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 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924026473276 
 
ON THE SOURCES 
 
 OF 
 
 OVID'S HEROIDES 
 
 I, III, VII, X, XII. 
 
 A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE BOARD OF UmVERSITY 
 
 STUDIES OP THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY FOR THE DEGREE 
 
 OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY. 
 
 BY 
 
 JAMES NESBin ANDERSON. 
 
 ■v®-^ 
 
 BERLIN. • 
 
 CALVARY & CO. 
 1896. 
 
ON THE SOURCES 
 
 OF 
 
 OVID S HEROIDES 
 
 I, III, VII, X, XII. 
 
 A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE BOARD OF UNIVERSITY 
 STUDIES OF THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY FOR THE DEGREE 
 OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY. 
 
 . BY 
 
 JAMES NESBin ANDERSON. 
 
 ->-®-^ 
 
 BERLIN. 
 
 CALVARY & CO. 
 1896. 
 

 uj, Ti ot ov y,ato. y.iUQov Unos riQoti/Ltvd-i^aairo 
 Theoc. Id. 25, 65. 
 
 Ij^ 
 
On the Sources of Ovid's Heroides I., III., 
 VII., X., XII. 
 
 When we take into consideration the comparatively limited 
 experience of any individual, it is not strange that most writers 
 have found it necessary or desirable to go for matter, inspiration, 
 or suggestion, beyond these narrow confines out into the bound- 
 less fields of the world's literature, to cull a flower here or there 
 from some perishable contemporary, or take a draught from the 
 mightier, streams of genius which flow on forever. Many a great 
 mind has been stirred to productive activity by personal contact 
 with contemporaries who had already achieved fame. Ovid 
 intimates his obligations to the Roman poets in Trist. 4, 10, 42: 
 
 Quotque aderant vates, rebar adesse deos. 
 
 Saepe suas volucres legit mihi grandior aevo, 
 
 Quaeque nocet serpens, quae iuvat herba, Macer. 
 
 Saepe suos solitus recitare Propertius ignes 
 
 lure sodalitii, quo mihi iunctus erat. 
 
 Ponticus heroo, Bassus quoque clarus iambis 
 
 Dulcia convictus membra fuere mei; 
 
 Et tenuit nostras numerosus Horatius aures, 
 
 Dum ferit Ausonia carmina culta lyra. 
 
 Vergilium vidi tantum; nee amara Tibullo 
 
 Tempus amicitiae fata dedere meae. 
 
 Successor fuit hie tibi, Galle, Propertius illi; 
 
 Quartns ab his serie temporis ipse fui. 
 
 These Eoman poets probably exercised most influence on 
 
 Ovid in the beginning of his career, but afterwards, the Greek 
 
 literature, with its greater beauty and richness, doubtless became 
 
 more and more influential in his case. It is our purpose here 
 
 1 
 
2 Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 
 
 to determine, as far as possible, the writers, whether Greek or 
 Koman, who influenced him most in the composition of these 
 five letters, and we shall not be content to determine simply 
 whether or not Ovid was acquainted with a certain work, but 
 we shall make some effort to detei-mine the extent of the in- 
 fluence in each case, for it seems more interesting and more 
 useful from the point of view of literary- criticism to know how 
 Ovid used his sources than to know whether or not he had be- 
 fore him some Alexandrian poem which has since been lost. 
 
 Many of the stories treated by Ovid were very old. *Rohde, 
 in speaking of the ancient poets, says: "Wie die hellenischen 
 GStter nicht die Schopfer sondern die Bildner und Leiter der 
 Welt waren, so die Dichter alterer Zeiten nicht die Erfinder, 
 sondern wiederum die kunstvollen Bildner ihrer Stoffe." This 
 does not mean that they were not original. It can hardly be 
 claimed that any literature is more original than that of the 
 Greeks, the originators of so many i^inds of literary composition. 
 Only, they preferred to exercise their ingenuity in the treatment 
 and development of a subject that was known, rather than in 
 the invention of a new tale or an unheard-of plot. This is 
 perhaps due to the fact that these works were prepared for 
 hearers rather than for readers. 
 
 Though it is interesting and instructive when we have the 
 sources at hand, to trace their influence on the later work, yet 
 it is a very delicate piece of work and we must constantly be 
 on our guard lest we go astray. Many dangers lurk in our 
 path. The greatest, I think, is that of making intentional imita- 
 tions out of accidental resemblances. This danger is especially 
 great when the resemblance is confined to a word or phrase. 
 For instance, it is generally admitted that Lachmann was rash, 
 to say the least, in placing the Sappho letter later than Lucan 
 on the strentgh of the single expression furialis Erichtho (Ov. 
 H. 15, 139; cf Erichtho, Lucan 6, 508.)** A. Zingerle, too, in 
 
 * E. Eohde, Der grieehische Koman und seine Vorlaufer, p. 11. 
 ** It may be added tliat it is almost equally rash to reject a whole 
 epistle as not genuine on the ground of a metrical irregularity in a single 
 verse. See Alexander Bilger, De Ovidi Heroidum appendice, p. 3. 
 
Sources of Ovid's Hel'oldes. 3 
 
 his good and useful book, "Ovidius und sein Verhaltniss zu den 
 Vorgangern und gleichzeitigen romischen Dichtern'', has carried 
 this verbal resemblance too far.* The human mind, like human 
 nature, is very much the same the world over and there can 
 be no doubt that diiferent people sometimes have the s^me 
 thoughts quite independently of one another. The trouble is that 
 there are so many ways of transmitting ideas and the human 
 race is so closely connected that we can seldom be quite sure 
 that the thoughts are entirely independent. Take, for instance, 
 Diog. Laert. 1, 10 where he is speaking of Epimenides: 
 
 OvTo? jTOts nsii^&sic naqd tov natqdg sic u/qop in) 
 7iq6§uTOV , TTjC odov xcctcc fjbsOTjii^qiav sxxXivag vn' avrqm rivl 
 xarexotfi'^S-tj smd xcu nevirixovra stij. diuvadTocg dt (isrd tccvtu 
 fi^^Tst TO TiQO^aTOV, vofiif^eov stt' oXiyov xsxotfjJSjffd-ai. oog di ovx 
 svQtaxs, naqsysveco «c tov dyqov, xal fieru(ixsv«(i(iiva ndvta 
 xaraXa^wv xal naqd srsqm xrv XTrj<Siv, ndXiv ^xsv slg dotv di- 
 anoqovfievog. Kdxst ds slg rrff savrov siffKoV olxiav nsqiirvxs Totg 
 nvv-d-avo(isvoig Tig titj.^ ^mg top vscatsqov d8sk(f6v svqurv tots tj6tj 
 ysqovxa ovru, nddav viiaS-s nuq' sxeipov rrjv dXrid-siav. In place 
 and time this is far enough separated from Rip van Wuikle yet 
 who can be sure that there is no connection between the two? 
 Another case of difficulty is when there are several imita- 
 tions of the original and the source of our passage may be 
 either the original or an imitation. Take, for instance, iMoli6re, 
 Le Misanthrope, 711: 
 
 L'amour, pour I'ordinaire, est peu fait a ces lois, 
 Et Ton voit les amants vanter toujours leur choix; 
 Jamais leur passion n'y voit rien de blamable, 
 Et dans I'objet aime tout leur devient aimable: 
 lis comptent les d6fauts pour des perfections, 
 Et savent y donner de favorables noms. 
 
 * I find that E. Bahrens in the preface (p. VII) to his edition of 
 Valerius Flaccns has expressed a similar opinion: "hoc tamen addo nee 
 Zingerleium Satis distinxiase similitudines fortuitas et eas imitationee quae 
 conaulto dataque opera sunt factae." Still, the comparison of similar passages 
 is interesting and perhaps useful even when there is no imitation, and 
 some instances of this will be foiind in the following- pages. 
 
 1* 
 
4 Sources or Ovid's Heroides. 
 
 La pale est aux jasmins en blaneheur comparable; 
 
 La noire k faire peur, une brune adorable; 
 
 La maigre a de la taille et de la liberty ; 
 
 La grasse est dans son port pleine de majesty ; 
 
 La malpropre sur soi, de pen d'attraits eharg6e, 
 
 Est mise sous le nom de beaut6 n6glig6e; 
 
 La g6ante paroit une d6esse aux yeux; 
 
 La naine, iiu abr6ge des merveilles des cieux; 
 
 L'orgueilleuse a le cceur digne d'une couronne; 
 
 La fourbe a de I'esprit; la sotte est toute bonne; 
 
 La trop grande parleuse est d'agr6able humeur; 
 
 Et la muette garde une honnete pudeur. 
 
 C'est ainsi qu'un amant dont I'ardeur est extreme 
 
 Aime jusqu' aux d6fauts des personnes qu'il aime." 
 
 With this compare Plato, Kep. 5, 474 D: 
 
 ij ov% ovTw noiisTrs itqog Tovg xalovg; 6 (juiv, on (Sifiog, 
 inixccQig x^rj^dg inaiveO'tjCisTai vcf' vfitov, tov 6^ to yQvnov 
 (iaOiXixoy (pars etvai, tov ds drj dm (leaov tovtwv ififisTqoTaza 
 sxei,v, (isXavag di dvdqiixovg tdttv, Xsvxovg dk &£uv ncttdag sivaf 
 /jieki-xXooQOvg Si xai rOvvofice oYsi rivog aXXov noiTjfia stvav rj 
 iqaatov vnoxoQi^Ofiivov ce xal svxtQtog (piqoviag T'^v wxQorijra, 
 idv snl WQ(f fi; 
 
 The similarity of these two passages is sufficient to warrant 
 the conclusion that they are probably connected. But Moliere 
 did not get the idea from Plato, but from Lucr. 4, 1153: 
 Nam faciunt homines plerumque cupidine caeci 
 Et tribuunt ea quae non sunt his commoda vere. 
 Multimodis igitur pravas turpisque videmus 
 Esse in deliciis summoque in honore vigere. 
 
 vs. 1160 Nigra melichrus est, inmunda et fetida acosmos, 
 Caesia Palladium, nervosa et lignea dorcas, 
 Parvula, pumilio, chariton mia, tota merum sal. 
 Magna atque inmanis cataplexis plenaque honoris. 
 Balba loqui non quit, traulizi, muta pudens est; 
 At flagrans odiosa loquacula Lampadium fit. 
 
Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 5 
 
 Ischnon eromenion tuna fit, cum vivere non quit 
 Prae macie; rhadine verost iam mortua tussi. 
 At tumida et mammosa Ceres est ipsa ab laccho, 
 Simula Silena ac saturast, labeosa philema. 
 Cetera de genere hoc longum est si dicere coner." 
 
 There is additional evidence to show that Moliere was espe- 
 cially familiar with Lucretius and had oven translated him in part. 
 
 With these are to he compared further Hor. Sat. 1, 3, 38: 
 Illuc praevertamnr, amatorem quod amicae 
 Turpia decipiunt caecum vitia, aut etiam ipsa haec 
 Delectant, veluti Balbinum polypus Hagnae. 
 
 Ov. A. A. 2, 657: 
 
 Nominibus moliire licet mala. Fusca vocetur, 
 
 Nigrior lUyrica cui pice sanguis erit: 
 
 Si crassa est, Veneris similis, si torva, Minervae. 
 
 Sit gracilis, macie quae male viva sua est. 
 
 Die habilem, quaecumque brevis. quae turgida, plenam: 
 
 Et lateat vitium proximitate boni. 
 
 Cf. Also Am. 2. 4 for the sentiment, and Rem. Am. 323 — 330 
 for the opposite. Also Prop. 3, 20, 41 Theoc. Id 6, 18; and 
 10, 26. 
 
 The illustration is already too long and we cannot enter 
 here upon a discussion of the relation of these various passages 
 to one another.* 
 
 Our difficulties in investigating the sources of an author 
 like Ovid are further increased by the loss of so many books 
 which he read, especially out of the Alexandrian literature. Ovid 
 himself has been used by some scholars to reconstruct the plots 
 of such lost works.** The plan of the Heroides renders it possible 
 to use this argument as far as the essential points of the story 
 are concerned. The details cannot be obtained with any certainty. 
 
 * Most of these references may be found in the edition of Moliere 
 \)y Despois & Mesnard, 5, 567. 
 ** See DUthey, Cydippe p. 46. 
 
6 Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 
 
 Some general remarks on Ovid and the Heroides may not 
 be out of place here. First of all a word may be said for Ovid 
 as a poet. Perhaps no Eoman writer has been so variously 
 estimated by modern scholars. On the whole, I think he has 
 been greatly underestimated. His very virtues have been turned 
 against him. His cleverness in manipulating the language and 
 in handling the metres has led some to think that he was nothing 
 but a skilful juggler with words. Rhetorical tricks we affect 
 to despise, no matter how cleverly used, and there is no doubt 
 that Ovid is somewhat of a rhetorician. Ovid repeats himself 
 often and other people sometimes, and that gives rise to the 
 idea that he was nothing but a superficial, though clever, imi- 
 tator. Such works as the present tend to strengthen this notion 
 and it is for this reason that I wish to say here that Ovid, 
 though he borrows freely, yet manages to put his own inimitable 
 stamp on his material, and that he must still be regarded, in 
 spite of his many faults, as a great and original poet. We 
 may apply to his poems the words which he himself uses of 
 another's; 
 
 Cumque nihil totiens lecta e dulcedine perdant, 
 Viribus ilia suis, non novitate, placent* 
 In regard to the Heroides, opinions differ very much both 
 on the whole and on the separate letters. For instance, Loers 
 praises the Sappho letter very highly and says of it "omnium 
 maxime Ovidianam videri dixerim", while Palmer speaks of the 
 same letter as "condemned by Lachmann and by every scholar 
 possessed of common sense". On the whole, I must confess that 
 I do not regard the Heroides as one of the best works of Ovid. 
 There is too much rhetorical pathos, too many repetitions, in 
 short too much sameness, too much machine-work in plot and 
 execution, though it must be granted that this defect is partly 
 inherent in the subject-matter and would be hard to avoid. Still, 
 some of the letters arc very fine and all of them abound in 
 fine passages. Ovid resembles Euripides in being a very quo- 
 table writer. 
 
 * Ex P. 3, r,, 13. 
 
Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 7 
 
 The origin of this species of composition concerns us directly. 
 Ovid himself claims originality for the work and I see no good 
 reason for doubting the correctness of his statement. A. A. 3, 345 : 
 Vel tibi composita catitetur Epistola voce: 
 Ignotum hoc aliis ille novavit opus. 
 
 Prop. 5, 3* (Arethusa) has been looked upon as possibly 
 suggesting the idea of the Heroides to Ovid. This is quite 
 possible, but nothing more can be said for it. There is no very 
 great similarity except in the opening and the close. See, how- 
 ever, Dilthey, Obss. in Epp. Heroid. Ovid, partic. 1. p. 4: 
 "Omnino auctorem heroidum baud incedere in via a se primo 
 aperta, sed potius dudum ab aliis nmnita et paene trita, varia 
 mihi persuadent indicia, inter quae gravissimum est carmen Pro- 
 pertii [V, 3]" etc. Cf. Tolkiehn p. 9. 
 
 Some have suspected an Alexandrian source for the Heroides. 
 Cf. Tolkiehn, Quaest. ad Her. Ov. Spectant. p. 8 : Verisimile enim 
 est, Ovidium hoc carminum genus non invenisse, sed iam antea 
 apud aevi alexandrini poetas similia extitisse, quae sibi ad imi- 
 tandum proponeret praesertim cum argumenta vel tota vel maxi- 
 mam partem e fontibus graecis eum hausisse notum sit." Some 
 try to evade Ovid's statement by interpreting it to refer to Roman 
 literature alone. Cf. Tolkiehn p. 9, and Lunak, Quaestiones 
 Sapphicae p. 43. It seems to me however that this position is 
 untenable. Ovid's words will hardly bear this interpretation 
 without straining. 
 
 By claiming originality for the plan of the Heroides, Ovid 
 probably meant that no such collectimi of epistles was in exi- 
 stence at his time. It is probable enough that he received 
 suggestions from the Alexandrians, Propertius, or others. The 
 insertion of single letters in the body of other works was doubt- 
 less common enough. It was quite common in the later erotic 
 literature. Cf. Achilles Tatius, 5, 18; Xen. Ephes. 2, 5; Chari- 
 ton 8, 4; Nicetas Eugen. 1, 169; 202, 240, 284. 
 
 Attention has also been called to the statement of Paeon 
 the Amathusian ap. Plut. Thes. c. 20, that when Ariadne was 
 
 * Miiller's edition. 
 
8 Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 
 
 left in Cyprus, the native women brought her letters to con- 
 sole her, pretending that they were from Theseus: rag ovp 
 iyxcoqiovc yvvatxa? tijV ii^iceSvijP dvaXa^stv xal neqiinsiv d-9v- 
 fiovtiav irtl Tij fjovojgti xal yqdfjrfj,aTa nXadtci nqoafpiqeiv , cog 
 Tov @ij(fi(og yqciipovTog avT^. "En habes herois Epistulam!", 
 says A. Kalkman, De Hippolytis Euripideis p. 100. 
 
 As these letters are essentially rhetorical, it may be worth 
 our while to consider Ovid's rhetorical training. Upon this point 
 Seneca the Elder throws some light, Controv. 2, 2, 8: 
 
 "Hanc controversiam memini ab Ovidio Nasone declamari 
 aput rhetorem Arellium F^iscum cuius auditor fuit; nam Labionis 
 admirator erat, cum diversum sequeretur dicendi genus. Habebat 
 ille eomptum et decens et amabile ingenium. Oratio eius iam 
 turn nihil aliud poterat videri quam solutum carmen. Adeo autem 
 studiose Latronem audiit, ut multas Ulius sententias in versus 
 suos transtulerit. In armorum iudicio dixerat Latro: 
 Mittamus arma in hostis et petamus. 
 
 Naso dixit: 
 
 Arma viri fortis medios mittantur in hostis; 
 liide iubete peti. 
 
 Et alium ex ilia suasoria sensum aeque a Labione mutuatus 
 est. Memini Labionem in praefatione quadam dicere, quod scho- 
 lastici quasi carmen didicerant: 
 
 Non vides ut immota fax torpeat, ut exagitata reddat ignes? 
 Mollit viros (otium), ferrum situ carpitur (et rubiginem ducit), 
 desidia dedocet. 
 Naso dixit: 
 
 Vidi ego iactatas mota face crescere flammas 
 Et rursus nullo concutiente mori. 
 
 Tunc autem cum studeret habebatui- bonus declamator. hanc 
 certe controversiam ante Arellium Fuscum declamavit, ut mihi 
 videbatui-, longe ingeniosius, excepto eo, quod sine certo ordine 
 per locos discurrerat. 
 
 Controv. 2, 2, 12: Declamabat autem Naso raro oontro- 
 versias et non nisi ethicas; libentius dicebat suasorias. Molesta 
 
Sources of Ovid's Heroicles. 9 
 
 illi erat omnis argumentatio. Verbis minime licenter usus est 
 nisi in carminibus" etc. 
 
