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 Pt. 61-62 
 
 1866 
 
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THOMAS JONATHAN JACKSON. 
 
 The most marked individual among 
 tlie Southern Generals, perhaps among 
 the many officers engaged on either 
 side during the late civil conflict, was, 
 doubtless, General Thomas Jonathan 
 Jackson, familiarly known by his desig- 
 nation, distinguishing him from nume- 
 rous others in history of his name, 
 Stonewall Jackson. He was born of 
 a respectable family of English and 
 more remote Scotch Irish ancestry, 
 at Clarksburg, "Western Virginia, the 
 youngest of a family of four children, 
 January 21st, 1824. His great grand- 
 father, who emigrated from London in 
 1748, and his grandfather, both bore 
 their part on the American side in the 
 War of the Revolution ; and the family, 
 on the adoption of the Constitution, 
 was re])resented in Congress by two 
 of its members. His father, Jonathan 
 Jackson, who had practised law with 
 success, was overtaken by misfortune 
 in his latter years, and at his death, in 
 1827, left his family in want. His 
 ■\vddow, a lady of cultivation and of 
 unaffected piety, married again in 1830 
 and died the following year. Her 
 orphan child, the subject of this notice, 
 was thus left to the care of his father's 
 relatives for maintenance and support. 
 The boy thus early in life displayed 
 some strength of will, for he ran away 
 II.— 60 
 
 from the first of these protectors whom 
 he disliked, and was received and en- 
 tertained by an imcle, Cummias Jack- 
 son, on a farm at Weston, where he 
 remained during his boyhood, assisting 
 in the rural work and picking up the 
 rudiments of education at a country 
 school. 
 
 He was at this youthful period a lad 
 of spirit, and had the hardihood at the 
 age of nine, in company with an elder 
 brother, to undertake an erratic fortune- 
 seeking journey on the Ohio, from 
 which, after encountering various hard- 
 ships of toil as a woodcutter on an 
 island of the Mississippi and enfeebled 
 by the ague of the spot, he was enabled 
 to return to Virginia by the charity of 
 a steamboat captain. At home he was 
 known to the country round as a suc- 
 cessful rider of his uncle's horses in the 
 race-course, for which that relative had 
 a true Virginian's affection. It is 
 characteristic at once of young Jack- 
 son's incipient manliness and of the 
 primitive habits of the region in which 
 he dwelt, that at about the age of 
 sixteen he was elected Constable by 
 the Justices of the County Coiu'fc of 
 Sessions in which he resided. The 
 duties of this office in traversing 
 a considerable extent of country, 
 serving process, collecting debts and 
 mi) 
 
472 
 
 THOMAS JONATHAN JACKSON. 
 
 making arrests, were calculated to 
 develop a native hardihood of dis- 
 position; and the young incumbent 
 appears to have secured the esteem 
 and confidence of the members of 
 the court and others interested in 
 his proceedings. The position, how- 
 ever, was not sufficiently satisfactory 
 or important to stand in his way 
 when, a vacancy having occurred in 
 the representation of the Congres- 
 sional district at West Point, it was 
 suggested that young Jackson should 
 apply for the position. His uncle 
 favored the notion, and the youth 
 farther succeeded in impressing an 
 influential friend on the spot, if not 
 with his present qualifications, at least 
 with his own conviction, of the possi- 
 bility of success in the future ; and with 
 a letter from his benefactor. Colonel 
 Bennett, to the member of Congress 
 for the District, made his way to 
 Washington, where he succeeded in 
 obtaining the coveted appointment. 
 His position at West Point was at first 
 embarrassed in consequence of his im- 
 perfect preparation, but this was an 
 impediment which, like many others of 
 vigorous natural powers who have 
 entered this institution uninformed, he 
 rapidly overcame by diligence and ap- 
 plication. His mind was rather a 
 stubborn, reluctant soil to cultivate, 
 but it held and retained strongly what 
 was with much labor firmly planted in 
 it. 
 
 This disposition, though slow at the 
 outset and far from brilliant in its 
 early exhibitions, is probably the most 
 favorable in the end for the serene and 
 abstruse studies imposed at the na- 
 tional military academy. Jackson is 
 
 described at this time as an awkward 
 youth, and in his ways averse from 
 amusements, unsociable, self-absorbed, 
 and consequently of no little simplicity 
 as to common every day affairs. He 
 was even, it is said, something of a 
 hypochondriac, siiffering indeed from 
 derangement of the stomach, and fancy- 
 ing, not without probability, an heredi- 
 tary taint of consumption, which he 
 guarded against by sitting according 
 to some remedial theory, " bolt upright 
 at his meals." One of his notions at 
 this or some subsequent time, " was to 
 believe that everything he eat went 
 down and lodged in Ms left leg." Again, 
 he would never eat except by the 
 watch, at the precise moment ; and he 
 would take out his watch, lay it on the 
 table, and eat at that moment. If the 
 meal was behindhand he would not eat 
 at all. Illustrative of the difficiilty he 
 had in learning anything. General Sey- 
 mour, his classmate at West Point, re- 
 lated an anecdote : — "^ Seymour was at 
 that time learning to play on the flute, 
 and Jackson took it into his head that 
 he also would learn. He went to the 
 work with his accustomed vigor and 
 perseverance, but he could not succeed 
 in learning to play even the simplest 
 air. He blew six months on the first 
 bar of 'Love Not,' and then gave it 
 up in despair."* 
 
 With these mingiled incentives and 
 disabilities of an eccentric nature, 
 working resolutely in its distorted 
 fashion, Jackson ploughed his way 
 heavily through his studies, and at 
 the end of his first year stood in 
 general merit fifty-one in a class of 
 
 * W. Swinton. ReminisceDces of Stonewall Jackson 
 New York Times, May 22, 1863. 
 
THOMAS JONATHAN JACKSON. 
 
 473 
 
 seventy ; another year brouglit him up 
 to thirty ; a third to twenty, and the 
 end of the fourth to seventeen. With 
 this standing, in the same class with 
 Generals McClellan, Foster, Reno, 
 Stoneman, A. P. Hill, and other offi- 
 cers of renown in the conflict in which 
 he was destined to bear so prominent 
 a part, Jackson graduated with the ap- 
 pointment of brevet second lieutenant 
 of artillery, July 1, 1846. It was the 
 period of the war with Mexico, when 
 the newly created yoxmg officers of the 
 small overtaxed national army were in 
 request, and heartily responded to the 
 call for active service on a scale of ad- 
 venture and impoi-tance unprecedented 
 in the experience of the generation then 
 on the stage. The war had many 
 attractions ; the whole countiy was 
 kindled with the novelty and magni- 
 tude of the operations ; one battle 
 followed another, promotion was rapid, 
 and honor was attained on every field. 
 Jackson was attached to the 1st Regi- 
 ment of Artillery, and was first brought 
 into active service in the spring of 
 1 847, in the column of General Scott at 
 the siege of Vera Cruz. When the 
 army advanced after the battle of Cerro 
 Gordo he was transferred, at his own 
 request, to Captain Magruder's light 
 field battery, a position which brought 
 with it a certainty of adventurous duty. 
 In the action which followed at Churu- 
 busco he proved his courage on the 
 field, and gained the warm commenda- 
 tions of his superiors. " When my fire 
 was opened," wrote Magruder in his 
 report, " in a few moments Lieutenant 
 Jackson, commanding the second sec- 
 tion of the battery, who had opened 
 fii'e upon the enemy's works from a po- 
 
 sition on the right, hearing me fire still 
 further in front, advanced in handsome 
 style, and beiag assigned by me to the 
 post so gallantly filled by Lieutenant 
 Johnstone [who had been killed in the 
 first encounter], kept up the fire with 
 great briskness and effect. His con- 
 duct was equally conspicuous during 
 the whole daj'." 
 
 At the subsequent arduous a>ssault 
 at Chapultepec his bravery was still 
 more conspicuous. In the dispositions 
 of the day he occupied an advance 
 post, where his section of the battery 
 encountered fearful odds of the enemy, 
 and was at one moment ordered to re- 
 tire, but he insisted on holding: his 
 groimd till he was reinforced, and 
 drove the enemy from his position. 
 When his men were sheltering them- 
 selves from the heavy fire pouring upon 
 them, it is said that Jackson, to incite 
 their courage, advanced to the open 
 ground in front swept by shot and 
 shell, " Come on," says he, " this is 
 nothing. You see they can't hurt 
 me."* More than one of the reports 
 of the dsLj records his gallantry. Says 
 General Worth, who bore a conspicu- 
 ous part in the action, " although he 
 lost most of his horses and many of his 
 men. Lieutenant Jackson continued 
 chivalrously at his post, combatiog 
 with noble courage." The young 
 lieutenant was heartily recommended 
 for promotion, and immediately re- 
 ceived the brevet rank of Major. He 
 now entered Mexico with the victorious 
 army, passed several months there of 
 quiet duty, employing his comparative 
 leisure in the acquisition of the Spanish 
 tongue, which he mastered with his 
 
 * Cooke's Life of Stonewall Jackson, p. 11. 
 
474 
 
 THOMAS JONATHAN JACKSON. 
 
 usual dogged industry and resolution, 
 studying tte forms of the laDguage in 
 a grammar, the only one lie could find, 
 written in Latin, which he had never 
 been taught. It was an important 
 event in his life at this period, that he 
 now began firmly to strengthen his re- 
 ligious opinions, oddly for the zealous 
 Presbyterian of after life, making some 
 of his first enquiries in theology of 
 the Eoman Catholic Archbishop of 
 Mexico.* 
 
 In the summer of 1848, Major Jack- 
 son returned to the United States, and 
 was stationed for two years at a quiet 
 post of routine duty at Fort Hamilton, 
 in the harbor of New York. During 
 this time his religious convictions were 
 COD firmed, and he was baptized by and 
 received the communion from the hands 
 of the Rev. Mr. Parks, the Episcopal 
 chaplain of the garrison. From Fort 
 Hamilton Jackson was transferred for 
 a short time to Florida, whence, in the 
 spring of 1851, he was called to occupy 
 the position of Professor of Natural 
 and Experimental Philosophy and Ar- 
 tillery Tactics in the Military Academy 
 of Virginia. This was an important 
 institution, well situated in a pictur- 
 esque location at Lexington, in Rock- 
 bridge county, was already well es- 
 tablished and had attracted to it a 
 large body of students. In the elec- 
 tion for the Professorship the names 
 of the subsequently distinguished 
 Generals McOlellan, Reno, Rosecrans, 
 and Gr. W. Smith, were before the 
 Board of Visitors for selection. Jack- 
 sou gained the preference by the im- 
 pression which his character had made 
 
 • Dr. Dabney's Life of Jackson. London Edition, Vol. 
 i., p. 63-4. 
 
 and b}' his bir'th as a Virginian. He 
 resigned his rank in the army, accepted 
 the new position, immediately entered 
 upon its duties, and continued to dis- 
 charge them with faithfulness and regu- 
 larity for the ensuing ten years, at the 
 end of which time the Professor, under 
 the new order of things at the South, 
 resumed his fighting career in active 
 and portentous service. 
 
 Of Jackson's career at the Military 
 Academy his biographers have many 
 incidents to relate. During this period 
 he was twice married; in 1853, to the 
 daughter of the Rev. Dr. Judkin, Presi- 
 dent of the neighboring Washington 
 College at Lexington, a union which 
 was terminated by the death of his 
 wife in little more than a year ; and in 
 1857, to the daughter of the Rev. Dr. 
 Morrison, a Presbyterian clergyman of 
 North Carolina. His character was 
 now formed in a firm basis of religious 
 faith and experience, his associations or 
 convictions having led him to become 
 a devout member of the Presbyterian 
 Church, and thenceforth he was known 
 as a zealous professor, identitpng him- 
 self with prayer-meetings, attendance 
 on service and the usual sympathies 
 and observances of the denomination. 
 In this, as in other relations, whatever 
 he entertained as a duty he acted upon 
 and carried out with uncompromising 
 resolution and firmness. Thus, being 
 strongly convinced of a sacred Old 
 Testament observance of the Sabbath, 
 he held it a sin that the Umted States 
 mails should be transmitted on that 
 day; and when it was urged that it 
 was quite impractica})le for an indi- 
 vidual to arrest the proceeding, his 
 answer, says his biographer. Dr. Dab- 
 
THOMAS JONATHAN JACKSON. 
 
