 
 when bathing had neither begun to rank with holiness 
 nor to be considered a hygienic necessity, supplied the 
 beverage for the daily meals and, often, wassail for enter- 
 tainment and the formal feast before wine had almost 
 usurped the function of water on such occasions. 
 
THE ILIAD AND THE ODYSSEY 553 
 
 There are nearly two score of references to such 
 Springs, and they are made in a form that, while varying 
 slightly in the wording in each instance, might be indi- 
 cated in a general way by the following three couplets ; — 
 
 A golden ewer the attendant damsel brings. 
 Replete with water from the crystal Springs. <■ 
 
 He spoke, and bid the attendant handmaid bring 
 The purest water of the living Spring.*' 
 
 Grim as voracious wolves, that seek the Springs 
 When scalding thirst their burning bowels wrings.*' 
 
 The possibility is suggested in No. 280 that one of these 
 numerous unnamed Springs may have been a favorite of 
 Penelope's. It played a prominent and rollicking part 
 in a humorous incident that occurred while the feet of 
 Ulysses, as a tramp, were being washed by his old nurse 
 Euryclea. She, during this bath, penetrated the disguise 
 of enchantment and surprised Penelope with the news 
 that the king had returned. 
 
 The remaining Springs, the many classic' fountains that 
 Homer mentions, are far from Troy, and, having, with the 
 exception of Arethusa, no connection with the siege or 
 with the wanderings, they are alluded to under their own 
 names, elsewhere herein. 
 
 4' Odyssey; XV. 149. 
 4' Iliad; XXIV. 388. 
 <3 Iliad; XVI. 206. 
 
VIRGIL'S SPRINGS 
 
 412 
 Virgil 
 
 Virgil seems to see little but the useful side of Springs 
 and, when not under the kindly influence of Theocritus, 
 becomes not only blind to their beauties but even un- 
 mindful of their existence. 
 
 In the final book of the .^neid many pages are devoted 
 to incidents filled with the personality of Juturna, exactly 
 as his predecessor devoted a scene to Niobe in the last 
 book of the Iliad. Both of these characters became Springs 
 that continue today to be objects of marked interest ; but, 
 while Homer in his passages does not fail to paint an 
 affecting picture of Niobe's mountain Fount, 
 
 "Her own sad montraient of woe," 
 
 Virgil makes not the slightest reference to the Spring of 
 Jutuma which he might have seen every day when he 
 lived on the Esquiline hill at Rome where it was, as it 
 continues to be, one of the most attractive relics in the 
 Forum. 
 
 This slight is all the more noticeable because of Ju- 
 turna's prominence in the beginnings of Rome, she having 
 been, according to some assumers, the foster aunt of 
 Romulus the progenitor of the empire. 
 
 In Virgil's version, however, the Romans owe a debt 
 to Fate for foiling the efforts of Juturna in Turnus' fight' 
 
 554 
 
VIRGIL'S SPRINGS 555 
 
 with ^neas, and the existence of Rome lay on the knees 
 of the gods while this valiant and active ally of Juno 
 flitted about the field of the contest; it was "To be, or 
 not to be," with the nebula of the Empire until Juturna 
 was finally foiled and ^neas triumphed. Had she 
 succeeded in her desperate efforts to save her brother, 
 and brought about the Trojan's death, the star of the 
 Empire would not have been formed ; there would have 
 been no Roman history, and the pages and volumes now 
 filled with that subject would have contained the records 
 of another nation, with a catalogue of different names 
 and with accounts of acts and incidents perhaps un- 
 dreamed of by makers of history and inventors of valor- 
 ous deeds. 
 
 'iEneid; XII. In. 467. 
 
 413-414 
 
 Bucolics. Hylas 
 
 Even while Virgil, singing his Songs of Shepherds, 
 wandered through the Bucolics in the footsteps of 
 Theocritus he hardly gave more than a passing glance at 
 the fountains that his Sicilian leader loved to linger over 
 with fond admiration and delightful description; thus the 
 Spring of Hylas (which bubbled so bountifully that it 
 overflowed line after line while Theocritus, absorbed in' 
 admiration, described its most minute details, naming its 
 ferns and flowers and noting their colors) barely dripped 
 its name and then went dry as Virgil passed it, unob- 
 servantly and roused to nothing softer than "the sailors'^ 
 cries for Hylas, left behind them at the fountain." The 
 stylus of the Poet of Arms was unsuited for the delicate 
 delineations the Sicilian's so readily traced, and the other 
 
556 VIRGIL'S SPRINGS 
 
 half dozen mentions of Springs in the Bucolics might be^ 
 given in ftill in the same number of lines; — 
 
 Tityrus, the very fountains anxiously called for you. 
 Here among sacred fountains you shall enjoy the cool shade; 
 
 1 have let boars loose on my crystal Springs. 
 
 Strew the ground with leaves ye shepherds; form a shade over the 
 
 fountains. 
 You mossy fountains, and grass more soft than sleep. 
 Cover with verdant shade the Springs. 
 Here are cool fountains; here, Lycoris, soft meads, here a grove. 
 
 Dancing nymphs and mild-eyed she-goats; piping ' 
 shepherds and softly lowing calves, attend the fountains 
 of Theocritus, rather than the roiling boars that Virgil 
 lets loose upon his crystal Springs. 
 
 And where Virgil disfigures his fountains with leaves, 
 Theocritus shades them with murmuring pines and 
 sheltering trees twined with dark ivy. He surrounds 
 them with fragrant vines and flowers, and hairy humming 
 bees, and sweet- voiced birds; he brightens them with 
 beds of silvery, shining pebbles, and sometimes he places 
 a milk-white heifer's skin near at hand to make a couch's 
 cover for the indolent and drowsy. He even starts an 
 epicure's parotid by sybaritically sweetening one of his 
 Springs with golden honey, so that the least thirsty 
 skimmer, not heeding the lack of a couple of long oaten 
 straws, can taste the confection with no more of effort 
 than is needed to look at the lines. Small wonder Theo- 
 critus cared as little for summer heats as lovers do for 
 parents' words! 
 
 » Theocritus; XIII. 39. 
 1 Bucolics; Eel. VI. 43. 
 4 Bucolics; — 
 
 I. 42, 54- II. S8. v. 39- VII. 43. IX. 22. X. 41. 
 s Theocritus; Idylls; — 
 
 I.I. 111,3, VII. 136. IX. 9. XI. 46. XXII. as. XXV. 31. 
 
 Theocritus; Epigrams; IV. 
 
VIRGIL'S SPRINGS 557 
 
 415-418 
 Georgics. Castalia. Peneus. Clitumnus 
 
 In the Georgics, where Virgil announces that he has 
 unsealed the sacred Springs (of poesy) and will tread an 
 unused track about Castalia, whence a poet's praises of 
 these fascinating features of Nature's beauty might be 
 looked for expectantly. Springs are mainly considered 
 merely as factors in farming, being recommended as an' 
 ingredient in five agricultural recipes; as a; — 
 
 requisite for the feeding ground of flocks; 
 test for sourness in soils; 
 means of fattening horses; 
 cure for insomnia in cattle; 
 
 necessity for the neighborhood of bee-hives and 
 violet beds. 
 
 Avernus is referred to, not once only but twice. 
 
 And then, at the end of the treatise, a part of the story 
 of the lover of Eurydice is introduced and opens with 
 Aristasus hastening to the sacred source of the river 
 Peneus. But, instead of being treated to glimpses of a' 
 Thessalian fountain in the open air, Aristaeus and the 
 expectant reader are wearily wafted to a far distant place, 
 where, in a dark, distressingly noisy, humid, subaqueous 
 cavern, they are expected to see the source, not only of 
 Peneus, but, of all the rivers gliding under the great 
 earth. A little more gloom, and a few more discomforts 
 added to this uncanny cavern, and it might have vied in 
 fearsome features with awesome Avernus itself in the 
 heyday of its horrors. 
 
 Clitumnus, Virgil mentions but once, and then only in' 
 connection with the color of the cattle that pasture by its 
 waters; yet, because of its remarkable size and clarity, it 
 
558 VIRGIL'S SPRINGS 
 
 has always been such a fascinating feature of Um- 
 brian scenery that noted and busy people have made 
 long journeys to see it; and Pliny, who left a lengthy 
 eulogism of this Spring, was so enchanted with it that 
 he earnestly advised his friends not to fail to pay it a 
 visit. 
 
 * Georgics; — 
 
 II. 199, 247. III. 13s. 532. IV. 18. 
 ' Georgics; IV. 318. 
 ' Georgics; II. 146. 
 
 419-424 
 
 The ^Eneid. Arethusa. Timavus. Eridanus. 
 NuMicus. Silvia's Fawn Spring 
 
 For the entire story of the ^Eneid, Virgil required but 
 two Springs ; one a fictitious fountain in Libya ; and the 
 other, a real feature, Avernus, in Italy, with which he 
 connects the source of the Cocytus River. Incidentally 
 he names the Springs of Arethusa, Timavus, Eridanus, 
 Numicus, and an unlocated and undescribed Spring in 
 which Silvia bathes a tame stag. 
 
 Virgil describes the Eridanus as rising in Elysium, the 
 realms of joy, on the charming lawns of which were the 
 mansions of the Blest, who dwelt in the ultra violet ray, or 
 at least in a buoyant atmosphere of purple light, with a 
 private sun and stars of their own. 
 
 In this delightful realm Eridanus appeared, in a fra- 
 grant grove of laurel from which, on upper earth, it welled 
 forth in mighty volume through the wood. 
 
 Under the river Po, which is the offspring of this foun- 
 tain, further mention is made of Eridanus in the light of 
 modern description. 
 
 When it is added that .iEneas swears one oath by f oun-» 
 
VIRGIL'S SPRINGS 559 
 
 tains in general, a full concordance of the Springs of the 
 i^neid is completed. 
 
 'iEneidj XII. 179. 
 
 The Libyan Spring 
 
 Virgil, unlike Homer, was not a creator of Springs, and 
 this manufactured fountain, the first to appear in the 
 epic, is found without surprise to be little more than a 
 diminutive, cold, cheerless and colorless copy of Homer's 
 cave Spring of Phorcys in the island of Ithaca. 
 
 iEneas with seven ships, instead of the nine that 
 Ulysses last commanded, arrived in the neighborhood of 
 Carthage where he was to meet with the Dido of a single 
 charm, instead of with a versatile enchantress such as 
 Homer gave to Ulysses in Calypso ; and, in searching for 
 an anchorage, Mneas finds ' ' a place of shelter in a deep 
 retiring bay where an island forms a harbor by its pro- 
 jecting sides, against which every wave from the ocean 
 is broken up. On either side there rise huge rocks over- 
 hung with a dark grove, and, beneath the brow of the 
 cliffs and facing the bay, theie is a grotto of pendant 
 rocks within which there is a Spring of sweet water and'" 
 seats of natural stone — the home of the nymphs." 
 
 "JEneid; I. l6p. 
 
 426-427 
 AVERNUS. COCYTUS MiRE SPRING 
 
 The second of the only two Springs connected with the 
 story of the JEneid is this real one of Avernus. 
 
 Although Virgil resided for a time at Rome, looking 
 
560 VIRGIL'S SPRINGS 
 
 very likely for local color for some of the scenes of the 
 ^neid, he wrote the epic in the neighborhood of Naples, 
 among environments that might have been readily de- 
 duced had mention of them been lacking in the history 
 of the Poet-Magician's Hfe; for the one Spring that 
 appears to have made more than a passing impression 
 upon Virgil is the Spring, or, rather, federation of foun- 
 tains that forms the little lake Avernus which nestles in 
 the hills a few miles from the city of Naples, and nearer 
 still to the place where the epic was penned. 
 
 And just as one seems to see the persistence of the 
 pleasing image of the cavern Spring of Homer's study 
 den in Smyrna in all of his fontal fancies, so one finds 
 Avernus recurring in Virgil again and again in place of the 
 more cheerful fontlets that gush so beguilingly in Homer's 
 pictuie poetry. 
 
 Avernus has been a lake from the infancy of Fable, and 
 its associations with dread and the terrors of the lower 
 regions seem therefore somewhat unreasonable. But 
 Science, with a thousand eyes seeing farther back than 
 Fable could remember, descries in the basin of the lake 
 the crater of a violent volcano that may have made, in 
 prememorial ages, as many night-like days and spread as 
 many fiery horrors as Vesuvius, twenty miles away has 
 often done in History's time. Inference then, relying on 
 Science's sight, easily accounts for early beliefs in the 
 marvelous beings, the Cimmerians — the People of Night 
 — who lived near the portals of Homer's hell and were 
 transferred to Avernus without any satisfactory warrant; 
 and for Hecate's undesirable residence in the neighbor- 
 hood of Avernus. 
 
 It might, however, be added that a local historian, 
 Ephorus, writing about 408 B.C., says that the name was 
 given to the servants of an oracle near Avernus, because 
 
VIRGIL'S SPRINGS 561 
 
 they were not permitted to see the sun; they were obliged 
 to remain underground during the day and went abroad 
 only at night. 
 
 But before the time of Agrippa, about the year 37 of 
 Christian chronology, the vicinage had been deserted by 
 one terror after another until it had become merely a 
 densely wooded and darksome place, and it ceased to be 
 even that when the forests had been thinned by Agrippa, 
 who also cut a channel from the sea and made the lake a 
 naval basin. 
 
 The lake is a symmetrical, circular body of water about 
 half a mile across and with a maximum depth of a few 
 feet more than two hundred. It is kerbed with a solid 
 stone wall and provided with a little two foot wide stone 
 canal through which the overflow runs in a swift moving 
 current of four inches' depth down to the sea on a three 
 and a half foot lower level. 
 
 Towards the sea, on the side where the outlet is, about 
 one sixth of the circumference of the crater is missing 
 clear down to the level of the lake, giving an outline not 
 unlike that of the partly pillaged Colosseum at Rome. 
 The remainder of the cone, some two hundred feet high, 
 is terraced and cultivated, and a half dozen houses and a 
 castle-like ruin cling around this ancient throat of hell, as 
 though Pluto had suddenly paused while devouring a 
 partly chewed settlement. 
 
 Modern birds fly over the lake with impunity, arid fish 
 swim in its waters; but for some reason the natives do not 
 drink the water of the lake, and the fish that they catch 
 in it are kept, for a time before they are eaten, in the 
 Lucrine Lake that made the oyster famous, and which is 
 within a quarter of a mile of Avernus, and a half mile 
 from the sea. 
 
 Today one might search long and far before finding a 
 36 
 
562 VIRGIL'S SPRINGS 
 
 water source with surroundings less suggestive of hell 
 than anything now connected with this smooth, silent, 
 syn^imetrical, peaceful, and partially sedge-surfaced 
 Spring, that is bordered with wildflowers and gay with 
 their colors in the months of the year when Springs, that 
 are nourished in cradles less likely to rock out or burn 
 up their contents, are smothered with snows. 
 
 The fumes of former times have lost their vigor and 
 volume, and a small collection of meager jets of slightly 
 sulfuretted steam, escaping through the ground a few 
 miles away, are all that remain .to remind one of the 
 supposedly dense mass of noxious vapor that once 
 poisoned the overhanging air and, by making its neighbor- 
 hood birdless, gave the lake its name. 
 
 Nowadays a bad smell or an injurious gas is such a 
 rarity in this neighborhood that the few remaining 
 sulphur Springs, and one exit of carbonic acid gas, are 
 carefully kept out of sight under lock and key, and are 
 only exhibited as curiosities for a quid pro quo ; and so the 
 jets of steam that now rise in a circumscribed space called 
 the Solfatara, a crater some two miles straight away from 
 the lake, are cherished as carefully as the last living speci- 
 mens of a perishing species of animal life. They are well 
 guarded and tariffed, these pretty, white spirals from the 
 fumaroles of the Solfatara, but with a small silver root, 
 instead of the golden branch required of .^^neas, one may 
 wind about and wander among them without danger or 
 discomfort. 
 
 Besides these features, these little innocent and tenu- 
 ous whisps of steam, some extinct volcanic cones on 
 Ischia and the near-by islands, and the hill of Monte 
 Nuova that the forces below have, within five hundred 
 years, pushed upward through the crust of the ground, 
 there is scarcely aught to help to visualize the subter- 
 
VIRGIL'S SPRINGS 563 
 
 ranean commotions in this locality in past ages — the 
 traditions of which commotions perhaps gave Virgil, St. 
 John, and Dante and others inspiration for the portrayal 
 of far distantly located disturbances — and they might 
 now be forgotten but for the Apocalypses and the Poems, 
 and the stories connecting those compositions with the 
 ebullitions of the earth around Avernus. 
 
 While Virgil uses the same names that Homer did in his 
 geography of the Infernal Regions, he does not follow him 
 in locating the entrance to the Nether World; it being 
 evident from the course of Ulysses' vessel that he landed 
 at an entrance very far from this Avernus — Ulysses 
 himself never knew where it was, for when he tried to 
 find out he was told, by the power he questioned, that it 
 was not necessary for him to know, as the ship would sail 
 there of its own accord. 
 
 Virgil, possibly to avoid the somewhat ridiculous im- 
 pression of a soused and dripping hero, constructed a 
 cave, on the shore of Avernus, for .^Eneas' entrance; this" 
 cave was near the Cumasan Rock, over which, and the 
 Lake and its groves, Hecate had appointed a Sibyl to 
 preside as her priestess. 
 
 This Sibyl having told .^Eneas that the way to Avernus 
 was easy if he first procvued a certain golden branch 
 from one of the myriad trees in the grove, he secured it 
 through the guidance of two pigeons, though more appro- 
 priate pilots might possibly have been provided for those 
 birdless precincts ; they flew slowly before him to the edge 
 of the lake and alighted on a shady holm above the only 
 bright spot in all the gloomy woods, the needed golden 
 branch which tinkled in a gentle breeze and kindly gave a 
 guiding sound. Armed with this branch, Mneas passed 
 into the deep and hideous cave whose yawning mouth 
 was set upon Avernus' shingly shore and whose tunnel- 
 
564 VIRGIL'S SPRINGS 
 
 like path led to the Tartarian Lake, Acheron, of which 
 Avernus was an overflow. At the side of this path a 
 horrid Spring, a seething eddy, turbid and impure, boiled'^ 
 up with mire in a vast abyss and supplied the river 
 Cocytus over which, on seeing the golden branch, Charon 
 ferried the bearer with pole and sail, in a boat that, accus- 
 tomed only to cargoes of impalpable shades, promptly 
 sprang a leak when it felt the husky hero's weight. Land- 
 ing on the other side of the river Cocytus, ^neas mounted 
 the bank guarded by Cerberus and reached the region 
 that is imprisoned by the river Styx in a nine-fold circling 
 stream, and continued to where the road forked — to 
 Tartarus on the left, and to Elysium on the right. 
 
 To the left of this road, under a rock, ran Phlegethon, a 
 river of flaming torrents and roaring rocks, which sur- 
 rounded the court of Rhadamanthus, one of the three 
 judges of hell. 
 
 Further along ^^neas came to a winding vale and a 
 lonely grove, and the River of Forgetf ulness, Lethe, which 
 skirts the spacious, airy plains of Elysium. After a 
 thousand years' purgation the spirits there drank from 
 this river, forgot the past, and returned again to mortal 
 bodies on the earth. 
 
 The exit from this peculiar and impossible teiTitory, 
 where rivers ran uphill and boats sailed over mud, was 
 through two gates, one of horn for true dreams, and one 
 of transparent ivory for false dreams. 
 
 Quite appropriately, j^neas left by the gate of false 
 visions and, very surprisingly, soon found himself again 
 in the vicinity of Avernus. 
 
 To this remarkable underground region, Virgil pro- 
 vided another entrance, somewhat in the nature of a 
 private way for the immediate members of Pluto's family, 
 which he describes as an awful cavern with pestilential 
 
VIRGIL'S SPRINGS 565 
 
 jaws and a vast whirlpool receiving its water, like Aver- 
 nus, from Acheron's overflow, and located where a roar- 
 ing noise is heard in a densely dark part of the valley of 
 Ampsanctus. 
 
 Now, in the XXth century, the only feature near 
 Avernus that is openly suggestive of hell has been made 
 by man ! It is a factory for the production of Armstrong 
 artillery, intended to injure the bodies and shorten the 
 lives of men, and it spreads over an extensive area of the 
 shore where formerly, in the meadows salted by the mild 
 Mediterranean, flocks of peaceful sheep were wont to 
 gambol and graze, and to grow gigots to pleasure the 
 palates and prolong the lives of humanity. 
 
 Today no prettier spots could be picked out to live in 
 than those to be seen from the lip of Avernus' slightly 
 marred vase, before which extends a curving coast form- 
 ing, as Florus said, delightful places of retirement, even'' 
 for the sea, and beautiful views of enchanting islands; 
 islands laden with legend and linked forever with the 
 classics of virgin literature; carvings, of the sea and the 
 storm, that are lovely either when the atmospherical 
 microscope of a moteless day shows their shapes with the 
 sharpness of a silhouette, or when their rosy hues are 
 softly powdered by impalpable puffs from Vesuvius and 
 they appear in their haze like fancy figured clouds float- 
 ing upon the sea, rather than solid bulks arising from its 
 depths. 
 
 Perhaps because of these beauties, as well as the place's 
 proximity to Avernus, Virgil located his Neapolitan villa 
 at the foot of Posilipo, a height on the coast that over- 
 looks every feature of the land and sea for many miles 
 around, and his last wish was that "he might be laid to rest 
 on this hill. 
 
 He is said to have been in Greece in the year 19 B.C., 
 
566 VIRGIL'S SPRINGS 
 
 the year of his death at the age of 52, and it is pleasant 
 to believe, though some have had the heart to doubt it, 
 that his last wish was lovingly fulfilled. But no one could 
 have selected a more dismal part of the prominence of 
 Posilipo than was chosen by those who located the Poet's 
 tomb, which is in an interior depression of the tufa hill, 
 and has to be reached through a tunnel from the outside, 
 or by interminable steps through a vineyard on the inside, 
 and from which absolutely nothing can be seen that 
 might interest even the most easily pleased spirit with a 
 bent for scenic beauties; and the view of Avemus that 
 Virgil perhaps wanted his spirit to have always in sight, 
 as indeed it might have had it, had the top of the hill been 
 adorned with the structure, is quite invisible from the 
 tomb, which is placed half a hundred yards below the 
 pinnacle of Posilipo. 
 
 Strangely enough, and suggestive either of retribution 
 or of the irony of Fate, it has come to pass that this poet, 
 who treated Springs with little better than contempt, is 
 lying through the sleep of eternity in a structure that has 
 been described as resembling more than anything else''' 
 the house of a western-farm Spring ! 
 
 '" .iEneidj VI. 43, 126 et seq. ; VI. 237. 
 
 ■"iEneidj VI. 296. 
 
 'J Florus; Roman Hist. I. 16. 
 
 >4 E. R. Pennell; "Italy of Virgil and Horace." 
 
 428 
 
 Lethe 
 
 The source of Lethe, the River of Forgetfulness, that 
 Virgil says iEneas found skirting the Plains of Elysium, 
 was completely ignored by the poet, although its water 
 contained man's only hope of resurrection. 
 
VIRGIL'S SPRINGS 567 
 
 Fortunately Ovid, one of Virgil's friends, gave the 
 world a full description of this most important of all 
 Springs, and his account of it is summarised in No. 396. 
 
 Lethe was also a name given to one of "the Springs of 
 the Cave of Trophonius on the banks of the river Hercyna 
 which flows in Boeotia. 
 
 Virgil; ^^ncid; VI. In 703. 
 
ITALY: CONTINENTAL 
 
 LATIUM 
 
 429 
 The Springs of Rome 
 
 A number of the Springs of ancient Rome are still 
 living and sparkling in Latin literature, and doubtless 
 there were many others, that were praised in poetry and 
 prose, whose eulogies are either irrevocably lost or have 
 not yet been discovered; Springs that issued from the 
 Seven Hills and made the neighborhood a place of ' ' mur- 
 muring streams, " and much of the site of the present city 
 marsh land and meadow. Even among the names of the 
 streets there is testimony that the charioteer, in later 
 times, rolled over the course of a highway that in the 
 beginning had only borne boats. 
 
 To those times the poets, and even more serious com- 
 posers, never tired of referring, and numbers of these 
 little sketches of the bucolic beginnings of the great city 
 may be found tucked away here and there among the 
 pages of Rome's most famous writers. 
 
 "All the present extent that you see of mighty Rome 
 was, before the time of Phrygian .i^i^neas, a grassy mound ; 
 and where the Palatine, hallowed by the temple of naval 
 Phoebus, now stands, the cows of Evander strayed and 
 fed, and the Tiber met on its way our oxen only." 
 
 "This crowded neighborhood pleases me. The Tiber 
 
 568 
 
LATIUM 569 
 
 once flowed this way, and they say that the sound of oars 
 was heard on the waters." 
 
 "The Velabra were once overspread by their own 
 marshy stream, and the boatmen sailed over waters that 
 have given place to what is now part of the city." 
 
 " Here, where Rome now is, a forest untouched by the 
 axe used to flourish, and this state so mighty was a place 
 of pasturage for a few oxen." 
 
 "Here, where now the city stands, was then but the 
 city's site." 
 
 "Here, where the market places now are, you might see 
 boats wandering about — where too thy valley now lies, O 
 Circus Maximus." 
 
 "Here, where now is Rome, the capital of the world, 
 there were then but trees and grass and a few sheep, and a 
 cottage here and there." 
 
 "This place where now are the markets, formerly 
 fenny maishes covered; and a ditch was here swimming 
 with water from the overflowing of the river. That spot 
 formed the Curtain Lake which now supports the altars 
 on dry ground. In the spot where the Velabra are now 
 wont to lead the processions into the Circus, nought was 
 there then but willows and dense reeds." 
 
 The laying out of streets cuts the arteries of the Springs 
 and destroys them, so that it would be idle now even to 
 speculate on the exact location of many of the old-time 
 Springs of Rome; those that are mentioned in the follow- 
 ing pages, however, were probably all but one within a 
 mile of the Capitoline Mount, the smallest but most 
 famous of the city's celebrated Seven Hills, and under 
 whose shadow Romulus tossed the first clod from which 
 the city sprang. 
 
 In those days, and indeed during 441 years after the 
 founding of the city on the 21st of April, 753 B.C., the 
 
570 ITALY: CONTINENTAL 
 
 Springs of Rome and the water of the River Tiber sufficed, 
 and were the sole sources of supply, for the needs of its 
 citizens. 
 
 Appius Claudius Caecus who, in 313 B.C., made and gave 
 his name to the Appian Way, built the first aqueduct 
 which brought in outside water, called Aqua Appia; it 
 was 1 1 miles long and partly subterranean, and ran from 
 the direction of Praeneste. 
 
 The River Anio's water, taken near Tivoli, was next 
 drawn upon thirty years later ; and when Marcus Agrippa 
 had piped in the Aqua Virgo for the purpose of supplying 
 his baths, the craze for aqueduct construction and con- 
 tracts was no doubt well on the way to the stage that 
 Juvenal noted as a settled mania, making monied men as 
 rapidly as the water- and site-purchasing schemes of the 
 most proficient politicians of the get-rich-quickly age, in 
 which one aqueduct is hardly begun before pipes are laid 
 for another and a longer one, that shall draw from the 
 public treasury a more solid stream than was ever fur- 
 nished by the waters of any Spring ever tapped in the 
 far away hills. 
 
 In fact it was only a few generations later that Pliny 
 wrote; — Preceding aqueducts have all been surpassed 
 by the costly work recently commenced by CaUgula, and 
 completed by Claudius. Under these princes, the Curtian 
 and Caerulean Watei s, with the New Anio, were brought 
 from a distance of forty miles, and at so high a level that all 
 the hills on which the city is built were supplied with water. 
 
 The sum expended on these works was three hundred 
 and fifty millions of sesterces, which, as they were con- 
 structed with slaves for laborers was the equivalent in 
 purchasing power of probably considerably more than the 
 fourteen milHon dollars the same weight of gold would 
 represent in modern money. 
 
LATIUM 571 
 
 Nineteen aqueducts are said to have been built in all, of 
 which eleven have been located; — • 
 
 Appia 
 
 of 312 B.C. 
 
 Virgo 
 
 of 33 B.C. 
 
 Anio Vetus 
 
 " 272 " 
 
 Alsietina 
 
 "29 " 
 
 Marcia 
 
 " 144 " 
 
 Claudia 
 
 " 38 A.D. 
 
 Tepula 
 
 " 127 " 
 
 Novus 
 
 "38 " 
 
 Julia 
 
 " 33 " 
 
 
 
 These nine supplied Rome with more than 332 million 
 gallons of water daily. Eventually, the Marcia, Tepula 
 and Juha conduits were placed above each other in that 
 order , and the Novus was placed over Claudia. 
 
 Later, two more were built; — 
 
 Trajana of no A. d. Alexandrina of 226 A. d. 
 
 Besides the arches of the aqueducts that are still in use, 
 long stretches of others that have survived time, war and 
 earthquake, stand in picturesque and graceful lines upon 
 the Campagna, like regiments of massive sentinels mount- 
 ing vigilant and ceaseless guard beyond the city walls. 
 
 The Spring of Pitonia (No. 461) was the principal 
 source of the Aqua Marcia, though the waters of the 
 latter were increased by those of a Spring that were 
 brought to it through the Aqua Augusta. 
 
 The Aqua Virgo, in addition to the flow from the 
 Spring of the Virgin (No. 440) received supplies from 
 several Springs that it encountered during its course 
 underground. 
 
 The Aqua Claudia's water, as said by Pliny, was taken 
 from two excellent and bountiful Springs, the Cserulus 
 and the Curtius near the 38th milestone on the Via Sub- 
 lacensis; later, it drew from a third Spring called the 
 
572 ITALY: CONTINENTAL 
 
 Albudinus; and many of its ruined arches still curve 
 across the Campagna. 
 
 The Aqua Crabra was supplied from a source near Tus- 
 culum, fifteen miles from Rome ; it was strangely subject 
 to changes from good to bad, apparently at the bidding of 
 the wealthy villa owners at Tusculum, being under one 
 administration too bad for Rome and therefore diverted 
 to Tusculum, where it was good enough for such people 
 as the epicure LucuUus; and Cicero, who seems to have 
 taken a large share of it for his $25,000 villa, as he was 
 made to pay an "acknowledgment" for its use. After 
 that, it became good enough for Rome to which its water 
 was again diverted. 
 
 The Aqua Felice's water is understood to have come 
 from a Spring called Alexandrina. 
 
 The other aqueducts which did not start from Springs 
 drew their supplies from rivers, lakes, and similar sources. 
 
 Supplementing the aqueducts, either as useful or as 
 adorning features, there were 700 wells ; 500 fountains ; 1 30 
 reservoirs ; 300 statues of marble or bronze, and 400 marble 
 columns; and at one time there were 856 public baths. 
 
 Propertius; V. Elegies i, 2 & 9. 
 Ovid. Fasti;— 
 
 I: In 242. II; In 280 & 391. VI; In 405. 
 Pliny; XXXVI. 24. 
 
 Bona Dea 
 
 The waters of this Spring had long been in sanctified 
 use in the days of Hercules, who came upon it as he was 
 returning from Gades, in completion of his tenth labor, 
 with the human-flesh-eating oxen of Geryon. 
 
 Many beings have been suggested by different scholars 
 as the original Bona Dea, even including an old woman 
 
LATIUM 573 
 
 whose husband beat her to death for drunkenness. Her 
 Spring seems to have been on the Palatine Hill, possibly 
 on the Aventine Hill which adjoins it, but, at any rate, 
 near the Forum Boarum, which Hercules so named 
 because his charges for a time there pastured. 
 
 Cacus, a desperate three-headed and resourceful robber, 
 who lived in a fearful cave near-by, managed unobserved 
 to get the oxen into his hiding place, using the crafty 
 expedient of pulling them in backwards by their tails, 
 so that the direction of their tracks would not betray him. 
 The subsequent lowing of the animals, however, apprized 
 the hero of their whereabouts, and he killed the robber 
 and rescued them. 
 
 The contest was protracted and strenuous, and at the 
 end, the victor's mouth and parched palate were racked 
 with thirst, and no teeming earth supplied him with 
 water. ' ' Suddenly he hears some girls laughing in retire- 
 ment, at a distance, where a grove had grown into a 
 forest with shady circuit, containing the secret shrine of 
 Bona Dea, and the Springs used in sacrifices and the rites 
 profaned with impunity by none. 
 
 "Purple fillets covered the retired abodes; the time- 
 worn shrine glowed with burning incense; the poplar, too, 
 ornamented the temple with its masses of foliage, and 
 many a shady bower sheltered birds as they sang. 
 
 " Hither rushed Hercules and sweeping the ground with 
 his beard, dry and matted with dust, he poured forth, 
 before the door, words beneath the language of a god; 
 ' To you I pray, O ye that are sporting in a sacred grotto 
 in the grove, open your shrine, in hospitality, to weary 
 travelers. I am wandering in want of water, and that, 
 too, about a country of murmuring streams, and as much 
 water as I can hold in the hollow of my hand is enough,' 
 
 " ' Have ye heard of one who has borne the world on his 
 
574 ITALY; CONTINENTAL 
 
 back ? I am he : the rescued earth calls me Alcides. Who 
 has not heard of the bold deeds of the club of Hercules, 
 and of his arrows powerless against no beast that is born, 
 and of the Stygian darkness opened to him, only, of 
 men?' 
 
 '"Receive me; at last this land is open before me, 
 weary one that I am.' 
 
 " ' Though ye were offering a sacrifice to Juno, my bitter 
 enemy, even she, stepmother though she is, would not 
 have shut up her water from me. But if any one of you is 
 frightened by my looks, or my lion's skin, and my hair 
 scorched in Libya's sun, I am the same one that per- 
 formed servile offices in a purple robe, and spun my daily 
 task with the Lydian distaff; my hairy breast has been 
 confined in a soft girdle, and though my hands are hard, 
 I made a handy girl. ' 
 
 "And the venerable Priestess answered him as follows, 
 having her gray hair bound with a purple fillet: 'Gaze no 
 longer. Stranger, and withdraw from the hallowed grove : 
 quickly begone and fly from our threshold whilst thou 
 canst leave it in safety ! The altar that protects itself in a 
 retired shrine is forbidden to men, and profanation of it is 
 punished by a fearful penalty. At a great price did the 
 Priest Tiresias gaze on Pallas, while she laved her stal- 
 wart limbs, having laid aside the Gorgon shield. May the 
 gods send thee other fountains; the Spring that flows 
 here, out of the way, and with secret approach, is peculiar 
 to maidens!' 
 
 "Thus said the old woman: he pushed with his shoulder 
 the door that hid the fountain from his view, and the 
 closed door was not proof against his assault, angry and 
 thirsty as he was. 
 
 "But after he had fairly drained the stream and 
 quenched his thirst, he laid down severe laws before 
 
LATIUM 575 
 
 drying his lips; 'This corner of the world,' said he, 're- 
 ceives me, in the course of fulfilling my destiny ; at length 
 this land is open to me, weary as I am. May this great 
 altar, dedicated by me on the recovery of my flocks, made 
 great by my own hands, never be opened to the worship 
 of women, that the thirst of the great Hercules be not 
 unrevenged. '" 
 
 The altar referred to is the Ara Maxima. (See No. 
 252.) 
 
 Propertius; V. Elegy 9. 
 
 431 
 
 Tarpeia 
 
 The fountain of Tarpeia is the first that appears in the 
 mythical history of Rome, and dates back to the times 
 when the Sabines, still seeking redress for the loss of their 
 stolen daughters, attacked the little Roman stronghold 
 and secured admittance through the disloyalty of the 
 impressionable Vestal Tarpeia, whose father, Tarpeius, 
 commanded the fort and lived on the Tarpeian Rock, 
 a part of what was afterwards called the Capitoline 
 Hill. 
 
 Propertius has thrown another and a softening light 
 upon the character of the Commander's daughter, under 
 which she would seem to have been carried away by the 
 attraction of her heart and not by a sordid love for 
 jewelry and soldiers' bracelets. 
 
 According to this version, Tarpeia fell in love with 
 King Tatius, of the invading army, whom she saw for the 
 first time while she was getting water at this Spring, and 
 it was in purchase of his promise to marry her that she 
 betrayed her city and opened the gate to its foes. 
 
576 ITALY: CONTINENTAL 
 
 Propertius says; — "The Tarpeian Grove was enclosed 
 within an ivy clad ravine, with many a tree rustling in 
 concert with the plash of native waters, the shady abode 
 of Sylvanus, whither the sweet pipe called the sheep out 
 of the glare to drink. 
 
 "This fountain Tatius bordered with a fence of maple, 
 and placed his trusty camp on the crest of the elevation, 
 and the war horse drank from a fount where now is the 
 enclosed Curia, while the Sabine arms were grounded in 
 the Roman Forum. 
 
 "From this Spring Tarpeia drew water for the goddess; 
 an earthenware urn was balanced on her head. 
 
 "She saw Tatius exercising on the sandy plain, and 
 brandishing his flashing arms about his helmet's yellow 
 plumes. 
 
 "She was struck dumb at the king's beauty and his 
 royal arms, and her urn fell from her careless hands. 
 
 "Often she made a pretext of ominous appearances 
 in the guiltless Moon, and said she must dip her hair in 
 the stream ; often she took silver-white lilies to propitiate 
 the nymphs that the spear of Romulus might not hurt 
 the face of Tatius; and while ascending the Capitol, 
 built among the clouds, in the early smoke of evening, and 
 returning thence, she scratched her arms with the rough 
 brambles; and when she got back from the Tarpeian 
 citadel she wept over her love pangs. 'Ye Roman hills,' 
 she said, ' how great a guilt am I going to lay upon Auson- 
 ian maids, I, a faithless attendant on the Virgin hearth 
 to which I have been chosen! If any one is surprised at 
 the fire of Pallas being extinct, let him pardon me; the 
 altar is drenched with my tears. Tomorrow, so says 
 report, fighting will be going on all over the city ; do you 
 follow the wet edge of the thorny ravine. The whole 
 way is slippery and treacherous, for it conceals, through- 
 
LATIUM 577 
 
 out, the waters that trickle noiselessly in their unseen 
 channel.' 
 
 "'Oh that I knew the strains of magic verse; this 
 tongue, too, would then have helped you, beautiful 
 Sabine, to whom I bring no mean dower in the betrayal 
 of Rome.' 
 
 " ' And now the fourth trumpet is heralding the comingi 
 of light, and the very stars are sinking into ocean. I will 
 court sleep; I will desire dreams about you.' She spoke, 
 and dropped her arms in sleep, and Vesta, trusty guardian 
 of fire brought from Troy, fosters her guilt, and puts more 
 fires into her bones. 
 
 "There was a holiday in the city, it was the birthday 
 of the city walls. 
 
 "It was the shepherds' yearly feast, a merry time in the 
 city, when the village dishes reek with delicacies, and the 
 drunken rabble leap with their dirty feet over loose 
 heaps of blazing hay. 
 
 "Romulus ordered the pickets to rest, and the trumpet 
 to cease sounding, and all thingF combined to lull the 
 garrison to sleep. 
 
 "Tarpeia, thinking this was her time, goes to meet the 
 foe. 
 
 "She had betrayed her trust at the gate, and her 
 sleeping home, and she asked leave to name a wedding 
 day at her choice. 
 
 "But Tatius, who, though a foe, paid no honor to 
 villainy, said: 'Marry at once and ascend the marriage 
 bed of my kingdom.' He spoke, and overwhelmed her by 
 throwing his followers' arms on her. 
 
 "This, O Naiad, was fit payment for thy services." 
 
 In the time of Propertius the site of Tarpeia's house 
 on the Capitoline Hill was occupied by young ladies as 
 susceptible to the allurements of bracelets as ever Tar- 
 
5/8 ITALY: CONTINENTAL 
 
 peia could have been. But in 1912 a.d. it was occupied by 
 the office of "The Custodian of the Rock," for whose 
 perquisites, at cut rates, there was a Hvely competition 
 among the children of the adjoining houses whose back- 
 yards also commanded a full view of the famous rock, 
 from which the Spring no longer flows. 
 
 Propertius; I. Elegy l6. V. Elegy 4. 
 
 AUSONIA 
 
 The Spring of Ausonia, the second in the history of 
 Rome, came into bright prominence by promptly coun- 
 teracting the trouble that Tarpeia's Spring had brought 
 upon the struggHng nation, through the introduction 
 of the susceptible Vestal to the charms of the Sabine 
 king. 
 
 It merits precedence over the cackling geese, for it 
 saved the Capitol nearly four hundred years before those 
 valiant birds, in 390 B.C., repulsed the Gauls who 
 were climbing the same rugged, steep, and slippery path 
 that Tarpeia followed in her frequent visits to her Spring 
 to catch a glimpse of her scornful charmer. 
 
 It appears to have been located near the Porta Vimi- 
 nalis, so called from the vimina (osiers) that grew plenti- 
 fully about it, no doubt under the nourishing influence of 
 the waters of this identical fountain. 
 
 Ovid says of it that the Naiads of Ausonia occupied a 
 spot near the Temple of Janus at Rome, a place be- 
 sprinkled by a cool fountain. 
 
 When the Sabines attacked the city and had succeeded 
 in noiselessly opening one of the gates, the Naiads first 
 caused an unusually large flow from the Spring, in order 
 to flood the roadway to the gate; then, in addition, "they 
 
LATIUM 579 
 
 placed sulphur, with its faint blue light, beneath the 
 plenteous fountain, and they applied fire to the hollowed 
 channel with smoking pitch." 
 
 "By these and other violent means, the vapor pene- 
 trated to the various sources of the fountain; and the 
 waters which, before, were able to rival the coldness of 
 the Alps, yielded not in heat to the flames themselves. 
 The two door posts smoked with the flaming spray, 
 and the gate was rendered impassable by this new 
 made fountain, until the Romans had assumed their 
 arms," and were ready to contend with the Sabine 
 forces. 
 
 The happy result of this fearful contest, with its un- 
 usual ending in belated wedding feasts, seems unfor- 
 tunately to have overshadowed interest in the remarkable 
 natural phenomenon of a cold Spring's being tempor- 
 arily, and at a very opportune moment, converted into 
 a flooding and boiling geyser. 
 
 Afterwards Janus attempted to secure credit for heat- 
 ing the waters of this Spring, and pointed to his chapel 
 and altar nearby as having been erected in acknowledg- 
 ment of his assistance. He said; "I showered forth 
 sudden streams of water; but first I mingled sulphur in 
 the hot streamlets, that the boiling flood might obstruct 
 the passage of Tatius." 
 