 Senec. suas. 3, 7 helps to explain Ovid's manner of borrow- 
 ing expressions. Seneca is speaking of Virgil's expression, 
 'plena dec': 
 
 Hoc autem dicebat Gallio Nasoni suo valde placuisse ; itaque 
 fecisse ilium quod in multis aliis versibus Vergilii fecerat, non 
 subripiendi causa, sed palam mutuandi, hoc animo ut vellet 
 agnosci; esse autem in tragoedia eius: 
 
 feror hue illuc, ut plena deo. 
 Similarly Haupt (Opusc. 2, 67) compares Ov. Fast. 3, 455 
 'periure et perfide Theseu' with Cat. 64, 132: 
 
 Sicine me patiiis aveetam, perfide, ab oris, 
 Perfide, deserta liquisti in litore, Theseu? etc. 
 Also Ov. Fast. 3, 471: 
 
 Nunc quoque "nulla viro" clamabo "femina credat", 
 with Cat. 64, 143: 
 
 Nunc iam nulla viro iuranti femina credat. 
 Nulla viri speret sermones esse fideles. 
 So Ov. Met. 14, 812 (s. Fast. 2, 487): 
 
 "Unus erit quem tu tolles in caerula caeli" 
 is taken from Ennius (Varro L. L. 7 p. 287 Sp.). 
 
 Haupt adds : Non surripuit versus neque Ennii neque Catulli, 
 sed praeclarorum carminum memoriam repraesentavit. 
 
 A better example than those given by Haupt is Ov. Met. 3, 353 : 
 Multi ilium iuvenes, multae cupiere puellae; 
 Sed fuit in tenera tam dura superbia forma, 
 Nnlli ilium iuvenes, nullae tetigere puellae. 
 This was evidently intended to recall Cat. 63, 42: 
 Multi ilium pueri, multae optavere puellae: 
 Idem cum tenui carptus defloruit ungui, 
 Nulli ilium pueri, nullae optavere puellae. 
 We shall find other instances of this in the following letters. 
 See, for example, 
 
 Ep. 7, 93 Ilia dies nocuit etc., 
 and vs. 99: 
 
10 Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 
 
 Est mihi marmorea sacratus in aede Sychaeus etc., which 
 are evidently intended to recall Virgil. 
 
 Cf. also Trist. 2, 534 "arma virumque", and 
 
 Am. 1, 15, 25: 
 
 Tityrus et fruges Aeneiaque arma legentur 
 Roma triumphati dum caput orbis erit. 
 
 The very first vFord in Ov. Am. (arma) may be intended 
 to recall the beginning of the Aeneid. 
 
 The plan of the Heroides lends especial propriety to this 
 usage. Much of the interest that attaches to the Heroides, lies 
 in the fact that the characters are often well known in literature. 
 Ovid assumes a certain knowledge of the literature in his readers 
 and so permits himself to use certain phrases and expressions 
 to recall the originals to their minds. This custum was espe- 
 cially common among the Alexandrians. Cf. Dilthey, De Calli- 
 machi Cydippe p. 109: Nee vero abhorrebat a Graecis poetis, 
 ut alieno bono suam decorarent operam. velut moris quodam 
 modo erat Alexandrina aetate, ut aliorum versus poetarum dome- 
 sticis insererentur integri, vel quo admiratio indiearetur antiqui- 
 oris carminis, vel quo grata alicuius loci excitaretur memoria. 
 (s. foot-note.) Sic ApoUonius quinque Eumeli versus continuos 
 Argonauticis suis intexuit, testante scholiasta ad III 1372. idem 
 Callimachi unum repetiit versum (cf. Schol. I 1309), plures Calli- 
 raacheorum effinxit simillimos". Dilthey gives several other exam- 
 ples among the Greeks. Then: ac seeutus est Alexandrinos hac 
 in re Vergilius quoque, quem unum novimus versum e Graecis 
 Partheni praeceptoris transtulisse (cf Meinek. anall. alex p. 285 sq.), 
 alterum e Varronis Atacini carminibus (cf Wuellnerum de Varr. 
 Atac. p. 34 sq.), tertium Catulli (cf. Serv. ad Verg. Aen. V 591). 
 idem Furi Antiatis plura diligenti imitatione expressit auctore 
 Macrobio Sat. VI, 1 (cf Weichertura poett. lat. min. p. 350 sqq.)". 
 Dilthey then speaks of Ovid. 
 
 Let us now proceed to a closer examination of some of 
 the letters. 
 
 Ovid. H. 1. (Penelope.) 
 
 The manner in which Ovid used his sources can best be 
 determined from those letters about the sources of which there 
 
SourcieJs of Ovid's Heroides. l\ 
 
 can be no doubt. If we had nothing- left but the subject of 
 this and the third letter (Briseis), we should still feel great 
 confidence in referring them to Homer. To whom else would 
 one go when Homer has treated a subject fully? 
 Cf. Ov. Am. 3, 9, 25: 
 
 Adice Maeoniden, a quo, ceu fonte perenni, 
 Vatum Pieriis ora rigantur aquis. 
 and Am. 3, 9, 29: 
 
 Durat opus vatum: Troiani fama laboris, 
 Tardaque nocturno tela retexta dolo, 
 (where the last line represents the Odyssey). 
 Trist. 2, 375: 
 
 Aut quid Qdyssea est nisi femina propter amorem, 
 Dum vir abest, multis una petita viris? 
 Accordingly we must look in the Odyssey for the sources 
 of this letter. It is hardly necessary to add that Ovid frequently 
 speaks of Homer and in the highest terms. 
 Cf. Am. 1, 15, 9: 
 
 Vivet Maeonides, Tenedos dum stabit et Ide, 
 Dum rapidas Simois in mare volvet aquas. 
 Further: Am. 1, 8, 61; A. A. 2, 279; 3, 413; Rem. 365; 
 Fast. 2, 119; Trist. 1, 1, 47; 1, 6, 21; 2, 379; 4, 10, 22; 
 Ex P. .3, 9, 23; 4, 2, 21. 
 
 Tolkiehn p. 56 gives various passages in Ovid which show 
 acquaintance with Homer: Am. 1, 7, 31; 1, 9, 39; 1, 10, 53; 
 1, 13, 1; 2, 5, 39; A. A. 2, 400. 
 
 See also Washietl, De Similitudinibus Imaginibusque Ovi- 
 dianis. 
 
 Ov. H. 1, 1 lento tibi mittit, Uliae. 
 
 Cf. vs. 66 aut ubi lentus abes? 
 
 Ep. 19, 70 Cur totiens a me, lente natator, abes? 
 For the expression Cf. Prop. 4, 23, 12: 
 
 Irascor, quoniam 's, lente moratus heri. 
 1, 6, 12: 
 
 A pereat, siqnis lentus amare potest. 
 
12 Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 
 
 1, 15, 4: 
 
 Tu tamen in nostro lenta timore venis. 
 
 3, 6, 14 (cf. vs. 22): 
 
 Nee raihi ploranti lenta sederc potest. 
 
 4, 7, 20: 
 
 Hostibus eveniat lenta puella raeis. 
 
 The reference, of course, is to the teventy years' absence 
 of Odysseus, (Cf. Od. 23, 170: eh&oi sstxodTw erst sg navQida 
 yatav. Theoc.Id. 16, 51 speaks of his 120 months' wanderings.), 
 but there is the connotation of indifference, intentional delay. 
 
 Ovid dates this letter just after the return of Telemachus. 
 This, according- to Homer, would be just before Odysseus made 
 himself known in his own house. So the twenty years of waiting 
 are already accomplished. 
 
 Ov. H. 1, 3: Troia iacet certe. 
 Cf Met. 13, 505: — iacet Ilion ingens. 
 Od. 1, 2: — insl TqoirjC Isqov ntoXisS-qov sneqaev. 
 Closer is Virg. Aen. 3, 3 — ceciditque superbum 
 Ilium et omnis humo fumat Neptunia Troia. 
 Perhaps Ovid is referring to the famous verses, II. 4, 164: 
 srJdtTai r/fiaq or' av nor' oXa'^rj 'iXiog Iqrj 
 xal Jlqia^oc xal kaog ivfiiJisMco Jlqidfiow. 
 The next verse in Ovid bears a slight resemblance to the 
 second verse of Homer and so to that extent favors the sug- 
 gestion, vs. 4: 
 
 Vix Priamus tanti totaque Troia fuit. 
 (Notice that Priamus occupies the same place in the verse 
 as nqiufiog above, and totaque Troia corresponds loosely to 
 xal Xaog,) 
 
 With vs. 4, Cf. Prop. 4, 19, 4: 
 
 Tantine, ut lacrimes Africa tota fuitV 
 
 Ov. H. 1, 3 (2 nd half): — Danais invisa pud Us. 
 The spirit is fairly well represented in Od. 19, 260 where 
 Penelope calls Troy: 
 
 Kaxo'iXiov ovx ovoftao^w. 
 
Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 13 
 
 Cf. Hor. 0. 1, 1, 24: bellaque inatribus Detestata. 
 
 Ov. H. 1, 5: 
 
 utinam turn, cum Lacedaetnona classe petebat 
 
 Obrutus insanis esset adulter aquis! 
 Cf. Ap. Rh. 4, 33: aiS-s as novrog, 
 
 ^sTvs, diiQQuiaev nqiv KoXxida yatav Ixid-d-cti,. 
 For the fleet, cf. Ep. 5, 41. For the builder, see II. 5, 62. 
 For hisanis, Kuhnken, Dictata ad Ovidii Heroidas, com- 
 pares Virg. Eel. 9, 43: 
 
 Insani feriant sine littora fluctus. 
 Adulter. The word [loixog does not occur in Homer but 
 is presupposed in (lOixdyqiK Od. 8, 332. 
 
 Cf. rather Hor. 0. 1, 15, 19 (speaking to Paris): 
 
 — tamen heu serus adulteros 
 
 Crines pulvere coUines. 
 Hor. 0. 3, 3, 25, appKes the epithet to Helen: 
 
 lam nee Lacaenae splendet adulterae 
 
 Famosus hospes. 
 Cf. Cat. 68, 103: 
 
 Ne Paris abducta gavisus libera moecha 
 
 Otia pacato degeret in thalamo. 
 Ov. Am. 2, 18, 37: 
 
 Et Paris est illic et adultera, no bile crimen. 
 Trist. 2, 371: 
 
 Bias ipsa quid est aliud nisi adultera, de qua 
 
 Inter amatorem pugna virumque fuit? 
 
 Ov. H. 1, 7: 
 
 Non ego deserto iacuissem frigida lecto, 
 
 Non quererer. tardos ire relicta dies. 
 Cf. Prop. 5, 7, 6: 
 
 Et quererer lecti frigida regna mei. 
 For the matter cf. Hm. Od. 17, 102: 
 
 Xi'iofiai, slg svvijV, rj (lov GTOvosdcfa r&cvxvui,, 
 
 ahl ddxqva' ifiotcft nsipvqftivij, «? ov "OSvaasvg 
 
 a>%sd-^ d[i 'AtqsidjiGiv sg "Ihov. 
 
14 Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 
 
 and 19, 515: 
 
 avTccQ inrv viii^ s'ld-fj tljici rs xotro? anavxag, 
 xstficu, ivt Xixtqoa, mmval dd fioi, u(Mf' ddtvov x^q 
 o^etai fisledmvsg odvqofibivrjV sqid^ovaiv. 
 16, 38: — ot^vqal dd ol cctsl 
 
 (f&ivovatv vvxTsg rs xal ijfiaTu ddxqv x^ovfffi. 
 Ovid's expression, however, especially frigida, is not at 
 all Homeric but belongs to the later erotic poetry. The coldness 
 of loveless nights corresponds to the fire of love. See Ep. 7, 23 
 and note. 
 
 Cf. Ep. 19, 69; 19, 93; A. A. 3, 70; Tib. 1, 8, 39; Cat. 68, 29. 
 
 Ov. H. 1, 9: 
 
 Nee mihi quaerenti spatiosam fallere noctem 
 
 Lassasset vidua pendida tela manus. 
 The spinning-wheel and the loom, or their representatives, 
 played a very important part in woman's life until quite recent 
 times. References to such work are frequent in Ovid. Cf. vs. 78 
 below; Ep. 3, 70; 8, 77; 19, 37; 10, 90; 
 Trist. 4, 1, 13: 
 
 Cantantis pariter, pariter data pensa trahentis 
 
 Fallitur ancillae decipiturque labor. 
 Cf. Prop. 1, 3, 41: 
 
 Nam modo purpureo fallebam stamine somnum. 
 Hm. Od. 21, 350: 
 
 dkX' slg olxov lovaa tu o' avv^g sqya xofitt^e 
 
 ICTOV t" ^XaxdrijV rs. 
 19, 139 and 2, 94: 
 
 OTijaajjiiv^ (liyav IdTov ivl fjisydqoKTtv, icpaivsiv. 
 15, 515 Telemachus says: ovds as prjTijq 
 
 oxpsrar ov (liv yd(f tt -^afid (iivridtriqa' ivl oi'xw 
 
 (faiverai', dXT^ and run' vneqmim Ititov v(faivsi. 
 19, 149: 
 
 sv&a xal •^fiiUTiij (ikv vffaivsdxov (liyav 'iavov, 
 
 vvxiag d' dkkveaxov, enel dciidug naqad-sifiriv. 
 This last refers to the famous trick by which Penelope 
 deceived those simple-minded suitors and kept them waiting 
 
Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 15 
 
 for three long years. It must have been present to Ovid's mind 
 when he wrote this. Cf. Am. 3, 9, 29 (quoted above): 
 Durat opus vatum: Troiani fama laboris, 
 Tardaque nocturno tela retexta dolo. 
 and Ex P. 3, 1, 113: 
 
 Morte nihil opus est, nihil Icariotide tela. 
 Prop. 2, 9, 4: 
 
 Coniugium falsa poterat diiferre Minerva, 
 Nocturno solvens texta dinrna dolo. 
 Why then did Ovid avoid mentioning the ruse here? This 
 has puzzled the commentators, some wishing to see the allusion 
 anyhow. Is not the explanation rather this ? According to Homer, 
 Penelope was tq choose one of the suitors when she finished 
 the winding-sheet. Ovid did not wish to bring this in because 
 he represents her as unwavering in mind. Cf. vs. 83 (below): 
 Increpet usque licet: Tua sum, tua diear oportet. 
 Penelope couiunx semper Ulixis ero. 
 Other references to spinning or weaving are: Eur. Bacch. 
 116; Tib. 1, 3, 85; 2, 1, 9; 2, 1, 16; Virg. G. 1, 293; Eur. 
 Iph. T. 222; Hor. 0. 3, 27, 64; Theoc. 18, 32; Prop. 4, 5, 15. 
 Spatiosam noctem. On the long nights cf. Hor. 0. 1, 25, 7: 
 Me tuo longas pereunte noetes, 
 Lydia, dormis? 
 Prop. 1, 12, 13; 
 
 Nunc primum longas solus cognoscere noetes Cogor. 
 Ov. H. 17, 181: 
 
 Et longae noetes et iam sermone coimus. 
 
 Ov. H. 1, 11: Cf. Ep. 13, 149 f. 
 
 Ov. H. 1, 12: Cf. Ep. 8, 76; 19, 109; 17, 216, 18, 196; 
 Trist. 3, 11, 10. 
 
 Ov. H. 1, 13: Cf. Ep. 9, 36—42. 
 Ov. H. 1, 14: Cf Ep. 13, 63 f 
 
 Ov. H. 1, 15: 
 
 Sive quis Antilochum narrabat ah Hectare victum. 
 Antiloclus is mentioned as killed in Hm. Od. 3, 112; 11, 
 
16 Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 
 
 468; 24, 16 and 78; but the slayer is not named. In 4, 187, 
 however, Memnon is referred to: 
 
 fiiV^aato yccQ xard d-Vfiov dfivfiovog iiptiXoxoio, 
 TOP 'q' 'Hovg sxreivs (paeipijg dyXaog vlog. 
 (I get the reference from the Loers- Edition of the Heroides.) 
 Loers compares also Find. Pyth. 6, 28. How is this discrepancy 
 to be accounted for? The supposition of some of them* that Ovid 
 intentionally puts this mistake in the mouth of Penelope, is hyper- 
 exegesis. Ovid would scarcely have chosen this way to indi- 
 cate that Penelope was "une femme ignorante qui ne pouvoit 
 pas sgavoir exactement tous les points de I'Histoire". The ex- 
 planation lies rather in the number of places where the incident 
 is mentioned with omission of the slayer's name. Besides, Ovid 
 is nothing but human after all and we should not wonder that, 
 even with his remarkable memory, he could make an occasional 
 slip. I do not see any ground for intentional change and do 
 not believe he had any authority for it. It is true, however, 
 that Hyg. 113, as we have it, states that Antilochus was slain 
 by Hector, but this is probably to be regarded as a fault of the 
 text as it is inconsistent with the preceding chapter. Some (as 
 Ribbeck and Ehwald) think that Ovid made use of such com- 
 pilations as Hyginus and Apollodorus, but it seems to me very 
 doubtful. Such mistakes as occur in verses 15 and 91 would 
 be arguments against this supposition. If he used such works 
 at all, it would be only for such secondary matters. For the 
 main sources, at all events, we must go to compositions of more 
 literary merit and more detailed elaboration. 
 
 Ov. H. 1, 17: 
 
 Sive Menoetiaden falsis cecidisse sub armis 
 Cf. Hm. II. 16, 817. 
 
 Ov. H. 1, 19: 
 
 Sanguine Tlepolemus Lyciam tepefecerat hastam. 
 Cf. Hm. II. 5, 657 — o (jbh §dXsv av%ipa (iSaaop 
 
 2aqnrid(iov, alxC'Ti ^^ diocfinsQ^g ^X-d'' uXsysivri. 
 
 ■ e.g.MeziriacfBachet), CommentairessurlesEpist. d'Ovide, vol. l,p.37. 
 
Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 17 
 
 For Lyciam cf. II. 5, 647: 2aqn7j8mv Avxlav dyog. 
 For tepefecerat Ruhnken compares 
 Hor. Sat. 2, 3, 136: 
 
 In matris iugulo ferrum tepefecit acutum. 
 and A'irg. Aen. 9, 419: iit hasta 
 
 Stridens, traiectoque haesit tepefacta cerebro. 
 
 Ov. H. 1, 22: 
 
 Frigiditis cjlacie pectus amantis erat. 
 Cf. Ep. 10, 32: 
 
 Frigidior glacie semianimisque M. 
 Ep. 12, 142: 
 
 Sed tamen in toto pectore frigus erat. 
 
 Ep. 19, 192; 15, 112; Fast. 1, 98; 2, 753; Trist. 1, 4, 11. 
 
 This is the chill of fear, quite difderent from frigida above, 
 
 and goes back to Homer, perhaps, in such expressions as yo'/Soi; 
 
 xQvcsPTog, II. 9, 2, even if g)6^og was wrongly taken in the sense 
 
 of fear. Cf. Hm. Od. 14, 225 : 
 
 xal nolefiol xal axovreg sv^sdrot xal diffroi, 
 
 Xvyqd, rd x" dXloidiv ys xaraqiyriXd ni}.0VTai. 
 Aesch. Theb. 834: 
 
 xaxov (IS xaqdlav ii, nsqijiirvsi xQVog. 
 Virg. Aen. 2, 120: 
 
 Obstipuere animi, gelidusque per ima cucurrit 
 
 Ossa tremor. Cf. Aen. 1, 92; 6, 54; 12, 447. 
 Theoc. Id. 2, 105: 
 
 nd(Sa [itv iipt.%d'7iv /tcVo? nXiov. 
 
 Ov. H. 1, 24: 
 
 Versa est in cineres sospite Troia viro. 
 Cf. Met. 2, 216: In cinerem vertunt. 
 Hor. 0. 3, 3, 18: — Hion, Ilion 
 
 FataUs incestusquc iudex 
 
 Et mulier peregrina vm'tit 
 In pulverem. 
 
 Ov. H. If 25: Argolici rediere duces. 
 
 Cf Prop. 6, 113: Nee rediere tamen Danai. 
 