 475 
 
 ney, was, " that unless some Christians 
 should begin singly to practice their 
 exact duty, and thus set the proper 
 example, the reform would never he 
 begun ; that his responsibility was to 
 see to it that he, at least, was not parti- 
 ceps Griminis, and that whether others 
 would co-operate, was their concern 
 not his. Hence, not only did he per- 
 sistently refase to visit the post-office 
 on the Sabbath Day, to leave or receive 
 a letter, but he would not post a letter 
 on Saturday or Friday which, in regu- 
 lar course of transmission, must be 
 travelling on Sunday, except in cases 
 of high necessity." We shall find him 
 in the midst of his subsequent Southern 
 army occupations, seeking, in a pointed 
 manner, to enforce this opinion. 
 
 It was a maxim of Jackson, adopted 
 early in life, and left recorded in a pri- 
 vate note-book which he had written 
 at West Point, that, "You may be 
 whatever you resolve to be." It was 
 an old apopthegm which the student 
 might have learnt from his Virgil 
 where the poet points the moral of the 
 struggle for mastery in the exciting 
 contest of the rowers — -possunt quia 
 posse videntur — 
 
 " For they can conquer who believe they can." 
 
 But the young soldier learnt it not 
 from books, but from the rugged ex- 
 perience of his own nature, in his hard 
 attained success in overcoming the 
 difficulties, inward and outward, by 
 which he was invested. We value 
 proportionably what we accomplish 
 with effort, and once acquired, the les- 
 son never failed the aspirant. What 
 is easy to a man he is apt to overlook, 
 and sometimes despise. Dry reluctant 
 
 minds on the other hand, to whom 
 struggle is a necessity, tax their fecul 
 ties for the race, and rigidly adhering 
 to their object, outstrip the better en- 
 dowed but negligent. Jackson be- 
 longed to the class vowed to determi- 
 nation. If he once thought he ought 
 to do a thing, he would not spare him- 
 self in accomplishing it. Thus, having 
 made up his mind that it was a de- 
 sirable acquisition to be able to speak 
 fluently in public, probably in conse- 
 quence of his consciousness of his utter 
 inability to do so, he joined a debating 
 society at Lexington; and thoiigh he 
 begun with failure after failure, and 
 was compelled time and again to sit 
 down, after a few awkward ineffectual 
 utterances, he yet rose again and per- 
 severed till, with confidence and in- 
 creasing skm, he finally attained suc- 
 cess. Equally firm was his resolu- 
 tion — in which thousands of invalids 
 with the strongest possible motives 
 fail — for the cure of the malady, the 
 painful disorder of the stomach, which 
 long clung to him, and which he over- 
 came by a rigid system of temperance 
 worthy of Cornaro. He not only re- 
 fused to partake of stimulating liquors 
 and tobacco, but avoided the use of 
 tea and coffee. Self denial, the first 
 element of the soldier, was habitual to 
 him. 
 
 In careless times of peace the con- 
 straint of such a man does not always 
 prove acceptable, and we are not sur- 
 prised to learn that even in a Military 
 Academy, where a certain degree of 
 severity may be supposed to be the 
 order of the day, Jackson was rather 
 unpopular with the students. It would 
 appear from the narratives of friends 
 
476 
 
 THOMAS JONATHAN JACKSON. 
 
 who have described his course at Lex- 
 ington, that he was some\'S'hat of a 
 pedantic turn in his instructions, that 
 he lacked ease and adaptation to the 
 wants of students in communicating 
 kno\\"ledge; that his lectures in fact 
 savored more of the inflexible camp 
 drill than of a winning accommodating 
 philosophy. The pupils, doubtless, 
 learnt to respect his nature when they 
 became acquainted with it, but thought- 
 less youth saw more at first sight to 
 deride than admire. "No idiosyncrasy 
 of the Professor," we are told by his 
 accomplished biographer, Mr. John 
 Esten Cooke, who learnt to know him 
 well in subsequent military experience 
 in the Valley of Virginia, "was lost 
 sight of His stiff, angular figure ; the 
 awkward movement of his body; his 
 absent and ' grim' demeanor ; his ex- 
 aggerated and apparently absurd devo- 
 tion to militarj' regularity; his weari- 
 some exactions of a similar observance 
 on their part — that general oddity, ec- 
 centricity, and singularity in mo^dng, 
 talking, thinking, and acting peculiar 
 to himself — aU these were described on 
 a thousand occasions, and furnished 
 unfailing food for laughter. They 
 called him ' Old Tom Jackson,' and 
 pointing significantly to their foreheads, 
 said he %vas 'not quite right there.'' 
 Some inclined to the belief that he was 
 only a great eccentric; but others de- 
 clared him ' crazy.' Those who had 
 experienced the fiill weight of his Pro- 
 fessional baton — who had been repri- 
 manded before the class, or 'reported' 
 to the superintendent for punishment 
 or dismissal — called him ' Fool Tom 
 Jackson.' These details are not very 
 heroic, and detract considerably from 
 
 that dignified outline which 
 writers upon Jackson hav 
 But they are true. ^STothing 
 established than the fact, tha 
 to whom General Lee wrote, 
 have directed events, I she 
 chosen for the good of the c 
 have been disabled in your st 
 of whom the London Times si 
 mixture of daring and judgm( 
 is the mark of ' Heaven-born' 
 distinguished him beyond an 
 his time.' Nothing is mor 
 we say, than that this man wi 
 at as a fool, and on many 
 stigmatized as insane." 
 
 One anecdote of this p( 
 Jackson's career deserves to 1 
 ed. It is related by his bic 
 and is probable enough in its 
 in the murderous intent of th 
 — for a student has been 1 
 shoot a Professor, if we : 
 rightly, in the University of 
 — and the indifferent, courag* 
 ing with which the meditate 
 was met. One of the cadets 
 tried under charges preferred 
 son, and dismissed from the ^ 
 He vowed revenge, declared 
 would take the life of the '. 
 and arming himself awaited 
 ing of his victim at a pok 
 road by which he must pas 
 way to the Listitution. The 
 was warned but refused to t 
 his course, simply remarking, 
 assassin murder me if he ■n 
 keeping on, calmly and ste: 
 fronted the young man, who 
 by his steady gaze, quailed 
 tired in silence from the sp 
 was an exercise of true self-rei 
 
THOMAS JONATHAN JACKSON. 
 
 477 
 
 courage, and displayed a spirit always 
 admired in its exercise in great com- 
 manders and others wlio liave been 
 suddenly called to suppress a dangerous 
 mutiny. 
 
 These years of Professional life were 
 varied by a brief visit to Europe, un- 
 dertaken for the benefit of health, in 
 the summer of 1856. The tour, which 
 lasted four months, extended from Eng- 
 land, through Belgium and France to 
 Switzerland. On his return he found 
 the free soil agitation in progress, and 
 even at that early day, " to the few 
 friends to whom he spoke of his own 
 opinions, declared that the South 
 ought to take its stand upon the outer 
 verge of its just rights, and there re- 
 sist aggression, if necessary, by the 
 sword."* In his political opinions, an 
 ultra State-Eights Democrat, he re- 
 sented any political action which 
 might in his view lead to interference 
 with the institution of slavery in the 
 South. Three years after this time he 
 was summoned with his cadets and 
 light battery to protect the Court at 
 Charleston in its arraignment of memor- 
 able John Brown, about to be tried 
 and condemned for his insane attempt 
 to create a servile insurrection, and 
 revolutionize Virginia. While there 
 he witnessed the execution of the 
 courageous and desperate fanatic, who 
 displayed a strength of will and patient 
 fortitude which Jackson, if not thor- 
 oughly blinded by the feelings of the 
 hour, must at heart have admired. For 
 tbere were points in common between 
 John Brown and the " Stonewall." 
 There was at least something of the 
 uncompromising hostility of the former 
 
 •Dabney's Life of Jackson, Vol I., p. 167. 
 
 in Major Jackson, when on entering 
 upon the Confederate service at Har- 
 pers' Ferry, at the beginning of the 
 war, he deliberately declared that " it 
 was the true policy of the South to 
 take no prisoners in this war. He 
 affirmed that this would be in the end 
 the truest humanity, because it would 
 shorten the contest, and prove economi- 
 cal of the blood of both parties; and 
 that it was a measure urgently dic- 
 tated by the interests of the Southern 
 cause, and clearly sustained by justice."* 
 " Stonewall" Jackson looking on at 
 the death of John Brown is a subject 
 for a painter's pencil and a moralist's 
 meditations. 
 
 We have now to contemplate Major 
 Jackson — ^for he speedily resumed the 
 title under new auspices— on the theatre 
 of the war which he invoked. When 
 the conflict was fairly commenced, by 
 the attack on Sumter, and the conse- 
 quent call by President Lincoln for a 
 Northern army, Jackson was one of the 
 foremost of the Southern officers to 
 take the field. On the 21st of April, 
 1861, four days after Virginia, by her 
 passage of an act of secession had 
 joined the Confederates, he left Lex- 
 ington in command of the corps of 
 cadets of his military school for the 
 camp at Kichmond. There he was 
 appointed by the State authorities 
 Colonel of Volunteers, and immediately 
 ordered to the command of the forces 
 gathering at Harpers' Ferry, which 
 had just been evacuated by the few 
 United States troops stationed at the 
 public works. There he entered upon 
 the preliminaiy task of drilling and 
 organizing the new levies until his 
 
 * Dabney's Life of Jackson, Vol. I., p. 224. 
 
478 
 
 THOMAS JONATHAN JACKSON. 
 
 superior officer, General Joseph E. 
 Johnston, appeared on the field, when 
 he was assigned to the command of 
 foxxr regiments of Yirgmian infantry, 
 known as the First Brigade of what 
 was then called the " Army of the 
 Shenandoah." A month was now 
 passed in bringing troops into the 
 field and mating those military dis- 
 positions on either side, which deter- 
 mined for a long period the nature and 
 ground of the struggle already com- 
 menced. The Confederates concen- 
 trated their forces in the Valley of Vir- 
 ginia, and at Manassas, in front of 
 Washington, Leaving Harper's Ferry 
 as an untenable position, Johnston re- 
 tired upon "Winchester, whence by rail- 
 way and the passes of the intervening 
 mountain he could readily support 
 Beauregard at Manassas, where the 
 main body of Confederate troops was 
 assembled. When the Northern force, 
 under Patterson, crossed the Potomac 
 at WUliamsport at the beginning of 
 July, Jackson, who had been on duty 
 in this quarter at Martinsburg destroy- 
 ing the stock of the Baltimore and 
 Ohio Railroad, resisted the advance of 
 the Pennsylvania General, meeting his 
 troops in a spirited encounter at Fall- 
 ing Waters. Compelled to fall back 
 before superior numbers he invoked 
 aid from Johnston to attack the North- 
 ern army; but no action was fought, 
 and the whole Virginia force in this 
 region was concejitrated at Winchester, 
 where Jackson now received his com- 
 mission of brigadier-general. 
 
 The middle of the month brought 
 the battle of Manassas, as it was called 
 at the South — the memorable Bull 
 Run of the Northern journalists and 
 
 historians. In this engagem 
 son was destined to bear a | 
 part. The battle, it will b 
 bered, began with an attacl 
 18th of July, upon the Cc 
 lines at Bull Run, at Mitel 
 Blackburn's Fords, followed 
 important Federal flanking i 
 of the 21st. Immediately or 
 of these assaults, Johnston ■ 
 moned with his forces to i 
 of Beauregard. Leaving W 
 he at once set his troops ii 
 Jackson with his brigade, i 
 posed of five Virginia regimei 
 twenty-six hundred strong 
 among the foremost, on the 
 reach the Confederate Hues, 
 was posted in support of Lo 
 brigade at Blackburn's Fo 
 battle of the 21st opened wi 
 tack on the Confederate pc 
 Stone Bridge, followed by th( 
 of the main portion of the Fed 
 of the stream in its rear, at 
 Ford, distant some eight m 
 the spot where Jackson's bri 
 stationed. It was not, ther 
 the great engagement of the d 
 vicinity of the Henry House 
 advanced that Jackson was 
 into action. He came up at 
 moment, when General B 
 powered by the Federal trc 
 driven back after a gallant 
 forces broken and shattered, 
 with his fresh troops, and oth 
 opportunely arrived turned thi 
 of the day. Boldly coniroi 
 stUl advancing Federal for 
 made a fresh assault, piercec 
 tre of the Union line, and fin? 
 their antagonists from the bio 
 
THOMAS JONATHAN JACKSON. 
 
