Cornell University Library The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924029386970 SEPTEMBER 14, 1899 .^ Survey of the World : Grand Army Encamptnent^^otith America, arid the United States The Dreyfus Verdict and its Reception England on the Nile— ^ Respite in the Transvaal— Insecurity in Turkey. 246 J The Catholic Church in the Dreyfus Af fair Othon Guerlac 2467 My Last Thought (PQem) Dr. Jose Rizal 2470 The New York Comptroller A City Official 2472 In the Heart of Luzon Paymastef W. B Wilcox 2475 In Aguinaldo's Realm Ensigfn L. R. Sargent 2477 In the Paths of the Two Armadas Bishop E. R. Hendrix 2482 The Flight of the Buzzards (Poem) HartiEt Prescott Spofford 2484 The Literary Market Maurice Thompson 2485 Lord Curzon as Viceroy Sydney Brooks 2487 The Political " Machine." A Practical Politician 2490 Edward (Story) Elizabeth Tilley 249.3 Corporations and Character Rev. Henry A. Stimson 2496 Book Reviews: The War With Spain -The Duality of Voice Japan in Transition — How to Swim^ Greek -culpture With Story and Song— Drawing for Printers —The Black Douglas, etc. . 2499 Editorials : The Condemnation of France— Otis Must Go The Crisis in South Africa— Is There a Democratic Party ? Patriotic Song -The Right to Die, etc 2505 Religious : Toleration and Excl«siveness Prof. J. H. Bernard 2514 Financial, Insurance, etc 2521 J* Ten Cents a Copy = Two Dollars a Year 130 FULTON STREET, NEW YORK i \\&'' iBLi Wiinnio ,: RiiiiFiicir MusiM m ■\\\^ V 1 \ 8I2-SI4 GREENWICH ST. ' Cor. Jane St. N. Y. QTY, >'%'%%%% % %V%%%%i The Independent WORKS. THERE'S NOT A SQUARE INCH THAT SAPOLIO SHIRKS. mtM 11 The Independent SCHOOLS. BECt'RE GOOD SCHOOI.8 FOR YOrS OHII.DKEN. CaUlognM and Informstloii fm ot •eleoted BffiT8CH00I.S on file in oarofBoe. 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J., the num- ber of scholars is limited, and the large force of teachers permits tbe realization of the ideal and careful training of the boy as an individual and not as a part Of an unvarying system of education. A school desiring the services of a faithful, conscientious teacher of singing, according to tbe best traditions of ihe{ old Italian meihod, would do well to correspond vi ith Mr. Thomas J. Pennell, 20 Cliff Street, Kew Bochelle. N. Y. Mr. Fennel) will be glad to arrange for private lessons at his studio in New York City during the coming season. Ap- pointments for personal mterview may be made by addreos- uig him at bis rCHidence as abov*-. Mr. Pennell is a pupil of Cavaliere Francesco Cortesi, of Florence, Italy. He Enjoys His Wheatlct It contains all tlie elements necessary for nourisliment of Muscle, Bond and Brain. Most easy of digestion, most pleasant to tlie taste, of all Breakfast Foods. Children thrive on WhEATtET It does not irritate the most delicate stomach. 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Lamont Archibald D. Russell, A. G. Agnew, Vol. LI NEW YORK, THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 14. 1899 No. 2650 L\ Survey ol the World. The national encamp- The Grand Army ^^^^ ^^ ^^^ fj^^.^^^ and Pensions ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^ Republic was held last week In Philadelphia. It was looked forward to with considerable inter- est on every hand in view of the attack that it was supposed would be made upon Pen- sion Commissioner Evans for his conduct of the Department. A committee of the Grand Army which had been investigating the matter was to report, and delegations came up from various portions of the coun- try firmly resolved to insist upon the dis- missal of the Commissioner. The entire voting strength was 1,252, including 344 del- egates from the various States and terri- tories, ISO department officers. 111 national officers and post commanders-in-chief and 682 post department commanders. The re- port of the Adjutant-General gave the total membership, in good standing, on June 30th, 1899, as 6,905 posts, with a membership of 287,981, a considerable falling off from the figures given for December and June, 1898. The high-water mark of membership was reached in 1890, when the figures were 409,- 489. Since that time it has shown a steady decrease. The total receipts during the year were reported as $26,308, and expenditures, $14,636, leaving a balance of $11,672. The Woman's Relief Corps contributed $2,000 of this amount, and numbered on June 30th, 141,930 members in 3,156 different corps, and they expended for relief during the year $61,192. The report of the Committee on Pensions was read and referred to the Com- mittee on Resolutions, altho there was a de- cided effort made to secure prompt and pos- itive action in regard to the Commissioner of Pensions. The report as presented the next day by this committee and adopted re- viewed the record of the Grand Army and affirmed that there were none more willing to bear their share in the burdens of the country, but that they demanded the ful- filment of the compact, and claimed that in the actual conduct of the Department there was considerable discrimination, due, perhaps, to the varied rulings and the lack of uniformity in the conditions. Special ref- erence was made to widows of veterans, who were held to be not eligible if they had an income of $96 a year. The report repudiated the charge or inference that the pension list was inflated by fraudulent claims and challenged any evidence. A supplementary report urged that there be a change In the rules, the later rule being more open to ob- jection than the earlier one, and the Com- mander-in-Chief was advised to appoint a special committee to press the matter before the President, and, if necessary, present to Congress a report for the amendment of the law in such form as would make certain that the true intent of the statute, as they believe it to be, should be carried out. Porto Rico Following upon the report of the Insular Commission, Dr. Henry K. Carroll, the President's Special Commissioner, has gone to Washington to present his report. It has not yet been given to the public, but it is known that Dr. Carroll advocates the giving of a territorial form of government to the island. He emphasizes very strongly the ability of the people tq sus- tain such a government and the educative ef- fect it will have upon them. Meanwhile the needs of the Island are becoming Increasingly manifest and also the energy of the people 2461 The Independent 2462 there, snch that all that is required to secure prosperity is that they may be assisted to tide over the present difficulty. Partly with a view to this the tax on Porto Kico coffee has been reduced so that its Introduction to this country will be easier. A considerable por- tion of the crop was destroyed at the time of the tornado, but a large amount still remains, and if this can be put upon the market it will be a considerable reUef. The extent of the coffee trade is indicated by the fact that in 380T the exports from the island amounted to $18.500,00f>, of which coffee produced more than two-thirds. Hitherto It has been largely marketed in Spain and Cuba, but now those markets are to a considerable degree closed. The report of the War Department as to the trade of the colonies under military control and with Cuba shows a very great advance. From Cuba there is reported a considerable Increase of Spanish immigration, and in view of the presence of the plague in Portugal there is great vigilance on the part of the authorities. Among the immigrants are some whose arrival is not altogether desirable and who require careful watching by the poUce. The change in the situation is indicated by the yellow fever reports. From Cuba and Porto Rico we have practically none, while In the Southern States the fever, altho some- what Increasing, is not so serious as to be alarming. eral Lawtou on .lune 14th. and that l-Ui- pino troops are already concentrating around that city from the lake country. Considerable interest has been aroused by the publication in this country of a " round robin- signed by the leading newspaper correspondents in Manila protesting against the severe censorship Instituted by General Otis and atnrming that the situation there is bv no means as encouraging as It has been affirmed to be. On the other hand. President Schur;nan. of the Commission, is reported as confident that with a full sup- ply of troops the completion of the conquest will be speedily secured. He affirms that the work of the opponents of the present policy has had considerable fffect upon Aguinaldo, encournsiug him to hold out as long as possible. The War Department is very busy, and plans are being matured for the most aggressive campaign possible as soon as the rainy season is over. Further, it has been decided to divide the Islands Into mil- itary districts. General Lawton Is to com- mand south of Manila, and General Mc- Arthur north of that city. At the same time it is significant that the Filipino Congress has been assembled, and that conservative and moderate men have been chosen as President of the Supreme Court and Attor- ney-General. The report of Agulnaldo's dic- tatorship is thus refuted. In the The news from the Philip- pines is not of great impor- Philippines ^^^^^ ^j,p United States troops at Cebu have conquered the brig- and garrison by a brilliant attack that recalls the Stony Point of the Revolution- ary War. I'p a steep mountain path they pushed, while the rebels rolled stones down upon them, and finally conquered the garri- son with very slight loss to themselves. This broke the courage of the natives, as the place was deemed impregnable, and there seems to be little prospect of more se- rious trouble on that island. In Mindanao the Sultan has redeemed his pledge of loy- alty by attacking and defeating a band of Insurgents. Near Manila, it is reported that .\guinaldo has ordered his generals In the Cavite province to combine in an attack on Xmus, which was surrendered to Gen- General Juan Isidor JiinlueB. Santo ^(,.^y practically President of Domingo g^jjto Domingo, ariived at Puerto Plata last week from Cuba. He was re- ceived by an immense throng, and his recep- tion was most enthusiastic, the populace hail- ing him as the country's deliverer. The bloodless revolution is now over, and the en- tire population has joined the new leader. General Jlmines has already started for the capital, where the provisional President, General Vasquez, and the assassin of Her- eanx, now Minister of War, promise him a triumphal entry. His journey so far has been one continuous ovation. Altho .limlnes caunot be elected President till November, he has already Issued a proclamation to the peo- ple offering various reforms, such as redeem- ing the currency, establishing a new tariff, creating a public school system, maintaining Survey of the World 2463 a small standing army, etc. If these are car- ried out in good 'faith the little republic of Santo Domingo ought to enter a new era of prosperity, but if Jimines proves himself to be no better than some of his predecessors and rivals, preferring his own seinsh ends to those of his people, another revolution is sure to follow, for the financial condition is still deplorable and the people are determined at last to have liberty. South America A'^enezuela is again worried by a revolution, and since the leader of the revolutionists. General Castro, who wanted to be Governor of an interior province, has not yet been beaten, the United States has ordered the " Detroit " to proceed to Venezuelan waters to protect American in- terests. This order would seem to show that the State Department fears trouble at Caracas, for otherwise it is hard to see what use the " Detroit " could be put to, when the seat of the insurrection is several days' march from the coast. Peru is also congratulating hier- self over the successful putting down of a small revolt. A certain " General," not be- ing able to wait for the Presidential election returns and fearing his friend, Romana, had been defeated, collected 50 men and attacked and took a town. But on meeting the Government troops he was captured, and at the same time learned that his friend was after all elected President. Bomana, how- ever, has just assumed office and has mag- nanimously pardoned his martial but some- what hasty follower, thus restoring quiet for the time being in Peru. Buenos Ayres is suffering from a severe ■ cyclone, and much misery has been caused throughout all Ar- gentina by the unprecedented floods in the Rio Negro valley. The South American Commercial Alliance, however, is still the one topic of conversation in all Spanish America. The " Wilmington's " cruise is con- sidered most especially significant, and all sorts of absurd " hidden meanings " are given to it. One story was that the United States, wanted to make soundings of the Amazon so as to ascend it and annex the territory in dispute between Brazil and Bolivia. The journey of one of the members of the Bureau of American Republics to Bolivia seems ■ to be the chief cause of this rumor. Further- more, there is a movement on the part of all the Spanish-American press to create a bad feeling toward the United States. This is explained by the papers themselves on the ground that the " imperial greed " now mani- fest in this country may soon turn to devour South and Central America. The true ex- planation, however, undoubtedly lies im the fact that the European merchants, who now enjoy almost exclusive trade with the Latin Republics, fear a closer pan-American com- mercial alliance and have given the hint to ■ the editors, who up to this time have found their interests almost identical with those of the foreign merchants. The immediate re- Closing Week of the .^^^ „f ^j^^ ^pp^^^.. Dreyfus Trial * 4.u o ^ ance of the Servian .refugee as a. witness against Captain Drey- fus was an appeal from Maitre Labori for the summons of the German and Italian military attaches in Paris in 1894 to testify. Personal telegrams were sent promptly to Kaiser William and King Humbert. These were acknowledged unofficially, and the de- cision was announced that the attaches could not come to Rennes to testify, but that their statements could be taken in their own countries. Maitre Labori made a spe- cial request that this be done. The court considering the matter jjecided that it was incompetent to do this, but that the Presi- dent, of his own motion, might if he chose ■permit It. This Colonel Jouaust refused to do, notwithstanding a most earnest appeal from Maitre Labori. Another interesting scene was the testimony of M. Tyarieux, ex- Minister of Justice. This address was most eloquent and most effective, following along, in some respects, the lines of the testimony of Colonel Picquart. The announcement of another secret dossier, which was submitted to the defense, does not appear to have at- tracted any special notice or to have been regarded as of any particular value. The announcement of the decision of the court refusing the testimony of the German and Italian attaches practically closed the trial, altho that very day a German official pa- per published the statement that already the French Foreign Office had on its files the ab- solute denial of the German Government, 2464 The Independent through its auilNi-sador at Paris, ot any re lations whatever with Dreyfus. The sum- ming up for the prosecution was made on Friday, September 8th. by Slajor Carriere. It was short pnd perfunctory in many re- spects, altho delivered in a very oratorical manner. This was followed by the presen- tation of the ease for the defense by M. Demange, which occupied the portion of Friday afternoon and was completed on Saturday morning. It sur^-eyed the whole case in most effective style, and closed with a brilliant plea for justice. Maltre Labor! made no address, a reason being given that the Judges had so manifested their hostility to himself that he felt it would do the case more harm than good. The Verdict After the close of the ad- dress by M. Demange, Maltre Lal>ori formally repounced his right to plead, and then the court was suspended while tlie judgment was consid- ered. .A.t three o'cloclc in the afternoon the Judges entered the court and the decision was announced. Colonel Jouaust an- nounced that llie following question had been put: " Is Albert Dreyfus, brevet captain, 14th Uegiment of Artillery, probationer on the Geu- eral Staff, (rnilty of having, in 1894, entered into machinations -or lieltl relations with a for- eign Power, or one of its agents, in order to in- duce it to commit hostiiity or undertalte war against France, or to procure for it the means therefor, by delivering the notes and documents mentioned in the documents called the bor- dereau, according to the decision of the Court of Cassation of June .S. 18!»9?" The votes were taken separately, begin- ning with the inferior grade, the President coming last. The vote stood five lo two, ami accordingly the accused was announced as guilty. The majority agreed that there were extenuating clrcomstances. In consequence of which and on request of the Commissary of the Government condemnation was lim- ited to a punishment of ten years' detention. The verdict was generally expected, but its effect w.as still verj- great. The announce- ment was made to Captain Dreyfus in a little room off from the court room. He had already been informed of it and wept bitter- ly, but in the presence of the officials lis- tened to the sentence in perfect calm. Maitre Labori, as he heard the verdict, turned white as a sheet, and Jlaitre Demange sat back in his chair in despair. It is announced that the contest will go on, and Captain Dreyfus has already signed an application for a re- vision of the case. The general effect of the veidict in Kenues and in Paris was not as serious as was expected. Everything po far has been quiet, and the public appears to accept it. A question has arisen as to just what is meant by the verdict, whether it coders the entire period since the first condemnation, and whether the solitary con- finement, which in France is held to be dou- ble in effect to ordinary detention, will be reckoned at its full value. In that case there would remain only one year of Imprison- ment. It is considered possible also that under all the circumstances President Loubet may grant a pardon. The Antl-Dreyfusard papers affirm that the cause of the army has been vindicated, and there appears to be a disposition not to press matters against the f'jiptain. even should a pardon be grantetl. The Effect Abroad Outside of France the effect of the verdict has been every- where to arouse the sharpest of criticism. In Germany there is great Indig- nation, especially in view of the publication of the practically official statement that the German Government had no relations with Captain Dreyfus. A dispatch from Berlin states that the War Office holds documents conclusively proving that Esterhazy and Henry betrayed their trust, and that only the permission of Emperor "William is awaited for the publication of documents showing the sentence to be a brutal act of injustice. The excitement in Rome is Intense, and the news- papers everywhere ask how a country that has fallen so low as France can think of as- sembling the nations in 1900 at a festival of civilization. The Russian press is quiet, but reports indicate that Russian feeling against the verdict is very strong. The comments of the English press are very strong. The Timrn characterizes It as the grossest and most ap- palling prostitution of justice the world has witnessed io modern times, and affirms that Survey of the World H^S it is a slap in tlie face not only to two great Powers and the highest judicial body In France, but to t)ie public opinion of the civil- ized world and the conscience of humanity. From every quarter comes the declaration that the exposition of next year should be boycotted. In Hungary action has already been taken by artists against allowing their paintings to be carried to a city where such disregard of law is allowed.' In Vienna the papers uniformly condemn the verdict not- withstanding the strong anti-Semitism of many of them. In this country the opinion is universal that the verdict is a travesty of . justice. Many papers call attention to the absurdity of allowing " extenuating circum- stances " in an act of treason. A few days after the Turkish Hostility ^^^^^^^^^ j^ Harput, to Americans . ^_ , ,„„_ ,, m November, 1895, the Turks circulated a petition among the Chris- tians, asking the central Government to re- move the American missionaries from the place, saying that they were harmful to the interests of the country, and that they had been the real .cause of the late disturbances. Quite a number of signatures were secured, and the document was sent to Constanti- nople, and it was forwarded from there to Washington and presented to our Govern- ment through the Turkish Minister. Mean- while a British Consul had been sent to Har- put and a copy of the document was sent to him to investigate the matter. He called eight or ten of the most prominent men whose names were attached, and asked them privately in regard to It. Some of them said that they had no knowledge of the paper and they had not signed it; some said that they signed it, but without knowing what it was; and others said, that they had signed it through fear, and that they liad told the mis- sionaries what they had done at the time. They said that having just passed through the massacre they did not dare to refuse to sign anything that the Turks asked them to sign. They unanimously declared that the presence of the missionaries was a great blessing to the whole community. Substan- tially the same policy is being pursued at Diarbekir. The plan of the Government to arrest and Imprison Mr. Andrus of Mardin ;is a promoter of sedition having failed, the Government has had a petition prepared say- ing that foreign missionaries are detrimental to the best interests of the country, and ask- ing that they be sent away. A leading Ar- menian at first declined, but being called to headquarters he concluded that it was not for his interest to withhold his signature, and so gave it, as have many others for sim- ilar reasons. Besides all this, there General Suspicion j^ ^ ^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^y and Insecurity x. . ^.^ j. ' persecution m that prov- ince, by which the most inoffensive persons are arrested and imprisoned under the sus- picion of treason. A good many were arrest- ed at the time the warrant was given for the arrest of Mr. Andrus, and they are still in prison. Many others are in the same case, the only evidence against them being the mis- translation of some letter, or the finding of an old Armenian " National " song. This has produced almost a reign of terror in all that region. Probably not one of these un- ' fortunate men is what would be called a rev- olutionist, but if they were, all of them, what reason would the Government have for being afraid of them, when, even they have no sym- pathy from their co-religionists, and when all the Turks and Kurds would be ready to put them down, to say nothing of the soldiers who aboimd everywhere? It is confidently believed that the Vail is in direct correspond- ence with the Palace, and that he wishes to persuade his royal master that- he is render- ing valuable service in preserving the integ- rity of the empire. Quite a number of those who are in prison arfe persons who have helped to distribute relief funds, and this is the only fault that has been charged against tliem. The general condition of the"country is one of insecurity. Leaving out of account the massacres, for which nobody has ever been punished, criminals are even now treat- ed with great leniency. The Government seems to dread to grapple witb crime in any eflieient way. An intelligent oflBcial said the other day, " There will be no security till a few criminals are hung here and there, for evil-doers are not afraid that they will be punished." 24%6 The Independent Since the capture of Khartnm England on attention has not been special- the Nile j^. ,jj,^^tg^ ^^ the Sudan, the the rivalry between English and American contractors for the Atbara bridge has been a prominent topic of public interest English officers have not been idle, and the extension of the railway and of English rule has gone on until there are now 587 miles of line actu- ally working north of the bridge, while 122 miles are completed .south of It, leaving only 75 miles to Khartum. Early in the spring, therefore, there will be continuous rail serv- ice from Alexandria to Khartum. When it is remembered that it is only three years since the policy of advancing Into the Sudan was formally adopted by the English Gov- ernment, and that in that time the Mabdi has been defeated, Khartum conquered, the Nile as far south as Fashoda actually brou!;bt under English rule, and a railway built to Khartum, it will be seen with what energy the whole work has been pushed. And now comes a- report from an expedition sent north from Uganda to make connection with General Kitchener at Fashoda. It failed to get through the entire section, but what it has accomplished is of intense interest. Of the entire line from Cairo to Mombasa there remains only a section of 350 miles, from Rejaf to Fashoda, not under British control. Of this, however, 120 miles south of Fashoda and 80 miles north of Rejaf are easily com- manded from those two places, as the Nile is unobstructed. Between these sections, however, lies one of ITiO miles where dense laoiistrint' vegetation blocks the flow and forms a vast swamp, through which passage is practically impossible and which seriously affects the flow of the river below and its supply for Egypt. This sudd forms the next great problem to be met, not only in the eco- nomic interests of Egypt, but the political in- terests of England's control over her African possessions, and already scientists as well as statesmen are considering how it may be overcome. . President Kruger, after ?n°2e" ^:^S -^"-^ ^" ^^« --»«^ propositions, has ac- cepted an offer for a conference of a com- mission of delegates from both Govern- ments. With regard to the withdrawal ^ the offer of a five-year franchise presentefl by the Volksraad, it is understood that the refusal to consider the question of suze- rainty is also withdrawn, so that practicaUy the whole o.uestion comes up anew. This Is generally regarded as indicative of peace. The final influence appears to have been the Cabinet meeting held in London on Friday, to which all the members were called in urgency, and upon which it was generally supposed depended the question of peace or war. So far as can be learned no specific action was taken, at least no ultimatum was sent In general Mr. Chamberlain and Sir Alfred Mllner were supported, and this fact .appears to have had much influence upon the Transvaal authorities. While President Kruger has said little. General Joubert has repeatedly said that there would be no war, and during the past week Mr. Leyds, the agent of the Transvaal in Europe, has made the same statement. It js known also that strong letters have been sent to Pretoria from the Afrikander leaders, and Mr. Hof- myer, the leader of the Radical party, has oven announced that in case of war the Transvaal can expect no support from the Boers of Cape Colony. At the same time preparations for war are continued on every hand, and it is announced that 10,000 troops are to be sent to South Africa, 5,000 from England and 5,000 from India, In the Trans- vaal itself there is general collapse of busi- ness. Many of the leaders among the TJit' landers have fled to Cape Colony, and large numbers of the people have with- drawn. Attention has been called to a. fact which has perhaps had its weight with both sides to the controversy — namely, the pre- ponderance of the native element In that region. An estimate prepared shows that the entire white population of South Africa, including Cape Colony, Natal, the Trans- vaal, Orange Free State and all, is only 817,- 835, while the colored population numbers considerably over 3,000,000. The bitter cruelty manifested by the Boers to the col- ored populatioB, in years past and the gen- eral hostUity shown by the troops. It Is thought, would inevitably result in an out- break among them which might complicate the situation seriously. The Catholic Church in the Dreyfus Affair. By Othon Guerlac, Of the Paris " Temps." A FEW weeks ago, one Sunday afternoon, French Senate, in the very midst of the Dreyfus ex- citement, there occurred in Paris a popular disturbance which was, as usual, grossly exaggerated by the American news- papers, but the meaning of which and its connection with the great trial that is going otf at Rennes nobody tried to point out. A socialist and anarchist mob under the lead of an eloquent and clever anarchist, Sebastien Faure, after gathering in the streets and fighting with the police, sud- denly forced its way into an old Roman Catholic church, which was instantly wrecked and became a scene of pillage and of sacrilege. Altars, fonts and statues were hurled to the floor and broken to pieces, pic- tures were torn, candlesticks, ornaments and host were thrown down and trampled under foot. Such a strange scene, which recalls some aspects of the Terror of 1793, has not been witnessed since the last Commune in 1871, and it would be hardly possible to account for it, were it not for the crisis which is now agitating France, and of which it ap- pears to be the natural outcome. In order to explain it one needs but to shed some light on a question which has been some- called the General Staff a " Jemitiire." Everybody knows, moreover, that a great many army oflBcers are pupils of the Jesuit and other Catholic schools. The General Staff has been said to be chiefly made out of them. M. Yves Guyot has pointed out, over and over again, the fact that La Libre Parole, the anti-Semitic or- gan that was instrumental in spreading Jew baiting through the army as well as through the nation, and has led a shameless campaign against both Dreyfus and his supporters, was founded by Drumont, with the co-operation of a man closely connected with a great Jesuit institution in Paris. He charges the Jesuits with the intention of driving all Jews out of the army since La Libre Parole had taken that stand in de- nouncing, in turn, all Jewish ofiicers, and since it was the first to get the news of Dreyfus's arrest in 1894. It was not necessary to lay much stress on such facts as those to give to Zola's and Guyot's theory of the Dreyfus conspiracy an air of plausibility. Nor is it astonish- ing that many should have welcomed this theory, and that the Dreyfus party should have shown from the start a strong anti- Catholic bent. Clemenceau, in his masterly what misunderstood in foreign countries — 'articles, has not ceased for two years ac- namely, the attitude and the r6le of the Ro- man Catholic Church in the whole Dreyfus affair. It may not be inappropriate to state fairly the true facts, which have been either misinterpreted or exaggerated on both sides by partisan feelings. Many people, misguided by statements circulated by fierce anti-clericals, such as Yves Guyot and Clemenceau, whose views were indorsed, in England, by Professor Conybeare, see in the Dreyfus case nothing short of a Jesuit conspiracy against a Jew. The facts which seem to substantiate that theory are numerous. Zola in his famous letter, " I accuse," spoke of the " clerical passion " of General de Boisdeffre and quoted a word from Gen- eral Billot, who, once in the lobbies of the eusing the generals of being inspired by the '• Jesuitical spirit," and of obeying the orders of a well-known Jesuit .father, P^re Du Lac. But an unprejudiced his- torian cannot, in good faith, accept the story of the Jesuit plot. First of all, there are but a very few, if any, pupils of the Jesuits among the officers connected with the Dreyfus case, as M. de Mun has set forth in a letter written to the London Times, a year ago. According to his statement, M. de Boisdeffre seems to be the only one, altho many others may come from other Catholic schools. In the second place, if there was undoubt- edly a strong anti-Semitic feeling among officers of the Staff it would not be fair to trace it back to any special Jesuit influence. 