 And this short and graphic account is worth noticing, 
 as it may take this curious incident in the life of the 
 Spring out of the mythical, by immediately suggesting 
 that it was due to some of those volcanic commotions 
 that affected the near neighborhood in the era when the 
 vents of the fires that supplied Rome with building stone, 
 and the Alban lakes with beds, still frequently furnished 
 heat and flame. 
 
 A somewhat similar occurrence took place in the 
 
580 ITALY: CONTINENTAL 
 
 province of Elis, in Greece, as late as 1909, when, after 
 an earthquake in the month of July, hot water flowed 
 from many of the Springs in that stricken district. 
 
 Ovid. Fasti; I. line 269. 
 Ovid J Meta. XIV. line 786. 
 
 433 
 Faunus and Picus 
 
 This Spring rose at the foot of the Aventine, a hill 
 which was frequented by Faunus and Picus, two very 
 ancient demigods of the country. 
 
 The hill since those times has had a varied and fre- 
 quently unsavory history; in its groves took place the 
 mysteries of Dionysus and the pranks of the Maenads, 
 until the growing scandals of the proceedings compelled 
 the Senate to suppress them. 
 
 Later on, St. Paul is supposed to have lived on the hill, 
 prior to his imprisonments and subsequent execution, 
 among the Christians accused of setting fire to the city 
 in the time of Nero, who, it was rumored, accompanied 
 the conflagration with his lyre and a song of the sacking 
 of Troy. 
 
 Of this Spring, Ovid says; " It was in a grove dark with 
 the shade of the holm-oak, on seeing which you might 
 readily say 'Surely a divinity dwells here.'" 
 
 "In the center was a grassy plot, and covered over with 
 green moss a constant stream of water trickled from the 
 rock. 
 
 "From this stream Faunus and Picus were wont 
 generally to drink alone." 
 
 While interest in this fountain has been overshadowed 
 by the Spring of Egeria, it is more closely and strikingly 
 connected with the life of King Numa Pompilius, the 
 
LATIUM 581 
 
 sovereign who first succeeded Romulus, the founder of 
 Rome, than even the one that watered the field, and that 
 he hallowed for the use of the Vestal virgins, and for 
 cleansing their sanctuary and its appurtenances; that 
 Spring having probably been farther north and nearer 
 the temple of Vesta that he constructed. 
 
 Numa, in many respects, forcibly reminds one of 
 Moses. Their rulerships were identical in length of time 
 and may be characterized as eras of practically perfect 
 peace with surrounding peoples. 
 
 They were the lawgivers of their followers and claimed 
 divine inspiration for their enactments, and both of them 
 forbade the representation of God in the form of man or 
 beast. They were fond of solitude remote from their 
 fellow men, and both performed miracles, among which 
 the changing of Numa's earthen dishes into precious 
 stones was both more petrifying and more practical than 
 the transformation of the rod into a serpent. 
 
 The one received from above the stone tables, and the 
 other received from the same source the brazen shield, 
 and both founded a Priesthood. 
 
 Moses dreaded the fire of the burning bush, and Numa 
 feared the fire of the lightning, and sought means to avert 
 it. 
 
 He consulted Egeria as to how this might be done, but 
 even her wisdom did not pretend to such extreme heights 
 of science, and she was obliged to advise him to apply to 
 Faunus and Picus; thereupon Numa repaired to their 
 fountain, and, after sacrificing a sheep, drugged the water 
 with wine, and waited nearby until the two, having re- 
 freshed and fuddled themselves with copious draughts, 
 fell into a heavy sleep. 
 
 Then Numa sprang upon them and bound them 
 securely, and when they had awakened from the effects 
 
582 ITALY: CONTINENTAL 
 
 of their debauch, compelled them, as the price of their 
 liberty, to furnish the information he desired. 
 
 They told him that Jove alone had full power over his 
 weapons and then, with ineffable incantations, they drew 
 down the god of lightning from heaven, in which proceed- 
 ing some suppose there is a veiled reference to a discovery 
 not unlike that made by Franklin with his key and kite 
 and wetted string. 
 
 At this descent, the tops of the Aventine forest 
 trembled, as Mount Sinai quaked, and then, as Moses 
 argued on Mount Horeb, Numa engaged in a discussion 
 and sharp-wit contest with Jupiter, and learned that the 
 lightning might be averted by means of an onion, some 
 hairs, and a fish ; a formula that suggests an impersona- 
 tion, by one of the two gods of the Spring, before the 
 effects of its winey mixture had been thoroughly slept 
 away. 
 
 At other times, when Numa was in need of new knowl- 
 edge or information, he followed a more lazy and leisurely 
 course; dressing himself in fresh fleeces, and wreathing 
 his temples with the beechen bough, he would go to 
 the grove and sacrifice a sheep to Faunus and another 
 to Sleep, and, after twice sprinkling his head with 
 water from the fountain, would compose himself for 
 slumber. 
 
 Then when Night, her gentle brow crowned with the 
 poppy, came with an escort of shadowy Dreams, Faunus 
 would appear, and through the agency of a vision utter 
 words and give the king oracular instruction or directions, 
 whose meaning, when he awoke, Egeria would resolve 
 and make clear to the mystified monarch. 
 
 It was in Numa's reign that metal was first impressed 
 with the figure of an ox to be used as Roman money, and, 
 possibly, in this incident could be found a suggestion 
 
LATIUM 583 
 
 that might give a deeper insight into the peculiar castings 
 or coinings of the "Gods" that were called the "Golden 
 Calf, " out of the jewels of gold that the Israelites bor- 
 rowed of the Egyptians, on the eve of their exodus under 
 the lead of Moses. 
 
 Ovid; Fasti; III. line 295 and 300. 
 Ovid; Fasti; IV. line 666. 
 
 434 
 
 Egeria 
 
 There was a Roman Spring that became lastingly 
 linked with the name of the nymph Egeria. Juvenal 
 refers to it as her trysting place with King Numa, and 
 indicates that it was not very far from the Porta Capena. 
 
 The use of such an elastic measure of distance very 
 probably explains why each of several fountains, that 
 are miles apart, is today asserted to be the original Spring 
 of Numa's favorite; for the broad valley of the Campagna 
 that stretches from Rome, at the Porta Capena, to the 
 feet of the distant mountains, produced Springs enough 
 to warrant the building of many aqueducts, and feed the 
 pride of several fountain owners, by giving them ample 
 opportunity to point to more than one grotto as the home 
 of Egeria's Spring. 
 
 Thus three Springs were raised to honor, with even less 
 effort than Sancho Panza's illustrious friend exerted in 
 giving many heads to one table, by changing his seat 
 from one chair to another. 
 
 The site of this fountain is closely associated with the 
 earliest history of Rome, as Numa Pompilius frequented 
 the grotto in its thick grove while preparing his codex of 
 laws, which, perhaps with the view of securing for it more 
 
584 ITALY: CONTINENTAL 
 
 ready and undisputed sanction, he attributed to the in- 
 spiration of the nymph Egeria. 
 
 In subsequent ages the Spring and its surroundings 
 saw many changes; the place was beautified with temples, 
 and the native tufo, and the margin of green turf that 
 enclosed the Spring, gave place to a marble basin and 
 paving; the neighborhood was converted into a park, and, 
 the face of nature having been changed the influence of 
 Egeria, its presiding genius, was lost. 
 
 Later, when extravagance, luxury, and the cost of high 
 living had increased the greed of the people, and the city's 
 need of money, the park was rented out for habitations 
 to a rabble of Jew beggars that Domitian had driven from 
 the city. 
 
 The ancient Porta Capena, which is often confounded 
 with the present gate of San Sebastian, was probably a 
 mile closer to the city than the latter, near which the 
 First Mile-stone was found. 
 
 In Juvenal's time, some 800 years after Numa had 
 passed away and eighteen hundred years ago, two Roman 
 gentlemen paused near the Porta Capena, and chatted 
 entertainingly about the Spring, the times, and their 
 personal affairs. 
 
 One of them, Umbritius by name, had just given up his 
 residence in Rome and was on his way to Cumae, followed 
 by a cart containing his personal effects. His reasons for 
 changing his lodgings were numerous, and, read by them- 
 selves, might be taken for the talk of a dweller in some 
 large city in the XXth century; he was fleeing from the 
 constant dread of fires, from the perpetual tearing down 
 of houses, and from the thousand dangers of a cruel city; 
 and perhaps he refers to something like the interminable 
 song of the present Summer Restaurant, when he com- 
 plains of the poets, spouting even in the month of August ! 
 
LATIUM 585 
 
 Rome, he says, is no place for honest pursuits, and he is 
 leaving it to those who turn black into white, and who 
 barter in contracts; contracts for building temples, for 
 clearing rivers, for constructing harbors, for cleansing 
 sewers, and for what not. In short, he is moving to the 
 country, to — much as a New Yorker might speak of 
 going to Hempstead — the place where the aviator rested 
 his weary wings. 
 
 Little could good Umbritius have dreamed at that time 
 that Lieut. Vivaldi of the same nativity would nearly 
 twenty centuries later, on the twentieth of August. 1910, 
 rest his weary wings, and lose his life, by the fall of an 
 army aeroplane within a few miles of where he stood, 
 much as Icarus, the too venturesome son of the pioneer 
 in airmanship, brought his untimely experiment to a 
 close in a more amateurish but similar, sudden descent. 
 
 Rome, Umbritius goes on to say, is changed in many 
 ways that make it a less desirable residence than 
 formerly; — Here, he continues, where Numa used to 
 make assignations with his nocturnal mistiess, the grove 
 of the once hallowed fountain, and the temples, are, in 
 our days, let out to Jews whose whole furniture is a 
 basket and a bundle of hay. Every single tree is made to 
 pay a rent, and, the CamenEe having been ejected, the 
 wood is one mass of beggars. 
 
 Afteiwards, the neighborhood improved, and Byron 
 who visited the Spring in 181 7, and devoted to it five 
 stan7,as in Childe Harold, wrote that its grove was foi- 
 merly frequented in Summer, particularly on the first 
 Sunday in May, by the modern Romans, who attached a 
 salubrious quality to the fountain, which trickles from an 
 orifice at the bottom of the vault of the grotto and creeps 
 down the matted grass into the brook Aquataccio, which 
 is the ancient Almo. Byron's poetical picture shows the 
 
586 ITALY: CONTINENTAL 
 
 fountain robbed by the villa owners, and almost reduced 
 to the primitive stage that Juvenal sighed for; — 
 
 The mosses of thy fountain still are sprinkled 
 
 With thine Elysian water drops; the face 
 
 Of thy cave guarded Spring, with years unwrinkled. 
 
 Reflects the meek eyed genius of the place, 
 
 Whose green, wild margin, now no more erase 
 
 Art's works; nor must the delicate waters sleep, 
 
 Prison 'd in marble, bubbling from the base 
 
 Of a cleft statue, with a gentle leap 
 
 The rill runs o'er, and round, fern, flowers and ivy creep. 
 
 In ancient times the Almo was renowned for its medici- 
 nal and purifying properties; the cattle were brought to 
 its banks to be healed of their diseases, and apparently 
 its virtues applied not only to brutes but to deities, for it 
 was the custom of the Priests of Cybele, every year on a 
 certain day in spring, to bring the sacred image of that 
 goddess from her temple on the Palatine and wash it in 
 this water. Later, and until a few years back, the image 
 of our Saviour was annually brought from the church of 
 Santa Martina in the Forum, and washed in this stream. 
 
 Among those, who consider that this Spring was within 
 the boundaries of the city, is Lanciani, who describes it 
 and its grotto as being, in 1880, in the lower grounds of 
 the Villa Fonseca at the foot of the Caelian Hill near the 
 valley della Ferratella. 
 
 Several years later, however, the advance guaid in the 
 march of modem improvement attacked the fountain, 
 and the military engineers buried it while they were 
 building the new hospital near Santo Stefano Rotondo. 
 
 Still, persistently, as when in human form she would 
 brook no repression in her grief, "the Springs forced their 
 way through the newly made ground and appeared again 
 in the beautiful nymphaeum of the villa Mattei von 
 
LATIUM 587 
 
 Hoffmann, at the corner of the Via di Porta S. Sebas- 
 tiano." 
 
 Other writers who think of the Spring as outside of the 
 city, though not as far away as the Albaii Hills, identify 
 the ancient fountain with the one now in a grotto a couple 
 of miles beyond the walls of Rome. Both of these sites 
 may be reached by the same road; and a visit to the 
 fragments of the house of Numa on the Sacra Via, where 
 he resided after leaving the Sabine city of Cures, and to 
 the Aventine, where he raised his altar to Jupiter, may 
 induce a fitting mental mood in which to undertake a 
 search for the true fountain of Egeria, the nymph that 
 Numa loved for more than two score years. 
 
 A more detailed impression of the topography will be 
 received if the search be conducted afoot, which it may be 
 felt is a fitting way to approach the shrine of the nymph 
 who inspired the laws that for many generations governed 
 the Mistress City of the world, and the myriad peoples 
 she conquered and ruled. 
 
 Leaving the Forum, a path over a hill and through a 
 dilapidated park brings one to the Via San Sebastiano, 
 which, by a sinuous course and under changing names, 
 leads to the fountain; a few yards from where it crosses 
 the Brook Marrana, of Lanciani's Egeria, near the Via 
 San Gregorio, a small rounded mass of masonry marks a 
 conjectural site of the ancient gate, the "moist Capena" 
 where the Via Appia began. In those days when the 
 Brook was probably left to its own devices and, during 
 heavy rains, came up out of its nan-ow bed, and spread 
 itself abroad,^ as even the Tiber has a fondness for some- 
 times doing, there was no doubt wading enough to give 
 the gateway a wide reputation for moistness among the 
 many travelers who, either going or coming, were forced 
 to flounder through its muddy reaches. 
 
588 ITALY: CONTINENTAL 
 
 The Brook passes the mill of E. Mattel just before 
 reaching the road, and crosses to the right under the 
 latter, nearly opposite the large brown mass of the re- 
 mains of the extensive baths of Caracalla, whose cisterns 
 and cold plunge, a quarter of a mile away, it possibly 
 helped to supply when they were opened, nearly two 
 hundred years after it had made the Porta Capena a 
 synonynm for waste water. 
 
 A quarter of a mile farther on, the road divides, be- 
 coming the Via Porta Latina on the left, and in the angle 
 here is a column in front of a gateway leading into a 
 forest-like garden, and on the left a church. 
 
 A quarter of a mile beyond is the door to the tomb of 
 the Scipios, set in a hill hugged wall with a single large 
 cypress tree above it, and then the Porta San Sebastiano, 
 with two round towers, and the Via delle Mura crossing 
 the way between them. Beyond is a Custom House with 
 its scales, and a staff of officers armed with long, thin, 
 rapierlike rods, with which they prod the contents of the 
 city-bound carts in their search for wine and other duti- 
 able supplies. 
 
 Then, passing the Via del Travicello, the cane bordered 
 Almo, here ten feet wide, is reached. Beyond the Almo, 
 near the church Domine Quo Vadis marking the meeting 
 of the Master with Peter, the paved road forks into the 
 Via Ardiatina on the right and the Via Antiqua on the 
 left; and a short distance ahead of this forking there 
 branches off, to the left of the latter road, a country field- 
 road. Following this field-road a little bricked up arch 
 is passed, and then a field-gate on the left. From here 
 the roadside walls give place to thick hedges, until, 
 suddenly, they too cease, and an unobstructed view is 
 had of the distant Alban mountains ahead, and of a 
 pretty, green, rolHng country round about, close at hand, 
 
LATIUM 589 
 
 with the Altno, now tree Hned instead of cane bordered, 
 meandering through the valley which is covered with 
 fields and meadows, and dotted with grazing cows and, 
 here and there, a plowman turning up the deep red soil 
 behind a pair of white oxen whose early progenitors, 
 bred for the sacrificial altars and leading a toilless life, 
 were supposed to owe their priestly requirement, of 
 immaculate coats, to some subtle quality in the waters 
 of the Anio, from which they drew their draughts, and 
 which join the Tiber a little farther north where Mettus 
 pitched his camp. 
 
 A quarter of a mile farther on, the road approaches to 
 within 250 feet of the Almo, where the Temple to Deus 
 Rediculus stands, almost on its banks. This ancient little 
 building, with terra cotta decorations and brick pillars 
 capped with the same material, which may once have 
 been a tomb, is now used as a barn by the farmer whose 
 house stands next to it, and its basement has become a 
 storage room for the family, and a playhouse for the 
 children. 
 
 In the next half-mile three small streams are encoun- 
 tered; one runs through a stone canal two feet wide; 
 another crosses the road in its natural bed; and the third 
 runs alongside of the road, which, half a mile beyond the 
 Temple, passes directly in front of the Shrine of Egeria, 
 once a dark grotto from which issued a Spring of running 
 water that irrigated a grove that surrounded it; then, 
 velvety turf enclosed the water with a margin of green, 
 and no marble profaned the native tufo. But that was 
 so many centuries ago that, even nearly two thousand 
 years before today, the reflective Roman regretted the 
 presence of embellishing marble, and felt it chilled the 
 influence of the presiding genius. Today the marble has 
 disappeared, burned it may be, for lime, or perhaps still 
 
590 ITALY; CONTINENTAL 
 
 intact and more appropriately adorning some Roman 
 building; and only the brick and cement, that made its 
 backing, are now to be seen in the big chamber into 
 which the original grotto has been enlarged, by cutting 
 back into the hill out of which the Spring still flows. 
 
 It is a spacious, arched, windowless, three sided cham- 
 ber with three vacant statue niches on each of two sides ; 
 the front being open and facing the road. 
 
 The ceiling is some thirty feet in height, the hill itself 
 having a rise of a hundred feet or more, and the chamber 
 is approximately 25 feet wide by 60 feet long. 
 
 Projecting from the rear wall, and some three and a 
 half feet above the floor, is a slab on which reclines the 
 life-size statue of a woman. This figure, slightly raised 
 at the shoulders, portrays an attitude of attention and 
 suggests that she is listening for the expected approach 
 of Numa. 
 
 The statue is now armless and headless, and pieces 
 have been chipped and broken from the body whose 
 surface has become the muster-roll of a horde of vandals, 
 the names scrawled with various colored leads, and in all 
 sizes of letters. 
 
 Giving off from this chamber, on the left and at the 
 entrance, is a small anteroom, with a statue niche at the 
 rear, and there was probably once a counterpart of this 
 room, opposite to it, on the right hand side of the large 
 chamber. 
 
 The Spring is behind the left sidewall of the chamber, 
 and, through a break, in the masonry of that wall, making 
 a small cave-like opening some six feet above the level of 
 the floor, the water can be seen there, running in a curved 
 channel that conducts it to the back of the statue, under 
 which it makes its first appearance inside of the chamber. 
 The reclining statue's slab was supported by three 
 
LATIUM 591 
 
 marble brackets, the center one now in part missing; 
 these form hollow troughs, three inches wide and open at 
 the front, through which the water comes out, falling in 
 three streams into an eighteen inch wide stone channel 
 in the floor. This channel, carried around the room, 
 forms a rectangular canal border to the floor, of which it 
 thus makes an island, and has its outlet at the entrance in 
 front. From there the stream flows under the road, and 
 under a two-foot wide stone canal that borders it, through 
 a skeleton grove, and a partly cultivated forty-acre field 
 that offers turnips at its westerly bank and sweet clover 
 at the other, and, after traveling five hundred feet from 
 the grotto, pours into the Almo, which has come from the 
 east, higher up in the valley, and is not created by the 
 Spring. 
 
 The Spring's water is not very cold, but it is not insipid 
 and, indeed, has no peculiarity of taste. 
 
 The ancient grove is now meagerly represented by a 
 few trees across the road and in front of the grotto; they 
 are neither lofty nor venerable, being barely thirty feet 
 high, and not over fifty years old, and would not attract a 
 lingering glance but for their charming apparel of ivy, 
 and the rather remote possibility that they may be lineal 
 descendants from the forest that first shaded the Spring 
 and formed the Bosca Sacra of its presiding nymph. 
 
 One can easily fancy that, even as a natural grotto, 
 this was a cozy place in which either to frame a nation's 
 code or loiter with a nimble-witted nymph. Lying, as it 
 does some three miles from the town, and cushioned in 
 the quietude of the hill-sprinkled valley, it would still, if 
 refurnished and decorated, be an ideal study for a law 
 compiler; the gentle splashing of the water from the three 
 spouts below the statue, where the moisture has fostered 
 a luxuriant growth of delicate maidenhair fern, and the 
 
592 ITALY: CONTINENTAL 
 
 water's metrical murmur as it glides around the sides of 
 the island floor, affording restful and suggestful rhythms 
 in which Nature seems vaguely to whisper what might 
 either inspire a deviser of laws or lull a dreamer and 
 dallier. 
 
 From the front of the grotto there is an unobstructed 
 view, westerly through the valley, to the towers of the 
 San Sebastian gate a mile and a half away in a direct 
 line; and, before those towers were raised, the grotto 
 could have been descried from the Porta Capena; so that, 
 altogether, this location seems to fit the somewhat in- 
 definite allusions to the position of Egeria's Spring rather 
 better than any of the other places do. 
 
 The friend of Juvenal's Umbritius, standing near the 
 moist Porta Capena, would hardly have pointed "down 
 this valley of Egeria" to the grotto, had it been up the 
 hill on the left near the Villa Hoffman, or had it been 
 near Lake Nemi, among the Alban mountains, a thousand 
 feet higher still, and nearly twenty miles away. But, 
 from the Porta Capena to the grotto described, there is 
 quite an appreciable descent almost to where the Almo 
 and the water from the Spring merge together in the 
 clover-turnip field. 
 
 This place, too, while far enough away from the city 
 to be secluded, is easily accessible, being but a gallop of 
 less than a fourth of an hour through the vale to the 
 grotto; whereas the neighborhood of the source of the 
 Marrana Brook is almost at the center of the town as 
 Numa knew it; and, as for Lake Nemi, the forty-mile 
 journey there and back, with its slow, tedious, and long 
 uphill climb, would have precluded those frequent visits 
 to the Spring that, as Livy asserts, were made by Numa — 
 even if the Spring at Nemi had existed in Numa's life- 
 time. Ovid, however, plainly states that it was not 
 
LATIUM 593 
 
 until Numa had passed away that the Nemi Spring, fed 
 by the tears of expiring Egeria, began to flow, and 
 helped to form the lovely little lake it still maintains 
 in perfect beauty, deep in the bosom of the Alban 
 mountains. 
 
 Juvenal; Satire III. 
 
 435 
 
 JUTURNA 
 
 The fountain of Juturna is connected with the nymph 
 of that name whose charms attracted the admiration of 
 Jupiter, and whose favorite method of eluding him was to 
 plunge beneath the waters of the streams by which she 
 was wont to pass her leisure hours. 
 
 This practice perhaps suggested the idea that she would 
 be flattered and pleased by being created a goddess of the 
 Pools and Murmuring Streams, and Jupiter accordingly 
 conferred upon her that honor in addition to his affec- 
 tions. That she was a being of unusual charms might be 
 inferred from the fact that Juno preferred her among all 
 her Latian rivals. 
 
 Her Spring was near the temple of Vesta by the Roman 
 Forum, and was the one at which Castor and Pollux 
 watered their horses on the 15th of July 496 B.C. after 
 winning the battle of Lake Regillus, near Frascati, for 
 the Romans under Postumius when their opponents, the 
 Latins, were on the verge of victory. According to 
 Macaulay's lay of the incident the heavenly twins, that 
 now form the constellation Gemini, who dashed into the 
 battle, their armor and steeds as white as snow, came out 
 of it red with gore and they not only watered but washed 
 their horses in the Spring. 
 38 
 
594 ITALY: CONTINENTAL 
 
 A temple was erected to the heavenly heroes just in 
 front of the Spring, and for centuries afterwards the 
 anniversary of the battle was celebrated with one of the 
 most imposing spectacles of the Eternal City, a parade of 
 the equestrian body of many thousand horsemen who 
 rode to the Spring to commemorate the victory and to 
 honor the two horsemen who brought it about. 
 
 Sacrifices were offered to Juturna on the nth of Janu- 
 ary, and the water of her Spring was used in the nearby 
 temple of the Vestal Virgins. 
 
 The fountain was found during excavations, in 1898, 
 which revealed traces of a marble basin of the Imperial 
 period, and a larger and older basin of tufa which had 
 originally received the water. 
 
 The only three columns of the temple of Castor and 
 Pollux left standing are conspicuous pointers to the loca- 
 tion of Juturna's Spring, which lies some twenty feet 
 southeast of them. Its waters are contained in a brick 
 tank floored and sided with a casing of marble, from the 
 center of which rises a base of brick still partially layered 
 with marble, the top of which, now covered with a thick 
 growth of grass, formerly supported a group of the heroes 
 and their horses. At the bottom of the tank in the south- 
 east end is a low arch for the egress of the water; and on 
 the northwest side opposite the three columns of the 
 temple, is a perpendicular tube with perforations to 
 prevent overflowing. Some of the water of the fountain 
 was conducted through a lead pipe to the well of the 
 Sacrarium just south of it. 
 
 The water, now perfectly clear, is about fifteen inches 
 deep; and the bottom of the tank is some fifteen feet 
 below the level of the forum's present pavement. 
 
 Juturna also presided over another fountain which was 
 by the Numicum, a small river near Lavinium in Latium; 
 
LATIUM 595 
 
 its waters were used in sacrifices, and were famous for 
 their healing qualities. 
 
 Ovid; Fasti; I. In 707. II. In 586. 
 Propertius; IV. Elegy 22. 
 JEneid; XII. In 178. 
 
 Mercury 
 
 The fountain of Mercury was in the Via Appia, near 
 the Capenian Gate. 
 
 Only one of the ancient writers has referred to it, and 
 of its early history he says nothing whatever; but his 
 description of its attraction for tradesmen, their faith in 
 its waters, and their ceremonies and prayers when they 
 had visited the fountain, are humorously entertaining, 
 and show why "being in trade, " even in those early days, 
 cast suspicion upon the morals and characters of persons 
 so engaged. 
 
 Ovid says; "If we may believe those who have experi- 
 enced it, this fountain has a divine efficacy. Hither 
 comes the tradesman having a girdle around his robes, 
 and in a state of purity. 
 
 "He draws some of the water to carry it away in a 
 perfumed urn. In this a laurel branch is dipped and with 
 the wet laurel are sprinkled all the things which are in- 
 intended to change owners. He sprinkles his own hair, 
 too, with the dripping bough, and runs through his 
 prayers in a voice accustomed to deceive; 'Wash away 
 the perjuries of passed times,' says he; 'Wash away my 
 lying words of the passed da^^ whether I have made thee 
 to attest for me, or whether I have invoked the great 
 Godhead of Jove, whom I did not intend to listen to me. 
 Or, if I have knowingly deceived any other of the Gods, 
 
596 ITALY: CONTINENTAL 
 
 or any Goddess, let the swift breezes bear away my wicked 
 speeches. Let there be no trace left of my perjuries on the 
 morrow, and let not the Gods care whatever I may chose 
 to say.' 
 
 " ' Do but give me profits; give me the delight that rises 
 from gain, and grant that it may be lucrative to me to 
 impose on my customers.' 
 
 "From on high Mercury laughs at his worshipper 
 while making such requests as these, remembering that 
 once on a time he himself stole the Ortygian kine." 
 
 Mercury (possibly a form of the Latin word " mercari " 
 to traffic), the God with many attributes, among which 
 were craft and theft, had a temple dedicated to him in 
 Rome as the patron of traders, more than two hundred 
 and fifty years before the time of Christ, and his festival 
 was held on the fifteentli day of May, a month that de- 
 rives its name from his mother's, Maia, as the day Wed- 
 nesday, in French, derives its name from his own. 
 
 If it be accepted that this fountain is the Spring which 
 is still flowing near the old Porta Capena, and which is 
 assumed by some to be the fountain of Egeria, then, an 
 otherwise lost fountain is accounted for, and the fountain 
 of Mercury here, and the Spring in the grotto "down the 
 valley," become the present representatives of the two 
 old Springs described, one of them by Juvenal, and both 
 of them by Ovid. 
 
 A brook running down to the highway leads one 
 directly back to its source, the Spring, which is, however, 
 not visible from the road, although it is but a few rods 
 distant. 
 
 The secluded precinct of the fountain was well adapted 
 for use as a praying-place for predatory traders, a place 
 where they could make damaging admissions and con- 
 fess themselves without fear of being overheard by their 
 
LATIUM 597 
 
 customers passing along the highway close at hand. The 
 Spring's concealed nook is perhaps, even today, quite as 
 retired as it was formerly, and it might still be used for its 
 ancient purposes, if the rogueries, and the trade trickeries 
 of former degenerate days had not entirely disappeared 
 under the overspreading growth of honesty that now 
 happily covers all fields of modern merchandizing. 
 
 Ovid; Fasti; V. In 673. 
 
 437 
 Springs of the Apostles 
 
 In the first century of the Christian Era there were 
 added to the Springs of pagan Rome four orthodox foun- 
 tains that sprang up miraculously, one of them at the 
 feet of St. Peter, and the other three at the head of St. 
 Paul. 
 
 438 
 St. Peter's Spring 
 
 It is a matter of uncertainty, according to some 
 skeptical writers, whether the Apostle Peter ever resided 
 at Rome; and it would be a curious instance of the irony 
 of fate, if, as some of the Roman artists claim, a large 
 part of the Christian church is today paying homage trj 
 the pagan's Jove, in reverencing the statue that stands 
 for the Apostle in St. Peter's church; while anothei part 
 is venerating the mother of Antichrist, in the form of the 
 bronze Madonna in San Agostino. 
 
 Whether or no the Apostle was ever at Rome in the 
 flesh, he is now ubiquitously in evidence there, in name 
 and effigy and relic. The Chapel of the Confession claims 
 his body, and the Lateran his head, for he met, though 
 
598 ITALY: CONTINENTAL 
 
 painlessly, the fate of St. Paul in addition to his cruci- 
 fixion. A church was built over the spot where his cross 
 stood, and other sanctuaries are entrusted with the keep- 
 ing of his chair, enclosed in another of bronze; his table; 
 his chains; and many minor mementoes. 
 
 Even from the blur that represents the city at a dis- 
 tance, the first outlines that resolve into form and fix the 
 pilgrim's eye are those of the towering dome of the 
 Apostle's church; and the little chapel, whose flooring 
 still preserves the footprints of Jesus, where Christ inter- 
 cepted him shamefacedly fleeing from martyrdom, and 
 which takes its name from the now classic query, "Quo 
 Domine Vadis?" welcomes the wayfarer, sometime 
 before he has entered the gates of the city, to find inside 
 the statue of the poor fisherman topping the column that 
 first supported the effigy of an emperor. 
 
 According to Church history the Apostle not only 
 visited Rome, but was constrained to reside there by 
 being imprisoned in what is now known as the Career 
 Mamertinus, a little cell that is still shown intact by the 
 north-east corner of the Forum, and which though one 
 of the oldest rooms in Rome is in a much better state of 
 preservation than any other ancient building of that 
 classic confine, not even excepting the Colosseum, which, 
 next to the pyramids, is perhaps the most solid of all 
 built up structures of the ancients that have survived the 
 wreck of time and man and the throes of the earth. 
 
 The cell is a little westward of Romulus' black marble 
 tomb, and but a few feet from the arch of Severus which 
 marked the ideal center of the city. 
 
 It was in the lowest part of this cell, a small dungeon 
 that is reached today by descending a spiral stairway to 
 nearly a score of feet below the level of the Forum's 
 pavement, that St. Peter was confined, maybe, about the 
 
LATIUM 599 
 
 year 64 a.d., and that, in earlier times, had perished 
 Jugurtha, Vercingetorix, and other of the victims of 
 Rome. In his account of the execution of the Consul 
 Lentulus for his connection with the Catiline conspiracy, 
 Sallust, writing 63 years before Christ, says this cell, 
 then only twelve feet underground and called the TuUian 
 dungeon, was a part of a prison, and that its absolute 
 solitude and darkness were made all the more horrible 
 by the disgusting stench from the accumulations of filth 
 that it contained. 
 
 A small church, called San Giuseppe dei Falegnami, 
 has been erected ovei the Career which latter was possibly 
 originally a Wellhouse or tullianum, and was perhaps 
 thence traditionally attributed to Servius Tullius, it 
 being afterwards used as a place of confinement. The 
 little duplex apartment consists of two quadrangular 
 chambers, one below the other; the lower one accessible 
 only through the ceiling. 
 
 After paying an admission fee of twenty-five centesimi, 
 one enters through an iron pipe turnstile and descends 
 by stone steps to the floor below the level of the entrance ; 
 a further descent by a curving flight takes one a story 
 lower and into an irregul'ar shaped room 19 ft. where 
 longest and 10 where narrowest that is brightly ht with 
 electric light, and the ceiling of which, somewhat rounded, 
 is about 6}4 feet high. 
 
 Over a small table or altar is a relief in bright brass 
 representing Paul and Peter chained to the wall, one with 
 raised hand, and the other baptizing the jailor, while, 
 between! them, there gushes, almost knee high, the mi- 
 raculous fountain that furnished the baptismal water. 
 The fountain is represented as gushing in somewhat the 
 form of a diminutive sheaf of wheat. 
 
 Just at the left of the altar is a worn stone post about 
 
6oo ITALY: CONTINENTAL 
 
 3 feet high, surrounded and covered with an iron railing; 
 this post is Hke the one in the Trappist building at Tre 
 Fontane. Above the post is a tablet incised, all in capi- 
 tals, that reads, "Qvesta e la colonna dove stando legati 
 SS apostoli Pietro e Paolo convertirno i SS martiri Pro- 
 cesso e Martiniano custodi delle carceri et altri XLVII 
 alia fede di Cristo quali battezzorno coU' aqua di questo 
 fonte scaturita miracolosamente." 
 
 Two feet from the altar is the Spring, over which there 
 is a circular dome two feet in diameter with a brass cover. 
 Raising this cover there appears what resembles a section 
 of earthenware drain pipe, some twelve inches in diameter 
 and two feet deep. 
 
 The water in the pipe is clear and about twelve inches 
 deep ; the bottom is of white, well worn, smooth pebbles, 
 but there is no motion in the water, and, although it is 
 nearly twenty feet below the level of the Forum, it is of the 
 temperature of the water in two marble shells on the en- 
 trance floor, while the water in the Rome hotels and foun- 
 tains is quite cold. The ceiling and walls of this cell are 
 of good sized stone blocks, as are those of the room above. 
 
 Opposite the altar is a low, rusted iron door that cannot 
 be moved; this door is the only visible outlet for water, 
 and as its sill is several inches high, the baptismal party 
 must have been ankle deep in water unless a miraculous 
 exit was furnished together with the Spring. It should be 
 recalled, however, that during the Middle Ages the Forum 
 became buried in rubbish, so that the ancient pavement 
 is at places 40 feet below the present level of the ground. 
 
 The iron door is said to open into a 240 foot long pas- 
 sage that was discovered in 1 872 to lead to the Lautumiae, 
 "the quarries, " the designation of an ancient piison cut 
 out of rock, and which when discovered formed the cellars 
 of houses in the Via Marforio. 
 
LATIUM 6oi 
 
 As there is no outlet for the water, even if it needed one, 
 and as it is perfectly motionless, glass clear, and without 
 sediment or any sign of stagnation, it would seem that it is 
 kept constantly supplied with fresh fluid, and attended to 
 as carefully as its enemy element used to be by the pagan 
 Vestal Virgins who fed fuel to their ever burning fire on 
 the altar that stood a few hundred feet away, at the other 
 side of the Forum. 
 
 In the wall near the top of the winding stairway to the 
 cell may be seen an impression like a rough mold of a fat 
 cheeked face four inches across; it is said to be an intaglio 
 of the side face of the Saint in one of the stones which 
 softened sympathetically and received the impression 
 when, upon a certain day, he rested his weary head 
 against it for a moment, and then resumed his way, per- 
 haps to the cross upon which he was fastened inverted, at, 
 as some say, his own request, because in his humility he 
 did not deem himself worthy to assume the position of his 
 crucified Master. His wife was crucified with him, but there 
 is no record of her humihty or of how far she was guided 
 by the example of her husband — the first of the Popes. 
 
 Over this impression is a little iron grating to protect it, 
 and a metallic inscription recording the miracle and 
 vouching for the identity of the stone. 
 
 In this dungeon today, lit with the latest patent of 
 electric lights, scrupulously clean, and looking with its 
 fittings hke a comfortable little chapel, one needs to re- 
 call the description that Sallust has left of this cell in 
 order to apprehend adequately the total darkness, the 
 disgusting filth and the nauseating odor that made it, 
 prior to Peter's time, the most horrible place of confine- 
 ment in Rome; so horrible that some have imagined that 
 its abominations drove the Saint to try to dash his life 
 out on the stone that holds the likeness of a face. 
 
6o2 ITALY. CONTINENTAL 
 
 The chains with which the Saint was shackled are 
 kept in the church of San Pietro in Vincoli, a few hundred 
 feet distant from the prison, and are shown to the public 
 on the first day of August. 
 
 439 
 
 St. Paul's Springs 
 
 (Tre Fontane) 
 
 The three Springs that rose at the head of St. Paul 
 originated more sensationally than the single one that 
 furnished water in the old Roman well-house for his 
 brother-Apostle, Peter; and their first appearance was 
 even more dramatic than that of Hippocrene, the Spring 
 that sprang from the stroke of the hoof of the winged 
 horse Pegasus on Mt. Helicon. 
 
 While every surrounding of St. Peter's Spiing by the 
 Forum is charged with memories and remains of the 
 glory and the grandeur of Rome, the locale of the foun- 
 tains of St. Paul, some four miles away, is devoid of all 
 interest save that which is furnished by the fountains 
 themselves. 
 
 The way to them, after leaving the brownish green 
 Tiber, leads through the Via Marmorata and a region of 
 junkshops, low saloons, flourmills, soap factories, found- 
 ries, and metal-works; it dips under the stone arch of a 
 steam railway's bed, passes a modern gasometer, and runs 
 into the Via Ostiensi, which, beyond San Paolo where is a 
 basilica of the Apostle, becomes a road that is lined on 
 both sides with eucalyptus trees. These trees in their 
 winter bareness, aie hardly less depressing than the 
 junkshops, for they recall that the Abbadia delle Tre 
 Fontane, to which they lead, having become a prey to 
 
LATIUM 603 
 
 malaria was in consequence abandoned until, in 1868, it 
 came into the hands of French Trappists who brought 
 about a semblance of sanitary conditions, through drain- 
 age and the planting of these same dreary looking trees 
 along the road, and in the grounds where is located the 
 building marking the site of St. Paul's martyrdom, by 
 decapitation. 
 
 This building is a twenty minute drive from San Paolo, 
 and bears on its front the inscription; — " S. Pauli Apostoli 
 martyrii locus ubi Tres Pontes Mirabilitur eruperunt, " 
 in allusion to the legend that where the Apostle's severed 
 head first touched the ground a blood-warm fountain 
 gushed up, and that in two other places that the head 
 bounded to, before coming to rest, two more fountains 
 appeared, the second one tepid, and the third cooler. 
 In the course of time the Springs seem to have lost these 
 variations, for Romans, of the present generation, who 
 visited the fountains before they were covered up, were 
 unable to detect any difference in the temperatures of the 
 three waters. 
 
 The entiance to the rectangular building, erected over 
 the Springs, is through one of its long sides, and against 
 the opposite wall are three altais. In the stone floor in 
 front of each altar is a grating covering a Spring. These 
 gratings are about ten feet apart, and at about the same 
 distance to the right of the first grating is a small stone 
 post; it stands in the corner of the room and is enclosed 
 by a high railing, and it presumably marks the spot where 
 St. Paul stood at the fatal moment, on the 20th of June, 
 
 68 A.D. 
 
 The third Spring is thus some thirty feet from the post, 
 so that the blow must have been delivered with consider- 
 able energy, and with a peculiar force that made the head 
 travel the same distance at each bound. 
 
604 ITALY: CONTINENTAL 
 
 There is at present no sound of water, nor any evidence 
 of it in this room, and the explanation is, as given by the 
 monks, that during an outbreak of sickness that occurred 
 about the year 1910 it was deemed best to seal up the 
 Springs by flagging them over. In the grounds, some 
 two hundred yards away, there is a fountain with a large 
 basin, and, nearby, on a sidepath, the water of a Spring 
 issues from a pipe. 
 
 Why these ordinary, secular waters should remain 
 exposed without fear of sickness, while the holy Springs 
 were mistrusted, the monks would no doubt be able to 
 explain, if they were not more particularly interested in 
 selling pictures and sacred wares from a long row of show- 
 cases in a stone-flagged store near the spring-room. 
 
 Formerly they sold wine as well as the sacred wares 
 in which they still deal; it was credited with the power 
 of awakening the faithless to belief in the miracle at 
 Cana ; and the beverage that was later on manufactured 
 in its stead was locally supposed to possess such acute 
 apprehension that it could reveal even the mystery of 
 what became of the foliage of the leafless eucalyptus 
 trees. 
 
 In the room of the three altars is a small wooden table, 
 and two low cane-seated wooden chairs; and in the wall 
 above them is a tablet reading; — 
 
 "Si^ge 
 
 de la 
 
 confri^rie 
 
 de 
 
 Saint Paul 
 
 ap6tre 
 
 pour le 
 
 conversion 
 
 des 
 pteheurs." 
 
LATIUM 605 
 
 On the wall just within the entrance door are two small 
 marble sculptures; the one on the right representing the 
 crucifixion of St. Peter head down; and the one on the 
 left the scene at the moment St. Paul was about to be 
 beheaded. 
 
 A large rectangle of the pavement in the center of the 
 building is enclosed with a chain, and the immediate in- 
 ference might be that the remains of the Saint repose 
 beneath the stones of the enclosure; the body, however, 
 is said to be preserved in a much grander building, the 
 Basilica of St. Paul, while the head rests with that of St. 
 Peter in the Lateran. 
 
 Returning from the Abbey one passes, when near the 
 Porta San Paolo and the crossing of the Civita Vecchia 
 Railway, a small chapel that marks the place where 
 Peter and Paul had their last meeting, and a tablet affixed 
 to it represents pictorially their parting. Twenty 
 minutes later the visitor comes again into an atmosphere 
 more congenial than that where the neighborhood is 
 charged with memories of a bloody beheading, and mer- 
 cenary monks, and malaria. 
 
