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 CORNELL 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
 GIFT OF 
 
 Professor 
 Howard B. Adelmann 
 
Cornell University Library 
 PA 2095.D28 
 
 Selections from Roman historians, 
 
 3 1924 015 772 704 
 
Cornell University 
 Library 
 
 The original of tliis bool< is in 
 tlie Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924015772704 
 
MAP ILLUSTRATING THE 
 
 WAR WITH HANNIBAL 
 
SELECTIONS 
 
 FROM 
 
 ROMAN HISTORIANS 
 
 EDITED WITH NOTES 
 
 LINDLEY EICHAKD DEAN, Ph.D. 
 
 ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF LATIN IN 
 DARTMOUTH COLLEGE 
 
 AND 
 
 EOY JOSEPH DEFEEEARI, Ph.D. 
 
 INSTRUCTOR IN CLASSICS IN PRINCETON 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 o»Ja 
 
 ALLYN AND BACON 
 
 13oston ¥efa gork ffifjicago 
 
COPYRIGHT, 1916 
 BY ALLYN AND BACON 
 
 Nocinaati ^uss 
 
 J. 8. OuBhing Co. — Berwick <fc Smith Co. 
 
 Norwood, Mass., U.S.A. 
 
PREFACE 
 
 The editors have- endeavored to include in this book of 
 Selections from, Roman Historians passages which would not 
 only iaterest college freshmen, but would at the same time 
 possess literary and historical value. In spite of the wide 
 range of authors, a connecting thread, admittedly slight in 
 places, may be observed throughout. 
 
 The text is, in the main, that of the Teubner Series, 
 although some changes have been made to suit the design 
 of the Selections. The notes are largely historical and ex- 
 planatory. Actual translations appear, we believe, only 
 where the conscientious student would be likely to experi- 
 ence greatest difficulty in securing the true interpretation. 
 
 In the composition of the notes, we wish especially to 
 acknowledge aid received from the complete edition of Livy 
 by W. Weissenborn, revised by H. J. Mueller (Berlin, 1900), 
 and from a selected edition of Livy — Books I, XXI, and 
 XXII — by J. H. Westcott (Boston, 1904). Assistance 
 received from various other sources will be acknowledged 
 in the particular instances. We desire likewise to express 
 our great indebtedness to Professor J. H. Westcott, whose 
 constant advice and supervision have been invaluable, and 
 to Professor A. C. Johnson, whose kind suggestions have had 
 no little influence in effecting the present form of this book. 
 
 L. R. D. 
 R. J. D. 
 July, 1916. 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 List of Maps 
 Introduction. 
 
 Part One. 
 
 Part Two. 
 Part Three. 
 
 Part Four. 
 Abbreviations 
 Notes . 
 
 The Traifelation of Latin 
 The Pronunciation of Latin Proper Names in 
 English . 
 
 Horatius at the Bridge . 
 
 The First Year of the Decemvirate 
 
 The First Sack of Rome 
 
 The Strategy of Decius 
 
 Bellum Punicum Secundum 
 
 The Jugurthine Scandal 
 Julius Caesar 
 A Sketch of Jewish History and the Siege of Jeru- 
 salem . . . 
 Alexander Magnus 
 
 (Short passages designed for sight reading) 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 4 
 11 
 
 16 
 
 78 
 102 
 
 lis 
 
 123 
 145 
 157 
 157 
 
LIST OF MAPS 
 
 I. Map illustrating War with Hannibal (Adapted from 
 
 Bechtel's Livy) Frontispiece 
 
 ' PAGE 
 
 II. Rome (Sanborn's Classical Atlas) 156 
 
 III. Latium (Westcott's Livy) 172 
 
 IV. Lake Trasimenus (Westcott's Livy) 195 
 
 V. Battle of Cannae (Westcott's Livy) 202 
 
 VI. Jerusalem (Sanborn's Classical Atlas) .... 244 
 
 VII. Tyre (Sanborn's Classical Atlas) 249 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 THE TRANSLATION OF LATIN 
 
 " In reading Latin the process is not one of divination, 
 but of sober inference from positive knowledge of the mean- 
 ing of "words, the force of inflections, word order, and the 
 subtleties of syntax ; and no one who is not master of these 
 can any more translate at sight than he can read music at 
 sight without having previously mastered the technique of 
 the particular instrument on which he wishes to perform." 
 (Bennett and Bristol, 27*6 Teaching of Latin and Greek.) 
 
 The student should understand that " the highest aim of 
 Latin scholarship, on the literary side, is to be able to read 
 Latin, as every competent scholar learns to read French and 
 German, with a direct comprehension and enjoyment of the 
 very words written by the author, not of an English substi- 
 tute made by the reader. The student should regard trans- 
 lation, not as a means of finding out what his author has 
 said, but as, on the one hand, a way of making it clear to 
 his instructor that he has understood, and, on the other, an 
 exercise in expression, — a literary exercise, — in his own 
 tongue." (Report of the Committee of Ten.) 
 
 The following suggestions will be found to be helpful in 
 the preparation of Latin translation. (Quotations are made 
 from Eaton, Latin Prose Exercises, Ginn and Company.) 
 
 " Cultivate a habit of close observation in reading Latin, 
 noticing carefully every word and phrase, every construc- 
 tion, and the order of words in a sentence." 
 
Viii INTRODUCTION 
 
 "Bead aloud the Latin text to yourself, without trans- 
 lating, and try to comprehend its meaning in the Eoman 
 order." A sentence should be read through once, twice, or, 
 if necessary, three times in the Latin, with no reference to 
 the making of a translation, but with the mind, fixed upon 
 grasping the meaning directly. 
 
 The student should study the sections of the grammar 
 devoted to the order or arrangement of words in a Latin 
 sentence. (A. 595-601. B. 348-351. Bu. 1055-1069. 
 G. 671-687.) 
 
 It is particularly important to remember that words which 
 belong together in sense are usually grouped together and 
 the reader of Latin should learn to divide its sentences into 
 groups of words which go together. 
 
 " Observe with care also the logical relation of words and 
 clauses, which the Latin marks with greater precision than 
 the English. Note the difference between the Latin and 
 English style. English is essentially a language of separate 
 or detached sentences, making clauses logically subordinate 
 and dependent, coordinate and independent sentences. The 
 Latin, on the other hand, attends more carefully to the 
 logical relation of clauses. In the treatment of a subject 
 it seizes upon the central idea, expresses it by a leading 
 clause, and groups around it, by means of subordinate 
 clauses, all accessory ideas, so as to form a symmetrical 
 whole." This is known as the Periodic Style in literacy 
 expression. " A Period is a complex sentence, in which 
 one or more subordinate clauses are incorporated into the 
 main clause." The word 'period' comes from the Greek 
 word ircpioSos (a Latin equivalent is circuitus or ambitus 
 verborum). The arrangement of the parts of a period is, 
 in the main, as follows : 
 
INTRODUCTION ix 
 
 1. The subject, with the phrases or clauses immediately 
 connected with it. 
 
 2. The phrases or clauses expressing circumstances of 
 time, place, cause, means, etc. 
 
 3. Phrases or clauses expressing the remoter object (in- 
 direct object). 
 
 4. The object, with the phrases or clauses immediately 
 connected with it. 
 
 5. The principal verb. 
 
 Study the arrangement of the following sentences : 
 
 Flaminius, cum pridie solis occasu ad lacum pervenisset, 
 inexplorato postero die vixdum satis certa luce angustiis 
 superatis, postquam in patentiorem campum pandi agmeh 
 coepit, id tantum hostium, quod ex adverso erat, conspexit. 
 
 Hannibal, captivorum qui Latini nominis essent, sine 
 pretio dimissis, Eomanis in vincula datis, segregata ex 
 hostium coacervatorum cumulis corpora suorum cum sepeliri 
 iussisset, Flaminii quoque corpus funeris causa magna cum 
 cura inquisitum non invenit. 
 
 Galli quoque, per aliquot dies in tecta modo urbis nequi- 
 quam bello gesto, cum inter incendia ac ruinas captae urbis 
 nihil superesse praeter armatos hostes viderent, nequaquam 
 tot cladibus territos nee flexuros ad deditionem animos ni 
 vis adhiberetur, experiri ultima et impetum facere in arcem 
 statuunt. 
 
 So much for the arrangement of words in a Latin sentence ; 
 but in order to understand Latin one must know the meaning 
 of words. To ascertain these meanings it wUl be necessary 
 to use a dictionary. Do not be afraid to consult it, even 
 for the words which you think you know. "Remember 
 that a large number of English words come to us through 
 
X INTRODUCTION 
 
 the late Latin, which differs widely oftentimes from the 
 classical language ; and you must beware of using English 
 words which seem to be the same as the Latin ones." 
 
 Translation involves accuracy and judgment. Above all 
 things never attempt to guess. The student is often tempted 
 to fancy that he understands a sentence, because he has dis- 
 covered, or imagines that he has, a reasonable interpreta- 
 tion. But that only is not sufficient, viz., that the thought 
 be correct in itself. It is absolutely necessary to ascertain 
 the proper and exact relation of a sentence to that which 
 precedes and that which follows. 
 
 A translation should be made with faithful adherence to 
 the Latin, but in a manner which will conform to the idiom 
 of our tongue. Do not attempt to preserve a word for word 
 literal rendering which produces turns of speech never 
 heard outside the classroom, which under the appearance of 
 technical accuracy allows a student not to understand what 
 he reads and makes him liable to go without being under- 
 stood, and which, relieving him of all intellectual effort, 
 resembles nothing else than a jargon intended to deceive 
 his hearers. Nothing is more tedious for a class to listen to 
 than such a method of translation by one of its members. 
 
 Translate faithfully: find the proper word which repro- 
 duces the thought with accuracy and clearness. Faithful- 
 ness includes also trying to reflect the spirit of the author. 
 Your final translation before coming to class should be 
 read aloud with care, and read as though you were trying 
 to make your hearers understand. 
 
INTRODUCTION XI 
 
 THE PRONUNCIATION OF LATIN PROPER NAMES IN 
 ENGLISH 
 
 In translating Latin it is necessary to pronounce Latin 
 proper names in English. If these names are in the nomi- 
 native case, no change need be made in their form when 
 translated. (A few names are so common in English that 
 they have become Anglicized and the accepted form differs 
 from the Latin nominative. E.g. Latin, Pompeius, English, 
 Pom/pey ; Latin, Carthago, English, Carthage; Latin, Bho- 
 danus, English, Rhone.) If a proper name is expressed in 
 Latin in an oblique case, then it is necessary to determine the 
 form of the nominative before using the name in an English 
 sentence. Names are nouns and declined as such. After 
 the nominative case has been found, the next step is to place 
 the accent. The Latin rule for the accentuation of words 
 applies to proper names also, and the Latin accent is re- 
 tained when the name is used in English. If the penult, 
 second syllable from the end, is long, it receives the accent ; 
 if short, the antepenult, third syllable from the end, is 
 accented. The length of syllables is governed by the ordi- 
 nary rules, which should be familiar from the study of Latin 
 poetry. The vowels and consonants of a Latin name in 
 English should be pronounced according to the everyday 
 rules for English pronunciation. 
 
 The following points should be carefully observed : c, s, 
 and t, immediately preceded by an accent and followed by 
 two vowels, the first of which is * (y), have the sound of 
 sh. When t = sh, the following i is silent. E.g., Horatius 
 is pronounced Ho-ra-shus, Sulpicius becomes Sul-pi-shus. 
 
XU INTRODUCTION 
 
 T following s, t, or x keeps its pure sound, e.g. Sestius and 
 Antistius. In tlie name Pontius, t is pronounced somewhat 
 in the same manner. Before e, i, and y and before the 
 diphthongs ce and as, c and g have the soft sound like s and j. 
 E.g. Caere is pronounced Seeree ; Oenucius, Jenuslnis; 
 Ticinus, Tislnus. Consonantal i in Latin becomes j in Eng- 
 lish ; e.g. luliu.i is pronounced Julius; laniculum, Janicu- 
 lum. Initial sc is pronounced like a single s, as in science; 
 so Scipio becomes Sipio. (For a more detailed treatment 
 of this subject one should consult a good dictionary. See 
 also H. J. Richmond, The Pronunciation of Greek and Latin 
 Proper Names.) 
 
SELECTIONS FROM ROMAN 
 HISTORIANS 
 
 PART ONE 
 
 Horatius at the bridge. 
 
 Cum hostes adessent, pro se quisque in urbem ex agris 
 demigrant, urbem ipsam saepiunt praesidiis. Alia muris, alia 
 Tiberi obiecto videbantur tuta ; pons sublicius iter"~^aene 
 hostibus dedit, ni unus i vir fuisset, Horatius Codes : id 
 munimentum illo die fortuna urbis Romanae habuit. Qui 5 
 positus forte in statione pontis, cum captum repentino ira- 
 petu laniculum atque inde eitatos decurrere hostes vidisset 
 trepidamque turbam suorum arma ordinesque relinquere, ' 
 reprehensans singulos, obsistens obtestansque deum et 
 hominum fidem testabatur nequiquam " deserto praesidio 10 
 eos fugere ; si transitum 'pontem a tergo reliquissent, iam 
 plus hostium in Palatio Capitolioque quam in laniculo. 
 fore. Itaque monere, praedicere, ut pontem ferro, igni, 
 quacumque vi possint, interrum'pant ;. se impetum hostium, 
 quantum corpore uno 'posset obsisti; excepturum. 15 
 
 Vadit inde in primum aditum pontis, insignisque inter 
 conspecta cedentium .pugnae terga obversis comminus ad 
 ineundum proelium armis ipso miraculo audaciae obstupe- 
 fecit hostis. - Duo3 tamen cum eo pudor tenuit, Sp. Lar- 
 cium ac T. Hermiaium, ambos claros genere factisque. 20 
 Cum his primam perieuli procellam et quod tumultuosis- 
 
 1 
 
2 SELECTIONS FROM 
 
 simum pugnae erat parumper sustinuit ; deinde eos quoque 
 ipsos exigua parte pontis relicta, reyocantibus qui rescinde- 
 bant, cedere in tutum coegit. Circumferens inde truces 
 minaciter ocidos ad proceres Etruscorum nunc singulos 
 5 provocare, nunc increpare omnes : servitia regum super- 
 borum, suae libertatis iamemores alienam oppugnatum 
 venire. ^ 
 
 Cunctati aliquamdiu sunt, dum alius alium, ut proelium 
 incipiant, circumspectant. Pudor deinde commovit aciem, 
 
 10 et clamore sublato undique in unum hostem tela coniciunt. 
 Quae cum in obiecto cuncta scuto haesissent, neque ille 
 minus obstinatus ingenti pontem obtineret gradu, iam im- 
 petu conabantur detrudere virum, cum simul fragor rupti 
 pontis, simul clamor Eomanorum alacritate perfecti operis 
 
 15 sublatus, pavore subito impetum sustinuit. Tum Codes 
 " Tiberine pater " inquit, " te sancte precor, haec arma et 
 hunc mDitem propitio flumine accipias." Ita sicut erat ar- 
 matus in Tiberim desiluit multisque superincidentibus telis 
 incolumis ad suos tranavit rem ausus plus famae habituram 
 
 20 ad posteros quam fidei. 
 
 Grata erga tantam virtutem civitas fuit : statua in comi- 
 tio posita ; agri quantum uno die cireumaravit datum. Pri- 
 vata quoque inter publicos honores studia eminebant ; nam 
 in magna inopia pro domesticis copiis unusquisque aliquid 
 
 25 fraudans se ipse victu suo contulit. 
 
 The first year of the Decemvirate. 
 Anno trecentesimo altero, quam condita Eoma erat, ite- 
 rum mutatur forma civitatis, ab consulibus ad decemviros, 
 quern ad modum ab regibus ante ad consules venerat, trans- 
 late imperio. Minus insignis, quia non diuturna, mutatio 
 80 fuit. Laeta enim principia magistratus eiug mgiig luxuria- 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 3 
 
 vere ; eo citius lapsa res est repetitumque, duobus uti man- 
 daretur consulum nomen imperiumque. 
 
 Decemviri creati Ap. Claudius, T. G-enucius, P. Sestius, 
 L. Veturius, C. lulius, A. Manlius, P. Sulpicius, P. Curia- 
 tius, T. Eomilius, Sp. Postumius. Claudio et Genucio, quia 5 
 designati consules in eum annum fuerant, pro honore honos 
 redditus, et Sestio, alteri consulum prioris anni, quod cam 
 rem collega invito ad patres rettulerat. His proximi habiti 
 legati tres, qui Athenas ierunt, simul ut pro legatione tarn 
 longinqua praemio esset honos, simul peritos legum pere- 10 
 grinarum ad condenda nova iura usui fore credebant. Sup- 
 plevere ceteri numerum. Graves quoque aetate electos 
 novissimis suffragiis ferunt, quo minus ferociter aliorum 
 seitis adversarentur. Regimen totius magistratus penes 
 Appium erat favore plebis ; adeoque novum sibi ingenium 15 
 induerat, ut plebicola repente omnisque aurae popularis 
 captator evaderet pro truci saevoque insectatore plebis. 
 
 Decumo die ius populo singuli reddebant. Eo die penes 
 praefectum iuris fasces duodecim erant ; collegis novem 
 singuli accensi apparebant. Et in unica concordia inter 20 
 ipsos, qui consensus privatis interdum inutilis est, summa 
 adversus alios aequitas erat. Moderationis eorum argu- 
 nientum exemplo unius rei notasse satis erit. Cum sine 
 provocatione creati essent, defosso cadavere domi apud P. 
 Sestium, patriciae gentis virum, invento prolatoque in con- 25 
 tionem, in re iuxta manifesta atque atroci C- lulius de- 
 cemvir diem Sestio dixit et accusator ad populum extitit, 
 cuius rei index legitimus erat, decessitque iure suo, ut 
 demptum de vi magistratus populi libertati adiceret. 
 
 Cum promptum hoc ius velut ex oraculo incorruptum 30 
 pariter ab iis summi infimique ferrent, turn legibus con- 
 dendis opera dabatur ; ingentique hominum expectatione 
 
4 SELECTIONS FROM 
 
 propositis decern tabulis populum ad contionem advocave- 
 runt et, quod bonum faustum felixque rei publicae ipsis 
 liberisque eorum esset, ire et legere leges propositas ius- 
 sere. Se, quantum decern hominum ingeniis provider! po- 
 
 5 tuerit, omnibus summis infimisque iura aequasse ; plus 
 pollere multorum ingenia consiliaque. Versarent in ani- 
 mis secum unamquamque rem, agitarent deinde sermonibus 
 atque in medium, quid in quaque re plus minusve- esset, 
 conferrent: eas leges habiturum populum Eomanum, quas 
 
 10 consensus omnium non iussisse latas magis quam tulisse 
 videri posset. 
 
 ' Cum ad rumores hominum de unoquoque legum capite 
 editos satis correctae viderentur, centuriatis comitiis decem. 
 tabularum leges perlatae suiit, qui nunc quoque in hoc in- 
 
 15 menso aliarum super alias acervatarum legum c umul o fons 
 omnis publici privatique est iuris. Vulgatur deinde rumor 
 duas deesse tabulas, quibus adiectis absolvi posse velut cor- 
 pus omnis Romani iuris. Ea expectatio, cum dies comitio- 
 rum adpropinquaret, desiderium deoemviros iterum creandi 
 
 20 fecit. lam plebs, praeterquam quod consulum nomen baud 
 secus quam regum perosa erat, ne tribunicium quidem auxi- 
 lium cedentibus in vicem appellationi deceinviris quaerebat. 
 
 The first sack of Borne. 
 Gallos velut obstupefactos miraculum victoriae tarn re- 
 pentinae tenuit, et pavore defixi primum steterunt velut 
 25 ignari, quid accidisset ; deinde insidias vereri; postremo 
 caesorum spolia legere armorumque cumulos, ut mos eis 
 est, coacervare ; turn demum, postquam nihil usquam hos- 
 tile cernebatur, viam ingressi haud multo ante solis ooca- 
 sum ad urbem Eomam perveniunt. Ubi cum praegressi 
 30 equites non portas clausas, non stationem pro portis excu- 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 5 
 
 bare, non armatos esse iii muris rettulissent, aliud priori 
 simile miraculum eos sustinuit ; noctemque veriti et ignotae 
 situm urbis inter Romam atque Anienem consedere explo- 
 ratoribus missis circa moenia aliasque portas, quaenam hos- 
 tibus ta perdita re consilia essent. 6 
 
 Eomani, cum pars maior ex acie Veios petisset quam 
 Eomam, nem^o superesse quemquam praeter eos qui Ro- 
 mam refugerant crederet, conplorati omnes pariter vivi 
 mortuique totam prope urbem lamentis inpleverunt. Pri- 
 vates deinde luctus stupefecit publicus pavor, postquam lo 
 hostes adesse nuntiatum est ; mox ululatus cantusque dis- 
 sonos vagantibus circa moenia turmatim barbaris audiebant. 
 Omne iade tempus suspenses ita tenuit animos usque ad 
 lucem alteram, ut identidem iam ia urbem futurus vide- 
 retur impetus ; primo adventu, quia accesserant ad urbem 15 
 — mansuros enim ad Aliam fuisse, nisi hoc consilii foret — ; 
 deinde sub occasum solis, quia baud multum diei supererat, 
 ante noetem rati eos invasuros ; turn in noctem dilatum 
 consilium esse, quo plus pavoris inferrent. Postremo lux 
 adpropinquans exanimare ; timorique perpetuo ipsum ma- 20 
 lum continens fuit, cum signa infesta portis sunt inlata. 
 Nequaquam tamen ea nocte neque iasequenti die similis 
 illi, quae ad Aliam tarn pavide fugerat, civitas fuit. Nam 
 cum def endi urbem posse tam parva relicta manu spes nulla 
 esset, placuit cum coniugibus ac liberis iuventutem milita- 25 
 rem senatusque robur in arcem Capitoliumque concedere 
 armisque et frumento conlato ex loco inde munito deos 
 hominesque et Eomanum nomen defendere ; flaminem sa- 
 cerdotesque Vestales sacra publica a caede ab incendiis 
 procul auferre nee ante deseri cultum deorum, quam non 30 
 superessent, qui colerent. Si arx Capitoliumque, sedes 
 deorum, si senatus, caput publici consilii, si militaris iu- 
 
6 SELECTIONS FROM 
 
 ventus superfuerit inminenti ruinae urbis, facilem iactu- 
 ram esse seniorum relictae in urbe utique peritura turbae. 
 Et quo id aequiore aiiimo de plebe multitude ferret, senes 
 triumpliales consularesque simul se cum illis palam dicere 
 5 obituros nee bis corporibus, quibus non arma ferre non 
 tueri patriam possent, oneraturos inopiam armatorumT) 
 ( Haec iuter seniores morti destinatos iactata solacia. 
 Versae inde adhortationes ad agmen iuvenum, quos in 
 Capitolium atque in arcem prosequebantur, commendantes 
 
 10 virtuti eorum iuventaeque urbis per trecentos sexaginta 
 annos omnibus bellis victricis, quaecumqiie' Teliqua esset 
 fortuna. Digredientibus, qui spem omnem atque opem 
 secum ferebant, ab iis, qui captae urbis non superesse 
 statuerant exitio, cumdpsa res speciesque miserabilis erat, 
 
 15 tum muliebris fletus et eoncursatio incerta nunc bos nunc 
 illos sequentium rogitantiumque viros natosque, cui se fato 
 darent, nihil quod bumani superesset mali ' relinquebant. 
 Magna pars tamen earum in arcem suos persecutae sunt 
 nee probibente ullo nee voeante, quia,!NQuod utile obsessis 
 
 20 ad minuendam inbellem multitudinem, id parum bumanum 
 erat. Alia maxime plebis turba, quam nee capere tain 
 exiguus collis nee "alere' in tanta inopia frumenti poterat, 
 ex urbe effusa velut agmine iam uno petiit laniculum. 
 Inde pars per agros dilapsi, pars urbes petunt finitimas 
 
 25 sine ullo duce aut consensu suam quisque spem sua consilia 
 communibus deplOTatis'sequentes. 
 
 Flamen interim Quirinalis virginesque Vestales omissa 
 rerum suarum cura, quae sacrorum secum ferenda, quae, 
 quia vires ad omnia ferenda deerant, relinquenda essent, 
 
 30 eonsultantes, quisve ea locus Jideli adservatprus custodia 
 esset, optimum ducunt condita in doliolis sacello proximo 
 aedibus flamiais Quirinalis, ubi nunc despui religio est. 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 7 
 
 defodere ; cetera inter se onere partito ferunt via, quae 
 sublicio ponte dueit ad laniculum. In eo clivo eas cum 
 L. Albinius, de plebe homo, conspexisset plaustro coniu- 
 gem ac liberos aveliens inter ceteram turbam, quae inutilis 
 bello urbe excedebat, salvo etiam turn discrimine divinarum 5 
 humanarumque rerum, religiosum ratus sacerdotes publicas 
 sacraque populi Romani pedibus ire ferrique ac suos in ve- 
 liiculo conspici, descendere uxorem ac pueros iussit, vir- 
 gines sacraque in plaustrum inposuit et Caere, quo iter 
 sacerdotibus erat, pervexiuj 10 
 
 Eomae interim, satis iam omnibus ut in tali re ad tuen- 
 dam arcem compositis, turba seniorum domos regressi ad- 
 ventum hostium obstinato ad mortem animo expectabant. 
 Qui eorum curules gesserant magistratus, ut in fortunae 
 pristinae honorumque ac virtutis insignibus morerentur, 15 
 quae augustissima vestis est tensas ducentibus triumphanti- 
 busve, ea vestiti medio aedium eburneis sellis sedere. Sunt 
 qui M. Folio pontifiee maximo praefante carmen devovisse 
 eos se pro patria Quiritibusque Romanis tradant. 
 
 Gain et quia mterposita nocte a contentione pugnae re- 20 
 miserant animos et quod nee in acie ancipiti usquam cer- 
 taverant proelio nee turn impetu aut vi capiebant urbem, 
 sine ira, sine ardore animorum ingressi postero die urbem 
 patente Collina porta in forum perveniunt circumferentes 
 oculos ad templa deum arcemque solam belli speciem tenen- 25 
 tern. Inde modico relicto praesidio, ne quis in dissipatos ex 
 arce aut Capitolio impetus fieret, dilapsi ad praedam vacuis 
 occursu bominum viis pars in proxima quaeque tectorum 
 agmine ruunt, pars ultima, velut ea demum intacta et re- 
 f erta praeda, petunt. Inde rursus ipsa solitudine absterriti, 30 
 ne qua fraus hostilis vagos exciperet, in forum ac propinqua 
 f oro loca conglobati redibant ; ubi eos plebis aediliciis obse- 
 
8 SELECTIONS FROM 
 
 ratis, patentibus atriis principum, maior prope cunctatio 
 tenebat aperta quam clausa invadendi; adeo baud secus 
 quam venerabundi intuebantur in aedium vestibulis se- 
 dentes viros, praeter ornatum babitumque humano augus- 
 5 tiorem, maiestate etiam, quam Tultus gravitasque oris prae 
 se ferebat, simillimos dis. Ad eos velut ad simulacra versi 
 cum starent, M. Papirius, unus ex iis, dieitur G-allo barbam 
 suam, ut turn omnibus promi^aerat, permulcenti scipione 
 eburneo in caput incusso iram movisse atque ab eo initium 
 
 10 caedis ortum, ceteros in sedibus suis trucidatos ; post prin- 
 cipum caedem nulli deinde mortalium parci, diripi tecta, 
 exhaustis inici ignes. iUa^ 
 
 Ceterum, — seu non omnibus delendi urbem libido erat, 
 seu ita plaeuerat principibus Grallorum, et ostentari quae- 
 
 15 dam incendia terroris causa, si compelli ad deditionem cari- 
 tate sedum suarum obsessi possent, et non omnia concremari 
 tecta, ut, quodcumque superesset urbis, id pignus ad flecten- 
 dos hostium animos haberent, — nequaquam perinde atque 
 in capta urbe prima die aut passim aut late vagatus est 
 
 20 ignis. Eomani ex arce plenam hostium urbem cernentes 
 vagosque per vias omnes cursus, cum alia atque alia parte 
 nova aliqua clades oreretur, non mentibus solum concipere 
 rem, sed ne auribus quidem atque oeulis satis constare pote- 
 rant. Quocumque clamor hostium, mulierum puerorumque 
 
 25 ploratus, sonitus flammae et fragor ruentium tectorum aver- 
 tisset, paventes ad omnia animos oraque et oculos flectebant, 
 velut ad spectaculum a fortuna positi occidentis patriae nee 
 ullius rerum suarum relicti praeterquam corporum vindices 
 tanto ante alios miserandi magis, qui umquam obsessi sunt 
 
 30 quod interclusi a patria obsidebantur omnia sua cernentes 
 in hostium potestateTl Nee tranquillior nox diem tam foede 
 actum excepit ; lux deinde noctem inquietam insecuta est, 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 9 
 
 nee ullum erat tempus, quod a novae semper eladis alicuius 
 spectaculo eessaret. Nihil tamen tot onerati atque obruti 
 nialis flexerunt animos, qnin, etsi omnia flammis ae ruinis 
 aequata vidissent, quamvis inopem parvnmque, quem tene- 
 bant, collem libertati relictum virtute defenderent ; et iam, 5 
 cum eadem cotidie acciderent, velut adsueti malis abaliena- 
 verant ab sensu rerum suarum animos, arma tantum fer- 
 rumque in dextris velut solas reliquias spei suae intuentes. 
 
 Galli quoque, per aliquot dies in tecta modo urbis nequi- 
 quam bello gesto, cum inter incendia ac ruinas captae urbis 10 
 nihil superesse praeter armatos hostes viderent nequaquam 
 tot cladibus territos nee flexuros ad deditionem animos ni 
 vis adhiberetur, experiri ultima et impetum faeere in areem 
 statuunt. Prima luee signo dato multitude omnis in foro 
 instruitur ; inde elamore sublato ae testudiae facta subeunt. 15 
 Adversus quos Eomani nihil temere nee trepide ; ad omnis 
 aditus stationibus firmatis, qua signa ferri videbant, ea ro- 
 bore virorum opposite scandere hostem sinunt, quo succes- 
 serit magis in arduum, eo pelli posse per proclive facilius 
 rati. Medio fere clivo restitere atque inde ex loco superiore, 20 
 qui prope sua sponte in hostem inf erebat, impetu facto strage 
 ac ruina fudere Gallos, ut numquam postea nee pars nee 
 universi temptaverint tale pugnae genus. Omissa itaque spe 
 per vim atque arma subeundi obsidionem parant, cuius ad id 
 tempus inmemores et quod in urbe fuerat frumentum 25 
 incendiis urbis absumpserant, et ex agris per eos ipsos dies 
 raptum omne Veios erat. Igitur exercitu diviso partim per 
 finitimos populos praedari placuit, partim obsidere areem, 
 ut obsidentibus frumentum populatores agrorum praeberent. 
 
 Ante omnia obsidionis bellique mala fames utrumqueXso.^ 
 exercitum urgebat, G-allos pestilentia etiam, cum loco 
 iacente inter tumulos castra habentes turn ab incendiis 
 
10 SELECTIONS FROM 
 
 torrido et vaporis pleno, ciiieremque non pulverem modo 
 ferente, cum quid venti motum esset. Quorum intoleran- 
 tissima gens umorique ac frigori adsueta, cum aestu et 
 angore vexata, vulgatis velut in pecua morbis, moreren- 
 5 tur, iam pigritia singulos sepeliendi promiscue acervatos 
 cumulos hominum urebant; bustorumque inde Gallicorum 
 nomine insignem locum fecere. 
 
 Indutiae deinde cum Eomanis factae et conloquia per- 
 missu imperatorum habita; in quibus cum identidem Galli 
 
 10 famem obicerent eaque necessitate ad deditionem voearent, 
 dicitur avertendae eius opinionis causa multis locis panis 
 de Capitolio iactatus esse in hostium statipnes. Sed iam 
 neque dissimulari neque ferri ultra fames poterat. Itaque 
 dum dictator dilectum per se Ardeae habet, magistrum 
 
 15 equitum L. Valerium a Veis adducere exercitum iubet 
 parat instruitque, quibus. baud inpar adoriatur hostes. 
 Interim Capitolinus exercitus stationibus vigiliisgwe fessus, 
 superatis tamen humanis omnibus malis, cum famem unam 
 natura vrnci non sineret, diem de die prospectans, ecquod 
 
 20 auxilium ab dictatore appareret, postremo spe quoque iam, 
 non solum cibo deticiente et, cum stationes procederent, 
 prope obruentibus infirmum corpus armis,. vel dedi vel 
 redimi se, quacumque pactione possent, iussit, iactantibus 
 non obscure Gallis baud magna mercede se adduci posse, 
 
 25 ut obsidionem relinquant. Turn senatus habitus tribunis- 
 que militum negotium datum, ut paciscerentur. Inde inter 
 Q. Sulpicium tribunum militum et Brennum, regulum Gal- 
 lorum, conloquio transacta res, et mille pondo auri pretium 
 populi gentibus mox imperaturi factum. Eei foedissi- 
 
 30 mae per se adiecta indignitas est : pondera ab Gallis adlata 
 iniqua, et tribuno recusante additus ab insolente Gallo pon- 
 deri gladius auditaque intoleranda Eomanis vox ; vae victi^sTJ 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 11 
 
 Sed diique et homines prohibuere redemptos vivere Ko- 
 manos. Nam forte quadam, priusquam infanda merces 
 perficeretur, per altercationem nondum omni auro a^enso^J ' 
 dictator intePTenit auferrique aurum de medio et Gallos 
 summoveri iubet. Cum illi renitentes pactos dicerent sese, 5 
 negat eam pactionem ratam esse, quae, postquam ipse dic- 
 tator creatus esset, iniussu suo ao infenons luris magis- 
 tratu facta esset, denuntiatque Gallis, ut se ad proelium 
 expediant. Suos in aeervum conicere sarciilal'' et arma 
 aptare ferroque non auro recuperare patriam iubet in^ronZ 10' 
 spectu habentis fana deum et coniuges et liberos et solum 
 patriae deforme belli" maliset omniaV qiiae defendi repetl-^~" 
 que et ulcisci fas "sit. Instruit deinde aciem, ut loci natura 
 patiebatur, in semirutae solo urbis et natura inaequali et 
 omnia, quae arte belli seounda suis eligi praepararive pote- 15 
 rant, providit. Galli nova re trepidi arma capiunt iraque 
 magis quam consilio in Eomanos incurrunt. lam verterat 
 fortuna, iam deorum opes liumanaque consilia rem Eoma- 
 nam adiuvabant. Igitur primo concursu baud maiore me- 
 mento fusi Galli sunt, quam ad Aliam vicerant. 20 
 
 ]^i¥iSore^attero deinde proelio ad octavum lapidem Gabina 
 via, quo se ex fuga contulerant, eiusdem ductu auspicioque 
 Camilli vincuntur. Ibi caedes omnia, x)btinuit ; castra ca- 
 piuntur, et ne nuntius quidem cla9^is''h-elictus. Dictator 
 recuperata ex hostibus patria, triumphans in. urbem redit 25 
 interque iocos militaris, quos mcondiS^iaciunt, Romulus , 
 ac parens patriae conditorque alter urbis baud vanis laudibus 
 appellabaturi? 
 
 ,^ The strategy of Decius. fr-|,^,^J^ 
 
 Ceterum hoc gaudium magna prope clade in Samnio foe- 
 datum est. Nam ab Saticula profectus Cornelius consul 30 
 exercitum incaute in saltum cava valle pervium circaque 
 
12 SELECTIONS FROM 
 
 insessum ab hoste induxit nee, prius quam recipi tuto signa 
 non poterant, inminentem capiti hostem vidit. Dum id 
 morae Samnitibus est, quoad totum in vallem infimam de- 
 mitteret agmen, P. Decius tribunua militum conspicit unum 
 5 editum in saltu collem, inminentem hostium castris, aditu 
 arduum impedito agmini, expeditis baud difficilem. Itaque 
 consuli territo animi " Videsne tu " inquit, " A. Corneli, cacu- 
 men illud supra bostem? Arx ilia est spei salutisque 
 nostras, si earn, quoniam caeci reliquere Samnites, inpigre 
 
 10 capimus. Ne tu mibi plus quam unius legionis principes 
 bastatosque dederis ; cum quibus ubi evasero in summum, 
 perge bine omjii liber metu teque et exercitum serva ; ne- 
 que enim moveri bostis, subiectus nobis ad omnes ietus, 
 sine sua pernicie poterit. ISTos deinde aut fortuna populi 
 
 15 Eomani aut nostra virtus expediet.'' 
 
 Conlaudatus ab consule aeeepto praesidio vadit oceultus 
 per saltum nee prius ab boste est visus, quam loco, quern 
 petebat, adpropinquavit. Inde admiratione paventibus eunc- 
 tis cum omnium in se vertisset oeulos, et spatium consuli 
 
 20 dedit ad subducendum agmen in aequiorem loeum et ipse 
 in summo eonstitit vertice. Samnites, dum hue illue signa 
 vertunt, utriusque rei amissa oceasione, neque insequi con- 
 sulem nisi per eandem vallem, in qua paulo ante subieetum 
 eum telis suis habuerant, possunt nee erigere agmen in eap- 
 
 25 tum super se ab Decio tumulum. Sed eum ira in bos magis, 
 qui fortunam gerendae rei eripuerant, tum propinquitas loci 
 atque ipsa paucitas ineitat; et nunc eircumdare undique 
 collem armatis volunt, ut a eonsule Deeium intercludant, 
 nunc viam patefacere, ut degressos in vallem adoriantur. 
 
 30 lucertos, quid agerent, nox oppressit. 
 
 Deeium primum spes tenuit cum subeuntibus in adver- 
 sum eollem ex superiore loco se pugnaturum ; deinde admi- 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 13 
 
 ratio incessit, quod nee pugnam inirent nee, si ab eo consilio 
 iniquitate loei deterrerentur, opere se valloque circumda- 
 rent. Turn centurionibus ad se voc'atis : " Quaenam ilia in- 
 seitia belli ac pigritia est, aut quonam. modo isti ex Sidicinis 
 Campanisque victoriani pepererunt ? Hue atque illuc signa 3 
 moveri ac modo in unum conferri, modo diduci videtis ; 
 opus quidem ineipit nemo, cum iam circumdati vallo potue- 
 rimus esse. Turn vero nos similes istorum simus, si diutius 
 hie morem.ur, quam commodum sit. Agitedum, ite mecum, 
 ut, dum lucis aliquid superest, quibus locis praesidia ponant, lo 
 qua pateat hinc exitus, exploremus." Haec omnia sagulo 
 gregali amictus centurionibus item manipularium militum ba- 
 bitu ductis, ne ducem circumire hostes notarent, perlustravit. 
 Vigiliis deinde dispositis ceteris omnibus tesseram dari 
 iubet, ubi secundae vigiliae bucina datum signum esset, 15 
 armati cum silentio ad se convenirent. Quo ubi, sicut edic- 
 tum erat, taciti convenerunt : " Hoc silentium, milites," in- 
 quit " omisso militari adsensu in me audiendo servandum 
 est. Ubi sententiam meam vobis peregero, tum quibus 
 eadem placebunt in dextram partem taciti transibitis ; quae 20 
 pars maior erit, eo stabitur consilio. Nunc, quae mente 
 agitem, audite. Non fuga delatos nee inertia relictos hie 
 vos cireumvenit hostis ; virtute cepistis locum, virtute hinc 
 oportet evadatis. Veniendo hue exercitum egregium populo 
 Romano servastis ; erumpendo hinc vosmet ipsos servate ; 25 
 digni estis, qui pauci pluribus opem tuleritis, ipsi nullius 
 auxilio egueritis. Cum eo hoste res est, qui hesterno die 
 delendi omnis exercitus fortuna per socordiam usus non sit, 
 hunc tam opportunum collem inminentem capiti suo non 
 ante viderit quam captum a nobis ; nos tam paucos tot ipse 30 
 milibus hominum nee ascensu arcuerit, nee tenentes locum, 
 cum diei tantum superesset, vallo circumdederit. Quern 
 
14 SELECTIONS FROM 
 
 videntem ac vigilantem sic eluseritis, sopitum oportet fal- 
 latis, immo necesse est. In eo enim loco res sunt nostras, 
 ut vobis ego magis necessitatis vestrae index quam consilii 
 auctor sim. ISTeque enim, maneatis an abeatis hinc, delibe- 
 
 5 rari potest, cum praeter arma et animos armorum memores 
 nihil vobis fortuna reliqui fecerit fameque et siti morien- 
 dum sit, si plus, quam vires ac Romanes decet, ferrum 
 timeamus. Ergo una est salus erumpere hinc atque abire. 
 Id aut interdiu aut nocte faciamus oportet. Ecce autem 
 
 10 aliud minus dubium ; quippe si lux expectetur, quae spes 
 est non vallo perpetuo fossaque nos saepturum hostem, qui 
 nunc corporibus suis subiectis undique cinxerit, ut videtis, 
 cellem? Atqui si nox opportuna est eruptioni, sicut est, 
 haec profecte noctis aptissima hera est. Signo secundae 
 
 15 vigiliae convenistis, quod tempus mortales somne altissimo 
 premit ; per corpora sopita vadetis vel silentio incautos 
 fallentes vel sentientibus olamore subito pavorem iniecturi. 
 Me mode sequimini, quem seouti estis ; ego eandem, quae 
 duxit hue, sequar fortunam. Quibus haec salutaria viden- 
 
 20 tur, agitedum in dextram partem pedibus transite." 
 
 Omnes transierunt vadentemque per intermissa custodiis 
 loca Deciy.m secuti sunt. lam evaserant media castra, cum 
 superscandens vigilum strata somno corpora miles offenso 
 scuto praebuit sonitum. Que excitatus vigil cum proximum 
 
 25 movisset erectique alios concitarent ignari, cives an hostes 
 essent, praesidium erumperet an consul castra cepisset, De- 
 cius, quoriiam non fallerent, clamorem tollere iussis militibus 
 torpides somno insuper pavore exanimat, que praepediti nee 
 arma inpigre capere nee obsistere nee insequi poterant. In- 
 
 30 ter trepidationem tumultumque Samnitium praesidium Eo- 
 
 manum obviis custodibus caesis ad castra consulis pervadit. 
 
 Aliquantum supererat noctis, iamque in tuto videbantur 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 15 
 
 esse, cum Decius " Macte virtute " inquit, " milites Romani, 
 este ; vestrum iter ac reditum omnia saecula laudibus fe- 
 rent ; sed ad conspiciendam tantam virtutem luce ac die 
 opus est, nee vos digni estis, quos cum tanta gloria in castra 
 reduces silentium ac nox tegat. Hie lucem quieti opperie- 5 
 mur." Dictis obtemperatum. Atque ubi primum inluxit, 
 praemisso nuntio ad consulem castra ingenti gaudio conci- 
 tantur, et, tessera data incolumes reverti qui sua corpora 
 pro salute omnium baud dubio periculo obiecissent, pro se 
 quisque obviam effusi laudant, gratulantur, singulos uni- lo 
 versos servatores suos vocant, dis laudes gratesque agunt, 
 Decium in caelum ferunt. Hie Deci castrensis triumphus 
 fuit incedentis per media castra cum armato praesidio con- 
 iectis in eum omnium oculis et omni honore tribunum consuli 
 aequantibus. 15 
 
 CTbi ad praetorium ventum est, consul classico ad con- 
 tionem convocat orsusque meritas Deci laudes interfante 
 ipso Decio distulit contionem, qui auctor omnia postha- 
 bendi, dum occasio in manibus esset, perpulit consulem, 
 ut hostes et nocturno pavore attonitos et circa collem cas- 20 
 tellatim dissipates adgrederetur ; credere etiam aliquos ad 
 se sequendum emissos per saltum vagari. lussae legiones 
 arma capere egressaeque castris, cum per exploratores no- 
 tior iam saltus esset, via patentiore ad hostem ducuntur, 
 quem incautum inproviso adortae, cum palati passim Sam- 25 
 nitium milites plerique inermes nee coire in unum nee arma 
 capere nee recipere intra vallum se possent, paventem pri- 
 mum in castra conpellunt, deinde castra ipsa turbatis sta- 
 tionibus capiunt. Perfertur circa collem clamor fugatque 
 ex suis quemque praesidiis. Ita magna pars absenti hosti 30 
 cessit. Quos intra vallum egerat pavor — fuere autem ad 
 triginta milia — omnes caesi, castra direpta. 
 
^ 
 
 PART TWO 
 
 BELLUM PUNICUM SECUNDUM 
 
 A summary of the second Punic War. 
 
 Post primum Punicum bellum vix quadrienni requies : ecee 
 alterum bellum, minus quidem spatio — nee enim amplius 
 decem et oeto annos habet — sed adeo cIadGuirif'*atrocitate 
 terribilius ut, siquis conferat damna utriusque populi, simi- 
 
 5 lior victo sit populus ille qui vicit. Urebat nobilem popu- 
 lum ablatum mare, raptae insulae, dare tributa, quae iubere 
 eonsueverat. Hinc ultionem puer Hannibal ad aram patri 
 iuraverat, nee morabatur. Igitur in causain belli Saguntos 
 electa est, vetus Hispaniae civitas et opulenta fideique erga 
 
 10 Romanes magnum quidem, sed triste monumentum, quam 
 in libertatem communi foedere exceptam Hannibal, causas 
 novorum motuum quaerens, et suis et ipsorum manibus 
 evertit ut Italiam sibi rupto foedere aperiret. Summa 
 foederum Eomanis religio est ; itaque ad auditum sociae 
 
 15 civitatis obsidium memores icti cum Poenis quoque foederis 
 non statim ad arma procurrunt, dum prius more legitimo 
 queri malunt. Saguntini interim iam novem mensibus fessi 
 fame, machinis, ferro, versa denique in rabiem fide immanem 
 La foro excitant rogum, tum desuper se suosque cum omni- 
 
 20 bus opibus suis ferro et igne corrumpunt. Huius tantae 
 cladis auctor Hannibal poscitur. Tergiversantibus Poenis 
 dux legationis, "Quae," inquit, "mora est? (Pabius). In 
 hoc ego sinu bellum pacemque porto ; utrum eligitis ? " 
 
 16 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 17 
 
 Sueclamantibus " Bellum," " Bellum igitur," inquit, " ac- 
 cipite." Et excusso in media curia togae gremio non sine 
 liorrore, quasi plane sinu bellum ferret, effu diE] 
 
 Similis exitus belli initiis fuit. Nam quasi has inferias 
 sibi Saguntinorum ultimae dirae in illo publico parricidio 5 
 incendioque mandassent, ita manibus eorum vastatione Ita- 
 liae, captivitate Afrieae, ducum et regum, qui id gessere 
 bellum, exitio parentatum est. Igitur ubi semel se in Hispa- 
 nia movit ilia gravis et luctuosa Punici belli vis atque tem- 
 pestas destiaatumque Eomanis iam diu fulmen Saguntino 10 
 igne conflavit, statim quodam impetu rapta medias perfregit 
 Alpes et in Italiam ab illis fabulosae altitudinis nivibus velut 
 caelo missa deseendit. 
 
 Ac primi quidem impetus turbo iuter Padum atque Tici- 
 num validl) Iranm" f ragore detonuit. "; Tuin Scipione duce 15 
 fusus exercitus ; saucius etiam ipse venisset in hostium 
 manus imperator, nisi pfoF^ctu^apatrem praetextatus ad- 
 modum filius ab ips^ morte rapuisset. Hie erit Scipio, qui 
 in exitium Afrieae cires'cit, nomen ex malis eius habiturus. 
 
 Tieiao Trebia succedit. Hie secunda Punici belli prbcella 20 
 desaevit Sempronio consule. Tum calliaissimi hostes frigi- 
 dum et nivalem nanCti diem, cum se ignibus prius oleoque 
 fovissent, homines a mmoQe et sole venientes nostra nos 
 hieme vicerunt. 
 
 Trasumennus lacus tertium fulmen Hannibalis imperatore 25 
 Flaminio. Ars nova Punicae fraudisjj^ippetLebula lacus 
 palustrrousque virgultis tectus eques terga subito pugnan- 
 tium invasit. Nee de dis possumus queri. Imminentem 
 temerario djici cladem praedixerant insidentia aignis exa- 
 mina et aqmlae prodire nolentes et commissam aciem secutus 30 
 ingens terrae tremor; nisi ilium horrorem soli equitum 
 virorumque discursus et mota vehementius arma fecerunt. 
 
18 SELECTIONS FROM 
 
 Quartujn id est paene ultimum volnus imperii Cannae, 
 ignobilis Apuliae yicus ; sed magnitudine cladis emersit et 
 sexaginta miliuin caede parta nobilitas. Ibi in excidiTim 
 iafelicis exercitus dux, terra, caelum, dies, tota rerum natura 
 5 consensit. Si quidem non contentus simulatis transfugis 
 Hannibal, qui ^ox terga pugnantium ceciderunt, insuper 
 callidus imperator in patentibus campis observato loci in^e- 
 nio, quod et sol ibi acerrimus et plurimus pulvis et eurus ab 
 oriente semper, quasi ad constitutum, ita instruxit aciem, ut 
 
 10 Romanis adversus haec omnia obversis secundum caelum 
 tenens vento, pulvere, sole pugnaret. Itaque duo maximi 
 exercitus caesi ad hostium satietatem, donee Hannibal 
 diceret militi suo " Parce ferro." Ducum fugit alter, alter 
 occisus est ; dubium uter maiore animo : Paulum puduit, 
 
 15 Varro non desperavi^ Documenta cladis cruentus aliquam- 
 diu Auiidus, pons de cadaveribus iussu ducis factus in tor- 
 rente Vergelli, modi duo anulorum Carthagrnem missi dig- 
 nitasque equestris taxata mensura. Dubium deinde non erit 
 quin ultimum ilium diem habitura fuerit Eoma quintumque 
 
 20 intra diem epulari Hannibal in Capitolio potuerit, si, quod 
 Poenum ilium dixisse Maharbalem Bomilcaris ferunt, 
 Hannibal quern ad modum sciret vincere sic uti victoria 
 scisset., Sed tumr" quid em ilium, ut dici volgo solet, aut 
 fatum urbis imperaturae aut ipsius mens mala et aversi a 
 
 25 Carthagine di in diversum abstulerunt. Cum victoria pos- 
 set uti, frui maluit relictaque Eoma Campaniam Tarentum- 
 que peragrare, ubi mox et ipse et exercitus ardor elanguit 
 adeo ut vere dictum sit Capuam Hannibali Cannas fuisse. 
 Si quidem invictum Alpibus, indomitum armis, Campani 
 
 30 soles et tepentes fontibus Baiae subegerunt. 
 
 Interim respirare Romanus et quasi ab inferis emergere. 
 Arma non erant : detracta sunt templis. Deerat inventus : 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 19 
 
 in sacramentum liberata servitia. Egebat aerarium : opes 
 suas libens senatus in medium protulit, nee praeter quod in 
 bulEs singulisque anulis erat quicquam sibi auri reliquerunt. 
 Eques secutus exemplum imitataeque equitem tribus. De- 
 nique vix suSecere tabulae, vix scribarum manus Laeymo 5 
 Marcelloque consulibus, cum privatorum opes in publicum 
 def errentur. Quid autem ? In eligendis magistratibus quke 
 centuriarum sapientia, cum iuniores a senioribus consilium 
 de creandis consulibus petierunt. Quippe adversus hostem 
 totiens victorem, tarn callidum non virtute tantum, sed suis 10 
 etiam pugnare consiliis oportebat. 
 
 Tam artis afflictisque rebus, ut de Italia sua dubitaret, 
 ausus tamen est in diversa respicere, cumque hostis in 
 iugulo per Campaniam Apuliamque volitaret mediaque de 
 Italia Africam faeeret, eodem tempore et hunc sustinebat et 15 
 in Siciliam Sardinian! Hispaniam divisa per terrarum orbem 
 arma mittebat. Sicilia mandata Marcello. Nee diu restitit. 
 Tota enim insula in una urbe superata est. Grande illud et 
 ante id tempus invictum caput, Syracusae, quamvis Archi- 
 medis ingenio defenderentur, aliquando cesserunt. Longe illi 20 
 triplex murus totidemque arces, portus ille marmoreus et 
 fons celebratus Aretnusae, nisi quod hactenus pi'ofuere ut 
 pulchritudini victae urbis parceretur. Sardiniam Gracchus 
 W^^Sal ' Nihil illi gentium feritas, Insanorumque — nam 
 
 -'i^t^-i^ 
 
 sic vocantur — immanitas montium profuere. Saevitura nr 25 
 urbes urbemque urbium Caralim, ut gens contumax vilisque ' ' ' '" 
 morti saltern desiderio patrii soli domaretur.J 
 
 In Hispaniam missi Gnaeus et Publi«gocipiones paene 
 totam Poenis eripuerant, sed insidiis Punicae fraudis op- 
 pressi rursum amiserant, magnis quidein illi proeliis cum 30 
 Punicas opes cecidissent. Sed Punicae insidiae alterum 
 ferro castra metantein,' alterum, cum evasisset in turrem, 
 
20 SELECTIONS FROM 
 
 cinctum facibus oppresserunt. Igitur in ultionem patris ae 
 patrui missus cum exercitu Scipio, cui iam grande de Africa 
 nomen fata decreverant, bellatricem illam, viris armisque 
 nobilem Hispaniam, illam seminarium hostilis exercitus, 
 5 pusilli illam iam Hannibalis eruditricem totam a Pyrenaeis 
 montibus in Herculis columnas et Oceanum reeuperavit, 
 nescias citius an felicius. Qjiam velociter, quattuor anni 
 laJenttir ; quam facile,^el una civitas probat. Eodem 
 quippe quo obsessa est die capta est, omenque Africanae 
 
 10 victorias fuit, quod tam facile victa est Hispaniae Carthago. 
 
 Haec rater diversa terrarum populus Eomanus!j]f^Nec ideo 
 
 tamen visceribus Italiae inhaerentem sulnmovere poterat 
 
 Hannibalem. PleraqueaS hostem defecerant, et dux acer- 
 
 rimus contra Eomanos Italicis quoque viribus utebatur. 
 
 15 Iam tamen eum plerisque oppidis et regionibus excussera-" 
 mus, iam Tarentus ad nos redierat, iam et Capua, sedes et 
 patria altera Hannibalis, tenebatur, euius^amissio tantum 
 Poeno duci dolorem dedit, ut inde totis viribus Romam con- 
 vertereturj Gompulsus ad ultimos metus ab incepto non 
 
 20 destitit e^ de sua urbe sollicitus Capuam tamen non omisit ; 
 sed parte exercitus sub Appio consule relicta, parte Flac- 
 cum in urbem secuta absens siniul praesensque pugnabat. 
 Quid ergo mirainur moventi castra a tertio lapide Hannibali 
 iteium ipsos deos — decs inquam, neo fateri pudebit — 
 
 25 restitisse ? Tanta enim ad singulos illius motus vis imbrium 
 
 effusa est, tanta ventorum violentia coorEa^stjMit divinitiis ''''^t^"*'' 
 hostem submoveri non a caelo, sed ab urbis ipsius moenibus ) 
 et Capitolio videretur. Itaque fugit et- eessit et in ultimum 
 se Italiae recepit sinum, cum urbem tantum non adoratam 
 
 30 reliquisset. Parva res dictu, sed ad magnanimitatem populi 
 Eomani probandam satis efflSax, quod illis ipsis, quibus 
 obsidebatur, diebus ager, quern Hannibal castris insederat. 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 21 
 
 venalis Eomae fuit hastaeque subiectus invenit emptorem. 
 Voluit Hannibal contra imitari fiduciam subiecitque argen- 
 tarias urbis tabemas : nee sector inventus est, ut scias etiani 
 ' praes&!gia fatis adfuis se. \ .M^f^\- 
 
 Nihil actum erat tanta virtute, tanto favore etiam deorum, 5 
 si quidem ab Hispania Hasdrubal, frater Hannibalis, cum 
 exercitu novo, novis viribus, nova belli mole veniebat. 
 Actum erat procul dubio, si vir ille se cum fratre iunxisset. 
 Sed hunc quoque tantum quod ab Alpe descenderat apud 
 Metaurum castra metantem Claudius Nero cum Livio Salina- 10 
 tore debellat. Nero in ultimo Italiae angulo submovebat^ 
 Hannibalem, Livius in diversissimam partem, id est in ipsas 
 nascentis Italiae'iau.ces''^na converterat. Tanto, id est, 
 omni, qua longissima Italia, solo interiacente, quo consilio, 
 qua celeritate consules castra coniunxerint inopinatumque 15 
 hostem collatis signis oppresserint, neque id fieri Hannibal 
 senserit, difficile dictu est. Certe Hannibal, re cognita, cum 
 proiectum fratris caput ad sua castra vidisset, "Agnosco," 
 inquit, " iafelicitatem Carthagiais." Haee fuit Ulius viri 
 non sine praesagio quodam fati imminentis prima confessio ; 20 
 iam certum erat Hannibalem etiam ipsius confessione posse 
 vinci. 
 
 Sed tot rerum prosperarum fiducia plenus populus Eoma- 
 nus magni aestimabat asperrimum hostem in. sua Africa 
 debellare. Duce igitur Scipione in ipsam Africam tota mole 25 
 conversus imitari coepit Hannibalem et Italiae suae clades 
 in Africam vindicare. Quas ille Hasdrubalis copias fudit, 
 quos Syphacis Numidici regis equitatus. Quae quantaque 
 utriusque castra facibus inlatis una nocte delevit. Denique 
 iam non a tertio lapide, sed ipsas Carthaginis portas obsidi- 30 
 one quatiebat. Sic factum ut inhaerentem atque incubantem 
 Italiae extorqueret Hannibalem. Non fuit maior sub im- 
 
22 SELECTIONS PROM 
 
 perio Romano dies quam ille, cum duo omnium et ante et 
 postea ducum maxime duces, ille Italiae, hie Hispaniae 
 victor, collatis comminus signis direxere aciem. Sed et 
 colloquium fuit inter ipsos de legibus pacis : steterunt diu 
 
 5 mutua admiratione defixi. Ubi de pace non convenit, signa 
 cecinere. Constat utriusque confessione nee melius instrui 
 aciem nee acrius potuisse pugnari ; hoc Scipio de Hanni- 
 balis, Hannibal de Scipionis exercitu praedicaverunt. Sed 
 tamen Hannibal cessit, praemiumque victorias Africa fuit 
 
 10 et secutus Afrieam statim terrarum orbis. 1 5L«a**i,-. ~ 
 
 HannihaVs hatred for Borne. 
 \ Si verum est, quod nemo dubitat, ut populus Romanus 
 omnes gentes virtute superarit, non est infitiandum Hanni- 
 balem tanto praestitisse ceteros imperatores prudentia, 
 quanto populus Romanus antecedat fortitudine cunctas na- 
 
 15 tiones. ISTam quotienscumque cum eo congressus est in 
 
 Italia, semper discessit superior. Quod nisi domi eivium 
 
 suorum invidia debilitatus esset, Romanos videtur superare 
 
 potuisse. Sed multorum obtrectatio devicit unius virtutem. 
 
 Hie autem velut hereditate relietum odium paternum 
 
 20 erga Romanos sic conservavit, ut prius animam quam id 
 deposuerit, qui quidem, cum patria pulsus esset et alienarum 
 opum indigeret, numquam destiterit animo bellare cum 
 Romanis. (Hannibal), " Pater meus," inquit, " Hamilcar 
 puerulo me, utpote non amplius novem annos nato, in His- 
 
 25 paniam imperator profieiscens Carthagine lovi optimo max- 
 imo hostias immolavit. Quae divina res dum conficiebatur, 
 quaesivit a me vellemne secum in eastra proficisci. Id cum 
 libenter aeeepissem atque ab eo petere coepissem, ne dubi- 
 taret ducere, tum ille, " Paciam," inquit, " si mihi fidem quam 
 
 30 postulo dederis." Simul me ad aram adduxit, apud quam 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 23 
 
 sacrificare instituerat, eanique ceteris remotis tenentem iurare 
 iussit numquam me in amicitia cum Eomanis fore. Id ego 
 iusiurandum patri datum usque ad hanc aetatem ita conser- 
 vavi, ut nemini dubium esse debeat, quin reliquo tempore 
 eadem mente sim futurus." Hac igitur, qua diximus, aetate 5 
 cum patre in Hispaniam profectus est, cuius post obitum, 
 Hasdrubale imperatore suffecto, equitatui omni praefuit. 
 Hoc quoque interfecto exercitus summam imperii ad eum 
 detulit. 
 
 HannibaVs life in camp. 
 
 Missus Hannibal in Hispaniam primo statim adventu 10 
 onmem exercitum in se convertit : Hamilcarem iuvenem 
 redditum sibi veteres milites credere, eundem vigorem in 
 vultu vimque in oeulis, niSBf^iii oris lineamentaque intueri. ^' 
 Dein brevi effecit, ut pater in se minimum momentum ad 
 favorem conciliandum esset. Numquam ingenium idem ad 15 
 res diversissimas, parendum atque imperandum, habihus^ 
 fuit. Itaque baud facile discerneres, utrum imperatori an 
 exercitui carior esset : neque Hasdrubal alium quemquam 
 praeficere malle, ubi quiaSoi^iter ac strenue agendum esset, 
 neque milites alio duce pluTconfidere aut auoeMTJ Pluri- 20 
 mum audaciae ad pericula capessfenda, plurimum consilii 
 inter ipsa pericula erat. Nullo labore aut corpus fatigari 
 aut animus vinci poterat. Caloris ac frigoris patientia par j 
 cibi potionisque desiderio naturali, non voluptate rnMu^* 
 finitus ; vigiliarum somnique nee die nee nocte discriminata 25 
 tempora : id, quod gerendis rebus superesset, quiefe datum ; 
 ea neque niolli ^'rato neque silentio accemta ; multi saepe 
 militari sagulo operraia humi iacentem inter custodias 
 stationesque militum conspexerunt. Vestitus nihil inter 
 aequales excellens : arma atque equi conspiciebantur. Equi- so 
 tum peditumque idein longe primus erat ; princeps in proe- 
 
24 SELECTIONS FROM 
 
 lium ibat, ultimus conserto proelio excedebat. Has tantas 
 viri virtutes ingeSm! vitia aequabant : inhumana crudelitas, 
 perfidia plus quam Punica, nihil veri, nihil saneti, nullus 
 deum jnetus, nullum ius iurandum, nulla religio. Cum hac 
 6 indole virtutum atque vitiorum triennio sub Hasdrubale 
 imperatore meruit, nulla re quae agenda videndaque magno 
 futuro duci esset praetermissa. 
 
 Hannibal begins his campaign. 
 Ab Gadibus Carthaginem ad hiberna exereitus redit; 
 atque inde prof ectus praeter Onusam urbem ad Hiberum per 
 
 10 maritumam oram ducit. Ibi fama est in quiete visum ab eo 
 iuvenem divina specie, qui se ab love diceret ducem in 
 Italiam Hannibali missum : proinde sequeretur neque us- 
 quam a se deflecteret oculos. Pavidum primo nusquam 
 circumspicientem aut respicientem secutum ; deinde cura 
 
 16 iagenii humani cum, quidnam id esset, quod respicere veti- 
 tus esset, agitaret animo, temperare oculis nequivisse ; tum 
 vidisse post sese serpentem mira magnittidine cum ingenti 
 arborum ac virgultorum strage ferri, ac post insequi cum 
 fragore caeli nimbum. Tum, quae moles ea quidve prodigii 
 
 20 esset, quaerentem audisse, vastitatem Italiae esse : pergeret 
 
 porro ire nee ultra inquireret sineretque fata in occult o esse. \ 
 
 Hoc visu laetus tripertito Hiberum copias traiecit prae- 
 
 missis, qui G-allorum animos, qua traducendus exereitus 
 
 erat, donis concuiarerit 'Alpiumque transi^us specularehtur. 
 
 25 Nonaginta milia peditum, duodecim milia equitum Hiberum 
 traduxit. Ilergetes inde Bargusiosque et Ausetanos et 
 Lacetaniam, quae subiecta Pyrenaeis montibus est, sube^^-^ 
 oraeque huic omni praefecit Hannonem, ut fauces, quae 
 Hispanias Gfalliis iungunt, in potestate essent. Decem 
 
 30 milia peditum Hannoni ad praesidium obtiaendae regionis 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 25 
 
 data et mille equites. Postquam per Pyrenaeum saltum 
 traduci exercitus est coeptus rumorque per barbaros itfahavit 
 eertior de bello Eomano, tria milia inde Carpetanorum pedi- 
 tum iter averterunt. Constabat non tarn b^llo moto's quam 
 longinquitate viae inexsuperabilique Alpium transitu. 5 
 Hannibal, quia revocare aut vi retinere eos anfceps erat, 
 ne ceterorum etiam f eroces animi inritarentur, supra septem 
 milia hominum domos remisit, quos et ipsos gravari militia 
 senserat, Carpetanqs quoque ab se dimissos simulans. Inde, 
 ne mora atque otiuin animos sollicitaret, cum reliquis copiis 10 
 Pyrenaeum transgreditur et ad oppidum Iliberri castra locat. 
 
 The passage of the Bhone. 
 Hannibal ceteris metu aut pretio pacatis iam m Volcarum 
 pervenerat agrum, gentis validae. Coliint autem circa 
 utramque ripam Ehodani ; sed diffisi citeriore agro arceri 
 Poenum posse, ut flumen pro munimento haberent, omnibus 15 
 ferme suis trans Ebodanum traiectis ulteriorem ripam 
 amnis armis obtinebant. Ceteros accolas fluminis Hannibal 
 et eorum ipsorum, quos sedes suae tenuerant, simul pemcit 
 donis ad naves undique contrahendas fabricandasque, simul 
 et ipsi traici exercitum levarique quam primum regirafem 20 
 suMl? tanta hominum urgente turba cupiebant. Itaque 
 ingens coacta vis navium est lintriumque temere ad vioina- 
 lem 'ustfcm" paratarum ; novasque alias primum Galli iafS"^ 
 cboantes cavabant ex siagulis arboribus, deinde et ipsi 
 milites simul copia materiae simul facilitate operis inducti 25 
 alveos informes, nihil dummodo innare'' aquae et capere 
 onera possent curantes, r'aptim quibus se suaque transvehe- 
 rent fadlebant.- lamque omnibus satis conparatis ad trai- 
 ciendum terrebant ex adverse hostes omnem ripam ^quites 
 virique obtinentes. Quos ut averteret, Hannonem Bomilcaris 30 
 
26 SELECTIONS FROM 
 
 filium vigilia prima noctis cum , parte copiarum, maxime 
 Hispanis, adverse flumine ire iter iinius diei iubet et, ubi 
 primum possit, quam occultissime traiecto amni circumdu- 
 cere agmen, ut, cum opus facto sit, adoriatur ab tergo hostes. 
 5 Ad id dati duces Galli edocent, indp milia quinque et viginti 
 ferme supra parvae insulae circumfusum amnem latiore, ubi 
 dividebatur, eoque miuus alto alveo transitum ostend'ere. 
 Ibi raptim caesa materia ratesque fabricatae, in quibus equi 
 virique et alia onera traicerentur. Hispani sine ulla mole 
 
 10 in utres vestimentis coniectis ipsi caetris superpositis incu- 
 bantes flumen tranavere. Et alius exercitus ratibus iunctis 
 traiectus, castris prope flumen positis, nocturno itinere atque 
 operis labore fessus quiete unius diei reficitur, intento duce 
 ad consilium opportune exsequendum. Postero die profecti 
 • 15 ex composite fumo significant transisse et baud procul 
 abesse. Quod ubi accepit Hannibal, ne tempori deesset, dat' 
 signum ad traiciendum. lam paratas aptatasque habebat 
 pedes liutres, eques fere propter equos naves. Navium 
 agmen ad excipiendum adversi impetum fluminis parte 
 
 20 superiore transmittens tranquillitatem infra traicientibus 
 lintribus praebebat. Equorum pars magna nantes loris a 
 puppibus trahebantur praeter eos, quos iastratos frenatosque, 
 ut extemplo egresso in ripam equiti usui essent, inposuerant 
 in naves. Galli occursant in ripa cum variis ululatibus 
 
 25 cantuque moris sui quatientes scuta super capita vibrantes- 
 que dextris tela, quamquam et ex adverse terrebat tanta vis 
 navium cum ingenti sono fluminis et clamore vario nautarum 
 militumque, et qui nitebantur perrumpere impetum fluminis 
 et qui ex altera ripa traicientes suos hortabantur ; et iam 
 
 30 satis paventes adverse tumultu terribilior ab tergo adortus 
 clamor castris ab Hannone captis. Mox et ipse aderat, 
 ancepsque terror circumstabat et e navibus tanta vi arma- 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 27 
 
 torum in terrain evadente et ab tergo improvisa premente 
 acie. Galli postquam utroque vim f acere conati pellebantur, 
 qua patere visum maxime iter, perrumpunt trepidique in 
 vicos passim suos diffugiunt. Hannibal ceteris copiis per 
 otium traiectis spernens iam Gallicos tumultus eastra locat. 5 
 
 Elephantorum traiciendorum varia consilia fuisse credo, 
 certe variat memoria actae rei. Quidam congregatis ad 
 ripam elephantis tradunt ferocissimum ex iis inritatum ab 
 rectore suo, cum refugientem in aquam sequeretur, traxisse 
 gregem, ut quemque timentem altitudinem destitueret vadum, 10 
 impetu ipso fluminis in alteram ripam rapiente. Ceterum 
 magis constat ratibus traiectos ; id ut tutius consilium ante 
 rem foret, ita acta re ad fidem pronius estj Katem unam, 
 ducentos longam pedes, quinquaginta latam, a terra in 
 amnem porrexerunt, quam, ne secunda aqua deferretur, 15 
 pluribiis validis retinaculis parte superiore ripae religatam 
 pontis in modum humo iniecta, cpnstraverunt, ut beluae 
 audacter velut per solum ingrederenfdrY altera ratis aeque 
 lata, longa pedes centum, ad traiciendum flumen apta, huic 
 copulata est. Turn elephanti per stabilem' ratem tamquam 20 
 viam praegredientibus feminis acti ubi in minorem adplica- 
 tam transgressi sunt, ex?empTo I'esolutis, quibus leviter 
 adnexa erat, viaculis ab actuariis aliquot navibus ad alteram 
 ripam pertrahitur. Ita primis expositis alii deinde repetiti 
 ac traiecti sunt. Nihil sane trepidabant, donee continenti 25 
 velut ponte agerentur ; primus erat pavor, cum soluta ab 
 ceteris rate in altum rapMentur ; ibi urgentes inter se 
 cedentibus extremis ab aqua trepida.tionis aliquantum ede- 
 bant, donee quietem ipse timor circumspectantibus aquam 
 fecisset.' Excidere etiam saevientes quidam in flumen ; sed 30 
 pondere ipso stabiles deiectis rectoribus quaerendis pedie- 7 
 temptim vadis in terram evasere. 
 