2467 24t>8 The Independent since officers who are quite free from Jes- uitism, as Colonel Picquart and Colonel Cordler, were not without a taint of anti- Semitism. General Zurllnden and General Mercier have even strongly protested against the charge of religious or race prejudice brought home to the War Office. General Mercier has given as evidence the fact that there were several Protestants there, which is quite tme, since Major Lauth, one of the stubbomest and most hostile foes of Dreyfus, belongs to a respectable Protestant family of Alsace. But, as a whole, if Jes- uitism is not easy to discover, antl-Semitisiu is found everywhere among officers in the "War Office. In the third place, while there seems to be HO doubt about the relations of Father Du T^c with such men as de Boisdefltre and De Pellieux. and while his hand was dis- covered in one broadside incident of the case, there is one reason which shows bet- ter than any other the needlessness of as- suming a Jesuit plot; that is the fact, that It is enough to know the spirit and state of mind of the principal actors to explain both the dreadful judicial error made in 1894 and the foolish and criminal stubborn- ness shown in 1898 and 1899. But if it seems preposterous to accept the story of a Jesuit father pulling the wires of Du Paty du Clam, Mercier, Billot and Brib- elln, there is some serious ground for hold- ing the Catholic Church as a body respon- sible for the attitude and behavior not mere- ly of the great culprits in the case, but of the hulk of the people. There is no question of charging the Church with not having, from the outset, believed In Dreyfus' s innocence and sided with the little army that was fighting for justice. It is natural that the Roman Church should not have cared to oppose the army and accept the lead of Zola, the au- thor of " Lourdes " and " Rome." But the trouble is that, at not a single moment of the battle, even when it became obvious to the bUndest that it was a safe and glorious one, the Catholic Church seemed to under- stand what question was at stake. From beginning to end It remained deaf to the cries of the innocent iUegally condemned man and joined the crowd of his foes. All that could be done to compromise the Ro- man Church with the cause of injustice was actually done. When, long before the movement for Re- vision had begun, iMadame Dreyfus appealed to Pope Leo XIII for a word of mercy, the old opportunist, who had witnessed without protest the Armenian massacres, remained silent. "\^hen in October, 1897, Scheurer-Kestner st-arted the agitation, when all generous hoarts began to be stirred up by the rev- elations, and asked that Dreyfus be granted a new trial, not a single Catholic seemed to share the general anxiety. When peti- tions were circulated all over the country and were covered with illustrious names, many people cried out: "There are only Protestants and Jews ! " It was not true. There were a good many agnostics, who were actually Catholics by birth, but strong- ly hostile to their Church.- There were many prominent scientists, university professors, littimtews, students, working people. There were many Protestant ministers, and, among them, the most distinguished. There was not a single priest, not a single true Catholic. By and by, when one genuine Catholic happened to get interested in that movement for justice, fair play and gener- osity, and signed his name on the lists, be pointed out that he was " a Catholic," and everybody was astonished. Why ! a Cath- olic had joined in the movement of mercy for a .Tew ! At last, one or two priests, ob- scure but honest priests' of the provinces, stood forward and stated that the Church was betraying its duty, and the Catholics were making a terrible blunder in not sup- porting the Revision cause. A committee was created called the " Catholic Commit- tee for the Defense of the Rights of Man." Hardly one or two among them were of any social standing. Not a single bishop, not a single layman compromised himself. Those who would have been inclined to favor jus- tice dared not express themselves and wrote in their mandemenU some vague generali- ties on the evils of the time. But meanwhile all the most Important among them joined "the League of the French Fatherland," which claimed to support the Fatherland that was not seriously in danger. A re- The Catholic Church in the Drejfus Affair 2469 porter asked a priest in an influential Par- isian parish if the clergy would not inter- vene. The priest evaded the question, say- ing that it was the business of the bishops. But the bishops were not bold enough and imitated Leo XIII. At the same, time other Catholics were not so timid. When the question arose in the Chamber of Deputies of prosecuting Zola for '' insults to the army " it was the Catho- lic leader, M. de Mun, who urged the Gov- ernment to take the ilecessary steps, stat- ing that " the army could not wait longer." When bands of boys and students shouted in the streets, "A has Zola, mort aux Juifs," they were recruited mostly in the Catholic schools. In the Catholic press not a single paper, from' the Univers and La Y&riU, down to that disreputable gutter sheet. La Croix, had toward the Revisionists even an attitude • of fairness. They all abused them grossly and accused them of being paid by the " Jewish syndicate." When two prominent journalists known for their devotion to Catholicism, M. Herv6 de Kerohant, of Le Soleil, and CornSly, of Le Figaro, passed over to the Dreyfus party they were called trait- ors. / The Church showed itself proud of any opportunity the army gave her to emphasize /' the alliance between the sword and the stoup," as the Dreyfusite papers styled it. Speeches were delivered by, Colonels and Generals to that effect. One of the most liberal Catholic orators, F.ather Didon, pre- siding over the commencement of one Of his great educational institutions, in the pres- ence of General Jamont, chief commander of the army, made a preposterous apology for militarism and brutal force. While the names of scores of Protestant ministers were to be seen on all the lists of protests, or of subscription for Dreyfus, or Picquart, the Catholics gave their money to the subscriptions started by La Libre Parole for the widow of Colonel Henry, the forger, and expressed their desire to see soon a new St." Bartholomew. Now, there is much to be said to explain the attitude of the Church, and Archbishop Ireland, when he gave his view of the ques- ■ tion at his return from Europe, obviously voiced the defense made by the most liberal French Catholics. They say that it was a legal question in whicl* the Church had no business to intervene. They claim, more- over, that it had become a political ques- tion, and that many of the foes of the Church were on one side, and were fight- ing Catholicism as well as militarism. All that is true. The Dreyfus affair was a legal question, but it was also a question of humanity and of justice, since the right of a down-trodden man entitled to fair play and to a regular trial was at stake. It is quite true also that many of the prominent Dreyfusites have fought oh political grounds, and bitterly attacked the Church for allying itself with the persecutors of an. innocent man. Now, while the anti-clerical Dreyfusites were far from being the most representative part of them, since Scheurer- Kestner, Triarieux, Gabriel Monod and Francis de Pressens6 never thought of mix- ing up religion and justice, it was the duty of the Catholics to deprive their foes of that weapon on pointing out that they, too, knew how to unite a high sense of justice and. Christianity. Unfortunately only a very few among them understood their duty, and thus it was the privilege of the foes of Christianity to support true Christian prin- ciples deserted by the Roman Church. And now, once again it seems as if pun- ishment were to visit Catholicism for hav- ing forgotten the ideal of the Gospel, xinti- Oathollc and anti-clerical feelings which of late years have been gradually dying out have been aroused again. Since the Church seems to be always on the side of the foes of the Republic and always supports the movements of Reaction and of Oppression, many French liberals begin to think that they will have to fight it to the end: Anti- clericalism has regained power. Catholics are threatened in their liberty and rights. Socialists and anarchists wreck their churches. Many Radicals and Republicans in the Chamber talk of striking a deadly blow at their schools, and a petition is now being signed to enforce the laws against the .Jesuits. It looks as if Catholicism were about, once more, to harvest what it , has sown. New York City. My Last Thought By Dr. Jose Rizal. Translated by Ramoh Retks Lala. [Since I wrote the article on The Katipnnan Society of the PhUippinea in the issue of Thb Indbpendbnt or Angnst ITth, 1 hare received several requests for a fnll translation of Dr Bizal's last and most famons poem. It will be remembered that Dr. Rizal was condemned to be shot by the Spaniards in 1896 on sospicion of being prominently connected with the Katipnnan Society. In the night before his death and marriage he wrote the following poem, entitled " Hi Ultimo Pensamiento," which, translated into English, means "My Last Thonght." It is the purest, the loftiest and the finest literary expression of the native mind I know of — Ramoh Retes Lai^ ] FAREWELL to thee, iny country; farewell, my native land; The pearl of Eastern ocean; the bride of Southern sun. For thy dear sake how gladly— It is thy dear command— I give my life and fortune, with an unsparing hand- Would I could give a thousand such lives instead of one ! In many a bloody conflict, amid the battle's roar, Thy dying sons have blest thee— fame was their winding sheet ! Theirs glory's deathless laurel; and they could win no more ! To soldiers death is welcome— on sea or on the shore, In battle or in dungeon, a hero's death is sweet '. And now while morn's soft blushes suffuse the saffron sky With splendors so prophetic of what the day shall be. While all the world Is waking— 'tis fated I must die ! ! may my crimson heart's blood in freedom's heaven high Proclaim unto my country Its dawning destiny ! E'en in the sunny morning of childhood's happy years, When rising hope beat strongly within my careless heart. Of thee alone ray dreams were; my wish that, free from tears. Thine eyes might shine forever, and that, uncreased by fears. Thy brow might glow serenely with industry and art. Hail to the dream so happy ! Again my soul doth cry AU haU to thy dear freedom ! my inspiration deep ! All hail to thee, my country, lieneath whose ardent sky 1 fall to-day a martyr— thy tyrants I defy ! O ! let me on thy bosom sink to eternal sleep ! And if a little blossom should spring to life some day Above my grave, fair symbol of victory over death, 'TwUl be my farewell greeting, so brush the dew away With soft and tender kisses, that in my tomb I may Peel on my brow the ardor of thy dear, loving breath. 2470 My Last Thought 2471 Let on my grave the moon pour its wealth of tranquil light, Let morning's fleeting glories fall on my lonely tomb, And let the passing breezes in their soft, airy flight Around the rough cross linger, that stands so mute and white, A silent protest ever against my early doom. O ! let the mist that rises, drawn by the sun's hot rays. Bear in its flight to heaven my heart's last dear request, That men unborn shall mourn me.— Thus in the coming days My tomb shall be the altar where laureled Freedom prays Unto our loving Father for my unending rest. ! pray for all these martyrs, who died in pain alone; For all our race who suffered such grief and misery; Pray for the praying mothers, who yet in sorrow groan. And for the mourning widows, and those who mourn unknown. But first of all, my country, pray that thou may'st be free ! And when the black night covers the palace of the dead. And when the sudden tempest assaults the sobbing sea, ■O ! let the dead sleep, resting and wrapped in mystery ! ' And if some strain of music shall pierce the gloom so dread. Ah ! 'tis thy voice, my country, that sings of hope to thee ! And when all knowledge of me is lost to human mind. When cross and stone no longer shall tell where 1 may lie, Then let the plow uncover and scatter to the wind My ashes; my true essence, that, ever unconflned, Will roam o'er land and ocean and mingle with the sky. Tho all forget, what matter? Still shall I e'er be nigh, Still drink that air so wondrous, still wander on with glee. I'll be a note of music, sharp, thrilling, clear and high. 1 shall be light and odor, sound, and all poesy. To tell the glory dawning that shall proclaim thee free. Farewell, adored country; my countrymen, farewell ! I leave the land' forever where I so oft have trod. My love I shall bequeath thee; I go where tyrant fell ^ Can harm no more, to glory no earthly tongue can tell, Where life is only loving and where Love reigns as God. Farewell, my parents, brothers, all who have cherished me. Dear children of my heart's love, once gathered to my breast Beside home's holy altar ! Praise Heaven constantly That after all my sorrows I sleep eternally. Farewell, ye loving loved ones— to dij^^n^^it to rest. The New York Comptroller. By a <:ity Official. [Tbe writer of this article had the advantage of the freest coDference with Mr. Bird S. Coler, Comp- troller.— Ed J THE ComptroUer of the City of New York is, by the provisions of the cliarter, made the custodian of the financial honor and credit of the city. To this end he is granted extraordinary powers by the charter and extraordinary responsibilities are imposed on him. He is custodian of every dollar received by the city, and is personall.v responsible, under surety of nearly a quart(>r of a million of dol- lars, for the proper and legal disbursement of all moneys of the city. He collects all taxes and assessments, and audits and pays all claims nirainst the greater city. His department is independent. He, like the Mayor, is elected by the people. He has power to appoint the heads of the sub-depart- ments into which his office is divided. It is his duty to supervise all expenditures by all city departments. He must determine as to the legality of all contracts with the city be- fore payment is made thereon. Under the charter the Comptroller is a member of the Board of Estimate, and no appropriation for any department, nor any bond issue, authorized by this board, is legal without his approval. He is a member of the Sinking Fund, aud there practically con- trols the city's Investment. No lease of property can be made by the Sinking Fund Commission without the Comptioller's ap- proval. He is a member of the Board of Public Improvements, and a member of the transacted in the Comptroller's oflace sink into insignificance when compared tvlth those arising from the peculiar and almost unprecedented circumstances of consolida- tion. The old city of New York, equipped with enormous resources and having credit as good as that of any city in the world, be- came united with ninety-four other corpora- tions, many of which had been indulging in an orgy of boi^d issuing. In nearly all of the Queens County towns every school district issued bonds. The.y had a ready market on account of the prospective connection with the great city. There were all sorts- of bonds issued In all sorts of manners, by all sorts of authorities, and they gave rise- to all sorts of questions of fact and law, such, as: Has tiie corporation issuing these bonds ex- 'ceeded its debt limit? Are they issued with due regard for all le- gal forms? Are they issued by the proper and compe- tent authority? What has become of the money raised by the issue? Each school district, incorporated village- or other debt incurring corporation had its. own peculiar style of bookkeeping. In most instances the books were either obscure, blind or incomplete at the date of consolida- tion, and in whatever shape they might be were unceremoniously dumped upon the Commission for the Revision of Assessments. Comptroller of the greater city to straighten The total disbursements of the city of New out. York in 1898 were $136,000,000, placing the Comptroller's office of the city second in this country only to the Treasury of the United States in the volume of money disbursed. The magnitude of work required to keep the For instance, in Brooklyn, where the books, should have been at the best, it was found that a book balance, to the credit of a par- ticular fund, had no necessary connection with the cash on hand. A book credit bal- machmery of the city's current finances in ance of $100,000 might turn out upon an-,iv running order may be inferred from this sis to be a debit balance of equal a.maZl comparison. ^hen all adjustments were made. The re But such difficulties as might b^attributa- suit of this, of course, was that each ami ble to the mere magnitude of the business every account, before it could be reoru. !^ 2472 "=openea, The New York Comptroller 2473 upou the books of the city of New York, had to be thoroughly examined and carefully analyzed, some of the examiiiatlons requir- ing visits from farm house to farm house in the suburban districts in order that the as- sistance of former officials might be obtained to clear up the manifold tangles. The examination of accounts made by the Comptroller in the; former city of Brooklyn alone resulted in nearly a score of indict- ments brought against public officials, two of whom pleaded guilty, one was tried and convicted, and most of the remainder have yet to face a jury. There were also indict- ments brought in Queens County upon the basis of facts similarly disclosed. In straightening out these various accounts the examination often had to be continued back over the records of many years. This, of course, was arduous work, but some- thing of the kind had been anticipated by the charter commissioners, as they made special provision by procuring an act of the Legislature empowering the Comptrol- ler to employ expert accountants. These have been working for many months under Robert H. Weems, of Brooklyn, a former banker and thoroughly competent man. They have the back of the work pretty well broken, and, as soon as they make the past clear, a uniform system of bookkeeping in accordance with the latest and best methods will be introduced in all the city depart- ments. One ot the first and most important changes made in the methods of conducting business was in the payment of claims. Where once creditors of the city were obliged to wait weeks or months for their money the De- partment of Finance of the city of New York now pays all claims within ten days after they are presented to the Department, unless there is something wrong or irregu- lar In the claim. This does away with the crowd of contractors, their agents and other city creditors who filled the corridor of the Comptroller's office during the time when long delays in payment were the rule, and not, as now, the rare exception. Another feature which at the time of con- solidation greatly complicated the financial administration of the city of New York was the question of debt limit. The charter, in- cluded every debt obligation of the consoli- dated territories in the debt of the greater city. This added at once about $30,000,000 of county debts, and several million of town, village aud school district debts to the mu- nicipality, which under the conditions exist- ing before consolidation did not count against the constitutional debt limit of the various municipalities consolidated. The Comptroller endeavored to have the charter amended with regard to county debts at the extra session, of the Leg- islature in 1898, but was blocked by GTovernor Black. Through Governor Roose- velt's intercession, however, a concur- rent resolution providing for an amend- ment of the State Constitution, giving the relief asked for, was passed -at the last session of the Legislature, and this will be submitted to the people at the coming elec- tion. This amendment at one stroke will in- crease the constitutional borrowing power of New York City by $30,000,000. When the Comptroller first advertised for bids for the purchase of bonds of the con- solidated city, a syndicate, composed of clever financiers, made a conditional offer, the condition being that their counsel should approve the purchase. This being the first test of the credit of the new city, it was the especial concern of the Comptroller that the bonds should be sold without the slightest hint of discredit being cast upon them. If the otfer of this syndicate had been accepted by the city all their counsel would have had to do in order to force down the price of the bonds and injure the credit of the city would have been to refuse his approval. This would have frightened would-be purchasers and put the bonds on the bargain counter, as it were. This scheme was defeated by the organiza- tion of another syndicate, at the suggestion of the Comptroller, which made an uncondi- tional bid at a slightly lower price. They got the bonds at lO'l.Qd, being the highest uncon- ditional bidder. A controversy arose over this matter with the Corporation Counsel, who advised that the Comptroller must sell to the highest bid- der. The Comptroller had other advice, and the matter being taken to court by the de- feated syndicate, it was beaten there. Thus a very serious damage on the city's credit 2474 The Independent was repulsed. New York's bonds are es- teemed as among the very soundest invest- ments known to the financial world. The Comptroller of the city was. to some extent, a new office In the sense that the newness of the charter and the extensive- ness of the powers given were certain to lead to complications and controversies with other departments in which questions would be raised as to the powers of the Comptroller and the meaning of the charter. The sooner these complications and controversies are en- countered and passed the sooner the finan- cial ship of the city will reach the smooth water for which site is sailing. The decision in regard to the Comptroller's power in the matter of selling bonds settled one point and afforded one valuable precedent. Another and a vital point is now being dis- puted In the courts: " Can the Corporation Counsel settle in spite of the disapproval of the Comptroller, a claim against the city which lias become a lawsuit?" Justice Pryor, of the Supreme Court, in a matter involving a claim for $8,000, decided in favor of the Corporation Counsel's con- tention that he has such power. This matter has been appealed. If the Corporation Coun- sel has such power as Justice Pryor be- lieves, he has power to settle all claims against the city in spite of the opposition of the Comptroller, for all claims can be trans- formed Intp lawsuits. The charter, which has called upon the Comptroller to supervise all city expendi- tures and given him e.xtraordinary powers and responsibilities in the matter, can have no such intention. Little fear is felt of the result In the higher court but if the Cor- poration Counsel's contention should be up- held an endeavor will be made to obtain such additional legislation as will make the char- ter consistent and protect the Comptroller. Another controversy arose from the fact that certain members of the Municipal As- sembly stood out against authorizing the is- suing of certain bonds, the money proceeding from the sale of which was to be used in pay- ment for work contracted for previous to con- solidation. There was no question as to the le- gality of the contracts, obligation of the city, rightfulness of expenditure, etc. The Munic- ipal Assemblymen simply " held up " the bond issue for reasons of their own. This matter was taken to the Supreme Court, which compelled the Assemblymen to give their assent. By reason of this and several other experi- ences and observations, an agreement has been reached with those persons who believe that abolition of the Municipal Assembly would be beneficial. Legislation looking to that end will be asked for. As to the Ramapo water matter, that can hardly be dignified by the name of contro- versy. It was unmistakably a fraud. It was the Comptroller's duty to oppose it with all the power that the charter gave him, and that duty was fully performed. These ingenious gentlemen of the Ramapo Com- pany, whose sole property consists of a few real estate options, propose to make a con- tract with the city by which it shall be bound to pay them $5,000,000 per annum for forty years for 200,000,000 gallons of water per day, to be delivered by them at the city line— they at the cud of the forty years to own the necessary plant. In comparison *ith this proposed robbery of the city the stealings of the Tweed ring be- come petty larceny. The city is as free to go in the Ramapo watershed as the gentlemen who have a few real estate options there. Let it establish its own water plant. Publicity has upset the plans of the gentle- men of the Ramapo Company, and they will probably have to be content with something less magnificent than pocketing scores of millions of dollars from the sale of their pro- posed contract with