ailibi; iiiiii rA^KT^- ^.>/^' ^•irrT" *^^ a;.-^- ■.X/; Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/cletails/cu31924004732115 Cornell university Library GB 1084.L8B27 1913 Records of London we^^^^^^^^ 3 1924 004 732 115 MEIOIES OE TEE GEOLOGICAL SUEYEY. ENGLAND AND WALES. RECORDS OP LONDON ^A^ELLS. S' BY G. BARROW, F.G.g., AND L. J. WILLS, M.A., P.G.S. PUBLISHED BY ORDEE OV THE LOKt)S CfOkJUSSIOiTHlRS OF HIS MAJESTI'S TREAS'CET.- LONDON: PRINTED FOR HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, BY DABLING & SON, Ltd.,' 34-40, BACON STREET, B. And to be purchased from E. STANFORD, 12, 13, and U, Long Aoeb, London ; W. & A. K. JOHNSTON, Ltd., 2, St, Andrew Squaeb, Edinbubgh ; HODGES, FIGGIS & Co., Geafton Sjrbbt, Dublin; From any Agent for the sale of Ordnance Survey Maps ; or through any Bookseller, from T.' FISHER UNWIN, 1, ^delphi Terrace, London, W.O., who is the Sole Wholesale Agent to the Trade outside the County of London, 1913. Price Four Shillings and Sixpence^ Rl3 A^H^'^_i:_ PREFACE. During the last few years an exceptionally large number of borings to obtain water have been made within the London area. This has been accompanied by an increasing number of enquiries at the Office of the Geological Survey. The information sought was scattered through a number of publications, and in many cases the sites of the older wells were not accurately known. It con- sequently became necessary to arrange the information in some more accessible form. For the purpose of recording the sites of the wells a series of the six-inch London County maps, specially printed with wide margins free from writing, has been placed in the Library for permanent reference. On the left margin of each map a list of the deep wells is entered, and on the right a list of the shallower bores and more important openings. Each map is divided into two-inch squares, lettered from north to south — a, b, c, &c., and numbered from west to east — 1, 2, &c., to 9. The square within which a well is situated is thus shown by a letter followed by a number. In the marginal lists the letter and number are followed by the title of the well and a reference to previous publications in which the well has been described. The abbreviations used in these lists are explained on pp. 1 and 2. The second part of this Memoir consists of a Catalogue of published London Wells. It was found that not only was the information respecting the wells widely scattered, but th^t the descriptions often failed to give many details, a knowledge of which is essential in questions of water-supply* These are supplied in the present work, and the sites of the wells have been more pre- cisely determined than hitherto. The wells here dealt with are all of considerable depth and, with a few exceptions, carried into the chalk. The third part of the Memoir consists of a list of the weUs of which no account has hitherto been published, with such details as appear to be essential. In comparing the lists of old and new wells attention is at once drawn to a marked lowering of the water-level. Not only is the fall greater than was anticipated, but it has been taking place at an increasing rate during the last ten years. The present water-level in the older wells has been made the subject of special inquiry, and with rare exceptions the information has been willingly supplied and great assistance has been rendered by the large business-firms. The Borough Engineers and other officials have been specially obliging, not only sending a full account of the wells under their charge, but in many cases calling attention to the existence of other wells'. We are greatly indebted also to the principal firms of Artesian Engineers who, in addition to other information, have often given the original water-level and the date when it was measured, thus enabling the extent and rapidity of the fall to be traced. J. J. H. TEALL, Geological Survey Office, Director. 28, Jermyn Street, London. 8th October, 1912. (22171—17.) Wt. 26277—56, 600, 1/13, D & S • IV CONTENTS. PAGE PREFACE BY THE DIRECTOR iii PART I. INTRODUCTION. Explanation op the Catalosue and Descriptive List 1 Strata Penetrated by the Wells 3 Old and New Types op Wells 4 Bored Wells 8 The Water 10 Relation op Water-supply to Geolosical Structure 14 Fall OP the Water-level and Diminished Yield op the Wells 17 Areas op Maximum and Minimum Supply 21 The Croydon Bourne 25 The Bjrino at Little Missenden Abbey ... 29 Dumb Wells 30 The Paleozoic Floor 31 PART II. CATALOGUE OF PUBLISHED LONDON WELLS. Essex 34 Kent 40 Middlesex (City) 44 Middlesex (County) 48 Surrey 74 PART III. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF NEW LONDON WELLS, WITH SOME OLD WELLS. Essex 91 Kent Ill Middlesex (City) 116 Middlesex (County) 133 Surrey 187 Index 211 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Fig. 1.— Diagrammatic Section from north to south across London Fig. 2. — Contours of the Underground Water-surface at various dates... Fig. 3. — Map shewing positions of Wells near Croydon Fig. 4 — Diagram shewing difference in amount of Water passing Kenley and Purley Gauges Plate I. — Map of London District shewing contours of the Under- ground Water-surface, by L. J. Wills To face Plate II. — Map of London District shewing contours of the pre- Tertiary Chalk Surface, by L. J. Wills To face Pr,ATB III. — Diagram shewing the relation of rainfall to water-level in gauging-wells, and to the time and duration of the Bourne Flows To face page 15 19 26 28 20 20 28 EECOKBS OF LONDON WELLS. PART I. INTEODTTCTION. By G. Barrow. Explanation of the Catalogue and Descriptive List. The object of this Catalogue and List is to give, in as accessible a form as possible, the details which are essential for a proper consideration of the London wells. In order to get the material into tabular form, so far as its nature permits, a system of abbre- viations has been devised for the various entries, and in each entry the items appear in approximately the same order. Abbreviations. L M. ' The Geology of London and part of the Thames Valley ' (Mem. Geological Survey), Vol. II, 1889. W.K.W. ' The Water Supply of Kent ' (Mem. Geological Survey), 1908. W.M.W. ' Some Middlesex Well-sections,' by W. Whitaker. Brit. Assoc. Waterworks Engineers, 1897. P.G.S. ' Some Well-sections in Middlesex.' Summary of Progress of the Geological Survey of Great Britain for 1906. (Mem. Geol. Survey), 1907. W.E.W. 1. ' Some Essex Well-sections,' by W. Whitaker. Trans. Essex Field Club, Vol. IV, Part II, 1886. W.E.W. 2. ' Some Essex Well-sections.' Part II, by W. Whitaker. Essex Naturalist, Nos. 1 to 6, Vol. Ill, 1889. W.E.W. 3. ' Some Essex Well-sections.' Part III, by W. Whitaker. Essex Naturalist, Nos. 1 to 3, Vol. VI, January to March, 1892, and No. 4, Vol. VI, April, 1892. W.E.W. 4. ' Some Essex Well-sections.' Part IV, by W. Whitaker. Essex Naturalist, 1896. *W.S.W. 1. ' Some Surrey Wells and their Teachings,' by W. Whitaker. Trans. Croydon Microscop. and Nat. Hist. Club, 1886. *W.S.W. 2. ' Some Surrey Wells ' (second paper), by W. Whitaker, ib., 1894-1895. *W.S.W. 3. ' Some Surrey Wells,' ib., 1901. *W.S.W. 4. ' Some Surrey Wells,' ib., 1904. London 8 NW (e 4) signifies that the well is situated in the north-west quarter of the London six-inch map 8, and in the square e. 4 of the reference-map. See Preface. Well O.J). 16 signifies that the top of the well is 16 feet above Ordnance Datum. Depth J^l gives the total depth of the well and boring in feet. Chalk — 121 signifies that the chalk is reached 121 feet below Ordnance Datum. The absence of the sign — indicates that it is above Ordnance Datum. Water— SJt signifies that the level of the water is 34 feet below Ordnance Datum. The sign + indicates that it is above Ordnance Datum. Bore 20 inches signifies that the diameter of the boring is 20 inches. Yield 6,000 gives the yield in gallons per hour. Abbreviations in the Names of the Well-sinkers or Artesian, Engineers. Aqueous Works. Aqueous Works and Diamond Rock Boring Co., Crown Works, Guildford St., York Rd., S.E. Artesian Well. Artesian Well Boring Co., 165, PentonviUe Road, N. * Now incorporated in Mr. Whitaker's work on the Water Supply of Surrey. (Mem. Geological Survey), 1912. 8 LONDON WELLS. Baker. Messrs. Baker & Sons. The firm seems to be extinct. Batchelor. Messrs. E. D. Batchelor, 73, Queen Victoria St., E.G. Brown. Messrs. Brown & Son, 1, Church St., Tottenham, N. Deep Well Co. Deep Well Tool & Boring Co., St. Albans, and 20, Copthall Avenue, E.G. (Now the Perkins Macintosh Petroleum Tool Boring Co.) Duke. Messrs. Duke & Ockenden, 126, Southwark St., S.E. Docwra. Messrs. Docwra & Sons, Balls Pond Road, N. Isler. Messrs. C. Isler & Co., Bear Lane, Southwark, S.E. Le Grand. Messrs. Le Grand & Sutcliflf, 125, BunhiU Row, E.G. Matthews. Messrs. Matthews, Mostyn Lane, Manchester. Merryweather. Messrs. Merryweather & Son, Greenwich Rd., S.E. New England Boring Co., Walton, Peterborough. Pontifex. Messrs. Pontifex & Co., Shoe Lane, E.G. Potter. Messrs. A. G. Potter & Co., Lant St., Borough, S.E. Richards. Messrs. R. Richards & Co., Upper Ground St., S.E. Tilley. Messrs. TiUey & Co., 11, Tothill St., Westminster, S.W. Williams. Messrs. A. Williams & Co., 814, Old Ford Rd., Bow, E. The catalogue of wells is mainly a compilation from the work of otherSj but the works referred to most frequently are those of Mr. Whitaker, in which are contained the principal compilations hitherto made of London well-records. His first compilation was published in 1872 at the end of Vol. IV. of the Memoirs of the Geological Survey. In this he re-published records collected by several previous authors, the most important works laid under contribution having been : — R. W. Mylne's ' Sections of the London Strata.' 4to. 1850. Sir J. Prestwich's two works, published in Vol. X. of the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society. Dr. Mitchell's MS. of London Wells, preserved in the Library of the Institution of Civil Engineers. A smaller amount of material was also taken from other accounts, the more important of which are : — Conybeare & Phillips, ' Geology of England and Wales.' Part I. 1882. Rev. J. C. Clutterbuck, ' Supply of Water for the Metropolis from the Valley of the Golne,' Watford, 1842. J. Simpson, Numerous communications to the Proceedings of the Institu- tion of Civil Engineers. J. Phillips, ' Sections of Borings in the Metropolitan District,' 1849. Allport's Collections, ' Illustrations of the Geology of Camberwell. 8vo. 1841. J. Prestwich, Jnr., ' On the Water-bearing Strata of London.' 8vo. 1851. J. Lucas, ' The Artesian System of the Thames Basin.' Journ. Soc. of Arts, Vol. XXV (1877). In addition a few sections were taken from scattered publica- tions and from the records of the Geological Survey. In all cases Mr. Whitaker gives the authority or source from which his accounts were taken. Vol. IV. was practically super- seded by the Memoir on the Geology of London, Vol. II., by the same author. Nearly all the well-sections previously published are there reproduced, with the references to the place of first publication ; but most of the new well-records were derived direct from the well-sinkers or the owners. In more recent publications this is increasingly the case, till in the present work practically all the new accounts of wells have been derived directly from (me of those two sources. INTEODTTCTION. It may be here noted that some of the accounts in Part II. of the present volume, though taken in the main from Mr. Whitaker's works, contain additional details derived directly from the makers or owners of the wells. Steata peneteated by the Wells. The beds sunk through in making the wells vary in different localities, but may be briefly enumerated in descending order as follows : — Peat Alluvium Brick-earth Sand and Gravels Boulder Clay ... Sand and Gravels [Bagshot Sands, not traversed in any of the wells] London Clay Woolwich and Reading Beds.. Thanet Sand Chalk Upper Greensand and Gault V Recent Deposits [■ Older River Deposits ^A. Superficial Deposits. \ Glacial Deposits 1 y Eocene J - B. Solid Formations. •:■} Oolitic Rocks in local patches. Cretaceous ... Unconformity. Old Red Sandstone Great Unconformity. ... Palaeozoic. The strata below the Chalk have seldom been penetrated, and are of little importance so far as regards the supply of water. The fundamental difference between the beds of the groups A and B of the above table is that those of the B group have once been continuous over the entire area ; while those of the A group have not. If the London Clay be present the underlying beds of the table will also be present, and they will always be in the same order of succession, though the Thanet Sand m^ay be too thin to be easily identified. But the beds of the A group may rest on any part of the Eocene or Cretaceous rocks, and the presence of any one of them affords no clue as to what is under- neath. Over considerable areas these superficial deposits are absent, or one may be present and the rest absent; but if more than one is present they will occur in the order given above. These superficial beds were deposited after the broader features of the country had been carved out by denudation in the Eocene deposits and the Chalk. For the purpose of the present work the beds of the group B may be further subdivided into the lower or permeable series and the higher or impermeable series. Of these permeable or water- bearing beds the Chalk is by far the thickest. Its general character is sufficiently well-known to need no detailed description. The Thanet Sand crops out as a continuous, but usually narrow belt along the top of the Chalk; within the London area it is less often seen at the surface than might be supposed. Good exposures occur about Greenwich and Woolwich, where it is about 40 feet thick and where it has been largely, and is still to 4 LOSfDON WEtL3. some extent worked for loam. ' Towards the west and north-west of London it steadily thins away and may be locally ahsent; but possibly its apparent absence is due to its having assumed a green tint and become indistinguishable from the sands of the Reading Beds. The typical Thanet Sand as seen in the Woolwich area is pale- grey, weathering almost white. It is fine-grained and mixed with a small proportion of fine clay, which causes it to become ' quick ' when wetted. Above it there is usually an alternation of permeable and thin impermeable beds which form, the lower portion of the Woolwich and Reading Series. The highest of these in certain districts has the appearance of a beach-deposit, composed of well-rounded black flints ; this bed is often firmly cemented into ' pudding-stone,' which will allow no water to pass ; but the cementing process has affected patches only, the rest of the bed being extremely permeable. Water circulates through this group of alternations of clays and sands partly because the clays occur in lenticles only, but also because small faults bring the edges of different bands together and thus enable the water eventually to descend to the Chalk. Above the Thanet group comes the great mass of imper- meable clays comprising the London Clay with the Woolwich and Reading Beds. The mottled marl of the Woolwich and Reading Beds at the base of the mass is 40 feet thick over much of the London area, while the London Clay attains its full thickness of 450 feet only at Wimbledon Common and on the ridge between Hampstead and Highgate. At both places there is also present above the clay some thickness of Bagshot Sands ; but there is no record in the London area of a well having been sunk through these sands to the Chalk. This great mass of clays serves to hold down the water in the underlying permeable beds, which are at a far lower level under London than at their outcrops both to the north and south, where the water enters them. These conditions are illustrated in Fig. I., p. 15, which repre- sents a section drawn across the London Basin and shows the position of the water-bearing sandy beds between the overlying clays and the underlying Chalk. The thickness of the sandy beds is drawn diagrammatically, as it varies from point to point ; it is probably correct at the southern end of the section, but is too great at the northern end. Similarly the Drifts in the area to the north at and around Finchley are omitted as their thick- ness is not known, and they have no bearing on the present subject. Old and New Types of Wells. It is not known when the first deep well was made within the London area. The perusal of an extremely interesting work by Mr. A. S. Foord* on the springs and water-supply of London, makes it clear that no such wells existed, either in or near the City, till at least the middle of the eighteenth century. This is • 'Springs, Streams and Spas of London,' by A. 8. Poord. Fisher Unwin, 1910. lITtBODUCTION. the more remarkable when we consider not only the great antiquity of the art of well-sinking, but also that many»very old and deep wells had been sunk in various castles in this country. Originally deep wells were not necessary, for water was easily obtained within the City from shallow wells sunk in the super- ficial deposits. But as the supply fell short and became polluted water was sought further afield. For a long time springs from the superficial deposits near London were brought to the City in wooden pipes. Subsequently water was brought from a great distance, for example from the Chadwell spring in Hertfordshire, but there was not even a suggestion of obtaining water from a deep well within the City itself. Probably attempts had been made to sink deep wells, but had ended in disaster, owing to encountering the ' quick ' sands below the mottled clays described on p. 4. In Lyson's London and Environs, published in 1725, in a chapter on Paddington, a reference is made to the digging of two wells, one 300 feet deep, the other 280. In both cases the water rose to somewhere about sea-level, so that it would not have to be raised from any great depth. The area is composed of bare London Clay and no superficial beds could be resorted to for water. The further history of these wells is not known. But on Wimbledon Common, at the south-east side, a well was sunk about the close of the eighteenth century, and in this the Sand, as soon as it was reached, boiled up to a great height and Caused the abandonment of the well. In the area south of Surbiton, where again there are no superficial deposits from which to obtain water, there are a number of disused old wells. In several cases the sinking of the well had been stopped before the sand was reached and a boring made from the bottom of the well. This only modified the trouble for the sand still choked the pumps and led to the disuse of the well. In one case a great number of bricks had been thrown down, obviously to prevent the sand coming up, but not with complete success. As the cause of the failure became better understood and the beds to be sunk through better known, means were devised of overcoming the difficulty, and a commencement was made of tie long series of wells recorded in this Memoir. The commonly accepted idea of a well is a deep round hole, several feet in diameter, the sides of which are lined with stone or brick wherever this is necessitated by the softness of the beds passed through. This is a correct conception of an old London well. It was essentially a reservoir in which the water collected, often somewhat slowly, but from which it could be rapidly pumped. In many cases it was supplied with water from a boring put down below the bottom of the shaft. The well at the St. Pancras Workhouse is a good example of this type; it is over one hundred years old and still gives a good supply, though the water now rises but a small distance up the shaft. The stages in the making of one of these wells* were closely connected with the varying character of the beds passed through. * See S. Hughes, ' A Treatise on Waterworks,' 1875. Also Swindell and Burnell, ' Rudimentary Treatise on Well Digging.' Ed. 4. 1860. 