18 Sources ot Ovid's Heroides. 
 
 Hm. Od. 1, 11: 
 
 "Evd^ akXoi iiiv ndvTsg, oaoi <pvyov alnvv oXsd-qov, 
 dixoi s<Sav noXefiov ts nsfpsvyoTsg ij6^ S-alceddav. 
 
 Ov. H. 1, 25 (2'"' half): — Alturin fumant. 
 Cf. Fast. 2, 193: fumant altaria. 
 Ep. 13, 112: 
 
 Nulla caret fumo Thessalis ara meo. 
 Hor. 0. 3, 18, 7: 
 
 — vetus ara multo 
 
 Fumat odore. 
 Eur. Androm. 1025: 
 
 ovS' hi nvq enijjcojjjiov iv Tqolcc &totaiv 
 
 XiXccfiTTiV xanvm Stiwdsi. 
 
 Or. H. 1, 26: 
 
 Ponitur ad patrios harhara praeda deos. 
 Cf. Ep. 12, 128; 1.3, 50; 13, 144. 
 Prop. 2, 11, 27: 
 
 Has pono ante tuam tibi, Uiva, Propertius aedem, 
 
 Exuvias. 
 The offering of the spoils to the gods was too common to 
 need further illustration. 
 
 Ov. H. 1, 28: 
 
 Illi victa suis Troica fata canunt. 
 Mirantur iustique senes trepidaeque puellae. 
 
 Cf. Odysseus's tales in the 9*\ 10*\ 11^ and 12'" books 
 of the Od., then 13, 1: 
 
 MC S(pttd-^, ol d'aqa ndvTsg dxrjV iyivovTO aKOTiy, 
 xijXijS-fim 6' sa%0VT0 xwcd (liyaqa (SxiosvTa. 
 
 Odysseus tells Penelope of his adventures, Cf Od. 23, 306: 
 amdq o diioysvrii ^Odvasvg, ocsa xrids' s&rjxsv 
 dvS-qooTtotg, oda r' avrog oi^vGag ifioyijdev, 
 TtdvT s'Xsy"' ^ d'dq' itiqnsT' dxovovc' — 
 
 The subjects of his narration are contained in vss. 310 — 343: 
 
 Cf. Virg. Aen. 1, 748: 
 
 Nee non et vario noctem sermone trahebat 
 Infelix Dido, longumque bibebat amorem. 
 
Sources of Ovid's Heroldes. 19 
 
 Multa super Priamo rogitans, super Hectore multa; 
 Nunc quibus Aurorae venisset filius armis, 
 Nunc quales Diomedis equi, nunc quantus Achilles. 
 Immo age, et a prima die, hospes, origine nobis 
 Insidias, inquit, Danaum, casusque tuorum, 
 Erroresque tuos; nam te jam septima portat 
 Omnibus errantem terris et fluctibus aestas. 
 
 Virg. Aen. 2, 1: 
 
 Conticuere omnes, intentique ora tenebant. 
 Inde toro pater Aeneas sic orsus ab alto: 
 Infandum, Regina, iubes renovare dolorem etc. 
 
 3, 716: 
 
 Sic pater Aeneas intentis omnibus mius 
 Fata renarrabat divum, cursusque docebat. 
 
 Cf. Ov. Am. 2, 18, 12; Ep. 13, 117; 10, 126; 9, 84; 9, 105. 
 
 Oi: H. 1, 30: 
 
 Narrantis coniunj- pendet ah ore viri. 
 
 Cf. Virg. Aen. 4, 79: 
 
 Iliacos iterum demens audire labores 
 Exposcit, pendetque iterum narrantis ab ore. 
 
 The resemblance here is striking, to say the least. 
 
 Ov. H. 1, 31: 
 
 Atque aliquis posita monstrat fera proelia men-ia, 
 
 Pingit et exiguo Pergama tota mero. 
 Cf. Tib. 1, 10, 31: 
 
 Ut mihi potanti possit sna dicere facta 
 
 Miles et in mensa pingere castra mero. (Loers.) 
 Palmer compares Ep. 17, 89 and Am. 1, 4, 20. 
 Add A. A. 1, 571; Am. 2, 5, 17. 
 
 Ov. II. 1, 33: 
 
 'Hac ibat Simois, hac est Sigeia tellus' etc. 
 Perhaps this description is a reminiscence of Ovid's visit 
 to Troy. Cf. Fast. 6, 423. 
 
 For Simois, cf U. 5, 774: ^x* ^'"^? 2v^6sn; xtX. 
 Sigeum is not mentioned in Homer. 
 
 2* 
 
20 Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 
 
 Cf. Soph. Philoct. 355: 
 
 xdyoo TtiXQOP ^iysiov ofqiw nXdrri 
 
 xuT'^yomv- Cf. Virg. Aen. 7, 294; 2, 312; Cnl. 307. 
 For the passage cf. Ov. A. A. 2, 133: 
 
 'Haec' inquit 'Troia est', mui-os in litore fecit: 
 
 'Hie tibi sit Simois, haec mea castra puta' etc. 
 
 Ov. H. 1, 35: 
 
 Illic Acaeides, illic tendehat TJlixes. 
 Cf. \'irg. Aen. 2, 27 — iuvat ire et Dorica castra 
 
 Desertosque videre locos litusque relictum. 
 
 Hie Dolopum manus, hie saevus tendehat Achilles 
 
 Classibus hie locus; hie acie certare solebant. (Loers.) 
 
 Ov. H. 1, 36: 
 
 Hie lacer admissos terruit Hector equos 
 So Sedlmayer; Merkel gives: Hie alacer tnissos. 
 The commentators refer to the Eleg. in Mort. Drus. 319: 
 Hoc fuit Andromache cum vir religatus ad axem 
 Terruit admissos sanguinolentus equos. 
 1 have failed to find any source for this passage. There 
 is nothing like it in Homer. Is Ovid following some later account 
 or is the frightening of the horses an addition of his own? 
 Hector bound to the chariot is referred to in Trist. 3, 11, 28; 
 4, 3, 30. 
 
 Ov. H. 1, 37: 
 
 Omnia namque tiio senior, te quaerere misso, 
 Retnlerat gnato Nestor, at ille mihi. 
 This is a rather ingenious addition of Ovid's, drawn from 
 his own imagination, to account for Penelope's knowledge of 
 the events. 
 
 Oc. H. 1, 39: 
 
 Retulit et ferro Rhesumque Dolonaque cae.9os, 
 TJtque sit hie somno proditus, ille dole, 
 kusus es, nimium nimiumque oblita tum'um, 
 Thrada nocturne tangere castra dolo, 
 Totque mnul mactare vivos, ailiiitus iih iino! 
 
Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 21 
 
 Cf. Hm. 11. 10, 474: "P^ao? 8'sv fJksdM evSs. 
 
 Cf. vss. 483 ff. for the slaughter, assisted by Diomed, vs. 455 
 for the death of Dolon. 
 Cf. Vii-g. Aen. 1, 469: 
 
 Nee procul hinc Rhesi niveis tentoria velis 
 
 AdgDOScit lacrimans, prime quae ]}rodita somno etc. 
 For Dolon, cf. Aen. 12, 349. 
 
 Ovid refers to this same subject in Met. 13, 98 ff. and 249 ff. 
 in the 'iudicium armorum'. Cf. also the expression 'somnus 
 -prodidit' in Ov. H. 10, 5. 
 Ov. H. 1, 4r,: 
 
 Usque nietu iriicnere ■'^inus. dum victor amicum 
 
 Dictus es I.vmai'iis isse per agmen equis. 
 For micuere sinus Ruhnken compares 
 Ep. 5, 37: attoniti micuere sinus 
 
 and Tib. 1, 11, 13: Nee audissem corde raicante tubam. 
 Cf. II. 10, 535 (Nestor speaks): 
 
 innbov fi (ixvTtodmv wjttyt xcvnog ovava (idXlfi. 
 vs. 538: 
 
 «Z1' alptog dsidoixa xard tpQsva /JjTj rt Ttttrt-wtiiv. 
 For Isrnariis (= Thraoian) cf. vs. 558: 
 
 'innoi S'otds, ysqais, vsriXvdsg, ovc iqssifeic, 
 
 &Q1]ixifOI>. 
 
 Somewhat similar is Aesch. Theb. 80 ff. 
 
 Or. H. 1, 48: 
 
 Ilios et murus quod fiiit, esse solum. 
 In Eur. Helen 108, Teucer tells Helen in Egypt that Troy 
 has been so completely destroyed, 
 
 wffr' ov6' %%vo<; ys %si%8uiv slvat dmpic. 
 Loers compares Virg. Aen. 10, 59; 
 
 Non satins cineres patriae insedisse supremos 
 
 Atque solum quo Troia fuit? 
 Virg. Aen. 3, 10: — portusque relinquo 
 
 Et camp OS ubi Troia fuit. 
 
 Ov. H. 1, 51: 
 
 Dirata sunt aliis, uni iiiihi Fergama restant. 
 
22 Sources of Ovid's Heroldes. 
 
 Cf. Met. 13, 507: — soli mihi Pergama restant. 
 
 Ov. H. 1, 53: law ser/es e.sf iihi Troiu fidt. 
 
 Cf. vs. 48 above. 
 
 Hor. 0. 1, 16, 18: — et altis urbibu.s ultimae 
 
 Stetere calisae cur perirent 
 
 Funditns imprimeretque muiis 
 
 Hostile aratrum exeroitus insolens. 
 Virg. Aen. 2, 324: 
 
 Venit summa dies et ineluctabile tempus 
 
 Dardaniae. Fuimus Troes, fuit Ilion et ingens 
 
 Gloria Teucromm. 
 
 Ov. H. 1, 54: 
 
 Luxuriat Phrygio sanguine pingnin humus. 
 Cf. Hor. 0. 2, 1, 29: Quis non Latino sanguine pinguior 
 
 Campus? 
 Virg. G. 1, 491: 
 
 Nee fuit indignum superis, bis sanguine nostro 
 Emathiam et latos Haemi pinguesoere campos. 
 Conington on Virg. quotes Pint. Marius c. 21: 
 MaaaaXirfcac fjisvcoi rote odrsoic nsQid-qiyxuxSai rovg d/j.rtf- 
 Xwvag, trjv 6s y^v, rutv vsxqmv xaTctvaXm&svtoov fv amii xal 
 did ■/^sijiioitvog ofi^qwv sninsdoVTWv , omwc ixXtnavS-rjVat xal 
 yevscsd-ai di,d (idxf-oi'c nsqijtXem rrjg Grjjrsdovog svdvOfjg, wGxf 
 xaqnuiv vnsq^dXXov sic wqag nXri&og sSsvsyxstp xal iiaqrvqrjGai rm 
 l4q%iX6%w XsyoPTi niaivsGd-ai nqog tov roioviov rdg aqovqag. 
 and Aesch. Theb. 587: 
 X'iiv^s niavw id-ova. 
 
 Ov. H. 1, 55: 
 
 Semisepulta vlruiii ciirois feriuiUiir iiratris 
 
 Ossa. 
 Loers compares Virg. Georg. 1, 493: 
 
 Scilicet et tempus veniet, cum finibus illis 
 
 Agricola, incurvo terram molitus aratro, 
 
 Exesa inveniet scabra robigine pila. 
 
 Ant gravibus rastris galeas pulsabit inanis, 
 
 Grandiaque effossis mirabitur ossa sepulchris. 
 
Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 23 
 
 Somewhat similar is Hor. Epod. 16, 9 fl. 
 
 Ov. H. 1, 58: ferreii't>. This expression was a commonplace. 
 Cf. Ep. 2, 137: 
 
 Duritia ferrum ut snperes, adamantaque. 
 
 3, 138: 
 
 Nee miseram lenta ferreus ure mora. 
 
 4, 14: 
 
 Scribe! Dabit victas ferreus ille manus. 
 17, 136: 
 
 Ferrea sim, si non hoc ego pectus amem. 
 Ep. 10, 131; Trist. 1, 8, 42; Ex P. 4, 12, 31. 
 Hor. 0. 1, 3, 9: Illi robur et aes triplex 
 
 Circa pectus erat, etc. 
 Tib. 1, 2, 67: Ferreus ille fuit qui etc. 
 1, 10, 1: Quis fuit horrendos primus qui protulit ensesV 
 
 Quam ferus et vere ferreus ille fnit! 
 
 I, 10, 59: A, lapis est ferrnmque, suam quicumque puellam 
 
 Verberat. 
 Lygd. [Tib. 3|, 2, 2 : — ferreus ille fuit. 
 Prop. 2, 8, 12: Ilia tamen numquam ferrea dixit 'amo'. 
 Hm. Od. 23, 103: xQctdlti arsQewTSQ^ lid-oio. 
 
 II. 24, 205 (and 521): — Gi,driqsi6v vv roi, rjToq. 
 
 22, 357; fj ydq aoi ys o'ldt^Qsog sv (pqsal -d-v/Mg. 
 
 Cf Od. 5, 191; 12, 280; 23, 172. 
 
 Aesch. Prom. 242: ffidijQOifQMV re xdx nsTqag stQ/acfiisvog. 
 Eur. Med. 1275: we ccq' ijdd-cc netqog »/ ffidaqog. 
 Alcest. 980: top sv %a^t5/Sotc dafid^sig dv jiin aidaqov. 
 Theoc. Id. 13, 5: xalxsoxdqdiog. 
 
 23, 24: xriiiiS fialS-axov «| snorjas didaqiw. 
 
 [Mosch] 4, 44: fiox^iC^i nitqrig 6y' s'xcov voov rs aidrqov 
 xaqrsqdv iv drrj-d-saai. 
 
 Ov. H. 1,-59: 
 
 Quisquis ad haec vertit peregrinam litora puppim 
 Ille mihi de te multa rogatus dint. 
 
24 Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 
 
 Cf. Od. 14, 126: 
 
 eg 6^ x' dXr^svwv 'I&dx^g ig dijiior ixijTait, 
 il^cov ig didnoivav s(i^v dnar^Xia ^dt,ei. 
 ri 6' ev ds^afiSvij (piXisv xcil ixccGza fiSTaXXq. 
 
 Ov. H. 1, 61: 
 
 Quamque tibi reddat, vi te modo viderit Ksqiinm, 
 Tradiiur liuic digitis charta novcda nieis. 
 This is an attempt to account for Penelope's writing a letter 
 when she could not have known where to send it. In these 
 letters, Ovid finds it difficult to make the circumstances fit. 
 Usually he neglects the difficulties. Occasionally he throws in 
 a word of explanation, as here. 
 
 Cf. Ep. 18, 9: See Dilthey, Obss. p. 5. 
 
 Ov. H. 1, 63: 
 
 Nos Pylon, antiqni Neleia Nestor is arvu, 
 Misimus. 
 The change of the sender here is doubtless intentional, as 
 Loers remarks. Ovid could scarcely have been ignorant that 
 in Homer it is Athena that sends Telemachus. Ovid wishes to 
 make Penelope take a more active interest in Odysseus's return. 
 Cf. Od. 1, 93: 
 
 nsfi^iu) 6'sg STtdq-ctiv m xal ig JIvXov (fia&osvta 
 vodrov Tcsvdofisvov Trarqag (fiXov, i^v nov cixovGrj. 
 The age of Nestor is mentioned in II. 1, 250: 
 
 TM 6'^dtj dvo fibiv ysveal fjisqanoav avd-qooTTCov 
 S(pihia3^ , 0% ol nqoa&sv dfiiu tqcccpov '^di ysvovTO. 
 In Ov. Met. 12, 187 Nestor says: vixi 
 
 Aunos bis centum, nunc tertia vivitur aetas. 
 Cf. Tib. 4, 1, 50. 
 
 Ov. H. 1, 64: — Incerta est fama remissa Fylo. 
 Cf. Od. 17, 109 (Telemachus reports to his mother): 
 
 M/OfjiS^' eg T£ IlvXov xal NsGroqa noifisva Xawv. 
 vs. 114: amaq Odvaarfig taXaa'Kfqovog ov not' sgiccGxsv 
 
 ^wov ovSs S-avovTog imx^oviwp tsv dxovdai. 
 
 Ov. H. 1, (}-j: — tipurte quoque nescia veri. 
 
Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 25 
 
 Ovid intentionally passes over the story about Calypso 
 which Menelaus had heard from Proteus and which Telemachus 
 reports to his mother in Od. 17, 141 — 146. 
 
 Other references to the sending etc. are : Od. 1 , 284 f ; 4, 1 ; 4, 555. 
 
 Ov. H. 1, 67: — moenia Phoebi. 
 
 Cf. Ep. 5. 139: Troiae munitor (Apollo). 
 
 16, 180: Moenia Phoebeae structa canore lyrae. 
 
 but 3, 151: Neptunia — Pergama. 
 
 Met. 12, 26 (Neptune). 
 
 Met. 11, 199—204 (both Apollo and Neptune). 
 
 Pindar Olymp. 8, 41 says that Apollo and Poseidon took 
 Aeacus as their helper and he is responsible for the destructible 
 part of the wall. (See Meziriac 1, 53.) 
 
 There is a like discrepancy in Homer. 
 
 In II. 7, 452, Poseidon says: 
 
 tov d'fTiMjaovTai TO t' fyw xal (tiot^oq Idnollutv 
 i^Qwv Acco(jbedovTi noXi(t(Sa(iiev cUf'Xifiavre. 
 
 but 21, 446: 
 
 ri TOi sym TqoascKSt noliv nsqi 'cst%0<; sdstfia 
 svQV Ts xal (JhdXa xaXov, Iv' aqquixrog ttoXk; s'irj. 
 
 Eur. Tro. 4, Poseidon says: 
 
 s? oil yccQ dficpl f^vds Tqwixiiv %i)-6va 
 Oot^oc Ts xdyco Xaivovg nvQyovg n^qi, xrX. 
 
 Hor. 0. 3, 3, 65 in speaking of Troy: 
 Ter si resurgat murus aheneus 
 Auctore Phoebo. 
 
 Virg. Aen. 2, 625 and 3, 8 mentions Neptunia Truia. 
 
 Virg. Aen. 5, 811 Neptune says: 
 
 Structa meis manibus periurae moenia Troiae. 
 
 Prop. 4, 8, 39: — Pergama Apollinis arces. 
 
 Ov. II. 1, 75: 
 
 Haec ego dum stulte metuo, quae vestra libido e^t, 
 
 Esse perecjrino captus amore potes. 
 Cf. Prop. 4, 18, 1: 
 
 Obicitur totiens a te mihi nostra libido: 
 
 Crede mihi, vobis imperat ista magis etc. 
 
26 Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 
 
 Notice especially the 'vesti-a' of Ovid, corresponding to the 
 'nostra' of Propertius, both referring- to 'men' in general. 
 
 This is again Ovid's Penelope, not Homer s. Ovid is thinking 
 perhaps of Odysseus's adventures with Circe, Od. 10, 333 ff., and 
 with Calypso, 12, 447 flf. 
 
 Cf. Ep. 9, 47: — peregrinos addis amores. 
 
 Ep. 19, 101—104. 
 
 Meziriac (1, 85) remarks: Certes Penelope en cet endroit 
 ne se trompe pas beaucoup : car Ulysse estoit de fort amoureuse 
 complexion etc. 
 
 Ov. H. 1, 77: 
 
 Forsitan et narret:, qiinm sit fihi, rusticn coniunx. 
 
 Cf. Ep. 12, 175: 
 
 Forsitan et, stultae dum te iactare maritae 
 
 Quaeris et iniustis auribus apta loqui, 
 
 In faciem moresque meos nova crimina fingas. 
 
 Prop. 2, 9, 22: 
 
 Forsitan et de me verba fuere mala. 
 
 For rustica, cf. Ep. 16, 285: 
 
 A! nimium simplex Helene, ne rustica dicam. 
 
