CORNE LL UNIV ERSITY THE Sflomer Heterinarti Hibtary FOUNDED BY ROSWELL P. FLOWER for the use of the N. Y. STATE VETERINARY COLLEGE 1897 CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 924 057 014 882 Date Due .ii.i/%j'i~ y^\^ hmi rrt-ti-T- 3=^^ C>t TX' Library Bureau Cat. No. 1137 I Cornell University f Library The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924057014882 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS W. L. WILLIAMS PROFESSOR OF OBSTETRICS AND RESEARCH PROFESSOR IN THE DISEASES OF BREEDING CATTLE IN THE NEW YORK STATE VETERINARY COLLEGE AT CORNELL UNIVERSITY PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR ITHACA, N. Y. 1917 Z Press of Andrus & Church Ithaca, N. Y. Copyright by L. WILLIAMS 1917 sr .^2n^ WlX. PREFACE In 1909 the author attempted, under the title Veterinary Obstetrics, Including the Diseases of Breeding Animals A.ND OP THE New-Born, to assemble in a single volume, obstet- rics and the diseases of the genital organs and of new-born ani- mals. Previousl}', these diseases had been scattered throughout the entire domain of veterinary literature, amongst contagious, non-contagious, surgical, and obstetrical affections, in a way which was perfectly natural, but was wholly inadequate for a proper conception of the diseases which affect directly and seriously the fundamental problems of reproduction. Although the volume was well received, the author was soon compelled to realize that the plan was essentially a failure, in so far as his chief aims were involved. The basic knowledge for an enduring treatise in the field was wanting. Consequently the arrangement, as well as the material, proved defective. Possibly the volume hastened and stimulated the study of obstetrics and of the diseases of the genitalia, but the rapid advancement of knowledge in this field quickly rendered the work obsolete. In 1909 obstetrics was a conglomerate of science and empiricism, of fact and fiction. There was no conception of the tremendous importance of genital diseases nor of their relation to obstetrics, and no realization that the most important diseases of young animals were intimately related to the two preceding groups. The author had brought together, without any adequate concep- tion of their interdependency, continuity, and identity, three groups of diseases then presumed to be distinct. Once the basic identity of the three groups became dimly visible, the need for a reconsideration of the entire subject, from a wholly new stand- point, quickly became apparent. The need and the ability to meet it were two different questions. One who wishes so to present his subject that his statements may appeal convincingly to his readers as being the truth, dislikes to think that what he writes may be scattered immediately to the winds by new dis- coveries. It is the common fate of scientific writers that a statement made to-day vi^ith full assurance of its correctness shall be demolished to-morrow. That is a wholly different matter from a grave uncertainty at the very foundation. It is one thing for an author to see one of his paragraphs or pages iv Preface destroyed, and quite a different matter to see the cornerstone of the whole edifice broken into bits. Although many vital questions remain unsettled, it is important that the progress in our knowledge of these diseases should be assembled, arranged, and recorded, as an incentive, and perhaps an aid, to further study. The volume of 1909 has become so thoroughly obsolete in spirit and plan as to render its revision unjustifiable. Instead, it has been decided to prepare a new volume upon obstetrics and a companion volume upon the diseases of the genital organs, including those diseases of the young animal transmitted from mother to young in utero or through the milk. It is hoped that by this plan the continuity between the diseases of the genital organs, the interference with normal parturition (obstetrics) and the most important diseases of young animals may be well maintained and the subject be handled in a fairly logical manner. The first volume. Obstetrics, rewritten and rearranged upon an entirely new plan, is submitted herewith. As heretofore, the writings of other obstetrists have been drawn upon