6 LONDON WELLS - The top was always cemented or concreted to keep out surface- water and to hold the bricks together. After reaching a small depth in the London Clay, the sinkers proceeded by stages of from 5 to 10 feet. A section of five feet deep was accurately dug out and lined with bricks, the thickness of the lining depending partly on the extent to which the well was to be used and partly on the finances of the owner. In wells at breweries and public institutions the bricks were set in cement, but in private wells this was not considered indispensable, the reason being that at a moderate depth the clay-walls gradually closed in on the brick- work, and forcibly gripped it. After the lining of one section was completed another stage of 5 feet was dug ; but only of the diameter of the lining if this was large. A strip was then excavated below the lining on one side of the well to the full diameter and this was built up to meet the section already completed. A similar strip was then com- pleted on the opposite side of the well; then the intervening strips, till this new section was completed. The same process was repeated for another 5 feet, and so on till the base of the London Clay was reached. Here a bed of sand was encountered which often contained a little water and required special treat- ment. The water could be easily kept down with a small pump, but the material was not such as would grip the brickwork. This part therefore was generally lined with cylinders built up in sections, and the brickwork was built up inside these. The Mottled Clay below admitted of the same treatment as the London Clay, but its greasy character necessitated special precautions against the slipping of the brickwork. Soon after this clay was entered a small boring, about an inch in diameter and such as could be easily plugged, was carried in advance of the work to give notice of the approach to the sands which so often proved quick. A little above these sands the base of the main shaft was made secure by concrete, and the sinking was continued into the Chalk, either as a boring, or as a shaft of smaller diameter with a boring below it. The boring would be lined for some few feet into the Chalk, but for the rest was left unlined so that water could sweat into it. If a fissure happened to be struck the yield was greatly increased, and in hope of meeting one, the boring was often carried several hundred feet into the Chalk. The first well put down by the East London Water Co. was of this type; but later on the shafts were carried down to and often some distance into the Chalk. In certain parts of the London area, notably in the Wan die basin and the district to the south- west, boring was not carried below the sand, for the water rose from that bed to the surface, and in many cases overflowed; but as a great quantity of sand was brought up, borings are now either carried down into the Chalk and lined to keep the sand out, or else the well is disused. When the well was to be carried down to the base of the Tertiary Beds the procedure was as before as far as the lower part of the Mottled Clay, except that, where the well was of large dimensions, the brick-work was strengthened by the insertion at intervals of. iron-rings. The lower part of the well was made of INTEODUCTION. 7 smaller diameter than the main shaft; it usually started some 2 feet above the base of the main well, and consisted of an iron cylinder built up in sections from the top. The bottom-section of this often had a cutting edge and in the present practice always has. As the work proceeded the iron cylinder was forced down by heavy weights, especially when passing through the quick-sand. Formerly the shaft was dug and the water kept down by pumping ; but this plan is now abandoned as dangerous, and the water is left in, the material being broken up by chisels and removed by a grab. In this way the cylinder is carried a few feet into the Chalk, when all danger of an inrush of sand ceases and the water can be safely pumped out. Great difficulty is occasionally caused in sinking through the lower part of the Woolwich and Reading Series by the pudding- stones and sarsen-stones, which occur in lenticular masses as already described, and which offer enormous resistance to the chisels. The sarsen-stone is the less common, but has been met with in the east and north of London. One of the best descriptions of a well made in these two stages and continued as a boring into the Chalk will be found in the account of the sinking of a well for the artisans dwellings in the City by Mr. Hayward, Chief Engineer to the Commissioners of Sewers to the City of London.* In this report the delay caused by the presence of the bed of pudding-stone is graphically described. A much older account of the difficulties encountered in passing through the quick-sands will be found in the description of the sinking of a well by the New River Co.t at the present site of Tolmers Church, which lies a little north-east of the junction of the Euston and Hampstead Roads. The most recent practice in well-sinking to and into the Chalk is that adopted by the East London Water Co. The shaft is lined with iron, the basal ring of the lining being furnished with a cutting edge. The rings of the lining are successively added at the top, and the cylinder thus constructed sinks by its own weight as the work proceeds. The London and Reading clays are dug out, but the sands below are brought up by a grab, as already described. A shaft now belonging to the Metropolitan Water Board at Redbridge, on the Roding, is a good example of a well of this type. Headings in the Chalk. — Shafts of the construction last described, as well as some of the earlier type, have been carried some distance into the Chalk; and headings have been driven with a view to intersecting fissures. The practice of driving headings is almost restricted to the water companies, but the total length driven is considerable; those of the East London Water Co. must have a total length of several miles. The yield of the wells in such cases is usually increased enormously. But it should be remembered that su.ccess is dependent upon the local character of the chalk; in many parts of the Lea Valley the * Milton Smith & Co., 1893. t See Civil Engineers und Architects Journ., July, 1839. 8 LONDON WELIiS. Chalk is greatly fissured and yields an abundant supply, but a similar venture at North Pinchley was a total failure, the CLaik having proved to be dense and singularly free from fissures. The well had to be abandoned. The few headings which have been driven by private com- panies under a fairly thick cover of London Clay have been made a small distance below the top of the Chalk. In these cases the water came down from the roof and was clearly derived from the overlying Thanet Sand. In headings driven in outcrop Chalk, that is in areas where the cover is thin or absent, the water may come either from above or rise from the floor when a fissure is cut. Moreover after passing through a greatly fissured area, where abundant water is obtained, a heading will often enter dense Chalk free from fissures which yields scarcely a drop. A single small crack will often yield more water than a hundred yards of heading, from which water is obtained only by sweating. This fact is partly dependent on the pressure of the water and is intimately connected with the water-level in the Chalk. Bored Wells. Apart from the Water Companies, the practice of sinking shafts is now almost abandoned in favour of making borings, carried a considerable distance, if necessary, into the Chalk. This is largely due to the fact that owing to the lowering of the water-level, wells in many parts of London would have to be at least 100 feet deep before any water could be reached. A boring moreover is cheaper to make than a shaft and is less liable to con- tamination. Boring may strike fissures, for these are by no means vertical, but there is a large element of luck, especially where a great quantity of water is required. It is quite common for one of two wells, not more than a few hundred yards apart, to yield a good supply, while the other is a comparative failure. If Oxford Circus be taken as a centre a series of good and bad wells may be found within a radius of not much more than half a mile. In making a boring the first step is to sink a length of the tubing vertically into the ground. The material in the path of the tube is broken up by some form of chisel, and removed by a grab, or by a cylinder with a bottom opening upwards. The tube having been driven down as its path is freed, another length of tubing is screwed on. The borehole is kept charged with water in the lower part while the work is in progress. This process is continued till the Chalk is reached, when the tubes are fixed firmly and the boring is continued without tubing into the Chalk, though in certain areas, notably in some parts of the south-east of London, the tubing is carried some distance down into the Chalk in order to exclude the upper chalk-water which is not good. This, however, considerably diminishes the yield. Ordinarily the chisel, in some form or other, is alone used in making these borings in the London area, but when it is desired to bring up cores of rock or to bore below the Chalk, ^ rotating cylinders are employed for cutting the hole. The Tertiary Beds INTB0DT7CTI0N, 9 and the upper part of the Chalk, howeTer, are too soft to admit of circular boring tools being used to any good purpose. The diamond-drill (that is a rotating cylinder studded with diamonds) was resorted to in the deep well or boring at Meux Brewery* and in a few other cases, but at the present day if a tool of the rotating-cylinder type is required, a short length of mild steel pipe, with a saw-end, is preferred. The teeth do not do much if any of the cutting; they serve simply to catch and carry round small chilled-steel shot which are intensely hard and rapidly cut away all but the hardest material. As already stated the tube lining of the boreholes is usually carried into the Chalk and the water from the Thanet Sand shut out. But with the introduction of the air-lift pump, it is now not uncommon for the portion of the tube in the Thanet Sand to be perforated and the water from it together with some sand allowed to enter the borehole. The pumps used in former days were injured by the sand and the borehole was liable to be choked, but the air-lift pump now in use brings up sand and water together without injury to itself, the sand being allowed to settle in a tank, Whether the removal of sand will eventually cause the boring to collapse is at present a point on which opinions are much divided. The air-lift pump consists essentially of two tubes one inside the other lowered into the borehole. Compressed air is forced down between the tubes, and a mixture of air and water comes up the inner one, and under suitable circumstances will rise above the surface. Where the water-level is far down, the amount of pressure required is great, so that the economical use of this form of pump has its limits, but on the other hand it has in several cases been proved to increase the yield from a chalk-boring. t It appears to produce this result in two ways, for it tends both to open the pores of the Chalk, and to prevent the settlement of fine chalk-mud at the bottom of the bore. This latter is a serious consideration, for on opening some old wells where the normal type of pump had been used, a depth of nearly 100 feet of fine chalky silt has been found to have accumulated. The introduction of this form of pump has led to another device for drawing water direct from the Thanet Sand, when the boring in the Chalk gives a poor yield. By means of a hydraulic- jack the tube-lining is slightly raised till its base is about a foot or so above the top of the Chalk. Water and sand now enter and both are raised by the air-lift pump. The puniping out of the sand at the back of the tube is continued till the pebbly beds at the top of the sand are unsupported. The pebbles begin to trickle down and continue to do so till they eventually form a rough filter bed and keep back the bulk of the sand; but they rarely do this so thoroughly as to enable an ordinary pump to be used. The success of this method turns on the entire absence of clay-bands between the * For an account of this boring, see Proc. S. Wales Inst. Engineers, vol. xi, No. 7, p. 326, &c. ; pi. 53. t For a description of the Air-lift Pump, see ' Hydraulics and its Applications,' by A. H. Gibson, 1908, London, p. 668. 10 LONDON WELLS. sand and the pebbles; if one of these is left unsupported and descends, the water becomes muddy and will not settle in the tanks in sufficiently short time ; the bore then becomes useless. It is thus necessary to obtain a most accurate account of the details of the beds above the Chalk if this device is to be resorted to. The air-lift pump is preferred in places where silent working is required; such as hotels at night, where its use is gradually being extended. The Watee. It has been long recognised that the water under London is derived from the rain falling on the Chalk hills to the north and south. The rain readily enters the outcrop Chalk, which is markedly absorbent, and passing under the Tertiary beds gradu- ally descends to the central part of the London Basin. As most of the borings are carried into the Chalk the water yielded by them would be expected to be a Chalk-water, much like that obtained from a well in a bare chalk-area. In reality the wells under the centre of London usually yield a water of a different character. It is often described as a Thanet-sand water, but the description is not wholly correct, for it fails to take into account some important characteristics. Where the Chalk is covered by Tertiary Beds it becomes less open to the passage of water. In fact where the cover is thick it becomes so dense that scarcely any water passes through it at all except by way of cracks or fissures. The effect of this impene- trability of the Chalk is that the bulk of the water as it passes under London finds an easier passage through the overlying Tertiary sands, as is shown by the fact that in many borings the sand yielded water more abundantly than the Chalk. As a general rule the deeper the Chalk is, the less water it yields, unless it happens to be traversed by a fissure. It is in passing through the Thanet Sand that one of the prin- cipal changes in the composition of the water occurs. These sands contain a considerable amount of marcasite. This unstable form of iron-pyrites gradually gives rise by decomposition to the formation of sulphuric acid which converts part of the carbonate of lime in the original chalk-water into the sulphate. There can be little doubt that it also tends to render innocuous any slight sewage- or manure-contamination there may be. Another change that is usually ascribed to the effect of the Thanet Sand is the replacement of lime-salts by soda-salts. The presence of sodium chloride, however, is believed to be attri- butable to part of the original sea-water, in which marine beds were deposited, having been retained in them. Under the London Basin this water must have been impounded under the water- tight cover of Tertiary Beds, and could have had no chance of escape until an artificial system of circulation was set up by pumping. Experience shows that the washing-out of the salt by this means is steadily in progress, for the water is considerably less salt in a neighbourhood where pumping has been in progress for some time than in a newly opened-out area. The water from INTBODTTCTION. 11 the Old Ued Sandstone of the London area, wherever that formation has been recently reached, is often remarkably salt. A great number of analyses of the water have been published from time to time, partly in the various Reports of the Royal Commissions to enquire into the Water Supply of the Metropolis* and partly in special publications. One of the most recent of the latter is the report by the Medical Officer of Health for the City of London, May, 1910. In this the analysis of the water from 37 wells in the City is given. The hardness varies from 11 to 3'5, the average being 6'3. The amount of chlorine (estimated as common salt) is about 12' 5 grains to the gallon and varies little. The total solids average about 49 grains; the amount of each of the constituents, other than salt, is not given, but both sulphate and bicarbonate of soda are known to be present. The amount of albuminoid ammonia is quite small, while nitrogen, as nitrates, is often absent altogether. The temperature of the water ranges from 54° to 60° F., the average being 574°. He concludes that "the water is of unquestioned wholesomeness and from the fact of its being very soft it is better suited for domestic service than that delivered by the Metropolitan Water Board. In the Sixth Report of the Rivers Pollution Commissioners, 1874, pp. 100-103, two tables are given showing the amount of chlorine present in (a) the water in Outcrop-Chalk Wells; (b) in wells where there is a thick cover of Tertiary Beds. In the Outcrop-Chalk Wells the chlorine ranges from 1'3 to 2" 5 grains per 100,000. In two cases this amount is exceeded; but in one of them a small quantity of sea-water may have been drawn into the well; the other, at Wheathampstead, containing 3 grains of chlorine per 100,000, possibly taps some little ^" original water" lying below the limit of circulation. The water from the (b) group of wells where ther6 is a thick cover of Tertiary Beds usually contains much more chlorine than the (a) group. The proportion ranges from 11'2 grains per gallon at St. Pancras, to 38'8 at Braintree. A much smaller amount is present in the water obtained at Epping, while in a boring said to be on Wimbledon Common, the chlorine is given as only 2' 38. A similar and more useful series of analyses of waters of the groups (a) and (b) is given by Dr. Thresh. t If the Table dealing with group (b) is rearranged according to the distance from the nearest Chalk outcrop and the extent of the circulation that has been artificially set up by pumping, then Ilford naturally heads the list with only 5'4 grains of Chlorine per gallon; Lambeth with 62 of Chlorine comes next, though it is further from the Chalk outcrop, but pumping has gone on here for many years and much of the salt has been washed out. * See Sixth Beport, Rivers Pollution Commission, 1874. A table giving a large number of these analyses has been compiled by Mr. R. B. Hayward, M.A., F.R.S., and is reproduced in ' G-eology of London ' (Mem. Oeol. Survey), vol. 1 (1889), table facmg p. 533. Additional analyses are given in Mr. Whitaker's Water Supply of Kent {ibid., 1908) and in his Water Supply of Surrey {ibid., 1912). t ' The examination of Waters and Water-supplies,' by Dr. J. 0. Thresh, M.D., D.Sc, 1904, p. 310. 12 LONDON WELLS. Shepherds Bush is still further frora the outcrop, and in addition has been less opened up; the amount of chlorine accordingly increases to 13 '7 grains per gallon. It would thus seem that the greater the amount of fresh water that can be sent through the Thanet Sand the greater the reduc- tion of the chlorine will be'; and if this process of washing can be carried far enough the water derived from a well beneath the Tertiary Beds will be made more useful than the water derived from under an area of bare chalk. The subjoined table shows the difference between the two types of water. Grains per gallon. CaCOj CaSOj CaCNOj), MgCOj NaNOa Na^COj NaCl Na,SOj (a.) Chalk- Roobester.. 25 2-4 3 6-3 wells in an KCNO,)., area of j Sutton ... 23-7 3'1 8-2 — 2-9 — 2-25 — bare chalk. Watford... 25-3 3-4 5-8 — — — 2-3 'Barking ... (*-)«.^^"- fuS"" wells in an Kqw area covered -( at„„i„_j„ byTertiary'Sl^«P^-t Be^ '-+3 =«. 