 479 
 
 Jackson, wlio was a man by no 
 means given to boasting, always as- 
 serted in behalf of Ms brigade the dis- 
 tinguished part we have described in 
 the military efforts of the day. Of his 
 signal energy on the field, his display 
 of all the warlike enthusiasm of his 
 nature there was no question. When 
 on first coming up to the scene of ac- 
 tion he was met by General Bee with 
 the word, " They are beating us back,'' 
 he simply replied vrith his customarj" 
 brevity and coolness, "Then we will 
 give them the bayonet." His firmness 
 gained the admiration of Bee, who ex- 
 claimed to his men, " There is Jackson 
 standing like a stone wall." They 
 wern soon both involved in the fury 
 and carnage of the battle, and Bee fell 
 mo] tally Avounded, leaving this word 
 of fiulogy, sublimated in the heat of the 
 fiery conflict, a legacy to his friend and 
 fellow-soldier. Thenceforth J ackson 
 was known as the Stonewall. This 
 Wfts the origin of the appellation, which 
 never deserted him. Jackson was 
 struck on the hand in the action by a 
 fragment of shell, but made light of 
 the disaster, refusing the attentions of 
 the surgeons tiU those more severely 
 wounded were cared for. 
 
 Two personal records of this engage- 
 ment remain from his pen. One is a 
 letter to Colonel J. M. Bennett, narrat- 
 ing the military movements of his 
 brigade during the action, concluding 
 with the declaration, "You will find 
 when my report shall be published, 
 that the First Brigade was to our army 
 what the Imperial Guard was to the 
 First Napoleon ; that, through the 
 blessing of God, it met the thus far 
 \dctorious enemy and turned the for- 
 11.— 61 
 
 tunes of the day." To his wife he 
 vprote the day after the engagement, 
 " Yesterday we fought a great battle, 
 and gained a great victory, for which 
 all the glor}- is due to God alone. 
 Though under a heavy fire for several 
 continuous hours, I only received one 
 wound, the breaking of the largest 
 finger on the left hand, but the doctor 
 says the finger can be saved. My horse 
 was wounded, but not killed. My 
 coat got an ugly wound near the hip. 
 My preservation was entirely due, as 
 was the glorious victory, to our God, 
 to whom be all the glory, honor, and 
 praise. Whilst great credit is due to 
 other parts of our gallant army, God 
 made my brigade more instrumental 
 than any other in repulsing the main 
 attack. This is for your ov^n informa- 
 tion only — say nothing about it. Let 
 another speak praise, not myself."* 
 Nor was the eulogy withheld. " The 
 conduct of General Jackson," says Gen- 
 eral Beauregard in his official report of 
 the Battle of Manassas, •' requires men- 
 tion, as eminently that of an able and 
 fearless soldier and sagacious com- 
 mander, one fit to lead his brigade; 
 his efficient, prompt, timely arrival 
 before the plateau of the Henry House, 
 and his judicious disposition of his 
 troops, contributed much to the suc- 
 cess of the day. Although painfully 
 wounded in the hand, he remained on 
 the field to the end of the battle, rend- 
 ering invaluable assistance."f 
 
 It was Jackson's opinion after the 
 battle of Bull Run that the Confederate 
 army should be immediately pushed 
 upon Washington, for he was always 
 
 *Dabney's Life of Jackson, Vol. 1., p. 26K-6 
 f Report, August 26. 1863 
 
480 
 
 THOMAS JONATHAN JACKSON. 
 
 tlie advocate of energetic forward 
 movements ; but he was compelled for 
 a time, with the rest of the troops, 
 to inaction before Washington, while 
 McOlellan organized the various forces 
 which were to afford him sufficient em- 
 ployment in the future. He thus 
 passed the remainder of the summer in 
 camp in the vicinity of Manassas. In 
 October he was promoted Major-Gen- 
 eral in the Provisional Army, and 
 shortly after was assigned to the com- 
 mand of the " Valley District," with 
 his headquarters at Winchester. This 
 necessitated temporary separation from 
 his brigade, which he took leave of in 
 an animated address, closing with the 
 encomium and appeal — " In the Army 
 of the Shenandoah you were the First 
 Brigade ; in the Army of the Potomac 
 you were the First Brigade; in the 
 Second Corps of the army you are 
 the First Brigade; you are the First 
 Brigade in the affections of your Gen- 
 eral ; and I hope, by your future deeds 
 and bearing, you will be handed down 
 to posterity as the First Brigade in this 
 our second War of Independence. 
 Farewell." 
 
 It was a favorite plan of Jackson, at 
 this period of the war, to enter the 
 north-western part of Virginia, rally 
 the inhabitants favorable to the South- 
 em cause, and holding the line of the 
 Baltimore and Ohio Kailroad from 
 Cumberland to Harper's Ferry, thus 
 protect the rich upper and lower valleys 
 from the invasions with which they 
 were constantly threatened. The au- 
 thorities at Richmond, however, failed 
 to support him in this scheme ; but he 
 employed all the means at his com- 
 mand to interrupt the communications 
 
 of the Union forces, and drive such 
 portions of them as had already gained 
 a foothold from the Valley. On first 
 occupying Wineh^^ater he had but a 
 small body of troops with him, but 
 this was not long after increased by 
 the return to his command of his old 
 brigade, and the arrival of the Vir- 
 ginian and Southern regiments, giving 
 him, in December, about eleven thous- 
 and men. Late as was the season, he 
 resolved with these to commence active 
 operations. His first work was, under 
 the circumstances of considerable dif 
 ficulty, to destroy an important lock 
 of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal 
 above Martinsburg. This was speedily 
 followed by an undertaking of greater 
 magnitude, and, as it proved, of almost 
 unprecedented hardship. With about 
 8,500 men, five batteries of artillery, 
 and a few companies of cavalry, he set 
 out from Winchester to clear Morgan 
 and Hampshire counties of the Federal 
 troops established at Bath, Hancock 
 and Eomney. The force, which in 
 numbers was amply sufficient for the 
 purpose, set out on the 1st of January, 
 1862, a remarkably fine day of an open 
 season, so mild that the soldiers left 
 their overcoats and blankets to be 
 brought after them in wagons. That 
 night the weather changed, a severe 
 northern blast bringing with it all the 
 terrors of winter in an inclement moun- 
 tainous region. A storm of sleet and 
 snow set in, the rough xmused roads, 
 which the troops traversed on a secret 
 forced march, were coated with ice; 
 the wagons were slow in coming up, 
 and for several nights the men, without 
 coats or blankets, bivouacked in the 
 wet, with no other resource but the 
 
THOMAS JONATHAN JACKSON. 
 
 481 
 
 camp fires. The suifering was exces- 
 sive, numbers left the ranks and made 
 their way to Winchester, officers mur- 
 mured, but Jackson with his usual de- 
 termination kept on, and the third day 
 reached Bath, a distance of forty miles, 
 where he expected to surprise and cap- 
 ture the Union garrison, but they had 
 warning of his approach and escaped 
 across the Potomac at Hancock, whither 
 he pursued them. He planted a bat- 
 tery opposite the town and summoned 
 it to stin-ender, and the commander re- 
 fusing, bombarded it vigorously. After 
 destroying a railroad bridge in the 
 vicinity, and otherwise interrupting 
 the communications of General Banks' 
 army on the Potomac, Jackson marched 
 with his forces on Eomney which, from 
 the difficulties of the way, he did not 
 reach till the 14th, when he found that 
 General KeUey had escaped with the 
 garrison. He had accomplished his 
 object, however, in clearing the region 
 for the time of the Union forces, and 
 directing the supplies of the country to 
 his own purposes; and having done 
 this with an energy and with an en- 
 durance on the part of his troops 
 worthy an important campaign, he re- 
 turned to Winchester. He had proved 
 his determination and inflexibility to 
 the verge of rashness ; and his men 
 had fully learnt what he expected from 
 them, and what he was ready to per- 
 form himself, for he shrank from no 
 hardship of the camp. 
 
 Jackson had left one of his officers. 
 General Loring, with a garrison at 
 Eomney, which he was presently moved 
 by the Confederate Secretary of War 
 to recall. Regarding this as an un- 
 handsome interference with his com- 
 
 mand, Jackson sent his resignation tn 
 Richmond; it was not acted upon, 
 however, was tacitly admitted as a pro- 
 test, and, besieged by remonstrances, 
 the "Stonewall," who could not well 
 be spared, continued in command in the 
 VaUey. 
 
 Washington's birth-day in February 
 brought a general movement of the 
 Northern forces. General Banks, in 
 command of a distinct aimy corps, 
 crossed the Potomac at Harper's Ferrj' 
 on the 26th, immediately occupied 
 Charlestown and Smithfield, and ad- 
 vanced upon Winchester, where Jack- 
 son, though beset by vastly superior 
 forces, was, as usual, disposed to show 
 fight. He was ordered, however, to 
 retreat, and evacuated Winchester as 
 Banks came up and occupied the town 
 on the 1 2th of March. General Shields 
 with his brigade was placed in com- 
 mand there, and Jackson, pursued 
 along his route, retired up the Valley 
 to Mount Jackson, about forty-five 
 miles distant, where he M'as in com- 
 munication with the Confederate troops 
 at Luray, and Washington to the 
 East. It was General Shields' design 
 to draw him from this position and 
 supporting force. Consequently, as he 
 teUs us in his report of the action which 
 ensued, he fell back from the pursuit 
 to Wmclioster, on the 20th, "giving 
 the movement all the appearance of a 
 retreat." General Banks meanwhile 
 was leaving with a considerable por- 
 tion of his army for the Eastward, 
 and Jackson, induced by these circum- 
 stances, resolved to return and attack 
 the diminished force at Winchester. 
 General Shields did not underrate hia 
 enemy, and made vigUant preparations 
 
482 
 
 THOMAS JONATHAN JACKSON. 
 
 for Ms reception on the southern ap- 
 proaches to the town. Jackson ad- 
 vanced with his accustomed impetu- 
 osity. His first day's forced march, 
 on the 22d, was, a distance of twenty- 
 six miles, to Strasburg; the next day 
 he came up about noon on the main 
 road to the vicinity of the village of 
 Kernstown, about three and a half 
 miles from Winchester. Shields had 
 already his forces in position on a 
 neighboring height, which became the 
 scene of the conflict. Jackson com- 
 menced the attack with resolution and 
 with partial success, when fresh Union 
 troops were advanced and charged 
 upon the Confederates, who, after an 
 obstinate struggle, were compelled to 
 retreat, leaving their killed and wound- 
 ed on the field. Jackson had under- 
 rated the numbers, if not the valor, of 
 his opponents, and suffered defeat. He 
 would, however, have renewed the con- 
 flict if the reinforcements which he had 
 summoned to his aid from Luray and 
 elsewhere had not been prevented by a 
 rise in the Shenandoah from joining 
 him.* 
 
 As it was, Shields continued the 
 pursuit to Woodstock, whence Jack- 
 son retired to his former quarters 
 at Mount Jackson. Early in April 
 Jackson was followed up by General 
 Banks, who had again taken the field, 
 and having advanced to Harrisonburgh 
 on the 22d, wrote to Washington that 
 Jackson "had abandoned the valley 
 of Virginia permanently." This, how- 
 ever, never was a calculation in Jack- 
 son's thoughts, as General Banks pre- 
 sently found. Meanwhile, on the first 
 
 * Report of General Shields to General Banks, March 
 29, 1862. 
 
 week of May, we find Jackson moving 
 to the west, and driving back Genera] 
 Milroy, who, in cooperation with Banks, 
 was moving from that direction towards 
 Staunton. A large part of General 
 Banks' command was now withdrawn 
 for the reinforcement of the army in 
 Eastern Virginia, and Jackson, with 
 the intent of directing the loudly 
 called for reinforcements from McClel- 
 lan now before Richmond, again as- 
 sumed the aggressive in the Valley. 
 Fremont was threatening him from the 
 West, across the mountains ; Banks was 
 in his front, and McDowell was dis- 
 patching General Shields against him 
 from Fredericksburg on the East. At 
 Newmarket, on the 20th May, Jack- 
 son was joined by Ewell; Banks was 
 on the direct valley road, about forty 
 miles in his front, at Strasburg. In- 
 stead of advancing in this direction, 
 Jackson, with good generalship, turned 
 in a flank movement to the right into 
 the Luray Valley, and struck, with a 
 force of about 20,000 men, directly by 
 a forced march for Front Royal, on the 
 Manassas railway, the next prominent 
 station, twelve miles to the East of 
 Strasburg. There the brave garrison 
 under Colonel Kenley was, on the 23d, 
 overpowered and driven from the place 
 by his superior numbers. Banks, on 
 hearing of the disaster and the force of 
 the enemy, saw at once the danger in 
 which Winchester was placed, and 
 commenced his retreat to that point. 
 There was a sharp race for the prize. 
 Banks encountered the advance of the 
 enemy on the way at MIddletown, 
 at Newtovm, and up to Winchester, 
 where there was a spirited contest, by 
 which the pursuers were checked for 
 
THOMAS JONATHAN JACKSON. 
 