the city. The widespread nature of the conspiracy to carry this fraud through to consummation seems to indicate that plenty of similar schemes for looting the public treasury may confidently be looked for in the future. It will be the duty, the privilege and pleasure of the Comptroller to strike them with all the power the charter has given him. The various controversies already passed through have developed friends as well as opponents, and the suspension of the rigid operation of civil service laws, as applied to the Comptroller's staff, has enabled him to keep in the service of the city the carefully selected aud trained experts by means of In the Heart of Luzon 2475 whose loyal aid so much has already been accomplished. It is exceediugly gratifying to be able to thank a political opponent, Gov ernor Roosevelt, for the valuable assistance he rendered in the civil service matter. The credit of New York Is as high as that of any city on earth, and it seems now certain that the financial ship will henceforth make good weather and have a prosperous voyage. When the tangles and the scandals that at- tended the extension of London to its present form are considered it would seem that the city of New York has much for which to congratulate itself. In the Heart of Luzon. By Paymaster W. B. Wilcox, U. S. N. NO doubt it is a misfortune that the Filipino does not understand Ameri- can valor, and I dare say it is equally unpleasant that the average American does not know the true character of the natives of the Philippine Islands. Diplomacy could do much and justice as we claim for our- selves could do more. I was fortunate in being allowed by Ad- miral Dewey to make a long journey through the Island of Luzon; in fact, I covered the whole northern portion from Manila to Aparri with the then Naval Cadet Sargent, and in no country have I been treated with more kindly hospitality. We started with eight horses and five servants, and came to Bayambang, where we spent Sunday at the house of Mr. Olark, an Englishman, and were entertained in a thoroughly English country gentleman's way. The next day we limbered up, and made the first stage to Rosales, and pitched our tents on the bank of the Rio Aritao. That evening the Presidente Local sent a man to invite us to the convento, but I said we Avere settled for the night, our horses tethered and prepared to remain until next morning. We rode into this town, and' were received with the band playing and given a most welcome reception. Soon after we saddled up and proceeded to the next stage. The towns passed were all in gala attire, having known from couriers that we were coming. Nothing occurred until the jour- ney from San Jose to Puncan was under- taken, and that was almost the hardest of the whole trip. Horses were of no use, we engaged bagadores to carry our outfit, and I must say if we could have traveled as fast as these men, with packs of nearly seventy pounds each, In the driving rain we would have reached Puncan early in the afternoon. But horses cannot compete with muscular men ini the long run. Arriving at the river Carranglan, swollen from heavy rains, our men said it was impossi- ble to cross; but Mr. Sargent plunged his horse into the raging stream and reached the other, bank. The natives followed. I was left as the only one. We had brought several hundred fathoms of small rope for just such purposes, and I suggested tying this to a tree and bringing the end to me to tie around my waist, and thus swim over the stream. The current was running six miles an hour. The plan was partly carried out, but in bringing the rope across the line parted, and Sargent, who had the end, went under the stream and we never expected to see him again. Finally I got over. In all towns the best the Filipinos had was given us, and not a cent would be accepted in payment. From Puncan the next important stop was at the river Carranglan, which was roaring so hard it made it impossible to cross at night, and we pitched our tents on the bank. The majordomp of the party said there were numerous caymans (alligators), and they would crawl up and eat us and our horses some time during the night. So he kept firing guns, and was awake all night. He could imagine the thirty-foot al- ligator walking away with a horse and a tent and all contents, tho we had about forty men all told and mapy guns. Passing over much 'chat occurred we reached the foot of the Carabello Moun- tains, which began the hardest of all the 2476 The Independent Jonmey. After many weary hours I, who was shown. Our next stop was at Bam- was catylng 220 pounds, finally reached the bang, where the nephew of Agulnaldo met summit at the altitude of 3,000 feet. us some distance out of town, guns firing On reaching Aritao the Presidente Local and convent bells rinrfn^ m th. put us up in an old convent and his hanrt o « ^^ ''^"^ ringing. In the evening generous kmdness in sweetest strains, for almost all Filipinos In Aguinaldo's Realm 2477 can jplay some sort of music. In leaving this spot we were accompanied by soldiers as usual, and by Agulnaldo himself, to Bay- ombong, capital of the province of Nueva Viscaya. I was met at the bank of the river by the Presidente Local, and we rode into town amid flags flying and the band playing and were taken to the municipal building. In this far away town of Luzon I met the most in1;elligent man, a lawyer by profession, an educated man, and his theory of the future of his country appealed to me as quite the proper solution; what he wanted was free p\iblic schools in every vil- lage and town, where English would be taught, and where the children would soon have wiped out from their curriculum all the Spanish form of government and all the Spanish customs that have brought devas- tation to their homes; as prostituting all the virtues of a people who want their homes protected and to live in quietness and peace where their daily earnings will not be filched from them by the ingenious meth- ods only known to the Hidalgo EspanSl and the man whom he employs for purpose of the basest robbery. From this place our next important stop was nigan, the capital of the province of Isabella, where millions of dollars come in annually to purchase the product of tobacco which is grown in this perhaps most fertile province in the whole of Luzon. On our first night in this inland capital we were given a dance at which fifty well dressed young ladies and the same number of gentlemen attended; I was sorry, in- deed, I had not my dress suit. One young lady with whom I danced had a splendid gown of rare silk handsomely embroidered, and she danced, I confess, better than I; she was a fine player on the piano and sang many songs for us. The next night a the- ater was given, and the players were quite as good as in some shows in a more preten- tious country. From Aparrl we took steamer to the west coast, and then by horse and various other means made our way to Dagupan and Ma- nila, after a month and a half of most de- lightful experiences. The resources of the country can hardly be estimated, but it must have peace and, still more important, transportation, rail- roads and means of getting the product of the soil to ready market. Public schools will do more for the civili- zation of the Island of Luzon than bayonets, and in a few years the Filipino children who are now most anxious to learn the Eng- lish language will be the producers of ship- loads of products of the most fertile soil in a tropical latitude and make an empire in the Orient of which not only ourselves, but the Filipino will be justly proud. AVe must first destroy all vestige of the Spanish ideas and have one language "for all the island. As it is now a man of one province can't understand the language of his neighbor living across the line within a few hundred yards. When the Filipino can see the benefit of honorable treatment and that justice will be dispensed without favor he will come into the fold and be a citizen not to be ashamed of. Sah Francisco, Cal. In Aguinaldo's Realm. By Ensign L. R. Sargent, U. S. N. IN the early part of October, 1898, Paymas- ter Wilcox, U. S. Navy, and I obtained from Admiral Dewey leave of absence from our duties on board the U. S. S. Monad- nock for the purpose of making a tour of ob- servation through the northern part of the Island of Luzon. Our original plans were of a very indefinite nature, being merely to pro- ceed as far to the northward as the character of the country and the attitude of the natives would permit, and to return only when forced to do so. The existing ignorance of the conditions prevailing in the interior gave rise to a very exaggerated idea of the difflcul- 2478 ties of such a journey. Had it beeu suggest- ed at any time prior to our departure tliat we could cover the ground as completely as we eventually succeeded in doing, we should have scouted the idea as preposterous. Sug- gestions of thte nature were, however, con- spicuous by their absence, while prophecies of an early failure and an ignominious return were numerous. As the few days that we could devote to our preparations passed and we found ourselves coming face to face with the difficulties of our undertaking these gloomy prophecies certainly forced an echo from our own hearts. The first material obstacle that we encoun- tered was the refusal of Aguinaldo to pro- vide us with passports. These, we had rea- son to believe, were a sine qua von of peace- ful travel through the Island, officers of our army whose duties carried them beyond our own lines having been repeatedly turned back for want of them. Mr. Wilcox, with the outfit, servants and horses, proceeded to Bayambang, a town near the northern ter- minus of the railroad, where he was enter- tained by -Ml-. Donald Clark, a hospitable Eiiirlishman, while I spent two days at ilalo- los petitioning Aguinaldo for a more favora- ble answer. The Filipino President remained firm, liowever. He expressed great friendli- ness, and readily gave his consent to our journt-y, refusing only to provide written passports, without which we should be, of course, as defenseless against the opposition of his officers as the most unwarranted tres- passers. It was evident that lie preferred that we should remain at home. When I joined Mr. Wilcox at Bayambang we talked the matter over and came to the conclusion that we held anything but a .strong hand. We decidetl, therefore, to adopt that method of play by which alone it is possible to win on a poor one. Leaving Bayambang at day- break next morning, we accordingly proceed- ed by the main traveled road on the first stage of our journey. This road led us almost due east through the low and marshy province of Nueva Ecija. The rainy season at this time was at its hight, and for seven days we scarcely saw the sun. Almost from the start we found the mud so deep that it was impossible to ride the horses through it. I..eading them by their The Independent bridles, wo struggled on on foot until meh and beasts were exhausted, covering in this way only ten or twelve miles a day. Even with the sun covered the heat was excessive, and members of the party were frequently prostrated by that and the exertion com- bined. Two of our servants proved too old to stand the strain and were sent back; a fate which befell two of our horses also. We soon recruited our party to its original strength, however. Pack horses were quickly aban- doned in favor of natives, who accompanied us from town to town, cai-rying our luggage divided among them on their backs. For the tremendous labor which these men per- formed they considered ten cents a day am- ple pay. This amount seems still more ridic- ulously small when you consider that the men were usually discharged a full day's travel distant from their homes. As we pro- ceeded, the road grew worse, until finally at San Jos6 it dwindled to a soggy bridle path. ,Tust beyond San Jos6 the province of Nueva Ecija joins th.it of Nueva Viscaya, the di- vision between them being marked by a range of mountains. The natives along the route had informed us that this range was impassable, even to natives, during that sea- son of the year, and this statement received decided indorsement at San Jos6; It was not with any great hope of success, therefore, but with a determination to carry the attempt as far as possible that we set out from San Jos6. We had difficulty in obtaining men for this stage of the journey, but succeeded finally, by offering considerable inducements, in engaging -ten men and a guide. We found that the difficulties in this case had been very little exaggerated. Many times our prog- ress seemed effectually checked. The con- tinuous rains of the past week had swollen every one of the innumerable mountain streams until its passage had become a prob- lem. This stage of not over thirty miles as the crow flies occupied three days of ten working hours each. The trail was ex- tremely intricate. Our guide was a native of the district and had often made the jour- ney (tho never at that season of the year); yet he lost the way three times, and had great difficulty in finding it again. Here, for the first time, we heard fear expressed by members of our party of an attack by the In Aguinaldo's Realm 2479 Igorrotes, or savages of the hills; a possibil- ity which afterward came to form an im- portant part in all our calculations. We also became acquainted with the native terror of the alligators which infest the streams, and, in a lower degree, of the serpents occasion- ally met in tlie forests. Upon reaching the town of Carranglan, on the other side of the mountains in the prov- ince of Nueva Viseaya, we took a day to dry our outfit and to recuperate. Our diet dur- ing the past three days had been cold boiled rice and hard tack, and our rest at night had been on the wet ground with practically no protection from the violent rain. In that cli- mate hardships cannot be endured with im- punity, and every man of the party, native as well as American, showed the effect of this treatment. Fortunately, however, the traveling from this point on became easier, and we were able, even in our somewhat weakened condition, to travel at a more rapid pace than previously. Our arrival at Carranglan marked the end of one distinct stage of our journey, and our departure therefrom marked the beginning of a second. Up to this time the obstacles encountered had been natui-al ones — bad roads and swol- len rivers. The province of Neuva Ecija is an important one from a military standpoint. Its towns at that time were garrisoned by small squads of soldiers, commanded by non- commissioned officers, and we met no one who felt it Incumbent upon himself to make any determined opposition to our progress, altho many expressed surprise at our lack of the customary passports. From Carran- glan on through the province of Nueva Vis- eaya we met with more varying fortunes, ex- periencing the coldest suspicion as well as the most demonstrative hospitality, being greeted at one town by the ringing of church bells and the music of the band, and at the next by the critical cross-questioning of the local authorities. At Bayombong, the capi- tal of the province, we were stopped for sev- eral hours by the military officer stationed there. After ridiculing the whole idea of passports, and giving this officer some good advice on the manner of conducting a re- publican form of government, we succeeded in obtaining his permission to proceed. At an elevation of four or five hundred meters above the sea level, with firm roads and a cordial sun, traveling became the greatest of pleasures. No matter what the attitude of the military officers in the dif- ferent towns might be, we were invariably made welcome by the citizens. The larger towns at which we spent the night gave balls in our honor, while the smaller ones, with the village baud and native dancing, gave what entertainment they could impro- vise — often the most enjoyable. While the towns of this province are larger and more pretentious than those of Nueva Ecija, they are situated furtlier apart, and are more completely isolated one from another. The forests between are inhabited by tribes of Igorrotes, who are a constant menace to travelers. On one road over which we passed a party of twenty Filipinos had been murdered to a man only a few days before our arrival. The character of the country offers every opportunity for such savage at- tack, the trail frequently leading through thick forests or plains of rank grass meeting overhead. Altho we considered our party strong enough for its own protection, we were usually provided with an escort of Fil- ipino soldiers. Frequently we were joined by natives who liad been awaiting an oppor- tunity to go from one town to another In safety, bringing the number of our party at one time up to forty-seven. Often from the high points on the road we could see the smoke of at least one Igorrote camp fire; frequently within a few miles of a large Filipino town. There can hardly be any di- rect method of attack against these savages, since they build no villages, and have a vast wilderness for refuge; but, at the time of our visit, the Filipinos had already begun to build small forts at the points most frequent- ly subject to their menaces — a step in ad- vance of any the Spaniards had taken. At the town of Carig, near the frontier of the province of Isabella, we encountered Major Villa, the military governor of the province, who had been sent from his cap- ital city by his superior officer. Colonel Ti- rona, the commander of the Northeastern Military District, to demand our passports, and, if we did not have them, to examine into the purpose of our expedition. In car- rying out his orders this officer kept us for 2480 The Independent seven days quartered in a deserted convent in this miserable village. At the end of that time, by the permission of Colonel Tirona, with whom we had succeeded in opening di- rect communication, we were allowed to pro- ceed. A few miles from C'arig we reached the Rio Grande de Cagayan, down which we de- scended in canoes to its mouth. We spent two days at Illgan, the capital of the prov- ince of Isabella, and three at .\parri, the only seaport on the northern coast of the island; towns having a population of about ilfteen thousand each. We were extremely well entertained. At Iligan a large ball was given in our honor, and two Spanish operas were presented by the .young people of the town. From this performance we received most pleasing proof of the humor, intelli- gence and refinement of our entertainers. At the towns we had previously visited we bad occasionally seen numerous Spanish pris- oners, all of whom were apparently enjoying full liberty within the limits of the town. At Illgan we saw Spanish soldiers and ex- civil ofllcials in the same status; but the priests had been differently dealt with. They were too dangerous to be left at large, we were told, and were accordingly confined in a convent. We saw them one morning, to the number of eighty-four, lined up in the street in charge of a squad of Filipino sol- diers. At Aparri I witnessed a ceremony which, at the time, I considered pregnant with sig- nificance, and I have seen no reason since for changing my opinion. During our entire journey we had noticed the existence of a distinct civil and military government. The civil government was simple and efficient, consisting of four officials for each province and four for each town. The military gov- ernment consisted of an officer in command of a military district, having under his or- ders one officer as military governor of each province, and one as governor of each im- portant town. The mUitary government was the dominant one. We remarljed on this condition several times, and were told that it would last only during a state of war. At Aparri we received proof of the sincerity of this statement Word had been received from Hong Kong that our commissioners at Paris, negotiating tlio terms of the treaty of peace, had plainly indicated that it was their intention not to return the islands to Spain. Relieved from their great apprehension of this action, the Filipino population began at once to see rosy visions of peace descending on their war-torn country. Steps were im- mediately talien to adjust existing conditions to the new state of things. Colonel Tirona, the Governor' of the Northeastern Military District, tooli the lead by relinquishing the control of affairs in the provinces comprised in his district in favor of a civil official chosen by the people. I was present at the impressive ceremony which solemnized this change in the province of Cagayan. The ceremony tooli place in the cathedral at Aparri, and was attended by 4II the local officials of the towns of the province, as well as by any military officers that could be spared from their duties. Colonel Tirona placed the usual insignia of office — a gold headed cane— in the hands of the Governor- elect at the close of a short speech, in which he said that nowthat a state of peace seemed probable he desired to divest himself of the unusual authority tliat it had been neces- sary for him temporarily to exercise, and to assume his proper position as a servant— not a ruler— of the people. The Governor in re- ply expressed his thanks to the Colonel and to all of the expeditionary forces for the in- calculable service they had rendered the peo- ple of the province in freeing them from Spanish rule; and declared the purpose of the people to expend the last drop of their blood, if necessary, in defending the liberty thus gained against the encroachments of any nation whatsoever. The Governor then took the oath of office, being followed in turn by each of the three other provincial of- ficials, the heads of the Departments of Jus- tice, Revenue and the Police. It was the Colonel's intention to have a similar cere- mony performed in each of the other prov- inces under his control. Had the Filipino government been allowed to work out its own salvation, this movement could hardly have failed to become historical. At Aparri we saw proof also of the extent of Aguinaldo's authority. Four natives had been tried for robbei-y and attempted mur- der, and had been sentenced to death. At In Aguinaldo's Realm 2481 the time of our visit they were awaiting the arrival from Malolos of the ratification of their sentence by the President. Every- where we traveled the greatest loyalty to- ward Agulnaldo was expressed. Now, at the time of his reverses, it is possible, tho I am far from convinced, that he represents but one element of his people; then, In his pros- perity, he certainly represented them all— at least In Northern Luzon. At that time the enthusiasm of the people was tuned to the highest pitch. In every village, every man was training in arms. Companies were formed of boys, from eight years of age up- ward. Wooden guns were furnished them, and they were drilled systematically every day. The women also were Imbued with the spirit. Many and many a time have the peo- ple of a village gathered in the large room of the " Presidencla," where the Paymaster and 1 were quartered, and put their whole hearts into the songs in which their patriotism found vent. Of these songs the national hymn was the favorite, and no one within hearing ever failed to join in the chorus: * Del suefio de tres Siglos Hermanos despertad! Oritando, " Fuera Espaiia ! " Viva la libertad ! " After a delay of three days' we were fortu- nate enough to catch a small coasting steam- er, which took us around the northern end of the island and landed us on the western coast at the northern end of the province of South Ilocos. From here we proceeded to- ward Manila. We wished to visit the in- terior provinces on this side of the island, but were prevented by the authorities. Al- ready the hope was fading that freedom from Spain meant freedom of government. The feeling toward Americans was chang- ing, and we saw its effect in the colder man- ner of the people, and in their evident desire to bustle us along by the most direct road to Manila. Altho the spirit was evidently miss- * From your sleep of three centuries Brothers awake! Crying. " Away with Spain ! "Live liberty!" ing, we were nominally treated with every distinction. A mounted escort was furnished us, which rode ahead with guidons to clear the road. The towns in these western coast provinces are larger and more numerous than those in the valley of the Rio Grande. The military element is much more in evi- dence, as well as the native religious ele- ment, which has succeeded the Spanish priests. At Vlgan, the capital of South Ilocos, we dined with twenty-eight military olflcers, and at San Fernando, the capital of Union, with forty. All of these officers ax-e very young, a large proportion being minors. General Tlno, commanding the Northeast- ern Military District, is just twenty-one. Captain Natividad, the commander of three important towns with an aggregate popula- tion of over forty thousand, is eighteen years old, while his younger brothfer, who bears a commission as lieutenant, is but sixteen. His elder brother, with the rank of lieutenant- general, was next in command to Agulnaldo at the age of twenty-eight when he fell in action in the revolution of 1896. In the latter part of November Paymaster Wilcox and I returned to Manila. A few minutes after our arrival I attempted to en- gage the services of a Filipino coachman, and found him stubborn and Insolent almost be- yond belief. I thought of the curteous gen- tleman and respectful servant I had met In the interior and wondered where among them I should class this brute. Yet they are all three one; and together they make up the Filipino. Good treatment makes of him the respectful servant, education makes of him a gentleman that no man need be ashamed to greet; but anything that he interprets as in- justice arouses something in his nature that makes of him a stubborn and intractable brute. If all were known about the Filipino, public sentiment toward him, while It might not be changed, would at least be softened. There are qualities in him too fine to be wan- tonly destroyed. If the brute must be broken, let us hope that the respectful serv- ant and the gentleman will be encouraged. Newport, R I, In the Paths of the Two Armadas. By Bishop E. R. THE two great Anuadas of Spain were just about three hundred years apart. Their objective in either case was an Knglish-speaklng country, mother and daughter both being threatened with ven- geance. The one starting from Lisbon in 1588, intending alike the conquest and con- version of England, in addition to its three hundred guns, had some five hundred or six hundred priests on board, that Protestant England might be recovered to the ancient faith. MaiT Stuart, the head of Roman Catholicism in the British Isles, had. In dy- ing, nominated a daughter of Philip of Spain as her heiress. This legacy the King of Spain promptly accepted, and in seeldng to establish the claim to the throne of England he undertook his historic naval movement, proudly called the " Invincible Armada." The thirty thousand men under Sidonia were to be Joined in the Netherlands by thirty thousand more under the Duke of Parma, who were to cross the channel under the pro- tection of the great fleet which started out from Lisbon with such exalted hopes and high-sounding threats. Like the ships of Spain under Montojo at JIanila and Cervera at Santiago, the memorable sea fight was be- gun on the Sabbath which was to sweep each fleet out of existence, under the sure aim of Anglo-Saxon gunners, but above all, as devoutly recognized, then, as now, un- der the gracious protection of Almighty God. While tlie events in either case covered Spain with humiliation it is well to remem- ber the terror inspired in each case by the possibilities of Spanish success. For it was not the success of one nation over another, but the triumph of a higher civilization over a lower that gave such significance to each memorable victory. We smile now at the terror of our people to whom a cottage by the sea suddenly lost its charms for at least one summer, or until the memorable Fourth of July brought the tidings of a disaster to Spain off Santiago as memorable as when the wrecks of the Spanish ships were strewn 2482 Hendrix, D.D., I.L.D. from the coasts of Norway to the low shores of Holland, and the sea power of Spain re- ceived from God and man a deathblow from which all alliances with other Powers and all extortions from tax-ridden colonists have been unable to recover her. But the eight thousand Spaniards who perished between Rossan Point and Valentia Bay were not relatively more, compared with the numbers engaged, than those under the same flag who perished on those memorable