3 g f> Ci 05 a h t-a s fl 1 s .g -i «3 5" 5* jg a e td w q -& r-t m t^ 6 M f^ 32171 B 2 16 LONDON WELLS. which it could be pumped rapidly; but in parts of London the water-level is now at or near the bottom of these shafts, which no longer serve this purpose. Moreover they can not be replaced by boreholes, as the water will not -enter fast enough for practical purposes into a hole of small diameter. A deep shaft, sunk well below water-level, is thus vital to a heavy-loaded area. Of the heavy-load areas the largest in the London District is that about Wimbledon Common and Richmond Hill. The sands here are weighted down by never less than 400 feet of beds and at one point by nearly 500 feet, the effect being that the wells sunk through them give so slow a yield as to have been mostly abandoned. If the sands themselves are tapped, they flow up into the well and choke it; in the well on the Common the sand rose 200 feet up into the shaft. If the sands are tubed out the Chalk usually gives a poor yield. In the Wimbledon district the effects of a heavy load are greatly increased by the large fault which is shown on the map forming Plate II. The London Clay on the downthrow (north-west) side of the fault are brought against the sands on the upthrow (south- east) side, so that the progress of the water in the sands is effec- tually barred. As a result the area which contributes to the Richmond wells is curtailed, and the water-level has been lowered by the pumping. In spite of the fact that long tunnels have been driven in the Chalk, the yield is distinctly sraall. On its upthrow (south-east) side the fault has the opposite effect. The uplift of the strata combined with the lower elevation of the ground makes the area one of light load. In consequence the water that would naturally flow under Wimbledon Hill is diverted eastward into the Wandle Valley, now probably the best water- yielding area in the London Basin, except a part of the Lea Valley where similar conditions prevail. In the Wandle Valley the water overflowed at the surface for years, and even now it stands only a little below; nor is it lowered more than a few feet by pumping from ordinary boreholes. South and south-west of Kingston the heavy-load area is continued for a considerable distance, for the Bagshot Beds as well as the whole thickness of the London Clay there rest on the lower sand-beds of the Tertiary Series. The effect of the interception of the water is well shown at Mortlake where the water-level is now 250 feet below sea-level. Here another factor intervenes, namely a shortage of supply from the north, described on p. 23. Another large area of heavy load occiirs about Hampstead and Highgate, where the ground is sufficiently high to inchide an out- lier of Bagshot Sands. Wells in the area give but a poor yield, and the sluggishness of the flow is shown by the fact that the old brewery-well at the foot of the Heath Hill, Hampstead, is used as a reservoir. Water is actually poured into it for storage, and remains in it without increase or decrease, so clogged is the circulation. Again, about Barnet the heavy load seems to cut off the supply to a considerable extent though there is reason to believe that pumping has largely reduced the amount that could pass under INTRODUCTION. 17 this hill. But perhaps the best illustration of the effect of an increased load is aSorded by the valley of the Eoding, in the area where it has steep sides. At the bottom of the valley where the load is light there are two wells belonging respectively to the Metropolitan Board and the South Essex Water Company. The yield of both is good. But high up on the flanks of the valley where the load is great the wells at Claybury and Loughton have been abandoned in consequence of the slowness of the rate of inflow. Similar phenomena are seen in the Lea Valley; the yield is more rapid in the valley than on the higher ground flanking the valley where the load is heavier. The obvious corollary is that wells should be sunk as near the bottom of the valleys as possible, except where thfese coincide with local synclines; this they rarely do. It is primarily the slowness of inflow that makes heavy-load areas of little use as a source of water and not the natural lowness of the water-level. Indeed the water-level may be higher than in the adjacent light-load area. At Loughton the level was kindly measured by Mr. H. Jones, the Chief Engineer to the Great Eastern Railway, and found to be slightly above Ordnance Datum; in the adjacent valley the level is below this and in places considerably below. Pall of the Watee-level and diminished Yield of the Wells. Attention has been repeatedly called to the fall in the water- level under London both in public enquiries, such as Parliamen- tary Reports, and in works published by private individuals. In the appendix to the Minutes of Evidence taken before the Royal Comm.ission on the Water Supply to the Metropolis, Mr. [Sir A. R.] Binnie furnished a list of wells, with a comparison of the original water-level with that of the years 1902-1903; and calls special attention to the fact that the fall is more marked in certain areas than in others. Among the private publications may be mentioned a paper by the Rev. J. C. Clutterbuck on " The Chalk Water-level under London," which was read before the Institute of Civil Engineers and published in their proceedings in 1850. The most important and comprehensive work on the subject is by J. Lucas. -^ The paper deals with the area between the Mole and the Ravensbourne, and lays special emphasis on the area of the Wandle Basin. No less than 110 wells and borings had been made and most of these originally overflowed; but owing to the fall in the water-level many had ceased to do so. It may now be added that none^ overflow at the present day. He discusses the method of making a hydrogeological map with artesian con- tours ; these he defines as a series of lines drawn through a number of points at which the water rises to the same height above ordnance datum. ' ' The Artesian System of the Thames Basiu," by J. Lucas, F.G.S., Joum. Soc. of Arts, vol. xxv, No. 1277 (1877). ' A few still do so at the close of a wet season. 18 LONDON WELLS. Later on he published two of these maps, printed by Messrs. Stanford. The map of the southern half of the area was issued in 1877, and was republished, together with the northern half, in 1878. They indicated the water-levels in 1877 and shewed them in contrast with earlier ones. Quite recently attention has again been called to the fall in the water-level by Dr. W. CoUingridge, in a valuable report on the water in the numerous City Wells (1910). For the purposes of the present work, a new map showing the underground contours of the water-table in 1911 has been pre- pared by Mr. L. J, Wills, and to illustrate the stages of the fall tbree small scale maps have been placed together to form Fig. 2. The first of these three, which is reduced from Mr. Lucas' map, shows contours of comparatively simple Strangement ; the second illustrates the establishment of an artificial low-level area between Richmond and Wandsworth, but strangely enough records a rise in the area about Lea Bridge, due, as will be shown later, to the far-sighted policy of the Chief Engineer of the East London Water Company, Mr. W. B. Bryan, M.I.C.E. The third shows the setting-up of areas of specially low water-level and their general spreading outwards. Two instances may be selected to show the nature and conse- quences of this fall in the level. The fountains at Trafalgar Square are or were supplied by three wells sunk close to the National Gallery {see p. 72). These wells once served not only these fountains, but also most of the public offices in Whitehall, Millbank Prison, and the Houses of Parliament. They were com- pleted in 1847, when the water-level had fallen to 78 feet below sea-level, but the yield still amounted to 580,000 gallons a day. The water-level steadily fell ; first the supply to the Govern- ment Offices ceased; Millbank was pulled down; later the supply to the Houses of Parliament ceased, and now the fountains alone are supplied from these wells, or rather from one of them only, for the other two are dry. The one in use yields 8,000 gallons an hour, and the water-level has fallen to 195 feet below sea-level or more than 115 feet in 64 years. A small further fall will render even this well useless. The fountains at the head of the Serpentine in Kensington Gardens are also supplied from a deep well, sunk in 1864. The water-level then was 45 feet below sea level, it has now fallen to 138 feet below or rather more than 90 feet, and the yield is only 1,480 gallons an hour. These two instances are typical of a large portion of the London area. These expensive shafts have been rendered useless by the great fall in the water-level; they no longer serve their original purpose as reservoirs and the borings from their base are alone, in many cases, supplying water. This is the chief reason why it no longer pays to sink shafts over a considerable part of the London area; borings alone are used, the tube-lining of which is brought up to the surface or to within a few feet of it. In certain portions of the London Basin the fall in the water- level is specially marked where there is a considerable cover of INTRODTJCTIOW. 19 Fig. 2. Contours of the Underground Water at various dates. 1878 (after J. Lucas). Mami Between 1890 and 1900. In 1911. 20 LONDON WELLS. the Tertiary beds or where the top of the Chalk is at a consider- able depth below the surface (heavy-load areas). To bring out this coincidence a map showing the underground contours of the top of the Chalk has been prepared by Mr. Wills. By the top of the Chalk is meant the plane of junction of the Thanet Sand and the Chalk.-' Where river-gravels or other superficial deposits, such as Drift, rest on the Chalk, the base of these deposits is not the true top of the formation, and such areas, for the purposes of this map, are regarded as bare chalk. As far as possible the ground where this occurs is defined by absence of colour; but in the area about Woolwich the boundaries are indefinite, for it is often impossible to judge from the borers account whether a small thickness of sand above the Chalk belongs to the Thanet Sand or to river-deposits. A comparison of the map of water-contours (Plate I.) with that of the chalk- contours (Plate II.) shows well the g'eneral coincidence of the lov/ water-level with the thick cover of Tertiary beds. The lowering of the water produced by pumping has been intensified by the check to the rate of inflow of the water due to the heavy cover. The connection between the diminished yield from boringa in the London area and the fall in the water-level turns in part on the character of the Chalk. That rock in its typical form is by no means permeable, as is so often supposed, but on the contrary has been proved experimentally to admit of the passage of water very slowly under ordinary conditions.^ "But under great pres- sure water passes far more rapidly, the increase of flow, with increase of pressure being specially marked in this rock. To take a concrete case, the yield of the wells at Trafalgar Square has greatly diminished with the fall in the water-level. When the wells were first made the water-level was approximately 150 feet above the top of the Chalk; in other words there was a pressure of 150 feet tending to force the water in the Thanet sand down into the Chalk to replace that taken from a boring in the Chalk. The water would then descend rapidly through the Chalk, which under this pressure is permeable. But at the present time there is hardly more than 20 feet of water above the top of the Chalk and at this greatly diminished pressure the rock is far less permeable. The water taken from the Chalk through the borehole is thus replaced far more slowly though the Thanet sand is still full of water. Thus if the Chalk be not fissured, a great fall in the water-level means a greatly diminished rate of inflow ; in extreme cases it means that the inflow is too slow for a borehole to be of any practical use. It is thus seen to be urgently necessary to raise once more the water-level in the London Basin unless one of the finest natural undergroimd reservoirs is to be practically depleted over a large part of the basin. ' A aimilai' map, fur the Comity oJ: Essex, is published by Dr. Thresh in his work on the ' Water Supply of Essex.' Privately printed. ' ' The flow of underground water,' by W. E. Baldwin Wiseman, Assoc. Mem Inst. C.E. Froc. List. C.E., vol cxlv. Session 1905-1906. Part III. Plate I. Ortituutce Survey C'¥'/ice,SautfLUJ?ifjton,19J2 Plate II. INTRODUCTION. 21 In order to select points at which to commence the operation of refilling the reservoir it is necessary to define the areas where the supply is most deficient. Areas of Maximum and Minimum Supply. An examination of the map of the Water-contours (Plate I.) shows that the low water-level extends a much greater distance to the north of the Thames than to the south, suggesting a defi- ciency of supply on the north side of the London Basin. Taking the south side first, a considerable portion of the rainfall sinks into the large area of more or less bare Chalk in the district south of St. Mary's Cray, Farnborough, Addington, Croydon, Sutton, and Epsom. This great expanse of Chalk is not traversed by any valley, parallel to the strike, into which much water could escape as springs, and although a considerable amount is taken by the water companies, yet the greater part descends towards London, partly in the Chalk and partly in the Thanet Sands. About Croydon itself the amount of rain that sinks into the Chalk in specially wet seasons is so great that the whole of it can not travel through this rock sufficiently fast to remain underground, and so flow towards London. In consequence of a rather sharp fall in the surface, part actually re-emerges in the Caterham Valley to form the well-known Croydon Bourne;' the phenomena of this intermittent flow are discussed on page 25. But, much nearer London, in the area to the south of Woolwich, a great extent of ground is covered by highly permeable beds, into which water readily sinks and from which it must find its way into the Chalk. There is indeed one small bed of clay included in these permeable beds above the Chalk which might tend to prevent the water descending, but a few small faults allow the water to pass from the pebbly sands above this thin clay to the sands below which rest directly on the Chalk. In addition there are belts of alluvial gravels along which water can travel towards Dartford Creek and part of Eotherhithe and Peckham, where the cover on the Chalk consists of permeable sands only. Thus in this area to the south and south-east of Dartford Creek the gather- ing-ground of the Chalk-water extends practically to the Thames. Although the old Kent Water Company in former days, and the Metropolitan Water Board in recent times, have often pumped at least five millions gallons a day, and at times even eight millions, no serious effect has been produced on the general surrounding water-level; there is simply a local cone established. An examination of the Geological Map of London (Sheet 4) on which the contours are engraved, shows that there is a consider- able head of water to the south-east, and the water taken from these wells is derived mainly from that direction. Further there is a large area of gravel or ballast extending over Southwark, Bermondsey, Rotherhithe, &c., which collects a large amount of the rainfall and which locally holds a great ' For further information on the Croydon Bourne, see ' Water Supply of Surrey,' by W. Whitaker, F.R.S. Mem. Geol. Survey, 1912, pp 68-77, where a brief account is given of the work of various observers. 22 LONDON WELLS. amount of water. An inspection of the Chalk-contour map shows that there is a part of the south-east of London where the Chalk is not appreciably more than 50 feet below sea-level, and where therefore the Thanet Sand alone intervenes between the gravel and the chalk. Under these circumstances a large part of the gravel-water must sink into the Thanet Sand and so into the top of the Chalk. For a long time this impure water appears to have formed a mere film quite at the top of the Chalk. It was not, therefore, much drawn upon, but later on suspicion appears to have arisen on this point, for the lining-tubes of several of the boreholes were carried to an unusual distance into the Chalk. Recently Mr. Whymper, chemist to Messrs. Peek, Erean & Co., has proved that between Deptford and London Bridge the water down to a slight depth in the Chalk really is somewhat contaminated, and in addition contains an abnormal amount of solids. In an extreme case this amounts to 126 grains to the gallon, while in some cases the increase in the amount of chlorine suggests the ingress of a small amount of water from the Thames. One of the waters specially examined was that from a boring at the South Metropolitan Gas Co., Old Kent Road. In 1910 the water from the boring was still fairly good, the total solids amounting to 41 grains to the gallon, and the chlorine to 6'5. There were then no serious signs of contamination, but in 1911 the solids rose to 62 grains to the gallon and the chlorine to 155 grains, while there were distinct traces of organic impurity. It was inferred that the gravel-water was being sucked down by the increased pumping in the surrounding area, and the lining of the boreholes was therefore carried deeper into the Chalk, with the result that the water of inferior quality was shut out. In the water taken from the lower level there were found only 36 grains of solids to the gallon, and 5'3 of chlorine, while there was a much smaller trace of organic impurity. But it should be understood that by prolonging the lining the yield was greatly reduced. This sucking down of impure water from the gravel into the Thanet Sand and so into the top of the Chalk is now of local occurrence, but is likely to extend in time to the area further west, though there some London Clay intervenes between the two previous deposits. For as the strata rise eastwards (as shewn on Plate II.), each one in turn comes into contact with the gravel. Thus the water being free to circulate in the gravel in all directions may be drawn from an area underlain by an impervious clay into an underground outcrop of Thanet Sand and then get below the impervious stratum. It should be noted that impure water would be liable to decompose the pyrites in the lower Reading Beds, and that it does so is shewn by the appearance of a large amount of sulphates in this special area ; indeed, in some cases this action is so recent that sulphurous acid is met with; the original product of decomposition not having yet been oxidised. So long as the head of water from the Surrey Hills kept the water-level high, the surface-water could not descend far to INTRODUCTION. 