 Ov. H. 1, 79: — tenues vanescat in auras. 
 See Ep. 12, 85 and note. 
 
 Ov. H. 1, 81: 
 
 Me pater lairias vkliio discedere Ifcto 
 
 Cogit. 
 Cf. Od. 15, 16: 
 
 ^dri ydq 'qa ncctriQ rt xadlyptjToi re xsXovrai 
 
 EvQi'fidxM yrifiadS-ai. 
 (For Icarius cf. Od. 4, 797: 
 
 Cf. Od. 19, 158 : - — fidla d'orqwovai xoxrjec 
 
 2, 113: 
 
 (j/>]T8Qa ff'^v dnonsjiipov, avmx^i- Ss fiiv ya/iseaS-M 
 Tu, oTsw re ttut'^q xsXstai, xu) dv6dvn avrm. 
 
Sources of Ovid's Heroides, 27 
 
 Loers regards this as a change of Homer but surely this 
 was authority enough for Ovid. He laid a little more emplasis 
 on the point, however, to suit his own purposes, as is shown 
 in the following: 
 
 — et inmensas increpat usque moras, 
 which is stronger than the Greek. 
 
 Can Leutsch have overlooked these passages in Homer? 
 In his article on Ovid in Ersch and Gruber's Encyclopadie, he 
 says: — "sie werde vom Ikarios zu einer neuen Heirath gegen 
 ihren Willen angetrieben, wovon im Homer nichts steht". His 
 explanation, however, shows a correct understanding of Ovid's 
 method — "Das ist geschehen, urn wie unglucklich Penelope 
 sich fiihlte, recht stark und deutlich zu zeigen". 
 
 Ov. H. 1, 83: 
 
 Increpet iit<(2ne. licei. Ttia trnm, tua dicar oportet. 
 Penelope coniimx semper Uliais ero. 
 Here is where the real discrepancy between Ovid and Homer 
 comes in, not in the conduct of Icarius but in that of Penelope 
 herself. In Homer she is represented as hesitating, and we 
 cannot but think that if Odysseus had only been a little latei', 
 he night have found things quite different. 
 Cf. Od. 19, 524: 
 
 Me xal ijjbol dixa ^fjiog oqwQstcci svOa xal fv^a, 
 ^s jjisvw naqd naidl xal sfinsda nctvTa (fvhiacu), 
 vs. 528: 7j rjdt] ccfju" snm^at l^xaimv og zig ccQidvog. 
 But Homer also expresses her longing for Odysseus. Cf. 
 Od. 19, 136: 
 
 aAA' 'OdvGiIja no-S-iovda (fiXov xarwurjxoiiai, rjtoq 
 ol 6e yd[j,ov aTtgvdovdiv, sym ds doXovg toXvttsvoo. 
 Always weeping for him, Od. 19, 596; 1, 363. 
 With Ovid's expression cf. Prop. 1, 19, 11: 
 
 lUic quiequid ero, semper tua dicar imago: 
 Traicit et fati littora magnus amor. 
 Ov. Ep. 6, 59: 
 
 Abstrahor, Hypsipyle, sed dent modo fata recursus, 
 Vir tuns hinc abeo, vir tibi semper ero. 
 
28 Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 
 
 Ov. H. 1, 85: 
 
 Ille tamen pietafc mea precibusqiic pudiri.f 
 Frangitur, et vires temper at ispe suns. 
 
 This is a pure addition of Ovid's. 
 
 Ov. H. 1, 87: 
 
 Duliclvii Samiique et quos tidit iiltn, Zacyntlios, 
 
 Turha rmint in vie luxuriosa proci; 
 
 Inqne tun regnant, nnllia prohihentibus, niila. 
 
 Viscera nostra, iuae dilacerantnr opes. 
 Cf. Od. 1, 245 (and 16, 122): 
 
 oaooi ydq V'^aoian' inixqazsovaiv ccQidrot, 
 
 //ovXi%iu> Ts ^d^rj T£ xal vkrjsrTt Zaxvvd-M 
 
 — — — (Ithacans omitted in Ovid.) 
 
 ro'o'o'ot fjbijTSQ sfjbiiv (ijvwvrai, iQvxovdi 6e oixov. 
 1, 250: — to), ds (fO-vvvd'Ovdiv sdovxsg 
 
 ol«ov ifiov • td^a 6rj jM,* dKXQQaiGovffi xal amor. 
 For (Ulacerantur opes, cf. Od. 14, 92 (and 16, 315): 
 
 xtfjfjbaTu daqddTxrovGiv vnsq§io%', ovd" srct (psidoo. 
 
 Ov. H. 1, 91: 
 
 Qmd tibi Pl.sandrum Polybumque Medontaque dirum 
 EurymacJurpie avidas Antinoique maims 
 Atque alios refer a?n? 
 Most of these are mentioned in several places in Homer. 
 Cf. Od. 22, 243: rMfSavdqog rs — nolv^og re — 
 357 : xal xriqvxa Msdovta daoaaofisv, og re fi^ev atel 
 
 oixw ev '^[lereqw xrjSsffxeTO nuidog eovrog. 
 44: Evqvfjuaxog cf. 1, 399; 18, 349. 
 22, 49: ^vrivoog cf. 1, 383. 
 
 The expression 'Medontaque dirmn' presents great difficulty. 
 How could Ovid have committed the double mistake of calling 
 the poor herald 'dims' and classing hin among the suitors? 
 That 'Medon' is here used for 'Amphimedon', is an old story. 
 (See Meziriac 1, 88.) The placing of Pisander and Polybus 
 together just as they occur in Homer, is some argument that 
 Ovid had Od. 22, 243 in his mind when he wrote this, and 
 
Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 29 
 
 Amphimedon is mentioned in the preceding yerse. Tlien the 
 word 'dirum' would be used purposely to distinguish this from 
 the ti-ne Medon. This, however, does not seem to be in Ovid's 
 style*) and it must be confessed that no . satisfactory solution of 
 the difficulty has been reachecl. 
 
 Ov. H. 1, 95: Irus egens. 
 
 Cf Ibis 417 binominis Iri. 
 
 Od. 18, 1 : TTTcoxoc navdrj^ioc. 
 
 6: ^Iqov 6s viot xixktjGxov anavtsQ. 
 
 Ov. H. 1, 95 (2"'^ half): — pecorisque Melantlims actor 
 
 agendi. 
 Cf. Od. 17, 212: 
 
 svd-cc (f(pmc sxixav' vlog y/oUoio MsXayS-svg 
 
 alyac aymv — 
 
 Sstnvoy fXiVrjdT'fiqsMi. 
 
 Ov. H. 1, 99: 
 
 Ille per insidias paene est mihi nuper ademptus 
 Dum parat invitis omnibus ire Pylon. 
 Of. Od. 4, 847 : toV ys ^svov loyfioavTsq li%aioi. 
 also 842 ft'., 817 ff., 675 ft'. 
 For invitis omnibus cf. 4, 665: 
 
 ix TOffffwvd' ddxijTt vsog nuig o'ixsrai, avToog. 
 Ovid here changes Homer, as Loers points out. The snares 
 were arranged for his return. Doubtless this is a piece of care- 
 lessnes on the part of Ovid. 
 
 No inconsistency need be found in invitis omnibus. This 
 would natural!}' refer to the suitors. 
 
 Shuckburgh, with others, objects to Telemachus being called 
 a boy (puer) but besides the passage above cf. Od. 16, 71: 
 cmog /U/tV viog slfM xal ov nw %sqal TrijiotS-a. 
 
 Ov. H. 1, 103: 
 
 Ille meos oculos comprimat, ille tuos. 
 
 *) Cf. Ex P. 4, 12 oa the word Tutieanus. 
 
30 Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 
 
 Cf. Od. 24, 294: 
 
 ovd' akoxoc noXvdwqoc sx^ipQOJV ritjVsXonsta 
 ■XMXva iv ksxhaciv kov noaiv, wc ensMxstr, 
 o(p 3-aX(j,ov,c y.ad-tXovaif ToyaQ yiQagiarl 
 S-avoVTCov. 
 
 11, 424: — ^ di xvvwnic 
 
 voOfpidwi' , ovdi fioi' stX'^ lovri tcsq iig 'Aidao 
 Xsqal xar ocp3aXfio{'c iXtfit' avv «r6 cfrofi iqaXdcci,. 
 
 Eur. Med. 1033: 
 
 rj fAirjV TTO^' ri dvffTfjVog si%ov sXnidag 
 TtoXXdg iv vfuv yijQo^oax'^dsw t' ifjbs 
 xal xarS-avovdav %8qalv sv nsQidTsXeXv, 
 ZriXtoTOV dv&QoonoKH. VA. Alcest. 662 ff. 
 
 Ov. Trist. 3, 3, 44 ff.; 4, 3, 44. 
 
 Ov. H. 1, 103: 
 
 Hinc faciunt eustoKqnc hoiim longacruque mttrix 
 
 Tertius inmundae cura fidelis harae. 
 Cf. Od. 21, 189: §ovx6Xog ^ds avtpoq^og "Odvaaijog S-doio 
 
 GVipoq^ig = Evfittiog Od. 21, 203. 
 
 ^ovxoXog = Odo'mog 20, 185; 21, 388. 
 
 EvqvxXsm, the nurse, 1, 429 and elsewhere. 
 
 Ov. H. 1, 105: 
 
 Bed neque Laertes, ut qui sit inutilis armis, 
 Hostihus in mediis regna tenere potest. 
 
 Cf. Od. 11, 187: — TraTTjQ d^ aog avro-O-i, filfivst 
 dyqw, ovdi noXwds xursq^ii^ai. 
 
 Cf. 1, 189. 
 
 Ov. H. 1, 110: 
 
 Tu citius venias, partus et aura tuis. 
 
 This is the reading of the manuscripts but Ciofanus and 
 
 Heinsins read ara for aura and in this they are followed by 
 
 Sedlmayer and Ehwald. To this reading there could be no 
 
 objection if it had the manuscript authority. Cf. Ex P. 2, 8, 68 : 
 
 Vos eritis nostrae portus ct nra fugae. 
 
Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 31 
 
 Trist. 4, 5, 2: 
 
 Unica fortunis ara reperta meis, 
 
 Cuius ab adloquiis anima haee moribunda revixit, 
 
 Ut vigil infusa Pallade flamma solet; 
 
 Qui veritus non es partus aperire fideles 
 
 Fulmine percussae confugiuinque rati. 
 Triet. 5, 6, 2: 
 
 Qui mihi confyf/ium, qui mihi portus eras 
 vs. 14: Quae patuit, dextrae firma sit ara meae. 
 But the toUowLQg would be an argument in favor of aura : 
 vs. 45; Intempestivos igitur compesee tumores, 
 
 Vela neqice in medio desere nostra marl! 
 For aura, cf. Eur. Androm. 554: 
 
 nqurrov (liv ovv xar ovqov mansq Idzioig 
 
 sfinvsvaofiai, rriS^. 
 For portus, vs. 748: — x*^/*'^'^*'? y^'Q ayQiov 
 
 Tvxovda Xt[jiivag ^kd-sg slg svijvs^ovg. 
 vs. 891: w vavtiXoiGi %siiibaTog Xi.[i^v (pavslg 
 
 'dyafisfuvovog naX. 
 With Ovid, Ruhnken compares Cic. Verr. 5, 48: 
 Hie locus est unus, quo perfugiant, hie portus, haee arx, 
 haee ara sociorum. 
 
 Similarly we have ancora Ex P. 3, 2, 6. 
 
 Of course the metaphorical use of portus is common enough. 
 Cf. Ep. 16, 26; A. A. 3, 748; Virg. Aen. 7, 598, where Conington 
 quotes Ennius Thyest fr. 16. 
 
 On the whole, I am inclined te think it is unnecessary to 
 change the Ms. reading here. 
 
 Ov. H. 1, 111: 
 
 Est tibi, sitque, precor, gnatus, qui mollihus annis 
 
 In patrias artes erudiendus erat. 
 Ruhnken compares Ov. Fast. 6, 219: 
 
 Est mihi, sitque, precor, nostris diuturnior annis 
 
 Filia. 
 For the sentiment cf. Eur. Hel. 941: 
 
32 Somces of Ovid's Heroides. 
 
 — TtttKfl ydq xXiog rods 
 xccXIkStov, otfrtc ix rraTQog xqtiOtov ysywg 
 etc ravTov rj^-d-t rote rexovGi -rovg TQonovg. 
 In Od. 19, 365 Eurycleia says before the recognition scene 
 ov yccQ nw rig TocKSa ^qoTwv /u ■rsqnixsqavvm 
 niova (Jbirjqi' sxrj' ovd' s^airovg sxa-vofi^ag, 
 bcda di) xS ididovg aqMjjbsvog, stog ixoto 
 yriqag re Xmuqov ■d-qslpaio rs (faldtfiOP vlov. 
 
 Ov. H. 1, 113: Respice Laerten nt iam sua lumina condas 
 cf. Hor. 0. 1, 15, 21: 
 
 Non Laertiaden, exitium tuae 
 
 Gentis, non Pyliuni Nestora respicisV 
 Eur. Hecuba 430: 
 
 ijl xal S-avovdijg ofjfia ffvyxXyasi i6 Gov. 
 Ov. Trist. 3, 3, 43: — nee cum clamore supremo 
 
 Labentis oculos eondet arnica manus. 
 
 Ov. H. 1, 115: 
 
 Certe ego, quae fuerain te diseedente, puella, 
 
 Protinus ut venias, facta videbor anus. 
 In Od. 19, 124, Penelope disclaims the possession of beauty: 
 
 Sit*'', ^ T0» /jjtv ijMiv dqsrrjV, ildog is difji,ag rs, 
 
 colsffav dd-dvaroi, ore "IXiov eldavi^aivov 
 
 lAqystoi, 
 but nowhere does she call herself an old woman. Cf. rather 
 Prop. 2, 9, 7: 
 
 Ilium expectando facta remansit anus. 
 4, 25, 16: 
 
 Et quae fecisti facta queraris anus 
 
 Notice position of facta anus. 
 Cf. Ex P. 1, 4, 47: 
 
 Te quoque, quam iuvenem discedens Urbe reliqui, 
 
 Credibile est nostris insennisse mails. 
 
 Summary to Ep. 1. 
 
 In substance Ovid usually follows the statement of Homer 
 but does not hesitate to put things in a different light or even 
 
Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 3S 
 
 to change the facts when it suits his purpose. For differences 
 between Ovid and Homer notice especially the following: vs. 5, 
 adulter; 7, frigida; 9, winding-sheet ruse; 15, Hector and Anti- 
 lochus; 31, drawing or writing with wine on the table, not 
 Homeric; 33, Sigeum; 36, terruit Hector equos; 37, omnia retu- 
 ierat Nestor; 51, Uni mihi Pergama, (sounds Ovidian); 53, iam 
 seges est ubi Troia fuit, (probably post-Homeric); 54 sanguine 
 pinguis (not Hm.); 61, tradita charta; 63, nos misimus; 65, Mene- 
 laus' story omitted; 75, quae vestra libido est; 77, rustiea; 
 83, increpet usque licet; 85, Ille precibus frangitur; 87, Ithacans 
 omitted; 91, Medon; 99, insidias, dum parat ire; 110, portua 
 et aura (not Hm.); 115, ego facta videbor anus. 
 
 Some of the discrepancies are to be regarded as slips of 
 memory. If Ovid consulted Homer at all while writing this, he 
 does not seem to have exercised much care. There is scarcely 
 a line which corresponds closely enough to Homer to show 
 imitation. The best example is vs. 87: 
 
 Dulichii Samiique et quos tulit alta Zacynthos, 
 
 We are not surprised to find an occasional resemblance to 
 some one of the Eoman poets with whose works Ovid was 
 especially familiar; cf., vs. 1, lento; 75, quae vestra libido est; 
 116, facta videbor anus (Prop.); 19, tepefecerat; 54, sanguine 
 pinguis (Hor., Virg.); 30, Narrantis coniunx pendet ab ore viri; 
 48, Ilios et murus quod fuit, esse solum (Virg.), 
 
 These resemblances, however, are confined to short phrases. 
 There is no trace of intentional imitation of any single poem. 
 
 Epistle 3.* (Briseis.) 
 
 Here we are referred to the Iliad by Ond himself, who, 
 in speaking of the Iliad, says, Trist. 2, 373: 
 
 Quid prius est illi flamma Briseidos utque 
 Fecerit iratos rapta puella duces? 
 
 *) This letter is treated at length by Tolkiehn, pp. 48—66. 
 
 3 
 
34 Sources of Ovid's Heroides: 
 
 Ov. H. 3, 3: 
 
 Quascumque aairiciefi. lacrimao fpferr. lituras. 
 Cf. Ep. 15, 98: 
 
 Adspiee, <|uani sit in hoc miilta lifura loco. 
 Trist. 3, 1, 15: 
 
 Littera suffusas qnod habet maculosa lituras, 
 Laesit opus Jacrimis ipse poeta suuin. 
 Trist. 1, 1, 13: Neve liturarum pudeat. qui viderit illas, 
 
 De laerimis factas sentiet esse meis. 
 With these cf. Prop. 5, 3, 3: 
 
 Si qua tainen tibi lecturo pars oblita derit, 
 Haec erit a laerimis facta litura 7ueis. (Zingerle.) 
 Kalkman, de Hipp. Eurip. p. 100, compares Chariton 4, 4 
 (Hercher, 2, 78): Xcuqiug — j^3fX£ yqatfetv, aiX ovx Mvvato 
 daxQVwv sntqqsovtoav xal Tijg xsiQOC mrov TQBf^vvdiig. Kalkman 
 thus argues for an Alexandrian source for these expressions of 
 Ovid and Propertius. 
 
 Ov. H. 3, 4 cf. Ex P. 3, 1, 158. (Tolkiehn.) 
 
 Ov. H. 3, 7: 
 
 Non, ego poscenti quod sum cito tradita regi, 
 
 Culpa tua est quamvis haec quoque culpa iua est. 
 This looks a little like Cat. 67, 9: 
 
 Non — 
 
 Culpa meast quumquam dicitur esse mea. (Zingerle.) 
 
 Ov. H. 3, 9: 
 
 Nam simul Euryhatef: mp Talthyhiusquc vocarunt, 
 
 Euryhati data mm Taliliyhioque comen. 
 Cf. II. 9, 320 (of Agamemnon): 
 
 dkX^ ys Tukd-v^iov ts xal EvQvfiiiT^v nqoaiemtv. 
 vs. 322: sq%£a-d-ov xhai'^v Jl'^lijuiSsai Ji/tA^o? 
 
 Xfiqoc sIovt' dyijisv BqKSrjidcc xakhnaqjiov. 
 For data sum 
 cf. vs. 337 (Achilles speaks): 
 
 «AA' ayt, Aiioysvig IlatqoxXetg, s'^aye xoi'iqijv 
 
 xat a(fi(aiv dog aytiv. 
 
Sources of' pvitVs Herokles. 35 
 
 Ov. H. 3, 11: 
 
 Alter in altei'kis iactantes Imnina voltum 
 Quaerebanf taciti, nostei' iihi esset amor. 
 This is a neat addition of Ovid's. 
 
 Ov. H. 3, 13: 
 
 Differri jjotiii. imenae mom cjrata fuinfipt. 
 Cf. Ep. 7, 178 (and note): — tempora parva peto. 
 
 Ov. H. 3, 15: 
 
 At Jacrhnas sine fine dedi, ruplque capillofs: 
 
 Infelix iterwn sum milii visa capi. 
 