 440 
 The Spring of the Virgin 
 
 There are no religious associations connected with this 
 Spring, and it was probably called as it is because the 
 name of the virgin to whom its designation was due was 
 unknown. She was only a little Italian girl who did a 
 deed of ordinary kindness more than twenty centuries 
 ago; but as long as the Spring continues to flow that only 
 known incident, in all her life, will continue to be read in 
 the water as clearly as though the record had been written 
 in brass. 
 
6o6 ITALY: CONTINENTAL 
 
 A body of Roman soldiers had become exhausted 
 during a summer march and craving water to quench 
 their thirst were unable to find it until this little maid, 
 who happened to pass their halting place, discovered 
 their plight and furnished succor by showing them where 
 this clear and very cold Spring lay concealed, in an out 
 of the way place known only to the few neighboring 
 herders of sheep. 
 
 And the soldiers in gratitude called it The Spring of the 
 Virgin. 
 
 Its source lay far beyond the boundaries of the town, 
 and towards Prasneste, but an aqueduct was made, 
 mostly underground, through which its waters were 
 brought into the city for use in the baths of Marcus 
 Agrippa. 
 
 Later, the waters again sought concealment and for a 
 long time were lost somewhere in their subterranean 
 channel, until Nicholas V. recovered them and 1-econ- 
 ducted them to the city where now they are not only 
 allaying Roman thirst, as in the long-ago days of their 
 military finders, but are gushing out copiously in the 
 extensive and impressive fountain of Trevi, and in a 
 dozen more of the many fountains for which Rome has 
 always been famous; Pliny counted 105 of them in his 
 time, and today there is no city in the world that pos- 
 sesses more beautifully ornamented and striking jets 
 of water in its streets and avenues. 
 
 The old aqueduct which, with others, was ruined in 
 the sixth century, and some remains of which have been 
 found underground near the church of St. Ignatius, was 
 repaired and now carries the only old-time water that 
 flows into the town, the water of the little Virgin's Spring, 
 whose quality, unstaled by age, compares favorably with 
 supplies that the city receives through newer channels. 
 
LATIUM 607 
 
 There is a superstitious belief that one may assure his 
 return to Rome by drinking of this Spring's waters at its 
 city fountain of Trevi, provided always that the draught 
 is taken when the moon is at its full, and that a piece of 
 money is thrown into the depths at the foot of its spread- 
 ing cascade; and this belief is sedulously and confidently 
 fostered by those who have charge of the fountain, for 
 they themselves have had many repeated and convinc- 
 ing proofs that, when the formula is followed out strictly 
 to the end, the waters may be relied upon to insure most 
 pleasing returns. 
 
 Pliny says that the waters of this Spring were brought 
 from the bye-road at the eighth milestone from the city 
 along the Prsenestine Way, and that near them was the 
 Stream of Hercules which the former shunned to all 
 appearances, from which circumstance they obtained 
 the name of Virgin Waters. 
 
 He adds, and it may throw some light on the "conceal- 
 ment" of the waters before referred to, that for a long 
 time past the pleasure of dunking these waters has been 
 lost to the city, owing to the ambition and avarice of 
 certain persons who have turned them out of their course 
 for the supply of their country seats and of various 
 places in the suburbs, to the great detriment of the 
 public health. 
 
 Pliny; XXXI. 25. 
 
 441 
 
 Egeria 
 
 One of the Springs that flowed into the Lake in the 
 Grove of Diana near the city of Aricia was denominated 
 Egeria after Numa's divinity. When referring to it. 
 
6o8 ITALY: CONTINENTAL 
 
 Ovid says; — "A Nymph and wife of Numa was wont to 
 minister to the grove and the Lake of Diana. The lake 
 is in the Valley of Aricia enclosed by a dark wood sancti- 
 fied by ancient religious awe; here lies concealed Hip- 
 polytus torn asunder by the madness of his steeds, for 
 which reason that grove is entered by no horses. 
 
 "There the threads hang down veiling the long hedge 
 rows, and many a tablet has been placed to the goddess 
 found to be deserving of it. Ofttimes, the woman hav- 
 ing gotten her wish, her forehead wreathed with chaplets, 
 bears thither from the city the blazing torches. 
 
 ' ' With indistinct murmur glides a pebbly stream ; oft- 
 times, but in scanty draughts, have I drunk thence; it is 
 Egeria who supplies the water ; a goddess pleasing to the 
 Muses; she was the wife and the counsellor of Numa." 
 
 The legend recounts that upon the demise of Numa the 
 Nymph left the city and went to the vale of Aricia, and 
 became hysterically inconsolable; her lamentations re- 
 sounded continually through the woods to the great dis- 
 turbance of the other Nymphs, and even Diana herself. 
 
 Their most delicate sympathy having failed to relieve 
 her grief, Virbius endeavored to divert her mind with 
 tales of pievious sorrows, and bade her in brusque 
 language, almost the counterpart of some modern argot, 
 to "Put an end to it, and consider the like calamities of 
 others," — particularly his own. 
 
 But neither condolences, nor the relation of the mis- 
 fortunes of others, were able to mitigate her repining, 
 and, throwing herself down at the base of the hill, she 
 dissolved into tears, until Diana, moved by her affection, 
 formed a cool fountain from her body and dissolved her 
 limbs in ever flowing waters-. 
 
 The proof of this story is no less indubitable than that 
 furnished by Jack Cade's brick, for the people, on going 
 
LATIUM 609 
 
 into the grove after Numa's death, could find no trace of 
 Egeria — but only this fountain, the clear evidence of her 
 transformation . 
 
 Still, notwithstanding this, St. Augustine believed in 
 an earlier and more natural origin for the Spring, and 
 thought that Numa used its waters in his divinations by 
 hydromancy near the temple of Hippolytus. 
 
 The Spring of this stream was near the Aricia at 
 which Horace was wont to stop on his journeys to Brun- 
 dusium. It is now called Fonte Gerulo and its water was 
 said to rush forth in such a poweiful and impetuous tor- 
 rent that it immediately turned mills, a change one would 
 hardly credit in Ovid's pebbly stream flowing with an 
 indistinct murmur and furnishing but scanty draughts. 
 
 Aricia was twenty miles from Rome on the Appian 
 Way. Beyond it was the Grove of Diana, and a 
 temple, consecrated to Diana Taurica, where barba- 
 rous rites were practised; the temple and the Lake were 
 in a grove in a deep ravine, the grove being called Ar- 
 temisium and Nemus. The Lake is still considered one 
 of the most beautiful of the Italian lakes, and the town 
 of Nemi on its eastern shore is the descendant of the 
 ancient Nemus. (See No. 434.) " 
 
 Ovid; Meta. XV. In 478-552. 
 Strabo; V. 3. § 12. 
 Ovid: Fasti; III. In 264. 
 
 442 
 
 Albunea 
 
 The Spring of Albunea was buried in gloom and 
 exhaled a noisome stench. Below it was the Oracle of 
 Faunus and a temple of Albunea, one of the ten sibyls 
 whose prophecies were carefully preserved in the Roman 
 Capitol until 400 A. d., and were consulted on all mo- 
 
6io ITALY: CONTINENTAL 
 
 mentous occasions, in the confident belief that they 
 would provide proper counsel for the contingency. 
 
 When Mneas reached Italy after his flight from Troy, 
 Albunea heartened him with her predictions of the great 
 city with which his descendants would cover the seven 
 grassy hills that were then the grazing ground of cattle. 
 That she was living many centuries later when the 
 Romans in the end bought from her one book of prophe- 
 cies, at the price they refused, in the beginning of the 
 negotiations, to pay for a number of volumes, is ex- 
 plained by the fact that she had taken advantage of 
 Apollo's affection for her to secure from him as many 
 years of life as there were particles in a handful of dust 
 which she picked up. The dust particles were equal to 
 seven ages and three hundred harvests, and all of them 
 beyond the usual term of life were embittered by shrivel- 
 ing age and decrepitude, as it had not occurred to 
 Albunea at the proper time to ask that the attributes of 
 youth should continue as long as the years. 
 
 The Spring is now called Albulae Aquae because of its 
 white waters which were formerly carried even to Rome 
 for their curative properties, the noisome stench being 
 an unduly strong expression for the odor of sulphur with 
 which they were impregnated. 
 
 The remains of the Sibyl's temple may still be seen six- 
 teen miles from Rome near Tivoli on the banks of the Anio. 
 
 iEneid; VII. In 83. 
 
 443 
 
 FONTE BeI.LO 
 
 On one of Horace's properties, near Rome, there was a 
 Spring that helped to swell the stream of a little river 
 which he calls the Digentia. 
 
LATIUM 6ii 
 
 The poet was personally indebted to the fountain for 
 other effects, as he frankly acknowledged when praising 
 it in one of his Epistles, to which fuller reference is made 
 in alluding to another of Horace's Springs, that of 
 Bandusia, No. 459. 
 
 Horace; Episttes I. i6. 18, 
 
 444 
 
 SiNUESSA 
 
 The warm Springs of Sinuessa were the most popular 
 curative waters among the Romans, until the growth of 
 gay life around the thermal Springs of Baiae offered 
 greater social attractions. 
 
 The waters were of a relaxing nature, and their bene- 
 ficial effects covered a wide field, ranging from the cure of 
 insanity in men to the increase of progeny among women. 
 Their neighborhood abounded in snow-white snakes; 
 and one of the Governors of the district was said to have 
 been born with grey hair, and with all of the sagacity it 
 is supposed in maturer years to indicate. His name was 
 Tarcon. 
 
 Sinuessa was the last town in Latium near the border 
 of Campania, and on the Via Appia where that road left 
 the seacoast at the Sinus (whence Sinuessa) or Gulf of 
 Gaeta in the Tyrrhenian Sea, which was named after one 
 of the descendants of Hercules and Omphale who 
 colonized the places about its shores. Horace describes 
 a visit to Sinuessa, on one of his trips to Brundusium 
 when he had a very affectionate meeting with Virgil, and 
 received fuel and salt from the public officers, who were 
 required by law to furnish those necessities to travelers. 
 
 The ruins of the town are now seen just at the foot of 
 
6i2 ITALY: CONTINENTAL 
 
 the Hill of Mondragone, and the Springs, which were 
 also known as the Aquae Sinuessae, are at present called 
 I Bagni. 
 
 Pliny; XXXI. 4. 
 Horace; I. Satire s. 
 Martial; VI. 42. 
 
 445 
 Pliny's Laurentian Springs 
 
 The younger Pliny's Laurentian villa was on the sea- 
 shore, some seventeen miles from Rome, where forests of 
 bay trees, lauri, had suggested Laurentum as the name 
 of the place long before .(Eneas landed in the neighbor- 
 hood and met Latinus, who was then king of the sur- 
 rounding country. 
 
 Here, where JEne&s wooed and won Lavinia, the 
 daughter of the king, the healthful and pleasant odor of 
 the bays, and the mildening influence of the salty air on 
 the snow-nipped winds from the Alban hills, in the course 
 of time drew together a winter colony of Rome's best 
 society, who dotted the shore with sumptuous private 
 villas. 
 
 Pliny's villa was supplied with water from Springs on 
 higher ground some distance away, but no attempt was 
 made to use the water for fountains and streams as was 
 done so effectively in his summer villa in Tuscany. It 
 was used only in a spacious bathroom that had swim- 
 ming pools at each end; and in another pool that was 
 heated by steam pipes. 
 
 Besides, Pliny here at the seashore was at the edge of 
 the Mother of all Springs, in contrast with which the 
 others are puny and insignificant, and minor fountains 
 would have offered no attraction. 
 
 Mentally he saturated himself with the sea; and he 
 
LATIUM 613 
 
 dined in it, as nearly as might be, for his banquet room 
 was built on a tongue of land that jutted out into the 
 ocean, as his bedroom at Como jutted out into the lake, 
 so, as he writes, that one seems to see three oceans from 
 it, and on windy days one dined to the music of the 
 spray that dashed against the glazed windows and the 
 wide folding doors. 
 
 Pliny (Younger) Letters; II. 17. 
 
 LaBAN/E 
 
 The Springs of Labanae were on the Via Nomentana 
 fourteen miles from Rome; they were cold sulphureoixs 
 waters, and, in their medicinal qualities, lesembled those 
 of Albula near by. 
 
 Formerly called the Aquae Labanae, they are now 
 known as the Bagni di Grotta Marozza, three miles 
 north of Mentana the ancient town of Nomentum, where 
 Seneca had a country house and farm, and where Martial 
 lived, next to a temple of Flora. 
 
 Martial has given several glimpses of his country 
 dinners the menus for which form, very unconventionally, 
 a part of his invitations, so that the guests enjoyed a 
 double pleasure, in having something on which they 
 could feast their eyes in accurate anticipation. 
 
 He also explains that he lives at his humble domain 
 because there is no place in Rome where a poor man can 
 either think or sleep; he enumerates some of the sources 
 of the city noises, unknowing what he escaped in the 
 racket of elevated railways and flat wheel surface cars, 
 and the automobile with its heart-scaring horn. There 
 were the dronings from the schools in the morning, and 
 
6i4 ITALY: CONTINENTAL 
 
 the rumble of the corn grinders' mills at night, while the 
 hammers of the braziers, not then unionized, kept up 
 their metallic clanging both day and night. 
 
 The money changers rattled their piles of Nero's rough 
 coins on their dirty counters to attract attention, and 
 beaters of Spanish gold belabored their stones with 
 resounding wooden mallets. 
 
 Rollicking soldiers clamored in their swaggering way; 
 and shipwrecked sailors cried aloud to gain pity for 
 their destitution, and banged together such pieces of 
 the wreck as they carried slung across their shoulders to 
 testify to the truth of their noisy tales. 
 
 Jew boy-beggars monotonously whined their miseries, 
 and the hawker of matches had a cry that made his 
 presence known to the people in the topmost stories. 
 
 For the dinner, seven guests are invited to come at 
 two o'clock. The opening course, whets to the appetite, 
 consists of Mallows; Lettuces and sliced Leeks; Mint 
 and Elecampane; Anchovies dressed with Rue and 
 crowned with slices of eggs; and Sow's teats swimming 
 in Tunny sauce. 
 
 The entries are a Kid with Tid bits that need no 
 carver; Haricot Beans; and young Cabbage Sprouts. 
 
 For the roast, there is a chicken; and a cold Ham which 
 the host frankly admits has already appeared at table 
 three times. 
 
 Ripe Fruits are served for dessert, together with a 
 flagon of Nomentum wine some ten years old. 
 
 Even the accessories of the dinner are named in the 
 invitation, which states that the conversation will be 
 seasoned* with pleasantry free from bitterness; that 
 nothing will be said that will bring regret on the morrow; 
 and that criticism of people will be confined to opinions 
 about the rival factions among the charioteers of the 
 
LATIUM 615 
 
 circus. And a promise is made, on the part of the host, 
 that neither the strength nor the quantity of the wine 
 will tend to induce the guests' tongues to trench upon 
 tabooed topics. 
 
 Another dinner is varied with the addition of Eggs 
 sUghtly • poached ; Cheese hardened on a Velabrian 
 hearth; and Olives not plucked till touched by the cold 
 of winter. 
 
 Oysters, too, were added; and a Fish course; and a 
 course of Wild Game; and on this occasion there was 
 no cold shank of an overworked Ham. One would hardly 
 imagine that this was a dinner given to one guest only, 
 but such was the case, and he was a poet named Julius 
 Cerealis whom Martial advised in advance that he would 
 not read any of his verses to, and that he would gladly 
 listen to those of his friend. 
 
 It is much to be doubted whether, after all that, 
 Cerealis could have balked at accommodating, just till 
 the publishers rendered their next account. 
 
 For another dinner, given to three, there is mentioned 
 Cauliflower, hot enough to burn your fingers; and 
 Sausages floating on snow-white Porridge; and Pale 
 Beans served with red streaked Bacon. 
 
 For that dinner's dessert there were ripe Raisins; and 
 Pears that throw a homelike light on the fruit trade, be- 
 cause described as "such as pass for Syrian"; these were 
 accompanied with Chestnuts from Naples that were 
 roasted at a slow fire. During this dinner a small reed 
 pipe was to be heard. 
 
 All of the dinners were prefaced with warm baths, 
 which were taken in the house of a nearby neighbor 
 named Stephanus. 
 
 Strabo; V. 3- 5 n- 
 
 Martial; XII. 57- XI. 52. V. 78. 
 
6i6 ITALY: CONTINENTAL 
 
 447 
 The Golden Water 
 
 At Tibur, twenty miles from Rome, there was a beau- 
 tiful, clear Spring called The Golden Water, so popular 
 that the appellation was applied to all of the surrounding 
 district. 
 
 The place was founded by Tibertus, a son of the Seer 
 Amphiaraus, in the century before the Trojan war, on the 
 site of a settlement that was older still. Its quarries 
 furnished the Travertine stone with which the two largest 
 buildings in the world were made, St. Peter's and the 
 Colosseum. 
 
 Pliny the Younger mentions his having a villa at Tibur, 
 but he has left no description of the fountains that it 
 doubtless contained, for the numerous villas of the neigh- 
 borhood were abundantly supplied with water, not only 
 from the Spring, but, from the river Anio which was 
 tapped by an aqueduct built for their owners' especial ac- 
 commodation. 
 
 Neither is there any mention of the fountains in 
 Pliny's villas at Praeneste, the modern Palestrina, twenty- 
 three miles east of Rome, and at Tusculum, twelve and 
 one half miles from Rome. 
 
 Smith's Die. of Gk. &. Ro. Geo. "Tibur." 
 
 448 
 
 The Neptunian Spring 
 
 The Neptunian Spring was a fountain, at Tarracina, 
 that caused the death of those who thoughtlessly drank of 
 it, for which reason the ancients are said to have stopped 
 it up. 
 
 Tarracina is about sixty miles south of Rome, on the 
 
LATIUM 617 
 
 Via Appia where it first touches the sea, the nearness of 
 which doubtless had something to do with the name of 
 the fountain the ancients, as an ancient writer calls them, 
 filled up. 
 
 To the moderns, of two thousand years ago, Tarracina 
 was famous for a salubrious fountain that drew to the 
 place villa owners, among whom were the Emperor Domi- 
 tian, and the parents of the Emperor Galba who was 
 born there. 
 
 The name of this latter fountain was Feronia. (See 
 No. 449.) 
 
 Vitruvius; VIII. 3. 
 
 449 
 Feronia 
 
 The fountain Feronia, white with health-giving waters, 
 was named after a Sabine divinity to whom its surround- 
 ing grove was dedicated, and to whom a temple was 
 erected, which became an object of special veneration to 
 freedmen and freedwomen. 
 
 In the temple there was a stone seat, and a slave could 
 secure liberty by occupying it. 
 
 As there is no mention of any sudden and large de- 
 crease in the number of slaves in Italy in the time of the 
 temple's prestige, there were doubtless some hard and 
 fast conditions to be fulfilled before those to whom bond- 
 age was galling could take a seat upon the stone and 
 obtain their manumission; but unfortunately no writer 
 has thrown any light on the subject to make clear to the 
 cuiious what method of procedure was required. 
 
 Tarracina lay on the route that Horace used to take 
 on his trips to Brundusium, and he wrote an entertaining 
 account of the incidents connected with that part of the 
 
6i8 ITALY: CONTINENTAL 
 
 journey which, possibly from motives of economy, he 
 made through a canal that left the Appian Way at Forum 
 Appii and, passing through the Pomptine Marshes, re- 
 joined it at Tarracina. 
 
 The canal boat, drawn by a mule, made the passage 
 during the night, and the incidents were all concentrated 
 within the long drawn out time occupied in getting under 
 way. 
 
 The irritating slowness of the stevedores, in putting 
 the cargo aboard, led to an interchange of curses between 
 them and the passengers' servants which, alone, would 
 have put out of the question any chance of shortening the 
 time with a nap, even if dozing had not been made im- 
 possible by the nagging of the gnats of the Marshes and 
 the noise of the frogs in the fens; in addition to which 
 there were the songs of a passenger and the mule driver, 
 who vied with each other in chanting the praises of their 
 lady loves until, under the action of plentiful draughts 
 of thick wine, they were drugged to sleep, during which 
 they substituted for their songs an even more intolerable 
 duet of snoring. 
 
 After waiting until nearly daybreak without seeing any 
 signs of starting, an over-choleric passenger then leaped 
 out of the boat, and, by indiscriminately drubbing with 
 a willow cudgel both the driver and his mule, which had 
 been tethered to a stone in the starlight to graze for his 
 supper, a start was at last effected. Thus, pei force, it was 
 well on towards noon of the following morning before the 
 eighteen-mile trip was completed and the canal boat 
 reached Tarracina where, after draughts of the fountain's 
 holy water, and a traveler's meal, the journey by the land 
 route was resumed, and, three miles farther on, reached 
 Anxur, a name that the poets sometimes use for Feronia 
 when it suits their meter better. 
 
LATIUM 619 
 
 The site of the sanctuary is pointed out on the Appian 
 Way, 58 miles from Rome, at a place now called Torre di 
 Tarracina, where a beautiful and abundant source of 
 limpid water breaks out at the foot of one of the hills 
 that hem in the Pomptine Marshes, and where the re- 
 mains of a temple are still visible. 
 
 In Etruria there was another fountain called Feronia 
 which was connected with a temple of times still more 
 ancient, and in which prodigies were performed. 
 
 Horace; I. Satire S. Livy; XXII. 1. 
 
 Ghost Laying Springs 
 
 There were three nights in the year when Springs were 
 used in the ceremony of driving away the Roman family 
 ghost. The ceremony was as old as the city itself, having 
 been ordained by Romulus, upon complaint of his foster 
 parents that they were terrified by the appearance of the 
 bloody ghost of Remus who visited their bedside, and 
 gibbered about his murder and about his wrongs. 
 
 The ceremony was called the Remuria from Remus' 
 name; afterwards, for the sake of euphony, the name was 
 changed to Lemuria, and spoken of as the Feast of the 
 Lemures, the ghosts themselves being called Lemures. 
 
 The nights of May 9th, nth and 13th were designated 
 for the rite, which began at midnight when one of the 
 family, making a noise with his hands to frighten the 
 Spirit, proceeded barefooted to the Spring and, having 
 washed his hands with its water, threw nine black beans 
 behind him, saying at each throw, "With these I ransom 
 myself and mine." 
 
 Then washing his hands again with the Spring's water, 
 and making additional noises with the brass basin, he 
 
620 ITALY: CONTINENTAL 
 
 repeated nine times, "Shades of my Father, depart," it 
 being understood that by this time the ghost should have 
 picked up the feast of beans and departed as bidden. 
 
 It is not stated which one of the Springs of Rome was 
 used in the first performance of these rites, but doubtless 
 in the course of time there were few Italian Springs that 
 had not been called into requisition, according to the 
 ritual, to free some premises of the ghost of a being who 
 had met with the sad fate of Remus. 
 
 Ovid; Fasti; V. In 435. 
 
CAMPANIA 
 451 
 
 The Springs of Baise appear to have been first known 
 to the ailing, and those who in search of health found, 
 among its numerous fountains with their diverse ingre- 
 dients and temperatures, reUefs or remedies for many 
 bodily troubles. 
 
 Rising within sight of each other were Springs of vari- 
 ous natures, some containing sulphur, some alum, and 
 others of an acid character. 
 
 The neighborhood abounded in beautiful locations for 
 outing residences, and, in the couise of time, wealthy 
 idlers and luxurious pleasure seekers built villas on those 
 charming locations, along the coast an hour's ride west of 
 Naples; and then, for centuries, life about the Springs of 
 Baise moved in that eccentric round of opposite purposes 
 that seems to become its natural orbit in most of the 
 world's gay watering places, where a part of the visitors 
 are feverishly seeking a respite from sickness in draughts 
 and baths, while others, without maladies, are plunging 
 into every variety of dissipation and depravity that 
 conduce to the destruction of health and sow the seeds of 
 disease. 
 
 The Springs were on the southwest coast of Campania 
 between Puteoli and Picenum, and the place was sup- 
 posed to have derived its name from one of Ulysses' com- 
 panions, Baius, who was there buried. 
 
 621 
 
622 ITALY: CONTINENTAL 
 
 The Springs are mentioned by Livy in connection with 
 events in B.C. 176, when they were called Aquae Cumanse, 
 and they and their baths continued in popular use for 
 some 700 years thereafter. 
 
 The neighborhood now contains little but fragmentary 
 ruins of small interest, and the Springs have lost favor, 
 fickle Fashion having found other fountains in new 
 fields for its amusement. 
 
 Ovid; Meta. XV. In 713. 
 
 The Posidian Springs 
 
 The Posidian Springs were at Baiae; their waters were 
 so hot as to cook articles of food. 
 
 They were named after a freedman, of the Emperor 
 Claudius, Posides. Pausanias calls them the waters of 
 Dicaearchia, and says they were so hot that in a few years 
 they melted the lead pipes through which they flowed 
 to the baths in which they were used at Puteoli. 
 
 Pliny; XXXI. 2. Pausanias IV. 35- 
 
 453 
 
 Cicero's Water 
 
 The spectacular advent of Cicero's Water, and its 
 magical power of healing, should entitle it to a place 
 among the miraculous Springs, and to a niche in some 
 future hall of famous fountains. 
 
 The kindly intent of the sponsors makes ample amends 
 for the inaccuracy conveyed in the name, as the Spring 
 did not come into existence until after the orator's head 
 
CAMPANIA 623 
 
 and hands had been cut off in the year 43 B.C., when it 
 burst out suddenly near the entrance to one of his villas 
 that he had called Academia, in veneration of Plato. 
 
 This villa, in the suburbs of Naples, lay on the seashore 
 between Lake Avernus and Puteoli, and was celebrated 
 for its portico and grove, as well as for being the place 
 where Cicero composed his work entitled Academica and 
 modeled on the Dialogues of Plato. 
 
 The grounds became the property of their previous 
 owner's friend Antistius Vetus, and he, the first proprietor 
 of the Spring, may almost be sensed as a contemporary of 
 today and as the presiding genius of the present work 
 of the Swiss engineers in rendering the river Rhone 
 navigable throughout its entire course, a work that was 
 begun nineteen centuries ago by one of Vetus' family 
 who, while in command of a Roman army in Germany, 
 conceived the project of connecting the northern ocean 
 with the Mediterranean through the Rhone, and then 
 kept his soldiers busy at it between battles. 
 
 The new Spring proved to be remarkably effective in 
 the treatment of eye troubles, and quickly acquired great 
 popularity on that account. With what acclamations any 
 remedy like clean water was received by people, who 
 needed an eyewash in those times, can best be appre- 
 ciated by reading the recipes of their medical men and 
 magicians for compounding specifics of ineffable putridi- 
 ties, not alone for outward application but even for use 
 internally, though many of them seem better adapted 
 for producing intestinal troubles than for improving the 
 eyesight; a few of the least obnoxious of the prescriptions 
 are; — Wearing a snake's right eye as an amulet. Carry- 
 ing about a dragon's head. A diet of immature storks. 
 A mash made of long-legged spiders. The gall of par- 
 tridges. 
 
624 ITALY: CONTINENTAL 
 
 Powders compounded of vipers' ashes. A liniment of 
 boiled hawks. Salves made of horned owls' eyes reduced 
 to ashes, and of vipers that had become more than gamey. 
 
 The foregoing were some of the remedies for which 
 sufferers could substitute the waters of Cicero. 
 
 Laurea Tullius, one of Cicero's former freedmen, wrote 
 a poem describing the Spring's sudden birth and its 
 virtues; and the prevalence of eye troubles at that time 
 may be inferred from its concluding line; — "May eyes 
 unnxmibered by these streams be healed." 
 
 Pliny; N. Hist. XXXI. 3. XXIX. 38. 
 
 454 
 
 Salmacis 
 
 Martial mentions a fountain of Salmacis as one of the 
 Springs that fed the Lucrine Lake. 
 
 Martial; X. 30. 
 
 455 
 Araxus 
 
 The Springs of Araxus issued from the declivities of the 
 hill called Leucogaeum from its white color; they were at 
 Pozzuoli, a few miles beyond the Posilipo hill of Virgil's 
 tomb on the outskirts of Naples. 
 
 They were also called Pontes Leucogaei, and are 
 thought to be the Springs now known as the Pisciarelli. 
 
 The wateis of the Spring were peculiarly efficacious for 
 strengthening the sight, healing wounds, and for prevent- 
 ing the teeth from becoming loose. 
 
 The hill itself produced a chalky substance which was a 
 necessary ingredient in making, from seed wheat, a most 
 
CAMPANIA 625 
 
 delightful food, a kind of pottage, called alica; and the 
 city of Neapolis received annually a sum of 20,000 ses- 
 terces for the substance that was taken from the hill to 
 make the dainty. 
 
 Pliny; XV III. 29- 
 
 456 
 
 ACIDULA 
 
 The waters of the cold Spring of Acidula were a cure 
 for calculi. 
 
 The Spring was four miles from the most populous 
 town on the Via Latina, Teanum, now represented by 
 Teano where there are several mineral Springs known as 
 Le Calderelle, instead of as formerly, Aquas Acidulae. 
 
 Pliny; XXXI. 5. 
 
 457 
 
 Wk.LL on- ACERRA 
 
 "Mayst thou die like those whom the Punic general 
 drowned in the waters of the well, and made the stream 
 white with the dust thrown in." 
 
 Those words form a mild part of the curse that Ovid 
 pronounced upon some unknown person designated as 
 Ibis and who had defamed him and his wife while he was 
 in banishment; for at the age of 51 Augustus banished 
 him to Tomi, now Tomisvar, on the confines of civiliza- 
 tion near the mouth of the Danube. 
 
 It was a bleak and cheerless place, without trees and 
 where one sluggish winter was always joined to another 
 It was subject to attacks from bandit horsemen whose 
 viper-venomed arrows were always to be seen protruding 
 frcm the walls of the houses, so that Ovid described his 
 
626 ITALY: CONTINENTAL 
 
 life as a struggle against cold and arrows. It was more- 
 over associated with Medea's cold-blooded murder of her 
 brother by chopping him to pieces. 
 
 There, after years of ineffectual effort to secure his 
 recall, he died and was buried at the age of 60, and with- 
 out ever revealing the real reason of his banishment, al- 
 though its ostensible cause was the publication of his 
 book on The Art of Love. 
 
 It was during the last nine years of his life at Tomi that 
 Ovid wiote the terrible anathema which Southey perhaps 
 had in mind when he penned The Curse of Kehama, and 
 which is a condensed summary of nearly all horrible 
 happenings and deaths that had been described either as 
 facts or as fancies; and the fate of those who were 
 drowned in the Well of Acerra was one in the long list of 
 pains and tortures that he desired for Ibis. 
 
 The Punic general was Hannibal who, in 216 B.C., 
 during the second Punic war that he waged for fifteen 
 years in Italy, having gotten the members of the senate 
 into his power, threw them into the Well of Acerra, and 
 made sure of their deaths by crushing them down with 
 rocks. 
 
 Hannibal's act, at the Well of Acerra, seems to be 
 better attested than the account of the stratagem by 
 which he won a naval victory over Eumenes, whose 
 sailors and marines he is said to have destroyed by throw- 
 ing into their ships vessels filled with poisonous snakes. 
 Though this account is regarded with suspicion, no one 
 has questioned the statement that Hannibal poisoned 
 himself to escape capture by the Romans to whom his 
 existence, although he was then 65 years old and an exile 
 was a constant source of uneasiness. 
 
 The city of Acerra was abandoned and plundered and 
 burned, and there are no remains of it; but a modern 
 
CAMPANIA 627 
 
 Acerra occupies its site which was some eight miles north 
 east of Naples. 
 
 Ovid; Invective (Ibis). 
 
 The Fountain of Sarnus 
 
 The fountain of Sarnus rose near the town of Nuceria, 
 at the foot of the Apennine mountain of the same name 
 as the Spring which was one of the chief sources of the 
 Sarnus, a placid and sluggish river that flowed under the 
 eastern wall of Pompeii, and emptied into the bay of 
 Naples nine miles from Nuceria. 
 
 At present, the river reaches the ba^' two miles east of 
 its former mouth, a change no doubt due to some divert- 
 ing obstruction raised by Vesuvius, either in 63 A.d. when 
 Pompeii was partly wrecked by the volcano, or, 16 years 
 later, when the city was so completely covered with 
 cinders that, during a thousand years, its location in the 
 ashheap was unknown. 
 
 Epidious Nuncionus, a rural divinity, presided over the 
 Spring and was worshipped on the banks of the river. 
 There was a legend that, as a man, he fell into the foun- 
 tain, and, not being afterwards found, was reckoned 
 among the number of the gods. 
 
 C. Epidius, a Roman rhetorician who was one of Mark 
 Antony's teachers, is said by Suetonius to have claimed 
 descent from the deity of the Spring; and Pliny reports 
 that Epidius also professed to believe that trees could 
 talk when occasion arose to communicate with mortals. 
 
 The river was called Draco by Procopius, and it is now 
 known as the Sarno. 
 
 Suetonius; Lives of Rhetoricians; IV. 
 Pliny; XVII. 38. 
 
APULIA 
 
 459 
 Bandusia 
 
 Horace addressed his thirteenth ode to this Spring; — 
 
 "O, thou fountain of Bandusia, clearer than glass, 
 worthy of delicious wine, not unadorned by flowers; to- 
 morrow thou shalt be presented with a kid, whose fore- 
 head, pouting with new horns, determines upon both 
 love and war in vain; for this offspring of the wanton 
 flock shall tinge thy cooling streams with scarlet blood. 
 
 "The severe season of the burning dog star cannot 
 reach thee; thou affordest a refreshing coolness to the 
 oxen fatigued with the ploughshare, and to the ranging 
 flock. 
 
 "Thou, also, shalt become one of the famous fountains, 
 through my celebrating the oak that covers the hollow 
 rocks whence thy prattling rills descend with a bound." 
 
 The reference to flowers may indicate either that a 
 flower bed had been laid out about the Spring, or that, 
 following custom, there had been placed round the Spring 
 glasses crowned with flowers, perhaps intended to make 
 a draught more attractive to the divinity. 
 
 This Spring was six miles south of Venusia, a town in 
 the southern part of Italy, on the Appian Way, where 
 Horace was born on the eighth of December, 65 B.C. His 
 father, a freedman, owned a lean farm, in the neighbor- 
 hood, which he left to his son, who pleasantly tells how he 
 
 628 
 
APULIA 629 
 
 used to joui ney to it on a bob-tailed mule, until the land 
 was lost thiough confiscation. 
 
 The Spring appears under its old name in a chuich 
 record as late as the 12th century ; but it is now known as 
 Fontane Grande, which, as the name indicates, still 
 furnishes an abundant supply of water. 
 
 Northeast of Bandusia lay the Field of Blood, near 
 Cannae where Hannibal fought his great battle with the 
 Romans on the second of August, 216 B.C., when, placing 
 his troops with their backs to the Sirocco, he advanced to 
 victory behind a barrage of sand-laden wind that was as 
 discomforting to his foes as the mustard gas of modern 
 warfields. 
 
 Horace was indebted to Maecenas for another piece of 
 land, his Sabine Farm near Varia about 21 miles north- 
 west of Rome, on the banks of a little river which he calls 
 the Digentia. On this farm in a shady valley and near 
 his villa, there was a Spring of cold and clear water, and, 
 from what he says in his praise of it, one can imagine 
 that often after an evening's fun with flowing flagons of 
 Falernian, or a hard night's work over the construction of 
 a poem, for which words were sought, according to his 
 admitted custom, in generous and mellow wine, his 
 throbbing head had enjoyed the relief of its cooling 
 waters. He describes it in a letter to one of his friends as 
 a fountain deserving to give name to a river; cool and 
 limpid, and flowing salubiious to the infirm head. This 
 Spring is now known as Fonte Bello, and contributes a 
 considerable stream to Horace's river Digentia which, as 
 the Licenza, finds its way through the Anio into the 
 Tiber. 
 
 Ilor.-xco; Odes; III. 13- 
 
 Epistles; I. l6. I. IS- 
 Satires; I. 6. 
 
CALABRIA 
 
 460 
 Brundusium 
 
 There was a Spring in the harbor of Brundusium that 
 yielded water that never became putrid at sea. This was 
 a most excellent location for such a Spring, as the port, 
 now Brindisi, whose stag-head outline suggested its name, 
 was the Roman side of the short ferry over which nearly 
 all traffic to Greece and the East was conveyed. 
 
 Horace gives an enjoyable account of the inns and other 
 annoyances that travelers had to encounter on the road 
 from Rome to Brundusium, where his friend Virgil died 
 on his way back from Greece. 
 
 Phalanthus, too, died in Brundusium which erected 
 a monument to him and seems to have accorded him 
 more honor than his own subjects who deprived him of 
 his city, as he had deprived its founders (See No. 216). 
 Indeed, in spite of the healthy quality of the Harbor 
 Spring, Caesar complained of the unhealthiness of the 
 place and the constant sickness of the soldiers who were 
 encamped in its neighborhood. 
 
 Pliny; II. io6. 
 Horace; Satires; I. $• 
 
 630 
 
PELIGNI 
 
 461 
 The Marcian Spring 
 
 Pliny wrote that ; — the most celebrated water through- 
 out the whole world, and the one to which Rome gives 
 the palm for coolness and salubrity, is that of the Marcian 
 Spring, accorded to Rome among the other bounties of 
 the gods : the name formerly given to the stream was the 
 " Aufeian," the Spring itself being known as "Pitonia." 
 
 It rises at the extremity of the mountains of the Peligni, 
 passes through the tenitory of the Marsi and through 
 Lake Fucinus, and then, without deviating, makes 
 directly for Rome; shortly after this, it loses itself in 
 certain caverns, and only reappears in the territory of 
 Tibur, from which it is brought to the city by an arched 
 aqueduct nine miles in length. 
 
 Ancus Marcius, one of the Roman kings, was the first 
 who thought of introducing this water into the city. At a 
 later period the aqueduct was built by Quintus Marcius 
 Rex, the prsetor, and remodeled more recently by the 
 praetor M. Agrippa. 
 
 Ancus Marcius was the fourth king of Rome, and his 
 reign of some twenty-four years closed in 614 B.C.; ob- 
 jection has therefore been taken to Pliny's coupling so 
 ancient a monarch with the Aqua Marcia aqueduct ; but, 
 as Ancus Marcius founded towns, constructed fortresses 
 and bridges, and built a prison, it is not improbable that 
 he "first thought of" leading the Marcian Spring to 
 Rome, and that from him the Spring derived its name, 
 
 631 
 
632 ITALY: CONTINENTAL 
 
 which appropriately descended to the aqueduct when it 
 was built some centuries later by the prastor Q. Maicius 
 Rex, as Pliny distinctly states. 
 
 Ovid's native and much praised country, that of the 
 Peligni just north of the boundary line of Latium, and the 
 birthplace of the Spring, is called the coldest in Italy; 
 its mountains reach the greatest height of all the Apen- 
 nines, over 9,000 feet, and they feed their numerous 
 Springs with constant snows. The Marcian water at 
 Rome is notable for its coldness, much of its initial tem- 
 perature being no doubt preserved by the shading it 
 receives from two aqueduct streams, the Julia's and the 
 Tepula's, that flow over it as it enters the city. 
 
 Pliny; XXXI. 24. XXXVI. 24. 
 Ovid; Fasti; IV. In 685. 
 
 462 
 
 Ovid'.s Spring 
 
 Ovid, who lived some two miles from Sulmo, where he 
 was born on the 20th of March in the year 43 B.C., pleas- 
 antly describes the neighborhood as a little spot but 
 salubrious with flowing streams that traverse the fields, 
 and trickle among the short blades of the grassy turf that 
 covers the moistened ground ; and quite probably he drew 
 the picture of the Spring on his own estate when telling 
 of the one shaded by ancient trees, under which he was at 
 the moment walking while casting about in his mind for a 
 subject for his next poem. This was, he says, where there 
 stands an ancient grove, and one uncut for many years; 
 'tis worthy of belief that a deity inhabits the spot. In 
 the midst there is a holy Spring and a grotto arched with 
 pumice; and on every side the birds pour forth their sweet 
 complaint. 
 
PELIGNI 633 
 
 It was during his meditation here that Erato the Muse 
 of Elegy, with wieathed and perfumed hair appeared, to 
 him, followed immediately afterwards by Calliope the 
 Muse of Ruthless Tragedy, who strode up with sco.vling 
 brow, and began at once to object to his light composi 
 tions and his use of elegiac verse to the exclusion of her 
 more ponderous form; and she demanded that he devote 
 himself to Roman tragedy, and write in heroic verse. 
 
 The Muse of Elegy, with a merry twinkle in her eyes, 
 inteiiupts to point out that Tragedy has all the while 
 been inveighing against Ovid's light verse in that very 
 verse itself ! And before Tragedy recovers from her con- 
 fusion at having been caught in making such a laughable 
 sHp, the poet succeeds in pacifying both the Muses by 
 promising to make use of the versification of each of his 
 visitors. 
 
 Possibly this Spring was the Fountain of Love at the 
 foot of the Maronian Hill near Sulmona, 90 miles from 
 Rome, where some ruins are pointed out as those of 
 Ovid's house 
 
 Cvid; Amours; 11 . Elegy I. II. l6. 
 
SABINI 
 
 463 
 
 Albula 
 
 The waters of Albula sprang from numerous fountains. 
 They were cold, and a cure for various diseases. They 
 were used both internally and externally, and were of 
 the same character as the neighboring Springs of Labanae 
 near Eretum on the Via Nomentana. 
 
 The Albulae Aquae or Solfatara, a sulphur lake in La- 
 tium near Tibur (Tivoli), was several miles from the 
 Sabine Springs of Albula with which they seem to have 
 been confounded by one of Strabo's translators; Albula, 
 although the same distance of 18 miles from Rome was 
 more north of it than Tibur; it was near the Tiber and on 
 the Via Salabria where it joined the Via Nomentana. 
 
 The Eretum of the Springs' neighborhood was the 
 place where Hannibal in his retreat from Rome turned 
 off to go to the Spring of Feronia and pillage its temple. 
 Eretum, being practically on the boundary line where 
 Latium, Etruria and the Sabine territory came together, 
 was often overrun by contending troops, and there is 
 absolutely nothing left of it to mark its site except its 
 sulphureous Springs. 
 
 StrabojV. 3. § u. 
 