 1 -- 
 
28 SELECTIONS PROM 
 
 Crossing the Alps. 
 Hannibal ab Druentia campestri maxime itinere ad Alpis 
 cum bona pac6 incolentium ea loca Gallorum pervenit. 
 Turn, -quamq^m fama prius, qua incerta in maiusTyero lerri 
 Solent, praecepta res erat, tamen ex propinquo visa montium 
 5 altitudo nivesque caelo prope inmixtae, tec1;a informia inpos- 
 ita rupibus, pecora iumentaque' torrida frigore, homines 
 intonsi et inculti, animalia inanimaque omnia rigentia |elu7 
 cetera visu quam dictu loediora, terrorem renovarunt. 
 
 ^■^Erigentibus in primos agmen clivos apparuerunt inminentes 
 
 10 tumulos insidentes montani, qui, si valles occultiores inse- 
 dissent, coorta'ad pugnam repents ingentem fugam stragem- 
 que dedissent. Hannibal consistere signa iussit ; G-allisque 
 ad visenda loca praemissis postquam conperit transitum ea/" 
 non esse, castra inter confragosa omnia praeruptaque quam 
 
 15 extentissima potest valle locat. Turn per eosdem Gallos, 
 baud sane multum lingua moribusque abno?rentes, cum se 
 inmiscuissent conloquiis montanorum, edoctus interdiu tan- 
 tum obsideri saJtum, nocte. in sua quemque dilabi tecta, 
 luce prima subiit tumulos, ut, ex J^erBo atque interdiu vim 
 
 20 per angustias facturusTTCJi^i deinde simulando aliud, quam 
 quod parabatur, consumpto cum eodem, quo constiterant, 
 loco castra communissent, ii^ primum degressos tumulis 
 montano''s laxatasque sensit custodias, pluribus ignibus quam 
 pro numero manentium in speciem factis impedimentisque 
 
 25 cum equite relictis et maxima parte peditum, ipse cum 
 expeditis, acerrimo quoque viro, raptim angustias evadit 
 iisque ipsis tumulis, quos hostes tenueraut, consecotT^ 
 
 Prima deinde luce castra mota et agmen reliquum inceder^" 
 coepit. lam montani signo dato ex caSMlis ad stationem 
 
 30 solrfam conveniebant, cum repente conspiciunt alios arce 
 occupata s^'''*stiper caput inminentis, alios via transire 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 29 
 
 hostis. Utraque sinml obiecta res oculis animisque immo- 
 biles parumper eos defixit ; deinde, ut trepidationem in 
 angustiis suoque ipsum tumultu nnsten'^giiien videre, equis 
 maxime consternatis, quidquid adiecissent ipsi terroris, satis 
 ad perniciem fore rati, diversis rupibus, iuxta in vias ac 5 
 devia adsueti, decurrunt. Turn vero simul ab hostibus 
 simul iniquitate locorum Poeni oppugnabantur, plusque inter 
 ipsos, sibi quoque 'tenderite, ut periculo priraus evaderet, 
 quam cum hostibus certaminis erat. Equi mEime mf estum 
 agmen faciebant, qui et clamoribus dissonis, quos ne1mLOT^i.o 
 etiam repercussaSque valles augebant, terrratrepidabant et 
 ' icti forte aut vulnerati adeo consternabantur, ut stragelm 
 ingentem simul hominum ac sarcinarum omnis genesis face- 
 rent ; multosque turba/ cum praecipites derupcaeque utrim- 
 que angustiae essent, in inmensum altitudinis deiecit, 15 
 quosdam et armatos ; sed ruinae maxime modo iumenta 
 cum oneribus devolvebanturT^ Quae quamquam foeda visu 
 erant, stetit parumper tamen Hannibal ac suos continuit, ne 
 tumultum ac trepidationem augeret ; deinde, postquam inter- 
 rumpi agmen vidit periculumque esse, ne exutum inpedi- 20 
 mentis exercitum nequiquam iricolumem traduxisset, decurrit 
 ex superiore loco et, cum impetu ipso fudisset hostem, suis 
 quoque tumultum auxit. Sed is tumultus momento temporis, 
 postquam liberata itinera fuga montanorum erant, sedatur, 
 nee per otiurii'modo sed prope silentio mox omnes traducti. 25 
 Castellum inde, quod caput eius regionis erat, vicuIosqueV'' '^ 
 circumiectos capit, et ,captivo cibo ac pecoribus per triduum 
 exercitum aluit ; et quia nee a montanis prime pereulsis nee 
 loco magno opere impediebantur, aliquantum eo triSuo viae 
 confecit. , 30 
 
 Pervetitum inde ad frequentem cultoribus alium, ut inter 
 montanos, populum. Ibi non bello aperto sed suis artibus, 
 
30 SELECTIONS FROM 
 
 fraude et insidiis, est prope ciroumventus. Magno natu 
 principes castellorum oratores ad Poenum veniunt, alieiife 
 malis, utili exemplo, doctos memorantes amicitiam malle 
 quam vim experiri Poenorum ; itaque oboedienter imperata 
 
 5 facturos ; comnieatuiii itinerisque duces et ad fidem promis- 
 sorum obsides acciperet. Hannibal nee temere credendum 
 nee aspernandos ratus"j 3e repudiati aperte hostes fierent, 
 benigne cum respondisset, obsidibus, quos dabant, aeceptis 
 et commeatu, quern m viam ipsi detulerant, usus, nequaquam 
 
 10 ut inter pacatos , composito agmme duces eorum sequitur. 
 Primum agmen elephanti et equites erant ; ipse post cum 
 robore peditum circumspfectans sollicitusque ad omnia indS-"^ 
 debat. Ubi in angustiorem viam et parte altera subiectam 
 iugo insuper inminenti ventum est, undique ex insidiis 
 
 15 barbari a fronte ab tergo coorti comminus eminus petunt, 
 saxa ingentia in agmen devolvuntj Maxima aii tergo vis 
 hominum urgebat. In eos versa peditum acies baud dubium 
 fecit, quin, nis'i "Ermata extrema agminis fuissent, ingens in 
 60 saltu accipienda clades fuerit. Tunc" quoqiie ad' extre- 
 
 20 mum periculi ac prope perniciem ventum est! Nam dum 
 
 cunctatur Hannibal demittere agmen in angugtias, quia non, 
 
 ut ipse equitibus praesidio erat, ita peditibus quicquam ab 
 
 tergo auxilii reliqui erat, oecursantes per obliqua montani 
 
 jinterrupto medio, agmine^viam insedere, noxque una Han- 
 
 25 nibali sine equitibus atque impedimentis acta est. Postero 
 die iam segnmsintercursantibus barbaris iunctae eopiae, 
 saltusque hand sine clade, maiore tamen iumentorum quam 
 hominum pemicie, superatiis. Inde montani paueiores iam 
 et latrocinii magis quam belli more'libncursabant moSom" 
 
 30 primum modo in novissimum agmen, utcumque aut locus 
 opportunitatem daret aut progressi morative aliquam occa- 
 sionem f ecissent. Elephanti sicur per artas praecipitesque 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 31 
 
 vias magna mora agebantur, ita tutum ab hostibus, quacum- 
 que incederent, quia insuetis adeundi propius metus erat, 
 agmen praebebant. 
 
 Nono die in iugum Alpium perventum est per invia plexa- 
 que et errores, quos aut ducentium fraus aut, ubi fides iis S 
 non esset, temere initae valles a coniectantibus iter facie- 
 bant. Biduum in iugo stativa habita, fessisque labore ac 
 pugnando quies data militibus ; iumentaque aliquot, quae 
 prolapsa in rupibus erant, sequendo vestigia agminis in cas- 
 tra pervenere. Fessis taedio tot malorum niyis etiam casus 10 
 occidente iam sidere Vergiliarum ingentem terrorem adiecit. 
 Per omnia nive oppleta cum signis prima luce motis seg- 
 niter agmen incederet, pigrittaque et desperatio in omnium 
 vultu emineret, praegressus signa Hannibal in prmiunturio 
 quodam, un^e longe ac late prospectus erat, consistere iussis 15 
 militibus Italiam ostentat subiectosque Alpinis montibus 
 Circumpadanos campos, moeniaque eos tum transcendere 
 non Italiae modo sed etiam urbis Eomanae ; cetera plana, 
 proclivia fore ; uno aut summum alterp proelio arcem et 
 caput Italiae in manu ac potestate habituros. 20 
 
 Procedere inde agmen coepit, iam nihil ne hostibus qui- 
 dem praeter parva furta per '*^ccasionem temptantibus. 
 Ceterum iter multo, quam in ascensu fuerat, ut pleraque 
 Alpium ab Italia sicut breviora ita adrectlora sunt, difficilius 
 fuit. Omnis enim ferme via praeceps, angusta, lubrica erat, 25 
 ut neque sustinere se ab lapsu possent nee, qui paulum titu-^ 
 bassent, haerere adfixi ves^igio suo, aliique super alios et 
 iumenta in homines occiderent] 
 
 Ventum deinde ad multo angustiorem rupem atque ita 
 rectis saxis, ut aegre expeditus miles temptabundus mani- 30 
 busque retinens virgulta ac stirpes circa eminentes demittere 
 sese posset. Natura locus iam ante praeceps recent! lapsu 
 
32 SELECTIONS FROM- 
 
 terrae in pedum mille admodum altitudinem abruptus erat. 
 Ibi cum velut ad finem viae equites constitissent, miranti 
 Hannibali, quae res moraretur agmen, nuntiatur rupem 
 inviam esse. Digressus deinde ipse ad locum visendum. 
 5 Haud dubia res visa, quin per invia circa nee trita antea 
 quamvis longo ambitu circumdueeret agmen. Ea vero via 
 inexsuperabilis fuit. Nam cum super veterem nivem intac- 
 tam nova modicae altitudinis esset, molli nee praealtae 
 facile pedes ingredientium insistebant ; ut vero tot hominum 
 
 10 iumentorumque incessu dilapsa est, per nudam infra glaciem 
 fluentemque tabem liquescentis nivis ingrediebantur. Tae- 
 tra ibi luctatio erat via lubrica non recipiente vestigium et 
 in prono citius pedes fallente, ut, seu manibus in adsurgendo 
 seu genu se adiuvissent, ipsis adminiculis prolapsis iterum 
 
 15 corruerent ; nee stirpes circa radicesve, ad quas pede aut 
 manu quisquam eniti posset, erant ; ita in levi tantum glacie 
 tabidaque nive volutabantur. lumenta secabant interdum 
 etiam infimam ingredientia nivem et prolapsa iactandis gra- 
 vius in conitendo ungulis penitus perfringebant, ut pleraque 
 
 20 velut pedica capta haererent in dura et alte concreta glacie. 
 
 Tandem nequiquam iumentis atque hominibus fatigatis 
 
 castra in iugo posita, aegerrime ad id ipsum loco purgato : 
 
 tantum nivis fodiendum atque egerendum fuit. Inde ad 
 
 rupem muniendam, per quam unam via esse poterat, milites 
 
 25 ducti, cum caedendum esset saxum, arboribus circa inmani- 
 bus deiectis detruncatisque struem ingentem lignorum faci- 
 unt eamque, cum et vis venti apta faciendo igni coorta esset, 
 succendunt ardentiaque saxa infuso aceto putrefaciunt. Ita 
 torridam incendio rupem ferro pandunt molliuntque anfrac- 
 
 30 tibus modicis clivos, ut non iumenta solum sed elephant! 
 etiam deduei possent. Quadriduum circa rupem consump- 
 tum iumentis prope fame absumptis ; nuda enim fere cacu- 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 33 
 
 mina sunt et, si quid est pabuli, obruunt nives. Inferiora 
 valles apricosQ'Me quosdam colles habent rivosque prope 
 silvas et iam humano cultu digniora loea. Ibi iumenta iu 
 pabulum missa, et quies muniendo fessis hominibus data. 
 Triduo inde ad planum descensum iam et locis mollioribus 5 
 et accolarum. ingeniis. 
 
 Hoe maxime modo in Italiam perventum est, quiuto 
 mense a Carthagine Nova, ut quidam auctores sunt, quiuto 
 decimo die Alpibus superatis. 
 
 A speech to the soldiers. 
 Hannibal rebus prius quam verbis adhortandos milites lo 
 ratus circumdato ad spectaculum exercitu eaptivos monta- 
 nos vinctos in medio statuit armisque Gallicis ante pedes 
 eorum proiectis interrogare interpretem iussit, ecquis, si 
 vinculis levaretur armaque et equum victor acciperet, decer- 
 tare ferro vellet. Cum ad unum omnes ferrum pugnamque 15 
 poscerent et deiecta in id sors esset, se quisque eum optabat, 
 quern fortuna in id certamen legeret ; cuius que sors excid- 
 erat, alacer inter gratulantes gaudio exultans cum sui moris 
 tripudiis arma raptim capiebat. Ubi vero dimicarent, is 
 habitus animorum non inter eiusdem modo condicionis 20 
 homines erat sed etiam inter spectantes vulgo, ut non vin- 
 centium magis quam bene morientium fortuna laudaretur. 
 Cum sic aliquot spectatis paribus adfectos dimisisset, con- 
 tione inde advocata ita apud eos locutus fertur : " Si, quem 
 animum iu alienae sortis exemplo paulo ante habuistis, 25 
 eundem mox in aestimanda fortuna vestra habueritis, vici- 
 mus, milites ; neque enim spectaculum modo illud, sed 
 quaedam veluti imago vestrae condicionis erat. Ac nescio 
 an maiora vincula maioresque necessitates vobis quam cap- 
 tivis vestris fortuna circumdederit : dextra laevacj^ue duo sq 
 
34 SELECTIONS FROM 
 
 maria claudunt nullam ne ad efEugmm quidem navem ha- 
 bentis ; circa Padus amnis maior ac violentior Rhodano, ab 
 tergo Alpes urgent, vix integris vobis ac vigentibus transitae. 
 Hie viaeendum aut moriendum, milites, est, ubi primum 
 5 hosti occurristis. Et eadem fortuna, quae necessitatem 
 pugnandi imposuit, praemia vobis ea victoribus proponit, 
 quibus ampliora homines ne ab diis quidem immortalibus 
 optare solent. Si Siciliam tantum ac Sardiniam parentibus 
 nostris ereptas nostra virtute recuperaturi essemus, satis 
 
 10 tamen ampla pretia essent : quidquid Eomani tot triumphis 
 partum congestumque possident, id omne vestrum cum 
 ipsis dominis futurum est. In banc tam opimam mercedem, 
 agite dum, diis bene iuvantibus arma capite. Satis adhuc 
 in vastis Lusitaniae Celtiberiaeque montibus pecora consec- 
 
 15 tando nullum emolumentum tot laborum periculorumque 
 vestrorum vidistis ; tempus est iam opulenta vos ac ditia 
 stipendia facere et magna operas pretia mereri, tantum 
 itineris per tot montes fluminaque et tot armatas gentes 
 emensos. Hie vobis terminum laborum fortuna dedit; 
 
 20 hie dignam mercedem emeritis stipendiis dabit. Nee, quam 
 magni nominis bellum est, tam dif&cilem existimaritis vic- 
 toriam fore : saepe et contemptus hostis cruentum certamen 
 edidit et incluti populi regesque perlevi momento victi sunt. 
 Nam dempto hoc uno fulgore nominis Eomani quid est, cur 
 
 25 illi vobis comparandi sint? Ut viginti annorum militiam 
 vestram cum ilia virtute, cum ilia fortuna taceam, ab Her- 
 culis coluninis, ab Oceano terminisque ultimis terrarum per 
 tot ferocissimos Hispaniae et Galliae populos vineentes hue 
 pervenistis ; pugnabitis cum exereitu tirone, hac ipsa aestate 
 
 30 caeso vieto circumsesso a Gallis, ignoto adhuc duci suo 
 ignorantique ducem. An me in praetorio patris, clarissimi 
 imperatoris, prope natum, certe eductum, domitorem His- 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 35 
 
 paniae Galliaeque, victorem eundem non Alpinarum modo 
 gentium sed ipsarum, quod multo maius est, Alpium, cum 
 semenstri hoe conferam duce, desertore exercitus sui? Cui 
 si quis demptis signis Poenos Eomanosque hodie ostendat, 
 ignoraturum certum habeo, utrius exercitus sit consul. 5 
 Non ego illud parvi aestimo, milites, quod nemo est vestrum, 
 cuius non ante oculos ipse saepe militare aliquod ediderim 
 facinus, cui non idem ego virtutis spectato'r ae testis notata 
 temporibus locisque referre sua possim decora. Cum lau- 
 datis a me miliens donatisque, alumnus prius omnium ves- lo 
 trum quam imperator, procedam in aciem adversus ignotos 
 inter se ignorantesque. Quocumque cireumtuli oculos, plei^a 
 omnia video animorum ac roboris, veteranum peditem, 
 generosissimarum gentium equites frenatos iufrenatosque, 
 vos socios fidelissimos fortissimosque, vos Carthaginienses 15 
 cum pro patria turn ob iram iustissimam pugnaturos. Infe- 
 rimus bellum infestisque signis descendimus in Italiam, 
 tanto audacius fortiusque pugnaturi quam hostis, quanto 
 maior spes, maior est animus inferentis vim quam arcentis. 
 Accendit praeterea et stimulat animos dolor iniuria indig- 20 
 nitas. Ad supplicium depoposcerunt me ducem primum, 
 deinde vos omnes, qui Saguntum oppugnassetis ; deditos 
 ultimis cruciatibus adfecturi fuerunt. Crudelissima ac 
 superbissima gens sua omnia suique arbitrii facit. Cum 
 quibus bellum, cum quibus pacem habeamus, se modum 25 
 inponere aequum eenset. Circumscribit includitque nos 
 terminis montium fluminumque, quos non excedamus, neque 
 eos, quos statuit, terminos observat. " Ne transieris Hibe- 
 rum ! ne quid rei tibi sit cum Saguntinis ! nusquam te 
 vestigio moveris ! " Parum est, quod veterrimas provincias 30 
 meas Siciliam ac Sardiniam ademisti ? adimis etiam His- 
 panias? Et, inde si decessero, in Africam transcendes. 
 
36 SELECTIONS FROM 
 
 Transcendes autem ? Transcendisse dico ; duos consules 
 hums anni, unum in Africam, alterum in Hispaniam mise- 
 runt. Nihil usquam nobis relictum est, nisi quod armis 
 vindicarimus. Illis timidis et ignavis esse licet, qui respec- 
 
 5 turn habent, quos sua terra suus ager per tuta ac pacata 
 itinera fugientes aecipient : vobis necesse est fortibus viris 
 esse et omnibus inter victoriam mortemque certa despera- 
 tione abruptis aut vincere aut, si fortuna dubitabit, in proe- 
 lio potius quam in fuga mortem oppetere. Si hoc bene fixum 
 
 10 omnibus destinatumque animo est, iterum dicam, vicistis : 
 nullum contemptu mortis teluw. ad vincendum homini ab dis 
 immortalibus acrius datum est." 
 
 Manoeuvres in Northern Italy. 
 Haud longi inde temporis, dum intolerabilia frigora erant, 
 quies militi data est ; et ad prima ac dubia signa veris pro- 
 
 15 fectus ex hibernis in Etruriam ducit, earn quoque gentem, 
 sicut Gallos Liguresque, aut vi aut voluntate adiuncturus. 
 Transeuntem Appenninum adeo atrox adorta tempestas est, 
 ut Alpium prope foeditatem superaverit. Vento mixtus 
 imber cum ferretur in ipsa ora, primo, quia aut arma omit- 
 
 20 tenda erant aut contra enitentes vertice intorti adfligebantur, 
 constitere ; dein, cum iam spiritum includeret nee recipro- 
 care animam sineret, aversi a vento parumper consedere. 
 Turn vero ingenti sono caelum strepere et inter horrendos 
 fragores mieare ignes ; capti auribus et oculis metu omnes 
 
 25 torpere. Tandem effuso imbre, cum eo magis accensa vis 
 venti esset, ipso illo, quo deprensi erant, loco castra ponere 
 necessarium visum est. Id vero laboris velut de integro 
 initium fuit : nam nee explicare quicquam nee statuere 
 poterant nee, quod statutum esset, manebat omnia perscin- 
 
 30 dente vento et rapiente. Et mox aqua levata vento cum 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 37 
 
 super gelida montium iuga concreta esset, tantum nivosae 
 grandinis deiecit, ut omnibus omissis procumberent homines 
 tegminibus suis magis obruti quam tecti; tantaque vis 
 frigoris insecuta est, ut ex ilia miserabili hominum iumen- 
 torumque strage cum se quisque attollere ac levare vellet, 5 
 diu nequiret, quia torpentibus rigore nervis vix flectere 
 artus poterant. Deinde, ut tandem agitando sese movere ac 
 recipere animos et raris locis ignis fieri est coeptus, ad alie- 
 nam opem quisque inops tendere. Biduum eo loco velut 
 obsessi mansere. Multi homines, multa iumenta, elephanti 10 
 quoque ex iis, qui proelio ad Trebiam facto superfuerant, 
 septem absumpti. 
 
 lam ver adpetebat ; itaque Hannibal ex hibernis movit, 
 et nequiquam ante conatus transcendere Appenninum intole- 
 randis frigoribus et cum ingenti periculo moratus ac metu. 15 
 Gain, quos praedae populationumque conciverat spes, post- 
 qnam pro eo, ut ipsi ex alieno agro raperent agerentque, 
 suas terras sedem belli esse premique utriusque partis exer- 
 cituum hibernis videre, verterunt retro in Hannibalem ab 
 Eomanis odia ; petitusque saepe principum insidiis ipsorum 20 
 inter se fraude, eadem levitate, qua consenserant, consensum 
 indicantium, servatus erat et mutando nunc vestem nunc 
 tegumenta capitis errore etiam sese ab insidiis munierat. 
 Ceterum hie quoque ei timor causa fuit maturius movendi 
 ex hibernis. 25 
 
 Hannibal profectus ex hibernis, quia iam Flaminium con- 
 sulem Arretium pervenisse fama erat, cum aliud longius, 
 ceterum commodius ostenderetur iter, propiorem viam per 
 paludes petit, qua fluvius Arnus per eos dies solito magis 
 inundaverat. Hispanos et Afros et omne veterani robur 30 
 exercitus admixtis ipsorum inpedimentis, necubi consistere 
 coactis necessaria ad usus deessent, primes ire iussit, sequi 
 
38 SELECTIONS FROM 
 
 Gallos, ut id agminis medium esset, novissimos ire equites, 
 Magonem inde cum expeditis Numidis cogere agmen, 
 maxime Gallos, si taedio laboris longaeque viae, ut est 
 mollis ad talia gens, dilaberentur aut subsisterent, eohiben- 
 
 5 tem. Primi, qua modo praeirent duces, per praealtas iluvii 
 ac profundas voragines hausti paene lime inmergentesque se 
 tamen signa sequebantur. Galli neque sustinere se prolapsi 
 neque adsurgere ex voraginibus poterant neque aut corpora 
 animis aut animos spe sustinebant, alii fessa aegre tra- 
 
 10 hentes membra, alii, ubi semel victis taedio animis procubu- 
 issent, inter iumenta et ipsa iacentia passim morientes ; 
 maximeque omnium vigiliae conficiebant per quadriduum 
 iam et tres noctes toleratae. Cum omnia obtinentibus aquis 
 nihil, ubi in sicco fessa sternerent corpora, inveniri posset, 
 
 15 cumulatis in aqua sarcinis insuper ineumbebant aut iumento- 
 rum itinere toto prostratorum passim acervi tantum, quod 
 extaret aqua, quaerentibus ad quietem parvi temporis neces- 
 sarium cubile dabant. Ipse Hannibal, aeger oculis ex verna 
 primum intemperie variante calores frigoraque, elephanto, 
 
 20 qui unus superfuerat, quo altius ab aqua extaret, vectus, 
 vigiliis tamen et nocturno umore palustrique caelo gravante 
 caput, et quia medendi nee locus nee tempus erat, altero 
 oculo capitur. 
 
 Multis hominibus iumentisque foede amissis cum tandem 
 
 25 de paludibus emersisset, ubi primum in sicco potuit, castra 
 locat, certumque per praemissos exploratores habuit exerci- 
 tum Romanum circa Arreti moenia esse. Consulis deinde 
 consilia atque animum et situm regionum itineraque et 
 copias ad commeatus expediendos et cetera, quae cognosse 
 
 30 in rem erat, summa omnia cum cura inquirendo exseque- 
 batur. Eegio erat in primis Italiae fertilis, Etrusci campi, 
 qui Faesulas inter Arretiumque iacent, frumenti ac pecoris 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 39 
 
 et omnium copia rerum opulenti ; consul ferox ab consulatu 
 priore et non mode legum aut patrum maiestatis sed ne 
 deorum quidem satis metuens. Hanc insitam ingenio eius 
 temeritatem fortuna prospero civilibus bellicisque rebus 
 successu aluerat. Itaque satis apparebat nee decs nee hom- 5 
 ines consulentem ferociter omnia ac praepropere acturum ; 
 quoque pronior esset in vitia sua, agitare eum atque inritare 
 Poenus parat, et laeva relicto hosts Faesulas petens medio 
 Etruriae agro praedatum profectus quantam maximam vas- 
 titatem potest caedibus incendiisque consuli procul ostendit. lo 
 Flaminius, qui ne quieto quidem hoste ipse quieturus erat, 
 tum vero, postquam res sociorum ante oculos prope sues 
 ferri agique vidit, suum id dedecus ratus, per mediam iam 
 Italiam vagari Poenum atque obsistente nullo ad ipsa 
 Romana moenia ire oppugnanda, ceteris omnibus in consilio 15 
 salutaria magis quam speciosa suadentibus : collegam expec- 
 tandum, ut coniunctis exercitibus communi animo consilioque 
 rem gererent, interim equitatu auxiliisque levium armorum 
 ab eilusa praedandi licentia hostem eohibendum, iratus se ex 
 consilio proripuit signumque simul itineris pugnaeque cum 20 
 proposuisset, " Immo Arreti ante moenia sedeamus " inquit ; 
 " hie enim patria et penates sunt. Hannibal emissus e mani- 
 bus .perpopuletur Italiam vastandoque et urendo omnia ad 
 Romana moenia perveniat, nee ante nos hinc moverimus, 
 quam, sieut olim Camillum a Veis, C. Flaminium ab Arretio 25 
 patres acciverint." Haec simul inerepans eum ocius signa 
 convelli iuberet et ipse in equum insiluisset, equus repente 
 corruit consulemque lapsum super caput effudit. Territis 
 omnibus, qui circa erant, velut foedo omine incipiendae rei 
 insuper nuntiatur signum omni vi moliente signifero con- 30 
 velli nequire. Conversus ad nuntium " Num litteras quoque " 
 inquit " ab senatu adfers, quae me rem gerere vetent ? Abi, 
 
40 SELECTIONS FROM 
 
 nuntia, effodiant signum, si ad convellendum manus prae 
 metu obtorpuerunt." Incedere inde agmen coepit primori- 
 bus, super quam quod dissenserant ab consilio, territis 
 etiam duplici prodigio, milite in vulgus laeto ferocia ducis, 
 5 cum spejn magis ipsam quam causam spei intueretur. 
 
 The victory at Lake Trasimenus. 
 
 I Hannibal quod agri est inter Cortonam urbem Trasumen- 
 numque lacum omni clade belli pervastat, quo magis iram 
 hosti ad vindicandas sociorum iniurias acuat. Et iam per- 
 venerat ad loca nata insidiis, ubi maxime montes Cortonenses 
 
 10 Trasumennus subifc' via tantum interest perangusta, Yoiut 
 ad id ipsum de industria relicto spatio ; deinde paulo latior 
 patescit campus ; inde colles adsurgunt. Ibi castra in aperto 
 locat, ubi ipse cum Afris modo Hispanisque consideret; 
 Baliares ceteramque levem armaturam post montis circum- 
 
 15 ducit ; equites ad ipsas fauces saltus tumulis apte tegentibus 
 locat, ut, ubi intrassent Eomani, obiecto equitatu clausa 
 omnia lacu ac montibus essent. 
 
 Flaminius cum pridiesolis occasu ad lacum pervenisset, 
 inexplorato postero die vixdum satis certa luce angustiis 
 
 20 superatis, postquam in patentiorem campum pandi agmen 
 coepit, id tantum hostium, quod ex adverso erat, conspexit ; 
 ab tergo ac super caput liaud detectae insidiae. Poenus ubi, 
 id quod petierat, clausum lacu ac montibus et circumfusum 
 suis copiis habuit hostem, signum omnibus dat simul inva- 
 
 25 dendi. Qui ubi, qua cuique proximum fuit, decucurrerunt, 
 eo magis Eomanis subita atque inprovisa res fuit, quod orta 
 ex lacu nebula campo quam montibus densior sederat, 
 agminaque hostium ex pluribus collibus ipsa inter se satis 
 conspecta eoque magis pariter decucurrerant. Eomanus cla- 
 
 30 more prius undique orto, quam satis cerneret, se circum- 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 41 
 
 ventum esse sensit, et ante in frontem lateraque pugnari 
 coeptum est, quam satis rastrueretur acies aut expediri arma 
 stringique gladii possent. 
 
 Consul perculsis omnibus ipse satis, ut in re trepida, 
 inpavidus turbatos ordines, vertente se quoque ad dissonos 5 
 clamores, instruit, ut tempus locusque patitur, et, quacum- 
 que adire audirique potest, adhortatur ac stare ac pugnare 
 iubet : nee enim hide votis aut iiiploratione deum sed vi ac 
 virtute evadendum esse ; per'niedias acies ferro yiam fieri et, 
 quo timoris minus sit, eo miaus ferme ^"^riculi esse. Cete- 10 
 rum prae strepitu ac tumultu nee consilium nee imperium 
 accipi poterat, tantumque aberat, ut sua signa atque ordines 
 et locum noscerent, ut vix ad arma capienda aptandaque 
 pugnae conpeteret animus, opprimerenturque quidam one- 
 rati magis iis quam tecti. Et erat in tanta caligine maior 15 
 usus aurium quam oculorum. Ad gemitus vulnerum ictusque 
 corporum aut armorum et mixtos terrentiuin paventiumque 
 clamores circumferebant ora oculosque. Alii fugientes pug- 
 nantium globo inlati haerebant, alios redeuntes in pugnam 
 avertebat fugientium agmen^ Deinde, ubi in omnis partis 20 
 nequiqnam impetus capti, et ab lateribus montes ac lacus, a 
 fronte et ab tergo hostium acies claudebant, apparuitque 
 nullam nisi in dextera ferroque salutis spem esse, tum sibi 
 quisque dux adhortatorque factus ad rem gerendam et nova 
 de integro exorta pugna est, non ilia ordinata per principes 25 
 hastatosque ac triarios, nee ut pro signis antesignani, post 
 signa alia pugnaret acies, nee ut in sua legione miles aut 
 cohorte aut manipulo esset : fors congloSabat et animus 
 suns cuique ante aut post pugnandi ordinem dabat ; tantus- 
 que fuit ardor animorum, adeo intentus pugnae animus, ut 30 
 eum motum terrae, qui multarum urbium Italiae magnas 
 partes prostravit avertitque cursu rapidos amnis, mare flu- 
 
42 SELECTIONS FROM 
 
 minibus invexit, montes lapsu ingenti proruit, nemo pugnan- 
 tium senserit. 
 
 Tris ferme horas pugnatum est, et ubique atroeiter ; circa 
 consulem tamen aerior infestiorque pugna est. Eum et 
 5 robora virorum sequebantur et ipse, quacumque in parte 
 premi ac laborare senserat suos, inpigre ferebat opem ; 
 insignemque armis et hostes summa vi petebant et tueban- 
 tur cives, donee Insuber eques — Ducario uomen erat — 
 facie quoque noscitans consulem " E71 " inquit " hie est," 
 
 10 popularibus suis " qui legiones nostras cecidit agrosque et , 
 urbem est depopulatus ! lam ego hana victimam manibus 
 peremptorum foede civium dabo." Subditisqiie cSlcafibus 
 equo per confertissimam hostium turbam impetum facit, 
 obtruncatoque prius armigero, qui se inifesto venienti obviam 
 
 15 obiecerat, consulem lancea transfixit ; spoliare cupientem 
 triarii obiectis scutis arcuere. Magnae partis fuga inde 
 primum coepit ; et ia-m nee lacus nee montes pavori obsta- 
 bant: per omnia arta praeruptaque velut caeci evadunt, 
 armaque et viri super alios alii praecipitantur. , Pars magna, 
 
 20 ubi locus fug^e deest, per prima vada paludis' in aquam 
 progressi, quoad capitibus umerisg?ie extare possunt, sese 
 inmergunt. Euere quos inconsultus pavor nando' etiani 
 capessere fugam inpulerit, quae ubi inmensa ao sine spe 
 erat, aut deficientibus animis hauriebantur gurgitibus aut 
 
 25 nequiquam fessi vada retro aegerrime repetebant atque ibi 
 ab ingressis aquam hostium equitibus p^^sim trucidabantur. 
 Sex milia ferme primi agminis per adversos hostis eruptione 
 ' mpigr^ facta, ignari omnium, quae post se agerentur, e saltu 
 evasere, et cum in tumulo quodam constitissent, clamo- 
 
 30 rem modo ac sonum armorum audientes, quae fortuna pug- 
 nae esset, neque scire nee perspicere prae caligine poterant. 
 Inclinata denique re cum incalescente sole dispulsa nebula 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 43 
 
 aperuisset diem, turn liquida iam luce montes campique 
 perditas res stratamque ostendere foede Eomanam aeiem. 
 Itaque, ne in conspectos procul inmitteretur eques, sublatis 
 raptim signis quam citatissimo poterant agmine sese abri- 
 puerunt. Postero die, cum super cetera extrema fames 5 
 etiam instaret, fidem dante Maharbale, qui cum omnibus 
 equestribus copiis nocte consecutus erat, si arma tradidis- 
 sent, abire cum singulis vestimentis passurum, sese dedide- 
 runt ; quae Punica religione servata fides ab Hannibale est, 
 atque in vincula omnes coniecti. 10 
 
 Haec est nobilis ad Trasumennum. pugna atque inter 
 paucas m.emorata populi Romani clades. Quindecim milia 
 Romanorum. in acie caesa ; decem milia sparsa fuga per 
 omnem Etruriam diversis itineribus urbem petiere ; duo 
 milia quingenti hostium in acie, multi postea ex vulneribus 15 
 periere. Multiplex caedes utrimque facta .traditur ab aliis ; 
 ego, praeterquam quod nihil auctum ex'v'ano velim, qiio nimis 
 inclinant ferme scribentium animi, Fabium, aeqiialem tempo- 
 ribus huiusce belli, potissimum auctorem habui. Hannibal 
 captivorum qui Latini nominis essent sine pretio dimissis, 20 
 Eomanis in vincula datis, segregata ex hostium coacerva- 
 torum cumulis corpora suorum cum sepeliri iussisset, 
 Flamiai quoque corpus funeris causa magna cum cura 
 inquisitum non invenit. ) 
 
 The news received at Borne. 
 Eomae ad primum nuntium cladis eius cum ingenti terrore 25 
 ac tumultu concursus in forum populi est factus. Matronae 
 vagae per vias, quae repens clades adlata quaeve fortuna 
 exercitus esset, obvios percunctantur. Et cum frequentis 
 contionis modo turba in comitium et curiam versa magis- 
 tratus vocaret, tandem haud multo ante soils occasum 30 
 
44 SELECTIONS FROM 
 
 M. Pomponius praetor "Pugna" inquit " magna vieti sumus." 
 Et quamquam nihil certius ex eo auditum est, tamen alius 
 ab alio impleti rumoribus domos referunt consulem cum 
 magna parte copiarum caesum, superesse paucos aut fuga 
 
 5 passim per Etruriam sparsos aut captos ab hoste. Quot 
 casus exercitus victi fuerant, tot in curas distracti animi 
 eorum erant, quorum propinqui sub C. Flaminio consule 
 meruerant, ignorantium, quae cuiusque suorum fortuna 
 esset ; nee quisquam satis certum habet, quid aut speret 
 
 10 aut timeat. Postero ac deinceps aliquot diebus ad portas 
 maior prope mulierum quam virorum multitudo stetit aut 
 suorum aliquem aut nuntios de iis opperiens, circumfunde- 
 banturque obviis sciscitantes neque avelli, utique ab notis, 
 priusquam ordine omnia inquisissent, poterant. Inde varies 
 
 15 vultus digredientium ab nuntiis cerneres, ut cuique laeta 
 aut tristia nuntiabantur, gratulantisque aut consolantis 
 redeuntibus domos circumfusos. Feminarum praecipue et 
 gaudia insignia erant et luctus. Unam in ipsa porta sospiti 
 filio repente oblatam in conplexu eius expirasse ferunt ; 
 
 20 alteram, cui mors fili falso nuntiata erat, maestam sedentem 
 domi ad primum conspectum redeuntis gaudio nimio exani- 
 matam. Senatum praetores per dies aliquot ab orto usque 
 ad occidentem solem in curia retinent consultantes, quonam 
 duce aut quibus copiis resisti victoribus Poenis posset. 
 
 Hannibal escapes a trap. 
 
 25 Nec Hannibalem fefellit suis se artibus peti. Itaque cum 
 per Casilinum evadere non posset petendique montes et 
 iugum Calliculae superandum esset, necubi Romanus inclu- 
 sum vallibus agmen adgrederetur, ludibrium oculorum specie 
 terribile ad frustrandum hostem commentus principio noctis 
 
 30 furtim succedere ad montes statuit. Pallacis consilii talis 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 45 
 
 apparatus fuit : faces undique ex agris collectae fascesque 
 virgarum atque aridi sarmenti praeligantur cornibus bourn, 
 quos domitos indomitosque multos inter ceteram agrestem 
 praedam agebat ; ad duo milia ferine bourn effecta ; Hasdru- 
 balique negotium datum, ut nocte id armentum accensis 5 
 cornibus ad mentis ageret, maxime, si posset, super saltus 
 ab hoste insessos. 
 
 Primis tenebris silentio mota castra; boves aliquanto 
 ante signa acti. Ubi ad radices montium viasque angustas 
 ventum est, signum extemplo datur, ut accensis cornibus lo 
 armenta in adversos concitentur montis. Et metus ipse 
 relucentis flamm.ae a capite calorque iam ad vivum ad ima- 
 que cornua veniens velut stimulates furore agebat boves. 
 Quo repente discursu baud secus quam silvis montibusque 
 accensis omnia circa virgulta uisa ardere, capitumque iVrita 15 
 quassatio excitans flammam hominum passim discurrentium 
 speciem praebebat. Qui ad transitum saltus insidendum 
 locati erant, ubi in summis montibus ac super se quosdam 
 ignes conspexere, circumventos se esse rati praesidio exces- 
 sere ; qua minime densae micabant flammae, velut tutissimum 20 
 iter petentes summa montium iuga, tamen in quosdam boves 
 palatos a suis gregibus inciderunt. Et primo cum procul 
 eernerent, veluti flammas spirantium miraculo attoniti con- 
 stiterunt; deinde ut bumana ajiparuit fraus, turn vero, in- 
 sidias rati esse, cum maiore tumultu concitant se in fugam. 25 
 Levi quoque armaturae hostium incurrere ; ceterum nox 
 aequato timore neutros pugnam incipientis ad lucem tenuit. 
 Interea toto agmine Hannibal transducto per saltum et 
 quibusdam in ipso saltu hostium oppressis in agro Allifano 
 posuit castra. 30 
 
 Hunc tumultum sensit Fabius ; ceterum et insidias esse 
 ratus et ab nocturno utique abhorrens certamine suos muni- 
 
46 SELECTIONS FROM 
 
 mentis tenuit. Luce prima sub iugo montis proelium fuit, 
 quo interclusam ab suis levem armaturam facile — etenim 
 numero aliquantum praestabant — Eomani superassent, nisi 
 Hispanorum cohors ad id ipsum remissa ab Hannibale 
 
 5 supervenisset. Ea adsuetior montibus et ad concursandum 
 inter saxa rupesque aptior ac levior cum velocitate corporum 
 tum armorum habitu campestrem hostem gravem armis 
 statariumque pugnae genere facile elusit. Ita haudqua- 
 quam pari certamine digressi, Hispani fere omnes incolu- 
 
 10 mes, Eomani aliquot suis amissis in castra contenderunt. 
 
 The battle at Cannae. 
 
 ' Sed per Lucanum Statilium omnibus ultra castra transque 
 montis exploratis cum relatum esset, visum procul hostium 
 agmen, tum de insequendo eo consilia agitari coepta. Cum 
 utriusque consulis eadem, quae ante semper fuisset, senten- 
 
 15 tia, ceterum Varroni fere omnes, Paulo nemo praeter Ser- 
 vilium prioris"anni;''consulem adsentiretur, ex maioris partis 
 sententia ad nobilitandas clade Romana Cannas urgente fato 
 profecti sunt. Prope eum vicum Hannibal castra posuerat 
 aversa a Volturno vento, qui campis torridis siccitate nubes^ ^ 
 
 20 pulveris vehit. Id cum ipsis castris percommodum fuit, 
 tum salutare praecipue futurum erat, cum aciem dirigerent, 
 ipsi aversi,_terga tantum adflaiite vento, in occaecatum pul- 
 vere o&iso Iiostem pugnaturi. 
 
 Consules satis exploratis itineribus sequentes Poenum, ut 
 
 25 ventum ad Cannas est et in conspectu Poenum habebant, 
 bina castra communiunt eodem ferme intervallo, quo ad 
 Gereonium, sicut ante copiis divisis. Auiidus amnis utris- 
 que castris adfluens aditum aquatoribus ex sua cuiusque 
 opportunitate baud sine certamine dabat ; ex minoribus 
 
 30 tamen castris, quae posita trans Aufidum erant, liberius 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 47 
 
 aquabantur Eomani, quia ripa ulterior nullum habebat hos- 
 tium praesidium. Hannibal spem nanetus locis natis ad 
 equestrem pugnam, qua parte virium invietus erat, faeturos 
 copiam pugnandi .consules, derigit acjem laeessitque Numi- 
 darum procursatioiie hostis. 'Inderursus sollicitari sedi- 5 
 tione militari ac discordia consulum Eomana castra, cum 
 Paulus Semproniique et Flamini temeritatem Varroni, 
 Varro Paulo speciosum' timidis ae segnibus ducibus exem- 
 plum Fabium obiceret, testareturque deos hominesque hie, 
 nullam penes se culpam esse, quod Hannibal lam Yelut usu lo 
 cepisset Italiam : se constrictum a collega teperi ; ferrum 
 atque arma iratis et pugnare cupienti&ws adimi " militibus ; 
 ilie, si quid proiectis ac proditts ad mconsultam atque m- 
 providam pugnam legionibus accideret, se omnis culpae ex- 
 sortem, omnis eventus participem fore diceret : videret, ut, 15 
 quibus lingua proiojSiia ac temeraria', aeqiie in pugna vige-. 
 rent manus. 
 
 Dum altercationibus magis quam consiliis tempus teritur, 
 Hannibal ex acie, quam ad multum diei tenuerat instruetam, 
 cum in castra ceteras reciperet copias, Numidas ad invaden- 20 
 dos ex minoribus castris Eomanorum aquatores trans flumen 
 mittit. Quam inconditam turbam cum vixdum in ripam 
 egressi clamore ac tumultu fugassent, in stationem quoque 
 pro'vallo locatam atque in ipsas prope portas evecti sunt. 
 Id vero adeo indignum visum, ab tumultuario auxilio iam 25 
 etiam castra Eomana terreri, ut ea modo una causa, ne ex- 
 templo transirent flumen derigerentque aciem, tenuerit 
 Eomanos, quod summa imperii eo die penes Paulum fuit. 
 Itaque postero die Varro, cui sofs eius diei imperii erat, nihil 
 consulto collega signum proposuit instructasque copias flu- 30 
 men traduxit, sequente Paulo, quia magis non probare quam 
 non adiuvare consilium poterat. Transgress! flumen eas 
 
48 SELECTIONS FROM 
 
 quoque, quas in castris minoribus habuerant, copias suis 
 adiungunt atque ita instruiint aciem : in dextro cornu — id 
 erat flumini propius — Komanos equites locant, deinde 
 pedites ; laevum cornu extremi equites sociorum, intra 
 5 pedites, ad medium iuncti legionibus Eomanis, tenuerunt; 
 iaculatores cum ceteris levium armorum auxiliis prima 
 acies facta. Consules cornua tenuere, Terentius laevum, 
 Aemilius dextrum ; Gemino Servilio media pugna tuenda 
 data. 
 
 10 Hannibal luce prima Baliaribus levique alia armatura 
 praemissa transgressus flumen, ut quosque traduxerat, ita 
 in acie locabat, Gallos Hispanosque equites prope ripam 
 laevo in cornu adversus Komanum equitatum ; dextrum 
 cornu Numidis equitibus datum, media acie peditibus Si>^ 
 
 15 mata, ita ut Afrorum utraque cornua essent, mterponerentur 
 his medii Galli atque Hispani, Afros fiomanam crederes 
 aciem : ita armati erant armis et ad Trebiam, ceterum magna '^ ^ 
 ex parte ad Trasumennum captis. Gallis Hispanisque scuta 
 eiusdem formae fere erant, dispares ac dissimiles gladii, 
 
 20 Gallis praelongi ac sine mucronibus, Hispano, punctim 
 magis quam caesim adsueto petere hostem, brevitate hab?[es 
 et cum mucronibus. Ante alios habitus gentium harum 
 cum magnitudine corporum turn specie terribilis erat : Galli 
 super umbilicum erant nudi ; Hispani linteis praetextis 
 
 25 purpura tunicis candore miro fulgentibus constiterant. 
 Numerus omnium peditum, qui turn stetere in acie, milium 
 fuit quadraginta, decern equitum. Duces cornibus prae- 
 erant sinistro Hasdrubal, dextro Maharbal ; mediam aciem 
 Hannibal ipse cum fratre Magone tenuit. Sol, sen de in- 
 
 30 dustria ita locatis seu quod forte ita stetere, peropportune 
 utrique parti obliquus erat, Eomanis in meridiem, Poenis 
 in septemtrionem versis ; ventus — Volturnum regionis in- 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 49 
 
 colae vocant — ad versus Eomanis coortus multo pulvere in 
 ipsa ora volvendo prospectum ademit. 
 
 Clamore sublato procursiim ab auxiliis et pugna levibus 
 primum armis commissa; deinde equitum Gallorum His- 
 panorunigMe laevum cornu cum dextro Romano concfflrit, S 
 minime equestris more pugnae ; froiitibus enim adversis 
 concurrendum erat, quia nullo circa ad evagandum relicto 
 spatio bine'' amnis'", nine peditum acies claudebant. In de- 
 rectum utrimque nitentes stantibus ac conf ertis postremo 
 turba equis vir virum amplexus detrabebat equo. Pedestre 10 
 magna iam ex parte certamen factum erat ; acrius tamen 
 quam diutius pugnatum est, pulsique Romani equites terga 
 vertunt. Sub equestris iinem certaminis coorta est peditum 
 pugna, primo et viribus et anmiif par, dum constabant 
 ordines Gallis Hispanisque ; tandem Romani, diu ac saepe 15 
 conisi, oftliqua fronte acieque densa impulere hostium cu- 
 neum nimis tenuem eoque' pairum validum, a cetera promi- 
 nentem a £ier\ Inpulsis deinde ac trepide referentibus pedem 
 instit§re^ ac tenore uno per praeceps pavore fugientium 
 agmen in mediam primum aciem inlati postremo nullo re- 20 
 sistente ad subsidia Afrorum pervenerunt, qui utrimque 
 reductis alis constiterant, media, qua Galli Hispanique 
 steterant, aliquantum prominente aeie. Qui cuneus ut pul- 
 sus aequavit frontem primum, dein cedendo etiam sinum 
 in medio dedit, Afri circa iam cornua fecerant, irruentibus- 25 
 que incaute in medium Romanis circumdedere alas, mox 
 cornua 'extendendo clausere et ab tergo bostis. Hine Ro- 
 mani defuncti nequiquam proelio uno, omissis Gallis His- 
 panisque, quorum terga ceciderant, adversus Afros integram 
 pugnam ineunt, non tantum eo iniquam, quod inclusi ad- 30 
 versus circumfusos, sed etiam quo'd fessi cum recentibus ac 
 vegetis pugnabant. 
 
50 SELECTIONS FROM 
 
 lam et sinistro cornu Eomauo, ubi soeiomm equites ad- 
 versus Kumidas steterant, consertum proelium erat, segne 
 primo et a Punica coeptum fraude. Quingenti ferine Nu- 
 midae, praeter soZita arma telaque gladios occultos sulp ,, 
 
 5 loricis liabentes, specie transfugarum cum ab suis parmas 
 post terga babentes adequitassent, repente ex equis desili- 
 unt, parmisque et i^ciulis ante pedes hostium proiectis in 
 mediam aciem accepti ductique ad ultimos considere ab 
 tergo iubentur. Ac dum proelium ab omni parte conseritur, 
 
 quieti manserunt ; postquam omnium animos oculosque oc- 
 cupaverat certamen, turn arreptis scutis, quae passim inter 
 acervos caesorum corporum strata erant, aversam adoriun- 
 tur Romanam aciem, tergaque ferientes ac poplites caedentes 
 stmgSSf'ingentem ac maiorem aliquanto pavorem ac tumuP***^ 
 
 5 tum fecerunt. Cum alibi terror ac fuga, alibi pertinax in 
 mala iam spa proelium asset, Hasdrubal, qui ea parte 
 praaarat, subductos ex media acie Numidas, quia segnis) 
 eorum cum adversis pugna erat, ad persequendos passim 
 fugientis mittit, Hispanos et Gallos equites Afris prope 
 
 iam fessis caede magis quam pugna adiungit. 
 
 Parte altera pugnae Paulus, quamquam primo statim 
 proelio f^^WB <graviter ictus fuerat, taman at occurrit saepa 
 cum confertis Hannibali et aliquot locis proelium restituit, 
 protegentibus eum equitibus Romanis, omissis postremo 
 
 5 equis, quia consulem ad regendum equum viras dej&ciebant. 
 Tum nuntianti cuidam, iussisse consulem ad pedes descen- 
 dere equites, dixisse Hannibalam ferunt "Quam mallem, 
 vinctos mihi traderet." Equitum padestre proelium, quale 
 iam baud dubia hostium victoria, fuit,- cum victi mori in 
 
 vastigio mallent quam f ugara, viotores morantibus victoriam 
 irati trucidarent, quos peliere non poterant. Pepulerunt 
 taman iam paucos superantis et labore ac vulneribus fessos. 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 51 
 
 Inde dissipati omnes sunt, equosque ad fugam qui poterant 
 repetebant. Cn. Lentulus tribunus militum cum praeter- 
 *Tefiebis equo sedentem in saxo cruore oppletum consulem 
 vidisset, " L. Aemili," inquit " quern 'ii]a1lni"insontem culpae 
 cladis hodiernae dei r6§^]?cere^nebent, cape hunc equum, 5 
 dum et tibi virium aliquid superest et comes ego te tollere 
 possum ac protegere. Ne funestam banc pugnam morte 
 consulis feceris ; etiam sine hoc lacrimarum satis luctusque 
 est." Ad ea consul: " Tu quidem, Cn. Corneli, maiy^ vir-r'' 
 tute esto ; sed cave frustra miserando exiguum tempus e 10 
 manibus hostium evadendi ab^fiJSa^ Abi, nuntia publice 
 patribus, urbem Romanam muniant ac, priusquam victor 
 hostis advenit, praesidiis firment ; privatim Q. Fabio, L. 
 Aemilium praeceptorum eius memorem et vixisse adhuc et 
 mori. Me in hac strage militum meorum patere expirare, 15 
 ne aut reus iterum e consulatu sim aut aecusator collegae 
 existam, ut alieno crimine innocentiam meam protegam." 
 Haec eos agentis prius turba fugientium civium, deinde 
 hostes oppressere ; consulem ignorantes, quis esset, obruere 
 telis, Lentulum inter tumultum abripuit equus. Tum undi- 20 
 que effuse fugiunt. Septem milia hominum in minora 
 castra, decern in maiora, duo ferme in vicum ipsum Cannas 
 perfugerunt, qui extemplo a Carthalone atque equitibus 
 nullo munimento tegente vicum circumvent! sunt. Con- 
 sul alter, seu forte seu consilio nulli fugientium insertus 25 
 agmini, cum quinquaginta fere equitibus Venusiam perfugit. 
 Quadraginta quinque milia quingenti pedites, duo milia sep- 
 tingenti equites et tantadewi prope civium sociorumque pars 
 caesi dicuntur ; in his ambo consulum quaestores, L. Atilius 
 et L. Furius Bibaeulus, et undetriginta tribuni militum, 30 
 consulares quidam praetoriique et aedilicii — inter eos Cn. 
 Servilium Geminum et M. Minucium numerant, qui magis- 
 
52 SELECTIONS PROM 
 
 ter eqiiitum priore anno, aliquot annis ante consul fuerat — , 
 octoginta praeterea aut senatores aut qui eos magistratus 
 gessissent, unde in senatum legi deberent, cum sua voluntate 
 milites in legionibus facti essent. Capta eo proelio tria 
 5 milia peditum et equites mille et quingenti dieuntur. 
 
 Haec est pugna Cannensis, Aliensi cladi nobilitate par, 
 ceterum uti eis, quae post pugnam aceidere, levior, quia ab 
 hoste est cessatum, sic strage exercitus gravior foediorque. 
 Fuga namque ad Aliam sicut urbem prodidit, ita exercitiini 
 
 10 servavit ; ad Cannas fugientem consulem vix quinquaginta 
 
 seguti sunt, alterius morientis prope totus exercitus fuit. 
 
 y' Binis in castris cum multitude semiermis sine ducibus 
 
 esset, nuntium, qui in maioribus erant, mittunt, dum proelio, 
 
 deinde ex laetitia epulis fatigatos quies nocturna hostes 
 
 15 premeret, ut ad se transirent : uno agmine Canusium abitu- 
 ros esse. Eam sententiam alii totam aspernari : cur enim 
 illos, qui se arcessant, ipsos non venire, cum aeque coniungi 
 possent ? Quia vMeftcel' plena hostium omnia in medio 
 essent, et aliorum quam sua corpora tanto periculo mallent 
 
 20 obi cere. Aliis non tam sententia dispil^re quam animus 
 deesse. 2'um P. Sempronius Tuditanus tribunus militum 
 " Capi ergo mwultis " inquit "ab avarissimo et crudelissimo 
 boste, aestiinarique capita vestra et exquiri jffetia ab inter- 
 rogantibus, Romanus civis sis an Latinus socius, ut ex tua 
 
 25 contumelia et miseria alteri honos qu3,era&ir? ISTon tu, si 
 quidem L. Aemili consulis, qui se bene mori quam turpiter 
 vivere maluit, et tot fortissimorum virorum, qui circa eum- 
 cumulati iacent, cives estis^ Sed antequam opprimit lux 
 maioraque hostium agmina obsaepiunt iter, per hos, qui 
 
 '30 inordinati atque inconpdsiti obstrepunt portis, erumpamus> 
 Ferro atque audacia via fit quamvis per confertos hostis. 
 
 '■* ' Gulieo quidem hoc laxum atque ^afGtum agmen, ut si nihil 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 53 
 
 obstet, disicias. Itaque ite mecum, qui et vosmet ipsos et 
 rem publicam salvam vultis." Haec ubi dicta dedit, stringiT^ 
 gladium cuneoque facto per medios vadit hostis ; et cum in 
 latus dextrum, quod patebat, ISTumidae iacularentur, trans- 
 latis in dextrum scutis in maiora castra ad sescenti evaserunt, 5 
 atque Lnde proBinus , alio magno agmine adiuncto^Canusium 
 incolumes perveniunt. Haec apud victos magis impetu 
 animorum, quem ingenium suum cuique aut'fofs ' dabait, 
 quam ei consilio ipsorum aut imperio cuiusquam agebantur. 
 
 Hannibali victori cum ceteri circumfusi gratularentur lo 
 suaderentque, ut tanto perfunctus bello diei quod reliquum 
 esset noctisque insequentis quietem et ipse sibi sumferet et 
 fessis daret militibus, Maharbal, praefectus equitum, minime '^'' 
 cessandum ratus " Immo ut, quid hac pugna sit actum, scias, 
 die quinto " inquit " victor in Capitolio epulaberis. Sequere ; 15 
 cum equite, ut prius venisse quam venturum sciant, praece- 
 dam.." Hannibali niinisHlS^etEt res est visa maiorque, quam 
 ut earn statim capere animo posset. Itaque voluntatem se 
 laudare il/aliarbalis ait; ad consilium pensaridum temporis 
 opus esse. Tum Maharbal : " Non omnia niihirum eidem 20 
 di dedere : vincere scis, Hannibal, victoria uti nescis." 
 Mora eius diei satis creditur saluti fuisse urbi atque im- 
 perioTj 
 
 Postero die, ubi primum inluxit, ire ad spolia legenda 
 foedamque etiam hostibus spectandam stragem insistunt. 25 
 lacebant tot Romanorum milia, pedites passim equitesque, 
 ut quem cuique fors aut pugna iunxerat aut fuga. Adsur- 
 gentes quidam ex strage media cruenti, quos stricta matu- 
 tino frigore excitaverant vulnera, ab boste oppressi sunt; 
 quosdam et iacentis vivos succisis feminibus poplitibusque 30 
 invenerunt, nudantis cervicem iugulumque et reliquum 
 sanguinem iubentes haurire ; inventi quidam sunt mersis 
 
54 SELECTIONS FROM 
 
 in effossam terram capitibus, quos sibi ipsos fecisse foveas 
 obruentisque ora superiecta humo interclusisse spiritum 
 apparebat. Praecipue convertit omnes subtractus Numida 
 mortuo superincubanti Eomano vivus naso auribusque lac- 
 
 5 eratis, cum ille manibus ad eapiendum telum inutilibus in 
 rabiem ira versa laniando dentibus hostem expirasset. 
 
 Spoliis ad multum diei lectis Hannibal ad minora ducit 
 castra oppugnanda et omnium primum braccliio obiecto 
 flumine eos excludit. Ceterum ab omnibus labors vigiliis 
 
 10 vulneribus etiam fessis maturior ipsius spe deditio est facta. 
 Pacti, ut arma atque equos traderent, in capita Eomana 
 trecenis nummis quadrigatis, in socios dueenis, in servos 
 centenis, et ut eo pretio persoluto cum singulis abirent 
 vestimentis, in castra hostis acceperunt, traditique in custo- 
 
 15 diam omnes sunt, seorsum cives sociique. Dum ibi tempus 
 teritur, interea cum ex maioribus castris, quibus satis virium 
 et animi fuit, ad quattuor milia hominum et ducenti equites, 
 alii" agmine, alii palati passim per agros, quod baud minus 
 tutum erat, Canusium perfugissent, castra ipsa ab sauciis 
 
 20 timidisque eadem condicione qua altera tradita hosti. 
 Praeda ingens parta est, et praeter equos virosque et si quid 
 argenti — quod plurimum in phaleris equorum erat, nam 
 ad vescendum facto perexiguo, utique militantes, utebantur 
 — omnis cetera praeda diripienda data est. Turn sepeliendi 
 
 25 causa conferri in unum corpora suorum iussit. Ad oeto 
 milia fuisse dicuntur fortissimorum virorum. Consulem 
 quoque Romanum conquisitum sepultumque quidam auc- 
 tores sunt. 
 
 The news from Cannae received at Carthage. 
 Dum haec Eomae atque in Italia geruntur, nuntius vic- 
 30 toriae ad Cannas Carthaginem venerat Mago Hamilcaris 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 55 
 
 filius, non ex ipsa acie a fratre missus, sed retentus aliquot 
 dies in recipiendis civitatibus Bruttiorum, quaeque aliae 
 deficiebant. Is, cum ei senatus datus esset, res gestas in 
 Italia a fratre exponit : cum sex imperatoribus eum, quorum 
 quattuor consules, duo dictator ac magister equitum fuerint, 5 
 cum sex consularibus exercitibus acie conflixisse ; occidisse 
 supra ducenta milia hostium, supra quinquaginta cepisse, 
 bina castra expugnasse; ex quattuor consulibus duos occi- 
 disse, ex duobus saucium alteram, alteram toto amisso 
 exereitu vix cum quinquaginta hominibus effugisse ;, magis- 10 
 trum equitum, quae consularis potestas sit, fusum lugatum ; J^ 
 dictatorem, quia se in aciem numquam commiserit, linicum' -^ 
 haberi imperatorem ; . Bruttios Apulosque, partem Samni- 
 tium ac Lucanorum defecisse ad Poenos ; Capuam, quod 
 caput non Campaniae modo sed post adflictam rem Rom- 15 
 anam Cannensi pugna Italiae sit, Hannibali se tradidisse. 
 Pro his tantis totque victoriis verum esse' grates deis im- 
 mortalibus agi haberique.. Ad fidem deinde tam laetarum 
 rerum effundi in vestibulo curiae iussit amilos aureos, qui 
 tantus acervus fuit, ut metientibus supra tris modibs ex- 20 
 plesse sint quidam auctores ; fama tenuit, quae propior 
 vero est, baud plus fuisse modio. Adiecit deinde verbis, 
 quo maioris cladis indicium esset, neminem nisi equites, 
 atque eorum ipsorum primores, id gerere insigne. Summa 
 fuit orationis, quo propius spem belli perficiendi sit, eo 25 
 magis omni ope iuvandum Hannibalem esse ; procul enim 
 ab domo militiam esse, in media hostium terra ; magnam 
 vim frumenti, pecuniae absumi, et tot acies ut hostium ex- 
 ercitus delesse ita victoris etiam copias parte aliqua minu- 
 isse : mittendum igitur supplementum esse, inittendam in 30 
 stipendium pecuniam frumentumque tam bene meritis de 
 nomine Punico militibus. 
 
56 SELECTIONS FROM 
 
 Secundum haec dicta Magonis laetis omnibus Himilco, 
 
 vir factionis Barcinae, locum Hannonis increpandi esse 
 
 ratus, " Quid est, Hanno ? " inquit " etiam nunc paenitet 
 
 , belli suscepti adversus Romanes ? lube dedi Hannibalem : 
 
 5 veta m tarn prosperis rebus grates deis immortalibus agi ; 
 audiamus Romanum senatorem in Carthaginiensium curia." 
 Tum Hanno : " Tacuissem hodie, patres conscripti, ne quid 
 in communi omnium gaudio, minus laetum quod esset vobis, 
 loquerer; nunc interroganti senator!, paeniteatne adhuc 
 
 10 suscepti adversus Eomanos belli, si reticeam, aut superbus 
 aut obnoxius videar, quorum alteram est hominis alienae 
 libertatis obliti, alteram suae. Eespondeo " inquit " Himil- 
 coni, non desisse paenitere me belli neque desiturum ante 
 invictum vestrum imperatorem incusare, quam finitum ali- 
 
 15 qua tolerabili condicione bellum videro ; nee mihi pacis 
 antiquae desiderium ulla alia res quam pax nova finiet. 
 Itaque ista, quae modo Mago iactavit, Himilconi ceterisque 
 Hannibalis satellitibus iam laeta sint : mihi possunt laeta 
 esse, quia res bello bene gestae, si volumus fortuna uti, 
 
 20 pacem nobis aequiorem dabunt ; nam si praetermittimus 
 boc tempus, quo magis dare quam accipere possumus videri 
 pacem, vereor, ne haec quoque laetitia luxuriet nobis ac 
 vana evadat. Quae tamen nunc quoque qualis est ? Occidi 
 exercitus hostium — mittite milites mihi. Quid aliud ro- 
 
 25 gares, si esses victus ? Hostium cepi bina castra, praedae 
 videlicet plena et comlneatuum, — frumentum et pecuniam 
 date. Quid aliud, si spoliatus, si exutus castris esses, pe- 
 teres ? Et ne omnia ipse mirer, — mihi quoque enim, quo- 
 niam respondi Himilconi, interrogare ius fasque est — velim 
 
 30 seu Himilco seu Mago respondeat, cum ad internecionem 
 Romaui imperii pugnatum ad Cannas sit constetque in 
 defectione totam Italiam esse, primum, ecquis Latini nomi- 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 57 
 
 nis populus defecerit ad nos, deinde, ecquis homo ex quin- 
 que et triginta tribubus ad Hannibalem transfugerit '! " 
 Cum utrumque Mago negasset, "Hostium quidem ergo" 
 inquit "adhuc nimis multum siiperest. Sed inultitudo ea 
 quid animorum quidve spei habeat, scire velim." Cum id 5 
 nescire Mago diceret, " Nihil facilius scitu est " inquit. 
 " Ecquos legatos ad Hannibalem Romani miserunt de pace ? 
 Ecquam denique mentionem pacis Romae factam esse ad- 
 latum ad vos est ? " Cum id quoque negasset, " Bellum 
 igitur " inquit " tam inte§;rum habemus, quam habuimus, qua 10 
 die Hannibal in Italiam est transgressus. Quam varia 
 victoria priore Punico bello fuerit, plerique, qui memineri- 
 mus, supersumus. Numquam terra marique magis pros- 
 perae res nostrae visae sunt, quam ante consules C. Lutatium 
 et A. Postumium fuerunt : Lutatio et Postumio consulibus 15 
 devicti ad Aegatis insulas sumus. Quod si, id quod di 
 omen avertant, nunc quoque fortuna aliquid variaverit, tum 
 pacem speratis, cum vincemur, quam nunc, cum vmcimus, 
 i dat nemo? Ego, si quis de pace consulet seu ferenda hosti- 
 bus seu accipienda, habeo, quid sententiae dieam ; si de iis, 20 
 quae Mago postulat, refertis, nee victoribus mitti attinere 
 puto et frustrantibus nos falsa atque inani spe multo minus 
 censeo mittenda esse." Haud multos movit Hannonis 
 oratio ; nam et simultas cum familia Barcina leviorem 
 auctorem faciebat, et oecupati animi praesenti laetitia 25 
 nihil, quo vanius fieret gaudium suum, auribus ddmitt'e^ 
 bant, debellatumque mox fore, si ad'niti paulum Toluissent, 
 rebantur. Itaque ingenti consensu fit senatus consultum, 
 'i^t Hannibali quattuor milia Numidarum in supplementum 
 mitterentur et quadraginta elephanti et* argenti talenta 30 
 dictatorque cum Magone in Hispaniam praemissus est ad 
 conducenda viginti milia peditum, quattuor equitum, qui- 
 
58 SELECTIONS FROM 
 
 bus exercitus, qui in Italia quique in Hispania erant, sup- 
 plerentur. \ 
 
 BannihaVs departure from Italy. 
 
 Nihil certe ultra rei in Italia ab Hannibale gestum ; nam 
 ad eum quoque legati ab Carthagine vocantes in Afrieam iis 
 5 forte diebus, quibus ad Magonem, venerunt. Frendens 
 gemensque ac vix lacrimis temperans dieitur legatorum 
 verba audisse. Postquam edita sunt mandata, "lam non 
 perplexe " inquit, " sed palam revocant, qui vetando supple- 
 mentum et pecuniam mitti iam pridem. retrahebant. Vieit 
 
 10 ergo Hannibalem non populus Komanus, totiens caesus 
 fugatusque, sed senatus Cartbaginiensis obtrectatione atque 
 invidia. Neque hac deformitate reditus mei tam P. Scipio 
 exultabit atque efferet sese quam Hanno, qui domum nostram, 
 quando alia re non potuit, ruina Carthaginis oppressit." Iam 
 
 15 boo ipsum praesagiens animo praeparaverat ante naves. 
 Itaque inutili militum turba praesidii specie in oppida 
 Bruttii agri, quae pauca metu magis quam fide contine- 
 bantur, dimissa, quod roboris in exercitu erat in Afrieam 
 transvexit, multis Italic! generis, qui in Afrieam secuturos 
 
 20 abnuentes concesserant in lunonis Laciniae delubrum in- 
 violatum ad earn diem, in templo ipso foede interfectis. 
 Raro quemquam alium patriam exilii causa relinquentem 
 tam maestum abisse ferunt quam Hannibalem hostium terra 
 excedentem. Eespexisse saepe Italiae litora, et deos homi- 
 
 25 nesque accusantem in se quoque ac suum ipsius caput ex- 
 ecratum, quod non eruentum ab Caimensi victoria militem 
 Romam duxisset. Scipionem ire ad Cartbaginem ausum, 
 qui consul bostem Poenum in Italia non vidisset; se cen- 
 tum milibus armatorum ad Trasumennum, ad Cannas caesis 
 
 30 circa Casilinum Cumasque et Nolam consenuisse. Haec 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 59 
 
 accusans querensque ex diutina possessione Italiae est 
 detractus. 
 