 Saepe ego decepto volni custode reverti etc. 
 Ovid gets all this by expanding the single word dixovau, 
 II. 1, 346: 
 
 ix d'ayaysv xliaitig BQifftjiSa itaXXiTtdqriov , 
 
 dtox8 d'aysiv tm 6'avTiq XTijV naqu vruq J^/«n»»' 
 
 ^' 6'dixovo' dfia TotOi yvvT xisv. 
 
 Ov. H. 3, 23: 
 
 Ipse Menoetiades turn, cum tradebar, in uuretn 
 'Quid fles? hic parvo temjiore' dixH 'eris . 
 
 This is added by Ovid but is quite consistent with the 
 character given to Patroclus by Homer. Cf. II. 19, 282: 
 BqiO'^lg d'aQ' sttsit', IxsXri x^vasij liffqodiTri, 
 mc ide ndrqoxXov dtda'iyix^vof o^h ^faAxw^, 
 djKp' avTco x";'**''*? Xiy' sxutxvs, x*?"'* ^'d^vacfey 
 av/jxhed t' ^6' dnakriv dsi,qijv Idi xaXd nqoaiana, 
 sins d'dqa xXaiovaa yvvrj sixvta ■d'SjiGiv. 
 
 vs. 295 : ovds i^iv ovds fj' saaxsg, or' dv6q f[j,6p wxrc 'AxiXXsvi; 
 sxTstvsv, niqasv dt noXiv -i^eioio Mvv^rog, 
 xXaisfiiSV, dXXd (i stpaaxsg IdxiXXriog ■&sioio 
 xovqidi'qv dXoxop ^'^asiv, d^siv r' svv vijvolv 
 ig 0S-iijV, Satasw Ss ydfiov [A^srd Mvq(»,i,d6vsGaiv. 
 vm a' dfiOTOV xXaim Ts&vijora ^slXiy^ov uiei. 
 
 Ov. H. 3, 26: 
 
 I nunc, et cnpidi nomen cnnanti-s Jud)p. 
 
 3* 
 
36 Sources of Ovid's Heroldes. 
 
 For the expression i wmwc cf. Ep. 4, 127; 9, 105; 12, 204 etc. 
 Prop. 3, 27, 22: 
 
 I nunc et noctes disce manere domi. 
 Cf. Prop. 4, 17, 17 ; and the collection of Jahn on Persius IV 19 
 to which add Martial I 42, 6 c. nott. interprett. 
 
 Ov. H. 3, 27: 
 
 Venerunt ad te Telamone et Amyntore nati, 
 Ille gradu propior sanguinis, tile comes, 
 Laertaque satus, per quos comitata redirem. 
 
 Cf. II. 9, 168: 
 
 (Dotvi.t l^'^v nqmTKita Sdcpikog '^yi^ffdffS-co, 
 amdq snsn' Alaq re [liyag xal dtog 'Odvaasvg. 
 
 Cf. Ov. vs. 129 below: 
 
 Plus ego quam Phoenix, plus quam facundus Ulixes, 
 Plus ego quam Teucri, credite, frater agam. 
 
 Ov. H. 3, 30: 
 
 Auxerunt hla.ndae grandia dona preces, 
 
 Viginti fulvos operoso e.y aere lehetas, 
 
 Et tripodas septem. ponder'e et arte pares; 
 
 Addita sunt illis auri his quinque talenta, 
 
 Bis sex adsueti vincere semper equi, 
 
 Quodque super-vacuum est forma praestante puellae 
 
 Lesbides, everm corpora capita domo. 
 
 Cumque tot his - sed non opus est tihi coniuge - coniunx 
 
 Ex Agamemnoniis una puella tribus. 
 
 This is little more than a translation of Hm. E. 9, 264: 
 stit' unvqovg rqinodag, dixa 6k xqvaoto rdXavta 
 aixhcovag Ss Xs^tfcag ssixoai,, dmdsxa 6' Innovg 
 nijyovg d-d'lo(p6qovc, ot did-Xia noaaiv dqovio, 
 
 vs. 270: dooaei d'smd yvvatxag, dfivfiova sqytt Idviug, 
 yiea^idag, dg, ots Asa^ov ivxTifidvijv eXsg avTog, 
 i^iXs-9-', ai TOTS xdXXsi ivixoav (fvXa yvvaixoov. 
 
 \s. 286: TQsTg Si ol elal S-vyarqeg ivl ixtydqm ivTTtjXTw, 
 XqvGo-d-siiig xal AaodifXij xal "Icpidfaaaa- 
 Tawp ijp x' iS-sXfjai^a cpiXijV dvisdvov dysa&ai, 
 nqog oTxov IlriXrftg. 
 
Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 37 
 
 (This may as well have been taken from II. 9, 122 ff., but 
 not from 19, 243 for there the word Lesbian does not occur.) 
 
 Ov. H. 3, 43: 
 
 An miseros tristis fortuna teiiaoiter iirget? 
 Cf. 11. 19, 290: — wc f*ot ds^stai xaxov ex xaxov alei. 
 This, I am inclined to think, suggested the idea to Ovid 
 here, though he must have been familiar with it from other sources. 
 Cf. Eur. Iph. T. 203: 
 
 eS ctQx^? l^oi dv(ldai(iwv 
 daifioiv tag [laTQOc ^wvac 
 y.al vvxTog xdvac • sS dqxccc 
 loxica dreQQCcv navdsiav 
 MoTqav dvvrsivovdiv d-sai • xrX. 
 Of the various passages in Ovid, see especially Ep. 7, 111 
 (and note): 
 
 Durat in extremum, vitaeque novissima nostrae 
 Prosequitur fati qui fuit ante tenor. 
 
 Or. H. 3, 44: 
 
 Nee venit inceptis moUior hora meis'^ 
 Cf. Ex P. 3, 3, 84: Et veniet votis moUior hora tuis. 
 Prop. 3, 24, 16: 
 
 Extremo veniet mollior hora die. 
 
 Ov. H. 3, 4o: 
 
 Diruta Marte tuo Lyrnesin tiwenid vidi. 
 Cf. II. 2, 690: 
 
 TtjV £x AvqvrjdOov i'^dksTO nok^ fioyiidag, 
 
 Avqvrjaaov dianoqd-riaac xal tsixsa Otj^iic 
 
 xad Sf MiwrjTa ^uXsv xt'L 
 Met. 12, 108: 
 
 Nam certe valui, vel cum Lyrnesia primus 
 
 Moenia deieci. Cf. Met. 13, 176. 
 
 Ov. H. 3, 46: 
 
 Et fueram patriae pars ego magna meae. 
 Cf. Trist. 2, 58: 
 
 Parsque fui turbae parva precantis idem. 
 
38 Sonroea of Ovid's HeroMes. 
 
 Trist. 2, 158; 4, 2, 16; 5, 3, 6; 5, 3, 52; Ex P. 1, 7, 16; 
 1, 8, 2; 4, 9, 6. 
 
 \'irg. Aen. 2, 5: — quaeque ipse miserrima vidi, 
 Et quorum pars magna fui. (Zing-erle.) 
 
 Ov. H. 3, 47: 
 
 Vidi consortes pariU^r rjenerisqiw iierisq/ir 
 Tres cecklisse. frihtiK, qniw miJii, mufer erai. 
 Vidi qiumtiis erat, fusiim tellure ciiieiita. 
 Fedora iadanteni sanguinolenta virnm. 
 
 Cf. II. 19, 291: 
 
 avdqa (t,sv, m i'dortav fjn natriq xai noxvia (Ii'^tijq, 
 ffSov nqo nrohoc dsdaiYfiivov oSsi /«Axo), 
 TQstc re xaaiyvr^covg, rovg [j^ov (tia ysivato jiMjT^p 
 xtiSsiovg, 01 rrccvTsg olsx^Qtov jj(iaq inednov. 
 
 For the expression qu.antns erat, Palmer compares xetxo 
 fiJyag fueyakuxlri (11. 16, 776). 
 
 Ov. H. 3, 31: 
 
 Tot tameii «/«/.s.s'/',s tr rmiqje^imj'innts uuuw : 
 Tit doniinus, tu rir, tu mihi fraier eras. 
 Cf. 11. 6, 429: — dtaQ dv (loi ddol nccrtjQ xal ttotvik /ir/T'^Q 
 •^di xaffiyVTjTog, <Jv 6i(wi d-aksqog nagaxoirijc. (Zingerle.) 
 It is very doubtful, however, if Ovid goes back directly to 
 Homer here, for this quotation does not belong to our story. 
 Besides, Ovid must have met similar expressions in several later 
 vrriters. Cf. Prop. 1, 11, 23: 
 
 Tu mihi sola domus, tu, Cynthia, sola parentes. (Zingerle.) 
 Eur. Alcest. 646: 
 
 yvvatx' o&vdccv, fjV iyw xai ij.'^tsqu 
 TiuTsqu %' civ ivSixwg av rjyoifirjV ifiioi. 
 Eur. Orest. 732: — (piXtad^' ^Uxo)v ifiol 
 
 xai (fiXwv xai (Svyytvdag • ndvxa yccQ zdd' «f av jiot. 
 No doubt the idea was common among the Alexandrians. 
 Cf. Ap. Rh. 4, 368: 
 
 — TO) (fiijfjiil tf-ij X0VQ7] Tt ddfiag re 
 avTOxam,yfrjTrj xf jif^-' "EkXdda yatav inarr^ai. 
 
Souioes of Ovid's Heroides. 39 
 
 Eustath. Macrem. 6, 8, 1 : 
 
 xal vi>{Mfiioc xal dsCnoTric fj SQiotoc. 
 
 Ov. B. 3, r,o".- 
 
 Tu mill/, hinihi.s' pvi' mimimi iimtrls <(.ipiAJsiie. 
 
 Utile dicabas ipse fnis!<e ntpl. 
 An addition of Ovid's. 
 Cf. Met. 8, 56: — quamvis saepe utile viuci 
 
 Victoris placidi fecit dementia multis. 
 Fast. 3, 464: Utiliter nobis perfidus ille fuit. 
 For the custom of swearing by divine ancestors, see Ep. 12, 7S 
 and note. 
 
 Ov. H. 3, 55: 
 
 Scilicet lit, qiiami.'i.s veniiim clotata, repellns, 
 Et mecum fugias quae tihi dantur, opes. 
 
 Cf. vs. 25: 
 
 Non repetisse parum, pugnas ue reddar, Achille. 
 
 vs. 39: 
 
 Si tibi ab Atride pretio redimenda fuissem. 
 Quae dare debueras, accipere ilia negasV 
 
 With these cf. II. 9, 378: 
 
 e/ij^^a di fjoi tov Swqu, liw di (ji,iy iv xaqog a'lcrij. 
 ov6' ii fiot dsxdxtc xal isixoffcexic loaa d'oii], 
 Saaa T« ol vvv smi, xal si noH-sv dX'/M yepano, 
 ovd' Off' dc 'OQXOfJ'foi' TTOTH'iffffeTai, , ovd' offa @rj(iag 
 AlyvTitiac, od-t nXttffta d6iioi,ff' f.v XTri(iaztt xeVrai, 
 
 vs. 385: ovd' « /loi roffa doiij offrt ipdfiaS-og tt xovtg is, 
 ov6s xsv wc sTi d-v/JiOhi d/wv neiffai ^)'ap,sfj,vo)V xtI. 
 
 Ov. H. 3, 57. 
 
 Quin etiam fama est, cum cnistvua fulserit eos, 
 Te dare imbiferis lintea plena* notis. 
 
 * plena is the reading of Heins, followed by Sedlmayer. The Futeaneus 
 gives vela, Jklerkel reads velle. 
 
40 Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 
 
 Cf. II. 9, 357: 
 
 avQMV iqd Jil ^i^ag xat nadi -d-toXGiv, 
 v^ijaag ev v^ag inr,v aXaSe nQOSQVddm, 
 oipsai, TJv i-D-iXjia^a xal a'i xiv roi vd iJ,ef)iijlij, 
 iJQi, fidk' ^ElX^anovTOV in' Ix^voevtu nXeovaag 
 v^ag Slide, iv 6'dvdqag iqsaaifJisvai, fjiSfiaurtag. 
 
 Cf. vs. 682: 
 
 avTog 6' ^nsilijasv aft' rjOt ipan>0[iisvi](piv 
 vi^ag ivaailiiovg dkad' skxefiisv dfi:(fi,eXl(i(Sag, 
 
 Ov. H. 3, Gl: — Cui me, viol&iite, relinquis? 
 
 Cf. Virg. Aen. 4, 323: — Cui me moribundam deseris, hospes? 
 
 Ov. H. 3, 63: 
 
 Devorer ante, precor, subito teUuris hiatu, 
 Aut rutilo missi fulminis igne cremer. 
 
 Cf. Virg. Aen. 4, 24: 
 
 Sed mihi vel tellus optem prius ima dehiscat, 
 
 Vel pater omnipotens adigat me fulmine ad umbras, 
 
 Pallentes umbras Erebi, noctemque profundam. (Loers.) 
 
 11. 4, 182 : — TOTS (jboi xdvoi evQsla %i}-(iav. 
 
 The phrase recurs II. 8, 150; 6, 281; 17, 416. 
 
 For the lightening, cf. U. 15, 117: 
 
 fiTTSQ fioi xal fivtqa Jtog nXijyivri xeqavvm 
 xstaS-ai dfior Vfxvsdffi fiif&' alfjuati xal xovir^div. 
 
 Ov. H. 3, 67: 
 
 Si tibi iam reditusque placent patriiqwe penates. 
 
 Ebert, Der Anachronismus in Ovids Metaraorphosen, p. 23, 
 says that the mention of the Penates here is an anachronism. 
 This was a Koman custom, not GreeL It seems, however, 
 that the expression is easily defensible on the ground that it 
 here means nothing but 'home', 'fireside'. 
 
 Ov. H. 3, 68: 
 
 Non ego .sum classi sarcina ijuh/uu ttian. 
 Cf. Trist. 1, 3, 84: 
 
 Accedam profiigae sarcina parva rati. 
 
Soiirces of Ovid's Heroides. 41 
 
 Chariton 3, 5, 5: 
 
 fi'^ fjbs svrav-9-a xaTallnfjg eQijfjiw, dXX' ip^aXoi 
 
 TQH^Qei (fOQtiOV XOV(pOV. 
 
 Ov. H. 3, 69: 
 
 Victorem captiva sequar, iion nupta maritum. 
 In 11. 9, 342 Achilles says: dog xal syoo njv 
 
 ix ■d'VflOV (piXsOV, doVQlXV^TflV TT€Q sovOav. 
 
 Cf. Hor. 0. 2, 4, 2: — prius insolentem 
 Serva Briseis niveo colore 
 Movit Achillem. 
 
 For a similar thought in a different connection, cf. II. 3, 408: 
 dXX' aht Tifqi xstvov ol^ve xai s (pvXaaae, 
 eig o xs a' ij aXo'/ftv noi/^asrai ^ o ye dovXtjV. 
 
 Cf. Cat. 64, 160: 
 
 At tamen in vestras potnisti dueere sedes, 
 Quae tihi iucundo famularer serva labore, 
 Candida permulcens liquidis vestigia lymphis 
 Purpureave tuum consternens veste cubile. 
 
 Eur. fr. 133, Nauck (Andromeda): 
 
 dyov dS (i, cS %iv', t'ke nqlajtoXov ^iXtig 
 sir' dXoxop sirs dfjiond' — 
 
 Ov. H. 3, 70: Cf. Ep. 14, 66. 
 
 Ov. H. 3, 71: 
 
 Inter Achaeiadas longe pulcherrima mnires 
 In thalamos coniunx 'Hit eatque tuos, 
 Digna nurus socero, Jovis Aeginaeque nepote, 
 Cuique senea: Nereus prosocer esse velit. 
 
 This seems to have been suggested by Hm. II. 9, 394 
 (Achilles speaks): 
 
 UijXevg d-'^v (loi sit sit a yvvatxa ya(ii(Scls%ai avTog. 
 TToXXal J^^awdec sldlv dv' "^EXXdda ts 0-d-iijV ts, 
 xovQai, dQKJv^av, ol re moUsd-qa qvovtaf 
 rdoof rp> x' sS-sXw[m ^iXijv noiriCoii' axoiriv xrX. 
 
 For the genealogy, cf. II. 21, 189: 
 
 JTriXsvg Alaxidrjg- S d'aq' Alaxog ex. Jioc tjtv. 
 
42 Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 
 
 Aegina is mentioned Hm. Hymn. 1, 31: vtjffoc t' ^tyipijc. 
 Nereus, Hm. Hymn. 2, 141: Ntjq^oc d-vydtriq ©e'rtc. 
 Cf. U. 18, 141; Od. 24, 58: aXioio yegovroc. 
 Cf. Hes. Theog. 233, and for Aeaciis, Hes. Theog. 1005. 
 Find. Nem. 8, 10. ApoUodorus 3, 12, 6 gives the genealogy. 
 
 Ov. H. 3, 77: 
 
 Exagitet ne mv tantnm tiia, deprecor, itxar, 
 Quae mihi nescio quo non erit aequa niodo, 
 ]Seve meos coram scindi patiare (■(ipiUot< - 
 
 Cf. Prop. 4, 14, 13: 
 
 A! quotiens pulchros ussit regina capillos, 
 
 Molliaque iamittens fixit in ora manus! 
 A! quotiens famulam pensis oneravit iniquis, 
 Et caput in dura ponere iussit humo! 
 
 Cf. Ep. 20, 81: 
 
 Ipsa meos scindas licet imperiosa capillos. 
 
 Ov. H. 3, S3r ' 
 
 Quid tamen expectas? Agamemnona paenitet iy(tp, 
 Et iacet ante tuos Onwrin maesfK, pedes. 
 
 Cf. II. 9, 515: 
 
 st jisv yaQ fir Smqa (fsqoi, rd d'onidd-' ovofjidCoi 
 yirqei^i]?, uXk' aliv iTti^afpslwc ;(aAe7ratvot, 
 ovx dv iym yi de iiijvif dnoqqiipavva xfkoijjiijV 
 ligyeioiGiv dfiVPSfiieyai, xarsovdi ntq tfi-mjc. 
 
 Ov. H. 3, 85: 
 
 Vince aximos iramque tiuun, qui. cetera viucis. 
 
 Cf Met. 13, 384: 
 
 Hectora qui solus, qui ferrum ignemque lovemque 
 Sustinuit totiens, unam non sustinet iram. 
 
 II. 9, 496: dXX' l-ixii-sv, ddfimaov S-Vfjvv (iisyav. 
 
 vs. 259: — dkk' STi xal vvv 
 
 nave', sa de x^^ov S-Vfiakyda- trol d'l4yafiBfjiVwv 
 dl^ia duiqa diduxfi (ittaXXii^avTi xo^to. 
 
 Hor. 0. 1, 16, 22: Compesce mentem etc. 
 
 Cf< Ov. Ep. 11, 15. 
 
Sources- of Ovid's Heroides. 43. 
 
 Ov. H. 3, 89: 
 
 Propter me mota est. propter me desinat irn. 
 
 For the wrath and its cause see II. 1, especially vs. 184, 
 where Agamemnon says: 
 
 — fyo) de x' aym BQiatjiSa ttaXXinaqriov 
 
 avTog iu)V xhffiijvde, ro (fov ysQccc, bffq' iv eldijg 
 
 o(SGov (fiSQteqog slfu as&ev, drvysri de xcel ciXXoc 
 
 (nov ffjioi (fda-d-ai, xai 6iiiOi,(a&riii,svai dvtijv. 
 