 464 
 
 Neminia 
 
 In the valley of Reate, some 48 miles from Rome, 
 there was a Spring called Neminia which rose up some- 
 
 634 
 
SABINI 635 
 
 times in one place and sometimes in another, and in that 
 way indicated a change in the produce of the earth. 
 
 This pecuHar statement of Plinj''s may have some 
 reference to the Spring called the Fonte Velino rising in 
 Falacrinum, where a church now bears the name of Sta. 
 Maria di Fonte Velino. The stream from that fountain 
 made such large deposits of travertine that its course was 
 frequently shifted, thereby rendering cultivated lands 
 useless through inundations. 
 
 Pliny; II. 106. 
 
 COTYLI^ 
 
 The cold waters of the Springs at Cotylise were used 
 for the cure of various maladies, and were prescribed for 
 patients both as draughts and as baths. 
 
 Cotylise was in the country of the Sabines which was a 
 narrow strip of territory with a length of 125 miles that 
 extended, from the River Tiber and the town of Momen- 
 tum, north and east to the district of the Vestini. It 
 appears to have escaped notice by anyone in recent times, 
 and the original reference to it gives no indication of its 
 precise location in the Sabines' small domain. 
 
 Strabo; v. 3- 5 i. 
 
ETRURIA 
 
 466 
 Pi.iny's Tuscan Fountains 
 
 The Tuscan villa of Pliny the Younger, was one of his 
 summer residences, about 150 miles from Rome, by the 
 road. It lay under the Apennines in an amphitheater 
 ringed with hills, and well nourished with never failing 
 streams that found their way into the Tiber, which ran 
 through the middle of the plain. 
 
 The house, which faced the south, had a broad and 
 long portico containing a number of bedrooms and an 
 old-fashioned hall. In front there was a terrace, bounded 
 with an edging of box cut in the shape of animals. 
 
 At the head of the portico, a dining room jutted out 
 and gave views on three sides, from which could be seen 
 not only the beauties of the surrounding country but also 
 a part of the villa itself. 
 
 Opposite the middle of the portico stood a small 
 summer-house shaded by four plane trees, among which 
 was a marble fountain whose waters sprinkled the roots 
 of the trees and the grass about them. In this small 
 house there was an interior bedroom, from which all 
 light, noise and sound was excluded, and a dining room 
 facing a small court. 
 
 A second sleeping room, facing the plane trees and 
 shaded by one of them, contained a fountain with a basin 
 around it, into which the water flowed with a most agree- 
 able and lulling sound. 
 
 636 
 
ETRURIA 637 
 
 Another, a spacious sleeping chamber, faced a fish 
 pond, which, lying just beneath its windows, was pleasing 
 both to the eye and to the ear, as water falling into it 
 from a considerable height glistened white as it was 
 caught in the marble basin. 
 
 There was a large, shaded, cold swimming bath; and 
 one of warm water; and a third which the sun shone on 
 and made of medium temperature. 
 
 In the spacious grounds there were flower gardens and 
 fruit trees and box shrubs, the latter cut in the shape of 
 letters that formed Pliny's name and that of his gardener. 
 At the end of one of the walks, in a secluded place, there 
 was a semicircular marble dining couch built around a 
 graceful marble basin. It was canopied with shady vines 
 and supported by small pillars of Carystian marble. 
 From small pipes runnii^g through the couch, jets of 
 water flowed into the basin, seemingly pressed out by the 
 weight of the diners. The heavier dishes for the repasts 
 were placed on the margin of the basin, while the lighter 
 dishes, in the forms of boats and birds, floated on the 
 surface of the water in revolutions that brought them 
 successively within reach of the diners as they were 
 required. 
 
 A fountain facing the feasters threw into the air a 
 stream that flared outwards and dropped with musical 
 splashings into a basin of its own. A jet from another 
 fountain a little distance away fell noiselessly and dis- 
 appeared in the ground. 
 
 Set along another path were resting chairs of maible, 
 with a fountain at each chair, and the streams from them 
 ran murmuring through the grounds in numerous 
 channels, so directed as to furnish water wherever it was 
 needed for the growing vegetation. 
 
 The Tuscan villa was near the village of Tifernum in 
 
638 ITALY: CONTINENTAL 
 
 Umbria, and its approximate site is infeired to be about 
 ten miles from, and northwest of the present Citt^ di 
 Castello. 
 
 Pliny (Younger) Letters; V. 6. X. 9. 
 
 467 
 
 Aqu^ Tauri 
 
 The Springs called Aquae Tauri were discovered by a 
 bull who was duly honored in naming them when they 
 were found to possess qualities that made them favorites 
 with those for whom warm baths were prescribed. Even 
 when as a bathing resort their locality was called Aquae 
 Thermae, the disci imina ting bull was pleasantly re- 
 membered by the place's patrons who preferred the old 
 to the new designation. 
 
 They were three miles from Civita Vecchia, and are 
 now named Bagni di Ferrata. 
 
 Pliny; N. Hist. III. 8. 
 
 468 
 
 Pisa 
 
 Frogs were produced in the warm Springs of Pisa, 
 named after the Spring in Elis. 
 
 These Springs now called the Bagni di S. Giuliano are 
 about four miles from Pisa at the foot of a detached group 
 of the Apennines. 
 
 The town was said to have been founded by people who 
 migrated from the Spring of Pisa in Grecian Elis. 
 
 The old city was at the junction of the Arnus and Auser 
 rivers and was less than three miles from the sea, but the 
 present town, though on the site of the old one, is more 
 than six miles from the ocean; the busy rivers have de- 
 
ETRURIA 639 
 
 posited the intervening land, and have also built up a 
 wall between themselves so that they no longer join but 
 run to the sea through separate channels. 
 
 Pisa is known of more generally than other minor 
 Italian towns because of its leaning tower, a seven-story 
 round marble belfry that slants fourteen feet from a 
 straight line in its height of sixty yards. 
 
 The city has a curious cemetery some of the graves in 
 which aie made of imported earth, soil from Jerusalem 
 having been procured as far back as 1228 a.d. 
 
 The Springs, which are of a mineral character, are now 
 more noted for relieving rheumatism and other ailments 
 than for the production of frogs. 
 
 Pliny; II. io6. 
 
 469 
 
 Vetulonia 
 
 Fish were produced in the warm Springs of Vetulonia, 
 which were not far from the sea. 
 
 The Romans copied from the Vetulonians their insignia 
 of magistracy, the fasces, the lictors,'the toga praetexta, 
 and others; but the city was destroyed, and was ignored 
 by history for so many ages that its location was long 
 sought for in vain. Continued search, however, resulted 
 in its discovery in 1842 near the village of Magliano ten 
 miles north of Orbetello, 250 yards from the sea coast, 
 and with its Springs still warm. 
 
 Pliny; II. I06. 
 
 470 
 C^RETANA 
 
 The Hot Springs of Caeretana were a short distance 
 from the city of Caere, and they were resorted to by so 
 
640 ITALY: CONTINENTAL 
 
 many people in search of health that a lusty settlement 
 grew up around them which in time became lar£;er than 
 the city, and supplanted it. 
 
 At Caere there was an oracle where omens were secured 
 by consulting pieces of wood bearing antique characters, 
 called Sortes or Lots, and the Spring may at one time 
 have had a part in the ceremonies. 
 
 The first town was of great antiquity, having been 
 founded by Pelasgians, and among inscriptions that have 
 been discovered in the ruins are some that are supposed 
 to be in the forgotten language of that puzzling people, 
 whose origin remains as much a mystery as it was to the 
 ancients themselves. 
 
 The successors of the Pelasgians called the settlement 
 Agylla, and its subsequent name Casre was the result of 
 an unusual incident, of warfare, that occurred when a 
 marauding pai ty of Tyrrhenians marched up to the walls 
 in the early part of a day, and demanded the name of the 
 town. The solitary sentinel to whom the demand was 
 made, ignoring the question, saluted and politely bade the 
 party good morning. Regarding the unusual salutation 
 to a hostile force as an auspicious omen, the assaulters, 
 after capturing the town, adopted the sentinel's word for 
 good morning as the name of their new possession. 
 
 When the last of the Roman kings, Tarquin, was 
 expelled from the capital city in 510 B.C. he sought refuge 
 in Caere; and when, July, 390 B.C., the Gauls were about 
 to capture Rome, the most precious relics of the capital, 
 together with the Vestals and their fire, were sent to Caere 
 for preservation. 
 
 The city's ruins are twenty-seven miles from Rome, 
 and the Springs are now called Bagni di Sasso. 
 
 Strabo; V. 2. § 3- 
 
 Livy; XXI. 62. XXII. .. 
 
ETRURIA 641 
 
 471 
 Feronia 
 
 This fountain of Feronia was at the foot of Mt. Soracte, 
 now Mt. S. Oreste, where there was a temple dedicated 
 to the Sabine goddess Feronia, and where from the times 
 of Tullus Hostilius, who was the third king of Rome 
 between 670 and 638 B.C., she had been held in reverence. 
 
 Tullus Hostilius instituted new religious offices, one of 
 which was an annual meeting held around the temple; a 
 meeting of a double nature that appealed both to traders 
 and shoppers, and to pious devotees, by coupling to- 
 gether the functions of a campmeeting and a county fair; 
 and one of the numerous wars of the king was started on 
 the ground that the Sabines had wronged the Roman 
 merchants at the temple of Feronia. 
 
 In the temple a remarkable ceremony was performed 
 during which those who were possessed by the divinity, 
 her priests and her votaries, passed barefooted over a 
 large bed of burning coals and hot ashes without receiving 
 any hurt. 
 
 This performance with fire, at the foot of Mt. Soracte, 
 seems to have been a modification and then a transfer- 
 ence of other fire rites that were in very ancient times 
 conducted at the summit of the half mile high mountain. 
 Those rites weie said to have been performed for Apollo, 
 the god of the sun, and even as late as the beginning of 
 the Christian Era a few families of the Hirpi weie ex- 
 empted by the senate from militaiy service and other 
 public duties, because they conducted an annual sacrifice 
 to Apollo on Mt. Soracte, duiing which they walked over 
 a burning pile of wood without being scorched. 
 
 It is perhaps not improbable that, if the remote origin 
 of those rites could be traced back, they would be found 
 41 641 
 
642 ITALY: CONTINENTAL 
 
 to antedate the time when Apollo became known to the 
 Romans, and to have been instituted by fire worshippers 
 from the east who traveled through Thrace and down into 
 the Italian peninsula to become the ancestors of the pre- 
 Trojan inhabitants, among whom the Etrurians as the 
 Etruscans of Tuscany are the most interesting of all the 
 Roman tribes whose problem of origin is still unsolved. 
 
 The temple, with its side show of fire walking, and with 
 the concessions paid by the traffickers, amassed great 
 wealth, some of it being in the form of masses of brass 
 that indicate contributions of a very early date. The 
 value of the temple's accumulations was such that Hanni- 
 bal was impelled to turn aside and stop in his retreat from 
 Rome in 21 1 B.C., in order to plunder the sanctuary, from 
 which he obtained a large quantity of the precious metals, 
 and other material valuable as liquid assets. 
 
 The fountain, which is now called Felonica, at the foot 
 of Mt. S. Oreste is supposed to mark the site of the temple 
 that Hannibal plundered. 
 
 Another fountain on Mt. Soracte was noticed by Varro. 
 It was a fountain that seemed to feel, and even express 
 emotions. 
 
 It lay peacefully, in a basin that was twelve feet in 
 circumference, until the sun began to rise, when the 
 waters, as if conscious of its returning presence, became 
 violently agitated, leaping and tossing as though they 
 were under the influence of some delirious joy, or were 
 striving to mount aloft and greet the orb of day at closer 
 range. 
 
 This seeming sympathy of the Spring with the sun may 
 have aroused the wonder and interest of the ancient fire- 
 worshippers, and impelled them to regard the mountain 
 with reverence, and consecrate it to the purposes of their 
 long continued religious rites in the neighborhood. 
 
ETRURIA 643 
 
 There is no record of the effect these emotional waters 
 had on human beings, but it was said that biids, even 
 though they took only a single sip, fell dead at the foun- 
 tain's brink. 
 
 There was also, in Latium, another fountain called 
 Feronia. 
 
 Strabo; V. 2. § y. 
 
 Pliny; VII. 2. XXXI. 19. 
 
 472 
 
 Aqu^ Apollinares 
 
 Conjectures are not in accord as to which of several 
 Etrurian Springs represent what Martial called "those 
 of Apollo at Cuma." 
 
 According to one, they were the Springs described as 
 twelve miles from Tarquinii and now called Bagni di 
 Stigliano; according to another, they are the Springs of 
 Caeretana ; and a third writer fancies that they were the 
 Aquae Auraliae of the Antonine Itinerary and are those 
 that were found in 1852 under a vault of Etruscan work- 
 manship near Lake Bracciano, on property then owned 
 by the Odescalchi family near the little settlement of 
 Vicarello. 
 
 From the basin of the latter Springs it is stated that a 
 ton of coins of different metals was retrieved, the position 
 of the various layers indicating the dates of deposit, 
 which went back to the earliest times of money, and was 
 underlaid with votive offerings of flint implements. Such 
 offerings, individually, were called Stips, meaning gift, 
 to which the modern Tips bears so close a resemblance 
 that it might perhaps lay claim to lineal descent. 
 
 These waters possessed medicinal qualities, and the 
 neighborhood is supposed to have been a bathing and 
 
644 ITALY: CONTINENTAL 
 
 health resort before even Rome itself was established, and 
 to have been patronized down to the time of Trajan, 
 whose effigy was impressed on some of the coins contained 
 in the basin. 
 
 Martial; VI. 42. 
 
 473 
 Aquje Passeris 
 
 The Aquae Passeris, or Aquae Passerianae as it was 
 designated in an inscription, was the warm Spring that 
 appears in Martial's poetry as a praiseworthy fountain 
 that he calls "the fervid Passer." 
 
 It is supposed to have been at the place now named 
 Bacucco, some five miles north of Viterbo, whose neigh- 
 borhood produces a number of thermal Springs. 
 
 Viterbo, 42 miles N. N. W. of Rome, has numerous 
 elegant fountains and is the marble-paved city that was 
 the scene of the assassination of Prince Henry of England, 
 in the Xllth century. 
 
 Martial; VI. 42. 
 
 474 
 Clusian Springs 
 
 The Clusian Springs in Etruria were near the city of 
 Clusium, and were visited by such hardy invalids as had 
 sufficient courage to expose themselves to their curative 
 cold waters, as Horace wrote to his friend Vala when 
 requesting information about milder places in which to 
 recuperate. 
 
 The city was a hundred miles from Rome, in the valley 
 of the River Clanis, and the sulphureous waters of the 
 
ETRURIA 645 
 
 Springs formed a small lake now called Lago di Chiusi. 
 
 The settlement antedated Rome by an unknown num- 
 ber of centuries, for, even in the early days of ^neas, 
 Clusium and its neighboring town of Cosa furnished a 
 thousand fighting men to oppose King Turnus. Virgil's 
 list of the forces engaged on that occasion, and the names 
 of the populous places from which they were drawn, can- 
 not be read without a saddening regret for the loss of the 
 histories of millions of people who flourished in Etruria 
 and the territories around it — long before the founding of 
 Rome, whose own inception stretches far enough back to 
 be connected with many more or less mythful relations. 
 
 A remarkable structure, 300 feet square and 350 feet 
 high, was said to have been built over a labyrinth as the 
 tomb of Lars Porsenna, one of the later kings of Clusium ; 
 this was the king whose army, when sent against Rome in 
 its early days, was held back single handed by Horatius 
 Codes while his comrades were making a bridge im- 
 passable; an act that preserved the fame of Horatius, 
 although it failed to preserve Rome against Porsenna's 
 onslaught. 
 
 Horace; Epistles; I. 15. 
 i^neid; X. In 167. 
 
UMBRIA 
 
 475 
 Rubicon 
 
 The Rubicon River rose from a small Spring, and the 
 ruddy stones abounding in its bed suggested its appro- 
 priate name. 
 
 In summer it crept along with humble waves, but when 
 swelled by winter rains it became a torrent. 
 
 When Caesar reached its banks in the latter part of 
 January, a three days' rain had swelled the stream to its 
 winter size, but by placing his cavalry obliquely across 
 the current a dam was formed behind which the infantry 
 waded through in comparatively quiet water. 
 
 The act of crossing required more moral than physical 
 courage, and even Caesar's hair, what there was of it, is 
 said to have stood on end when, taking the standard, and 
 thus prominently assuming all responsibility, he led, in 
 the passage. On reaching the other side, he exclaimed, 
 "Here do I leave peace behind — henceforth, far hence be 
 treaties." 
 
 This liver, so often mentioned alike by the well-read 
 and the unread, is as closely linked with the name of 
 Cajsar and his immortal passage as the Delaware is with 
 that of Washington and his celebrated crossing. Yet to 
 be suddenly challenged to say where it is would probably 
 be, first, a cause of pain as an innuendo of ignorance, and, 
 then, of puzzlement; for though, oddly enough, when its 
 location was known to everyone the source of the Nile 
 
 646 
 
UMBRIA 647 
 
 was a mystery, now, that the Springs of the Nile have 
 been discovered and are accurately charted, no one knows 
 where the Rubicon rises ! 
 
 At the time of the Roman civil war between Cassar and 
 Pompey, a small stream of this name divided Italy from 
 Gallia Cisalpina, and formed the southern boundary of 
 the province of Caesar whose passage of it was practically 
 a declaration of war against the Republic, so that to 
 cross the Rubicon became the equivalent of the phrase; 
 as shortened from Shakespeare, about Casting the Die. 
 
 Today, those who live on the banks of the River Luso 
 call it II Rubicone, as they are entitled to by a Papal 
 decree of 1756 declaring their river to have been the 
 ancient boundary stream; but among others opinion is 
 divided as to whether the Pisatello a little north of it, or 
 the Fiumicino was the original Rubicon. 
 
 Lucan; Pharsalia; I. l8j. 
 
 476 
 
 Clitumnus 
 
 In a letter to Romanus, Pliny the Younger says; — 
 "Have you ever seen the Spring at Clitumnus? If not 
 — and I think you have not, or else you would have told 
 me about it — go and see it, as I have done quite recently. 
 I only regret that I did not visit it before. A fair-sized 
 hill rises from the plain, well wooded, and dark with 
 ancient cypress trees. From beneath it the Spring issues 
 and forces its way out through a number of channels, 
 though these are of unequal size. After passing through 
 the little whirlpool which it makes, it spreads out into a 
 broad sheet of pure and crystal water, so clear that you 
 can count the small coins and pebbles that have been 
 thrown into it. Thence it is forced forward, not because 
 
648 ITALY: CONTINENTAL 
 
 of any declivity of the ground, but by its own volume and 
 weight. So what was just before a Spring now becomes a 
 broad, noble river, deep enough for ships to navigate, 
 and these pass to and fro and meet one anothei , as they 
 travel in opposite directions. The current is so strong 
 that a ship going down stream moves no faster if oars are 
 used, though the ground is dead level, but in the opposite 
 direction it is all the men can do to row and pole their way 
 along against the current. 
 
 "Those who are sailing for pleasure and amusement 
 find it an agreeable diversion, just by turning the ship's 
 head round, to pass from indolence to toil or from toil to 
 indolence. The banks are clad with an abundance of 
 ash and poplar trees, which you can count in the clear 
 stream, for they seem to be growing bright and green in 
 the water, which for coldness is as cold as the snows, and 
 as transparent in color. 
 
 "Hard by is an ancient and sacred temple, where 
 stands Jupiter Clitumnus himself clad and adorned with 
 a praetexta, and the oracular responses delivered there 
 prove that the deity dwells within and foretells the future. 
 Round about are sprinkled a number of little chapels, 
 each containing the statue of a god. There is a special 
 cult for each and a particular name, and some of them 
 have Springs dedicated to them, for in addition to the 
 one I have described, which may be called the parent 
 Spring, there are lesser ones separated from the chief one, 
 but they all flow into the river, which is spanned by a 
 bridge which marks the dividing line between the sacred 
 and public water. In the upper part you are only allowed 
 to go in a boat, the lower is also open to swimmers. The 
 people of Hispellum, to whom the place was made over 
 as a free gift by Augustus, have provided a public bath 
 and accommodation; there are also some villas standing 
 
UMBRIA 649 
 
 on the river bank, whose owners are attracted by the 
 charming scenery. In a word, there is nothing there but 
 what will delight you, for you may study and read the 
 numerous inscriptions in praise of the Spring and the 
 deity which have been placed upon every column and 
 every wall. Most of them you will commend, a few will 
 make you laugh. But stay, I am forgetting that you are 
 so kind-hearted that you will laugh at none. Farewell." 
 
 This Spring, now known as Clitunno, still continues to 
 attiact attention, and to evoke admiration for its size and 
 its clarity. Rising at the roadside, in a sheltering grove of 
 poplar and willow trees, four miles from Trobeia in 
 Umbria, its channel soon leads it into the river Tinia, and 
 through that river its waters empty into the Tiber. 
 
 Anciently the Spring had a temple, and there were 
 several lesser shrines about it, as Pliny describes, so that, 
 when the place came to be a Roman post station, it was 
 given the name of Sacraria. 
 
 What is now shown as the Spring's temple is said to 
 have been originally a tomb that the Christians of the 
 Middle Ages economically remodeled for use as a church. 
 
 Pliny (Younger) VIII. letter 8. 
 
LIGURIA 
 
 477 
 Eridanus 
 
 The Eridanus of the Greeks rose at its source in a 
 manner that well merited inspection by the curious, for, 
 in the middle of the day, as if reposing itself, its Spring 
 was always dry. 
 
 After a time it hid itself in a subtenanean channel until 
 it rose again in the country of the Forovibienses. Its 
 length, with its windings, from the source was 388 miles, 
 and it conveyed into the Adriatic as many as thirty 
 streams; and where it discharged the vast body of its 
 waters it was said to form seven seas. 
 
 About its source there grew a number of pine trees, 
 called padi, whence the name Padus; and in turn it gave 
 the name Transpadana to the region on its northern 
 side. 
 
 At Ravenna it was called Padusa, having formerly 
 borne the name of Messanicus. The Ligurians called it 
 Bodincus, signifying bottomless. 
 
 .(^schylus placed the Eridanus in Spain and called it 
 Rhodanus which was confounded with Radanus, which 
 discharged into the Vistula, and then with the Eri- 
 danus. 
 
 When Phaeton, for the first time driving the chariot 
 of the Sun, was frightened by the menacing fangs of the 
 constellation Scorpion, and, dropping the reins, allowed 
 the unguided horses to leave the zodiac track with their 
 
 6. so 
 
LIGURIA 651 
 
 load of heat, and scorch the Negroes black, and set fire 
 to the world and to Phaeton himself, it was the Eridanus 
 that quenched the fire in his burning body when it fell 
 from the careening chariot. And it was the Eridanus 
 that received the tears shed on its banks by Phaeton's 
 sisters, Lampetie, JEg\h and Phaethusa, tears that formed 
 the first specimens of precious amber. 
 
 The Po, less classic than the Tiber although it is the 
 largest river in Italy, was the Eridanus of the Greeks, and 
 is the Padus of present day Italians. 
 
 It takes its rise in latitude about 44" 4' N., from two 
 Springs on the north and south sides of Mt. Viso (of 
 old, Monte Vesulus), which is a part of the Cottian 
 Alps. 
 
 The stream at its source is 6400 feet above the sea, but 
 it falls a mile before it has gone twenty-one, and, in- 
 creased by rains and melting snows, it becomes navigable 
 for small barges 60 miles from the Springs. 
 
 Absorbing the waters of Italy's largest lakes, and 
 taking in, from both sides, the contents of more than a 
 dozen rivers, it attains a breadth of half a mile and a 
 depth of some sixteen feet; and after running a generally 
 eastern course across the country for four hundred miles 
 it enters the Adriatic through marshes, and through 
 several branches that begin to form a delta fifty miles 
 from its debouchment. 
 
 It is estimated that the Po diains 40,000 square miles 
 of territory, and that it is lowering a large part of that 
 area at the rate of a foot in 729 years. With this vast 
 amount of detritus it is pushing forward its delta at an 
 increasingly rapid annual rate, which in some parts 
 amounts to three hundred feet. 
 
 Pliny; II. 106. III. 20. XXXVII. 11. 
 Ovid; Meta. II. Fable I. 
 
652 ITALY: CONTINENTAL 
 
 478 
 Aqu/E Statiell^ 
 
 The Aquae Statiellae were hot sulphur mineral Springs 
 that belonged to the Statielli, a Ligurian tribe that lived 
 on both slopes of the Apennines where they form the flare 
 of the valley of the Bormida River. 
 
 The Romans subjugated the tribe, sold its members as 
 slaves, and transformed their place by the Springs into a 
 large and populous town, in which they constructed baths 
 of costly magnificence, the remains of which are still to 
 be seen at the modern town of Acqui, where invalids give 
 the old Springs a numerous patronage. 
 
 Pliny; XXXI. 2. 
 
 479 
 Padua 
 
 Green plants were produced in the warm Springs of 
 Padua. 
 
 The town was founded by Antenor, after his flight 
 from Troy, and his sarcophagus is shown in the church 
 of S. Lorenzo. 
 
 Attila razed Padua to the ground in 452 a.d., but it 
 was rebuilt, and is now twenty-three miles, in a south- 
 westerly direction, from Venice. 
 
 Pliny; II. lo6. 
 
 480 
 
 The Aponian Springs 
 
 The Aponian Springs, as their name indicates, were 
 cures for fatigue, as also for various disorders and 
 maladies. 
 
LIGURIA 653 
 
 They rose steaming from the earth by the Euganean 
 hill six miles southwest of Padua, where they are now 
 called Bagni d'Abano, and Aquae Patavinae, and the 
 Springs of Aponus. 
 
 The numbers who visited them, even from distant 
 parts of the Roman empire, for the relief of bodily ail- 
 ments were largely increased by others who, mentally 
 troubled, flocked to the nearby oracle of Geryon to have 
 their doubts or fears resolved; and the oracle, after hear- 
 ing what was on the mind of the inquirer, sent him to the 
 Springs to judge, by the luck he had in tossing tali into 
 the waters, whether Fortune would favor or cross him. 
 A talus was the astragalus or knucklebone, one of the 
 seven bones of the ankle of the hind leg of small cloven 
 hoofed animals like the sheep and the calf. Whether or 
 no the superstition, connected with the left hind foot of 
 the rabbit, can be traced to a classic origin, the childrens' 
 games with jackstones were originally played with tali 
 by Greek maidens, and their pretty postures at the games 
 are frequently pictured in the decoration of ancient vases. 
 
 The bones, modified in different ways, became dice, 
 and, later, dominoes, bearing ntunbers; then other sub- 
 stances were substituted for the bones, sometirnes even 
 paper, as in the Chinese game of Tin Gow, the predeces- 
 sor of Sniff and other American games, which is played 
 with a pack of cards bearing domino numbers. The tali 
 as used at the Springs were numbered only on four sides, 
 the 2 and the 5 being omitted. 
 
 Tiberius, on his march to lUyricum, stopped to consult 
 the oracle of Geryon and was signally honored by being 
 directed to cast golden tali into the waters, and the suc- 
 cessful outcome of his expedition was indicated by his 
 throwing the highest numbers. The gleaming blocks of 
 gold remained untouched for years, and the figures on 
 
654 ITALY: CONTINENTAL 
 
 them could be plainly seen through the crystal waters. 
 
 Another form of divination at the Aponian Springs was 
 by means of sortes, which were, in this instance, inscribed 
 oblongs of bronze pierced with a hole for stringing them 
 together. 
 
 Other kinds of sortes were made of wood, or some light 
 material, and were drawn in various ways, often from an 
 urn containing the Spring's water; the tablet that floated 
 out first when the urn was tilted being the one from which 
 the answer had to be ascertained. 
 
 The Springs varied in temperature; and they were 
 averse to having young women derive benefit from their 
 healing powers, for it was well understood that any 
 maiden who entered the waters would be scorched. 
 
 Claudian, in one of his longest idylls, devoted three 
 pages to describing and praising these Springs; and their 
 cures possibly suggested the enchanted fountain from 
 which the three sons of St. George drew the water that 
 revived St. Anthony, of the neighboring city of Padua, 
 from his deathly lethargy. 
 
 Lucan; Pharsalia; VII. In 195. 
 Martial; VI. 42. 
 Claudian; Idyll VI. 
 
GALLIA TRANSPADANA 
 
 481 
 Pliny's Wonderful Spring 
 
 Pliny the Younger had several villas around the Larian 
 Lake, now called Como. 
 
 He was the nephew of the Elder Pliny, the Pickwick 
 of ancient times who, even after writing his Natural 
 History and a number of other books, had left over 
 165,000 unused notes as material for other volumes. He 
 expired with his tablets in his hands, overcome by the 
 gases from Vesuvius as he was making notes of the 
 eruption. 
 
 The uncle's passion for making notes had a counter- 
 part in the nephew's fondness for writing letters, and to 
 those describing the destruction of Pompeii in 79 a.d., 
 the world is indebted for its minute knowledge of that 
 catastrophe. 
 
 In other letters he has given delightful glimpses of a 
 wealthy and cultured Roman gentleman's homes, and 
 his manner of living and spending his time. 
 
 Near one of his Larian Lake villas there was an inter- 
 mittent Spring of which he wrote to his friend Licinius 
 Sura as follows ; — 
 
 "I have brought you as a present from my native 
 district a problem which is fully worthy even of your 
 profound learning. A Spring rises on the mountainside; 
 it flows down a rocky course, and is caught in a little 
 
 655 
 
656 ITALY: CONTINENTAL 
 
 artificial banqueting house. After the water has been 
 retained there for a time it falls into the Larian Lake. 
 There is a wonderful phenomenon connected with it, for 
 thiice every day it rises and falls with fixed regularity of 
 volume. Close by it you may recline and take a meal, and 
 drink from the Spring itself, for the water is very cool, 
 and meanwhile it ebbs and flows at regular and stated 
 intervals. If you place a ring or anything else on a dry 
 spot by the edge, the water gradually rises to it and at 
 last covers it, and then just as gradually recedes and 
 leaves it bare ; while if you watch it for any length of time 
 you may see both processes twice or thrice repeated. Is 
 there any unseen air which first distends and then tightens 
 the orifice and mouth of the Spring resisting its onset and 
 yielding at its withdrawal? We observe something of 
 this sort in jars and other similar vessels which have not 
 a direct and free opening, for these, when held either per- 
 pendicularly or aslant, pour out their contents with a sort 
 of gulp, as though there were some obstruction to a free 
 passage. Or is this Spring like the ocean, and is its 
 volume enlarged and lessened alternately by the same 
 laws that govern the ebb and flow of the tide ? Or again, 
 just as rivers on their way to the sea are driven back on 
 themselves by contrary winds and the opposing tide, is 
 there anything that can drive back the outflow of this 
 Spring? Or is there some latent reservoir that diminishes 
 and retards the flow while it is gradually collecting the 
 water that has been drained ofl, and increases and 
 quickens the flow when the process of collection is com- 
 plete? Or is there some curiously hidden and unseen 
 balance which when emptied, raises and thrusts forth the 
 Spring, and, when filled, checks and stifles its flow? 
 Please investigate the causes which bring about this 
 wonderful result, for you have the ability to do so: it is 
 
GALLIA TRANSPADANA O57 
 
 more than enough for me if I have described the phe- 
 nomenon with accuracy. Farewell." 
 
 This Spring still continues its vagaries about a mile 
 and a half from the village of Torno on the eastern side 
 of the lake. 
 
 Pliny's fourth suggestion explains the cause of the 
 intermission which may readily be reproduced with any 
 receptacle having a large syphon outlet below a smaller 
 inlet. 
 
 As the ducts approach each other in size, the inter- 
 missions are shortened; when the sizes are made equal, 
 the outflow becomes continuous. 
 
 Of Pliny's villas around this beautiful sheet of Lom- 
 bardy water, his special favorites were two that he called 
 Comedy and Tragedy; and he wrote that from one of 
 them, perched on a rocky ledge above the lake, he could 
 watch the people fishing; and from the other, which was 
 on the shore, he could fish from his bedroom — and almost 
 from his bed. 
 
 Pliny (Younger) IV. letter 30. IX. 7. 
 
 43 
 
VENETIA 
 482 
 
 TiMAVUS 
 
 From the Springs of the Timavus River a whole sea 
 burst forth with loudest din through nine mouths, accord- 
 ing to Virgil. 
 
 Strabo described them as seven Springs of fresh water 
 which flowed into the sea in a broad and deep river, 
 although he admitted that six of them were said to be 
 salt, and that on that account the place was called "The 
 source and the mother of the sea." 
 
 Later, the number was reduced to six, and then to four, 
 which were said to be salt only at high tide, whence they 
 were inferred to have some under-earth connection with 
 the ocean. 
 
 The wondeis that surrounded the sources of the Tima- 
 vus were increased rather than diminished by systematic 
 and perilous explorations of members of Alpine Clubs 
 who in recent years have tracked the stream, through 
 deep, dark and mysterious underground channels, to its 
 first beginnings, which are in a grotto, between the 
 Schneeberg and Fiume, whence under the name of Reka, 
 the lUyrian name of Fiume, it runs northwest for about 
 forty miles, and plunges into the colossal caverns of St. 
 Kanzian, and makes one of the greatest underground 
 rivers of the world. It flows for nearly twenty-two miles 
 through a labyrinth of caves and tunnels, often 900 feet 
 below the surface, and, receiving many affluents in its 
 
 658 
 
VENETIA 659 
 
 course, it burrows under the mountain called Tschitschen — 
 Boden, and emerges as the Timavo, 200 feet wide, from 
 a cavern at San Giovanni di Duino, with a flow of more 
 than 85 million cubic feet a day, and after a course of a 
 few miles falls into the Gulf of Trieste. 
 
 The grottos of St. Kanzian into which the Reka dis- 
 appears begin at the end of a deep, narrow gorge which is 
 closed by a perpendicular wall 550 feet high. In front of 
 this cliff, and about 100 yards distant, is another wall 
 like a.port-cuUis, under which the river rushes through a 
 triangular hole. It then falls in a cascade to the foot of 
 the great cliff, spreads out in a lake, and takes its sub- 
 terranean way in a series of cataracts, falling ever and 
 ever deeper into the depths of the earth. Having made 
 twenty-two waterfalls in its course, it forms a great lake 
 whose only outlet is downwards through spongy rock and 
 narrow fissures through which it pours to appear again, 
 near the village of Tiebiciano, in a cavern 300 feet high 
 and 700 feet long, into which it enters from a gigantic 
 tunnel one thousand feet below the surface. Here it 
 forms another lake whose drainage, through porous rock, 
 gathers in the giant stream that bursts from the side of 
 the mountain at San Giovanni. 
 
 The region of its birth is a lofty tableland called the 
 Carso Plateau, a volcanic creation among the Dolomite 
 Alps; it is a stretch of 3750 square miles honeycombed 
 with craters, rocky caves and dolmas (pits), covering 
 seventy-five miles north of Fiume and fifty east of 
 Trieste. 
 
 The region has been likened to a sponge magnified a 
 million times, and petrified. 
 
 Though waterless on top, it is full internally of rivers 
 forming great lakes where blind fish swim in eternal night. 
 Four hundred and eighteen of the carso caverns have been 
 
660 ITALY: CONTINENTAL 
 
 explored, and practically the whole length of the Tima- 
 vo's subterranean channel has been followed. 
 
 Strabo; V. I. | 8. 
 
 Literary Digest; June gth, 1917. 
 
 Monte Falcone 
 
 Opposite the River Timavus there was a small island, 
 in the sea, which contained warm Springs that increased 
 and decreased at the same time that the tide rose and fell. 
 
 These Springs are now called I Bagni di Monte Falcone, 
 or, di S. Giovanni. 
 
 Pliny; II. 106. 
 
ITALY: ISLANDS 
 SICILY 
 
 484 
 
 Enna 
 
 To the disciple of Dsedalus who soars over Sicily today, 
 the island appears like a leaf of many tints lying a little 
 crumpled on the surface of the sea below him — a leaf of 
 The Garden of the Sun, as this, the second largest island 
 of the Mediterranean came to be called, from the abun- 
 dant verdure nourished by its semi-tropical climate, and 
 a soil of singular depth and fertility. 
 
 Its flowery luxuriance has cast a charm on every visitor, 
 so that under the spell of its endless waves of bloom and 
 floods of flowers its soberest panegyrists, from Cicero to 
 Sladens, have seen its mountside towns as magnified 
 magnolias; its single houses as stemless cyclopeian lilies 
 lying in the sunshine on its hills ; and its weather-beaten 
 hovels as tufts of homely lichen. An efflorescence is seen 
 in every feature, so that even flocks of slowly grazing 
 sheep suggest to some a surge of flowers against the 
 mountain side that they are climbing. 
 
 Though none of its numerous rivers is navigable, four 
 of its sti earns have brought down from antiquity a pre- 
 cious.freight of literary lore in the legends produced by the 
 Springs at their sources; legends that, though glorified by 
 Ovid and Theocritus, may have originated in grotesque 
 forms among the prehistoric Siculi, the Troglodytes from 
 
 661 
 
662 ITALY: LSLANDS 
 
 whom many of its present inhabitants are thought to 
 have descended, for the crude minds of these simple 
 beings of the human race, then in its infancy, conjured 
 up strange sights and fancies when their terrors were 
 worked upon by the awful sounds and throes of Etna 
 that, topping two miles by 314 feet, was visible from every 
 part of their island cradle. 
 
 When the earliest Greek settlers airived, in 734 B.C., 
 they found these primitive people in possession, and, 
 perhaps, received from them additional details regarding 
 the sacred character of the island, and the intimate life 
 of the goddess Ceres and her family; for both she and her 
 daughter, Proserpine or Libera, were born in Sicily, and 
 it was at their birthplace Enna, that occurred the great 
 calamity whose effect, among all the marvelous inflic- 
 tions of mythology, seems to rank nearest to the fatality 
 of the flood, in its world wide results of drought and 
 mundane misery. 
 
 As Delphi was the middle of the ancients' plate-like 
 earth, so the site of Enna was the center of Sicily, and 
 was called the island's navel; it was in a high and lofty 
 situation on the top of which was a level plain, and 
 Springs of water that were never dry. 
 
 So lovely was the principal one of these Springs that it 
 gave the place its name of "Agreeable Fountain," as 
 Enna is rendered. Around it were many lakes and groves 
 and beautiful flowers at every season of the year, flowers 
 that painted the fields with as many tints as Nature 
 possesses, and filled the air with so much odor that it 
 was impossible for hounds to follow their prey by scent 
 across the tract they covered, with marigolds, violets, 
 poppies, hyacinths, amaranths, crocusses, lilies, and 
 many a rose, all interspersed with thyme, rosemary, and 
 meliote, and other nameless fragrances. 
 
SICILY 663 
 
 One leafy grove surrounded a lake of deep water, 
 Fergus by name, where the songs of the swans weie heard 
 to perfection. 
 
 This lovely spot, among all the flowers of all the earth, 
 was the cradle of Proserpine. 
 
 Here, too, Man, in this island, first tasted something 
 more appetizing than grass, raw roots, bitter herbs, and 
 acrid acorns; for it was here that Ceres presented him 
 with corn, and, teaching him the intricacies of its cultiva- 
 tion and cookery, laid with a few flat heated stones the 
 first foundations of that glorious gastronomic structure 
 that has risen to the height and splendor of the modern 
 kitchen, the mansion of an artist whose daily income is 
 often greater than the earnings of many presidents of 
 banks. 
 
 Nearby, and turned towards the north, there was a 
 cavern of endless depth : there, on a certain day, appeared 
 dread Pluto who, startled by a more than 01 dinary noise 
 from Etna, had driven in great haste behind his sable 
 steeds to see for himself what violence the face of Earth 
 had suffered from the mountain's loud eruption. On that 
 day Ceres and many nymphs, and some of her celestial 
 friends, were enjoying themselves and disporting among 
 the flowers about the lakes and fountains; and Venus, 
 who alone had caught a glimpse of Pluto in the darkness 
 of the cavern's mouth, induced her son, the midget archer, 
 to sting him with a little shaft from his love-laden 
 quiver. 
 
 Pluto, tingling with the tickle of the tiny, pleasant 
 pain, at the very instant when his roaming eyes had 
 Proserpine in view, at once lost sight of all the world 
 besides, in the mental swoon of love; and, seizing her at a 
 moment when she was separated from her friends, he 
 sprang to his chariot and, concealed by the neighboring 
 
664 ITALY: ISLANDS 
 
 heavy foliage, dashed unobserved away, plunged qtiickly 
 through Cyane's Spring, and, striking back into the high- 
 way to Hell, was soon at home again with Proserpine his 
 prisoner. 
 
 None of the busy merry-makers had seen the abduction, 
 but hardly had it taken place before the absence of their 
 friend was noticed, and Pleasure fled as Panic spread her 
 gloom around the Spring of Enna. 
 
 The gathered flowers were dropped, the laughing eyes 
 were filled with tears and consternation; and everyone 
 began to seek for traces of the missing maiden. One 
 bevy of lovely girls, in their eagerness to leave no spot 
 unsearched, besought the higher powers for wings that 
 they might leave the island and look through every 
 foreign country to find their lost companion; and these, 
 endowed with feathered pinions in answer to their prayers, 
 became the Sirens, the beauty of whose former faces the 
 admiring powers forbore disfiguring with feathers. 
 
 Unhampered by any of the vexatious delays the Sicilian 
 Railway system causes the modern traveler, Ceres herself 
 quickly visited, though without success, every crevice 
 and cranny within the confines of the island's six hundred 
 and twenty-four miles of circumference; and then, de- 
 sisting not even at the approach of night and darkness, 
 but lighting torches at the flames of Etna, she began a 
 tedious tour of all the Earth ; during which she introduced 
 to the tribe of Triptolemus on the mainland the new 
 forms of food with which she first gladdened the old-time 
 savages of Sicily. 
 
 Then, failing to find any traces of her stolen daughter 
 upon the habitable globe, she traversed the vast spaces 
 of the starry firmament, eagerly asking every orb, the 
 Moon, the Planets, and the Sun for tidings of her darling 
 daughter. 
 
SICILY 665 
 
 The Moon and all the Planets, blind by day, could tell 
 her nothing; but when at last she reached the Sun, she 
 learned her daughter's fate and the whereabouts of her 
 confinenient. 
 