 Simul spes simul cura in dies crescebat, nee satis certum 
 eonstare apud animos poterat, utrum gaudio dignius esset 
 Hannibalem post sextum decimum annum ex Italia deee- 5 
 dentem vacuam possessionem eius reliquisse populo Romano, 
 an magis metuendum, quod incolumi exercitu in Africam 
 transisset. Locum nimirum, non periculum mutatum ; 
 cuius tantae dimicationis vatem, qui nuper decessisset, Q. 
 Fabium baud frustra canere solitum graviorem in sua terra 10 
 futurum bostem Hannibalem, quam in aliena fuisset. Nee 
 Scipioni aut cum Syphace, inconditae barbariae rege, cui 
 Statorius semilixa docere exercitus solitus sit, aut cum 
 socero eius Hasdrubale, fugacissimo duce, rem futuram aut 
 tumultuariis exercitibus ex agrestium semermi turba subito 15 
 conlectis, sad cum Hannibale, prope nato in praetorio patris, 
 f ortissimi ducis, alito atque educate inter arma, puero quon- 
 dam milite, vixdum iuvene imperatore, qui senex vincendo 
 factus Hispanias, G-allias, Italiam ab Alpibus ad fretum 
 monumentis ingentium rerum complesset. Ducere exercitum 20 
 aequalem stipendiis suis, duratum omnium rerum patientia, 
 quas vix fides fiat homines passos, perfusum miliens cruore 
 Romano, exuvias non militum tantum sed etiam imperatorum 
 portantem. Multos occursuros Scipioni in acie, qui prae- 
 tores, qui imperatores, qui consules Romanos manu sua 25 
 occidissent, muralibus vallaribusque insignes coronis, perva- 
 gatos capta castra, captas urbes Romanas. Non esse bodie 
 tot fasces magistratibus populi Romani, quot captos ex 
 caede imperatorum prae se ferre posset Hannibal. Has 
 formidines agitando animis ipsi curas et metus augebant, 30 
 etiam quod, cum adsuessent per aliquot annos bellum ante 
 oculos aliis atque aliis in Italiae partibus lenta spe in nullum 
 
60 SELECTIONS FROM 
 
 propinquum debellandi finem gerere, erexerant omnmm 
 animos Scipio et Hannibal, velut ad supremum certamen 
 comparati duces. Eis quoque, quibus erat ingens in Scipione 
 fiducia et victoriae spas, quo magis in propinquam earn 
 5 imminebant animis, eo curae intentiores erant. Haud dispar 
 habitus animorum Carthaginiensibus erat, quos modo petisse 
 pacem, intuentes Hannibalem ac rerum gestarum eius magni- 
 tudinem, paenitebat, modo, cum respicerent bis sese acie 
 victos, Syphacem captum, pulsos se Hispania, pulsos Italia, 
 10 atque ea omnia unius virtute et consilio Scipionis facta, 
 velut fatalem eum ducem in exitium suum natum horrebant. 
 
 The conference between Hannibal and Scipio. 
 lam Hadrumetum pervenerat Hannibal, unde, ad reficien- 
 dum ex iactatione maritima militem paucis diebus sumptis, 
 excitus pavidis nuntiis omnia circa Carthaginem obtineri 
 
 15 armis adferentium, magnis itineribus Zamam contendit. 
 Zama quinque dierum iter ab Carthagine abest. Inde 
 praemissi speculatores cum except! ab custodibus Eomanis 
 deduct! ad Scipionem essent, traditos eos tribunos militum 
 iussosque omisso metu visere omnia per castra, qua vellent, 
 
 20 circumduci iussit ; percunctatusque, satin' per commodum 
 omnia explorassent, datis, qui prosequerentur, retro ad 
 Hannibalem dimisit. Hannibal nihil quidem eorum, quae 
 nuntiabantur — nam et Masinissam cum sex milibus peditum, 
 quattuor equitum venisse eo ipso forte die adferebant — , 
 
 25 laeto animo audivit, maxime hostis fiducia audaciaque, non 
 de nihilo profecto concepta, perculsus est. Itaque quam- 
 quam et ipse causa belli erat et adventu sua turbaverat et 
 pactas indutias et spem foederum, tamen, si integer quam si 
 victus peteret pacem, aequiora impetrari posse ratus, nun- 
 
 30 tium ad Scipionem misit, ut conloquendi secum potestatem 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 61 
 
 faceret. Scipio cum conloquium baud abnuisset, ambo ex 
 composito duces castra protulerunt ut coire ex propinquo 
 possent. Scipio baud procul Naraggara urbe, cum ad cetera 
 loco opportuno tum quod aquatio intra teli coniectum erat, 
 consedit. Hannibal tumulum a quattuor milibus inde, tutum 5 
 commodumque alioqui, nisi quod longinquae aquationis erat, 
 cepit. Ibi in medio locus conspectus undique, ne quid in- 
 sidiarum esset, delectus. 
 
 Summotis pari spatio armatis cum singulis interpretibus 
 congressi sunt, non suae modo aetatis maximi duces, sed 10 
 omnis ante se memoriae, omnium gentium cuilibet regum 
 imperatorumve pares. Paulisper alter alterius conspectu, 
 admiratione mutua prope attoniti, conticuere. Tum Han- 
 nibal prior : " Si hoc ita fato datum erat, ut qui primus . 
 bellum intuli populo Romano quique totiens prope in mani- 15 
 bus victoriam habui, is ultro ad pacem petendam venirem, 
 laetor te mihi sorte potissimum datum, a quo peterem. 
 Tibi quoque inter multa egregia non in ultimis laudum hoc 
 fuerit, Hannibalem, cui tot de Eomanis ducibus victoriam 
 di dedissent, tibi cessisse, teque huic bello, vestris prius 20 
 quam nostris cladibus insigni, finem imposuisse. Hoc 
 quoque ludibrium casus ediderit fortuna, ut, cum patre tuo 
 consule ceperim arma, cum eodem primum Romano im- 
 peratore signa contulerim, ad filium eius inermis ad pacem 
 petendam veniam. Optimum quidem fuerat eam patribus 25 
 nostris mentem datam ab dis esse, ut et vos Italiae et nos 
 Africae imperio content! essemus ; neque enim ne vobis qui- 
 dem Sicilia ac Sardinia satis digna pretia sunt pro tot classi- 
 bus, tot exercitibus, tot tam egregiis amissis ducibus. Sed 
 praeterita magis reprehendi possunt quam corrigi. Ita 30 
 aliena adpetivimus, ut de nostris dimicaremus, nee in Italia 
 solum nobis bellum, vobis in Africa esset, sed et vos in 
 
62 SELECTIONS FROM 
 
 portis vestris prope ac moenibus signa armaque hostium 
 vidistis et nos ab Carthagine fremitum castrorum Eomanorum 
 exaudimus. Quod igitur nos maxime abominaremur, vos 
 ante omnia optaretis, in meliore vestra fortuna de pace 
 5 agilTur. Agimus ei, quorum et maxime interest pacem esse, 
 et.qui quodcumque egerimus, ratum civitates nostrae habi- 
 turae sunt. Animo tantum nobis opus est non abhorrente a 
 quietis consiliis. Quod ad me attinet, iam aetas senem in 
 patriam revertentem, unde puer profectus sum, iam se- 
 
 10 cundae, iam adversae res ita erudierunt, ut rationem sequi 
 quam fortunam malim ; tuam et adulescentiam et perpetuam 
 felicitatem, ferociora utraque quam quietis opus est consiliis, 
 metuo. Non temere incerta casuum reputat, quem fortuna 
 numquam decepit. Quod ego fui ad Trasumennum, ad Can- 
 
 15 nas, id tu hodie es. Vixdum militari aetate imperio accepto 
 omnia audacissime incipientem nusquam fefellit fortuna. 
 Patris et patrui persecutus mortem ex calamitate vestrae 
 domus decus insigne virtutis pietatisque eximiae cepisti ; 
 amissas Hispanias reciperasti quattuor inde Punicis exerciti- 
 
 20 bus pulsis ; consul creatus, cum ceteris ad tutandam Italiam 
 parum animi esset, transgressus in Africam, duobus hie 
 exercitibus caesis, binis eadem hora captis simul incensisque 
 castris, Syphace potentissimo rege capto, tot urbibus regni 
 eius, tot nostri imperii ereptis, me sextum decimum iam 
 
 25 annum baerentem in possessione Italiae detraxisti. Potest 
 viotoriam malle quam pacem animus. Novi spiritus magnos 
 magis quam utiles ; et mibi talis aliquando fortuna adfulsit. 
 Quodsi in secundia rebus bonam quoque mentem darent dei, 
 non ea solum, quae evenissent, sed etiam ea, quae evenire 
 
 30 possent, reputaremus. Ut omnium obliviscaris aliorum, 
 satis ego documenti in omnes casus sum, quem, modo castris 
 inter Anienem atque urbem vestram positis signa inf erentem 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 63 
 
 ac iam prope scandentem moenia Eomana, hie cernas duobus 
 fratribus, fortissimis viris, clarissimis imperatoribus orbatum 
 ante moenia prope obsessae patriae, quibus terrui vestram 
 urbem, ea pro mea deprecantem. Maximae cuique fortunae 
 minime credendum est. In bonis tuis rebus, nostris dubiis, 5 
 tibi ampla ac speciosa danti est pax, nobis petentibus magis 
 necessaria quam honesta. Melior tutiorque est carta pax 
 quam sperata victoria ; haec in tua, ilia in deorum manu est. 
 Ne tot annorum felicitatem in unius horae dederis discrimen ; 
 cum tuas vires, turn vim fortunae Martemque belli commu- 10 
 nem propone animo. Utrimque ferrum, utrimque corpora 
 humana erunt ; nusquam minus quam in bello eventus 
 respondent. Non tantum ad id, quod data pace iam habere 
 potes, si proelio vincas, gloriae adieceris, quantum dempseris, 
 si quid adversi eveniat. Simul parta ac sperata decora unius is 
 horae fortuna evertere potest. Omnia in pace iungenda tuae 
 potestatis sunt, P. Cornell ; tunc ea habenda fortuna erit, 
 quam di dederint. • Inter pauca felicitatis virtutisque ex- 
 empla M. Atilius quondam in hac eadem terra fuisset, si 
 victor pacem petentibus dedisset patribus nostris ; sed non 20 
 statuendo felicitati modum nee cohibendo efferentem se 
 fortunam, quanto altius elatus erat, eo foedius conruit. Est 
 quidem eius, qui dat, non qui petit, condiciones dieere pacis ; 
 sed forsitan non indigni simus, qui nobismet ipsi multam 
 inrogemus. Non recusamus, quin omnia, propter quae ad 25 
 bellum itum est, vestra sint, Sicilia, Sardinia, Hispania, 
 quidquid insularum toto inter Africam Italiamque continetur 
 mari. Carthaginienses inclusi Africae litoribus vos, quando 
 ita dis placuit, externa etiam terra marique videamus 
 regentes imperio. Haud negaverim propter non nimis 30 
 sincere petitam aut expectatam nuper pacem suspectam 
 esse vobis Punicam fidem. Multum, per quos petita sit, ad 
 
64 SELECTIONS FROM 
 
 fidem tuendae paeis pertinet, Scipio. Vestri quoque, ut 
 audio, patres non nihil etiam ob hoc, quia paruin dignitatis 
 in legations erat, negaverunt pacem : Hannibal peto pacem, 
 qui neque peterem, nisi utilem crederem, et propter eandem 
 5 utilitatem tuebor earn, propter quam petii. Et quern ad 
 modum, quia a me bellum eoeptum est, ne quern eius paeni- 
 teret, quoad ipsi invidere dei, praestiti, ita adnitar, ne quem 
 pacis per me partae paeniteat." 
 
 Adversus haee imperator Eomanus in hanc fere sententiam 
 
 10 respondit: "Non me fallebat, Hannibal, adventus tui spe 
 Carthaginienses et praesentem indutiarum fidem et spem 
 pacis turbasse ; neque tu id sane dissimulas, qui de con- 
 dieionibus superioribus pacis omnia subtrahas praeter ea, 
 quae iam pridem in nostra potestate sunt. Ceterum ut tibi 
 
 15 curae est sentire cives tuos, quanto per te onere leventur, 
 sic mihi laborandum est, ne, [si] quae tunc pepigerunt, hodie 
 subtracta ex condicionibus pacis praemia perfidiae habeant. 
 Indigni, quibus eadem pateat condicio, etiam ut prosit vobis 
 fraus petitis. Neque patres nostri priores de Sicilia, neque 
 
 20 nos de Hispania f ecimus bellum ; et tunc Mamertinorum 
 sociorum periculum et nunc Sagunti excidium nobis pia ac 
 iusta induerunt arma : vos lacessisse et tu ipse fateris et dei 
 testes sunt, qui et illius belli exitum secundum ius fasque 
 dederunt et huius dant et dabunt. Quod ad me attinet, et 
 
 25 humanae infirmitatis memini et vim fortunae reputo et 
 omnia, quaeeumque agimus, subiecta esse mille casibus scio ; 
 ceterum, quem ad modum superbe et violenter me faterer 
 facere, si, priusquam in Africam traiecissem, te tua voluntate 
 cedentem Italia et inposito in naves exercitu ipsum venien- 
 
 30 tem ad pacem petendam aspernarer, sic nunc, cum prope 
 manu consertum restitantem ac tergiversantem in Africam 
 adtraxerim, nulla sum tibi verecundia obstrictus. Proinde 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 65 
 
 si quid ad ea, in quae turn pax conventura videbatur, quasi 
 multa navium cum commeatu per indutias expugnatarum 
 legatorumque violatorum, adicitur, est quod referam ad 
 consilium ; sin ilia quoque gravia videntur, bellum parate, 
 quoniam pacem pati non potuistis." Ita infecta pace ex 5 
 conloquio ad suos cum se recepissent, frustra verba praelata 
 renuntiant : armis decernendum esse habendamque earn 
 fortunam, quam dei dedissent. 
 
 The battle of Zama. 
 
 In castra ut est ventum, pronuntiant ambo, arma expedi- 
 rent milites animosque ad supremum certamen, non in 10 
 unum diem sed in perpetuum, si felicitas adesset, victores. 
 Eoma an Carthago iura gentibus daret, ante crastinam noctem 
 scituros ; neque enim Africam aut Italiam, sed orbem terra- 
 rum victoriae praemium fore ; par periculum praemio, qui- 
 bus adversa pugnae fortuna fuisset. Nam neque Romanis 15 
 effugium ullum patebat in aliena ignotaque terra et Cartha- 
 gini supremo auxilio effuso adesse videbatur praesens 
 excidium. 
 
 Ad hoc discrimen procedunt postero die duorum opulen- 
 tissimorum populorum duo longe clarissimi duces, duo 20 
 fortissimi exercitus, multa ante parta decora aut cumulaturi 
 eo die aut eversuri. Anceps igitur spes et metus miscebant 
 animos ; contemplantibusque modo suam mode hostium 
 aciem, cum non oculis magis quam ratione pensarent vires, 
 simul laeta simul tristia obversabantur. Quae ipsis sua 25 
 sponte non succurrebant, ea duces admonendo atque hortando 
 subiciebant. Poenus sedecim annorum in terra Italia res 
 gestas, tot duces Eomanos, tot exercitus occidione occisos et 
 sua cuique decora, ubi ad insignem alicuius pugnae memoria 
 militem venerat, referebat ; Scipio Hispanias et recentia in 30 
 
66 SELECTIONS FROM 
 
 Africa proelia et confessionem hostium, quod neque non 
 petere pacem propter nietum neque manere in ea prae insita 
 animis perfidia potuissent. Ad hoc conloquium Hannibalis, 
 in secrete habitum ac liberum fingenti, qua vult, flectit ; 
 5 ominatur, quibus quondam auspiciis patres eorum ad 
 Aegates pugnaverint insulas, ea illis exeuntibus in aciem 
 portendisse deos. Adesse finem belli ac laboris. In mani- 
 bus esse praedam Cartbaginis, reditum domum in patriam 
 ad parentes, liberos, coniuges penatesque deos. Celsus baec 
 
 10 corpora vtdtuque ita laeto, ut vicisse iam crederes, dicebat. 
 Instruit deinde primes hastatos, post eos principes, triariis 
 postremam aciem elausit. Xon confertas autem cobortes 
 ante sua quamque signa instruebat, sed manipulos aliquan- 
 tum inter se distantes, ut esset spatium, qua elephanti 
 
 15 hostium acti nihil ordines turbarent. Laelium, cuius ante 
 legati, eo anno quaestoris extra sortem ex senatus consulto 
 opera utebatur, cum Italico equitatu ab sinistro cornu, 
 Masinissam Xumidasque ab dextro opposuit. Vias patentes 
 inter manipulos antesignanorum velitibus — ea tunc levis 
 
 20 armatura erat — complevit, dato praecepto, ut ad impetum 
 elephantorum aut post directos refugerent ordines aut in 
 dextram laevamque discursu applicantes se antesignanis 
 viam, qua imuerent in ancipitia tela, beluis darent. Han- 
 nibal ad terrorem primes elephantos — ectoginta autem 
 
 25 erant, quet nulla umquam in acie ante habuerat — instruxit, 
 deinde auxilia Ligurum Gallerumque Baliaribus Maurisque 
 admixtis ; in secunda acie Carthaginienses Afresque et 
 Macedenum legionem; modice deinde intervalle relicto 
 subsidiariam aciem Italicerum militum — Bruttii plerique 
 
 30 erant, vi ac necessitate plures quam sua voluntate deceden- 
 tem ex Italia secuti — instruxit. Equitatum et ipse cir- 
 eumdedit cernibus ; dextrum Carthaginienses, sinistrum 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 67 
 
 Numidae tenuerunt. Yaria adhortatio erat in exercitu inter 
 tot homines, quibus non lingua, non mos, non lex, nou arma, 
 non vestitus habitusque, non causa militandi eadem esset. 
 Auxiliaribus et praesens et multiplicata ex praeda merces 
 ostentatur ; Galli proprio atque insito in Eomanos odio 5 
 accendmitur ; Liguribus campi uberes Italiae deductis ex 
 asperrimis niontibus in spem vietoriae ostentantur ; Mauros 
 Numidasque ^Masinissae inpotenti futuro dominatu terret ; 
 aliis aliae spes ac metus iactantur. Cartbaginiensibus moe- 
 nia patriae, di penates, sepulera maiorum, liberi cum parenti- 10 
 bus coniugesque pavidae, aut exeidium servitiumque aut 
 imperium orbis terrarum, nihil aut in metum aut in spem 
 medium, ostentatur. 
 
 Cum maxime haee imperator apud L'arthaginienses, duces 
 suarum gentium inter populares, pleraque per rnterpretes 15 
 inter immixtos alieuigenas agerent, tubae cornuaque ab 
 Eomanis ceeinerunt, tantusque clamor ortus, ut elephanti 
 in suos, sinistrum maxime cornu, verterentur, JIauros ac 
 Xumidas. Addidit facile ^Masinissa perculsis terrorem 
 nudavitque ab ea parte aciem equestri auxilio. Paucae 20 
 tamen bestiarum intrepidae in hostem actae inter velitum 
 ordines cum mtdtis suis vulneribus iugentem stragem ede- 
 bant. Eesilientes enim ad manipulos velites, cum viam 
 elephantis, ne obtererentur, feeissent, in aiicipites ad ictum 
 utrimque coniciebant hastas, nee pila ab antesiguanis cessa- 25 
 bant, donee midique incidentibus telis exacti ex Eomana 
 acie hi quoque in suos dextrum cornu, ipsos Carthaginienses 
 equites, in fugam verterunt. Laelius ut turbatos vidit hostes, 
 addidit perculsis terrorem. 
 
 Utrimque nudata equite erat Punica acies, cum pedes 30 
 concurrit, nee spe nee viribus iam par. Ad hoc dictu parva, 
 sed magna eadem in re gerenda momenta : congrueiis clamor 
 
68 SELECTIONS FROM 
 
 ab Eomanis eoque maior et terribilior, dissonae illis, ut 
 gentium multarum discrepantibus Unguis, voces ; pugna 
 Eomana stabilis et suo et armorum pondere incumbentium 
 in hostem, concursatio et velocitas illinc maior quam vis. 
 
 5 Igitur primo impetu extemplo movere loco hostium aciem 
 Romani. Ala deinde et umbonibus pulsantes, ia summotos 
 gradu inlato, aliquantum spatii velut nullo resistente in- 
 cessere, urgentibus et novissimis primos, ut semel motam 
 aciem sensere, quod ipsum vim magnam ad pellendum hos- 
 
 10 tern addebat. Apud hostes auxiliares cedentes secunda acies, 
 Afri et Carthaginienses, adeo non sustinebant, ut contra 
 etiam, ne resistentes pertinaciter primos caedendo ad se 
 perveniret hostis, pedem referrent. Igitur auxiliares terga 
 dant repente, et in suos versi partim refugere in secundam 
 
 15 aciem, partim non recipientes caedere, ut et paulo ante non 
 adiuti et tunc exclusi. Et prope duo iam permixta proelia 
 erant, cum Carthaginienses simul cum hostibus, simul cum 
 suis eogerentur manus conserere. Non tamen ita perculsos 
 iratosque in aciem accepere, sed densatis ordinibus in cornua 
 
 20 vacuumque circa campum extra proelium eiecere, ne pavido 
 fuga et vulneribus milite sinceram et integram aciem misce- 
 rent. Ceterum tanta strages hominum armorumque locum, 
 in quo steterant paulo ante auxiliares, compleverat, ut prope 
 diificilior transitus esset, quam per confertos hostes fuerat. 
 
 25 Itaque, qui primi erant, hastati per cumulos corporum 
 armorumque et tabem sanguinis, qua quisque poterat, 
 sequentes hostem et signa et ordines confuderunt. Prin- 
 cipum quoque signa fiuctuari coeperant vagam ante se 
 cernendo aciem. Quod Scipio ubi vidit, reeeptui propere 
 
 30 canere hastatis iussit et sauciis in postremam aciem sub- 
 ductis principes triariosque in cornua inducit, quo tutior 
 firmiorque media hastatorum acies esset. Ita novum de 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 69 
 
 integro proelium ortum est ; quippe ad veros hostes per- 
 ventum erat, et armorum genere et usu militiae et fama 
 rerum gestarum et magnitudine vel spei vel periculi pares. 
 Sed et numero superior Komamus erat et animo, quod iam 
 equites, iam elephantos fuderat, iam prima acie pulsa in 5 
 secundam pugnabat. In tempore Laelius ac Masinissa, 
 pulsos per aliquantum spatii secuti equites, revertentes in 
 aversam hostium aciem incurrere. Is demum equitum im- 
 petus perculit hostem. Multi circumventi in acie caesi ; 
 multi per patentem circa campum fuga sparsi tenente omnia 10 
 equitatu passim interierunt. Carthaginiensium sociorumque 
 caesa eo die supra viginti milia ; par ferme numerus captus 
 cum signis militaribus centum triginta duobus, elepliantis 
 undecim. Victores ad mille et quingentos cecidere. 
 
 Hannibal cum paucis equitibus inter tumultum elapsus 15 
 Hadrumetum perfugit, omnia et integro proelio et inclinante 
 acie, priusquam excederet pugna, expertus et confessione 
 etiam Scipionis omniumque peritorum militiae illam laudem 
 adeptus, singulari arte aciem eo die instruxisse : elephantos 
 in prima f rente, quorum f ortuitus impetus atque intolerabilis 20 
 vis signa sequi et servare ordines, in quo plurimum spei 
 ponerent, Eomanos proMberent ; deinde- auxiliares ante 
 Carthaginiensium aciem, ne homines mixti ex conluvione 
 omnium gentium, quos non fides teneret, sed merces, liberum 
 receptum fugae haberent, simul primum ardorem atque im- 25 
 petum hostium excipientes fatigarent ae, si nihil aliud, 
 vulneribus suis ferrum hostile hebetarent; tum, ubi omnis 
 spes esset, milites Carthaginienses Afrosque, ut, omnibus 
 rebus aliis pares, eo, quod integri cum fessis ac sauciis pug- 
 narent, superiores essent; Italicos intervallo quoque di- 30 
 remptos, incertos, socii an hostes essent, in postremam 
 aciem summotos. Hoc edito velut ultimo yirtutis opere 
 
70 SELECTIONS FROM 
 
 Hannibal cum Hadrumetum refugisset, accitusque inde 
 Carthaginem sexto ae tricesimo post anno, quam puer inde 
 profectus erat, redisset, fassus in curia est non proelio modo 
 SB sed bello victum, nee spem salutis alibi quam in pace 
 5 impetranda esse. 
 
 The tefms of peace. 
 
 Scipio confestim a proelio expugnatis hostium castris 
 direptisque cum ingenti praeda ad mare ac naves rediit 
 nuntio allato P. Lentulum cum quinquaginta rostratis, 
 centum onerariis, cum omni genere commeatus ad Uticam 
 
 10 accessisse. Admovendum igitur undique terrorem perculsae 
 Carthagini ratus, misso Laelio Eomam cum victoriae nuntio 
 On. Oetavium terrestri itinere ducere legiones Carthaginem 
 iubet ; ipse ad suam veterem nova Lentuli classe adiuncta 
 profectus ab Utica portum Carthaginis petit. Haud procul 
 
 15 aberat, cum velata infulis ramisque oleae Carthaginiensium 
 occurrit navis. Decern legati erant, principes civitatis, 
 auctore Hannibale missi ad petendam pacem. Qui cum ad 
 puppim praetoriae navis accessissent velamenta supplicum 
 porrigentes, orantes implorantesque fidem ac misericordiam 
 
 20 Scipionis, nullum iis aliud responsum datum, quam ut 
 Tynetem venirent ; eo se moturum castra. Ipse ad con- 
 templandum Carthaginis situm non tarn noscendi in praesen- 
 tia quam terrendi hostis causa provectus Uticam, eodem et 
 Octavio revocato, rediit. Inde proeedentibus ad Tynetem 
 
 25 nuntius allatus Verminam Syphacis filium cum equitibus 
 pluribus quam peditibus venire Carthaginiensibus auxilio. 
 Pars exercitus cum omni equitatu Saturnalibus primis 
 agmen adgressa Numidarum levi certamine fudit. Exitu 
 quoque fugae intercluso ab omni parte circumdatis equitibus 
 
 30 quindecim milia hominum caesa, mille et ducenti vivi capti, 
 
ROMAN HISTOniANS 71 
 
 « 
 
 et equi Numidici mille et quingenti, signa militaria duo et 
 septuaginta. Begulus ipse inter tumultum cum paucis 
 effugit. Turn ad Tynetem eodem quo antea loco castra 
 posita, legatique triginta ab Cartliagine ad Scipionem vene- 
 runt. Et illi quidem multo miserabilius quam antea, quo 5 
 magis cogebat fortuna, egerunt ; sed aliquanto minors cum 
 misericordia ab recenti memoria perfidiae auditi sunt. In 
 consilio quamquam iusta ira omnes ad delendam stimulabat 
 Carthaginem, tamen cum et quanta res esset et quam longi 
 temporis obsidio tarn munitae et tam validae urbis reputarent, 10 
 et ipsum Scipionem expectatio successoris ventusi ad para- 
 tam alterius labore ac periculo finiti belli famam sollicitaret, 
 ad pacem omnium animi versi sunt. Postero die revocatis 
 legatis et cum multa castigatione perfidiae monitis, ut tot 
 cladibus edocti tandem deos et ius iurandum esse crederent, 15 
 condiciones pacis dictae, ut liberi legibus suis viverent; 
 quas urbes quosque agros quibusque finibus ante bellum 
 tenuissent, tenerent, populandique finem eo die Eomanus 
 faceret ; perfugas fugitivosque et captivos omnes redderent 
 Romanis et naves rostratas praeter decem triremes traderent 20 
 elephantosque, quos haberent, domitos, neque domarent 
 alios ; bellum neve in Africa neve extra Africam iniussu 
 populi Eomani gererent ; Masinissae res redderent foe- 
 dusque cum eo facerent ; frumentum stipendiumque auxiliis, 
 donee ab Roma legati redissent, praestarent. Decem milia 25 
 talentum argenti, discripta pensionibus acquis in annos 
 quinquaginta, solverent ; obsides centum arbitratu Scipionis 
 darent, ne minores quattuordecim annis neu triginta maiores. 
 Indutias ita se daturum, si per priores indutias naves 
 onerariae captae, quaeque fuissent in navibus, restitueren- 30 
 tur ; aliter nee indutias nee spem pacis ullam esse. 
 
 Has condiciones legati cum domum referre iussi in con- 
 
72 SELECTIONS FROM 
 
 tione ederent, et Gisgo ad dissuadendam pacem processisset 
 audireturque a multitudine inquieta eadem et inbelli, indig- 
 natus Hannibal dici ea in tali tempore audirique, arreptum 
 Gisgonem manu sua ex superiore loco detraxit. Quae in- 
 5 sueta liberae civitati species cum fremitum populi movisset, 
 perturbatus militaris vir urbana libertate " Novem " inquit 
 " annorum a vobis profectus post sextum et tricesimum 
 annum redii. Militares artes, quas me a puero fortuna 
 nunc privata nunc publica docuit, probe videor scire ; urbis 
 
 10 ac fori iura, leges, mores vos me oportet doceatis." Ex- 
 cusata inprudentia de pace multis verbis disseruit, quam 
 nee iniqua et necessaria esset. Id omnium maxime difficile 
 erat, quod ex navibus per indutias captis nihil praeter ipsas 
 comparebat naves ; nee inquisitio erat facilis, adversantibus 
 
 15 paci qui arguerentur. Placuit naves reddi et homraes utique 
 inquiri ; cetera, quae abessent, aestimanda Scipioni permitti, 
 atque ita pecunia lucre Carthaginienses. Sunt, qui Hanni- 
 balem ex acie ad mare pervenisse, inde praeparata nave ad 
 regem Antiocbum extemplo profe'ctum tradant, postulan- 
 
 20 tique ante omnia Scipioni, ut Hannibal sibi traderetur, re- 
 sponsum esse Hannibalem in Africa non esse. 
 
 The closing years of HannibaV s life. 
 
 Cum in appafando acerrime esset occupatus, Carthagini- 
 enses bellum cum Eomanis composuerunt. Hie nihilo 
 setius exercitui postea praefuit resque in Africa gessit 
 
 25 (itemque Mago frater eius) usque ad P. Sulpicium C. Aure- 
 lium consules. His enim magistratibus legati Cartbagi- 
 nienses Eomam venerunt, qui senatui populoque Eomano 
 gratias agerent, quod cum iis pacem fecissent, ob eamque 
 rem corona aurea eos donarent simulque peterent, ut ob- 
 
 30 sides eorum Fregellis esseut captivique redderentur, His 
 
ROJNIAN HISTORIANS 73 
 
 ex senatus consulto responsum est : munus eorum gratum 
 acceptumque esse ; obsides, quo loco rogarent, f uturos ; 
 captivos non remissuros, quod Hannibalem, cuius opera 
 susceptum bellum foret, inimicissimum nomini Romano, 
 etiamnum cum imperio apud exercitum haberent itemque 5 
 fratrem eius Magonem. Hoc responso Carthaginienses 
 cognito Hamiibalem domum et Magonem revocarunt. Hue 
 ut rediit, rex factus est, postquam imperator fuerat, anno 
 secundo et vicesimo : ut enim Romae consules, sic Cartha- 
 gine quotannis annui bini reges creabantur. 10 
 
 In eo magistratu pari diligentia se Hannibal praebuit, ac 
 fuerat in bello. IS'amque effecit ex novis vectigalibus non 
 solum ut esset pecunia, quae Romanis ex foedere pendere- 
 tur, sed etiam superesset, quae in aerario reponeretur. 
 Deinde (anno post praeturam) M. Claudio L. Furio consuli- 15 
 bus Roma legati Carthaginem venerunt. Hos Hannibal 
 ratus sui exposcendi gratia missos, priusquam iis senatus 
 daretur, navem aseendit clam atque in Syriam ad Antio- 
 chum perfugit. Hac re palam facta Poeni naves duas, 
 quae eum comprehenderent, si possent consequi, miserunt, 20 
 bona eius publicarunt, domum a fundamentis disiecerunt, 
 ipsum exulem iudicarunt. 
 
 At Hannibal anno quarto, postquam domo profugerat, 
 L. Cornelio Q. Minucio consulibus, cum quinque navibus 
 Africam accessit in finibus Cyrenaeorum, si forte Cartha- 25 
 ginienses ad bellum inducere posset Antiochi spe fiducia- 
 que, eui iam persuaserat ut cum exercitibus in Italiam 
 proficisceretur. Hue Magonem fratrem excivit. Id ubi 
 Poeni resciverunt, Magonem eadem, qua fratrem, absentem 
 affecerunt poena. Illi desperatis rebus cum solvissent 30 
 naves ac vela ventis dedissent, Hannibal ad Antiochum 
 pervenit. De Magonis interitu duplex memoria prodita 
 
74 SELECTIONS PROM 
 
 est : namque alii naufragio, alii a servulis ipsius interfec- 
 tum eum scriptiim reliquerunt. 
 
 Antiochus autem si tarn in gerendo bello consiliis eius 
 parere voluisset, quam in suscipiendo instituerat, propius 
 
 5 Tiberi quam in Thermopylis de summa imperii dimicasset. 
 Quern etsi multa stulte conari videbat, tanien nulla deseruit 
 in re. Praefuit paucis navibus, quas ex Syria iussus erat 
 in Asiam ducere, iisque adversus Kbodiorum classem in 
 Pamphylio mari conilixit. In quo cum multitudine adver- 
 
 10 sariorum sui superarentur, ipse quo cornu rem gessit fuit 
 superior. 
 
 Antiocho fugato verens ne dederetur, quod sine dubio 
 accidisset, si sui feeisset potestatem, Cretam ad Gortynios 
 venit, ut ibi, quo se conferret, consideraret. Vidit autem 
 
 15 vir omnium callidissimus in magno se fore periculo, nisi 
 quid providisset, propter avaritiam Gretensium : magnam 
 enim secum pecuniam portabat, de qua soiebat exisse 
 famam. Itaque capit tale consilium. Amphoras com- 
 plures complet plumbo, summas operit &,uto et argento. 
 
 20 Has praesentibus principibus deponit in templo Dianas, 
 simulans se suas fortunas illorum lidei credere. His in 
 errorem inductis statuas aeneas, quas secum portabat, omni 
 sua pecunia complet easque in propatulo domi abicit. 
 Gortynii templum magna cura custodiunt, non tarn a ce- 
 
 25 teris quam ab Hannibale, ne ille inscientibus iis tolleret 
 sua secumque duceret. 
 
 Sic conservatis suis rebus omnibus Poenus illusis Creten- 
 sibus ad Prusiam in Pontum pervenit. Apud quem eodem 
 animo fuit erga Italiam neque aliud quicquam egit quam 
 
 30 regem armavit et exacuit adversus Eomanos. Quem cum 
 videret domesticis opibus minus esse robustum, conciliabat 
 ceteros reges, adiungebat bellicosas nationes. Dissidebat 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 75 
 
 ab eo Pergamenus rex Eumenes, Eomanis amicissimus, bel- 
 lumque inter eos gerebatur et mari et terra ; sed utrobique 
 Eumenes plus valebat propter Eomanorum societatem. Quo 
 magis eupiebat eum Hannibal opprimi, quern si removisset, 
 faciliora sibi cetera fore arbitrabatur. Ad hunc interfici- 5 
 midum talem iniit rationem. Classe paucis diebus erant 
 decreturi. Superabatur navium multitudine : dolo erat 
 pugnandum, cum par non esset armis. Imperavit quam 
 plurimas venenatas serpentes Tivas colligi easque in vasa 
 fictilia conici. Harum cum effecisset magnam multitudi- 10 
 nem, die ipso, quo facturus erat navale proelium, classiarios 
 convocat iisque praecipit, omnes ut in unam Eumenis regis 
 concurrant navem, a ceteris tantum satis habeant se de- 
 fendere. Id illos facile serpentium multitudiae consecu- 
 turos. Eex autem in qua nave veheretur, ut scirent, se 15 
 facturum : quem si aut cepissent aut interfecissent, magno 
 iis poUicetur praemio fore. 
 
 Tali cobortatione militum facta classis ab utrisque in 
 proelium deducitur. Quarum acie constituta, priusquam 
 signum pugnae daretur, Hannibal, ut palam faceret suis, 20 
 quo loco Eumenes esset, tabellarium in. scapha cum caduceo 
 mittit. Qui ubi ad naves adversariorum pervenit epistu- 
 lamque ostendens se regem professus est quaerere, statim 
 ad Eumenem deductus est, quod nemo dubitabat quia ali- 
 quid de pace esset scriptum. Tabellarius ducis nave de- 25 
 clarata suis eodem, unde erat egressus, se recepit. At 
 Eumenes soluta epistula nihil in ea repperit nisi quae ad 
 irridendum eum pertinerent. Cuius rei etsi causam mira- 
 batur neque reperiebat, tamen prqelium statim committere 
 non dubitavit. Horum in concursu Bithyni Hannibalis 30 
 praecepto universi navem Eumenis adoriuntur. Quorum 
 vim rex cum sustinere non posset, fuga salutem petiit, quam 
 
76 SELECTIONS PROM 
 
 consecutus non esset, nisi intra sua praesidia se recepisset, 
 quae in proximo litore erant collocata. Eeliquae Perga- 
 menae naves cum adversarios premerent acrius, repente in 
 eas vasa fictilia, de quibus supra mentionem fecimus, conici 
 
 5 coepta sunt. Quae iacta initio risum pugnantibus concita- 
 runt, neque quare id fieret poterat intellegi. Postquam 
 autem naves suas oppletas conspexerunt serpentibus, nova 
 re perterriti, cum, quid potissimum vitarent, non viderent, 
 puppes verterunt seque ad sua castra nautica rettulerunt. 
 
 10 Sic Hannibal consilio arma Pergamenorum superavit, neque 
 turn solum, sed saepe alias pedestribus copiis pari prudentia 
 pepulit adversarios. 
 
 Tlie death of Hannibal. 
 
 ' Quae dum in Asia geruntur, accidit casu ut legati Prusiae 
 
 Romae apud T. Quintium Plamininum consularem cenarent, 
 
 15 atque ibi de Hannibale mentione facta ex iis unus diceret 
 eum in Prusiae regno esse. Id postero die Flamininus 
 senatui detulit. Patres conscripti, qui Hannibale vivo 
 numquam se sine insidiis futures existimarent, legatos in 
 Bithyniam miserunt, in eis Flamininum, qui ab rege pete- ' 
 
 20 rent, ne inimicissimum suum secum haberet sibique dederet. 
 Ad Prusiam regem legatus T. Quintius Plamininus venit, 
 quern suspeotum Romanis et receptus post fugam Antiochi 
 Hannibal et bellum adversus Eumenem motum faciebat. 
 Ibi sen quia a Plaminino inter cetera obiectum Prusiae 
 
 25 erat, bominem omnium qui viverent infestissimum populo 
 Romano apud eum esse, qui patriae suae primum, deinde 
 fractis eius opibus Antiocho regi auctor belli adversus 
 populum Romanum fuisset, seu quia ipse Prusias, ut grati- 
 fi-caretur praesenti Flaminino Romanisque per se necandi 
 
 30 aut tradendi eius in jjotestatem consilium cepit, a primo 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 77 
 
 colloquio Flaminini milites exteinplo ad domum Hannibalis 
 custodiendam missi siintTj Semper talem exitum vitae suae 
 Hannibal prospexerat animo et "Eomanorum inexpiabile 
 odium in se cernens et fidei regum nihil sane f retus ; 
 Prusiae vero levitateni etiam expertus erat Flamininique 5 
 adventum velut fatalem sibi horruerat. 
 
 Ad omnia undique infesta ut iter semper aliquod prae- 
 paratum fugae haberet, septem exitus e domo fecerat et ex 
 iis quosdam occultos, ne custodia saepirentur. Sed grave 
 imperium regum niMl inexploratum quod yestigari volunt 10 
 eflB-cit ; totius circuitum domus ita custodiis complexi sunt, 
 ut nemo inde elabi posset. Hannibal postquam nuntiatum 
 est milites regios in vestibule esse, postico quod devium 
 maxime atque occultissimi exitus erat, fugere conatus, ut 
 id quoque occursu militum oibsaeptum' sensit et omnia circa 15 
 clausa custodiis dispositis, venenum quod multo ante prae- 
 paratum ad tales habebat casus, poposcit : " Liberemus diu- 
 turna cura populum Eomanum," inquit, "quando mortem 
 senis exspectare longum censenft Hec magnam nee memo- 
 rabilem ex inermi proditoque Flamininus victoriam feret. 20 
 Mores quidem populi Eomani quantum mutaverint vel hie 
 dies argumento erit. Horum patres Pyrrho regi, hosti 
 armato, exercitum in Italia habenti, ut a veneno caveret 
 praedixerunt ; hi legatum consularem, qui auctor esset Pru- 
 siae per scelus occidendi hospitis, miserunt." Exsecratus 25 
 deinde in caput regnumque Prusiae et hospitales deos vio- 
 latae ab eo fidei testes invocans poculum exhausit. Hie 
 vitae exitus fuit Hannibalis. 
 
PART THREE 
 
 THE JUGURTHINE SCANDAL 
 
 Jugurtha's first acquaintance with Bomans. 
 
 Bello Punico secundo, quo dux Carthaginiensium Hanni- 
 bal post magnitudinem nominis Eomani Italiae opes max- 
 ume adtriverat, Masinissa rex Numidamm in amicitiam 
 receptus a P. Scipione, cui postea Africano cognomen ex 
 
 5 virtute fuit, multa et praeclara rei militaris facinora fecerat. 
 Ob quae victis Garthaginiensibus et capto Syphace, cuius in 
 Africa magnum atque late imperium valuit, populus Eo- 
 manus quascumque urbis et agios manu ceperat regi dono 
 dedit. Igitur amicitia Masinissae bona atque honesta nobis 
 
 10 permansit. Sed imperi vitaeque eius finis idem fuit. 
 
 Dein Micipsa filius regnum solus optinuit Mastanabale 
 et Gulussa fratribus morbo absumptis. Is Adherbalem et 
 Hiempsalem ex sese genuit lugurthamque filium Mastana- 
 balis fratris, quem Masinissa, quod ortus ex concubina erat, 
 
 15 privatum dereliquerat, eodem cultu quo liberos suos domi 
 habuit. 
 
 Postquam bominem adulescentem exacta sua aetate et 
 parvis liberis magis magisque crescere intellegit, vehemen- 
 ter eo negotio permotus multa cum animo suo volvebat. 
 
 20 Terrebat eum natura mortalium ayida imperi et praeceps ad 
 explendam animi cupidinem, praeterea opportunitas suae 
 liberorumque aetatis, quae etiam mediocris viros spe prae- 
 dae transvorsos agit, ad hoc studia Numidarum in lugurtbam 
 accensa, ex quibus, si talem virum dolis interfecisset, ne qua 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 79 
 
 seditio aut bellum oriretur, anxius erat. His difficultatibus 
 circumventus, ubi videt neque per vim neque insidiis obprimi 
 posse hominem tain acceptum popularibus, quod erat lugur- 
 tha manu promptus et adpetens gloriae militaris, statuit 
 eum obiectare periculis et eo modo fortunam temptare. 5 
 
 Igitur bello Numantino Micipsa cum populo Eomano 
 equitum atque peditum auxilia mitteret, sperans vel osten- 
 tando virtutem vel hostium saevitia facile eum oecasurum, 
 praefecit Numidis, quos in Hispaniam mittebat. Sed ea res 
 longe aliter ac ratus erat evenit. ISTam lugurtha, ut erat 10 
 inpigro atque acri ingenio, ubi naturam P. Scipionis, qui tum 
 Romanis imperator erat, et morem hostium cognovit, multo 
 labore multaque cura, praeterea modestissume parendo et 
 saepe obviam eundo periculis, in tantam claritudinem brevi 
 pervenerat, ut nostris vehementer earns, Numantinis max- 15 
 umo terrori esset. Ac sane, quod difficillumum in primis 
 est, et proelio strenuus erat et bonus consilio, quorum al- 
 terum ex providentia timorem, alterum ex audacia temeri- 
 tatem adferre plerumque solet. Igitur imperator omnis fere 
 res asperas per lugurtham agere, in amicis habere, magis 20 
 magisque eum in dies amplecti, quippe cuius neque con- 
 silium neque inceptum ullum frustra erat. Hue adcedebat 
 munificentia animi et ingeni sollertia, quis rebus sibi mul- 
 tos ex Romanis familiari amicitia coniunxerat. 
 
 Ea tempestate in exercitu nostro fuere conplures novi 25 
 atque nobiles, quibus divitiae bono honestoque potiores erant, 
 factiosi domi, potentes apud socios, clari magis quam honesti, 
 qui lugurthae non mediocrem animum pollicitando aecende- 
 bant, si Micipsa rex occidisset, fore uti solus imperi Nu- 
 midiae potiretur : in ipso maxumam virtutem, Eomae omnia 30 
 venalia esse. Sed postquam Numantia deleta P. Scipio di- 
 mittere auxilia et ipse revorti domum decrevit, donatum 
 
80 SELECTIONS PROM 
 
 atque laudatum magnifice pro contione lugurtham in prae- 
 tormm abduxit ibique seereto monuit, ut potius publics 
 quam privatim amicitiam populi Eomani coleret neu quibus 
 largiri insuesceret : periculose a paucis emi quod multorum 
 5 esset. Si permanere vellet in suis artibus, ultro illi et 
 gloriam et regnum venturum : sin properantius pergeret, 
 suamet ipsum pecunia praecipitem casurum. Sic locutus 
 cum litteris eum, quas Micipsae redderet, dimisit. Earum 
 sententia haec erat : 
 
 10 " lugurthae tui belle Numantino longe maxuma virtus fuit, 
 quam rem tibi certo scio gaudio esse. Nobis ob merita sua 
 carus est : ut idem senatui et populo Romano sit, summa 
 ope nitemur. Tibi quidem pro nostra amicitia gratulor. 
 En habes virum dignum te atque avo suo Masinissa." 
 
 15 Igitur rex, ubi ea, quae fama acceperat, ex litteris im- 
 peratoris ita esse cognovit, cum virtute tum gratia viri per- 
 motus flexit animum suum et lugurtbam benificiis vincere 
 aggressus est, statimque eum adoptavit et testamento pariter 
 cum filiis heredem instituit. 
 
 The princes disagree. 
 
 20 Micipsa paucis post diebus moritur. Postquam illi more 
 regio iusta magnifice fecerant, reguli in unum convenerunt, 
 ut inter se de cunctis negotiis disceptarent. Sed Hiempsal, 
 qui minumus ex illis erat, natura ferox et iam antea igno- 
 bilitatem lugurthae, quia materno genere inpar erat, despi- 
 
 25 ciens, dextra Adherbalem adsedit, ne medius ex tribus, quod 
 apud Numidas honori ducitur, lugurtba foret. Dein tamen, 
 ut aetati concederet, fatigatus a fratre, vix in partem alteram 
 transductus est. Ibi cum multa de administrando imperio 
 dissererent, lugurtha inter alias res iacit oportere quin- 
 
 30 quenni consul ta et decreta omnia rescindi, nam per ea tern- 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 81 
 
 pora confectum annis Micipsam parum animo valuisse. 
 Turn idem Hiempsal placere sibi respondit, nam ipsum 
 ilium tribus proxumis annis adoptatione in regnum perye- 
 nisse. Quod verbum in pectus lugurthae altius, quam quis- 
 quam ratus erat, descendit. Itaque ex eo tempore ira at 5 
 metu anxius moliri parare atque ea modo cum animo habere, 
 quibus Hiempsal per dolum caperetur. Quae ubi tardius 
 procedunt neque lenitur animus ferox, statuit quovis modo 
 •inceptum perficere. 
 
 Primo conventu, quem ab regulis factum supra memoravi, lO 
 propter dissensionem placuerat dividi thesauros finisque 
 imperi singulis constitui. Itaque tempus ad utramque rem 
 decernitur, sed maturius ad pecuniam distribuendam. Ke- 
 guli raterea in loca propinqua thesauris alius alio concessere. 
 Sed Hiempsal in oppido Thirmida forte eius domo utebatur, 15 
 qui proxumus lictor lugurthae carus acceptusque ei semper 
 fuerat. Quem ille casu ministrum oblatum promiqsis onerat 
 inpellitque, uti tamquam suam visens domum eat, portarum 
 clavis adulterinas paret (nam verae ad Hiempsalem refere- 
 bantur) : ceterum, ubi res postularet, se ipsum cum magna 20 
 manu venturum. Numida mandata brevi conficit atque, uti 
 doctus erat, noctu lugurthae milites introducit. Qui post- 
 quam in aedis inrupere, divorsi regem quaerere, dormientis 
 alios alios occursantis interficere, scrutari loca abdita, clausa 
 effringere, strepitu et tumultu omnia miscere, cum interim 25 
 Hiempsal reperitur occultans se tugurio mulieris ancUlae, 
 quo initio pavidus et ignarus loci perfugerat. ISTumidae 
 caput eius, uti iussi erant, ad lugurtham referunt. 
 
 They seek justice at Borne. A decision obtained by bribery. 
 Ceterum fama tanti facinoris per omnem Africam brevi 
 divolgatur. Adherbalem omnisque, qui sub imperio Micip- 3Q 
 
82 SELECTIONS PROM 
 
 sae fuerant, metus invadit. In duas partis discedunt Nu- 
 midae : plures Adherbalem secuntur, sed ilium alteram bello 
 meliores. Igitur lugurtha quam maxumas potest copias 
 armat, urbis partim vi alias voluntate imperio suo adiungit, 
 5 omni Numidiae imperare parat. Adherbal tametsi Eomam 
 legates miserat, qui senatum docerent de caede fratris et 
 fortunis suis, tamen fretus multitudine militum parabat 
 armis contendere. Sed ubi res ad certamen venit, vietus ex 
 proelio profugit in provinciam ac deinde Eomam contendit. 
 
 10 Tum lugurtha patratis consiliis, postquam omni Numidia 
 potiebatur, in otic facinus suum cum animo reputans timere 
 populum Eomanum neque advorsus iram eius usquam nisi 
 in avaritia nobilitatis et pecunia sua spem habere. Itaque 
 paucis diebus cum auro et argento multo Eomam legates 
 
 15 mittit, quis praecepit, primum uti veteres amicos muneribus 
 expleant, deinde novos adquirant, postremo quaecumque 
 possint largiundo parare ne cunctentur. Sed ubi Eomam 
 legati venere et ex praecepto regis hospitibus aliisque, quo- 
 rum ea tempestate in senatu auctoritas pollebat, magna mu- 
 
 20 nera misere, tanta conmutatio incessit, ut ex maxuma invidia 
 in gratiam et favorem nobilitatis lugurtha veniret. Quorum 
 pars spe alii praemio inducti singulos ex senatu ambiundo 
 nitebantur, ne gravius in eum consuleretur. Igitur ubi 
 legati satis confidunt, die constitute senatus utrisque datur. 
 
 25 Tum Adherbalem hoc modo locutum accepimus : # *' * # 
 
 Postquam rex finem loquendi fecit, legati lugurthae largi- 
 
 tione magis quam causa f reti paucis respondent : Hiempsa- 
 
 lem ob saevitiam suam ab Numidis interfectum, Adherbalem 
 
 ultro bellum inferentem, postquam superatus sit, queri, quod 
 
 30 iniuriam facere nequivisset. lugurtham ab senatu petere, 
 ne se alium putarent, ac Numantiae cognitus esset, neu 
 verba inimici ante facta sua ponerent. Deinde utrique curia 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 83 
 
 egrediuntur. Senatus statim coiisulitur. Fautores legato- 
 rum, praeterea senatus magna pars gratia depravata Adher- 
 balis dicta contemnere, lugurthae virtutem extollere laudi- 
 bus : gratia voce, denique omnibus modis pro ali'eno scelere 
 et fiagitio sua quasi pro gloria nitebantur. At contra pauci, 5 
 quibus bonum et aequom divitiis carius erat, subveniundum 
 Adherbali et Hiempsalis mortem severe vindicandam cense- 
 bant, sed ex omnibus maxume Aemilius Scaurus, homo nobi- 
 lis inpiger factiosus, avidus potentiae honoris divitiarum, 
 ceterum vitia sua eallide occultans. Is postquam videt regis lo 
 largitionem famosam inpudentemque, veritus, quod in tali 
 re solet, ne polluta licentia invidiam accenderet, animum a 
 consueta lubidine continuit. Vicit tamen in senatu pars 
 ilia, quae vero pretium aut gratiam anteferebat. Decretum 
 fit, uti decem legati regnum, quod Mieipsa optinuerat, inter 15 
 lugurtham et Adherbalem dividerent. Cuius legationis 
 princeps fuit L. Opimius, homo clarus et tum in senatu 
 .potens, quia consul C. Graccho et M. Fulvio Flacco inter- 
 fectis- aoerrume vietoriam nobilitatis in plebem exercuerat. 
 Eum lugurtha tametsi Romae in inimicis habuerat, tamen 20 
 accuratissume recepit, dando et poUicendo multa perfecit, 
 uti fama fide, postremo omnibus suis rebus commodum regis 
 anteferret. Reliquos legates eadem via aggressus plerosque 
 capit, paucis carior fides quam pecunia fuit. In divisione 
 quae pars Numidiae Mauretaniam attingit, agro virisque opu- 25 
 lentior, lugurthae traditur, illam alteram specie quam usu 
 potiorem, quae portuosior et aedificiis magis exornata erat, 
 Adherbal possedit. 
 
 The briber is dissatisfied, and takes matters into his own hands. 
 Postquam diviso regno legati Africa decessere et lugurtha 
 contra timorem animi praemia sceleris adeptum sese videt, 30 
 
84 SELECTIONS FROM 
 
 eertum esse ratus, quod ex amicis apud Kumantiam accepe- 
 rat, omnia Eomae venalia esse, simul et illorum pollicita- 
 tionibus accensus, quos paulo ante muneribus expleverat, in 
 regnum Adlierbalis animum intendit. Ipse acer bellicosus ; 
 
 5 at is quern petebat quietus inbellis, placido ingenio, opportu- 
 nus iniuriae, metuens magis quam metuendus. Igitur ex 
 inproviso finis eius cum magna manu inyadit, multos morta- 
 lis cum pecore atque alia praeda capit, aedificia incendit, 
 pleraque loca hostiliter cum equitatu adcedit, deinde cum 
 
 10 omni multitudine in regnum suum convortit, existumans 
 Adherbalem dolore permotum iniurias suas manu vindica- 
 turum eamque rem belli causam fore. At ille, quod neque 
 se parem armis existumabat et amicitia populi Komani magis 
 quam Numidis fretus erat, legates ad lugurtham de iaiuriis 
 
 15 questum misit. Qui tametsi contumeliosa dicta rettulerant, 
 prius tamen omnia pati decrevit quam bellum sumere, quia 
 temptatum antea secus cesserat. Neque eo magis cupido 
 lugurtbae minuebatur, quippe qui totum eius regnum animo 
 iam invaserat. Itaque non uti antea cum praedatoria manu, 
 
 20 sed magno exereitu conparato bellum gerere coepit et aperte 
 totius ISTumidiae imperium petere. Ceterum qua pergebat, 
 urbis agros vastare, praedas agere, suis animum hostibus 
 terrorem augere. Adberbal ubi intellegit eo processum, uti 
 regnum aut relinquendum esset aut armis retinendum, ne- 
 
 25 cessario copias parat et lugurthae obvius procedit. Interim 
 haud longe a mari prope Cirtam oppidum utriusque exercitus 
 consedit et, quia diei extremum erat, proelium non inceptum. 
 Sed ubi plerumque noctis processit, obscuro etiam tum lu- 
 mine milites lugurthini signo dato castra hostium invadunt, 
 
 30 semisomnos partim alios arma sumentis fugant funduntque. 
 Adherbal cum paucis equitibus Cirtam profugit, et ni multi- 
 tude togatorum fuisset, quae Numidas insequentis moenibus 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 85 
 
 prohibuit, uno die inter duos reges coeptum atque patratum 
 bellum foret. Igitur lugurtha oppidum circumsedit, vineis 
 turribusque et machinis omnium generum expugnare aggre- 
 ditur, maxume festinans tempus legatorum antecapere, quos 
 ante proelium factum ab Adherbale Romam missos audiverat. 5 
 
 Sed postquam senatus de bello eorum accepit, tres adu- 
 lescentes in Africam legantur, qui ambos reges adeant, sena- 
 tus populique Romani verbis nuntient velle et eensere eos 
 ab armis discedere, de controvorsiis suis iure potius quam 
 bello disceptare : ita seque illisque dignum esse. Legati in 10 
 Africam maturantes veniunt, eo magis quod Romae, dum 
 profieisci parant, de proelio facto et oppugnatione Cirtae 
 audiebatur ; sed is rumor demons erat. Quorum lugurtha 
 accepta oratione respondit sibi neque mains quicquam neque 
 carius auctoritate senatus esse. Ab adulescentia ita se eni- 15 
 sum, ut ab optumo quoque probaretur ; virtute, non malitia 
 P. Seipioni, summo viro, placuisse ; ob easdem artis a Mi- 
 cipsa, non penuria liberorum in regnum adoptatum esse. 
 Ceterum, quo plura bene atque strenue fecisset, eo animum 
 suum iniuriam minus tolerare. Adherbalem dolis vitae suae 20 
 insidiatum ; quod ubi conperisset, sceleri eius obviam isse. 
 Populum Eomanum neque recte neque pro bono facturum, 
 si ab iure gentium sese prohibuerit. Postremo de omnibus 
 rebus legatos R,omam brevi missurum. Ita utrique digredi- 
 untur. Adherbalis appellandi copia non fuit. 25 
 
 lugurtha ubi eos Africa decessisse ratus est neque propter 
 loci naturam Cirtam armis expugnare potest, vallo atque 
 fossa moenia circumdat, turris extruit easque praesidiis fir- 
 mat ; praeterea dies noctisque aut per vim aut dolis temp- 
 tare, defensoribus moenium praemia modo modo formidinem 30 
 ostentare, suos hortando ad virtutem adrigere : prorsus in- 
 tentus cuncta parare. Adherbal ubi intellegit omnis suas 
 
86 SELECTIONS FROM 
 
 fortunas in extreme sitas, hostem infestum, auxili spem 
 nullam, penuria rerum necessariarum bellum trahi non 
 posse, ex eis, qui ima Cirtam profugerant, duos maxume 
 inpigros delegit : eos multa pollicendo ac miserando casum 
 5 suum confirmat, uti per hostium munitiones noctu ad proxu- 
 mum mare, dein Eomam pergerent. ]Srumidae paucis diebus 
 iussa efS.ciunt. Litterae Adherbalis in senatu recitatae, qua- 
 rum sententia baec fuit : # # # # 
 
 The Numidian princes journey again to Borne. Bribery again 
 prevails. 
 
 His litteris recitatis fuere qui exercitum in Africam mit- 
 
 10 tundum censerent et quam primum Adherbali subveniun- 
 dum : de lugurtha interim uti consuleretur, quoniam legatis 
 non paruisset. Sed ab isdem illis regis fautoribus summa 
 ope enisum est, ne tale decretum fieret. Ita bonum publi- 
 cum, ut in plerisque negotiis solet, privata gratia devictum. 
 
 15 Legantur tamen in Africam maiores natu nobiles, amplis 
 bonoribus usi. In quis fuit M. Scaurus, de quo supra me- 
 moravimus, consularis et turn senatus princeps. Ei, quod 
 res in invidia erat, simul et ab Numidis obseerati, triduo 
 navem ascendere. Dein brevi Uticam adpulsi litteras ad 
 
 20 lugurtbam mittunt : quam ocissume ad proyinciam adcedat, 
 seque ad eum ab senatu missos. Ille ubi accepit homines 
 claros, quorum auctoritatem Eomae pollere audiverat, contra 
 inceptum suum venisse, prime conmotus metu atque lubi- 
 dine divorsus agitabatur : timebat iram senatus, ni paruisset 
 
 25 legatis ; porro animus cupidine caecus ad inceptum scelus 
 rapiebatur. Vicit tamen in avido ingenio pravom consilium. 
 Igitur exercitu circumdato summa ri Cirtam inrumpere ni- 
 titur, maxume sperans diducta manu hostium aut vi aut 
 dolis sese casum victoriae inventurum. Quod ubi secus pro- 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 87 
 
 cedit, neque quod intenderat eflftcere potest ut, prius quam 
 legates conveniret, Adherbalis potiretur, ne amplius morando 
 Scaurum, quern plurumum metuebat, incenderet, cum paucis 
 equitibus in provinciam venit. Ac tametsi senati verbis 
 graves miaae nuntiabantur, quod ab oppugnatione non de- 5 
 sisteret, multa tamen oratione consumpta legati frustra 
 discessere. 
 
 Ea postquam Cirtae audita sunt, Italici, quorum virtute 
 moenia defensabantur, confisi deditione facta propter magni- 
 tudinem populi Romani inviolatos sese fore, Adherbali sua- lo 
 dent, uti seque et oppidum lugurthae tradat, tantum ab eo 
 vitam paciscatur : de ceteris senatui curae fore. At ille, 
 tametsi omnia potiora fide lugurtliae rebatur, tamen, quia 
 penes eosdem, si advorsaretiir, cogundi potestas erat, ita, 
 uti censuerant Italici, deditionem facit. lugurtha in primis m 
 Adherbalem excruciatum necat, deinde omnis puberes Nu- 
 midas atque negotiatores promiscue, uti quisque armatus 
 obvius fuerat, interficit. 
 
 Quod postquam Eomae cognitum est et res in senatu agi- 
 tari coepta, idem illi ministri regis iaterpellando ae saepe 20 
 gratia, interdum iurgiis trahundo tempus, atrocitatem facti 
 leniebant. Ac ni C. Memmius tribunus plebis designatus, 
 vir acer et infestus potentiae nobilitatis, populum Eomanum 
 edocuisset id agi, ut per paucos factiosos lugurtbae scelus 
 condonaretur, profecto omnis invidia prolatandis consulta- 25 
 tionibus dilapsa foret : tanta vis gratiae atque pecuniae regis 
 erat. Sed ubi senatus delicti conscientia populum timet, 
 lege Sempronia provinciae futuris consulibus Numidia atque 
 Italia decretae ; consules declarati P. Scipio Nasica L. Bes- 
 tia; Calpurnio ISTumidia, Scipioni Italia obvenit. Deinde 30 
 exercitus, qui in Africam portaretur, scribitur, stipendium 
 aliaque, quae bello usui forent, decernuntur. 
 
88 SELECTIONS FROM 
 
 At lugurtha contra spem nimtio accepto, quippe eui Eo- 
 mae omnia venire in animo haeserat, filium et cum eo duos 
 familiaris ad senatum legates mittit eisque uti illis, quos 
 Hiempsale interfecto miserat, praecipit, omnis mortalis pe- 
 5 cunia aggrediantur. Qui postquam Komam adventabant, 
 senatus a Bestia consultus est, placeretne legates lugurthae 
 recipi moenibus, eique decrevere, nisi regnum ipsumque 
 deditum venissent, uti in diebus proxumis decern Italia 
 decederent. Consul Numidis ex senatus decreto nuntiari 
 
 10 iubet. Ita infectis rebus illi domum discedunt. 
 
 Interim Calpurnius parato exercitu legat sibi homines 
 nobilis factiosos, quorum auctoritate, quae deliquisset, mu- 
 nita fore sperabat. In quis fuit Scaurus, cuius de natura et 
 habitu supra memoravimus. Nam in consule nostro multae 
 
 15 bonaeque artes animi et corporis erant, quas omnis avaritia 
 praepediebat : patiens laborum, acri ingenio, satis providens, 
 belli baud ignarus, firmissumus contra pericula et insidias. 
 Sed legiones per Italiam Eegium atque inde Siciliam, porro 
 ex Sicilia in Africam transvectae. Igitur Calpurnius initio 
 
 20 paratis conmeatibus acriter ISTumidiam ingressus est mul- 
 tosque mortalis et urbis aliquot pugnando cepit. Sed ubi 
 lugurtha per legates pecunia temptare bellique, quod ad- 
 ministrabat, asperitatem ostendere coepit, animus aeger ava- 
 ritia facile convorsus est. Ceterum socius et administer 
 
 25 omnium cOnsiliorum adsumitur Scaurus, qui tametsi a prin- 
 cipio plerisque ex factione eius conruptis acerrunie regem 
 inpugnaverat, tamen magnitudine pecuniae a bono honesto- 
 que in pravom abstractus est. Sed lugurtha primum tan- 
 tum modo belli moram redimebat, existumans sese aliquid 
 
 30 interim Eomae pretio aut gratia effecturum. Postea vero 
 quam participem negoti Scaurum accepit, in maxumam 
 spem adductus recuperandae pacis statuit cum eis de omni- 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 89 
 
 bus pactionibus praesens agere. Ceterum interea fidei causa 
 mittitur a consule Sextius quaestor in oppidum lugurthae 
 Vagam. Cuius rei species erat acceptio frumenti, quod Cal- 
 purnius palam legatis imperaverat, quoniam deditionis mora 
 indutiae agitabantur. Igitur rex, uti constituerat, in castra 5 
 Tenit, ac pauca praesenti consilio locutus de invidia facti sui 
 atque uti in deditionem acciperetur, reliqua cum Bestia et 
 Scauro secreta transigit. Dein postero die quasi per saturam 
 sententiis exquisitis in deditionem aecipitur. Sed, uti pro 
 consilio im.peratum erat, elephanti triginta, pecus atque equi lo 
 multi cum parvo argenti pondere quaestori traduntur. Cal- 
 purnius Eomam ad magistratus rogandos proficiscitur. In 
 JSTumidia et exercitu nostro pax agitabatur. 
 
 Memmius rouses the plebeians against the scandal of the nobles. 
 Postquam res in Africa gestas quoque modo actae forent, 
 fama divolgavit ; Eomae per omnis locos et conventus de 15 
 facto consulis agitari. Apud plebem gravis invidia, patres 
 solliciti erant. Probarentne tantum flagitium an decretum 
 consulis subvorterent, parum constabat ; ac maxume eos 
 potentia Scauri, quod is auctor et socius Bestiae ferebatur, a 
 vero bonoque inpediebat. At C. Memmius, cuius de libertate 20 
 ingeni et odio potentiae nobilitatis supra diximus, inter du- 
 bitationem et moras senatus contionibus populum ad vin- 
 dicandum hortari, monere ne rem publicam ne libertatem 
 suam desererent, multa superba et crudelia facinora nobil- 
 itatis ostendere : prorsus intentus omni modo plebis animum 25 
 incendebat. Memmius populo persuadet, uti L. Cassius, qui 
 tum praetor erat, ad lugurtham mitteretur eumque inter- 
 posita fide publica Romam duceret, quo facilius indieio regis 
 Scauri et reliquorum, quos pecuniae captae arcessebat, de- 
 licta patefierent. 30 
 
90 SELECTIONS FROM 
 
 Dum haec Eomae gervmtur, qui in Numidia relicti a 
 Bestia exercitui praeerant, secuti morem imperatoris sui 
 pluruma et flagitiosissuma facinora fecere. Fuere qui auro 
 conrupti elephantos lugurthae traderent, alii perfugas ven- 
 
 5 dere, pars ex pacatis praedas agebant : tanta vis avaritiae in 
 animos eorum veluti tabes invaserat. At Cassius praetor 
 perlata rogatione a C. Memmio ac perculsa omni nobilitate 
 ad lugurtham proficiscitur eique timido et ex conscientia 
 diffidenti rebus suis persuadet, quoniam se populo Romano 
 
 10 dedisset, ne vim quam misericordiam eius experiri mallet. 
 Privatim praeterea fidem suam interponit, quam ille non 
 minoris quam publicam ducebat : talis ea tempestate fama 
 de Cassio erat. 
 
 " Urbem venalem et mature perituram, si emptorem invenerit." 
 Igitur lugurtba contra deeus regium cultu quam maxume 
 
 15 miserabili cum Cassio Komam venit. Ac, tametsi in ipso 
 magna vis animi erat, confirmatus ab omnibus, quorum po- 
 tentia aut scelere cuncta ea gesserat, quae supra diximus, 
 C. Baebium tribunum plebis magna niercede parat, cuius in- 
 pudentia contra ius et iniurias omnis munitus foret. At 
 
 20 C. Memmius advocata contione, quamquam regi iufesta 
 plebes erat et pars in vincula duci iubebat, pars, nisi socios 
 sceleris sui aperiret, more maiorum de hoste supplicium 
 sumi, dignitati quam irae magis consulens sedare motus et 
 animos eorum mollire, postremo confirmare fidem publicam 
 
 25 inviolatam fore. Post ubi silentium coepit, producto lugur- 
 tha verba facit, Romae Numidiaeque faciuora eius memorat, 
 scelera in patrem fratresque ostendit. Quibus iuvantibus 
 quibusque ministris ea egerit, quamquam intellegat populus 
 Romanus, tamen velle manifesta magis ex illo habere. Si 
 
 30 verum aperiat, in fide et dementia populi Romani magnam 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 91 
 
 spem illi sitam : sin reticeat, non sociis saluti fore, sed se 
 STiasque spes conrupturum. Deinde ubi Memmius dicundi 
 finem fecit et lugurtha respondere iussus est, C. Baebius 
 tribunus plebis, quem pecunia conruptum supra diximus, 
 regem tacere iubet, ac tametsi multitude, quae in contione 5 
 aderat, vehementer accensa terrebat eum clamore, voltu, 
 saepe impetu atque aliis omnibus, quae ira fieri amat, vieit 
 tamen impudentia. Ita populus ludibrio habitus ex contione 
 discedit ; lugurthae Bestiaeque et ceteris, quos ilia quaestio 
 exagitabat, animi augeseunt. 10 
 
 Erat ea tempestate Romae ISTumida quidam nomine Mas- 
 siva, Grulussae filius, Masinissae nepos, qui, quia in dissen- 
 sione regum lugurthae advorsus fuerat, dedita Cirta et Ad- 
 herbale interfecto profugus ex patria abierat. Huic Sp. 
 Albinus, qui proxumo anno post Bestiam cum Q. Minucio 15 
 Rufo consulatum gerebat, persuadet, quoniam ex stirpe 
 Masinissae sit lugurthamque ob scelera invidia cum metu 
 urgeat, regnum Numidiae ab senatu petat. Avidus consul 
 belli gerundi movere quam senescere omnia malebat. Ipsi 
 provincia Numidia, Minucio Macedonia evenerat. Quae 20 
 postquam Massiva agitare coepit neque lugurthae in amicis 
 satis praesidi est, quod eorum alium conscientia alium mala 
 fama et timor inpediebat, Bomilcari, proxumo ao maxume 
 fide sibi, imperat, pretio, sicuti multa confecerat, insidiatores 
 Massivae paret ac maxume occulte, sin id parum procedat, 25 
 quovis modo Numidam interficiat. Bomilcar mature regis 
 mandata exequitur et per homines talis negoti artiiices iti- 
 nera egressusque eius, postremo looa atque tempora cuncta 
 explorat. Deinde, ubi res postulabat, insidias tendit. Igitur 
 tinus ex eo numero, qui ad caedem parati erant, paulo incon- 30 
 sultius Massivam aggreditur. Ilium obtruncat, sed ipse 
 deprehensus multis hortantibus et in primis Albino consule 
 
92 SELECTIONS FROM 
 
 indicium profitetur. Fit reus magis ex aequo bonoque quam 
 ex iure gentium Bomilcar, comes eius, qui Romam fide pub- 
 lica veuerat. At lugurtha manif estus tanti sceleris non prius 
 omisit contra verum niti, quam animadvortit supra gratiam 
 
 5 atque pecuniam suam invidiam facti esse. Igitur, quam- 
 quam in priore actione ex amicis quinquaginta vades dede- 
 rat, regno magis quam vadibus consulens clam in ISTumidiam 
 Bomilcarem dimittit, veritus, ne reliquos popularis metus 
 invaderet parendi sibi, si de illo supplicium sumptum foret. 
 