freely. It has been aimed to accord full credit to each in the proper place. The author makes no pretence of accurate knowledge of embryology, yet realizes fully that its outlines must enter into any scientific consideration of obstetrics. At his earnest solicita- tion. Dr. B. F. Kingsbury, Professor of Histology and Embry- ology in the Medical College of Cornell University, and an acknowledged authority, has carefully revised the section upon embryology, for which the author is deeply grateful. Some old illustrations have been discarded, and numerous new ones added, with a view to enriching the text. The author is deeply indebted for the new illustrations to Dr. Zan D. Klopper and Messrs. C. W. Redwood and John Outsell. Deeply conscious of the many imperfections of this volume, the author hopes that the errors are fewer and less important than those in the prior publication. If the volume adds a little knowledge, and especially if it awakens in some readers a new desire for observation and study, the author's aims will have been well achieved. W. ly. Williams. Ithaca, N. Y., August, 1 91 7. CONTENTS INTRODUCTORY i OBSTETRIC ANATOMY 3 The Pei,vis 3 The Generative Organs 14 The Ovaries 14 The Genital Tract 17 The Muellerian Ducts 17 The Oviducts : 19 The Uterus 2 1 The Cervix 28 The Vagina 29 The Vulva 32 OBSTETRIC PHYSIOI.OGY 34 Maturation of the Ovisac 40 Estrum 43 Copulation 43 Ovulation 44 Fertilization 46 Menstruation 46 Embryology. Teratology 47 Segmentation of the Egg 48 Formation of the Embryo 53 The Nervous System 54 Development of the Organs of Special Sense 62 The Nose 62 The Eyes 64 The Ears 66 Formation of the Digestive Apparatus 70 The Teeth 77 The Circulatory System 85 The Heart 85 The Arteries 86 The Veins 91 The Fetal Circulation 93 The Development of the Urino-Genital System 98 The Wolffian Ducts 98 The Kidneys, Ureter, and Bladder 100 The Male Reproductive Organs 102 The Testicles 102 The Limbs i°7 The Fetal Membranes and the Placenta 1 14 The Vitelline Sac "4 The Amnion ii5 vi Contents The Allantois 120 The Chorion 122 The Placenta 126 The Umbilic Cord 131 PREGNANCY, OR GESTATION I34 The Form of the Pregnant Uterus i39 The Position OF THE Fetus IN THE Uterus i45 The Diagnosis of Pregnancy 150 Menstruation 15 1 Cessation of Estrum 151 The Uterine Seal 152 Palpation of the Uterus per Rectum 153 The Corpus Luteum of Pregnancy I55 The Uterine Arteries I57 Palpation of the Fetus per Vaginam or per Rectum 157 Abdominal Ballottement 158 Auscultation of the Fetal Heart 158 The Abderhalden Test ' 158 The Duration of Pregnancy 165 The Number of Fetuses 169 Twin Pregnancy 170 The Diagnosis of Multiple Pregnancy 173 Arrangement of the Fetuses in Twin Pregnancy 173 Anomalies in Fecundation 176 Superfecundation 176 Superfetation 176 The Wandering of Genital Cells 176 THE HYGIENE OF PREGNANT ANIMALS 179 DISEASES OF PREGNANCY 187 Diseases of the Pregnant Animai, 187 Osteomalacie . 189 Dropsy of the Uterine Walls. Hydrometra 190 Dropsy of the Utero-Chorionic Space 191 Paraplegia 191 Amourosis 196 Rupture of the Prepubian Tendon 196 Hernia of the Uterus. Hysterocele 205 Rupture of the Gravid Uterus 207 Extra-Uterine Pregnancy 209 Torsion of the Uterus 215 Hemorrhage from the Gravid Uterus 238 Prolapse of the Vagina and Cervix Uteri 240 Primary Diseases of the Fetus and its Membranes 249 Dropsy of the Amnion 251 Fetal Anasarca 258 Contents vii PHYSIOLOGIC PARTURITION 260 Symptoms of Parturition 268 Expulsion of the Fetai< Membranes and Involution of the Uterus 2S0 Physioi^ogic Presentations and Positions of the Fetus 283 Management of Normai, Parturition 290 The Care of the Puerperal Animal 303 The Care of the Nkw-Born 309 DYSTOKIA 323 Equipment For Obstetric Work 330 Appliances for Traction 330 Repellers 338 Instruments for Section 339 Obstetric Outfits , 352 The Dress of the Operator 354 Position and Control of the Patient 355 The Examination of the Patient 361 The Prevention of Infection During Obstetric Operations.. 