 Then, hastening through the avenues of air among the 
 constellations of fixed and distant stars, she called on 
 Jove to force the ruler of the lower world to give her 
 daughter back. 
 
 And Jove agreed to do so, if Destiny did not forbid. 
 
 When Destiny, the program of the drama of The Ages, 
 unchangeably inscribed in bronze, had been consulted, 
 they found that Proserpine should be returned if, during 
 her detention, no food had passed her lips. 
 
 Now Proserpine in all that time had really eaten noth- 
 ing, but she had, while plunged in thought and pressing a 
 small pomegranate to her sorrowing lips, accidentally 
 swallowed one or more of the little grains that lay against 
 the filmy skin. 
 
 Ascalaphus was the only witness of this accident, and, 
 bursting with the pride of knowing something known to 
 no one else, he told of the occurrence. Nevertheless, in 
 the end, the decree of Destiny was partially thwarted by 
 an arrangement that, while it did not compel Pluto to 
 surrender the daughter, permitted her to pass at least 
 half of each year with her Mother. 
 
 Proserpine, however, was not so overjoyed at this 
 prospect as to forget the six months debt she owed As- 
 calaphus, and she paid it by giving another member to 
 the family of birds; out of him she created the Owl, art- 
 fully endowing him with an appearance of great wisdom, 
 while derisively depriving him of any power of telling 
 what he seems to know. 
 
 As the story of Proserpine was passed from mouth to 
 mouth, theie were naturally some tellers here and there 
 
666 ITALY: ISLANDS 
 
 who tried to couple their own names with the episode, 
 and who claimed to have given to Ceres the clue that was 
 really obtained from the Sun; and of all of those the con- 
 tention of Arethusa appears at first sight to be the most 
 plausible, for her underground passage might have given 
 her, as she contended, a glimpse of Proserpine in the 
 gardens of Tartarus. 
 
 But the general listener will find his credulity so drawn 
 upon, by Arethusa's own history, that there will be little 
 left for her account of her part in the pursuit of Proser- 
 pine, and as, moreover, it is evident that if she had told 
 Ceres, before she started on her world-wide quest, she 
 would have had no need to make it. 
 
 Arethusa's history is related in connection with the 
 story of the fountain that bears her name. 
 
 It is, perhaps, not improbable that Ceres was an 
 ancient queen of Sicily whose delicacy of taste led her to 
 seek less gross forms of food than her animalish ancestors 
 had been satisfied with, and that she was on that account 
 numbered with the gods, for the ancients even down to 
 the time of Caesar were fond of deifying their rulers, and 
 many idols have been made of grosser clay than is repre- 
 sented in the refinement of Ceres' nature. 
 
 Enna is now known as Castro Giovanni, and local 
 tradition carefully marks a cavern, some five miles from 
 the city, as the one that Pluto came through, and the 
 banks of a small near-by lake as the site of Proserpine's 
 abduction. The flowers and the grove, however, have 
 disappeared, and the desolation of the neighborhood may 
 readily be accepted as the natural and just consequence 
 of its ancient desecration. 
 
 Ovid; Meta. V. Fab. 4 & 3. 
 
 Ovid; Fasti: IV. In 390 et seq. 
 
 Cicero vs. Verres; 2nd pleading; bk. IV. § 48. 
 
SICILY 667 
 
 485 
 Cyane 
 
 The fountain of Cyane, who was the most celebrated 
 of all the Sicilian nymphs, for Arethusa was not a native 
 nymph, was a large and lovely pool enclosed by mountain 
 ridges that lay between Enna and Syracuse. 
 
 When Pluto in his flight with Proserpine approached 
 this pool, the nymph, with zealous loyalty to her im- 
 perilled friend, rose in its waters with outstretched arms 
 to bar the racing chariot's way, and sought with hurried, 
 heart-born words to turn the ardor of the abductor into 
 milder ways of wooing, for Cyane had been wooed and 
 won with gentleness by Anapis, a river, and the current 
 of their love had run without a ripple. 
 
 But Pluto, heated by his rapid flight, and goaded by 
 the Love god's little dart, used some violence most un- 
 worthy of a god, and, plunging downward through the 
 Spring, cleft a chasm at the bottom and continued on his 
 way, leaving Cyane inconsolable. 
 
 She sorrowed with a twofold grief, lamenting not only 
 the loss of her friend but the desecration of her Spring; 
 "She is entirely dissolved into tears, and melts away into 
 those waters of which she had been but lately the great 
 guardian Divinity. You might see her limbs soften, her 
 bones become subject to bending, her nails lay aside their 
 hardness; each, too, of the smaller extremities of the 
 whole of her body melts away; both her azure hair, her 
 fingers, her legs, and her feet, for easy is the change of 
 those small members into a cold stream. 
 
 "After that, her back, her shoulders, her side and her 
 breast dissolve, vanishing into thin rivulets. Lastly, pure 
 water, instead of live blood enters her veins, and nothing 
 remains which you can grasp in your hands." 
 
668 ITALY: ISLANDS 
 
 But still, the voiceless water, as if it wished to show its 
 sentience and proclaim that the faithfulness that had 
 animated the flesh yet abided in the fluid, bore aloft on 
 its surface with tender care the girdle that had dropped 
 from Proserpine in her passage through the Spring; and 
 it was the sight of this well known cincture that gave to 
 searching Ceres the first encouragement to hope her 
 daughter might still be traced. 
 
 This Spring is the source of the river Cyane, now called 
 
 ~La Pisma, and is situated in low, marshy ground at the 
 
 foot of the limestone hills due west from the great 
 
 harbor of Syracuse, from which it is distant about two 
 
 miles. 
 
 It has a beautiful circular basin, about fifty feet in 
 diameter, and twenty or thirty feet deep. 
 
 Its pelucid, blue waters well up with a strong spring 
 and form at once a considerable river which flows, with 
 a deep, tranquil current for a mile or more, until it joins 
 the Anapus immediately below the Olympeium. 
 
 Its name is supposed to have been given on account of 
 the deep blue color of its water, and its tutelary nymph 
 had a shrine and temple in the immediate neighborhood 
 where an annual festival was held, the institution of 
 which was ascribed to Hercules, and the vestiges of an 
 ancient building, to be seen on the height above the 
 Spring, are taken to mark the site of the temple of ancient 
 times. 
 
 The neighborhood of this Spring is remarkable at the 
 present time as the only place in Europe which produces 
 the true Egyptian papyrus, and it is thought probable 
 that the plant was introduced from Egypt by the Syracu- 
 san Kings in the days of their intimate relations with 
 the Ptolemies. 
 
 Ovid; Meta. V. 409. V. 462. 
 
SICILY 669 
 
 486 
 Arethusa 
 
 The deep and sacred Spring of Arethusa rose near the 
 margin of the sea in the island of Ortygia, a tiny offshoot 
 nearly touching the larger island of Sicily. 
 
 Arethusa was a nymph of Greece and, in the words of 
 her own mouth, was so beautiful, and so robust of build, 
 that even she could not avoid blushing at the wealth of 
 her personal endowments. 
 
 On a day of intense heat when she had been unusually 
 active in skimming the glades of the Stymphahan forest, 
 and setting her snares with all the industry upon which 
 she prided herself, she came to the stream of Alpheus 
 and eagerly plunged into the cooling depths of its clear 
 and eddyless waters. 
 
 Perhaps Alpheus, too, blushed at the sight of the 
 robustious beauties of the buxom bather ; at any rate he 
 lost little time in floating up from the depths of the 
 pebbly bottom of the stream, and endeavored to seize 
 her — but she fled. With the swiftness of a dove in flight 
 she ran over fields and over mountains; over rocks and 
 over crags; and it was not until she had covered the 
 greater part of Arcadia that she began to be weary, and 
 called upon Diana, with whom she held the position of 
 bow-and-quiver carrier, to come to her assistance; and the 
 kindly goddess, hastily plucking a dense cloud from the 
 sky, threw it over the panting racer and hid her from 
 the sight of her pursuer. 
 
 But Arethusa could still hear his footsteps as he groped 
 blindly here and there through the heavy, opaque fog, 
 and could almost feel his breath as he shouted his en- 
 treaties and called upon her by name. 
 
 In her fear, "cold perspiration took possession of her 
 
670 ITALY: ISLANDS 
 
 limbs thus beseiged, and azure colored drops distilled 
 from all her body; wherever she moved a foot there 
 flowed a little lake. Drops trickled from her hair, and in 
 less time than it took her to tell of it, she was changed 
 into a stream, " and, Diana having cleaved the ground 
 below the cloud, the stream sank into the earth and, 
 passing through dark, underground caverns, rose to the 
 surface as a Spring in the distant, sea-surrounded island 
 of Ortygia. 
 
 And no more pleasant retreat could have been selected 
 in which to recuperate from the gloom of a long and dark- 
 some journey underground, for it was averred that in 
 Syracuse there never was a day of such violent and turbu- 
 lent storms that men could not see the sun at some time 
 or other in the day. 
 
 Alpheus, however, would not be evaded, and, as a 
 river, he eagerly pursued the fleeing stream below the 
 sea and rose beside it at Ortygia. 
 
 In proof 'that one of the river's channels really passed 
 under the sea to Sicily, Strabo recounts that a cup from 
 the temple of Olympia came up opposite the fountain of 
 Arethusa. 
 
 Pausanias refused to credit this legend of love, and, 
 indeed, if Arethusa told the truth, then Atalanta should 
 have been pilloried as an impostress instead of being 
 lauded by all the ages as the Princess of sprinters. Other 
 doubters even assert that the first name of the fountain 
 was Alphaga, the Fountain of the Willows, and that it 
 was so called by the Phoenicians becatise, when they 
 discovered it, it was surrounded with trees of that species. 
 
 Still, Arethusa was a very credible personage to the 
 Sicilians, and some of the island's earliest coinage, in 
 existence today, bears the impress of a fat and rather 
 voluptuous face that evidently belonged to a well nour- 
 
SICILY 671 
 
 ished female who might have corresponded quite accu- 
 rately with the description that Arethusa gave of herself. 
 
 Perhaps, too, the world is indebted to Arethusa for 
 something besides a pretty coin and a pleasant conceit, 
 for anyone who will may imagine that Archimedes who 
 was a Sicilian, having been born at Syracuse in 287 B.C., 
 and who thriftily worked out his problems with figures 
 drawn in the sand of the Public Square, no less economi- 
 cally used the water of the public fountain of Arethusa 
 to find the law of specific gravity, and determine how 
 much alloy the grafting goldsmith had put in the crown 
 that King Hiero had ordered him to make of pure gold. 
 
 Cicero in describing the fountain as he saw it, said: — 
 "The city of Syracuse is the greatest of the Greek cities 
 and the most beautiful of all — it is so great that it may 
 be said to consist of four cities of the largest size. At the 
 end of one of these, called the island, it being separated 
 from the rest by a narrow arm of the sea, there is a foun- 
 tain of sweet water; the name of which is Arethusa, of 
 incredible size, very full of fish, which would be entirely 
 overwhelmed by the waves of the sea if it were not pro- 
 tected from them by a rampart and a dam of stone." 
 
 The modern Syracuse covers only the area of the old 
 island of Ortygia, the other suburbs of Cicero's time 
 having been abandoned, and the sweet water of the 
 Spring had often become savored with the salt of the sea 
 when one of the many earthquakes, from which Sicily 
 has suffered sorely from ancient times down to the 
 destruction of Messina in 1908, has opened a way to the 
 ocean; hence it is found referred to as salt by writers of 
 one era, and as fresh by those of an earlier or a later period. 
 
 This Spring was sometimes called the sacred Spring of 
 Ceres, supposably because Arethusa informed that god- 
 dess, when searching for her daughter, that she had seen 
 
672 ITALY: ISLANDS 
 
 Proserpine in the gardens of Pluto in her underground 
 passage. The designation, however, would seem to be 
 more appropriately due to the Spring of Cyane, and it 
 may not be unlikely that it was so bestowed in early 
 times, and was later misapplied by someone who con- 
 fused one Spring with the other but a few miles away. 
 
 Shelley versified Arethusa's story in English; and 
 Keats, in his Endymion, amplified it with an account of 
 what happened underground, where, through winding 
 caverns, the two Springs dash, "swift, mad, fantastic, 
 round the rocks" and all the while discoursing the one in 
 passionate addresses, and the other Spring replying in 
 phrases seemingly calculated to increase the hopes of the 
 pursuer. 
 
 It was at Syracuse that Nelson prepared for the battle 
 of the Nile on August ist, 1798, and he wrote to Lady 
 Hamilton; "Surely, watered at the fountain of Arethusa, 
 we must have victory." 
 
 The Alpheus, now the Rufea and the largest river in 
 the Morea, rose in the southeast of Arcadia : in its course 
 it frequently disappeared in one place and reappeared in 
 another. It flowed past the temple of Olympia, a beauti- 
 ful vale in Elis near the sacred sycamore grove of Altis, 
 and emptied in the Ionic Sea. 
 
 There was also a fountain of Arethusa in Ithaca; and 
 one close to Chalcis in Euboea which was sometimes dis- 
 turbed by volcanic agency, and which, according to 
 Leake, has now disappeared. There were tame fish kept 
 in this fountain, and Dicaearchus says its water was 
 so abundant as to be sufficient to supply the whole 
 city. 
 
 Athemeus; II. i6. 
 
 Ovid; Meta. V. 462. V. 564. 
 
 Pausanias; V. 7. 
 
SICILY 673 
 
 487 
 Acis 
 
 The Spring of Acis rose on the eastern side of Sicily, 
 near the base of a lemon-crowned height of Mt. Etna, 
 and formed a small river of the same name. 
 
 It was the jealousy of Polyphemus, and the love of 
 Galatea for Acis, that brought about the latter's sudden 
 end, and the birth of this Spring. 
 
 They who have derived their impressions of the 
 Cyclops Polyphemus solely from the account that Ulysses 
 gave of him when he was still smarting from the superior 
 wiliness and prowess of that giant, will find another in- 
 stance of the many sidedness of every character in the 
 recollections that one of his fellow islanders of a later day, 
 Theocritus, has left on record to the credit of his mildness 
 arid the softness of his nature when his heart was touched, 
 as it was by the charms of Galatea. 
 
 She was a sea nymph of great beauty whose name 
 bespoke her fairness, even as the whiteness of milk caused 
 the Greeks to call it Gala; and the account of the genesis 
 of the Spring is related as she told it originally to her 
 friend Scylla, who was a maiden until Circe in a fit of 
 jealous rage changed her into that terrible rock that, 
 aided by the opposite whirlpool, Charybdis, has been the 
 bane of mariners from the earliest days of sea-faring. 
 
 Whether Galatea was sporting in the sea, or reposing 
 on the shore between her graceful evolutions, and no less 
 when absent or out of sight, the mind of Polyphemus was 
 engrossed with thoughts connected with her alone. The 
 flocks were neglected, and even the slight toil of tillage 
 that sufficed to stimulate the virgin soil's fertility was 
 given over. 
 
 Seated on a wedge-shaped crag of the mountain that 
 
674 ITALY: ISLANDS 
 
 projected into the surrounding sea, whose surface formed 
 a mirror brighter than glass, he then passed the happy 
 hours improving his appearance and admiring those per- 
 sonal beauties that were as invisible to others as the 
 wishes that fathered them. His tree-trunk cane and his 
 ponderous pipe of a hundred reeds being laid aside, he 
 combed his hair with the wondering rake, and made his 
 beard symmetrical with the astonished sickle. Then, 
 groomed to his satisfaction with the various implements 
 of agriculture, and while awaiting the appearance of 
 the nymph, he planned the presentation of appropriate 
 presents, such as a pair of shaggy bear-cubs, and re- 
 hearsed aloud such phrases as became a love-sick Cyclops, 
 until his woolly wealth, the timid and forgotten sheep, 
 their terror at his roaring overcome by curiosity, crept 
 cautiously around the crag, to marvel at the antics of 
 the amorous monster while trembling at the thunderous 
 declamations that he poured forth, with no less heat and 
 sound than if all Etna, with its flames and rumblings, had 
 been confined within his hairy breast. 
 
 Meanwhile, however, the heart of fair Galatea en- 
 shrined neither a mountain nor a monster, but only the 
 image of Acis, the son of Faunus, and then a youth whom 
 only sixteen years had seen. 
 
 Often they sat on the seashore at the base of the crag, 
 and, concealed from the eye of Polyphemus by blocks of 
 sheltering lava, listened with the sheep and laughed at 
 the storm of rhapsodies that the Cyclops, unconscious of 
 their presence, poured over their heads, rhapsodies, in 
 praise of the charms of Galatea, that were alternated with 
 vows to rid himself of his rival, the fragile Acis. 
 
 The peeping pair, however, growing careless in con- 
 cealing themselves, the giant one day caught sight of 
 them, and, before they could scatter out of range, he tore 
 
SICILY 675 
 
 a mass of rock from the mountain and hurled it with so 
 true an aim that Acis was pinned to the earth and 
 crushed; "The purple blood flowed from beneath the 
 rock, but in a little time the redness began to vanish; at 
 first it became the color of a stream muddied by a sudden 
 shower, and then in time it became clear. Then the rock 
 that had been thrown, opened, and through the chinks, a 
 reed, vigorous and stately, arose, and the hollow mouth 
 of the rock resounded with the waters gushing forth." 
 
 Acis is identified with the existing Spring which issues 
 from under a rock of lava and forms the small stream now 
 called Fiume di Jaci, and also Chiaci; this little river 
 reaches the sea after a very short course during which it 
 skirts the modern town of Aci Reale, the Acium of the 
 ancients. The water has always been noted for its cold- 
 ness and the swiftness of its current, in which features 
 one may see typified the freezing fear of Acis and the 
 rapidity of his short and unsuccessful flight from Poly- 
 phemus, and thus find full corroboration of the truth of 
 Galatea's tale. 
 
 A short distance away, at Aci Castello, a succession of 
 separated rocks running out from the shore, and partly 
 covered by the sea, are said to be those other but missent 
 missiles of the giant that Ulysses, more lucky than Acis, 
 managed to elude when, a long time later, he escaped 
 from the island where, it is no less indubitable than his 
 own existence, he enjoyed many a cooling draught from 
 this very fountain. 
 
 Ovid; Meta. XIII. Fable 7 et seq- 
 
 488 
 
 Fountains of the Palici 
 The fountains of the Palici were twin large sulphurous 
 Springs with geyser -like eruptions, in the form of a dome. 
 
676 ITALY: ISLANDS 
 
 Their streams, thrown high into the air and falling 
 heavily back, finally hammered to pieces the partition 
 between them and converted the two Springs into a small 
 lake, 480 feet in diameter, the surface of which now 
 bubbles with escaping gas that, spreading out ineffec- 
 tively in the larger vent, no longer raises the water. 
 
 The Palici were twin sons of Jupiter. Their mother 
 was Hephasstus' daughter Thaleia, who sought refuge in 
 the earth through a crevice she had prayed might open 
 and allow her to hide from the wifely anger of Juno. 
 
 When the twins reached maturity, they shot up 
 through the basins of the Springs in one of their geyser- 
 like explosions, and the natives, accepting their awesome 
 and spectacular advent as an indication of their divinity, 
 received them as local deities and made a temple for 
 them, and in early times offered them human sacrifices. 
 
 The Springs, whose holiness had thus been attested, 
 became a kind of Court where contracts were made and 
 oaths were taken, and where perjury was detected by 
 writing the testimony of the contending parties on tablets 
 which were then thrown into the water. 
 
 The tablets of true testimony floated, and those of 
 false witnesses sank — and the perjurers immediately 
 either died or became blind. 
 
 The temple in the neighborhood came to be a sanctuary 
 for runaway slaves, and the Springs are prominent in 
 history as the place where, in 102 B.C., the Second Servile 
 Insurrection was planned and started by the slaves whose 
 disorders kept the island in tumult for the following two 
 years. 
 
 The lake which is fifteen miles west of Leontini is now 
 known as Lago di Naftia. 
 
 Strabo; VI. i. i 9. 
 
 Ovid; Meta. V. Fable 4. 
 
SICILY 677 
 
 489 
 Agrigentum 
 
 There was a Spring at Agrigentum the waters of which 
 were tainted by an unctuous, Hquid bitumen resembling 
 oil, which was collected on panicles or reeds, to which it 
 readily adhered. It was made use of for burning in lamps 
 as a substitute for oil; and also for the cure of scab itch 
 in beasts of burden. 
 
 The city, which is now called Girgenti, was in the 
 southwest part of the island. It was established in 582 
 B.C. , and was said to have had nearly a million inhabitants. 
 
 The enormous wealth of the leading classes enabled 
 them to live in the greatest luxury and to lavish vast 
 sums even in the erection of magnificent monuments to 
 pet birds. 
 
 Pliny; XXXV. si- 
 
 490 
 
 Plinthia 
 In the fountain of Plinthia, nothing would sink. 
 
 Pliny; XXXI. i8. 
 
 491 
 
 Leontium 
 
 At the town of Leontium there was a Spring the waters 
 of which were fatal, at the end of a couple of days, to 
 those who drank of them. 
 
 Leontium was founded in 730 B.C., on a site taken from 
 the native Siculi, where wheat growing wild was said to 
 have been first put under cultivation. 
 
678 ITALY: ISLANDS 
 
 The town was deserted time after time, but was always 
 repeopled, and still exists as Leontini, though scourged 
 with malaria, which is attributed to a shallow and stale 
 lake, at the north of the town, that may be the product 
 of the ancient and lethal fountain. 
 
 Pliny; XXXI. 19. 
 
 492-495 
 
 Temenitis. Archidemia. Mag^ea. Milichie 
 
 The people of the Syracusan territory drank of the 
 fountains (the bracketed names being their modern 
 designations) Temenitis (Fonte di Canali); Archidemia 
 (Cefalino); Magaea (Fontana della Maddahna); and 
 Milichie (Lampismotto). 
 
 Pliny; III. 14. 
 
 496 
 
 Anapus 
 
 Ceres, when searching for Proserpine, passed the 
 Spring of the gently flowing Anapus. Nearly seven 
 hundred years before the Christian era the town of Acrae 
 was founded by this Spring, and the remains of it have 
 been discovered and gruesomely described as the cadaver 
 of a great city. 
 
 Above the Spring there are some remarkable life-size 
 figures cut in the surface of the living rock, the chief 
 figure representing Isis, and, if she, as is supposed, was 
 the Egyptian original of the Romans' Ceres, it is possible 
 that the story of Ceres and Proserpine is written on the 
 rock in these carvings, and connects Anapus, as closely as 
 
SICILY 679 
 
 his wife Cyane, with the incident of the loss of the god- 
 dess' daughter. 
 
 The Spring is a mile from the modern town Buscemi 
 and twenty-foui miles from Syracuse; its waters gush out 
 of the limestone rock in considerable volume and are 
 unusually limpid and clear ; they flow through a beautiful 
 valley and into the harbor of Syracuse, being joined 
 within a mile of their mouth by the stream from Cyane. 
 
 Ovid; Fasti; IV. In 468. 
 
 497 
 
 Amenanus 
 
 The Springs of Amenanus at one time flowed, and at 
 another time were stopped up. 
 
 After a stoppage that might have endured for several 
 years, the Springs would reappear and flow abundantly 
 until, as it was supposed, their passage to the surface was 
 again obstructed by some disturbance in Mt. Etna, from 
 whose foot they issued. 
 
 The Springs rose near Catania through which ran a 
 small river they made, a river now called the Giudicello. 
 
 The god of the Springs was represented on the ancient 
 city's coins, and may still be seen in specimens that have 
 survived to the present time. 
 
 The fountains, which continue subject to the vagaries 
 of the volcano and have periodical intermissions that 
 establish their identity, were a few miles from the place 
 at which visitors started out on their venturesome climb 
 to the top of the two mile high mountain, whose frequent 
 commotions were said to be caused by the giant Typhoeus 
 in his frenzied efforts to escape from the mass that Zeus 
 threw over him at the time of the giants' war; when 
 heated by some prolonged attempt to throw off the 
 
68o ITALY: ISLANDS 
 
 mountain, his body scorches the earth, and his breath 
 catching fire is exhaled as streams of flame that burst 
 through the summit and redden the sky. 
 
 Long ago a popular and dramatic story, inculcating 
 filial devotion, described how two Catanasans, Amphino- 
 mus and Anapias, braving great danger during an erup- 
 tion of Etna, attempted to outrun a river of molten lava, 
 while loaded down with the weight of their aged parents. 
 The cataract of fiery lava gained many yards in every 
 second of its pursuit, and was soon at the heels of the 
 panting fugitives, and on the point of rushing over them 
 and their terrified burdens, when it miraculously swerved 
 aside and passed harmlessly by, to the wonder and de- 
 light of all breathless listeners. 
 
 It was from Catania that Rome received its first sun- 
 dial which was set up in the Forum in B.C. 263. 
 
 Ovid; Meta. XV. 278. 
 Strabo; VI. 2. § 3. 
 Pausanias; X. 28. 
 
SARDINIA 
 
 498-500 
 Sardinia 
 
 The island of Sardinia was free from all venomous 
 creatures save a tarantula-like spider; and of all noxious 
 grasses but a bitter herb called the Sardoa, which grew 
 about its Springs. It resembled parsley, and anyone who 
 eat of it was said to die laughing, the resulting distortion 
 of the features being called the Sardonic Grin, a term that 
 came to be applied to all meaningless or simulated 
 laughter. 
 
 Perhaps an echo of this laughter of torment may be 
 found in the name of the fountain of Paiils, a sacred 
 Spring enshrined in a temple that was uncovered during 
 excavations of the Italian ministry of Public Instruction. 
 The structure is supposed to be three thousand years old, 
 but the Spring is still running, and the medicinal prop- 
 erties attributed to it may have been made use of in the 
 temple by priests who treated victims of the herb. 
 
 The roots of the herbs imparted none of their proper- 
 ties to the Springs, though they were said to cause the 
 Sardinian honey's bitterness, a defect that still prevails, 
 although the accused herb has not yet been identified. 
 
 Three of the Springs of the island were called Lesitanae, 
 Hypsitanse, and Neapolitanse ; the latter being now known 
 as Sardara, and the first two as Benettuti and Fordun- 
 
 gianus. 
 
 68 1 
 
682 SARDINIA 
 
 In addition to the mystery of the unknown herb, 
 Sardinia has more than a thousand other mysteries in a 
 myriad of towers of massive masonry whose builders are 
 unknown; they are called Noraghes and are some forty 
 feet high, and shaped like cones with their upper halves 
 cut off. 
 
 Pausanias; X. 17. 
 
INDEX A 
 
 Names and characteristics of Springs and Wells. 
 
 Heavy numbers refer to words in titles. 
 
 Light numbers refer to words in the text. 
 
 Abano. Bagni d', 480 
 Abounding in, 14 
 Abraham's ftn, 355 
 Abu Galgal. Ain, 367 
 Acerra Well, 457 
 AchaiaWell,86 
 Achelous, 182 
 Acheron, 249, 426 
 Achillean ftn, 267 
 Acidalia, 149 
 Acidula, 456 
 Acis, 487, 175 
 Adler, 393 
 Adour. Bagniferes sur 
 
 1', 374 
 Adrastea, 44, 136 
 JEa, 203 
 yEanis, 181 
 .(Edepsus, 283, 181 
 .^gaeon, 257 
 JEgium, loi, 104 
 .i^lneid, 419 
 .(Enuscabales, 341 
 ./Esculapius, 59, 61, 
 
 62,63,75. 103, 117 
 African, 304 
 
 Sandhills, 307 
 Aganippe, 160, Prf., 
 
 161, 162, 164 
 Agreeable ftn., 157, 
 
 484 
 Agrigentum, 489 
 Ai lanni, 131, 164 
 Ain, 353 
 
 Abu Galgal, 367 
 
 Ibrahim, 355 
 
 Jedi, 351 
 
 Ain. Ras-el, 350 
 Aine Geul, 252 
 Aix, 376, 377 
 Aix les Bains, 377 
 Aizan, 378 
 Alalcomenea, 16 
 Al Bab, 367 
 Albudinus, 429 
 Albula, 463, 446 
 Albulas. Aquae, 442, 
 
 463 
 Albunea, 442 
 Alesium. Mt., 15 
 Alexandrina, 429 
 AlitjEa, 237 
 Alphabet Spring, 295 
 Alphaga, 486 
 Alpheus, 30, 31 to 41 
 Alu Bunar Darbund, 
 
 258 
 Alyssus, 24 
 Amari. Pontes, 333 
 Amenanus, 497 
 America's Grecian, 
 
 320 
 Ammon, 310, 313 
 Amphiaraus, 139, 49, 
 
 286 
 Amycus, 227, 278 
 Amymone, 46, 47, 
 
 139 
 Ana, 389 
 
 Anapauomene, 265 
 Anapauomenon, 183 
 Anapus, 496 
 Anas, 389 
 Anavolos, 60 
 
 683 
 
 Anchoe, 170 
 
 Andros, 290 
 
 Angels. Fallen, 352 
 
 Aniger, 96, 95 
 
 Anigriades. Fountain 
 of the, 96 
 
 Anigrus (see also Ani- 
 ger), 22 
 
 Anio, 429 
 
 Anonus, 78 
 
 Antioch. Ftn. of, 364 
 
 Antiope, 133 
 
 Anxur, 449 
 
 Apis. Wells of, 327 
 
 Apochrypha, 3,52 
 
 ApoUinares. Aquas, 
 472 
 
 ApoUinaris, 372 
 
 Apollo, 120, 272, 298, 
 320, 472 
 
 ApoUonia, 187, 233 
 
 Apollo's Isle, 407 
 
 Aponian, 480 
 
 Aponus, 480 
 
 Apostles', 437 
 
 Aqs, 375 
 
 Aqua: 
 
 Crabra, 429 
 Felice, 429 
 Marcia, 461 
 MattiacEe, 393 
 Virgo, 429, 440 
 
 Aquae: 
 
 Acidulae, 456 
 Albulae, 442, 463 
 ApoUinares, 472 
 Auraliae, 472 
 
684 
 
 INDEX A 
 
 Aquae — Continued 
 Calidae, 372, 388, 
 
 370 
 Convenarum, 374 
 Cumana;, 451 
 Gratianae, 377 
 Hypsitanae, 499 
 Labanae, 446 
 Lesitanae, 498 
 Mattiacae, 393 
 Neapolitanae, 500 
 Passerians, 473 
 Passeris, 473 
 Patavinas, 480 
 Sextiae, 376 
 Sinuessa, 444 
 Solis, 370 
 Statielte, 478 
 Sulis, 370 
 Tacapitanae, 315 
 Tarbellae, 375, 374 
 Tauri, 467 
 Thermae, 467 
 
 Arabia, 340 
 
 Aradus, 355, 60 
 
 Araxus, 455 
 
 Archidemia, 493 
 
 Ardericca Well, 363 
 
 Arene, 95 
 
 Ares, 131, 129 
 
 Arethusa, 151, 279, 
 285, 420, 486, 30, 
 94,295,410,411 
 
 Aretian, 131 
 
 Argos. Spgs. of, 46 
 
 Argyra, 100 
 
 Aricia, 441 
 
 Armenia, 358 
 
 Arms of Briarius, 257 
 
 Ame, 2 
 
 Arquebusade. 
 Eaux d', 379 
 
 Arrow-proot, 276 
 
 Arsinoe, 345 
 
 Artacia, 404 
 
 Artacian ftn.,222,223 
 
 Artemsium. Mt., 51 
 
 Artesian Well in the 
 Sea, 355 
 
 Artynias, 243 
 
 Ascanias, 226 
 
 Asea, 30 
 Asean, 30 
 
 Asmabaean Well, 259 
 Asopus, 53, 146 
 Aspropotamos, 182 
 Astyra, 219 
 Atalanta, 75 
 Atarantes, 311 
 Athamanis, 183 
 Athens, 114 
 Atlantes, 312 
 Attic ftn., 128 
 Aufeian, 461 
 Augila, 308 
 Aulai. Sarant, 166 
 Aulis, 135 
 Aulocrene, 246 
 Aulus, 135 
 Auraliae. Aquae, 472 
 Ausonia, 432, 180 
 Autocrene, 246 
 Aventine hill, 433 
 Avernus, 426, 415, 
 
 419 
 Azaritia, 228 
 
 Bab ftn, 367 
 
 Babylonian naptha, 
 362 
 
 Bacchus (see Diony- 
 sus) 
 
 Baetis, 382 
 
 Bagistanus, 369 
 
 Bagni d'Abano, 480 
 di Perrata, 467 
 di Grotta Marozza, 
 
 di Monte Falcone, 
 
 .483 . 
 
 di S. Giovanni, 483 
 di S. Giuliano, 468 
 di Sasso, 470 
 di Stigliano, 472 
 Bagni. I, 444 
 Bagniferes-sur-l'Adour, 
 
 374 
 Baiae, 451, 444 
 Bains: 
 
 Aix les, 377 
 
 Bourbonne les, 371 
 Bandusia, 459, 443 
 
 Banias, 353 
 Banitza, 51, 184 
 Baphyra, 201 
 Basitun, 369 
 Bath (England), 370 
 Bath. Helen's, H2 
 Bathyllus, 37 
 Beautiful Stream, 237 
 Beer-Sheba Wells, 347 
 Beit-el-Maa, 364 
 Belemina, 76 
 Bello. Fonte, 443, 
 
 459 
 Beneficial (see Injuri- 
 ous), 6, 22, 24, 84, 93, 
 100, 158, 208, 238, 
 
 277, 335. 354. 379. 
 
 380, 444, 453, 455, 
 
 463, 480 
 Benettuti, 498 
 Bethesda, 383 
 Bethulia, 177 
 Bhagiratha, 398 
 Bing-Gheul, 366 
 Bisa, 91 
 Bithynian, 229 
 Bitter, 333, 394 
 Bitter water, 275 
 Blacksmith's Well, 10 
 Black Spg., 83, 258 
 Blackthorn, 325 
 Black water, 19, 219 
 Blood. Ftn of, 211 
 
 104 
 Blue. Dark, 180 
 Bodincus, 477 
 Bog, 394 
 
 Boihng, 250, 259, 393 
 Bona Dea, 430, 252 
 Bonnes. Eaux, 379 
 Borboni, 37 1 
 Bormo, 371 
 Bormus, 226 
 Boronis, 371 
 Borvonis, 371 
 Bourbon, 371 
 Bourbonne-les-Bains, 
 
 371 
 Branchidse, 266 
 Breasts of Nature, 159 
 Brentheates, 33 
 
INDEX A 
 
 685 
 
 Briarius. Anns of, 257 
 Brundusium, 460 
 Bruttii, 210, 212 
 Bubbling, 18 
 Bucolics', 413 
 Bull's water, 50, 467 
 Bunar Darbund. Alu, 
 
 258 
 Buphagus, 34 
 Burinna, 299 
 Byblis, 265 
 
 Ccere, 470 
 Caeretana, 470, 472 
 Ca;rulus, 429 
 Caicus, 218 
 Cainochorion, 232 
 Cairo, 330 
 Calanus. Ftns of, 397, 
 
 278, 313 
 Calderelle. Le, 456 
 Caldes, 388 
 Calidae. Aquae, 372, 
 
 388, 370 
 Calippia, 237 
 Callichorus, 122, 123 
 Callirhoe, 356 
 Callirrhoe, 116, 174, 
 
 352 
 
 Callisto, 20 
 Calypso's Isle, 408 
 Cambalidus (see Bagi- 
 
 stanus) 
 Canali. Fonte di, 492 
 Canathus, 58 
 Candia, 301 
 Career Mamertinus, 
 
 438 
 Carnasium, 30 
 Carrhae, 356 
 Carrinenses, 385 
 Carthage, 319 
 Carthea, 294 
 Caruru boiling, 250 
 Cassotis, 165, 160, 164 
 Castalia, 164, 364, 416 
 
 Preface, 160, 165, 
 168 
 Catarractes, 242 
 Cauvsa, 234 
 Cea, 296 
 
 Cefalino, 493 
 Center of the Earth 
 
 Spg, 323 
 Cephisia, 125 
 Cephissus, 170, 125, 
 
 164 
 Ceres', 403, 486 
 Cerona, 191 
 Chabura, 357 
 Characteristics (sec 
 
 Springs) 
 Chaudes. Eaux, 379 
 Chilia, 137 
 Chimerium, 186 
 Chloris', 314 
 Cicero's water, 453 
 Cicysium, 91 
 Cinyps, 316 
 Circular, 298, 353 
 Cirrha, 168 
 Cissa, 12 
 Cissusa, 147 
 CithiEron, 143, 142 
 Clason, 244 
 Claros, 239 
 Clazomene, 241 
 Clear, 229 
 Cleite, 223, 224 
 Clepsydra, 83, 119, 
 
 117, 120 
 Clitorian, 22 
 Clitumnus, 418, 476, 
 
 20^ 
 Clusian, 474 
 Cnidus, 260, 261 
 Cocytus, 249, 419 
 Cocytus mire, 427 
 Colchis, 278 
 Cold, 161 
 
 Collection box, 139 
 Common Carriers, 30 
 Como Lake, 481 
 Contoporia, 52 
 Convenarum. Aquae, 
 
 374 
 
 Coralis, 342 
 Corcyra, 409 
 Corinth's, 108 
 Corycian cave, 166, 
 
 164, 249, 275 
 Cosile, 211 
 
 Cotyliae, 465 
 Couch fountain, 466 
 Crabra. Aqua, 429 
 
 Fountain, 429 
 Cranon, 196 
 Crathis, 23, 192 
 Crenac, 179 
 Crenoca, 130 
 Crete, 301, 83 
 Crocodile, 228 
 Crow's, 167 
 Crudelis, 226 
 Cruni, 97 
 Cucios, 339 
 Cuma, 472 
 Cumanae. Aquae, 451 
 Cupido, 223 
 Cure. Love, 100 
 Cure. Wound, 379 
 Curtius, 429 
 Cyane, 485, 265, 484, 
 
 486, 496 
 Cyaneas, 273 
 Cyathus, 176 
 Cydnus, 277, 296 
 Cydonea, 289 
 Cyene (see Syene) 
 Cymothe, 106 
 Cyparissa, 75 
 Cyparissias, 82, 141 
 Cyphanta, 75 
 Cyre, 320 
 
 Cyrene, 320, 73, 313 
 Cyros, 103 
 Cyrtones, 156 
 Cytherus, 93 
 
 Dabb, 367 
 Dan, 353 
 Daniel's, 368 
 Danube, 390 
 Daphne, 364, 164, 353 
 Daradax, 367 
 Darbund. Alu Bunar, 
 
 258 
 Dardes, 367 
 Dascylum, 221 
 Daulotos, 343 
 Dea. Bona, 430, 252 
 Debris, 310 
 Delos, 298 
 
686 
 
 INDEX A 
 
 Delphusa (see also 
 
 Tilphusa), 164, 165 
 Demetrius naptha, 
 
 362 
 Denair, 242, 246 
 Denizli, 250 
 Dhahab, 367 
 Dhipotamo, 84 
 Diana's, 298 
 Dicaearchai, 452 
 Digentia, 443 
 Diglito, 360 
 Dine, 60, 186 
 Dinus, 270 
 Dionysus (Bacchus), 
 
 39. 82, 75, 141, 147 
 Dionysus' temple ftn, 
 
 290 
 Dios Theodosia, 290 
 Dirce, 105, 130 
 
 preface, 129, 131, 
 
 133 
 Dirce Well, 142 
 Dodona, 183 
 Dog Spring. Sea-, 56 
 Donacon, 157, 138 
 Donau, 390 
 Dora, 344 
 Dorcea, 65 
 Dorylaeum, 253 
 Draco, 458 
 Dripping Well, 107 
 Dropping ftn, 107 
 Dumbrek Su, 403 
 Dyras, 195, 178 
 Dyrrachium, 187 
 
 Ear-ringed eel, 285 
 Earthquake predicting 
 
 Wells, 24 
 Earth Spring. Center 
 
 of the, 323 
 Eaux Bonnes, 379 
 
 Chaudes, 379 
 
 d'arquebusade, 379 
 Eden's Spring, i 
 Eels. Ear-ringed, 285 
 Egeria, 434, 441, 400, 
 
 433, 436 
 Ela, 217 
 Elaea, 155 
 
 Elaion. Mt.,7 
 Elaphus, 20 
 Elea, 217 
 
 Elephantina Well, 324 
 Eleusis, 260 
 El Hammath, 315 
 Elisha's, 350 
 Ellopiae, 284 
 Emmaus, 354 
 Emotional fountain, 
 
 471 
 Empedo, 119 
 Enchanted ftn, 480 
 Engadda, 351 
 Engedi, 351 
 Enna, 484, 157, 260 
 Enneacrunus, 116, 117 
 Envoys' WeU, 66 
 Ephesus, 236, 237, 238 
 Epicrane, 152 
 Erasinus, 54, 21 
 Erechtheium Well, 
 
 iiSi 268 
 Erclrian ftn, 286 
 Eridanus, 124, 422, 
 
 477, 114, 281, 381 
 Erymanthus, 32 
 Erythraean Sea Spg, 
 
 346 
 Esh Shar, 353 
 Eski-Shehr, 253 
 EsShiriah,353 
 Euboea, 282 
 Euleus, 368 
 Euphrates, 359, 53, 
 
 360 
 Eure, 378 
 Europas, 194 
 E urotas, 30, 64, 68, 76, 
 
 194 
 Eurymenae, 199 
 Exampaeus, 394 
 Ex Pede Herculem, 
 
 322 
 
 Falcone. Monte, 483 
 Fallen angels, 352 
 False goldfish, 386 
 Fancy fountains, 400 
 Far. Ftn of, 367 
 Farm, 415,426 
 
 Faunus and Picus, 433 
 Fawn's. Silvia's, 424 
 Fay, 367 
 Felice. Aqua, 429 
 Pelonica, 471 
 Feronia, 449, 471,463 
 Ferrata. Bagni di, 467 
 Fire kindling, 183, 187 
 Flora's, 314 
 Flowers, 314 
 