23 the west so as to pass under tlie cover of London Clay, but as tlie head is diminished by increased pumping the surface-water is beginning to be sucked down past the taper-edge of the Reading Beds, and so into the top of the Chalk. With a continuance of this process further extension of the linings of the boreholes will be required, with the result of still further diminishing the supply. The occurrence of a similar danger and the steps taken to guard against it are described on p. 31. But along a line drawn from Deptford to a point about two miles east of Croydon, entirely different conditions are met with. West of this line practically not a drop of water enters the Chalk to the north of its outcrop along the southern hills, with the exception of some little on the narrow outcrop of the Thanet Sand. For the rest all surface-w^ter is cut off from the chalk by impermeable clays. The effect is seen at once on the water- levels ; they fall in the London area as soon as this line is crossed. Near the Thames the level steadily drops as we go west from Rotherhithe, and it is not till we reach the Wandle Valley, some distance from the Thames, that it rises again. Here it is excep- tionally high; there is not only a thinner cover, but as already described the water that should pass under Wimbledon Hill is deflected both by a heavy-load and by a large fault. Attention may be drawn to the fact that the faults shown on the map form- ing Plate II. range towards the part of the River Mole where a large amount of water sinks into swallow-holes, especially in winter. In the opinion of the writer much of this water does not reappear at the surface as is generally supposed, but partly in consequence of cracks and partly owing to the form of the ground, it follows the lighter-load area towards the Wandle Valley, pass- ing by or to one side of the far more heavily loaded area to the west and north, where the Chalk is covered not only by the whole of the London Clay but also, in places, by a considerable thick- ness of Bagshot Sands. So far as is known no successful attempt has yet been made to ascertain whether all the water that sinks into the swallow-holes between Dorking and Leatherhead reappears. The point is of importance as there are a number of localities on the north side of London where water might easily be sent into artificial swallow- holes, if it appears that a large quantity can thus be absorbed. Returning to the Wandle Valley, and crossing the fault shown on the Chalk-contour map, we find that the water-level at once begins to fall and continues to do so as we approach the area which draws its supply from a northerly source. The Northern Supply. — Turning now to the supply of water derived from the outcrops on the north side of London, we find that there is an even larger collecting area of Chalk than on the south side, but that nevertheless a smaller amount of water passes directly toward the centre of the basin. In the first place the collecting area is further from the Thames and the gradient is lower. But what is more important, the outcrop-area of the Chalk is traversed by a long and deep hollow, which runs at right angles to the direction of the underground flow toward 24 LONDON WELLS. London. The hollow is occupied by the Lea and Colne, separated by quite a low divide, and along it a vast quantity of water which issues as springs is carried away. The loss is most serious on the south flank of the valley, for on this side the water from the springs actually flows directly away from London. The finest illustration of the phenomenon is the Great Chadwell spring, which at one time yielded as much as four million gallons a day, but there is a host of smaller springs on the London side of the great hollow. In addition, advantage has been taken of the long, and often deep valley, to establish a chain of pump- ing stations, thus further curtailing the underground flow towards the centre of the London basin. The great yield at these stations is due to the fact that they tap the water from the great gathering ground to the north, reaping the full advantage of the height at which this water is collected. The effect of the valley, where it trends east and west, is to completely cut off this head or pres- sure and reduce it to that of the base of the valley so far as the passage of water directly south toward London is concerned. In this direction the cover of Tertiary beds soon comes on and becomes thick enough to greatly check the flow of water through the Chalk itself. Moreover the Thanet sand, at its outcrop, is well above the level of the Lea and in consequence is dry. It was proved to be still dry at High Barnet, where the Chalk itself contains little water in its upper part. Still further in a southerly direction galleries were driven from a well sunk at North Finchley, but little water was obtained. North-eastern Supply. — Near Ware the Lea Valley abruptly changes its direction and trends north and south, that is, directly towards the north-east of London. For a considerable distance to the south the Chalk still reaps the full benefit of the great gathering ground to the north and yields a large quantity of water. The water-level is not much reduced by the pumping, except locally; it remains at about the river-level, or at times, close to the valley-sides, may be somewhat higher. To a con- siderable extent the loss by pumping is made good locally by rainfall and floods, so long as the Chalk is bare or covered by permeable beds, a condition which is maintained southward nearly to Cheshunt. Moreover the passage into and through the Chalk is much facilitated by the shattered or fissured condition of the rock, a condition that must continue further south, as sug- gested by the large yield of the wells in this valley even where there is a fairly thick cover of Tertiary beds. To the north-east of London then, the Lea valley serves to bring water southwards into the London Basin. One of the chief reasons for its doing so lies in the fact that the Thanet Sand out- crops in the bottom of the valley, and as it dips under the imper- meable clay of the valley-side receives water from the Chalk which is both saturated and highly permeable. The water-level is thus locally kept up, and accordingly, as we go towards the Lea either from the City or from Holloway, further north, the con- tours shown in Plate I. rise, apart from the artificial raising of the water-level described on p. 31. North-western Supply. — To the north-west of London much the same conditions prevail as to the north of Barnet, and the only INTKODUCTION. 25 place where any water can descend into the Chalk is about a small part of Pinner. Beyond this, nearer the flanks of the Colne, it is not clear how much water flows underground toward London, but a large amount must collect in the valley-gravels and sink into the Chalk about Denham. As we come nearer the Thames the disadvantageous conditions are equally striking. While, as previously pointed out, on the south side of the river the rainfall can enter the Chalk over a large portion of the district, on the north side not a drop can enter the ground south of a line drawn through Hertford, Potters Bar, Bushey, Harefield and Uxbridge. This area amounts roughly to 200' square miles, and in a moderately wet season some flfteen thousand million cubic feet of rain falls on it, but none of it is able to flow into the great sub- terranean reservoir under London ; and little or no use is made of it for domestic purposes. The Ceoydon Bourne. Considerable light is thrown on some of the points under discussion by a study of the Croydon Bourne, one of the inter- mittent streams that issue from the Chalk in many parts of England after periods of heavy rainfall. In his work on the Water Supply of Surrey, Mr. Whitaker has given an account of the literature on the subject, referring specially to the observations of Mr. Baldwin Latham and Mr. Geo. F. Carter.^ The stream that flows intermittently down the Caterham Valley, near Croydon, obtains its water from the rainfall on the Chalk hills near the town. These hills rise rather sharply to the south and east of Croydon, roughly in the form of two steps. The top of the first step is about 500 feet above sea- level, as shown on the map forming Fig. 3; above it the ground rises, often sharply, attaining a height at Botley Hill of 870 feet. This higher ground terminates in an escarpment facing south, and forms a region of locally increased rainfall. The average at the highest point is at the rate of 34' 68 inches per annum; while at the lower ground near Croydon, at an elevatioi) of only 130 feet, the rainfall is reduced to 24' 68 inches. As a result the water-level is raised much more rapidly in the wells in the higher area than in the lower, and the natural gradient always existing between the two areas is considerably increased. In times of excessive rainfall the gradient becomes still greater, and a pressure is set up tending to force the water under ground toward Croydon. But owing to the resistance to underground flow, due to the low porosity of the Chalk and possibly also to a barrier created by a fault that passes through Croydon, the water can not descend fast enough. It consequently follows a 1 ' The Water Supply of Surrey,' Mem. Geol. Survey, by W. Whitaker, F.R.S., 1912. 'Croydon Bourne, Flows,' by Baldwin Latham, M.I.C.E., P.R.S., Proc. Croydon Nat. Hist. Soc, 1903-1904 (Appendix). ' Bourne Water Flow,' Reports of the Borough Engineer [Mr. G. F. Carter, M.I.O.E.] Corporation of Croydon, (1) for 1904, (2) for 1910, 26 LONDON WELLS. ,11. o 2 (0 ^ 1 »s Ss tn O i 1 -§ Jb ^ z o Q >• § a ^ . 35. Depth 370. Chalk -198. Water-130. Bore 5 inches. Yield 750. Isler. 1908. Thkbadneedle St. Shorter's Court. Lond. 7 SE (b. 2). Ref. see p. 131. Well O.D. 45. Depth 402. Chalk- 186. Water- 126. Bore 6 inches. Yield 2,000. Isler. 1908. Theogmorton St. Warnford Court. Lond. 7 SE (b. 1). Ref. L.M. p. 162. Well O.D. 30. Depth 285. Chalk-179. Baker. 1885. Theogmorton St. Drapers' Gardens. Lond. 7 SE (b. 1). 1. Ref. see p. 132. Well O.D. 35. Depth 500. Chalk-183. Water- 131. Bore 6 inches. Yield 800. Tilley. 1909. 2. Ref. see p. 132. Depth 451. Water- 140. Bore 6^ inches. Yield 1,000. R. Richards. 1910. Theogmorton St. Copthall Court. Armourers & Brasiers' Co. Lond. 7 SE (b. 1). Ref. see p. 132. Well O.D. 40. Depth 450. Chalk-180. Water-140. Bore 6 inches. Yield 1,500. A. Williams. 1910. Theogmorton St. No. 9 Angel Court. Messrs. Brass. Lond. 7 SE (b 1) Well O.D. 25. Depth 400. Chalk 189. Water-150. Bore 7^ inches. Yield 2,000. Isler. 1911. Uppee Thames St. City of London Brewery. Lond. 7 SE (c. 1). Ref. L.M. p. 25. Well O.D. 12. Depth 438. Chalk-180. Water-82. Shaft 311; rest bored. Yield good. Made 1847. Water-level in 1911 at -135. Middlesex (County). Acton. Ref. L.M. p. 79. Many years ago the water here rose to the sur- face, a little east of Acton. The water-level was only 12 feet down in Acton itself. It has thus fallen 180 feet since the first wells were made. Acton. Brewery. Lond. 6 SW (d. 4). Ref. L.M. p. 79. Well O.D. 60. Depth 483. Chalk-226. Water- 7. Bore 5 inches. Yield 700. Le Grand. 1879. Water -30 in 1890. Acton Vale. Eastman & Sons. Lond. 6 SW (d. 6). Ref. see p. 133. Well O.D. 25. Depth 451. Chalk-232. Water -85 in 1900. Water- 155 in 1906 and -179 in 1910. First well, bore 8i inches. Yield 9,000. Potter. 1900. Second well, bore 15 inches. Yield 16,000. Potter. 1905. Acton. Baths. Lond. 6 SW (d. 5). Ref . see p. 135. Well O.D. 62. Depth 500. Chalk-221. Water- 165. Bore 12 inches. Yield 12,000. Potter. 1908. Acton. Old Oak Lane. Halt, on Great Western Railway. Lond. 6 SW (a. 6). Ref. see p. 135. Well O.D. 76. Depth 484. Chalk-248. Water-208. Bore 10 inches. Yield small; disused. Isler. 1911. Acton Vale. Panhard & Levassour. Lond. 6 SW (d. 7?). Ref. see p. 134. Well O.D. 28. Depth 500. Chalk-216. Water -170. Two bores of 12 inches each. Total yield 20,000. Potter. 1909. Albany St., see Regents Park. Pol explanation of abbreviations, see pp. IJand 2. CATALOGUE. 49 Middlesex (.Govintj)— continued. Alperton. North of Ealing. Lend. 6 NW (exact site unknown). Ref. L.M. p. 80. WeU O.D. 130. Depth 400. Chalk-90. Water 95 in 1876. No other details. B.\LLS Pond Road. Morgan's Brewery. Lond. 7 NE (a. 1). Ref. see p. 136. Well O.D. 70. Depth 401. Chalk-91. Water -60. Bore 6 inches. Yield 1,400. Le Grand. 1903. Barnet. Workhouse. Midx. 6 NE. Ref. see p. 136. Well O.D. 410. Depth about 330. Chalk 82. Water + 82. Bore 8 inches. Yield 4,500. Tilley. 1909. Bays WATER. Usher's Sovereign Brewery. Lond. 6 SE (c. 6). Ref. L.M. p. 81. Well O.D. 87. Depth 389. Chalk- 212. Water -68. Bore 6 inches. Yield 1,200. Le Grand. 1885. Water -127 in 1908. Water -153. Yield 3,000 in 1911. Berkeley Square. Lond. 7 SW (c. 3). Ref. L.M. p. 81. Well O.D. 60. Depth 316. Chalk-80. Old Well. Berners Street. Oxford Street. Schweppes (now Flats). Lond. 7 SW (b. 4). Ref. L.M. p. 81. WeU O.D. 70. Depth 313. Chalk-90. Water-80. Bore 6 inches. Yield 1,000. Le Grand. 1883. Bbthnal Green. Waterloo Road. Victoria Park. Workhouse. Lond. 7 NE (d. 5). Ref. L.M. p. 82. Well O.D. 54. Depth 301. Chalk-80. Water -30. Well 162 feet; rest 12i inches bore. Yield 6,500. Docwra. 1879. The boring was deepened to 404 feet by Messrs. Tilley in ? 1890, and the water-level then was —50. It is now (1911) at -84. Bethnal Green. 2, Green Street. Messrs. Burton's. Lond. 7 NE (e. 6). Ref. W.M.W. p. 4. Well O.D. 45. Depth 300. Chalk-128. Water-50. Bore 6 inches. Yield 1,320. Le Grand. 1897. Water -77 in 1910. Bethnal Green. 7, Old Eord Road. Colman's Starch Works. Lond. 7 NE (e. 5). Ref. see p. 137. Well O.D. 30. Depth 360. Chalk- 114. Water -70. Shaft 70; rest 9 inch bore. Yield 8,000. Brown. 1898. Water-90inl911. Blackwall. Trinity Wharf. Lond. 8 SW (d. i). Ref. L.M. p. 83. Well O.D. 4. Depth 247. Chalk-230. Water — 10. Shaft 64 feet; rest bored. Yield abundant from Chalk. Made 1800. Bow. Victoria Park. By the side of the Lake. Lond. 7 NE (d. 7). Ref. not known. Well O.D. about 40. Depth 630. Chalk- 100. Water-22. Bore 6 inches. Yield 8,000. Brown. 1874. No water in Chalk above —360. Bow Road. City of London Union Infirmary. Lond. 7 NE (f. 9). Ref. L.M. p. 137. Well O.D. 43. Depth 248. Chalk- 132. Old Well. Water-73. Shaft 140 feet; rest 6 inch bore. Yield 8,000. Water below pump-level and so disused. Information 1911. Bow. Close to the Lea. Lloyd's Paper Mills. Lond. 8 NW fe. 2"). Ref. W.M.W. p. 6. Well O.D. 20. Depth 149. ' Chalk- 125. Tilley. 1865. Bow. 241, Roman Road. Bow Baths. Lond. 7 NE (d. 8). Ref. see p. 138. Well O.D. 45. Depth 350. Chalk-97. Water not known. Bore 14 inches. Yield 10,000. Brown. 1901 Water-65. Yield 4,500 in 1911. For explanation of abbreviations, lee pp. 1 and 2, 50 LONDON WELLS. Middlesex {Gouxdj)— continued. Bow Common Lane. Gas Light & Coke Co. Lond. 7 SE (a. 9). Ref . see p. 137. Well O.D. 34. Depth 350. Chalk- 148. Water -56. Bore 10 inches. Yield 8,000. Potter. 1906. Brentford. The Royal Brewery. Lond. 10 NW (b. 1). 1. Ref. L.M. p. 84. Well O.D. 30. Depth 386. Chalk-285. Water rose above ground. Shaft and cylinders to Chalk the rest bored. Made by Baker, 1847. 3. Ref. W.M.W. p. 7. Depth 541. Water -45. Yield 2,000. Isler. 1890. The water came from the Thanet Sand ; when this was shut out by tubing the Chalk gave little or no water. 3. Originally Booth's Distillery. About 100 yards from No. 1. Ref. L.M. p. 84. Depth more than 505. Chalk-285. Water to surface. Shaft 231 ; rest 8 inch bore. Yield 4,800. Made about 1847. In 1900 Messrs. Baker put in a 6-inch shell to 505 feet. The water still continued soft, and was not a chalk-water. The yield then was about 3,040 gallons an hour. It is now (1911) about 1,140, and the water level —150. Information from the Brewery. The water here has thus fallen 150 feet. Brentford. Gas Works close to Thames. Lond. 10 NW (b. 1). Ref . see p. 138. Well O.D. 30. Depth 600. Chalk-280. Water- 118. Bore 6 inches. Yield 3,000. Deep Well Co. 1910. Bromley-by-Bow. Berger's Starch Works. Lond. 8 NW (f. 2). 1. Ref. L.M. p. 85. Well O.D. 30. Depth 324. Chalk-144. Water — 35. Shaft and 18 inch bore. Yield unknown. Docwra. 1864. 2. Depth 554. Shaft 130, rest Hi inch bore. Yield 2,500. Docwra. 1879. Yield began to decrease in 1894 and water-level fell, till in 1906 it was below pump-level, or about —80. Bromley-by-Bow. Three Mills Lane. Kemball, Bishop & Co. Lond. 8 NW (f. 2). Ref. see p. 138. Well O.D. 25. Depth 400. Chalk-127. Water-73.' Bore 81 inches. Yield 8,000. A.Williams. 1908. Brompton Road. Harrod's Stores. Lond. 6 SE (e. 9). Borings have been made here by two firms. 1. Ref. see p. 140. Well O.D. 15. Depth, one 450, another 504. Chalk— 257. Water- 157. Two boreSj each 11 inches. Yield 10,000 each. Potter. 1903. 2. Ref. see p. 140. Well O.D. 15. Depth 500. Chalk-260. Water- 125. Bore llj inches. Yield 9,000. Isler. 1910. Water -145 in October, 1911. Brompton & Kensington Electric Light Co. West Brompton Station. Lond. 10 NE (b. 5). Ref. see p. 139. Well O.D. 20. Depth 400. Chalk-261. Water- 148. Bore 13 inches. Yield 2,500. Potter. 1905. Bunhill Row. Le Grand & Sutcliff. Two Wells. Lond. 7 NE (f. 1). 1. Ref. L.M. p. 87. Well O.D. 63. ' Depth 256. Chalk- 101. Water-63. Bore 4 inches. Yield 240. Le Grand. 1876. 2. Ref. W.M.W. p. 7. Well O.D. 62. Depth 345. Chalk- 103. Water-82. Bore 7i inches. Yield 600. Le Grand. 1893. BuNHiLL Row. Bovril Co. Lond. 7 NE (f. 1). Ref. P.G.S. p. 141. Well O.D. 54. Depth 409. Chalk- 101. Water-85. Bore 71 inches. Yield 3,000. Le Grand. 1899. BuNHiLL Row. No. 107. De la Rue & Co. Lond. 7 NE (f. 1) Ref. see p. 141. Well O.D. 64. Depth 450. Chalk-93. Water-92. Bore 5 inches. Yield 5,000. Le Grand. 1904. For explanation of abbreviations, see pp. 1 and '.'. CAtAlOGtJE. 51 Middlesex (GoMnty)— continued. BuNHiLL Kow. No. 51. List & Sons. Lond. 7 NE (f. 1). Ref. see p. 141. Well O.D. 64. Depth 250. Clialk-94. Water -101. Bore 6 inches. Yield 1,300. Le Grand. 1902. The water here fell 19 feet in 5 years. In 1910 it was - 121. Caledonian Road. Brewery Road. Gordon's Brewery. Lond. 7 NW(h.6). 1. Ref. L.M. p. 144. Well O.D. 144. Depth 220. Chalk-80. Water -45. Shaft throughout. Yield 4,000. Made 1860. Between 400 and 500 small holes were hored in the two lowest cylinders to let the water in and keep the sand out. 2. Owing to diminished yield and falling of the water-level, the base of the well was concreted and a boring carried 252 feet into the Chalk, making the total depth 472 feet. Water-60. Bore 11 inches. Yield 4,000. Docwra. 1880. Water fell to -68 in 1887; to -81 in 1901; to -88 in 1905; and to -120 in 1911, the water-level being then 38 feet below the top of the Chalk. (Information from Mr. A. Gordon.) Caledonian Road. Pentonville Prison. Lond. 7 NW (b. 6). Ref. L.M. p. 144. Well O.D. 120. Depth 370. Chalk- 100. Water -62. Shaft throughout. Yield 3,000. Old Well. Caledonian Road. Near Cattle Market. Messrs. Carlo Gatti & Slater's. Lond. 7 NW (b. 5)? Ref. P.G.S. p. 141. Well O.D. 130. Depth 451. Chalk-67. Water- 61. Bore 13^ inches. Yield . Isler. 1906. Caledonian Road. Gifford Street. Chemists' Aerated Water Association. Lond. 7 NW (c. 6). Ref. W.M.W. p. 8. Well O.D. 115. Depth 280. Chalk-77. Water -90. Bore 6 inches. Yield 2,000. Le Grand. 1894. Caledonian Road. Albion Brewery. Messrs. Santer's. Lond. 7 NW (a. 6). Ref. W.M.W. p. 8. Well O.D. 115. Depth 275. Chalk-90. Old Well. Water -100. Bore 6 inches. Yield 1,700. Information 1911. The original well was deepened by boring in 1890 by A. Williams. The original water-level was —10 O.D. Caledonian Road. Brewerv Road. Crosse & Blackwell. Lond. 7 NW (b. 6). Ref. P.G.S. p. 151. Well O.D. 140. Depth 450. Chalk-90. Water-70. Bore 8* inches. Yield 3,500. Isler. 1893. Water -100. Yield 3,500. Information 1911. Camden Town. Chalk Farm Station. L. & N. W. Railway. Lond. 7 NW (b. 2). Ref. L.M. p. 87. Well O.D. 108. Depth 400. Chalk- 126. Water-50 (pumping). Shaft to 231 feet ; rest bored. Old Well. Water-88 in 1892; fell to -130 in 1911, the yield being 165,000 a day. Information from Mr. C. J. B. Cook. Camden Town. Gloucester Road. Messrs. Pickford's. Lond. 7 NW (c. 2). Ref. L.M. p. 87. Well O.D. 115. Depth 297. Chalk- 100. Water — 15. Shaft and bore. Yield good. Disused since 1885. Camden Town. Camden Brewery. Close to Canal, Hampstead Road. Lond. 7 NW (c. 3). Ref. L.M. p. 88. Well O.D. 90. Depth 300. Chalk- 120. Old Well. Water- 129. Bore 15 inches. Yield 5,000. Information 1911. The original well is still in use. Camden Town. Piatt Street. Midland Railway Goods Depot. Lond. 7 NW (d. 4). Ref. P.G.S. p. 165. Well O.D. 61. Depth 360. Chalk-80. Water-82. Bore 30 inches. Yield 12,000. Isler. 1896. Water- 142 in 1911. For explanation of abbreviations, see pp. 1 and 2, 62 LONDON WEtLS. Middlesex iConntj)— continued. Camden Town. Pratt Street. Idris Mineral Waters. Lond. 7 NW (c. 4). 1. Ref. W.M.W. p. 8. Well O.D. 85. Deptli 410. Chalk-65. Water-75. Bore 8^ inches. Yield 4,000. Isler. 1898. 2. Depth 415. Bore 13 inches. Yield 10,000. Made by the firm in 1904. The water-level then was -88. Now (1911) the level is —121. The level of the first well in 1910 was —133. Informa- tion from Mr. Idris, the managing director. 3. Rochester Road. Witcher Place. Lond. 7 NW (b. 4). Ref. see p. 142. Well O.D. 100. Depth 420. Chalk- 126. Water -100. Bore 13 inches. Yield 3,000. Made by the firm. 1905. C.\MDBN Town. King Street. St. Pancras Baths. Lond. 7 NW (d. 4). Ref. see p. 141. Well O.D. 85. Depth 400. Chalk-77. Wat6r-74. Bore llj inches. Yield 8,500. Le Grand. 