 10 Et ipse paucis diebus eodem profectus est, iussus a senatu 
 Italia decedere. Sed postquam Roma egressus est, fertur 
 saepe eo tacitus respiciens postremo dixisse " Urbem venalem 
 et mature perituram, si emptorem invenerit." 
 
 A disgraceful campaign and peace. 
 Interim Albinus renovato bello conmeatum stipendium 
 
 15 aliaque, quae militibus usui forent, maturat in Africam por- 
 tare ; ac statim ipse profectus, uti ante comitia, quod tempus 
 baud longe aberat, armis aut deditione aut quoyis modo bel- 
 lum coniiceret. At contra lugurtha trahere omnia et alias 
 deinde alias morae causas facere, polliceri deditionem ac 
 
 20 deinde metum simulare, cedere instanti et paulo post, ne sui 
 diifiderent, instare : ita belli modo modo paois mora consulem 
 ludificare. Ac fuere qui tum Albinum baud ignarum consili 
 regis existumarent neque ex tanta properantia tarn facile 
 tractum bellum socordia magis quam dolo crederent. Sed 
 
 25 postquam dilapso tempore comitiorum dies adventabat, Al- 
 binus Aulo fratre in castris pro praetore relicto Romam 
 decessit. 
 
 Ea tempestate Romae seditionibus tribuniciis atrociter res 
 publica agitabatur. P. Lucullus et L. Annius tribuni plebis 
 
 30 resistentibus conlegis continuare magistratum nitebantur, 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 93 
 
 quae dissensio totius anni comitia inpediebat. Ea mora in 
 spem adductus Aulus, quern pro praetore in castris relictum 
 supra diximus, aut conficiundi belli aut terrore exercitus ab 
 rege pecuniae capiundae milites mense lanuario ex hibernis 
 m expeditionem evocat, magnisque itineribus hieme aspera 5 
 pervenit ad oppidum Suthui, ubi regis thesauri erant. Quod 
 quamquam et saevitia temporis et opportunitate loci neque 
 capi neque obsideri poterat (nam circum murum situm in 
 praerupti mentis extremo planities limosa hiemalibus aquis 
 paludem fecerat), tamen aut simulandi gratia, quo regi 10 
 formidinem adderet, aut cupidine caecus ob thesauros op- 
 pidi potiundi vineas agere, aggerem iacere aliaque, quae in- 
 cepto usui forent, properare. At lugurtha cognita vanitate 
 atque inperitia legati subdole eius augere amentiam, missi- 
 tare supplieantis legates, ipse quasi vitabundus per saltuosa 15 
 loca et tramites exercitum ductare. Denique Aulum spe 
 pactionis perpulit, uti relicto Suthule in abditas regiones 
 sese veluti cedentem insequeretur (ita delicta occultiora 
 fuere). Interea per homines callidos diu noctuque exer- 
 citum temptabat, centuriones ducesque turmarum, partim 20 
 uti transfugerent, conrumpere, alii signo dato locum uti de- 
 sererent. Quae postquam ex sententia instruit, intempesta 
 nocte de inproviso multitudine Numidarum Auli castra cir- 
 cumvenit. !^[ilites Eomani, perculsi tumultu insolito, arma 
 capere alii alii se abdere, pars territos confirmare, trepidare 23 
 omnibus locis. Vis magna hostium, caelum nocte atque 
 nubibus obscuratum, periculum anceps, postremo fugere an 
 manere tutius foret, in incerto erat. Sed ex eo numero, quos 
 paulo ante conruptos diximus, cohors una Ligurum cum 
 duabus turmis Thracum et paucis gregariis militibus transi- 30 
 ere ad regem, et centurio primi pili tertiae legionis per mu- 
 nitionem, quam uti defenderet acceperat, locum hostibus 
 
94 SELECTIONS FROM 
 
 introeundi dedit, eaque Numidae cuncti inrupere. Nostri 
 foeda fuga, plerique abiectis armis, proxumum collem occu- 
 paverunt. ISTox atque praeda castrorum hostis, quo minus 
 victoria uterentur, remorata sunt. Deinde lugurtha postero 
 5 die cum Aulo in conloquio verba facit : tametsi ipsum cum 
 exercitu fame et ferro clausum teneret, tamen se memorem 
 humanarum rerum, si secum foedus faceret, incolumis omnis 
 sub iugum missurum ; praeterea uti diebus decern Numidia 
 decederet. Quae quamquam gravia et flagiti plena erant, 
 10 tamen, quia mortis metu mutabantur, sicuti regi lubuerat, 
 pax convenit. 
 
 How the disgraceful peace loas received at Borne. 
 
 Sed ubi ea Romae conperta sunt, metus atque maeror civi- 
 tatem invasere : pars dolere pro gloria imperi, pars insolita 
 rerum bellicarum timere libertati ; Aulo omnes infesti, ac 
 
 15 maxume qui bello saepe praeclari fuerant, quod armatus 
 dedecore potius quam manu salutem quaesiverat. Ob ea 
 consul Albinus ex delicto fratris invidiam ac deinde pericu- 
 lum timens senatum de foedere consulebat, et tamen interim 
 exercitui supplementum scribere, ab sociis et nomine Latino 
 
 20 auxilia arcessere, denique omnibus modis festinare. Senatus 
 ita, uti par fuerat, decernit suo atque populi iniussu nullum 
 potuisse foedus fieri. Consul inpeditus a tribunis plebis, ne 
 quas paraverat copias secum portaret, paucis diebus in Afri- 
 cam proficiscitur ; nam omnis exercitus, uti convenerat, Nu- 
 
 25 midia deductus in provincia hiemabat. Postquam eo venit, 
 quamquam persequi lug^rtham et mederi fraternae invidiae 
 animo ardebat, cognitis militibus, quos praeter fugam soluto 
 imperio licentia atque lascivia conruperat, ex copia rerum 
 statuit sibi nihil agitandum. 
 
 30 Interim Eomae C. Mamilius Limetanus tribunus plebis 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 95 
 
 rogationem ad"populuni promulgat, uti quaereretur in eos, 
 quorum consilio lugurtha senati decreta neglegisset, quique 
 ab eo in legationibus aut imperils pecunias accepissent, qui 
 elephantos quique perfugas tradidispent, item qui de pace 
 aut bello cum hostibus pactiones fecissent. Huic rogationi 5 
 partim eonscii sibi alii ex partium invidia pericula metuen- 
 tes, quoniam aperte registers non poterant, quin ilia et alia 
 talia placere sibi faterentur, occulte per amicos ac maxume 
 per homines nominis Latini et socios Italicos inpedimenta 
 parabant. Sed plebes incredibile memoratu est quam in- 10 
 tenta fuerit quantaque vi rogationem iusserit, magis odio 
 nobilitatis, cui mala ilia parabantur, quam cura rei publicae : 
 tanta lubido in partibus erat. Igitur ceteris metu perculsis 
 M. Scaurus, quern legatum Bestiae fuisse supra docuimus, 
 inter laetitiam plebis et suorum fugam, trepida etiam tum 15 
 civitate, cum ex Mamilia rogations tres quaesitores rogaren- 
 tur, effecerat, uti ipse in eo numero crearetur. Sed quaestio 
 exercita aspere violenterque ex rumore et lubidine plebis : 
 ut saepe nobilitatem, sic ea tempestate plebem ex secundis 
 rebus insolentia ceperat. 20 
 
 Metellus organizes a new campaign. 
 
 Post Auli foedus exercitusque nostri foedam fugam Me- 
 tellus et Silanus consules designati provincias inter se parti- 
 verant Metelloque Numidia evenerat, acri viro et, quamquam 
 advorso populi partium, fama tamen aequabili et inviolata. 
 Is ubi primum magistratum ingressus est, alia omnia sibi 25 
 cum conlega ratus, ad bellum, quod gesturus erat, animum 
 intendit. Igitur diffidens veteri exercitui milites [eligere] 
 scribere, praesidia undique arcessere, arma tela equos et 
 cetera instrumenta militiae parare, ad hoc conmeatum affa- 
 tim, denique omnia, quae in bello vario et multarum rerum 30 
 
96 SELECTIONS PROM 
 
 egenti usui esse solent. Ceterum ad ea patranda senatus 
 auctoritate, socii nomenque Latinum et reges ultro auxilia 
 mittundo, postremo omnis eivitas summo studio adnitelDatur. 
 Itaque ex sententia omnibus rebus paratis conpositisque in 
 5 Numidiam proficiscitur, magna spe civium cum propter artis 
 bonas turn maxume quod advorsum divitias invictum ani- 
 mum gerebat et avaritia magistratuum ante id tempus in 
 Numidia nostrae opes eontusae hostiumque auctae erant. 
 Sed ubi in Africam venit, exercitus ei traditur a Sp. Albino 
 
 10 proconsule iners inbellis, neque periculi neque laboris pa- 
 tiens, lingua quam manu promptior, praedator ex sociis et 
 ipse praeda hostium, sine imperio et modestia habitus. Ita 
 imperatori novo plus ex malis moribus sollicitudinis quam 
 ex copia militum auxili aut spei bonae adcedebat. Statuit 
 
 15 tamen Metellus, quamquam et aestivorum tempus comiti- 
 orum mora inminuerat et expectatione eventus civium animos 
 intentos putabat, non prius bellum attingere, quam maiorum 
 disciplina milites laborare coegisset. Nam Albinus, Auli 
 fratris exercitusque clade perculsus, postquam decreverat 
 
 20 non egredi provincia, quantum temporis aestivorum in im- 
 perio fuit, plerumque milites stativis castris habebat, nisi 
 cum odor aut pabuli egestas locum mutare subegerat. Sed 
 neque muniebantur ea neque more militari vigiliae deduce- 
 bantur ; uti cuique lubebat, ab signis aberat ; lixae permixti 
 
 25 cum militibus diu noctuque vagabantur, et palantes agros 
 vastare, villas expugnare, pecoris et mancipiorum praedas 
 certantes agere eaque mutare cum mercatoribus vino advec- 
 ticio et aliis talibus, praeterea frumentum publice datum 
 vendere, panem in dies mercari : postremo quaecumque dici 
 
 30 aut fingi queunt ignaviae luxuriaeque probra, in illo exercitu 
 cuncta fuere et alia amplius. Sed in ea difficultate Metellum 
 non minus quam in rebus bostilibus magnum et sapientem 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 97 
 
 virum fuisse conperior : tanta temperantia inter ambitionem 
 saevitiamque moderatum. Namque edicto primum adiu- 
 menta ignaviae sustulisse : ne quisquam in castris panem 
 aut queni alium coctum cibum venderet, ne lixae exercitum 
 sequerentur, ne miles gregarius in castris neve ia agmiae 5 
 servom aut inmentum haberet ; ceteris arte modum statuisse. 
 Praeterea transvorsis itineribus cotidie castra moTcre, iuxta 
 ac si hostes adessent, vallo atque fossa miinire, vigilias crebras 
 ponere et eas ipse cum legatis circumire, item in agmine ia 
 primis modo modo ia postremis, saepe in medio adesse, ne lo 
 quispiam ordine egrederetur, ut cum signis frequentes lq- 
 cederent, miles cibum et arma portaret. Ita proMbendo a 
 delictis magis quam vindicando exercitum brevi coniirmavit. 
 
 Marius succeeds Metellus. 
 At Marius, ut supra diximus, cupientissuma plebe consul 
 factus, postquam ei provinciam ISTumidiam populus iussit, 15 
 antea iam itifestus nobilitati, tum vero multus atque ferox 
 instare, singulos modo modo univorsos laedere, dictitare sese 
 consulatum ex victis illis spolia cepisse, alia praeterea mag- 
 nifica pro se et illis dolentia. Interim quae bello opus erant, 
 prima habere : postulare legionibus supplementum, auxilia 20 
 a populis et regibus arcessere, praeterea ex Latio sociisque 
 fortissumum quemque, plerosque militiae, paucos fama cog- 
 nitos, accire et ambiundo cogere homines emeritis stipendiis 
 secum proficisci. Neque illi senatus, quamquam advorsus 
 erat, de ullo negotio abnuere audebat. Ceterum supplemen- 25 
 tum etiam laetus decreverat, quia neque plebi militia volenti 
 putabatur et Marius aut belli usum aut studia volgi amis- 
 surus. Sed ea res frustra sperata : tanta lubido cum Mario 
 eundi plerosque invaserat. Sese quisque praeda locupletem 
 fore, victorem domum rediturum, alia huiusce mod,! a,nimis 3q 
 
98 SELECTIONS FROM 
 
 trahebant, et eos non paulum oratione sua Marius adrexerat. 
 Nam postquam omnibus, quae postulaverat, decretis milites 
 scribere volt, hortandi causa simul et nobilitatem, uti con- 
 sueverat, exagitandi contionem populi advocavit. 
 5 Oratione habita Marius, postquam plebis animos adrectos 
 videt, propere conmeatu stipendio armis aliisque utilibus 
 navis onerat, cum his A. Manlium legatum proficisci iubet. 
 Ipse interea milites scribere, non more maiorum neque ex 
 classibus, sed uti cuiusque lubido erat, capite censos ple- 
 
 10 rosque. Id factum alii inopia bonorum alii per ambitionem 
 consulis memorabant, quod ab eo genere celebratus auctus- 
 que erat et homini potentiam quaerenti egentissumus quis- 
 que opportunissumus, cui neque sua cara, quippe quae nulla 
 sunt, et omnia cum pretio honesta videntur. 
 
 15 Igitur Marius cum aliquanto maiore numero, quam decfe- 
 tum erat, in Africam profectus paucis diebus Uticam adve- 
 liitur. Exercitus ei traditur a P. Eutilio legato ; nam Metel- 
 lus conspectum Mari fugerat, ne videret ea, quae audita 
 animus tolerare nequiverat. 
 
 Lucius Sulla. His character. 
 
 20 Ceterum, dum ea res geritur, L. Sulla quaestor cum magno 
 equitatu in castra venit, quos uti ex Latio et a sociis cogeret, 
 Eomae relictus erat. 
 
 Sed quoniam nos tanti viri res admonuit, idoneum visum 
 est de natura cultuque eius paucis dicere. Neque enim alio 
 
 25 loco de Sullae rebus dicturi sumus et L. Sisenna, optume et 
 diligentissume omnium, qui eas res dixere, persecutus, parum 
 mihi libero ore locutus videtur. Igitur Sulla gentis patriciae 
 nobilis fuit, familia prope iam extincta maiorum ignavia, 
 litteris Graecis atque Latinis iuxta atque doctissume erudi- 
 
 30 tus, animo ingenti, cupidus voluptatum sed gloriae cupidior ; 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 99 
 
 otio luxurioso esse, tamen ab negotiis numquam voluptas 
 remorata, nisi quod de uxore potuit honestius consuli ; fa- 
 eundus callidus et amieitia facilis, ad simulanda negotia 
 altitude ingeni incredibilis, multarum rerum ac maxume 
 pecuniae largitor. Atque illi felicissumo omnium ante civi- 5 
 lem victoriam numquam super industriam fortuna fuit, mul- 
 tique dubitavere, fortior an felicior esset. Nam postea quae 
 fecerit, incertum habeo pudeat an pigeat magis disserere. 
 
 Igitur Sulla, uti supra dictum est, postquam in Africam 
 atque in castra Mari cum equitatu venit, rudis antea et 10 
 ignarus belli, sollertissumus omnium in paucis tempestatibus 
 factus est. Ad hoc milites benigne appellare, multis roganti- 
 bus, aliis per se ipse dare benificia, invitus accipere, sed ea 
 properantius quam aes niutuum reddere, ipse ab nullo repe- 
 tere, magis id laborare, ut illi quam plurumi deberent, ioca 15 
 atque seria cum humillumis agere, in operibus, in agmine 
 atque ad vigilias multus adesse, neque interim, quod prava 
 ambitio solet, consulis aut cuiusquam boni famam laedere, 
 tantum modo neque consilio i).eque manu priorem alium pati, 
 plerosque antevenire. Quibus rebus et artibus brevi Mario 20 
 militibusque carissumus factus. 
 
 Jugurtha betrayed. 
 Ibi cum Boccho Numida quidam Aspar nomine multum 
 et familiariter agebat, praemissus ab lugurtha, postquam 
 Sullam accitum audierat, orator et subdole speculatum Boc- 
 chi consilia ; praeterea Dabar, Massugradae Alius, ex gente 25 
 Masinissae, ceterum inpar materno genere (nam pater eius 
 ex concubina ortus erat), Mauro ob ingeni multa bona carus 
 acceptusque. Quem Bocchus fidum esse Eomanis multis 
 ante tempestatibus expertus ilico ad Sullam nuntiatum 
 mittit : paratum sese facere quae populus Eomanus vellet : 30 
 
100 SELECTIONS FROM 
 
 conloquio diem locum tempus ipse delegeret. Consulta sese 
 omnia cum illo integra habere : neu lugurthae legatum 
 pertimesceret, quo res communis licentius gereretur ; nam 
 ab insidiis eius aliter caveri nequivisse. Sad ego conperior 
 5 Bocchum magis Punica fide quam ob ea, quae praedicabat, 
 simul Romanum et Numidam spe pacis attinuisse multumque 
 cum animo suo volvere solitum, lugurtham Eomanis an illi 
 Sullam traderet ; lubidinem advorsum nos, metum pro nobis 
 suasisse. Igitur Sulla respondit se pauca coram Aspare 
 
 10 locuturum, cetera occulte nullo aut quam paucissumis prae- 
 sentibus. Simul edocet quae sibi responderentur. Post- 
 quam, sicuti voluerat, congressi, dicit se missum a consuls 
 venisse quaesitum ab eo, pacem an bellum agitaturus foret. 
 Tum rex, uti praeceptum fuerat, post diem decumum redire 
 
 15 iubet, ac nihil etiam nunc decrevisse, sed illo die responsu- 
 rum. Deinde ambo in sua castra digressi sunt. Sed ubi 
 plerumque noctis processit, Sulla a Boccho occulte accersitur. 
 Ab utroque tantum modo fidi interpretes adhibentur, prae- 
 terea Dabar internuntius, sanctus vir et ex sententia ambo- 
 
 20 bus. Ac statim sic rex incipit : 
 
 "Numquam ego ratus sum fore uti rex maxumus in hac 
 terra et omnium, quos novi, private homini gratiam deberem. 
 Et mehercule, Sulla, ante te cognitum multis orantibus aliis 
 ultro egomet opem tuli, nullius indigui. Id inminutum, 
 
 25 quod ceteri dolere solent, ego laetor. Fuerit mihi aliquando 
 eguisse pretium tuae amicitiae, qua apud animum meum 
 nihil carius habeo. Id adeo experiri licet. Arma viros pe- 
 cuniam, postremo quicquid animo Iubet, sume utere, et, quoad 
 vives, numquam tibi redditam gratiam putayeris : semper 
 
 30 apud me integra erit ; denique nihil me sciente frustra voles. 
 Nam, ut ego aestumo, regem armis quam munificentia vinci 
 minus flagitiosum est. 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 101 
 
 Cetemm de re publica vostra, cuius curator hue missus es, 
 paucis accipe. Belluiii ego populo Romano neque feci neque 
 factum umquam volui ; at finis meos advorsum armatos 
 armis tutatus sum. Id omitto, quando vobis ita placet. 
 Gerite quod voltis cum lugurtlia bellum. Ego flumen Mu- 5 
 luccham, quod inter me et Micipsam fuit, non egrediar neque 
 id intrare lugurtham sinam. Praeterea si quid meque vo- 
 bisque dignum petiveris, baud repulsus abibis." 
 
 Ad ea Sulla pro se breviter et modiee, de pace et com- 
 munibus rebus multis disseruit. Denique regi patefecit, 10 
 quod polliceatur, senatum et populum Komanum, quoniam 
 armis amplius valuissent, non in gratiam habituros. Paci- 
 undum esse aliquid, quod illorum magis quam sua rettulisse 
 videretur. Id adeo in promptu esse, quoniam copiam lu- 
 gurthae haberet. Quern si Eomanis tradidisset, fore ut illi 15 
 quam plurumum deberetur ; amicitiam foedus Xumidiae 
 partem, quam nunc peteret, tum ultro adventuram. Eex 
 prime negitare : cognationem adfinitatem praeterea foedus 
 tntervenisse ; ad hoc metuere, ne fluxa fide usus popularium 
 animos avorteret, quis et lugurtha carus et Komani invisi 20 
 erant. Denique saepius fatigatus lenitur et ex voluntate 
 Sullae omnia se facturum promittit. Ceterum ad simulan- 
 dam pacem, cuius Numida defessus bello avidissumus erat, 
 quae utilia visa constituunt. Ita conposito dolo digrediuntur. 
 
 At rex postero die Asparem, lugurtbae legatum, appellat 25 
 dicitque sibi per Dabarem ex Sulla cognitum posse condi- 
 cionibus bellum poni: quam ob rem regis sui sententiam 
 exquireret. Ille laetus in castra lugurtbae proficiscitur. 
 Deinde ab illo cuncta edoctus properato itinere post diem 
 octavum redit ad Bocchum et ei nuntiat lugurtham cupere 30 
 omnia, quae imperarentur, facere, sed Mario parum confidere ; 
 saepe antea cum imperatoribus Eomanis pacem conventam 
 
102 SELECTIONS FROM 
 
 frustra fuisse. Ceterum Bocehus si ambobus consultum et 
 ratam pacem vellet, daret operam, ut una ab omnibus quasi 
 de pace in conloquium veniretur, ibique sibi Sullam traderet. 
 Cum talem virum in potestatem habuisset, tum fore uti 
 
 5 iussu senatus aut populi foedus fieret, neque hominem nobi- 
 lem, non sua ignavia sed ob rem publieam in hostium potes- 
 tate, relictum iri. Haec Maurus secum ipse diu volvens 
 tandem promisit ; ceterum dolo an vere cunctatus, parum 
 conperimus. Sed plerumque regiae voluntates ut vehementes 
 
 10 sic mobiles, saepe ipsae sibi advorsae. Postea tempore et 
 loco constitute, in conloquium uti de pace veniretur, Bocehus 
 Sullam modo mode lugurtbae legatum appellare, benigne 
 habere, idem ambobus polliceri. Illi pariter laeti ac spei 
 bonae pleni esse. 
 
 15 Sed nocte ea, quae proxuma fuit ante diem conloquio de- 
 cretum, Maurus adhibitis amicis ac statim inmutata volun- 
 tate remotis ceteris dicitur secum ipse multum agitavisse, 
 Toltu pariter atque animo varius ; quae scilicet tacente ipso 
 occulta pectoris patefecisse. Tamen postremo Sullam ac- 
 
 20 cersi iubet et ex illius sententia Numidae insidias tendit. 
 Deinde, ubi dies advenit et ei nuntiatum est lugurtham haud 
 procul abesse, cum paucis amicis et quaestore nostro quasi 
 obvius honoris causa procedit in tumulum facillumum visu 
 insidiantibus. Eodem Numida cum plerisque necessariis 
 
 25 suis inermis, uti dictum erat, adcedit, ac statim signo dato 
 undique simul ex insidiis invaditur. Ceteri obtruncati, lu- 
 gurtha Sullae vinctus traditur et ab eo ad Marium deductus 
 est. 
 
 jtLIUS CAESAR 
 
 Personal appearance and habits. 
 Fuisse traditur excelsa statura, colore candido, teretibus 
 30 membris, ore paulo ptehiore, nigris vegetisque oculis, vali- 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 103 
 
 tudine prospera, nisi quod tempore extremo repente animo 
 liiiqui atque etiam per somnum exterreri solebat. Comitiali 
 quoque morbo bis inter res agendas correptus est. Circa 
 corporis curam morosior, ut non solum tonderetur diligenter 
 ac raderetur, sed velleretur etiam, ut quidam exprobrave- 5 
 runt, calvitii vero deformitatem iniquissime ferret saepe 
 obtrectatorum iocis obnoxiam expertus. Ideoque et defici- 
 entem capillum revocare S^vertice adsueverat et ex omnibus 
 decretis sibi a senatu populoque honoribus non aliud aut 
 recepit aut usurpavit libentius quam ius laureae coronae lo 
 perpetuo gestandae. 
 
 Etiam cultu notabilem f erunt : usum enim lato clavo ad 
 manus fimbriato nee umquam aliter quam ut super eum 
 cingeretur, et quidem fluxiore cinctura ; unde emanasse 
 Sullae dictum optimates saepius admonentis, ut male' prae-. is, 
 cinctum puerum caverent. Habitavit primo in Subura 
 modicis aedibus, post autem pontificatum maximum in 
 Sacra via domo publica. Munditiarum lautitiariiinque 
 studiosissimum multi prodiderUnt : villam in Nemorensi a 
 fujidamentis incohatam magnoque sumptu absolutam, quia 20 
 non tota ad animum ei responderat, totam diruisse, quan- 
 quam tenuem adhuc et obaeratum ; in expeditionibus tessel- 
 lata et sectilia pavimenta circumtulisse ; Britanniam petisse 
 spe margaritariim, quarum amplitudinem conferentem in- 
 terdum sua manu exegisse pondus ; gemmas, toreuitiafe, 25 
 sig'na,/ tabulas operis antiqui semper animosissime compa- 
 rasse ; servitia rectiora politioraque inmenso pretio, et 
 cuius ipsum etiam puderet, sic ut rationibus vetaret inferri. 
 Vini parcissimum ne inimici quidem negaverunt. Marci 
 Catonis est : unum ex omnibus Caesarem ad evertendam 30 
 rem publicam' sobrium accessisse. Nam circa victum Gains 
 Oppins adeo indifferentem docet, ut quondam'" a,b hospitQ 
 
104 SELECTIONS FROM 
 
 ',-'1: { rU.^.~,i U"'T - \ , '"''."" 
 
 conditum oleum pro viridi adpositum, aspernantibus ceteris, 
 solum etiam largius appetisse scribat, ne hospitem aut neg- 
 legentiae aut rusticitatis videretur arguere. Jt^J— 
 
 Oratorical and literary accomplishments. 
 
 Eloquentia militarique re aut aequavit praestantissimorum 
 5 gloriam aut excessit. Genus eloquentiae dumtaxat adules- 
 cens adhuc Strabonis Caesaris secutus videtur, cuius etiam 
 ex oratione, quae inscribitur " pro Sardis,'' ad verbum non- 
 nulla transtulit in divinationem suam. Pronuntiasse autem 
 dicitur voce acuta, ardenti motu gestuque, non sine venu- 
 le state. Orationes aliquas reliquit, inter quas temere quae- 
 dam feruntur. Reliquit et rerum suarum commentarios 
 Gallici civilisque belli Pomp6iani. Nam Alexandrini 
 Africique et Hispaniensis incertus auotor est : alii Oppium 
 putant, alii Hirtium, qui etiam Gallici belli novissimum 
 15 imperfectumque librum suppleverit. De commentariis Cae- 
 saris Cicero in eodem Bruto sic refert : " Commentarios scrip- 
 sit valde quidem probandos : nudi sunt, recti et venusti, 
 omni ornatu orationis tamquam veste detracta ; sed dum 
 voluit alios habere parata, unde sumerent qui vellent 
 20 scribere historiam, ineptis gratum fortasse fecit, qui ilia 
 volent calamistris inurere, sanos quidem homines a scri- 
 bendo deterruit." Reliquit et " de Analogia" duos libros et 
 " Anticatones " totidem ac praeterea poema quod inscribitur 
 " Iter." Epistulae quoque eius ad senatum extant, quas pri- 
 25 mum videtur ad paginas et formam memorialis libelli con- 
 vertisse, cum antea consules et duces non nisi transversa 
 charta scriptas mitterent. Exstant et ad Ciceronem, item 
 ad familiares domesticis de rebus, in quibus, si qua occultius 
 perferenda erant, per notas scripsit, id est sic structo lit- 
 30 terarum ordine, ut nullum verbum effici posset : quae si qui 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 105 
 
 investigare et persequi velit, quartam elementorum litteram, 
 id est D pro A et perinde reliquas commutet. Feruntur 
 a puero et ab adulescentulo quaedam scripta, ut "Laudes 
 Herculis/' tragoedia " Oedipus," item " Dicta collectanea " : 
 quos omnis libellos vetuit Augustus puhlicari in epistula, 5 
 quam brevem admodum ac simplicem ad Pompeium Macrum, 
 cui ordinandas bibliotliecas delegaverat, misit. 
 
 Military prowess. 
 
 Armorum et equitandi peritissimus, laboris ultra lidem 
 patiens erat. In agmine nonnumquam equo, saepius pedi- 
 bus anteibat, capite detecto, seu sol seu imber esset ; longis- 10 
 simas vias incredibili celeritate eonfecit, expeditus, meritoria 
 raeda, centena passuum milia in singulos dies ; si flumina 
 morarentur, nando traioiens vel innixus inflatis utribus, ut 
 persaepe nuntios de se praevenerit. In obeundis expedi- 
 tionibus dubium cautior an audentior, exercitum neque per 15 
 insidiosa itinera duxit umquani nisi perspeculatus locorum 
 situs, neque in Britanniam transvexit, nisi ante per se 
 portus et navigationem et accessum ad insulam explorasset. 
 At idem obsessione castrorum in Germania nuntiata per 
 stationes h.ostium Gallico habitu penetravit ad suosl A 20 
 Brundisio Dyrrachium inter oppositas classes hieme trans- 
 misit cessantibusque copiis, quas subsequi iusserat, cum ad 
 accersendas frustra saepe misisset, novissime ipse clam 
 noctu parvulum navigium solus obvoluto capite conscendit, 
 neque aut quis esset ante detexit aut gubernatorem cedere 25 
 adversae tempestati passus est quam paene obrutus fluctibus. 
 
 Proelia non tantum destinato, sed ex occasione sumebat 
 ac saepe ab itinere statim, interdum spurcissimis tempes- 
 tatibus, cum minime quis moturum putaret ; nee nisi tem- 
 pore extreme ad dimicandum cunctatior factus est, quo 30 
 
106 SELECTIONS FROM 
 
 saepius vicisset, hoc minus experiendos casus opinans nihil- 
 que se tantum adquisiturum victoria, quantum auferre 
 calamitas posset. Nullum umquam hostem fudit, quin 
 castris quoque exueret; ita nullum spatium perterritis 
 5 dabat. Ancipiti proelio equos dimittebat et in primis suum, 
 quo maior permanendi necessitas imponeretur auxilio fugae 
 erepto. Utebatur autem equo insigni, pedibus prope hu- 
 manis et in modum digitorum ungulis fissis, quern natum 
 apud se, cum haruspices imperium orbis terrae significare 
 
 10 domino pronuntiassent, magna cura aluit nee patientem 
 sessoris alterius primus ascendit ; cuius etiam instar pro 
 aede Veneris Genetricis postea dedicavit. 
 
 Inclinatam aciem solus saepe restituit obsistens fugien-. 
 tibus retinensque singulos et contortis faucibus conver- 
 
 15 tens in hostem et quidem adeo plerumque trepidos, ut 
 aquilifer moranti se cuspide sit comminatus, alius in manu 
 detinentis reliquerit signum. Non minor' ilia constantiaL 
 eius, maiora etiam indicia fuerint. Post aciem Pharsalieam 
 cum praemissis in Asiam copiis per angustias Hellesponti 
 
 20 vectoria navicula traiceret, L. Cassium partis adversae cum 
 decern, rostratis navibus obvium aibi neque refugit et com- 
 minus tendons, ultro ad deditionem hortatus, supplicem ad 
 se recepit. Alexandriae circa oppugnationem pontis erup- 
 tione hostium subita compulsus in scapham pluribus eodem 
 
 25 praecipitantibus, cum desilisset in mare, nando per ducentos 
 passus evasit ad proximam navem, elata laeva, ne libelli 
 quos tenebat madefierent, paludamentum mordicus trahens, 
 ne spolio poteretur hostis. 
 
 His treatment of soldiers and friends. 
 Militem neque a moribus neque a fortuna probabat, sed 
 30 tantum a viribus, tractabatque pari severitate atque indul- 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 107 
 
 gentia. Non enim ubique ac semper, sed cum hostis in 
 proximo esset, coercebat : tum maxime exactor gravissimus 
 disciplinae, ut neque itineris neque proelii tempus denun- 
 tiaret, sed paratum et intentum momentis omnibus quo vellet 
 subito educeret. Quod etiam sine causa plerumque faciebat, 6 
 praecipue pluviis et festis diebus. Ac subinde observandum 
 se admonens repente interdiu vel nocte subtrabebat, auge- 
 batque iter, ut serius subsequentis defetigaret. Fama vero 
 hostilium copiarum perterritos non negando minuendove, 
 sed insuper ampliiicando ementiendoque coniirmabat. Ita- 10 
 que cum expectatio adventus lubae terribilis esset, convo- 
 catis ad contionem militibus : " Scitote," inquit, " paucissimis 
 his diebus regem adfuturum cum decern legionibus, equitum 
 triginta, levis armaturae centum milibus, elephantis trecen- 
 tis. Proinde desinant quidam quaerere ultra aut opinari 15 
 mihique, qui compertum habeo, credant ; aut quidem vetus- 
 tissima nave impositos quocumque vento in quascumque 
 terras iubebo avehi." 
 
 Delicta neque observabat omnia neque pro mode exseque- 
 batur, sed desertorum ac seditiosorum et inquisitor et 20 
 punitor acerrimus conivebat in ceteris. Ac nonnumquam 
 post magnam pugnam atque vietoriam remisso officiorum 
 munere licentiam omnem passim lasciviendi permittebat, 
 iactare solitus milites suos etiam unguentatos bene pugnare 
 posse. Nee milites eos pro contione, sed blandiore nomine 25 
 eommilitones appellabat habebatque tarn cultos, ut argento 
 et auro politis armis ornaret, simul et ad speciem et quo 
 tenaciores eorum in proelio essent metu damni. Diligebat 
 quoque usque adeo, ut audita clade Tituriana barbam capil- 
 lumque summiserit nee ante dempserit quam vindicassey 30 
 Quibus rebus et devotissimos sibi et fortissimos reddidit. 
 Ingresso civile bellum centuriones cuiusque legionis singulos 
 
108 SELECTIONS FROM 
 
 equites e yiatieo suo optulerunt, universi milites gratuitam 
 et sine frumento stipendioque operam,' cum tenuiorum tute- 
 1am. locupletiores in se contulissent. Neque in tarn diuturno 
 spatio quisquam omnino descivit, plerique capti concessam 
 
 5 sibi sub condicione vitam, si militare adversus eum vellent, 
 recusarunt. ISTec mirum, si quis singulorum facta respiciat, 
 vel Cassi Scaevae centurionis vel Gai Acili militis, ne 
 de pluribus referam. Scaeva excusso oculo, transfixus 
 femore et umero, centum et viginti ictibus scuto perforate, 
 
 LO custodiam portae commissi castelli retinuit. Acilius 
 navali ad Massiliam proelio iniecta in puppem hostium 
 dextera et abscisa memorabile illud apud Graecos Cynegiri 
 exemplum imitatus transiluit in navem umbone obvios 
 
 15 Seditionem per decern annos Gallicis bellis nullam om- 
 nino moverunt, civilibus aliquas, sed ut celeriter ad oificium 
 redierint, nee tarn indulgentia ducis quam auotoritate. 
 Non enim cessit umquam tumultuantibus atque etiam 6b- 
 viam semper iit ; et nonam quidem legionem apud Placen- 
 
 M tiam, quanquam in armis adhuc Pompeius esset, totam cum 
 ignominia missam fecit aegreque post multas et supplicis 
 preces, nee nisi exacta de sontibus poena, restituit. Deci- 
 manos autem Eoniae cum ingentibus minis summoque etiam 
 urbis periculo missionem et praemia flagitantes, ardente 
 
 25 tunc in Africa bello, neque adire cunctatus est, quanquam 
 deterrentibus amicis, neque dimittere ; sed una voce, qua 
 " Quirites " eos pro militibus appellarat, tam facile circum- 
 egit et flexit, ut ei milites esse confestim responderint et 
 quamvis recusantem ultro in Africam sint secuti ; ac sic 
 
 30 quoque seditiosissimum quemque et praedae et agri destinati 
 ' tertia parte multavit. 
 
 Amicos tanta semper facilitate indulgentiaque tractavit, 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 109 
 
 ut Gaio Oppio comitanti se per silvestre iter correptoque 
 subita valitudine deversoriolo, quod unuin erat, cesserit et 
 ipse humi ac sub divo cubuerit. lam autem rerum potens 
 quosdam etiam infimi generis ad amplissimos honores pro- 
 vexit, cum ob id culparetur, professus palam, si grassato- 5 
 rum et sicariorum ope in tuenda sua dignitate usus esset, 
 talibus quoque se parem gratiam relaturum. 
 
 Causes of his unpopularity. The conspiracy. The Ides of March. 
 Praegravant tamen cetera facta dictaque eius, ut et 
 abusus dominatione et iure caesus existimetur. Non enim 
 honores m.odo nimios recepit : continuum consulatum, per- lo 
 petuam dictaturam praefecturamque morum, insuper prae- 
 nomen Imperatoris, cognomen Patris Patriae, statuam inter 
 reges, suggestum in orchestra ; sed et ampliora etiam hu- 
 mano fastigio decerni sibi passus est : sedem auream in 
 curia et pro tribunali, tensam et ferculum circensi pompa, 15 
 templa, aras, simulacra iuxta deos, pulvinar, flaminem, lu- 
 percos, appellationem mensis e suo nomine ; ac nullos non 
 honores ad libidinem cepit et dedit. Tertium et quartum 
 consulatum titulo tenus gessit contentus dictaturae potes- 
 tate decretae cum consulatibus simul atque utroque anno 20 
 binos eonsules substituit sibi in ternos novissimos menses, 
 ita ut medio tempore comitia nulla habuerit praeter tribu- 
 norum et aedilium plebis praef ectosque pro praetoribus con- 
 stituerit, qui apsente se res urbanas admtnistrarejotA Pridie 
 autem Kalendas lanuarias repentina consulis morte cessan- 25 
 tem honorem in paucas horas petenti dedit. Eadem licentia 
 spreto patrio more magistratus in pluris annos ordinayit, 
 decern praetoriis viris consularia ornamenta tribuit, civitate 
 donatos et quosdam e semibarbaris G-allorum recepit in 
 curiam. Praeterea monetae publicisque vectigalibus peculi- 30 
 
110 SELECTIONS FROM 
 
 ares servos praeposuit. Trium legionum, quas Alexandreae 
 relinquebat, curam et imperium Eufioni liberti sui filio 
 exoleto suo demandavit. Nee minoris impotentiae voces 
 propalam edebat, ut Titus Ampius scribit : nihil esse rem 
 
 5 publicam, appellationem modo sine corpore ac specie. Sul- 
 lam nescisse litteras, qui dictaturam deposuerit. Debere 
 bomines consideratius iam loqui secum ac pro legibus 
 habere quae dicat. 
 
 Verum praecipuam et exitiabilem sibi invidiam hinc 
 
 10 maxime movit. Adeuntis se cum plurimis honorificentissi- 
 misque decretis universes patres conscriptos sedens pro 
 aede Veneris Genetricis excepit. Quidam putant retentum 
 a Comelio Balbo, cum conaretur assurgere ; alii, ne cona- 
 tum quidem omnino, sed etiam admonentem G-aium Treba- 
 
 15 tium ut assurgeret minus familiari vultu respexisse. Idque 
 factum eius tanto intolerabilius est visum, quod ipse trium- 
 phanti et subsellia tribunicia praetervehenti sibi unum e 
 collegio Pontium Aquilam non assurrexisse adeo indignatus 
 sit, ut proclamaverit : " Eepete ergo a me Aquila rem publi- 
 
 20 cam tribunus ! " Et nee destiterit per continues dies quic- 
 quam cuiquam nisi sub exceptione polliceri : " Si tamen per 
 Pontium Aquilam licuerit.'' Et Lupercalibus pro rostris a 
 consule Antonio admotum saepius capiti suo diadema rep- 
 pulerit atque in Capitolium lovi optimo maximo miserit. 
 
 25 Quin etiam varia fama percrebruit migraturum Alexan- 
 dream vel Ilium, translatis simul opibus imperii exhaustaque 
 
 ■ Italia dilectibus et procuratione urbis amicis permissa, 
 proximo autem senatu Lucium Cottam quindecimvirum 
 sententiam. dicturum, ut, quoniam fatalibus libris continere- 
 
 30 tur, Parthos nisi a rege non posse vinci, Caesar rex appel- 
 laretur. Qup,e causa coniuratis maturandi fuit destinata 
 negotia, ne assentiri necesse esset. 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 111 
 
 Consilia igitur dispersim antea habita et quae saepe biiii 
 ternive ceperant, in unum omnes contulerunt, ne populo 
 quidem iam praesenti statu laeto, sed clam palamque detrec- 
 tante dominationem atque assertores flagitante. Peregrinis 
 in senatum alleetis libellus propositus est : " Bonum factum : 3 
 ne quis senatori novo curiam monstrare velit ! " Et ilia 
 vulgo canebantur : 
 
 " Gallos Caesar in triumphum ducit, idem in curiam ; 
 Galli bracas deposuerunt, latum clavum sumpserunt.'' 
 
 Quinto Maximo suffecto trimenstrique consule theatrum 10 
 introeunte, cum lictor animadverti ex more iussisset, ab 
 universis conclamatum est non esse eum consulem. Post 
 remotos Caesetium et Marullum tribunos reperta sunt proxi- 
 mis comitiis complura suffragia consules eos declarantium. 
 Subscripsere quidam Luci Bruti statuae : " Utinam vi- 15 
 veres ! " item ipsius Caesaris : 
 
 " Brutus, quia reges eiecit, consul primus factus est : 
 Hie, quia consules eiecit, rex postremo factus est." 
 
 Conspiratum est in eum a sexaginta amplius, Gaio Cassio 
 Marcoque et Decimo Bruto principibus conspirationis. 20 
 Qui primum cunctati utrumne in Campo per comitia tribus 
 ad suffragia vocantem partibus divisis e ponte deicerent 
 atque exceptum trucidarent, an in Sacra Via vel in aditu 
 theatri adorirentur, postquam senatus Idibus Martiis in 
 Pompei curiam edictus est, facile tempus et locum prae- 25 
 tulerunt. 
 
 Sed Caesari futura caedes evidentibus prodigiis denun- 
 tiata est. Paucos ante menses, cum in colonia Capua de- 
 ducti lege lulia coloni ad extruendas villas vetustissima 
 
112 SELECTIONS FROM 
 
 sepulcra disicerent idque eo studiosius facerent, quod ali- 
 quantum vasculoriim operis antiqui scrutantes reperiebant, 
 tabula aenea in monimento, in quo dicebatur Capys conditor 
 Capuae sepultus, inventa est conscripta litteris yerbisque 
 5 Graecis hac sententia : quandoque ossa Capyis detecta 
 essent, fore ut lilo prognatus manu consangumeorum necare- 
 tur magnisque mox Italiae cladibus vindicaretur. Cuius 
 rei, ne quis fabulosam aut commenticiam putet, auctor est 
 Cornelius Balbus, familiarissimus Caesaris. Proximis die- 
 
 10 bus equorum gregesj quos in traiciendo Kubiconi flumini 
 consecrarat ao vagos et sine custode dimiserat, comperit 
 pertLuacissime pabulo abstinere ubertimque ilere. Et im- 
 molantem haruspex Spurinna monuit, caveret periculum, 
 quod non ultra Martias Idus proferretur. Pridie autem 
 
 15 easdem Idus avem regaliolum cum laureo ramulo Pom- 
 peianae curiae se inferentem volucres varii generis ex 
 proximo nemore persecutae ibidem discerpserunt. Ea vero 
 nocte, cui inluxit dies caedis, et ipse sibi visus est per quie- 
 tem interdum supra nubes Tolitare, alias cum love dextram 
 
 20 iungere ; et Calpurnia uxor imaginata est conlabi fastigium 
 domus maritumque in gremio suo confodi ; ac subito cubi- 
 culi fores sponte patuerunt. 
 
 Ob baec simul et ob iniirmam valitndinem diu cunctatus 
 an se contineret et quae apud senatum proposuerat agere 
 
 25 differret, tandem Decimo Bruto adhortante, ne frequentis 
 ac iam dudum opperientis destitueret, quinta fere bora pro- 
 gressus est libellumque insidiarum indicem ab obvio quo- 
 dam porrectum libellis ceteris, quos sinistra manu tenebat, 
 quasi mox lecturus^"^ commiscuit. Dein pluribus hostiis 
 
 30 caesis, cum litare non posset, introiit curiam spreta reli- 
 gione Spurinnamque irridens et ut falsum arguens, quod sine 
 ulla sua noxa Idus Martiae adessent : quanquam is venisse 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 113 
 
 quidem eas diceret, sed non praeterisse. Assidentem con- 
 spirati specie officii circumsteterunt, ilicoque Cimber Tillius, 
 qui primas partes susceperat, quasi aliquid rogaturus pro- 
 pius accessit renuentique et gestu in aliud tempus differenti 
 ab utroque umero togam adprehendit ; deinde clamantem : 5 
 " Ista quidem vis est ! " alter e Cascis aversum vulnerat 
 paulum infra iugnlum. Caesar Cascae brachium arreptum 
 graphic traiecit conatusque prosilire alio vulnere tardatus 
 est ; utque animadvertit undique se strictis pugionibus peti, 
 toga caput obvolvit, simul sinistra manu sinum ad ima crura 10 
 deduxit, quo honestius caderet etiam inferiore corporis parte 
 velata. Atque ita tribus et viginti plagis confossus est 
 uno modo ad primum ictum gemitu sine voce edito, etsi 
 tradiderunt quidam Marco Bruto irruenti dixisse : koI a-u 
 TeKvov ; Exanimis diffugientibus cunctis aliquamdin iacuit, 15 
 donee lecticae impositum, dependente bracMo, tres servoli 
 domum rettulerunt. Nee in tot vulneribus, ut Antistius 
 medicus existimabat, letale ullum repertum est, nisi quod 
 secundo loco in pectore acceperat. Puerat animus coniu- 
 ratis corpus occisi in Tiberim trahere, bona publicare, acta 20 
 rescindere, sed metu Marci Antoni consulis et magistri 
 equitum Lepidi destiterunD 
 
 The end. 
 Funere indicto rogus extructus est in Martio campo 
 iuxta luliae tumulum et pro rostris aurara^edes ad simu- 
 lacrum templi Veneris Genetricis collocata ; intraque lee- 25 
 tus eburneus auro ac purpura stratus et ad caput tropaeum 
 cum veste, in qua fuerat occisus. Praeferentibus munera, 
 quia suffecturus dies non videbatur, praeceptum, ut omisso 
 ordine, quibus quisque vellet itineribus urbis, portaret in 
 Campum. Inter ludos cantata sunt quaedam ad miseratio- 30 
 
114 SELECTIONS PROM 
 
 nem et invidiam caedis eius accommodata, ex Pacuvi Armo- 
 rum iudifiS'V^''' 
 
 " Men servasse, ut essent qui me perderent ? " 
 
 Et ex Electra Acili ad similem sententiam. Laudationis 
 
 5 loco consul Antonius per praeconem pronuntiavit senatus 
 consultum, quo omnia simul ei divina atque humana decre- 
 verat, item ius iurandum, quo se cuncti pro salute unius 
 'astrinx'erant ; quibus perpauca a se verba addidit. Lectum 
 pro rostris in forum magistratus et honoribus functi detule- 
 
 10 runt. Quern cum pars in Capitolini lovis cella cremare 
 
 pars in curia Pompei desnnaret, repente duo quidam gladiis 
 
 , succiacti ac buia iacula gestantes ardentibus pereis succen- 
 
 derunt coniestimque circumstantium turba virgjifta arida et 
 
 cum subselliis tribunalia, quicquid praeterea ad donum 
 
 15 aderat, confess]/& Deinde tibicines et scaenici artifices 
 vestem, quam ex triumphorum instrumento ad praesentem 
 usum induerant, detractam sibi atque discissam iniecere 
 flammae et -^^eteranorum militum legionarii arma sua, qui- 
 bus excmtiJturms celebrabant : matronae etiam pleraeque 
 
 20 ornamenta sua, quae gerebant, et liberorum buUas atque 
 praetextas. ^^^ 
 
 In summo publiconuCTu exterariim gentium multitude 
 circulatim suo quaeque more lamentata est praecipueque 
 ludaei, qui etiam noctibus continuisllGustumlffequentarunt. 
 
 23 Plebs statim a funere ad domum Bruti et Cassi cum facibus 
 tetendit atque aegre repulsa obvium sibi Helvium Cinnarn. 
 per errorem nominis, quasi Cornelius is esset, quem graviter 
 pridie comionatmnQe CaeSare requirebat, occidit caputque 
 eius praefixum hastae circumtulit. Postea solidam colum- 
 
 30 nam prope viginti pedum lapidis Numidici in foro statuit 
 inscripsitque pabenti patriae. Apud earn longo tempore 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 115 
 
 sacrificare, vota suscipere, controversias quasdam interposito 
 per Caesarem iure iurando aistranere perseveravit. 
 
 Periit sexto et quinquagensimo aetatis anno atque in 
 deorum numerum relatus est, non ore modo decernentium, 
 sed et persuasione volgi. Siquidem ludis, quos primos con- 5 
 secrato ei heres Augustus edebat, stella crinita per septem 
 continuos dies fulsit exoriens circa undecimam horam, credi- 
 tumque est animam esse Caesaris in caelum recepti ; et hac 
 de causa simulacro eius in vertice additur stella. 
 
 Curiam, ia qua occisus est, obstrui placuit Idusque lO 
 Martias Parricidium nominari, ac ne unquam eo die senatus 
 ageretur. Percussorum autem fere neque triennio quis- 
 quam amplius supervixit neque sua morte defunctus est. 
 Damnati omnes alius alio casu periit, pars naufragio, pars 
 proelio ; nonnulli semet eodem~illo pugione, quo Caesarem 15 
 violaverant, interemerunt. 
 
 A SKETCH OF JEWISH HISTORY AND THE SIEGE 
 OF JERUSALEM 
 
 Eiusdem anni principio Caesar Titus, perdomandae 
 ludaeae delectus a patre et privatis utriusque rebus militia 
 clarus, maiore tum vi famaque agebat, certantibus provincia- 
 rum et exercituum. studiis. Atque ipse, ut super fortunam 20 
 crederetur, decorum se promptumque in armis ostendebat, 
 comitate et adloquiis offlcia provocans ac plerumque in 
 opere, in agmine gregario militi mixtus, incorrupto ducis 
 honore. Tres eum in ludaea legiones, quinta et decuma et 
 quinta decuma, vetus Vespasiani miles, exeepere. Addidit 25 
 e Syria duodecumam et abductos Alexandria duoetvicensima- 
 nos tertianosque ; comitabantur viginti sociae cohortes, octo 
 equitum alae, simul Agrippa Sohaemusque reges et auxilia 
 regis Antiochi validaque et solito inter accolas odio infensa 
 
116 SELECTIONS FROM 
 
 ludaeis Arabum manus multique, quos urbe atque Italia sua 
 quemque spes acciverat occupandi principem adhuc vacuum. 
 His cum copiis fines hostium ingressus composito agmine, 
 cuncta explorans paratusque decernere, baud procul Hiero- 
 6 solymis castra facit. 
 
 Sed quoniam famosae urbis supremum diem tradituri 
 sumus, congruens videtur primordia eius aperire. 
 
 ludaeos Creta insula profugos novissima Libyae insedisse 
 memorant, qua tempestate Saturnus vi lovis pulsus cesserit 
 
 10 regnis. Argumentum e nomine petitur : inclutum in Creta 
 Idam montem, accolas Idaeos aucto in barbarum cognomento 
 ludaeos vocitari. Quidam regnante Iside exundantem per 
 Aegyptum multitudinem ducibus Hierosolymo ac luda proxi- 
 mas in terras exoneratam ; plerique Aethiopum prolem, quos 
 
 15 rege Cepheo metus atque odium mutare sedes perpulerit. 
 Sunt qui tradant Assyrios convenas, indigum agrorum popu- 
 lum, parte Aegypti potitos, mox proprias urbes Hebraeas- 
 que terras et propiora Syriae coluisse. Clara alii ludaeorum 
 initia, Solymos, carminibus Homeri celebratam gentem, con- 
 
 20 ditae urbi Hierosolyma nomen e suo fecisse. 
 
 Plurimi auctores consentiunt orta per Aegyptum tabe, 
 quae corpora foedaret, regem Bocchorim adito Hammonis 
 oraculo remedium petentem purgare regnum et id genus 
 hominum ut invisum deis alias in terras avehere iussum. 
 
 25 Sic conquisitum collectumque vulgus, postquam vastis locis 
 relictum sit, ceteris per lacrimas torpentibus, Moysen unum 
 exulum monuisse, ne quam deorum hominumve opem ex- 
 spectarent utrisque deserti, sed sibimet duce caelesti crede- 
 rent, primo cuius auxilio praesentes miserias pepulissent. 
 
 30 Adsensere atque omnium ignari fortuitum iter incipiunt. 
 Sed nihil aeque quam inopia aquae fatigabat, iamque baud 
 procul exitio totis campis procubuerant, cum grex asinorum 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 117 
 
 agrestium e pastu in rupem nemore opacam concessit. 
 Secutus Moyses coniectura herbidi soli largas aquarum 
 venas aperit. Id levamen, et continuum sex dierum iter 
 emensi septimo pulsis cultoribus optinuere terras, in quis 
 urbs et templum dicata. 5 
 
 Moyses quo sibi in posterum gentem firmaret, novos ritus 
 contrariosque ceteris mortalibus indidit. Profana illic 
 omnia quae apud nos sacra, rursum concessa apud illos quae 
 nobis incesta. EflB.giem animalis, quo monstrante errorem 
 sitimque depulerant, penetrali sacravere, caeso ariete velut lo 
 in contumeliam Hammonis ; bos quoque immolatur, quoniam 
 Aegyptii Apin colunt. Sue abstinent memoria cladis, quod 
 ipsos scabies quondam turpayerat, cui id animal obnoxium. 
 Longam olim famem crebris adhuc ieiuniis fatentur, et rapta- 
 rum frugum argumentum panis ludaicus nullo fermento 15 
 detinetur. Septimo die otium placuisse ferunt, quia is 
 finem laborum tulerit ; dein blandiente inertia septimum 
 quoque annum ignaviae datum. Alii honorem eum Saturno 
 haberi, seu principia religionis tradentibus Idaeis, quos cum 
 Saturno pulsos et conditores gentis accepimus, seu quod 20 
 de septem sideribus, quis res mortales reguntur, altissimo 
 orbe et praecipua potentia stella Saturni feratur ac pleraque 
 caelestium vim suam et cursus septenos per numeros com- 
 pleant. 
 
 Hi ritus quoquo modo inducti antiquitate def enduntur r 25 
 cetera instituta, sinistra foeda, pravitate valuere. Nam 
 pessimus quisque spretis religionibus patriis tributa et 
 stipes illuc congerebant, unde auctae ludaeorum res, et quia 
 apud ipsos fides obstinata, misericordia in promptu, sed ad- 
 versus omnes alios hostile odium. Separati epulis, discreti 30 
 cubilibus, proiectissima ad libidinem gens, alienarum concu- 
 bitu abstinent ; inter se nihil inlicitum. Circumcidere geni- 
 
118 SELECTIONS FROM 
 
 talia instituerunt, ut diversitate noscantur. Transgress! in 
 morem eorum idem usurpant, nee quicquam prius inbuuntur 
 quam contemnere deos, exuere patriam, parentes liberos 
 fratres vilia habere. Augendae tamen multitudini consuli- 
 5 tur ; nam et necare quemquam ex agnatis nefas, animosque 
 proelio aut supplieiis peremptorum aeternos putant : hinc 
 generandi amor et moriendi contemptus. Corpora condere 
 quam cremare e more Aegyptio, eademque cura et de in- 
 fernis persuasio, caelestium contra. Aegyptii pleraque ani- 
 
 10 malia effigiesque compositas Yenerantur, ludaei mente sola 
 unumque numen intellegunt : profanos, qui deum imagines 
 mortalibus materiis in species hominum eflBngant ; sum- 
 mum illud et aeternum neque imitabile neque interiturum. 
 Igitur nulla simulacra urbibus suis, nedum templis sistunt ; 
 
 15 non regibus haec adulatio, non Caesaribus honor. Sed quia 
 sacerdotes eorum tibia tympanisque concinebant, hedera 
 vinciebantur vitisque aurea in templo reperta, Liberum 
 patrem coli, domitorem Orientis, quidam arbitrati sunt, 
 nequaquam congruentibus institutis. Quippe Liber festos 
 
 20 laetosque ritus posuit, ludaeorum mos absurdussordidusque. 
 
 Terra finesque qua ad Orientem vergunt Arabia termi- 
 
 nantur, a meridie Aegyptus obiacet, ab occasu Phoenices et 
 
 mare, septentrionem e latere Syriae longe prospectant. 
 
 Corpora hominum salubria et ferentia laborum. Rari im- 
 
 25 bres, uber solum : fruges nostrum ad morem praeterque 
 eas balsamum et palmae. Palmetis proceritas et decor, bal- 
 samum modica arbor : ut quisque ramus intumuit, si vim 
 ferri adhibeas, pavent venae, fragmine lapidis aut testa 
 aperiuntur ; umor in usu medentium est. Praecipuum mon- 
 
 30 tium Libanum erigit, mirum dictu, tantos inter ardores 
 opacum fidumque nivibus ; idem amnem lordanen alit 
 funditque. Nee lordanes pelago accipitur, sed unum atque 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 119 
 
 alterum lacuna integer perfluit, tertio retinetur. Lacus in- 
 menso ambitu, specie maris, sapore cormptior, gravitate 
 odoris accolis pestifer, neque vento impellitur neque pisees 
 aut suetas aquis volucres patitur. Inertes undae superiacta 
 ut solido f erunt ; periti iniperitique nandi perinde attolluntur. 5 
 Certo anni bitumen egerit, cuius legend! usum, ut ceteras 
 artes, experientia docuit. Ater suapte natura liquor et sparse 
 aeeto concretus innatat ; Iluhc manu captum, quibus ea cura, 
 in summa navis trabunt : inde nullo iuvante influit onerat- 
 que, donee abscindas. Nee abscindere aere ferrove possis : lo 
 fugit cruorem vestemque iufectam sanguine. Sic veteres 
 auctores, sed gnari locorum tradunt undantes bitumine 
 moles pelli manuque trahi ad litus, mox, ubi vapors terras, 
 vi solis inaruerint, securibus cuneisque ut trabes aut saxa 
 discindi. 15 
 
 Haud procul inds campi, quos fsrunt olim ubsrss magnis- 
 que urbibus habitatos fulminum iactu arsisse ; et mansrs 
 vestigia, terramque ipsam, specie torridam, vim frugiferam 
 perdidisss. Nam cuncta sponts sdita aut manu sata, sive 
 herba tenus aut flore seu solidam in speciem adolevere, atra 20 
 et inania velut in cinerem vanescunt. Ego sicut inclutas 
 quondam urbes igne caelssti flagrasse concesssrim, ita halitu 
 lacus infici terram, corrumpi superfusum spiritum, eoque 
 fetus segetum et autumni putrescere reor, solo caeloque 
 iuxta gravi. Et Belus amnis ludaico mari inlabitur, circa 25 
 cuius OS lectae barenas admixto nitre in vitrum excoquuntur. 
 Modicum id litus et egerentibus insxhaustum. 
 
 Magna pars ludaeae vicis dispsrgitur, habsnt et oppida ; 
 Hierosolyma gsnti caput. Illic iiimensae opulentiae tsm- 
 plum, et primis munimsntis urbs, dein rsgia, templum 30 
 intimis clausum. Ad fores tantum ludaeo aditus, limine 
 praeter sacerdotes arcebantur. Dum Assyrios penes Medos- 
 
120 SELECTIONS FROM 
 
 que et Persas Oriens fuit, despectissima pars servientium : 
 postquam Maeedones praepolluere, rex Antiochus demere 
 superstitionem et mores Graecorum dare adnisus, quo minus 
 taeterrimam gentem in melius mutaret, Parthorum bello 
 
 5 proliibitus est ; nam ea tempestate Arsaces deseiverat. Tum 
 ludaei Macedonibus invalidis, Parthis nondum adultis (et 
 Komani procul erant), sibi ipsi reges inposuere, qui mobili- 
 tate vulgi expulsi, resumpta per arma dominatione fugas 
 civium, urbium eversiones, fratrum coniugum parentum 
 
 10 neces aliaque solita regibus ausi superstitionem fovebant, 
 
 quia honor sacerdotii firmamentum potentiae adsumebatur. 
 
 Eomanorum primus Cn. Pompeius ludaeos domuit tem- 
 
 plumque iure victoriae ingressus est : inde vulgatum nulla 
 
 intus deum eflSgie vacuam sedem et inania arcana. Muri 
 
 15 Hierosolymorum diruti, delubrum mansit. Mox civili inter 
 nos bello, postquam in dicionem M. Antonii provinciae ces- 
 serant, rex Parthorum Pacorus ludaea potitus interfectusque 
 a P. Ventidio, et Parthi trans Euphraten redacti : ludaeos 
 C. Sosius subegit. Eegnum ab Antonio Herodi datum victor 
 
 20 Augustus auxit. Post mortem Herodis, nihil exspectato 
 Caesare, Simo quidam regium nomen invaserat. Is a Quia- 
 tilio Varo optinente Syriam punitus, et gentem coercitam 
 liberi Herodis tripertito rexere. Sub Tiberio quies. Dein 
 iussi a Gaio Caesare efBgiem eius in templo locare arma 
 
 25 potius sumpsere, quem motum Caesaris mors diremit. 
 Claudius, defunctis regibus aut ad modicum redactis, lu- 
 daeam provinciam equitibus Eomanis aut libertis permisit, 
 e quibus Antonius Pelix per omnem saevitiam ac libidinem 
 ius regium servili ingenio exercuit, Drusilla Cleopatrae et 
 
 30 Antonii nepte ia matrimonium accepta, ut eiusdem Antonii 
 Felix progener, Claudius nepos esset. 
 
 Duravit tamen patientia ludaeis usque ad Gessium Plorum 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 121 
 
 procuratorein : sub eo bellum ortum. Et comprimere coep- 
 tantem Cestmm Galium Syriae legatum varia proelia ac 
 saepius ad versa excepere. Qui ubi fato aut taedio occidit, 
 missu ISTeronis Vespasianus fortuna famaque et egregiis mi- 
 nistris intra duas aestates cuncta camporuni omnesque prae- 5 
 ter Hierosolyma urbes victore exercitu tenebat. Proximus 
 annus civili bello intentus quantum ad ludaeos per otium 
 transiit. Pace per Italiam parta et externae curae rediere : 
 augebat iras, quod soli ludaei non cessissent ; simul manere 
 apud exercitus Titum ad omnes principatus novi eventus 10 
 casusve utile videbatur. 
 
 Igitur castris, uti diximus, ante moenia Hierosolymorum 
 positis instructas legiones ostentavit : ludaei sub ipsos 
 muros struxere aciem, rebus secundis longius ausuri et, si 
 pellerentur, parato perfugio. Missus in eos eques cum ex- 15 
 peditis cohortibus ambigue certavit ; mox cessere hostes et 
 sequentibus diebus crebra pro portis proelia serebant, donee 
 adsiduis damnis intra moenia pellerentur. Eomani ad 
 obpugnandum versi ; neque enim dignum videbatur famem 
 hostium opperiri, poscebantque pericula, pars virtute, multi 20 
 ferocia et cupidine praemiorum. Ipsi Tito Roma et opes 
 voluptatesque ante oculos, ac ni statim Hierosolyma conci- 
 derent, morari videbantur. Sed urbem arduam situ opera 
 molesque firmaverant, quis vel plana satis munirentur. 
 Nam duos coUes in inmensum editos claudebant muri per 25 
 artem obliqui aut introrsus sinuati, ut latera obpugnantium 
 ad ictus patescerent. Extrema rupis abrupta, et turres, ubi 
 mons iuvisset, in sexagenos pedes, inter devexa in centenos 
 vicenosque attollebantur, mira specie ac procul intuentibus 
 pares. Alia intus moenia regiae circumiecta, conspicuoque 30 
 fastigio turris Antonia, in honorem M. Antonii ad Herode 
 appellata. 
 
122 SELECTIONS FROM 
 
 Templum in modum arcis propriique muri, labore et 
 opere ante alios ; ipsae porticus, quis templum ambibatur, 
 egregium propugnaeulum. Fons perennis aquae, cavati sub 
 terra montes et piscinae cisternaeque servandis imbribus. 
 5 Providerant conditores ex diversitate morum crebra bella : 
 inde cuncta quamvis adversus longum obsidium ; et a 
 Pompeio expugnatis metus atque usus pleraque monstra- 
 vere. Atque per avaritiam Claudianorum temporum empto 
 iure muniendi struxere muros in pace tamquam ad bellum, 
 
 10 magna conluvie et ceterarum urbium clade aucti ; nam per- 
 vicacissimus quisque illuc perfugerat eoque seditiosius age- 
 bant. Tres duces, totidem exercitus : extrema et latissima 
 moenium Simo, mediam urbem loannes, quern et Bargioram 
 vocabant, templum Eleazarus firmaverat. Multitudine et 
 
 15 armis loannes ac Simo, Eleazarus loco pollebat ; sed proelia 
 dolus incendia inter ipsos, et magna vis frumenti ambusta. 
 Mox loannes, missis per speciem sacriiicandi qui Eleazarum 
 manumque eius obtruncarent, templo potitur. Ita in duas 
 factiones civitas discessit, donee propinquantibus Romanis 
 
 20 bellum externum coneordiam pareret. 
 
 Evenerant prodigia, quae neque hostiis neque votis piare 
 fas habet gens superstitioni obnoxia, religionibus adversa. 
 Visae per caelum concurrere acies, rutilantia arma et subito 
 nubium igne conlucere templum. Apertae repente delubri 
 
 25 fores et audita maior humana vox, excedere deos ; simul 
 ingens motus excedentium. Quae pauci in metum trahe- 
 bant : pluribus persuasio inerat antiquis sacerdotum litteris 
 contineri, eo ipso tempore fore ut valesceret Oriens profecti- 
 que ludaea rerum potirentur. Quae ambages Vespasianun 
 
 30 ac Titum praedixerat, sed vulgus more humanae cupidinis 
 sibi tantam fatorum magnitudinem interpretati ne adversis 
 quidem ad vera mutabantur. Multitudinem obsessorum 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 123 
 
 omnis aetatis, virile ac muliebre seeus, sescenta milia fuisse 
 accepimus : arma cunctis, qui ferre possent, et plures quam 
 pro numero audebant. Obstinatio viris feminisque par ; ac 
 si transferre sedes cogerentur, maior vitae metus quam 
 mortis. Hanc adversus urbem gentemque Caesar Titus, 5 
 quando inpetus et subita belli locus abnueret, aggeribus 
 vineisque certare statuit : dividuntur legionibus munia et 
 quies proeliorum fuit, donee cuncta expugnandis urbibus 
 reperta apud veteres aut novis ingeniis struerentur. 
 
 ^ ALEXANDER MAGNUS * 
 
 The taming of Bucephalus. 
 
 Enim Philippus Delphos misit super regni suique sollicitus 10 
 successore responsumque aecepit in bunc modum : " 
 Philippe, is demum tuis omnique orbe potietur et hasta 
 omnia subiugabit, quicumque Bucepbalam equum insiliens 
 medium Pellae transierit." Vocabatur enim equus, quern 
 supra diximus, illo nomine, non eo mode quod corniculata 15 
 fronte terribilis foret, sed quod inustio etiam fortuita quae- 
 dam eius coxae veluti taurini capitis imitamen insederat. 
 