 Well of, 123 
 Flute ftn, 246 
 Fons Soils, 313 
 
 Tungrorum, 380 
 Fontana deUa Mad- 
 
 dalina, 494 
 Fontane. Tre, 439 
 Fonte Bello, 443, 459 
 
 di Canali, 492 
 
 Gerulo, 441 
 
 Grande, 459 
 
 Velino, 464 
 Pontes Amari, .•;33 
 
 Leucoga-'i, 455 
 
 Mattiacae, 393 
 Fordungianus, 499 
 Forgetfulness. Water 
 
 of (see also Lethe), 
 
 137 
 Fortunate Springs, 77 
 Fountain festival, pre- 
 face 
 Fountain of health, 
 
 335 
 
 of Love, 462 
 
 of Sarnus, 458 
 
 of the Anigriades, 
 96 
 
 of the Palici, 488 
 Founts of Mt. Ida, 
 
 401 
 Frangovrysi, 30 
 Frank Spring, 30 
 Freak. Nature's, 231 
 Frog-birth Spring, 269 
 
 Galgal. Ain Abu, 367 
 Gallus, 252 
 Ganges, 398 
 Gangotri, 398 
 Garamantes, 309 
 
INDEX A 
 
 687 
 
 Garden of the Hes- 
 
 perides, 322 
 Gargaphia, 145, 140, 
 
 144 
 Gargo, 195 
 Gateftn, 130 
 Gelaco, 79 
 Gelon, 24s 
 Gcorgics'. The, 415 
 GeronthrjE, 81 
 Gerulo. Fonte, 441 
 Ghost-laying, 450 
 Ghost's WeU, 215 
 Gigartho, 292 
 Giovanni. Bagni di S., 
 
 483 
 Giudicello, 497 
 Giuliano. Bagni di S., 
 
 468 
 Glauce, no, 108, 159 
 Goats. Ftn of, 351 
 Golden water, 369a, 
 
 447 
 Goldfish. False, 386 
 Gorgon ftn, 161 
 Gortyna, 301 
 Gortynius, 41 
 GrjEcia. Magna, 210 
 Grande. Fonte, 459 
 Gratianae. Aquae, 377 
 Great River, 382 
 Grecian Spgs, i, 210, 
 
 432 
 Grotta Marozza. 
 
 Bagni di, 446 
 Guadalquivir, 382 
 Guadiana, 389 
 Gythium, 62 
 
 Hagno, I 
 Hales, 217 
 Halirrhothius, 117 
 HalitseaWell, 237 
 Hamman I'Enf, 317 
 Hammath, 354 
 Harranath, el., 315 
 Hashbeia, 353 
 Hazezon-Tamar, 351 
 Headache, 443, 459 
 Health. Fountain of, 
 335 
 
 Heat retaining, 196, 
 
 393 , 
 Helen's bath, 112 
 Helicon, 162, 201 
 Helisson, 35 
 Henna (see Enna) 
 Hephsestus, 278, 313, 
 
 397 
 Herculem. Ex Pede, 
 
 322 
 Hercules, 284, 322, 
 
 180 
 Hercules. Pillars of, 
 
 383 
 
 Hercules' stream, 440 
 Hercules' Well, 49 
 Hercyna, 137, 428 
 Hermaphroditus, 264 
 Hermes (see also Mer- 
 cury), 99, 105 
 Herimone. Wells of, 
 
 57 
 Hesperides, 322 
 Hiddekel, 360 
 Hierapolis, 251 
 Hiericus, 350 
 Hill Spring, 40 
 Hill Spg. Aventine, 
 
 433 
 Hippius. Poseidon, 2 
 Hippocrene (Helicon), 
 
 161, 138, 160, 162, 
 
 439 
 Hippocrene (Troezen), 
 
 48,49 
 Homer's, 399, 123, 
 
 238, 279, 280 
 Homer's unnamed, 
 
 411 
 Honey ftns, 397 
 HopUtes, 148 
 Horace's, 443, 459 
 Horcus, 194 
 Hot. Hercules', 284 
 Hundred. A, 114, 183, 
 
 257 
 HvergeknereWeU, 188 
 Hyampolis Well, 169 
 Hyantian Aganippe, 
 
 160 
 Hydor. Pikron, 275 
 
 Hydrussa, 297 
 Hyela, 217 
 Hylas, 414, 226 
 Hyllicus, 55, 50 
 Hycessa, 50 
 Hypanis,394 
 Hypelaeus, 236 
 Hypereia, 189, 190, 
 
 197 
 Hypsitanae. Aquae, 499 
 Hyrie, 176 
 Hysiae, 140 
 
 lanni. Ai, 131, 164 
 I Bagni, 444, 483 
 Ibrahim. Ain, 355 
 Ice-cold, 20, 52, 183 
 Ida. Fts. of Mt.,401 
 lenidja, 202 
 Ilerda, 387 
 
 Iliad. Spgs of the, 399 
 Immortality (see 
 
 Youth) 
 Inachus, 51, 198, 179 
 Injurious (see Bene- 
 ficial) 19, 100, 136, 
 204, 206, 252, 264, 
 338, 392, 395, 448, 
 491 
 Inna, 202, 258 
 Inopus, 53, 298 
 Ino. Water of, 72 
 Intermittent, 29, 120, 
 
 287, 383. 384, 477, 
 
 481, 497 
 lonides, 93 
 Irresistible, 340 
 Isle. Apollo's, 407 
 
 Calypso's, 408 
 
 Pharian, 410a 
 Ismenus, 131 
 Ister, 390 
 Italian, 210, 429 
 Ithaca, 279, 410, 410b 
 lulls, 295 
 
 Jason's, 224 
 Javelin Well, 173 
 Jay's Well, 12 
 Jechun, 276 
 Jedi. Ain, 351 
 
688 
 
 INDEX A 
 
 Jericho, 350 
 John. St., 131, 164 
 Joppa, 349 
 Jor, 353 
 Jordan, 353 
 Jordanes, 353 
 Jupiter. Ftn. of, 183 
 Jupiter. Well in the 
 
 garden of, 1 16 
 Jutuma, 435, 412 
 
 Kai Hissar, 249 
 Kanavari, 158 
 Karitena, 30, 33 
 Kefaloviyses, 170 
 Kephalari, 54 
 Kema, 165 
 Kings' Water, 368 
 Kiss. First, 356 
 Kochbrunnen, 393 
 Krene, 165 
 Krya, 137 
 Krya Vrisi, 30 
 Klryopegadi, 161 
 
 Labanae, 446, 463 
 Labranda, 262 
 LachEea, 406 
 Ladon, 31, 131 
 Laestrygonia, 404 
 Lago di Naftia, 488 
 LakeComo, 481 
 
 Lerna, 46 
 Lake. Tritonian, 209 
 Lamb ftn, 2 
 Lampismotto, 495 
 Lancea, 64 
 Land. Lotos, 405 
 La Pisma, 485 
 Larianlake, 481 
 Larine, 127 
 Larius lake, 481 
 Latona's, 298 
 Laughing, 245 
 Laurentian. Pliny's, 
 
 445 
 
 Le Calderelle, 456 
 Lechnus, 6 
 Lelantum, 286 
 Leontium, 491 
 Lerida, 387 
 
 Lerna, 46 
 
 Well, III 
 Lesbos, 288 
 Lesitanae. Aquas, 498 
 Lethe, 396, 428, 137, 
 
 382,426 
 Letrini, 94 
 Leuca, 216 
 
 Leucogaei. Pontes, 455 
 Leuconius, 9 
 Leucosyrus, 276 
 Leucothea, 293 
 Libanus, 365 
 Libethra, 207 
 Libethrias-Petra, 159 
 Librosus, 395 
 Libyan ftn, 425, 419 
 Licenza, 443, 459 
 Light-emitting, 337 
 Lightest water, 368 
 Lima, 382 
 Limyra, 271, 272 
 Linus, 6 
 
 Lion's village, 253 
 liparis, 336 
 Litas, 205 
 Lizard's, 302 
 Locria, 214 
 Lophis, 148 
 Lotos land, 405 
 Love-cure, 100 
 Love. Ftn of, 462 
 Lupad, 243 
 Lusi, 25 
 Lusius, 41 
 Lyca. Well, 215 
 Lycus, 247,243,366 
 Lymax, 13 
 Lyncestis, 184 
 
 Macaria, 126 
 Macrobii. Ftn of the, 
 
 335 
 Maddalina. Fontana 
 
 della, 494 
 Maeander, I, 53, 246 
 Maenads', 141 
 Masnalus, 20 
 Magaea, 494 
 Magna Graecia, 210 
 Magnet-like, 385 
 
 Magpie Well, 12 
 Magida, 67 
 Mamertinus. Career, 
 
 438 
 Marathon, 126 
 Marcia. Aqua, 461 
 Marcian, 461, 429 
 Marea, 329 
 Marius, 70 
 Marmara, 30 
 Marozza. Bagni di 
 
 Grotta, 1146 
 Mars (see Ares) 
 Marsyas, 242, 53, 244, 
 
 246 
 Mattiacae, 393 
 Mattiacum, 393 
 Mauretania mtn., 323 
 Mavromati, 83 
 Mavropotami, 155 
 Meadow Well, 57 
 Medma, 213 
 Megara, 144 
 Mela, 269 
 Melangeia, 14 
 Melas, 155 
 Meles, 400, 238, 406, 
 
 426 
 Melia, 131 
 Meliastae. Well of the, 
 
 28 
 Mehssae, 303 
 Melites (same as 
 
 Mela) 
 Melosso, 268 
 Memnon, 326 
 Memnonian fountain, 
 
 326 
 Memory, 137 
 Memphis Nilometer 
 
 Well, 324 
 Mendere, 402 
 Menelaus', 26 
 Menoscome, 254 
 Mercury (see also 
 
 Hermes), 436 
 Messanicus, 477 
 Messeis, 68, 190, 69, 
 
 189, 197 
 Metagenes' (seePhere- 
 
 crates), 211 
 
INDEX A 
 
 689 
 
 Metaphorical, 278, 
 
 397 
 Methana, 56 
 Mice Springs, 25 
 Midas, 240 
 
 Ftn of, 258, 202 
 
 Well, 248 
 Milichie, 495 
 Milk, 79, 141,278,397 
 Minyeius, 95, 96 
 Miraculous, 75, 211, 
 
 224, 438, 439 
 Mire. Cocsrtus, 427 
 Modon, 89 
 Monesi, 374 
 Monte Falcone, 483 
 Moon. Spg in the 
 
 398 
 Water of the, 72 
 Mother of Hypanis, 
 
 394 
 Mother of Springs. 
 
 The, 445 
 Motherof theSea, 482 
 Mothone, 89 
 Musa. Wadi, 348 
 Musical voice making, 
 
 318 
 Mycale. Mt., 266 
 Mylasa, 268 
 Myra, 272 
 Mysffium, 102 
 Mysius, 218 
 
 Naftia. Lago di, 488 
 Nahor. Well of, 356 
 Naia, 80 
 Naiades — nymphs of 
 
 Springs and Wells, 
 
 281 
 Naptha. Babylonian, 
 
 362 
 Narcissus, 157 
 Nasi, 43 
 Neapolis, 234 
 Neapolitans. Aquae, 
 
 500 
 Neda, i, 2, 13, 41, 83 
 Neleus, 192 
 Nemausus, 378 
 Nemi, 434 
 
 Neminia, 464 
 Neptune (see also Po- 
 seidon), 46 
 Neptunian, 448 
 Nigris. Ftn. of, 305, 
 
 323 
 Nile, 323, 53, 298, 359, 
 
 475 
 Nilometer Well: 
 
 Elephantina, 324 
 
 Memphis, 324 
 
 Syene, 324 
 Nimes, 378 
 Nine Springs, 116 
 96 rivers. 
 
 Spring of, 231 
 Niobe, 235, 159, 400, 
 
 412 
 Nisyrus, 300 
 No-Fountain town, 
 
 171, 294 
 Nonacris, 19, 206, 20, 
 
 23, 323 
 Numicus, 423 
 Nurse of fountains, 
 
 401 
 Nus, 277, 296 
 NymphjEum, 71, 187 
 Nymphasia, 42 
 Nymphs, Ftn of the, 
 
 378 
 
 Odorous ftns, 278, 335 
 
 357 
 Odyssey. Springs of 
 
 the, 399 
 CEchalia, 87 
 CEdipodia, 153 
 CEdipus, 134, 129, 153 
 (Ence, 4, 51 
 Ogygia, 408 
 Oil ftn., 397 
 Olympias, 29 
 One hundred, 1 14, 
 
 183, 257 
 Onesii, 374 
 One thousand, 366 
 Ophiussa, 297 
 Orchomenus, 17, 150 
 Orcus, 194 
 Orea, 175 
 
 Orge, 373 
 Orontes, 365 
 Ortygia, 486 
 Osogo, 268 
 Ovid's, 462 
 
 Pactolus, 240, 248 
 Padua, 479 
 Padus, 477 
 Pag<-E (sec Pega;) 
 Pagasa;, 197 
 Pains. Ftn of, 498 
 Palais. Stais, 294 
 Palici. Fountains of 
 
 the, 488 
 Pamisus, 84 
 Pan, 120 
 Panias, 353 
 Panopeus, 171 
 Panopus, 121, 116 
 Paphlagonian ftn, 230 
 Paphlagonios, 326 
 Paralysis, 392 
 Paraporti, 130 
 Parcel Post, 30 
 Parthenius, 123,230 
 Passer, 473 
 
 PasseriariEE. AquEE, 473 
 PasserisAqu8E,473 
 Patavinas. AquEE, 480 
 Patras Well, 98, 99, 
 
 273 
 Paul. St., 439, 437 
 Pedasus, 89 
 Pede Herculem. Ex, 
 
 322 
 PegEE, 226, 30, 322 
 Pegassean fountain, 
 
 161 
 Pegasus, 161 
 Peirene, 109, 54, 108,'. 
 
 no. III, 281 
 Pel, 204 
 Pella, 204 
 PeUanis, 63, 64 
 Penelope's, 280 
 Peneus, 193, 417, 194 
 Perperena, 225 
 Perseia, 45 
 Perseus, 45, 44, 242, 
 
 349 
 
690 
 
 INDEX A 
 
 Peter. St., 438, 437 
 Petra, 348 
 
 Petra. Libethrias, 159 
 Petrifying, 261, 199, 
 
 225,247,251,464 
 Phaeacia, 409 
 Phana, 177 
 Pharae, 85, 99, 105 
 Pharian Isle, 410a 
 Pharos, 332 
 Phausia, 263 
 Phazemonita;, 234 
 Phenix, 155 
 Pherecratea (see Meta- 
 
 genes), 74 
 Phiala, 353 
 PhigaliaWeU, II 
 Philip's Well, 27 
 Phocis, 163 
 Phorcys, 410, 425 
 Physadea, 47 
 Pieus. Faunus and, 
 
 433 
 
 Piera, 90 
 
 Pierian, 90, 160, 161, 
 
 164 
 Pikemi, 14 
 Pikron Hydor, 275 
 Pillars of Hercules, 
 
 383 
 Pimplea, 200 
 Pion, 237 
 Pipe ftn, 246 
 Pirene (see also Pei- 
 
 rene), 281 
 Pisa, 91,468 
 Pisciarelli, 455 
 Pisma. La, 485 
 Pitonia, 429, 461 
 Plane tree ftn, 274, 88 
 Plants. Spring, 24, 
 
 I47> 175 
 
 Platsea, 144 
 
 Plataniston, 88 
 
 Plinthia, 490 
 
 Pliny. Ftn of, 380 
 
 Pliny's Springs: 
 Bithynian, 229 
 Golden water, 447 
 Intermittent, 481 
 Laurentian, 445 
 
 Tuscan, 466 
 Wonderful, 481 
 
 Pluto's, 74 
 
 Po, 422, 477 
 
 Pole Spring. South, 
 
 323 
 Polydeucea, 69 
 Pope's (see Pierian) 
 Poseidon (see also 
 
 Neptune) 
 Poseidon Hippius, 2 
 Poseidon's Well, 114, 
 
 "5 
 Posidian, 452 
 Potnia; Well, 136 
 Potoki, 201 
 Priests. Fountains of 
 
 the, 327 
 Primeval ftn, 157 
 Prohibition's Spg, 182 
 Prophetic, 98, 105, 
 
 138, 140, 183, 239, 
 
 273, 313, 384 
 Prussa, 220 
 Psamathe, 154, 281, 
 
 124, 171 
 Pyramid Well, 328 
 Pyramus, 276, 361 
 Pyxurates, 359 
 
 Quasam. Wadi, 316 
 
 Ras-el-Ain, 350 
 Rebuking Spring, 283 
 Redfountain, 338, 349 
 Red Sea Spg, 346 
 Rhacotis, 331 
 Rhenus, 391 
 Rhenus. Small, 391 
 Rhine, 391, 381 
 Rhine. Small, 391 
 Rhodanus, 381, 477 
 Rhone, 381 
 Rhyndacus, 243 
 Rock-making Spg, 251 
 Rome's, 429, 440 
 Royal ftn, 220, 221 
 Royal Waters, 185 
 Ruad, 355 
 Rubicon, 475, 387 
 Rufea, 30, 31 
 
 Sacred Wells, 327 
 St. John's, 131, 164 
 St. Paul's, 439 
 St. Peter's, 438 
 St. Theodore's, 134 
 Salambria, 194 
 Salmacis, 264, 454 
 Salmone, 92 
 Salt water (see Water. 
 
 Salt) 
 Samian Spring, 291 
 Sandhills', 307 
 Sangarius, 256 
 Santa Marina, 71 
 Sappho's, 288 
 Sarabat, 240, 400 
 Saranda, 30 
 Sarant Aulai, 166 
 Sardara, 500 
 Sardinia, 498 
 Sardonic, 498 
 Samo, 458 
 Samus. Ftn of, 458 
 Sasso. Bagni di, 470 
 Saunion Well, 173 
 Sauros, 302 
 Scamander, 402, 323, 
 
 401 
 Scented (see Odorous) 
 Scheria, 408, 409 
 Scolitas, 36 
 Sea-dog Spgs, 56 
 Sea Spring. Red-, 346 
 Sea Springs: 
 
 Aradus, 355 
 
 Chimerium, 186 
 
 Dine, 60 
 
 Nile, 323 
 Sea Water (see Water. 
 
 Salt) 
 Second Roman Spg, 
 
 432 
 Seihun, 276 
 Semiramis, 369 
 Semna;, 118 
 Serpent, 306 
 Seven Wells, 347 
 SextisB. Aquae, 376 
 Sicily's, 484 
 Silvia's fawn's, 424 
 Simois, 403, 401 
 
INDEX A, 
 
 691 
 
 Sinaja-Wada, 394 
 Sinuessa, 444 
 Sipylus, 400 
 Sithnides. Fountain of 
 
 the, 113 
 Siva's-mouth Spg, 398 
 Skripu, 149 
 Smyrna, 238 
 Snow-cold, 52 
 Solis. Aqua?, 370 
 Solis. Fens, 313 
 Soracte. Mt., 471 
 South Pole Spg, 323 
 Spa, 380 
 Spring plants, 24, 147, 
 
 Sprmg of all rivers, 415 
 Springs: 
 
 Characteristics; 
 Arrow-proof, 276 
 Beneficial (which 
 
 see) 
 Bull-like roaring, 
 
 170 
 Cinema, 73 
 Drunkards. 
 
 Made., 184 
 Drunkards 
 
 Cured, 22 
 Fire-kindling, 183, 
 
 187 
 Fire Spring, 56 
 Floats all things, 
 
 490 
 Floats nothing, 
 
 335 
 
 Forgetfulness (see 
 a£o Lethe), 137 
 
 Honey, 397 
 
 Horse-madden- 
 ing, 136 
 
 Hydrophobia 
 cure, 24 
 
 Injurious (which 
 see) 
 
 Intermittent 
 (which see) 
 
 Irresistible, 340 
 
 Light emitting, 
 
 337 
 Laughter, 245 
 
 Magnet-like, 385 
 Memory, 137 
 Militant, 180,432 
 Milk (which see) 
 Miraculous 
 
 (which see) 
 Musical, 318 
 Nature's freak, 
 
 208, 231 
 96 Rivers from 
 
 one Spring, 231 
 Odorous, 278, 335, 
 
 357 
 Perjury test, 19, 
 
 488 
 Petrifying (which 
 
 see) 
 Prophetic (which 
 
 see) 
 Rebuking, 283 
 Scalded maidens, 
 
 480 
 Sweet, 138, 220, 
 
 221 
 Thermos flask, 
 
 196, 393 
 38 from one rock, 
 
 208 
 Traveling, 77, 271 
 Varying (which 
 
 see) 
 Weeping, 244 
 Wine, etc. (which 
 
 see) 
 Springs: 
 
 Produced by; 
 Foot, 299, 322 
 Horsehoof, 48, 
 
 161 
 Lance, 75 
 Prayer, 224 
 Tears, 109, 223, 
 
 242, 265 
 Thyrsus, 82 
 Trident, 46, 115 
 Springs: 
 Topics; 
 
 Cause of conten- 
 tion, 76 
 Ceres informed 
 
 by, 485 
 
 Depth unknown, 
 
 46, 442 
 Disappeared in a 
 
 Spring, 63, 226, 
 
 414 
 Dissolved into a 
 
 Spg., 109, 265, 
 
 441. 485 
 Endurance of, 77 
 Fountain pen, 58 
 Free Masonry's, 
 
 122 
 Historyless, 77 
 Identifying, 22, 
 
 40, 58 
 IntheSea, 60, 77, 
 
 355 
 Leaping to es- 
 cape, 250 
 Lost Spring, 440 
 Mice Spring, 25 
 Muses' Spring, 
 
 160 
 Mystery of Spgs, 
 
 304 
 Not of water, 397 
 Pausanias' Spgs; 
 
 Pref. 
 Ram changed to 
 
 .a, 313 
 Sign for mineral 
 
 sp., 371 
 
 Volcanic action 
 and Springs, 
 56, 432 
 
 Vowing by; Pref., 
 130, 419 
 
 Washing in Spgs, 
 
 73 ■ 
 Stais Palais, 294 
 Statiellse. Aqua;, 478 
 Stigliano. Bagni di, 
 
 472 
 Stiris Well, 172 
 Stone making (see 
 
 Petrifying) 
 Stratios. Zeus, 262 
 Strefi, 93 
 
 Strophie, 132, 129 
 Stymphelus, 21, 54 
 Styx, 19, 24, 194, 426 
 
692 
 
 . INDEX A 
 
 Su. Dumbrek, 403 
 Suez Canal, 333 
 Sulis. Aquae, 370 
 Sun. Ftn of the, 313 
 Sun. Water of the, 313 
 Surium, 272 
 Sweet (see Water. 
 
 Sweet) 
 Sybaris, 104, 2ii, 192, 
 
 216,316 
 Syene. Well of, 324 
 
 Tacape, 315 
 Tacapitanae. Aquae, 
 
 315 
 Taenarum,73 
 Tamar. Hazezon, 351 
 Tamaricus, 384 
 Taphiassus. Mt., 178, 
 
 195, 214 
 Tarbellse. Aquee, 375, 
 
 374 
 Tarbelli, 375 
 Tarpeia, 431, 432 
 Tarracina, 448, 449 
 Tarsus', 277 
 Tartarus, 382, 426 
 Tartessus,382 
 Tasitia, 337 
 Tatnos, 334 
 Tauri. Aquae, 467 
 Taurius, 55 
 Taurus, 55 
 Tchoruk-Su, 247 
 Tchy. Tersoos, 277 
 Tearus, 208, 231 
 Tegea, 8, 218 
 Teiresias, 138, 139, 
 
 161 
 Temenitis, 492 
 Temesa, 215 
 Temperance Spring, 
 
 182 
 Teneffi. Wells called, 18 
 Tenedos, 287 
 Tenos, 297 
 Terrible waters, 19 
 Tersoos Tchy, 277 
 Theater, 38 
 Thebes', 129 
 Themisonium, 249 
 
 Theocritus', 299, 413 
 Theodore. St., 134 
 Theodosia. Dios, 290 
 Thermae. Aquae, 467 
 Thermeh, 231 
 Thermodon, 231, 257 
 Thermopylae, 180 
 Thermos flask, 196, 
 
 393 
 Thespiae, 158 
 Thessaly, 188 
 Thestes, 321 
 The Wells, 30, 179 
 Thisbe's, 361 
 Thousand. One, 366 
 Three stream Spg, 46 
 Three substances. 
 
 Well of, 363 
 Three Wells, 3 
 Thuria, 212, 264 
 Thurii, 212 
 Tiassus, 67 
 Tiberias, 3S4 
 Tigris, 360, 359 
 Tilphusa (see also 
 
 Delphusa), 138, 
 
 139. 157. 239 
 
 Timavus, 421, 482 
 
 Tlmon's, 100,114,121, 
 
 Tino, 297 
 
 Tiresias (see Teire- 
 sias) 
 
 Tisitia, 337 
 
 Titaresius, 194, 193 
 
 Toy-makers', 380 
 
 Tragus, 43 
 
 Transforming, 209, 
 264 
 
 Traveling Fountains, 
 
 77. 271, 464 
 Tree fountain. Plane, 
 
 274 
 Tree Spring, 88 
 Tre Fontane, 439 
 Treton, 52 
 Tricolini, 30, 42 
 Tricrena Mts., 3 
 Trident Spring, 46 
 Trident Well, 115 
 Trinemeia (see Trine- 
 
 meis) 
 
 Trinemeis, 125 
 Triopas, 260 
 Tritonian lake, 209, 
 
 322 
 Tritonis, 5, 209 
 Troezen Hippocrene, 
 
 48, 49 
 Trophonius, 137 
 Tungrorum. Fons, 
 
 380 
 Tunis, 317 
 Turkovrysa, 79 
 Tuscan fountains. 
 
 Pliny's, 466 
 Typhon, 365 
 
 Ulai, 368 
 
 Unnamed. Homer's, 
 411 
 Rome's, 429 
 
 Vai-ying fountains: 
 143, 183, 233, 270, 
 278, 287, 310, 313, 
 
 330, 384, 486 
 Velia, 217 
 Velino. Fonte, 464 
 Vestal Virgins', 433 
 Vetulonia, 469 
 Vichy, 372 
 Village. Lion's, 255 
 Violet odor (see also 
 
 Odorous), 335 
 Virgil's, 412 
 Virgin's, 440, 429 
 Virgins', 433 
 Virgo. Aqua, 429, 440 
 Vishnu's-foot Spg, 
 
 398 
 Volo, 197 
 Vostitza, 1 01 
 Vourla, 241 
 Vroma, 56 
 Vromolimni, 56 
 
 Wada. Sinaja, 394 
 Wad-el-kebir, 382 
 Wadi Ana, 389 
 
 Musa, 348 
 
 Quasam, 316 
 
INDEX A 
 
 693 
 
 Water: 
 
 Bitter, 275 
 
 Bull's, 50, 467 
 
 Cicero's, 453 
 
 Golden, 369a, 447 
 
 Kings', 368 
 
 Lightest, 368 
 
 Black, 155, 219 
 
 Blue, 180 
 
 Red, 349 
 Water of: 
 
 Forgetfulness 
 (See Lethe), 137 
 
 Ino, 72 
 
 the Moon, 72 
 
 the Styx, 19 
 
 the Sun, 313 
 Water. Salt: 
 
 Cirrha, 168 
 
 Dinus, 270 
 
 Erechtheium Well, 
 
 "5 
 
 Mt. Alesium, 15 
 
 Mylasa, 268 
 Water. Sweet, 138, 
 
 221 
 Waters: 
 
 Black, 19, 219 
 
 Royal, 185 
 
 Terrible, 19 
 Weeping Spring, 244 
 Well: 
 
 .lEgium, 101, 104 
 
 Alyssus, 24 
 
 A primitive, 363 
 
 Ardericca, 363 
 
 Artesian in Ocean, 
 
 355 
 Blacksmith's, 10 
 Cyaneae, 273 
 Elephantina, 324 
 Envoys', 66 
 Erechtheium, 115, 
 
 268 
 Garden of Jupiter, 
 
 116 
 Ghost's, 215 
 Hermes', 99 
 Hvergelmere, 188 
 Hysiae, 140 
 Javelin, 173 
 Lerna, 11 1 
 Leuconius, 9 
 Lyca, 215 
 Midas', 248 
 Philip's, 27 
 Poseidon's, 114, 
 
 115 
 Pyramid, 328 
 Saunion, 173 
 WeU of: 
 Acerra, 457 
 Achaia, 86 
 JEgium, loi 
 Amphiaraus, 139 
 Dirce, 142 
 Flowers, 123 
 Mothone, 89 
 Nahor, 356 
 Patrae, 98, 273 
 Phigalia, 11 
 Syene, 324 
 
 Three substances, 
 
 363 
 Wells: 
 
 Earthquake pre- 
 dicting, 24 
 
 Sacred, 327 
 
 Seven, 347 
 
 The, 30, 179 
 Wells calledTeneae, i8 
 WeUs of: 
 
 .(Esculapius, 59 
 
 Apis, 327 
 
 Beer-Sheba, 347 
 
 Hermione, 57 
 Willows. Ftn of, 486 
 Wine colored, 147 
 Wine effect, 184 
 Wine flavored, 230 
 Wine fountains, 278, 
 
 290, 397 
 Wine Springs, 141 
 Wit dulling, 296 
 
 Sharpening, 277 
 Wonderful Spring, 
 
 481 
 Wound-cure, 379, 24 
 
 Xanthus, 402 
 Xerghi, 194 
 
 Youth, Ftn. of, 171, 
 
 175 
 Zama, 318 
 Zea, 295 
 
 Zeus Stratios, 262 
 Zill^, 239 
 
INDEX B 
 
 Divinities, People, Places, Subjects. 
 (The figures refer to the Springs' numbers.) 
 
 Aaron's rod and Hercules' club: 
 
 49 
 Abydos: The tablet of 326 
 Academia: Cicero's villa 453 
 Aca mania: Origin of the name 
 
 286 
 Achelous: His great love for the 
 
 Sirens 182 
 Acheron : The Tartarian lake 427 
 Achilles: Wounds Telephus 8 
 Hero of Troy 89 Roused by 
 the death of Patroclus 181 
 His spear kills Pyraechmes 203 
 His ancestry 281 His con- 
 test with Hector 402 
 Acolyte breezes: 299 
 Acorn warriors: 20 
 Acrisius: Killed at quoits 45 
 Acropolis. The: 115 117 119 
 Actaeon: His bed 144 Killed by 
 his dogs; their biographies 145 
 Actseon's bones exorcise a 
 specter 150. 320 
 Admetus: Master of Apollo 59, 
 
 189. 197 
 Adrian: (see Hadrian) 
 Adriatic Sea 30 
 JEslcus: Ants changed to men for 
 
 him 281 
 .(Echmagorus: Son of Hercules 12 
 .(Eetes: Sets tasks for Jason 278 
 ^gaeon: Had fifty heads 257 
 .lEgeus: King of Athens 48 50 
 .(Egina: Carried off by Zeus 109 
 .(Egl^'s tears form amber 477 
 .lEgyptus: His sons killed by 
 
 Danaus' daughters 46 
 ^neas: Rescues Anchises 16 
 
 Britain founded by his de- 
 scendant 402 Interviews the 
 Sibyl at Albunea 442 Where 
 he wooed Lavinia 445 His 
 numerous Etrurian allies 474 
 
 jEoIus: His islands 213. 396 
 
 jEpytus: Blinded by a Spring 15 
 
 iErography 117 
 
 jEroplanes: Homer's 238 
 
 j^schylus: 44 477 
 
 /Esculapius: 40 50 His end 59 
 Dragon prescriptions 61 The 
 son of Fresh Air 103 Names 
 of those he restored to life 59. 
 117 
 
 .^serninus Marcellus: 301 
 
 .lEsop: Fellow-slave of Doricha 
 288 
 
 .(Ethra: Her tears explain an 
 oracle 216 
 
 Afranius: Conquered by thirst 
 
 387 
 Africa: Heat produced freaks; 
 people that were; noseless, 
 lipless, tongueless, earless, one- 
 eyed, one-legged, neokless, 
 four-footed, with reversed feet, 
 tailed, hair-covered (women) 
 
 304 
 Agacturi. The 341 
 Agamedes 137 
 Agamemnon : His capital 44 His 
 
 tomb 45. 1 01 135 164 
 Agathocles 369a 
 Agave: Pentheus' mother 141 
 Agenor: Sends Cadmus in search 
 
 of Europa 131 
 Agrippa: 426 429 440 
 
 694 
 
INDEX B 
 
 695 
 
 Agrippa. M: 461 
 
 Agrostis: Grass of immortality 
 
 175 
 
 Air theory. Old fresh 103 
 
 Aladdin 2 1 
 
 Alaric 65. Frightened by a 
 statue 114. 122 His strange 
 burial 2 1 1 
 
 Albania 187 
 
 Alcseus: Loved by Sappho 288 
 
 Alcides (Hercules) : 430 
 
 Alcimidon 12 
 
 Alcinous; 409 
 
 Alcisthenes : His extravagance 
 211 
 
 AlcmsEon: His shield 131 Cause 
 of his death 174 
 
 Alcmena: Mother of Hercules 
 129 
 
 Alcyonian marsh: Bottomless 46 
 
 Alcyonides: His daughters 396 
 
 Aleus 8 
 
 Alexander the Great: Cause of 
 his death 19, 27 Son of Philip 
 27 His usefulness 77 Spares 
 Pindar's house 130. 131 Gen- 
 ealogy 202 Birthplace 204 
 His dream 238 The Gordian 
 knot 240. 264 Visits oracle of 
 the Branchidae 266 Sickness 
 277, 296 Visits oracle of 
 Ammon 313 Seeks the Nile 
 Spring 323 His plan for a 
 city 332 His gold coffin 332 
 Experiments with boy and 
 naptha 362 In India 397 
 
 Alexandria 322 331 332 
 
 Alexandrian library: 332 
 
 Alica pottage: 455 
 
 Allahabad: 398 
 
 Almo: 434 
 
 Alope: 123 
 
 Alphabet: 131 135 210. Its 
 growth 295 Invention of 325 
 a. in Phoenicia 355 
 
 Alpheus: Tricked by Artemis 
 94. 486 
 
 Alpine Club explorations: 482 
 
 Alps: Dolomite 482 
 
 Amalthea: The goat, 83 
 
 Amber: Its origin 477 
 
 Amendment. The XIX 120 
 Amhara. Valley of : 315 
 Amithaon 22 
 
 Amphiaraus: Predicts defeat of 
 The Seven 44. 46 49 53 139 
 
 174447 
 Amphinomus: His filial devotion 
 
 497. 
 Amphion: Rocks attend his 
 
 funeral 129. 130 His magic 
 
 music 131 133 142 
 Amphitryon 130 
 Amphitryte: Wife of Poseidon 
 
 282 
 Ampsanctus. valley of: 426 
 Amyclas: Lost through silence 
 
 67 
 Amyctores. The: Lived on odors; 
 
 were mouthless 398 
 Amycus: Prize fight with Pollux 
 
 227 
 Anapias: His filial devotion 497 
 Anchises: 8 Died in Arcadia 
 
 16. 17 Died in Asia Minor 18 
 Anchor: Stone anchor of "Argo" 
 
 222 a. found by Midas 248 
 Anchored soldier 146 
 Ancient origin of modern works: 
 
 333 453 
 Andorra: Miniature Free State 
 
 387 
 
 Andree's atlas: 323 
 
 Androclus: 236 238 
 
 Androgens: Restored to life 59 
 King Minos' son; victim of 
 athletes' jealousy; cause of 
 Ariadne's misfortunes 301 
 
 Androgini: Hermaphrodites 304 
 
 Andromache: Parting with Hec- 
 tor 189 
 
 Andromeda: Her story in the 
 stars; her chains 349 
 
 Angels. Fallen: Where they fell 
 
 352 
 
 An!o:434 
 
 Ant: Ant-origin of the Myr- 
 midons 281 Ants feed Midas 
 240 
 
 Antaeus 312 
 
 Antenor: H's sarcophagus 479 
 
 Anthony. St.: Of Padua 480 
 
696 
 
 INDEX B 
 
 Anfichrist: 438 
 
 Antigonus: Rebuked by a Spring 
 
 283 
 Antioch: 364 
 
 Antiochus: Wines a Spring 364 
 Antiope: Persecuted by Dirce 
 
 130 Her history 133 142 
 Antiope the amazon: 48 
 Antistius Vetus: 453 
 Antonine: 8 
 Antony. Mark: 350 458 
 Aones. The 129 
 Apelles: Criticised by cobbler 
 
 108 Inspired by Phryne 158 
 
 Birthplace 299 
 Apermines 466 
 Aphareus 95 
 Aphidas 9 
 
 Aphrodite (see Venus) 
 Apis; Reincarnation of Osiris 
 
 327 
 Peculiar identification marks 
 that he bore 327 
 
 Apollo: His jealousy 31 Slave 
 of Admetus 59, 189 Meets 
 Creusa 118 His cave 119 
 Title to Delphic oracle 163 
 His Delphic temple 164 
 Turns the crow black 167 
 Changes Cycnus to a swan 
 176 Turns dragon to stone 
 218 Musical contest with 
 Marsyas 242 Changes Mi- 
 das' ears 248 Love for 
 Branchus 266 Avenges Psa- 
 mathe's son's death 281 His 
 precocity and birth 298 
 Courts Cyrene 320 His 
 sacred cattle 407. 442 471 
 
 ApoUonius of Tyana; His mys- 
 teries 259 
 
 ApoUonius Rhodius 397 
 
 Appian Way: 212 429 434 436 
 
 449 
 Apple. The 163 402 
 Apples of Venus 75 
 Apries. King: 321 
 Aquarius: Constellation 174 
 Aquataccio brook: 434 
 Aqueduct grafting: 229 429 434 
 Aqueduct construction: 429 
 
 Arabia: Wealth of 347 
 "Arabian Nights": 207 
 Arabs: Whence they came 312 
 Arachne: Her spiders spin black 
 
 webs in sorrow for Thebes' 
 
 fate 130 
 Ara Maxima: 430 
 Ararat. Mt: 188 
 Arcadia: City in Crete 83 
 Arcadian innocence I 
 Areas 20 
 Archemorus 44 
 Archimedes: 486 
 Arecomisci. The; 378 
 Areopagus 117 118 124 
 Ares (see Mars) 
 Arethusa : Flees from Alpheus 30 
 
 Whither she fled 279 
 Arethusa: City 206 Lake 359 
 Argo (see Golden Fleece) 
 Argos in Acamania 179 
 Argus 174 
 
 Argus; Hera's cowherd for lo 282 
 "Argus": U. S. warship 320 
 Argyra: Her inconstancy 100 
 Aria 207 
 Ariadne; Deserted by Theseus 
 
 48 Consoled by Glaucus 175 
 
 Sailed in the "Theoris" 298 
 
 Her thread guide in the 
 
 labyrinth 301 
 Ariantas. King: 394 
 Arimaspi; The one-eyed 304 
 Arion; Progeny of Poseidon and 
 
 Demeter 7 
 Aristaeus; Cyrene's son; breeds 
 
 bees from an ox 320. 415 
 Aristobulus: 397 
 Aristocrates: King stoned lo 
 
 death 18 
 Ariston; How his wife became 
 
 beautiful 68 
 Aristophanes; Comedy of "The 
 
 Birds" 212 
 Aristoteles (see Battus) 
 Aristotle: 25 114 His garden 
 
 121 125 Cause of his death 
 
 285. 397 
 Arithmetic 355 
 Arrowheads: Cauldron made 
 
 from 394 
 
INDEX B 
 
 697 
 
 Anows: The lightest 391 
 
 Art: 156. o£ the rocks, clouds and 
 stars 159 
 
 Artabutite. Had four feet 304 
 
 Artaces: His strange death 222 
 
 Artaxerxes: Cyrus' brother 367 
 
 Artemesia: Grief for Mausolus 
 264 
 
 Artemesia: First woman ad- 
 miral 264 
 
 Artemis (see Diana) 
 
 Ascalaphus: Changed to an owl 
 484 
 
 Ascanius. Lake 226 
 
 Asclepiades 59 
 
 Ashes. The Hesperides change to 
 322 
 
 Aspri Islands 289 
 
 Ass: Taught man the value of 
 pruning 58 Loses man's im- 
 mortality 171 
 
 Assuan: Its dam 324 
 
 Astragalus: 480 
 
 Atalanta: Races with Hippome- 
 nes 75. 486 
 
 Atarantes: The a. had no names 
 
 311 
 Athamas: Bacchus' nurse 147 
 
 Forsakes Nephele 159 
 Athena (see Minerva) 
 Athens: population: house rent 
 
 114 
 Athletics: Cradle of 90 a. 
 
 among the gods 90 Time 
 
 records not preserved 227 
 Atlantis: The lost island 312 
 Atlas: Petrified by Medusa 306. 
 