1901. Water — 108 in 1910. The water in this district has fallen 42 feet in 14 years. Chaeing Ckoss. Cox & Co. Craig's Court. Lond. 7 SW (d. 5). Ref. L.M. p. 88. Well O.D. 20. Depth 261. Chalk-215. Water — 105. This was used as a drain, not a well. Chancery Lane. Southampton Buildings. Birkbeck Bank. Lond. 7 SW (b. 7). Ref. P.G.S. p. 165. Well O.D. 68. Depth 178. Chalk- 110. Water-86. Shaft to Chalk. Yield 3,000. Tilley. 1899. Chelsea. For some information on water from wells at Chelsea, see L.M. p. 88. Chelsea. Britten Street. Anchor Brewery. Lond. 10 NE (a. 9). Ref. W.M.W. p. 9. Well O.D. 27. Depth 528. Chalk-251. Water -72. Shaft 170 feet; rest bored. Yield good. Baker. 1893. Chelsea. King's Road. Bowden's Brewery. Lond. 10 NE (o. 6). Ref. P.G.S. p. 142. Well O.D. 22. Depth 415. Chalk-227. Water — 29. Bore 5 inches. Yield . Baker. Chelsea. Public Baths. Manor Street. Lond. 10 NE (b. 9). Ref. P.G.S. p. 142, and p. 142. Well O.D. 16. Depth 463. Chalk -236. Water -92. Bore 13i inches. Yield 16,000. Potter & Co. 1905. Chelsea. Lots Road. Underground Electric Railway. Generating Station. Lond. 10 NE (d. 7). Ref. see p. 143. Well O.D. 17. Depth 475. Chalk-245. Water -98. Bore 8i inches. Yield 3,500. Potter. 1903. Chelsea. Flood Street. Electricity Supply Co. Lond. 10 NE (b. 9). Ref. see p. 143. Well O.D. 12. Depth 400. Chalk-240. Water -80. Bore 10 inches. Yield 12,000. Potter. 1902. Water fell to — 135 in 1909. Information from Chief Engineer. Chiswiok. Horticultural Gardens (now Royal Avenue). Lond. 10 NW (a. 6). Ref. L.M. p. 91. Well O.D. 20. Depth 329. Chalk-240. Water overflowed in 1823. Well is now filled in. Chiswiok. Griffin Brewery. Messrs. Puller. Lond. 10 NW (b. 7). Ref. L.M. p. 89. Well O.D. 24. Depth 404. Chalk-275. Water -17 in 1866; fell to -32 in 1876. A new well was made by Messrs. Isler in 1909. Water- 156. Bore 6 inches. Yield 3,000. The water-level has thus fallen 160 feet in 64 years at Chiswiok. A new well has since been made and carried to a depth of 1,300 feet. Old Red Sandstone at 1,096 feet. Bore 8 inches to 285 feet; the rest 7^ inches. Water -28. The account of this is given on pp. 31, 32, 145. Isler. 1912. For explanation of abbreviations, see pp. 1 and 2. CATALOGUE. 53 Middlesex (County)— con icknesE . Depth. Feet. Feet. 9 9 39 48 8 56 C 62 16 78 6 84 6 90 6 96 7 103 7 110 6 116 14 130 7 137 263 400 For explanation of abbreviations, sec pp. 1 and 2. 164 LONDON WELLg. Middlesex (CoTintj)— continued. PICCADILLY. 1. BUKLINGTON House. Royal Academy. 64 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messrs. Isler & Co. ] 909. Lined with 263 feet of G-inch tubes, 3 feet below surface. Water-level 151 feet below O.D. Supply 1,644 gallons an hour. Loiidon Map 7, S.W. (c. 3). [Superficial Beds.] [London Olay.J [Woolwich and Reading Beds ] [Thanet Sand.] Concrete Ballast Brown clay ' London clay Mottled clay Mottled clay and sand... Grey sands Mottled clays Green sand and pebbles f Hard grey sand I Green coated flints Chalk and flints Thickness. Feet. 3 13 3 162 10 6 7 27 7 22 2 188 Depth. Feet. 3 16 19 181 191 197 204 231 238 260 262 450 2. Piccadilly Hotel. Near Piccadilly Circus. Top of well 35 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messrs. Isler & Co. Lined with 20 feet of 15i-inch tubes, 6 feet below surface ; 120 feet of lli-inch tubes, 4 feet below surface ; 200 feet of 10-inch tubes 1 foot below surface ; and 35 feet of 8i-inch tubes, 189 feet below surface (40 feet perforated). Water-level 137 feet below O.D. Supply from Ch^lk, small. London Map 7, S.W. (c. 4). Thickness, ("London clay [London Clay.] < Clay and stone I London clay Mottled clay Hard dark clay Hard dark clay and peat [Woolwich and. Blue shale Reading Beds.] ' Mottled clay Hard dark sand and clay Green sand clay and pebbl _ Hard green sand rmi i o J T ( Grey sand and stone rock [Thanet Sand.] | ^^.^^^ ^j^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^ Chalk Ft. In. 97 48 14 2 I 20 3 7 5 20 2 222 Depth. Ft. In. 97 9 146 160 168 170 171 191 194 201 206 226 228 450 This well (2) at Piccadilly Circus, forms a useful contrast with that of Messrs. Waring (1) near Oxford Circus. (2). Piccadilly, top of chalk is at 193 feet below sea-level. (1). Oxford St., top of chalk „ 84 feet „ (2). Piccadilly, water-level „ 137 feet „ (1). Oxford St., water-level „ 129 feet „ There is very little difference in the water-level though there is more than 100 feet difference in -the level of the top of the chalk. The same northerly rise of the beds was noted in the Tube Railway north of Covent Garden. For explanation of abbreviations, see pp. 1 and 2. DESCEiPTIVE LIST. 165 Middlesex (County) — continued. PICCADILLY— continued. 3. Piccadilly Arcade. 55 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messes. Isler & Co. 1910. Lined with 265 feet of 6-inch tubes, 3 feet below ground. Water-level 163 feet below O.D. Yield 1,500 gallons an hour. London Map 7, S.W. (c. 3). London Clay ... [Woolwich and ( Mottled clay Reading Beds.] \ Mottled clay and sand Grey Thanet sand ... Green-coated flints ... Chalk and flints [Thanet Sand.] ] ] hicki less. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. 180 180 49 229 6 235 28 263 6 263 6 169 6 433 4. Hatchett'b Hotel. About 60 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made about 1820 ; described in Report of the Commissioners to enquire into the state of the supply of water to the Metropolis. 1828. pp. 47 to 48. Water rose to within 45 feet of the surface. [Superficial Beds.] London Map 7, S.W. (d. B). Gravel... Blue, London clay (about) ... Red clay, streaked with very bright red Black soil, more like peat, with large shells Green sand and red clay (about) ... Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. ... 14 14 ... 230 244 ... 14 258 ills 4 262 ... 20 282 The well is interesting as showing that in 1820 to 1828, the water-level was distinctly above sea-level ; it is now 150 feet below sea-level in this neighbour- hood. 5. Hay Hill. Berkeley House. 50 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made in 1911 Lined with 240 feet of Water-level 133 feet gallons an hour. and communicated by Messrs. Islee & Co. 6-inch tubing from 2 feet down. below O.D. ; unaffected by pumping. Yield 3,192 London Map 7, S.W. (c. 1). [Superficial Beds.] [London Clay.] r [Woolwich and Reading Beds.] I [Thanet Sands.] -f Made ground Ballast Brown clay London blue clay Mottled clay Grey sand Black clay Mottled clay Black clay and pebbles Dark grey sand ... Green-coated fiints Chalk Thickness. Feet. 3 2 5 146 7 20 3 36 2 14 1 . 211 Depth. Feet. 3 5 10 156 163 183 186 222 224 238 239 450 For explanatiou of abbreviations, see pp. 1 and 2. 166 LONDON Wells. Middlesex iCo\nnty)— continued. PIMLICO. Hovis Mills, 154, Grosvenor Road. Vauxhall Bridge. 20 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by the Artesian Well Boking Co. 1911. Diameter of bore 12 inches. Water-level (standing), 115 feet below O.D. Supply 13,000 gallons an hour. Pumping 160 feet below O.D. London Map 11, N.W. (b. 5). [Superficial j Beds.] 1 London Clay.J ] [Woolwich and ^ Reading Beds.] [?Thanet Sand.] ; Thickness. Depth Feet. Feet. Made-up ground 15 15 Beech timbers (piles of Old Vauxhall Bridge) 2i 17i Ballast 3 20§ Brown clay ... 3 2^ Thames ballast 3i 27 Blue clay 70 97 Brown clay 6i 103i Green sandy clay 12 115i Blue clay 20 135J Green sandy clay 1| 137 Blue rock clay 3 140 Blue clay and shells 10 150 Mottled clay 1 151 Yellow sandy clay 2 153 Hard sandstone 4 157 Soft sandstone 6 163 StifE yellow clay 10 173 Stiff brown clay and pebbles 10 183 Green sandy clay and pebbles pet] fied 37 220 Green-coated flint ... 1 221 Black flint 1 222 Chalk and flints .. 228 450 PINNER. The Towers. A. W. Marshall, Esq. 155 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messrs. Le Grand & Sutcliiti'. 1902, Diameter of bore 5 inches. Water-level 135 feet above O.D. Supply 1,620 gallons an hour. Middlesex Map 10, N.E. Thickness. [Superficial Beds.] [Reading Beds.] Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. i Top soil 16 — Yellow clay ... 3 4 6 Bed sand ... 2 6 6 Running sand ... 5 11 6 V Coloured clay ... 18 6 30 I Sand and pebbles 13 43 Chalk and flints... 107 150 For explanation of abbreviations, see pp. 1 and 2. DESCRIPTIVE LtST. ler Middlesex (CovLJltj)—eontmued. PONDERS END. 1. Messrs. Morson & Co. Corticene Works. About 60 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messes. Le Grand & Sutcliff. 1902. Bore 6 inches. Water-level 29 feet below O.D. Supply 1,000 gallons an hour. Middlesex Map 7, N.E.b. (South edge). [Superficial Beds.] [London Clay.J [Woolwich and ? Thanet.] Thickness. Depth Feet. Feet. Gravel 11 / Blue clay \ Sand (mixed) 19 30 8 38 ' Coloured clay 12 50 Light blue sand (hard) 17 67 Pebbles .3 70 Sand, clay and pebbles 16 86 ^ Grey sand 27 113 Chalk and flints 127 240 2. Norfolk Road. Messrs. Velvril, Bonnaud & Co. 50 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messrs. Brown & Son. 1904. Diameter of bore, 6 inches. Water-level 10 feet above O.D. Yield, 1,200 gallons an hour. Middlesex Map 7, N.E.e. [Superficial Beds.] [Woolwich and Reading Beds.] [V Thanet.] Made ground Gravel Red clay f Blue clay I Sand and shells <| Pebbles I Coloured clay t Limestone and sand Dead sand Chalk Thickness. Feet. 2 15 1 32 4 4 16 4 30 192 Depth. Feet. 2 17 18 50 54 58 74 78 108 300 Part of the ' Blue clay ' may be London Clay. 3. East London Water Co. (Metropolitan Water Board). Near Ponders End Lock, just west of the River Lea. 48 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made in 1904 and communicated by Mr. W. B. Bryan, M.I.C.E., Chief Engineer. Shaft 12 feet diameter, lined with iron cylinders to 114 feet down. Heading at 148 feet below O.D. Middlesex Map 7, N.E.E. Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. [Superficial Beds.] Ballast ... 21 21 r Mottled clay 33 54 [Reading and J Sand ... 18 72 ? Thanet Beds.] ) Dark sand... 15 87 ( Green sand.. 27 114 Flints ... 1 115 Chalk ... 92 207 For explanation of abbreviations, see pp. 1 and 2. 168 LONDON WELLS. Middlesex (CovLntj)— continued. PONDERS El^D— continued. 4. Brimsdown Lead Company. 500 yards east of Brimsdown Station. 50 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messes. Brown & Co. 1911. Diameter of bore, 9 inches. Water-level, 20. Yield not yet tested. Middlesex Map 7, N.E.e. [Superficial Beds.] [Woolwich and ? Thanet Beds.] Thickness. Depth Feet. Feet. Made ground... 3 3 Gravel 22 25 ' Blue clay 15 40 Green sand 4 44 Grey sand 4 48 Pebbles 4 52 Coloured sands 15 67 Sand and shells 4 71 Dead sand 6 77 Grey sand 4 81 Dead sand and pebbles 30 111 Chalk 239 350 POPLAR. 1. Poplar Union. High Street. 15 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messrs. A. Williams & Co. Diameter of bore, 8 J inches. Water-level 15 feet below O.D. Supply 10,000 gallons an hour. London Map 8, S.W. (c. 1). 1902. [Superficial Beds.] [London Clay.] [Woolwich and JReading Beds.] [Thanet Sand.] Made up ground . ' Blue clay ... Black fen peat Blue clay (soft) Live grey sand Hard ballast ( London blue clay. < Large black pebbles and water . ( Blowing dark green sand Mottled clay Dark brown sand Blue clay ... Blue clay and shell Hard shell bed ... Congealed black pebbles Green sand and small black pebbles Dark green sand Greeo sand and hard blue pebbles Dark green hard sand f Blowing grey sand < Hard grey sand ( Black flints Chalk Thickness. Depth Ft. In. Ft. In 5 5 2 7 2 9 f> 14 13 27 3 30 10 6 40 6 3 6 44 7 51 6 67 5 62 2 64 8 72 4 76 6 82 9 91 3 94 11 105 9 114 7 121 20 141 1 142 143 285 A special report on this well .by Mr. W. J. Dibdin, F.I.C, F.C.S., has been printed and a copy deposited in the Library of the Geological Survey. For explanation of abbreviations, see pp. 1 and 2. DESCRIPTIVE LIST. 169 Middlesex (.Co\intj)~continued. POPLAR — continued. 2. Lbven Koad. The Commercial Gas Company. 15 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messes. Le Grand & Sutclipf. Bore 10 inches. Water-level 28 feet below O.D. Supply 4,500 London Map 8, S.W. (b. 3). hour. 1902. gallons an [Superficial Beds.] < [? Oldhaven.] / [Woolwich and Thanet Beds.] Top soil Clay Ballast Blue London clay Black pebbles and clay ... Black pebbles Mottled clay Running sand Mottled clay Hard blue clay and shells Coloured clay and sands... Green sand and pebbles... Grey sand (loamy) Chalk and flints Thickness. Feet. 8 2 10 47 1 7 5 8 1 7 7 12 53 282 Depth. Feet. 8 10 20 67 68 75 80 88 89 96 103 115 168 450 REGENT'S PARK. Grove Road. Central Electric Supply Co. 115 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made in 1905 and communicated by Messes. Potter & Co. Diameter of bore 10 inches. Water-level 65 feet below O.D. Yield 10,000 to 20,000 gallons an hour. London Map 6, N.E. (e. 8). Made ground,. loam and ballast [London Clay.] {gSj;-;fJ ■ ' Coloured clay ... Black flints [Woolwich and Sand and gravel Beading and ^ Green sand and pebbles ? Thanet Beds.] Green sand Green sand and pebbles , Fine grey sand and pebbles Chalk and flints Thickness. Ft. In. 16 6 187 10 32 4 9 6 3 10 252 1905. Depth. Ft. In. 16 6 204 214 6 246 6 247 251 6 261 266 6 269 6 280 532 ST. JAMES'. 1. The North British and Mercantile Assurance Co. Waterloo Place. Top of Well 20 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messrs. Islee & Co. 1909. Lined with 30 feet of 8i-inch tubes 1 foot 6 inches below surface and 245 feet of 5-inch tubes 6 inches below surface. Water-level 147 feet below O.D. Supply 2,000 gallons an hour. London Map 7, S.W. (d. 4). Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. ( Sandy clay ... 8 3 [Superficial Beds.] \ Sand 9 12 (Ballast 14 26 For explanation of abbreviations, see pp. 1 and 2. 170 LONDON WELLS. Middlesex (CovLntj)— continued. ST. J AMEB'— continued. 1. The North British and Mercantile Assurance Co. — continued. [London Clay.] [Woolwich and Reading Beds.] [Thanet Sand.] Thickness. Depth Feet. Feet. Blue clay 98 124 Black sandy clay 28 152 ''■ Mottled clay ... 10 162 Brown clay 10 172 Sand 5 177 Mottled clay ... 4 181 Black clay 1 182 Light blue clay... 4 186 Red mottled clay 6 192 Shingles 10 202 ^ Green sand 6 208 Grey sand 32 240 Chalk and flints 195 435 2. Golden Square. Broad Street, Hugging & Co., Lion Brewery. 70 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messes. Isler & Co. 1910. Lined with 193 feet of lli-inoh tubes 13 feet 6 inches below surface, 80 feet of 13J-inch tubes and 20 feet of 15i inch tubes. Water-level 163 feet below O.D. Supply 3,000 gallons an hour. London Map 7, S.W. (b. 4). Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. Ballast 13 6 13 6 Blue clay 104 6 118 ("Mottled clay 11 129 J Running sand ... 17 146 1 Coloured clay 28 174 ( Sandy clay and pebbles 6 180 Dead sand 13 2 193 2 Flints 16 194 8 Chalk and flints ... 143 337 8 Grey chalk 312 4 650 [Superficial Beds.] [London Clay.] [Woolwich and Reading Beds.] [Thanet Sand.] ST. PANCRAS. 1. Messrs. Shoolbred. A number of wells have now been put down by this firm in their different premises ; the accounts of two earlier ones are published in Mr. Whitaker's " Some Middlesex Well Sections," p. 13. Two more have since been made, the account of which is given below. 1. Euston Road, north side, close to Tottenham Court Road. Well-top about 75 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messrs. Isler & Co. 1908. Lined with 10 feet of 7i-inch tubes and 240 feet of 5-inch tubes, two feet below surface. Water-level 125 feet below O.D. Supply 800 gallons an hour. London Map 7, N.W. (f. 3). Thickness. Depth. Concrete Made up ground Ballast [Superficial Beds.] [London Clay.] {Brown clay Blue clay 'eet. Feet. 1 1 5 6 2 8 2 10 52 62 For explanation of abbreviations, see pp. 1 and ?. DESCRIPTIVE LIST. ITl Middlesex (County)— continued. ST. FA'NOnAB— continued. 1. Boston Road — continued. [Woolwich and Eeading Beds.] Thickness. Depth Feet. Feet. 'Mottled clay ... 12 74 Grey sand 11 85 Brown clay 12 97 Sandy loam 17 114 Green sand 23 137 Sand and pebbles 2 139 Grey chalk 30 169 Ohalk and flints 140 309 Grey chalk 26 335 Chalk and flints 35 370 The water comes mostly from the green-sand, which is taken as part of the Reading Beds. It is worth noting that the water-level in this neighbourhood haa fallen nearly 100 feet since 1838. 2. Mortimer Market. Tottenham Court Road. Well-top about 85 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messrs. Isler & Co. 1908. Lined with 140 feet of 13i-inch tubes, and 20 feet of 15J-inch tubes, 14 feet below the surface. Water-level 124 feet below O.D. Supply 6,000 gallons an hour. London Map 7, N.W. (f. 4). Thickness. Made up'ground Ballast [London Clay.] [Woolwich and Reading Beds.] 5 Brown clay Blue clay f Mottled clay I Light blue clay Dark blue clay -i Mottled clay Light sand Grey sand and clay 1^ Green sand and pebbles Chalk Feet. 14i 5 2 48 m 5 2 6 14 10 16 259 Depth. Feet. 19i 2U 69i 88 93 95 101 115 125 141 400 3. Messes. Oetzman & Co. Hampstead Road, near Euston Road. Well-top about 85 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messrs. Isler & Co. 1910. Diameter of bore 6 inches. Water-level 130 feet below O.D. Supply 1,261 gallons an hour. London Map 7, N.W. (f . 3). Feet. Dag well ... 140 Rubbish ... 110 In chalk ... 100 350 This well is on the site of the old Eagle Brewery well, the account of which is published in the 'Geology of London' (Jfem. Gfeol. Survey), Vol. II., p. 108. In 1839, the water-level in a well close by was only 20 feet below sea-level ; it has thus fallen 110 feet. For explanation of abbreviations, see pp. 1 and ?. 172 LONDON WELLS. Middlesex (County)— confinwd ST. FATSGB, AS— continued. 4. Messes. Hoopee, Steuve & Co. 11, Whitfield St., Tottenham Court Rd. Well-top about 80 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made arid communicated by Messes. Islee & Co. 1908. Lined with 15 feet of lli-inch tubes 44 feet below surface, and 140 feet of i-inch tubes, 6 inches below surface. Water-level 120 feet below O.D. Supply 2,500 gallons an hour. London Map 7, S.W. (a. 4). [Superficial Beds.] [London Clay.] [Woolwich and Reading Beds.] Thickness Depth Feet. Feet. Dug well 13 13 Made ground 5 18 Ballast 144 324 Brown clay 2 344 Blue clay 494 84 Mottled clay 19 103 Dark blue clay 10 113 Mottled clay 15 128 Blue clay and sand 6 134 Green sand and pebbles 19 153 Chalk and flints 247 400 . St. Pancras Baths. Whitfield Street, Tottenham Court Road, 200 yards south of Warren Street (Tube) Station. Street-level 90 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messes. Islee & Co. 1909. Lined.with 155 feet of llj inch tubes, 6 feet below surface. Water-level 125 feet below O.D. ; supply 1,400 gallons an hour. London Map 7, N.W. (f. 3). Thickness. [Superficial Beds.] [London Clay.] [Woolwich and Reading Beds.] [? Thanet Sand.] Depth Feet. Feet. Basement and concrete 11 11 Gravel ... 7 18 f Brown clay 2 20 London Clay 52 72 Mottled clayi 54 126 f Mottled sands 5 131 < Green sands 4 135 ( Green sands and pebbles 5 140 Grey sands 10 156 Green coated flints ... 1 157 Chalk and flints 343 500 6. Pangeas Road, No. 10. The F.I.A.T. Motor Cab Company. 55 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messrs. Islee & Co. 1910. Lined with 135 feet of 114-inch tubes, 2 feet below surface. Water-level 127 feet below O.D. Supply 9,192 gallons an hour. London Map 7, N.W. (e. 5). Thickness. Feet. Dug pit 6 C Brown clay ... 54 i Clay 164 I r [London Clay.] Blue clay. 29 Depth. Feet. 6 Hi 28 57 I Part of this is London Clay and pait Reading Beds. Here the water-level is below the sands and well down in the nhalk ; the latter being rather dense only a small quantity can be obtained ; the well is not used. For explanation of abbreviations, see pp. 1 and 2. DESCRIPTIVE LIST. 173 Middlesex (GovLVitj)— continued. ST. FANG^ AS— continued. 6. Pancras Road, No. 10— continued. [Woolwich and Beading Beds.] / Mottled clay Sand and pebbles Flints Chalk and flints... G-rey chalk Thickness. Depth Feet. Feet. 55 112 18 130 2 132 181 313 137 450 SHEPHBBD'S BUSH. 1. Central London Railway. Generating Station. 