 (Sg (fciTO' rifjXsiotvi d'axo? ydvsr', iv di ol fjtoq 
 
 (TT'^d-efffftv XaaioKJiv Sidvdixci /jbsqfi'^Qi'^ev xtL 
 
 Or. H. 3, 91: 
 
 Nee tibi titrpe piita precibus .succumhere nostris. 
 Coniugis Oenides versus in arma prece est. 
 Eet: audita milii, nota est tibi. 
 
 Cf. 11. 9, 424: 
 
 ovTco xal rmv nqoait-ev inevd-ofjifd-a xXie avSqmv 
 ■^Qomv, ore xsv riv' iniJ^dfpsXoc x^Xog Ixof 
 dMQfjroi t' insXopto nccqdQQtjToi re snsOdiiV. 
 fisfiiVijiJicei. Tode Sqyov syoo rtdXui, ov rt viov ye, 
 OK esv sv d'vfjbtv sqsm rrccVTeaai (ftXpidiv. 
 
 The story of Meleager continues through vs. 599. 
 
 Ov. H. 3, 93: — • fratribus orbu 
 
 Derooit nati spemque caputque parens. 
 
 Cf. II. 9, 564: 
 
 ej dqsmv /jujiqog XBXoXmiJhSVog, ij ya d-eoXdiV 
 noXX' dxsovff' ^qato xadiyvritoio (fovoio, 
 
 vs. 571: naiSl dofisv x)-dvatov. 
 
 Ov. H. 3, 95: Bellwn erat. 
 Cf. II. 9, 529: 
 
 Kovqi^Tsg t tjjidxoPTO xal AhuiXol fiivsxdqiJ'Oti'- 
 
 Ov. H. 3, 95 (2'"^ part): lUe feruj- positis secessit ah arnm, 
 Et patriae rigida mente negaoit opem. 
 
 Cf. II. 9, 555: 
 
 fl TOi. (iijrql (piXji llX-d-ociji xifiofJ/fVog x^q 
 XfXro TTccqd (irtjUrr dX6%m, xaXij KXsonaTqjj. 
 
44 Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 
 
 VS. 574: — Tov 6i XImovto yiqavreg 
 
 AhwXmv, niftmov di d-eu)V Isqriac dqiOTOVc, 
 i^tld-etf xal dfiwai,, vnoaxofiiepoi /j^sya Swqov. 
 
 vs. 581: TiolXce ds [tw hrdvevs ysqmv InntiXdra Olvf.vc. 
 
 vs. 574: noXld 6^ tov ys xaaiyvrjrai, xal noma fi^tijQ 
 iXXiaffovd-'. 6 de iiidkXov dvaivsro • noXXd 6'ktaXqoi, 
 
 587: dXX' ovd' (Sg rov S-V[j,6v ivl avrjS-saaiiV smi^ov. 
 
 Ov. H. 3, 97: Sola virwm coniunx flexit. 
 
 II. 9, 590: 
 
 xal TOTS d'lj MsXiayqov ev^mvog naqdxoiTtc 
 XiadeT' odvqoftisvt), xai ol xartXe^fP dnavTu. 
 
 595: TOV d'wqivfTO ^VfjiO? dxovovTog xaxd s'qya, 
 /S^ 6'iepat, XQot 6'spts' sdvfffTO TrafMpapoojPTa. 
 
 Ov. H. 3, 107: 
 
 Perque tuum nostrumqite caput, quae iunximus unn. 
 Cf. Trist. 5, 4, 45: 
 
 Per caput ipse suum solitus iurare tuuraque. 
 Ex P. 3, 3, 68: 
 
 Per matrem inro Caesareumque caput. 
 Tib. 1, 5, 7: 
 
 Parce tamen, per te furtivi foedera lecti, 
 
 Per Venerem quaeso conpositumque caput. 
 Terpstra compares Virg. Aen. 9, 300: Per caput hoc iuro. 
 Meziriac gives Eur. Helen [835]: 
 
 dXX' dyvov oqxov ffop xdqa xaTuifioda, 
 
 Ov. H. 3, 109: 
 
 Nulla Mycenaeum sociasse cubilia mecuin 
 
 Iuro. 
 This of course refers to the oath of Agamemnon. Cf. II. 19, 
 258 ff. (or 9, 274 ff.); Ov. Rem. 783 f. 
 
 Ov. H. 3, 113: 
 
 At Danai niaerere putnut. Tihi plectra movcntnr. 
 Cf. II. 9, 186: 
 
 rev d'svQOV (fQSpa tsqnoft.svov fpoqjiiyyi Xtysirj. 
 
Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 45 
 
 Contrast Eur. Aleest. 345 (Admetus speaks): 
 ov ydq not' ovr' av ^aq^irov -^iyoiii' szt 
 ovt' av (fqiv' i^ttlQotiM nqog yii^vv Xaxstv 
 avlov. 
 
 vs. 430: atdav di (iri xav' uarv, fi^ Xitqug xtvttoc 
 effirw Gel 'vug dtadsx' ixnXijQOVfiifag. 
 
 Ov. E. 3, 114: 
 
 Te tenet in tepido mollis arnica sinu. 
 
 Cf. II. 9, 663: 
 
 avTUQ l4%iXXsv(; svds fivx^ xXKiiijg svtii^xtu) ' 
 
 Tip d'aqa TiaQxariXexro yvvii ' Tip> Afd^o-^sv ^ysv. 
 
 Ov. H. 3, 116: 
 
 Pugna nocet. Citharae noxque Venusque iuvant. 
 
 Tutius est iacuisse tm-o etc. 
 Cf. Am. 2, 11, 31. 
 II. 9, 607: — ov ti (le Tamijg 
 
 XQSiJit Tifi^g. 
 398: sv3a d^ fiiOi [idla noXXov sniaavro -dv^ig dyrvrnq 
 
 Ytjiiavri, (ivrjatriv dloxov, sixvtav axomv, 
 
 XTjjjiiafft rsqnsGxi-ai vcc yiqaiV ixr^aavo JTtiXsvg • 
 
 ov ydq sfiol ipvyijrjg dvra^iov ovd' oaa tpaalv xtX. 
 Cf. Virg. Aen. 9, 775: — Cui carmina semper, 
 
 Et citharae cordi nnmerosque intendere nervig. 
 Hor. 0. 1, 15, 13 (on Paris): 
 
 Nequiquam Veneris praesidio ferox 
 
 Pectes caesariem grataque feminis 
 
 Inbelli cithara carmina divides etc. 
 
 Ov. H. 3, 118: 
 
 Threiciam digitis increpuisse lyrwm. 
 Cf. A. A. 1, 11 (Chiron): 
 
 Phillyrides puerum cithara perfecit Achillem. 
 Trist. 4, 1, 15. Priap. 68, 15. 
 
 Ov, H. 3, 131: Est aliquid. 
 
 Cf. Trist. 5, 1, 59; 1, 2, 53. Ex P. 2, 7, 65; 2, 10, 39; 
 3, 4, 18. Fast. 1, 484; 6, 27. 
 
46 Sources of Ovid's Heroides 
 
 Trist. 4, 6, 29: Est quoque non nihilum. 
 Ov. H. 3, 133: 
 
 Sis licet immitis, matrisque ferocior tindis. 
 Ut taceam, lacrlniis romminiipve meis. 
 Washietl compares II. 16, 34: 
 
 nirqm d'^Xifiaroi,, OTt toi, voog iariv antiP'^g. 
 Cf. Ov. Fast. 3, 580: Asperior quo vis aequore frater erat. 
 Ep. 8, 9; 11, 9; 15, 189. 
 With these cf. Prop. 1, 16, 29: 
 
 Sit licet et saxo patientior ilia Sicano, 
 
 Sit licet et ferro durior et chalybe, 
 
 Non tamen ilia suos poterit conpescere ocellos: 
 
 Surget et invitis spiritus in lacrimis. 
 Hor. 0. 3, 7, 21; Epod. 17, 53; Tib. 1, 1, 63. 
 See notes on Ep. 1, 58 (ferrous) and 7, 37. 
 
 Ov. H. 3, 136: Sic eat auspiciis Pyrrhus ad arma tuis. 
 
 The name Pyrrhus does not occur in Hm. but Neoptolemus 
 is mentioned or referred to several, times. Perhaps Ovid was 
 thinking of II. 19, 321 ff. Cf Od. 11, 505 if., 492 fi'. 
 
 Ov. H. 3, 140: 
 
 Quam sine te cogis vivere. cage mori. 
 Cf Virg. Eel. 2, 6: ' 
 
 crudelis Alexi; nihil mea carmina curasV 
 
 Nil nostri miserere? Mori me denique eoges. 
 But this is in a different vein. 
 Cf Ap. Rh. 370: 
 
 TrdvTTi vvv TTqoipQiov vneqiatado, (lij 6^ (is f/fOvv^v 
 
 ffsto XlTtrjg dndvevS-sv — 
 vs. 373: — <ri avy' ensitu 
 
 (faaydvoi) uvtlxa vovdt (lidov dia kaifjuov dfi^dai. 
 
 Ov. H. 3, 144: 
 
 Nee tihi magnificum ■ feminu ius.m mori. 
 Cf Virg. Aen. 2, 583: Namque etsi nullum memorabile nomen 
 
 Feminea in poena est nee habet victoria laudem. 
 
Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 47 
 
 Ov. H. 3, 147: 
 
 Me petal ille tuus, qui, si dea passa fuisnet, 
 
 EnMs in Atriclae 2)ectus iturufi erat. 
 Cf. Met. 13, 444: 
 
 Quo ferus iniusto petiit Agamemnona ferro. 
 11. 1, 193 is referred to: 
 
 ^og 6 TUVy)-' utqfMxivs xutd (fqivu xat x«t« ihvfiov, 
 
 SkxsTO d'ex xoXeoto (liya ^itpog, ^l&e 6'it&'^V'^ xtL 
 
 Ov. H. 3, 151: Neptimia — Pergama. 
 
 Cf. Fast. 1, 525 and see note on Ep. 1, 67. 
 
 Ov. H. 3, 153: 
 
 Me modo, sivc paras impelle^-e remige classem, 
 
 Sive manes, domini ticir venire iube. 
 Cf. Ep. 20, 79: 
 
 Ignoras tua iura. voca. cur arguor absens? 
 
 lamdudum dominae more venire iube. 
 
 Summary to Ep. 3. 
 
 There can be no doubt that the author liad the ninth book 
 of the Iliad before his eyes when he was writing this epistle. 
 See especially the following verses: 
 9 Eurybates and Talthybius; 
 27 Phoenix, Ajax and Odysseus; 
 30 grandia dona; 
 48 tribus, quae mihi, mater erat. 
 58 te dare nubiferis; 
 71 Inter Achaeiadas; 
 85 vince animos; 
 113 plectra moventur; 
 148 ensis. 
 
 And above all 7 1 if., containing the story of Meleager. 
 In no other letter can we trace Ovid's sources so satis- 
 factorily. The difference in method between this and the first 
 
48 Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 
 
 epistle, is striking* Tliere we found inaccuracies and inten- 
 tional changes; here the author usually follows the original 
 closely and contents himself with a few minor additions and 
 expansions,** not inconsistent with the characters handed down. 
 There is comparatively little that suggests other poets than 
 Homer. Some ot the examples usually given, e. g. vs. 133, are 
 mere commonplaQcs.***. 
 
 Epistle 7 (Dido). 
 
 That the Dido episode in Virgil's Aeneid was a favorite 
 part of the poem very soon after its publication, is to be gathered 
 from Ov. Trist..2, 533: 
 
 Et tamen ille tuae felix Aeneidos auctor 
 
 Contulit in Tyrios arma virumque toros, 
 Nee legitur 'pars ulla magis de corpora toto 
 Quam non legitimo foedere iunctus amor. 
 The very fame of the piece would lead us at once to the 
 conclusion that the sources of Ovid here are to be sought in \'irgil. 
 There are some other passages which show Ovid's appre- 
 ciation of Virgil. 
 
 Am. 1, 15, 25: 
 
 Tityrus et fruges Aeneiaque arma legentur, 
 Roma triumphati dum caput orbis erit. 
 
 * This difference may be explained, at least in part, by the diflerenee 
 in the subjects. The first letter had to deal with the whole Odyssey, 
 while in the third only a single episode of the Iliad is taken up. In the 
 latter case, the details naturally correspond more closely to the original. 
 ** For additions, see vs. 12 Quaerebant taciti; 23 Menoetiades — 
 in aurem; 54 Utile dicebas — Expansions or changes: 16 aexovaa; 
 109 Mycenaenm; 136 Pyrrhus. 
 
 *** Propertius is suggested by vs. 3, litwas ; 44 mollior hora ; 77 exagitet 
 ne me; Virgil, by 46 pars magna; 51 cui me relinquish 63 devorer ante 
 precor ; 144 Nee tibi magnificum femina iussa mori. Perhaps 69, captiva 
 
 non nupta, goes back to Catullus. 
 
Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 49 
 
 A. A. 3, 337: 
 
 Et profugum Aenean, altae primoidia Roraae, 
 Quo nullum Latio clarius extat opus. 
 
 Rem. 395: 
 
 Tantum se nobis elegi debere fatentur, 
 Quantum Vergilio nobile debet opus. 
 
 It would be interesting, if not useful to our purpose, to 
 know the sources of Vii-gil's Dido. He certainly did not create 
 the whole story. He found something on Dido and Anna in 
 Naevius (See Serv. on Virg. Aen. 4, 9). It is probable, howeverj 
 that he found only the outline. Servius on Virg. Aen. 4, 1 says: 
 •ApoUonius Argonautica scripsit et in tertio inducit amantem 
 Medeam: unde totus hie liber translatus est". This, of course, 
 is an exaggeration but it would indicate that Virgil did not get 
 much from other Latin poets. 
 
 Rohde, Gr. Roman p. 40, says that Dido and Aeneas first 
 appear in Timaeus 23 (Westerm. TtuQado^oyQ. 215) and that 
 Timaeus is the source of Justin 18, 3 — 6. 
 
 The Hypsipyle episode in ApoUonius bears some resem- 
 blance to the Dido Episode in Virgil. 
 
 We shall find several points of resemblance between this 
 epistle and the second. This merely suggests the possibility 
 that the story of Phyllis and Demophoon, which was told by 
 Callimachus,* furnished Virgil, as well as Ovid, with several points. 
 
 Ov. H. 7, 1: 
 
 Sic uhi fata vacant, udis abiectus in herbis 
 Ad vada Maeandri concinit alius olor. 
 Washietl, De simUitud. Ovid. p. 57, is inclined to look for 
 the source of this to Lucr. 4, 545: 
 
 Et cycni tortis convallibus ex Heliconis 
 Cum liquidam toUunt lugubri voce querellam; 
 
 (Reading uncertain) 
 
 * Of. Cal. fr. 505 Schn. 
 
 Nv/^cpii zJri/jo<piijit' viSixt itvi. 
 Perhaps this story belonged to the ^hia, as Birt thlmks. (See Rh. 
 M. 32, 398 n. 4.) 
 
 4 
 
50 Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 
 
 but it seems to me that any attempt to fix upon a definite source 
 for sucli a wide-spread myth, must be futile. No doubt Ovid 
 had read it in many books and I believe he himself would have 
 found it impossible to state where he saw it first. 
 
 Cf. Plat. Phaed. 84 e: 
 
 xttl, ftjc sotxe, Tftjj' xvxvciiv Soxm (favkorsqoq vjitv slvat T'^v 
 fiavTiXTiV, oi snsiiddv aidd-mwai oVt dsX avvovg dno-d'avstv, qdov- 
 Tsg xal iv rm nqoaS-ev xQOvm, tots drj nXstata xcct fjidXtfiTa 
 qdovai, ysyijS-OTsc on fiMXovat naqd tov d-sov dndvat, ovndq 
 flat ■d'sqdnovTsg, xtX. 
 
 Cf. Cic. Top. 1, 73. 
 
 Aristotle, Hist. An. 9, 12: tpdixol 6i, xal nsql Tag TtXevrdg 
 (idhdTa (idovGtv. dvaniiovTai ydq xal «c to niXayog, xal Tivsg 
 tidfj nXiovTsg naqd Tij'vyftfivrjp nsqUTVXOV iv t^ ^aXuTTfj noXXoXg 
 qdovfft (fioovfj yocodsi, xal tovtoov koaqoav anOxi-f^axoPTag spiovg. 
 
 Athenaeus, 9, 393 d quotes Aristotle and adds : o di Mvpdwg 
 (prjtSip iiXd^apdqog noXXotg TeXevToodi, naqaxoXovS'tjaac, ovx dxov- 
 aai qdovToov. Cf Ael. V. H. 1, 14; De nat. An. 2, 32; 5, 34; 
 10, 36. Athenaeus, 1. c, quotes Boios on the transformation of 
 Cycnus. The two myths are connected. Cf Ov. Met. 2, 367 ff". 
 According to Lactantius, this goes back to Phanocles in the 
 "EqoDTsg. (See Bach's edition of the fragments p. 205.) 
 
 Cf. Virg. Aen. 10, 189 If. In Met. 12, 144 Achilles slays 
 Cygnus who is then transformed into the bird. 
 
 Other references to the swan-song: Met. 5, 386; 14, 428; 
 Fast. 2, 109; Aesch. Agamem. 1444; Eur. Here. Fur. 691; Electr. 
 151; Eur. fr. 775, 32 (Nauck); Iph. T. 1104; Ap. Rh. 4, 1298; 
 Aristoph. Birds 769; Hm. Hymn. 21, 1 ; Callim. Hymn. 2, 5; 4, 249. 
 
 Theoc. Id. 5, 136; Epitaph. Bionis 14; Lucr. 3, 6; Virg. 
 Eel. 9, 29; 9, 36; 8, 56; Hor. 0. 4, 4, 19. 
 
 Ov. H. 7, 4: — adverso movimus ista deo. 
 
 Cf. Prop. 1, 1, 8: Cum tamen adversos cogor habere deos. 
 
 Ov. H. 7, 5: 
 
 Sed merita et famam corpusque animumque pitdicum 
 Cum male perdiderim, perdere verba leve est. 
 
Som-ees of Ovid's fieroides. 5^^ 
 
 Cf. Virg. Aen. 4, 322: 
 
 Extinctus pudor et, qua sola sidera adibam, 
 Fama prior. 
 
 Ov. H. 7, 7: 
 
 Certus es ire to mm miseramque relinquere Didon? 
 Cf. Virg. Aen. 4, 288 for Aeneas's detennination : 
 
 Mnesthea Sergestumque vocat fortemque Serestum, 
 
 Classem aptent taciti sociosque ad litora cogant etc. 
 vs. 554: 
 
 Aeneas celsa in puppi, iam certus eundi 
 Aen. 5, 1: Interea medium Aeneas iam classe tenebat 
 
 Certus iter. (See Palmer.) 
 
 Ov. H. 7, 8: 
 
 Atque idem vmti vela fide>7ique ferent? 
 Cf. Ep. 2, 25: 
 
 Demophoon, ventis et verba et vela dedisti. 
 Met. 8, 133: — Ecquid ad aures 
 
 Perveniunt mea dicta tuas? An inania venti 
 Verba ferunt, idemque tuas, ingrate carinas? 
 Such expressions are very numerous in the poets. Cf. 
 Prop. 5, 7, 21: fallacia verba 
 
 Non audituri diripuere noti. 
 Ov. Ep. 13, 92; Am. 1, 6, 42; 1, 7, 15; 1, 8, 106; 1, 6, 
 52; Fast. 5, 686; Trist. 1, 2, 17; Cat. 64, 59; Theoc. Id. 23, 35; 
 Theognis 1168; and the following given in Zingerle 1, 40: Ov. 
 Bern. 286; Am. 2, 11, 33; 2, 16, 45; 1, 4, 11; A. A. 1, 388; 
 Trist. 1, 8, 35; Catull. 64, 142; 30, 9; 70, 3; Tib. 1, 4, 21; 
 1, 5, 35; Prop. 3, 24, 8; Lucr. 4, 932; Hor. 0. 1, 26, 1. 
 Add Eur. Tro. 419; 454; Anacr. 58, 9f. (Rose). 
 