 307 312 
 Atoms: Theory of 355 
 Atreus: Feeds Thyestes with his 
 
 children 45 
 AttUa: 479 
 
 Auge: Courted by Hercules 8218 
 Augeus: Refuses to pay Hercules 
 
 95 
 
 Augustine. Samt: 441 
 Augustus: 8 347 
 Auriga: Constellation 115 
 Autochthons: 188 
 Avernus: The easy descent to 
 426 
 
 Aviators. Ancient: Musaeus 114 
 Daedalus 114 Icarus 434 
 Axe prosecuted 1 1 5 
 
 Baby changed to dragon 90 
 
 Babylon: Its walls 361 367 369 
 
 Bacchantes. The: 141 
 
 Bacchus (Dionysus) (lacohus): 
 46 130 133 141 His birth- 
 place; born several times; his 
 nurses; his heart eaten by 
 Semele; his first bath; cooked 
 by Titans 147 Worshipped 
 on Parnassus 163. 166 171 174 
 His nurses 183 Saves Midas 
 from starvation 240 Spoofs 
 Midas 248 His festival 290 
 The Egyptian b. 326 b. in 
 India 397 433 443 
 
 Bad and Good 397 
 
 Bady 95 
 
 Baedeker: An ancient 75 
 
 Bahreim isles: 355 
 
 Baius: Friend of Ulysses 451 
 
 Bandits: 139 215 
 
 Barathrum: At Athens 66 
 
 Barrage of sand. Battle 459 
 
 Basques. The 384 
 
 Bath: (England) 370 
 
 Bathers changed to birds 209 
 
 Battus: A lion cures his stutter- 
 ing 320 321 
 
 Bay (see Laurel) 
 
 Bazi River i 
 
 Beauty and Bravery acquired 68 
 
 Bebrycians. The: 227 
 
 Bees: Feed Comatus 299 Pro- 
 duced by oxen 320. 396 
 
 Belesys: His palace and garden 
 
 367 
 Bellerophon: 48. and Pegasus 
 
 109 
 Bellerophon: Letters of 210 
 Bethesda: Its troubled waters 
 
 383 
 
 Bethulia-like siege 177 
 
 Bhagiratha: 398 
 
 Bible: Translated at Pharos 332 
 
 Birds: Rocs 21 Cannibal 21 
 Styrnphalian 21, 278 Mag- 
 pies : Pierus ' daughters changai 
 
698 
 
 INDEX B 
 
 Birds — Continued 
 to 161 Bustards 170 Hawk 
 171 Swallow 171 Nightingales 
 161 171 201 Bathers become 
 209 First music teachers 230 
 Quill shooting 278 Eagle 278 
 Peacock 174 282 Swans 298 
 As writing masters 325 Ice- 
 birds 396 Geese 432 Ceme- 
 tery 489 
 
 Birth customs of the Tibareni 
 278 
 
 Black Forest: 390 
 
 Black Sea: 231 390 
 
 Blest. The: Their dwelling 422 
 
 Boar-guide. A: 236 
 
 Boaz: 350 
 
 Boccaccio: 209 
 
 Boedromion. Month of: 122 
 
 Bolshevik: 113 
 
 Bolsheviki. Ancient: 395 
 
 Bona Dea: 252 430 
 
 Books and Writings. Lost 210 
 
 Boomerang. An ancient: 124 
 
 "Boot, The": (Italy) 210 
 
 Bormus; 226 
 
 Bosphorus 457 
 
 Boundary lines 73 
 
 Bourbon kings 371 
 
 Brachmanes of India; their 
 beliefs 397 
 
 Bradley. Miss 174 
 
 Brahma 398 
 
 Branchidcc. The: Their temple 
 266 
 
 Branchus and Apollo 266 
 
 Brass tempered by Pierene: 109 
 
 Bread: Mysterious 202 
 
 Breasts of Nature and Woman 
 
 159 
 Brennus at Thermopylae 180 
 Bribery by Athena 118 
 Bridegroom of a day 59 
 Brindisi 460 
 
 Britain's founder a Trojan 402 
 Britannica plant: Cured quinzy 
 
 if eaten before thunder 392 
 Brusa: City 226 
 Bruttii: 23 212 
 Bucephalus: Alexander's horse 
 
 397 
 
 Buddha 394 
 
 Bulgaria 207 
 
 Bulls: Heroism of 66 
 
 Bull: Farnese 130 Marathon- 
 
 ian 50 
 Bulls: Fire belching 278 
 Burbank i 
 Byron. Lord: Describes Dirce 
 
 130 Describes Castalia 164 
 
 b. and Egeria 434 
 
 Cacus: Three headed 430 
 
 Cadaver of a city 496 
 
 Cade. Jack: 441 
 
 Cadmus: Preface. Relics of his 
 ship 1 29 Riddle of the Sphinx 
 about him 129 Search for 
 his sister 131 The teeth he 
 sowed 135 His old age 141. 
 188 210 c. and the alphabet 
 
 295. 325. 355 
 
 Caeneus changed sex 138 
 
 Csesar: His search for the Nile 
 Spring 323 His Spanish cam- 
 paign 387. 434 460 475 
 
 Caesar Germanicus 392 
 
 Cairo 327 330 
 
 Calabria 210 
 
 Calchas: Predicts fall of Troy 
 135 Died because Mopsus 
 was a better seer 138. 181 
 Predicting contest with Mop- 
 sus 239 
 
 Caligula: 429 
 
 Calingae: They lived but 8 years 
 
 304 
 
 Callimachus of Cyrene 83 320 
 
 Callirrhoe: 111 fated name; Loved 
 by Coresus 174 
 
 Callisto : Changed to a constella- 
 tion; her misfortunes 20 21 22 
 
 Calvinus. Sextius 376 
 
 Calydon 174 
 
 Calydonian boar: Hide and 
 tusks 8 Hunt 32, 181. 53 
 Killed by Meleager 174 
 
 Calypso: 16 408 425 
 
 Cambyses: Killed by his sword 
 115 C. and the Nile 323 
 
 Camels: Town of 341 
 
 Camenae. The 434 
 
iNt)EX B 
 
 699 
 
 Camp Meeting and County 
 Fair 47 1 
 
 Campus Martius: 435 
 
 Canal. Novel: 229 453 
 
 Cancer. Tropic of 324 
 
 Candia (Crete) 301 
 
 Cannibals: The first 171 c. of 
 Cambyses 335 404 
 
 Capaneus: Restored to life 59 
 
 Capena (see also Porta) 434 
 
 Caracalla: 434 
 
 Carbuncles: 309 
 
 Carneades on Justice: 139 
 
 Carob trees: 194 
 
 Carso plateau: Its remarkable 
 caves 249 482 
 
 Caryatides 18 
 
 "Cas de M. Guerin'': 278 
 
 Cassander 19 
 
 Cassiopeia: Mother of Androm- 
 eda 349 
 
 Castalia's fallacious fame: 160 
 
 Castor and Pollux: Rebuke the 
 inhospitable 65. 67 Avenge 
 Simonides' loss 196. 435 
 
 Cat: 20 Diana changed to a 
 cat 145 Erysichthon eats his 
 cat 260 
 
 Cattle that grazed backward 309 
 
 Caucasus. Mt: 278 
 
 Caunus: Loved by Byblis 265 
 
 Cavalry : Dancing cavalry of the 
 Sybarites 211 
 
 Cave: Corycian 164 
 
 Caves. Remarkable: 166 249 482 
 
 Cecropia 114 116 
 
 Cecrops 114 125 
 
 Celebs : Drinking vessel 109 
 
 Cemetery of imported earth 468 
 
 Census taking in Scythia and in 
 India 394 
 
 Centaurs 178 
 
 Centers: Of World and Greece 
 163 Of Rome 438 Of Sicily 
 484 
 
 Ceos torn from Boeotia 294 
 
 Cephalus: Kills Procris with the 
 unerring javelin; Takes the 
 Lovers' Leap 124 His guar- 
 anteed dog and javelin 281 
 
 Cepheus the sea monster 349 
 
 Cerberus: 73 His many exits 
 from Hades 159 Progeny of 
 Typhon 275. 322 426 
 
 Cercyon: Killed by Theseus 
 123 
 
 Cerealis. Julius: 446 
 
 Ceres (Demeter): 
 
 Mother of Arion; Black De- 
 meter 7 Visits Mysius 102. 
 n6 Seeks Proserpine 122 
 Taught planting 123 157 In- 
 flicts Erysichthon with hunger 
 260 Her priestesses 303. 484 
 485 496 
 
 Ceyx: Changed to a kingfisher 
 396 
 
 Chalastricum 205 
 
 Chalcodon's tomb 4 
 
 Chalcon 299 
 
 Chamccleon 230 
 
 Chandler. Dr: 164 
 
 Chaplets: Petrified 199 
 
 Charaxus: Sappho's brother 288 
 
 Chariclo: Mother of Teiresias; 
 upbraids the gods 161 
 
 Charites. The 149 
 
 Charon: 57 Hir, boat 426 
 
 Charon's sewer 251 
 
 Charybdis 365 487 
 
 Chaucer 48 
 
 Checkers at Corinth 109 
 
 Cheeses of Nemausus 378 
 
 Chelonophagi. The: 334 
 
 Cheops: 77 
 
 Cherillus. King: 8 
 
 Childless Olympus 3 
 
 Chimasra: Progen5f of Typhon 
 
 275 
 Chimneys. Ancient 202 
 China: 312 
 Chinese 316 325 
 Chiron: Centaur 22 96 
 Chlidanope: Mother of Cyrene 
 
 320 
 Chloris: The Greek Flora 314 
 Christianity: 73 c. opposed by 
 
 the silversmiths 237 
 Chronology: 107 
 Chrysaor: Mate of Pegasus 306 
 Chrysomallus of the Golden 
 
 Fleece no, 159 
 
700 
 
 INDEX B 
 
 Cicero: 157 232 429 Beheaded 
 
 ^ 453. 484 
 
 Cimmerians. The 396 426 
 
 Cinesias 120 
 
 Circe 16 487 
 
 Circus Maximus: 425 
 
 Cithseron, the king, reconciles 
 Hera and Zeus 145 
 
 Cities: Drowned 104. Man- 
 like 140 The 13 wicked cities 
 353 Cadaver of a city 496 
 
 Civilization. New centers of 77 
 
 Civil War. The Roman: 323 
 
 ^475. 
 
 Claudian 480 
 
 Claudius: 301 372 429 452 472 
 
 Cleis: Sappho's daughter 288 
 
 Cleite: 224 
 
 Cleomenes: Bribes oracle 163. 
 316 
 
 Cleopatra: As Venus 277 350 
 
 Cleophylus: His "Annals" 236 
 
 Cleo-stratus: Kills dragon alter 
 being swallowed' 158 
 
 Climax road 14 
 
 Clock. Main-Spring of a 119 
 
 Cloud-like hills: 133 
 
 Clytemnestra: 44 45 
 
 Clytia queen of Cos 299 
 
 "Coal Sack. The" 174 
 
 Coan cloth: Diaphanous 299 
 
 Coat of mail of mares' hoofs: 117 
 
 Cobbler: and Apelles 108 The 
 c. who sewed up the winds 396 
 
 Coccus berry: 172 
 
 Coffin: gold 332 Transparent 
 336 
 
 Coinage: First silver 281 
 
 Cold storage: Ancient 333 
 
 Colophon: Origin of the word 239 
 
 Colossal carvings 369 
 
 Colossal statues 327 
 
 Colosseum 438 447 
 
 Columbus and Indian real es- 
 tate 210 Crossed the con- 
 fines of Earth 312 
 
 Comatus: Fed by bees 299 
 
 Comedy: Susarion its inventor 
 
 113 
 Constantine: 163 
 Constellations: Great Bear 20 
 
 Sagittarius 1 60 Crow 167 
 Aquarius 174 Lyre 207 An- 
 dromeda 349 Cepheus 349 
 Cassiopeia 349 Gemini 435 
 Scorpio 477 
 
 Contoporia road 52 
 
 Conundrum (see Riddles) 
 
 Cookery's evolution: 484 
 
 Cookshops. Altar loi 
 
 Copis: The Feast so called 67 
 
 Coral: Origin of 306 
 
 Corcyra: 109 
 
 Coresus: Tragedy of Callirrhoe 
 and the priest Coresus 174 
 
 Corinth 108 
 
 Coroebus kills "Punishment" 
 281 
 
 Corpse columns of the Appian 
 Way 212 
 
 Corycian cave in Cilicia 275 
 
 Cottus had 50 heads 257 
 
 Counterfeit money: Ancient 291 
 
 Courage. Germs of 44 Dium c. 
 201 
 
 Cow. Cadmus': 129, 131 
 
 Cow phlebotomy 383 
 
 Cows. Streets made by 131 
 
 Cranse Island 62 
 
 Creation: Of brutes and man 171 
 Of woman i, 107 
 
 Creation schemes 107 
 
 Creon. King: 44 
 
 Cresphontes: Explains oracles 90 
 
 Cretans 83 
 
 Crete 83 
 
 Creusa and Apollo 118 
 
 Creusa and Xuthus 120 
 
 Cricket. Tithonus changed to a 
 c. 326 
 
 Crimea 395 
 
 Crisus 121 
 
 Crocotta. The 304 
 
 Croesus; 236 240 250 Tests the 
 oracles 266 
 
 Cronus (see Saturn) 
 
 Crotopus: Father of Psamathe 
 281 
 
 Crow: 88. Finds Hesiod's 
 bones 150 Crow constella- 
 tion 167 c. guides Battus 320 
 
 Crowns. Origin of 30 
 
INDEX B 
 
 701 
 
 Crystal gazing 98 
 Crystallomancy 73 
 Ctesias wrote of India 397 
 Cupid (Eros) : Dwarf divinity 3. 
 
 158 Effect of his shaft on 
 
 Pluto 484 
 Curetes: Origin of the name 286 
 Curiosity. Literary: 299 
 Curtius. Q. 206 
 Cuvier-like architects 133 
 Cybele (see Rhea) Her car 75 
 
 Her priests 434 
 Cyclades islands: 290 The 
 
 smallest of them 298 
 Cyclops: 59 189 487 
 Cycnus changed to a swan 176 
 
 475 
 Cyllene. Mt i 
 
 Cynics: Origin of the name 121 
 Cynisca: First woman horse 
 
 trainer 65 
 Cynomolgi. The dog-headed C. 
 
 304 
 
 Cyrene and Apollo 320 
 
 Cyrus: 258 266 March to Baby- 
 lon 367 
 
 Cyzicenian ointment 89 223 
 
 Cyzicus 222-226 
 
 Daedalus: First aviator 114 
 
 Dalmatia 187 
 
 Damon and Pythias 10 
 
 Danai. The: 188 
 
 Danaus: Flight from Egypt; his 
 
 50 daughters 46 His landing 
 
 place 60 
 Dancing cavalry of the Sybarites 
 
 211 
 "Dancing ground of Ares'' 131 
 Daniel's vision 368 
 Dante 426 
 Daphne: Tricks Leucippus 31. 
 
 164 
 Dardanelles: 159 402 
 Darius 66. His vanity 208 
 
 His camel 362 
 Dead Sea 351 
 Death: Fettered by Sisyphus 
 
 109 D. prohibited 298 
 Dejaneira and Nessus' love 
 
 philter 178 195 
 
 De Lesseps 333 
 
 Delphi: 163-164 Oracle of 
 Apollo 163-164 173 183 
 
 Demeter (see Ceres) 
 
 Demosthenes: Cured himself 320 
 
 Destiny: A program 484 
 
 Deucalion: Preface, 90 Re- 
 peoples the Earth 107. 113 
 In Athens iid. 116 164 
 Father of Hellen 189 In 
 Cynus 282 
 
 Deus Rediculus 434 
 
 Dewdrops, the tears of Eos 326 
 
 Diamond plow of Hephaestus 278 
 
 Diana (Artemis): 
 
 Her statue in a tree 17 Per- 
 secutes Callisto 20 Kills 
 Buphagus 34 Called Cory- 
 thallia 67 Tricks Alpheus 
 94. 109 Alleged concealed 
 deformity 145 Deaths she 
 caused 145 Changed into a 
 cat 145 Her temple at 
 Ephesus 237, 269 Her 
 birth 298. 434 441 486 
 
 Dice of Tiberius. Gold 480 
 
 Dice oracle of Geryon 480 
 
 Dickens 115 
 
 Dido: 425 
 
 Dindymus. Mt: 224 
 
 Diogenes perhaps misjudged 108 
 
 Diogenes discovers the Nile 
 Spg 323 
 
 Diomed (see Diomedes) 
 
 Diomedes of Argos 51 
 
 Diomedes of Thrace: Fed his 
 horses on human flesh 89 
 
 Diomedes changed to a bird 212 
 
 Dione: 183 
 
 Dionysia: Bacchus' festivals 147 
 
 Dionysus (see Bacchus) 
 
 Dirce: Her persecutions 130 
 
 Discord: Her wedding present 
 281 
 
 Discoverers: Their courtesy 210 
 
 Distance measures: Preface. 
 
 Dodona: Its oracle 183 
 
 Dodona oak: Its ants become 
 men 281 
 
 Dog: Bite cure 24 His expres- 
 sions 231 
 
702 
 
 INDEX B 
 
 Doliones. The: 223 
 
 Dominoes 480 
 
 Domitian: and the Jews 434. 448 
 
 Donaueschingen 390 
 
 Donkeys of the Ansacs 238 
 
 Don Quixote 389 
 
 Doricha: Original Cinderella 288 
 
 Dorieus 316 
 
 Doris: His 50 daughters 281 
 
 Dragon: Eats Opheltes 44 Aes- 
 culapius' 61 Baby changed 
 to a d. 90 Cave of the d. 
 T29 Mars' d. 131 Slain by 
 Cadmus 131 D'j teeth be- 
 come men 131 OnAlcmseon's 
 shield 131 Dragon turned to 
 stone 218 Ladon of the Hes- 
 perides 322 
 
 Dragon scales 117 
 
 Dragon's blood poison 120 
 
 Dreams: Divination by 139 d. 
 mimics 396 The gates of d. 
 426 
 
 Drought and Famine in Egypt 
 
 324 
 Dumas. Alex. 131 
 Dye: Shellfish 173 
 Dyers: 172 
 
 Eagle: Feeds on Prometheus 278 
 Earth : Confines of 3 1 2 Thought 
 
 to be alive 383 
 Earthquake: 56 lOl 104 250 282 
 
 284285 
 Eastern thought: In Greece 397 
 Echidna: Mother of Freaks 46 
 Echo deludes Narcissus 157 
 Eden: I 
 Edisons. Ancient: Callimachus 
 
 114 InSybaris2ii 
 Eels: 170 Adorned e. 262 285 
 
 357 
 Egg: Leda's unhatched 65 
 Egypt: Preface. Invaded 9000 
 
 B. C. 312 Its spectres 324 
 Egyptian: Engineering skill 327, 
 
 333. Coast guard 331 
 Egyptians 188 
 Eleatic philosophy 217 
 Elegy discomfits Tragedy: 462 
 Eleusinian mysteries 122 
 
 Eleutherae 133 
 
 Elijah 139 
 
 Elis 30 
 
 Elisha I 350 
 
 Elymi of Sicily. The 210 
 
 Elysian Plain 382 
 
 Elysiiun; 419 426 428 
 
 Endor. Witch of 137 
 
 Engineering. Ancient 170 291 
 
 Enippe 16 
 
 Eos: Her unending grief 326 
 
 Epaminondas 40 131 
 
 Epeius: His cowardice 171 His 
 tools preserved 210. 281 294 
 
 Epeus (see Epeius) 
 
 Ephesus: 239. Temple of Diana 
 at E. 280 
 
 Ephialtes: Betrayer at Thermo- 
 pylae 180 
 
 Ephorus: 426 
 
 Epictetus: His birthplace 251 
 
 Epictetus: A district 252 
 
 Epidaurus: 59 
 
 Epidious Nuncionus: Became a 
 god 458 
 
 Epidius. C: Thought trees talked 
 458 
 
 Epimetheus marries Pandora 107 
 
 Epopeus abducts Antiope 133 
 
 Equator crossing pranks 298 
 
 Erasistratus 286 
 
 Eratosthenes 396 
 
 Erechtheus: Inventor of chariots 
 115 Father of Creusa 118 124 
 
 Eridanus and the Rhone 381 
 
 Eros (see Cupid) 1 58 
 
 Erymanthian boar 32 
 
 Erysichthon's hunger 260 
 
 Erythras: Son of Perseus 346 
 
 Eskimo. The 312 
 
 Esseni: Their strange customs 
 
 351 
 Ethiopians: The handsomest 335 
 Etna. Mt. 484 487. 497 
 Etrurians: Origin 471 Their 
 
 history lost 474 
 Etruscan origin 47 1 
 Eucalyptus liquor 439 
 Euganean Hill 480 
 Eumaeus: Ulysses' herder 279 
 
 410 
 
INDEX B 
 
 703 
 
 Eunomus' grasshopper-string 
 
 harp 214 
 Eupahnus: Architect 291 
 Eupheme: The Muses' nurse 160 
 Euphrates: Its windings 363 
 Euripides: 109 120 His "Bac- 
 chantes" 141 His tomb 206, 
 
 285 Praises Arethusa 285 
 Euripus: Its strange tides 285 
 Europa: 129 131 In Crete 301 
 Euryale: 22 
 Eurybatus: Possibly colluded 
 
 with oracles 266 
 Eurycleia: Ulysses' nurse 280 
 
 411 
 Euryleonis: Female horse 
 
 breeder 65 
 Eurypylus' chest: 98 
 Eurystheus: Is slain by lolaus 
 
 restored to life 126. 226 
 Eurytion 181 
 Eusebius 107 
 Eu thymus: The athlete and the 
 
 ghost 214, 215. Marries a 
 
 ghost's widow 215 
 Euthymus the Tyrant 268 
 Euxine sea 390 
 Evander: 2 His birthplace 8. 
 
 210 
 Eve: I 75 
 Eyecures. Ancient 453 
 
 Fatherless son of Hera 278 
 
 Faunus and Picus: 434 442 
 
 Feast. A Spartan: 67 
 
 Feronia : Sabine divinity 449 
 
 Fielding 109 
 
 Field of Blood: 459 
 
 Fight between Amycus and 
 Apollo 227 
 
 Fire. Walking on: 259 471 
 
 Fire Worshippers 471 
 
 Fish: Singing 22 Men changed 
 to /. 62 F. oracles 270, 272 
 Ground /. 230 F. guide 236 
 Tame /. 285, 367 Spg born 
 /. 469 Blind/. 482 
 
 Fishing: In the earth 230 In 
 bed 481 
 
 Fleet. '1 he Grecian 135 287 
 
 Flies: Hercules disperses them 9 
 
 Floating dinner dishes 466 
 Flood. Deucalion's: Preface, 113, 
 
 116 
 Flora: Senate-made goddess 314 
 Floralia: Festival of flowers 314 
 Flower-like sheep and houses: 
 
 484 
 Flower that became a father 3 1 4 
 Flowers: All of one color at first 
 
 3'4 , 
 Flowers about Springs 459 
 Flute playing while singing 242 
 
 Minerva and the/. 246 
 Flute reed 155 
 Fontinalia: Preface 
 Fortieth parallel of Latitude 188 
 Fortune's wheel 90 
 Fossils 46 
 
 Franklin. Benjamin 433 
 Freaks: (See Africa and India) 
 
 Mother of /. 46. 174 Men 
 
 with six hands 222 Father 
 
 of Freaks 275 
 Free salt and fuel for travelers 
 
 444 
 Frogs: Latona changes men to/. 
 
 269 Spring produced frogs 
 
 468 
 Fruit censers 299 
 Furies. The: 118 
 Furstenberg. Princes of 390 
 
 Gades 382 
 
 GaEa's 3000 sons 182 
 
 Galatea loved by Glaucus 175. 
 
 487 
 Galaxy. The: 174 
 Galba 448 
 Gallati. The: 180 
 Galli: Priests 251 Their stone 
 
 252 
 Gallia Narbonensis 378 
 Gallus. .i^lius; misguided 347 
 Ganga 398 
 
 Ganges: Legends of the 398 
 Gangotri: 398 
 Ganymede: 3. 174 
 Garamantes. The: 310 
 Garden of the Sun: 484 
 "Garden of Zeus" 320 
 Gargettus 93 
 
704 
 
 INDEX B 
 
 Geese save Rome 432 
 
 Genealogical night-mares 83 
 
 Genealogy: A source of 53 
 
 Genii built Petra 348 
 
 George. Saint 480 
 
 Georgian landscape 278 
 
 Geryon: 174 430 Geryon oracle 
 480 
 
 Geryon's oxen 383 
 
 Geysers 488 
 
 Ghost: Euthymus and the g. 
 214, 215 g. of Remus 450 
 
 Giant : Bones of a 40. Tityus 171 
 
 Giants with dragons for feet 29 
 
 Gibraltar 383 
 
 Gibraltar apes 304 
 
 Gideon-like ruse 169 
 
 Giovanni S. 483 
 
 Glaciers 188 391 
 
 Glass: Malleable 332. Dis- 
 covered by Phoenicians 355 
 
 Glaucus eaten by his horses 136 
 
 Glaucus made immortal by eat- 
 ing grass 175 
 
 Gluttony. Phigalian II 
 
 Goat: Amalthea 83 
 
 Goat sacrifices 136 
 
 Goats derived from Crete 301 
 
 Goatherd: Discovers oracle site 
 164 Lycidas the g. 299 
 
 Gods: "Unknown" 73 
 
 Gods: Birthplace of the first 200 
 First progeny of the g. 257 
 
 Gold as mortar 223 
 
 Golden calf 327 433 
 
 Golden Fleece and "Argo'': 
 no 159 183 197 175 222 223 
 224 226 227 278 322 390 1 10 
 
 Good Luck's disguises 90 
 
 "Good Morning" town 470 
 
 Gordian knot 240 
 
 Gordius 240 248 
 
 Gorgons 312 
 
 Graces: The g. i 149 150 314 
 A continental Grace 316 
 
 Graft: Hercules' g. 95. 229 
 Aqueduct g. 429 
 
 Grafting monstrosities: 117 
 
 Grafting. Tree i 
 
 Grain cultivation. First 122 
 
 Grasshopper harp string 2 1 4 
 
 "Grasshopper's Prize" 294 
 
 Greeks. Origin of the 188 
 
 Grief. Drowning sounds of 224 
 
 Griffins 304 
 
 Guides: i i^6 242 269 
 
 Gum Arabic trees 325 
 
 Gun factory: 425 
 
 Gunpowder 387 
 
 Gyges had 50 heads 257 
 
 Gyraldus. Lylius 264 
 
 Hades: Entrance to 46. 48 
 Shortest route to 57. 249 
 Keys of 281. 382 425 426 
 
 Hadrian (Adrian) 15 21 116 164 
 1 83 . Destroys a fountain 364 
 
 Hague conference. An early 285 
 
 Hairless heads and hairy bodies 
 
 334 
 Halcyon days. The first 396 
 Halcyone 396 
 Halicarnassus 264 
 Hall of Fame 453 
 Ham as Memnon 326 
 Hamilton. Lady 486 
 Hamilton's Researches 236 
 Hands: Men with six 222 
 Hannibal: 210 252 318 Where 
 
 he crossed the Alps 381 
 
 Drowns Senators 457. 463 471 
 Haran 356 
 Harmonia: 129 Her origin 131 
 
 Her necklace 174 
 Haroun al Raschid 364 
 Harpies: The hounds of Zeus 278 
 Harvest every month 315 
 Hat: Mexican cooked hat 82 
 Hawk: Tereus changed to a A. 
 
 171 
 Headache cure 30 459 
 Hebe marries Hercules 195 
 Hecate: 426 
 Hector: 129 134 Killed Patro- 
 
 clus in Achilles' armor 181. 
 
 1 89 1 90 Hector- Achilles fight 
 
 402 
 Hedge statuary 466 
 Helen : Marries Theseus 55. Her 
 
 tomb 68. 402 435 
 Helicon: The Muses' mountain 
 
 160 
 
INDEX B 
 
 705 
 
 Hellas: Homer's name for Greece 
 188 
 
 Helle and the Hellespont 159 
 
 Hellen: His tomb 189 
 
 Henry IV 371 
 
 Henry. Assassination of Prince 
 Henry 473 
 
 Hephaestus (see Vulcan) 
 
 Hera: Island 383 
 
 Hera (see Juno) 
 
 Heracleidffi 126 
 
 Hercules: Loves Auge; Father 
 of Evander 8 Eating contest 
 with Lepreus; The Cormorant 
 his symbol 11 His greatest 
 exploit II Loves Phialo 12 
 6th labor (Stymphalian birds) 
 His detractors 21 Wounds 
 Chiron 22 Drives flies from 
 Olympia 30 4th labor (Ery- 
 manthian boar) 32 1st labor 
 (Nemean lion) 44 His armor 
 44 2nd labor (Hydra) 46 
 His labors minimised 46. 48 
 His club sprouts 49 Killed 
 Dorceus 65 12th labor (Cer- 
 berus) 73, 159, 322. 5th 
 labor (on Augeus' property) 
 95 Cause of the labors 126 
 Number of his children 126 
 Drew strength from Dirce's 
 Spring 130. 156 170 Fifty- 
 two sons bom the same day 
 158 Kills Nessus for holding 
 Dejaneira 178 His apotheo- 
 sis; Marries Hebe 195 Flirts 
 with lole 195 Kills twenty- 
 four giants 216 Kills the six- 
 handed men 223 Loves and 
 loses Hylas; rows "Argo" 
 alone 226 Abandoned by the 
 Argonauts 226 The raft he 
 came from Tyre on 241. 252 
 His Springs 284 Visits oracle 
 of Ammon 313 nth labor 
 (Hesperides' apples) 322 His 
 name an anagram 355 Was a 
 Tyrian 355 His son Nemau- 
 sus 378 His Pillars 383 Size 
 of his foot 394 Kills the 
 giant Alcyonides 396 loth 
 
 labor (Geryon's oxen) 430. 444 
 
 485 , , 
 
 Hermaphroditus: Changed by 
 Salmacis; his genealogy 264 
 
 Hermes (see Mercury) 
 
 Herod 352 
 
 Herodotus: His chronology 107. 
 212 His birthplace 264. 399 
 
 Hesiod: 83 His bones found by 
 a crow 150. 158 li. and the 
 Pierian school 160 His epi- 
 tomes 312 
 
 Hesperides: 312 322 
 
 Hesperus: The garden of 322 
 
 Hiero. King: 486 
 
 Hieroglyphs: 355 
 
 Hippius: Applied to Poseidon 2 
 
 Hippocentaurs 178 
 
 Hippocrates: His birthplace; the 
 Father of Medicine 299 
 
 Hippodamus: First maker of 
 right-angle streets 212 
 
 Hippolyta: The Amazon 48 
 
 .113 
 
 Hippolytus: Loved by Phaedra 
 48. 49 50 Restored to life 
 59. 434 441 
 
 Hippomenes : Raced and married 
 Atalanta 75 
 
 Historical societies. Ancient 129 
 
 Holidays: More than 365 a year 
 216 
 
 Homer: 19 83 Cause of his 
 blindness 86 One of his nods 
 203 Mentions Temesa 215 
 His study 238 His caves and 
 rivers 249, 382. 397 First to 
 mention Arethusa 279 His 
 school-house 294 His fore- 
 sight 304 His Hades 382. 
 397 A conundrum the cause 
 of his death 399. 400 
 
 Honey: Mt. Ida h. 83 h. dis- 
 covered by Melissa 303 
 
 Hope. Anthony 29 
 
 Horace. The wine makers' poet 
 130 His canal trip 449. 459 
 460 474 
 
 Horatius Codes 474 
 
 Horner. Jack 46 
 
 Horologium: 119 
 
7o6 
 
 INDEX B 
 
 Horse: Wooden h. of Troy made 
 of cornel-tree boards 65. 281 
 Marine horse 322 
 Horses. Man-eating: 89 Glau- 
 
 cus eaten by his 136 
 Horse-flesh eating 2 
 Horse sacrifice: Bridled 60 
 "Hounds of Zeus." 278 
 Hours. The: I 
 House rent: Ancient 114 
 Hunting scene sculptures 365 
 Hvergelmeer. The ice- well 188 
 Hyades. The: Bacchus' nurses 
 
 147 
 
 Hyantes. The 129 188 
 
 Hybreas 268 
 
 Hydra: h. poison 22, 96. h. of 
 Lerna 46 275 
 
 Hydrophobia cure 24 
 
 Hylas: Prot^g6 of Hercules; 
 abducted by a nymph 226. 412 
 
 Hymenseus: Killed on his wed- 
 ding day; restored to life, 59 
 
 Hyperboreans 322 
 
 Hypermnestra: Saves Lynceus 
 46 
 
 Hypsasus: Father of Cyrene 320 
 
 Hypsipyle: Slave princess 44 
 
 Hyrcynian forest 391 
 
 Hyrie dissolved 176 
 
 lacchus (Bacchus) 147 
 
 lapygia 216 
 
 lapyx 210 216 
 
 Iberians locate the Pillars of 
 Hercules 383 
 
 "Ibis": Ovid's invective 457 
 
 Icarus 434 
 
 Ice Age. The great 188 
 
 Idas offers to fight a god 223 
 
 Idmon insults Idas 223 
 
 Ilythia 90 
 
 India; Freaks: 
 
 Eyeless people; mouthless 
 people 398 
 
 Indians of North America 312 
 316 
 
 Inns. Disappearing 250 
 
 Ino: Daughter of Cadmus; be- 
 comes a prophetess 72 Bac- 
 chus' nurse 147. 159 
 
 Interest at 12% a month 229 
 
 Inventors of alphabets 325 
 
 lo: 174. 277. Changed to a cow 
 
 by Zeus; persecuted by Hera 
 
 282 
 lolaus: Returns to life; kills 
 
 Eurystheus 126 
 lole flirts with Hercules 195 
 Ion: 118 His strange life 120 
 lonides. The nymphs 93 
 Iphianassa 22 
 Iphicles: Hercules' half brother 
 
 126 
 Iphigenia: Her end 113 Saved 
 
 from sacrifice 135 
 Iris 19 
 Isis 496 
 Island: Lost i. 241 Floating i. 
 
 298 Thera formed of a clod 
 
 from "Argo" 320 Ischia 426 
 
 A leaflike i. 484 
 Islands of The Blest 175, 313 
 Ister river 390 
 
 Itch: The i. in Darius' army 208 
 Itineraries. Roman 371 374 
 Ivory: Its preservation 59 
 Ixion: His punishment and 
 
 progeny 178 
 
 Jackstones: 480 
 
 Jacob 356 
 
 Jahun. Saint 398 
 
 Janus 432 
 
 Japan 312 
 
 Jason (see Golden Fleece) ; j. and 
 Medea; crushed by "Argo's" 
 stern no Seeks the Golden 
 Fleece 159. 223 278 
 
 Javelin that never missed 124, 
 281 
 
 Jericho 350 
 
 Jesus: The place of temptation 
 350 353 354 434 His foot- 
 prints 438 
 
 Jeweled eels 357 
 
 Jeweler. The dishonest: 486 
 
 Jews and Domitian. The 434 
 
 Jiu Jitsu 123 
 
 Job 240 
 
 John. St.: 426 
 
 John the Baptist 351 353 
 
INDEX B 
 
 707 
 
 Jonah 349 
 
 Joseph 32d 
 
 Journey: A winter day's 170 
 
 Jove (see Jupiter) 
 
 Juba. King: His residence 318 
 
 His views about the Nile 323 
 Judas Iscariot 194 
 Judging past eras: no 
 Julian: 163 266 Restores oracle 
 
 364 
 
 Junius 210 
 
 Juno (Hera): 
 
 19. Persecutes Callisto 20 
 Swallowed by Saturn 21 
 Zeus' punishments 21 Re- 
 virginated yearly 58 Quar- 
 rels with Zeus 145 Her 
 fatherless son 278 Per- 
 secutes lo 282 Her birth- 
 place 291 Result of her 
 bath 357. 402 430 435 
 
 Jupiter (Jove) (Zeus): 
 
 His birth 1 A nurse of 4 j. 
 and Callisto 20 How he 
 punished Juno 21. 41 His 
 birthplaces 83 Results of 
 his carrying off ^gina 109 
 j. and Europa 129, 131 
 Succeeded Saturn 257 
 Three hundred Jupiters 268 
 His motherless daughter 
 Athena 278 Carries off lo 
 282 With Europa in Crete 
 301 Melissa his nurse 303 
 Wounds Typhon 365. 435 
 
 Jupiter and Thaleia 488 
 
 Jurisprudence 117 
 
 Jury: The first J. of twelve 114 
 
 Justice: Carneades' view of 139 
 
 Juturna: 412 435 
 
 Juvenal 434 
 
 Karnak 325 
 
 Karttikeya: The Mars of India 
 
 398 
 "Kehama. The Curse of": 457 
 Kingfishers: 224 Halcyone and 
 
 Ceyx changed to k. 396 
 Kings selected by height 335 
 Kipling: A rag, a bone and a 
 
 hank of hair 288 
 
 Kiss: The first recorded k. 356 
 Kitchen: Foundation of the 
 
 modem 484 
 Kleptomaniacs 83 
 Koran 188 
 
 Labyrinth: Of Crete 48, 301 Of 
 Memnon 326 474 
 
 Lacedaemon 65 
 
 Ladon the dragon 322 
 
 "Lady of Letters. The" 325 
 
 Lslaps: The fleetest dog 281 
 
 Lasstrygones. The 210 
 
 Lais loved Diogenes 108 
 
 Laius: 134 
 
 Lake: Avemus 412 Cephisis 
 155, 170 Como 445 Con- 
 stance 391 Copais 170 Cur- 
 tian 429 Fucinus 461 Gen- 
 eva 381 Lucrine 426 454 461 
 Nemi 434, 441 Fergus 484 
 Regillus 435 Tritonian 209 
 
 Lampea: 32 
 
 Lampetie: Her tears formed 
 amber 477 
 
 Lanciani 434 
 
 Lapithse 320 
 
 Larache 312 
 
 Lars Porsenna's tomb 474 
 
 Lasso: Used by Sarmatians 117 
 
 Latinus. King: 445 
 
 Latona (Leto): 235 Changes 
 rustics to frogs 269 Gives 
 birth to Apollo in Delos 298 
 
 Laurea TuUius 453 
 
 Laurel leaf prophecies 164 
 
 Lavinia 445 
 
 Law: Perjury court 488 
 
 Laws: Curious courts 115, 118 
 First written /. 214 Simoni- 
 des I. 294 
 
 League. AchEean loi 
 
 League of Nations. An early: 321 
 
 Leaves. Sporting: 124 
 
 Lebadea 137 
 
 Leda's unhatched egg 65 
 
 Legends 100 
 
 Leitus: The only Boeotian leader 
 not killed at Troy 145 
 
 Lemures: Feast and rites of the 
 450 
 
70^ 
 
 INDEX B 
 
 Leonidas: 65 180 
 
 Lepreus: His eating contest with 
 
 Hercules 11 
 Leprosy: 30. Its origin 93. 95 
 
 Cure for 96 
 Leto (see Latona) 
 Leucffi Isla,nds 289 
 Leucippus: ^oves Daphne; his 
 
 ruse 31 
 Leucothea (Ino) 72 
 Leucrocotta 304 
 Leverrier's prediction 304 
 Libera (Proserpine) 
 Libya: Ancient Africa 304 
 Lice: 208, 216 
 
 Lichas finds Orestes' bones 10 
 Licinius. Lartius: 384 
 Life: Restored to life 59 
 Lighthouse: Pharos 331, 332 
 Linug 160 
 
 Li,on: Nemean I, haunt 44 
 Hon twenty feet lopg 295 
 Literary curiosity 299 
 Livingstone 323 
 Lixos 312 
 Llamas 398 
 
 Locusts: Powdered 308 
 Lombardy 481 
 Lotophagi. The 316 
 Louis XIV 109 
 Louis XV 378 
 
 Lounges: Resorts of gossips 165 
 Love philter pf Nessus 178 
 Lovers' Leap. The 124 288 
 Lucan: 5 
 "Lucile" 374 
 Lucinus Mucianus gives banquet 
 
 in a tree 274 
 Lucrine lake 470 
 Lucullus 429 
 Luxor 325 
 
 Luxury of Tarentum 2 16 
 Lycaon: Built the first town; 
 
 first Grecian colonies founded 
 
 by his sons; cha,nged into ft 
 
 wolf 19, «p. 188 210 216. 
 Lyceum 121 
 
 Lychas: Finds Orestes' bones 10 
 Lycidaa tlje musical goatherd 
 
 299 ■ 
 Lycomedes, king of Gyros 381 
 
 Lycosura: Oldest town I 
 Lycurgus: Effect of his laws 10 
 Lycurgus' laws: 65 
 Lycurgus: Father of Opheltes 44 
 Lycurgus: Restored to life 59 
 Lycus marries Dirce 130 
 Lymata 13 
 Lynceus: Saved by Hypermnes- 
 
 tra 46 
 Lynceus: His penetrating sight 
 
 95 Gould see through trees 
 
 322 
 Lyre: The seven stringed 298 
 Lysander's death 147 
 Lysimachus' novel use of sewers 
 
 236 
 Lysin^achus: Fixed water rates 
 
 283 
 Lysippe 22 
 Lysistrata: Her peculiar s<;heme 
 
 I2Q 
 
 Macse. The 316 
 
 Macaulay 435 
 
 Macedonia 207 
 
 Macrobii; They lived 12° years 
 
 in the South and 1000 years in 
 
 the North 335 
 Macrobili: They lived 40Q years 
 
 304 
 
 Maecenas 459 
 
 Mfflnads. The 141 433 
 
 Magnet; Origin of its name 235 
 
 Magpies: Piems' daughters 
 changed tq i^i 
 
 Man: Creation of 171 
 
 Mandeville. Sir John 73 1 17 
 
 Manhattan real estate 210 
 
 Mantichora 304 
 
 Mantineia: 14 
 
 Manto : Seeress 138 IJer strange 
 marriage; connection with 
 Homer and Virgil 239 
 
 Marathon race, The first: 120 
 
 Marcellus. ^serninus: 301 
 
 Marcius. Angus; 4^1 
 
 Mardonius: 14Q. Fouled Gar- 
 gaphici's Spring '45 De- 
 feated by Pausanias 146 
 
 Mareotic wine 329 
 
 Maro: CompanionofBacchHS329 
 
INDEX B 
 
 709 
 
 Marpesa: Widow; leader of 
 women soldiers 8 
 
 Marrana brook ; 434 
 
 Mars (Ares): Rescues Death 109 
 Defendant in first murder 
 trial 118 131. His island 278. 
 398 
 
 Mars. The Indian 398 
 
 Marseilles 237 
 
 Marsh: Alcyonian 139 Posei- 
 don's 62 
 
 Marsyas: His flutes' long voy- 
 age 53 Odd music match 
 with Apollo 242 Finds Min- 
 erva's flutes 246 
 
 Martial: Why he left Rome 446 
 His dinner menus 446, 473 
 
 Matapan. Cape 73 
 
 Mausolus' ashes consumed by 
 his widow 264 
 
 Mead. Sweet: Prehistoric rum 
 223 226 
 
 Meat trees 74 
 
 Mecca for the married. A 100 
 
 Medea: Tries to poison Theseus 
 55 Causes death of Pelias 92 
 Her victims no. m. and the 
 Golden Fleece 159 Her en- 
 chantments 278 
 
 Medical recipes. Curious: 24, 453 
 
 Medicine: 117 Diet better than 
 m. 397 m. men 138 
 
 Mediterranean: Covered Africa 
 326 Its tide 333 
 
 Medusa: The effects of her blood 
 59 Her death led to the 
 flute's invention 242. 306 349 
 
 Megalopolis 40 
 
 Megara: Wife of Hercules 46 
 
 Megasthenes founds Cumae 285 
 
 Megistias: Predicts defeat at 
 Thermopylas 180 
 
 Meilanion 75 
 
 Melampus: Cures Proetus' 
 daughters; Names melampo- 
 dium 22. 96 
 
 Melcarth: Phoenician Hercules 
 
 355 
 Meleager: His spear 53 Kills 
 Calydonian boar 174 What 
 his life depended on 182 
 
 Melesigenes (Homer) 399 
 Melissa discovers honey 303 
 MelissEe. The 303 
 Melisseus king of Crete 303 
 Memnon 326 
 
 Memory system. An early 196 
 Memphis subways 327 
 Menelaus: Fondness for planting 
 
 trees 26 His house at Sparta 
 
 65 His tomb 68 Binds Pro- 
 teus 410a 
 Menes: First mortal monarch 
 
 326 
 Mera 22 
 Mercury (Hermes): 
 
 The gift he bestowed on 
 woman I His birth 3 m. 
 and the alphabet 325. 408 
 Merops: Soothsayer, king of 
 
 Rhyndacus 223. 299 
 Metagenes; (see Pherecrates) : 
 
 His fantastic Springs 211 
 Metamorphosis Pref. 
 Metanira 123 
 Metempsychosis Pref. 
 Metis rescues Hera 21 
 Metra: Sold for food 260 
 Mettus' camp: 434 
 Mexican eatable hat 82 
 Midas: Makes gold by touch 
 
 240 Music match referee, his 
 
 ears 242. 248 
 Midsummer Night's Dream: 48 
 
 361 
 Miletus: 265 267 
 Milk-giving trees 383 
 Millet's description of the 
 
 Danube 390 
 Mills: Inventor of 69 
 Mills of Argos 54 
 Milo: His strength and voracity 
 
 214 
 Miltiades: 114 
 Milton: 20 
 Minerva (Athena) (Pallas): 
 
 I. Her wonderful birth 5 
 Her bed 8 Wounded by 
 Theutis 41 47 Tames Pe- 
 gasus 109 Disputes Athens' 
 protectorate with Poseidon: 
 loses through the women's 
 
710 
 
 INDEX B 
 
 Minerva — Continued 
 
 vote ; her olive tree 1 1 4, 115. 
 Bribes the Semnae 118 
 Visits the Muses 161. 174 
 222 Invents the flute and 
 is laughed at 242, 246 In- 
 structs Ulysses 279, 410. 
 402 408 
 
 Minos: 301 
 
 Minotaur: 50 298 301 
 
 Mints of oracles 266 
 
 Minyas: His massive treasury 
 150 
 
 Mirror balancing: 98 
 
 Misfortunes lockstep 20 
 
 Mississippi 84 
 
 Mithridates: Unpoisonable 232 
 
 Mochus 355 
 
 Moero : Poetess 83 
 
 Molifere 109 
 
 Moly plant 19 20 
 
 Money: Ox-impressed 50 433 
 
 Monks. Trappist: 439 
 
 Monoceros. The 304 
 
 Monocoli. The: Were one-legged 
 
 304 
 Monster "Punishment." The: 
 
 281 
 Monstrosities (see Africa and 
 
 India) 
 Monte Nuovo: 426 
 Moods of Nature 231 
 Moon: Younger than Arcadians 
 
 I 
 Moore. Thos: Castalia 164 m. 
 
 and Stratonicus 268 Ammon 
 
 313 
 Moors: Whence they came 312 
 Mopsus: Soothsayer, son of 
 
 Manto 138 His prediction 
 
 contest with Calchas 239 
 Morea: Meaning of i. 30 
 Morocco coast 312 
 Morpheus 396 
 Moses: Preface i 210 m. and 
 
 the Nile Spring 323. 433 434 
 Mother of Springs 445 
 Mother of the gods 252 
 Motherless daughter of Zeus 278 
 Motion pictures 73 
 M.P. 371 
 
 Mouse: Teiresias changed to a 
 
 138 
 Mucianus. Lucinius 274 
 Mulberries: Why they are black 
 
 361 
 Muleteer becomes king 90 
 Muncaster. Lord 139 
 Murder trial. The first 117 
 Musaeus: Ancient aviator 114 
 Muse: Tenth 288 
 Muses: 129 First home of 160. 
 