364 The General Handling of Dystokia 368 Obstetric Operations 372 Mutation ^ 372 Repulsion 373 Rotation 375 Extension and Adjustment of the Extremities 377 Forced Extraction 381 Embryotomy 391 — in the Anterior Presentation 392 Decapitation 392 Cephalotomy 393 Amputation of Head and Neck 394 Subcutaneous Amputation of Anterior Limbs 395 Amputation at Humero-Radial Articulation 398 Detruncation 398 Destruction of the Pelvic Girdle 399 — in the Posterior Presentation 401 Amputation of the Posterior Limbs at Tarsus 401 Intra-Pelvic Amputation of Posterior Limbs 402 Evisceration 408 Miscellaneous Embryotomy Operations 410 Gastro-Hysterotomy 411 Hysterectomy 422 MATERNAL DYSTOKTA 425 Diseases of the Uterus 425 Dystokia of Contagious Abortion 430 Emphysematous Decomposition of the Fetus 430 viii Contents The Uterine Inertia of Contagious Abortion 439 Induration of the Cbrvix 446 Persistent Median Waei, of Mueli^erian Ducts 453 Stricture of the Vagina 453 Intra-Pei,vic Hemorrhage 455 Vui,var Constriction 455 Maugnant AND Other New-growths 457 Dystokia Due to Dispi,acement of the Uterus 458 Pelvic Dystokia 459 Anatomic Elevations in the Pelvic Girdle 459 Rachitis 460 Callus from Pelvic Fracture 462 Exostosis from Dislocation of Femur 464 FETAIv DYSTOKIA 467 Abnormalities in the Development of, or Primary Diseases OF THE Fetus OR Its Annexes 468 Excess of Volume 468 Diseases of the Fetus 473 Hydrocephalus : 474 Fetal Ascites 477 Cysts and Cystic Degeneration of Fetal Organs 478 Hyperthrophic Glands and Fetal Tumors 479 Hypertrophy of WoliBan Bodies 481 Renal Hypertrophy 481 Anomalies in the Fetal Skeleton 481 Wry-Neck in the Foal 482 Campylorrhachis 483 Schistocormus Refiexus 485 Dystokia from Double and Triple Monstrosities 487 Twin Dystokia 4gi The Development of a Normal Fetus in Abnormal Position (Bi-CoRNUAL or Transverse Pregnancy) 494 The Primary Dorsal Presentation... 495 The Primary Ventral Presentation 499 Compound, or Rotated Bi-Cornual Pregnancy 501 Abnormal Positions and Deviations of the Normal Fetus in Normal Presentation 512 Dorso-Ilial and Dorso-Pubic Positions 512 Anterior Presentations 513 Deviations of the Head and Neck 513 Lateral Deviation of the Head 513 Downward Deviation of the Head 518 Upward Deviation of the Head 521 Deviations of the Limbs in the Anterior Presentation 522 Deviation of the Anterior Limbs 522 Flexion of the Anterior Limbs at the Elbow 522 Contents ix The Fore Limbs Crossed Over the Neck 524 Flexion of the Anterior Limbs at the Carpus 525 Complete Retention of the Anterior Limbs 529 Interlocking of the Maternal and Fetal Pelves 533 Deviation of the Posterior Limbs 535 Forward Extension of the Hind Limbs 535 Posterior Presentations 539 Flexion at the Tarsus 539 Complete Retention of the Posterior Limbs 541 WOUNDS AND INJURIES OF THE GENITAL ORGANS 544 Post-Partum Hemorrhage 544 Rupture of the Uterus and Vagina 547 Rupture of the Bladder _. 552 Rupture of the Intestines 552 Rupture of the Diaphram 553 Prolapse of the Intestine Through Ruptured Walls of Uterus 554 Prolapse of Bladder through Rupture in Vagina 555 Uterine Intussusception and Prolapse 555 Prolapse of the Rectum 579 Prolapse, or Eversion of the Bladder 580 Rupture of the Perineum 582 VESico- Vaginal Fistula 589 Hematoma of the Vulva 590 Relaxation of the Pelvic Symphysis 592 Contusion of the Lumbo-Sacral Nerves .592 Contusion of the Gluteal Nerves 592 Contusion of the Obturator Nerves. Obturator Paralysis 594 Coxo-Femoral Dislocation 596 PUERPERAL INFECTIONS 599 Puerperal Laminitis 599 Puerperal Tetanus 601 PUERPERAL ECLAMPTIC DISEASES 602 Parturient Eclampsia in the Mare 605 Parturient Paresis in the Cow. Milk Fever 611 Puerperal Eclampsia in the Sow 627 The Milk Disease of Sheep 628 Puerperal Eclampsia of the Bitch 629 Index ^3i LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS COLORED PLATES I. Gravid uterus of cow at full term (Frontispiece) II. Fetal sac of cow at about one-hundred days (Opposite p. 124) III. Gravid uterus of cow, estimated at four months. Non-gravid horn of fetal sac, necrotic, and surrounded by the exudate of contagious abortion (Opposite p. 122) IvIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT Figure Page 1. Sagittal section of the pelvis of the mare, showing lumbo-sacral nerves 4 2. Pelvis of cow with pelvic ligaments 8 3. Non-gravid uterus of mare viewed from above, with right cornu laid open 22 4. Ovaries, oviducts, uterus and cervix of cow 23 5. Generative organs of bitch in situ 27 6. Cervixes of virgin heifers