Sabbaths in Manila Bay and off Santiago. Nor possibly were the consequences to civilization greater In the former Instance than they shall prove in the latter. • In either instance It was the better seamanship, the greater ease with which the ships were handled, as well as the more rapid firing and the surer aim, that gave the victors their success. The " per- sonal equation " in either case was a deter- mining factor, as must always be the case when Anglo-Saxon and Spaniard meet in naval combats, even tho the builders of the war ships be the same, and the rapid-firing guns come from the same skillful makers. The steamer, on which, en route to Brazil, I am touching at Lisbon and St. Vincent, whence the fleets of Spain started on their deadly mission, is the " Danube " of the Royal Mail Line, on which the English Peer- age, to the number of seven hundred lords and ladies, were assembled, while the House of Commons followed on the " Campania," to witness the great Naval Review off Ports- mouth two years ago, when in honor of Vic- toria's Diamond Jubilee one hundred and sixty-five British war ships were assembled in the British Channel, along which in Eliza- beth's reign the Armada of Spain swept so defiantly three hundred years before. Com- ing from Southampton across to Cherbourg, and thence by TJshant, which guards at once the mouth of the British Channel and the en- trance to the Bay of Biscay, where the sad wreck of the " Dnimmond Castle " occurred a few years ago, our ship's course takes us to Vigo. Spain; to Lisbon; along by Tene- In the Paths of the Two Armadas 2483 riffe, where Nelson lost an arm in one of his earlier engagements; to St. Vincent in the Cape Verde Islands, in whose ample harbor Oervera's fleet was more than content to re- main a little more than a year ago, when yielding to the demands of the Spanish peo- ple, even more than the Spanish authorities, the gallant admiral led them forth to cer- tain death. I was Informed at St. Vincent that so despondent were the oflieers of Oer- vera's fleet that they declared their convic- tion that they were only going to defeat and death. They said: "We may possibly sink one or more American ships, biit in the end our defeat and destruction are Mire." The captain of the " Maria Theresa " turned the faces of his wife and children to the wall, as his- ship started, declaring that he never ex- pected to see them again. Short of all neces- sary supplies, they even had to buy up all the drugs in the little port of St. Vincent before they could start. Thus the dreaded ships of war, against which every city from Maine to Florida was being guarded, slunk away from a friendly harbor to find death, a few mouths later, when compelled to leave an- other only too safe harbor, on the coast of Cuba, in response to the same inexorable de- maud of the Spanish public. It is manifest that none knew better than Oervera the mockery of Spain's attempt at naval warfare against the land of Columbus and of Wash- ington. It was the fight of the sixteenth cen- tury against the nineteenth. The gallantry of the brave admiral who rescued Hobson and his heroes was the single nineteenth cen- tury act of the successors of the Armada of the sixteenth century. Let his name be spoTjen with kindness as one who was the victim of the rage and pride of a benighted people. He was too good a seaman to dis- obey even orders that were for his own un- doing. How historic this path in the sea ! There at Cherbourg was fought the great naval duel between the " Alabama," the dreaded commerce-destroyer, and the chain-protected " Kearsarge," which so effectually resisted her well aimed shots. Here at Ushant Ad- miral Keppel, of the British Navy, sought to destroy the French fleet carrying reinforce- ments to the American colonists during the War of the Bevolution, many ships on both sides being crippled during the hot fire until the night of that memorable July 27th, 1778, enabled the French fleet to escape. It was the powerful fleets of France and Spain, glad of the quarrel with her colonists by their old enemy, that now gathered near here in the English Channel, threateningiuvasion of Bug- land by theflfty thousand French troops which divided the attention of the mother country in that same year and the next, which year might have settled the fate of the colonists according to England's traditional success had not Benjamin Franklin gone to Bromley a year or two before and by his own homely eloquence made possible Lord Chatham's im- mortal speech in favor of America when he said: " If I were an American as I am an Englishman, I would never lay down my arms, no never ! " This powerful fleet held undisputed possession of the Channel for days, and only the dread of equinoctial gales led it to separate to the ports of France and Spain, lest it meet the fate of the Armada of two centuries before. It was when Hol- land joined hei- fleet with those of France and Spain and when the British ministry were divided on the subject of continuing the war with the colonists (as I heard the present Lord Dartmouth recently assert, speaking for his own able ancestor, then a member of the Cabinet of George III), that Sir Hyde Parker was called back from the West Indies, .where he was successfully chasing the French fleet, leaving Admiral Graves in command off the American coast, seeking shelter fui-ther north from the dreaded hurricanes of the West Indies. Here in Chesapeake Bay he encountered the French fleet once more, but was prevented from relieving Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown and thus hastened the end of the Revolution- ary struggle, because England's hereditary foes called forth that fighting energy that else could have been directed against her own children, with whom let us hope she has had her last mortal combat. Here at Vigo in Spain Sir George Rooke destroyed the French fleet of eighteen line of battle ships which was protecting the Spanish galleons already under the batteries of the forts there, and, capturing the town, gave England that foothold on Spanish soil which was Ifiter to be iucreased in two days 2484 The Independent of memorable fighUug at Gibraltar, witli such success that almost two years of subse- quent assault by land and sea failed to dis- lodge her from the Rock which British vigi- lance and British courage have made im- pregnable. Lisbon, at the mouth of the wide-spreading Lagus, has a harbor large enough for more than one such Armada as sailed forth from Its overlooking hills against perfidious Al- bion. Portugal's navy rides at anchor there proudly defiant of England, against whose naval power it was largely created. If the small fleet of three or four diminutive ves- sels constitute her entire naval strength, tlien. with Spain, she has retired from the list of nations depending on sea power as thf ir strength. The most interesting objects in Lisbon are ruins of old cloisters. Her o!ioe great dependency Brazil, whence even rojal authority was once exercised over the liome land of Tortusal, has called forth her more enterprising sons, who are lost to her forever in their new home beyond the sea. The great colonizer of the sixteenth century, the land of the discoverer of the Cape of principles go,eming out-door art, with sun- ^H*nt™§uctlon 4d nXrby C.'^H.'Herf'rd! dry suggestions for their application in the ^|;Sm.°'Vw YorkpThe lUcmllSco^*.' commoner prol)lems of gardening." In both Obeyed the Camel Driver. By Isaac Bas- ° sett Choate. 7%x5%, pp. 113. New text and illustrations there is much that will York : The Home Journal . , .__ ^ ^ , ^ . , , Plutarch's Lives. Englished by Sir Thomas interest and Instruct students of landscape North, in ten vols. Vols, vil and VIII. gardening and persons thinking of beautify- '^^'cT ^^^- ^"^ ^°"^'- ^""^ '^*'" 50 ing suburban and country, homes. ''1Sf^Srltte%'."'Br M.^N.^'^^ake"' °6xl="p°p^ A SPBITCG SONG. Bv Thomas Nash. (New ^^^U.^Jl ""^^r' ^dJc^io^°''T'^lS&ven. York: B. P. Dutton & Co. 60 cents.) This is Selected, translated and annotated by L. ' K. Rector. 7%x5, pp. 191. New York : a pretty little book in which the ever-fresh l>- .\ppicton & Co 1 . 00 „, . », , The Power of Pentecost. By Thomas spring song by Thomas Nash is quaintly Waugh. 7^5%. pp. 130. New York; printed with colored pictures by L. Leslie Between^lleathenrsm and Chrlatianl'ty.' " By Brooke. It is a mere snatch from the pipe g^riUTva^- H.'^v'e^tf cS^'. . ^}'!: 1.30 of Elizabethan days, but is well worth keep- ^7M?PP°°2bo.^^^VrkTFlL7nrH: ing on the air as long as English word-music MeMhe^^We: ' ByD.- L. Moody." ' V^isy,, ' ' '' can please tlie ear of song-lovers. P^p. 115. New York : Fleming H. Bevell The Amateur Cbacksman. By E. W. The°BlblVAmong the Natlong! " By John Wall '^^ Hor„«„«,. (New York: Charles Scrlbner's l^^rk^'i^Slf^e H'\irih"&. '.^': ..?!''.': 1. 00 Sons. $1.25.) If one can bear bad company ^^.„J'^^J„^''' ^"®o^!l*' .^**JS* °\. Mother '^ ' and Child. By Catnarlna Waugh McCul- for the sake of being ententained, this is '°='»i, e%x4i4, pp. 80. New York : Flem- 4 ^ 4.V. 1, , . ,, , Ing H. BeveirCo 30 just the book to pick up; but after reading Ought Christians to Keep the Sabbath? By it one feels the strain of evil communica- fie^ng°a LveW '"'• ^^- ^ewYork: ^^ tions. Mr. Hornung sketches the cracks- ""t '^rJ,To 'iS? If 19(?0°''' SeX man, his associates and his doings with a il^,^^t: T^e'^l^sh^^PuS^'soclS^'o^i free and firm hand against a very realistic , America 70 Ko„i,™ J ''*™ ^'ts °* Wayside Gospel. By Jenkln background. Lloyd Jones. 7%x5%, pp. 27^. New From T. Y. Crowell & Co. we have two Thl°?rimWl1.g**o'?fell^.° ' bV Pauf D-Ar- ''" good books by Professor Edwin A. Gros- F^-Tel.nysJ'ri^^y??:.*^?-. ..^f^^ ^'"■'" venor of Amherst College. CoirrEHPOBABY Sentimental Journey ■Through France "and TT , . , . ^•>^'j»i- Italy. By Lawrence Sterne. 6x4, pp. History, which is a strong outUne of the his- ^.^^f- New Y^k : The Macmlllan Co 50 tory of Europe during the past fifty years, ^'Ke? cSI=r ITTp^'us "^^i*^^ and a revised edition of Victor Duruy's An- The wirk?," "otrHumaS" "aiid Divine " if •®*' c.EN-T History. Both books are excellent In f;S"'Jo".''"'l^4, pi'^Ss' "^SJlj^^'for? (Prioe $1.00 each.) lected by Basil Montagu. 6x4, dp 279i ' I«ew York : The MacmlTlan Co -,0 EDITORIALS. The Condemnation of France. By the .vote of five against two the mili- tary court before which has come the most Important case of modern times has decided that the French army staff Is unjust, vindic- tive and cruel; that it cares nothing for right and truth where the consistency of its own spite or pi-ejudice is concerned, which it calls its honor. " The Army, the Army! " was the cry, anything to defend the credit but secure the utter discredit of the army. What was the name or life of a Jew captain to the rep- utation of Generals and Ministers of War? So again they condemned the Jew on the same plea that was made by priests almost nineteen centuries ago: " It is better that one man die that the whole nation perish not." And once more we shall see the supreme folly of putting policy before justice. The record of the trial we have given else- where. It is enough now to repeat that such a travesty of justice has seldom been seen. Apart from the methods of a French court, ■Which so surprise one familiar with the de- fenses which English law puts about the ac- cused, one is amazed at the partiality shown by this military court, which allowed the' re- porters to anticipate the verdict long before it was given. That the verdict was plainly wrong is evident to any one not utterly blind- ed by prejudice. There was no evidence of any value offered to convict Dreyfus. The most was that he was in a position where he could have known some of tlie facts treason- ably sent to the German or Italian or Aus- trian military attaches. The chief thing against him was that he had been condemned once by a court-martial, and that to acquit him now would be to convict the officers of that com-t-martial of having done an injus- tice and the witnesses of perjury; and that would be to acknowledge a stain on the French army. So this court-martial covered over the old stain with a more conspicuous ■ and blacker stain. A ver.y strange thing in this so-called trial is the contemptuous insult given by the mem- bers to the Governments of Germany, Aus- tria and Italy. The Emperor of Germany has distinctly declared, through his Prime Minister, that Germany had no relations, direct or indirect, with Dreyfus. Similar de- nials have come through accredited channels • from Austria and Italy. The court-martial replies that they all lie. the Emperor, Count von Miiuster, Colonel Schwartzkoppen, Col- onel Schneider, Colonel Pannlzzardi and all; that they simply Jie to protect their tool, that it is their part to protect their spies. Ndw this is a brutal insult to people who pride themselves somewhat on their honor and truth. What will be the effect of this on the relations between Prance and other nations? Will Emperor William be any longer anxious to placate the French people? Will he want to go to the exposition next irear? The French can doubtless do without his visit, but will they l^ie it if his policy now is to form an alliance with Bussia and to isolate the RepXibllc? The Interna- tional results of this stupendous blunder will not be inconsiderable. And yet there is a silver lining to a very black cloud. While the court voted five to two against the prisoner, from motives of prejudice and policy, not of justice, and while the vote of the people might have been the same, yet there was in this court itself of military officers a minority of two. That represents a fraction, a growing fraction of true honor, which always spells with hon- esty. This trial has been a campaign of edu- cation for the French people, teaching them the Ins^j^arable alliance of honesty and honor. ■ France has had a weak sense of jus- tice; this ti-ial has cultivated that sense. It has, perhaps for the first time, set over against each other the two Ideals, one of jus- tice, the other of reputation, of glory, called honor. France has been told by her noblest men that honor must rest on justice, that honor must follow justice, not justice honor; and if the lesson is not yet le£g.*ned it has been well preached. All the nations of the world have been looking on, and they unite 2505 2506 The Independent In coDdemniBg the nation that has con- demned an Innocent man to save the fame of a few generals. The nations of the world are this day preaching the lesson of justice before honor to France. France declares that there is no other nation that makes so much of honor as she; but she does not know what honor is. She is hugging a bastard in its place. It is fhe duelist's honor, the swag- gerer's honor that she glories in, not that of Christian or of Jewish truth. What will become of Dreyfus and brave Madame Dreyfus, and the two children who have not yet been allowed to know of their father's terrible suffering? We will wait a while to see what the French Government will do with the verdict of this court, and whether if the ten years' imprisonment is in- flicted the four and a half years at the Isle de Diahle counts as nine years under French law. We must wait to flud out what those " extenuating circumstances " can possibly be, and whether the admission of them was necessary to prevent some member of the court from voting for acquittal. But Drey- fus's imprisonment will probably be short, whether'an appeal is granted or not. What will not be short, but will last as long as history shall record it, is the condemnation of the French army by this stupidly prej- udiced military court. It rests with Presi- dent Loubet and the French Cabinet to de- cide whether this condemnation shall rest on all France as well. Otis Must Go. The round-robin of the newspaper corre- spondents in the Philippines, complaining of the censorship maintained by General Otis, is more than borne out by the private letter sent by Kichard M. Collins, the Associated Press's correspondent at Manila, to Melville E. Stone, General Manager of the Associated Press. Mr. Stone sent copies of this letter to several directors of the Associated Press, and one of them, editor of the Pittsburg Post, took the liberty to make it public. It bears on its face its own justification, and we cred- it every word It says. If Its statements are correct. General Otis has deUberately tried to deceive the American public, and he de- fsprves speedy removal. Mr. Collins begins by saying that the cen- sorship under General Otis has been more severe than that enforced In war times In Japan, Turkey, Greece, Egypt and Russia, or in Cuba under General Weyler, or during our own Civil War, according to the testi- mony of correspondents who had been in those wars. The correspondents were repeat- edly told by the censor that the purpose was not simply to prevent the publication of any- thing that might aid the enemy, the only legitimate purpose, but to keep the knowl- edge of the facts from the people at home. " My instructions,'' said the censor, " are to let nothing go that can hurt the administra- tion." Now to conceal important movements from the enemy is right; but to deceive the American people is outrageous folly, and shows General Otis unfit to be in command. General Otis personally conducts much of the censorship, the censor sending the corre- spondent to him when in doubt what would please him. We quote: " We were compelled to send nothing but the official version of all events and conditions, even when the official vieyf controverted the opinions of the great mass of the officers in the field and of intelligent residents, and was a falsification of events which passed before our eyes. In this way every fight became a glorious American vic- tory, even tho every one in the army knew it to have been substantially 'a failure, and we were drilled into writing, quite mechanically, wholly ridiculous estimates of the numbers of Filipinos killed." The pressure on the correspondents to " tell the truth," from army officers of high rank and men of all classes became tremendous; the correspondents talked with General Otis, and he made vague promises of greater liber- ality. About the middle of June Mr. Collins wrote a dispatch that it was the general opin- ion that the war could not be ended during the rainy season, nor for some time after, without heavy reinforcements. The censor said: " Of course we all know that we are in a ter- rible mess out here, but we don't want the peo- ple to get excited over it ; " and he told the correspondents to keep quiet now and they would pull through. General Otis made predictions of wonderful things he was going to do, and the correspondents held back the dispatch for a month and then Editorials 2507 sent their round-robin, as the conditions had not changed. Their views were those' " of Lawton, McArthur, Funston, Wheaton and others," so that they were well backed. It was first taken to the censor, who said: " This is just the sort of thing the censorship is Intended to suppress." The censor sent it to General Otis, who immediately sent for the correspondent of The Sun, with whom he thought he would have special influence, but the correspondent took Mr. Collins and two others with him. When ushered into Gen- eral Otis's presence he said with some anger: '■ Gentlemen, you have served an extraordi- nary paper upon jne. You accuse me of false- hood. This constitutes a conspiracy against the Government. I will have you tried by a general court martial, and let you choose the judges." • It was falsehood they had charged upon him, but they were not afraid, for they knew the sentiment of the officers. They had a three hours' very plain talk with him. As to the specifications in their paper, he told them that he had refused information about the sick in hospitals because " the hospitals were full of perfectly well men who. were shirk- ing," and " to send home figures of the num- bers in hospitals would be misleading." In the matter of Otis's " prejudice against the navy," the correspondents told how they were compelled to change their accounts of the taking of Iloilo, so as to make it read that the army had taken It with the help of the navy, and only a few houses burnt, when the facts were that the soldiers did not land till three hours after the marines had raised the flag and chased the insurgents out. General Otis replied that the navy was so anxious for glory that they disobeyed instruc- tions and landed too soon. " General Bates was present throughout the interview. At the close General Otis turned to him and asked : '• ' What would you do with these gentlemen, General? ' " Bates promptly replied : ' I would do what I said.' "'Court martial them?' Otis asked. " ' No, let them send what you promised — the facts and opinions fis opinions,' Bates said." This promise had just been repeated by The Sun correspondent as made to him. The next day General Otis sent for The Sun corre- spondent and threshed over the same ground. The result was a statement that they might send anything which he thought " not preju- dicial to the interests of the United States," but in a few. days things fell into the old rut. As illustrating how Otis tried to close all sources of "information, Mr. Collins says: " Only yesterday, when I attempted to send a report of the bombardment of Paete, the truth- fulness of which was unquestioned, he immedi- ately sent for Lawton and demanded to know how it had been made public, and told Lawton to jump onto the members of his staff." Her^ are some very serious statements: " I doubt if ever a body of newspaper men were more conservative in the presence of un- limited provocation for sensationalism. There has been, according to Otis himself, and the per- sonal knowledge of every one here, a perfect orgy of looting and wanton destruction of pirop- erty, and most outrageous blackmailing of the natives and Chinamen in Manila, and various incidents like the shooting down of several Fili- pinos for attempting to run from airrest at a cock fight, not I to mention court martials of officers for cowardice and the dismissal of Gen- eral for getting hopelessly drunk on the eve of two important battles — all of which the correspondents have left untouched by common consent. Also, there are the usual number of army scandals and intrigues, which we have not aired, foremost among them the fact (it is uni- versally considered a fact in the army) that Otis is deeply prejudiced against and jealous of Law- ton, and has done everything in his power to keep Lawton in the background and prevent him from making a reputation. . . . " The only time General Otis has given us any freedom was during his row with Schurman over the peace negotiations, when (by insinua- tion and those attempted diplomatic methods which public men seem to think newspaper men do not' see through) he was encouragiu^ us to ■ roast ' Schurman and take his side." The explanation Mr. Collins, and we doubt not the other correspondents and the officers as well, give of General Otis's conduct is that he is a small, but honest, man in a big place. Otis is " a bureaucrat who never leaves his desk, and has never seen his soldiers in the field, and insists on managing both the civil and military branches of the Government," and has "bungled affairs from the begin- ning," and " has a faculty for antagonizing every one." Says Mr. Collins: " I wish the etiquet of officialdom might per- 25o8 The Independent mit Dewey and Schurman to speak to McKinley and the public concerning Otis as freely as they have to newspaper men. Those two are the only men of the caliber of statesmen the Government has sent here; and Schurman has the college professor's weakness of believing that all other men, including Malays, were as sincere in what they said as himself." These statements of the correspondents, through the agent of the Associated Press, bear the marks of truth on their face. They agree with what has leaked from the lips of officers who have returned. It is clear that General Otis Is not the nt man for the place, .ind we hope the President, through Secre- tary Root, will replace him speedily. These errors of administration have taken place under Secretary Alger, and Secretary Boot Is free to correct them, and to allow the American public to know the truth, and to put a general In charge who will be strong enough to prevent looting, at least under his own nose in Manila, and vigorous enough to carry on a campaign by fighting abroad rather than by deceiving the American peo- ple at home. We are very glad this letter has been published, and we doubt not that "etiquet" will not stand in the way of the Presidents learning the truth from Admiral Dewey and President Schurman. The Crisis in South Africa. It looks very much as if President Kruger had made up his mind to bow to the In- evitable and accept British supremacy in South Africa, withotit first deluging his own land and the adjacent countries with blood. His prominent men, such as Gen- eral Jonbert and Mr. Leyds, have from the first Insisted that there would be no war, even tho he should not get all he wants, and none understand the situation better than they. The fear has been, not that the leaders would precipitate a conflict, but tliat, by one of tJiose accidents almost in- 'evitable in such a high tension condition as prevails, there should be an outbreak before the authorities had time to exercise control. There was the Volksraad, too. How completely was the President its master ? Could he, even if he would, control it ? On the other hand, how long would the Eng- lish Cabinet submit to the promises, re- fusals, propositions, delays, at Pretoria, and could it, even if It would, control the impa- tient spirits that inaugurated the Jameson raid ? As yet President. Kruger holds the reins, firmly, if lightly, and Lord Salisbury and his associates come out of a Cabinet meet- ing which was supposed to hold the fate of a conUnent in its keeping with smiles upon their faces. Those smiles were reassuring to some, exasperating to others; reassuring 1o Those who desire to see Boers share with English the prosperity of South Africa; ex- asperating to those who would see M?ijuba mil avenged, and the Dutchmen sent on another trek, anywhere, out of reach of British garrisons. If such a place there be left on the continent. That the smiles were .lustified was proven by the announce- ment the next day that tJie Transvaal Pres- ident had assented to a conference at Cape Town, an assent which meant that there would be another approach to the demands that England has steadily Insisted upon as the only possible guarantee of peace. Thus each time tliat there has been actual dan- ger of hostilities Boer obstinacy has yielded just enough to avert war, not enough to arouse the .antagonism of those who hate England as an oppressor. Meanwhile it is well to keep In . mind what Is the real thing at stake. It is not possession of the Transvaal, however stout- ly that may be affirmed. It is not the civic or political rights of the TJltlanders, altho that Is certainly the most prominent thing, and the pretext, at least, of the contro- versy. England, by which we mean the English Government, has no desire to dis- place President Kruger and his Volksraad at Pretoria, any more than President Steyri and his Parliament at Bloemfonteln. Un- doubtedly' some Englishmen would be glad to do this, but neither the Cabinet nor Sir Alfred Mllner have, any such purpose. They are content to leave the Boers to regulate their own affairs, control their own fran- chise, manage their own monopolies, on one condition. That Is, that they manifest some regard for the interests of others and so conduct themselves that their country shall not be a continuous festering spot, danger- ous to the peace of the whole continent and Editorials 2569 liable at any tlmo to involve its neighbors in conflfct with each other and even with foreign countries. It is right and realson- able that the Transvaal should have liberty of rule, but liberty is not license for In- justice to foreigners within Its borders, and that is a lesson that its people have not yet learned, but which they must learn, if they are going to hold their own in the de- velopment of the nations. The present crisis cannot be dissociated from the whole history of Boer rule in South Africa. It commenced with a brutal treat- ment of the. natives unequaled in the rela- tions of civilized with uncivilized peoples. As fast as they found the freedom for such treatment abridged, they withdrew from one place to another until, they established themselves in the Transvaal. Still the same spirit dominated them, and .they were in perpetual strife. They found that under the ■conditions of