 48;-{ 
 
 five hours, when the harassed Union 
 forces pushed on to Martinsburgh and 
 thence to the Potomac, a march of fifty- 
 three miles, thirty-five of which were 
 performed in one day, the army arriving 
 at the river in forty-eight hours after 
 the first news of the attack on Front 
 Royal. Such was the pursuit of Stone- 
 wall Jackson in the valley of Virginia 
 in May, 1862. A general order from 
 his headquarters at Winchester, on the 
 28th, marks his exultation in the event. 
 "Within four weeks," he declared, 
 "this army has made long and rapid 
 marches, fought six combats and ten 
 battles, signally defeating the enemy in 
 each one, capturing several stands of 
 colors and pieces of artillery, with 
 numerous prisoners, and vast medical 
 and army stores, and finally driven the 
 boastful host which was ravishing our 
 beautifully country into utter rout." 
 Nor did he forget to add an expression 
 of his habitual religious confidence in 
 the support of his cause from above. 
 " Our chief duty," he said, " to-day, is 
 to recognize devoutly the hand of a 
 protecting Providence;" and, in pur- 
 suance of his convictions according to a 
 custom which he frequently observed, 
 he ordered diviae service in the camp 
 in the afternoon. 
 
 Though successful in this undertak- 
 ing, the threatened concentration of 
 forces in his rear permitted no long in- 
 terval of repose to his jaded troops. 
 Within a few days after this act of 
 thanksgiving Jackson was again in the 
 saddle, retiring with his command to 
 Winchester which he immediately left, 
 hastening onward to Strasburgh, where 
 he was in danger of being cut off by 
 the junction of Shields and Fremont. 
 
 The advance of the former had already 
 retaken Front Eoyal, and Fremont was 
 near at hand on the West, forcing a 
 passage of the mountain from Wardens- 
 vUle in Hardy County. Encumbered 
 with the spoils of Winchester and the 
 Union supplies in the lower Valley, 
 Jackson reached Strasburgh on the 
 night of the 31st, as Fremont's advance 
 was coming up. Employing part of 
 his force in resisting his pursuer, Jack- 
 son pushed on his retreating column 
 by the valley road to Newmarket. 
 There he was in danger of being over- 
 taken by Shields operating on his 
 flank, the reverse of his own forward 
 movement by the Luray Valley. Fre- 
 mont too, who had come up, was now 
 on the direct road closely pressing his 
 rear, which was ably defended by 
 Ashby with his cavalry. Near Wood- 
 stock there was a gallant charge on 
 Colonel Patton's brigade of Jackson's 
 rear guard, in which three of Fremont's 
 cavalrymen dashed upon the command, 
 broke through its ranks into the midst 
 of the an-ay, and two of them fell, the 
 other escaping. The narration of this 
 incident by Colonel Patton to Jackson 
 called forth a characteristic reply. " If 
 I had been able," said Patton, struck 
 by this act of extraordinary bravery, 
 " I would have prevented the troops 
 from firing upon these three men." 
 Jackson chagrined at the confusion 
 which had been caused in his ranks by 
 the assault, asked, "Why would you 
 not have shot those men. Colonel?" 
 " I should have spared them. General," 
 returned the officer, "because they 
 were brave men who had gotten into a 
 desperate situation where it was as 
 easy to capture them as to kill them." 
 
484 
 
 THOMAS JONATHAN JACKSON. 
 
 Jackson coldly replied, "Shoot them 
 all, I don't want them to be brave."* 
 
 Protected from Fremont by the 
 valor of Ashby's cavalrj'-, and out- 
 stripping Shields on his flight, Jackson 
 passed Harrisonburg, still pursued by 
 the double forces of his enemy. An 
 encounter above the latter place cost 
 him the valuable life of his brave cav- 
 alry officer, Ashby, and Jackson him- 
 self, closely pressed, narrowly escaped 
 death or capture at Port Kepublic. 
 Fremont and Shields were near at hand 
 rapidly converging upon him at this 
 place. Jackson's troops were on the 
 north of the town across the Shenan- 
 doah when the bridge which crossed 
 the latter was suddenly seized bj'' 
 Shields' advance. At this moment 
 Jackson was in the town, separated 
 from his command, and his enemy had 
 possession of the bridge. The incident 
 of his escape is thus related by Mr. 
 Cooke : — " He rode toward the bridge, 
 and, rising in his stirrups, called sternly 
 to the Federal officer commanding the 
 artillery placed to sweep it. 'Who 
 ordered you to post that gun there, 
 sir ?' ' Bring it over here.' The tone 
 of these words was so assured and 
 commanding that the officer did not 
 imagine they could be uttered by any 
 other than one of the Federal generals, 
 and, bowing, he limbered up the piece 
 and prepared to move. Jackson lost 
 no time in taking advantage of the 
 opportunity. He put spurs to his 
 horse, and, followed by his staff, cross- 
 ed the bridge at full gallop, followed 
 by three hasty shots from the artillery, 
 which had been hastily unlimbered and 
 turned on him. It was too late. The 
 
 * Cooke's Life of Jackson, g. 166. 
 
 shots flew harmless over the heads of 
 the general and his staff, and they 
 reached the Northern bank in safety." 
 The battle which ensued at Port Ee- 
 public, on the 9th of June, when Jack- 
 son turned his forces upon his pursuers, 
 was one of the best fought and most 
 sanguinary of the many conflicts in the 
 Valley. The losses on both sides were 
 heavy. It ended the pursuit of Jack- 
 son, who was now free to carry his 
 forces to the aid of the beleaguered 
 army at Richmond. 
 
 Summoned by General Lee, Jackson 
 reached Ashland with his command on 
 the 25th of June, just in time to par- 
 ticipate in the crowning events of the 
 campaign, which was about to culmi- 
 nate in the seven days' battles, and re- 
 treat of McClellan to the James River. 
 In the first of the series of engagements 
 on the north of the Chickahominy, at 
 Cold Harbor, on the 27th of June, 
 Jackson bore a prominent part, coming 
 upon the field at the close, and turning 
 the fortunes of the day by his bayonet 
 charge in favor of the Confederates. 
 The next day saw the army of McClel- 
 lan in fall retreat, Jackson following 
 in the pursuit, and being engaged in 
 the final action at Malvern Hill, where 
 his command suffered severely. Im- 
 mediately after, he returned with his 
 corps to the vicinity of Richmond at 
 Mechanicsville, whence he was present- 
 ly sent to the protection of Gordons- 
 ville, now threatened by General Pope. 
 On the 9th of August he was again in 
 conflict with General Banks, this time 
 at Cedar Run, where Jackson again 
 saved the Confederates fi'om disaster 
 by a final charge. 
 
 General Lee's advance into Maryland 
 
THOMAS JONATHAN JACKSON. 
 
 486 
 
 now followed, attendant upon tte with- 
 drawal of McClellan's army from James 
 River. Jackson was actively engaged 
 in the campaign, being entrusted by 
 General Lee with the flanking move- 
 ment by Thoroughfare Gap upon the 
 rear of Pope's army at Manassas, 
 where he was again in action at the 
 end of August in the second battle 
 at that place. In the first week of 
 September Jackson realized his long 
 cherished desire of an invasion of Mary- 
 land. He crossed the Potomac in front 
 of Leesburg, advanced to Frederick 
 City, and in the decisive movements 
 which ensued was employed in the 
 capture of Harper's Ferry, after which 
 he rejoined the main army and took 
 part in the Battle of Antietam on the 
 17th, where his corps, as usual, render- 
 ed distinguished service. He was with 
 the army in its retreat into Virginia, 
 and was encamped for a while in Jeffer- 
 son county, in the vicinity of the 
 Potomac. 
 
 At the end of October McClellan 
 again entered Virginia, and was pres- 
 ently succeeded on his southward 
 march by General Bumside, who took 
 up a position on the left bank of the 
 Eappahannock, opposite Fredericks- 
 burg, to the defence of which Jack- 
 son was called from the Valley and 
 established on the right wing of the 
 Confederate army. In the action at 
 Fredericksburg, and the repulse of 
 Bumside's forces on the 13th of De- 
 cember, he was again prominently en- 
 gaged ; and the year's campaign being 
 now closed, enjoyed a period of com- 
 parative repose at his headquarters on 
 the river below the city. Here he em- 
 ployed himself in superintending the 
 
 official reports of his battles, insisting 
 upon simplicity and even brevity of 
 statement. He was also, as usual, much 
 engaged in his religious observances, 
 which he always managed to reconcile 
 with camp life. A famous Sabbatarian 
 letter which he addressed to Colonel 
 Boteler at Richmond was written about 
 this time, in which he urged the repeal 
 of the law requiring mails to be carried 
 on Sunday. " I do not see," he wrote, 
 " how a nation that arrays itself against 
 God's holy day can expect to escape 
 his wrath;" adding curiously, "the 
 punishment of national sins must be 
 confined to this world, as there is no 
 nationality beyond the grave." 
 
 One more brief, fatally interrupted, 
 campaign remained for the devoted 
 champion of the Southern cause. In 
 the spring of 1863 the Union forces 
 before Fredericksburg, now under 
 General Hooker, were again in motion. 
 On the 29th of April that officer having 
 crossed the Rappahannock established 
 his headquarters at Chancellorsville, on 
 the flank of Lee's army. Jackson was 
 promptly ordered up from his position 
 to the left, at what had now become 
 the front of the line. Here a flank 
 movement was projected against Hook- 
 er's right, and it was while engaged in 
 carrying out this strategy that Jackson, 
 returning from a personal scrutiny of 
 his advanced line with his staff', at nine 
 in the evening of the 2d of May, 
 1863, the part)'' was mistaken for the 
 cavalry of the enemy, and he was fired 
 upon and mortally wounded by his 
 own men. Nearly all his staff were 
 killed or wounded by the volleys which 
 were fired. Jackson was struck by 
 three balls — in the left arm below the 
 
486 
 
 THOMAS JONATHAN JACKSON. 
 
 shoulder joint, severing the artery , be- 
 low in the same arm near the wrist, 
 the ball making its way through the 
 palm of the hand, and in the palm of 
 his right hand. This was in the im- 
 mediate vicinity, about a hundred 
 yards of the Union lines, from which, 
 before the disabled General could be 
 removed, a deadly fire was poured 
 upon his escort. Under these terribly 
 tragic circumstances, the guns of the 
 renewed conflict sounding in his ears, 
 he was borne with difficulty from the 
 field to a hospital five miles distant. 
 The next day, the great day of the 
 battle, Sunday, his arm was amputated, 
 and on the following he was removed 
 eight miles farther, to Guinea's Depot. 
 His danger was evident to himself as 
 to others. His vsife was sent for, and 
 came. He was interested in the re- 
 ports of the battle, talked resolutely of 
 military affairs, and often religiously 
 declared his wish to be buried in 
 " Lexington, in the Valley of Virginia ;" 
 and at the end, in moments of delirium, 
 his thoughts reverted to the battle- 
 
 field. " Order A. P. Hill to prepare for 
 action," "Pass the infantry to the 
 front," were expressions which escaped 
 his lips, closing with a few words of 
 idyllic simplicity, in touching contrast 
 to the tales of carnage sadly recorded 
 in these pages. " Let us cross over the 
 river and rest under the shade of the 
 trees !"* So closed, on Sunday, May 
 10, 1863, the life of " Stonewall Jack- 
 son." He had just reached his fortieth 
 year. His career was certainly a re- 
 markable one, impressed by a striking 
 personal character. The justice or 
 policy of the cause for which he died 
 must be tried by other arguments 
 than his own impressions. But there 
 was much in his nature to admire, 
 and something also to fear ; for the 
 convictions of such a man are to him a 
 law, vvhich he will fearlessly execute ; 
 and, so complex are human nature 
 and human life, his very virtues may 
 invigorate and intensify the dangers of 
 his errors. 
 