 207 Their number; contest 
 
 with Pierus' daughters 161 
 
 Their favorites 162 Erato; 
 
 Calliope 462 
 Museum. Open air: 129 
 Music: m. Girls of Corinth 109 
 
 Came from Asia 200 Of the 
 
 Spheres 207 Cooking to m. 
 
 211 Flogging to m. 2 1 1 First 
 
 taught by birds 230 
 Mycenae: Oldest town in Argolis 
 
 45 ^ 
 Myles: Inventor of mills 69 
 Myrmidons 281 
 Myrrhina 120 
 
 Mysaeum 7-day festivals 102 
 Mysteries in every age 383 
 Mythology: Religion of the 
 
 Greeks preface. 
 
 Nabataeans 348 
 
 Naiades. The 281 
 
 Naiads Pref. 
 
 Nameless people 311 
 
 Name similarities 83 
 
 Name transference: 51 160 200 
 
 207 
 Naples 412 455 
 Napoleon 333 
 Narcissus: 138 Changed to a 
 
 flower 157 
 Nasamones. The 306 308 
 Nature: Her compensations 24 
 
 Her art 159 Her moods 231 
 
 Her debt 393 
 Nature fakirs: 22 
 Nauplia's vicissitudes 58 
 Nausicaa 409 
 
 Naval victory with snakes 457 
 Neanthus buys Orpheus' lyre 207 
 
INDEX B 
 
 711 
 
 ' Near" pears 446 
 
 Negro: Cause of his color 477 
 
 Nelson waters fleet' at Are- 
 
 thusa's Spring 486 
 Nemean games: Origin of 44 
 Nemean lion's haunt 52 
 Nemesis: 44 157 
 Neologists 136 
 Nephele forsaken by Athamas 
 
 159 
 Neptune (Poseidon): 
 
 Where reared 2, 7 His con- 
 nection with horses 2 
 Assists Amymone 46. 58 60 
 His law case with Minerva 
 114, 115 Sues Mars 117, 
 118 Dispute with Apollo 
 about Corinth 257 His 
 residence; his horses 282 
 Throws an island 300 
 Neptune: Planet 304 
 Nereides. The 281 
 Nereus: 62 
 
 Nereus and Doris 281 
 
 Nero: 46 139 Sacrifices an ass 
 
 to Apollo 163 n. and the 
 
 Nile 323. 372 433 His mother 
 
 as Madonna 438, 472 
 
 Nessus: Makes Hercules jealous 
 
 178. 195 214 
 Nestor : Li ved 7 generations 59 
 News: Negligible 129 
 Newspapers and traditions 129 
 Nice 378 
 Nicholas V: 440 
 Nicomedes 261 
 Nightingale: 161 Philomela 
 
 turned to a m. 171. 201 
 Nimes 378 
 Nimrod 366 
 Ninus: His tomb I 1-4 mile high 
 
 369 
 Niobe: Her mountain statue 159 
 
 Turned to stone 235, 412 
 Noah : Preserved no monsters 46 
 
 His ark 188 
 Noiseless city. A 2 1 1 
 Noraghes: Sardinia's mysteries 
 
 500 
 Numa: 400 433 434 435 436 441 
 Nuns: 94 
 
 Nysa: Where Bacchus was born 
 147 
 
 Oak: The talking 183 
 
 Obelisks 327 
 
 Ocean: Artesian well in the 0. 
 
 355 
 
 Ocean: Keeps the Bear thirsty 
 20 
 
 Oceanides 281 
 
 Oceanus had 3000 children 281 
 
 Odeium : 1 1 6 
 
 Odescalchi family 472 
 
 Odysseus (see Ulysses) 
 
 CEdipus: 119 129 130 134 171 281 
 
 CEnotrus: Founds first Grecian 
 colony 20. 210 212 285 
 
 Ogygus: 129. Autochthonal 
 king of Grecian Thebes 135. 
 188 
 
 Ointment: 89, 223 
 
 Oldest town: i, 44, 45 
 
 Old man of the sea 62 
 
 Olympia: 90 486 
 
 Olympias: 29 
 
 Olympic festivals: 90 The presi- 
 dency 91 
 
 01ymi)us. Mt.: i 188 200 242 
 
 Omphalc: Enslaves Hercules 44 
 
 444 
 Oneirocrisy 53 
 Onesicritus 397 
 Opheltes: Devoured by a dragon 
 
 44 
 
 Oracle: Riddles 90 Ceremonies; 
 odd answers 99 Orders mur- 
 der 148 Oldest 0. 163 o. 
 propaganda 321 
 
 Oracles: 53 139 Apollo's at 
 Delphi 163, 164. 177 Decline 
 of 266 As mints 266 Fish 0. 
 271, 272 Replies by nods 
 and signs 313 
 
 Oracular uncertainty 10 
 
 Orestes: His bones found in a 
 well; His coffin II feet long 
 10 His path and its monu- 
 ments 40. 44 48 62 119 
 
 Original baptismal font 333 
 
 Orontes 365 
 
 Oropus: 139 
 
712 
 
 INDEX B 
 
 Orpheus: 6. o. and the Sirens 
 182 Brought music from the 
 East 188 Torn to pieces by 
 women 200 His tomb and 
 the birds 201 Still sang after 
 beheading 207 His lyre 207 
 Saved by Apollo 218 Soothes 
 the Argonauts 223 In the 
 Hesperides' garden 322 
 
 Orthus: Progeny of Typhon 275 
 
 Ortygia: 30, 486 
 
 Osiris: His tomb 326 327 
 
 Oslerism 294 
 
 Osogo. The god 268 
 
 Ossa. Mt. 199 
 
 Ostriches 320 
 
 Ostrich-skin armor 316 
 
 Outwitting oracles 168 
 
 Ovid: His "Ibis" curse; his 
 banishment and death 457 
 His country 461 His house 462 
 
 Owl 484 
 
 Oxylus: Three-eyed king 90 268 
 
 Pactyas: Absconder, the price of 
 
 Chios 219 
 Paderewski 242 
 Padua: 480 
 
 Painting: Birthplace 6f 108 
 Palamedes: Adds to the alphabet 
 
 295 
 Palici. The 488 
 Palladium 174 
 
 Pallas: Murdered by Theseus 48 
 Pallas: Friend of Minerva 174 
 Pallas (see Minerva) 
 Pamphila: Invents transparent 
 
 dresses 299 
 Pamphos 123 157 
 Pan: His birth and odd form 4. 
 
 32 120 164 
 Panama Canal 333 
 Pandora: The first woman I 107 
 Panopeus quarreled before birth 
 
 171. 294 
 Papal decree geography: 475 
 Papyrus: 485 
 Parasang. The 367 
 Paris: Flight with Helen 62. 112 
 
 Place where his beauty prize 
 
 was awarded 225. 281 402 
 
 Parnassus. Mt.: Preface 160 
 
 Parsley for prizes 44 
 
 Parthenon. The: 114, 115 
 
 PasiphcE 301 
 
 Pasteur 24 
 
 Patents 46 82 
 
 Patriotism fostered: 129 
 
 Patroclus: 79 Fatalities in his 
 pastimes 181 Borrows Achil- 
 les, armor 203 Kills Pyraech- 
 mes 203 
 
 Paul. St.: At Athens 118. 119 
 At Ephesus 237. 247 251 272 
 His birthplace 277. 433 439 
 
 Pausanias preface. His skepti- 
 cism 73 
 
 Pausanias: Clears Greece of the 
 Persians 146 
 
 Peacock: 174 Given Argus' 
 eyes 282 
 
 Pegasus: 48 His taming 109 
 Rebukes Hellicon's excitement 
 161 Produced from Medusa's 
 blood 306 
 
 Peirene: 109 
 
 Peisander: Hercules' historian 46 
 
 Peisistratus: An English 114 
 
 Pelasgi. The: 188 
 
 Pelasgians. The; 116 470 
 
 Pelasgus: Settled Arcadia 20. 188 
 
 Peleus: Kills his father-in-law 
 181 Father of Achilles 281 
 
 Pelias: Boiled by his daughters 
 92 
 
 Pelias no 
 
 Pelion: Piling p. on Ossa 199 
 
 Peloponnesus giant: 84 
 
 Pelops: Founded Pisa 91 from 
 Phrygia 188 
 
 Pelops' Isle: i 
 
 Penelope: Her last days; Ulysses' 
 cruelty 16. 65 410 
 
 Pentheus: Torn to pieces by his 
 mother 141 
 
 Pepper and honey drink: 348 
 
 Perdiccas; Receives sunshine as 
 wages 202 
 
 Peripatetics 12 1 
 
 Perjury among the gods: 19 
 
 Perjury court: 488 
 
 Perke: 207 
 
INDEX B 
 
 713 
 
 Perseus: Founds Mycert* 44 
 Kills grandfather at quoits 45. 
 242 Slays Medusa 306 
 Visits Ammon 313 Father of 
 Erythras 346 Rescues Ah- 
 dromeda 349 
 
 Persuasion: Goddess i 
 
 Peters. St.: 447 
 
 Peter. St. : His statue 438. 447 
 
 Petra! Built by Genii 348 
 
 Phsedra: and Hippolytus! Her 
 end 48 
 
 Phsethusa : Her tears form amber ; 
 
 477 
 Phaeton: 477 
 Phalanthus: Sees rain from a 
 
 clear sky 216 His end and 
 
 monument 460 
 Phantas«ios:Sleep'sassistant396 
 Phaon: Cause of Sappho's death 
 
 288 
 Pharos 331 332 
 Pheidippides: First Marathon 
 
 racer I 20 
 Pherecrates (see Metagefies) : 
 
 His fantastic Springs 74 
 Pherecydes: An early seismolo- 
 gist 24 
 Phialo: Loved by Hercules 12 
 Phidias: 5 Adorns the Pai"- 
 
 thenon 114 
 Philetus: Light weight poet 299 
 Philip Amyntas: Loses his right 
 
 eye 203 
 Philip II: His bribery 27 A 
 
 scrap of paper diplomatist io4 
 Philomela: (see Procne) 171 
 Philomelus: 173 
 Phineus: and the Harpies 278 
 Phobetor: Sleep's assistant 396 
 "Phocian resolution" 169 
 Phocus: 130 Killed by a brothel" 
 
 181 A wolf avehgeS his dedth 
 
 281 
 Phoenicia : Knowledge, inven- 
 tions, discoveries, colonies of 
 
 355 
 Phoenicians: 188 
 Phormio'S inhospitality : 65 
 Phrixus: Receives the Golden 
 
 Fleece 159 
 
 Phrygia: Older than Eg^pt 188 
 Its language the fifst 188 
 
 Phryne: Her birthplace, Wealth 
 and beauty 158 Hei' sblid 
 gold statue 164 
 
 Phryxos (See Phrixus) 
 
 Physicians: Sickness fbstei'ed by 
 
 Pickwick: An ancient 481 
 
 Pictures made with starS: 167 
 
 Piera: 90 
 
 Pierus and the Muses 16I 
 
 Pigmies. The: 3O4 398 
 
 Pig pets 136 
 
 Pilgrimage: A six year 398 
 
 Pilgrims' Rofck of Greece 60 
 
 Pillars of Hercules : 312 
 
 Pindar: His odes 44 p. and 
 Hbrace 130 Buried ih a 
 hippodrome 134 p. and the 
 bees 134 
 
 Pine cones as food 82 
 
 Pinolas 82 
 
 Piper: Peter 160 
 
 Pirates' haven 33 1 
 
 Pirithous 48 
 
 Pisa: Leaning tbwer 468 
 
 Pisatis. The: 91 
 
 Plagiarism 83 
 
 Plants that indicate water belbw 
 
 24 
 Plato: 114 His Academy 116 
 His tolerance 147 His Atlan- 
 tis 312 His debt to India 
 
 397 453 
 Plato: Comic poet 128 
 Plautus: His cbftiedies 109 
 Pleiades: Affect a fountain 278 
 Pliny (Elder): Enumerator of 
 tnany Springs His procras- 
 tination ;J84 An early Pick- 
 wick 481 
 Pliny (Younger) : His villks 229, 
 44S» 447) 466, 481 describes 
 Clitumnus 476 
 Pluto: Entrance to his I'ealm 46 
 Feared .i^sculapius 59 His 
 pasturage 382. 426 484 485 4^6 
 Plutonium 251 
 
 Plymouth Rock: The Greek 60 
 Poesas : Lights Hercules' pyre 1 95 
 
714 
 
 INDEX B 
 
 Poets: Boeotian i6o 
 Poisoned marriage robe no 
 Pollux: (see also Castor) 
 
 Fights with Amycus 237. 435 
 Polo: Marco 117 
 Polybotes: The giant over- 
 whelmed by Poseidon 300 
 Polynices: His animated shield 
 
 136 
 Polypemon 48 
 Polyphemus 487 
 Pomegranate 484 
 Pompeii: 458. 481 
 Pompey : Secures Mithridates 
 
 treasures 232. 475 
 Pomptine marshes 449 
 Pont du Gard 378 
 Pontica: (Bithynia) 229 
 Pontus Euxinus: (Black Sea) 
 Porsenna (see Lars) 
 Porta: Capena, San Sebastiano 
 
 434 Viminalis 432 
 Poseidon (see Neptune) 
 Posides: 452 
 
 Posidippus: His epigram 288 
 Posilipo: 426 455 
 Prasneste: 429 440 
 Praxiteles: His statue of Hera 
 145. 158 His gold statue of 
 Phryne 164 His Cnidian 
 Venus 261 
 Prayer: Stops wind 89 An- 
 swered 281 
 Pre-glacial inhabitants: 188 
 Prehistoric: Fossils 188 Pirates' 
 
 rum 223 
 Prioress outwitted: 94 
 Prizes of parsley: 44 
 Procne: Her tongue is cut out by 
 Tereus; reveals the crime by 
 embroidery; feeds Tereus with 
 his son; is changed into a 
 swallow 171 
 Procris: Her jealousy and the 
 
 result 124 
 Procrustes: His bed of torture 
 
 48 
 Prodicus 86 
 Proetus 22 96 
 
 Program of the Ages. The: 484 
 Progress; Train of 114 
 
 Prometheus: Punished for theft 
 
 107 His punishment 278 
 Proserpine 48 484 485 496 
 Proteus: Could assume any 
 
 form 281 Bound by Mene- 
 
 laus 399 
 Psamathe's enchantments 281 
 Psammitichus: Raised Nile 
 
 Spring discoverers 323 
 Psylli: Snake proof; fight the 
 
 South Wind 306 
 Ptoempha. The: Had a dog king 
 
 304 
 Ptolemy: His courage 52. 345 
 Punjab 397 
 Puteoli 453 
 Pylades 132 
 Pylenor 96 
 Pyraechmes: Killed by Patroclus 
 
 203 
 Pyramia 60 
 
 Pyramids: 77 288 325 327 
 Pyramus and Thisbe: 361 
 Pyrrha (see Deucalion) 
 Pyrrhus: Defeat of 210 
 Pythagoras: Three of the name 
 
 291 
 
 Quail bay 73 
 Queen cooks 202 
 Quinzy cure 392 
 Quoit: An historical 281 
 Quo Vadis church 434 438 
 Quo Vadis? Domine: 434 
 
 Rabbit's foot superstition 480 
 Rahab 350 
 Rain producers: i 
 Ramayana 398 
 Rameses 323 326 
 Rasselas 315 
 
 Ray : Ultra violet 424. X-ray 95 
 Reforms: Political 114 
 Regillus. Lake: 435 
 Relativity: 231 
 Relayed presents: 298 
 Remus: His ghost 450 
 Renan 352 
 
 Resurrection. The: 428 
 Retreat of the 10,000 Greeks 367 
 Rex. Q. Marcius: 461 
 
INDEX B 
 
 715 
 
 Rhacias: Marries Manto at sight 
 
 239 
 Rhadamanthus: 426 
 Rhampsinitus 137 
 Rharian plain: 133 
 Rhea (see Cybele) i 2 7 13 163 
 
 Aids the Argonauts 224. 326 
 Rhine: Had 12,000 tributaries 
 
 391 
 
 Rhone: Bathed in Lake Geneva 
 381 
 
 Rhone canal 453 
 
 Rhyndacus: Ruled by Merops 
 222 
 
 Richest man 266 
 
 Riddle: Sphinx's R. 129 R. 
 solved by Phalanthus 216 
 Homer's death riddle 399 
 
 River: Disappearing 13, 54 As 
 a common carrier 30 r. 'Trust 
 30 One of the coldest 41. 
 Sea-going r. 51 r. of Doubt 
 53 Reincarnation of a r. 53 
 r. of soup 74 Deadly r. 96 
 Of bad odor 96 Doctored r. 
 168 r. floating on another 
 194. 359 Brushed aside the 
 sea 243 Most tortuous 246 
 A r. sued 246 Continuous 
 waterfall 353 Most rapid r. 
 381 Largest Italian r. 477 
 
 Rivers and poet's births 399 
 
 Rivers: Grecian 402 
 
 Robe: A poisoned marriage robe 
 no. A $120,000. robe 211 
 
 Rocs: 21 
 
 Roman insignia: 469 
 
 Roman itineraries 371 
 
 Roman remains at Bath 370 
 
 Romans: Homes and lives of 481 
 
 Rome: Elevators 327 Civil war 
 387 Its nebula 412 Founda- 
 tion date 429 The Forum 
 430, 435, 438 Gates 432, 434, 
 436 Its geese 432 Its noises 
 434, 446 Center of 438 Foun- 
 tains 440 Captured by Gauls 
 470 Taken by Porsenna 474 
 
 Rome's aqueducts: 429 
 
 Rome's strangely changing water 
 429 
 
 Romulus: 431 433 438 450 
 Roses: Of Passtum; Sixty leaved 
 
 202 
 Roumelia 207 
 Rum: Ancient 223 
 Russia 113 
 Ruth 350 
 
 Sabine: Rape 431 s. tract 465 
 Sacrifices. Human: 20 29 136 
 
 488 
 Saffron scented theaters 275 
 Sagara. king 398 
 Sagittarius: Constellation 160 
 "Sagras. Battle of the" 214 
 Sagus eat pre-chewed food 211 
 Salamanders poison Wells 24 
 Salmacis 264 
 Salmoneus: His sacrilege and 
 
 death 92 
 Salt: Mines 15 Houses 307 
 
 Preservative 333 
 Samson 214 
 
 Samson-like Perseus: 48 
 Sancho Panza: 434 
 Sanctuary. Slave: 488 
 San Paolo: 439 
 Sappho: 124 Her character, her 
 
 brother, her end 288 
 Saracens 210 213 
 Sardonic grin 500 
 Sarmatians: Their dragon-scale 
 
 armor 117. 39.5 
 Saturn (Cronus): 
 
 2. Deceived by Rhea 7, 163, 
 
 164 Swallows Hera 21 Can- 
 nibalistic 83 257 
 Satyr: 46 s. captured by Midas 
 
 258 
 Satyrs of Africa 304 
 Saul 131 
 
 Scamandronymus 288 
 Schaffhausen Falls 391 
 Schlemihl. Peter i 
 Science's sight and Fable's 
 
 memory 426 
 Scipio 318 434 
 
 Sciron: Changed to rocks 113 
 Scopas: Architect 8 
 Scopas: Punished by Castor and 
 
 Pollux 196 
 
7i6 
 
 INDEX B 
 
 "Scrap of paper" diplomacy: 
 
 27 475 
 Scylla 487 
 
 Scythia: 394 395 398 
 Sea: Asleep 224. Dining in the 
 
 445 
 Sea: Place of retirement for the 
 
 sea; 426 
 Seasons. The: 314 
 Seed of the Trojan War 281 
 Seers 138 
 Selemnus: Deceived by Argyra 
 
 100 
 Selli : The priests 1 83 
 Semele:46 Eats Bacchus' heart 
 
 147 
 
 Semiramis: Gains the throne by 
 a ruse 369 Preserved by 
 doves 369 
 
 Seneca 206 
 
 Sequester: Vibius 209 
 
 Serpent-proof Psylli. The: 306 
 
 Servia 207 
 
 Sesostris and the Suez Canal 333 
 
 Seven against Thebes 44 
 
 Seven sleepers. The 237 
 
 Sex change 138 
 
 Shadowless: Groves l Men I 
 
 Shakespeare: 48 164 238 475 
 
 Sheep: Their color changed 155 
 191 192 282 
 
 Shelley. P. B.: and Arethusa 486 
 
 Shells from the sky 383 
 
 Shepherd: Selemnus 100 Finds 
 Marsyas' flutes 53 
 
 Sibyl : 426 700 years old 442 
 
 Sibyls 164 
 
 Sicily: Its ancient name 210 484 
 
 Sickness prohibited 298 
 
 SicuH. The: 210 484 
 
 Sidero 92 
 
 .Sieve: Drawing water with a 46 
 
 Sight: Lynceus' sharp sight 322 
 
 Sight restored: Phormio's 241 
 
 Silenus: His appearance and 
 reverses 202. 240 Made 
 drunk by Midas 248 
 
 Silphium 320 
 
 Silversmiths: Opposed Christian- 
 ity 237 
 
 Similia similibus curantur 8 
 
 Simonides: Gratitude of Castor 
 and Pollux 196 His epigram 
 294 Adds to the alphabet 
 
 295 
 
 Sinai. Mt.: 108 345 433 
 
 Singing taught by birds 325 
 
 Sinus: His treatment of travelers 
 48 
 
 Sirens: Misjudged 82. 484 
 
 Sisera 180 
 
 Sisyphus: 108 Cause of his 
 punishment 109 He fetters 
 Death 109 
 
 Siva 398 
 
 Skepticism: Undermines hea- 
 thenism 266 
 
 Slave insurrection: 212 215 488 
 
 Slaves: 10,000 sold daily 298 
 Stone seat to free slaves 449 
 
 Sleep: King of s. his home 396 
 
 Small boy: The 84 
 
 Smindyrides; Had 1,000 kitchen 
 slaves 311 
 
 Snake-footed giants: 216 
 
 Snake: Obtains perpetual youth 
 171 
 
 Snakes: Catablepas killed with 
 its gaze 305 Basilisk 305, 306 
 Amphisbsena had two heads 
 305 Sepses 306 Dipsas 306 
 334 398 As war weapons 457 
 
 Sniff: 480 
 
 Socialism in India 397 
 
 Sodom and Gomorrha 353 
 
 Sogdiana 266 
 
 Solfatara. The: 426 
 
 Solon: 114 
 
 Solon's stratagem 168 
 
 Somnus: King of sleep 396 
 
 Sophanes' anchor-valor 146 
 
 Sophocles: 44 §0 1 14 130 
 
 Sorcerer's garlic 19 
 
 Sorrows of History, Science and 
 Art 332 
 
 Sortes. Divination by: 470 480 
 
 Soup rivers 74 
 
 South America 312 
 
 Southey 4,57 
 
 South Pole 323 
 
 Sow. Crommyon 30 
 
 Spa 380 
 
INDEX B 
 
 717 
 
 Spanish tract in French territory 
 
 387 
 
 Sparta 65 
 
 Spartacus: His insurrection and 
 end 212. 215 
 
 Specific Gravity and Arethusa: 
 486 
 
 Specter's statue chained 150 
 
 Sperthies' heroism 66 
 
 Sphinx: Its riddle 129 Progeny 
 of Typhon 275 Avenged by a 
 fox 281 
 
 Spiders: 130 
 
 Sponge: Land like a petrified 482 
 
 Sporades islands 291 300 
 
 Springs (see Index A) 
 
 Stadia: Length of; Preface. 
 
 Stanley 323 
 
 Star stories (see Constellations) 
 
 Stars: Their pictures 159, 167 
 
 Statielli tribe sold as slaves: 478 
 
 Statue bathing: 47 470 
 
 Statues: Black 28 When first 
 made of metal 65 At first of 
 unhewn stone 99 Of gold 
 108, 164 (Colossal: Athena's 
 114 Thebes' 325 Memphis 
 327) Of a specter 150 Of 
 wood 173 Made of living 
 animals 218, 281 Strength 
 giving s. 249 Hedge j. 466 
 Heathen s. for Saints 438 
 Rock-cut 496 
 
 Stealing town-sites: 216 238 
 
 Stephanus: Martial uses his 
 bath 446 
 
 Stephen. Saint 383 
 
 Stone: First statues were unhewn 
 i. 99 "The fugitive Stone" 
 222 
 
 Stone of the Galli 252 
 
 Stories in the stars (see Constel- 
 lations) 
 
 Stratonicus: His wit 204 207 268 
 
 Strength-giving statue 249 
 
 Strophius: Father of Pylades 132 
 
 Stuttering cured by fright 320 
 
 Stymphaiian birds 21 278 
 
 Suez Canal 333 
 
 Suffrage: Female 114 
 
 Suffragettes: Lysistrata 120 
 
 Sulla 86 163 286 
 
 Sun dial: First Roman 497 
 
 Sungold: Paying in 202 
 
 Superstition 183 
 
 Sura. Licinius 481 
 
 Susarion: First comedy writer 
 
 "3 
 Swallow: Procne changed to a 
 
 s. 171 
 Swan: Dircean 130 Singing 298 
 Swords: Digging Wells with 387 
 Sybarites 210211 216 
 Syenite 324 
 Sylvanus 431 
 Symplegades: The swinging 
 
 rocks no 
 Syracuse 485 486 
 Syrtes. The: 316 
 
 Taaut 325 
 
 Tadpoles 228 
 
 Tali 480 
 
 Talking oak. The 281 
 
 Tang-hi: Seeks the Ganges' Spg 
 398 
 
 Tangier 312 
 
 Tantalus 235 
 
 Tarcon: Born gray haired 444 
 
 Tarpeia and Tatius 431 
 
 Tarquin 470 
 
 Tarracina: 448 449 
 
 Tartarus: Location 257. 484 
 
 Tatius 43 1 
 
 Tauri. The 395 
 
 Tears: Formed amber 477 
 
 Tegeans: Bound with their own 
 fetters 10 
 
 Teiresias: 130 134 Changed sex 
 and genus; dissatisfied Juno's 
 inquisitiveness; lived seven 
 geiierations 138, 139. 141 
 Blinded by Minerva 161. 239 
 
 430 
 Telamon: Friend of Achilles 267 
 Teleclus: Odd conquest of Amy- 
 
 clae 67 
 Telemachus: His visit to King 
 
 Menelaus 410' 410'' 
 Telephus: Saved from the sea; 
 
 becomes a king 8 
 Telescoping trees 315 
 
7i8 
 
 INDEX B 
 
 Tempe: Vale of 193 
 
 Temple: Robberies 8, 163 The 
 best preserved t. in Greece 13 
 Largest t. 122 T. roped to a 
 city 237 
 
 Tereus (see Procne) 171 
 
 Terra d'Otranto 210 216 
 
 Terrestrial Paradise 107 
 
 Terrors incognita 96 
 
 Terrors of the Indian voyage 334 
 
 Tethys had 3000 children 281 
 
 Thaleia and Zeus 488 
 
 Thales: His debt to India 397 
 
 Thamyris: Cause of his blind- 
 ness 86 
 
 Thanksgiving festival 147 
 
 Thargelion month 298 
 
 Theagenes: Early Bolshevik 113 
 
 Theagenes: Killed by a statue 
 
 "5 
 
 Theano: and Hippodamus 212 
 A poetess 214 
 
 Theater: 98, 275 
 
 Thebes (Egyptian): Had 7 
 million inhabitants 325 
 
 Thebes (Grecian) 129 Its gates 
 130 
 
 Thefts: Heirs liable for 114 
 
 Themis: Justice 163 281 
 
 Themistocles: 114 
 
 Theocritus: /. & Peisander 46. 
 412 413 
 
 Theodorus: First metal statue 
 maker 65 
 
 Theodosius 122 163 
 
 Theophrastus 397 
 
 Theopompus 183 
 
 Therraopylas: 44 
 
 Theseus: Emulated Hercules; 
 humorously destroyed mon- 
 sters; went to Hades for 
 Proserpine; had many wives; 
 married Antiope the Amazon 
 Deserted Ariadne 48 Married 
 Helen; escaped poisoning by 
 Medea 55 Destroyed Sciron 
 113 Killed Cercyron; raised 
 wrestling to an art 123 His 
 ship the "Theoris" 298 De- 
 stroyed the Minotaur 301 
 
 Thessaly 68 188 
 
 Thestius. King 11 
 
 Thetis: Mother of Achilles 281 
 
 Theutis: Fired the first shot in 
 
 the Trojan campaign 41 
 Thirst: Tortures caused by 387 
 Thirteen wicked cities 353 
 Thisbe 361 
 Thisoa: i, 41. 
 Thoas: King of Lemnos 44 
 Thrace: Road to Europe 188. 
 
 200 201 Many boundaries 
 
 and names 207 Its language 
 
 lost 207 
 Thraso the statuary 280 
 Three-eyed monarch 90 
 Three hundred fold yield 316 
 Thucydides: Death of 225 
 Thyestes: Fed with his children 
 
 45 
 Thyia festival 290 
 Thyiades: The revels of the 166 
 Thyrsus. The: 82 
 Tibareni: Their strange custom 
 
 278 
 Tiberius' gold dice 480 
 Tibertus: Son of Amphiaraus 
 
 447 
 
 Tibur 463 
 
 Time system of the Romans 287 
 
 Time: The corridor of i The 
 perspective of 1 56 His adorn- 
 ing touch 378 
 
 Timon of Athens 114 
 
 Tin Gow 480 
 
 Tips: Stips 472 
 
 Tiresias (see Teiresias) 
 
 Titans: They cook Bacchus 147 
 Had 50 heads and 100 arms 
 
 .257 
 Tithonus: Changed to a cricket 
 
 326 
 Titus 431 
 
 Tityus: Size of his grave 171 
 Tivoli 429 442 463 
 Tortillas: 313 
 Toth: 325. His wife 325 
 Town: A real 58 
 Towns: Migrating 140 
 Toy painting 380 
 Traditions vary: Preface. 51 
 Tragedy's slip 462 
 
INDEX B 
 
 719 
 
 Trajan: 229 320 472 
 
 Trambelus 267 
 
 Transparent coffins 335 
 
 Treasury of Minyas 150 
 
 Trebizond 29 
 
 Tree: Grafting 1 The oldest 26 
 Banquet held in a /. 274 The 
 poplar, its fruit and cures 303 
 Milk giving tree 383 
 
 Trees: 17 99 135 136 164 Tele- 
 scoping I. 315 The Hesperi- 
 des change to /. 322 
 
 Trevi 440 
 
 Trieste 482 
 
 Triopas: 260 
 
 Triptolemus: 98 1 16 Aids Ceres 
 122 Is taught how to culti- 
 vate grain 123 Founds Tar- 
 sus 277 484 
 
 Troglodytes 309 
 
 Trophonius: 15 Robber, mur- 
 derer, oracle 137 Horrors of 
 his cave 137. 164 428 
 
 Troy: 101 135402 431 
 
 Tullius. Laurea 453 
 
 TuUus Hostilius 471 
 
 Turnus: 412 474 
 
 Tusculum: 429 447 
 
 Twelve hundred year search. A: 
 226 
 
 Tyana: City of 259 
 
 Tyndarus: Restored to life 59 
 
 Typhosus: Giant under Mt. Etna 
 
 497 
 Typhon: His ravages 275 
 
 Wounded by Zeus 365 
 Tyre: Its antiquity 355 
 Tyrian purple 355 
 Tyro: Her sad life 92 
 Tyrrhenian Sea: 444 
 
 Ultra-violet ray: 419 
 
 Ulysses: His inconsistency 16 
 His peculiar courtship 65. 109 
 U. and the Sirens 182 His 
 writings 210 At Temesa 215. 
 260 His return to Ithaca 279 
 Recognised by his nurse 280. 
 402 487 
 
 Umbritius: 434 
 
 Umpires of Olympia 90 
 
 Ur of the Chaldees 356 
 Uranus: First god 257 
 Urion: 398 
 
 Vacuna. Temple of: 459 
 
 Vala: Horace's friend 474 
 
 Van Winkle: An ancient 116 
 
 Varro 22 83 
 
 Varying traditions: Cause of 83 
 
 Velabra. The: 429 
 
 Venus (Aphrodite): 
 
 I Insanifies Proetus' daugh- 
 ters 22 Black V. 28 Blinds 
 Erymanthus 30 V. and 
 Adonis 32 Her golden ap- 
 ples 75 Called Acidalian 
 149 Gives the Sirens wings 
 182. 188 402 484 
 
 Vercingetorix : 438 
 
 Versailles of Antioch: 364 
 
 Vesta. Temple of 433 
 
 Vestal Virgins: 470 
 
 Vesuvius 426 458 481 
 
 Vetulonia's insignia copied by 
 Rome 469 
 
 Vetus. Antistius: 453 
 
 Via Egnatia 187 
 
 Vice festival 364 
 
 Victoria. Queen: 188 
 
 Victory monuments. None: 140 
 
 Villas (see also Pliny): 434 
 Comedy and Tragedy v. 481 
 
 Vine: Originated in India 397 
 
 Virbius (see also Hippolytus) 
 144 
 
 Virgil: 412 His tomb 426, 455 
 His end 426, 460 
 
 Virgin: Hera 58. 429 440 
 
 Vishnu 398 
 
 Vishnu-Parana 398 
 
 Visigoth 211 
 
 Vitruvius: 264 
 
 Vivaldi. Lieut,: 434 
 
 Volcanic action in Greece 56 
 
 Von Hoffman villa 434 
 
 Vulcan (Hephaestus): 
 
 I. Assists at Athena's birth 
 5, 98 His unerring javelin 
 124. 167 His diamond 
 plow 278 Makes the fleet- 
 est dog 281 
 
720 
 
 INDEX B 
 
 Wages in sun-gold 202 
 Walking over fire 259 
 Walton. Isaac: 62 
 War-field of gods and giants 29 
 War: First shot in the World-iu. 
 
 207 
 Washington. George 475 
 Water: Tested by weight 286 
 
 Character of good water 357 
 
 Lightest w. 368 
 Water finders i 
 Watering places: Eccentricities 
 
 of 451 
 Well digger: The first 46 
 Whale's strength 84 
 Wheat: First domesticated w. 
 
 122 First wild w. 491 
 White: Blackbirds 3 River 182 
 
 Cattle 209 Snakes 444 
 Widow Marpesa; 8 
 Wild Beast country 307 
 Wild madder 24 
 Winds: Temple of the 119 
 Wine: Poured into Springs 202, 
 
 258. 364 
 W flavored palms 350 Chemi- 
 cal w. 439 Falernian 459 
 Wise men: The seven 164 
 Simonides as one of them 396. 
 
 397 
 Witch of Endor 137 
 Wolf: Eats a temple thief 163 
 
 Avenges Phoous' death 281 
 Woman; The first i, 107 First 
 
 w. horse trainer 65 The Lady 
 
 of Letters 325 
 
 Woman's dress: Leucippus in 31. 
 
 299 
 Women: Forbidden to cross a 
 
 river 30 Two w. to one man 
 
 98 Committee of w. killed 
 
 Medea's children no 
 Women juries 114 
 Women's hair: Rope of 241 
 Wonderful circumstance 215 
 Words: Endurance of 100 w. 
 
 more enduring than metal 108 
 Worm: Peculiar 22 
 Wrestling: 90 123 
 Writing: Antiquity of 210 
 Writing taught by birds 325 
 Wrongs of one age the rights of 
 
 another no 
 
 Xenophontes 217 
 
 Xerxes: 66 146 163 At Ther- 
 mopylae 180 Punishes a 150- 
 year-old theft 266 
 
 X-ray: An ancient 95 322 
 
 Xuthus: 120 
 
 Year: 1200 y. search 226 
 Youth: Fountain of 171, 175 
 
 Zaleucus: From shepherd to law- 
 maker 214 His uprightness 
 214 
 
 Zeno 217 
 
 Zephyrus marries Flora 314 
 
 Zethus: Amphion's brother 130. 
 Marries Thebe 131. Saves 
 his mother Antiope 133 142 
 
 Zeus (see Jupiter) 
 
INDEX C 
 
 Countries, Divisions; Districts; Islands 
 
 Africa, 421 
 Arabia, 472 
 Armenia, 488 
 Asia Minor, 312 
 Assyria, 491 
 
 Belgium, 502 
 
 Egypt, 447 
 England, 501 
 Ethiopia, 469 
 
 Countries, Divisions: 
 
 France, 502 
 
 Germany, 521 
 
 Graecia. Magna, 293 
 
 Greece, I 
 Central, 140 
 Northern, 257 
 Peloponnesus, i 
 
 India, 531 
 Italy, 568 
 
 Foreign 
 421 
 
 countries. Magna Graecia, 293 
 Mesopotamia, 486 
 
 Palestine, 476 
 Peloponnesus, I 
 Persia, 491 
 Phoenicia, 476 
 
 Russia, 527 
 
 Scythia, 527 
 Spain, 512 
 Switzerland, 510 
 Syria, 491 
 
 Acamania, 253 
 Achaia, 116 
 ^tolia, 244 
 Apulia, 628 
 Arcadia, i 
 Argolis, 47 
 Attica, 140 
 
 Bithynia, 319 
 Boeotia, 167 
 
 Calabria, 630 
 Campania, 621 
 Cappadooja, 356 
 Caria, 358 
 Cilicia, 377 
 Colchis, 380 
 Corinthia, 126 
 46 
 
 Districts: 
 
 Greek page i 
 
 Roman 568 
 
 Elis, 104 
 Epirus, 257 
 Etruria, 636 
 
 Gallia Transpadana, 
 655 
 
 Illyricum, 265 
 
 Laconia, 75 
 Latium, 568 
 Liguria, 650 
 Locris. East, 254 
 Lycia, 372 
 Lydia, 330 
 
 Macedonia, 280 
 Megaris, 138 
 
 721 
 
 Messenia, 94 
 Mysia, 312 
 
 Paphlagonia, 326 
 Peligni, 631 
 Phocis, 222 
 Phrygia, 341 
 Pontus, 327 
 
 Sabini, 634 
 Sicyonia, 123 
 
 Thessaly, 266 
 Thrace, 288 
 
 Umbria, 646 
 
 Venetia, 658 
 
722 
 
 INDEX C 
 
 ^gina, 387 
 Andros, 401 
 
 Ceos, 405 
 Cos, 414 
 Crete, 417 
 Cydonea, 401 
 
 Delos, 410 
 
 Islands: 
 
 Greek page 383 
 
 Roman 
 EubcBa, 391 
 
 ItKaca, 383 
 
 Lesbos, 398 
 
 Nisyrus, 416 
 
 Samos, 403 
 
 661 
 
 Sardinia, 681 
 Sicily, 661 
 
 Tenedos, 397 
 Tenos, 409 
 
This preservation photocopy was made 
 
 at BookLab, Inc. In compliance with copyright law. 
 
 The paper meets the requirements of ANSl/NISO 
 
 Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper) 
 
 (OO) 
 Austin 1995