modern times they could not force out all foreign elements, but when- ever in their view there vras danger to absolute Boer supremacy they set about mak- ing restrictions until they put all foreigners upon the defensive, and compelled a sus- picion in regard to even their most inoften- . slve and reasonable laws which made har- mony impossible. When they found that British rule was closing in around thepi they commenced a series of negotiations with other European Powers, hoping thus to secure a counter influence in their behalf. For a time it seemed as if they would suc- ceed, but it did not take long to convince Germany that a Boer alliance would be of no particular advantage, and might be a thorn in the side, uncomfortable if not dan- gerous. Then came Intrigues among their kinsmen in the Free State and Cape Colony, and the assertion that Boer funds supplied the treasury of the Afrikander party is gen- erally believed. During all this time not once has .the Transvaal Government manifested any de- sire to do what the rest of the world has considered to be justice. It has made promise after promise, then withdrawn, then advanced counter propositions, until it seemed impossible to know just what the situation was. That it has had provocation is undoubted. Sir Cecil Rhodes is not noted for scrupulous diplomacy, and the. Jameson raid was an outrage. No serious charge, however, can be brought against Sir Alfred Mllner, who has shown, a patience, as well as firmness, deserving of all praise. He has been well supported, too, by Mr. Chamber- lain, who has kept in close line with Lord Salisbury. All have realized that such a war as would follow would be terrible, both in loss of life and in general disaster. They- realize also that there are things worse than war, and that to permit the development of so reactionary a power as the Transvaal has shown itself to be means permanent in- jury to the whole of South Africa. That they will succeed in averting both we be- lieve, and in their success lies the hope for all races, black as well as white, in that continent. Is There a Democratic Party? Is there a Democratic Party ? We do not malce the inquiry 'with the least touch of sarcasm. We think tlie facts and appear- ances warrant the doubt that there exists, to-day the compact, fully developed organic i body which once represented the spirit of Jeffersonian simplicity and .Tacksonian mar- tial vigor combined. If there is such a body where is it, and what principles are guiding it ? Jefferson was an honest man and a pa- triot; Jackson was an honest man, a pa- triot and a fighter. Neither of these great Democrats ever stood in sympathy with an enemy of the flag or supported a financial scheme for watering the basis of the public credit. They 'made ihistalves;' but they did not turn their backs when ah enemy ~was assaulting our armies, or insist updn repeat- ing an error once demonstrated as such. Under the old-time leadership the Demo- cratic Party committed grievous sins; but up to 1860 it adhered to its fundamental doctrines and traditions. In the great War of the Rebellion it divided, naturally enough. Then came the lesson of terrible defeat and the dark days of party chaos. But the party still had able leaders, and so long as these were listened to there was a rapid reorgan- ization which was followed by a magnificent sweep to victory in the election of Cleve- land. 25IO The Independent But meantime there had been a stiong element in the Democratic organization which Was coquetting with anarchy, bid- ding for the influence of saloons, gambling dens and nihilist bodies; and this element put no faith in any political argument which did not have corrupt money behind it. Dur- ing Cleveland's second administration there came a serious clash between the two wings of his political army. The Democrats prop- er supported the Government, the quasi- Democrats, led by men like Altgeld, re- belled and were successful.. This was the signal for a radical change in the party or- ganization, its principles, its morals and its temper. Its greatest leaders abandoned It. For the first time, then, in the history of American politics we had the spectacle of a party publicly and in terms repudiating the only administrations it had controlled for twenty-five years, and in the same breath demanding that the people should continue it in power and take its new principles with- out question. Bryan, free silver, anarchy and open threats against the authority of the highest court wcro jumbled togetner and offered in the place of Cleveland. The party was overwhelmingly defeated by the peo- ple under Republican leadership. McKin- ley became President, and we have had a season of glorious national achievements and almost unprecedented prosperity. Where is the Democratic Party ? If it is still In existence what has it learned by the history made in the past thirty-nine years ? It opposed the war for the Union; the re- sult was disastrous to it; will it try once more setting itself against the flag ? We have no doubt that a lavge majority of good citizens, irrespective ol party affiliations, would be glad to thinlv such a course Im- proliable if npt impossible. For who can wish to see the pubUc demoralization which must necessarily follow a heated campaign waged by one of tJie parties in the most un- blushing bravado of recklessness if not of treason ? Yet it really looks as tho we must Witness a recurrence of Ihe phenomena which dis- graced the political atmosphere in the days of Vallandigham. We shall see a party striving to attain national control by open avowal of sympathy with the nation's red- handed enemies. Is this the Democratic Party founded by Jefferson and fought for by Andrew Jackson ? Is this the party that purchased Louisiana and annexed it forci- bly ? Is it the party that added Texas and California to our domain ? But what about free silver at the ratio of 16 to 1 without regard, for consequences ? Is the Democratic Party, if there is such a party, going to repeat this deadly political blunder ? Will it add a principle of iinan- cial dishonor (already crushed under foot by American voters) to a declaration clearly un- patriotic, if not treasonable, and bind these together with a reaffirmation of sympathy with anarchy ? Finally, Is William Jen- nings Bryan to be nominated again after the experience his former nomination afforded the country ? The American people may well take an earnest look at the probabili- ties and prepare themselves for another bat- tle with the enemies of prosperity, security and progress. Patriotic Song. Has the art of poetry lost the spell by which it once was able to hold, not the sky- gazing dreamer alone, but all" mankind ? If it has, what hai caused the change ? Is the fault In the poet, or in those to whom he sings ? Not so long ago . the saying, " Let me write the people's songs, and I care not who makes their laws," had a significance wliich could scarcely attach to it now. Per- haps the greatest difficulty would arise in determining what are the people's songs to- day, or whether in fact they have any songs. There seems to be nolonger a way.by which a poet, an omtor, an artist, can send a mes- sage through the country and set Its entire sti-ucture to thrUling, as a bell thrills when struck by the chime-ringer. A catchy song may ha^e a few days or even months of popular favor; but has it appreciable effect beyond mere passing acknowledgment ? And does there seem to be any genuine ap- preciation of national spirit in popular poe- try ? We shall not -attempt to answer our own questions; but we expect that many of our readers will say to themselves: "We have been thinking along that line. We have Editorials 2511 wondered why 'rag-time' poetry should shore equally with the purest song in the chances of popular favor, and why no song ever nowadays seems to be taken seriously." Of course, this may be stating the case too much on one side; we think it is; but the truth lies somewhere near by, and it involves the fact that poetry seems to have lost favor with the public, either on account of a fail- ure of the poets to strike the true chords, or by reason of a change in hutaan suscep- tibility to the poetical assault. It may be that the progress of literary and artistic training has done a great deal to weaken the charm of lyrical expression, which swelled to its highest when popular education was in a rudimentary state. The fact that so many men and women are now able to write good verse is of itself suflS- cient to account for the cheapening of song. FamiliarilJ' begets contempt, and the copi- mon thing is never looked upon as a luxury. Moreover, the opening of the world to all comers and goers, the practical elimination of distance as a barrier to travel, and the consequent growth of a pseudo-cosmopol- itanism which belittles patriotism, have broken up the structural homogeneity thfl,t once made a people truly organic and unan- imous. In the isolation of past centuries a nation could be practically a unit. Then a poet could be national, and for that reason Influential. Consciousness of having his peo- ple with him gave his genius the shock of inspiration and his phrases emitted the di- vine fire that inflamed every patriotic soul. But now, you cannot be sure, he may sing Aguinaldo on the steps of the Capitol. The great meeting at Philadelphia the past week ot the Grand Army of the Re- public was of immense personal interest to those who attended, and received gener- ous welcome in Philadelphia. To the pub- lic at large the chief interest centers in the .Action taken in reference to pensions. We have had, under President McKinley, as good and faithful a Commissioner of Pen- sions as has ever served. Mr. Evans is him- self a Grand Army man. and has been very active in settling claims and faithful in sug- gesting reforms ip ^be interests of honest claimants, while protecting the country against fraud. We are glad to see that the Grand Army Committee did not take up the clamor against him which has led to a number of posts presenting resolutions of complaint, but has recognized that any er- rors depend on the system, and can be cor- rected perhaps only by Congress. The com- plaints made are two, for neither of which is Commissioner Evans responsible. The first is that, under a decision of the Secre- tary of the Interior in 1803, the Pension Act of 1890 gives pensions only ' to soldiers whose disability comes from injury re- ceived in the service ; while the previous decis- ion of 1890, which' it revoked, gave the pen- sion for disability not caused by vicious hab- its whether it comes from injury received in the service or not. The other complaint is that, under a present rule, soldiers' widows can receive no pension if they have an In- come of S9(j a year. This limit should, the committee claim, be raised to $250. It ap- pears to us that .$96 is quite too low a limit to allow for a widow's decent support. It could hardly keep a woman out of the poor house. On the other hand, if a veteran was not injured in service, but has had all the health and chance of any other citizen, we fail to see why his feebleness or old age should be supported by the Government in- stead of by his children, especially when the Government provides soldiers' homes for those who have no means of support. The present ruling seems just, and If main- tained there Is no real reason why an Im- poverished soldier should be compelled to go to the poor house, which would be a very unwelcome sight. ' What .ludge Simeon E. Baldwin said to the American Science Association about the right of a dying man to die is no new doc- trine, but it must not be confounded with any asserted right to commit suicide.^or for a doctor to hasten a dying man's death. All he argued was that when-, life is utterly hopeless, when the patient is in great pain, or when, in old age, the system is all broken up and nature would soon mercifully end the struggle, that then it may not be any "part of the physician's duty to sh£|.ke the 2512 The Independent watch and make it tick feebly a few sec- onds longer. We suppose that physicians find this a knotty Question, and in many cases they have felt it necessary to ease the patient's last moments, even altho the sed- ative may hasten rather than delay the end. We are reminded of a somewhat. more radical proposal for euthanasia that was made in our columns some twenty years ago by a clerical writer. He pictured the coses of painful and hopeless sickness, and argued that it might be right and wise in such cases where life was a torment to the patient and all his friends to hasten death. A second correspondent took up the argu- ment. He assumed to tell the story how- he, a pastor, had fried to do this In cases in his own family and church, and how his wife and the deacons of the church had re- sisted him, and had insisted that the ex- ample of patience and the power of love must stand in the way of his well-meant ef- forts. It was an admirably well told story, but its absurdity ought to deceive no one. Yet we had a dozen letters from subscribers stopping their papers, declaring that they would not consent to receive into their homes a journal which defended murder. They could not see that the article was meant to be a rcductio ad ahsurdum ; they had not the wit to see a joke. Once more we uiu.st call tiie attention of our political leaders to the attitude of the negroes, North and South, toward the Re- publican Party. The resolution adopted by the Afro-American (Jouncil in Chicago ex- pressed great disappointment at the fail- ure of President SlcKinley to give utter- ance to his abhorrence of the prevalent lynchlngs. But these critics must remem- ber that if the President has no authority to protect the lives of Italians, or to se- cure the punishment of those that abused them, no more can he protect American cit- izens -within the several States. There they are absolutely under State law, and the general government can do nothing with- out an amendment to the Constitution. This seems to have been forgotten by the Couu- lil, which did not contain many Constitu- tional lawyers, and which adopted resolu- tions favoring the enactment of laws which would be mere waste paper. President Mc- Kinley has appointed negroes to office, and has closed post ofHees where negroes were abused, and has done as much as any man coulr! do to secure the pun- ishment of those who have mobbed col- ored postmasters. "There was little more that he could do. He will have the opportu- nity to say something in his annual mes- sage, and we shall be disappointed If he does not speak plainly. It will be remem- bered that on his Southern trip he visited two negro schools, and made very accept- ' able addresses, yet we do not recall any special utterance of his about lynching. His message may well give him an occasion In his reference to the treatment of negro post- masters In South Carolina and Florida. ....William T. Bryan writes to a Demo- cratic leader in New Jersey advising three things. Of these the first Is an amendment to the Oonstitutlon authorizing an income tax. This is not a bad proposition. A State or the nation ought to have the right to raise taxes in that way, as is done In so many other countries. O^hen he wants another amendment allowing Cnlted States Senators to be elected by popular vote. There Is no reason why this privilege also should not be free to the people, altho it is a matter of no very great Importance. Neither of these sug- gestions can be made to draw a party line. His third recommendation is for legislation against trpsts, by constitutional amendment, if necessary. But when he comes (o specify- ing the kiud of legislation is simmers down to laws against watering of stocks and the pre- vention of monopoly, and the license to -do business outside of the States in which they are incorporated. This also is a very small matter on which to draw the party line. Where are the issues of inflation and expan- sion? Those amount to something. There are to be two negro regiments, whose colonels and majors are to be selected from the regular army. That means they are to be white, because there are no colored ofiicers in the regular army, graduates of West Point or otherwise, who have had the training which would fit them to be field oflicers. We are sorry it is so, but we do not see how any complaint can be made. Cap- Editorials 2513 tains and lieutenants will be colored, taken from colored regiments, sergeants and pri- vates who have had a good record. This is a step forward, altho It still recognizes the color line In the army, and we trust that colored people will not abuse the Govern- ment for not giving the colored regiments colored colonels. Those positions of com- mand should only go to men of experience in commanding. When these captains have made a record they ought then to be pro- moted. . . . .The new plan of the Bussian Govern- ment to suppress disturbances in the uni- versities is shrewd as it is vigorous, and is likely to be somewhat effective. Any stu- dents who instigate , disorders will be for- cibly drafted into the army to serve as com- mon soldiers for from one to three years, according to the penitence' they show for their fault. This drastic measure may be applied even to students who make no 'pjib- lic disturbance, and do not " assemble in crowds," but merely show their sympathy by a concerted refusal to continue their studies under an unpopular instructor. The Russian Government is a bundle of contra- dictions, and now reaction and now prog- ress rules. . .. .philanthropic experiments will not al- ways bear strict comparison with Industries run for profit and loss. Therefore the some- what unexpected success of the Salvation Army's industrial colony in Essex, England, is all the more gratifying. Last year, out of 775 colonists admitted 193 left of their own accord, 47 were discharged as incorrigible, while 309, or 40 per cent., obtained ordinary " situations or returned to their friends. Fur- thermore, the expenditures were only a trifle above the receipts, and that, too, when the farm was originally a "derelict estate" In the " most distressful portion of Essex." "Corybantlc Ohristianity " has certainly proved its right to stay. Whether William Waldorf Astor sells his New York real estate to an English syn- dicate for a good round profit is no more a matter of public concern than whether a batch of breweries are thus sold. Nor Is It anything to find fault with that for personal reasons Mr. Astor has renounced his Amer- ican citizenship and become a Briton. Mil- lions of Britons have consulted their, con- venience by becoming Americans, with no discredit to them, and Mr. Astor can go the other way with no more reflection on his pa- triotism or his good sense. .... The two Ifrench captains who ended their barbarities inflicted on natives of the French SQdan by murdering the French ofllcers sent to relieve them of their com- mand, would seem to be insane. The story of their cruelties told in the French papers, of their beheading their prisoners and shoot- ing their own native soldiers for the most trivial ofCenses, recalls the barbarities of the Spaniards in America four centuries ago. . .. .Why should the Germans be allowed to send parcels of merchandise weighing twelve pounds to this country by post, while our own citizens are not allowed to send par- cels of over four pounds'? If the parcels-post is a good thing between this country and Germany and South America, why not for America? We are behind almost all the world in this thing. .... Admiral Dewey wants a system of self-government for the Philippines. So do we. He says " the Insurgents will have to submit themselves to law, after having been accustomed to no law at all." That also Is wise and right. He says that the people are capable of self-government, and we would like to know for what people au- tonomy Is not best. . . . .Aluminum was not known as a metal till 1827; it was not prepared pure till 1854, and until 1887 the price of a not very pure aluminum did not come below twelve dollars a pound. Now the Hartford Electric Light Company Is putting up thirty-three miles of aluminum cables, because it will be cheaper than copper W $3,500. • . .. .We like the proclamation which Gen- eral Davis has made looking toward a larger exercise of self-government on the part of the people of Porto Rico. Now, for the first time, municipal elections are announced to take place, and both local parties support the plan. Another of the debts of India to Vice- roy Gurzon, not mentioned by Sydney Brooks, is the decision to make gold the legal stand- ard at once, and settle the fixed value of silver. RELIGIOUS. life is, apparently, to be on the one hand un- Toleration and ExcluSlveneSS. ^,^trusive: and on the other, to make Its in- Bv Prof I H. Bernard. D. D. , fluence felt by its marked difference from he ay rror. j. n. irreliglon. And so it is all through Trinity Colume, Dubiin. life Ot irreiiaiu"- 4.„„/i:„«„na nrp- ■ * «'• ih» «iblp- these apparent contradictions pre •• HE that is not with me is agamst me. the Bible, these ^pp ^^^ .. H.. that is not against us is on our part." --*«">^^>"^'',7^^"3^„'^,'5 proverbs will Here are two .ayings of Christ which do secutive ---/« f ^^^^^ °f ^°7,, ^,, , not appear at tirst sight .o be quite con- at once occur to the mind. ^™ sistent with each other. The one seems to fool according ^'^^^f^^^^ f^^^^g to sanction all that the most intolerant ad- like unto him. Answer a fool ac'^"^^*"^ to : tes Of orthodoxy have ever put forward; his folly, lest ^; f ^f ^V^" JlTn otevi^. t,.e other is In the spirit of that large Again our Lord told us to resist not evU • .nlnded charity whic.i sees good in even the but " resist the devil ' says St- Jarne-;^ ^ ,nost mistaken ami misguided effort, after -i^'io- " ^^^^ *^« ^^^^T"' !f /l^^^^^^^^^^^ godliness. The Dogmatist seizes upon the us in another place that " he thatinereaBetb . one- the Latitudinarian upon the other. So knowledge increaseth sorrow. A man is sharp is the seeming opposition between the , justified by faith and not ^y the works of two maxims that R6nan went so far as to the" law," says St. Paul; "faith without pronounce them absolutely irreconcilable. works Is dead." says St. James. And. not When however, we look through our to multiply quotations of this sort, the unl- Lord's discourses as recorded in the Gos- versal promise that " God sent His only be- pels, we find that they are full of such con- gotten Son into the world that whosoever be- trasts, contrasts sometimes even more strik- lieveth on Him should have evferlastlng life " iug than that presented by the two verses was spoken by Him who declared that He at the head of this paper. " Peace I leave was not sent, " save unto the lost sheep of with you, my peace I give unto you," He the house of Israel." said to His disciples; and yet on a previous As a matter of history we know that many occasion He had declared. " I am not come of the divisions of Christendom owe their to send peace on earth, but a sword." existence to an exclusive attention hav- "When thou doest thine alms, let not thy ing been paid to one or other of two con- left hand know what thy right hand doeth; trasted maxims like these, which can only tiiat thine alms may bo in secret," He tells be properly understood when considered in us in the Sermon on the Mount; but a lit- relation to one another. For instance, An- tle earlier in the same discourse He warns tinomlanism can get a good deal of justlflea- us not to hide the lamp of righteousness tion from certain isolated phrases of St. under a bushel: " l^et your light so shine Paul; whereas the Epistle of St. James has before men that they may see your good seemed to some (e. g., to Luther) to savor works and glorify your Father which is in so much of legalism that it has been treated heaven." The parable in which Christian with scant respect. Tho the difference has influence Is compared to the invisible and been exaggerated, yet the point of view of an quiet working of the leaven in the meal is Apostle who regarded Christ as the Jewish balanced by the parable of the salt, in which Messiah is widely removed from that more tho power of Christian profession is traced Catholic doctrine which proclaims Him as to its obvious and marked -contrast to the the Saviour of the world; altho for the professions of wordly men. If the charac- teaching of both sides verbal justification teristic of the working of the leaven is that may, no doubt, be traced in Scripture. It it is hidden and unseen, the characteristic will, indeed, in general be found that all par- of the .salt is Its distinctiveness. Christian ties and sects of Christendom have been 2514 Religious 2515 able to fall back upon some Biblical state- ment as the source of their peculiar tenets. But it will be observed that the sayings which have been made to serve as the basis of these discordant theories are often sharp- ly pointed aphorisms, ' proverbial In form, and terse in e?;presslon. How dangerous these hasty Inferences from a general prin- ciple are, we may see if we reflect upon the curious fact that the commonest proverbs In dally use are generally balanced by others which seemingly contradict them. Without going beyond the limits of our own language, we can see that almost any line of conduct can be justified by some undeniable maxim of common life. " Delays are dan- gerous," says the hasty man; " more haste, worse speed," says the indolent one. A re- former who is perhaps overfond of meddling appeals to the saying that " a stitch in time saves nine; " but he is met by the comfort- able advice of the conservative, " to let sleeping dogs lie." " Marry In haste a.nd re- pent at leisure," says the prudent father; " Happy's the wooing that's not long a- doing," retorts the ardent lover. " Penny wise, pound foolish " conveys an exactly op- posite idea to the familiar. counsel, "Take care of the pence and the pounds will take care of themselves." " Two heads are bet- ter than one" would justify absolute de- mocracy; if pushed to its logical conclusion; but then the practical politician knows that there is another lu-overb which warns him of the danger of employing " too m§,ny cooks." These examples, which might be easily added to, exhibit a seeming contradiction between the proverbs In most ordinary use; but the contradiction is, of course, -only seeming.. Each maxim expresses something which has been found to be true by the ex- perience of generations of men, and cannot ' be lightly discarded. And the difficulty in practice is to select that principle which best covers the case immediately before us. Practical maxims are not like the laws of pure mathematics, valid unconditionally and without qualification; they are rather like the laws of physics, in which the effects of disturbing forces are sometimes so great as to entirely change the apparent character of the result. To apply such rules blindly and without discrimination can only lead to disaster. And the differences of opin- ion among men on all subjects, political, so- cial, moral, or religious, generally result from the fact that the disputants have adopted different fundamental maxims and proceeded to work them out in detail, each of them being regardless of any other as- pect of the question. This is what occasions the heat of party controversy. One man is convinced that his conclusions are the neces- sary result of an undeniably true premise from which he starts; and when he discov- ers that another man has adopted a differ- ent conclusion, he puts It down to some moral defect in his character, oi". If he is very charitable, to invincible stupidity. But it never occurs to hlipa that his opponent takes an exactly similar view of the situa- tion; the truth being that the disputants have no difference on the scoi'e of logic, but that they differ as to which of two con- trasted general principles is properly ap- plicable to the case before them. That is the really dlflBcult point to determine, and it cannot be settled offhand by maxims. This, which is obviously true in the af- fairs of secular life, is also true of theolog- ical controversy. If we shut our ears to the teaching of St. .lames we shall probably come to think that It matters little what a man does provided only he be sound in his belief; or, If we refuse to listen to St. Paul, that it matters little what a man believes provided only he be outwardly respectable In his conduct. Bishop Butler tells us In his Analogy that " it is one of the peculiar weaknesses of human nature, when, upon a comparison of two things, one is found to be of greater Importance than the other, to consider this other as of scarce any im- portance at all." and ills remai'k is