 Id iam temporis decimum quartum annum Alexander 
 adpellebat. Qui cum quadam die locum, quo clausus equus 
 Bucephala fuerat, praeteriret, con versus ad amicos hoc ait : 20 
 " viri, hinnitusne aures meas an vero rugitus aliquis leo- 
 ninus offendit ? " Ad haec Ptolomaeus, qui Soter postea 
 appellatus est : " Immo vero hie ilia est equus Bucephala, 
 quein ob vehementiam pariter et saevitudinem dentium hac- 
 tenus rex claudi pater iussit." Et inter haec rursus alius 25 
 equi eiusdem hinnitus auditur, acutus quidem ille, sed nihil 
 increpans ad formidinem pristinam, enim mite aliquid et 
 mansuetum, prorsus ut diceres adloquia ilia ad dominum 
 
124 SELECTIONS FROM 
 
 esse morigera, non equi fremitum saevientis. Nam et pedes 
 priores extenderat et gesticulam mansuetudinis luserat et 
 supplici quodam motu blanditus est. Quod ubi intuitus est 
 Alexander fuisse in illo antehac tarn truculentum offlcium 
 
 5 edendi homines demiratur. 
 
 Denique custodibus evitatis claustrisque dimotis animal 
 educit, iubamque eius cum laeva adprehendisset, audacius 
 nescias an facilius, tergum quadrupedis insultat effrenemque 
 eum, sed morigerum tamen imperiosis moribus aurigabundus 
 
 10 liac atque aliter Alexander circumducit. Quod cum ad- 
 mirationi visentibus foret, ex cursu quidam rem periculi 
 huius nuntiat Philippo. Sed ad memoriam ille revocans 
 monitus oraculi occurrit ad puerum et salutat inde ut orbis 
 integri dominum. Quare laetior quidem spe filii pater iam 
 
 15 Philippus tunc agebat. 
 
 y The Gordian knot. 
 
 Phrygia erat, per quam ducebatur exercitus, pluribus vicis 
 
 quam urbibus frequens. Tunc habebat nobilem quondam 
 
 Midae regiam. Gordium nomen est urbi, quam Sangarius 
 
 amnis praeterfluit, pari intervallo Pontico et Cilicio mari 
 
 20 distantem. Inter haec maria angustissimum Asiae spatium 
 esse conperimus, utroque in artas fauces conpellente terram. 
 Quae quia continent! adhaeret, sed magna ex parte cingitur 
 fluetibus, speciem insulae praebet ac, nisi tenue discrimen 
 obiceret, quae nunc dividit maria, committeret.' Alexander 
 
 25 urbe in dicionem suam redacta lovis templum intrat. 
 
 horrens. Notabile erat iugum adstrictum conpluribus nodis 
 
 in semetipsos inplicatis et CelMitibusiiexus. Incolis deinde 
 
 30 adfirmantibus, editam esse oraculo sbrtem, Asiae potiturum, 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 125 
 
 qui inexplicabile vinculum solvisset, cupido incessit animo 
 sortis eius^iplendaer' Circa regem erat et Phrygum turba 
 et Macedonum, ilia expectatione suspensa, haec sollicita ex 
 temeraria regis fiducia : qufppe'serie viuculorum ita adstricta, 
 ut, unde nexus inciperet quove se c6$3.Met, nee ratione nee 5 
 visu perspici posset, solvere adgressus iniecerat curam ei, ne 
 in omen verteretur irritum inceptum. Ille nequaquam diu 
 luctatus cum latentibus nodis. "Nihil," inquit, "interest, 
 quomodo solvantur : " gladioque ruptis omnibus loris oraculi 
 sortem vel elusit vel inplevit. lo 
 
 The siege of Tyre. 
 lam tota Syria, iam Phoenice quoque excepta Tyro Mace- 
 donum erat, habebatque rex castra in continenti, a qua urbem 
 angustum fretum dirimit. Tyros, et magnitudine et claritate 
 ante omnes urbes Syriae Phoenicesque memorabilis, facilius 
 societatem Alexandri acceptura videbatur, quam imperium. 15 
 Coronam igitur auream donum legati adferebant commea- 
 tusque large et hospitaliter ex oppido advexerant. Ille dona 
 ut ab amicis accipi iussit benigneque legates adlocutus 
 Herculi, quem praecipue Tyrii colerent, sacrificare'velle se 
 dixit : Macedonum reges credere, ab illo deo ipsos genus 20 
 ducere, se vero, ut id faceret, etiam oraculo monitum. 
 Legati respondent, esse templum Herculis extra urbem in 
 ea sede, quam Palaetyron ipsi vocent : ibi regem deo sacrum 
 rite faeturum. Non tenuit iram, cuius alioqui potens nonf " •~ 
 erat. Itaque, " Vos quidem," inquit, " fiducia loci, quod in- 25 
 sulam incolitis, pedestrem hunc exercitum spernitis : sed 
 brevi ostendam in continenti vos esse. Proinde sciatis licet, 
 aut intraturum me urbem aut oppugnaturum." Cum hoc 
 response dimissi sues motiere coeperunt, ut regem, quem 
 Syria, quem Phoenice recepisset, ipsi quoque urbem intrare 30 
 
126 SELECTIONS FROM 
 
 paterentur. At illi loco satis fisi obsidionem ferre deere- 
 verant. 
 
 Namque urbem a continenti quattuor stadiorum fretum 
 dividit : Africo maxime obiectum crebros ex alto fluctus in 
 
 5 litus evolvit. Nee accipiendo operi, quo Macedones con- 
 tinenti insulam iungere parabant, quicquam magis quam ille 
 ventus obstabat. Quippe vix leni et tranquillo mari moles 
 agi possunt, Africus vero prima quaeque congesta pulsu inlisi 
 maris subruit, nee ulla tarn firma moles est, quam non exedant 
 
 10 undae et per nexus operum manantes et, ubi acrior flatus 
 existit, summi operis fastigio superfusae. Praeter banc 
 dif&cultatem baud minor alia erat: muros turresque urbis 
 praealtum mare ambiebat : non tormenta nisi e navibus 
 procul excussa mitti, non scalae moenibus adplicari poterant : 
 
 15 praeceps in salum murus pedestre interceperat iter : naves 
 nee habebat rex et, si admovisset, pendentes et instabiles 
 missilibus arceri poterant. Inter quae parva dictu res 
 Tyriorum fiduciam accendit. Cartbaginiensium legati ad 
 celebrandum sacrum anniversarium more patrio tunc ve- 
 
 20 nerant: quippe Cartbaginem Tyrii condiderunt, semper 
 parentum loco culti. Hortari ergo Poeni coeperunt, ut 
 obsidionem forti animo paterentur : brevi Carthagine auxilia 
 Ventura. Namque ea tempestate magna ex parte Punicis 
 classibus maria obsidebantur. 
 
 25 Igitur bello decreto per muros turresque tormenta dis- 
 ponunt, arma iunioribus dividunt, opiiices, quorum copia 
 urbs abundabat, in oiRcinas distribuunt. Omnia belli appa- 
 ratu strepunt : f erreae quoque manus — harpagonas vocant — 
 quas operibus hostium inicerent, corvique et alia tuendis 
 
 30 urbibus excogitata' praeparabantur. Sed cum fornacibus 
 ferrum, quod excuUi'oportebat, inpositum esset, admotisque 
 follibus'' ignem flatu accenderent, sanguinis rivi sub ipsis 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 127 
 
 flammis extitisse dicuntur : idque omen in Macedonum metum 
 verterunt Tyrii. Apud Macedonas quoque cum forte panem 
 quidam militum frangerent, manantis sanguinis guttas nota- 
 verunt, territoque rege Aristander, peritissimus vatum, si 
 extrinsecus ciuor fluxisset, Macedonibus id triste futurum 5 
 ait : contra, cum ab interiore parte manaverit, urbi, quam 
 obsidere destiiiassent, exitium portendere. Alexander cum 
 et classem procul haberet et longam obsidionem magno sibi 
 ad cetera inpedimento videret fore, caduceatores, qui ad 
 pacem eos conpellerent, misit : quos Tyrii contra ius gentium 10 
 occisos praecipitaverunt in altum. Atque ille suorum tam 
 indigna niorte commotus urbem obsidere statuit. Sed an^''-'^^ 
 iacienda moles erat, quae continenti urbem committeret. 
 Ingens ergo animos militum desperatio incessit, cernentium 
 profundum mare, quod vix divina ope posset inpleri. Quae 15 
 saxa tam vasta, quas tam proceras arbores posse reperiri ? 
 Exhauriendas esse regiones, ut illud spatium exaggerafetur : 
 exaestuare semper iretum quoque artius volutetur inter 
 insulam et continentem, hoc acrius furei?^.' At ille h.audqua-'^' 
 quam rudis pertractandi militares animos speciem sibi Her- 20 
 culis in somno oblatam esse pronuntiat dextram porrigentis : 
 illo duce, illo aperiente in urbem intrare se visum. Inter 
 haec caduceatores interfectos, gentium iura violata refereSt : 
 unam esse urbem, quae Qursum victoris morari ausa^esset. 
 Ducibus deinde negonunT datur, ut suos quisque castiget, 25 
 satisque omnibus stimulatis opus orsus est. IVjIagna vis 
 saxorum ad manun^i erat Tyro vetere praebente : materies ex 
 Libano monte ratibus et turribus faciendis advehebatur. ^ 
 
 lamque a fundo maris in altitudinem modieam opus crS?*'^ 
 verat, nondum tamen aquae fastigium aequabat : cum Tyrii 30 
 parvis navigiis admotis per ludibrium exprotoabant, illos 
 -■.rmis inclitos dorso sicut iumenta onera ^estarel: interroga- 
 
128 SELECTIONS FROM 
 
 bant etiam, num maior Neptuno Alexander esset? Haec 
 ipsa inseclatio alacritatem militum aceendiit. lamque paulum 
 moles aqua emineHat, et simul aggeris latitude crescebat 
 urbique admovebatur : cum Tyrii- magnitudine molis, cuius 
 5 ia&emeatum eos antea fefeUerat, conspecta levibus navigiis 
 nondum commissum opus circumire coeperunt, missilibus 
 quoque eos, qui pro opere stabant, incessere. Multis ergo 
 inpune vulneratis, cum et removere et adpellere scaphas in 
 expedito esset, ad curam semet ipsos tuendi ab opere conver- 
 
 10 terant : et quo longius moles agebatur a litore, hoc magis, 
 quidquid ingerebatur, praealtum absorbebat mare. Igitur 
 rex munientibus Soria velaque iussit oGtendl, ut extra teli 
 iactum essent, duasque turres ex capite molis erexit, e quibus 
 m subeuntes scaphas tela ingeri possent. Contra Tyrii na- 
 
 15 vigia procul a conspectu hostium litori adpellunt expositisque 
 militibus eos, qui saxa gestabant, obtruncant. In Libano 
 quoque Arabum agrestes inconpositos Macedonas adorti xxx 
 fere interficiunt paucioribus captis. Ea res Alexandrum 
 dividere copias coegit, et, ne segniter adsidere uni urbi vi- 
 
 20 deretur, operi Perdiccan Crateronque praefecit : ipse cum ex- 
 pedita manu Arabiam petiit. 
 
 Inter haec Tyrii navem magnitudine eximia saxis hare- 
 naque a puppi oneratam, ita ut multum prora emineret, 
 bitumine ac sulphure inlitam remis concitaverunt, et, cum 
 
 25 magnam vim venti vela quoque coneepissent, celeriter ad 
 molem successit ; turn prora eius accensa remiges desiluere 
 in scaphas, quae ad hoc ipsum praeparatae sequebantur. 
 Navis autem igne concepto latins fundere incendium coepit, 
 quod, priusquam posset occurri, turres et cetera opera in 
 
 30 capite molis posita eonprehendit. At qui desiluerant in 
 parva navigia, faces et, quidquid alendo igni aptum erat, in 
 eadem opera ingerunt. lamque non modo imae Macedonum 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 129 
 
 turres, sed etiam summa tabulata conceperant ignem, cum 
 ii, qui ill turribus erant, partim haurirentur incendio, partim 
 armis omissis in mare semet ipsi inmitterent. At Tyrii, qui 
 capere eos quam interficere mallent, natantium maiius sti- 
 pitibus saxisque lacerabant, donee debilitati inpune navigiis 5 
 excipi possent. Nee incendio solum opera consumpta, sed 
 forte eodem die vehementior ventus totum ex profundo mare 
 inlisit in molem, crebrisque fluctibus conpages operis verbe- 
 ratae laxavere se, saxaque interfluens unda medium opus 
 rupit. Prorutis igitur lapidum cumulis, quibus iniecta terra lo 
 sustinebatur, praeceps in profundum ruit, tantaeque molis 
 vix ulla vestigia invenit Arabia rediens Alexander. 
 
 Hie, quod in adversis rebus solet fieri, alius in alium culpam 
 referebant, cum omnes Yerius de saevitia maris queri possent. 
 Kex novi operis molem orsus in adversum ventum non latere, 15 
 sed recta f ronte direxit : ea cetera opera velut sub ipsa la- 
 tentia tuebatur : latitudinem quoque aggeri adiecit, ut turres 
 in medio excitatae procul teli iactu abessent. Totas autem 
 arbores cum ingentibus ramis in altum iaciebant, deinde saxis 
 onerabant rursusque cumulo eorum alias arbores iniciebant : 20 
 tum liumus aggerebatur, superque alia strue saxorum arborum- 
 que cumulata velut quodam nexu continens opus iuiixerant. 
 Nee Tyrii, quidquid ad inpediendam molem excogitari poterat, 
 segniter exequebantur. Praecipuum auxilium erat, qui pro- 
 cul hostium conspectu subibant aquam occultoque lapsu ad 25 
 molem usque penetrabant, falcibus palmas arborum eminen- 
 tium ad se trahentes, quae ubi secutae erant, pleraque secum 
 in profundum dabant : tum levatos onere stipites truncosque 
 arborum baud aegre moliebantur : deinde totum opus, quod 
 stipitibus fuerat innixum, fundamento lapso sequebatur. 30 
 
 Aegro animi Alexandre nee, perseveraret an abiret, satis 
 certo classis Cypro advenit eodemque tempore Oleander cum 
 
130 SELECTIONS FROM 
 
 Graecis militibus in Asiam nuper advectus. c et xc navigia 
 in duo dividit cornua : laevum Pnytagoras, rex Cypriorum, 
 cum Cratero tuebatur, Alexandrum in dextro quinqueremis 
 regia vehebat. Nee Tyrii, quamquam classem habebant, 
 5 ausi navale inire eertamen : tris onmino ante ipsa moenia 
 opposuerunt, quibus rex invectus ictu ipso demersit. 
 
 Postera die classe ad moenia admota undique tormentis et 
 maxime arietum pulsu mures quatit. Quos Tyrii raptim 
 obstructis saxis refecerunt, interiorem quoque murum, ut, 
 
 10 si prior fefellisset, illo se tuerentur, [undique] orsi. Sed 
 undique vis mali urguebat : moles intra teli iactum erat, 
 classis moenia cireumibat : terrestri simul navalique clade 
 obruebantur. Quippe binas quadriremes Macedones inter se 
 ita iunxerant, ut prorae cohaererent, puppes intervallo, 
 
 15 quantum capere poterant, distarent: hoc puppium inter- 
 vallum antennis asseribusque validis deligatis superque eos 
 pontibus stratis, qui militem sustinerent, inpleverant. Sic 
 instructas quadriremes ad urbem agebant : inde missilia in 
 propugnantes ingerebantur tuto, quia proris miles tegebatur. 
 
 20 Media nox erat, cum classem, sieuti dictum est, paratam eir- 
 cumire muros iubet. lamque naves urbi undique admove- 
 bantur, et Tyrii desperatione torpebant, cum subito spissae 
 nubes intendere se caelo, et, quidquid lucis internitebat, 
 ofEusa ealigine extinctum est. Tum inhorresoens mare pau- 
 
 25 latim levari, delude acriore vento concitatum fiuctus ciere et 
 inter se navigia conlidere. lamque scindi coeperunt vincula, 
 quibus conexae quadriremes erant, ruere tabulata et cum 
 ingenti fragore in profundum secum milites trahere. Neque 
 enim conserta navigia ulla ope in turbido regi poterant : 
 
 30 miles ministeria nautarum, remex militis officia turbabat, et, 
 quod in eiusmodi casu accidit, periti ignaris parebant : quippe 
 gubernatores alias imperare soliti tum metu mortis iussa, 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 131 
 
 exequebantur. Taudem remis pertinacius everberatum 
 mare veluti eripientibus navigia classicis eessit, adpulsaque 
 sunt litori lacerata pleraque. 
 
 Isdem forte diebus Carthaginiensium legati xxx super- 
 veniunt, magis obsessis solacium quam auxilium: quippe 5 
 domestico bello Poenos iiipediri nee de imperio, sed pro salute 
 dimicare nuntiabant. Syracusani turn Africam urebant et 
 baud procul Cartbaginis muris locaverant eastra. Non tamen 
 defecere animis Tyrii, quamquam ab ingenti spe destituti 
 erant, sed coniuges liberosque devebendos Carthaginem tra- 10 
 diderunt, fortius, quidquid accideret, laturi, si carissimam 
 sui partem extra sortem periculi communis babuissent. 
 Cumque luius e civibus in contione indicasset, oblatam esse 
 per somnum sibi speciem Apollinis, quern eximia rebgione 
 colerent, urbem deserentis, molemque a Macedonibus in salo 15 
 iactam in silvestrem saltum esse mutatam : quamquam auctor 
 levis erat, tamen ad deteriora credenda proni metu aurea 
 catena devinxere simulacrum araeque Herculis, cuius numini 
 urbem dicaverant, inseruere vinculum, quasi illo deo Apolli- 
 nem retenturo. Syracusis id simulacrum devexerant Poeni 20 
 et in maiore locaverant patria multisque aliis spoliis urbium 
 a semet captarum non Carthaginem magis quam Tyrum or- 
 naverant. Sacrum quoque, quod equidem dis minime cordi 
 esse crediderim, multis saeculis intermissum repetendi auc- 
 tores quidam erant, ut ingenuus puer Saturno immolaretur : 25 
 quod sacrilegium verius quam sacrum Cartbaginienses a 
 conditoribus traditum usque ad excidium urbis suae fecisse 
 dicuntur. Ac nisi seniores obstitissent, quorum consilio 
 cuncta agebantur, humanitatem dira superstitio vicisset. 
 Ceterum efficacior omni arte necessitas non usitata modo 30 
 praesidia, sed quaedam etiam nova admovit. ISTamque ad 
 inplicanda navigia, quae muros subibant, validos asseres 
 
132 SELECTIONS PROM 
 
 funibus inligaverant, ut, cum tormento asseres promovissent, 
 subito laxatis funibus inicerent. Unci quoque et falces ex 
 isdem asseribus dependentes aut propugnatores aut ipsa navi- 
 gia lacerabant. Clipeos vero aereos multo igne torrebant, 
 5 quos repletos fervida harena caenoque decocto e muris subito 
 devolvebant. Nee ulla pestis magis timebatur : quippe ubi 
 loricam corpus usque fervens harena penetraverat, nee ulla 
 vi excuti poterat et, quidquid attigerat, perurebat, iacien- 
 tesque arma laceratis omnibus, quis protegi poterant, Tulneri- 
 
 10 bus inulti patebant : corvi yero et f erreae manus tormento 
 remissae plerosque rapiebant. 
 
 His rex fatigatus statuerat soluta obsidione Aegyptum 
 petere. Quippe cum Asiam ingenti velocitate percucurrisset, 
 circa muros unius urbis haerebat tot maximarum rerum 
 
 15 opportunitate dimissa. Ceterum tarn discedere inritum, 
 quam morari pudebat, famam quoque, qua plura quam 
 armis everterat, ratus leviorem fore, si Tyrum quasi testem, 
 se posse vinci, reliquisset. Igitur ne quid inexpertum omit- 
 teret, plures naves admoveri_ iubet delectosque militum 
 
 20 inponi. Et forte belua invisitatae magnitudinis super ipsos 
 fluctus dorso eminens ad molem, quam Macedones iecerant, 
 ingens corpus adplicuit diverberatisque fluctibus adlevans 
 semet utrimque conspecta est : deinde a cap]1;e molis rursus 
 alto se inmersit ac modo super undas eminens magna sui 
 
 25 parte, modo superfusis fluctibus condita baud procul muni- 
 mentis urbis emersit. Utrisque laetus fuit beluae aspectus : 
 Macedones iter iaciendo operi monstrasse earn augurabantur, 
 Tyrii Neptunum oecupati maris vindicem abripuisse beluam, 
 ac molem brevi profecto ruituram. Laetique omiae eo ad 
 
 30 epulas dilapsi oneravere se vino, quo graves orto sole navigia 
 conscendunt redimita floribus coronisque : adeo victoriae non 
 omfn modo, sed etiam gratulationem praeceperant. 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 133 
 
 Forte rex classem in diversam partem agi iusserat xxx 
 minoribus nayigiis relictis in litore : e quibus Tyrii duobus 
 captis cetera ingenti terruerunt metu, donee suorum clamore 
 audito Alexander classem litori, a quo fremitus acciderat, 
 admovit. Prima e Macedonum navibus quinqueremis ve- 5 
 locitate inter ceteras eminens occurrit, quam ut conspexere 
 Tyriae, duae ex diverse in latera eius invectae sunt, in quarum 
 alteram quinqueremis eadem concitata et ipsa rostro icta est 
 et illam invicem tenuit. lamque ea, quae non eohaerebat, 
 libero impetu inyecta in aliud quinqueremis latus. Invehe- lo 
 batur tum opportunitate mira triremis e classe Alexandri in 
 eam ipsam, quae quinqueremi inminebat, tanta vi, ut Tyrius 
 gubernator in mare excuteretur e puppi. Plures deinde 
 Macedonum naves superveniunt, et rex quoque aderat : 
 cum Tyrii inhibentes remis aegre evellere navem, quae 15 
 haerebat, portumque omnia simul navigia repetunt. Con- 
 festim rex insecutus portum quidem intrare non potuit, cum 
 proeul e muris missilibus summoveretur, naves autem omnes 
 fere aut demersit aut cepit. 
 
 Biduo deinde ad quietem date militibus iussisque et 20 
 classem et machinas pariter admovere, ut undique territis 
 instaret, ipse in altissimam turrem ascendit ingenti animo, 
 periculo maiore : quippe regie insigni et armis f ulgentibus 
 conspicuus unus praecipue telis petebatur. Et digna prorsus 
 spectaculo edidit : multos e muris propugnantes hasta trans- 25 
 flxit, quosdam etiam comminus gladio clipeoque inpulsos 
 praecipitavit, quippe turris, ex qua dimieabat, muris hostium 
 propemodum eohaerebat. lamque crebris arietibus saxorum 
 conpage laxata munimenta defecerant, et classis intraverat 
 portum, et quidam Macedonum in turres hostium desertas 30 
 evaserant : cum Tyrii, tot simul malis victi, alii supplices in 
 templa confugiunt, alii foribus aedium obseratis occupant 
 
134 SELECTIONS FROM 
 
 liberum mortis arbitrium, nonnuUi ruunt in hostem, haud 
 inulti tamen perituri, magna pars summa tectorum obtinebat, 
 saxa et, qnidguid fors in manus dederat, ingerentes subeun- 
 tibus. Alexander exceptis, qui ia templa confugerant, omnes 
 5 interfici ignemque tectis iaici iubet. His per praeeones 
 pronuntiatis nemo tamen armatus opem a dis petere sus- 
 tinuit. Pueri virgiriesqiie templa conpleverant, viri in vesti- 
 bule suarum quisque aedium stabant, parata saevientibus 
 turba. Multis tamen saluti fuere Sidonii, qui intra Mace- 
 
 10 donum praesidia erant. Hi urbem quidem inter victores 
 intraverant, sed cognationis cum Tyriis memores — quippe 
 utramque urbem Agenorem condidisse credebant — multos 
 Tyriorum, etiam protegentes, ad sua perduxere navigia, 
 quibus oceultati Sidona devecti sunt, xv milia hoc furto 
 
 15 subducta saevitiae sunt. Quantumque sanguinis fusum sit, 
 vel ex hoc aestimari potest, quod intra munimenta urbis vi 
 mUia armatorum trucidata sunt. Triste deinde spectaculum 
 victoribus ira praebuit regis, ii milia, in quibus occidendis 
 defeeerat rabies, crucibus adfixi per ingens litoris spatium 
 
 20 pependerunt. Cartbaginiensium legatis pepercit addita 
 denuntiatione belli, quod praesentium rerum necessitas mo- 
 raretur. 
 
 Tyros septimo mense, quam oppugnari coepta erat, capta 
 est, urbs et vetustate originis et crebra fortunae varietate ad 
 
 25 memoriam posteritatis insignis. Condita ab Agenore diu 
 mare, non vicinum mode, sed quodcumque classes eius 
 adierunt, dicionis suae fecit. Et, si famae libet credere, 
 haec gens litteras prima aut docuit aut didicit. Coloniae 
 certe feius paene orbe toto diffusae sunt : Carthago in Africa, 
 
 30 in Boeotia Thebae, Gades ad Oceanum. Credo libero con- 
 meantes mari saepiusque adeundo ceteris tucognitas terras 
 elegisse sedes iuventuti, qua tunc abundabant : sive quia 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 135 
 
 crebris motibus terrae — nam hoc quoque traditur — cul tores 
 eius fatigati nova et externa domicilia armis sibimet quaerere 
 cogebantur. Multis ergo casibus defuncta et post excidium 
 renata nunc tandem longa pace cuncta refovente sub tutela 
 Eomanae mansuetudinis adquiescit. 5 
 
 In India. The country and its inhabitants. 
 Sed, ne otium serendis rumoribus natum aleret, in Indiam 
 movit, semper bello quam post victoriam clarior. India 
 tota ferme spectat orientem, minus in latitudinem quam 
 
 ' rectai regione spatiosa. ' Quae aSsfauin accipiunt, in altius 
 terrae fastigium excedunt : plana sunt cetera multisque 10 
 inclitis amnibus Caucaso monte ortis placidum per campos 
 iter praebent, Indus gelidior est, quam ceteri : aquas vebit 
 a colore maris baud multum abhorrentes. Ganges, omnium 
 ab Oriente fiuvius eximius, ad meridianam regionem decurrit 
 et magnorum montium iuga recto alveo stringit : inde eum 15 
 obiectae rupes inclinant ad orientem. Alter, qui rubro mari 
 accipitur, Indus ripas multasque arbores cum magna soli 
 parte ex'sortjet, saxis quoque inpeditus, quis drebro re'v^rben 
 ratur : ubi roollius solum reperit, stagnat iiisulasque molituf.'"^ 
 Acesines eum auget : decursurum in mare Indus intercipit, 20 
 magnoque motu amnis uterque colliditur : quippe asperum 
 OS influenti obicit, nee r^^rictilsae'' aquae cedunt. Di-^-^ 
 ardines minus celeber auditu est, quia per ultima Indiae 
 currit : ceterum non crocodilos modo, uti ISTilus, sed etiam 
 d^ellpiiinos ignotasque aliis gentibus beluas alit. Etymandrus, 25 
 crebris fiexibus subinde curvatus, ab 'accolis rigantibus car- 
 
 - pitur : ea causa est, cur tenues reliquias iam sine nomine in 
 mare emittat. Multis praeter hos amnibus tota regio divi- 
 ditur, sed ignobilibus,' quia non adeo interfluunt. Ceterum 
 quae propiora sunt mari, aquilone maxime deuruntur : is 30 
 
136 SELECTIONS FROM 
 
 coMbitus liigis montium ad. mteriora non penetrat, ita alendis 
 frugibus mitia. Sed adeo in ilia plaga mundus statas. tem- 
 porum. vices mutat, ut, cum alia fervore solis exaiestuant, 
 Indiam nives obruant, rursusque, ubi cetera rigeiit, illic 
 6 intolerandus aestus existat. Nee, cur inverterit se natura, 
 patet causa. Mare certe, quo adluitur," iie colore quidem 
 abhorret a ceteris. Ab Erythro rege inditum est nomen, 
 propter quod ignari rubere aquas credunt. ^ , 
 
 Terra lini ferax : inde plerisque sunt vestes. Libri arbo- 
 
 10 rum teneri baud secus quam chartae litterarum notas capiunt. 
 Aves ad imitandum humanae vocis sonum deciles sunt. 
 Animalia invisitata ceteris gentibus nisi invecta. Eadem 
 terra rhinocerotas alit, non geperat. Elephantorum maior 
 est vis, quam quos in Africa dpmitant, et viribus magnitudo 
 
 15 respondet. Aurum flumina vebunt, quae leni modicoque 
 lapsu segnes aquas ducunt. Gemmas margaritasque mare 
 litoribus infundit: neque alia illis maior opulentiae causa 
 est, utique postquam vitiori).m commercium vulgavere in ex- 
 teras gentes : quippe aestimantur purgamenta exaestuantis 
 
 20 freti pretio, quod libido coijstituit. Ingenia hominum, sicut 
 ubique, apud illos locorum quoque situs format. Corpora 
 usque pedes carbaso velant; soleis pedes, capita linteis vin- 
 ciunt, lapilli ex auribus pendent, brachia quoque et lacertos 
 auro colunt, quibus inter populares aut nobilitas aut opes 
 
 25 eminent. Capillum pectunt saepius, quam tondent, mentum 
 semper intonsum est, reliquam oris cutem ad speciem 
 levitatis exaequant. 
 
 Eegum tamen luxuria, quam ipsi magnificentiam appellant, 
 super omnium gentium vitia. Cum rex semet in publico con- 
 
 30 spici patitur, turibula argentea ministri ferunt totumque 
 iter, per quod ferri destinavit, odoribus eonplent. Aurea 
 lectica margaritis circumpendentibus recubat: distincta 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 137 
 
 sunt auro et purpura carbasa, quae indutus est : lecticam 
 sequuntur armati corporisque custodes, inter quos ramis aves 
 pendent, quas cantu seriis rebus obstrepere docuerunt. 
 Kegia auratas columnas habet ; totas eas vitis auro caelata 
 percurrit, aviumque, quarum visu maxime gaudent, argenteae 5 
 eiiigies opera distinguunt. Regia adeuntibus patet, cum 
 capillum pectit atque ornat, tunc responsa legationibus, 
 tunc iura popularibus reddit. Demptis soleis odoribus in- 
 linuntur pedes. Venatus maximus labor est inclusa vivario 
 animalia inter vota cantusque pelicum figere. Binuin cub- lo 
 itorum sagittae sunt, quas emittunt maiore nisu quam effectu, 
 quippe telum, cuius in levitate vis omiiis est, inhabili pondere 
 oneratur. Breviora itinera equo conficit : longior ubi ex- 
 peditio est, elepbanti vehunt currum, et tantarum beluarum 
 corpora tota contegunt auro. Separatum a reginae ordiue is 
 agmen est aequatque luxuriam. Feminae epulas parant. 
 Ab isdem vinum ministratur, cuius omnibus Indis largus est 
 usus. 
 
 TJnum agreste et horridum genus est, quod sapientes 
 vocant. Apud bos occupare fati diem pulchrum, et vivos se 20 
 cremari iubent, quibus aut segnis aetas aut iacommoda vali- 
 tudo est. Expectatam mortem pro dedecore vitae habent, nee 
 ullus corporibus, quae senectus solvit, honos redditur : iu- 
 quinari putant ignem, nisi qui spirantes recipit. Illi, qui in 
 urbibus publicis moribus degunt, siderum motus scite spec- 25 
 tare dicuntur et futura praedicere. Nee quemquam admo- 
 vere leti diem credunt, cui expectare interrito liceat. Deos 
 putant, quidquid colere coeperunt, arbores maxime, quas 
 violare capital est. Menses in quinos denos discripserunt 
 dies, anni plena spatia servantur. Lunae eursu notant tem- 30 
 pora, non, ut plerique, cum orbem sidus implevit, sed cum 
 se curvare coepit in cornua, et idcirco breviores habent 
 
138 SELECTIONS FROM 
 
 menses, quia spatium eorum ad hunc lunae modum diriguiit. 
 Multa at alia traduntur, quibus morari ordinem rerum baud 
 sane operae videbatur. 
 
 The tide at the mouth of the Indus river. 
 Ibi diutius subsistere coactus, quia duces socordius adser- 
 
 5 vati profugerant, misit, qui conquirerent alios, nee repertis 
 pervicax cupido visendi Oceanum adeundique terminos 
 mundi sine regionis peritis flumini ignoto caput suum 
 totque fortissimorum virorum salutem permittere instigabat. 
 Navigabant ergo omnium, per quae ferebantur, ignari. 
 
 10 Quantum inde abesset mare, quae gentes colerent, quam 
 placidum aninis os, quam patiens longarum navium esset, . 
 anceps et caeca aestimatio augurabatur: unum erat teme- 
 ritatis solacium perpetua felicitas. lam ccoo stadia pro- 
 cesserant, cum gubernatores adgnoscere ipsos auram maris 
 
 15 et baud procul videri sibi Oceanum abesse indicant regi. 
 Laetus ille hortari nauticos coepit, incumberent remis : 
 adesse finem laboris omnibus votis expetitum : iam nihil 
 gloriae deesse, nihil obstare virtuti, sine ullo Martis dis- 
 crimine, sine sanguine orbem terrae ab illis capi : ne naturam 
 
 20 quidem longius posse procedere : brevi incognita nisi inmor- 
 talibus esse visuros. Paucos tamen navigio emisit in ripam, 
 qui agrestes vagos exciperent, e quibus certiora nosci posse 
 sperabat. Illi scrutati omnia tuguria tandem latentes rep- 
 perere. Qui interrogati, quam procul abesset mare, respon- 
 
 25 derunt nullum ipsos mare ne f ama quidem accepisse, ceterum 
 tertio die perveniri posse ad aquam amaram, quae corrum- 
 peret dulcem. Intellectum est mare destinari ab ignaris 
 naturae eius. Itaque ingenti alacritate nautici remigant, et 
 proximo quoque die, quo propius spes admovebatur, cresce- 
 
 30 bat ardor animorum. Tertio iam die mixtum flumini subibat 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 139 
 
 mare, leni adhuc aestu confundente dispares undas. Turn 
 aliam insulam medio amni sitam evecti paulo lentius, quia 
 cursus aestu reverberabatur, adplicant classem et ad com- 
 meatus petendos diseumint, securi casus eius, qui supervenit 
 ignaris. 5 
 
 Tertia f erme hora erat, cum stata vice Oceanus exaestuans 
 inveM coepit et retro flumen urgere : quod primo coercitum, 
 deinde vehementius pulsum. maiore impetu adversum age- 
 batur, quam torrentia praecipiti alveo incurrunt. Ignota 
 vulgo freti natura erat, monstraque et irae deum indicia cer- lo 
 nere videbantur. Identidem. intumescens mare et iu campos 
 paulo ante siccos descendere superfusum. lamque levatis 
 navigiis et tota classe dispersa, qui expositi erant, undique 
 ad naves trepidi et improviso malo attoniti recurruat. Sed 
 in tumultu festinatio quoque tarda est. Hi contis navigia 15 
 pellebant, hi, dum remos aptari proliibebant, consederant : 
 quidam enavigare properantes, sed non expectatis, qui 
 simul esse debebant, clauda et inhabilia navigia languide 
 moliebantur, aliae navium inconsulte ruentes non rece- 
 perant, pariterque et multitude et paucitas festinantes 20 
 morabatur. Clamor hinc expectare, hinc ire iubentium 
 dissonaeque voces numquam idem atque unum tendentium 
 non oculorum modo usum, sed etiam aurium abstulerant. 
 Ne in gubernatoribus quidem quicquam opis erat, quorum 
 neo exaudiri vox a tumultuantibus poterat nee imperium a 25 
 territis inconpositisque servari. Ergo conlidi inter se naves 
 abstergerique invicem remi et alii aliorum navigia urgere 
 coeperunt. Crederes non unius exercitus classem vehi, 
 sed duorum navale initum esse certamen. Incutiebantur 
 puppibus prorae, premebantur a sequentibus, qui ante- 30 
 cedentes turbaverant : iurgantium ira perveniebat etiam ad 
 manus. 
 
140 SELECTIONS FROM 
 
 lamque aestus totos circa flumen campos inuiidaverat 
 tumulis dumtaxat eminentibus velut insulis parvis, in quos 
 plerique trepidi omissis navigiis enare properant. Dispersa 
 classis partim in praealta aqua stabat, qua subsederant valles, 
 5 partim in vado haerebat, utcumque inaequale terrae fastigium 
 occupaverant undae : cum subito noYus et pristino maior 
 terror incutitur. Eeciprocari coepit mare magno tractu 
 aquis in suum fretum recurrentibus reddebatque terras paulo 
 ante profundo salo mersas. Igitur destituta navigia alia 
 
 10 praecipitantur in proras, alia in latera procumbunt. Strati 
 erant campi sarcinis, armis, avulsarum tabularum remo- 
 rumque fragmentis. Miles nee egredi in terram nee in nave 
 subsistere audebat, identidem praesentibus graviora, quae 
 sequerentur, expectans. Vix, quae perpetiebantur, videre 
 
 15 ipsos credebant, in sicco naufragia, in amni mare. ISTec finis 
 malorum : quippe aestum paulo post mare relaturum, quo 
 navigia adlevarentur, ignari, famem et ultima sibimet omina- 
 bantur. Beluae quoque fluctibus destitutae terribiles vaga- 
 bantur. lamque nox adpetebat, et regem quoque desperatio 
 
 20 salutis aegritudine adfecerat. ISTon tamen invictum animum 
 curae obruunt, quin tota nocte persideret in speculis equi- 
 tesque praemitteret ad os amnis, ut, cum mare rursus exaes- 
 tuare sensissent, praecederent. Navigia quoque et lacerata 
 refici et eversa fluctibus erigi iubet paratosque esse et inten- 
 
 25 tos, cum rursus mare terras inundasset. 
 
 Tota ea nocte inter vigilias adhortationesque consumpta 
 celeriter et equites ingenti cursu refugere et secutus est 
 aestus. Qui primo aquis leni tractu subeuntibus coepit 
 levare navigia, mox totis campis inundatis etiam inpulit 
 
 30 classem. Plausus militum nauticorumque insperatam sa- 
 lutem inmodico celebrantium gaudio litoribus ripisque 
 resonabat. Unde tantum redisset subito mare, quo pridie 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 141 
 
 refugisset, quaenam esset eiusdem elementi natura, modo 
 discors, modo imperio temporum obnoxia, mirabundi re- 
 quirebant. Rex cum ex eo, quod acciderat, coniectaret post 
 solis ortum statum tempus esse, media nocte, ut aestum 
 occuparet, cum paucis navigiis secundo amne defluxit. 5 
 Eyectusque os eius coco stadia processit ia mare, tandem 
 voti sui compos : praesidibusque et maris et locorum dis 
 sacrificio facto ad classem rediit. 
 
 The death of Alexander. 
 
 Intuentibus lacrimae obortae praebuere speciem iam non 
 regem, sed funus eius visentis exercitus. Maeror tamen cir- lo 
 oumstantium lectum eminebat : quos ut rex adspexit, " Inve- 
 nietis," iuquit, "cum excessero, dignum talibus viris regem ? " 
 lucredibile dictu audituque, in eodem habitu corporis, in 
 quern, se conposuerat, cum admissurus milites esset, durasse, 
 donee a toto exercitu illud ultimum persalutatus est : di- 15 
 missoque vulgo velut omni vitae debito liberatus fatigata 
 membra reiecit. Propiusque adire iussis amicis — nam et 
 vox deficere iam coeperat — detractum anulum digito Per- 
 diccae tradidit, adiectis mandatis, ut corpus suum ad Ham- 
 monem ferri iuberent. Quaerentibusque his, cui relinqueret 20 
 regnum, respondit, ei, qui esset optimus ; ceterum providere 
 iam se, ob id certamen magnos funebres ludos parari sibi. 
 Rursus Perdicca interrogante, quando caelestes honores 
 haberi sibi vellet, dixit, turn velle, cum ipsi felices essent. 
 Suprema baec vox fuit regis, et paulo post extinguitur. 25 
 
 Ac primo ploratu lamentisque et planctibus tota regia per- 
 sonabat : mox velut in vasta solitudine omnia tristi silentio 
 muta torpebant, ad cogitationes, quid deinde futurum esset, 
 dolore converso. Nobiles pueri custodiae corporis eius 
 adsueti nee doloris magnitudinem capere nee se ipsos intra 30 
 
142 SELECTIONS FROM 
 
 Testibulum regiae tenere potuerunt : vagique et furentibus 
 similes tantam urbem luctu ac maerore conpleverant nullis 
 questibus omissis, quos in tali casu dolor suggerit. Ergo qui 
 extra regiam adstiterant Macedones pariter barbarique con- 
 5 currunt, nee poterant victi a victoribus in communi dolore 
 discerni. Persae iustissimum ac mitissimum dpminum, 
 Macedones optimum ac fortissimum regem invocantes certa- 
 men quoddam maeroris edebant. Nee maestorum solum, 
 sed etiam indignantium voces exaudiebantur, tam viridem et 
 
 10 in flore aetatis fortunaeque invidia deum ereptum esse rebus 
 humanis. Vigor eius et vultus educentis in proelium milites, 
 obsidentis urbes, evadentis in muros, fortes viros pro con- 
 tione donantis occurrebant oculis. Tum Macedones divinos 
 honores negasse ei paenitebat, inpiosque et ingratos fuisse 
 
 15 se confitebantur, quod aures eius debita appellatione frau- 
 dassent. Et cum diu nunc in veneratione, nunc in desiderio 
 regis baesissent, in ipsos versa miseratio est. Macedonia 
 prof ecti ultra Euphraten in mediis hostibus novum imperium 
 aspernantibus destitutes se esse cernebant : sine certo regis 
 
 20 herede, sine herede regni publicas vires ad se quemque trac- 
 turum. Bella deinde civilia, quae secuta sunt, mentibus 
 augurabantur : iterum non de regno Asiae, sed de rege ipsis 
 sanguinem esse fuxidendum : novis vulneribus veteres rum- 
 pendas cicatrices : senes, debiles, modo petita missione a iusto 
 
 25 rege, nunc morituros pro potentia forsitan satellitis alicuius 
 ignobilis. Has cogitationes volventibus nox supervenit ter- 
 roremque auxit. Milites in armis vigilabant : Babylonii alius 
 e muris, alius culmine sui quisque tecti prospectabant, quasi 
 certiora visuri. Nee quisquam lumina audebat accendere. 
 
 30 Et quia oculorum cessabat usus, fremitus vocesque auribus 
 captabant ac plerumque vano metu territi per obscuras 
 semitas, alius alii occursantes, invicem suspecti ac solliciti 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 143 
 
 ferebantur. Persae comis suo more detonsis in lugubri veste 
 cum coniugibus ae liberis non ut victorem et modo [ut] 
 hostem, sed ut gentis suae iustissimum regem vero desiderio 
 lugebant. Adsueti sub rege vivere non alium, qui imperaret 
 ipsis, digniorem fuisse coniitebantur. , 5 
 
 'fySA\, hereule iuste aestimantibus regem liquet, bona naturae 
 eius fuisse, vitia" vel fortunae vel aetatis. Vis incredibilis 
 animi, laboris patientia propemoduin nimia, fortitude non inter 
 reges modo excellens, sed inter illos quoque, quorum haec sola 
 virtus fuit, liberalitas saepe maiora tribuentis, quam a dis 10 
 petuntur, dementia in devictos, tot regna aut reddita, quibus 
 ea dempserat bello aut dono data, mortis, cuius metus ceteros 
 exanimat, perpetua contemptio, gloriae laudisque ut iusto 
 maior cupido, ita in iuvene et in tantis eius admittenda rebus, 
 iam pietas erga parentes, quorum Olympiada inmortalitati 15 
 consecrare decreverat, Philippum ultus erat, iam in omnes 
 fere amicos benignitas, erga milites benivolentia, consilium 
 par magnitudini animi et, quantam vix poterat aetas eius 
 capere, sollertia, modus inmodiearum cupiditatum, Veneris 
 intra naturale desiderium usus nee ulla nisi ex permisso 20 
 voluptas ingentes profecto dotes erant. Ilia fortunae : dis 
 aequare se et eaelestes honores accersere et talia suadentibus 
 oraculis credere et dedignantibus venerari ipsum vehemen- 
 tius, quam par esset, irasci, in "externum habitum mutare 
 corporis cultum, imitari devictarum gentium mores, quos 25 
 ante victoriam spreverat. Kam iracundiam et eupidinem 
 vini sicuti iuventa inritaverat, ita senectus mitigare potuisset. 
 Fatendum est tamen, cum plurimum virtuti debuerit, plus 
 debuisse fortunae, quam solus omnium mortalium in potes- 
 tate habuit. Quotiens ilium a morte revocavit! quotiens 30 
 temere in pericula Tectum perpetua felicitate protexit ! 
 Vitae quoque finem eundem illi quern gloriae statuit. Ex- 
 
144 SELECTIONS 
 
 pectavere eum fata, dum Oriente perdomito aditoque Oceano, 
 quidquid mortalitas capiebat, inpleret. Huic regi dueique 
 successor quaerebatur : sed maior moles erat, quam ut unus 
 subire earn posset. Itaque nomen quoque eius et fama 
 reruin in totum propemodum orbem reges ac regiia diffudit, 
 clarissimique sunt habiti, qui etiam minimae paiti tantae 
 fortunae adhaeserunt. 
 
PART FOUR 
 
 The audacity of Popilius. 
 
 C. Popilius a senatu legatus ad Antiochum missus, ut 
 bello se, quo Ptolemaeum lacessebat, abstineret, cum ad 
 eum venisset atque is prompto animo et amicissimo vultu 
 dexteram. ei porrexisset, invicem illi suam porrigere noluit, 
 sed tabellas senatus consultum continentis tradidit. Quas 5 
 ut legit Antiochus, dixit se cum amicis collocuturum. In- 
 dignatus Popilius, quod aliquam moram interposuisset, virga 
 solum, quo insistebat, denotavit et, " Prius," inquit, " quam 
 hoc circulo excedas, da responsum, quod senatui referam." 
 Ifon legatum. loeutum, sed ipsam curiam ante oculos positam lo 
 crederes : contiuuo enim rex aflS.rmaTit fore ne amplius de 
 se Ptolemaeus quereretur, ac tum demum Popilius manum 
 eius tamquam socii apprehendit. Quam efRcax est animi 
 sermonisque abscisa gravitas ! Eodem momento Syriae 
 regnum terruit, Aegypti texit. 15 
 
 Woman's curiosity. 
 Mos antea senatoribus Romae fuit in curiam cum prae- 
 textatis filiis introire. Tum, cum in senatu res maior quae- 
 piam consultata eaque in diem posterum prolata est, placuit, 
 ut earn rem, super qua tractavissent, ne quis enuntiaret, 
 priusquam decreta esset. Mater Papirii pueri, qui cum 20 
 parente suo in curia fuerat, percontata est filium, quidnam 
 in senatu patres egissent. Puer respondit tacendum esse 
 neque id dici licere. Mulier fit audiendi cupidior : secre- 
 
 145 
 
146 SELECTIONS FROM 
 
 turn rei et silentium pueri animum eius ad inquirendum 
 everberat: quaerit igitur compressius violentiusque. Turn 
 puer matre urgente lepidi atque festivi mendacii consilium 
 capit. Actum in senatu dixit, utrum videretur utilius ex- 
 
 5 que re publica esse, uxiusne ut duas uxores haberet, an ut 
 una apud duos nupta esset. Hoc ilia ubi audivit, animus 
 compavescit, dome trepidans egreditur, ad ceteras matronas 
 perfert. Venit postridie matrum familias caterva ; lacriman- 
 tes atque obsecrantes orant, una potius ut duobus nupta 
 
 10 fieret, quam ut uni duae. Senatores ingredientes in curiam, 
 quae ilia mulierum intemperies et quid sibi postulatio istaec 
 vellet, mirabantur. Puer Papirius in medium curiae pro- 
 gressus, quid mater audire institisset, quid ipse matri dixis- 
 set, rem, sicut fuerat, denarrat. Senatus fidem atque 
 
 15 ingenium pueri exosculatur, consul tum facit, uti, posthac 
 pueri cum patribus in curiam ne introeant, praeter ille unus 
 Papirius, atque puero postea cognomentum honoris gratia 
 iaditum " Praetextatus " ob tacendi loquendique in aetate 
 praetextae prudentiam. 
 
 How the Romans treated an enemy. 
 
 20 Cum Pyrrhus rex in terra Italia esset et unam atque 
 alteram pugnas propere pugnasset satisque agerent Romani 
 et pleraque Italia ad regem descivisset, tum Ambraciensis 
 quispiam Timochares, regis Pyrrhi amicus, ad C. Fabricium 
 consulem furtim venit ac praemium petivit et, si de praemio 
 
 25 conveniret, promisit regem venenis necare idque facile esse 
 factu dixit, quoniam filius suus pocula in convivio regi mini- 
 straret. Eam rem Pabricius ad senatum scripsit. Senatus 
 ad regem legates misit mandavitque, ut de Timochare nihil 
 proderent, sed monerent, uti rex circumspeetius ageret atque 
 
 30 a proximoruni iusidiis salutem tutaretur. Hoc ita, uti dixi- 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 147 
 
 mus, in Valeri Antiatis historia seriptum est. Quadrigarius 
 autem in libro tertio non Timocharem, sed Niciam adisse 
 ad consulem scripsit neque legates a senatu missos, sed a 
 consulibus, et Pyrrhum populo Romano laudes atque gratias 
 scripsisse captivosque omnes, quos turn habuit, vestivisse et 5 
 reddidisse. Consules turn fuerunt G. Fabricius et Q. Aemi- 
 lius. Litteras, quas ad regem Pyrrhum super ea causa 
 miserunt, Claudius Quadrigarius scripsit fuisse hoc exemplo : 
 Consules Romani salutem dicunt Pyrrho regi. Nos pro 
 tuis iniuriis continuis animo tenus commoti inimiciter tecum 10 
 bellare studemus. Sed communis exempli et iidei ergo 
 visum, ut te salvum velimus, ut esset, quern armis vincere 
 possinlus. Ad nos venit Nicias familiaris tuus, qui sibi 
 praemium a nobis peteret, si te clam interfeeisset. Id nos 
 negavimus velle, neve ob eam rem quicquam eommodi ex- 15 
 pectaret, et simul visum est, ut te certiorem faceremus, ne 
 quid eiusmodi, si accidisset, nostro eonsilio civitates puta- 
 rent factum, et quod nobis non placet pretio aut praemio 
 aut dolis pugnare. Tu, nisi caves, iacebis. 
 
 Archimedes at the siege of Syracuse. 
 
 Archimedes is erat, unicus spectator caeli siderumque, 20 
 mirabilior tamen inventor ac machinator be'llicorum tormen- 
 torum operumque, quibus quicquid hostes ingenti mole 
 agerent, ipse perlevi inomento ludificaretur. Muros per in- 
 aequalis ductos colles, pleraque alta et difficilia aditu, sub- 
 missa quaedam et quae planis vallibus adiri possent, ut 25 
 cuique aptum visum est loco, ita genere omni tormentorum 
 instruxit. Achradinae murum, qui mari adluitur, sexaginta 
 quinqueremibus Marcellus oppugnabat. Ex ceteris navibus 
 •sagittarii funditoresque et velites etiam, quorum telum ad 
 remittendum inhabile iinperitis est, vix quemquam sine vul- 30 
 
148 SELECTIONS FROM 
 
 nere consistere in muro patiebantur. Hi, quia spatio missi- 
 libus opus est, procul muro tenebant naves. lunctae aliae 
 binae quinquerenies demptis interioribus remis, ut latus 
 lateri adplicaretur, cum exteriore ordine remorum velut una 
 5 navis agerentur, turres contabulatas macMnamentaque alia 
 quatiendis muris portabant. Adversus hunc navalem appa- 
 ratum Archimedes variae magnitudinis tormenta in muris 
 disposuit. In eas, quae procul erant, navis saxa ingenti 
 pondere emittebat, propiores levioribus eoque magis crebris 
 
 10 petebat telis : postremo, ut sui volnere intacti tela in hostem 
 ingererent, murum ab imo ad summum crebris cubitalibus 
 fere cavis aperuit, per quae cava pars sagittis pars scor- 
 pionibus modicis ex occulto petebant hostem. Quae propius 
 quaedam subibant naves, quo interiores ictibus tormentorum 
 
 15 essent, in eas tollenone super murum eminente ferrea manus, 
 firmae catenae inligata, cum iniecta prorae esset gravique 
 libramento plumbi recelleret ad solum, suspensa prora navem 
 in puppim statuebat ; dein remissa subito velut ex muro 
 eadentem navem cum ingenti trepidatione nautarum ita 
 
 20 undae adfligebat, ut, etiamsi recta reciderat, aliquantum 
 aquae acciperet. Ita maritima oppugnatio est elusa omnis- 
 que spes eo versa, ut totis viribus terra adgrederentur. Bed 
 ea quoque pars eodem omni apparatu tormentorum instructa 
 erat Hieronis inpensis curaque per multos annos, Archime- 
 
 25 dis unica arte. Natura etiam adiuvabat loci, quod saxum, 
 cui inposita muri fundamenta sunt, magna parte ita proclive 
 est, ut non solum missa tormento, sed etiam quae pondere 
 suo provoluta essent, graviter in hostem inciderent. Eadem 
 causa ad subeundum arduum aditum instabilemque ingres- 
 
 33 sum praebebat. Ita consilio habito, quoniam omnis conatus 
 ludibrio esset, absistere oppugnatione atque obsidendo tan- 
 tum arcere terra marique commeatibus hostem placuit. 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 149 
 
 News of a victory received at Home. 
 Eomae neuter animi habitus satis dici enarrarique potest, 
 nee quo incerta expeetatione eventus civitas fuerat, nee quo 
 vietoriae famam aceepit. Numquam per omnis dies, ex quo 
 Claudium consulem profectum fama attulit, ab orto sole ad 
 occidentem aut senator quisquam a curia atque ab magis- 5 
 tratibus abscessit aut populus e foro. Matronae, quia nihil 
 ia ipsis opis erat, in preces obtestationesque versae, per 
 omnia delubra vagae suppliciis votisque fatigare deos. Tam 
 sollicitae ac Suspensae civitati fama incerta primo accidit 
 duos Narnienses equites in castra, quae in faucibus Um- lo 
 briae opposita erant, venisse ex proelio nuntiantes caesos 
 hostes. Et primo magis auribus quam animis id acceptum 
 erat ut mains laetiusque, quam quod mente capere aut satis 
 credere possent, et ipsa celeritas fidem impediebat, quod 
 biduo ante pugnatum dicebatur. Litterae delude ab L. Man- 15 
 lio Acidino missae ex castris adferuntur de Narniensium 
 equitum adventu. Hae litterae per forum ad tribunal prae- 
 toris latae senatum curia exciverunt ; tantoque certamine 
 ac tumultu populi ad fores curiae concursum est, ut adire 
 nuntius non posset, sed traheretur a percunctantibus Yoci- 20 
 ferantibusque, ut in rostris priusquam in senatu litterae 
 recitarentur. Tandem summoti et coerciti a magistratibus, 
 dispensarique laetitia inter inpotentes eius animos potuit. 
 In senatu primum, delude in contione litterae recitatae sunt ; 
 et pro cuiusque ingenio aliis iam certum gaudium, aliis nulla 25 
 ante futura fides erat, quam legatos consulumve litteras au- 
 dissent. Ipsos deinde adpropinquare legatos adlatum est. 
 Tunc enim vero omnis aetas currere obvii, primus quisque 
 oculis auribusque haurite tantum gaudium cupientes. Ad 
 Mulvium usque pontem continens agmen pervenit. Legati 30 
 — ii erant L. Veturius Philo, P. Licinius Varus, Q. Caecilius 
 
150 SELECTIONS FROM 
 
 Metellus — circumfusi omnis generis homihum frequentia 
 in forum pervenemnt, cum alii ipsos, alii eomites eorum, 
 quae acta essent, percunetarentur. Et ut quisque audierat 
 exercitum hpstium imperatoremque occisum, legiones Roma- 
 5 nas incolumes, salvos consules esse, extemplo aliis porro 
 impertietant gaudium suum. Cum aegre in curiam perven- 
 tum esset, multo aegrius summota turba, ne patribus mis- 
 ceretur, litterae in senatu recitatae sunt. Inde traducti in 
 contionem legati. L. Veturius litteris recitatis ipse planius 
 
 10_ omnia, quae acta erant, exposuit cum ingenti adsensu, pos- 
 tremo etiam clamore universae contionis, cum vix gaudium 
 animis caperent. Discursum inde ab aliis circa templa deum, 
 ut grates agerent, ab aliis domos, ut coniugibus liberisque 
 tam laetum nuntium impertirent. Senatus, quod M. Livius 
 
 15 et C. Claudius consules ineolumi exercitu ducem hostium 
 legionesque occidissent, supplicationem in triduum decrevit. 
 Eam supplicationem C. Hostilius praetor pro contione edixit, 
 celebrataque a viris feminisque est ; omniaque templa per 
 totum triduum aequalem turbam habuere, cum matronae 
 
 20 amplissima veste cum liberis, perinde ac si debellatum foret, 
 omni solutae metu dels immortalibus grates agerent. 
 
 The character of Scipio Afrimnus. 
 Inter haec Hispaniae populi nee qui post cladem acceptam 
 defecerant redibant ad Romanos, nee ulli novi deiiciebant. 
 Et Eomae senatui populoque post receptam Capuam non 
 
 25 Italiae iam maior quam Hispaniae cura erat. Et exercitum 
 augeri et imperatorem mitti placebat. Nee tam, quem mit- 
 terent, satis constabat, quam illud, ubi duo summi impera- 
 tores intra dies triginta cecidissent, qui in locum duorum 
 succederet, extraordinaria cura deligendum esse. Cum alii 
 
 30 alium nominarent, postremum ed decursum est, ut procon- 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 151 
 
 suli creando in Hispaniam comitia haberentur ; diemque 
 comitiis consules edixerunt. Primo expectaYerant, ut, qui 
 se tanto imperio dignos crederent, nomina profiterentur. 
 Quae ut destituta expectatio est, redintegratus luctus accep- 
 tae cladis desideriumque imperatorum amissorum. Maesta 5 
 itaque xjivitas, prope iuops consilii, comitiorum die tamen 
 in campum descendit ; atque in magistratus versi eircum- 
 spectant ora principum aliorum alios intuentium fremunt- 
 que adeo perditas res desperatumque de re publica esse, ut 
 nemo audeat in Hispaniam imperium accipere, cum subito 10 
 P. Cornelius, P. Gornelii, qui in Hispania ceciderat, filius 
 quattuor et viginti ferme annos natus, professus se petere 
 in superiore, unde eonspici posset, loco constitit. In quern 
 postquam omnium ora conversa sunt clamore ac favore 
 ominati extemplo sunt felix faustumque imperiujn. lussi 15 
 deinde inire suffragium ad unum omnes non centuriae modo 
 sed etiam homines P. Seipioni imperium esse in Hispania 
 iusserunt. Ceterum post rem actam, ut iam resederat im- 
 petus animorum ardorque, silentium subito ortum et tacita 
 cogitatio, quidnam egissent ? ISTonne favor plus valuisset 20 
 quam ratio ? Aetatis maxime paenitebat ; quidam fortunam 
 etiam domus borrebant nomenque ex funestis duabus fami- 
 liis in eas provincias, ubi inter sepulcra patris patruique 
 res gerendae assent, proficiscentis. Quam ubi ab re tanto 
 impetu acta sollicitudinem curamque hominum animadvertit, 25 
 advocata contione ita de aetate sua imperioque mandate et 
 bello, quod gerundum esset, magno elatoque animo disseruit, 
 ut ardorem eum, qui resederat, excitaret rursus novaretque 
 et impleret homines certioris spei, quam quantam fides pro- 
 missi humani aut ratio ex fiducia rerum subicere solet. Fuit 30 
 enim Scipio non yeris tantum virtutibus mirabilis, sed arte 
 quoque quadam ab iuventa in ostentationem earum composi- 
 
152 SELECTIONS FROM 
 
 tus, pleraque apud multitudinem ant ut per nocturnas visa 
 species aut velut divinitus mente monita agens, sive et ipse 
 capti quadam superstitione animi, sive ut imperia consiliaque 
 velut sorte oraculi missa siae cunctatione exsequerentur. 
 
 6 Ad hoc iam iude ab initio praeparans animos, ex quo togam 
 virilem sumpsit, nullo die prius ullam publicam privatamque 
 rem egit, quam in Capitolium iret ingressusque aedem con- 
 sideret et plerumque solus in secreto ibi tempus tereret. Hie 
 mos, quern per omnem vitam servabat, seu consulto seu 
 
 10 temere vulgatae opinioni fidem apud quosdam fecit stirpis 
 eum divinae virum esse. 
 
 Hannibal in adversity. 
 Cum Hannibale nihil eo anno rei gestum est. Nam neque 
 ipse se obtulit in tam recenti volnere publico privatoque 
 neque lacessierunt quietum Eomani : tantam inesse vim, 
 
 15 etsi omnia alia circa eum ruerent, in uno illo duce censebant. 
 Ac nescio an mirabilior adversis quam secundis rebus fuerit, 
 quippe qui, cum in hostium terra per annos tredecim tam 
 procul ab domo varia fortuna bellum gereret exercitu non 
 suo civili, sed mixto ex conluvione omnium gentium, quibus 
 
 20 non lex, non mos, non lingua communis, alius habitus, alia 
 vestis, alia arma, alii ritus, alia sacra, alii prope dei essent, 
 ita quodam uno vinculo copulaverit eos ut nulla nee inter 
 ipsos nee adversus ducem seditio extiterit, cum et pecunia 
 saepe in stipendium et commeatus in hostium agro deessent, 
 
 25 quorum inopia priore Punico bello multa infanda inter duces 
 militesque commissa fuerant. 
 
 A comparison of Mummius and Scipio Africanus. 
 Eodem anno, quo Carthago concidit, L. Mummius Co- 
 rinthum post annos nongentos quinquaginta duos, quam ab 
 
ROMAN HISTORIANS 153 
 
 Alete, Hippotis filio, erat condita, funditus eruit. Uterque 
 imperator devictae a se gentis nomine honoratus, alter Afri- 
 canus, alter appellatus est Achaicus ; nee quisquam ex novis 
 hominibus prior Mummio cognomen virtute partum vindi- 
 cavit. Diversi imperatoribus mores, diversa fuere studia ; 5 
 quippe Scipio tarn elegans liberalium studiorum omnisque 
 doctrinae et auctor et admirator fuit, ut Polybium Panae- 
 tiumque, praecellentis ingenio viros, domi militiaeque secum 
 habuerit ; neque enim quisquam boc Scipione elegantius in- 
 tervalla negotiorum otio dispunxit, semperque aut belli aut lo 
 pacis serviit artibus ; semper inter arma ac studia versatus 
 aut corpus periculis aut animum disciplinis exercuit. Mum- 
 mius tam rudis fuit, ut capta Corintho cum maximorum 
 artificum perfectas manibus tabulas ac statuas in Italiam 
 portandas locaret, iuberet praedici conducentibus, si eas 15 
 perdidissent, novas eos reddituros. 
 
 The death of Cicero. 
 M. Cicero sub adventum triumvirorum cesserat urbe, pro 
 certo habens, id quod erat, non magis Antonio eripi se quam 
 ■ Caesari Cassium et Brutum posse. Primo in Tusculanum 
 fugit, inde transversis itineribus in Formianum, ut ab Caieta 20 
 navim eonseensurus, proficiscitur. Unde aliquotiens in 
 altum provectum cum modo venti adversi retulissent, modo 
 ipse iaetationem navis, caeco volvente fluctu, pati non pos- 
 set, taedium tandem eum et fugae et vitae cepit, regressus- 
 que ad superiorem yillam, quae paulo plus mille passibus a 25 
 mari abest, " Moriar," inquit, " in patria saepe servata." 
 Satis constat servos fortiter fideliterque paratos fuisse ad 
 dimicandum, ipsum deponi lecticam, et quietos pati, quod 
 sors iniqua cogeret, iussisse. Prominenti ex lectica prae- 
 bentique immotam cervicem caput praecisum est. Nee satis 30 
 
154 SELECTIONS 
 
 stolidae crudelitati militum fuit. Manus quoque, scripsisse 
 in Antonium aliquid exprobrantes, praeciderunt. Ita relatum 
 caput ad Antonium, iussuque eius inter duas manus in ro- 
 stris positum, ubi ille consul, ubi saepe consularis, ubi eo 
 
 5 ipso anno adversus Antonium, quanta nulla umquam hu- 
 mana vox, cum admiratione eloquentiae auditus fuerat. 
 Vix attollentes prae lacrimis oculos homines intueri truci- 
 data membra eius poterant. Vixit tres et sexaginta annos, 
 ut, si vis abfuisset, ne immatura quidem mors videri possit ; 
 
 10 ingenium et operibus et praemiis operum felix ; ipse fortu- 
 nae diu prosperae, et in longo tenore felicitatis magnis in- 
 terim ictus vulneribus exsilio, ruina partium pro quibus 
 steterat, iiliae morte, exitu tarn tristi atque acerbo, omnium 
 adversorum nihil, ut viro dignum erat, tulit praeter mortem. 
 
 15 Quae vera aestimanti minus indigna videri potuit, quod a 
 victore inimico nil crudelius passus erat, quam quod eius- 
 dem fortunae compos ipse feeisset. Si quis tamen virtuti- 
 bus vitia pensarit, vir magnus, acer, memorabilis fuit, et in 
 cuius laudes persequendas Cicerone laudators opus fuerit. 
 
ROME 
 
 During; the Republic 
 
 IToQsSubllciuB 
 
 156 
 
A. = Allen and Greenough: New Latin Grammar. 
 
 B. = Bennett : Latin Grammar. 
 Bu. = Burton : Latin Grammar. 
 
 G. = Gildersleeve-Lodge : Latin Grammar. 
 
 S. C. L. S. = Sandys : Companion to Latin Studies. 
 Abbott =F. F.Abbott: Roman Political Institutions, 
 
 NOTES ON PART ONE 
 
 Horatius at the Bridge 
 
 The Tarquins, the last royal family of early Rome, on being ex- 
 pelled from the city, took refuge in the various neighboring communi- 
 ties. Wherever they went, they begged aid in order to regain their 
 lost kingdom. They met with constant refusals, however, until they 
 reached Clusiura (modern Chiusi) in Etruria, where they succeeded 
 in persuading the king (Lars Porsenna) to march against Rome in 
 their behalf. Against this enemy, Horatius is said to have performed 
 the following feat. 
 
 Page 1. 3. pons Bublicins : a pile bridge, built according to I/ivy 
 by Ancus Martius, traditionally the fourth king of Rome. It was the 
 first bridge built across the Tiber, and was constructed entirely of 
 wood. Lest Father Tiber become angry at too permanent a structure, 
 the use of metal in subsequent repairs was forbidden even down to 
 historic times. 
 
 4. ni . . . fuisset : the apodosis is, strictly speaking, to be sup- 
 plied from the previous sentence; i.e. and would have given an open 
 path to the enemy. A. 517, b. B. 304, 3 note. Bu. 922. G. 697, r. 3. 
 
 7. laniculum : on the right bank of the Tiber, the natural frontier 
 post of the Romans against the Etruscans, on which to-day stand the 
 buildings of the American Academy. 
 
 157 
 
158 NOTES ON PART ONE [Page 2 
 
 10. deserto praesidio : equivalent to the protasis of a condition. 
 
 11. transitum : best taken as a noun. reliquissent : wliat form 
 in direct discourse 1 A. 589 and a. B. 319 and 320. Bu. 980. 
 G. 658. 
 
 12. Palatio Capitolioque : the historic hills of Rome are the 
 Quirinal, Viminal, Esquiline, Oaelian, Aventine, Palatine, and Capi- 
 toline on the left side, with the laniculum separated from this group 
 on the opposite side of the river. See map on page 156. 
 
 15. posset obsisti : an impersonal construction. A. 208 d. B. 
 
 256, 3. Bu. 734. G. 208, 2. 
 
 17. conspecta : agrees with terga. obversis : agrees with 
 armis. 
 
 21. et : connects prooellam and the substantival clause quod . . . 
 erat. 
 
 Page 2. 2. qui rescindebant : qui refers to eis with which the 
 participle agrees. A. 419 b. B. 227, 3. Bu. 558. 'g. 409. 
 
 5. servitia : i.e. servos. Livy often so uses the abstract for the 
 concrete noun. 
 
 6. oppugnatum : syntax ? A. 509. B. 340. Bu. 1015. G. 435. 
 
 12. ingenti . . . gradu: defiant air. 
 
 13. cum . . . sustinuit : for this use of cum with the indicative 
 see A. 546 a. B. 288, 2. Bu. 858. G. 681. rupti : f or this use of 
 the participle see A. 497. B. 337, 6. Bu. 997. G. 437, n. 2. Cf. 
 perfecti below. 
 
 15. Codes: i.e. Horatius Codes. 
 
 The First Year of the Decemvirate 
 
 The establishment of the Decemviri (451 B.C.) and the subsequent 
 publication of the Twelve Tables were the result of a long struggle on 
 the part of the plebeians against the pontiffs as well as the patricians. 
 Henceforth all Romans were no longer at the mercy of an unwritten 
 law perpetuated by a small exclusive class. 
 
 Page 2i 26. quam : =postquam. See note to page 134, line 23. 
 
 27. mutatur forma civitatis: this statement is not altogether 
 true, nor does it agree with what Livy himself says elsewhere. This 
 commission was only temporary, and was not to be continued when its 
 work was done. 
 
 29 imperio : supreme authority. 
 
Page 3] NOTES ON PART ONE 159 
 
 30. luzuriavere : = luxvriaverunt. This ending of tlie perfect 
 third plural is common in Livy. 
 
 Page 3. 3. Ap. Claudius : son or grandson of the consul of the 
 same name who opposed the plebeians in the first secession. 
 
 6. designati consules : consuls had just been elected in the regu- 
 lar manner, before the change had been decided upon. 
 
 8. habiti : elected. 
 