 • Cooke's life of Jackson, p. 444 
 
ROBERT EDWARD LEE. 
 
 The family tree of Lee strikes its 
 root deep in the early ancestry of Vir- 
 ginia. His forefathers are to be traced 
 far back in colonial times, to the reign 
 of Charles I., when Richard Lee bring- 
 ing with him a train of followers, set- 
 tled in the region between the Rappa- 
 hannock and Potomac. In the Crom- 
 wellian era he was Secretary to Gover- 
 nor Berkeley. His descendants for 
 several generations were men of learn- 
 ing and influence in the colony ; and 
 when a new era dawned upon the coun- 
 try, his great grandson, Richard Henry 
 Lee, was one of the leading spirits of the 
 time in his advocacy and support of 
 the national cause of independence. 
 Henry Lee, the soldier of the Revolu- 
 tion, the hero of Paulus Hook, Wash- 
 ington's favorite cavalry officer " Light 
 Horse Harry," who repaid the esteem 
 of his friend by his funeral eulogy, pro- 
 claiming him before Congress and the 
 world, " First in war, first in peace, and 
 first in the hearts of his countrymen " — 
 was the cousin of Richard Henry, and 
 the father of the subject of this no- 
 tice. 
 
 Robert Edward Lee the fruit of a se- 
 cond marriage of Henry Lee with Anne 
 daughter of Charles Carter, of Shirley, 
 was bom at the family seat of Strat- 
 ford, in 1806. His boyhood was pass- 
 II.— 62 
 
 ed in Virginia, its most noticeable inci- 
 dent being the death of his father, in 
 Greorgia, in 1818, while returning from 
 a visit to the West Indies in search oi 
 health. _At the age of eighteen he en- 
 tered the military academy at West 
 Point as a cadet, pursued there a dili- 
 gent and unblemished career, and in 
 1829 graduated the first in his class, 
 with an appointment in the engineer 
 corps with the usual brevet rank of 
 Second Lieutenant. Being a time of 
 peace, he was for six years employed in 
 engineering work on the military de- 
 fences of the seaboard. In this pe- 
 riod, in 1832, he was married to Miss 
 Custis, of Arlington, in Alexandria 
 County, Virginia, the daughter and 
 heiress of George Washington Parke 
 Custis, the adopted son of General 
 Washington, and son of his wife by 
 her first marriage. By this marriage 
 Lieutenant Lee became possessed of 
 the estate at Arlington, opposite Wash- 
 ington, and of the equally celebrated 
 family seat of the Custis family, the 
 White House, on the banks of the Pa- 
 munkey, which was consumed in the 
 course of Gen. McClellan's military 
 operations before Richmond. In 1836, 
 Lee was promoted First Lieutenant, and 
 in 1838, Captain. Continuing in the 
 engineering corps, he was called into 
 
 (487) 
 
488 
 
 ROBERT EDWARD LEE. 
 
 active service iu the Mexican war ; 
 at first under General Wool; and sub- 
 sequently with General Scott, with 
 whom he conducted the arduous cam- 
 paign from Vera Cruz to the capital. 
 Scott constantly in his official reports 
 celebrates the activity and usefulness of 
 Capt. Lee, upon whose judgment and 
 skill he greatly relied in all his military 
 movements. Lee was constantly' em- 
 ployed in reconnoissances, and tracing 
 out paths for the progress of the vic- 
 torious army. In his record of the ac- 
 tion at Cerro Gordo, Scott writes : " I 
 am compelled to make special mention 
 of Capt. R. E. Lee, engineer. This of- 
 ficer greatly distinguished himself at 
 the siege of Vera Ci'uz ; was again in- 
 defatigable during these operations in 
 reconnoissances ; as daring as laborious, 
 and of the utmost value. Nor was he 
 less conspicuous in planning batteries, 
 and in conducting columns to their sta- 
 tions under the heavy fire of the ene- 
 my." He was similarly employed with 
 equal honor in the subsequent actions ; 
 in the words of Scott " as distinguished 
 for felicitous execution as for science and 
 daring." In the closing action at Cha- 
 pultepec, Lee was wounded and com- 
 pelled from loss of blood to retire from 
 the field. After the war, Lee, who had 
 by successive promotions become Col- 
 onel, was in 1852, and for two subse- 
 quent years. Superintendent of the Mil- 
 itary Academy at West Point. In 1855 
 he was employed as Lieut.-Colonel of a 
 cavalry regiment in Texas, and in 1859 
 was brought prominently into notice 
 by his command of the regular troops 
 sent from Washington to suppress the 
 insurrection of the famous John Brown, 
 at Harper's Ferry. When he arrived 
 
 on the spot, Brown, at bay, was shut 
 up with the prisoners he had taken in 
 one of the buildings on the armory 
 grounds ; Lee's dispositions were skill- 
 fully made ; the prisoners were released 
 and Brown captured. 
 
 At the oiitbreak of the Southern war 
 Col. Lee was with his regiment in Tex- 
 as. Returning to Virginia he sent in 
 his resignation in April, 1861, immedi- 
 ately after the fall of Sumter. In a 
 letter to Lieutenant-General Scott, dated 
 Arlington on the 20th, he wrote stating 
 that he would have resigned before 
 " but for the struggle it has cost me to 
 separate myself from a service to which 
 I have devoted all the best years of my 
 life, and all the ability I possessed. . . . 
 Save in the defence of my native State, 
 I never desire again to draw my sword." 
 To his sister he wrote at the same time : 
 " We are now in a state of war which 
 will yield to nothing. The whole 
 South is in a state of revolution, into 
 which Virginia, after a long struggle, 
 has been drawn, and though I recog- 
 nize no necessity for this state of things, 
 and would have forborne and pleaded 
 to the end for the redress of grievances, 
 real or supposed, yet in my own person 
 I had to meet the question, whether I 
 should take part against my native 
 State. With all my devotion to the 
 Union, and the feeling of loyalty and 
 duty of an American citizen, I have 
 not been able to make up my mind to 
 raise my hand against my relatives, my 
 children, my home. I have, therefore, 
 resigned my commission in the army, 
 and save in defence of my native State, 
 with the sincere hope that my poor ser- 
 vices may -never be needed, I hope I 
 may never be called on to draw my 
 
ROBERT EDWARD LEE. 
 
 489 
 
 sword." These utterances exMbit in 
 few words the opinions and feelings of 
 Col. Lee at tMs time. Imbued witli 
 the (ioctrine of State rights, impressed 
 with sympathy for his kindred, unable 
 to extricate himself from what he 
 thought the necessity of his position, 
 he reluctantly bade adieu to the nation 
 from which' he had derived all his hon- 
 ors, and accepted the fortunes of a war- 
 ring section of the country. 
 
 Lee was ready to sacrifice his fortune 
 for Virginia, and the State, conscious 
 of his worth, hastened to draw him 
 from his retirement and entrust her wel- 
 fare to his hands. On the 23d of April 
 he was appointed by Gov. Letcher Ma- 
 jor-Greneral of the State forces, and 
 solemnly pledged himself before the 
 Virginia convention then assembled at 
 Richmond, to the duty assigned to him. 
 He was immediately actively engaged in 
 organizing the bodies of troops which 
 hastened to Virginia as the battle-ground 
 of the war. When the government of 
 the Southern Confederacy was fully es- 
 tablished at Richmond, he received in 
 July, the rank of Brigadier-General in 
 the Confederate army. His estate at 
 Arlington Heights, where he had at the 
 outset erected fortifications, was now 
 deserted, and in the possession of the 
 Union forces. His first active cam- 
 paign was in another direction in west- 
 ern Virginia, whither he was sent as 
 the successor of General Garnett. There 
 in August, he planned an attack upon 
 the camp of Gen. Reynolds at Cheat 
 Mountain, which failed of success, when 
 in September, he proceeded to the re- 
 lief of Generals Floyd and Wise, then 
 pressed by Gen. Rosecrans in the Ken- 
 hawa region. The winter closing in 
 
 and forbidding further operations for 
 the season in this quarter, Lee was re 
 called and sent to superintend the mil- 
 itary coast defences of South Carolina 
 and Georgia. Early in 1862 he was 
 summoned to Richmond to assist in 
 the defence of the capital, which was 
 presently beleaguered by the great 
 army of McClellan. Gen. Joseph E. 
 Johnson was at that time in command 
 and directed the first grand attack on the 
 Union army before the city, ia the bat- 
 tle of Seven Pines. Being severely 
 wounded and disabled in this engage- 
 ment, that officer was compelled to re- 
 tire from active service, and Gen. Lee 
 was on the instant appointed to the 
 chief command of the army. 
 
 His active superintendence became 
 at once visible in the much improved 
 condition of the camps and general 
 discipline of the army. It was a criti- 
 cal moment, and whatever was to be 
 done must be done quickly. Lee rose 
 to the emergency and initiated a series 
 of strategical movements, which in a 
 short time effected the deliverance of 
 Richmond, and the retreat of the army 
 of McClellan. To gain thorougli in- 
 formation of the position and resources 
 of his enemy, Gen. Stuart was sent in 
 the middle of June on his famous cav- 
 alry raid through the outposts and 
 around McClellan's ai-my. This was 
 successfully accomplished, and impor- 
 tant information gained which deter- 
 mined Lee in his plan of attacking his 
 foe to the East of Richipond, on the 
 north bank of the Ohickahominy. For 
 this purpose " Stonewall " Jackson, an 
 officer on whom Lee always placed 
 great reliance, and who never failed 
 him , was called with his command from 
 
490 
 
 ROBERT EDWARD LEE. 
 
 the Valley, where lie confronted Fre- 
 mont, at Harrisburg. Jackson adroitly 
 brought of his forces, reaching Ash- 
 land on the 25 th of June, when he was 
 within striking distance of the right 
 wing of McClellan's forces. The next 
 day, in combination with Gen. Hill, he 
 was in action at Mechanics ville ; and 
 the following, struck a decided blow in 
 the desperate encounter at Cold Har- 
 bor. That night began the full retreat 
 of the army of McClellan to the James, 
 Gen. Lee being on the field and direct- 
 ing operations in the vigorous move- 
 ments of that week of battles, ending 
 with the Confederate disaster at Mal- 
 vern Hill. 
 
 When McClellan in August left the 
 Peninsula, recalled to the Potomac to 
 co-operate with Gen. Pope, then on 
 the line of the Rapidan, Lee anti- 
 cipating the new aggressive move- 
 ment of his enemy, sent forward Jack- 
 son with his corps, to arrest his ope- 
 rations. The battle of Cedar Run 
 was fought and followed up by a 
 northern Confederate movement, direct- 
 ed by Lee in person, which culminated 
 in the second battle of Bull Run or 
 Manassas. There was much confusion 
 at this time in the military regulation 
 of the Union forces, and Lee, thinking 
 it a favorable opportunity to carry out 
 a policy eagerly demanded by the 
 South, resolved upon the invasion of 
 Maryland, which was supposed to have 
 a large population ready to serve the 
 Confederate cause. The second battle 
 of Manassas was fought on the 30th of 
 August. On the 4th of September 
 Lee crossed the Potomac, with his army 
 in front of Leesburor : and on the 8th 
 issued the following proclamation to 
 
 the people of Maryland, from his head- 
 quarters, near Frederickton : " Tt is 
 right," said he, " that you should know 
 the purpose that has brought the armj' 
 under my command within the limits 
 of your State, so far as that purpose 
 concerns yourselves. The people of the 
 Confederate States have long watched 
 with the deepest sympathy, the wrongs 
 and outrages that have been inflicted 
 upon the citizens of a commonwealth 
 allied to the States of the South by the 
 strongest social, political and commer- 
 cial ties, and reduced to the condition 
 of a conquered province. Under the 
 pretence of supporting the Constitu- 
 tion, but in violation of its most valu- 
 able provisions, your citizens have been 
 arrested and imprisoned, upon no charge, 
 and contrary to all the forms of law. 
 A faithful and manly protest against 
 this outrage, made by a venerable and 
 illustrious Marylander, to whom in bet- 
 ter days no citizen appealed for right 
 in vain, was treated with scorn and 
 contempt. The government of youi' 
 chief city has been usurped by armed 
 strangers; your Legislature has been 
 dissolved by the unlawful arrest of its 
 members ; freedom of the Press and of 
 speech has been suppressed; words 
 have been declared offences by an arbi- 
 trary decree of the Federal Executive, 
 and citizens ordered to be tried by mil- 
 itary commission for what they may 
 dare to speak. Believing that the peo- 
 ple of Maryland possess a spirit too 
 lofty to submit to such a Government, 
 the people of the South have long wish- 
 ed to aid you in throwing off this for- 
 eign yoke, to enable you to again enjoy 
 the inalienable rights of freemen, and 
 restore the independence and sovereign- 
 
ROBERT EDWARD LEE. 
 