espe- cially applicable here. For, from what has been said. It Is apparent that in matters of religious as of secular conti-oversy our diffi- culty is always twofold (11, to get a clear grasp of all the principles which can pos- sibly bear on the question before us, and (2) to determine which of them Is the right one to apply. And as for the first we need a sensitive and educated conscience quick to appreciate moral and spiritual truth even when it is displeasing to our personal pro- 25i6 The Independent cUvitles, so for the second we need an en- Ughtened faculty of judgment, "a right judgment In all things." Now the two sayings, "He that is not with me is against me," "He that is not against us is for us." are principles which were laid down by our Lord for the guid- ance of the Christian life, and have there- fore supreme importance for any one who yields to the authority of Christ They are principles standing in strong contrast to each other, easy to see the force of separate- ly, but extremely hard to apply in practice. . The questions of religious toleration, of the relations between the Church and the va- rious dissenting bodies, of the attitude that Protestants should take up, for example, as regards Roman Catholics and rice versa — these serious questions require for their prop- er solution a due appreciation of the force of both of these complementary maxims. " He that Is not against us is for us; " this is the maxim of Christian toleration. But it is balanced by another, " He that is not with me is against me," which is the maxim of Christian exclusiveuess. We shall find no dlfflcvilty in practice if we only talie ac- count of one of these; but to be able to com- bine them, to unite strong convictions with large- charity— that is one of the hardest things In the world. It is easy, for exam- ple, for a Churchman (for I am writing from that standpoint, but the remark is ap- plicable all round) to condemn all dissent- ing bodies on the one hand, or Romanists on the other, by declaring that our Lord's words justify the most rigid exclusiveuess, that they confine the promise of blessing to those who work with Him. And again it is easy so to lay stress on' the duty of toleration and the essenUal unity of all Christian en- deavor as to make it appear that true re- ligion is chiefiy marked by the absence of all principle and all creed. There is no per- secution, however barbarous, which might not claim the sancUon of the one maxim; there is no degree, of Laodicean indiffer- ence which might not excuse itself under the plea of the other. And it is quite impos- sible to lay down rules as to where tolera- tion should begin and exclusiveuess should end; that decision must be left to the con- science of the individual or society Im- mediately concerned. But it may aid us sometimes in forming our judgments to re- member that there are two kinds of tolera- tion, one of AAhich may be gopd or at least harmless, but the other of which is always evil. Toleration does not extend to princi- ples. Principles must be either right or wrong; we must believe them or not; and we are pla.ying dangerous tricks with con- science if we try to persuade ourselves that their acceptance or non-acceptance does not greatly matter. As Christ has taught us, that must we speak. He is our Master; our allegiance is to him, and to him alone. Those who are not with him, heart and soul, those who profess a kind of eclectic Christianity, in which they select those por- tions of his teaching which seem to them most accordant with the spirit of the age, most easy for faith, most comfortable for practice— they are against him. We gain nothing by a sacrifice of principle for the sake of an apparent peace. Christian union, worth anything, will not be furthered— we may be sure of it— by any such sacrifices. But the difficulty of going so far and no further is very great. Even St. John the Evangelist himself acted the part of intol- erance and bigotry when he saw one who followed not with the apostolic company doing mighty works in the name of Christ. " Master," he said, " we saw one casting out devils in thy name; and we forbade him, because he followed not us. But Jesus said. Forbid him not; for there is no man that shall do a mighty work in my name and be able quickly to speak evil of me. For he that is not against us is for us. For whosoever shall give you a cup of water to drink, because ye are Christ's, verily I say unto you, he shall in no wise lose his reward." Here (as it would seem), was no question of'prlnciple involved, but a mere question of method; and of such questions Christ declares, " He that is not against us is on our part." The working of the Spirit of Christ is not limited to any one sect or party. Observe that our Lord did not say, " He that is not against mc is for me." In re- spect of his personal claims on the alle- giance of men, neutrality is as disloyal as active opposition, but to the methods by which men determine to work in his name Religious 2517 a large tolerance is extended. He that Is not with Christ Is always against him; but yet those who work iii his name and for his sake are to be Counted as his servants, even tho they follow not with the Apostles, even tho they reject the methods and the order that he himself has ordained. Tol- eration of strange methods of Christian work is, to be sure, one thing; acceptance of them is quite another, and this our Lord does not enjoin. All who fight against Christ's foes and in his name are to be counted as his allies; but there is (if I may borrow an illustration) a wide di^erence be- tween the veteran and orderly battalions of the Christian army and those guerilla troops who, tho fighting on the right side with courage and faithfulness, refuse to be sub- ject to the discipline and to rank them- selves under the standards of the great Com- mander. We may see, then, from a review of the circumstances under which these two con- trasted sayings of our Lord were spoken, that if the one forbids toleration of false principle, the other enjoins a large charity for method. This does not indeed give us an easy rule for conduct, inasmuch as the employment of a method enjoined by Christ himself may easily become a principle; but ' then we must not expect plain and simple rules in difficult matters of practice. In the case of similar maxims in secular life it was seen that the ultimate decision must mon life that as men .grow more and more into the divine likeness they become at once more dogmatic and more tolerant— more cer- tain that they have the truth, less certain that they see all the truth. It was a St. Paul w^ho said. We know in part, and toe prophesy in part . . . when that wMch is perfect is come, then that which is in part shall he done away.. The Prison Association of New York is doing a good work distributing good reading among prisoners, securing work for dis- charged convicts, etc. It makes a special appeal for books, asking for 3,000 volumes. ....The time of conventions is upon us. On September 20th comes the International Congregational Council. Closely following upon that comes the Presbyterian Alliance. Then in October are the meetings of the American Board and the American Mission- ary Association. The biennial session of the Universal General Convention, at Boston, opens on October 20th. and the twenty-sixth convention of the National Woman's Chris- tian Temperance Union on the same date at Seattle, Wash. Among the various influences in France for fair dealing in the Dreyfus case few have been more notable than the Signal, the Protestant daily newspaper . published in Paris. From the very beginning It has stood for the right, sometimes at heavy aepend largely on the circumstances of each ^.^j._ increased by the fact that it was a new particular case, and so it is here. Be exclu- enterprise, and compelled to meet bitter sive, says Christ; but also be tolerant. The opposition on every hand. One of the most limits of such tolerance will vary according to the occasion. So far and perhaps no further may we safe- ly go. If we ask why we can go no further, metaphysicians hasten to explain to us that the difficulty of unifying contrasted prin- ciples arises from the imperfection of the human intelligence. And no doubt there is something in this. From the standpoint of omniscience it may be that all these oppos- ing maxims are seen to be perfectly har- monious. Philosophers proclaim that the highest unity is the reconciliation of con- tradictions. Sub specie eternitatis, extremes meet. But without entering into such spec- ulations we can see for burselves in corn- hopeful facts of the present - situation in France is the influence wielded by the Prot- estants, a!nd this paper represents them most effectively. .... The German Catholic societies of the diocese of Newark held their fifth annual convention last week, and adopted some resolutions expressing their hearty loyalty to America, and their opposition to any at- tempts to create a disturbance between Ger- many and this country. They announce that they will do all in their power to prevent any rupture between the two Governments, and yet should there come such, they affirm that their means, and, if ' necessary, thel^ 25i8 The Independent llres, wiU be devoted, to the defense of their adopted land, "the land of liberty." Dr. Dowie. of Chicago, Is in trouble. Some of his patients have been dying, and his followers, anxious to save life and ap- parently doubtful about the final efficiency or suflieiency of faith, pure and simple, have resorted to drugs, etc. This has brought them within the reach of the law, and one has been fined. One of Dr. Dowie's men has come out against him. and is said to have received most cordial support from others. All of which has aroused Dr. Dowie to a most Impassioned, even blas- phemous objurgation of all who presume to call him or his methods in question. The discussion In England over the Archbishop's decision continues, but the trend is evidently in the direction of obedience. Even the strongest ritualistic papers, such as the Church Times, evidently expect that there will be obedience, and while they be- moan it and conjure up all manner of evils to result from the utterly unwarranted de- cision of the spiritual powers, they appear to accept it and look for better times in the future. The talk of disestablishment seems to lessen rather than to increase. It is rec- ognized on every hand that that only means shifting the problem— not solving it, and that disestablishment would almost inevi- tably result in rupture in the Church and the formation of two Churches, one of which at least would then be a sect. The discussion of the Schell case in the Methodist Episcopal Church has become very general, and the almost universal opin- ion is that the Quicker Dr. Schell steps put the better. One of the Western papers calls for a little more light but in view of the very full statements made in Zion's Herald, the Christian Ad/cocate, and the Northwestern Christian Advocate, it would seem that there was light sufficient Zion's Herald ' affirms that the delinquent secretary is being pro- tected by the influence of personal friends high in authority, and several mourn the fact that a large number, even of those in positions of influence, seem to fail to realize the extent of the moral delinquency made inanifest in the case. ....Pastor do la Rol. himself a convert from Judaism, and the author of a three- volume series on the history of Jewish gospel work, has collected from all avail- able and reliable sources the data as to the gains that have been made in the nine- teenth century for the Christian Church from Israel, and has given his results in two articles published in the Nathanael. of Berlin, Nos. 3 and 4. To the largest extent the account is based on official reports of mission societies, and in view of the com- mon and current idea that the work among Israel is practically love's labor lost and is fruitless the data here given are sur- prising. According to de la Roi's computa- tion the total gains made from Jewish sources and all the branches of the Chris- tian Church since the year 1800 has been, in round numbers. 224,000. The gainers by baptism of converts have been the follow- ing: The Protestant Church 72,740 The Koman CatboUo Ohurch 57,300 Toe Greek Catholic Church 74,500 Total, by baptisms 204,540 In addition the gains by mixed marriages have been nearly twenty thousand, making a grand total of at least 224,000 souls. The leading countries who have furnished this contingent were: Russia, 84,500; Aus- tria-Hungary, 44,768; Great Britain, 23,500; Germany, 22,500. The average annual gains from these sources for the Protestant Church have been 1,450; for the Roman Cath- olic. 1.250; for the Greek Church. 1,100; from mixed marriages, 1.450, or an average annual total of 5,250 additions from Jewish sources since the beginning of the present century. The Rev. A. B. Simpson-'s Nyack Con- vention was held last week, but did not ap- parently net as much as was anticipated. A very small amount in cash was received, and enough pledges to bring theentlre amount to something over $6,000, all of which, ac- cording to the reports, goes to the debt on the Nyack buildings. In view of the attacks on Mr. Olason. the latter tried to get a boy to distribute replies. He was. however, hustled off the grounds, and subsequently arrested on the charge of disturbing a re- Ugious meeting. Meanwhile we continue to Religious 2519 receive reports as to the methods adopted by ary Alliance newspaper. According to this Mr. Simpson In regard to the missionaries contributions and bequests, personal or for on the field. There has come Into our the work in general, should, be sent to the hands a private letter to a gentleman in Rev. A. B. Simpson; so' also for the work this city from one of the missionaries In of publication. Contributions , for the Gos- South America, from which we give some pel Tabernacle are to be sent to Mr. Orear, extracts, suppressing names, however, es- and for the Christian and Missionary Al- pecially in view of Mr. Simpson's methods of dealing with those who complain or criti- ' else: We are glad to hear from you, for we hear from no one else in New York. Since, leaving New York we received one letter from Mr. War-, ren, saying the work at home Kept him so busy. Things seem to be in rather a critical condition, especially in regard to South America, for all liance may be sent either to Mr. Orear or Mrs. A. B. Simpson. It thus appears that the general Instructions are that everything go to Mr. Simpson. However, if people de- sire they are at liberty to send to either Mr. Crear- or Mrs. Simpson. The result being that the average person, recognizing Mr; Simpson as general director, would nat- urally send to him, and" It is absolutely the missionaries seem to b^ aiscouraged, not within his own power to use the money hearing from the Board, nor receiving sufficient means to live. Mr. and Mrs. A. have gone to the Methodists ; the two native workers have left and Mr. and Mrs. B. are talking of going into secular work. Mr. 0. says he does not see how things will end. Mr. D., from Ecuador, in a re- cent letter from Bolivia, writes that he is alone ^^ quote above. We have also been m- coming to him In any way that he pleases. We make no assertion that money is mis- used. It seems, however, very strange that such repeated stories should come with re- gard to the destitution of missionaries as and ill, without any money, not having heard from the Board in a year. I am very glad that I took as much cloth as I did, for it has all come in very handy for my husband's shirts and dif- ferent things, he having taken so little. Tho I was accepted as a missionary I have not been recognized in any way since coming down, neither on the list nor in my marriage nor in re- ceiving a cent of money. If I were placed, as a good many missionaries are, without friends at home, we would probably have suffered, for it would be impossible to live on 'what Mr. receives from the Alliance, Notwithstanding this these missionaries are formed that on one of the- fields the April allowance was not received until the fol- lowing January; and yet Mr. Simpson af- firms that the money is forwarded regularly. There is some discrepancy, and we shall await with considerable interest the pub- lication of the full financial statement, which has been promised, but so far as we are able to learn has not yet appeared. Meanwhile the English committee absolute- ly deny having contributed to the Alliance the funds that were forwarded to Mr.' 01s- son. Those funds were intended for specific work under Mr. Olsson's direction, and had doing an excellent work, eking out what ^^^^.^^ ^^ ^^ ^.^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^ little money they have by doing their own ^yj^^^g housework, considered by all missionary ' ■experience a waste of energy, it being cheaper to employ servants and leave the missionaries free for work. They are push- ing thein meetings to such a degree as has aroused the bitter hostility of the priests and has occasioned many threats against their lives. The most outrageous falsehoods are published by the priests in regard to [,them, and every effort made to prevent peo- : pie from attending the services. In this connection it is interesting to note the dl- Biblical Research. TiiE German Orientgesellsehaft, organized only a little over a year ago for the purpose of making diggings in the East, is vigorously at work. It has recently issued No. 2 of its Mit- theilungen, which contains the preliminary re- port of the leader of the Babylonian expedition. Dr. Koldewey. The expedition is at work on the famous ruins of old Babylon, beginning with the Kasr mound, where stood the famous palace rectory for contributions and bequests, pub- of Nebuchadnezzar. We are informed that Hshed weekly in the CTvristtan and Mission- work was begun by making a cut dir«ctly 2520 The Independent tbrougli this immense mound of ruins, and, among other things, for the first time a glimpse has been secured of the famous walls which Herodotus and Diodorus describe as being wide enough for several chariots to pass along side by side. For the first time in two thousand years it has become possible to test the correct nesE of these statements and it is found that these historians have not exaggerated. It is seen that the outer wall is built of burned brick with the stamp of Nebuchadnezzar and is T.25 meters wide, but that bat^.. of it there are fillings of sand and other material 21.5 meters in width, while the inner wall is 13.10 meters wide, mak- ing a grand total of 41.S5 meters ! At latest re- ports this breach had penetrated IT meters into the mound, and the progress of the 1(!0 men en- gaged was rather slow. A number of monu- mental inscriptions were unearthed, but as yet - no conne<'ted texts seem to have been discovered. However, a large number of pieces of the glazed relief bricks with which the palace and, prob- ably, too, the wall were ornamented have been found. The relief was placed partly on blue and partly on green background, and the frag- ments show parts of the human body, lion skins, eyes and paws, as also roset ornaments. A cause the Church formally selected them as the best protection against the dangers of Gnosticism and Montanism, or, on the other hand, was such a formal selection really never made, and was the choice, especially of our four Gospels, a nat- ural result of the fact that they had all along oeen used by the Church in its services, and had occupied this prominence on account: of their apostolic origin. An acceptance of the former position, which is that of Harnack, will place the formation of the New Testament canon as such in the second half of the second century ; while to adopt the second view, as is done by Zahn, regards this formation as already an es- tablished fact at the end of the first century. So far, it seems, the views of Zahn have gained the Targer number of adherents, and among these also Godet, altho with some modifications. Steinraetz in his article of 22 pages briefly re- views the Qhief evidences involved and thinks that the truth really lies between the two, and that each contestant emphasizes one side of it. Zahn places the emphasis on the general devel- opment of these writings into canonical author- ity in consequence of their use in the churches, while Harnack draws special attention to the suddenness with which the books of the New • still later report, here mentioned, states that the Testament, about the year 160, were recognized diggers have struck a very thick wall, which is as a body of canonical workings by the side of regarded as belonging to the palace proper. The the Old Testament canon. The danger of Zahn's society expects to publish at once a brochure en- consists in the one-sided claim that the evidence titled " Babylon," the contents of which consists of these books and their use in the church about ehieny of an address on the work and prospects 100 A.D., is evidence of the fact that these ex- of the association delivered by Professor Fried- isted already as a selection or a canon of writ- rich Delitzsch, now of Berlin. A chart accom- ings, while the danger of Harnack's views con- panies the address. The society expects to ex- sists in his overlooking the fact that the ground pend about $20,000 to $25,000 a year on of the selection of .just these and hot of other its work, and to " maintain the expedition for books in 160 is to be found In the fact that they five years." The German Emperor gave a dona- were entitled to this position on the ground of tion of $4,000, and further contributions are their general use in the churches. solicited from friends of the Orient and not only from technical scholars. . ;. .In the Neue KirehUche Zoitschrift, No. 7, Lie. Rudolf Steinmetz, on the basis of the In this way a compromise, and perhaps substantial agree- ment between these two views of canon forma- tion is effected. In the same number of the magazine is found also a discussion of the I researches of Harnack, Zahn and Godet, and in Jol"» 5. 7-8 questions, the genuineness of which an independent consideration of these, gives the '•'^ noted conservative. Dr. W. Koelling, one of gtatug guo of the mixed questions as to the man- *'*® ^^^ defenders of the verbal inspiration the- ner and time of the formation of the New Testa- ""T ^t''' found among the German theological ment Canon. Several years ago a controversy, writers, had stoutly defended. The reply is from as yet unsettled, ou this subject arose between Pastor K. Endemann, who reviews the evidence those leading representatives of the more liberal >° compact form and unhesitatingly declares that this passage has no right to a place in the bcriptures. He concludes with these words ■ and the confessional schools in New Testament reseai-ch, Harnack and Zahn, which has aroused a deep interest in Church circles. The problem involved is practically the question whether the With Hengstenberg, Lnthardt and others fully convinced of the spurlonsness of thla'o . It did not find a place In Luther's Bible u to be recognized as canonical by the Church be- IJ.'J,lHY^v'""^^'^^ '°'° '* '° *''« ye""- 1596. it BDouia De tnrown out again." are fully convinced of the spurlonsness of this naa present body of New Testament writings became ^"^*- '' ^'^ °<>t find a place In Luther's Blhi» »„ K„ . :..j !— 1 i._ ^t ^, , . til it was smacrelprl tnfn it i« »••, ._". FINANCIAL. The Gold Standard. "The bankers of the United States most earnestly recommend that the Oongi-ess of the United States at Its next session enact a law to more firmly and unequivocally es- tablish the gold standard in this country by providing Uiat tlie gold dollar, which, under tlie existing law, is the unit of value, shall be the stajidard and measure of all values in the United States; that all the ob- ligations of the Government, and all paper money, Including circulating notes of Na- tional banks, sliall be redeemed in gold coin, and that the legal-tender notes of the United States, when paid into the Treasury, shall not be reissued except upon the deposit of an equivalent amount of gold coin." The American Bankers' Association adopted these resolutions at tJieir convention in Cleveland last week. The vote was unanimous, was followed by " deafening ap- plause." The action is noteworthy, be- cause the members of this association of financiers come from all parts of the United States. They were all of one way of tljink- Ing upon this subject. That the gold stand- ard has already been established in this country by making the gold dollar the unit of ■ value makes it none the less desirable to reiter.ate the fact " more firmly and unequivocally " by the enactment of a law which shall make the gold dollar the " stand- ard and measure of all values." The pas- sage of such a law at the coming session of Congress would fulfil the pledges made by the Administration, and would enable the Republican party to go before the people next year with this question decided. No promise to assist in promoting interna- tional bimetallism should find place in the platform. A clear and unmistakable stand upon this vital p*oint would assure the sup- port of the entire business community. A further indication of the attitude of the bankers upon this subject was afforded in a paper read by a prominent bank presi- dent in which were strongly urged as Im- perative these three steps. First, establish- ment of the gold standard by law; second, cancellation of the greenbacks; third, with- drawal of bond-secured bank notes, and substitution of properly safeguarded bank notes against assets. Significantly, too. the platform of tlie Maryland Republicans places foremost this issue, not only affirming the necessity for the gold standard, but insist- ing " that all our currency should be made by law redeemable in gold coin at the option of the holder. To this faith," the resolution adds, " we confidently pledge the infiuence and votes of the Maryland members of Con- gress." Could the Republicans In other States beside Maryland and Iowa but give the same assurances, the double-standard ghost might be laid at the approaching ses- sion of Congress. Railroad Reports. The report on the New Yoi"k Central System of Railroads for the twelve months ending June 30tli, 1899, has been Issued by the company, and lias aroused much interest, owing largely to the fact of the consolida- tion of other Vanderbilt properties with the Central, and tlie refunding of its fixed charges at a lower rate of interest. Evi- dently the management has made note- worthy progress in the direction of economy and efficiency in operation of the sys- tem. The gross earnings for the year show an increase of $410,417, and the operating expenses show a decrease of $382,032. There is an increase in the surplus of $960,581. From the surplus deductions were made on account of the expense of refunding the company's bonds and issuing the collateral trust 3% per cent, debentures for taking over the Lake Sh'ore and the Michigan Cen- tral properties. The net surplus was thus $5,373,325. In other words.