 9. legati tres : Manlius, Sulpicius, and Postumius, who according 
 to Livy had been sent to Greece to investigate the written laws of 
 Solon and other reformers. As a matter of fact, however, the laws as 
 they exist to-day are very un-Hellenio in character. They are very 
 concrete, containing no statement of constitutional principles but pre- 
 senting the smallest details in particular matters. Besides, Livy in 
 the spirit of his time tended to trace everything to a Greek source. The 
 laws are most likely native in origin with little Greek influence. Sir 
 Henry S. Maine {Early History of Institutions, page 9) says : The 
 Roman Law which next to the Christian religion is the most plentiful 
 source of the rules governing actual conduct throughout western 
 Europe, is descended from a small body of Aryan customs reduced to 
 writing in the fifth century b.c, and known as the Twelve Tables of 
 Eome. simul . . . simul : these particles connect a dependent 
 and an independent sentence, and not two similar constructions in 
 the regular manner. 
 
 13. novissimis suffragiis : at the last elections. This phrase may 
 indicate several elections in the appointment of the Decemviri. 
 
 18. Decumo die: = decimo quogue die, every tenth day. 
 
 19. praefectum iuris : the one loho administered justice. This 
 phrase does not occur elsewhere and is not a formal title. Cf. the 
 later title praefectus iuri dicundo. 
 
 20. acoensi : a noun formed from the perfect participle of accenseo. 
 
 23. notasse: = notavisse. Such syncopated forms are common in 
 Livy. Cum : concessive. 
 
 24. defosso: which had been buried. domi apud P. Ses- 
 tium : redundant. P. Sestium : not the decemvir. Cicero calls 
 him L. Sestius; de Eep. 2, 61. 
 
 26. iuxta : =pariter ; Silver Latin. 
 
 27. diem Sestio di^it: dicere diem alicui is the regular legal 
 phrase to impeach or lay an accusation against some one. 
 
 28. iure suo : from his power as a magistrate from whose decision 
 there was no appeal. 
 
160 NOTES ON PART ONE [Page 4 
 
 29. demptum de vi magistratuB : that which was taken away 
 from the power of (^his) office. 
 
 30. promptuin boc iuB : this quick pronouncement of justice. 
 
 31. ferrent: received. 
 
 Page 4. 2. quod bonum faustum, etc. ; the regular formula for 
 opening an edict. See note to page 111, line 5. 
 
 3. ire et legere : the subject is eos to be supplied ivompopulum 
 above. 
 
 4. Se . . . posset : these seven lines, in indirect discourse, con- 
 tain the public pronouncements of the Decemvirate. 
 
 6. Versarent : A. 588. B. 316. Bu. 977. G. 662. 
 
 8. in medium : publicly. plus miuusve : excessive or defec- 
 tive. 
 
 9. quas . . . posset : the order for translation is, quas consen- 
 sus omnium posset videri non iussisse latas magis quam tulisse. 
 
 12. ad : in accordance with. 
 
 13. centuriatis comitiis : the comitia centuriata was originally a 
 pilrely military organization. It later took over most of the legislative 
 powers of the older comitia curiata, and later in turn shared many of 
 its own powers with the comitia tributa. The three comitia just 
 mentioned were assemblies of all the citizens, i.e. populus Bomanus^ 
 called for the purpose of taking action on matters submitted to them 
 by duly authorized officials. They are to be distinguished from con- 
 cilia and contiones. Concilia were formal assemblies of a part of the 
 people ; e.g. concilium plebis, a legislative or electoral assembly of the 
 plebeians. Contiones were gatherings of all the people as individuals, 
 and so without test of citizenship. No action could be taken at 
 contiones. They were usually called before the comitia or concilia for 
 the publication of a statement and discussion of a question to be 
 decided on later in the regular assemblies. Magistrates only could call 
 any one of these three sorts of gatherings. See page 19", line 8, and 
 note. 
 
 15. fons . . . iuris : Cicero (de Orat. 1, 195, 245) rates the 
 Twelve Tables above all libraries. They mark the first attempt to use 
 the Latin language as literature, and had the same influence on Latin 
 as the English Bible has had on English. They were used as a school 
 book even in Cicero's time : de Legg. II. 69, discebamus enim pueri 
 XII (tabulas), ut carmen necessarium, quas iam nemo discit; II. 9, a 
 parvis enim, Quinte, didicimus si in ius vocat, etc. 
 
 The Twelve Tables as we have them to-day are fragments preserved 
 
Page 5] NOTES ON PART ONE 161 
 
 as quotations in the works of various ancient authors. The original 
 copy was probably destroyed when Rome was captured by the Gauls 
 (pp. i ff.), and a new set was made later from various existing 
 copies of the original, filled out in places from memory. As would be 
 natural in such a product, the existing Twelve Tables contain many 
 archaic forms and usages mingled with more modern idioms. It 
 should also be remembered that the arrangement of the present 
 Twelve Tables is modern and conjectural. 
 
 17. absolvi : be completed. 
 
 18. comitiorum : comitia is often used in the sense of election. 
 22. cedentibus . . . decemviris : since the decemviri in turn 
 
 recognized (lit. gave way to) appeal. They had been elected, how- 
 ever, with the full imperium and sine appellatione. 
 
 The second board of decemviri, as the story goes, was far different 
 from the first. Headed by Appius Claudius in his true character, they 
 not only insisted on holding their ofBce without reappointment, but 
 they became oppressive to the highest degree. Finally, the insult to 
 the daughter of Virginius by Appius Claudius became the immediate 
 cause of forcing the decemviri to abdicate. 
 
 The First Sack of Rome 
 
 The Roman army had just suffered a disastrous defeat at the river 
 AUia (390 b.c), and in two divisions had fled towards Rome and Veii. 
 
 Page 5. 6. Veios : Veii, a city in Etruria, near the modem vil- 
 lage of Isola Farnese, captured by Camillus in 396 b.c. 
 
 8. orederet: in a parallel construction with the preceding pefi's- 
 set. The connective is omitted. Asyndeton. vivi mortuique : 
 the living and the dead; i.e. those who were thought dead (those who 
 had escaped to Veii) are represented here as filling the city with sor- 
 row. 
 
 14. identidem : explained by the clauses introduced by prima 
 (adjective), deinde, and turn. 
 
 16. mansuros . . . foret: cf. A. 589, b. B. 321. Bu. 981. 
 G. 597, E. 4. Rati, line 18, governs this, as well as its own, and the 
 following clause. 
 
 17. sub : just before. 
 
 20. ezanimare : historical infinitive. 
 
 21. continens : nenter, immediately following. 
 
 26. arcem Capitoliumque : the arx was the northern gummit of 
 
162 NOTES ON PART ONE [Page 6 
 
 the Capitoline Hill. The name CapitoUum was applied to the whole 
 hill, but also, as here, particularly to the southern summit. 
 
 27. ex loco inde munito : translate in this order, inde ex loco 
 munito. 
 
 28. flaminem : the flamen Quirinalis, the priest specially con- 
 nected with the worship of Vesta, sacerdotes Veatales : generally 
 known as virgines Vestales, Vestales, or virgines. 
 
 29. sacra publica : what these were is not definitely known. 
 Among the things occasionally mentioned by ancient writers are the 
 Trojan Palladium and Penates, the ashes of Orestes, the sceptre of 
 Priam, and the shields of Mars. 
 
 Page 6. 1. iacturam : noun. 
 2. utique peritura : in any case about to die. Even if they were 
 spared by the Gauls, their age permitted little more of life. 
 5. ferre . . . tueri : asyndeton. 
 
 8. agmen iuvenum : this force is said by Florus (I. 13) not to 
 have exceeded a thousand men. in = usque ad. The repetition of in 
 before arcem emphasizes the distribution of the little band. 
 
 9. commendantes : the object of this participle is the clause 
 quaecumque . . . fortuna, which has "urbis as a possessive genitive. 
 
 10. iuventae : youthful strength. 
 
 12. Digredientibus : what is the other part of this ablative 
 absolute ? 
 
 16. sequentium rogitantiumque : sc. mulierum to be supplied 
 from muliebris. 
 
 17. nihil . . . relinquebant : lit. they left nothing which survived 
 of human misfortune, i.e. no human misery was left to befall them. 
 
 19. quod : sc. erat. Of course, the leaving of the women outside 
 the citadel to the mercy of the Gauls is meant here. 
 26. communibua: sc. consiliis. 
 
 30. consultantes : governs the two preceding clauses, quae . . 
 ferenda and quae . . . reliquenda essent, as well as the clause im- 
 mediately following. 
 
 31. sacello : in is omitted, apparently under the influence of the 
 preceding in. The site of the temple as well as that of the flamen's 
 house is unknown. 
 
 32. religio: 
 
 Page 7. 1. parti to : passive, although the participle of a deponent 
 verb, via: syntax? A. 429, a. B. 218, 9. Bu. 581. G. 399, n. 1. 
 
Page 8] NOTES ON PART ONE 163 
 
 6. religiosum : see on religio above. 
 
 9. Caere : modern Cervetri, near the coast of Etruria, twenty 
 miles northwest of Rome. 
 
 11. ut . . re : describes both omnibus and compositis. 
 
 12. arcem : the whole hill in this case. 
 
 14. curules . . . magistratus : see note to page 79, line 25. 
 
 16. augustissima vestis : the purple toga with gold embroidery 
 {toga picta) ; the tunic with embroidered palm branches {tunica 
 palmata). tensas : sacred vehicles in which magistrates, dressed as 
 for a triumph, conducted the statues of certain deities in the proces- 
 sion of the Circensian games. It was also customary to bury a 
 magistrate with the insignia of his office. 
 
 17. medio aedium : as often in Livy without in ; the atrium, is 
 referred to. See note on line 32. ebumeis sellis : the sellae curules, 
 which were ornamented with ivory. 
 
 18. praefante carmen : dictating the formula. According to 
 Llvy 8, 9, a ff., the willing victims in such cases offered themselves 
 diis manibus tellurique, in order that the other victims required by 
 fate might escape. 
 
 20. nocte : the night after the battle. 
 
 21. neo in acie : the Gauls were accustomed to guerilla warfare. 
 
 23. postero die : July 19, the day after the battle. 
 
 24. CoUina porta : see map on page 156. Diodorus gives the 
 more probable story that the Gauls on finding the gates closed and the 
 walls deserted burst open the gates. 
 
 26. quis : for more regular qui. A. 149. B. 91. Bu. 237. G. 
 107, N. 1. 
 
 29. ultima : sc. tecta. ea : sc. tecta. demvmi : surely. 
 
 31. forum: see map on page 156. 
 
 32. plebis aedificiis . . atriis principum: aedificium is the 
 general term for any sort of a building ; atrium is a more elegant 
 term, hall. Here, however, atrium also has its particular meaning of 
 the main room in the front part of the house, in which the old senators 
 were proudly sitting. This room was connected with the street by a 
 short passage {vestibulum), and could be easily viewed from the 
 street when the front door was open. 
 
 Page 8. 3. in aedium vestibulia : apparently inconsistent with 
 medio aedium above. According to other ancient historians (Zonaras 
 and Plutarch) the senators sat in the forum. 
 
 6. simulcra : used especially of statues of gods. 
 
164 NOTES ON PART ONE [Page 9 
 
 7. Gallo : A. 376. B. 188. Bu. 470. G. 352. 
 
 8. scipione eburneo : the staff decorated with a goldeh crown of 
 oak leaves, or later with an eagle, which was carried by those who 
 had had the honor of a triumph. 
 
 9. incusBO : agrees with Oallo. 
 
 10. ortum . . . trucidatOB : (esse) depend on dicitur above, as 
 if used impersonally. 
 
 11. nulli : the plebeians not taken into the Capitoline, and not 
 able on account of infirmities to leave the city, parci, diripi : his- 
 torical infinitives ; similarly inici below. 
 
 13. seu . . seu : either the Gauls as a whole disliked to destroy 
 the city wantonly, or the leaders preferred to burn only part in a 
 policy of terrorism, keeping the remainder as the means of a threat. 
 
 16. possent : in informal indirect discourse. A. 692 and 2. B. 328. 
 Bu. 983. G. 663, 2. 
 
 17. superesset : subjunctive of the integral part or attraction. 
 A. 593. B. 324. Bu. 905. G. 662. 
 
 18. perinde atque : =prorsus eo modo atque, in exactly the same 
 manner as. 
 
 22. non solum . . . ne quidem : = non solum non . . . ne 
 quidem. In this negative proposition, the second non is left out when 
 both clauses depend on tlie same verb. 
 
 24. mulierum : apparently some who had neither taken refuge on 
 the Capitol nor had left the city. . 
 
 25. avertisset: syntax? A. 618, b. B. 287, 2, a. Bu. 912. 
 G. 567, N. 
 
 28. ulliuB : substantive (rare) neuter. 
 
 29. qui : the antecedent is alios. 
 
 31. Neo tranquillior : goes vfith lux as well as with nox ; a pro- 
 longed period of suffering. 
 
 Page 9. 2. Nihil: adverbial with ^efKerunJ. tot: construe with 
 malis. 
 
 3. quin . . . defenderent: syntax? A. 558. B. 296, 3, a. 
 Bu. 829. G. 565. 
 
 11. nihil superesae : Plutarch and Floras tell the same story. 
 Diodorus says that the entire city was burnt except for a few houses 
 on the Palatine. 
 
 12. flezuros . . . adhiberetur : syntax ? A. 589 and a. B. 319. 
 Bu. 980. G. 668. 
 
 15. testudine facta : the Gauls in close formation put their shields 
 
Page 10] NOTES ON PART ONE 165 
 
 over their heads, to secure themselves against the darts of the enemy. 
 The military term for this formation was testudo, i.e. tortoise shell. 
 
 16. Romaui : sc. faciebant. temere : the locative of an obso- 
 lete nominative temus (like genus, -eris) meaning darkness. Thus 
 temere means in the dark, blindly, in confusion. ad omnia aditus : 
 the Clivus Capitolinus or ascent to the Capitol was the only regular 
 means of access to the summit. The plural aditus probably Includes 
 the places where it was least difiBcult to climb over the rocks. 
 
 17. qua . . . ea. 
 
 20. clivo : Clivus Capitolinus. restitere : sc. Bomani. 
 
 23. temptaverint : cf. A. 48.5, c. B. 268, 6. Bu. 785. G. 513. 
 25. et . . . et: these conjunctions connect absumpserant and 
 raptum . . erat. 
 
 31. peatilentia : the low level of the forum, periodic overflows of 
 the Tiber, and extreme heat have always bred pestilence in this part 
 of Rome. cum : correlative with turn below. 
 
 Page 10. 2. motum esset : the protasis of a past general condi- 
 tion. The apodosis is implied in ferente. A. 542 ; 518, o. B. 312, 2; 
 302, 3, a. Bu. 927 ; 912. G. 593, 1 ; 567, n. 
 
 6. bustorum . . . Gallicorum : Livy places them in the middle 
 of the city. See map on page 156. Nothing more definite about them 
 Is known. 
 
 8. conloquia : of individual Romans without the order or appro- 
 bation of the senate. 
 
 14. dum : introduces habet, iubet, parat, instruit. Cf. A. 556. 
 B. 293, I. Bu. 878. G. 570. dictator : Camillus. 
 
 16. quibus . . . adoriatur : for syntax cf . A. 531, 2. B. 282, 2. 
 Bu. 809. G. 630. quibus is neuter. 
 
 17. stationibuB vigiliisque: by day and night watches; statio is 
 the general term for a watch. 
 
 18. superatlB . . . mails : with concessive force. 
 
 19. diem de die : = de die in diem. 
 
 21. cum stationes procederent: since the watches were con- 
 tinuous. 
 
 28. millepondo: sc. libras (pounds), $225,000. Pondo is an old 
 ablative of specification (as to weight) ; but libras is rarely expressed 
 and so pondo appears to be an indeclinable noun meaning ^ownds. 
 
 32. vae victis: a proverbial expression among the Romans. In 
 the Pseudolus of Plautus (5, 2, 35"), the drunken slave speaks it to 
 the censorious old man, Simio. 
 
166 NOTES ON PART ONE [Page 11 
 
 Page 11. 1. redemptos : predicate adjective. vivere : this 
 infinitive construction is more common with prohibeo than the ut, ne 
 or quominus construction. 
 
 3. periiceretur : why not indicative? Cf. A. 551, b. B. 292, 
 1, b. Bu. 865. G. 577. 
 
 6. ratam : a good example of Koman love for the fine points of 
 the law. According to the Roman's legal quibble the pactio was 
 irrita. dictator: Plutarch also mentions the intervention of Car- 
 millus. The other ancient historians (Justin, Suetonius, Diodorus, 
 Polyaenus) do not mention this incident. 
 
 11. habentis : agrees with suos. 
 
 13. ulcisci : parallel in construction with defendi and repeti, and 
 although a deponent verb is here to be taken in the passive voice. 
 
 14. et: connects the two adjectival phrases semirutae urbis and 
 natura aequali. et : connects instruit and providit. 
 
 19. momento : from moveo ; that which causes motion, effort. 
 
 20. fuai Galli sunt: according to an ancient calendar, on the 
 Ides (13th) of February, 389 b.c. ; according to Varro, not long before 
 July 5th of the same year. quam : sc. quo. Such omissions of the 
 relative after quam are very frequent. 
 
 21. lustiore . . . proelio : a formal regular battle as opposed to a 
 tumuUuarium proelium. Similar phrases are iusta pugna and iusta 
 acies. Oabina via : the via Praenestina, east from Rome to Gabii 
 and Praeneste. See map on page 172. 
 
 26. inconditos : in rude verse, in jingle. iaciunt : sc. milites 
 from militares. This was a regular custom at the triumphs of generals. 
 See note to page 103, line 7. 
 
 27. conditorque alter urbis : this is more applicable to what he 
 accomplished for Rome afterwards, i.e. the repulse of the invading Gauls. 
 
 The strategy of Decius 
 
 The Campanians, hard pressed by the Samnites, surrendered them- 
 selves to the Romans (343 b.c), in order to obtain their protection. 
 The Romans immediately sent ambassadors to Samnium, to demand 
 instant cessation of hostilities against the new Roman territory. These 
 legates, however, met only with insults. Rome then put two armies 
 in the field, one under Valerius to attack the Samnites in Campania, 
 the other under Cornelius to carry the war into Samnium itself. Livy 
 has just told of Valerius's success, and is now to relate the doings of 
 Cornelius. 
 
Page 12] NOTES ON PART ONE 167 
 
 Page 11. 29. hoc gaudivun : the decisive victory of Valerius 
 over the Samnites. 
 
 30. Saticula : modern S. Agata del Goti, on the frontiers of Cam- 
 pania. See frontispiece. 
 
 31. saltum . . pervium : a mountainous valley passable by 
 means of a deep ravine. 
 
 Page 12. 1. priusquam . . . poterant: see note to page 11, line 3. 
 
 2. Dum . . est : see note to page 10, line 14. 
 
 3. quoad . . . dimitteret : so. consul Bomanus. For the proper 
 translation of quoad, see A. 653. B. 293, in. Bu. 884. G. 572. 
 
 5. collem : spur ; called cacumen and arx below. aditu : cf . 
 A. 418. B. 226. Bu. 586. G. 397. 
 
 6. agmini : line of march as opposed to acies, line of battle. 
 
 7. animi : an apparent genitive, but in fact an old locative. Cf . 
 A. 358. B. 232, 3. Bu. 430. G. 374, n. 7. 
 
 10. principes hastatosque : the Roman legion as arranged by 
 Servius consisted of twenty centuries (100 men in each) of the first 
 class (citizens were arranged by Servius into five classes according to 
 wealth), five centuries each of the second, third, and fourth classes, 
 and seven centuries of the fifth class. The first three classes fought 
 with a frontage of five hundred men and a depth of six ranks, a forma- 
 tion similar to the Dorian phalanx. Such an arrangement possessed 
 great thrusting power, but lacked fiexibility. This drawbaek was met 
 in part by the centuries of the two lowest classes, which fought along- 
 side as light-armed troops {rorarii oiferentarii), and by a complement 
 of horsemen, 300 for each legion. 
 
 Later, the legion was reorganized to admit greater flexibility and 
 ease in maneuvering ; at the same time it was found desirable that 
 there should be a military unit of sufScient strength to act in partial 
 isolation from its fellow units. This new unit was the maniple, com- 
 posed of two centuries, though that term no longer implied that these 
 bodies consisted of 100 men. The normal strength of the legion at this 
 date consisted of 4200 men, divided into 1200 velites (the light armed 
 troops, the youngest and poorest citizens), 1200 hastati (older and 
 richer than the velites), 1200 principes (the most vigorous in years), 
 and 600 triarii (the oldest and most experienced). Each of the three 
 heavy armed classes was divided into ten maniples and twenty cen- 
 turies, so that the normal century of the hastati and principes was 60 
 men, while that of the triarii was only 30. 20 velites were attached to 
 each of these 60 centuries. 
 
168 NOTES ON PART ONE [Page 13 
 
 The hastati and principes had two pila for throwing, while the 
 triarii retained the old hasta, which they used as a thrusting weapon. 
 Battle was opened by the velites, who advanced from the rear of their 
 maniples and hurled their missiles ; as the armies closed, the hastati 
 hurled their pila at a distance of three to five yards, and then engaged 
 with the sword. If the hastati were worsted, the principes advanced. 
 The triarii were the last reserve ; sometimes they were kept behind to 
 guard the camp. The triarii, who were also styled pilani, did not 
 carry a pilum but a hasta, while the hastati were armed with the 
 pilum. The principes, in spite of their name, formed the second line 
 and not the front line. S. C. L. S. For the manipular formation in 
 battle, see note to page 66, line 12. For later changes in the Roman 
 legion, see note to page 98, line 8 ; also page 115, line 25. ne . . . 
 dederis : in what two other ways may this be expressed ? A. 450. 
 B. 276. Bu. 934. G. 271, 2. 
 
 12. neque : = non. 
 
 18. paventibuB : excited. 
 
 22. utriusque rei: of attacking the consul, and of anticipating 
 Decius in the seizure of the commanding spur. 
 
 26. fortunam gerendae rei : the opportunity (that which fortune 
 gives) of accomplishing their object. 
 
 30. oppressit : fell upon them. 
 
 Page 13. 1. inirent: syntax? A. 540, 1,2. B. 286, 1. Bu. 886. 
 G. 541. 
 
 2. opere . . . valloque : by intrenchments and ramparts. 
 
 3. centurionibuB : non-commissioned officers risen from the 
 ranks ; leaders of centuries. 
 
 4. Sidicinis CampaniBque : the Sidicini were the first object of 
 attack by the Samnites. The Sidicini asked aid of their more power- 
 ful neighbors, the Campanians ; who in turn appealed to the Romans. 
 See introductory note. 
 
 7. cum : concessive. 
 
 8. Turn : in that case ; explained by the following si clause. 
 12. manipularium militum : of common soldiers. 
 
 14. tesseram : the square tablet on which the watchword was 
 written ; in this case the watchword itself. 
 
 15. Becundae vigiliae : watches were kept night and day. There 
 were four reliefs in the night watches ; a guard consisting of four men, 
 each of which stood sentinel in turn. The vigilance of these was 
 tested by a system of going the rounds, bucina : from bovi-cina 
 
Page 15] NOTES ON PART ONE 169 
 
 (60s, cano), i.e. cow-horn. This was regularly used at the vigiliae, 
 and thus in places it has taken on the meaning of vigilia; e.g. ad 
 tertiam hxicinam. 
 
 16. convenirent : explain mood. A. 588. B. 316. Bu. 977. 
 G. 652. 
 
 18. adsensu : applause. 
 
 19. Ubi ... peregero : syntax ? A. 542. B. 312. Bu. 927. G.593. 
 
 26. digni estis qui, etc. : for idiom involved, see A. 535, f. B. 
 283. Bu. 798. G. 631, 1. Translate, you are men worthy {of a 
 quality^ to. 
 
 27. auxilio : what other case is possible here ? A. 356, note. B. 
 212. Bu. 436. G. 405, n. 2. qui . . . circumdederit : a series of 
 relative clauses describing the enemy. 
 
 28. fortuna : see note to page 12, line 26. 
 30. captum : sc. mderunt. 
 
 Page 14. 1. oportet . . . immo necesse est : ought . . . nay, 
 must. 
 
 4. maneatis an abeatis : for the varieties of this construction see 
 A. 335. B. 300, 4. Bu. 846. G. 458. 
 
 16. vadetis : for the force of this future see A. 449, 2, b. B. 
 261, 2. Bu. 754. G. 243. 
 
 20. pedibus transite : this method of voting was known as 
 discessio. 
 
 21. intermissa : not occupied. 
 
 23. offenso Bouto : lit. a shield having been struck, i.e. by striking 
 a shield. Cf. A. 497. B. 337, 6. Bu. 997. G. 437, n. 2. 
 
 27. quoniam non fallerent : since they no longer escaped notice. 
 
 Page 15. 1. macte virtute . . este : macte is probably an 
 adverb from mactus, the participle from an old verb mago = augeo. 
 This is always combined with virtute in Livy. Hence translate, con- 
 tinue to prosper in your valor ; lit. be prosperously (men) of valor. 
 For references to grammars see note to page 51, line 9. 
 
 8. tessera data : they passed the news along just as they were 
 accustomed to pass the watchword. 
 
 15. aequantibus : sc. militibus, supplied from omnium. 
 
 16. praetorium : headquarters, in the center of the camp. The 
 chief Roman magistrate was originally called praetor, whence the 
 name, classico : Veget. 222, clasaicum appellatur quod bucinatores 
 per cornu dicunt. Cf. page 131, line 2. 
 
170 NOTES ON PART ONE [Page 15 
 
 18. qui : antecedent is Decio. 
 
 19. dum . . . esset : in later writers (Llvy, Vergil, Suetonius, 
 Tacitus, etc.), dum meaning wjftiZe sometimes takes the subjunctive. 
 A. 556, a, note. B. 293, iii, 1, a. Bu. 879. G. 672, r. 1. 
 
 20. caetellatim : lit. castlewise ; in separate detachments. Ad- 
 verbs in -im are very common in Livy. 
 
 25. adortae : sc. legiones. 
 
 27. paventem : agrees with quern. 
 
 28. Btationibua : pickets. 
 
NOTES ON PART TWO 
 
 A Surmnary of the Second Punic War 
 
 Page 16. 1. piimum Funicum bellum : 264-241 B.C. between 
 Rome and Carthage. The latter was a city on the northern coast of 
 Africa (see frontispiece) colonized by Tyre (see page 126, line 20) in 
 Phoenicia, whence the noun Poenus and the adjective Punicus. For a 
 description of Carthage consult any Roman history or the article Car- 
 thage in the Encyclopedia Britannica. A convenient account of the 
 Punic wars has been written by R. B. Smith in a book entitled Borne 
 and Carthage. One may read with great profit Miss E. H. Haight's 
 Carthage and Hannibal. quadrienni : the interval between the first 
 and second Punic wars was actually twenty-three years. During this 
 period the Romans fought against the Ligurians and Gauls in northern 
 Italy (238-222 e.g.) and drove the lUyrian pirates from the Adriatic 
 (229-228 B.C.) Floras may have meant that Rome was entirely free 
 from war for a period of four years only, but even that is not entirely 
 true. 
 
 2. alteram bellum : so. ortum est. Tbis was called by the 
 Romans themselves the Hannibalic War. It is now usually termed 
 the Second Punic War, 218-202 e.g. 
 
 6. mare, insulae, dare tributa : subjects of urebat. In translate 
 ing ablatum and raptae, remember that a perfect participle in agree- 
 ment with a noun may take the place of an abstract noun with the 
 genitive, cf. page 20, line 15. For references to grammars see note to 
 page 2, line 13. The islands referred to are Sicily and Sardinia. Cf. 
 page 34, line 8. These were lost by Carthage at the end of the First 
 Punic War together with control of the sea and commerce of the 
 western Mediterranean. In addition an indemnity of thirty-two hun- 
 dred talents, or about 13,800,000, was imposed. 
 
 7. Hannibal: or Hanni-baal. The name means mercy or grace 
 of Baal. The first part (of. Hanno, page 56, line 3) of the name is 
 similar to our name Anna or Hannah, cf. Joannes, page 122, line 13. 
 Baal was the supreme god of the Phoenicians and his name was often 
 
 173 
 
174 NOTES ON PART TWO [Page 17 
 
 employed in personal names, cf . Maharbal, page 18, line 21 ; Has- 
 drubal, page 21, line 6 ; Adherbal, page 78, line 12 ; Mastanabal, 
 page 78, line 13. The student is urged to read one of the following 
 biographies of the Carthaginian leader : Hannibal, by Col. T. W. 
 Dodge, of the U. S. Army ; Hannibal, by W. 0. Morse, in the ' Heroes 
 of the Nations' series ; or Hannibal, by W. W. How. 
 
 8.' iuraverat: for a fuller account of this incident see page 22. 
 morabatur : there was an interval of fifteen years. Saguntos : see 
 frontispiece ; commonly spelled Saguntum. The word is a translitera- 
 tion into Latin of the Greek name Zacynthos at a time when the Latin 
 alphabet had no Z, and made no distinction between TH and T or 
 between C and G. The modern town is called Murviedro {muri 
 veteres) and ruins of the ancient city are still visible. 
 
 9. fideique : the genitive limits monumentum, line 10. 
 
 11. foedere : the statement about the treaty is not entirely trust- 
 worthy ; see note to page 35, line 22. 
 
 12. ipsorum: i.e. Saguntinorum. 
 
 14. religio : religious regard. Beligio can rarely be translated 
 by religion, auditum : cf. ablatum above. 
 
 15. obsidium : in218B.c. 
 
 18. fame, machinis, ferro: the omission of the conjunction is 
 called a-syn-de-ton (un-oon-nec-ted) versa. 
 
 21. ■poacA.tar = deposcitur ; in poenani may' be supplied. Ter- 
 giversantibus : in the Carthaginian senate. 
 
 22. dux . . . (Pabius): Q. Fabius Maximus, who received the 
 surname Cunotator afterwards in his dictatorship ; see page 45, line 
 31. 
 
 23. sinu : sc. togae. 
 
 Page 17. 5. dirae = imprecationes. 
 
 6. mandassent = mandavissent ; syncopated form. mani- 
 buB : dative, nominative manes. 
 
 7. ducum . . . regum : limit exitio. 
 
 10. destinatumque : -que connects movit and conflavit. ful- 
 men : accusative. 
 
 11. rapta : modifies vis atque tempestas. 
 
 14. Fadum : see frontispiece ; the modem Po, the largest river in 
 northern Italy. Ticinum : the modern Ticino, a tributary of the Po. 
 The battle took place in the autumn of 218 e.g. 
 
 17. praeteztatus admodum: the toga praetexta, the purple 
 bordered toga of childhood, had been recently put aside for the toga 
 
Page 18] NOTES ON PART TWO 175 
 
 virilis. The young man was ' of age. ' The age varied from fourteen 
 to seventeen. 
 
 20. Trebia: the modern Trebbia, a tributary of the Po. Here 
 the battle at the Trebia is meant. 
 
 21. Sempronio consule : in 218 b.c. Cornelius Scipio was his 
 colleague. 
 
 25. TraBumennus : see frontispiece and page 40, line 6 and fol- 
 lowing. The lake is now called Lago Trasimeno or di Perugia. 
 
 26. Flaminio: consul in 217 b.c. See note to page 37, line 26. 
 nebula laciis. 
 
 28. possumus ; cf . volnus below and introductory note to page 78. 
 
 Page 18. 1. Cannae : for a fuller account of the battle (216 e.g.) 
 see page 46, line 11 and following. 
 
 2. Apuliae : a district in southeastern Italy, vicus : this word 
 survives in English in such names as Brunswick, Norwich, etc. 
 emersit : so. ex ignobilUate sua. 
 
 3. parta : sc. est. 
 
 8. eurus : sc. ventusfuit. It was called Volturnus by the inhab- 
 itants of the region ; see page 48, line 32. 
 
 9. constitutum : sc. tempus. 
 
 11. duo : the two consular armies. 
 
 12. caesi: sc. sunt. 
 
 13. fugit alter: M. Terentius Varro. alter: L. ^milius Paulus. 
 
 14. uter: sc. sit. animo: for the case see A. 415. B. 224. 
 Bu. 657. G. 400. pudviit : sc. super esse. 
 
 15. desperavit: sc. de re publico ; see Livy, XXII. 61 (14). 
 documenta: sc.fuerunt. 
 
 16. AufiduB : the modern Ofanto. 
 
 17. modi duo : a modius held nearly a peck. Carthaginem : 
 the name is Semitic in origin and means New Town. 
 
 18. mensura: the number of knights who fell in the battle was 
 estimated by the measure of the rings collected ; see page 55, line 19, 
 following. 
 
 19. habitura fuerit . . . potuerit : A. 517, d. B. 322. Bu. 924. 
 G. 597, R. 5. 
 
 21. Maharbalem : sc. fllium. The name means gift of Baal. 
 Bomilcaris : see note on Hamilcar, page 22, line 23. Maharbal was 
 one of Hannibal's able and trusted lieutenants. 
 
 25. in diversum : sc. locum. 
 
 26. relictaque : -que connects frui and peragra7-e. Tarentum: 
 
176 NOTES ON PART TWO [Page 19 
 
 a city in Calabria on the inside of tlie ' lieel ' of Italy ; see frontis- 
 piece. 
 
 28. Capuam : the chief city of Campania. Cannas : predicate 
 of fuisse, i.e. Capuam idem fuisse Hannibali quod Cannae Bomanis 
 fuerunt. 
 
 30. tepentes : modifies Baiae and equals tepentibus fontibus 
 Baiae. A case of hypallage ; of. page 64, line 11. Baiae : a resort 
 on the coast between Cumae and Puteoli, popular on account of its 
 baths and beautiful scenery. 
 
 32. templis : what case ? A. 381. B. 188, d. Bu. 477. G. 347, 
 R. 5. 
 
 Page 19. 1. sacramentum : the military oath. servitia : the 
 abstract for the concrete seni ; cf. page 2, line 5, and page 103, line 27. 
 
 3. bullis: the bulla, usually of gold, was a kind of amulet for 
 children, and was worn on the neck. Bulla dignus means childish. 
 Cf. page 114, line 20. 
 
 4. tribus : i.e. plebes. 
 
 5. Laevino Marcelloque consulibus : in 208 b.c. 
 
 8. centuriarum : see note to page 4, line 13. After the reform of 
 the centuries about 241 b.c, there were 373 centuriae. A successful can- 
 didate had to ' carry ' a majority of these voting units. Enrollment in 
 a particular century of a tribe was based on age and property qualifi- 
 cations. The number of voters in the centuries varied to such an ex- 
 tent that a candidate might be elected by a minority of the popular 
 vote, as sometimes happens in presidential elections in the United 
 States. " The only advantage which wealth gave lay in the fact that 
 the centuries of the upper classes were probably smaller than those of 
 the lower classes, and yet had equal weight with them in voting." 
 (Abbott.) See note to page 151, line 16. 
 
 12. dubitaret, ausus est : the subject is populus Bomanus, to be 
 supplied. 
 
 17. Marcello : the siege of Syracuse began in 214 e.g. and was 
 brought to a successful conclusion in 212 b.c. 
 
 19. Archimedes : for his share in the defense of the city see page 
 147. 
 
 21. illx : dative feminine governed by the verb profuere. 
 
 22. fons Arethusae : the spring was named for the Greek river 
 nymph, who fled from Elis to Sicily pursued by the river god Alpheus. 
 It was believed that the stream flowed under the sea with the Alpheus 
 and appeared again as a spring of fresh water. The fountain, to-day, is 
 
Page 21] NOTES ON PART TWO 177 
 
 a conspicuous feature of the promenade along the great harbor at 
 Syracuse. As the result of an earthquake the water is now salt. 
 nisi quod hactenus: only to this extent. 
 
 23. Gracchus : consul in 212 b.c. 
 
 24. Insanorumque : modern Canelle mountains. 
 
 25. Saevitum : so. est, impersonal. 
 
 26. Caralim : see frontispiece ; modern Cagliari. vilisque morti : 
 lit. cheap for death. We speak of selling one's life dearly or cheaply. 
 
 30. amiserant : in 212 b.c 
 
 31. alterum: Publius Scipio. 
 
 32. alterum : Gnaeus Scipio. 
 
 Page 20. 2. missus : in 211 b.c. See page 150, line 22 and fol- 
 lowing. 
 
 6. Herculis columnas: modern Gibraltar; cf. note to page 34, 
 line 26. 
 
 10. Hispaniae Carthago : also called Nova Carthago ; see frontis- 
 piece ; modern Cartagena. 
 
 11. populus Romanus : so. gessit. 
 13. Pleraque : so. oppida. 
 
 17. amissio : we know from other sources that the loss of Capua 
 occurred after Hannibal's advance on Korae. 
 
 19. Compulsus : sc. populus Momanus. 
 
 21. Appio consule: in 211 b.c. Flaccum : Appius's col- 
 league. 
 
 23. lapide : so. miliario. The Roman highways were marked at 
 every mile by a stone pillar; distances were counted from the gilded 
 stone {miliarium aureum) in the Forum. 
 
 29. sinum : i.e. ager Bruttiorum. tantum non : only not, i.e. 
 all but. adoratam : the word is explained as meaning that Hanni- 
 bal all but worshiped the city as divine, because it had been defended 
 by hail and whirlwind from heaven. The word adortam, assaulted, 
 has been substituted by some scholars. 
 
 31. efficaz : governs ad with accusative, a post-classical construc- 
 tion ; cf. page 27, line 19. 
 
 Page 21. 2. argentarias . . . tabernas : the bankers'' stalls. 
 
 5. actum erat : had been accomplished. 
 
 6. Hasdrubal : the name means help of Baal. 
 9. tantum quod : just as. 
 
 10. Metaurum ; a river in eastern Italy ; see frontispiece. The 
 
178 NOTES ON PART TWO [Page 22 
 
 battle there took place in 207 b.c. Claudius Nero cum Iiivio 
 Salinatore : consuls in 207 b.c. 
 
 13. nascentis Italiae fauces : nascentis, genitive, i.e. ubi Italia 
 incipit; the Alps are alluded to; fauces of. fauces saltus, page 40, 
 line 15. 
 
 17. senserit : grammatically coordinate with oppresserint, al- 
 though the sense leads us to expect another construction : It is difficult 
 to tell how wisely and hoio quickly the consuls joined camps and over- 
 whelmed the enemy off his guard, without Hannibal's knowing that it 
 was happening. 
 
 23. fiducia : for the case see A. 409 a. B. 218, 8. Bu. 571. 
 G. 405, N. 3. 
 
 24. magni : for the case see A. 417. B. 203, 3. Bu. 578. G. 380, 1. 
 28. Syphacis : at times friendly to Rome, but on this occasion 
 
 allied with Carthage. The name means creatura regis ; see also page 
 59, line 12. 
 
 Page 22. 4. colloquium : see page 60, The conference between 
 
 Hannibal and Seipio. 
 
 5. signa cecinere : the battle of Zama in 202 b.c. For a more 
 detailed account of the action see page 65 and following. 
 
 Hannibal's Hatred for Borne 
 
 Page 22. 12. superarit : = superdverit. Note the force of the 
 perfect tense. The accusative and infinitive construction is regular 
 after verum est. 
 
 17. suonim : observe the force of the reflexive. 
 
 18. potuisse : the apodosis of the condition expressed as an infini- 
 tive complementary to the author's videtur. 
 
 20. ut . . . deposuerit : translate as though written in this 
 order, ut animam deposuerit priusquam id deposuerit. 
 
 23. Hamllcar : sc. Barca. The name Hamiloar is connected 
 with the name of a Phoenician god, Melkarth. Barca is Hebrew 
 barek, lightning. 
 
 25. lovi : the Carthaginian god was Baal. 
 
 26. divina res : = caerimonia. conficiebatur : what is the 
 usual tense after dum, meaning while ? A. 656, and a. B. 293. Bu. 
 878. G. 569; 570. For the use of quae with dum see A. 308, f. 
 B. 251, 6. Bu. 710. G. 610, r. 1. 
 
Page 24] NOTES ON PART TWO 179 
 
 Page 23. 1. tenentem : note the gender. 
 3. ad banc aetatem : Hannibal relates this story toward the end 
 of his life. 
 
 7. Hasdrubale : this man was Hannibal's brother-in-law. 
 
 Hannibal's Life in Camp 
 
 Page 23. 11. Hamiloarem : he had died four or five years before 
 in the prime of manhood. iuvenem : as a youth. 
 
 12. vigorem . . lineamentaque : the indications of the inner 
 qualities of the soul are sharply contrasted with his external features. 
 Note also the alliteration of which Livy is especially fond. 
 
 14. brevi : sc. tempore. se : ablative, momentum : force. 
 
 16. parendum atque imperandiun : in apposition with res; a 
 rare use of the gerund up to Livy's time. 
 
 17. discerueres : the English idiom requires this to be translated 
 as if pluperfect. This construction is common in Livy. A. 447, 2. 
 B. 280, 3. Bu. 779. G. 258. 
 
 19. ubi . . . agendum esaet : syntax? A. 542; 514, D, 2 b. 
 B. 287, 2, a. Bu. 904. G. 567, n. 
 
 20. plus : syntax? A. 390, c. B. 176, 4. Bu. 504. G. 333, 2. 
 23. pdAieatia. : power of endurance. 
 
 25. vigilianim somnique, etc. : i.e. Hannibal's time for sleeping 
 and waking did not correspond to the ordinary divisions of night and 
 day. 
 
 26. quod . . . superesset : see note on line 19. 
 
 27. ea ; sc. quies. 
 
 28. militari sagulo : the ordinary soldier's cloak. Cf . sagum 
 sumere, to prepare for war. custodias stationesque : sentries 
 and pickets (^outposts). 
 
 30. conspiciebantur : in sharp contrast with preceding nihil inter 
 aequales exeellens. 
 
 31. idem : alike. 
 
 Page 24. 2. vitia: there is little support in Livy's History itself 
 to bear out what he says about Haimibal's vices. Indeed, he often 
 expresses great appreciation of Hannibal's great qualities. Acts of 
 kindness on the Carthaginian's part are recorded in history, and his 
 acts of cruelty can be pa.ralleled with little difficulty in the accounts 
 of Roman generals by Roman historians. 
 
180 NOTES ON PART TWO [Page 24 
 
 3. perfidia . . . Punica : proverbial with Roman historians, al- 
 though hardly worse than the vaunted fides Bomana. See note to 
 page 100, line 5. 
 
 4. nulla religio : no conscience. Beligio is the most general term 
 in Latin for man's feeling regarding his relation to the supernatural. 
 
 6. meruit: served; sc, stipendium. 
 
 Hannibal Begins his Campaign 
 
 Page 24. 8. Gadibus : modem Cadiz. Carthaginem : (New) 
 
 Carthage, modern Cartagena. exercitus : genitive limiting hiberna. 
 
 9. Onusam : a conjecture for omissam of the MSS. The city of 
 
 Onusa lay north of New Carthage and may be modern Valencia. 
 
 Hiberum : sc. flumen, the Ebro. 
 
 10. Ibi : construe with visum {esse). in quiete : = in somnis. 
 
 12. sequeretur: syntax? A. 588. B. 316. Bu. 977. G. 652. 
 neque : = neve. A. 450, n. 5. B. 282, 1, e. G. 543, n. 3. 
 
 14. cura : curiosity. 
 
 16. ooulis : syntax ? A. 367 and footnote. B. 187, II. Bu. 456. 
 G. 346, R. 2. 
 
 17. Berpentem : symbolizes war as nimhum does devastation. 
 
 18. ferri : middle voice, moving along. 
 
 19. moles : monster. quidve prodigii esset : lit. and what of 
 a poitent it was ; i.e. and what was its significance. 
 
 20. pergeret, etc. : see note on line 12. 
 
 22. Hiberum : syntax? A. 395, n. 1. B. 179, 1. Bu. 511. G. 
 331, R. 1. praemissis : so. iis. Plutarch and Appian say that Han- 
 nibal already had had Gaul reconnoitered as far as Italy, and had 
 formed an alliance with the chieftains. 
 
 25. Nonaginta, etc. : Polybius and Appian give these same 
 figures. Appian, however, adds 37 elephants, which Polybius men- 
 tions at the crossing of the Rhone. 
 
 26. nergetes : east of the Ebro, in modern Aragon. Bargusioa- 
 que : a restoration for harguntosque and bargutosque of the MSS. 
 Proper names have been the greatest of stumbling blocks for the 
 scribes of all ages. Ausetanos : a people of upper Catalonia. 
 
 27. Lacetaniam : a district at the foot of the Pyrenees, north of 
 Saragossa. 
 
 28. oraeque huic omni : it was very important for Hannibal to 
 hold this territory on account of the passes {fauces), control over 
 
Page 26] NOTES ON PART TWO 181 
 
 which assured him a line of communication with Spain. Haimonem : 
 not his political opponent ; a common name among the Carthaginians. 
 30. obtinendae regionis : genitive of purpose. 
 
 Page 25. 1. Pyrenaeum saltum : the most easterly pass of the 
 Pyrenees, over which later ran a Roman road. 
 
 2. barbaros : Hannibal's army. 
 
 3. Carpetanorum : the southwestern neighbors of the Celtiberi, 
 in Hispania Tarraconensis ; see frontispiece. 
 
 4. iter averterunt : lit. turned aside their course ; i.e. deserted. 
 6. anceps : =periculosum. 
 
 8. et ipsos : translate likewise. 
 
 10. reliquis copiis : according to Poly bins fifty thousand foot and 
 nine thousand horse. T^e previous chapter accounts for twenty-one 
 thousand. This leaves twenty-two thousand as the loss in the fighting 
 between the Ebro and the Pyrenees. (Westcott.) 
 
 11. Pyrenaeum : isc. saltum. Ilibeiri : when oppidum is 
 added, indeclinable ; when oppidum is lacking, feminine and declin- 
 able. This town, situated at the foot of the Pyrenees, was later called 
 Helena, and is now known as Elne. 
 
 The Passage of the Rhone 
 
 Page 25. 12. Volcarum: these people in two main divisions, 
 Volcae Arecomici and Volcae Tectosages, inhabited the territory 
 between the Pyrenees and the Rhone. 
 
 14. citeriore agro : from Hannibal's point of view ; similarly 
 %dteriorem below. 
 
 15. Poenum : Hannibal. See notes to page 100, lines 1 and 23. 
 
 16. suis : sc. bonis. 
 
 18. quos . . . tenuerant : love of home had kept some of the 
 Volcae from crossing to the farther bank. 
 
 21. tanta . . . turba : of course Hannibal had to depend entirely 
 on plunder for the support of his army during this campaign. 
 
 22. navium : large boats. lintrium : light skiffs. temere : 
 rudely. 
 
 25. materiae : timber for building, as opposed to lignum, firewood. 
 
 26. alveos : dugouts. 
 
 27. possent : A. 528, a. B. 310, 1. Bu. 929. G. 573. 
 
 28. faciebant : what is the exact force of this imperfect ? A. 
 
182 NOTES ON PART TWO [Page 26 
 
 471, c. B. 260, 3. G. 233. ad traiciendum : "it is generally 
 supposed that Hannibal crossed the Rhone near Roquemaure or, at 
 any rate, not far from Avignon. One who sees the swift rush of the 
 mighty stream realizes that it was a formidahle obstacle to his prog- 
 ress." (Westoott.) 
 
 29. equites virique : in apposition with hostes ; with horse and 
 foot. 
 
 30. Bomilcaris : one of the so-called " kings " of Carthage. See 
 note to page 73, line 10. 
 
 Page 26. 1. vigilia prima noctis : noctis is pleonastic. 
 2. adverao flumine ; up stream ; similarly, secundo flumine, 
 down stream. Cf. secunda aqua, page 27, line 15. iinius diei : 
 syntax? A. 345, b. B. 203, 2. Bu. 423. G. 365, 2. 
 
 4. opus facto: see A. 411, a. B. 218, 2, c. Bu. 574. G. 437, 
 note 2. 
 
 5. A.d id : for that purpose. AaceB : so. itineris. 
 
 6. insulae : to-day there is still an island about 25 miles above the 
 mouth of Ardfeche. amnem : the subject of osiendere. 'J'he object 
 of ostendere is transitum with its modifying clause latiore . . . alveo. 
 ubi dividebatur : a subordinate clause in indirect discourse ; why 
 the indicative ? A. 583. B. 314, 3. Bu. 973. G. 655, k. 2. 
 
 9. Hispani, etc. : the Spaniards put their clothes on inflated skins, 
 and their shields on top of the clothes. Then resting on their shields, 
 they paddled across with their feet. 
 
 11. alius ezercitus : the rest of Hanno's army. ratibus 
 
 iunctis : this expression, besides stating the result, denotes the process 
 of constructing the rates. They made rafts by binding logs together, 
 and sailed across on them. 
 
 13. operis labore : the first is the work accomplished, the second 
 the effort expended in accomplishing it. 
 
 15. transisse : note the very rare omission of the subject accusa- 
 tive (se) in indirect discourse. 
 
 16. ne tempori deesset : lest he miss the opportunity. 
 
 21. praebebat: sc. Hannibal. nantes : explain the number. 
 A. 286, b. B. 235, b. 2, c. Bu. 630. G. 211, k. 1, a. Synesis. 
 
 23. us-ai: ready. Syntax? A. 382. B. 191. Bu. 483. G. 356. 
 
 24. ululatibus : an onomatopoetical word generally used of bar- 
 barians. English owl is derived from the same root. 
 
 26. tela : = hastas. 
 
 28. et qui . . et qui : the former refers to both preceding nav^ 
 
Page 27] NOTES ON PART TWO 183 
 
 tarum and militum ; the latter to militum only, the soldiers who could 
 not be taken over on the first trip. 
 
 29. traicientes : accusative. 
 
 32. anceps : on both sides, as is seen from utroque below. 
 
 Page 27. 2. vim facere : charge. 
 4. vicos : see note to page 18, line 2. 
 9. refugientem : i.e. rectorem. 
 
 10. ut . . . vadum : lit. as the bottom failed each in his fear of 
 the depth. destitueret : cf. A. 518, o. B. 287, 2, a. Bu. 904. 
 G. 567, N. 
 
 11. impetu . . . rapiente : the straggles of the elephants were 
 naturally directed in the general direction of the further bank. This 
 effort in the swift current would eventually land them on the other 
 side, although much farther down the stream. 
 
 12. id: i.e. eos ratibus traiectos esse. ante rem: = si res non- 
 dum facta esset. 
 
 15. secunda aqua : down current. 
 
 16. parte superiore ripae : at part of the bank higher up. 
 
 17. poutis in modum : construe with constraverunt. humo : 
 earth. 
 
 18. solum : land. 
 
 23. adnexa erat : ratis minor (i.e. alter ratis) is the subject of 
 this verb as well as of pertrahitur below. 
 
 25. donee . . . agerentur ; why subjunctive and not indicative ? 
 See note to page 15, line 19. 
 
 26. ab ceteris : the rest of the entire contrivance ; large raft, 
 fastenings, etc. It does not refer to more than one raft. 
 
 27. altum : generally used of the high sea, rarely of a river. 
 
 28. extremis : so. elephantis. 
 
 30. fecisset : cf. note on destitueret, line 10. saevientes : 
 frightened animals are often called infuriated by the ancients. 
 
 31. pondere ipso : Livy as well as Polybius, whom he is probably 
 following in this account, did not believe that elephants could swim. 
 pedetemptim : in its literal sense, step by step, one foot after another. 
 
 Crossing the Alps 
 
 Hannibal's route over the Alps was a subject of great dispute even 
 among the ancients, and it hardly seems possible of solution to-day. 
 The complete result of years of study seems to be thQ Umiting of the 
 
184 NOTES ON PART TWO [Page 28 
 
 number of probable routes to the Little St. Bernard, the Mont Cenis, 
 and the Mont Genfeyre passes. 
 
 The aim of scholars in this study is to find a route which will fit 
 both Polybius's and Livy's accounts, and which at the same time will 
 be one that Hannibal. would probably choose in the actual circum- 
 stances of the case. The Mont Cenis or a similar northern pass meets 
 these requirements best. Some of the most important works on the 
 subject are The Bomans on the Biviera and the Bhone, by W. H. 
 Bullock Hall (London, 1898); HannibaVs Boute over the Alps, by 
 G. E. Marindin, in Classical Beview, XIII (1899), p. 238; Der Han- 
 nibalweg, by W. Osiander (Berlin, 1900) ; and HannibaVs March, by 
 Spencer Wilkinson (Oxford, 1911). 
 
 Page 28. l. Druentia : there is not sufficient reason to Identify 
 this with the Durance. It might very well be the Drac or the Arc. 
 campestri mazime itinere : by a march for the most part over a level 
 country. 
 
 2 . cmn bona pace : on terms of perfect peace with ; a stereo- 
 typed expression. 
 
 6. torrida : withered ; used alike to describe the effect of heat and 
 cold. 
 
 9. ErigentibuB : sc. Poenis. Following the Mont Cenis theory, 
 this scene is in the vicinity of Aiguebelle, near the mouth of the Arc. 
 imninentes : construe with tumulos. 
 
 14. quam . . . valle : in the widest possible part of the valley. 
 Following a northern pass, this is to be identified with the valley about 
 Aiguebelle. 
 
 16. abhorrentes : different. 
 
 26. viro : in apposition with expeditis. 
 
 28. castra mota : sc. sunt. incedere : to march in regular 
 formation. 
 
 29. castellis : houses on high eminences, mountain villages. 
 
 30. arce : stronghold ; here a height which they used as a central 
 point of defense, according to Osiander at Echaillon, near St. Jean de 
 Maurienne, about a thousand feet above the Arc river. 
 
 31. inminentlB : accusative plural. via : A. 429, 4, a. B. 
 218, 9. Bu. 681. G. 389. 
 
 Page 29. 3. videre : perfect indicative, sc. montani. 
 4. adiecissent : syntax? A. 542; 689, a. B. 320. Bu. 980. 
 G. 658. 
 
Page 30] NOTES ON PART TWO 185 
 
 5. irusta : =pariter. 
 
 6. adsueti : here with in and the accusative, although usually 
 with the dative or infinitive. 
 
 8. sibi: syntax? A. 376. B. 188, 1. Bu. 470. G. 352. 
 quoque: ablative. peiioulo: case? A. 381. B. 188, 2, d. Bu. 
 477. G. 345, k. 1. 
 
 9. infestum . . . faciebant : endangered. 
 
 11. repercusaae : not the valleys but rather the sounds were re- 
 echoed. Hypallage. 
 
 16. ruinae mazime modo : very much like a falling building. 
 17 foeda : horrible. 
 
 20. ezutum : agrees with exercitum, but is equivalent to si exutus 
 esset. A 521, a. B. 337,2, b. Bu. 926. G. 593, 2. 
 
 26. Castellum: identified by Osiander with St. Jean de Maurienne. 
 Following the Mont Genfevre route, it might be Embrun. 
 
 27. captivo : for capto, the usual word. 
 29. eo triduo : in the next three days. 
 
 31. ut inter montanos : for highland districts. 
 
 32. suis artibUB : Eoman historians, however, have not given us 
 a single instance of Hannibal's perfidy, but many instances of his 
 cunning. 
 
 Page 30. 3. malle : sc. se. 
 
 6. acciperet : cf. A. 688. B. 316. Bu. 977. G. 652. 
 
 7. aperte : construe with hostes. 
 
 9. nequaquam . . agmine : in a friendly country the army 
 would have been strung out at random, with the baggage train trailing 
 the rear. 
 
 13. parte altera : on one side. 
 
 17. baud dubium fecit : as a result of the stubbornness of the 
 ensuing fight. 
 
 19. accipienda . . . fuerit : syntax ? A. 517, c. B. 322. Bu. 
 024. G. 597, K. 5 (a). extremiun periculi : for the more usual 
 idiomatic extremum periculum. 
 
 20. Nam dum cunctatur: Hannibal was in the rear with the 
 infantry, and had not reached the narrowest part of the defile, when 
 the attack was made in the rear and flank. The time spent by the 
 infantry in repelling this attack allowed the cavalry to advance some 
 distance and caused a gap between two parts of the line. The 
 mountaineers quickly -filled this gap by their flank {per obliqua) 
 attack. 
 
186 NOTES ON PART TWO [Page 31 
 
 24. Hannibali: syntax? A. 375. B. 189, 2. Bu. 480. G. 
 354. 
 
 29. concursabant : with in, made rapid attacks upon. 
 
 30. utcumque . . . daret : syntax ? A. 518, c ; 519. B. 287, 
 2, a. Bu. 904. G. 593, 1. 
 
 32. sicut . . ita : although . . . yet. 
 
 Page 31. 4. iugum Alpium : the highest point in their ascent. 
 The summit of the Mont Cenis pass is 6893 feet above the sea. per 
 invia, etc : the Carthaginian army was delayed by marching over 
 trackless ground (invia), and going the wrong way and having to 
 retrace their steps {errores) . Fraus and valles are subjects of facie- 
 hant. Iter is the object of coniectantibus. 
 
 8. iumentaque, etc. ; beasts of burden which had fallen on the 
 march through weariness occasioned by the particularly rocky roads, 
 and which had consequently been left behind. 
 
 11. occidente . . Vergiliarum : the Pleiades. According to 
 Pliny, the ancients regarded the setting of this constellation at the end 
 of October as the beginning of winter. Livy may be referring to the 
 setting of the Pleiades in a general way, meaning that it was nearly the 
 beginning of winter, not that the Pleiades were actually setting. 
 This would allow us to place the arrival at the summit at the end of 
 September. This is almost necessary, since the events from this time 
 to the battle of the Trebia, including the bringing of the Roman army 
 from Sicily to the Po, are very crowded. 
 
 13. pigritia : listlessness. 
 
 14. promunturio : Osiander has identified this place with a small 
 eminence rising from the plateau at the summit of the Mont Cenis 
 pass, from which he himself saw part of the valley of the Po. How- 
 ever, it may be merely one of Livy's rhetorical flourishes. 
 
 19. proclivia : unites the ideas of sloping and easy. uno . . . 
 altero : an unusual change from the cardinal to the ordinal. sum- 
 mum : at the most. 
 
 22. parva furta : surprises of little consequence. 
 
 23. ut : inasmuch as. 
 
 27. haerere adfizi vestigio suo : to stick fast in their tracks. 
 
 29. rupem: rocky ledge. atque: connects angustiorem and 
 rectis saxis. 
 
 30. rectis : perpendicular. temptabundus : Livy makes fre- 
 quent use of adjectives in -bundus. 
 
 31. circa : adverb. 
 
Page 32] NOTES ON PART TWO 187 
 
 32. praeceps : precipitous ; rectis above of course is an exaggera- 
 tion. 
 
 Page 32, 1. in . . . altitudinem : Polybius speaks of a place 
 where the road, for a distance of three half-stades (937^ Roman feet), 
 had been destroyed by a landslide. Livy may have copied Polybius 
 or their common source carelessly. However, the text is corrupt here. 
 
 7. intactam : unmelted. 
 
 8. molli nee praealtae : sc. novae nivi. 
 
 10. dilapsa est : loas melted. 
 
 11. tabem : slush. Taetra : terrible. 
 
 12. non recipiente vestigium : lit. receiving no foot-print; i.e. 
 giving no foothold. 
 
 13. in prono : because of its sloping surface, 
 
 14. adiuvissent : syntax? A. 518, c. B. 287, 2 a. Bu. 904. 
 G. 593, 1 admlniculis : refers to manibus and genu. 
 
 16. in levi tantum glacie : on mere smooth ice. 
 
 18. iactandis gravius in conitendo ungulis : by striking with 
 their hoofs too strongly in their effort to rise. 
 
 19. ut pleraque, etc. ; the beasts of burden broke through the hard 
 exterior crust, and then, sinking into the softer snow below, were 
 caught fast as if in traps. 
 
 22. in iugo : on a summit, aegerrime : explained by the follow- 
 ing tantum clause. 
 
 23. ad rupem muniendam : = ad viam per rupem muniendam. 
 Viam munire is the regular idiom for constructing a road. Munio 
 meant originally to build ; cf. moenia. 
 
 25. arboribus circa inmanibus : a contradiction of nee stirpes 
 circa radicesve above and nuda enim fere cacumina below. 
 
 28. saza . . . putrefaciunt : the actuality of this incident has 
 long been disputed. If it really happened, the rock was probably 
 limestone or some other form of chalk which alone would crumble 
 under vinegar. This manner of softening rock had long been used in 
 the Spanish mines. Thus there is nothing really improbable in the 
 fact itself. The question arises, however, as to how they could obtain 
 wood and vinegar enough for this extensive operation. Polybius does 
 not mention the use of vinegar. 
 
 29. molliuntque anfractibus modicis clivos : they made the 
 slopes gentler by winding paths of a moderate grade. 
 
 31. Quadriduum : according to Polybius, the baggage animals 
 and horses, delayed but a single day, and only the elephants halted 
 
188 NOTES ON PART TWO [Page 33 
 
 for three days. Livy, who is careless about such little things, has 
 apparently added the two figures. 
 
 Page 33. 2. rivosque prope silvas : sc. ^ 
 4. muniendo : sc. viam. 
 
 7. Hoc mazime modo : for the most part in this manner. 
 quinto mense : so. postquam a Carthagineprofecti erant Polybius 
 agrees with this statement. Since Hannibal left New Carthage in 
 May, this would bring him to Italy in October. A preposition witli 
 the name of a town is often used by Livy. 
 
 8. quinto decimo die : Polybius gives the same number, but says 
 that most of the army remained only one day at the rook. Yet fol- 
 lowing Livy's previous statements, we obtain 18 days as the total 
 number ; nine to the summit, two there of rest, four at the cliff, and 
 three from the cliff to the plain. But counting marching days alone, 
 or considering that the army spent only one day at the passage of the 
 cliff, our total remains 15. , 
 
 A- Speech to the Soldiers 
 
 After the passage of the Alps, Hannibal halted for a time to refresh 
 his wearied troops, and to enroll the various Gallic tribes as his allies. 
 Although the Gauls were eager enough to join Hannibal, the sudden 
 arrival at Pisa of P. Cornelius Scipio with his fleet immediately 
 checked the general desertion. Hannibal then marched south, at- 
 tempting to force the Gauls into an alliance on his way. Before 
 venturing farther into Roman territory, however, he deemed it wise to 
 encourage his men in some extraordinary manner. 
 
 Page 33. 13. ecquis, etc. : this incident is likewise related by 
 Polybius and Cassius Dio. Polybius states further that the prisoners 
 had been purposely maltreated beforehand. Combats of this nature, 
 however, were common among the Celts, and can scarcely be con- 
 demned when judged by the moral standard of Augustan Rome. 
 
 16. in id : for this purpose ; similarly ad id above. Each captive 
 marked a pebble. The pebbles were then thrown {deiecta) into a 
 helmet and shaken. The two men whose pebbles came out first were 
 to fight each other, and the process was continued again and again, 
 since according to Polybius only one pair of contestants were allowed 
 to fight at a time. Cowards could escape by stealthily dropping a 
 piece of sod instead of a stone into the helmet. 
 
 17. ouiusque : = et cuius ; not from quisque. 
 
Page 34] NOTES ON PART TWO 189 
 
 19. dimicarent : syntax ? A. 518, c. B. 287, 2, a. Bu. 904. 
 G. 567, N. 
 
 20. eiusdem . . . homines : i.e. the other captives. 
 
 21. spectantes vulgo : the mass of spectators. 
 
 23. sic . . . adlectos : refers to Hannibal's men, roused at wit- 
 nessing the bravery of the combatants. paribus : pairs, duels. 
 contione inde advocata : the informal gathering is dismissed, and a 
 regular assembly is called. 
 
 25. alienae : possessive of alius. 
 
 28. quaedam : this pronoun is often used to soften a seemingly 
 bold metaphor or simile, nescio an : / am inclined to believe ; a 
 modest afSrmative. G. 457, 2. 
 
 30. destra laevaque. duo maria : the Adriatic and that part of 
 the Mediterranean known as the Etruscan Sea. 
 
 Page 34. 1. babentis : accusative plural, sc. vos. 
 3. vobis: syntax? A. 419. B. 221. Bu. 556. G. 409. 
 8. parentibus .- not ablative ; cf. A. 381. B. 188, 2, d. Bu. 477. 
 G. 347, R. 5. 
 
 14. Iiusitaniae : modern Portugal and the neighboring parts of 
 Spain. Celtiberiaeque : the central part of Spain, consectando : 
 while following. A. 507. B. 338, 4. Bu. 1014. G. 431. 
 
 20. emeritis stipendiis : lit. your pay having been earned, i.e. 
 after your campaigns have been finished. nee : = et ne. 
 
 21. ezistimaritis : syncopated form of existimaveritis. What are 
 the three ways of expressing the idiom involved here ? A. 450, 3. 
 B. 276. Bu. 934. G. 263, 2, b. 
 
 24. cur . . . sint ? : syntax ? A. 535, a. B. 283, 2. Bu. 798. 
 G. 631, 2. 
 
 25. comparandi : comparable. In addition to the idea of neces- 
 sity, the gerundive when used in a negative sense may have the idea 
 of possibility. ut . . . taceam : to be silent about, not to mention. 
 viginti annorum : 238-218 b.c. Syntax ? A. 345, b. B. 203, 2. 
 Bu. 423. G. 365, 2. This has reference to the veterans of the army 
 who had done long service under Hamilcar. 
 
 26. Herculis columnis : the "Pillars of Hercules" ; Calpe (Gib- 
 raltar, from the Arabic, Gebel-Tarik) in Spain, and Abyla (Ape's Hill, 
 Arabic, Gebel-Musa) on the African coast. 
 
 29. hac ipsa, etc. : certain of the Gauls in northern Italy, carried 
 away by the report of Hannibal's proposed invasion, had caused con- 
 siderable trouble long before Hannibal arrived. 
 
190 NOTES ON PART TWO [Page 35 
 
 31. An . . . conferam : see G. 457, 1 on the origin of this abrupt 
 interrogation. 
 
 32. eductum : = educatum. 
 
 Page 35. 3. semenstri : the consuls took up their duties on 
 March 15. It was now October. desertore : Scipio's original 
 army under his brother Gnaeus was sent on to Spain to fight Has- 
 drubal. Cf. Livy XXI, 32. 
 
 4. signis : the eagles (see page 106, line 16) were first used as 
 the special symbols of the legions by Marius in 104 B.C. (Pliny, Nat. 
 Hist. X, 5.) Livy may refer here to signa manipulorum. 
 
 ,6. parvi: syntax? A. 417. B. 203, 4. Bu. 424. G. 380, 1. 
 quod . . eat : syntax ? A. 572. B. 299. Bu. 822. G. 525. 
 
 8. notata temporibus lociaque : i.e. giving the date and the 
 place of performance for each brave deed (rfecws) . 
 
 10. donatisque : this word is put in Hannibal's mouth by Livy, 
 though it refers to a Roman custom, of a later time, of giving the 
 soldiers dona for special bravery. Cf. page 59, line 24, and following. 
 
 11. ignotOB . . . ignorantesque : i.e. the newly arrived Roman 
 general and the army are unacquainted with each other, and both to- 
 gether are ignorant of the enemy with whom they have to deal. Cf. 
 mn si quis, etc., above. 
 
 14. frenatos infrenatosque : the Spanish and Numidian cavalry. 
 The Numidians used no bridle (infrenatos) ; in- = negative prefix. 
 Do not confuse infrenatos with the verb infreno, -are, which like 
 freno means to put the bridle on. 
 
 15. socios : Africans (except Carthaginians) as well as Spaniards. 
 20. dolor, etc. : i.e. from Rome's unfair and overbearing conduct 
 
 following the first Punic war. 
 
 22. deinde vos omnes : this was not true. But remember, Livy 
 has composed this speech for Hannibal, and Livy makes his speakers 
 exaggerate. Saguntum : cf . page 16, lines 8 ff. qui . . . op- 
 pugnassetis: syntax? A. 592. B. 323. Bu. 983. G. 508, 3. 
 deditoB : = si dediti essetis. 
 
 23. adfecturl fuenint : what form does this replace ? A. 517, d. 
 B. 304, 3, b. Bu. 923. G. 597, 3, a ; 663, 2. 
 
 24. sua : predicative. suique arbitrii : predicative. Cum 
 . . . censet : by the treaty of 241 B.C., Carthage could make war on 
 no ally of Rome. 
 
 27. montium fluminumque : rhetorical exaggeration. Only the 
 Ebro is meant. 
 
Page 36] NOTES ON PART TWO 191 
 
 28. Ne transieris : syntax ? See note to page 34, line 21. 
 31. Hispanias : an anachronism. Tlie division into Hispania 
 Citerior and Ulterior was not made until after Hannibal. 
 
 Page 36. 1. Transcendes autem ? : the transitional sentence 
 from Hannibal's apostrophe to Rome to the continuance of his direct 
 appeal to the soldiers. 
 
 2. in Afiicam : the Roman consul, Sempronius, never went be- 
 yond Sicily. 
 
 4. timidis : attracted to the case of illis. This construction after 
 licet is more common than two accusatives. A. 455, 2, a. B. 327, 2, a. 
 Bu. 462. respectum : a place of refuge. 
 
 6. fortlbus viris : attracted into the case of vobis ; a Grecism. 
 
 8. abruptis : renouncing. 
 
 Manoeuvres in Jforbhern Italy 
 
 Hannibal had defeated the hastily collected Roman forces at the 
 Ticinus and the Trebia, and was now marching southward. 
 
 Page 36. 13. longi . . . tempoiis: syntax? A. 345, b. B. 
 203, 2. Bu. 423. G. 365, 2. inde : temporal. erant : complete 
 coextension of time, and so imperfect and not present. G. 569. 
 
 15. ducit : conative present. Hannibal was not successful in 
 this. 
 
 16. adivmcturus : so. sihi ; the future participle to express pur- 
 pose. 
 
 20. vertice intorti adfligebantur : caught by the hurricane they 
 were dashed to the ground. 
 
 21. constitere : halted. includeret : sc. vortex. The strong 
 wind prevented them from breathing. 
 