 491 
 
 ty of your State. In obedience to tMs 
 wisli our army lias com>. among you, 
 and is prepared to assist you witi the 
 power of its arms in regaining the 
 lights of which you have been so un- 
 justly despoiled. This, citizens of Mary- 
 land, is our mission, so far as you are 
 concerned. No restraint upon your 
 free will is intended — no intimidation 
 will be allowed within the limits of 
 this army at least. Marvlanders shall 
 once more enjoy their ancient freedom 
 of thought and speech. We know no 
 enemies among you, and will protect all 
 of you in every opinion. Tt is for you 
 to decide your destiny freely andmth- 
 out constraint. This army will respect 
 your choice, whatever it may be, and 
 while the Southern people will rejoice 
 to welcome you to your natural posi- 
 tion among them, they will only wel- 
 come you when you come of your own 
 free will." 
 
 Maryland, however, did not respond 
 to the call, and Lee was left to his 
 own resources, while McClellan who 
 was in command of the hastily reorgan- 
 ized Union army, advanced to meet him 
 on the line of the Potomac. Lee plan- 
 ned his campaign sMlfully ; made an 
 easy conquest of the garrison and stores 
 at Harper's Ferry, but unable to hold 
 his ground at South Mountain was 
 again overpowered at Sharpsburg or 
 Antietam in the bloody battle of the 1 7th 
 of September, from which he retired 
 discomfited, hurrying his forces across 
 the Potomac. 
 
 Another campaign followed before 
 the year closed. Li November McClel- 
 lan crossed the Potomac and was push- 
 ing southward along the mountain 
 ranges on the east, when he was super- 
 
 seded by Gen. Burnside, who turned 
 his force to the left and confronted Lee, 
 who, in anticipation of his movement, 
 had carried a large portion of liis ai-my 
 to Fredericksburg. Here the armies 
 lay opposed to each other till the mid- 
 dle of December, when Burnside stut 
 his forces across the river, and the ac- 
 tion known as the battle of Fredericks- 
 burg was fought with equal detennin- 
 ation on each side. Lee's dispositions 
 were well made and, seconded by the 
 bravery of his troops, secured the 
 speedy withdrawal of Burnside to his 
 former camp, on the left, bank of the 
 river. New efforts were now made for 
 the spidng campaign, and the war on 
 the Rappahannock was again renewed 
 in April, Lee holding his own position 
 on the Southern bank, the Union army 
 under a new commander. General Hook- 
 er, confronting him on the north. A 
 passage of the river was again forced 
 at the end of April, 1862 ; Gen. Hooker 
 by a vigorous flank movement estab- 
 lishing himself at Chancellorsville, to 
 the west of Fredericksburg. Here- in 
 the " Wilderness," as the desolate range 
 of country was called, in the first days 
 of May was fought the battle of Chan- 
 cellorsville, memorable for the extraor- 
 dinary severity of the struggle, the re- 
 treat of the Union forces, and the loss 
 to the Confederate ranks of the brave 
 and resolute Southern champion, a sol- 
 dier whose devotion to arms and to his 
 cause vras tinged with fanaticism — 
 Stonewall Jackson. 
 
 The fall of Jackson, wounded by his 
 own men, touched Lee deeply. When 
 he heard from Jackson of his dis- 
 aster, he wrote to him, " could I have 
 directed events, I should Lave chos- 
 
492 
 
 ROBERT EDWARD LEE. 
 
 en, for fhe good of the country, to 
 have been disabled in your stead ;" and 
 when the news of the death of his 
 friend and fellow soldier came, Lee an- 
 nounced the event to his army : " The 
 daring, skill and energy of this great 
 and good soldier, by a decree of an all- 
 wise Providence, are now lost to us. 
 But while we mourn his death, we feel 
 that his spirit lives and will inspire the 
 whole army with his indomitable cour- 
 age and unshaken confidence in God as 
 our hope and strength. Let his name 
 be a watchword for his coi-ps, who have 
 followed him to victory on so many 
 fields. Let officers and soldiers imitate 
 his invincible determination to do every- 
 thing in the defence of our beloved 
 country." 
 
 Once more it was determined by Lee, 
 in the summer of 1863, to make a pow- 
 erful diversion, if not secure final suc- 
 cess, by carrpng the war across the Po- 
 tomac, into the Northern States. The 
 motives which influenced him, are indi- 
 cated in his report of the campaign 
 which ensued. " The position," says 
 he, " occupied by the enemy opposite 
 Fredericksburg being one in which he 
 could not be attacked to advantage, it 
 was determined to draw him from it. 
 The execution of this purpose embraced 
 the relief of the Shenandoah Valley 
 from the troops that had occupied the 
 lower part of it during the Winter and 
 Spring, and, if practicable, the transfer 
 of the scene of hostilities north of the 
 Potomac. It was thought that the cor- 
 responding movement on the part of 
 the enemy, to which those contemplated 
 by us would probably give rise, might 
 offer a fair opportunity to strike a blow 
 at the army therein commanded by 
 
 General Hooker, and that, in any event, 
 that army would be compelled to leave 
 Virginia, and possibly to draw to its 
 support troops designed to operate 
 against other parts of the country. In 
 this way it was supposed that the ene- 
 my's plan of campaign for the summer 
 would be broken up, and part of the 
 season of active operations be consumed 
 in the formation of new combinations 
 and the preparations that they would 
 require." 
 
 Accordingly on the 3d of June, he 
 began the movement of his troops in 
 the direction of Culpepper. A cavaliy 
 reconnoissance, ordered by Hooker, 
 brought the opposing forces in contact, 
 and developed the intentions of the 
 enemy. The lower Valley again be- 
 came the scene of military opei-ations, 
 and Lee pushed an advanced body of 
 cavalry across the Potomac to Cham- 
 bersburg. While this was engaged in 
 seizing upon supplies, he himself was 
 moving by the Valley, while Hooke* 
 pursued a parallel course to the east of 
 the mountains, coming up in time to 
 guard the lower fords of the Potomac. 
 On the eve of crossing the river, on the 
 21st, Lee issued his general orders for 
 the regulation of his army " in the ene- 
 my's country." Requisitions were to 
 be made upon the local authorities for 
 needed supplies; which, if granted, 
 were to be paid for or receipts given ; 
 and if not yielded, to be seized. The 
 corps of Ewell, Longstreet and Hill now 
 crossed the river at Williamsport and 
 Shephardstown. Hagerstown, Cham- 
 bersburg, Shippensburg and Carlisle, 
 Pennsylvania, were rapidly occupied in 
 succession, and Harrisburg threatened. 
 A force was sent eastward to protect 
 
ROBERT EDWARD LEE. 
 
 493 
 
 the main column. A portion of the 
 invading array levied a contribution at 
 Gettysburg on the 26th, and York, to 
 the eastward, suffered a similar visita- 
 tion two days afterward. Hooker was 
 now succeeded in the chief command 
 of the Union army by Meade, who 
 rapidly concentrated his forces. The 
 first of July saw the beginning of what 
 in truth, was the decisive conflict of 
 the war, at Gettysburg. The march 
 toward this place, says Lee in his offi- 
 cial report, " was conducted more slow- 
 ly than it would have been had the 
 movements of the Federal army been 
 known. The leading division of Hill 
 met the enemy in advance of Gettys- 
 burg on the morning of the first of 
 July. Driving back these troops to 
 vdthin a short distance of the town, he 
 there encountered a large force, with 
 which two of his divisions became en- 
 gaged. Ewell, coming up with two of 
 his di\Tisions by the Heidlersburgh 
 road, joined in the engagement. The 
 enemy was driven through Gettysburg 
 with heavy loss, including about five 
 thousand prisoners and several pieces 
 of artillery. He retreated to a high 
 range of hiUs south and east of the 
 town. The attack was not pressed that 
 afternoon, the enemy's force being un- 
 known, and it being considered advis- 
 able to await the arrival of the rest of 
 our troops. Orders were sent back to 
 hasten their march ; and, in the mean- 
 time, every effort was made to ascer- 
 tain the numbers and position of the 
 enemy, and find the most favorable 
 point of attack. It had not been in- 
 tended to fight a general battle at such 
 a distance from our base, unless attack- 
 ed by the enemy ; but finding ourselves 
 
 unexpectedly confronted by the Feder- ■ 
 al army, it became a matter of difficul- 
 ty to withdraw through the mountains 
 with our large trains. At the same 
 time the country was unfavorable for 
 collecting supplies while in the presence 
 of the enemy's main body, as he was 
 enabled to restrain our foraging parties 
 by occupying the passes of the moun- 
 tains with regular and local troops. A 
 battle thus became, in a measure, un- 
 avoidable. Encouraged by the success- 
 ful issue of the engagement of the first 
 day, and in view of the valuable results 
 that would ensue from the defeat of the 
 army of General Meade, it was thought 
 advisable to renew the attack. The 
 remainder of Ewell's and Hill's corps 
 having arrived, and two divisions of 
 Longstreet's, our preparations were 
 made accordingly. During the after- 
 noon intelligence was received of the 
 arrival of General Stuart at Carlisle, 
 and he was ordered to march to Gettys- 
 biu-g, and take position on the left." 
 Continuing his report, the second and 
 third days' battles are thus noticed by 
 Gen. Lee : " The preparations for at- 
 tack were not completed until the after- 
 noon of the second. The enemy held a 
 high and commanding ridge, along 
 which he had massed a large amount 
 of artUlery. General Ewell occupied 
 the left of our line. General Hill the 
 centre, and General Longstreet the right. 
 In front of General Longstreet the ene- 
 my held a position, from which, if he 
 could be driven, it was thought that 
 our army could be used to advantage 
 in assailing the more elevated ground 
 beyond, and thus enable us to reach 
 the crest of the ridge. That officer was 
 directed to endeavor to carry this posi- 
 
494 
 
 ROBERT EDWARD LEE. 
 
 tion, while General Ewell attacked di- 
 rectly the high ground on the enemy's 
 right, which had already been partial- 
 ly fortified. General Hill was instruct- 
 ed to threaten the centre of the Federal 
 line, in order to prevent reinforcements 
 being sent to either wing, and to avail 
 himself of any opportunity that might 
 present itself to attack. After a severe 
 struggle, Longstreet succeeded in get- 
 ting possession of and holding the de- 
 sired ground. Ewell also carried some 
 of the strong positions which he as- 
 sailed, and the result was such as to 
 lead to the belief that he would ulti- 
 mately be able to dislodge the enemy. 
 The battle ceased at dark. These par- 
 tial successes determined me to continue 
 the assault next day. Pickett, with 
 three of his brigades, joined Longstreet 
 the following morning, and our batter- 
 ies were moved forward to the position 
 gained by him the day before. The 
 general plan of attack was unchanged, 
 except that one division and two brig- 
 ades of Hill's corps were ordered to 
 support Longstreet. The enemy, in the 
 meantime, had strengthened his line 
 with earthworks. The morning was 
 occupied in necessary preparations, and 
 the battle recommenced in the afternoon 
 of the third, and raged with great vio- 
 lence until sunset. Our troops succeed- 
 ed in entering the advanced works of 
 the enemy, and getting possession of 
 some of his batteries; but our artillery 
 having nearly expended its ammunition, 
 the attacking columns became exposed 
 to the heavy fire of the numerous bat- 
 teries near the summit of the ridge, and 
 after a most determined and gallant 
 struggle, were compelled to relinquish 
 theii" advantage and fall back to 
 
 their original positions, with severe 
 loss." 
 
 Such, in Lee's simple statement, was 
 the battle of Gettysburg; the heaviest 
 blow yet suffered by the Confederate 
 army of Virginia. Lee bore the disas- 
 ter with patient resignation, made the 
 best dispositions for retreat, and suc- 
 ceeded in a disadvantageous march in 
 bringing the remains of his shattered 
 army across the Potomac into Yirgiuia. 
 