22 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made by Messrs. Le Grand & Sutclifp in 1908 and communicated by Basil Mott, Esq. Bore 10 inches. Water-level 158 feet below O.D. Supply 6,000 gallons an hour. London Map 6, S.E. (c. 1). [Superficial Beds.] [London Clay.] [Beading Beds.] [Upper Chalk.] Mould Made ground / Yellow clay \ Gravel / Blue clay and septaria \ Blue sandy clay f Mottled clay 3 Brown clay J Conglomerate ( Mottled sandy clay and pebbles Thanet Sand f Hard and soft chalk- and flints I Chalk and flints Hard chalk and flints Soft chalk and flints Hard grey chalk and flints ... Hard and soft chalk and flints Thickness. Depth. Fb. In. Ft. In. 2 2 4 6 3 6 9 6 15 6 25 104 129 30 159 32 191 12 203 2 205 9 214 10 6 230 6 74 6 305 18 323 60 383 12 395 3 398 32 430 2. Wood Lane. Kensington and Notting Hill Electric Lighting Co. 22 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made by Messrs. Potter & Co., 1902. Communicated by C. M. Bennett, Esq. Diameter of bore 10 inches. Water-level 98 feet below O.D. in 1902, 156 feet below O.D. in 1911. Supply 10,000 gallons an hour. London Map 6, S.E (c. 1). Thickness. Depth. Made ground [Superficial Beds.] {g';y,gj ;" ;;; ;" Feet. Feet 5 5 10 15 13 28 22171 For explanation of abbreviations, see pp. 1 and 2. M 174 LONDON WELLS. Middlesex (Covintj)— continued. SHEPHERDS BUSH— continued. 2. Wood Lane— continued. Thickness. Feet. Depth Feet. Blue London clay Clay of varying qualities' ? Sandy clay ?01ay Sand 36 74 6 1 18 64 138 144 145 163 Clay Clay Sandstone and rock 3 48 23 166 214 237 Sandstone 4 241 Chalk flints 1 242 Chalk, with flints 158 400 Chalk, without flints 1.5? 415 SHOREDITCH. 1. Coronet Street. Borough Generating Station. 50 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made by Messrs. Brown & Son in 1900. Communicated by Mk. C. Newton Russell, A.M.T.C.E., the Borough Engineer. Diameter of bore 12i inches. Water level 108 feet below O.D. Yield 3,000 gallons an hour. London Map 7, N.E. (e. 2). [Superficial Beds.] [London Clay.] [Woolwich and Reading Beds.] [? Thanet Sand.] 1. Sand and ballast 2. Red clay 3. Blue clay 4. Dead sand 5. Light blue clay 6. Sharp sand 7. Model clay 8. Peat 9. Clay and shells 10. Sand and shells 11. Green sand, many small pebbles 12. Shelly clay, passing to lime- stone 13. Pebbles, small, well rounded ^ 14. Clay and pebbles, larger ... 15. Dead sand, pale, not green 16. Black pebbles Dead sand Green-coated flints 19. Chalk and flints il7. (18. Depth. Thickness Ft. In. Ft. In. 6 6 6 6 1 9 8 3 55 9 64 3 67 2 6 69 6 3 72 6 4 6 77 6 77 6 3 80 6 2 6 83 3 83 3 2 85 3 1 6 86 9 12 98 9 49 147 9 2 149 9 4 163 9 9 15t 6 200 354 6 No. 5 is a thin band of greenish Reading clay, with the colour partly leached out. No. 7 is a dark silty clay, with shells (Cyrena ? and not oysters) identical with that in the Rotherhithe Tunnel, where it also rested on a peat-bed, or a mixture of clay and decomposed vegetable matter. No. 12. This shelly clay contains more shells than the bed in a similar position at Rotherhithe. The extremely hard yellow limestone into which it locally passes is identical at both localities. No. 16. These pebbles are in an unusual position ; they may have been pushed down the boring from No. 14. 1 Part of this is London Clay and part probably Beading Clay. There does not seem to be any true Thanet Sand. For explanation of abbreviations, see pp. 1 and 2. DESCRIPTIVE LIST. 175 Middlesex (Coiintj)— continued. SROREDITGB.— continued. Analysis of Sample of Well Water taken by the Hotchkiss Boiler Company. Shoeeditch Vestry Electric Station. Sample of Well Water. Grains per gallon. Sodium chloride 10'84 Sodium sulphate 14'39 Sodium carbonate 1-41 Calcium carbonate 7*70 Magnesium carbonate ,,. 5'44 Silica ... 0-84 Organic and volatile matter 1'38 Iron and alumina traces 42-00 Temporary hardness, 10'6 ; Permanent, none, August 2, 1900. 2. KiNGSLAND KOAD. Workhouse. 65 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made in 1900 and communicated by Messrs. Bkovcn & Son. Diameter of bore 12 inches. Water level 95 feet below O.D. Yield 7,000 gallons an hour. Yield 8,000 gallons a day : recent information. London Map 7, N.E. (d. 2). Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. [Superficial Beds.] Sand and ballast ... 6 6 6 6 [London Clay.] { ^^^^ i'.: ::: 5^ I 6^4 I " Dead sand 3 67 Light-blue clay ... 2 6 69 6 Sharp sand 3 72 6 Mottled clay ... 4 6 77 Peat 6 77 6 Clay and shells ... 3 80 6 Sand and shells ... 2 6 83 Green sand 3 83 3 Clay and limestone 2 85 3 Pebbles 6 6 91 9 Clay and pebbles ... 12 103 9 Dead sand 49 152 9 Black pebbles ... 2 154 9 Dead sand 4 158 9 Green flint 9 159 6 Chalk 202 6 362 [Woolwich and Reading Beds.] [Thanet Sand ?] SOUTHALL. 1. Close to the Brent. Messrs. Houlder's Vitriol Works. 100 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messrs. R. Richards & Co. 1906. Diameter of bore 4 inches. Water-level 70 feet above O.D. Supply ample. Middlesex Map 15, S.W. (d. 7). Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. ("Dug well 20 20 [London Clay.] i Blue clay 86 106 ( Blue clay and stones 79 185 For explanation of abbreviations, see pp. 1 and 2. 22171 M 2 176 LONDON WELLS. Middlesex iCovLUtj)— continued. SOUTBATAj— continued. Messks. Houlder's Vitriol Works- [Reading Beds.] ' Mottled clay and sandy clay Sandy clay Mottled clay Brown clay Sandy and black clay Black clay with stones and green sandy stones Chalk and flints continued. Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. *•• 15 200 ■•• 3i 203i ■•• a 208 ... 34 242 ■ •> 5 247 sandy ... 4 251 ■ *. 56 307 2. Brentford Gas Company (close to the above), same height above O.D. Made and communicated by the Deep Well Tool and Boring Company (St. Albans). (1) Diameter of bore inches. Water level 70 feet above O.D. Supply only 500 gallons. Abandoned. Middlesex Map 15, S.W. (d. 6). [Superficial Beds.] [London Clay.] [Reading Beds.] Gravel Blue clay and claystone {Coloured claya Dark loam with black pebbles Chalk and few flints ... inches. Water-level 68 feet above O.D. Supply Thickness. Depth Feet. Feet. 23 23 143 166 86 252 J 4 256 294 550 (2) Diameter of bore 5,000 gallons an hour. Section much the same as No. 1, but carried to 603 feet or 341 feet into the Chalk. 3. Messrs. Otto Monsted's Works. 95 feet above Ordnance Datum.' Made and communicated by Messrs. Isler & Co. 1911. November. In progress in Diameter of bore 15i inches at top diminishing to 5 inches at bottom of boring. Water overflows slightly at the surface. Present yield 2,500 gallons an hour. Middlesex Map 15, S.W. (d. 9). [Superficial.] [London Clay.] [Reading Beds.] Thickness. Depth Feet. Feet Brown clay 6 6 Gravel and sand 20 26 Brown clay 1 27 Blue clay 196 223 Black pebbles 1 224 Mottled clay 16 240 Yellow mottled clay ... 10 250 Mottled clay and pebbles 12 262 Sandy mottled clay 22 284 Dark sandy clay 3 287 Loamy green sand 8 295 For explanation of abbreviationis, see pp. 1 and 2. DESCBIPTIVE LIST. 177 Middlesex (County) — continued. BOV'S'B.Mi'L— continued. 3. Messrs. Otto Monsted's Wokks- [Chalk.] [Upper Greensand and Gault.] [Old Bed Sandstone.] Chalk ... Grey chalk Blue gault* Sand Blue gault Fine sand Blue gault Bed mail For further account, see pp. 31-33. continued. Thickness. Depth Feet. Feet. 107 402 474 876 121 997 6 1,003 4 1,007 6 1,013 122 1,135 97 1,232 STEPNEY. 1. Leman Street. Wholesale Co-operative Society. Street-level, 50 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messrs. Isler & Co. 1899. Lined with 30 feet of 15-inch tubes, 6 feet below surface ; and 256 feet of 10-inch, 4 feet 9 inches below surface. Water-level 62 feet below O.D. Supply 3,000 gallons an hour. London Map 7, S.E. (c. 3). [London Clay.] [Woolwich and Beading Beds.] [Thanet Sand.] Dug well Ballast Blue clay Mottled clay Dead sand and stones .. Pyrites and sand Pebbles Green sand Green sand and stones Bunning sand ... ' Green sand Chalk and flints Thickness. Feet. 7 3 98 28 7 5 3 24 13 4 10 253 Depth. Feet. 7 10 108 136 143 148 151 175 188 192 202 455 2. Commercial Gas Co. Stepney Works. 28 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messrs. Potter & Co. 1904. Diameter of bore 10 inches. Water-level 72 feet below O.D. Supply 5,000 gallons an hour. London Map 7, S.E. (a. 7). Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. Concrete 2 2 Gravel 6 8 Brown clay 254 33J Blue clay 38 71J Brown clay 20 91i [Superficial Beds.] [London Clay.] ' Part of this probably belongs to the Gault, or the Gault here contains beds of greeu- eand in its upper portion. A specimen from a depth of more than 1,175 feet is a slightly nucaceous chocolate-colonied hard marl. Another version gives the top of the Old Red Sandstone at 1,130 feet. For explanation of abbreviations, see pp. 1 and 2, 178 LONDON WELLS. Middlesex {County)— continued. ST EPNE Y— continued. 2. Commercial Gas Co. — continued. Thickness. Depth Feet. Feet. ' Mottled clay 23 114i Clay and shells 4 118i [Woolwich and Dark sand 5 1234 Reading Beds.] Clay and shells 4 127i Green sand and pebbles 22i 150 Grey sand and pebbles 1.5 165 Thanet sand 32 197 Flints 1 198 Chalk and flints 242 440 Hard chalk 257 697 3. Wbllclose Square (North of London Docks). Greenfield & Co. Street-level, 35 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messrs. Islek & Co. Lined with 210 feet of 7j-inch tubes, 8 feet below surface. Water-level 60 feet below O.D. Supply 3,600 gallons an hour. London Map 7, S.E. (c. 4). [Superficial Beds.] [London Clay.] [Woolwich and [Reading Beds ] [Thanet Sand.] Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. Dug well ... ..* 3 3 Ballast ... ... 1 6 4 6 Clay ... ... ... 85 6 90 Grey marl 8 98 ' Mottled clay ... ... 15 113 Grey sand ... ... 8 121 Grey marl ... ... 9 130 Pebbles... 12 142 Green sand 6 148 Pebbles and green sand 1 149 Grey sand ... ... 10 159 Pebbles and grey sand 2 161 , Pebbles... ... 4 165 Grey sand ... ... 27 192 Chalk ... ... ... 99 291 Flints ... ... 4 295 Chalk ... 107 402 STRAND. 1. Hotel Cecil. 28 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made in 1899 and communicated by Messrs. Bkown & Sons. Bore 12 inch diameter. Water-level 170 feet below O.D. in 1911. 12,000 gallons an hour in 1911. London Map 7, S.W. (c. 6). Yield Thickness. Ft. In. Depth. Ft. In. Blue London Clay ... 140 140 [Woolwich and Mottled clay Marl and limestone ... 43 3 6 188 186 6 Reading Beds. [Thanet Sand.; Ironstone and pebbles Dead sand Chalk 1 6 38 174 188 226 400 For explanation of abbreviations, see pp. I and 2. DESCBIPTIVE LIST. 179 Middlesex (Gonntj)— continued. STRAND— continued. 2. Savoy Hotel. 19 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made in 1904 and communicated by Messes. Bkown & Son. Shaft with brickwork 35 feet, bore lined with 18-inch pipes to Chalk, open 1-inch bore in Chalk. Water-level 173 feet below O.D. Yield 12,000 gallons an hour. London 7 S.B. (c. 6). [Woolwich and Reading Beds.] Blue London Clay ... Mottled clay Peat Lime and ironstone ... Bed marl . Pebbles t Green sand and pebbles [Thanet Sand.] {K sand "i i: Chalk and flints Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. 128 128 30 158 2 160 1 161 17 178 5 183 5 188 S 194 23 217 208 425 3. Clement's Inn. About 55 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messrs. Le Grand & Sutcliff. 1906. Bore 71 inches. Water-level 135 feet below O.D. (1906). Supply 2,400 gallons an hour. London Map 7, S.W. (b. 6). Basement [London Clay.] ■ Brown clay ( Blue clay (Olaystones after passing 36 feet) ■ Mottled clay Brown clay Mottled clay [Woolwich and , Blue sandy clay Reading Beds.] 1 Light mottled clay Mottled clay Conglomerate (pebbles and sand) ... Green sandy clay, pebbles and shells Hard dark grey sand (Thanet) Green flints Chalk and flints rhickness. Depth Feet. Feet. . 14 2 16 ) 130 146 . 4 150 6 156 . 15 171 4 175 2 177 . 12 189 . 6h 1944 . 9i 204 . 28 232 2 234 . 216 450 4. "Morning Post" Offices, near Aldwych. 52 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messrs. A. Williams & Co. 1908. Diameter of bore 1,000 gallons an hour. 7} inches. Water-level 123 feet below O.D. Supply London Map 7, S.W. (c. 6). Dug well [London Clay.] Loamy blue clay [Woolwich and i Mottled clay Reading Beds.] \ Loamy green sand and pebb' [Thanet Sand.] Running sand Chalk and flints Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. 12 12 128 140 30 170 les 20 IbO 21 211 269 480 For explanation of abbreviations, see pp. 1 and 2. 180 LONDON WELLS. Middlesex {GovLnty)— continued. TOTTENHAM. 1. Tottenham Baths at the Municipal Buildings. 55 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made in 1906 and communicated by Messrs. Beown & Son. Some details from W. H. Pkescott, Esq., Municipal Engineer and Surveyor 7 foot sbaft to 67i feet ; rest bore of 19 inches diameter. Water-level 65 feet below O.D. Yield 15,000 gallons an hour. London Map 3, N.E. (e. 3). Thickness. Yellow clay Brown clay Blue clay Coloured clay ... Sand and pebbles Dead sand Shells and pebbles Sand Chalk The account by Messrs. Brown & Son make the depth to the Chalk as 144, but the above account agrees with the section at the Imperial Cold Stores near by. [London Clay.] [Woolwich and Reading Beds.] [Thanet Sand.] Feet. 8 16 80 18 7 30 3 14 277 Depth. Feet. 24 104 122 129 159 162 176 453 's Stores. 1898. 2. White Hakt Lane, in a brick pit. Messrs. Fremliu' 40 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messes. Brown & Son. Shaft 125 feet deep. Diameter of bore 6 inches. Water-level 50 feet below O.D. Yield 1,200 gallons an hour. London Map 3, N.E. (a. 1) ? Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. Blue London Clay 64 64 r Sand and shells... 10 65 Pebbles 10 66 Coloured clay ... 10 76 Coloured sands ... 4 6 80 6 White marl ... 2 6 83 White sand ... 9 6 92 6 Pebbles 10 93 6 Dead sand ... 6 6 100 Pebbles 2 102 Dead sand ... 32 134 Chalk 166 300 [Woolwich and Reading Beds.] [Thanet Sand.] TWYFORD ABBEY. Greenford Union. The Alexian Brothers. About 90 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messrs. Le G-rand & Sutcliff. 1904. Bore 4 inches. Water-level 60 feet above O.D. Supply 300 gallons an hour. London Map 6, N.W. (d. 2). 1 Dug well Sand. ? Base of London Clay or Reading Mottled clay Clay and pebbles Sand Mottled sandy clay and pebbles Grey sandy clay Green sandy clay, shells and pebbles , Grey sand Green flints (loose) Chalk and flints [Woolwich and Reading Beds.] Lckness Depth Feet. Feet. 222 — 19 241 13 254 2 256 1 257 6 263 4 267 3 270 1 271 1 272 28 300 For explanation of abbreviations, see pp. 1 and 2, DliSCHIPTIVE LIST. 181 Middlesex (County)— continued. WAPPING. 1. Messrs. Hoare's Brewery, Lower East Smithfield. 17 feet above Ordnance Datum. 'Made and communicated by Messrs. Potter i Lined with 12-inch tubes to 194J feet. Water-level 90 feet below O.D. Supply 12,000 gallons London Map 7, S.E. (d. 3). [Superficial Beds.] [London Clay.J [Woolwich and Beading Beds.] Made ground, bricks, timber and clay Old timbers and gravel Gravel /Clay Blue clay f Mottled clay Silty aand Dead sand Green sand and pebbles Coloured sands and pebbles Black pebbles Thanet Sand Chalk and flints Hard chalk and flints ... Hard grey chalk and flints : Co. 1907. an hour. Thickness. Ft. In. 10 7 6 18 6 23 3 23 9 13 5 2 6 8 6 29 3 39 6 233 6 11 24 Depth. Ft. In. 10 17 6 36 59 3 83 96 101 103 6 112 141 144 183 6 417 428 452 2. Wapping High Street. No. 137 (Wapping Station). The Commercial Gas Company. 15 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messrs. Potter & Co. 1904. Diameter of bore 10 inches. Water-level 60 feet below O.D. 5,300 gallons an hour in 1909. London Map 7, S.E. (d. 5). Supply Thickness. DeptB F^et. Feet. Clay 7 7 [Superficial Beds.] Sand and ballast Ballast 23 14 30 44 Clay 10 54 [London Clay.] < Sand and clay 7 61 Clay 12 73 'Mottled clay 4 77 Bed of shell and claystone 3 80 Hard shell and clay 14 8U 'Woolwich and Conglomerate pebble 5 86i Reading Beds.] Green sand and pebbles 20 106i Live sand 4 llOi Grey sand 8i 119 , Grey sand and pebbles 4 123 Grey sand Hi 134i Thanet Sand 5i 140 Chalk and flint 259 399 Chalk 3 402 Chalk and flints 8 410 Chalk, very flinty 34 444 Hard chalk 157 601 Chalk 107i 7084 For explanation of abbreviations, see pp. 1 and 2. 182 LONUON WELLS. Middlesex (County) — continued. WESTMINSTER. 1. Caxton House. Messrs. Holloway Bros. 5 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messes. Isler & Co. 1906. Lined with 240 feet of 7J-inch tubes, level with basement. Water-level 149 feet below O.D. Supply 2,880 gallons an hour. [Superficial Beds.] [London Clay.] [Woolwich and Reading Beds.] [? Thanet Sand.] London Map 7, S.W. (e. 4). Concrete Peat Sandy clay Dark sands Light sands Ballast Blue clay Clay and pebbles i Mottled clay Congealed mottled clay Conglomerate rock Clay with pebbles ... Loamy sands Green coated flints Chalk and flints Thickness. Ft. In. 2 4 14 6 74 38 32 9 8 19 23 1 158 6 Depth. Ft. In. 6 13 19 23 37 6 111 149 181 190 198 217 240 241 400 2. Elverton Street. Horseferry Road. The British Oxygen Co. 15 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messrs. Isler & Co. 1910. Lined with 50 feet of 8i-inch tubes and 235 feet of 6-inch tubes, both 7 feet below surface. Water-level 154 feet below O.D. Supply 2,000 gallons an hour. London Map 7, S.W. (f. 4) Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. Made up ground 10 10 [Superficial Beds.] Ballast and sand 42 52 ' Blue clay 68 120 Sandy clay 18 138 [London Clay.] Green sand 2 140 Grey sand 1 141 ^ Sandstone 1 142 •- Mottled clay 16 158 Sand 6 164 Black clay 5 169 Woolwich and Clay and shale 4 173 ; leading Beds.] Red mottled clay 9 182 Grey sand 5 187 Congealed ballast 3 190 Green sand and pebbles 6 196 [Thanet Sands.] Green running sand ... Green coated flints ... 39 6 235 235 6 Chalk 114 6 350 Grey chalk 100 450 For explanation of abbreviations, see pp. 1 and 2. DESCKIPTIVE LIST. i8;j Middlesex (.GovLntj)—c(mtiHued. WESTMINSTER— conienwerf. 3. "Victoria Street. Broadway Mansions. Westminster Trust, Ltd. 20 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messrs. Matthews (Manchester). 1910. Diameter of bore 9f inches. Water-level 135i feet below O.D. Supply 4,000 gallons an hour. [Superficial Beds.] [Woolwich and Beading Beds.] London Map 7, S.W. (e. 4). Ballast Blue Loudon Clay ... Flint and marl Marl Marl and ballast Ballast and green sand Green sand Sand and flint Chalk with flints Thickness. Ft. In. 40 115 6 15 20 3 18 19 1 6 219 6 Depth. Ft. In. 40 155 6 170 190 193 211 230 232 451 6 WILLESDEN. 1. Stonebrid&e Park. White Heather Laundry. 130 feet above Ordnance Datum. First bore made and communicated bv Messrs. Potter & Co. 1910. Diameter of bore 10 inches. Water-level (at rest) 10 feet below O.D. ; Supply 7,000 gallons an hour. London Map 6, N.W. (b. 6). Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. ' Brown clay 10 10 Brick clay? 18 28 [London Clay.] Blue clay Blue clay with sand 141 13 6 169 182 G Sandy or loamy blue clay 3 6 186 . Blue clay 14 200 ' Mottled clay 24 224 Brown coloured clay ... 5 229 [Woolwich and Brown coloured sand ... 11 240 Beading Beds.] Sand and pebbles 7 247 Pebbles 3 6 250 6 Green sand 12 262 6 Flints 1 6 264 Chalk 87 351 Grey chalk 3 354 Chalk ?9 433 Grey chalk 8 441 Chalk 9 450 Grey chalk 12 462 Chalk 27 489 Chalk and flints 4 493 Chalk 3 496 Water tested and f ov ind to be 14-28 degrees of hardness, Clark's scale. For explanation oi abbreviatione, see pp. 1 and 2, 184 LONDON WELLS. Middlesex iCoxintj)— continued. Wlhh'ESDVjlif— continued. 1. Stonebridge Vark— continued. Second bore, a short distance from the first, made by the Pekkins Macintosh Deep Well Tool and Boring Co., in 1911. This boring is of special interest as it went through the whole of the Chalk and the Gault, penetrating red marls (slightly flecked with green) obviously the same as those penetrated in the boring at Park Royal (now the Great Western Railway Generating Station). See pp. 32 and 33. The deep-seated water overflows at the surface. Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. London Clay 196 196 ( ' Woolwich and Reading beds 46 242 [Woolwich and J Fine brown sand 7 249 Reading Beds.] ) Tightly packed gravel 6 4 255 4 ( _ Light green sand 8 256 ' Discoloured chalk without flints 12 268 White chalk with flints 232 500 % Tough chalk without flints ... 