- the company earned nearly 6 per cent, on the stock, and could have paid 5 per cent. The percentage of operating expenses to gross earnings for the year was 63.07 per cent., against 64.47 3521 2522 The Independent per cent, last year. While the passenger earnings Increased $472,314, the freight rates were almost stationary, altho there was a material gain in local freight rev- enues. The Pennsylvania Railroad makes a significant report on its July earnings. The lines east of Pittsburg show an increase in net earnings of $129,200, and the lines west of Pittsburg an increase in net earnings of $331,400. The increased earnings on both sections, therefore, for the month, amounted to nearly % per cent, on the entire capital stock of the company. l'"or the seven months elapsed and reported on, t]ie Pennsylvania system has already earned this year an ex- tra 1 per cent, dividend on Its capital. If tlie succeeding months show no diminution in traflSc there Is no doubt that the com- pany will earn at least 1%, and perhaps 2, per cent, extra on the stock before the year closes. Financial Items. The Rubber Goods Manufacturing Com- pany have declared a quarterly dividend of 1% per cent, on the preferred stock, payable September 15th. The officers of the company are: C. S. Smith, President; W. D. Eddy, Vice-President; W. B. Flint, Treas- urer, and W. A. Towner, Assistant-Treas- urer. On the last day of the Bankers' Con- vention a resolution was passed looking to- ward the adoption of tlie uniform credit sys- tem presented by James G. Cannon, Vice- President of the Fourth National Bank of New York City, in an address delivered at the convention. The resolution was as fol- lows: " Resolved, That the American Bankers' As- sociation, in convention assembled, approves the system of credit department for banks, and that the secretary of this Association be and hereby is authorized to prepare and set up in his office a model credit department, and fo furnish such information as he may be called upon from time to time to give to the members of the association regarding the workings of the same; and also to prepare and furnish to the members of the as- sociation at cost price any and all blanks which are needful in connection therewith." In discussing " The Week," Dun's Re- view says: " The sky is still cloudless and no disquieting change has come during the week. In spite of more warlike news about South Africa the Bank of England behaves as if the worst possible had been fnlly provided for, and this country has no reason to fear trouble from that source unless English markets have so overloaded as to need help. The marketing of domestic products, both farm and manufactured, continues surprisingly large for the season. The new possessions, taken together, are returning in revenue already more than it costs to' clean and govern them. The West and South still behave as if it would be impertinent for New York to offer money for crop moving, and are still bidding for commercial loans here. Failures' are few, strikes scarce and readily settled, and the passage of Septem- ber 1st without pressure means reasonable safety for months ahead." .... Referring to the constituency of the American Bankers' Association, which has lately hold its annual convention at Cleve- land, liradstreet's says: " There can be no doubt that such a body as the American Bankers' Association has the power to exercise a very considerable influence of a conservative character in reference to mone- tary legislation. The fact was developed at the convention held at Cleveland this week that the roll of the association comprises 3,915 members', whose capital, surplus and undivided profits ag- gregate $1,230,192,191 and their combined de- posits $4,501,367,328, a total of $5,731,559,519.. The weight of the association is growing, for this total represents an increase of $841,211,025 over the like assets of last year's members. The bankers who administer this immense fund have an influence out of all proportion to their num- ber, and both in the interest of themselves and of their depositors have an impulse toward safe and conservative policies which cannot but serve as a steadying power in the great political com- munity of which they form a part." Sales of Bank and Trust Company Stocks for the week ending September 11 were : BANES, Broadway 248 I State of New York... 127)^ Continental 136 I Western «)5 TRUST COMPANIES. America 265 I North American 171 ' Title Guarantee iWii City. INSURANCE. " How to Ascertain the Cost of' Life Insurance." By Hastings H. Hart, LL.D. In The Independent of August 31st, under the title. " Is Life Insurance Profit- able ? ■■' the editor justly says: " Life in- surance does cost," and it is worth; why even tolerate a superficial appearance that it is a gratuity ? " Few policy holders have any definite idea as to what It is actually cost- ing them to carry their insurance. The im- pression prevails that there is something mysterious and occult about life ' insurance, and that only an " actuary " can ascertain tlie facts, and that by a complicated process; but, in fact, as policies are now written, any layman can readily ascertain for himself, at any time, with sufficient accuracy for prac^ tical purposes, what his insurance is cost- ing him. In order to make good its con- tracts, the insurance company accumulates a reserve, and in most policies now written the company agrees to return to the policy holder, at Any time, on demand, the largest part of this reserve. This constitutes the " Cash surrender value " and is a definite asset. It is usually a little less than the ac- tual value, but is near enough for practical purposes. The expenses of carrying on the company and the compensation for the risk of having to pay before the expiration of the average life have to be paid by the pol- icy holder and this is what we wish to as- certain. For many years the writer has followed a simple plan which was set forth several years ago in a brief article in The Inde- pendent. The experience of twenty-two years has confirmed its correctness. It con- sists simply in keeping an account with each life insurance policy, exactly like any other investment. For example, I have a policy of $1,000 in the State Mutual Life As- surance^ Company. The cash surrender value at the beginning of the year was $182.23. 1 lost the use of this cash asset during the year, therefore I 'charge it with interest at 4 per cent., $7.29. The net premium (less dividend) was $20.12, making a total debit of $209.73. The cash surrender value at the end of the year was $200.87; therefore, the net expense to me for the year was $8.86, which I gladly pay the company for assum- ing the risk of haVing to pay the policy in case of my death. The following is a statement of actual ex- perience in carrying a policy: Statement of Expense of Carrying Policy No. 148S1 in the State Mutual Life Assurance Company. (A 27 year Endowment Policy, payable at age 60.) Ill 1 = .1:1 > ts, ,0 +^ 0D09 f- Teat. ® a « ^ "giog i« °i 2 5 si ii S^ •OQ xip* o V O M«» o < < t<- q H 1886..; $34.62 $34.62 $12.43 $22.19 1886 $12.43 $0.50 29.93 42.86 82.50 10.36 1887 32.50 1.30 29.65 63.45 54.52 8.93 1888.. .. 54 52 2.18 29.36 86.06 77.48 8.58 1889..... 77.48 3.10 29.78 110.36 101.33 9.03 1890.. ... 101.33 4.05 29.47 134.85 126.23 8.62 1891 126. 2"S 5.05 29.14 160.42 152.17 8.25 1892 .:... 152.17 6.09 28.81 187.07 179.21 7.86 1893 179.21 7.17 28.46 214.84 207.47 7.37 1894 207.47 8.30 28.10 243.87 236.92 6.95 1895 236.92 9.48 -27.73 274.13 267 63 6.50 1896 267.63 10.70 27.33 305.66 299.55 6.11 1897 299.55 12.00 26.91 338.46 332.87 5.59 1898 332.87 13.31 27.92 374.10 367.51 6.59 1899 367.51 14.70 27.-67 409.88 403.69 6.29 Average yearly expense S8.08 It will be seen that after charging the policy with all cash payments, together with compound interest at 4 per cent, and deduct- ing the present cash value, the protection cost last year $6.29, and has averaged $8.08 per year. For the past six years the inter- est charged has more than covered the ex- pense. For the sixteen years the expense charge has been $129.22, and the interest charged $97.93. This method of viewing life insurance is a plain business proposition, on the same principle as any other balance sheet. It is applicable to any kind of a policy. If the policy has no cash surrender contract, any 25*3 2524 The Independent agent of the company can furnish a state- ment of the reserve on the policy, or its value as ascertained by the company from year to year, which is a little in excess of the " cash surrender values " of modern pol- icies. As a matter of fact the company's estimate is usually more nearly the true value of the policy than the " cash suiTen- dcr value," the latter being intentionally soniewJiat lower than the real value. CmrAGO, III. A Reminiscence Indeed. AccoRsino to one of the Bnglish insur- ance Journals, a Journal so quietly old- fashioned that until now we had never heard its name, the Manchester (England) Fire Company once dabbled in life Instuv ance, when the company as well as life in- surance was young. One of the original forms—" questions to be answered by agents"— has been brought to light and it is Indeed peculiar. It is too long to copy, but it asks the agent to state how long he has imown the candidate; if he has ever heard of his being indisposed, and, if so, how about it; Is he now in perfect health; are his habits regular and good; is his com- plexion sallow, pale, florid, brown, etc.; is he thin, bloated, etc.; is his neck long or short, his chest broad or narrow; does he look healthy; is there any observable de- fect In htm; has there been "consumption, asthma, or other pulmonary complaint " among his near relatives; " do you consider him in all respects a proper person to be In- sured, and do you recommend him to the directors as such ? " The peculiarity about all this is that no medical selection was pro- vided for, the agent being expected to do all the inspecting and recommending. The agent was not certain to be competent, and he was liable to be biased as a party inter- ested; yet there was a time when the of- ficers of a company here in New York Just looked a man over and guessed that he would or would not do. Those were the early days and the crude ones; and yet peo- ple die now, as they died then, and the best medical selection lasts only a few years, its service being hardly more than to neu- tralize tlie selection against the company which the public would otherwise make. The summer is the convention season. Underwriters' associations have bad theirs, and the insurance commissioners are to have one in Detroit in September. Detroit is a pleasant city, whose freedom is quite free and open to any person with money and willing- ness to pay for it. Some insurance agents in Detroit, it appears, credit the commission- ers with the requisite willingness, coupled with a willingness to let the Insurance com- panies supply the money; so they have been ofiiciously stirring about locally with a sub- scription paper. It is in order to inquire why. If the official brothers count upon having a pleasant time, let them pay for it as other people do; if the public welfare is to be served by the meeting, then let the ex- pense come from the collections already made from the companies, these collections being ample enough to yield a boasted profit in some States. It is a queer idea which is sometimes had of possible sources of profit -in some cases suggesting the thrift of a man whd should try to economize on food by sucking blood from his own arm; if some one else furnishes the arm, we allow, the case is more plausible. But, once more, why should the companies pay, unless upon the neat and not very uncommon proposition that the companies are to pay for every- thing? Perhaps these men are obliged to make some disturbance now and then, lest somebody propose abolishing them as being do-nothings; but certainly they worry the companies rather than serve them. Pebbles — Puzzles 2525 Pebbles. Mr. Qreen: " Billsoo's boy has got to be an officer in the navy." Mrs, Qreen: "Well, well ! I s'pose he'll wear epithets on his shoul- aei's now." — Judge. ' "I wonder why it is," said Jinks, " that most authors are snobs? " " Well," said Binks, ',',1 suppose it is because royalties pay their ex- penses, and their titles are copyrighted." — Bar- per's Bazar. . . . .Hello, Smith ; suppose a man marries his first wife's step-sister's aunt, what relation is he to her?" "First — wife — urn — step-aunt — er let me see; I don't know." Bright Fellow:' " He's her husband." — Exchange. Mrs. May-Pair: " I hear that your son is a great student, and spends most of his time over the midnight oil." Mrs. Jones (a rich par- venu, in pony carriage) : " Not a word of truth in it. We 'ave helectric light hall over the 'ouse, and Halfred 'as a 'ole chanticleer in 'is room ! " — Punch. ....Monsieur Calino can never remember anything, nor keep anything to himself. He is aware of his vice of inattention. " Things that I hear .go in at one ear and out at the" other," he says. "' No," a friend puts in, " they go in at one ear and go put at your mouth ! " — Youth's Companion. . . : .First Chinaman: " Is Manchuria Russian territor:^ by this time, or is it still Cninese, or partly both?" Second Chinaman: "Partly both, I think. If it is more Chinese than Russian it merely constitutes a large Russian sphere of in- fluence in China; while, if it is more Russian than Chinese, we can console ourselves that in it we have a certain sphere of influence ih Rus- sia."^ — Puck. -., ..i.. Benny was a new boy at school, and as i^e teacher enrolled his name in her book, she asked; "Where do .von live, Benny?" "On Slinker Street," he answered. " Xou should say 'In Blinker Street.' That is considered the proper form now." " Yes'm." " You have lately come to town, have you not? " " Yes'm," " Where was your home before?" " Boonville." "Where is Boonville? " " In the Brie Canal, ma'am," said Benny. And many will be inclined to think that, taking the teacher's premises for granted, Benny's language was logically correct. — Youth's Companion. In the year nineteen hundred, if you go to gay There won't 'be any limit to the sights that you can see ;• . j ., You may watch the mob in motion ; it is docile, tho it's queer. The police will let you feed it if you care to go so near. If you visit the legations, at a very trifling cost You may see the big waste baskets where the paper scraps are tossed, _ And for a slight gratuity they will politely show The interesting relic which they call a bor- dereau." You may patronize the gramophone and hear the thing exclaim " A has ! " of anybody whom you chance to know by name. , „ .,.i. c They are absolutely endless, the faculties tor In the year of nineteen hundred, if you go to gay Paree. „ , . , „^ — Washington Star. Puzzles. OOWDTJOTED BY VHWINIA DOANB. Fob the best set of answers to this week's puzzles we will send " The Santiago Campaign," by Maj.-Gen. Joseph Wheeler. SUBSTITUTIONS. In the following lines one letter is taken from each word and a different one substituted. ^ Thy leech it ripped on flne ; tho slower ' As furnished ; or toe slinging blower She lamest fee both bit. Thy cow sum spares thra bust on fold. Ant o'ar thy barkening death end cold. She largo ghoat-mote dote fiat. On ivery orclard autume staids Pith appres on has folden bands. CENTRA!. ACEOSTIO. , All the words described contain the same num- ber of letters. When rightly guessed and writ- ten one below the other, the central letters will spell a Latin phrase, which means that while one is prosperous friends are plentiful. Reading across: 1, Offerings; 2, a hard cov- ering; 3, a famous town of Spain; 4, to strike; 5, the surname of an English philosopher ; 6, to move furiously ; 7, three famous gdddesses ; 8, to talk idly; 9, dispatch; 10, f aint-heairteij i 11, part of ail anchor ; 12, want of good sense ; 13, entrances ; 14, to conceal ; 15, taste ; 16, to dis- like extremely ; 17, understanding ; 18, a small room ; 19, tO guide ; 20, detests ; 21, a Cruel Athenian legislator ; 22, rages ; 23, loftiness ; 24, mangles ; 25, a silver coin ; 26, melody. CONKECTED SQUAKES. I. Upper Left-hand Square: 1, A valley; 2, again ; 3, a cargo ; 4, fragments. II. Upper Right-hand Square: 1, Tart; 2, an instance ; 3, an .Egyptian goddess ; 4, an article of furniture. III. Central Square: 1, A kind of crab ; 2, the agave ; 3, a time of day ; 4, a slight depression. IV. Lower Left-hand Square : 1, To capture ; 2, a plane surface ; 3, adjacent ; 4, to be bold or venturesome. V. Lower Right-hand Square: 1, To reclaim ; 2, a masculine name ; 3, to constrain ; 4, an Aus- tralian bird. JANE H. THAYER. ANSWERS TO PUZZLES OF AUGUST 31ST. BiBLicAl, NAMES. — 54, Havilah ; 55, Justus; 56, Endor ; 57, Blastus ; 58, Massa ; 59, Habakkuk ; 60, Menahem ; '61, Issachar. Curtailings. — Reader, Heade, Read. ■ WosD-SQUABE.r— 1, Eclat ; 2, chair ; 3, lapse ; 4, aisle; S, trees. Cbntbal Aceostic. — I. 'Caius Cilnlus Maecena. i, Placate ; 2, Impales ; 3, maximum ; 4, roguish ; 5, presage; 6, special; 7, delight: 8, bullion; 9, trun- dle ; 10, sprites ; 11, volutes ; 12, dabster ; 13, pal- mate ; 14, panacea ; 15, tuneful ; 16, cracker ; 17, baneful ; Is, cranial ; 19, opiates ; 20, gristle. II. Piano-tuner. 1, Japan ; 2, guise ; 3, graze ; 4, - coney ; 5, alone ; 6, cater ; 7, sqnab ; 8, pined ; 9, emend ; 10, shred. ^ 2526 The Independent Personals. Tjib latest dispatches from Gibraltar say that Admiral Dewey never expects to see sea service again except in event of war. Madame Labori, wife of the great French jurist who defended Dreyfus, is an English woman and at one time was an opera singer. Kx-Senator Roger Q. Mills, of Texas, has sold to the Standard Oil Company for $342,- 000 a part of his farm near Corsicana, on which there are several oil wells. There are other wells on the part which he retains. . .. .Paderewski has just bought a summer house not far from Lausanne, on the Lake of Geneva. When at his country place the famous pianist cuts short his wonderful aureole hair, but as the concert season approaches the barber is dispensed with. .... Perhaps the man destined to play the im- portant role in South Africa on the English side during the next few months is Gen. Sir William Francis BuUer, the new comander of the British troops. He left London on August 19th and arrived at Cape Town last week, where he was met by cheering thousands. . . . .Col. John Jacob Astor, who served in the war with Spain, says he would go to the Phil- ippines if the War Department should desire his services in the war there. " I have in me," he adds, " the blood of my grandmother, who was a sister of Col. Henry Armstrong and daughter of General Armstrong, and they were true Americans." ... .It has been decided by the committee of the William Black Memorial If'und that the me- morial shall take the form of a beacon light, to be known as "The William Black Beacpn." This beacon will be set up at Duart Point, near the entrance to the Sound of Mull, where most of the steamer traffic of the West Scottish Highlands passes. The next marriage of an American girl to a foreign noble will take place on the 25th of this month. Prince Cantacuzene, Count Spe- ransky, of Russia, is to marry Miss Julia Dent Grant, granddaughter of America's great Civil War hero. The young Prince has gone to New- VOTt to stay until his marriage, and he is de- scribed as a modest, good-looking young fellow. He is attended only by his valet, his best man not having arrived yet from Russia. Next to " David Harum " and " Richard Carvel " perhaps " Prisoners of Hope " has been the most successful book of this year. The author. Miss Mary Johnston, is not yet thirty years old and comes of an old Virginia family, bhe has not made literature a profession, but rather an avocation, and does her writing at odd times. She was a delicate child and her education was of a desultory nature, the major portion of it being acquired among " old-fash- ioned books in old-fashioned libraries." . . . .John R. McLean, the recent nominee for Governor of Ohio on the Democratic ticket, made a small fortune out of a graveyard. Ten years ago he bought one, and, after removing .the dead and grading and sodding the land, sold it oflE at several hundred per cent, profit. Mr. McLean is popular with all classes and ap- proachable by everybody. He is liberal in liv- ing and giving, and has a large, old-fashioned house in Cincinnati and a fine country place in the region of Rock Creek. . . . .The only commissioner-at-large from the United States to the Paris Exposition to be ap- pointed from the State of New Tork is Mr. Louis Stern, of the famous drygoods firm of this city. Mr. Stem is a German by birth and came to this country nearly fifty years ago. Altho always an active Republican, Mr. Stern has never sought office before, tho the office has often sought him. Mr. Stern is a member of the Chamber of Commerce and is also connected with many charitable institutions. .... A new long-distance bicycle record has just been made. Mrs. Jane Lindsey, of Brook- lyn, N. Y., last week finished a ride of six hun- dred miles on a bicycle within seventy-two hours, thereby wresting the woman's long-distance world's championship from Miss Jane C. Yatman, whose record she beat by one hundred miles. Mrs. Lindsey slept only three hours during the ride, tho shortly after finishing the first century she was delayed three hours by a terrific thunder storm. She has ridden long distances for only about a year. President McKinley was last week elected a member of the Bricklayer and Stone Masois' International Union, No. il, of Chicago (tho at present writing it is not known whether he will accept the honor). The president of the union, Mr. Gubbins, says that if President Mc- Kinley is to lay the comer stone of the new post office in Chicago he will have to be elected to the union or all the bricklayers and stone cut- ters in Cook County will go on a strike. It was first intended to make out the President's union card for September first, but as that would necessitate his presence in the parade on Labor Day, or a payment of $2 fine for being absent, it was decided to delay the matter. The Independent t» ''Better Be Wise Than Rich* Wise people are aho rich 'when ihey knotv a. perfect remedy for alt annoying diseases of the blood, kidneys, li'uer and bowels. It is Hood's Sarsaparilla, ivhich is perfect in its action — so regulates the entire system as to bring 'vigorous health. 3£^cd6S( YOUR JVIFE and COATES . ' • • CLIPPERS A combination that cannot be beat. Keeps you and the boya neat and saves money. Clip the boy's hair. Clip your beard. Ask your Hardware dealers for " Easy Runniag Ball Bearing," and have 00 other. Stamped " Coates Easy Raanlag," Or send for Illustrated Circular. COATES CLIPPER MFG. CO.» Worcester, Mass. TYPEWRITER HEADQUARTERS, 10! Fnlton St.. New Tork, sell all makes nnder half price. Don'tJ Buy Before writlnR them for unprejudiced advice ana pilces.^ BzchangeB Immense stock for selection. Shipped for trial.* i Guaranteed first ciaas. Dealers supplied. 6a-pagelllus.oatire&rj (( T_JONESTY is the best ■*■ policy." Nobody contradicts it. Your dealer can get lamp- chimneys that almost never break from heat, or those that break continually. Which does he get ? Which do you get ? Macbeth' s "pearl top" and "pearl glass" are tough against heat; not one in a hundred breaks in use. The glass is clear as well as tough. They are accurate, uniform. Be willing to pay more for chimneys that last till they rot, unless some acci- dent happens to them. Our "Index" describes aU lamps and their proper chimneys. With it you can always ~order the right pize and shape of chimney for any lamp. We mail it FREE to any one who writes for it. Address Macdkth, Pittsburgh, Pa. From Crroirer to Consumer. The Finest ■EAS and COFFEES T' I j^% X 3Prloe our only S inducements. No Presents I Special terms to Clergymen, Institutions, No Discounts! I Farmers, and large consumers Try goods before paying for them. Full particulars free. CONSUMERS IIUFORTIXG TEA CO., P. O. Box SSO (Dept. D), New York, N. Y. ^¥*"'^i#S Hub Line of Ranges Speak for Themselves in Thousands of Homes. The Hub Ranges are used in the New York, Boston, Providence, Hartford, Worcester, and many other Cooking Schools. Ib Stronger endorscmciit posetbk? Smith & Anthony CO.,!"""^--^ """ R^njes and Heaters. 48-54 UNION STREET, BOSTON. VI The Independent Made to Fit. Made to Wear. Made to Wash. Made to Enjoy. Made Moth-proof. KoTEDsiLK Underwear like Diana, Fears no Rival. Coated on the inside with pure silk, as the name implies . The most Wious underwear for men, women and children ever put on the market . Lighter, warmer and more durable than wool Non-irntatmg . . . Easily washed, does not shrink ' ' ' " Union Suits ic-lT '11 .. ?"""» . ='6-40 " Undcrvcsts ^H 200 « Union Suts 26-40 I r^^- ci, r? , . . Underwaists 26-40 L.d,es Sliort Underskirts, 22-34 waist, J2.50 «ch JJ2.50 each. 2 50 " 5.00 " 2.00 «« •« your dealer can't supply you, we win. ffj juuf IVC 'Will KOTEDSILK UNDERWEAR CO. Z^'- and 76 Uonard Street, New York. The Independent VII ASMSTSONa « McKELTY Pittaboivh. bethes-bahmaii Pittsbnrsh. DAYIS-OHAMBEBS _ Pittsburgh, FABNESTOCK Fittahnrgh. AHOEOK ) i Ctauinsati. EOESTEIN ) AILAHnO ' BSADLET BKOOKLTHl JEWETT ULSTEa UHIOH BOITTEEKir ] sbifuaii '. colu::b U1SS0T7BI BOUTEEIIN Hew York. CUoago. JOHNI.LEWIS«BSOS CO Philadelphia. MOKLET Cleveland. Salem, Mass. COENELL Boffolo. KENTUCKY LouisTille, HE brands of White Lead named in the margin are old friends, tried by many generations of use and proven the best. They are made by the "old Dutch process" of slow corrosion, and, with pure Linseed Oil, there is no other paint as good. There are other brands made by quick or patent process and numerous mixtures of Barytes, Zinc, Whiting, etc., which are branded and sold as Pure White Lead. Make sure that the brand is right. I^rj HJ 112 By using National Lead Co.'s Pure White Lead Tinting Colors, J^|\[^£^ any desired shade is readily obtained. Pamphlet giving valu- able information and card showing samples of colors free ; also folder showing picture of house painted in different designs or various styles or combinations of shades forwarded upon application to those intending to paint National Lead Co., lOO William St., New York. TRAVEL, RESORTS, HOTELS, ETC. United States Hotel, Saratoga Springs, New York. OPEN UNTIl, OCT. 1. "THE SOCIAL CENTER OF SARATOGA." ,Golf , excellent orchestra, perfect culflne, accom- "modations from single rooms to luxurious private suites in Cottage Kow facinK Court. Gage w, at ■ fair rates. Personally conducted A WORD TO THE WISE. parties. Membership restricted Home Office, 6io Tremont Bldg., Boston, Mass. 220 Broadway, St, Paul Bldg., New York, ion Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. NEW YORK AND BOSTON ALL RAIL N, T., N. H. & H. E. R. and connections. From Grand Central Station. Leave Bxway of Puj I: -J: ;io: tl-00 P.'k., Air LInTvVa'willinianticr.'.'. '.'.'. .'. SliS l" m' IKBP.M, New London and Providence onSpM' 3:U0 P. M., * New London and Providence 9:00 P. M. ' 4:00 P. M., « Sprlngfleld and ■Wori-ester 10:0n p. M. :55:00P.M.' * New London and Provid nee n:(K)P.M, 511:00P.M., * Springfield and Worcester f g -f • K- 512:00P.M., * ^ew London and Providence i>-a a.m. ';t^B"fy'll'iE'ffltfd?al!"^a?Sfrcars; fare «7. Including parlor ""ai? Line Limited, arrives and departs from Farlc Square Sta- tion, Boston. Return service same hourand by same route. §wiu Stop at laith St. . .. ,, *„„!„ TorouKli parlor and sleeping cars by eacn train. p, T, HEMPSTEAD, Gen. Pass, Agent. HOTEL BRUNSWICK... • • • BOSTON. BARNES & DUNKLEE. Proprietors. COLORADO TO URISTS The only direct line to Manitou and Colorado Springs is THE GREAT ROCK ISLAND ROUTE Also best line to Den'i>er. Acknowledged by all to hal?e the Best Dining Car Service. Newest trains between Chicago, Omaha, Kansas City and Colorado., ..Buffet, Library and Smoking Cars. If you want a delightful trip on a strictly "up-to-date" train take the "Big 5" from Chicago and Omaha, or No. 9 from Kansas City. For handsome' hook "Manitou and the Mountains" address John Seb^tian, «■ ?■ ^f cfflwc* Vlll The Independent THE FOOD ELEMENTS In Protose, the vegetable meat are 25 per cent, more than in beef. A delicious food product, tasting like flesh food, easily digested. A perfect dainty substitute for meat. Can be served in any manner that beef or chicken are prepared. Sold in sealed cans by grocers. Send us the name of a dealer who does not sell Protose and six cents to pay postage and we will mail you a sample can free. SANITAS NUT FOOD CO., Ltd , No. 79 Washington St., Battle Creek, Mich. USE OUR LEDQER AND LINEN PAPERS. Sample Book Free. Crane Bros.. Westfleld, Mass. Don't Cough ! You won't have to if you use Dr. William Hall's Balsam For the Lunges. It is a wonderful medicine for the cure of coughs, colds, grip, sore throat and other diseases of the throat and lungs. Every mother should have a bottle of Hill's Balsam in the family medicine chest, ready for immediate use. Sold in bottles, at $1.00, 50 cts. and 25 cts. by all druggists. Try it for alCough, HYGIETVIC , INTER-AIR-SPACE ^IJNDERWEAR ■ ■ ; "t:oT.T\ mmmofm/cco. THK INDEPENDENT 130 FULTON STREET, NEW YORK. A Weekly Magazine. Entered at the New York Post Office as Second-Class Mail Matter. Terms of Subscrlptloa, payable la advance: one year $2.00; six moBtbs $1.00 ; tbree inoatbs 50 cents. Single Copies, 10 cents. Single copiea over six months old twenty-live cents. Postage to any Forelsrr rountry In r.he Postal TTntnp pi wi b ypnr extra. Order for the changre of an address abould he received one week before cban^^e Is to take effect ; the old a 8 well as the new addtess must be given. '^ PIINANCIAL Government and Municipal Bonds BOUGHT AND SOLD. Also FIRST MORTGAGE Bonds of Established Steam and Street Railways. AiTRAISEMENTS MADR OR QUOTATIONS FURNISHED FOR THE PURCHASE, SALE, OK EXCHANGE OF ABOVE SECURITIES. IilSTS OK APV LIGATION. N. W. HARRIS & CO., BANKERS, SINANHAUST., IBhnUofCommvree BwllMng), y.T, YOU GET SIX PER CENT, clear of expense On all money we Invest for von, secured by first morteage on choice farming lands worth three times the amount of tne loan. Personal Inspei-tton of all lands offered as security. We collent and remit Interest and principal free of charge. WE KNUW tncse loans are the safest Investments In the world, and want lon to know It. Write for particulars. E 1 LANDER & rn «R an » forks, n.d., fc. J. l-WIIUCn Ot. UU., (Established WS.) SAFE INVESTMENTS SSPeWiypl" L^'tWrS,!: Address, FIUEUn INVESTnEIlT CO, UCOIU, WiML BOODY, McLELLAN & CO., No. 57 Broadway, New York Citv. Members New York ' Stock Exchange. iDTegtraont Department. TSfJi^.i°S °^ circular on special offering of i% SO year Gold Treasury Bonds on Water PUnt located in towns bordeflng on the he?Sento' Proceeds to be used for extSoM aid IVI ■WE!STE3K,1T ORTTGAGES and Western Land Bought for Cash. 7% FIRST MORTGAGES GUARANTEED. IMPROVED l"«™™»l«>iiilii.ilonofB«ooriUe« The Independent IX VERMILYE & CO., BANKERS, And Dealers in Qovernment Bonds and Other Investment Securities. Members of (he New Vorlt and Boston Stock Exchanges. ''*'^"fta St allht*"" ""'""' allowed on balances subject to *" 'RSfwriaJS^A'"? New York Boston, PhlladelpWa and o.»