 Seven months of comparative quiet 
 ensued in Virginia, while new combina- 
 tions were being effected. Lee fell 
 back with his army to the Rapidan. 
 In October and November there was 
 some sharp fighting with Meade on the 
 old skirmishing grounds of Eastern 
 Virginia, but nothing decisive. In the 
 spring of 1864, Gen. Grant, crowned 
 with western laurels, was appointed 
 Lieutenant-General and Commander-in- 
 Chief of the Union forces. In the be- 
 ginning of May, he opened the contest 
 in earnest ; crossing the Rapidan in the 
 face of Lee's army, and then began in 
 the Wilderness, a series of battles un- 
 paralleled during the war, in dogged, 
 hard fighting and loss of life, in which 
 Grant's obstinacy at last prevailed; 
 bringing him by a continued flank 
 movement to the old battle-ground of 
 the Chickahominy, and Lee once more 
 in Richmond. The south side of the 
 James river, before Petersburg, then be- 
 came the main field of operations, 
 where, during the summer and autumn 
 of this eventful year various engage- 
 ments were fought ; the winter succeed- 
 ed with manifold conflicts, and yet Lee 
 held Richmond. In February, 1865, 
 destined to be the last year of the war, 
 Lee, in obedience to a universally ex- 
 
EGBERT EDWARD LEE. 
 
 495 
 
 pressed desire, was created General-in- 
 Chief of tlie army of the Confederate 
 States. In assuming the command, he 
 said in a general order : " Deeply im- 
 pressed with the difBculties and respon- 
 sibilities of the position, and humbly 
 invoking the guidance of Almighty 
 God, I rely for success upon the cour- 
 age and fortitude of the army, sustain- 
 ed by the patriotism and firmcQess of 
 the people — confident that their iinited 
 efforts, under the blessing of Heaven, 
 will secure peace and independence." 
 But the exhausted Confederate cause 
 was past surgery. Not even the sMll, 
 prudence and military combinations of 
 Lee coidd save it. Its strength was ef- 
 fectually broken by the grand march of 
 Sherman in the South, and Grant at 
 the end of March was closing in upon 
 the devoted city. Lee made one last 
 effort for Richmond in an attack on the 
 Union forts before Petersburg, on the 
 25th ; but the valor of his troops was 
 of no avail. Overpowered by numbers 
 and superior resources, he was compel- 
 led to evacuate his capital. The Union 
 forces followed on the track of his en- 
 feebled army, and on the 9th of April 
 Lee surrendered to Grant, at Appomat- 
 tox Court House. He received honor- 
 able terms, being paroled with his 
 army. The war was virtually at an 
 end. 
 
 On the 10th of April, Lee issued the 
 following farewell address to his army : 
 " After four years of arduous service, 
 n.— 63 
 
 marked by unsurpassed courage and 
 fortitude, the army of Northern Virgin- 
 ia has been compelled to yield to over- 
 whelming numbers and resources. I 
 need not tell the survivors of so many 
 hard-fought battles, who have remained 
 steadfast to the last, that I have con- 
 sented to this result from no distrust 
 of them; but holding that valor and 
 devotion could accomplish nothing that 
 could compensate for the loss that 
 would attend the continuation of the 
 contest, I have determined to avoid the 
 useless sacrifice of those whose past 
 vigor has endeared them to their coun 
 trymen. By the terms of agreement, 
 officers and men can retiu-n to their 
 homes, and remain there till exchanged. 
 You will take with you the satisfac- 
 tion that proceeds from the conscious- 
 ness of duty faithfully performed, and 
 I earnestly pray that a merciful God 
 will extend you His blessing and pro- 
 tection. With an increasing admira- 
 tion of your constancy and devotion to 
 your countr}'^, and a grateful remem- 
 brance of your kind and generous con- 
 sideration of myself, I bid you an af- 
 fectionate farewell." 
 
 After this Lee returned to his home 
 in Richmond, where he passed a few 
 months in retirement ; and in October, 
 having taken the amnesty oath requir- 
 ed by the Government, was installed 
 President of Washington College at 
 Lexington in the Valley of Virginia. 
 
JOSEPH EGGLESTON JOHNSTON. 
 
 Joseph Egglestok Johnston was 
 born in Prince Edward County, Vir- 
 ginia, about the year 1808. His family 
 is of Scottisli ancestry. In tlie war of 
 the revolution, his father, Peter, served 
 in his youth as an officer in General 
 Greene's southern campaign. He was 
 afterwards distinguished as a lawyer 
 and judge. He married Miss Wood, a 
 niece of the eminent Patrick Henry. 
 Joseph, the subject of this notice, was 
 the youngest of his sons by this mar- 
 riage. He was educated in Virginia, 
 and early developed that \'igor of char- 
 acter which led to his appointment as 
 a cadet at West Point. He passed with 
 credit the course of studies at the Mili- 
 tary Academy, graduated in 1829, and 
 was assigned to the fourth artillery, 
 with the usual rank of brevet Second 
 Lieutenant. In 1836 he was appointed 
 First Lieutenant and Assistant Com- 
 missary of Subsistence; and in 1838, 
 First Lieutenant of Topographical En- 
 gineers. He served in the latter capa- 
 city during the Florida war, in which 
 he was distinguished for his services. 
 On one occasion, being engaged in a 
 survey at an exposed situation, the 
 party was waylaid by an ambuscade of 
 Indians, and its officers falling under a 
 murderous fire, Johnston took command, 
 rallied the men, and while standing in 
 
 (496) 
 
 front conducting the action, was struck 
 by a ball in the forehead which passed 
 over the skull. In 1846, he attained 
 the full rank of Captain, and the fol- 
 lowing year accompanied General Scott 
 to Mexico, with the brevet rank of 
 Lieutenant-Colonel of Voltigeurs. He 
 was wounded in a reconnoissance on 
 the advance of Oerro Gordo, and again 
 at Chapultepec, where General Scott 
 in his report of the action, records him 
 " among the first in the assault." It is 
 reported, that Scott remarked of him, 
 "Johnston is a great soldier, but he 
 has an xmfortunate knack of getting 
 himself shot in nearly every engage- 
 ment." 
 
 After the Mexican war, Johnston 
 held the rank of Captain in the Topo- 
 graphical Engineers, and was subse- 
 quently a Colonel in the regular army. 
 
 In 1860, he became Quartermaster- 
 General, with the rank of Brigadier 
 General, and held this position at the 
 outbreak of the recent war. Immedi- 
 ately after the fall of Sumter, in April, 
 1861, he sent in his resignation, and 
 was at once appointed by Gov. Letcher 
 to a prominent command of the State 
 forces of Virginia. In this capacity he 
 appeared at Harper's Ferry, where 
 " Stonewall " Jackson had preceded 
 him, at the close of May. His first act 
 
JOSEPH EGGLESTON JOHNSTON. 
 
 497 
 
 was for strategic purposes, to with- 
 draw his force from Harper's Ferry, an 
 untenable position, and concentrate it 
 at Winchester, for the defence of the 
 lower VaUey, then threatened by Gen. 
 Patterson. On the passage of the Po- 
 tomac by the latter at the beginning of 
 July, in the " affair at Falling Waters," 
 and other operations, Johnston held 
 Patterson in the vicinity of the river 
 while he kept open the passes of the 
 mountains, and had his " Army of the 
 Shenandoah " in readiness to co-operate 
 with Beauregard, in case the Union 
 forces should advance from Washing- 
 ton. The expected crisis came on the 
 18th with McDowell's advance and at- 
 tack on the forces at Bull Run; and 
 the same day a telegraph message 
 reached Johnston calling for the pres- 
 ence of his army. He immediately set 
 his force in motion, arriving with his 
 advance on the field at Manassas on the 
 20th, the day before the decisive en- 
 gagement. Being the senior of Gen- 
 eral Beauregard in rank, says the latter 
 in his official report, " he necessarily 
 assumed command of all the force of 
 the Confederate States, then concen- 
 trating at this point. Made acquainted 
 with my plan of operations and its 
 positions to meet the enemy, he gave 
 them his entire approval, and gener- 
 ously directed their execution under 
 my command." The two Generals were 
 side by side in the forenoon of the day 
 of the battle, watching and directing 
 the movements, and at a critical mo- 
 
 1+ T^l,^ 
 
 l^^vv^ 
 
 disabled."* At the urgent request of 
 Beauregard, Johnston shortly after this, 
 left the immediate conduct of the field 
 to hasten the arrival of the anxiously 
 expected reinforcement and so, in the 
 words of Beauregard, " by his energy 
 and sagacity, his keen perception and 
 anticipation of my needs, directed the 
 reserves as to ensure the success of the 
 day." 
 
 General Johnston remained in com- 
 mand in Virginia dining the year while 
 McClellan was mustering and organiz- 
 ing his forces for a new campaign, and 
 when, in the Spring of 1862, the move- 
 ment was imminent, withdrew his forces 
 to the line of the Rappahannock within 
 supporting distance of Richmond. 
 When McClellan pressed Yorktown on 
 the Peninsula, Johnston reinforced Ma- 
 gruder, and when evacuation of the 
 works was a necessity, Johnston resist- 
 ed the onward march of the Union 
 forces in the battle of Williamsburg 
 on his way to the defences at Rich- 
 mond. By his strategy of the employ- 
 ment of " Stonewall " Jackson on Mc- 
 Dowell's flank and rear, he threatened 
 Washington and effectually restrained 
 that officer from sending the reinforce- 
 ments to the great Union army, loud]y 
 demanded by McClellan. The last day 
 of May, he encountered the forces ol 
 the latter on the Ohickahominy in their 
 near approach to Richmond on their 
 left wing in the battle of the " Seven 
 Pines." The engagement, in conse- 
 quence of the heavy storm of the pre- 
 
498 
 
 JOSEPH EGGLESTON JOHNSTON. 
 
 W. Smith. About sunset Jolinston 
 while directing the action, was struck 
 from his horse, severely wounded by a 
 fragment of a shell, and at the same 
 time a minie ball entered his shoulder 
 and passed down his back. In falling 
 from his horse, he broke two of his 
 ribs, and in this unhappy condition 
 was carried into Richmond, where by 
 the most vigilant attention during two 
 months, he became so far recovered as to 
 leave the city for the country. In conse- 
 quence of this disaster, General Robert 
 E. Lee was called to the command of 
 the Confederate army in Virginia. It 
 was not till December that Johnston, 
 still an invalid, was enabled to resume 
 active duties, when he took the field in 
 the South West in command of a new 
 geographical department with his head- 
 quarters at Chattanooga. He visited 
 Murfreesboro' when Bragg was in com- 
 mand, and subsequently Jackson, hav- 
 ing Rosecrans to contend with in Ten- 
 nessee, and Grant and Sherman on the 
 Mississippi. He was at Jackson when 
 the battle of Murfreesboro' was fought 
 in December, and in the conflict of 
 opinion which ensued in regard to Gen. 
 Bragg's efficiency, sustained that officer 
 and defended the conduct of his army 
 in a correspondence with President 
 Jefferson Davis on the subject. " I 
 can find," he wrote in February, 1863, 
 after visiting the army, " no record of 
 more effective fighting in modem bat- 
 tles than that of this army in Decem- 
 ber, evincing skill in the commander 
 and courage in the troops which fully 
 entitle them to the thanks of the 
 Government." In reference to a report 
 which had reached him that the Presi- 
 dent had intended to remove Bragg 
 
 and place him in a direct command of 
 his army, he added, "I am sure that 
 you will agree with me, that the part I 
 have borne in this investigation would 
 render it inconsistent with my personal 
 honor to occupy that position. . I be' 
 lieve, however, that the interest of the 
 service requires that General Bragg 
 should not be removed." 
 
 Notwithstanding this protest, John- 
 ston was in March ordered to the com- 
 mand ; but his health did not permit 
 him to take the field till the following 
 month. In May he was called upon at 
 Jackson, Mississippi, to meet the forces 
 of General Grant who was then invest- 
 ing Vicksburg, and before leaving the 
 following month, was engaged in inef- 
 fectual designs and attempts for the sup- 
 port of Pemberton at the beleaguered 
 city. When Vicksburg fell, Johnston 
 was compelled to fall back from Jack- 
 son, and we subsequently hear of him 
 at Mobile, Atlanta and other places 
 superintending the fortifications and 
 summoning new troops to the field. 
 Having firmly established the Confed- 
 erate line of defence in Tennessee and 
 North Georgia in December, he super- 
 seded Bragg in direct command of 
 the army with his headquarters at 
 Dalton, Georgia. General Sherman 
 was now opposed to him and in the 
 Spring of 1864, commenced that series 
 of movements, which, with the corres- 
 ponding operations of General Grant 
 in the East, brought the war for the 
 Union to a successful termination. It 
 is not necessary here to pursue the 
 events of the campaign from May to 
 July during which Johnston at Tunnel 
 Hill, Dalton, Resaca, Kenesaw Moun- 
 tain, and other spots stoutly resisted 
 
JOSEPH BGGLESTON JOHNSTON. 
 