80 580 Tough chalk with clay 10 590 Clay and chalk 6 .596 Very hard tough clay (greeny [Chalk and Chalk Marl.] tint) Hard tough clay 2 6 598 604 Very soft sandy clay (dark green) 19 . 623 Flints 3 626 Chalk 96 722 Clay 1 723 White chalk 6 729 Mixed chalk and clay 3 732 Chalk 114 846 [Gault.] Gault 252 1,098 ' Red marls 63 1,161 Red marls somewhat lighter 72 1,233 Sandstone 7 1,240 Red marls lighter tint changing to lead coloured shale 13 1,253 Soft grey rock. Slaty shale 27 1,280 Slate grey clay. (Slaty shale) 10 1,290 [? Old Red Very dark red marls 18 1,308 Sandstone.] Red marls 43 1,351 Very dark red marls 14 1,365 Red marls 32 1,397 Thin beds of hard sandstone 5 1,402 Hard red marls 3 1,407 Red marls 78 1,485 Very dark soft sandstone ... 15 1,500 Grey marls 3 1,503 . Continued to — 2,000 Two complete analyses of the deep-seated water from this boring have been made by Mk. Beeby Thompson. The first was collected on the 19th September, 1911 ; the second on the 20th September. For explanation of abbreviations, see pp. 1 and 2. DESCKIPTIVE LIST. 185 Middlesex (Go\intj)—coniinued. WILLESDEN- continued. 1. Stonbbridge Pab,k— continued. The chief points of interest are as follows : — The total solid residue in grains per gallon is (i) 1102 ; No. (ii) 1109-5. The residue was analysed, the result being given in parts per thousand. Calcium carbonate „ sulphate „ chloride Magnesium sulphate „ chloride Sodium sulphate „ chloride Potassium chloride Organic matter, etc. No. (i). No. (ii). •098 •087 •042 •145 — •127 •134 •078 •046 — 15^027 14^709 •391 •382 •005 •322 15-743 15^850 This is a peculiar water containing about 1^58 per cent, of solids dissolved in it, mostly common salt. In connection with the above analysis it may be pointed out that the deep- seated water from the Richmond boring also overflowed at the surface though not in large quantity. There is no record of its being markedly salt, though some of it came from presumably the same beds. The water from the Old Red rocks at Beckton (see p. 96) overflowed at the surface and is also salt, though much less so than that of the White Heather boring. 2. North Metropolitan Electric Light and Power Co., Taylor's Lane. 110 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messrs. Potter & Co. 1908. Casing tubes 237 feet down. Diameter of bore 10 inches. Boring from basement of Boiler House. Water-level 30 feet below O.D. Supply 5,000 gallons an hour. London Map 6, N.W. (b. 6). Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. Concrete 2 2 ' Yellow clay 16 18 Blue clay and stones 3 21 Blue clay 25 46 [London Clay.] - Blue clay and clay stones 4 50 Blue clay 80 130 Blue clay and clay stones 7 137 ^ Blue clay 37 174 Woolwich and leading Beds.] 'Mottled clay Brown sand and pebbles Coloured sand and flints 43 3 9 6 6 217 220 6 230 Chalk and flints 80 310 Hard sticky chalk 2 6 312 6 Hard chalk 7 6 320 Chalk and flints 180 450 For explanation of abbreviations see pp. 1 and 2, 180 LONDON WELLS. Middlesex (CoTxaty)— continued. WILh'EiSiD'&N— continued. 3. Paek Koyal, a few yards north of the Great WeBtern Railway Power Station. 113'07 feet above Ordnance Datum. London 6, N.W. (d. 3). This boring, to a depth of 600 feet, was made by Messes. Tilley in 1904, and the section of the beds passed through is published in the Summary of Progress of the Geological Survey of Great Britain for 1906, p. 171. The bore was afterwards continued, by the New Calyx Drill Company, to a depth of 1,180 feet 6 inches. After passing through the whole of the Chalk and the Gault, within which a small thickness of greensand was met with, little or no water was obtained. Lower down a little mottled marl and limestone were passed through but no specimens were kept and their age is unknown. The well is abandoned. London clay Beading Beds ThanetSand? Chalk ) Chalk U75 Grey chalk J Gault "I Gault and greensand >-218 Gault ) ( Mottled marl' I Limestone? ' The other deep borings suggest that this and the Limestone belong to the Old Red Sandstone. For explanation of abbreviations, see pp. 1 and 2. Thickness. Depth, Feet. Feet. 263 263 67 330 30 360 f240 600 ^210 810 (125 935 f 49 984 \ m 997i (l55i 1,153 10 1,163 17i l,180i DESCRIPTIVE LIST. 187 SURREY. BATTERSEA. 1. Spiees and Pond's Laundry. Street-level 15 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messes. A. Williams & Co. 1 905. Diameter of bore 8i inches. Water-level 70 feet below O.D. Supply 6,000 gallons an hour. [Superficial Beds.] [London Clay .J [Woolwich and Beading Beds.] [? Thanet Sand.] London Map 11, N.W. (d. 1). Thickness. Depth Feet. Feet. Gravel 15 15 Fine sand and gravel 10 25 Gravel and sand 3 28 Gravel 1 29 . Gravel and blue clay 4 33 / Blue clay and clay stones \ Clay stones and mottled clay 119 152 16 168 ' Mottled clay 24 192 Mottled clay, pebbles and sand 10 202 Sand and pebbles 10 212 Dead sand 10 222 Sand and pebbles 3 225 Hard sand and pebbles 5 230 _ Hard sand 4 234 Dead sand 8 242 Green flint and chalk 1 243 Chalk and flints 157 400 2. Messes. Gaeton, Hill & Co., Southampton Wharf. 15 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made by the British American Well Co. in 1901. Communicated by De. Leonard Thoene. Water-level 69 feet below O.D. when made ; at 180 feet below in 1911 . Supply 3,000 gallons an hour in 1911. Diameter of bore 5 inches. London Map 10, N.E. (f. 7). [Superficial Beds.] [London Clay.] [Woolwich and Reading Beds.] [? Thanet Sands.] Surface and sandy ballast f Clay (London) I Clay and shells VELLS. Surrey — continued. BATTEUS^A— continued. 6. Latchmeee Cottage EsTATE-^conUnued. 16,000 gallons an hour. The depths of the bores at the Baths were 400 feet and 517 feet, and the account of the latter has been published. (See p. 75.) The Latchmere Cottage Estate Borings were both 450 feet deep. London Map 10, N.E. (e. 9). [Superficial Beds.] [London Clay.] [Woolwich and Reading Beds.] [Thanet Sands.] Gravel and blue clay r Blue clay and clay stones < Basement bed ... j Blue clay and shells f Mottled clay and blue clay ... I Mottled clay I Dead sand i Dead green sand Dead sand, very hard... Hard bed of brown sandstone rock Very hard sand r Hard sand and dead grey sand i Hard grey sand , ( Dead sand ... ... ... Chalk and flints Thickness. Depth Feet. Feet. 29 29 ... 120 149 5 154 2 156 4 160 44^ 204i 2 206i 4 210i 3 213i k? 2 215i 2 2174 9i 227 13 240 8 248 ... 202 450 7. York Road. Messrs. Price's Candle Works. Close to Thames. 15 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messes. A. 0. Potter & Co. 1901. Diameter of bore 11 inches. Water-level 80 feet below O.D. Yield 5,000 gallons an hour. London Map 10, N.E. (f. 7). T Made ground, old piles, &c.... Clean ballast ... Blue clay ) Brown clay j Brown sandy clay ( Basement beds, shells r Mottled clay "j < Dark coarse ballast > ( Grey sand ) Live sand Chalk with flints Hard gritty chalk, few flints [Superficial Beds.] [London Clay.] [Woolwich and Reading Beds.] [Thanot Sands.] ckness. Depth Feet. Feet. 10 10 14 24 80 104 22 126 13i 139i 2i 142 102 244 5i 2494 290* 540 62 602 BERMONDSEY. . Messes. C. Brown & Co.'s Flour Mills. Shad Thames, 400 yards S.E of the Tower Bridge. 15 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messes. Islee & Co. 1907. Lined with 168 feet of 8 J inch tubes. Water-level 79 feet below O.D. Supply 7,000 gallons an hour. London Map 7, S.E. (e. 3) [Superficial Beds.] Made ground r Clay ... < Loamy sand ( Ballast ... Thickness. Depth Feet. Feet. 7 7 14 4 18 18 36 For explanation of abbreviations, see pp. 1 and 2. DESCMPTIVE LIST. 191 Suirej^continued. BERMOTSBSEY— continued. I Messrs. C. Brown & Oo.'s Flour Mills — continued. [London Clay.] [Woolwich and Reading Beds.] [Thanet Sand.] / Blue clay \ Clay and pebbles Mottled clay Grey sand Blue clay Mottled clay Conglomerate stones ... Green sand _ Green sand and pebbles / Grey sand \ Green coated flints Chalk and flints Thickness. Depth. Feet. 70 76 Feet. 34 6 12 6 4 6 8 12 8 35 f 172i 94 98 104 112 124 132 167 167J 340 2. Messes. Spiller & Baker. Flour Mills, Jacob Street. 16 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messrs. Isler & Co. 1908. Lined with 160 feet of 10 inch tubes, I foot 6 inches below surface. Water-level 82 below O.D. Supply 3,000 gallons an hour. London Map 7, S.B. (e. 3). [Superficial Beds.] [London Clay.] [Woolwich and Reading and Thanet.] Olay Sand Gravel ... ^ Clay Olay and pebbles Sand Blue clay Mottled clay ... Sandstone Sand and pebbles Chalk Thickness. Ft. In. 13 24 13 13 3 2 10 52 205 Depth. Ft. In. 13 18 27 52 65 78 81 83 93 145 350 3. Neckinger, Bermondsey Borough Electricity Works. 10 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made in 1902 and communicated by Messrs. Brown & Son. Further notes from Mr. E. J. Angell, A.M.I.C.E.' Yield 7,000. Bore 9 inches. Water level 54 feet below O.D. in 1911. London Map 7, S.E. (f. 3). Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. [Superficial Beds.] / Top soil 3 Ballast 23 3 26 [London Clay.] ( Blue clay 21 1 Dead sand and pebbles ... 5 47 52 f Mottled clay 10 62 1 Dead sand and shells ... 5 67 [Woolwich and ■{ Limestone and marl ... 3 Coloured clays and sand lOi 70 Reading Beds.] 804 Clay, stone and pebbles ... 9 m [? All Thanet.] Live and dead sands ... 60i 150 Chalk 200 350 g317l For explanation of Pibbreviations, see pp. 1 and 2, N 2 192 LONDON WELLS. Surrey — continued. BERMONDSBY— coniintied. 4. Messrs. B. Young & Co. Dunlop Place. 4 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made in 191 1 and communicated by the New England Boring Company Diameter of boring 10 inches. Water-level 44 feet below Ordnance Datum. Supply tested to 7,000 gallons an hour. London Map 7, S.E. (f. 3). [Woolwich and Reading Beds.] 54, Stokehole Sand and gravel Green sandy and blue clays Hard mottled clay sand pebbles Hard bed of stone Pebbles and sandy clay Sand (Thanet) Chalk and flints BRIXTON. Acre Lane. The Belvedere Lodge Laundry. 75 feet above Ordnance Datum. Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. 6 24 30 18 48 ! 7i 55i 1 56i 17i 73i 39i 113i 315 428i Made and communicated by Messrs. Isler & Co. 1908. Lined with 250 feet of 7j inch tubes, 1 foot above surface. Water-level 58 feet below O.D. Supply 4,200 gallons an hour. London Map 11, S.W. (a. 6)^ Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In Made up 1 6 1 6 Mould 1 6 3 [Superficial Beds.] G-ravel 10 13 r Brown clay 12 25 [London Clay.] ) London clay ... 122 147 1 Grey sands 9 156 ( Clay and shells 7 163 r Mottled clay 36 199 [Woolwich Beds.] I Green sand and pebbles 8 207 ( Green sands 21 228 [Thanet Sand.] ( Grey sands ( Green coated flints 17 1 245 246 Chalk and flints 154 400 CAMBERWELL. 1. Ashford's Laundry. No. 328, Albany Road. 10 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messrs. Isler & Co. 1908. Lined with 80 feet of 5 inch tubes and 60 feet of 6 inch. Water-level 40 feet below O.D. Supply 1,200 gallons an hour. London Map 11, N.E. (b. 1). Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. Made ground 2 2 [Superficial Beds.] [ITZ^ Z Z 20 25 r Green sand 15 40 [Reading and Thanet Beds.] ^ Grey sand 34 74 ( Grey sand and pebbles 1 75 Chalk 175 250 For explanation of abbreviationa, see pp. 1 and ?. DESCRIPTIVE LIST. 193 SxiITGJr^continued. CAMBERWELh— continued. 2. Borough Baths (corner of Old Kent Road and Marlborough Road). No. 1 Bore. 7 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messes. Islee & Co. 1903. Diameter of bore Hi inches. Water-level 8 to 23 feet below O.D., according to pumping. Supply 12,000 to 16,000 gallons an hour. London Map 11, N.E. (e. 4). fMade < Yellow clay (Ballast (Thames Valley gravel) 5 Grey (Thanet) sand I Green coated flints Chalk and flints [Superficial Beds.] [Thanet Sands.] licknesE i. Depth Feet. Feet. 6 6 1 7 19 26 6 32 3 35 365 400 3. Borough Baths, Church Street. Camberwell Green. No. 2 Bore. 18 feet above Ordnance Datum. Diameter of bore llj inches. Water-level 20 to 30 feet below O.D., and after pumping 50 to 60 feet below O.D. Pumping for four days and nights continuously, yielded 12,000 gallons an hour. Not used at present. Made 1904. London Map 11, N.E. (d. 1). Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. Made ground 11 11 [Superficial Beds.] r Yellow loamy sand ... . Large ballast 7 13 18 81 [London Clay.] ' Blue clay . Blue clay and pebbles 11 11 42 53 ' Mottled clay 10 63 Grey sand 6 69 [Woolwich and Reading and ? Thanet Beds.] " Yellow mottled clay... Pebbles Green sand and pebbles 14 4 6 83 87 93 Green sand 3 96 Green sand and pebbles 37 133 6 Green coated flint 6 134 Chalk 266 400 4. Old Kent Road. Messrs. J. Mills & Sons, Ossory Road, 10 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messrs. A. Williams & Co. Dug well 7 feet. Diameter of bore 5 inches. Supply 1,000 gallons an hour. 1897. Water-level 20 feet below O.D. Water-level 30 feet below O.D. in 1907. London Map 11, N.E. (b. 3). [Superficial Beds.] [Thanet Sands.] Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. Made ground ) r^ — (Sand ^Dugwel 1^ 6 3 Gravel J h 7 ) Gravel 1 8 (Ballast 8 16 Fine running sand 25 41 ? Sand chalk and flints.. 10 51 Chalk and flints 104 155 Chalk 16 171 Chalk and flints 78 249 For explanation of abbreviations, see pp. 1 and 2. 194 LONDON WELLS. SvLTVej— continued. GAMBERWELlt— continued. 5. OoLDHAEBOUE LANE, No. 129. Messrs. Hayes' Laundry 45 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messes. C. Islee & Co. 1906. Lined with 165 feet of 10 inch tubes, 1 foot above surface. Supply 7,000 gallons an hour. Further information from the manager m 1911. " As much as 13,000 gallons an hour have been pumped continuously without appreciably lowering the water-level which stands at 160 feet down " (or 115 feet below O.D.). London Map 11, N.W. (f. 9). Thickness. [Superficial Beds.] [London Clay .J [Woolwich and Reading Beds.] [Thanet Sands.] Made ground ! Loamy sand Gravel f Yellow clay < Blue clay ( Clay and pebbles f Mottled clay Mottled clay and pebbles Red mottled clay Mottled sand and pebbles Green sand ... ... Very hard grey sand Green coated flint Chalk Feet. 3 Depth. Feet. 8 11 2 13 5 18 53 71 8 79 19 98 3 101 8 109 11 120 8 128 30i 158i 1 159i 240i 400 DULWICH. 14. Half Moon Lane, Heme Hill. Alliance Dairy Company 75 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messes. Tilley & Co. 1910. Water-level 31 above O.D London Map 11, 8.W. (c. 8). Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. Top soil 2 2 Clay and stones (dirty gravel) 4 6 f Mottled clay 7 13 Black clay 4 17 Black sand (little water) ... 8 25 Black clay and shells 2 27 Oyster shells ... 2 29 Dirty sand and water 8 37 Clay and shells 2 39 Shells (congealed) 7 46 Mottled clay 10 56 Black pebbles 13 69 Green sandy clay 1 70 Conglomerate (close gravel) ... 18 88 /Dead sand 26 114 \ Flints 1 115 Chalk 87 202 It is difficult to say if the beds below the loose surface-material belong to the Woolwich Beds. Some may be part of the London Clay, but the ' Mottled clay ' is suggestive of the Woolwich Beds. KENNINGTON, see LAMBETH (below). [Woolwich and Reading Beds ?] [Thanet Sands.] For explanation of abbreviations, see pp. 1 and 2. DESCBIPTIVE LIST. 195 Surrey — continued. LAMBETH. 1 So0TH Lambeth Road, No. 274. Beulah Laundry. 20 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messes. Islbe & Co. 1908. Lined with 25 feet of llj inch tubes, 7 feet 6 inches below surface ; 130 feet of 10 inch, 3 feet 6 inches below surface ; and 205 feet of 8i inch tubes, 2 feet below surface. Water-level 62 feet below O.D. Supply 6,000 gallons an hour. London Map 11, N.W. (d. 5). Thickness. [Superficial Beds.] [London Clay.] [Woolwich and ? Thanet Beds.] Made up ground Mould Gravel f London Clay ... < Clay and shells ( Grey sands f Mottled clay ... ) Green sand and pebbli J Green sands ( Green coated flints Chalk aad flints Feet. 1 3i 28 804 9 7 28 8 37 1 149 Depth. Feet. 1 4i 32i 113 122 129 157 165 202 203 352 [Superficial Beds.] [London Clay.] [Woolwich and Reading Beds.] [? Thanet Sands.] 2. Clapham Road. City and South London Railway. 50 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messes. Islee & Co. 1905. Lined with 218 feet of llj inch tubes, 6 feet above surface, and 30 feet of 18 inch tubes level with surface. Air-lift pump. Water-level 28 feet below O.D. Supply 10,500 gallons an hour. London Map 11, N.W. (f. 5). ■] Made ground Ballast {Blue clay Grey loamy sand... r Mottled clay < Clay and pebbles... ( Green sand Grey sand Green coated flints Chalk and flints ... Grey chalk 3. Kenninkton Lane. Montford Place. Messrs. Hayward's Pickle Factory. 15 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messes. Isler & Co. 1907. Lined with 40 feet of 8 J inch tubes, 4 feet 6 inches down ; with 130 feet of 7| inch tubes, 2 feet 6 inches down, and 170 feet of 6 inch tubes level with surface. Water-level 69 feet below O.D. Supply 2,000 gallons an hour. London Map 11, N.W. (b. 7). Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. r Ballast 10 10 [Superficial Beds.] \ Clay li llj ( Sand 2 13i Blue London Clay 70i 84 For explanation of abbreviations, tee pp. 1 and 2. ickness Depth. Feet. Feet. 5 18 23 97 120 22 142 15 157 5 162 30 192 18 210 1 211 175 386 16 402 I9(i LONDON WELLS. Surrey — continimd^ JjAMS&T'Bi— continued. 3, Kennington Lane — continued. [Woolwich and Reading Beds.] [Thanet Sands.] f Mottled clay I Light grey sand I Clay and shells { Mottled clay Conglomerate Clay and pebbl Green sand Light grey sand< Dark grey sand Flints ... Chalk (deepened) Thickness. Feet. 14 7 7 8i 4 bh 7 6 25i 4 181 Depth. Feet. 98 105 112 120 J 1244 130 137 143 1684 169 350 4. Cambeewell New Road, Corner of Brixton Motor Cab Co. Road. The Greneral 2 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messrs. Tilley & Sons. 1909. Two boreholes of 15 inches diameter, each yielding 15,000 gallons an hour. Further information from Manager (1911). The water-level is 82 feet down (80 feet below O.D.), and 18,000 gallons an hour have been pumped continuously for 8 hours. London Map 11, N:W. (c. 7). Thickness. [Superficial Beds.] [London Clay.] [Woolwich and Reading Beds.] [Thanet Sands.] ( Top soil I Ballast {London clay Sand and pebbles ("Mottled clay < Conglomerate (^Grreen sand {G-rey sand Green coated flints Chalk Chalk (deepened later) Feet. 4 14 624 14 31 44 144 32 4 1704 165 Depth. Feet. 4 18 804 82 113 1174 132 164 1644 335 500 5. DuKHAM Road. New London Brewery Company. 18 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messes. Baker & Sons. 1890. ? Shaft and 9-ineh boring. Water-level 105 feet below O.D. in 1911. Supply 6,000 gallons an hour continuously. London Map 11, N.W. (b. 6). Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. Made ground 3 3 [Superficial Beds.] Grave 19 22 ' Rotten clay (with water) 6 28 Blue clay 45 6 73 6 [London Clay.] Petrified wood Blue clay 6 27 74 101 Loamy sand (with water) 4 105 , Shelly rock 7 112 For explanation of abbreviations, see pp. 1 and 2. DESCEIPTIVE LIST. 197 [Woolwich and Reading Beds.] Surrey — continued. LAMBETH— coKiiwued. 5. Durham Road — continued. Thickness. Ft. In. Depth Ft. In Yariously coloured clays Sand (full of water) Variously coloured clays Hard stone 11 4 12 3 123 127 139 142 Light coloured clay Pebbles 6 3 6 148 151 6 Light green sand (with water) Green sand and pebbles Thanet Sand 8 6 9 21 6 160 169 190 6 Flints 6 191 Chalk below. 6. Lower Kbnnington Lane. Messrs. Beattie's Dye Works. 15 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messrs. Isler & Co. 1907. Lined with 30 feet of 7;^-inoh tubes, 4 feet below surface ; 105 feet of 6-inch tubes, 3 feet below surface ; and 170 feet of 5-iuch tubes, 2 feet below surface. Water-level 95 feet below O.D. Supply 2,520 gallons an hour. London Map 11, N.W. (a. 8). [Superficial Beds.J [London Clay,] [Woolwich and Reading and? Thanet Beds.] ^ Made up ground ' Loamy sand Ballast Sand Blue clay ... ;, Sand' Mottled clay Conglomerate Pebbles ... Clay and stones Green sands . Green coated flints Chalk and flints ... Thickness. Feet. 3 3 14 3 57 24 12 6 1 3 38i 2i 183 Depth. Feet. 3 6 20 23 80 104 116 122 123 126 164i 167 350 7. Near Kennington Oval. 14 feet above Ordnance Datum. Communicated by Me. Bailey Denton. Water-level 66 feet below O.D. London Map 11, N.W. ( ). 