>, """"more Stock Exchanges bought and sold on commission. Htgh-olaMMjmlclpal and Railroad Bonds on hand for Immediate NASSAU andPINE STS.. N Y. 27 STATE ST., BOSTON. Kansas City, Pittsl)upg& Gulf READJUSTMENT. TO THE HOLDERS OF BON»S AND STOCK OF THE KANSAS CITY, PITTSBURQ & GULP RAILROAD COnPANY, AND OF THE -riERCANTILE TRUST COnPANY'S CERTIFICATES OF DEPOSIT FOR THE SAHE. The undersigned announce that pursuant to the a.reement of March 13th, 1899, they have adopted. A READJUSTMENT PLAN which has been lodged with the Mercantile Trust Co., Depositary, from which copies may be obtained. Holders of bonds and stock of the Kansas City, Pittsburg & Gulf Railroad Company who have not already deposited their securities with this Company are invited to deposit them wiih the Mercantile Trust Company of New York on or before OCTOBER 1st, 1899, subject to the readjustment agreement and the plan proposed by this Committee. Holders of certificates ot deposit of the Mercantile Trust Com- pany for bands or stock, who may not ajree to the plan of your Committee, may withdraw their securities upon the terms stated therein, on or after SEPTEMBER igth, 1899, and untU SEP- TEMBER 30th, 1899, after which latter dale holders of Mer- cantile Trust Company certificates who have not dissented from this Plan will be bound by its provisions and those of the readjust- ment agreement. New York, August 31st, 1899. ERNST THALMANN, JAMES STILLMAN, LOUIS FITZGERALD, GEORGE COPPELL, E. H. HARRIMAN, Wil. L. BULL, J. LOWBER WELSH, W. E. GLYN, Committee. W. E. Gulliver, Counsel. Alvin W. Krech, Secretary, 120 Broadway. EDWARD E. POOR. President, RI -'HARD DELAFIELD, Vice- President, STUYVKSANT FISH. Vice Presrdent, ALBEKT H. WIGGIN, Vice-President, GEORGE S. HICKOK, Cashier, ED- WARD J. BALDWIN, Ass't Cashier. The National Park Bank of New York. Capital S!«,000,000 Surplus il,!246,800 DIRECTORS : Joseph T. Moore, Stuyvesant Fish, George S Hart, Charles Stembach, Cbarles Scrlbner, Edward C. Hoyt, Ed- ward E. Poor, w. RockhlU Potts, August Belmont, Richard Dela- fleld, Francis R. Appletou, John Jacob Astor, George S. Hlckok, George Frederick Victor, Hermann Oelrlchs. 8 Per cent, loans secured by mortgages on well im- proved farms worth three times ihe loan. In last six years have placed over $800,001 i.OO without a default in principal or interest. References, all Bankers, Capitalists, Judges and Business Mentor whom I am loaning. Write for further particulars. Send for pamphlet, " Truth About Oklahoma," free. H. H. HAGAN. Guthrie. Oklahoma. The MIDDLESEX iSsT BANKING CQMPAyT xSqQ MIDDI,BTOWN, CONN. Assets about - - - - $8,000,000 Offers 5 per cent, debentures, secure4 by depoaita ' of let mortgages. Snpervlsed by Banking Depart- ments of Conneotlout, Nev York and Maine. CONNBCTICUT TRUSTMBS, BXBCUTORS, BTC, ARB PBRMITTBB BV I,AW TO INVBST IN THBSB BONDS. For ModeHt InTestors. Opportunity to purchase common or guaranteed stock In an eftabllshed Steel Slannfacturlng Company at Ten Dollars par value. For particulars address F. E. HAMILTON, Transfer Agent. Oswego, N. T. DIVIDENDS THE COmalEKCIAIi CABLiE COMPANY, (Mackay-Bennett System), »o. 253 Bioadway.New York. Dividend No. 41. A quarterly dividend ol ONE AND THREE-QUARTERS PEE CENT, on the capital stock of this Company Is hereby declared, payable on the 2d day of October, i899, out of net earnings, to all stockholders of record on September 20th, 1899. The Transfer Books will close September 20th Instant and reopen on October 3d, 1699. E. C. PLATT, Treasurer. Dated September 5th, 1899, RUBBER QOODS MANUFACTURING CO. The Directors have this day declared a quarterly dividend fNo 2) of ONE AND THEEE-FOURI'HS PER CENT, on the Preferred Stock of this Company, out of the earnings, payable on the >5th day of September, 1899, to stopkholders of record at the close of business on Tuesday, September 5tD, 1899. The Transfer Books will he closed September 5th, at 3 o'clock, P. M„ and will reopen September 15th at 10 A. M. Checks will he mailed to registered holders on the 14th day of September, 1899. BARING, MAQOUN ft CO., Transfer Agents. New York, August 28ch, 1899. INSURANCE 1851 THE 1899 M ASS ACH USE TTS nUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY OF SPRINGFIELD. MASS. JOHN A. HALL, President. HENRY M. PHILLIPS, Secretary. ASSETS, Jan. Ist. 18SI» S22,0»5,44M U7 LIABILiITIES 20,U73,943 11 8riRFL,CS 1,959,503 1« Massachusetts Laws protect the policy-holder New Yark Office, Empire Building, 71 Broadway, GEO. J. WIGHT, Manager. vvp All you have guessed about life insurance may be wrong. If you PAY vnsh to know the truth, send for POST- "How and Why," issued by the Pknn Mutual Life, 921-3-5 AQE. Chestnut Street, Phila. 4^^^, The Independent IF CHICAGO WERE TO BURN AGAIN. Would your insurance policy give as much security to your property as it does now ? A disastrous fire in oiie city might so cripple the resources of many companies that they could not protect their policy holders any- where. You would find your fancied security was without foundation, if your house were to burn. But a company tliat lias put itself under the protection of the Safety Fund Law offers yon a policy that is absolutely "CONFLAGRATION PROOF." Agents everywhere. CONTINENTAL FIRE INS. CO., 46 Cedar Street, New York. Rlalto Building, Chicago, ills. " Imrc Is an American Comiiaay." New England Mutual Life Insurance Co. Post Office Square, - - Boston, Mass. ASSETS Dec. 31, 1898 •• - $28,109,073.59 LIABILITIES 25316.738.19 $2,292,335.M All fonna of Life and Endowment policies Issued. AmniAL Cash distributions are paid upon all policies. Every policy bas endowed thereon tbe cash surrender and paid an Insurance values to which the Insured Is entitled by tbe Massa- cbusetta Statute. Pamphlets, rates, and values for any age sent on application to the Company's Office. BENJ.F. STEVKNS, ALFRED D. FOSTER, President. Ylee-Presldent. 8. F TRDIili. WM. B. TURNER, Secretary. Aaat. Sec'y. 1899 FIRE INSURANCE 1899 NATIONAL, OP HABTFORD, CONNECTICUT. STATEMENT JANUARY nt, 1899. Capital Stock, alleaab S1,000,000 00 Be-lnsurance Beserve 1,792,410 20 Unaettled Loeses and other claims 360,3Sl 78 Net Surplni l,5g9;7S7 75 Total Ajseti. Jan. 1st, 1899 84,643.4911 73 JA91E8 NICHOLS, Prealdent. S. RICHARDS, Tlee-Prra't Bad Sm't. B. R. SniilillLAM, AsalatKBt 8a«r«tairT. J. M. ALLEN, Preaident, WM. B. FRANKLIN, F. B. ALLEN, J. B. PIERCE, L. B. BRAINERD, L P. MIDDLEBROOK, - Vice-Preaident Second Vice-Prealdent - Secretary - Treasurer Aaat. Secretary Provident Savings Life, B. W. SCOTT, President. 346 Broadway, New York. A Life Insurance Company especially adapted for permanent and temporary usefulness to ac- tive business men. Permanent, giving a large amount of indemnity for the family; temporary, guaranteeing at low cost against loss by death while engaged in speculative' operations. It specially provides for practical wants, STATE MUTUAL LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY, OF WORCESTER, MASS. A. O. BULLOCK. President. January ist, 1899. A8SETS 814,713,803 »« LIABILITIES 13,349,410 00 •ICRFLCS (Massachusetts Standard) 81,408,483 00 Cash Bnmnder valnei stated In every policy, and goarantesd by the Haaaachuietta Non-Forteltore law. NEW YORK OPFICS, «8 Broadway. C. W. ANDERSON, Pen. Agent. AMERICAN FIRE Insurance Company, PHILADELPHIA. ElKhty-Mntta „ ^ Anaual Statement. ' Cashcapital tSMMUOOl) Beserre tor re-Insurance and all other clalmi \.'l»Mi IS Surplus over all laabUltlea... ■ ...! ^^SS Totai Asaeti, Jan. lit. 1899 tu.tio, 797 07 THOMAS H. MONTGOMERY, Preaident. The Independent XI OFFICE OF THE ATLANTIC . . . Mutual Insurance Company New York, January 34, 1899. The Trustees, In conformity with the Charter of the Company, submit the following statement of Its affairs on the 31st of December, 1898 : Premiums on Marine Risks from iBt Jan- uary, 1898, to 31st December. 1898 . $3,056,555 08 Premiums on Policies not marked off 1st January, 1898 1,338,340 83 Total Marine Premiums $4,194,895 01 Premlnma marked ofE from 1st January, 1898, to 31st December, 1898 . . . . $.v 327,340 67 Losses paid during the same ' period (less salvages, etc.) $1,507,565 36 Betnrns of Premiums " and expenses $659,421 05 Tlie Company has the following Assets, ylz. : United States and City of New York Stock City Banks and other Stocks $7,437,039 00 1,167,000 00 899,931 65 956,161 43 Loans secured by Stocks and otherwise Real Estate and Claims due the Company, estimated at Premium Notes and Bills Receivable . . Cash in the hands of European Bankers to pay losses under policies payable in foreign countries 329,793 36 Cash in Bank 184,997 ''8 Amount .... $10 874,923 la Six per cent. Interest on the outstanding certificates ol profits will be paid to the holders thereof, or their legal representatives, on and after Tuesday, the seventh of Feb- ruary next. The outstanding certificates of the Issue of 1893 will be redeemed and paid to the holders thereof, or their legal representatives, on and after Tuesday, the seventh of February next, from which date all interest thereon will cease. The certificates to be produced at the time of pay- ment, and cancelled. A dividend of Forty per cent. Is declared on the net earned premiums of the company for the year ending 31st December, 1898, for which certificates wul be issued on and after Tuesday, the second of May next. By order of the Board. J. H. CHAPriAN, Secretary. TRUSTEES. GUSTAV AMSINCK, JOSEPH AG08TINI, VBMfON H. BROWN, WALDBON P. BKOWTir, WILLIAM B. BOULTON, FBANGIBlf. BACOSr, GEORGE COPFELL, JOSEPH H. CHAPMAN, JAMES G. DEFOREST, WILLIAM E. DODGE, £TEBETT FBAZAB, EDWARD FLOTD-JONES, HORACE ORAT, ANSON W. HARD. ' CLIFFORD A. HAND, HGNBl! E. HAWLEY, JOHN D. HEWLETT. CHARLES U. LEVEBICH, LEANDER N. LOVBLL, W. H. H. MOORE, CHARLES U. MARSHALL GEORGE U. MACY, LEVI P. MORTON, FREDERIC A. PARSONS, GEORGK W. QtriNTARD, JOHN L. RISER, A. A. RAVEN. N. DENTON SMITH. LAWRENCE TtTBNITBE, GTJSTAV H. SCHWAB, WILLIAM 0. STURGES, WILLIAM H. WEBB. A. A.. MATMy, PreHdent. S". A.PASSOITB, riee-JPret't. COMJrHZIUa MLVEMT, aa Viee-Fres't. TBEO, P. JOHNSO ir, Sd Vjee-Pres't. "DTTirrkT?!? G to hold thirteen copies of The In D±jM UJJ/J\.\J DEPENDENT can be furnished by us at the rate of 35 cents each, postage included. THE INDEPENDENT 130 Fulton Street, New York. Strongest in the World nORE TRUTH THAN HUnOR "A woman receives lots of comfort when she gets her husband's life in- surance, but after she has lost it by foolish investments she seems to miss him and mourn for him more than ever." — Atchison Globe. The above bright paragraph is more a truism than a joke. It is astonishing how many women who are left in comfortable circumstances by their husbands lose all by foolish and ill advised investments. Most men realize that they should carry assurance to protect their fam- ilies. Few men, however, worry as to whether this protection will be permanent. For men who wish to provide a fixed in- come for the permanent protection of wife or other dependent, the Continuous Instal- ment policy of the Equitable furnishes the best and most economical method of ac- complishing that purpose. Such a policy enables one to leave his family a sum of money in such a shape that it cannot be lost, squandered or otherwise wasted. In other words, this policy enables a man to instantly provide financial protection for his family, in case of his death, and also enables him to have this protection continued for many years. By means of Ordinary Life assurance, you can make provision that your family may be able to live comfortably for many years ; by means of the Continuous Instalment policy you can provide that they must so live. If you wish fuller particulars, fill up and post the following coupon : THE EQUITABLE SOCIETY, 130 Broadway, New York. / shall be glad to receive copies of your latest publication, together with a calculation illustrat- ing the advantages of one of your Continuous Instalment policies guaranteeing an income of $ annually. Age of Assured years. Age of Beneficiary . . .years. Name Address The Equitable Society Xll The Independent FIFTY-FOURTH ANNUAL STATEMENT NEW=YORK LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY Nos. 346 and 348 Broadway, New York Gty. JOHN A. ncCALL, . = = - President. BALANCE SHEET, JANUARY 1ST, 1899. ASSETS. United States. Stat«. City. Connty and other Bond.^ (cost ralne tllS.S37.034). market value, Dec. 31. 1898.. . $121,579,619 Bonds and MortgsKes (777 first liens) 39,U0'2.758 RealEacate (68 pieces. Including 1.'! office buildings)... 16,9S9,(J0U Deposits In Trust Companies and Banks, at Interest 8.434,786 Loana to Policy-holders on their policies as security (legal value thereof. tl6.00O,(XiO) 9.818.600 Loans on Stocks and Bonds (market vnlue, tSSSa.mz) . . 7.390.845 Stocks of Banks. Trust Companies, &c. (t*,!Si,ies cost value), market value, Dec. 31,1398 6,t;0.nE 84S,431.91« INSURANCE ACCOUNT. ox TBE BASIS OF PAID-FOK BUSINESS ONLV. NUHBSB OF POLICIES. AMOUNT. In Force. December 31, 1897. . 332,958 »8T;,020,925 New Insurance Pald-for, 1898. 73,471 l.'i2,U93,369 Old Insurances revived and Increased, 1898 835 2,129,688 '"**'' BUSiVkss"* ^ 407.i«4, «l,031,243,9Sa DEDUCT TEKMINATIONS: By Death, Maturity, Sur- render, Expiry, Ac Si.SSO 87,223,883 Pald-for Bnainessin Force Oecember 3l8t, 1898 373,934 8944,031,130 Galnlnl89B New .^ppllcstIon8Decllnedlnl898 40.975 6,142 167,000.195 19,986,836 EXPENDITURES, 1898. Paid for Losses, Endowments and Annuities. . . Paid for Dividends and Surrender Values. .... Commteslons («3..')2U.904.3S) on New Business of $162,093,869 : Medical Examiners' Fees, and In- spection of Risks (»449.428) Home and Branch Office Expenses, Taxes, Adver. tiaing. Equipment Account, Telegraph, Post- age, Commissions on »79 1, 927,751 of Old Business and Miscellaneous Expenditures Balance— Excess orincomc over Expen- ditures for year 14,933,904 TOTAL EXPENDITURES »43, 431,910 $15,390,978 6,128,868 3,770,332 5,208.754 COMPARISON FOR SEVEN YEARS. (1891-1898.) Dec. Slst. 1891. Dec. 318t, 1898. Gain In Seven Years. AKWtg »12B,947,290 $215,944,811 $8?,9?7.B?J Income 31,854.194 45,431,917 13,577,723 Dividends of Year to Policy Holders .... 1,260,340 2,759,432 Total P a y- mcnts of Year to Policy Holders 12,671,491 21,519.865 Number of Policies in Force 182,803 373,934 Insurance in Force, premiums paid $575,689,649 $944,021,120 $368,331,471 1,499,092 8,848,374 191,131 Certificate of Superintendent of State of New York Insurance Department. Albany, January 6th, 1899. A xr^i' hRE^X;-^^!^- Superhitendent of Insurance of the State of New York, do hereby certify that the NEW-YORK LIFE IN80R- In thia 8tal» York, In tbe State of New York, Is duly authorized to transact the business of Life Insurance v™i,'?y*^'*^''5??^'^T'''?fi'°'""=°'"*'""'*^"l'">e provisions of Section Eighty-four of the Insurance law of the State of New rS™'5:,ii?I? 2!S?*" "iS policy obligations of the said company, outstanding on the Slst day of December, 1898, to be valued as per tbe Combln^-aKx«rtence T^^le^o, MorUHty^,_at^ Interest, and I certify tbe same to be $175,710,249. ^^^mi^^UW^THEToEl^^^l^lll PEBSTiTOT^r^^'^^ CALCULATED BY THIS DEPARTMENT, $175,710 ^17 8,060,638. THE ADPITIOVAL POLICY RESERVE VOLUNTARILY SET ASIDE BY TBE COMPANY, THE SHRPLDS RESERVED FUNDS VOLUNTARILY* SET ASIDE BY THE COMPANY, ^ a 6 . 4 X 4 . a 3 -A . .OTHER FUNDS FOR ALL OTHER CONTIXGENCIES. ^8,623,8X8. '^ '^daV"andye«''SbOTe'T^r4n^"°°'° »"'>«^"^''«'» "y °»me and caused my offlciarseal to be affixed at the City of Albany, the StJPEBlNTENDXNT OP In STTB AXOB. The Independent xiii DOES IX PAY? From the CINCINNATI TRIBUNE. FS YOU ASK my views regarding life insurance from the standpoint of a policyholder, I submit the following: I am 65 years of age. At the age of 27 I took my first policy, and cow have nine policies upon my life. I have consequently been paying premiums for 38 years. I have not computed the cost of my insurance with compound interest added for several reasons. I not^ only undertook to pay premiums when I began to insure, but subsequently I undeitook to pay for a home, which has been paid for some years. My family has had the protection that life insurance gives, and the benefit of a home through many years, and I see no greater reason for adding interest to what. I have paid for their protection than for adding interest to what I have paid for their shelter. Besides I realized at the. outset that insurance was an arrangement between men to bear one another's burdens, or rather the burdens that would fall upon their families by reason of the death of any of those thus associated for mutual protection. My hope was that I would be one of those who would continue longest to contribute toward, the support of the families of my associates. This hope has been realized. My family has had the benefit of my earnings, instead of a share of the fund, and I am glad of it, and hope that the members of my family are also glad. It has been more agreeable to me to have a portion of my premiums used toward the support of the families of others than to have their premiums used toward the support of mine. A portion of their premiums would, however, have been used for the benefit of my family had my death, at aiiy time during these 38 years, deprived them of my earnings. As my family has been thus protected, I do not see that I have any claim for interest, either simple or compound. I do not compute interest upon the premiums I have paid, for another reason, because of the belief that, much of the money used might not have been invested so as to bring much interest had I not insured my life. I have mvested money not used in paying premiums in other ways — some in gold mines without gold; some in silver mines without silver; some in corner lots in cities without population; some in railroad- shares in roads that have passed into the hands of bondholders, and some in other things that have given no return of either principal or interest. I wish it had been invested in life insurance. Investments do not always bring interest, but the payment of a premium does result in a majority of cases in compulsory savings that might otherwise slip away in unnecessary expenses or in questionable investments. I know this from experience. But you may ask what I now have to show for all this outlay. I will tell you. I have $50,000 of insurance, upon which I am paying about $1,500 a year. My wife and children need the protection it affords, and I could not give it to. them had I not taken policies long agoj for I am now uninsurable. Were I insurable it would cost at least $1,000 more than my earnings to take that sum upon my life at my present age. The premium would exceed $5,000 per annum. I am one of those fortunate persons who. cannot be hurt by the tax upon incomes. I barely escape, however, as my average earnings are about $4,000. After the payment ol my premiums the net amount lefl for living expenses is $2,500, upon which we manage to make ends meet. When my policies become payable by reason of my death, there will be $50,000 to invest, which at S per cent, will net my family as much as the net amount we are now getting from my earnings, and as there will be no more premiums to pay, nor any expenditure for my personal maintenance, the actual net income of my family will be a little greater when I am gone than now. I am, therefore, only a luxury to my family. You ask me to give my experience in receiving dividends. My object in insuring my life was to give my family protection. ' I did not insure to get dividends. For that purpose I put money into other things. But investments do not always turji out as expected. The dividends upon my policies have been quite satisfactory. Those from other investments have been, in many cases, ur satisfactory. * So far as life insurance is concerned, these results, and the present situation, are eminently satisfactory to me. Were I dissatisfied it would be because I cared more for the gratification of self-than for the protection of those whom it is my joy to protect. I am not only thankful for life insurance, but believe that the shadows that may gather about me when the end draws near will be sbflened by a cdnsciousness of the fact that it will give some measure of comfort to those I love, long after my life shall have closed. I have not won by dying, nor have I desired to, but by beginning early I have had the inestimable privilege of giving my family the protection of life insurance through many years, and now have the satisfaction of coiitinuing this protection. Besides this, I have policies the cash value of which amounts to many thousands of dollars. I am satisfied with life insurance, as it has given my family protection, compelled me to save money, and enables me when no longer insurable to carry a liberal amount of insurance upon my life. If I had not availed myself of these ,benefits, the financial future of my family would be dark indeed, and these clouds would, I am sure, cast heavy shadows upon the remaining days of my life, and undoubtedly shorten its duration. Yours respectfully, AN OLD POLICYHOLDER, XIV The Independent O'NEILL'S. THE MOST POPULAR OF THE LARGE STORES OF NEW YORK CITY. SEND FOR OUR ILLUSTRATED FALL AND WINTER FASHION CATALOGUE! It is the largest and finest publication of its kind ever issued by any Department Store in Anierica. It will be ready Septl lo. Send for it. A postal card will bring it to you. H, O'NEILL & CO., 6th Avenue, 20th to 2 1st Street, - - NEW YORK, Aak far oir Trade-nirk of liorMS. MOP P Y— FLO P P Y— S LO P P Y USE OUR MJ ^k J^J9 The Paramount InlerHoIng ^^_^____^_ Nothing Can Supplant It, ^M ^TU 't Hag Stood The Teat. ^MM The Best In The World. The Standard Foundation, The Reliable Stiffening. 5UITABLB FOR ANY PURPOSE REQUIRING AN INTBRLININQ. CHARLES E PERVEAR, A(ciiI. POSITIVELY NECESSARY FOR FACING ON ALL DRESS SKIRTS. LARGEST MANUFACTURERS IN THE WORLD OF FRENCH AND HERRINGBONE HAIR CLOTH. THE op Dress SUem is the only Sfiield that contains no rubber. Absolutely Impervious, Absolutely Odorless. Every pair guaranteed. Ask your dealer for them, or send 25 cents for sample pair. SEND FOR BOOKLET DESCRIB- ING ITS QUAUTIBS. THE OMO MFG. CO., MIDDLETOWN, CONN. PRACTICAL I farmers have dem- onstrated by comparative test the high crop-producing value of DARLING'S rE'XS They meet all requirements of field and garden crops and are the most L. B. DARLING FERTILIZER CO., Pawtucket, R. ECONOMICAL NEW 20TH CENTURY CREAM SEPARATORS SEPTEMBER FIRST marks the introduction of the 1900 or improved 20th CENTURY "Baby" or "Dairy" sizes of De Laval Cream Separators. These improvements denote another great advance in cream separator construction and efficiency, materially increase capacities, and render the new "Alpha" disc machines simply unapproachable by anything else in the shape of a cream separator, either in efficiency, mechanical con- struction or practical cheapness. Overwhelming as has been the conceded superiority of the De Laval machines heretofore their standard is now raised still higher and they are more than ever placed in a class by themselves as regards all possible competition. No effort nor expense has been spared to make the new 20th CENTURY De Laval machines literally perfect separators — machines for every- body, that nobody can criticise and nobody ask for any- thing better or cheaper. Send for "New Century" catalogue. The De Laval Separator Co. Western Offices: Randolph &, Canal Sts. CHICAGO. GENERAL Offices: 74 CORTLANDT STREET, NEW YORK. Branch Offices: 1102 Arch Street, PHILADELPHIA. A POLICY WASHINGTON LIFE IN THE Insurance Company is the simplest and safest form of contract. It affords immedate and absolute protection to the family and the estate. It supplies a fund for wife and children against the hour of greatest trial. The Washington pays Endowments and death claims ipromptly, aa'd loans money to its policy-holders. Its Trust-Fund policies, with low premiums and cash guar- antees, is unsurpassed. If you want a policy for which you will pay about half the premium on an ordinary life policy, buy The Washington's Interchangeable-Term policy. W. A. BREWER, Jr., President. E. 5. FRENCH. Vice-President. 1850- THE -1899 4%%%%^%^%^^ United States Life Insurance Go. IN THE CITY OK KE^T YORK. All FoUcIes now ISBued by tblB Company contain tbe following clause : "After one year from tbe date of Issue, tbe liability of tbe Company under tbis policy sball not be disputed. " During 1898 tbe Company made material Increase In In- come, assets and surplus, and can tbus claim a substantial gain In tbe most Important elements of safety and progress. All Deatb Claims paid WITHOUT DISCOUNT as soon as satisfactory proofs have been received. Active and euccessf ul Agents, wishing to represent this Com- pany, may communicate with RICHARD E. COCHRAN, 3d Vice- President, at the Home Oflce, 361 Broadway, New York. OX-FICEMB. GBOBGB H. BURFOBD '. President GEO. G. WILLIAMS Vice President C. P. FBALEIGH 3d Vice-President RICH'D E. COCHRAN 3d Vice-President A. WHEELWRIGHT Secretary J. L. KENWAT Assist. Secretary WM. T. STANDEN Actuary ABTHTJR C. PERRY Cashier JOHN P. MUNN Medical Director WINAJfCE OOHMITXEM. GEO. G. WILLIAMS Prest. Chem. Nat. Bank JOHN J. TUCKER Builder E. H. PERKINS. Jb Prest. Importers' and Traders' Nat. Bank . JAMES B. PLUM Leather , ) II BANNER FREIGHT \^ I L« Ji PAID __^ ^HEATER I NO SMOKE kii^^^r^^ NO ODOR No CUmneF to Break. Comfort for Cool Days IndlapencaMe an«r Its merlta arc teated. Our patent double drum Kives twice the radiation of any oil heater made. Indi- cator shows eicact amount of oil in fount. Bums till oil is exhausted. Hand- somely made and Alie moat powerftil oil hcar the price. Satisfartion rtuuanteed or money refunded. When not kept by dealers, will send, freight paid, on receipt of VS.OV. FREE, our book of points on stoves and lamps. THE PLUME ft ATWOOD MFG. CO. New York— Boston— Chicagro Factokibs. Waterbury and Thomaston, Conn. United States Trust Company, 45 & 47 WALL STREET, N. Y. CAPITAL AND SURPLU& S 1 2,000,000. This Company la a legal depository for moneyB paid into Court and U authoHzed to act as Guardian. Trustee or Executor. INTEREST ALLOWED ON DEPOSITS, which may be mnde at any time and withdrawn after five days notice, and will be entitled to Interest at sncb rates as may be ■greed upon. Executors, Administrators, or Trustees of Estates, Religious ani| Benevolent Insiltutlons and IndlTldnsla will And this Com- pany a convenient depository for money. JoHH A. Stbwaet, free. D. wims Jaxsb, Vtce-Pres. Jams S. CI.ASK, Second VIce^Fra. HsNBT L. Tbobkst.1., Secretary. Lotus G. Hamptos. Aasutant Secretary, trustees: BunmSi4)aH, D. Wnj.iB JaXKS, JOHH A. STKWaST, JOHH BaBSSS KnOADBS, Assox Phblts Stokxb, JOnir GK08BT Bbowk. Bdwabd Coopxb, W. Batabs Ctrmso, . Chabuis S. Sktth, Wm. BOOXXrXLLBB, AtiKXAiroBB B. Obb. WILbUK H. MaOT, JB. Wh. D.SI.OAKB, Gtjstay H. Schwab, FBASE. LTKAlf, Obobqk F. Vibtob, Wh. Waldobf Astob, Jambs Stu.lhah, JOHH ClaFLIH, JOHK J. PhBIiPB, JOBH S. KBHKKDT, D. O. Mills. Lewis Cass Lbdtabd. Mabbhall Fibij>. WEBER PIANOS 'M Harmonious Creaiion of Art." "An Inspiration to a Musical TemperameaL" "Supports the Voice Most Admirably. " Renowned Throughout the World for ^ Pure Sympathetic Tone combined with Greatest Power and Durability Catalogues and full particulars mailed free to any address. WAREROOMS: Fifth Ave. and 16th St., New^York. Canfield Dress ^ Shields are indispen- sable in every lady's waist, ana are espe- cially neces- ^^ sary in bicy- cling', golf and other athletics -"s*. RELIABLE, WATERPROOF, SOFT AS KID, EASILY WASHED. For sale by deal- ers everywhere. Send 25 cents for sample pair to CANHELD RUBBER CO. Cornell University Library BX1397 .G93 Catholic Church In the Dreyfus affair olln 3 1924 029 386 970