 (Schulze on Catullus, Jahrbb. f. Phil. 125, 208 ff.) 
 Theoc. 22, 167; Eur. Here. F. 650. 
 
 (SchUtz on Hor. 0. 1, 25, 20.) 
 These expressions go back to Homer. 
 Cf. Od. 8, 408 ( — where Euryalus apologizes to Odysseus) 
 — STiog d' si Tiiq ti §i^axTai, 
 deivov, aqiccQ to (piqomv dvaqnd'^ctaai dtXXat, 
 
 4* 
 
52 Sottrces of Ovid's Heroides. 
 
 Ov. H. 7, 10: 
 
 Quaeque vhi sint np-sck. Italu regna. sfiqui. 
 Cf. Virg. Aen. 4, 381: 
 
 I, sequere Italiain ventis, pete regna per undas. 
 Palmer compares Aen. 5, 629: 
 
 Italiam sequimtir fugientem etc. 
 Cf. Aen. 3, 496. 
 
 Ov. H. 7, 11: 
 
 Nee nova Carihago, nee te cri-ficmithi tiimjunt 
 Moenia. 
 
 Cf. Ep. 2, 89: — nee te mea regia tanget. 
 
 Yirg. Aen. 4, 86 (as Dido has fallen in lo\e): 
 
 Non coeptae adsurgunt turres, non arma inventus 
 Exercet, portusve aut propugnacula bello 
 Tnta parant; pendent opera interrupta niinaeque 
 Murorum ingentes aequataque machina coelo. 
 
 Schuckburgh compares Aen. 1, 423 (when Aeneas first sees 
 the place): 
 
 Miratur portaa strepitumque et strata viarum, 
 Instant ardentes Tyrii, pars ducere muros etc. 
 
 Cf. Aen. 1, 437. 
 
 Ov. H. 7, 12: — nee sceptro tradita summa ttio? 
 Cf. Aen. 4, 374: — eiectuni litore, egentem 
 
 Excepi et regni demens in parte locavi. 
 and 597: Turn decuit, cum sceptra dabas. 
 
 Ov. H. 7, 13: 
 
 Facta fugix, fncienda petis. quaerenda per orhem 
 
 Altera, quaesita est altera terra tihi. 
 Cf. Aen. 4, 74: 
 
 Nunc media Aenean secura per moenia ducit, 
 
 Sidoniasque ostentat opes urbemque paratam. 
 Aen. 3, 495: 
 
 Vobis parta quies; nullum maris aequor arandum, 
 
 Arva neque Ausoniae semper cedentia retro 
 
 Quaerenda. 
 
Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 53 
 
 Ov. H. 7, 23: 
 
 Uror, id indncto ceratae vidpure taedae. 
 Aetieaii aninio noxque diesque refert. 
 For the fact cf. Aeii. 4, 1: 
 
 At regina gravi iamdudum saucia ciira 
 Volnus alit venis, et caeco carpitur igni. 
 Multa nri virtus animo, multusque recursat 
 Gentis honos; haerent infixi pectore vultus 
 Verbaque, nee placidam membris dat cura quietem. 
 and 4, 66: — Est mollis flamma medullas 
 
 Interea, et taciturn vivit sub pectore vulnus. 
 Uritur infelix Dido etc. 
 The comparison of love to a flame seems to be as old as 
 the literature of love. 
 
 Cf. i^^apph. fr. 2, 9: kimov <J' 
 
 avxma x^w ti^vq vnadfdqoiiccxev 
 fr. 115: onratc ctfifif. 
 
 The figure became so common and so hackneyed that the 
 poets sought to avoid the monotonous etTect by limiting the flame 
 to a certain kind. It is thus that Ovid brings in here the sulphur- 
 fiame, a comparison which does not occur in any other author, 
 as far as I know. 
 Cf. Met. 3, 371: 
 
 Vidit et incaluit, sequitur vestigia furtim; 
 Quoque magis sequitur, flamma propiore calescit, 
 Non aliter, quam cum summis circumlita taedis 
 Admotam rapiunt ^ivacia sulpura flammam. 
 A. A. 2, 439: 
 
 Ut levis absumptis paulatim viribus ignis 
 
 Ipse latet, summo canet in igne cinis 
 Sed tamen exfcinctas admoto sulpure flammas 
 
 Invenit, et lumen quod fuit ante, redit: 
 Sic, ubi pigra situ securaque pectora torpent, 
 Aeribus est stimulis eliciendus amor. 
 The same thought is found in Rem. 731: 
 
 Ut paene extinctum cinerem si sulpure tangas, 
 Vivet et e minimo maximus ignis erit etc. 
 
54 Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 
 
 Cf. Chariton 1, 1, 15: 
 
 mfSneq r» Xvxvov <pwg rjSrj a^svvvfiievov emxv-H-sVTOg iXaiov 
 ndcXiv dvikaiixps xort /jisi^an' syeveTO xal XQfitTtoy xtX. 
 Lygd. [Tib. 3], 5, 17: 
 
 Uritur, ut celeres urunt altaria flammae. 
 Ov. Ep. 12, 33: 
 
 Et vidi et perii. nee notis ignibus arsi, 
 Ardet ut at magnos pinea taeda deos. 
 Ep. 15, 9: 
 
 Uror, ut indomitis ignem exercentibus euris 
 Fertilis accensis messibns ardet ager. 
 Hor. Epod. 5, 79: Priusque caelum sidet inferius marl 
 Tellure porreeta super, 
 Quain non amore sic meo flagrei>, uti 
 Bitumen atris ignibus. 
 Cf. Epod. 17, 30. 
 
 Other references: Ov. Ep. 12, 38; 19, 93; 20, 56; 20, 119; 
 Met. 1, 492; 6, 455; Anacreon (Rose) 11, 13; Cat. 35, 15; 
 45, 16; Virg. Eel. 2, 28; Theoc. Id. 2, 23; 2, 82; 2, 133. 
 
 Washietl, p. 106, without sufficient evidence, refers our 
 passage to Luer. 6, 879 ff. and 895 ff. 
 
 Or. H. 7, 26: Aenean animo noxque diesque refert. 
 Ct., besides the passage given above, Virg. Aen. 4, 83: 
 
 — ilium absens absentem auditque videtque. 
 
 Ov. H. 7, 27: 
 
 Ilh quidem male rjratus et ad mea munera swrdus. 
 Cf. Aeneas's speech, Virg. Aen. 4, 333 ff., especially vs. 338: 
 
 — Nee coniugium umquam 
 
 Praetendi taedas aut haec in foedera veni. 
 
 Ov. H. 7, 29: 
 
 Non tamen Aenean, quamvis male cogitat, odi. 
 Cf. Prop. 5, 8, 49: 
 
 Non tamen inspctor, quamvis mereare, Properti. 
 
Sources of Ovid's Heroidos. 55 
 
 Ov. H. 7, 31: 
 
 Puree, Vewis, nurui, durumque amjilectere fratrem, 
 Frater Amor. Castris militet ille tuis. 
 
 It is a favorite theme with Ovid that love is warfare. Cf. 
 Am. 1, 9, 1: 
 
 Militat omnis anians, et habet sua castra Cupido: 
 Attice, crede mihi, militat omnis amans. etc. 
 
 Am. 2, 9, 2: 
 
 Quid me, qui miles numquam tua signa reliqui, 
 Laedis et in castris vulneror ipse meis. 
 
 Am. 1, 2, 32: 
 
 Et Pudor et castris quidquid Amoris obest. 
 A. A. 2, 233: 
 
 Militiae species amor est, discedite segnes. 
 
 Cf.Am. 2, 18, 39; 2, 12,27; Rem. 4; A. A. 2, 674; 3,559; 
 Ep. 17, 56; Fast. 4, 7; Ex P. 3, 3, 82. 
 
 In Rome, busied with everlasting wars, the thought was not 
 far to seek and had been used before Ovid. Cf. Hor. 0. 4, 1, 1: 
 
 Intermissa, Venus, diu 
 
 Rursus hella moves? Parce, precor, precor. 
 vg. 15: Et centum puer artium 
 
 Late signa feret militiae tuae. 
 3, 26, 1: Vixi puellis nuper idoneus 
 
 Et militavi non sine gloria 
 
 Nunc arma defunctumque bello 
 
 Barbiton hie paries habebit. 
 Tib. 1, 1, 75: 
 
 Hie ego dux milesque bonus: vos, signa, tubaeque etc. 
 2, 6, 5: Ure, puer, quaeso, tua qui ferus otia liquit, 
 
 Atque iterum erronem sub tua signa voca. 
 
 Prop. 5, 1, 137: 
 
 Militiam Veneris blandis patiere sub armis 
 Et Veneris pueris utilis hostis eris. 
 
 Cf. Nicetas Eugenianus 2, 100: 
 
 dvTKfTqaTsvtiv ratg "EqcoTog (Stpevdcvaic. 
 
56 Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 
 
 Achilles Tatius 4, 7, 3 : evdov fiov r^g ipvxrjc aXXog nolefiog 
 xd'd-fiTar aTQaiiooTiig (t,s noqD-sX ro^ov s'xoot', t^slog e'/wj' xtX. 
 
 Ov. H. 7, 34: Cf. Am. 1, 3, 2. 
 
 Ov. H. 7, 37: 
 
 Te lapis et monies Innataque rupihus altis 
 
 Bohora, te saevae progenuere ferae, 
 
 Aut mare, quale vides agitari nunc quoque ventis. 
 
 Cf. Virg. Aen. 4, 365: 
 
 Nee tibi diva parens, generis nee Dardanus auctor, 
 Perfide; sed duris gennit te cautibus horrens 
 Caucasus, Hyrcanaeque admonint ubera tigres. 
 
 It is probable that this is the immediate source of Ovid 
 here, though such expressions are very common from Homer down. 
 
 Cf. 11. 16, 33: 
 
 v^Xteg, ovx aqa aoi ys nctTrjQ ssv InnoTa UijXsvg 
 ovd^ Qitig fiTiTijQ' ykavxii 6s as tixts x^dXaaffa 
 TtsTQai, t' TjUfictTOi,, OTt rot voog soriv dnijvijg. 
 
 Od. 19, 163: 
 
 or ydq and dqvog soat TcaXaKfatov ovd'' dno nsTQijf. 
 
 See notes on Ep. 1, 58 and 3, 133. 
 
 Cf. also Ep. 10, 131: 
 
 Nee pater est Aegeus, nee tu Pittheidos Aethrae 
 
 Filius. Auctores saxa fretumque tui. 
 Met. 8, 120: 
 
 Non genetrix Europa tibi est, sed inhospita Syrtis, 
 
 Armeniae tigres austroqne agitata Charybdis. 
 7, 32: Hoc ego si patiar, turn me de tigride natam, 
 
 Turn ferrum et scopulos gestare in corde fatebor. 
 9, 613: — neque enim de tigride natus 
 
 Nee rigidas silices solidumve in pectore ferrum 
 
 Aut adamanta gerit, nee lac bibit ille leaenae. 
 Cf. Trist. 3, 11, 2; Am. 1, 11, 9. 
 
Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 57 
 
 Cat. 60, 1: 
 
 Nam te leaena montibus Libystinis 
 
 Aut Scylla latrans infima inguinum parte 
 
 Tarn raente dura procreavit ac tetra. 
 
 64, 154: 
 
 Quaenam te genuit sola sub rube leaena. 
 
 Quod mare conceptum spumantibus expuit undis, 
 
 Quae Syrtis, quae Scylla rapax, quae vasta Chaiybdis? 
 
 Lygd. [Tib. 3], 4, 85: 
 
 Nam te nee vasti genuerunt aequora ponti 
 Nee flammam volvens ore chamaera fero 
 Nee cants ang-uinea redimitus terga catei-va 
 Cui tres sunt ling-uae tergeminumque caput, 
 Soyllaque virglneam canibus succincta figurara, 
 Nee te conceptam saeva leaena tulit, 
 Barbara nee Scythiae tellus horrcndave Syrtis. 
 
 Virg. Eel. 8, 44: 
 
 Nunc scio quid sit Amor; duris in cotibus ilium 
 Aut Tmaros, aut ilhodope, aut extremi Garamantes, 
 Nee generis nostri puerum nee sanguinis edunt. 
 
 Theoc. Id. 3, 15: 
 
 Nvp syvoov Tov "EQuna- jSa^rc -Ssog' {jqa Xeaivag 
 (jia'Qov eS-tjla^s, dqv^im re viv stqa(fs fidrriq' 
 
 23, 19: 
 
 SiyQK nat xal ffrvyve, xaxac dvced-QefJifia ).sccivac, 
 Xaivs nat xal'sqwzoq dva'SiB, 
 
 Eur. Bacch. 988: 
 
 rk aqa viv srexsv, 
 ov yccQ £§ ccl/jjaTog yvraiXMV sipv 
 Xiaivac 6i ysyov' od' ij Faqyoviov 
 ^v^vGGciv ysvoc. 
 
 Med. 1.342: 
 
 XiaiVttv ov yvvatxtt, tt^c Tiiqdiividog 
 ^xvXXijc e%ov(!ctv dyqiibOTsqav cpvaiv. 
 
 Cf. vs. 1358. 
 
58 Sourees of Ovid's Heroides. 
 
 Ellis on Cat. 60 compares Aesch. Enm. 193: 
 liovTog ocvtqov alfiatoQQOtpov 
 
 Olxstv TOlttVTttC slxOC. 
 
 and Ear. Med. 1406: — z^^e (jbvaaqac 
 
 xal naidoqjovov T^ods Xsaivag. 
 For the later literature, Cf. Nicetas Eugenianns 2, 90: 
 
 ydka Xsaivag i^sfivt^dag aqa 
 
 xal fiadTov ccQXTcav i^sd-'^Xadag xa%a. 
 4, 244: 
 
 \x,ri yccQ dqvog n:QoijX-&oi' ij nsrqwv s(pvv. 
 Theodoras Prodromas 8, 95: 
 
 ov ydq XiS-ov nqo^X^ov, ov netqag scpvv, 
 
 ov Sqvg fiis naqijveyxiv etg (pmg dc ^iov. 
 Cf. Manasse 1, 49. 
 (Some of these examples may be found in Zingerle 1, 42.) 
 
 Ov. H. 7, 40: 
 
 Quo tamen advarsls fiuctihu.^ ire pariis. 
 
 Quo fiujis'^ Obstat hiemps! Hiemis mihi gratia prosit. 
 Aspice, ut eversas concitet eurua aquas. 
 
 Quod tibi malueram, sine me debere procellis. 
 Cf. Virg. Aen. 4, 51 (Anna to Dido): 
 
 Indulge hospitio, caasasqae innecte moi-andi, 
 
 Dum pelago desaevit hiemps et aquosus Orion. 
 vs. 309: Quin etiam hiberno moliris sidere classem, 
 
 Et mediis properas aquilonibus ire per altum etc. 
 
 Ov. H. 7, 45: Non ego .sum tanti etc. 
 Zingerle 1, 108 compares Tib. 2, 6, 42 : 
 
 Non ego sum tanti, ploret ut Ula semel. 
 
 Ov. H. 7, 46: — dum me per freta longa fugis. 
 Cf. Virg. Aen. 4, 314: Mene fugis? 
 
 Ov. H. 7, 49: 
 
 lam venti ponent, strataque aequaliter unda 
 Caeruleis Triton per mare curret equis, 
 
Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 59 
 
 Cf. Virg. Aen. 1, 142: 
 
 Sic ait, et dieto citius tumida aequora placat, 
 Collectasque fugat nubes solemqne reducit. 
 Cymothoe simul et Triton adnixus acuto 
 Detrudunt navis scopulo; levat ipse tridenti; 
 Et vastas aperit Syrtis, et temperat aequor, 
 Atque rotis summas levibus pei'labitur undas. 
 
 Cf. II. 13, 27: /S^ 6'slccav snl xvfiaT — 
 
 vs. 29: — Tol 6k netovro 
 
 qifiifa fibciV , ov6' vnivsq&e diaivero /«Ax«oe cc^cov^ 
 
 Ov. H. ;, 51: 
 
 Til quoque cum ventis utincmi ynutabilk esses! 
 
 Cf. Ep. 19, 95. Tliis is barely suggestive of Prop. 2, 9, 32: 
 Hoc unum didicit femina semper, opus, 
 Non.sic incerto mutantur flamine Syrtes, 
 Nee folia hiberno tarn tremefacta Noto, 
 Quam cite feminea non constat foedus in ira. 
 
 Lygd. [Tib. 3] 4, 61: 
 
 A! Crudele genus nee fidum femina nomen! 
 
 63: Sed flecti poterit: mens est mutabilis illis. 
 
 Ov. H. 7, 57: 
 
 Nee violasse fidem temjdantibus aequont prodest: 
 
 Ferfdiae poenas exigit ille locus. 
 Cf. Hor. 0. 3, 2, 26: — vetabo, qui Cereris sacrum 
 
 Volgarit arcanae, sub isdem 
 
 Sit trabibus fragilemve mecum 
 
 Solvat phaselon. 
 With this Kiessling compares Eur. fr. 848 (Nauck): 
 
 — otfTtc de TOO (pvffavTs firj Tifiav ^sXrj, 
 
 fJMJ [Jboi, ysvoizo [Jbrrs (fvv^'VTijg d-eotg 
 
 fjj^' sv ^akdadfi xoivonXovv arslXoi axdipoi;, 
 Macleane gives Eur. El!ectr. 1354: 
 
 ovToag ddixstv [J'i]dslg d-sXirm, 
 
 fiifjd^ STiioQxwv (lira avfinksirw. 
 
60 Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 
 
 Palmer on Ot. cites Antiphon (5, 82) as quoted by Palcy 
 on Aesch. Theb. 599: 
 
 olfj,cn yccQ v/jbac snid'caad-ai oci jtoIIoI r-jdri av&qutnoi ft,Tj 
 xad-aqol xsXqag rj alXo -ci fi,ia(if»,a 6%ovtsc (liivii(i^(ii,'i:ec dc to 
 nXotov GvvcinwXeaav fieia ttjc amwv ipi'xtl? vovg ocrttoc Siaxti- 
 (isvovg tot. TiQog rovg 9-fovg. 
 