showing the annular folds of mucosa. Opened along the median line on the dorsal surface 28 7. Transverse sections through the cervix of a virgin heifer between the four annular folds. Viewedfrom the posterior (vaginal) end_ 29 8. Same as Fig. 7, viewed from the anterior or uterine end 29 9. Section of ovary of cow showing a follicle 0.6 mm., with ovum__ _ 40 ID.' Section of ovary of cow showing a follicle of 2 mm., with ovum 41 11. Section of ovary of sow with a nearly ripe ovum in an ovisac 5x7 mm., showing vacuoles in the cumulus preparatory to ovulation- 41 12. Diagram of ovary of cow showing comparative sizes of follicles shown in Figs. 9, 10, 11 41 13. A fully formed ovum of the rabbit shortly before its discharge from the ovary. (Marshall, after Bischoff) 48 14. Ovum of rabbit from the upper end of the oviduct after extrusion of the two polar bodies. (Marshall, after Bischoff) 48 15. A rabbit's ovum from the middle of the length of the oviduct, about 22 hours after copulation, showing division of the ovum into two cells, X 200. (Marshall, after Bischoff ) 49 16. A rabbit's ovum from the lower end of the oviduct, about the middle of the third day, showing the morula stage, shortly before the completion of segmentation, x 200. (Marshall, after Bischoff) 50 17. A rabbit's ovum seventy hours after copulation, taken from the lower end of the oviduct just before entering the uterus and showing the condition at the close of segmentation, x 200. (Marshall, after Bischoff) 50 Illustrations xi 1 8. A transverse section after the hinder part of the embryonal area of a rabbit embryo at the end of the seventh day, the section passing through the primitive streak, x So. (Marshall, after Bischoff). 52 19. Amorphus, or acardia. From cow. x j^ 55 20. Sagittal section of Fig. 19. x J^_. 56 21. Spina bifida with spinal flexure 56 22. Skull of Cyclops. Foal 58 23. Cyclops. I,amb. Head and neck, seen from below 59 24. Sagittal section of Fig. 23 59 25. Hydrocephalus. Calf 60 26. Hernia cerebri, pig. Lateral view of brain, seen from the left 61 27. Under surface of head of human embryo, estimated as about twenty-nine days old. x 7>^ (Marshall after His) 62 28. Schistocephalus bifidus (Gurlt) 63 29. Cleft palate, foal 64 30. Left ear of human embryo, estimated at thirty-five days old. x 20 (Marshall, after His) 67 31. Ear teeth in ears of foal after removal of the mucous fistula and the teeth 68 32. Diagrammatic view of ear and skull, of Fig. 31 69 33. Schistocormus fissidorsualis subecostatus. (Gurlt) 72 34. Schistocormus fissidorsualis, showing crater-like opening in the occipital region 73 35. Sagittal section of Fig. 34 74 36. Median longitudinal, or sagittal, section through a rabbit embryo, at the end of the twelfth day. (Marshall) 75 37. Atresia ani, lamb 76 38. Three successive stages in the development of a tooth germ of a pig embryo. (Heisler) 78 39. Sagittal section through an inferior grinder of an equine embryo, 4 inches long 79 40. Sagittal section of superior molars of adult horse showing on the left normal development and on the right arrested development of the cement area 80 41. 42. Crown, and longitudinal cross section of a superior grinder of adult horse, showing absence of cement in central infundibulum and erosion of the enamel and dentinal plates 80 43. Cross section of molar of adult horse 81 44. Table surface and section of inferior molar of adult horse, showing non-fusion of dentinal lamellae, followed by infection and puru- lent pulpitis 83 45. Reconstruction of human embryo of about 17 days. (Heisler)... 87 46. Diagram illustrating the fate of the aortic arches. (Modified from Heisler) 88 47. Fissicollis. Cervical ectopia cordia. (Gurlt) 89 48. Cervical ectopia cordis in an adult steer 90 49. Ectopia cordis ; schistocormus fissisternalis (Hering) 90 xii Illustrations 50. Parovian tumor of mare, incarcerating rectum. View from right — 99 51. View of 50 from left 99 52. Schematic illustration of method of incarceration 99 53. Genito-urinary system of a foal, 24 hours old, to illustrate descent of testicles and behavior of ruptured umbilic arteries 103 54. Right inguinal region of foal, 24 hours old 104 55. Pseudo-hermaphroditism of horse, showing rudimentary penis 106 56. Rabbit embryo of ninth day, seen from dorsal side. x2i (Heisler) 107 57. Human embryo of about 28 days, showing limb buds. (Heisler). 