1910. Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. Top soil 4 4 [Superficial Beds.] Ballast 14 18 London Clay ... 62 6 80 6 ( Sand and pebbles 1 6 82 [Woolwich and 1 Mottled Clay ... 31 113 Reading Beds.] \ Conglomerate ,„ 4 6 117 6 {_ Green sand 14 6 132 [Thanet Sands.] f Grey sand \ Green flints 32 6 164 164 6 Chalk 335 499 6 ' This is probably the baa? of the London Clay, but this thickness of sand is exceptional For explanation of abbreviations, see pp. 1 and 2. 198 LONDON WELLS. Surrey — continued. liAMBKY'R— continued. 8. Lambeth, South. The London, Gloucester and North Hants Dairies, No. 15, Bonnington Square, near Kennington Oval. 12 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messes. Islee & Co. 1903. Lined with 190 feet of 5-inch tubes, 3 feet 6 inches below surface. Water-level 69 feet below O.D. Supply 2,000 gallons an hour. London Map 11, N.W. (b. 6). Blue clay ... ( Gravel rock with sand and shells 3 Sand 1 Mottled clay ( Clay and gravel rock Green sand Chalk and flints [London Clay.] [Woolwich and Reading Beds.] [? Thanet Sands.] Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. 96 96 Us 12 108 12 120 15 185 11 146 34 180 ... 170 350 9. Messrs. Schweppes. Vauxhall Walk. 18 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by the Artesian Well Boring Company. Diameter of bore 7 inches. Water-level standing 107 feet below O.D. Pumping 157 below Supply 2,600 gallons an hour ; more could be pumped. London Map 11, N.W. (a. 6). 1911. O.D. Thickness. Depth Feet. Feet. Made up ground 8 8 [Superficial Beds.] Sandy gravel 21i 29i r Yellow clay 1 30J [London clay.] < London blue clay 7U 102 ( Sand 7 109 [Woolwich and r Mottled clay < Sand 31 3 140 143 Reading Beds.] ( Sand and pebbles 12 155 [Thanet Sands.] ( Green sand I Flints 32 2 187 189 [Chalk and Flints.] Chalk and flints... MERTON. 261 450 Raynes Park. Kingston Road. Southdown Laundry. 49 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messes. Islee & Co. 1906. Lined with 85 feet of lli-inch tubes, 6 feet below surface ; 120 feet of 10-inch tubes, 4 feet below surface ; and 280 feet of 7J-inoh, 5 feet below surface. No water in chalk ; water obtained from sands above by air-lift pump. Water-level 30 feet above O.D. Supply 7,000 gallons an hour (from sands above chalk). London 14, N.E. (f. 1). [Superficial Beds.] [London Clay.] Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. Made ground 1 1 1 Sand and gravel 3 4 1 Loamy sand 1 5 ' Blue clay 21 26 Clay stone 9 26 9 Blue clay 34 60 9 Clay stone 1 6 62 3 Hard brown clay 72 3 134 6 _ Blue clay 20 154 For explanation of abbreviations, see pp. 1 and 2. DBSCHIPTIVE LIST. 19 Surrey — continued. WERT^OTS— continued. Eaynes Park — continued. ( Brown and green clay Blue clay Yellow mottled pebbles and clay Congealed pebbles Black clay Red mottled clay Brown mottled clay Grreen sand and pebbles Green sand Green sandy clay _ Grey sand and pebbles ... Chalk and flints Hard chalk Chalk and flints The Map (Plate II.) showing the underground contours of the Chalk, suggests that there must be a fault, having a downthrow north of about 150 feet, between this boring and that at Raynes Park Trial-boring. [Woolwich aud Reading Beds.] Thickness. Depth Ft. In. Ft. In 8 6 162 6 14 176 6 3 179 6 1 180 6 4 6 185 15 200 24 224 3 6 227 6 7 234 6 3 6 238 17 6 255 6 110 365 6 27 3 392 9 107 3 500 MITCHAM. 1. Near the Gas Works. Chemists' Aerated Mineral Water Association, Ltd. 66 feet above Ordnance Datum. Deepened by Messrs. Isler & Co. Communicated by them. 1896. Lined with 250 feet of 3-inch tubes, 2 feet below surface. Water-level 37 feet above O.D. Supply 1,000 gallons an hour. London Map 14, N.E. (f. 8). Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. Lower Tertiary beds... 220 220 In chalk 40 260 Deepened, in chalk, to — 333 This well is interesting, as it is one of a series given by J. Lucas,' in which the water rose to the surface in 1875. Mr. Isler gives the former depth as 233 feet. He bored 16 feet in chalk and flints and 84 feet in chalk. 2. MiTCHAM, Upper. Holborn Union Schools. 70 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messes. R. Richards & Co. Diameter of bore ' 8,000 gallons an hour. [Superficial Beds.] [London Clay.] 1907. i inches. Water-level 36 feet above O.D. Supply London Map 14, N.E. (f. 9). Thickness. Feet. Depth. Feet. Made earth 3 Sand, gravel and big flints 12 Blue clay (with 2 or 3 layers of hard clay stone) 124 Fossils 3i Sandstone ... 14 3 15 139 1424 144 ' Journ. Soc. Arts., vol. xxv., p. 612. ? Raven Spring Well. For explanation of abbreviations, see pp. 1 and 2. 200 LONDON WELLS. [Woolwich and Reading Beds.] [? Thanet Sands.] Surrey — continued. M.ITCB.AM.— continued. 2. MiTCHAM, UpPER- f Clay and shells Clay 1 Bed of shells ... Sand Hard clay Mottled clay ... Green sand and gravel ; Sand Green gravel ... Chalk and flints to continued. Thickness. Depth Feet. Feet. 23 167 9 176 1 177 5 182 14 1834 3i 187 11 198 33 231 1 232 .. 118i 3504 The division of the Tertiary Beds is tentative. It is necessary to see specimens in order to decide to which division the beds belong. PECKHAM. 1. Peckham Road. No. 37. The New Phoenix Brewery Company. 1st well. About 22 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made by Messrs. Bakee. 1905. Communicated by Mr. W. Whitakee, F.R.S. London Map 11, N.E. (e. 2). Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. Made ground ... 3 6 3 6 • Ballast 4 6 8 Yellow clay 2 6 10 6 Decayed timber 4 14 6 [Superficial Beds.] • Sandy clay 10 24 6 Sand and ballast 4 28 6 Ballast 8 36 6 Loam and ballast 5 41 6 Sand and coarse ballast 19 60 6 [? Reading and Dark sand and ] aebbles 3 6 64 Thanet Beds.] Fine sand ... 8 72 ( Flints 2 74 ' Chalk ... 112 10 186 10 lis is the same brewer y as Pugh's North Surrey '. Brewery. An account of a A second well has been made at the New Phoenix Brewery, the details of which are as follows. Made and communicated by Messes. Islee & Co. 1905. Lined with 80 feet of 84-inch tubes, 2 feet 6 inches below surface ; 210 feet of 7i-inch tubes, 1 foot below surface. Water-level 19 feet below O.D. Supply 5,000 gallons an hour. London Map 11, N.E. (e. 2). 1 Paving stones and concrete Made ground Loamy soil Fine ballast Peat Sand and clay ^ Large ballast Light fand Flints Chalk and flints .., It is impossible to say in either boring where the Thames Valley Deposits end and the Woolwich Beds begin. The boring occurs within the area where the water in these superficial beds can pass down into the Chalk. [Superficial Beds.] Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. te 1 1 3 4 4 8 4 12 3 15 7 22 19 41 344 754 2 774 ... 2224 300 For explanation of abbreviations, s«c pp. 1 and 2. DESCBIPTIVE IJST. "*^01 Surrey — continued. PEGKUAM— continued. 2. Stafford Street. Marlboro Works. Mellin's Food. 18 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made in 190 i by Messes. Le Grand & Sdtclifi'. Shaft 4 feet diameter, to 10 feet ; rest a 12-iaoh bore to 150 feet. Water-level about 10 feet below O.D. Yield good. The water contained much H^ S, iron-salts and carbonates and was unsatisfactory. In 1905 the bottom of the bore was cemented for 10 feet by Messrs. Isler, and a new boring made through the cement and carried to a depth of 250 feet from the surface. The water above the cement was kept out by a tube-lining, and the fresh water from below proved of much better quality. The yield now (1911) is 6,000 gallons an hour. The pumping level is at about 190 feet below O.D. This is due to the cement-plug ; if left for some time, the water will slowly rise to the original level of about 10 feet below O.D. (Information from Dr. Pilley.) London Map 11, N.E. (d. 4.) [Superficial Beds.] [? Thanet Sand.] Cement and made ground Clay and gravel.. Sand and gravel.. Loam and gravel Sand Sand and gravel... [Woolwich Beds.] I ^'"^, and green sand with pebbles (a) '• ■'I Hard sand, gravel and conglomerate (b) " Dark grey sand 7 Light grey sand j G-reen flints, coated with iron and clay Chalk Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. 4i 4i 3i 8 7 15 7i 22i u "24 3 27 7 34 3- 37 51 88 2 90 160 250 The bed (a) contains the well-known " Oyster-bed" of the Woolwich Series, and (b) the conglomerate made of black well-rounded flints that are often cemented together and form puddingstone. It may again be pointed out that there is nothing to prevent the water in the Thames Valley Gravels getting into the Chalk, the intervening beds being all more or less pervious. 3. British Ice and Eefeigekatoe Co. (now Shingleton Ice Co.) Latona Boad, Glengall Road. 20 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messrs. Baker & Co. 1905. Cylinders to 12 feet 7 inches, the rest bored. Water-level 14 feet below O.D. in 1907. Supply 4,000 in 1911. London Map 11, N.E. (c. 3). Made ground 'Rough ballast [? Thanet Sands.] {^°™/ ^^^^^ Chalk '.'.'. 1 This may be the conglomerate of the Woolwioh Beds, but the description suggests that it is Thames Valley gravel, of comparatively recent age. For explanation of abbreviations, see pp. 1 and 2, Thickness. Depth Ft. In. Ft. In 40 40 7 47 12 6 59 6 6 60 244 304 202 LONDON WELLS. Surrey — continvsd. V'EiG'KB.KK— continued. 4. Queen's Eoad. Hatcham Park Dairy. Messrs. G. Crutcher & Co. 23 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messrs. Islek & Co. 1906. Lined with 76 feet 6 inches of 5-inch tubes, 6 feet above surface. Water-level 10 feet below O.D. Supply 1,100 gallons an hour. London Map 11, N.E. (e. 5) Thickness. Depth Feet. Feet. Concrete 1 1 C Loam and stone ... 6 7 [Superficial Beds.] ) Brown clay 1 Red sand 4 3 11 14 (Ballast 26 40 f Grey sand 2 42 [? Thanet Sands.] •< Green sand 18 60 ( Green coated flints 1 61 Chalk and flints ... 139 200 PUTNEY. Messrs. Francis, Tucker & Co. Weimar Street. 23 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messrs. A. Williams & Co. 1907. Diameter of bore 6 inches. Water-level 94 feet below O.D. Supply 1,800 gallons an hour. London Map 10, N.E. (f. 2). Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. Made ground 12 12 Ballast 11 23 fClay 58 81 Dark grey clay 17 98 Dark grey clay and stones 16 114 Dark grey clay 30 144 Dark grey clay and stones 3 147 Dark grey clay 2 149 Dark grey clay and stones 6 155 Dark grey clay 11 166 Grey mottled clay ... 59 225 Dark brown clay 18 243 \ Mottled clay and pebbles 5 248 ( Pebbles and green sand ... 6 254 C Green sand 8 262 -! Grey sand 16 278 I Pebbles and sand ... 5 283 Chalk and flints 217 500 [Superficial Beds.] [London Clay.] [Woolwich and Reading Beds.] [? Thanet Sands.] ROTHERHITHE. BbRMONDSEY iNriRMARY. 9 feet above Ordnance Datum. Messrs. Baker & Son. Communicated by E. Pitt Clerk to the Guardians in 1911. Made in 1908 by Penton, Esq, 6-feet and 5-feet iron cylinders, 114 J feet to the chalk and 2 feet into it Diameter of bore 8 inches. For explanation of abbreviations, see pp. 1 and ?, DESCRIPTIVE LIST, 203 Surrey — continued. nOTKEnBITUE— continued. ■ Beemondsey Infirmary — aonUnued. Water-level 37 feet below O.D. Yield 4,500 to 5,000 gallons an hour. London Map 7, S.E. (f. 5). Thickness. Depth Ft. In. Ft. In Mould and rubbish ... 7 7 Loam mixed with stone . 4 11 [Superficial Beds.] Sharp sand ... Ballast 1 2 8 7 12 3 14 10 Sharp clean ballast ... 11 4 26 2 ■" Hard brown clay ... 1 6 27 8 Hard blue clay 1 28 8 Very hard grey clay 3 4 32 Hard stone 3 32 3 Mild blue clay 1 9 34 Black clay 1 35 Petrified wood 1 36 'Woolwich and Sandy clay and shell 8 9 44 9 leading Beds.] Dark clay and shell... 1 6 46 3 White marl 1 47 3 Stone 6 47 9 Light marl and pebbles 6 48 3 Dark blue clay and pebble s 3 48 6 Green sand and pebbles 9 57 6 Green sand 2 9 60 3 Sand and pebbles ... 10 6 70 9 ' Thanet sand 33 10 104 7 [Thanet Sands.] < Hard sand 8 5 113 Green flint 9 113 9 Chalk . 202 3 316 The Woolwich and Reading Beds being fairly thick in this area the clays are consequently included in them ; from the description they might be at the base of the London Clay. SHIRLEY. 1. WooDBiDE Homes. St. Olave's Union. feet above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messrs. k. C. Potter & Co. 1902. Two borings, 10 inches diameter, together yield 1?,000 gallons an hour. Water-level down 66 feet above O.D. London Map 15, S.E. ( ). [London Clay.] [Woolwich and Reading Beds.] [? Thanet Sands.] Top spit ! Yellow clay London clay (blue) Black pebbles and sand with layers of blue clay f Live grey sand (much water) i Bed of hard shells \ Dead grey sand, clay and shells I Mottled clay 1^ Dead sand r Live sand (Thanet ?) -! Dead sand ( Layer of green flints White chalk and flints Thickness. Depth Feet. Feet. 2 2 38 35 19 54 16 70 2 72 1 73 13 86 19 105 27 132 Hi 143i 164 160 i 160i 139i 300 For explanation of abbieviatioas, see pp. 1 and S. 204 LONDON WELLS. Surrey — continued. SS.IKL'EY— continued. 2. Shirley (near Croydon). West Wickham Road, Bermondsey Shirley Schools. About 210 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made in 1903 by Messrs. Potter & Oo. Communicated in 1911 by E. Pitt Penton, Esq., Clerk to the Guardians. Lined ■^rith 10-inoh tubes to 165 feet down. Diameter of bore 10 inches. Water-level 150 feet above OD. Yield 4,000 to 5,000 gallons an hour. London Map 15, S.E. (f. 6). [Superficial Beds.] [London Clay.] [Woolwich and Reading Beds.] Thickness. Depth Feet. Feet. ( Loamy sand 5 5 [ Sand and clay 8 13 1 London clay 12 25 [ Strong clay 6 31 Pebbles and blue clay . 2 33 Very hard yellow sand . 8 41 ' Blue sand 8 49 Hard rook and shells 4 53 Clay and shells ... 15 68 Mottled clay 14 82 Green sand and clay and pebbles 3 85 Green sand and clay 10 95 Black sand and clay 3 98 ThanetSand 40 138 Flints 1 139 Chalk and flints ... ... 136 275 Hard sandy chalk 15 290 Hard chalk 10 300 There is some doubt as to the position of the first of these. St. Olave's is another name for Bermondsey and these may be two different borings at the same schools. SOUTHWARK. 1. Borough Road. Nos. 109-112. Messrs. R. Hoe's Printer's Engineer's Works. 4 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messrs. Potter & Co. Diameter of bore 8-inohes lined to 1974 feet down. Water-level 62 feet below O.D. Supply 5,000 gallons an hour, London Map 7, S.W. (e. 8). 1908. Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. ' Sand and gravel Gravel . Ballast 7 7 [Superficial Beds.] 11 18 7 6 25 6 ' Blue clay 17 42 6 Blue clay and claystone... 6 43 [London Clay.] Blue clay Blue clay and claystones 20 6 7 63 6 70 6 Blue clay 19 6 90 ^ Pebbles, sand and shells... 5 95 [Woolwich Beds.] Mottled clays Pebbles and sand 36 16 131 147 [Tbanet Sands.] Hard dead sand ... Flints 39 1 186 187 Chalk 7 194 Chalk and flints 23 217 Hard grey chalk and flints 2 6 219 6 Chalk and flints 134 5 353 11 For explanation of abbreviations, see pp. 1 and 2, DESCEIPTIVB MST. 206 Surrey- SOUTHWAEK- 2. Bankside. Messrs. Sykes & Co. 200 yards west of Southwark Bridge- IB feet above Ordnance Datum. Made by Messrs. Sykes & Co., at their works, and communicated by them. 1902. Diameter of bore 9 inches. Water-level 122 feet below O.D. in 1902. Supply not tested. Water-level 150 below O.D. in 1910. London Map 7. S.W. (c. 9). [Superficial Beds.] [London Clay.] [Woolwich and Reading Beds.] Made ground C Peat (shell and ornament found) < Sand and blue clay ( Ballast r Brown clay with claystones < Dark blue clay ... t Brown mottled clay ' Mottled (variable) clay Loamy sand and mottled clay ... Peat Mottled clay Sand and pebbles Pebble conglomerate Coloured sands and pebbles ... L Dead sand and pebbles Live sand (Thanet) Chalk flints Chalk Thickness. Depth Feet. Feet. 16 16 1 17 7 24 6 30 35 65 28 93 16 109 19 128 6 134 1 135 13 148 2 150 1 151 14 165 7 172 27 199 1 200 100 300 8T00KWELL. 1. Stockwell Road. Ingram House. About 30 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messes. Islek & Co. 1904. Lined with 210 feet of 5-inch pipes, 9 feet below the surface. Water-level 62 feet below O.D. in 1909, 70 feet below in 1911. Yield 1,000 gallons an hour, 10 hours pumping. London Map 11, N.W. (e. 6). Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. Made ground .,. 2 f Marl 6 8 [Superficial Beds.] Ballast 13 21 [ Sand 5 26 Blue London Clay 88 114 ' Green sand 8 122 Mottled clay 12 134 Woolwich and '. leading Beds.] Loamy sand Mottled clay Rock 8 12 3 142 164 157 Sand and stones... 10 167 _ Green sand 8 175 [Thanet Sands.] Grey sand 35 210 Chalk 40 250 Chalk and flints... 100 350 For explanation of abbreviations, see pp. 1 and 2, 22171 206 LONDON WELLS. Surrey — continued. STOOKWELL— con. 24 39 Blue clay and claystones 7 46 Blue clay ... ... 52 98 Clay ... ... 151 249 Hard clay ... ... 7 256 Clay ... ... «.. 30 286 Sandy clay ... ... 18 304 Hard rock >** ... 15 319 . Pebbles and sand 7 326 ■ For explanation of abbreviations, see pp. I and 2. DESOBIPTIVE LIST, 207 [Woolwich and Beading Beds.] [Thanet Sands.] Surrey — continued. HYnwaUAM.— continued. 1. Wells Road — continued. ' Sharp sand Pebbles and sand Shells and clay Mottled clay Light brown clay Green sand Red sandstone rock (?) Sandstone (?) Sand and pebbles Sand Hard rock (?) _ Green sand and pebbles Thanet sand and pebbles Sand and pebbles Sand Sand and clay Chalk and flint Chalk Chalk and flint Chalk Chalk and flints Flint Chalk and flint ... Chalk Chalk and flint Chalk Chalk and flint Chalk Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. 3 329 3 332 5 337 14 351 8 359 9 368 1 6 369 6 6 6 376 4 380 7 6 387 6 5 6 393 7 5 400 5 1 10 402 3 6 10 409 1 4 11 414 ,4 414 4 24 2 438 6 5 443 6 5 448 6 6 3 454 9 2 456 9 3 457 9 3 466 3 25 9 492 4 496 5 501 8 3 509 3 4 3 513 6 2. Lower Sydenham. Southend Lane. South Suburban Gas Co. 66 feet abote Ordnance Datum. Made by Messes. Docwka in 1908. Communicated by Mr. S. V. Shouebridoe, the Engineer. Lined with 3f-inch tube taken 3 feet 6 inches in chalk. Water-level 50 feet above CD. Supply 2,000 gallons an hour. London Map 15, N.E. (a. 8). [Superficial Beds.] [London Clay.] [Woolwich and Reading Beds.] [Thanet Sand.] { Top soil 3 Light sandy clay 1 Black pebbles ( Clay and pebbles ( Blue (London) clay... \ Sandy clay and pebbles C Shell, clay and sand... 3 Mottled clay J Green sand, clay and , ( Green sand and clay... I Thanet sand j Flints Chalk Thickness. Depth Feet. Feet. 5 5 4 9 14 lOi 8 18i 84i 103 14 117 21 138 7 145 5 150 11 161 42i 203J i 204 55 259 yor explanation of abbreviations, see pp. 1 and 2. 208 LONDON WELLS. Surrey — continue. TOOTING. 1. SuMMEBS Town. Burmester Road. Anglo-American Laundry 30 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messes. Islee & Co. 1905. Lined with 300 feet of 8J-inch tubes, 5 feet 6 inches below surface ; and 244 feet of 4-inch tubes, 60 feet 3 inches below surface. Water-level 16 feet above O.D. Supply 8,000 gallons an hour. London Map 14, N.E. (a. 7). [Superficial Beds.] [London Clay.] [Woolwich and Reading Beds.] [Thanet Sands.] Thickness. Depth Ft. In. Ft. In Made ground 9 — Sand and gravel 12 3 13 ' Blue clay 23 36 Clay stone 1 37 Blue clay 55 6 92 6 Clay stone 1 3 93 9 Blue clay 6 3 100 Clay stone 9 100 9 Blue clay 59 159 9 ' Clay stone 1 160 9 Blue clay 39 3 200 ^ Green sandy clay and pebbles i 1 6 201 6 f Hard brown sand 12 213 6 Congealed pebbles 1 214 6 Grey sandy clay 19 233 6 .-•'..-. BEUETIVE ROCKS of BRENT TOR, By P. BUTLEY. 15s. 64 FELSITIC LAVAS of ENGLAND and- WAXES. ■ 'By P.- EUlLBY. 9 By W. WHITAKEE. Ss. Bd. WATER SXra-PLY OF EAST RIDING OF YOEKSHIBE. By O.FOX-STRANGWATS. 3«. Gun Flints:— ' ' ' , ' - ■ ' MANUFACTURE OF GUN PUNTS. By S. B. J, SKEETOHLT. 168. Museum Oatalagues ;— HANDBOOK TbBKlTISff MINERALS. BvF. w. BUDlBBi-U, and Others. ... GUIDE TO THE OOLLECTIQN OF UBMSlONES IN THE MUSEUM OF PRACTICAL GEOLOGY. By W. F P McLlNldoK, Sd. . r'-n i>^*?*^- '%M. !!y 'iim. :M^' '"-^^ :M,:i>: r -:<'Ut ^■r, ■ ii|,l,' , ■■{■sij!! I|::, ■|l'!!| |l!|!};!i Ills miaiiliiffllliHi ~ :|:!!ii!l|;i!i8i|i!||l|l|l|!j|| -iiiili ..■i;i:ii!;'il; ."'.lil'liil I !< !;' m| 111 . 'I'.il, 'iiiili ij ■j.,:i;!i';!i'i ill , 11 ' 1 'l l! I'.i 1 'I I