 22. aversi a vento : with their backs to the wind. 
 
 24. capti auribus et oculis : deprived of their hearing and sight. 
 
 25. effuso imbre : lit. when the rain had poured itself out; when 
 the rain-storm had spent itself. accensa : roused, stirred up. 
 
 28. expUcare quicquam, etc. : they could neither unfold anything 
 in the way of a tent covering, nor set anything up permanently in the 
 way of tent poles. 
 
 29. statutum esset : syntax ? A. 518, c. B. 302, 3. Bu. 912. 
 
 G. 567, N. 
 
 30. Etmoxaqua, etc. . Livy's explanation of hail. The moisture 
 
192 NOTES ON PART TWO [Page 37 
 
 carried by the winds over the cold ridges of the Apennines became 
 frozen. 
 
 Page 37. 2. deiecit : subject is aqua. 
 5. vellet : syntax ? 
 
 8. ad alienam opem quisque inops tendere : each one in his 
 helplessness sought help from others. 
 
 13. ver: 217 B.C. hibemia : the winter had been spent partly 
 near Placentia, and partly in Liguria. 
 
 14. et nequiquam : this et prepares the way for the following et. 
 It is best not translated. 
 
 17. ut . . . agerentque : substantive clause in apposition with eo. 
 
 19. hibernls : the Romans had spent the winter in Cremona and 
 Placentia. videre : perfect tense, introduced by postquam. 
 
 21. levitate : fickleness. Construe with indicantium. 
 
 23. tegumenta capitis : wigs. This refers to Hannibal's various 
 disguises, and does not mean that he was in the habit of wearing 
 a wig. Polybius mentions this and calls it Phoenician strategy. 
 errore etiam : by puzzling his enemies. Etiam emphasizes errore. 
 
 26. Flaminium : one of the new consuls. He left Rome before 
 the passage of the lex curiata de imperio, by which consuls were for- 
 mally endowed with the imperium" and auspicia (the power of taking 
 auspices). By this neglect, he was supposed to have brought on the 
 disasters which presently befell the Roman army. See also note to 
 page 39, line 4. 
 
 27. Arretium : modern Arezzo; a strategic position on the Via 
 Cassia, in Northern Etruria. aliud . . . iter : Livy is very vague 
 here. Polybius speaks of several possible routes, but does not specify 
 any. Hannibal might perhaps have chosen one of the passes over the 
 western Apennines. His purpose of course was to defeat Maminius 
 before he joined with Servilius, the other consul. See Livy XXII, 
 1, 5ff. 
 
 28. per -paludes : the district between Pistoria and Faesulae, 
 watered by two tributaries of the Arno. (Weissenbom.) 
 
 31. necubi : = ne + cubi (^ubi) ; lest anywhere. 
 
 Page 38. l. novissimos ire : to bring up the rear. 
 4. mollis ad : incapable of enduring. cohibentem : agrees 
 with Magonem and governs Gallos. 
 
 11. etipsa: the beasts of burden as well as the men lay down 
 exhausted. 
 
Page 39] NOTES ON PART TWO 193 
 
 12. vigiliae : loss of sleep. 
 
 14. nihil, ubi in sicco : no dry place where. 
 
 15. sarciuis : packs ; individual paclis as opposed to the common 
 baggage of the army, impedimenta. 
 
 16 tantum . quaereuUbus : so. iis. Anything whatsoever 
 that stood above the water was a welcome resting place. Tantum = 
 oitly. 
 
 19. intemperie variante calores irigoraque : bad weather, 
 alternately hot and cold. 
 
 20. quo: syntax? A. 531, a. B. 282. Bu. 810. G. 545, 2. 
 
 21. caelo : atmosphere. 
 
 22. et quia: et connects a causal ablative absolute and a quia 
 clause. altero oculo capitur : is deprived of the sight of one eye. 
 See note to page 36, line 24. 
 
 25. de paludibus emersisset : elsewhere in Livy emergere ex. 
 ubi piimum, etc. ; in the region between Faesulae (modem Fiesole) 
 and Arrelium (modern Arezzo). 
 
 26. certum . . . habuit : = certior f actus est. 
 
 27. Arreti : a good position from which to watch Hannibal, who 
 might be expected to march upon Rome by the line of the Via Cassia. 
 Thence also it was easy to combine forces with his colleague coming 
 from Ariminum. (Westcott.) 
 
 29. copias : opportunities. 
 
 30 in rem : to the purpose, advantageous. 
 
 31. in primis Italiae fertUis : one of the most fertile in Italy. 
 This and the following sentence give a summary of the information 
 obtained by Hannibal. campi . in apposition with regio. 
 
 Page 39. l. ferox . . priore : in 223 b.c, the senate tried to 
 force Flaminius to lay down his consulship because of certain alleged 
 irregularities connected with his election. Just before his victory over 
 the Insubres (223 B.C.), a letter arrived from the senate demanding 
 his resignation. He completely ignored the letter until after his 
 victory, when the senate refused him a triumph, because he was not in 
 their opinion legally a consul. A triumph was granted to him, how- 
 ever, by a vote of the people. 
 
 2. non modo: = non modo non, here. A. 217, e. B. 343, 2, a. 
 Bu. 1051. G. 482, 5, e. 1. legum . . . maiestatia . . . deo- 
 rum : A. 349, b. B. 204, 1, a. G. 375. 
 
 4. prospero . . . successu: as tribune he procured the passage 
 of a law assigning land in Picenum and Umbria to the poor ; as censor 
 
194 NOTES ON PART TWO [Page 40 
 
 he was responsible for the construction of the Via and Circus, which 
 bore his name. 
 
 6. ferociter . . praepropere : not a just opinion of Flaminius, 
 although the traditional one as painted for us by his political enemies, 
 the aristocrats. " The battle of Lake Trasimenus was not of his 
 choosing, and it is reasonable to suppose that he was marching to meet 
 his colleague, as well as following the enemy, when he was so fatally 
 entrapped. It was certainly proper to follow Hannibal, if not strong 
 enough to stop him, when he appeared to be moving toward the 
 capital. It is not his general purpose, but his carelessness in allowing 
 himself to be surprised, that we must condemn." (Westcott.) 
 
 7. quoque : two words. 
 
 8. laeva relicto, etc.: Livy's topography may be incorrect here. 
 There may have been another Faesulae in the southern part of Etruria. 
 
 13. ierri agique : plundered. per mediam . . . oppugnanda : 
 in apposition with id. 
 
 15. ceteris : tribmii and other oflBcers of the highest rank. 
 
 19. effusa : unchecked. 
 
 20. signum: trumpets gave the signal for a, march; a red flag 
 (vexillum) on the general's tent proclaimed a battle. 
 
 25. Camillum a Veis : not entirely correct. In 390 B.C., when 
 the Gauls held all of Rome except the Capitol, Camillus was called 
 from his exile at Ardea. He went first to Veil, however, where a good 
 part of the Roman army had taken refuge, and marched thence to 
 Rome. See page 10, line 14. 
 
 29. velut foedo omine incipiendae rei : by an omen which seemed 
 fatal to their undertaking. 
 
 30. omni vi moliente signifero : although the standard-bearer 
 pulled with all his might. 
 
 31. Num litteras, etc. : referring to an incident in his Gallic 
 campaign. See note on line 1. 
 
 Page 40. 4. in vulgus : in general. 
 
 The Victory at Lake Trasimenus 
 
 Page 40. 6. Cortonam urbem : south of Arretium ; northwest of 
 Lake Trasimenus. Trasumennumque lacum: modern Lago 
 
 Trasimeno or di Perugia. The distance between Cortona and the lake 
 js about ten miles. The lake is ten miles long and eight miles wide. 
 
 9. insidiis: syntax? A. 384, B. 192, 2. Bu. 487, G- 359, 
 
Page 41] NOTES ON PART TWO 197 
 
 ubi mazime : where most closely. montes . . . subit : this local- 
 ity is generally believed to be the narrow passage between the lake and 
 Monte Gualandro, near Borghetto. See map on page 195. 
 
 12. inde colles adsurgunt: possibly the spur of Tuoro, or the 
 mountains at the east of the valley. 
 
 14. armaturam : = armatos. 
 
 15. ad ipsas fauces: the western defile; through which the 
 Roman army entered the pass. See note to page 21, line 13. 
 
 19. inezplorato : Livy often uses the perfect participle alone as 
 an ablative absolute. Throughout this section notice the great stress 
 Livy lays on the carelessness of Flaminius. 
 
 20. pandi : = se pandere, deploy. 
 
 21. id tantum hostium : that part only of the enemy ; the Afri- 
 cans and Spaniards. 
 
 23. clausum . . . habuit : ftaftMif is not a simple auxiliary verb ; 
 translate had the enemy shut in. 
 
 27. campo : sc. in. 
 
 28. satis conspecta : sufficiently visible. Conspecta = conspica- 
 hilia. 
 
 30. cerneret : A. 551,b. B. 292. Bu. 866. G.677. Instrueretur 
 and possent below are in similar construction. 
 
 Page 41. 2. ezpediri arma: the Roman soldier on the march 
 carried on his shoulders his shield, helmet, and general kit not to be 
 used in battle. Before going into battle, his kit would have to be laid 
 aside, and his arms adjusted. 
 
 4. satis, ut in re trepida, impavldus : very calm, considering 
 the panic. 
 
 5. quoque : from quisque. 
 
 8. nee enlm, etc. : Livy again puts Flaminius forward as a con- 
 temptor deuni. 
 
 12. tantumque aberat, etc. ; A. 571, b. Bu. 844. G. 552, e. 1. 
 ordines : centuries. 
 
 13. ut . . . animus : they were so bewildered that they didn't 
 tnow what to do. 
 
 14. conpeteret : was competent. 
 
 17. terrentium paventiumque : the Carthaginians and Romans 
 respectively. 
 
 19. globo : solid mass. This poetic word has been found eleven 
 times in the writings of Livy. Cf, conglnbabat in line 28 and conglo- 
 bati, page 7, line 32. 
 
198 NOTES ON PART TWO [Page 42 
 
 25. principes, etc. -. see note to page 12, line 10. 
 
 26. antesignani : i.e. the hastati. The standards were carried 
 hetween them and the principes. 
 
 28. cohorte : an anachronism. The cohort as a military unit was 
 Inaugurated by Marius, 105 e.g. See note to page 98, line 8. 
 
 29. ante aut post : sc. signa. 
 
 31. eum motum terrae: that earthquake. Ovid, (Fasti, VI, 765 
 ff.,) gives the date of the battle as June 23. Other ancient writers place 
 it somewhat later. June 23 or, according to the revised calendar, about 
 the middle of April, is the most probable. 
 
 Page 42, 5. robora virorum : the flower of the troops. The gen- 
 erals at this time had no regular bodyguard. 
 
 8. Insuber: an Insubrian, from the neighborhood of Milan. 
 Ducario : for the three possibilities in the idiom see A. 373, a and note. 
 B. 190. Bu. 393. G. 349, r. 5. 
 
 10. legiones nostras cecidit : in the campaign of 223 b.c. See 
 not« to page 39, line 1. 
 
 11. urbem : Livy probably lets his rhetoric run away with his his- 
 tory here. Mediolanum, modern Milan, the Insubrian capital, was 
 captured in 222 b.c. but not by Flaminius. 
 
 16. triarii : i.e. the veterans; the men who usually fought as 
 triarii, and who in this confused state of affairs would naturally 
 gather around their leader. 
 
 18. evadunt : a conative historical present, equivalent to a cona- 
 tive imperfect. A. 471, c. B. 260, 3. G. 233. 
 
 20. paludis : construe with aquam. 
 
 21. sese immergunt : plunged in. Construe before quoad, . . . 
 possent. 
 
 23. quae : i.e. fiiga. ininensa : endless. Ac connects this ad- 
 jective with the adjectival phrase sine spe. 
 
 24. animis : courage. 
 
 25. nequiquam fessi : exhausted to no purpose. 
 
 27. per adversos hostis : Hannibal's heavy Spanish and African 
 infantry. 
 
 28. e saltu : out of the defile of Passignano. 
 
 29. tumulo quodam : possibly where Magione now stands. 
 
 32 . Inclinata denique re : when the battle had at last been decided. 
 
 Page 43. 6. Maharbale : leader of Hannibal's cavalry. See 
 page 53, line 13. 
 
Page 43] NOTES ON PART TWO 199 
 
 7. tradidissent; syntax? A. 589, 2, a. B. 319; 320. Bu. 980. 
 G. 658. 
 
 8. passurum: sc.se. 
 
 9. quae Funica religione etc.: this was Maharbal's promise ac- 
 cording to Polybius. Hannibal maintained that his subordinate had 
 no right to make such a promise independently of him. For a, similar 
 state of affairs, wherein the Romans refused to accept a peace agreed 
 upon by their general, see pages 94 ff. Many other such cases occur 
 in Roman history. 
 
 11. nobilis : well known. 
 
 12. memorata : = memorabilis. Quindecim milia : other an- 
 cient historians make the losses much greater. At any rate the 
 Roman army was really annihilated. 
 
 17. auctum ex vaho : idle exaggeration. 
 
 18. Fabium: Q. Fabius Pictor, a contemporary of the Second Punic 
 War. He wrote an account of the Hannibalic war in annalistic form. 
 This work was written in Greek, since it was intended for the educated 
 of his own countrymen and for the Hellenic public. aequalem 
 temporibus : contemporary. 
 
 20. Latini nominis : nomen here means nation ; a similar use of 
 the word will be found on page 55, line 32. Hannibal realized that 
 he could put but little dependence on help from Carthage, and so 
 he set out to win the Italians from their allegiance to Rome by all pos- 
 sible means. This discrimination in the treatment of prisoners was 
 part of his definite policy. Read note to page 94, line 19. 
 
 23. Flamini quoque etc. : a surprising admission, from a Roman, 
 of Hannibal's humanitas. 
 
 The Jfews received at Borne 
 This sketch, most probably unbistorical, is a masterpiece of descrip- 
 tive writing. 
 
 Page 43. 25. primum nuntium : at the first report. 
 
 27. repena : translate as an adverb with adlata. 
 
 28. frequentis contioniB modo : like a crowded assembly. A 
 contio was a gathering merely to discuss matters before the actual 
 voting in the regular comitia. 
 
 29. comitium : the northeast part of the forum, where magistrates 
 usually addressed the people. See map on page 156. curiam : 
 here, of course, were the magistrates who might give the people 
 definite information about the disaster. 
 
200 NOTES ON PART TWO [Page 44 
 
 Page 44. 1. M. Pomponius praetor : peregrinus. We do not 
 know why he, rather than M. Aemilius, praetor urbanus, should make 
 this announcement, since it is known that all four praetors were pres- 
 ent in Borne at this time. 
 
 10. deinceps : following ; attributive as the preceding and corre- 
 sponding postero shows. 
 
 12. nuntios : either as nuntium above, or in its strict meaning. 
 
 13. utique : especially. 
 
 15. cerneres : syntax? A. 447, 2. B. 280, 3. Bu. 779. G. 258. 
 
 16. gratulantisque aut consolantis : accusatives. 
 
 22. praetores : the praetors (four in number after 227 B.C.) were 
 lawfully the heads of the republic during the absence of the consuls. 
 
 Hannibal escapes a Trap 
 
 After the terrible loss at Lake Trasimenus, the Romans chose 
 Fabius Maximus (Cunctator) as dictator against Hannibal. Fabius 
 harassed Hannibal constantly by his famous dilatory tactics, and once 
 even succeeded in entrapping the Carthaginian in a valley near the 
 town of Casilinum. Hannibal, however, escaped by the following 
 ruse. 
 
 Page 44. 26. per Casilinum : i.e. up the Volturnus. Casilinum 
 was on the "Volturnus, near ancient Capua. On its site stands modern 
 Capua. 
 
 27. necubi : ne + cubi (mSi) ; lest anywhere. 
 
 30. consilii : according to Appian, the Spaniards used the same 
 trick against Hamilcar. 
 
 Page 45. 3. indomitosque : young steers not yet broken to the 
 yoke. 
 
 4. effecta : gathered. Hasdrubalique : not his brother, of 
 course, but, according to Polybius, chief of the engineers. 
 
 5. accensis cornibus : not the horns, but fagots on the horns 
 were lighted. 
 
 11. in adversos . . montes : up the mountains. 
 
 12. ad vivum : to the quick. ad vivum ad imaque cornua : 
 hendiadys. 
 
 14. repente : adverb equivalent to an adjective. Similarly circa, 
 below. 
 
 20. tutissimum iter : in apposition with summa montium iuga. 
 

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Page 46] NOTES ON PART TWO 203 
 
 23. spirantium : substantive. The Romans did not know what 
 these creatures were. 
 
 26. incuTrere : perfect tense ; ran upon (accidentally), not at- 
 tacked. 
 
 27. neutros pugnam incipientis ad lucem tenuit : lit. held 
 neither side ready to begin the battle until morning; i.e. kept both 
 sides from beginning the battle before morning. 
 
 29. Allifano : AUIf ae, modern Alif e ; in Samnium on the left bank 
 of the Volturnus. 
 
 Page 46. 5. concursandum : skirmishing. 
 
 7. campestrem : accustomed to the level territory. 
 
 8. statarium ; accustomed to steady fighting. They were not 
 adapted to fighting which required a frequent change of position. 
 pugnae genere : in this sort of battle. 
 
 The Battle of Cannae 
 
 " The patient tactics of Q. Fabius Cunctator had become unpopular 
 at Kome; and the consuls of 216 b.c, L. Aemilius Paulus and M. 
 Terentius Varro, took the field in Apulia, at the head of a larger force 
 than Eome had yet raised, and with instructions to fight and crush the 
 daring invader. The result realized for the moment Hannibal's highest 
 hopes." (Pelham: Outlines of Soman History.} 
 
 Page 46. 11. Statilium : previously sent out on an exploring ex- 
 pedition with a squad of Lucanian cavalry. 
 
 12. hostium : the Cai^haginians. 
 
 13. Cum utriusque consulis, etc. : Varro, in some ways like 
 Tlamlnius, was always hasty and easily influenced by the general 
 demands of the soldiers. Paulus was careful, and, although not to the 
 same degree as Pabius, an advocate of tactics of delay. 
 
 17. Cannas ■ modern Canne; in Apulia on the southeast bank of 
 the Aufidus, a few miles from the coast. 
 
 18. prope eum vicum : thus on the same side of the river. 
 
 19. aversa vento : facing the northwest, since this wind, 
 now called the Sirocco, blew from the southeast. This wind blew over 
 Mt. Voltur in Apulia, and thus obtained its name. Some say the name 
 is derived directly from voltur (vulture). 
 
 21. turn salutare, etc. : to be sure, the Carthaginians did face in 
 a northerly, and the Romans in a southerly direction during the 
 
204 NOTES ON PART TWO [Page 47 
 
 battle of Cannae. Livy, however, neglects to state that before the 
 battle Hannibal moved his camp to the same side of the river as that 
 occupied by the larger Roman camp (see map on page 202). Poly- 
 bius makes this clear. This conception of the battle is assumed 
 throughout, although some of the modern historians follow Livy closely. 
 
 25. adCannas: to the vicinity of Cannae. Poenum : Hannibal 
 is meant above, the whole Carthaginian force here. 
 
 26. bina castra : the larger one on the northwest bank, the 
 smaller on the southeast. eodem . . . intervallo : i.e. duo milia. 
 Construe with divisis. 
 
 27. Gereonium : castellum ApuUae inops. utrisque castiis : 
 i.e. both Roman camps. 
 
 28. ex sua cuiusque, etc. : each one had to take his own oppor- 
 tunity for getting water. On the syntax of cuiusque, see A. 302, e. 
 B. 243, 3. Bu. 403. G. 321, r. 2. 
 
 30. trans Aufidum . on the southeast bank. 
 
 Page 47. l. ripa ulterior, etc. ; these words are nonsense, if 
 Hannibal kept his position on the Cannae side of the river, as we are 
 led to believe on considering Livy's account alone. 
 
 2. natis . . . pugnam : i.e. level. 
 
 3. lacturoB . . . consules : construe with spem nanctus. 
 
 7. Semproniique : see page 17, line 21 and note. Flamini : 
 see page 39, lines 4 and 6 with notes. 
 
 9. obiceret : a similar English expression is, to throw in one's 
 teeth. hie : Varro. 
 
 10. usu cepisset : usu capere was the legal term for obtaining a 
 clear title to property by length of occupation. According to the 
 Twelve Tables, land was acquired after two years' possession. 
 
 12. miUtibus : dative. A. .381. B. 188, 2, d. Bu.477, G.347,R. 5. 
 • 13. ille : Paulus. 
 
 15. videret, ut . . . vigerent : in direct discourse vide, ut . . . 
 vigeant. Cf. A. 588. B. 316. Bu. 977. G. 652. The subject of 
 videret is Varro. 
 
 19. ad multum diei -. till late in the day. 
 
 24. evecti sunt : they rode on. 
 
 25. tumultaiio auzilio : an irregular force. 
 
 26. ne . . . transirent: what other conjunction is possible in 
 place of me. A. 558, b. B. 295, 3. Bu. 832. G. 548-9. 
 
 28. Biuniua . . . Paulum : "When military operations were 
 carried on at a single point (and both consuls were present), the con- 
 
Page 49] NOTES ON PART TWO 205 
 
 suls had the supreme command on alternate days. When two cam- 
 paigns were being carried on at the same time, the senate was often 
 asked to assign the two consuls to their respective fields, . . " 
 (Abbott.) 
 
 29 . sors : lot or turn. Lots may have been cast at the beginning 
 of the campaign to decide who should command first. nihil : ad- 
 verbial ; a stronger negative than non. See G. 382. 
 
 31. quia . . . poterat : a consul had the power to disapprove the 
 plans of his colleague, but he could not refuse his assistance once a line 
 of procedure had been decided on. 
 
 Page 48. 7. facta : agrees with the predicate nominative instead 
 of with the real subject. 
 
 8. Gemino Servilio : the cognomen is here placed before the 
 nomen, an order not uncommon in writers of Silver Latin. pugna : 
 = acies. 
 
 11. transgressus : from the northwest to the southeast bank. 
 
 14. firmata : composed of. 
 
 15. utraque comua : i.e. of the infantry, not of the whole army. 
 
 16. Galli atque Hispani : Hannibal follows his usual custom of 
 sparing the African troops as much as possible. crederes : syntax ? 
 A. 447, 2. B. 280, 3. Bu. 779. G. 258. 
 
 18. scuta : of wood, covered with leather or with iron plates. 
 They measured about 4 feet x 2J feet, and were semi-cylindrical in 
 shape so as to afford greater protection to the body. 
 
 19. dispares ac dissimiles : different in size and shape. The 
 Gauls had swords fashioned only for cutting, the Spaniards those more 
 suitable for thrusting, while the Romans possessed swords adapted for 
 both. 
 
 24. praetextis: bordered. 
 
 28. Hasdrubal : see note to page 45, line 4. 
 
 Page 49. 3. levibus . . armis : generally levis armatura, 
 sometimes rnilites levium armorum. 
 
 8. In derectum : straight ahead. 
 
 9. nitentes : plural because of the plural idea contained in vir 
 virum amplexus. stantibus : heing brought to a standstill ; ablative 
 absolute with equis. 
 
 13. Sub finem : near the end. 
 
 15. GalUs Hispanisque : syntax ? A. 376. B. 188, 1. Bu. 470. 
 
 G. 352. 
 
206 NOTES ON PART TWO [Page 50 
 
 16. obliqua fronte : "this probably means that the Romans ad- 
 vanced their wings, making their front concave, so as to fit against 
 the convex front {cuneum) of the enemy, whose centre was advanced 
 beyond the wings. The Gauls and Spaniards seem to have fallen back 
 till the Africans on j,he wings became engaged. The latter were called 
 subsidia, reserves, not because placed directly behind the other troops, 
 but because placed farther back and not Intended to engage at the 
 outset, in the fight: As the Romans pressed on the shallow center 
 of Gauls and Spaniards, the latter, falling back, first made the front 
 straight {'aequavit frontem) , then, retiring still farther, made it concave 
 {sinum in medio dedit). Then the wings enveloped the Romans on 
 both flanks, so that they were assailed on three sides at once, while 
 the center ceased to give ground in front of them, and the Africans 
 gradually extended their lines around the rear. The Romans, thus 
 huddled into insulEcient space, found their unusually deep files another 
 source of embarrassment, for those in the interior of the columns were 
 unable to fight, while the ever tightening ring of the enemy kept clos- 
 ing in as the outer ranks fell before them." (Westcott.) 
 
 19. tenore uno : without stopping. 
 
 26. circumdedere alas : lit. threw their vrings around ; enclosed. 
 
 31. circumfusos : perfect participle used, as often in Livy, as a 
 noun. 
 
 Page 50. 5. ab suis . . . adequitassent : had ridden away 
 from their lines and toward {the Momans). 
 
 7. in mediam aciem : probably to be rendered as into the midst 
 of their portion of the line, not meaning the center of the army. 
 Appian, however, relates this incident as performed by the" Celtiber- 
 ians against the Roman infantry in the center. It is possible that 
 Livy is following two accounts here, and is not carefully distinguishing 
 the two. 
 
 8. considere : to take their position. 
 
 11. Bcutis : these long shields, which protected nearly the whole 
 body, would make an effective deception easy. 
 
 15. alibi . . alibi : i.e. the right wing and centre. pertinax 
 in mala iam spe proeliiun : an obstinate although now a hopeless 
 struggle. 
 
 16. Hasdrubal . . . praeerat : Hasdrubal, however, was in 
 command of the Gallic and Spanish cavalry on the left wing. Polybius 
 gives us an explanation. He says that, when Hasdrubal had dispersed 
 the Roman cavalry, he went to the assistance of the Numidian horse 
 
Page 52] NOTES ON PART TWO 207 
 
 •who were having a desperate encounter with the Koman allies ; that, 
 when he had routed the allies, he left the Numidians to carry on the 
 pursuit, and turned to the aid of the Carthaginian infantry. Subductos 
 ex media acie, however, still remains unintelligible. 
 
 21. Parte altera : occurrit . . . Hannibal below shows that the 
 centre is meant. 
 
 27. "Quam mallem " etc. ; ironical. Paulus might just as well 
 have given them over bound hand and foot. For the syntax involved 
 see A. 565. B. 295, 8. Bu. 835. G. 546, 2, k. 2. 
 
 28. quale : sc. solet esse or tale quale esse debuit. 
 
 29. dubia . . . victoria ablative absolute. 
 
 Page 51. 2. Cn. Lentulus : Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus. prae- 
 tervehens : in its rare intransitive sense, riding by. 
 
 9. macte virtute : A. 340, c. G. 85, c, and 325, k. 1. See note 
 to page 15, line 1. 
 
 10. cave, etc. = see A. 450, n. 2. B. 276, b. Bu.934. G. 271, 2. 
 
 12. priusquam . . advenit : A. 551, c. B. 291. Bu. 863. 
 G. 574; 575. 
 
 16. e consulatu : for my actions as consul. 
 
 17. alieno : equivalent to an objective genitive. 
 
 26. Venusiam : modern Venosa, an Apulian town on the border 
 of Lucania, twenty-eight miles southwest of the battlefield. 
 
 27. Quadraginta, etc. : Polybius puts the total Roman loss at 
 70,000. 
 
 30. undetriginta tribuni: twenty-nine out of the total number 
 of the forty-eight tribunes of the eight legions. 
 
 31. consulares quidam praetoriique et aedilicii : some of 
 whom were ex-consuls, ex-praetors, and ex-aediles. 
 
 Page 52. 2. qui eos, etc. -. those who had held offices (see note 
 to page 79, line 25) and had to wait until the next census before they 
 could be formally placed on the list of senators. 
 
 3. unde: =exquibus. cum sua voluntate milites in legion- 
 ibus facti essent : and yet had volunteered as ordinary soldiers in 
 the legions. Such men were exempt from military service. 
 
 6. Aliensi : the battle on the Allia, July 18, 390 b. o. 
 
 7. uti ... sic : although . . . yet. 
 
 11. alterius morientis prope totus exercitus fuit : almost the 
 whole army was with the other in death. 
 
 13. mittunt : sc. ad maiora. 
 
208 NOTES ON PART TWO [Page 53 
 
 15. Canusium : modem Canosa, five miles southwest, near the 
 river, in Apulia. 
 
 17. venire : a rhetorical question in indirect discourse, depending 
 on the idea, of saying in aspernari. Cf. A. 586. B. 315, 2. Bu. 975. 
 G. 651, R. 2. 
 
 23. aestimarique capita vestra et ezquiri pretia : that a price 
 be set on your heads, and your worth be inquired (by a purchaser or 
 ransomer). 
 
 24. Romanua . . socius : see notes to page 43, line 20, and 
 page 94, line 19. sis . . . tua : this abrupt shift to the singular 
 may be due to the fact that Tuditanus is directly addressing the leader 
 of the opposition. He changes back to the plural at the end of the 
 next sentence. 
 
 28. Gives: fellow-citizens, ante quam opprimit: A. 651, c. 
 B. 291, 1. Bu." 863. G. 574. 
 
 31. quamvis : construe with confertos. 
 
 Page 53. 2. Haec ubi dicta dedit, stringit gladium, cuneoque 
 facto per medics : a hexameter and a half. These are believed 
 to be the words of Ennius, quoted by Livy directly or taken over 
 through his source, Caelius. The Greeks land Romans, both con- 
 sciously and unconsciously, often introduced rhythm into prose. 
 5. in dextrum : the shield was usually carried on the left arm. 
 
 11. belle : = proelio. 
 
 13. Maharbal : see page 43, line 6. 
 
 17. maiorque quam ut eam statim capere animo posset : too 
 preat to be realized at once. Cf. A. 535, c. B. 283, 2, a ; 284, 4. 
 Bu. 800; 801. G. 298. 
 
 19. temporis : the very rare genitive in place of the ablative. 
 Cf. A. 356, N. G. 406, n. 3. 
 
 22. Mora eius diei, etc. : Hannibal, however, was probably wise 
 in his decision. Rome was well fortified and filled with a fighting 
 population. His infantry was weak, and he lacked the engines neces- 
 sary for a siege. Indeed he lacked men, for his present army was not 
 large enough to invest the whole city. His greatest asset, the cavalry, 
 would have been useless in a siege, and it certainly could not have 
 captured Rome by a sudden dash. As Hannibal seems to have re- 
 alized from the beginning of the campaign, his only hope lay in the 
 breaking up of the Italian confederacy. 
 
 28. stricta matutino frigore : irritated by the morning cold. 
 
 31. et reliquum sanguinem : construe after haurire. 
 
Page 55] NOTES ON PART TWO 209 
 
 Page 54. 3. convertit omnea : attracted the attention of all. 
 5. ille : the Roman. 
 8. bracchio : an earthwork. 
 
 11. Pacti : followed by two constructions : (1) ut with the sub- 
 junctive, (2) the ablative of price. The first construction is replaced 
 by the second after traderent, and is resumed after catenis. 
 
 12. nummis quadrigatis : silver denarii, stamped with the image 
 of Jupiter driving a four-horse chariot (quadrigae), and worth about 
 one-sixth of a dollar. 
 
 17. hominum : = peditum. 
 
 21. si quid argenti : sc. erat; all the silver that they found. 
 
 23. ad vescendum facto : made for use on the table. 
 
 25. Ad octo milia : according to Polybius, the Carthaginian loss 
 ■was 5700. He makes the Roman loss larger than Livy does. See 
 note to page 51, line 27. 
 
 The JVews from Cannae received at Carthage 
 
 Page 54. 29. Dum . . . geruntur : an envoy, sent to seek advice 
 of the oracle at Delphi, returned with these directions for recovering 
 Rome's former glory, — Pythio Apollini re publica vestra bene gesta 
 servataque de lucris meritis donum mittote; lasciviam a vobis pro- 
 hibetote. 
 
 Page 55. 4. quorum quattuor consules : there were really five 
 consuls, — Scipio, Sempronius, Flaminius, Paulus, and Varro, and so 
 seven generals and seven consular armies in all. He may have over- 
 looked Sempronius. 
 
 8. duos occidisse : Flaminius and Paulus. 
 
 9. saucium alterum : Scipio. alterum toto, etc. . Varro. 
 10. magistrum equitum . "he was appointed by the dictator, 
 
 was the dictator's immediate subordinate, and during the absence of 
 that official exercised his exceptional powers. He went out of office 
 with his superior. He was attended by six lictors, wore the praetexta, 
 and probably used the curule chair on official occasions. He ranked 
 just below the praetor." (Abbott.) 
 12. unicum : matchless. 
 
 17. verum esse : it was right. 
 
 18. Ad fidem : as a proof. 
 
 20. metientibus : syntax ? A. 378. B. 188, 1. Bu. 473. G, 
 
210 NOTES ON PART TWO [Page 56 
 
 352. tris modios : a modi«s held nearly a peck, explesse : sc. e«m 
 aeervum. 
 
 24. Summa : a noun. 
 
 25. propius spem : the comparative adverb is used here with the 
 force of a preposition, ait : sc. Hannibal. 
 
 28. acies : =proelia. 
 
 30. in stipendium : i.e. to be spent for this purpose. This phrase 
 is to be taken of course only with peeuniam. 
 32. nomine : see note to page 42, line 20. 
 
 Page 56. 2. factionis Barcinae : the aristocrats and rich mer- 
 chants of Carthage were divided into two parties ; those who desired 
 the maintenance of peace at any price, and those who thought the 
 ultimate destruction of Rome absolutely necessary for the existence of 
 Carthage. The second party was supported by the common people, 
 and was named after its leader, Hamilcar Barca. This party was in 
 control of the Carthaginian government at this time. 
 3. "Quid est, Hanno? " - " Well, Hanno?" 
 
 6. Romanum senatorem : Hanno, in Himilco's mind, spoke like 
 a supporter of Rome. 
 
 7. patres conscripti : Livy uses Roman senatorial terms through- 
 out this section. Roman writers use such expressions not infrequently, 
 perhaps because their readers would understand these better than 
 foreign words. 
 
 11. obnozius : subservient. 
 
 12. alterum suae : alterum (est) hominis suae libertatis obliti. 
 18. Hannibalis satellitibus : a retort to the Bomanum senatorem 
 
 of Himiloo, and a stroke at the entire national party. 
 
 22. vereor ne haec quoque laetitia luzuriet nobis ao vana 
 evadat : I fear lest this be another of our rejoicings which runs to 
 excess and comes to naught. 
 
 23. Occidi exeroitus etc. : this begins a series of supposed request^ 
 and answers (altercatio) between Hannibal and Hanno respectively. 
 
 28. Bt ne omnia ipse mirer : he wishes to avoid being the only 
 one conscious of all the inconsistencies, and so he proceeds to expose 
 them to the senate. 
 
 29. ius fasque est : i.e. he has a right both before gods and men 
 to answer Himilco. 
 
 Page 57. 1. ex quinque et triginta tribus : tribes of Rome, 
 divisions of the city and surrounding territory, made for convenience 
 
Page 57] NOTES ON PART TWO 211 
 
 in classifying the population. See Abbott, page 250. Inasmuch as 
 this number had not been reached until 241 b.c. the exactness of 
 Hanno's knowledge of Rome's tribal organization is rather note- 
 worthy. 
 
 6. neacire : sc. se. 
 
 9. "Bellum igitur" etc. : these words represent the feeling of 
 jealousy, which, by its various workings, did most to bring Hannibal 
 back from Italy and bring destruction upon Carthage. 
 
 12. priore Punico bello : 264-241 b.c. Livy should have said 
 Bomano bello, regarding it from Hanno's point of view, not his own. 
 
 15. consulibus : 241 b.c. 
 
 16. Aegatis : islands off the west coast of Sicily. 
 
 21. nee victoribuB mitti attinere puto : / do not think it neces- 
 sary that they be sent to victors. 
 
 30. talenta : the numeral has been lost in the manuscripts. In a 
 later passage Livy (XXIII, 32, 5) says that Mago was going to carry 
 to Italy mille argenti talenta. A talentum wa^ not a coin but a 
 Greek unit of measurement and was used to designate a certain 
 weight of silver and sometimes of gold. Among the different talents 
 in use in Greece the most widely spread, perhaps, was the Attic. 
 The intrinsic value of this sum of money was about §1180. Its 
 weight was nearly 58 pounds. 
 
 31. dictatorque : this word is not used elsewhere by Livy to 
 describe a Carthaginian general. It may have reference to a specially 
 appointed officer, and not a regular general such as Hannibal or 
 Hamiloar. This whole decree, however, was passed on the impulse of 
 the moment, and was never fully executed. 
 
 Hannibal's Departure from Italy 
 
 After the battle at Cannae Hannibal failed to follow up his victory 
 and march to Rome. In spite of Rome's defeat and the gloomy out- 
 look, many towns in central and southern Italy continued to support 
 her. During the next few years the Romans won back some of their 
 rebellious allies and weakened Hannibal in every possible way. In 
 212 B.C. the dauntless Carthaginian commander marched to the very 
 gates of Rome, but he was unable to take the city. In 207 b.c his 
 brother, Hasdrubal, crossed the Alps with reenforcements. By prompt 
 and decisive action on the part of the Roman consul, Claudius Nero, 
 the Carthaginian armies were prevented from uniting. Instead, 
 Claudius with part of his forces joined the other consul, Livius, at the 
 
212 NOTES ON PART TWO [Page 58 
 
 Metaurus river and met Hasdrubal on his way south. Hasdnibal was 
 defeated and killed. His head was carried off by the victorious consul 
 and thrown into Hannibal's camp. After the battle at the Metaurus, 
 Hannibal retired to the land of the Brutii, the " toe " of Italy. There 
 he succeeded in maintaining himself for four years. Toward the end 
 of this period more towns went over to the Romans. At last Hanni- 
 bal was summoned to Carthage to meet the Roman legions under the 
 brilliant general, P. Cornelius Scipio. The latter after a successful 
 campaign in Spain had dared to invade Africa in 204 B.C. (For sum- 
 mary of the events between 216 and 204 B.C. see page 18, line 31 to 
 page 21, line 4.) 
 
 Page 58. 4. lis . . . diebus : in 203 b. c. 
 
 5. Magonem: at this time he was in northern Italy among the 
 Ligurians. 
 
 6. lacrimis : what case ? See A. 367, and 1. B. 187, ii. Bu. 456. 
 G. 346, R. 2. 
 
 9. retrahebant : imperfect of attempted action (conative). 
 
 11. obtrectatione : cf . page 22, line 18. 
 
 12. deformitate : baseness, disgrace. 
 
 13. efferet sese : will carry himself proudly ; the figure is that of 
 a prancing horse. 
 
 16. turba : ablative absolute with dimissa, line 18. 
 
 19. multis : ablative absolute with interfectis, line 21. 
 
 20. lunonis Laciniae : on a promontory called Lacinium near 
 Crotona in southern Italy there was a shrine of Juno. 
 
 25. ipsius : for the case A. 302, e. B. 243, 3. Bu. 403. G. 321, 
 «. 2. 
 
 28. qui . . . vidisaet: during Scipio's consulship in 205 e.g. 
 Hannibal remained inactive in the land of the Brutii. In the follow- 
 ing year Scipio set out for Africa as proconsul. 
 
 30. Casilinum: a town in Campania near Capua, see page 44, 
 line 26. Cumasque : the home of the Sibyl on the coast of Cam- 
 pania. Nolam : Hannibal was unable to wrest Nola from Mar- 
 cellus in 215 b.c. consenuisse : cf. our colloquial phrase "gone 
 to seed." Cf. senuisse, page 91, line 19. 
 
 Page 59. 3. Simul : the following paragraph describes the feeling, 
 at Rome over Hannibal's departure. 
 
 5. seztum decimum : 218-203 b.c. 
 
 9, 10. Q. Pabium : surnamed Cunctator. canere : since 
 
Page 60] NOTES ON PART TWO 213 
 
 oracular responses were usually given in a metrical chant, this word 
 came to mean to prophecy. 
 
 12. Syphace : cf. page 21, line 28. barbariae : = terrae bar- 
 barae. 
 
 13. Statonus : a Koman centurion. semilixa : a term of 
 reproach, half a sutler. Lixa = camp follower, see page 96, line 24. 
 
 14. socero : Syphax married the daughter of Hasdrubal, son of 
 Gisgo. 
 
 19. fretura : the strait of Messina. 
 
 22. quas : the object of passos {esse) ; its antecedent is rerum. 
 passos (esse) ; construe with Jldes fiat. 
 
 26. muralibus . . . coronis : military rewards for distinguished 
 valor in action ; cf. the Victoria Cross or the Iron Cross ; see also note 
 to page 35, line 10. 
 
 Page 60. 4, 5. quo . . . eo : the more . . . the more. curae : 
 the subject of imminebant as well as of erant. 
 6. habitus animorum : frame of mind. 
 
 8. bis . . . victos : the reference is to minor engagements in 
 Africa in 203 B.C. 
 
 11. fatalem : appointed by destiny. 
 
 The Conference between Hannibal and Scipio. 
 
 Page 60. 12. Hadrumetum : note long penult. See frontis- 
 piece ; modem Susa. 
 
 13. paucis diebus . . . contendit : Hannibal reached Africa in 
 the autumn of 203 B.C., but the battle of Zama was not fought until 
 nearly a year later. 
 
 14. obtineri : the arrival of the Roman forces in Africa had com- 
 pelled Hannibal to leave Italy. 
 
 15. adierentium : the participle is used as a substantive limiting 
 nuntiis. Zamam : see frontispiece ; modern Jama. The exact 
 scene of the battle is not known. 
 
 20. satin' : = satisne, a colloquial word used to introduce a ques- 
 tion, per commodum : = commode. 
 
 23. Masinissam : ruler of the district of Numidia nearest Carthage. 
 At this time he was friendly to Eome. The name has been explained 
 as opus Neithae nostrae, but the meaning is uncertain. See also page 
 78, line 3. 
 
 26. profecto : the adverb, expressing Hannibal's point of view. 
 
214 NOTES ON PART TWO [Page 61 
 
 27. et . . . et . . . et . . . et : the first pair connect erat and 
 turhaverat, the second pair connect indutias and spem the objects 
 of turhaverat. 
 
 28. indutias : an armistice had been arranged by the Cartha- 
 ginians, who wished to gain time until Hannibal could arrive. si 
 . . . ratus : i.e. si integer {=invictus) peteret pacem, aequiora im- 
 petrari posse ratus quam si victus peteret. 
 
 Page 61. 3. Naraggara : a town not far from Zama; perhaps the 
 modern Ksiba Mrafl. 
 
 5. a: at a distance of. 
 
 6. aquationis : for the case see A. 343, b. B. 198, 3. Bu. 408. 
 G. 366. ; , 
 
 16. is : nominative case, adding emphasis to the subject of venirem. 
 
 17. potissimum : according to the English idiom, rather than 
 any one else. 
 
 19. fuerit : future perfect indicative ; the subject is hoc. The 
 clauses Hannihalem . . . cessisse and te . . . imposuisse are in 
 apposition with hoc. 
 
 22. casiis. ediderit : perfect subjunctive, potential, with a refer- 
 ence to past time : a rare use. 6. 257', 2. The subjunctive adds an 
 idea of uncertainty to the statement. cum : the conjunction intro- 
 ducing eeperim and contulerim. patre tuo consule : 218 e.g., cf. 
 page 17, line 15. 
 
 23. cum : preposition. 
 
 25. Optimum fuerat . . . datam esse : equivalent to optimum 
 . . . si data esset. eam . . . datam esse : the subject of 
 
 27. neque : = non with enim following and strengthens ne . . . 
 quidem. vobis : dative. 
 
 31. nee . . esset : note carefully the order of words and 
 asyndeton. 
 
 Page 62. 2, 3. vidistis, ezaudimus : note the use of the indica- 
 tive to express the actual fact more vividly in contrast to the ut clause 
 of result which has preceded. " The Eomans regarded a result clause 
 as the necessary effect of a cause, as something bound to happen, some- 
 thing which is or was to come about." (Sonnenschein, New Latin 
 Cframmar, page 170). 
 
 3. Quod . . . agitur : consequently, at a time when your fortune 
 'is in the ascendant, peace is being considered; a state of things, which, 
 
Page 64] NOTES ON PART TWO 215 
 
 {if discussion were not actually going on) we should especially object 
 to and you would wish above all else. Hannibal does not enjoy 
 treating for peace when his fortunes are ebbing. Since the considera- 
 tion of peace proposals has already begun, his thought concerning an- 
 other condition of affairs becomes an expression of unreality. This 
 accounts for the use of the imperfect subjunctive. The suppression of 
 the protasis avoids the repetition of an idea already expressed as a 
 fact, in meliore . . . agitur. 
 
 5. ei:i.e. mos. quorum : A. 355. B. 211, 1. Bu. 434. G.381. 
 
 6. qui : to be omitted in translation. Et qui is inserted to ac- 
 centuate the parallelism \yith the previous clause quorum et. ra- 
 tum : refers to quodcumque. 
 
 7. Animo : A. 411. B. 218, 2. Bu. 574. G. 406. 
 
 8. aetas : sc. erudiit. senem : Hannibal vras 45 years old at 
 this time. 
 
 11. adulescentiam : Scipio was about 32 years old. 
 
 12 . consiliis : dative case. 
 
 13. temere : nearly equivalent to /aci7e here. 
 
 17. persecutus : avenging; cf. page 150, line 22 following. 
 21. duobus . . . caesia : a reference to engagements with Syphax 
 and Hasdrubal. 
 
 30. TTt : concessive in force. 
 
 31. modo : in reality nine years before. 
 
 32. Anienem : near Rome, see map on page 172. 
 
 Page 63. 2. fratribus : Hasdrubal and Mago. 
 
 3. quibuB : antecedent ea, line 4. 
 10. Martemque : = eventum. communem = incertum. 
 13. respondent : sc. ad spem. 
 
 19. M. Atilius : sc. Begulus, consul in 267 and in 256 b.c. The 
 reference is to an incident of the First Punic War. 
 
 21. efferentem se : see note to page 58, line 13. 
 
 22. quanto altius : the more loftily. 
 
 23. non qui : = non eius qui. 
 
 24. simus : A. 447, 3, a. B. 280. Bu. 851. G. 257. multam : 
 a substantive. 
 
 27. quidquid inBularum : an idiom meaning omnes insulae. 
 31. pacem : see note to page 60, line 28. 
 
 Page 64. 4. neque : = et non and correlative with et following. 
 6. ne . . . paeniteret : object of praesJiW. 
 
216 NOTES. ON PART TWO [Page 65 
 
 11. praesentem : this adjective should properly agree with indit- 
 tiarum, and should be translated accordingly. The figure is called 
 bypallage. 
 
 13. pads : the following terms had been offered by Scipio. (Llvy 
 XXX. 16, 10-12) Captivos et perfugas et fugitivos restituant; exercitus 
 ex Italia et Gallia deducant ; Sispania abstineant ; insulis omnibus, 
 quae inter Italiam atque Africam sint, decedant ; naves tongas praeter 
 viginti omnes tradant, tritici quingenta, hordei trecenta milia modium. 
 Pecuniae summam quantam imperaverit, panim convenit; alibi quin- 
 que milia talentum, alibi quinque milia pondo argenti, alibi duplex 
 stipendium militibus imperatum invenio. aubtrahas : for the mood 
 see A. 535, e. B. 283, 3. Bu. 807. G. 633. 
 
 20. tunc : 264 B.C., when the first Punic War began. Mamer- 
 tinorum : sons of Mars ; mercenary troops of Agathocles, king of 
 Syracuse. After his death in 289 b.c. they mutinied and seized 
 Messana. The Romans abetted their rebellion and so war began. 
 
 21. nunc : the Second Punic War. Sagunti : see note to page 
 35, line 22. 
 
 23. secundum : a preposition. 
 31. consertum: supine. 
 
 Page 65. 2. multa : a substantive. navium : for the ships. 
 
 The Battle of Zama 
 
 Page 65. 9. expedirent: subjunctive representing the impera- 
 tive of direct discourse. 
 
 11. victores : predicate appositive to milites; sc. futuri. 
 
 12. daret : = datura esset. 
 
 15. fuisset : represents what tense of direct discourse ? A. 484, c. 
 B. 269, 1, b. Bu. 794, b. 
 
 22. miacebant animos : aroused mingled feelings. 
 
 28. occidione occisos : a figura etymologica used to secure em- 
 phasis. 
 
 Page 66. 2. prae : = propter, but governs the ablative. 
 
 3. Ad hoc : besides. 
 
 4. fingenti : for him to fashion. 
 
 5. ad Aegates : in 241 b.c. See frontispiece. 
 
 9. Celsua : with corpore. A. 418. B. 286, Bu. 586, Q. 897. 
 
Page 68] NOTES ON PART TWO 217 
 
 11. hastatos . . . principes, triariis : see note to page 12, line 10. 
 
 12. confertas : the usual arrangement of the separate divisions 
 of the hastati, principes, and triarii in the battle line may be described 
 aa a, quincunx (see Lexicon). The unusual feature of their position 
 at Zama consisted in this, that the maniples of the principes were 
 directly behind those of the hastati. For the use of the word cohortes 
 see note to page 41, line 28. 
 
 15. Iiaelium ; a life-long friend of Scipio Africanus. cuius : 
 limits opei-a ; legati and quaestoris are in apposition with it. 
 
 19. antesignanorum velitibus: see note to page 12, line 10. 
 The velites were ordered, when the attack of the elephants came, to 
 run to cover behind the files arranged in a straight line from front to 
 rear (directos) or, dividing to the right and left, to join the hastati 
 and principes (antesignanis) and leave an open passageway to the 
 elephants. 
 
 23. viam : object of darent. inruerent : subject beluae. an- 
 cipitia : i.e. (coming from) both sides. 
 
 24. ad terrorem : = ut terrorem accenderet. 
 
 28. Macedonum : 4000 soldiers sent by PhUip V, king of Mace- 
 don, to help Hannibal. 
 
 30. decedentem : sc. Hannibalem. 
 
 Page 67. 8. inpotenti : tyrannical. 
 
 16. tubae cornuaque : the tuba was the straight trumpet of the 
 infantry. The cornu was a large circular trumpet, originally of horn, 
 later of bronze. Cf. bucina, page 13, line 15 and classicum, page 15, 
 line 16. 
 
 Page 68. l. illis: i.e. Poenis. 
 
 3. incumbentium : in agreement with the genitive implied in 
 suo = Bomanorum. 
 
 6. Ala : lit. the armpit, here the shoulder. 
 
 8. novisBimis : ablative absolute with urguentibus, those in the 
 rear ranks. 
 
 11. auBtinebant : why plural ? 
 
 12. resiBtenteB : agrees with primos, the object of caedendo ; 
 equivalent to si resisterent. caedendo : used like a present active 
 participle ; cf. page 34, line 14. 
 
 13. referrent : with ut in a result clause. 
 
 14. partim : = alii. 
 
 30. canere : for the subject see page 67, line 16. 
 
218 NOTES ON PART TWO [Page 69 
 
 Page 69. l. veros hostea : i.e. Carthaginienses. 
 
 7. equites : accusative. 
 
 18. militiae: for the case see A. .349, a. B. 204, 1. Bu. 425. 
 G. 374. 
 
 19. instruzisse : sc. eum ; cf. traiisisse, page 26, line 16. 
 27. ubi : = in quibus and refers to milites. 
 
 31; incertoa : from Hannibal's point of view. 
 
 The Terms of Peace 
 
 Page 70. 6. confestim a proelio : cf. statim afunere. page 114, 
 line 2b. ■ i ' 
 
 8. P. Lentulum: P. Cornelius Lentulus, the propraetor, had 
 brought reenforcements from Spain; rostratis : fighting ships as 
 opposed to onerariis, transport ships. The rostrum was a bronze 
 covered ram at the water line. 
 
 9. Uticam : see frontispiece. 
 
 15. infulis : fillets or wreaths worn by a messenger to insure pro- 
 tection ; cf. the present day use of the white flag. 
 
 21. Tynetem : abest ab Carthagine quindecim miliaferme passuum 
 locus cum operibus turn suapte natura tutus et qui et ab Carthagine 
 conspici et praebere ipse prospectum cum ad urbem turn ad circum- 
 fusum m,are urbi possit. Modern Tunis. 
 
 22. noscendi : sc. situm. 
 
 24. procedentibuB : sc. Octavio et Scipioni. 
 
 27. Saturnalibus : celebrated at Rome, December 17-19. The 
 battle of Zama would seem to be dated, from this reference, about the 
 first of December. Zonaras, however, informs us that there was a 
 total eclipse of the sun at the time of the battle. Astronomers have 
 calculated that the eclipse occurred on October 19, 202 b.c. There- 
 fore, the error in the Roman calendar at this time was about a month 
 and a half. 
 
 28. Exitu . . fugae : means of escape. 
 
 Page 71. 2. Regulus : = Vermina. 
 
 5. quo : coordinates with multo. 
 
 9. cum : introduces reputarent. 
 10. temporis : sc. esset. 
 11-12. paratam : modifies /ama. alterius ; i.e. Scipio himself. 
 
 20. triremes : see note to page 130, line 3. 
 
 21. neque : = et ne. 
 
Page 74] NOTES ON PART TWO 219 
 
 25. redissent : for this use of the pluperfect subjunctive, see A. 
 484, c. B. 269, l,b. Bu. 883. G. cf. 656, .3. 
 
 26. talentum : genitive plural. Cf. note to page 67, line 30. 
 
 28. ne : sc. darent. 
 
 Page 72. 7. annorum : sc. puer. 
 
 15. qui arguerentuT : for the syntax of this clause, see A. 419, b. 
 B. 227, 3. Bu. 567. G. 409. 
 
 17. Sunt, qui : Hannibal's departure from Africa to Antiochus is 
 more fully described in the succeeding section. 
 
 The Closing Tears of Hannibal's Life 
 
 Page 72. 22. esset : sc. Hannibal. occupatus : used as an 
 adjective. 
 
 26. consules : 200 B.C. 
 
 29. corona aurea : cf. page 125, line 16. 
 
 30. Fregellia : locative case ; a town in Latiuin, on the river Liris. 
 
 Page 73. 2. obsides . . . futuros: arrange in this order, obsides 
 (eo loco) futuros (esse), quo rogarent {ut essent). 
 
 10. reges : the magistrates were called also Suffetes, akin to the 
 Hebrew word Shophetim, judges. 
 
 11. ac : as. 
 
 13. ex foedere : the treaty at the end of the Second Punic War ; 
 see above. 
 
 15. consulibus : 196 b.c. ■■ 
 
 17, 18. senatus daretur : the technical expression for granting a 
 hearing in the Senate. Antiochum : the Great, king of Syria 223- 
 187 B.C. He was subdued by Rome in 189 b.c. Cf. page 120, line 8 
 and note. 
 
 24. consulibus: 193 e.g. 
 
 25. Cyrenaeorum .- Cyrenae is the modern Tripolitana, in north- 
 ern Africa. 
 
 Page 74. 1. servulis : = servis ; the diminutive is not emphatic. 
 
 3. eius : i.e. Hannihalis. 
 
 5. Tiberi : for another instance of the dative with propius, see 
 page 48, line 3. Thermopylis : Antiochus was defeated there in 
 191 B.C. This is the pass in northeastern Greece famous for the stand 
 made by the Spartans against the Persians nearly 300 years before. 
 
220 NOTES ON PART TWO [Page 75 
 
 6. videbat : sc. Hannibal. 
 
 9. Pamphylio mari : oft the coast of Pamphylia, in southern Asia 
 Minor. 
 
 12. higato: at Magnesia, in Asia Minor, in 190 b.c. dede- 
 retur : sc. Hannibal. Antiochus was bound by his treaty with the 
 Romans to do so. 
 
 13. Cretam : accusative without a preposition ; a large island 
 south of Greece, about 12 hours by steamer from Peiraeus. Gorty- 
 nioa : the name of the people used for that of the town, hence the 
 preposition. Extensive remains of the ancient city of Gortyn have 
 recently been discovered by Italian archaeologists. 
 
 16. avaritiam : their greed was proverbial. 
 
 18. Amphoras : a Greek word ; two-handled jars of baked clay. 
 They were often beautifully decorated. 
 
 28. Frusiam : king of Bithynia, on the southern shore of the 
 Pontus or Black Sea. 
 
 Page 75. 1. Pergamenus : Pergamum was the chief city of the 
 kingdom of Eum6nes, in Asia Minor. 
 
 13. tantum : only; translate with (Ze/enf?ere. 
 
 15, 16. veheretur . . . scirent . . . facturum : best translated 
 if taken in reverse order. 
 
 19. Quarum : i.e. classium. 
 
 21. tabellarium : messenger. 
 
 27. soluta : the letter was probably fastened with a string and 
 sealed. 
 
 30. Bithyni : nominative plural. 
 
 Page 76. 1. praesidia : the castra nautica mentioned in line 9 
 below. 
 
 The Death of Hannibal 
 
 Page 76. 14. T. Quintium Flamininum : the conqueror of PMlip 
 of Macedon at Cynoscephal^ in 197 b.c. 
 
 20. dederet: sc. wi. iVe belongs with ftaftereJ only. 
 
 Page 77. 14. atque : connects demum and the adjectival phrase 
 occuUissimi exitus. 
 
 19. senis : Hannibal was about 68 years old. 
 
 22. Pyrrho : for this incident see page 146, line 20, following. 
 24. auctor esset : = suaderet. 
 
NOTES ON PART THREE 
 
 THE JUGURTHIWE SCANDAL 
 
 Sallnst marks the beginning of a reactionary literary movement, 
 which sought, in contrast to the Latin style as represented by Caesar 
 and Cicero, the qualities of "brevity, variety, and poetic diction." 
 The following peculiarities, chiefly of archaic spelling, are noteworthy : 
 
 u for i {proxumus, lubet, acerrume). 
 
 u for e (dicundi, subveniundum). 
 
 o f or e (divorsi, advorsus, animadvortit) . 
 
 o for u (volt, divolgatur, pravom) . 
 
 i in the accusative plural of 3d declension i stems (omnis, hostis) . 
 
 quis for quibus, neglegisset for neglexisset, etc. 
 
 A frequent use of chiasmus (from the Greek letter x) or inverted 
 order : e.g. belli modo modo pacis ; muniflcentia animi et ingeni sol- 
 lertia. 
 
 Shifting of the regular order of the Roman name ; e.g, Bestia 
 {cognomen) Calpurnius {nomen) for Calpurnius Bestia. 
 
 Page 78. 2. post . . . Romani: i.e. since Rome had attained 
 its fame. mazuine : see introductory note. 
 
 3. Masinissa : see page 60, line 33 and note. in amicitiam 
 receptus : 207 b.c. 
 
 4. Africano : how else may the construction involved here be 
 expressed ? A. 373, a. B. 190, 1. Bu. 393. G. 349, r. 5. 
 
 6. Syphace : see note to page 21, line 28. 
 
 7. magnum atque late : a cognate accusative connected with an 
 adverb. imperium: the kingdom in its entirety is meant here. 
 When Masinissa died, P. Scipio divided the kingdom between his two 
 sons. 
 
 8. urbis : see introductory note. 
 
 11. Micipsa : this name means wor* o/BaaZ; similarly i(f«sJana- 
 bal, BaaVs shield; Adherbal, worshipper of Baal ; lugitrtha, fear of 
 Baal. Micipsa and lugurtha are probably corruptions of Micipsal 
 and lugurthal. 
 
 221 
 
222 NOTES ON PART THREE [Page 79 
 
 17. exacta sua aetate : Masinissa has completed man's span of 
 life. 
 
 19. cum animo : the phrase used when there is an indefinite pur- 
 pose in mind ; in animo for a definite purpose. 
 
 20. Terrebat : this verb has three subjects, and agrees with the 
 nearest in the regular manner. 
 
 23. tranavorsos : astray ; for spelling see introductory note. 
 
 Page 79. 3. popularibus : a noun. 
 6. bello Nuruantino: this war was stirred up (143 b.c.) by the 
 native chieftains of Spain, particularly Viriathus. After eleven years, 
 P. Scipio Africanus the Younger brought it to a close by capturing 
 the city of Numantla. 
 
 9. quos . . . mittebat : in the winter of 135 and 134 e.g. 
 
 11. qui . . . erat : such parenthetical clauses throughout Sallust 
 do much to render his style easy and colloquial. 
 
 14. brevi : sc. tempore. 
 
 16. difticillumum in primis: in primis increases the previous 
 superlative idea, forming a type of exaggerated expression common 
 alike in colloquial Latin and English. 
 
 22. inceptum: a noun. ullum : goes both with cojiciJium and 
 inceptum. 
 
 23. munificentia animi et ingeni soUertia: note the chiastic 
 order. See introductory note. quis : = quibus. See introductory 
 note. Cf. A. 150 c. B. 89. Bu. 234. G. 105, n. 2. 
 
 24. ex Romania : cf. A. 346, c. B. 201, 1, a. Bu. 418. 6. 372, 
 K. 2. 
 
 25. novi : sc. homines. The offices of dictator, magister equitum, 
 consul, censor, praetor, and curule aedile were known as the curule 
 offices because they entailed the use of the sella curulis on formal 
 occasions. "Every family which included a curule magistrate in its 
 number had the right {ius imaginum) after his death to keep in the 
 atrium a painted waxen mask in his likeness with an inscription setting 
 forth his offices and achievements." A plebeian, who first attained a 
 curule office and thus established his family's nobilitas, was called a 
 novus homo. This term was never applied to a patrician. 
 
 28. poUicitando : i.e. by promising their favor and help. 
 32. revorti : see introductory note. 
 
 Page 80. 1. praetorium : lieadquarters. See note to page 15, 
 line 16. 
 
Page 83] NOTES ON PART THREE 223 
 
 2. publice - . easet : the favor of Rome did not rest on a few 
 bribed aristocrats. 
 
 10. longe mazuma : see note to page 79, line 16. 
 
 12. seuatui et populo Romano : ordinarily written, senatui 
 populoque Bomano. 
 
 18. statimque eum adoptavit : not to be taken strictly, since we 
 read below that Jugurtha was adopted three years before Mioipsa's 
 death. 
 
 20. moritur : 118 b.c. 
 
 21. iusta : sc. funera. 
 23. miuumus : sc. natu. 
 27. fatigatus : admonished. 
 
 Page 81. 2. ipsum ilium : Jugurtha. 
 
 13. maturius :sc. iempMS. 
 
 14. alius alio : A. 315, a. B. 253, 3. Bu. 731. G. 221, r. 1. 
 16. proxumus lictor : lictors walked in front of their magistrate, 
 
 each having his definite position. The first one was called primus 
 lictor, the \a.st proxumus lictor. Since the proxumus lictor was usu- 
 ally the magistrate's favorite, the phrase came to acquire the general 
 meaning of a confidential servant. It is probably so used here, since 
 it is not known that the Nuraidians had public servants similar to the 
 Roman lictors. acceptusque : pleasing. 
 
 19. paret : similar in construction to eat. 
 
 23. dormientis alios alios ocoursantis : note the inverse order. 
 
 26. tugurio : sc. in. mulieris ancillae : muUeris is super- 
 fluous. The expression is colloquial and is found elsewhere in Sallust. 
 Cf. Cat. 38, 1; 52, 26; lug. 6., 2. 
 
 Page 82. 2. secuntur : = sequuntur. 
 4. urbis : accusative. 
 
 9. provinciam : into that part of Africa which was once the 
 territory of Carthage, but was now a Roman province. 
 
 15. quis : = quibus. See note to page 79, line 23. 
 
 16. quaecumque : in its widest sense, men and things. 
 
 18. hospitibus : certain Roman citizens charged with the enter- 
 tainment of visitors from Numidia ; similar to the irpb^evai of Athens. 
 
 23. nitebantur : note the force of this imperfect. 
 
 24. senatus . . . datur : see note to page 73, line 17. 
 
 Page 83. 1. Fautores : those corrupted by Jugurtha's bribes. 
 2. gratia depravata : a great part of the senate influenced by the 
 
224 NOTES ON PART THREE [Page 84 
 
 nigh authority of the fautores legatorum formed their opinions ac- 
 cordingly. 
 
 5. contra : adverb, as often in Sallust. 
 
 8. Aemilius Scaurus : consul 115 B.C., censor 106, afterwards 
 princeps senatus (see note to page 86, line 17) and constant champion 
 of the nobiles. 
 
 12. poUuta : vicious. 
 
 14. vero : dative of the noun. 
 
 17. L. Opimius : consul in 121 B.C. 
 
 18. C. Graccho et M. Fulvio Flacoo : champions of the poor 
 in attempted reforms, who lost their lives in a riot (121 b.c). 
 
 22. fama fide . . . rebus : ablatives after the comparative idea 
 in anteferret. 
 
 25. agro virisque : of. A. 418. B. 226. Bu. 586. G. 397. 
 
 Page 84. 9. loca .- governed by the ad in adcedit. 
 
 10. convortit : convertit, return, rarely used intransitively. 
 
 17. temptatum: sc. bellum. 
 
 18. quippe qui : as anyone in fact who. 
 
 26. Cirtam : modern Constantine. 
 
 28. ubi . . . lumine : almost at daybreak. 
 
 32. togatorum : Roman citizens settled at Cirta for trade and 
 commerce. 
 
 Page 85. 4. tempus legatorum : the time for the return of the 
 ambassadors. 
 
 5. ante proeUum factum : cf . A. 497. B. 337, 6. Bu. 997. 
 G. 437, N. 2. 
 
 13. Clemens : in no way equal to the actual facts. 
 16. quoque : a pronoun. 
 
 22. pro bono : sc. publico. 
 
 23. iure gentium : international law of course gave each party in 
 an international quarrel the right to plead his case before the repre- 
 sentatives of the deciding nation. 
 
 25. copia : opportunity. 
 
 27. armis : by direct attack, by storm. 
 
 Page 86. 11. uti consuleretur : note change in construction 
 here. Cf. A. 563, d. B. 295, 4 and note. Bu. 826. G. 546 and k. 1. 
 
 14. gratia : interest. 
 
 15. maiores natu nobiles: in the former legation tres adoles- 
 centes were sent. 
 
Page 89] NOTES ON PART THREE 225 
 
 17. senatus princeps : he whose name was entered first on the 
 senatorial lists by the censor. This honor was at first given to him, 
 qui primus censor, ex Us qui viverent, fuisset ; afterwards (210 b.c. ) 
 to the men thought most worthy of recognition. 
 
 Page 87. 8. Italic! : the same who are called togati above, except 
 that in this case natives of Italy without the full Roman franchise may 
 be included. 
 
 13. potiora : of greater worth. 
 
 16. necat : 112 b.c. 
 
 20. coepta : sc. esJ. Why not coepit ? Cf . A. 205, a. B. 133, 1. 
 Bu. 344. G. 423, n. 3. 
 
 22. leniebant : note the force of this imperfect. A. 471, c. 
 B. 260, 3. G. 233. 
 
 28. lege Sempronia : this law, whose enactment C. Sempronius 
 Gracchus had secured in 123 b.c, bade the senate decide before the 
 consular elections into what provinces the new consuls were to be 
 sent. The two consuls came to an agreement between themselves, or 
 drew lots respecting the particular province of each. 
 
 29. P. Scipio Nasica : son of the man who killed Tiberius 
 Gracchus, and, according to Cicero (Brut. 21, 128), famous for his 
 oratory and wit. L. Bestia : sc. Calpurnius. 
 
 Page 88. 2. venire : from veneo. 
 
 18. Sicilian! : sc. in. Apparently under the influence of Megium 
 (a town) the preposition was omitted. 
 
 19. tranavectae : translate twice, with one meaning before 
 Regixim, and another before Siciliam and in Africam. Zeugma, for 
 the location of Regium, see frontispiece. 
 
 22. temptare : sc. Oalpurnium. 
 
 23. animus aeger avaritia : his mind tainted (lit. sick) hy avarice. 
 
 Page 89. l- praesens : immediately. 
 3. Vagam : modern Beja. species : lit. outward appearance, 
 pretext. 
 
 5. agitabantur : existed. 
 
 7. uti . . acciperetur : depends on locutus, which should be 
 repeated after atque with the meaning ask. Zeugma. 
 
 8. per saturam : confusedly. 
 
 12. ad magistratus rogandos : to propose magistrates to the 
 people for election or to preside at the election of magistVOites^ 
 
226 NOTES ON PART THREE [Page 90 
 
 14. quoque : (interrogative) quo + que. 
 16. invidia : indignation. 
 
 19. auctor : supporter. 
 
 26. L. Cassius : Lucius Cassius Longinus, colleague of Marius in 
 the consulship of 107 B.C., killed in a battle with the Helvetii. Cf. 
 Caes. B.G. 1, 7. 
 
 29. pecuniae captae : so. contra leges, i.e. " graft." For the 
 genitive, see A. 352. B. 208. Bu. 431. G. 378. 
 
 Page 90. 10. eius : i.e. populi Bomani. 
 
 14. cultu : apparel. 
 
 22. more maiorum : unwritten law as opposed to the ius scriptum, 
 and second only to it in importance in the ius civile. 
 
 26. Numidiae : treated as if the name of a town. See note on 
 Siciliam, page 88, line 18. 
 
 Page 91. 7. quae ira fieri amat : a very colloquial expression. 
 Quae is the subject of fieri { = facere), ira of amat (= solet). A more 
 literary expression of this idea, perhaps, would be quae ira fieri solent. 
 
 15. prozumo anno : 110 b.c. Q. Minucio Rufo : known else- 
 where as Marcus Minucius Rufus. 
 
 18. petat: syntax? A. 565, a. B. 295, 8. Bu. 826. G. 546, 2, 
 K. 2. Similarly paret and interficiat below. 
 21. neque : and not. 
 
 Page 92. 1. indicium profitetur : volunteer evidence ; generally 
 turn state'' s evidence, ex aequo bonoque : the sense of justice which 
 one has naturally. 
 
 6. in priore actione : at the first hearing the charges were re- 
 hearsed and witnesses examined. The defendant was then called 
 upon to give bail for his appearance on a future day, when the accuser 
 should proceed to comment upon the charges. 
 