108 58. Peromelus apus. (Gurlt) 109 59. Peromelus achirus, foal 109 60. Megalomelus perissodactylus, pig iii 61. Megalomelus perissodactylus, foal iii 62. Humeri of pig, with clavicle-like outgrowths ill 63. Foal with bent anterior metacarpal bones, showing extreme dorsal flexion of metacarpo-phalangeal articulations 112 64. Bent metacarpi, from Fig. 63 112 65. Contractions of neck and limbs of calf 113 66. Transverse section of the embryonic area of a fourteen-and-a-half- day ovum of sheep. (Heisler, after Bonnet) 115 67. Transverse section of a sixteen-and-a-half-day sheep embryo (Heis- ler, after Bonnet) 115 68. Transverse section of a sixteen-and-a-half-day sheep embryo with six somites. (Heisler, after Bonnet) 116 69. Schematic longitudinal sections of fetal annexes of mammalia. (Bonnet) 117 70. Schistocormus reflexus. (Gurlt) _.. 119 71. Schistocormus reflexus, after partial embryotomy to overcome dys- tokia 119 72. A, embryo of the horse in its membranes. 4.2 cm. in its greatest diameter. Twenty-eight days after fecundation 121 B, the same seen from the other side. (Bonnet) ._. 121 73. Schematic illustration of fetal annexes of the embryo of the horse, 28 days after fecundation, as in Fig. 72. Perpendicular section through the embryo and its envelopes. (Bonnet) 123 74. Schematic longitudinal section of a horse embryo at five months. (Bonnet) 124 75. Blastodermic vesicle of sheep. (Bonnet) 125 76. Swine embryo in its membranes. (Bonnet) 125 77. Section through chorion and uterine mucosa of the horse. (Bonnet) 127 78. Cotyledon of cow 128 79. Schematic sagittal section through the fetal annexes of ruminants. ( Bonnet) 129 80. Fission monster, calf 171 81. Rupture of prepubian tendon in mare 199 82. " " " " '■ " 200 Illustrations xiii 83. Rupture of prepubian tendon in mare 201 84. " " " " " '■ 202 85. Extra-uterine Pregnancy, swine 210 86. Torsion of the uterus in the cow 218 87. " " " " " 219 88. " 220 89. " " " " " 224 90- " 225 91. Torsion of the uterus intheewe 228 92. Fetal anasarca in twin lambs 259 93. Posterior, or caudal, presentation. (Saint Cyr) 284 94. Dorsal presentation. (Franck)... 284 95. Ventral presentation. (Franck) 285 96. Experiment heifer grown upon sterilized milk, showing clean vulvar tuft 290 97. Heifer showing vulvar tuft of hairs matted together 291 98. Umbilic cord of foal 312 99. Cords and traction appliances 331 100. Obstetric hooks 335 loi. Obstetric forceps 337 102. Repellers 340 103. Finger knives 341 104. Concealed and guarded knives 342 105. Long-handled cutting instruments 343 106. Embryotomes 345 107. Obstetric saws and sectors 346 108. Wire saws 347 109. Obstetric chisels 349 no. Spatulas 349 111. Obstetric set 353 112. Schematic illustration of extension of fore limb (Franck) 378 113. Method of securing the lower jaw 379 114. Destruction of the pelvic girdle 400 115. Intra-pelvic amputation of posterior limbs 404 116. Intra-pelvic amputation of posterior limbs 406 117. Pelvis of mare, with bony elevations 459 118. Constricted pelvis of mare, with fracture 462 119. Callus due to dislocation of the femur 464 120. Hydrocephalus, foal 474 121. " " 475 122. Hydrocephalus, calf 47^ 123. Fetal osteo-chondrom from abdominal cavity 480 124. Section of the tumor shown in Fig. 123 481 125. Schistocormus reflexus (de Bruin) 485 126. Gastrodidymus octipes 487 127. Tetrachirus choristocephalus. (Gurlt) 488 128. Schistocephalus 489 xiv Illustrations 129. Pigodidymus aversus. (Gurlt) 49° 130. Compouid, or rotated bi-cornual pregnancy 504 131. Compound, or rotated bi-cornual pregnancy 5^5 132. Lateral deviation of the head. (Saint-Cyr) 5^4 133. Incomplete extension of the anterior limbs.. 523 134. Flexure of the anterior limbs at the carpus. (Saint-Cyr) 525 135. Complete retention of the anterior limbs. (Saint-Cyr) 530 136. Forward deviation of posterior limbs in anterior presentation. (Saint-Cyr) 535 137. Retention of posterior limbs at tarsus. (Franck) 539 138. Breech presentation. (Saint-Cyr) 542 139. Rope Truss of Rainard. (de Bruin) 572 140. Contusion of obturator nerve__ 595 Frontispiece. Gravid Uterus of Cow at fdi,i, term i