 499 
 
 the advance of Sterman, who by mucli 
 hard fighting and a series of flank 
 movements in July, had driven his 
 enemy to Atlanta. There on the 17th 
 of the month, Johnston, whose wise 
 policy of defence was impatiently 
 borne at Richmond, was superseded by 
 General Hood. 
 
 The change of commanders did not 
 improve the Confederate situation in 
 Georgia. Atlanta fell before the com- 
 binations and strategy of Sherman, 
 who, in the months which ensued, de- 
 feated the strategy of Hood in his rear, 
 and finally, in November, began that 
 grand march which opened to him a 
 successful progress to the sea board at 
 Savannah, and early in 1865, conquered 
 South Carolina in its capital Columbia 
 and its stronghold Charleston. At this 
 last critical moment in February, John- 
 ston was again called to the field and 
 took the command of the forces in 
 North Carolina for the defence of 
 Goldsboro' and the points threatened 
 by Sherman. He resisted the latter's 
 progress in the battle of Bentonville, 
 but it was fought in vain. Sherman 
 now in communication with Grant 
 pressed on and occupied Raleigh on the 
 13th of April, Johnston retiring before 
 him. In the meantime, on the 9th, 
 Lee had surrendered to Grant in Vir- 
 ginia; resistance in North Carolina 
 was hopeless and Johnston (on the 
 14th) addressed a letter to Sherman 
 requesting a suspension of active operar 
 tions "in order to stop the further 
 
 „ilCL-_* ^J} 1-1 _ 
 
 17th, at a point near Durham's Station 
 intermediate between the pickets of 
 the two armies, met Johnston for the 
 first time in his life, though as he said, 
 "we had been eschanging shots con- 
 tinually since May, 1863. Out- inter- 
 view " he adds in his report of these 
 transactions, " was frank and soldier- 
 like, and he gave me to understand 
 that further war on the part of the 
 Confederate troops was folly, that the 
 'cause' was lost, and that every life 
 sacrificed after the surrender of Lee's 
 army was the highest possible crime." 
 Another interview took place between 
 the Generals the next day, when a 
 ' memorandum ' was agreed upon of a 
 cessation of hostilities, and a basis for 
 peace securing certain civil privileges 
 to the Southern States on their return 
 to the Union. This ' memorandum ' was 
 set aside by the Government at Wash- 
 ington; General Grant himself came 
 to Raleigh to superintend the matter, 
 and new military conditions of sur- 
 render were agreed upon, similar to 
 those accorded to General Lee. On 
 the 26th of April, the negotiations 
 were completed near Durham's Station. 
 The army of Johnston was now paroled 
 and its Commander took leave of his 
 companions in aiTus in a judicious 
 farewell address. 
 
 Promptly accepting the duties im- 
 posed by a new order of events, John- 
 ston quietly returned to the path of 
 civil life, and at the close of the year 
 accepted the position of President of 
 
JEFFEESON DAVIS. 
 
 Jbffeeson Davis was born June 3, 
 1808, in that part of Christian County, 
 Kentucky, whicL. now forms Todd's 
 County. His father, Samuel Davis, a 
 planter of the region, had in his youth 
 served in the Kevolutionary War. Soon 
 after the birth of his son he removed 
 with his family to Mississippi and set- 
 tled near Woodville, Wilkinson County. 
 Young Davis was educated at home 
 and at Transylvania College, Ken- 
 tucky, whence in 1824, at the age of 
 sixteen, by the favor of President Mon- 
 roe, he entered the West Point Military 
 Academy as a Cadet. He graduated 
 at that institution in 1828, and with 
 the usual appointment of brevet Second 
 Lieutenant, served as an infantry and 
 staff officer upon the Northern frontier. 
 In 1832, he was promoted First Lieu- 
 tenant of Dragoons. He was in active 
 service at this time in the " Black 
 Hawk War." From 1833 to 1835 he 
 served on the Western frontier in war- 
 fare with the Indians. In June, 1835, 
 he resigned his commission, was mar- 
 ried to the daughter of Colonel Tay- 
 lor, afterwards the President, with 
 whom he had Served, and settled as 
 a cotton planter in Mississippi and 
 passed eight years of his life in this 
 agricultural pursuit — a period also that 
 was not without its occupation in those 
 
 (500) 
 
 political studies in which he app 
 afterwards an adept. In 1843, h 
 came known to the public as a j 
 cian advocating the Democratic ] 
 and in the following year was c 
 Presidential elector, in the canvass "\ 
 resulted in the election of Mr. 
 In 1845-6, he was a member o: 
 House of Representatives in Cou 
 and in the latter year, on the brei 
 out of the Mexican war, was cl 
 their Colonel by the first regime 
 Mississippi volunteers. He res- 
 his seat in Congress, accepted th 
 pointment, and joining the regime 
 New Orleans, hastened to Gen. T 
 on the Rio Grande. He was in tl 
 tion at Monterey, and greatly d 
 guished himself at Buena Vista, in 
 vice, at a critical moment of the a( 
 specially acknowledged by Gen. 
 lor. " His Mississippi riflemen," i 
 that officer in his dispatch, " brc 
 into action against an immensely 
 rior force, maintained themselves 
 long time unsupported and with I 
 loss, and held an important post i 
 field until reinforced. Col. I 
 though severely wounded, remain( 
 the saddle until the close of the su 
 His distinguished coolness and gaUj 
 at the head of his regiment on this 
 entitle him to the particular not: 
 
JEFFERSON DAVIS. 
 
 501 
 
 tlie government." On his return to 
 New Orleans on tlie expiration of the 
 term of his regiment, he was appointed 
 by President Polk, Brigadier General 
 of Volunteers ; but this he declined 
 " considering the oiffer an invasion of 
 the rights of the States — a power 
 usurped by Congress and by them 
 vested in the President — and a viola- 
 tion of that provision of the Constitu- 
 tion which reserves to the States re- 
 spectively the appointment of the of- 
 ficers of militia."* 
 
 Pursuing his route homeward. Col. 
 Davis was received with enthusiasm, 
 and in 1847 was chosen by the Legis- 
 lature of Mississippi to fill a vacancy 
 in the United States Senate, and the 
 following year was elected for a full 
 term of six years. In the Senate he 
 was appointed Chairman of the Com- 
 mittee on military affairs and distin- 
 guished himself as a member of the 
 Democratic party in debates on the 
 slavery question and "State rights." 
 In September, 1851, he resigned his 
 seat in the Senate to become a candi- 
 date for the office of Governor of Mis- 
 sissippi, and was defeated, when he re- 
 tired again to his plantation, to be re- 
 called to public life by an electioneer- 
 ing campaign in behalf of General 
 Pierce as a candidate for the Presi- 
 dency, in speaking in behalf of his 
 fi'iend, in Mississippi, Tennessee and 
 Louisiana. "When Pierce was installed 
 in the Presidency in 1853, Col. Davis 
 was appointed Secretary of War, and 
 held this position during the four years 
 of the administration ; marking the 
 period by revised army regulations, an 
 improvement in arming the troops and 
 
 * Livingston's Sketches of Eminent Americans. 
 
 his furtherance of several military ex- 
 plorations of railway routes to the 
 Pacific. When President Buchanan 
 came into office he was again sent to 
 the Senate for the term ending March 
 4, 1863. Before the expiration of that 
 period he had again resigned under ex 
 traordinary circumstaiices and was serv 
 ing as the President of a divided, rival 
 Republic. 
 
 In Senator Davis the South had ever 
 a warm and unflinching advocate of its 
 ultra political doctrines and preten- 
 tions, inculcated by Calhoun of the 
 right of secession "as an essential at- 
 tribute of State sovereignty ;" — theor- 
 ies, which on the election of President 
 Lincoln it was resolved should become 
 realities. At the opening of the last 
 session of Congress in Buchanan's ad- 
 ministration Davis pronounced the 
 message of the President temporizing in 
 its policy and declared that " the Con- 
 stitution gave no power to the Federal 
 Government to coerce a State." On 
 the 21st of January, when Mississippi 
 had declared her intention by her Con 
 vention to separate from the United 
 States, he withdrew from the Senate 
 stating his resolve in a final speech 
 " It has been," said he, " a conviction of ■ 
 pressing necessity, it has been a belief 
 that we are to be deprived in the Union 
 of the rights which our fathers be- 
 queathed to us, which has brought 
 Mississippi to her present decision." 
 For the members of the Senate he ex- 
 pressed his regard and in view of com- 
 ing events, entreated peaceable rela- 
 tions in the future. "The reverse," 
 said he, " may bring disaster on every 
 portion of the country ; and if you 
 will have it thus, we will invoke the 
 
502 
 
 JEFFERSON DAVIS. 
 
 God of our fathers, vvlio delwered them 
 li-oui the power of the lion ; to protect 
 us from the ravages of the bear ; and 
 thus, putting our trust in God, and in 
 our own firm hearts and strong arms, we 
 will vindicate the rights as best we may." 
 
 The words had in them a flavor of 
 war anticipative of the impending 
 bloody contest. Davis was the master 
 spirit of the opinion which directed 
 the conflict; and when the Southern 
 preparations for a new Government 
 were completed he was, without a dis- 
 sentient voice in the Convention of six 
 seceding States — South Carolina, Mis- 
 sissippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia and 
 Louisiana — which met at Montgomery, 
 Alabama, chosen President of the Con- 
 federation. This took place on the 9th 
 of February, 1861 ; on the 16th, Davis 
 arrived at Montgomery from his Mis- 
 sissippi plantation and addressed the 
 citizens at evening. " It may be," said 
 he, "our career will be ushered in in 
 the midst of storm. It may be, that 
 as this morning opened with clouds, 
 mist and rain, we shall have to en- 
 counter inconvenience at the beginning. 
 But, as the sun rose, it lifted the mist 
 and dispelled the cloads, and left the 
 pure sunlight of Heaven; so will the 
 progress of the Southern Confederacy 
 carry us safe to the harbor of Consti- 
 tutional liberty and political equality." 
 En a formal Inauguration two days 
 afterward he pronounced an address 
 well written, smooth and equable, as- 
 serting the Constitutional principles or 
 theories which had brought him to his 
 present position and dimly showing, 
 beneath the surface, the elements of 
 the coming military struggle. 
 
 The new Government was now or- 
 
 ganized and presently transferred to 
 Richmond as the capitol of the Con- 
 federacy. A second session of the 
 Congress was held there on the 29th of 
 April, after the fall of Sumter, at Avhich 
 Davis delivered an elaborate Message, 
 a manifesto of the Southern argument 
 for secession for the judgment of the 
 world. War against the United States 
 was now formally declared and hence- 
 forth the biography of President Davis 
 is the history of the short lived South- 
 ern Confederacy. But manifold and 
 complicated events were crowded into 
 that brief period of four years during 
 which the contest was continued. We 
 are not called upon here to repeat the 
 incidents nor is the true history of the 
 administration of DaAas, in its domestic 
 policy and the conduct of the war yet 
 fully revealed. From time to time at 
 the successive meetings of the Confed- 
 erate Congress, President Da\'is ad- 
 dressed that body and spoke to the 
 world in his Messages, declaring his 
 policy, calling for increased exertions 
 on the part of the people and denounc- 
 ing the conduct of his enemies. With 
 the exception of one or two visits to 
 his camps in the South, he remained at 
 Richmond during the war and, when 
 the capitol was about to fall, retired 
 with an escort through North and 
 South Carolina to Georgia, where he 
 was pursued and overtaken by a party 
 of soldiers in the vicinity of Irvings- 
 ville, in Wilkinson County, on the 10th 
 of May, 1865. 
 
 He was conducted to Savannah and 
 thence brought by sea to Fortress Mon- 
 roe where he was left, a prisoner of. 
 State to await the action of Congress 
 and the President. 
 
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