 12. Urbem : accusative of exclamation. 
 
 16. comitia : see note to page 4, line 13. 
 
 20. instanti : sc. Albino. 
 
 23. ex : after. 
 
 25. comitiorum dies : i.e. the election of consuls ; usually after 
 Sulla's time in the latter part of July. 
 
 26. pro praetore : the legatns, to whom the general on absence 
 left supreme command is here loosely called propraetore. Aulus is 
 later called legatus. 
 
Page 94] NOTES ON PART THREE 227 
 
 28. Ea tempestate: eo tempore, 110 n.c. ; one of the frequent 
 periods of stress during the gradual assumption of control in the state 
 by theplebs, led on by the tribuni plebis. 
 
 30. conlegis : in the beginning there were probably five tribunes, 
 one for each class. In 457, the college was increased to ten, and 
 remained such henceforth. resistentibus conlegis : the members 
 of the college were endowed with par potestas. By this power they 
 could obstruct any action of a colleague even to the point where it was 
 to be presented to the people. Especially in this did it differ from the 
 maior potestas or the regular power of veto, which the tribune em- 
 ployed against other magistrates. 
 
 Page 93. 1. inpediebat: as here implied, the resisting tribunes 
 may have used their maior potestas at the elections of other magis- 
 trates, in order to stir up public feeling and to effect a quicker settle- 
 ment in their own difficulties. See page 94, line 22. 
 
 3. conficiundi . . . capiundae : the genitive of the gerund or 
 gerundive is frequently used in later Latin to express purpose. 
 
 4. lanuario : 109 b.c. 
 
 16. Denique, etc. : thus he raised the siege of the city containing 
 his treasure, and drew the Koman army into virtual ambush. 
 
 22. intempesta nocte : in the dead of night. 
 
 26. locis : A. 429, 1. B. 228, 1, b. Bu. 696. G. 385, n. 1. 
 
 27. periculum anceps : from the traitors within his own camp, 
 and from his ignorance of the force of the enemy and his slight knowl- 
 edge of the lay of the land without. 
 
 29. cohors : not cohors legionis (see note to page 98, line 8) but 
 a regiment of auxiliary troops. 
 
 30. gregatiia militibus : private soldiers. 
 
 31. centurio primi pili : the chief centurion. The Roman legion 
 had sixty centurions. This particular one was the first or oldest cen- 
 turion of the triarii or pilani. See note to page 12, line 10. 
 
 Page 94. 8. sub iugum missurum : not a Numidian custom, 
 and thus all the more humiliating to the Romans, who were receiving 
 a taste, of their own medicine. Those who passed under the yoke (two 
 spears set upright with a third across their top) recognized the victors' 
 power over their life and death. 
 
 11. pax convenit : peace is agreed upon. 
 
 17. consul Alblnus, etc. : these events occurred in the year 109 
 B.C. Since the regular elections were prevented (see note to page 93, 
 
228 NOTES ON PART THREE [Page 95 
 
 line 1), Albinus, a consul of the preceding year, was still in office 
 waiting for his successor. 
 
 19. scribere . . . arcessere . . . featinare : notice these histor- 
 ical infinitives coordinate with consulebat. ab sociis et nomine 
 Latino : allies (socii) were either foreign or, as in this case, Italian. 
 The Latin nation {nomen Latinum) was distinguished from the socii 
 (Italici) in that its cities always had the ius commercium (property 
 rights), while the status of the socii {Italici) depended entirely on a 
 special arrangement with Rome. 
 
 22. inpedituB, etc. : see notes to page 92, line 30 ; and page 93, 
 line 1. 
 
 26. fratemae : equivalent to the objective genitive of the noun. 
 28. ex copia rerum : in the circumstances. 
 
 Page 95. 2. neglegisset : old form of neglexisset. qviique : two 
 words. 
 
 3. imperils : in military commands. 
 
 6. partim : equivalent to alii. 
 
 9. impedimenta: probably by rioting at the polls, since none but 
 citizens had the suffrage. 
 
 11. iusserit : the regular word for transacting business in the 
 popular assembly, as censeo was in the senate. The regular formula 
 was, velitis, iubeatis, Quirites. 
 
 15. Buorum : their partisans, i.e. the nobiles. 
 
 16. Mamilia rogations : bills were usually designated by the clan 
 name of the proposer. 
 
 21. Metellus et Silanus : Q. Caecilius Metellus and M. lunius 
 Silanus, consuls in 109 b.c. 
 
 24. aequabili -. consistent. 
 
 25. alia . . . ratus : he thought that all the duties of the consul- 
 ship were to be shared with his colleague, except these pertaining to 
 the African war. 
 
 Page 96. 11. praedator ex sooUb : this army even plundered 
 its own allies. 
 
 12. modestla : restraint. 
 
 15. quamquam, etc. -. neither the closing campaigning season nor 
 the possible impatience of the Roman people caused him to neglect his 
 preparations. 
 
 21. castris : sc. in. 
 
 23. ea : i.e. stativa castra. 
 
Page 98] NOTES ON PART THREE 229 
 
 24. lizae : cf. semilixa, page 59, line 13 and note. 
 28. frumentum, etc. . on certain days grain was distributed to the 
 soldiers, with which they were supposed to make their own bread. 
 
 Page 97. 1. ambitioneia -. desire for popularity. 
 2. saevitiamque : desire for severity. 
 
 7. transvorsis itineribus : by cross marches, iusta ac si : just 
 as if. 
 
 11. frequentes : in close formation. 
 
 14. Marius ; Metellus with his lieutenants Gaius Marius and 
 P. Rutilius Rufus pushed a vigorous campaign against the wily 
 Jugurtha. After repeated defeats (110, 109 b.c), Jugurtha made a 
 desperate stand in the city of Thala. Thala, too, however, finally 
 succumbed. Jugurtha then fled into Gaetulia, where he formed a league 
 with Bocchus, king of Mauretania. The two then took up a position 
 near Cirta, whither they were immediately followed by Metellus. 
 
 Meanwhile at Rome, the plebs, after a ten years' rest from the 
 Gracchan troubles, were renewing their struggle for supremacy over 
 the Jiobiles. The immediate incentive for the new struggle was not 
 dissatisfaction over domestic matters, but the disgraceful conduct of 
 the nobiles in their dealings with Jugurtha. 
 
 Marius, a son of the soil, left Metellus in the midst of his campaign 
 to offer himself as one of the plebeian candidates for consul (108 b.c). 
 The senate wished to reelect Metellus and continue him in his command 
 in Numidia. Although the plebeians could not find fault with the 
 conduct of Metellus, they could not let the opportunity pass of defeat- 
 ing the nobiles at the polls. Accordingly they succeeded in electing 
 Marius, and sent him to replace Metellus. 
 
 15. iussit : see note to page 95, line 11. 
 20. prima: of greatest importance. 
 
 23. emeritis stlpendiis : see note to page 34, line 20. 
 
 26. quia neque plebi militia volenti putabatur : because mili- 
 tary service was thought to be displeasing to the plebs. Note the 
 following similar colloquial expression ; aliquid mihi volenti est, some- 
 thing pleases me. A Grecism. 
 
 27. belli usum : necessities of war. 
 
 Page 98. 8. non more maiore, etc. : this incident marks a very 
 important change in the make-up of the Roman army. Hitherto, ac- 
 cording to the Servian reorganization of the army (see note to page 
 12 line 10), the people were summoned into the Campus Martins, and 
 
230 NOTES ON PART THREE [Page 99 
 
 enlistments were called for by centuries. Thus, those who had no 
 property and so were not listed in any of the five regular classes but 
 were merely polled, did not serve in the army. Henceforth no require- 
 ment at all was necessary for enlistment. Men were enrolled as 
 pleased themselves and their.commander. This gave rise to the pro- 
 fessional and not necessarily patriotic soldier, and developed into the 
 type of army which later shifted the reins of the government from one 
 man to another. 
 
 All soldiers being now equal in condition, the old classes of kastati, 
 principes, triarii disappeared all but in name, and all legionaries bore 
 the same equipment. The cohort, a combination of three maniples, 
 became the tactical unit. The number of cohorts in the legion was 
 always the same, ten. T'^^ maximum strength of a legion was 6000 
 men. The number of effectives ready for service in the field probably 
 fell considerably below the ' paper ' strength. One legion in the time 
 of Caesar contained less than a thousand men (Bell. Alex. 69), but, of 
 course, such a small number was very exceptional. The hasta was 
 discarded and the pilum was carried by all. 
 
 20. dum ea res, etc. : Marius continued the successful campaign 
 of Metellus, numbering among his prizes the city of Capsa. Near the 
 river Mulueha (modern Muluja), the boundary of the kingdoms of 
 Jugurtha and Bocchus, stood a rocky hill, broad enough at the top, 
 as Sallust tells us, for a small fort. This fortress contained the king's 
 treasure, and consequently by the help of its natural advantages had 
 been made almost impregnable. As is often the case, however, with 
 such positions, the accidental discovery of a narrow pass led to its 
 downfall. It was just at this point that Sulla arrived from Rome with 
 cavalry. 
 
 21. ex Latio et a sociis : see note to page 94, line 19. 
 
 25. L. Sisenna: (119-67 e.g.) an historian who narrated the 
 Social War and the Civil War of Marius and Sulla in archaic style. 
 
 26. parum . . . libero : little free from partiality. 
 
 28. nobilis : not all patricians were nobiles, but only those whose 
 ancestors had obtained the IMS ima^num. See note to page 79, line 
 25. 
 
 Page 99. 2. remorata: sc. est eum. de uxore ; this may refer 
 to a definite incident such as that mentioned by Plutarch. However, 
 it is true that Sulla was notoriously unfaithful to all of his wives. 
 
 3. amicitia facilis : not only loose in his own morals, but little in- 
 clined to find fault with the morals of his friends. 
 
Page 102] NOTES ON PART THREE 231 
 
 5. felicisBumo : this protably alludes to the cognomen Felix 
 which Sulla assumed after the death of Marius. 
 
 6. victoriam : of course over Marius (82 e.c.) in the Civil War. 
 
 7. quae f ecerit : he really put an end to the Republic by dominat- 
 ing every phase of Roman politics. 
 
 11. in paucis tempestatibus : after a few crises. 
 14. aes mutuum : borrowed money. 
 
 17. multus : equivalent to an adverb. 
 
 24. orator : = legatus. speculatum : the first supine, co- 
 ordinate with orator. 
 
 27. Mauro : i.e. Bocchus. 
 
 Page 100. 1. Consulta . . . habere : he had not divulged to 
 Jugurtha the proceedings of his former meeting with Sulla. 
 
 4. eius : Jugurtha's. 
 
 5. Punica fide : see note to page 24, line 3. 
 
 Page 101. 9. pro se : ore his part. 
 
 11. quod polliceatur -. object of habiturus. 
 
 13. retulisse : for meaning and accompanying construction see 
 A. 355, a. B. 211, 4. Bu. 434. G. 381. 
 
 20. quis : = quibus. 
 
 23. Numlda : Jugurtha. 
 
 26. condicionibus : Jugurtha has lost all hope of victory, and 
 would be glad to surrender on any terms. 
 
 Page 102. 1. fruBtra : crocodile tears. He is referring particu- 
 larly to the disgraceful treaty with Aulus, brother of Sp. Albinus, 
 which the senate refused to ratify. See pages 92 ff. 
 
 7. relictum irl : the regular idiom is seen in fore uti . . . fieret, 
 with which this is connected by neque. Cf . A. 569, a. B. 270, 3, a. 
 Bu. 946. G. 248. Maunis : Bocchus. 
 
 13. habere : treated. idem : to the one, that he would betray 
 Jugurtha ; to the other, that he would betray Sulla. 
 
 18. quae : subject of a dicuntur to be supplied from the previous 
 dicitur. 
 
 22. quaestore : Sulla. 
 
 28. Here Sallust ends his account abruptly, but we will let Plu- 
 tarch finish the story. "Jugurtha, now a captive, was a spectacle as 
 agreeable to the Romans as it was beyond their expectation ; no one 
 having ever imagined that the war could be brought to a period while 
 
232 NOTES ON PART THREE [Page 102 
 
 he was alive : so various was the character of that man, that he knew 
 how to accommodate himself to all sorts of fortune, and through all 
 his subtlety there ran a vein of courage and spirit. It is said, that 
 when he was led before the car of the conqueror, he lost his senses. 
 After the triumph, he was thrown into prison, where, whilst they 
 were in haste to strip him, some tore his robe off his back, and others 
 catching eagerly at his pendants, pulled off the tips of his ears with 
 them. When he was thrust down naked into the dungeon, all wild 
 and confused, he said with a frantic smile, ' ' Heavens ! how cold is 
 this bath of yours ! " There struggling for six days, with extreme 
 hunger, and to the last labouring for the preservation of life, he came 
 to such an end as his crimes deserved." (Plut. Marius, tr. Langhome.) 
 
 JULIUS CAESAR 
 
 Personal Appearance Ond Habits 
 
 Page 102. 29. traditur : subject Caesar to be supplied. 
 
 Page 103i 1. tempore : = vita. animo linqui : to be left by 
 the mind, i.e. to faint. 
 
 2. Comitiali . . . morbo : the disease referred to is epilepsy. 
 It is described by the adjective comitialis because its occurrence in a 
 meeting of the comitia was considered ill-omened and a cause for 
 adjournment. 
 
 3. bis : once in Spain and once in Africa. 
 
 4. morosior : derived from mos. The adjective here means very 
 fastidious. 
 
 5. velleretur : roas plucked; i.e. the beard was pulled out by 
 the roots. 
 
 7. iocis : a popular song among the soldiers (of. page 11, line 26) 
 referred to their leader's baldness. , 
 
 8. revocare : to call back, i.e. to brush back. Componere capil- 
 los is an equivalent phrase. a vertice : cf . a fronte ab tergo (page 
 30, line 15) ; a puppi, on the stern (page 128, line 23) ; so here on 
 the crown (of his head) . 
 
 12. cultu : a more complete expression would be cuUu eum nota- 
 bilem eum esse ferunt (= tradunt). lato clavo : i.e. a tunic with 
 a broad stripe. A tunic did not usually have long fringed {fimbriato) 
 
Page 104] NOTES ON PART THREE 233 
 
 13. super eum : above it, i.e. the tunic. 
 
 14. cinctuia : girdle, not commonly worn with a tunic having the 
 purple stripe. The looseness of the girdle was an additional peculiarity. 
 
 15. Sullae : see above page 98, line 20 and following. opti- 
 mates : the aristocrats or conservatives opposed to the populares. 
 admonentis : modifies Sidlae. 
 
 16. puerum : i.e. Caesar. Subura : see map on page 156 ; 
 not the most desirable quarter of Rome ; thickly populated, noisy 
 and full of shops. 
 
 17. pontlficatuin : in 63 e.g. 
 
 19. in Nemorensi : so. agro, near the Arician grove ; see map on 
 page 172. 
 
 22. obaeratum : in debt. 
 
 23. sectilia pavimenta : mosaic. 
 
 24. margaritarum : pearls. 
 
 25. ezegisse : weighed. toreumata: embossed metal work. 
 
 26. signa : statues, tabulas : paintings. 
 
 27. servitia : = seni ; cf. page 2, line 5 and page 19, line 1. 
 
 28. rationibus . . . inlerri : to be entered on his accounts. 
 
 29. Vini : the genitive with parcissimum is found only in post- 
 classical Latin. Marci Catonis : known as Uticensis because of his 
 suicide at Utica in the year 46 b.c. 
 
 31. Gaius Oppiua : a friend of Caesar; cf. page 109, line 1. 
 
 Page 104. 1. conditum : stale, viridi : green, fresh. 
 
 Oratorical and Literary Accomplishments 
 
 Page 104. 6. Strabonis Caeaaris: the order of these names 
 should be reversed. The first is technically known as an agnomen. 
 C. Julius Caesar Strabo delivered a speech in 133 b.c. against T. 
 Albucius for extortion during his propraetorship in Sardina. His 
 relationship to Caesar, the triumvir and dictator, is unknown, cer- 
 tainly rather distant. 
 
 7. ad verbum : = verbatim, a post-classical word. 
 
 8. divinationem : a legal terra used of the examination held to 
 decide which of several accusers should be allowed to conduct the case 
 against the defendant. 
 
 10. temere : incorrectly. 
 
 14. Hirtium ; Aulus Hirtius, one of Caesar's officers, became con- 
 sul in 43 B.C. and fell at Mutina that same year. 
 
234 NOTES ON PART THREE [Page 105 
 
 16. eodem Bruto : a rhetorical work dedicated to Brutus, one of 
 Caesar's friends. Eodem is used here because a previous quotation is 
 made from the treatise which has not been included here. 
 
 21. calamistris : rhetorical flourishes ; from calamus, a reed (pen) . 
 
 22. de Analogia : a grammatical treatise which has not come 
 down to us. 
 
 23. Antioatones : pamphlets written apparently to counteract the 
 effect of Cicero's eulogy of Cato. This work of Caesar as well as the 
 poem are no longer extant. 
 
 25. libelli: Caesar's letters were put in book form and care was 
 exercised in the appearance of the page. 
 
 27. Ezstant : sc. litterae. 
 
 29. notas : a sort of shorthand system or cipher code. Tradi- 
 tion has assigned their invention to Tiro, Cicero's secretary. 
 
 Page 105. 1. litteram: object of commutet. 
 
 4. Oedipus : the tragedy takes its name from Oedipus, a king of 
 Thebes in Boeotia. He unwittingly slew his own father, Laius, and 
 married his own mother, Jocasta. From this union two sons and two 
 daughters were born. After the discovery of the incest, Oedipus put 
 out liis eyes and spent the remaining years of his life as a wanderer. 
 The events of his checkered career furnished material for the tragic 
 drama both to the Greeks and Romans. Dicta collectanea : Cicero 
 calls these apothegmata ; that is, viitty sayings. Both this work and 
 the tragedy are now lost. 
 
 5. vetuit : this restriction may be the reason why tliese composi- 
 tions have been lost. 
 
 6. Pompeium Macrum: a praetor in 15 a.d. Little is known 
 about him. 
 
 Military Prowess 
 
 Page 105. 11. meritoria raeda: hired carriage. 
 15. audentior: sc. esset. 
 
 17. situs : accusative plural. 
 
 21. Bnindisio : modern Brindisi, a busy port on the southeastern 
 coast of Italy. Dyrrachium: modern Durazzo, a city on the coast of 
 Albania. 
 
 23. novissime : = denique, finally. 
 
 25. gubematorem : Floras tells us that on this occasion Caesar 
 replied to the pilot's hesitation, Quid times? Gaesarem vehis. 
 
Page 108] NOTES ON PART THREE 235 
 
 27. destinato : sc. ex. 
 
 29. tempore : see page 103, line 1. 
 
 Page 106, 9. apud se: at his own estate. 
 
 11. cuius . . . instar : it is believed that this was an equestrian 
 statue of Caesar himself. 
 
 12. aede Veneris Genetricis : built by Caesar and dedicated in 
 46 B.C. in the center of the court known as the forum lulium 
 which adjoins the/oi'ttm Bomanum. 
 
 16. aquilifer : the bearer of the legionary standard ; cf. signifer, 
 page 39, line 30, and page 35, line 4. This consisted of a stout pole 
 decorated with military marks and emblems surmounted by an eagle 
 with wings outstretched. moranti : i.e. Caesari. se ; object of 
 moranti. cuspide: the standard was pointed so that it could be set 
 in the ground ; cf. page 40, line 1 . 
 
 18. Pharsalicam : at Pharsalus in Thessaly in 48 b.c. ; the de- 
 cisive battle in the struggle between Caesar and Pompey. 
 
 19. angustias Hellesponti : modern Dardanelles. 
 
 20. vectoria : transport. L. Cassium : later one of the mur- 
 derers of Caesar. 
 
 23. Alexandiiae : in Egypt ; the modern city bears the same 
 name. 
 
 25. desilisset : = desiluisset. 
 
 26. laeva : sc. manu. 
 
 His Treatment of Soldiers and Friends 
 
 Page 107, 7. subtrahebat: he used to steal away. 
 11. lubae : Juba I, King of Numidia and a part of Mauretania ; 
 one of Pompey 's supporters, terribilis : a source of alarm. 
 19. pro mode : by rule. 
 
 21. conivebat : he used to wink at ; cf. connive. 
 
 29. Tituriana : the massacre of Q. Titurius Sabinus and his army 
 in Gaul in 54 b.o. To let the beard grow was a sign of mourning. 
 
 Page 108. 1. viatico : = stipendio. 
 
 11. Massiliam ; modern Marseilles. 
 
 12. Cynegiri : a brother of Aeschylus — the famous writer of 
 Greek tragedy — lost his hand at Marathon in similar fashion. 
 
 13. umbone : sc. scuti. 
 
 15. decern annos : 58-49 b.c. 
 
236 NOTES ON PART THREE [Page 109 
 
 16. civilibus • sc. bellis, 49^5 b.c. 
 
 19. Flacentiam : modern Piacenza, in northern Italy. The inci- 
 dent occurred in 48 B.C. 
 
 22 . Decimanos : men of the famous tenth legion ; cf . page 1 16, 
 lines 27-28. 
 
 31. multavit : also spelled mulctavit, whence English mulcted. 
 
 Page 109. 2. valitudine : health ; whether good or bad is to be 
 determined from the context. deversoriolo : diminutive of dever- 
 sorium = hospitium ; from the verb de-versor, to lodge as a guest. 
 3. divo : the root of this word, div, means the bright (sky). 
 
 Causes of His Unpopularity. The Conspiracy. The 
 Ides of March 
 
 Page 109. 8. cetera : some paragraphs containing illustrations 
 of Caesar's magnanimous treatment of his enemies have been 
 omitted. 
 
 11. praeiecturamque morum : i.e. the censorship. 
 
 12 . Imperatoris . . . Fatris Patriae : official titles of the princeps 
 after Augustus. 
 
 13. BUggestum : a raised couch in the theater. 
 
 15. tensam et ferculum : see note to page 7, line 16. A chariot 
 and a litter on which the images of the gods were borne ; Caesar had 
 such a conveyance for his statue. 
 
 16. pulvinar : a cushion for gods or persons who had received 
 divine honors. flaminem : priest. lupercos : priests of the 
 Roman Pan, who was called also Lupercus because he protected the 
 flocks from the wolves (lupi). Previously there were two classes of 
 these priests, the Fabii and the Qulntiliani. Those in honor of Caesar 
 were called luliani. 
 
 17. mensis : formerly Quintilis. Caesar reformed the whole 
 calendar. 
 
 19. titulo teaus : in name only. 
 
 21. consules : consuls appointed for a, portion of the year were 
 called suffecti. 
 
 24. Fridie Kalendas lanuarias : December 31, 45 b.c. 
 
 25. consulis ; Q. Maximus, see page 111, line 10. 
 
 26. petenti: C. CaniniusRebilus ; in speaking of the brief consul- 
 ship, Cicero says (ad Fam. VII, 30), Ganinio consule scito neminem 
 
Page 111] NOTES ON PART THREE 237 
 
 prandisse. Nihil eo consule mali factum est; fuit enim mirifica vigi- 
 lantia, qui suo toto consulatu somnum non viderit. 
 
 28. decern : known as decemviri stlitibus iudicandis. 
 
 Page 110. 3. demandavit : entrusted. impotentiae : arro- 
 gance. 
 
 4. Titus Ampius : perhaps one of Caesar's lieutenants. A letter 
 addressed to him by Cicero has been preserved (ad Fam. VI, 12). 
 
 13. Comelio Balbo : see page 112, line 11. 
 
 14. Gaium Trebatium : sumamed Testa ; while always a sup- 
 porter of Caesar, he was more of a scholar and literary man than 
 soldier. Under Augustus he became a distinguished lawyer. Horace 
 addresses him in the first Satire of Book 11. 
 
 15. minus familiari : less friendly, i.e. angry. 
 18. Fontium Aquilam : one of Caesar's assassins. 
 
 22. Lupercalibus : the festival of the Luperoi (see note to page 
 109, line 16), celebrated in February. 
 
 25 . Quin : why ! 
 
 26. Ilium : in northeastern Asia Minor. 
 
 28. Iiucium Cottam : one of Caesar's adherents during the Civil 
 Wars. quindecimvirum : the collegium of fifteen priests who had 
 charge of the Sibylline books, here called /aJo^es libri. 
 
 30. Parthos : a warlike people in Asia, whom the Romans were 
 never able completely to conquer. 
 
 Page 111. 3. detreotante . . flagitante : chiastic order; see 
 introductory note to page 78. 
 
 5. Bonum factum : sc. sit ; the familiar words at the beginning 
 of an edict ; they may be paraphrased, God save the State. Cf. page 4, 
 line 2, where the formula is more complete. 
 
 8. Gallos, etc. ; the meter is trochaic septenarius or tetrameter 
 catalectic. A. 620. Cf. B. 366. G. 770. 
 
 9. Bracas : breeches, a Celtic word ; cf . the Gaelic breacan, 
 a tartan plaid, from breac, spotted; so the word originally referred to 
 the color of the garment. The word exists in modern Greek vrakas, 
 the baggy bloomers worn in the islands of the Aegean Sea. 
 
 10. Bullecto : see page 109, line 21 with note. 
 
 11. lictor : the ordinary duty of the lictor in the city v/as sub- 
 movere turbam, i.e. to make the people give way to the magistrate. 
 He walked ahead heralding the approach of the consul (in this 
 instance) with the cry animadvertite, i.e. pay proper respect, and 
 
238 NOTES ON PART THREE [Page 112 
 
 the people were expected to stand with bared head until he had 
 
 13. Caesetium et Marullum : the only incident in the lives of 
 these men which has come down to us. 
 
 15. Luci Bruti : L. Junius Brutus, who overthrew the last of the 
 Tarquin kings. 
 
 19. Gaio CasBio : Longinus ; with Crassus on the Parthian cam- 
 paign in 53 B.C. as tribunus plebis ; in 49 B.C. an adherent of Pom- 
 pey. In 48 B.C. he surrendered to Caesar. In 44 b.c. he was praetor 
 peregrinus, and though he had received honors from Caesar, yet he 
 was one of the leaders of the conspiracy. With Brutus he shared 
 the command at Philippi in 42 b.c, suffering defeat at the hands of 
 Anthony. At the bidding of Cassias himself, his life was taken by 
 a freedman. This is the Cassius of Shakespeare's Julius Caesar . 
 
 20. Marcoque etDecimoBruto : these men were distant cousins. 
 
 21. Campo : the Campus Martins where the elections were held. 
 
 22. ponte : a temporary wooden passageway through which a 
 voter must go to reach the polling booth. 
 
 25. Pompei curiam : an exedra (a hall with one side curved, fur- 
 nished with tiers of seats) forming a part of the colonnade built by 
 Pompey in 55 b.c in the Campus Martins. 
 
 Page 112. 3. Capys : the legendary founder of Capua. 
 
 10. Rubiconi : this river marked the boundary between Italy 
 proper and Caesar's province, Gallia Cisalpina. lacta alea est, said 
 Caesar when he crossed in 49 b.c 
 
 13. caveret : the subjunctive represents the imperative of direct 
 discourse. 
 
 14. Martias Idus : March 15, 44 b.c. 
 
 15. regaliolum : diminutive of regalis ; the word is not found else- 
 where. 
 
 22. patuerunt : cf. page 122, lines 24-26. 
 
 26. quinta hora : the hours were counted from sunrise, and varied 
 in length according to the season of the year. 
 
 Page 113. 2. Cimber Tillius : the proper order is TilUus Gimber; 
 once a supporter of Caesar. 
 
 6. alter e Caacis : P. Servllius Casca struck the first blow. His 
 brother was Gaius. aversum : turned away, sc. Gaesarem. 
 
 7. graphic : = stilo. 
 
 14. Kttl <r« T^Kvov : and you {my) child. 
 
Page 115] NOTES ON PART THREE 239 
 
 21. metu Marci Antom : he had heen marked for murder along 
 with Caesar. 
 
 22. Lepidi : one of the Second Triumvirate in 43 b.c. 
 
 Ths End 
 
 Page 113. 24. luliae : Caesar's daughter and Pompey's wife. 
 Her death occurred in 54 B.C., and by a special decree the Senate 
 allowed her to be buried in the Campus Martins. 
 
 28. praeceptum : so. est. 
 
 Page 114. 1. Pacuvi : an early writer of tragedy in Latin based 
 on Greek models. Anuorum iudicio : the contest for the arms of 
 Achilles between Odysseus and Ajax. Only a few lines of the play 
 have been preserved. 
 
 3. Men : — me + ne. 
 
 4. dectra : probably a translation of the Greek tragedy by 
 Sophocles. Acili : M. Acilius was an early writer of plays, of 
 which only a few lines are extant. Cicero called him poeta durissimus. 
 
 11. duo quidam : Castor and Pollux. 
 
 12. cereis : wax candles. 
 
 15. tibicines : from tibia-catio. The tibia was a wind instrument 
 resembling our clarionet, made of bone or a reed, with a mouthpiece ■ 
 and holes to regulate the sound. 
 
 20. bullas ; see note to page 19, line 3. 
 
 24. ludaei : Caesar had treated them with great tolerance and 
 even friendliness. In the succeeding section dealing with the Jews, 
 Julius Caesar is not mentioned. Because he had overthrown Pompey, 
 who desecrated the Holy of Holies in their Temple, the Jews were 
 hearty supporters of Caesar. 
 
 25. statim a ftinere : cf. confestim aproelio, page 70, line 5. 
 
 26. Helvium Cinnam . tribune of the plebs in 44 b.c. ; probably 
 not the poet of the same name. The mistaken identity is this man's 
 chief claim to fame. 
 
 27. Cornelius : sc. Cinna, praetor in 44 b.c. 
 
 28. gravlter . . . contionatum : '■^ had made a bitter indict- 
 ment." (Kolfe.) 
 
 30. lapidis Numidici : marble from Africa. 
 
 Page 115. 3. Periit : he was born in 100 b.c. 
 
 7. undecimam horam : about an hour before sunset. 
 14. alius : in partitive apposition with omnes. 
 
240 NOTES ON PART THREE [Page 115 
 
 A SKETCH OF pwiSH HISTORY AND THE SIEGE OF 
 JERUSALEM 
 
 Page 115. 18. anni : 70 a.d. Caesar Titus: after he suc- 
 ceeded his father in 79 a.d. his ofiBcial title became Imp. Titus Caesar 
 Vespasianus Augustus. 
 
 19. ludaeae : see page 121, lines 5-6 ; the country with the ex- 
 ception of Jerusalem was already subdued, patre : Imp. Caesar 
 Vespasianus Augustus, privatis utriusque rebus : lit. the affairs 
 of both private, i.e. when both were in private station, as opposed to 
 fortuna principalis ; ci. fortunam, line 21. militia: with clarus. 
 Titus had served in Germany and Britain as well as in Judaea. 
 
 20. certantibus : freely, the provinces and armies vying with each 
 other in their eagerness (to aid him). 
 
 23. in opere : in fighting or in constructing siege works ; in con- 
 trast to in agmine, on the march. 
 
 25. leglones : cf. note to page 98, line 8. The Roman military 
 system under the Empire was a standing army composed mainly of 
 legions and cohortes auxiliares. Each legion became a permanent 
 corporation distinguished by a number and title. The several legions 
 had their own history and traditions, their own insignia and charac- 
 teristics. The cohorts, ten in number, into which a legion was 
 divided, are not to be confused with those mentioned in line 28. 
 quinta : sc. Macedonica. decuma : sc. Fretensis. 
 
 26. quinta decuma : sc. Apollinaris. 
 
 27. duodecumam : sc. Fulminatam. duoetvicensimanos : i.e. 
 milites legionis duoetvicesimae Deiotarianae ; cf . Decimanos, page 108, 
 line 22, and note. 
 
 28. tertianosque : i.e. milites legionis tertiae Cyrenaicae. co- 
 hortes : auxiliary infantry regiments in the army of the Empire 
 usually recruited among the subjects of the Empire, who were not 
 citizens of Rome. The ala was a cavalry regiment also composed 
 of non-citizens of Rome. These bodies of troops were usually named 
 from the region in which they were first raised. The legionary 
 troops engaged are estimated at 30,000. An equal number of allied 
 troops were present, if we accept, on the authority of Josephus, 
 the statement of a total of 60,000. 
 
 29. Agrippa : prince of Chalcis, a district of Syria. He was brother 
 of the elder Herod Agrippa. Sohaemusque : king of Emgsa in Syria. 
 
 30. Antiochi : king of Commagene and part of Cilioia. valida- 
 que et : -que connects manus and auxilia ; et joins valida and infensa. 
 
Page 116] NOTES ON PART THREE' 241 
 
 Page 116. 2. quemque : in partitive apposition with quos. 
 vacuum : Titus was free, i.e. without favorites, at any one's disposal. 
 4. haud prooul : Josephus says about four miles. Hierosolymis : 
 this form of the name is derived from Upbv 'ZoXiixoiv, a false etymology. 
 For the Solymi see below, line 19. The name is Hebraic in origin 
 and means probably city of peace. The proper form in Greek is 
 'lepouffaXe/i. 
 
 7. congniens : suitable. 
 
 8. Creta : see page 74, line 13 and note. The Jews are confused 
 here with the Philistines. Remnants of the prehistoric peoples who 
 lived in Crete have been traced to the land of the Philistines, novis- 
 alma : sc. extrema, i.e. extremas partes. 
 
 9. tempestate : = tempore. Saturnus : the father of Jupiter. 
 
 11. Idam : modern Stavrds, 8000 feet high and capped with snow 
 the greater part of the year, barbanim : sc. verhum. 
 
 12. ludaeos : an instance of incorrect popular etymology. There 
 are several such instances in Latin : aqua was derived from a + qua 
 for it was that hy which we wash, a qua lavamus. Gaelebs, a bachelor, 
 is connected by the ancient grammarians with caelum, heaven, and 
 the connection was explained thus, caelestium vitam ducit, or vitam 
 agit dignam caelo. The true derivation of ludasi is from Hebrew, 
 Yehudi, probably connected with Ehud, a Benjaminite clan. Qul- 
 dam : sc. tradunt. Iside : an Egyptian goddess, exundantem : 
 overflowing. 
 
 13. HieroBoljrmo ac luda : names of mythical leaders formed 
 from Hierosolyma and ludaea. 
 
 14. ezoneratam : discharged. Aethiopum : the Greek geog- 
 raphers derived the name from aWai + H^ps and applied it to all the 
 sunburnt, black races, beyond Egypt. 
 
 15. Cepheo : the father of Andromeda. Her rescue from the 
 monster by Perseus was generally believed to have been at the Phoeni- 
 cian town of Joppa. Jews and Phoenicians are confused in this 
 instance. 
 
 16. Sunt qui tradant : this account is more akin to the Biblical 
 narrative of Abraham and his migration. 
 
 17. Hebraeas : the origin of the name is said to be from an 
 epithet applied to Abraham upon his crossing the Euphrates. The 
 verb to cross is 'avar or 'abhar, whence 'ibrim, those of the other side. 
 Abraham or Abram means the crosser. 
 
 18. Clara : because mentioned by Homer (II. X, 184. Od. "V, 
 282). 
 
242 "NOTES ON PART THREE [Page 117 
 
 19. Solymos : dwellers in Lycia having no connection with the 
 Jews. 
 
 21. tabe : one ancient writer says leprosy. 
 
 22. Bocchorim : 760-720 jb.o. Tacitus has dated the Exodus 
 many centuries later than he should. Hammonis oraculo : situated 
 on an oasis, twelve days journey into the desert, west of Memphis. 
 
 25. vastis : desert. 
 
 26. Moysen : the Egyptian name would be written Mtuuo-^s, 
 from mo ushe, saved from water ; of. Exodus II, 10, vocavit nomen 
 eius Moyses dicens, "quia de aqua tuli eum.^' The form Moses 
 comes from the Hebrew, M6sh§h, which would mean drawing out. 
 The name is probably Egyptian in origin. 
 
 28. utrisque : i.e. deis hominibusque, sc. ab. duce caelesti : 
 ablative absolute. " We may translate, but they must trust to them- 
 selves, as that is to be their heaven-sent leader, through whose help, 
 they should first have got rid of their present miseries." (Spooner.) 
 
 29. pepulissent : in direct discourse pepuleritis. 
 
 Page 117. 4. Beptimo : the Sabbath, quia : = quibus. 
 
 5. dicata : they founded the city and def^icaJec? the temple; an 
 instance of zeugma. 
 
 6. quo : = ut. 
 
 7. contrariosque ceteris mortalibus : a compendious expres- 
 sion equivalent to contrarios ritibus ceterorum mortalium. 
 
 9. animalis : the wild ass. Cf. the statement in line 14, page 118. 
 This tale is believed to have arisen from the appearance of the 
 cherubim when seen at a distance by those who knew not their real 
 character. 
 
 10. penetrali : in their innermost shrine, the Holy of Holies. 
 
 11. contumeliam : because Ammon is represented in art with a 
 ram's head. 
 
 12. Apin : an Egyptian divinity worshipped under the form of a 
 bull. 
 
 13. obnoxiuni : subject. 
 
 14. olim : former, ieiuniis : fasts ; the Romans thought that the 
 Jews fasted every Sabbath. 
 
 16. argumentum : in apposition to panis. nullo f ermento : only 
 at the Passover. 
 
 18. Alii : sc. ferunt. Satumo : the Jewish Sabbath fell on the 
 day named for Saturn. The custom of naming days after the planets 
 was taken by the Greeks and Romans from the Egyptians. 
 
Page 118] NOTES ON PART THREE 243 
 
 21. quia : = quibus. 
 
 22. feratur : moves or revolves ; of. ferri, page 24, line 18 
 
 23. vim : influence, septenos per numeros : through multiples 
 of seven. 
 
 27. pessimus quisque : = omnes mali ; so congerebant. 
 
 28. iUuc -. to Jerusalem. Every Jew and proselyte made an annual 
 contribution to the Temple. 
 
 32. Circumcidere genitalia : circumcision was wholly forbidden 
 by the emperor Hadrian, about fifty or sixty years later. 
 
 Page 118. 1. Transgressi ; converts. 
 2. inbuuntur : = discunt ; governs the infinitive. 
 
 4. vilia habere : see note to page 19, line 26. 
 
 5. agnatis : here the word denotes the children bom after a father 
 had made his will or perhaps after he had decided that his family was 
 as large as he desired. Such children might be put to death by a 
 Roman father. 
 
 8. quam ; = potius qitam. more Aegyptio : the Egyptians 
 embalmed their dead. The Jews did not embalm, but anointed 
 the dead before burial. 
 
 9. caelestium ; = de caelestibus ; sc. persuasio, belief. 
 
 11. profanos : sc. vocant. deum imagines : cf, line 14 ; neither 
 statues nor paintings are ever allowed in synagogues. Mohammedans 
 follow this practice in their mosques. 
 
 17. Libenim : another name for Dionysus or Bacchus. 
 
 18. coli . construe with arbitrati sunt. 
 21. Terra finesque : hendiadys. 
 
 23. septentrionem : for in (or ad) septentriones, lit. the seven 
 plough-oxen; hence, as a constellation, the seven stars of the "big 
 dipper " near the north pole, so north. Cf. page 48, line 32. The state- 
 ment is, obviously, figurative and made from Jerusalem as the viewpoint. 
 
 25. nostrum ad morem : like ours, i.e. in Italy. 
 
 26. palmae : not common in Palestine now. Palmetis : = pal- 
 mis, sc. sunt. 
 
 28. paveut : shrink. 
 
 29. umor ■ the sap of the balsam is myrrh. 
 
 30. Libanum . the Lebanon mountain^, famous for their cedars, 
 erigit : sc. terra. 
 
 31. fidumque nivibus : faithful to the snows ; a poetical phrase. 
 
 32. unum atque alterum ■ the waters of Merom and Lake Gen- 
 nesaret or Sea of Galilee, tertio : the Dead Sea. 
 
244 
 
 NOTES ON PART THREE [Page 119 
 
 Page 119. 2. ambitu : 40 miles long, 9 miles broad, 1300 feet 
 below sea level, sapore : the salinity of sea water is about 3.5 per 
 cent. ; of the Dead Sea, 26.5 per cent. 
 
 3. places : few fish can live in such salty water. Birds are not 
 much troubled by the odor arising from the surface of the water. 
 
 Jerusalem 
 
 4. superlacta : neuter accusative. 
 
 5. Bolido : terra flrma. imperitique : the emperor Vespasian is 
 said to have thrown soldiers in to test the truth of tliis statement. 
 
 6. Certo : sc. tempore ; the autumn. bitumen -. asphalt. The 
 ancients called the lake Lacus Asphaltites. egerit : from e-gero. 
 
 7. suapte : sua + pte. sparso : = adsperso. 
 9. in summa : on to the deck. 
 
Page 120] NOTES ON PART THREE 245 
 
 17 arsisse : the cities burned were Sodom, Gomorrah, and others. 
 
 19. cunota : neuter nominative plural. 
 
 20. atra . . vanescunt : the "apples of Sodom" are pro- 
 verbial. 
 
 22. conoesserim : potential subjunctive. ita : yet. 
 
 23. spiritum : atmosphere. 
 
 24. autumni : the name of the season used for the fruits which 
 ripen in it. 
 
 25. iuzta : = pariter. Belus : a river in northwestern Pales- 
 tine, modern Numan or Naman. ludaico mari .- the Mediterranean. 
 
 27. egerentibus : dative case denoting the agent. 
 
 30. munimentis : see map on page 244. It is not to be concluded 
 that there were three concentric circles of walls. The palace on the 
 western hill of the city aud the Temple on Mount Moriah had their 
 own walls. 
 
 31. tantum : only, limits ludaeo. 
 
 Page 120. 1. servientium : the prosperity under David and 
 Solomon is passed over. 
 
 2. Macedones .- under Alexander the Great and the Seleucid 
 dynasty. Antiochus ; see note to page 73, line 17 ; the IVth, sur- 
 named Epiphanes, the Henowned, changed by the Jews to Epimanes, 
 the Madman, 17(3-l(i4 B.C. It was under Antiochus II, 260-245 
 B.C., that the revolt of Arsaces occurred. 
 
 5. prohibitus est : this verb is usually construed with the infini- 
 tive in the writings of Caesar and Cicero. 
 
 7. reges: of the Maccabean family. The first to assume the title 
 rex was Aristobulus in 107 B.C. 
 
 8. expulsi : perhaps a reference to civil war in Judaea about 
 86 B.C., or to later trouble about 70 b.c. 
 
 11. honor sacerdotii • in reality the kingship followed the priest- 
 hood. 
 
 12. Pompeius : Pompey the Great entered Jerusalem in 63 e.g. 
 See note to page 114, line 24. 
 
 14. Muri . . diruti: Antipater, father of Herod the Great, later 
 secured permission from Caesar to rebuild them. 
 
 17. ludaea potitus : in 40 B.C. interfectusque : about 37 b.c. 
 
 18, 19. P. Ventidio . . . G. Sosius : lieutenants of M. Antony. 
 Herodi : the Great, king of the Jews until 3 B.C. 
 
 20. exspeotato : awaited. 
 
 21. Caesare : i.e. Augustus. Simo : one of Herod's slaves 
 
246 NOTES ON PART THREE [Page 121 
 
 who became the adventurous leader of a reckless group of bandits. 
 Quintilio Varo : the officer who perished with his three legions in 
 the Teutobuvgian forest in 9 a.d. 
 
 23. liberi Herodis : Archelaus, Philip, and Antipas. Herod Anti- 
 pas governed Galilee and Peraea. Tiberio : the second emperor, 
 14-37 A.D. 
 
 24. Gaio Caesare : popularly known as Caligula, 37-41 b.c. 
 
 26. Claudius : the fourth emperor 41-54 a.d. defunctis regi- 
 buB : Herod Agrippa, a grandson of Herod the. Great, died in 44 a.d. 
 
 27. equitibus : under the title Procurator. 
 
 28. Antonius Felix: procurator of Judaea, from 52-60 a.d., 
 a freedman and brother of Claudius's favorite, Pallas. This " most 
 noble Fehx" heard St. Paul preach. Acts 24, 3. 
 
 29. Drusilla : probably a daughter of Herod Agrippa I, and grand- 
 daughter of M. Antony and Cleopatra. 
 
 31. progener : husband of granddaughter. Claudius nepos : 
 Claudius was the son of Antonia, a daughter of M. Antony and 
 Octavia. 
 
 32. Gessium Florum : a Greek of Clazomenae ; husband of Cleo- 
 patra (the friend of Nero's wife, Poppaea) ; procurator of Judaea 64- 
 66 A.D. The war broke out in 66 a.d. 
 
 Page 121, 2. Ceatium Galium : praenomen Gains. His share 
 in the early campaign against Jerusalem is all that we know of his life. 
 
 3. taedio: sc. vitae. occidit: in 67 a.d. 
 
 4. Neronia : emperor from 54 to 68 a.d. 
 
 5. duas aestates : 67 and 68 a.d. 
 
 7. quantum ad ludaeos : sc. attinet. 
 
 10. principatiis. eventus: successes. 
 
 15. parato perfugio: an ablative absolute forms the conclusion 
 to the condition. 
 
 17. proelia serebant: manus oonserebant is the more common 
 phrase. 
 
 23. videbantur: subject Hierosolyma or Boma et opes volupta- 
 tesque. In the former case morari is taken as transitive ; in the latter, 
 intransitive. opera molesque : especially strong earthworks ; prac- 
 tically hendiadys. 
 
 25. duos coUes : perhaps Mount Moriah, where the Temple was 
 situated, and Mount Zion, where Herod's palace stood, are referred 
 to. There are two other hills, but they are lower. 
 
 28. sezagenos . . . ceutenos vicenosque : 60 or ISO feet in 
 
Page 123] NOTES ON PART THREE 247 
 
 each case. inter devexa : in the hollows, where the ground would 
 be lower. 
 
 29. intuentibus : masculine plural, a dative of reference. 
 
 30. pares : modifies turres, 
 
 31. turris Antonia: on Mount Moriah, some 50 feet above the 
 ground on which the Temple stood ; both built by Herod the Great. 
 It was used as the barracks for the Roman troops in Jerusalem. 
 
 Page 122. 1. Templum : Herod the Great erected the structure 
 standing at that time. It stood in a square of 600 feet and was sur- 
 rounded by colonnades. This is the Temple often mentioned in the 
 New Testament. 
 
 3. Pons : the pool of Siloam was fed from this spring, now known 
 as the Virgin's spring. 
 
 6. quamvis : limits longum. 
 
 11. urbium : other cities captured by Vespasian in the campaigns 
 of 67 and 68 a.d. The population of Jerusalem at this period must 
 have been a motley throng 1 
 
 13, 14. queni . . . vocabant : Josephus tells us that Simo or 
 Simon, not Joannes, was the son of Gioras. Bar means son of. 
 Eleazarus : of a priestly family and head of the war party in 
 Jerusalem. 
 
 17. missis : the qui clause is the other part of the ablative abso- 
 lute ; see note to page 72, line 15. 
 
 21. neque . . habet : forbidden by the Mosaic law, Leviticus 
 XIX, 26 and Jeremiah X, 2. 
 
 26. in metum trahebant : interpreted it as a cause for fear . 
 
 28. profectique ludaea rerum poterentur : men would set out 
 from Judaea and conquer the world. 
 
 30. vulgus . mutabantur : the sentence is, strictly speaking, 
 ungrammatical, but interpretati is made to agree with vulgus by a 
 construction according to the sense (synesis) ; sibi means in their own 
 favor; ad vera mutabantur means were made to take a true view. 
 (Spooner.) 
 
 Page 123. 1. secus : = sexus. A. 397, a. B. 185, 1. Bu. 524. 
 6. 334, «. 2. 
 
 6. inpetua at subita : objects of abnueret. 
 
 8. expugnandis urbibus : cf. page 126, lines 29-30 ; for the case 
 see A. 505. B. 191, 3. Bu. 486. G. 429. 
 
 9. novis ingeniis : by new inventions ; cf . engines. Tacitus stops 
 
248 NOTES ON PART THREE [Page 123 
 
 his description of the siege of Jerusalem at this point. In some later 
 portion of his Histories, the narrative of the final destruction of the 
 city and the Temple was probably concluded, but this has not come 
 down to us. The fifth and sixth books of the Wars of the Jews by 
 Josephus tell the story of the siege in detail. Titus ordered the walls 
 to be utterly destroyed leaving "not one stone upon another," and 
 carried oH the precious treasures of the Temple as evidence of his 
 complete victory over the Jews. 
 
 ALEXANDER MAGNUS 
 
 The life and exploits of Alexander the Great are too well known to 
 demand repetition here. If the student wishes to refresh his memory 
 of the biography of the Macedonian king, he may turn to any history 
 of the period or to the article, Alexander the Great, in the Ency- 
 clopaedia Britannica. 
 
 The Taming of Bucephalus 
 
 Bucephala, the form of the name which occurs in the text, is a vari- 
 ant spelling of the Greek form of the name, i.e. Bucephalas. 
 
 Page 123. 14. I^ellae : the capital of Macedonia, the birthplace 
 of Alexander. transient : we are further told hao. sorte recepta rex 
 opinionem fovehat praedici sihi Herculem iuniorem ex famula sibi 
 natitm. 
 
 16. inuBtio : brand, from in^uro, burn in. 
 
 17. coxae : hip. 
 
 18. decimum quartutn annum : 342 n.c. 
 
 26. nihil increpans ad : sounding not at all like. 
 
 Page 124. 5, officium : practice. 
 
 9. aurigabundus : like a charioteer; this word is not found else- 
 where. 
 
 11. reffi periculi : this dangerous exploit. 
 
 The Q-ordian Knot 
 
 Page 124. 16. ducebatur : in 333 B.C. Alexander was 23 years 
 old. 
 
 18. Midae : the king who wished that all he touched might turn 
 to gold. Sangarius : modem Saoaria ; it empties into the Pontus 
 Euxinus, Black Sea. 
 
Page 125] 
 
 NOTES ON PART THREE 
 
 249 
 
 19. pari : in locating the city Gordium, Curtius has given us an 
 inaccurate description, as a glance at any map of Asia Minor will show. 
 He exaggerates the narrowness of the district between the Pontioum 
 mare and the easternmost portion of the Mediterranean (Cilicio mari). 
 The meaning of lines 22-24 is so compressed that the sentence seems 
 illogical, when he says, if {the land) did not offer a slight means of 
 separation, it, which now divides, would let the seas join. 
 
 27. cultu . . . abhorrens: in appearance not very different from 
 the cheaper ones and those commonly used. 
 
 29. semetipBos : se-met-ipsos, with nexus. 
 
 30. Asiae : note the case used with potiturum {esse, sc. eum). 
 
 Page 125. 1. auimo sortis eius ezplendae : interlocked order 
 of words. 
 
 4. quippe : for. 
 
 6. ei : turba Macedonum. 
 
 7. omen : whether good or had to be determined from the context. 
 irritum : conditional in force. inceptum ; a substantive. 
 
 The Siege of Tyre 
 
 Page 125. 11. lam: 
 332 B.C. Fhoenice : 
 nominative. Tyro : 
 feminine. See accom- 
 panying map for the 
 location of the city. 
 
 12. rex : Alexan- 
 der. 
 
 13. anguBtum : 
 about half a mile wide. 
 
 16. Coronam . . . 
 auream : the usual gift 
 to victorious generals. 
 
 19. Herculi : the 
 Greek Herakles was 
 identified with the 
 Phoenician god Mel- 
 karth. 
 
 23. Palaetyron: 
 Greek PaZae = Latin ve- 
 J«s;see page 127, line 27. 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 syJ-'-y 
 
 
 Tempi. Melieertis ,.''■.,.-''' Jt-^^OE, / 
 
 («„cu„A fHjy r-t^ /P^rW" 
 
 Templ./L^ •, "' V--"^ / ~;5 / ^ 
 loras/R./ -^ '".i?^ 7. 
 
 / ^ 
 
 
 
 '^ 
 
 
 TYRUS / 
 
 A, 
 
 
 SCALE- 1:50,000 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
250 NOTES ON PART THREE [Page 126 
 
 24. cuius: for the case see A. 349, a. B. 204, 1. Bu. 425. 
 G. 374. 
 
 Page 126. l. loco : what case after j«si ? A. 431 ; cf. 367. B. 219, 
 1, Bu. 598. G. 401, n. 6. 
 
 3. quattuor stadiorum : 2427 feet. 
 
 4. Afrloo : sc. vento ; at Tyre it would come from a southwesterly 
 direction. Cf. Vergil, Aen. I, 86, Africua, et vastos volvunt ad Utora 
 fiuctus. 
 
 5. Nee accipiendo, etc. : translate in this order, Neo qwicquam 
 obstabat accipiendo (i.e. by the sea) operi, quo . . . parabant, magis 
 qxiam ille ventus. 
 
 9. quam: for this use of a relative see A. 537, 2. B. 284, 2. Bu. 
 807. G. 630. 
 
 13. toimenta : i.e. the tela from the tormenta. Arrange the 
 words in this clause as follows, tormenta (non) mitti (poterant) nisi 
 excussa ( = emissa) procul e navibus. 
 
 16. si admovisset : for the mood see A. 518, c. B. 302, 3. Bu. 
 904. 6. 567. pendentes et instabiles : these words have a 
 causal force. 
 
 21. culti : = qui ideo colebantur. 
 
 23. tempeatate : = tempore. 
 
 26. opiiices : Tyre was celebrated in antiquity for her artisans. 
 
 28. harpagonas, 29. corvique : these are descrioed as asseres 
 ferro unco praefixi, i.e. grappling hooks. 
 
 30. urbibus : see note to page 123, line 8. 
 
 31. admotiaque : -que connects inpositum esset and accetiderent. 
 
 32. accenderent: sc. opifl 
 
 Page 127. 5. iutuxum: so. fuisse. In what construotion ? See 
 A. 589, b, 2. B. 321, 2, a. Bu. 981. G. 597, R. 4. 
 
 6. manaverit : the pluperfect is usual in these clauses. 
 
 9. caduceatores : note the suffix -tor indicating agency. 
 12. ante : =primum. 
 
 16. posse: for this use of the infinitive see A. 586. B. 315, 2. 
 Bu. 975. G. 651, k. 1. 
 
 17. exaggeraretur : = aggere expleretur. 
 
 18. quoque : -que is the conjunction here. Quo correlates with 
 hoc, the more ■ the more. 
 
 22. aperiente : sc. iter. Inter haec : praeter haec would fit the 
 sense better. 
 
Page 130] NOTES ON PART THREE 251 
 
 27. materies : = materia, page 25, line 25 and note. 
 
 28. Libano : see note to page 118, line 30. 
 30. fastigium • surface. 
 
 Page 128. 2. insectatio : raillery. 
 3. aggeris : = molts. 
 
 5. conspecta : modifies multitudine. 
 
 6. commissum : completed. 
 8. in ezpedito : easy. 
 
 14. Contra : an adverb. 
 
 20. Perdiccan : Alexander's most trusted commander and later 
 the regent for Alexander's son ; see page 141, line 18. Crateron : 
 one of the best known of Alexander's generals. 
 
 23. a puppi : see note to page 10-3, line 8 
 
 28. Navis : genitive. 
 
 29. posset : A. 551, b. B. 292, b. Bu. 865. G. 677. 
 
 Page 129. 1. tabulata : stories. cum : while. 
 
 10. rupit : = dirupit. 
 
 11. ruit : subject terra. 
 
 12. Arabia sc. ex. 
 
 15. in adversum . . . fronte : not obliquely but directly against 
 the opposing wind, viz. the southwest wind. 
 
 16. ea : sc. frons. opera : accusative, modified by latentia. 
 18. ezoitatae : = exstructae. 
 
 25. lapsu : = natatione. occulto = sub aqua. 
 
 27. quae : antecedent paZmas. 
 
 29. moliebantur : = movebant or evellebant. 
 
 31. animi : for the case see A. 358. B. 232, 3. Bu. 430. G. 
 374, N. 7. perseveraret : indirect question depending on certo. 
 
 32. Oleander : previously sent to Greece to raise troops. 
 
 Page 130. 3. quinqueremis : with quadriremes (line 13 below) 
 and triremes (page 71, line 20) the regular ships of the line. The 
 Greek warship of the fourth century b.c. seems to have been pro- 
 pelled by three, four, or five ' banks ' of oars, one above another. 
 Each oar was pulled by one man. The practical difficulties of train- 
 ing men to row together are obvious. Owing to the obstacles incident 
 to the manipulation of five superposed ' banks ' of oars, it has been 
 suggested that in the period of the Second Punic War there may never 
 
252 NOTES ON PART THREE [Page 131 
 
 have been more than three ' banks ' and that the two upper tiers had 
 two men to each oar. A more practical explanation is that there was 
 a single row of long oars with five men to an oar, -perhaps three push- 
 ing and two pulling. Polybius says th^t the crew consisted of 300 
 men. Over the rowers' heads there was a deck on which troops stood 
 protected by bulwarks and turrets. 
 
 17. Inpleverant : i.e. they decked over the space between the 
 ships. 
 
 32. alias : an adverb. 
 
 Page 131. 2. classicis : saj7ors, but cf. ctosico, page 15, line 16. 
 
 7. Syracusani : the people of Syracuse in Sicily. It is generally 
 agreed that Curtius is here guilty of an anachronism, because the 
 earliest instance known to us of the presence of a Syracusan army 
 before Carthage was under King Agathocles in 309 e.g., nearly 
 thirty years later. 
 
 15. salo : cf . our use of the word brine. 
 
 21. maiore . . patria : i.e. Tyre ; cf. maiores nostri. 
 
 23. Sacrum, etc. . arrange in this order, quidam quoque erant 
 auctores repetendi sacrum, quod . . . crediderim, intermissum multis 
 saeculis, ut, etc. 
 
 25. Saturno : Baal, or perhaps here, Moloch. 
 
 Page 132. 7. corpus usque : even to the body. 
 
 8. iacientesque : = abicientes. 
 
 9. quis : = quibus. 
 
 10. tormento : singular in collective sense. 
 
 11. remissae : let down. 
 
 15. inritum : foiled, poetical. 
 
 17. leviorem : = minorem. 
 
 32. gratulationem : gratulationis would have been expected. 
 
 Page 133, 4. acciderat : sc. ad aures. 
 7. invectae sunt : rushed, middle voice. in quarum alteram : 
 
 in attacking one of the Tyrlan boats the quinquereme was hit. She, 
 however, succeeded in ramming her opponent. The Tyrian vessel still 
 at large was disposed of by one of Alexander's triremes. 
 15. inhibentes remis : backing water. 
 
 20. iuBsisque : sc. iis. 
 
 21. admovere : perhaps along the mole. We are not told about 
 the completion of that work. territis : sc. Tyriis. 
 
Page 135] NOTES ON PART THREE 253 
 
 22. ipse : Alexander. 
 
 32. occupant . . . arbitrium : i.e. commit suicide. 
 
 Page 134. 8. quisque : in partitive apposition with viri. Baevi~ 
 entibus : so. militibus. 
 
 9. Sidonii : sc. milites. intra . . . pTneBidiia : = in praesidiis . 
 
 12. Agenorem : said to be tlie son of Neptune. 
 
 19. ingens . . . spatium : supposing the crosses were 10-15 feet 
 apart, the line extended about foui' miles. 
 
 23. quam : post is sometimes omitted with an ablative of measure, 
 A. 434, N. G. 403, n. 4, d. 
 
 27. dicionis : for the case see A. 343, b. B. 198, 3. Bu. 408. G. 
 366. 
 30. Gades : see frontispiece. conmeantes : sc. Tyrios. 
 
 Page 135. 4. renata : sc. Tyros. The city was able to endure a 
 fifteen months' siege by Antigonus only seventeen years later, longa 
 pace : probably a reference to the peace in the Itoman empire from 
 17 to 43 A.D. This passage is of great importance because it helps to 
 fix the date at which Curtius composed this history. 
 
 In India. The Country and Its Inhabitants 
 
 Page 135. 6. natum : = aptum, or idoneum. aleret : sc. 
 
 Alexander, also to be supplied with movit ; cf . page 25, lines 10-11 
 for a similar sentence. in Indiam : 327 b.c. 
 
 7. movit : with ellipsis of the object, so. se. post victoriam : i.e. 
 injjace. 
 
 8. spectat orientem : to one coming from the west as Alexander 
 did. in latitudinem : in breadth, here measured from north to south. 
 
 9. recta regione : east to west. 
 10. excedunt : = surgunt. 
 
 12. Indus : pronounced Hindhu by the Persians. The aspirate was 
 dropped when the name was taken over by the Greeks and Romans. 
 
 14. ezimius : governs orrtnium ; to be translated like a superlative. 
 
 15. stringit : washes. 
 
 16. rubro mari : what we now call the Persian Gulf. 
 18. quia : = quibus. 
 
 20. Acesines : modern Chenab. 
 
 22. Diardines : this river has not been identified. 
 
254 NOTES ON PART THREE [Page 136 
 
 24. uti NiluB : when Alexander saw crocodiles in the Indus he 
 thought that he had discovered the source of the Nile. 
 
 25. Etymandrus : the identification of this stream is uncertain. 
 
 26. ligantibus : irrigantibus is the more common form. 
 
 29. interiluunt : sc. notas regiones, as the word which adeo quali- 
 fies has evidently been lost from the manuscripts. 
 
 Page 136. l. interiora : = interioris regiones. 
 3. alia : see note on interiora, line 1, and of. cetera, line 4. ex- 
 aestuant : = ardent. 
 
 7. Erythro : the Greek equivalent for Latin ruber. 
 9. liibri : bark. 
 
 11. Aves: i.e. psUtaci. Pliny (Nat. Hist. Book X. 117,) says 
 super omnia humanas voces redduntpsittaci quidem etiam sermocinantes 
 (conversing). India hanc avem mittit, (quae) imperatores salutat et 
 quae accipit verba pronuntiat, in vino praecipue lasciva. 
 
 18. utique postquam : especially since. vitiorum : by me- 
 tonymy for vitiorum instrumenta. A more simple expression would 
 be vitia commercio vulgavere. 
 
 21. quoque : read with illos. 
 
 26. ad speciem levitatis : so that it seems polished. Note the 
 length of the e in levitatis ; consult dictionary for the difference be- 
 tween levis and levis. 
 
 32. distincta: embroidered. 
 
 Page 137. 2. aves : the birds were in trees drawn in wagons ; a 
 part of the royal procession. 
 
 3. cantu . . . obstrepere : to create a diversion by singing dur- 
 ing the solemn procession. 
 7. pectit : subject rex. 
 9. Venatus : genitive case. 
 10. pelicum : of the women of the harem. 
 
 12. inhabili : unmanageable. 
 
 20. occupare : to seize, hence to anticipate. 
 
 24. inquinari : fire was sacred and the burning of a dead body 
 defiled it. nisi qui : proper order qui nisi. 
 
 25. publicis moribus : i.e. like other people, not like hermits. 
 degunt : live. The Brahmans are referred to. 
 
 27. interrito : attracted into the case of cut. 
 
 31. non . . . Bed: probably equal to reo« morto . . . sed etiam heie. 
 
 32. breviores : of fifteen days. 
 
Page 141] NOTES ON PART THREE 255 
 
 Page 138. 1. modum : phase. 
 3. operae : worth {while). 
 
 The Tide at the Mouth of the Indus River 
 
 Page 138. 4. Ibi : at Patala probably modern Haidaratad, a 
 city on the Indus. 
 
 5. misit : so. Alexander, nee : = et non, the negative applies 
 only to repertis with which eis is to be supplied. 
 
 7. regionis peritis : men acquainted with the territory. 
 13. CCCC stadia : about 46 miles. 
 
 16. nauticos : sailors, not a, common word. incumberent 
 remis : a poetical phrase ; ut omitted. 
 
 25. accepisse : = audivisse, a post-classical use. 
 
 30. subibat : flowed under the boat. 
 
 Page 139. 2. aliam insulam : scad. 
 
 3. adplicani! classem : put in. 
 
 4. secuii : construed with the genitive here. 
 7. coercitum : checked. 
 
 15. festinatio . . tarda: cf. the proT/erh, more haste, less speed. 
 
 16. pellebant : imperfect of attempted action (conative) ; note the 
 use of the same tense below, dum : with imperfect, for references to 
 grammars see note to page 22, line 26. 
 
 17. expectatis : sc. Us. 
 
 19. receperant : sc. omnes, had not taken all on board. When 
 the sailors saw the boats begin to float, they attempted to clamber 
 aboard. In some cases the vessels drifted away leaving the men 
 behind. 
 
 21. ezpectare . . . ire: objects of iubentium; cf. idem atque 
 unum in tUe next line. 
 
 27. abstergerique : to he swept away. 
 
 31. ad manus : we say to blows. 
 
 Page 140- 7. Reciprocari : to ebb. tractu : suck or current. 
 
 9. destituta : stranded. 
 21. obruunt : the idea of hindering implied in the verb led to 
 the use of a quin clause. 
 
 Page 141. 6. CCCC stadia : well out of sight of land. Arrian 
 says that Alexander told his men he wished to see whether there was 
 any land near by. 
 
256 NOTES ON PART THREE [Page 141 
 
 The Death of Alexander 
 
 Page 141. 9. Intuentibus : sc. militibus. Alexander died at 
 Babylon in 323 B.C. 
 
 10. ezercitus : genitive limiting speciem. 
 
 13. habitu : position. 
 
 16. debito : a substantive. 
 
 22. certamen : i.e. qui esset optimus. 
 
 25. vox : = verbum. 
 
 26. plauctibus : = plangore, lamentation. 
 
 Page 142. 9. viridem : vigorous. 
 
 20. lierede, sine herede : repeating dramatically the complaint 
 of the Macedonians. 
 
 Page 143. 11. quibus : dative with verb of separation. 
 
 15. Olympiade : his mother. 
 
 19. Veneris : = amoris ; a poetical and post-classical use. 
 
 21. Ilia: the following, fortunae : dative. 
 
 Page 144. 2. quidquid . . . inpleret : he should accomplish 
 whatever humanity is capable of. 
 
NOTES ON PART FOUR 
 
 The Audacity of Popilius 
 
 Page 145. l. C. Popiliua: so. iaereas, consul in 172 b.c. This 
 incident took place in 168 b.c. 
 3. is : Antiochus. 
 8. denotavit : marked off. 
 
 14. abscisa: abrupt. 
 
 Woman's Curiosity 
 
 Page 146. *■ ex — -. for the interest of . 
 
 6. nupta esset : nubere aliciti, to veil for some one is the regular 
 idiom meaning to marry when used of a woman. Here apud duos = 
 duobus, see line 9. 
 
 8. familias : a form of the genitive found in early Latin. 
 
 15. ezosculatur : applaud. 
 
 Mow the Romans Treated an Enemy 
 
 20. Pyrrhus : finally defeated at Beneventum in 275. b.c. 
 
 21. satisque agerent : had trouble enough. 
 
 22. Ambraciensis : from Ambracia, modern Arta, in northwest- 
 ern Greece. 
 
 24. consulem . in 282 b.c. 
 
 Page 147. 10. tenus : preposition with the ablative ; post-positive ; 
 cf. page 109, line 19. 
 
 12. esset : he might exist. 
 
 Archimedes at the Sie£e of Syracuse 
 
 Page 147. 27. Achradinae : the name of a section of the city. 
 
 Page 148. 11. cubitalibus : a cubit in length. 
 15. tollenone : a swing beam, manus : subject of statuebat, 
 line 18. 
 
 17. libramento : weight. 
 
 267 
 
258 NOTES ON PART FOUR [Page 146 
 
 Mews of a Victory Received at Rome 
 
 Page 149. 3. quo : sc. die. The victory reported was that of 
 the Romans under Claudius Nero over Hasdrubal at the Metaurus river. 
 10. in faucibus Umbriae : at Narnia. 
 
 21. in rostris : i.e. before the people. 
 28. obvii : to meet (them). 
 
 30. continens : unbroken. 
 
 Page 150. 13. grates : = gratias. Grates is usually employed to 
 denote thanks to the gods. 
 
 20. amplissima veste : in their finest rohes. 
 
 The Character of Scipio Africanus 
 
 22. cladem : see page 19, line 28 following, and notes. 
 27. illud : explained by (eum) deligendum esse, line 29. 
 
 Page 151. 3. nomina profiterentur : might announce their 
 candidacy. 
 
 12. petere : lit. to seek, used of a candidate for office. 
 
 15. felix faustumque : see note to page 111, line 5. 
 
 16. centuriae : he received the vote of each century and further 
 the vote of every man in each century, see note to page 19, line 8. 
 
 22. domus : genitive, nomenque . . . proficiscentis : arrange 
 in this order: nomenque proficiscentis (i.e. Scipionis) ex duabusfu- 
 nestis (in mourning) in eas provincias, ubi . . . essent. 
 
 Hannibal in Adversity 
 
 Page 152. 12. anno : 206 b.c. 
 
 13. volnere : the defeat of Hasdrubal at the Metaurus River. 
 
 17. quippe qui : inasmuch as he. 
 
 A Comparison of Mummius and Scipio Africanus 
 
 27. aimo : 146 B.C. 
 
 Page 153. 2. Africanus : the younger. 
 7. Polybium . a Greek, the author of a universal history from 
 the 146th Olympiad (220 b.c.) to the overthrow of Grecian independ- 
 ence (146 E.c). The work consisted of 38 books, besides two intro- 
 
Page 154] NOTES ON PART FOUR 259 
 
 ductory books containing a sketch of Roman history from the capture 
 of Rome hy the Gauls (390 B.C.). Only the first five books together 
 with valuable fragments of the remaining books are now extant. See 
 notes to Part Two, passim. Panaetium : also a Greek, a celebrated 
 Stoic philosopher whose works were expounded in some of the treatises 
 of Cicero. 
 
 The Death of Cicero 
 
 Page 154. 2. exprobrantes : accusing, charging. 
 
 5. anno : 4.3 b.c. 
 14. adversonun . mortem : Livy's judgment of Cicero seems 
 to us rather severe.