 Ov. H. 7, 59: 
 
 Prasciime cum laesus amor, quia mater Avwrum 
 Nuda Cytheriacis edita fertur aquis. 
 On the birth of Aphrodite cf. Hes. Theog. 195. 
 One would be ineliiied to seek the original of this passage 
 among the Alexandrian poets and it may be that Musaeus goes 
 back to such a source, vs. 249: 
 
 liyvmdcisig 6i:i Kvnqig dnoanoQog e'fftt xt-aXiiaatjg 
 xal xqarisi novtoio; 
 in no other authors do I find just this thought. In Nonnus 1, 86, 
 however, we have a reference which recalls this. (He is speaking 
 of Zeus and Europa) — : 
 
 xal /liog ijdatofvri dn(>(!Vfx.fvov noQov oXxm 
 ov noS-ov s(f({s(!£ Tiovxog, on ^qv^iriv ^(pqodlrijP 
 OvQaviijg mSivsv an' avXccxog syxvov vdmq. 
 Ovid repeats the idea in Ep. 15, 213: 
 
 Solve ratem! Venus orta marl mare praestat amanti. 
 jVura dabit cursum. tu mode solve ratem. 
 Ep. 16, 23: 
 
 Ilia dedit faciles auras ventosque secundos: 
 In mare nimirura ius habet orta mari. 
 Ep. 19, 159: 
 
 Quod timeas, non est. Auso ^'enus ipsa favebit, 
 Sternet et aequoreas aequore nata vias. 
 I believe it has escaped the notice of the commentators 
 that this reference is very inappropriate here as the 'mater 
 Amorum' is also the mother of Aeneas, and would naturally spare 
 her son, even if the winds did not carry off lovers' oaths in 
 general. A. A. 1, 633: 
 
Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 61 
 
 Jupiter ex alto periuria ridet amantum, 
 Et iubet Aeolios irrita fen-e notos. 
 Tib. 4, 4, 15: 
 
 Pone Metum, Cerintlie: deus non laedit amantes. 
 Ditferent from Ovid is Tib. 1, 2, 39: 
 
 Nam fuerit quicumque loquax, is sanguine natam, 
 Is Venerera e rabido sentiet esse mari. 
 Here the idea is tliat V'enus can be cruel and severe. Cf. 
 the quotations on vs. 37. There is no notion, as in Ovid, that 
 the sea is the province of Venus where she would be especially 
 likely to inflict punishment on the faithless. 
 
 We have 'Venus marina' in Hor. 0. 3, 26, 6; d^anotva 
 novTiu Eur. Hippol. 415 etc. 
 
 Ov. H. 7, 61: 
 
 Perdita ne perdam, timeo, noceamve nocenti, 
 Neu bihat aequoreas naufragus hostis aquas. 
 Vive, precor. Si te mdius, quam funere perdam. 
 
 Palmer has noticed that Virgil's Dido is much more vengeful. 
 Cf. Virg. Aen. 4, 381: 
 
 I, sequere Italiam ventis, pete regna per undas. 
 Spero equidem mediis, si quid pia numina possunt, 
 Supplicia hausurun seopulis, et nomine Dido 
 Saepe vocaturum. Sequar atris ignibus absens, 
 Et cum frigida mors anima seduxerit artus. 
 Omnibus umbra locis adero. Dabis, improbe, poenas. 
 Audiam, et haec Manis veniet mihi fama sub imos. 
 
 vs. 519: 
 
 Testatur moritura deos et conscia fati 
 
 Sidera; tum, si quod non aequo foedere amantis 
 
 Curae numen habet iustmnque memorque precatur. 
 
 vs. 597: — En dextra fidesque, 
 
 Quern secum patrios aiunt portare Penatis, 
 Quem subiisse umeris confectum aetate parentem! 
 Non potui abreptum divellere corpus et undis 
 Spargere? Non socios, non ipsum absumere ferro 
 Ascanium, patriisque epulandum ponere mensis? — 
 
62 Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 
 
 Verum anceps pugnae fuerat fortuna. — Fuisset; 
 Quern metui moritura? Faces in castra tulissem, 
 Implessemque foros flammis, natumque patremque 
 Cum genere exstinxem, memet super ista dedissem etc. 
 With vive precor, cf. Eur. Med. 82 Nurse says : 
 CO Tdxv\ dxovexF olog slg Vficcc TiaTTjQ; 
 oXoivo [liv fi/fj. dsdnoT'^c ydg iar' ifioc. 
 
 Ov. H. 7, 65: 
 
 Finge, age, te rapido — nullum sit in ominepmidus! — 
 Turbine deprendi. Quid tibi mentis erit? 
 Protinus occurrent falsae periuria linguae, 
 Et Fhrygia Dido fratide coacta mori: 
 Coniugis ante oculos deceptae stabit imago 
 Tristis et effusis sanguinolenta comis. 
 Cf. Virg. Aen. 4, 382 (already quoted): 
 
 Spero equidem mediis, si quid pia numina possunt, 
 Supplicia hausurum scopulis, et nomine Dido 
 Saepe vocaturnm. Sequar atris ignibus absens, 
 Et cum frigida mors anima seduxerit artus, 
 Omnibus umbra locis adero. 
 The connection between these two passages is plain, in 
 spite of the changes Ovid has made. We have in both: ship- 
 wreck, thought of Dido, her shade. 
 
 Ov. H. 7, 68: Et Fhrygia Dido fraude coacta mori. 
 Virg. Aen. 4, 308: Nee moritura tenet crudeli funere Dido? 
 
 Or. H. 7, 69: Coniugis ante oculos deceptae stabit imago 
 Tristis et effusis sanguinolenta comis. 
 
 Besides Virg. Aen. 4, 386, (given above): 
 omnibus umbra locis adero, 
 
 Cf. Ap. Rh. 3, 703: — ^ ooiye (plXoig avv natal 3avovtsa 
 shjv «5 ^idsu) atvysqii (jusvonKS-d-sv ^Eqivvg. 
 
 Cf. Hor. Epod. 5, 89. 
 
 Ov. H. 7, 73: See vs. 178 and note. 
 Ov. H. 7, 75: Cf. Ep, 20, 197. 
 
Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 63 
 
 Ov. H. 7, 79: 
 
 Sed neque fers tecum, nee quae mihi, pcrfide iactas — 
 Presserunt umeros aacra paterque tuos. 
 
 Cf. Virg. Aen. 4, 597: — En dextra iidesque, 
 Quern secum patrios aiunt portare Penatis, 
 Quem subiise umeris confectum aetate parentem! 
 
 For the account, see Aen. 2, 707 ff. 
 
 For Aeneas carrying- his father on his shoulders cf. Soph, 
 in Laocoon ap. Dionys. Hal. 1, quoted by Meziriac 2, 145: 
 vvv 6' iv nvXaimv Alvsiac o rijg S-sol 
 TTccQsaT', in' wficov nuTiq' sy^wv, 
 
 Ov. H. 7, 83: 
 
 Si quaeras, uhi sit formosi mater luli, 
 Ocddit a duro sola relicta viro. 
 
 For Virgil's account see Aen. 2, 736: 
 — Namque avia cursu 
 
 Dum sequor et mota excedo regione viarum, 
 Heu! misero coniunx f atone erepta Creusa 
 Substitit, erravitve via, seu lassa resedit, 
 Ineertum; nee post oculis est reddita nostris. 
 
 Ov. H. 7, 88: 
 
 Per mare, per terras septima iactat hiemps. 
 Aen. 1, 755: — Nam te iam septima portat 
 
 Omnibus errantem terris et fluctibus aestas. 
 Eur. Helen 776 makes Menelaus also wander seven years 
 before he comes to Helen in Egypt. So the scenes in Egypt 
 and in Carthage vrould be taking place at the same time. 
 
 Ov. H. 7, 89: 
 
 Fluctibus eiectum tuta statione recepi, 
 Vixque bene audita nomine regna dedi. 
 
 Cf. Aen. 4, 373: — eiectum litore, egentem 
 Excepi et regni demens in parte locavi. 
 
 Ov. H. 7, 91: 
 
 His tamen officiis utinam contenta fuissem, 
 Et mihi concubitus fama sepulta foret! 
 
64 Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 
 
 Perhaps Palmer is right in seeing an allusion to Aen. 4, 173: 
 
 Extemplo Libyae magnas it Fama per urbes etc. 
 Cf. Aen. 4, 221 : — oblitos famae melioris amantis. 
 vs. 321: — te propter eundem 
 
 Extinctus pudor et, qua sola sidera adibara, 
 
 Fama prior. 
 vs. 550: Non licuit thalami expertem sine crimine vitaui 
 
 Degere, more ferae, talis nee tang ere curas! 
 
 Non servata fides, cineri promissa Syehaeo! 
 Ct; Ep. 2, 55: 
 
 Nee moveor, quod te iuvi portuque loeoque. 
 
 Debnit haec meriti summa fuisse niei! 
 
 Turpiter hospitiura lecto cninulasse iugali 
 
 Paenitet etc. 
 
 Ov. H. 7, 93: 
 
 Ilia dies nocuit, qua nos declive sua antrum 
 Caeruleus subitis compulit imber aquis: 
 
 Cf. Ep. 5, 33: Ilia dies fatum miserae mibi dixit etc. 
 
 Cf. Aen. 4, 169: 
 
 lUe dies primus leti primusque malorum 
 Causa fuit. 
 
 vs. 160 (cf. vs. 120): — 
 
 Interea magno misceri murmure caelum 
 Incipit; insequitur commixta grandine nimbus. 
 
 vs. 165: 
 
 Spelnncam Dido dux et Troianus eandem 
 Deveniunt. Prima et Tellus et pronuba Juno 
 Dant signum; fulsere ignes et conscius aether 
 Conubiis. 
 
 Ov. H. 7, 95: 
 
 Audieram vocem. Nymphas ululasse putavi. 
 Cf. Aen. 4, 168: — Summoque ulularunt vertice nymphae 
 
 Ov. H. 7. 96: Eumenidcs fatis xigna dedere mevs. 
 
Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 65 
 
 Cf. Ep. 6, 45: 
 
 At mihi nee Juno, nee Hymen, sed tristis Erinnys 
 
 Praetulit infaustas sanguinolenta faces. 
 Ep. 11, 101: 
 
 Tolle procul decepte faces, Hymenaee, maritas, 
 
 Et fuge turbato tecta nefanda pede. 
 
 Ferte faces in me, quas fertis, Erinyes atrae, 
 
 Ac mens ex isto luceat igne rogus. 
 Lycophron 405: 
 
 ^ fiiv Ttaksvasi. 8v(}lvT0i.g oYgtqov ^Qoxotg, 
 
 sqcoTKc ovx SQcarag, dXX' 'Eqwvcav 
 
 TineQccv dnoxpriXaaa xijqovXxov nccytjv. 
 In Virgil Dido herself calls upon the Avengers. 
 Cf. Aen. 4, 609: 
 
 Nocturnis Hecate triviis ululata per urbes, 
 
 Et Dirae Ultrices, et di morientis Elissae etc. 
 Cf. vs. 376: Heu furiis incensa feror. 
 Aen. 4, 469 (On the Furies): 
 
 Eumenidum veluti demens videt agmina Pentheus, 
 
 Et solem geminum et duplicis se ostendere Thebas; 
 
 Aut Agamemnonius scaenis agitatus Orestes 
 
 Armatam facibus matrem et serpentibus atris 
 
 Cum fugit, ultricesque sedent in limine Dirae. 
 
 Ov. H. 7, 99: 
 
 Est mihi marmorea sacratus in aede Sychaeus; 
 Oppositae frondes velleraque alba tegunt. 
 Sine ego me sensi noto quater ore citari: 
 Ipse sono tenui dixit 'Elissa, veni'. 
 
 Cf. Virg. Aen. 4, 457: 
 
 Praeterea fuit in tectis de marmore templum 
 Coniugis antiqui, miro quod honore colebat, 
 VeUeribus niveis et festa fronde revinctum. 
 Hine exaudiri voces et verba vocantis 
 Visa viri, nox cum terras obscura teneret. 
 
 For a tomb used as an altar, cf. Eur. Hel. 797. 
 
 5 
 
66 Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 
 
 Ov. H. 7, 105: Cf. Ep. 4, 33. 
 
 Ov. H. 7, 111: 
 
 Dvrat in fxtrnnnm, vitaeque novhrnnn nostrar 
 Prosequitur fati qui fuit mitc tenor. 
 Cf. Ep. 3, 43 and note. 
 There are many references to fate in Ovid. 
 Of. Ep. 4, 53; 8, 65; 6, 28; 6, 51; 12, 35; 7, 3; 8, 88; 
 Met. 15, 814; 9, 422. In several of these there is reference 
 to an evil fate resting- on a whole family or handed down from 
 generation to generation. Cf. Ep. 4, 53: 
 
 Forsitan huuc generis fato reddamus amorem etc. 
 Ovid is supposed to have derived this from the Greek 
 tragedies. Cf Eur. Hipp. 337 ft". 
 Cf Aesch. Theb. 813: 
 
 avTog 6' avccXot drfca 6vcnoT(iov ysyog. 
 vs. 833: — w fisXaiva xai zsXsia 
 yivsoc Oldinov t' dqd. 
 xaxov fts xaqdiav ti nsQinirvsi xQvog. 
 Eur, Hipp. 831: 
 
 nQoGoo-O-sv ds no&sv dpaxofii^ofiai 
 T{%av daifiopoov 
 
 dfmXaxiaiai rwv ndqoi&iv tivoq. 
 Of course there are frequent references to fate in the other 
 poets as well. 
 
 Cf Virg. Aen. 7, 314; 1, 257; 1, 299. 
 
 Ov. H. 7, 113: 
 
 Occidit internas coniunx madatu.'i ad aras, 
 Et sceleris tanti praemia frater habet. 
 
 Cf. Aen. 1, 346: — Sed regna Tyri germanus habebat 
 Pygmalion, scellere ante alios immanior omnes. 
 Quos inter medius venit furor, file Sychaeum 
 Impius ante aras atque auri caecus amore 
 Clam ferro incautum superat etc. 
 
 Ov. H. 7, 115: 
 
 Ersvl ftfjor, cinereyquc viri ■putrimnqvp rriinquo. 
 
Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 67 
 
 Aen. 1, 360: His comniota fugam Dido sociosque parabat 
 
 Ov. H. 7, 118: 
 
 Quod tihi donavi, perfide, litus emo. 
 Cf. Aen. 1, 365: 
 
 Devenere locos, ubi nunc ingentia cernis 
 
 Moenia surgentemque novae Karthaginis arcem, 
 
 Mercatique solum. 
 
 Ov. H. 7, 119: 
 
 Urbem constitui, lateque patetitia fixi 
 
 Moenia, finitimis invidiosa locis. 
 Cf. Aen. 4, 655: 
 
 Urbem praeclaram statui; inea moenia vidi. 
 
 Ov. H. 7, 121: 
 
 Bella tument. hellis peregrina et femina temptor. 
 Cf. Aen. 4, 43: Quid bella Tyro surgentia dicam? 
 
 Ov. H. 7, 123: 
 
 Mille procis placui, qui me coiere querentes 
 Nescio quern thalamis praeposuisse snis. 
 
 Cf. Ep. 2, 81: 
 
 At mea despecti fugiunt conubia Thraces, 
 Quod ferar externum praeposuisse meis. 
 
 Aen. 4, 536: 
 
 Quos ego sim totiens iam dedignata maritos. 
 
 4, 212: 
 
 Femina, quae nostris errans in linibus urbem 
 Exiguam pretio posuit, cui litus arandum 
 Cuique loci leges dedimus, conubia nostra 
 Reppulit ac dominum Aenean in regna recepit. 
 
 4, 520: 
 
 Te propter Libycae gentes Nomadumque tyranni 
 Odere. 
 
 Ov. H. 7, 125: 
 
 Quid dubitas vinctam Oaetulo tradere larbae. 
 
 5* 
 
68 Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 
 
 Cf. Aen. 4, 326: — aut captam ducat Gaetulus larbas. 
 larbas is mentioned also in Aen. 4, 36: — despectus larbas 
 
 Ductoresque alii, 
 and Aen. 4, 196: 
 
 Protinus ad regem cursus detorquet larban. 
 The name occurs as larha- in Fast. 3, 552. 
 
 Ov. H. 7, 127: 
 
 Est etiam frater. cuius manus imina posftit 
 
 Reiperqi nontro, uparna cruore viri. 
 Cf. Aen 4, 325: — An mea Pygmalion dum moenia frater 
 
 Destruat. Cf. Aen. 1, 348 (quoted on vs. 113). 
 
 Ov. H. 7, 129: 
 
 Ponp. deos d qunp taiir/rndo ftacra jirofdiiftR: 
 
 Noil bene cnelr'fitL^- Impia dextra colif. 
 Cf. Aen. 2, 717: 
 
 Tu, genitor, cape sacra manu patriosque Penatis; 
 
 Me, bello e tanto digressum et caede recenti, 
 
 Attreetare nefas. 
 Aen. 4, 597 (quoted on vs. 79): 
 
 En dextra fidesque etc. 
 Aeneas is called 'impiuf: by Dido, Aen. 4, 496. 
 
 Or. H. 7, 131: 
 
 Si tu cvltor eniK elapsis ifpip fiiiunts. 
 
 Paenitet elapsos ignihis esse deos. 
 For the general sense that the gods do not like to be 
 worshiped by the wicked, cf. Ep. 20, 181: 
 
 Non hove mactato caelestia numina gaudent, 
 
 Sed, quae praestanda est et sine teste, fides. 
 Hor. 0. 3, 23, 17: 
 
 Immunis aram si tetigit manus, 
 
 Non sumptuosa blandior hostia 
 
 Mollivit aversos Penatis 
 
 Farre pio et saliente mica. 
 
Sourcus of Ovid's Heroides. 69 
 
 Tib. 4, 1, 14: 
 
 Parvaque caelestis placavit mica, nee illis 
 Semper inaurato taurus cadit hostia cornu. 
 
 Oat. 30, 4: 
 
 Nee facta inpia fallacum hominura caelicolis placent. 
 
 Ov. H. 7, 133: 
 
 Forsitaii et gravidam Dicl,on, scelerate, relinquas, 
 Parsqiip txi lateat corpore clausa meo. 
 
 Cf. Ep. 6, 61. 
 
 Ap. Rh. 1, 896: 
 
 fiiVoofO fjii^v aneojv rtq ojueoc xal vodtifiiOC ij6i] 
 '^YxpmvXric' line d' ri^iiv sttoc, xn 'mv f%avv(lai\x>, 
 UQOipQoov, TjV aqa 6 ' [t,s S-eol doooodi, tsxsdd-at, 
 
 Ovid here changes Virgil. Cf. Aen. 4, 327: 
 Saltern si qua mihi de te suscepta fuisset 
 Ante fugara suboles, si quis mihi parvulus aula 
 Luderet Aeneas, qui te tamen ore referret, 
 Non equidem omnino capta ac deserta viderer. 
 
 Ov. H. 7, 139: Sed iubet ire deits. 
 
 Cf. Aen. 4, 345 (Aeneas speaks): 
 
 Sed nunc Italiam magnam Gryneus Apollo, 
 Italiam Lyciae iussere capessere sortes. 
 
 Cf. vs. 376 (Dido speaks): — Nunc augur Apollo, 
 Nunc Lyciae sortes, nunc et Jove missus ab ipso 
 Interpres divom fert horrida iussa per auras. 
 
 Ov. H- 7, 139 (2"'' part): — Velleni, vetuisset adire, 
 Punica nee Teucris pressa fuisset humus. 
 
 Cf. Aen. 4, 657: 
 
 Felix, heu nimium felix, si litora tantum 
 Numquam Dardaniae tetigissent nostra carinae! 
 
 Cf. Cat. 64, 171: 
 
 Juppiter omnipotens, utinam ne tempore prime 
 Gnosia Cecropiae tetigissent litora puppes, etc. 
 
 Cf Eur. Med. 1 ff. 
 
70 Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 
 
 Ov. H. 7, 141: 
 
 Hoc duce nempe deo ventis agitaris iniquis. 
 
 Cf. Aen. 5, 17 : Magnanime Aenea, non, si mihi Jupiter auotor 
 Spondeat, hoc sperem Italiam conttagere caelo, 
 Mutati transversa fremunt et respere ab atro 
 Consurgunt venti, atque in nubem cogitur aer. 
 
 Ov. H. 7, 143: 
 
 Pergama vix tanto tihi erant repetenila. labure, 
 Hectare si vivo quanta fuere, forent! 
 
 Cf. Aen. 4. 311: 
 
 — Quid si non arva aliena domosque 
 Ignotas peteres, et Troia antiqua maneret, 
 Troia per uudosum peteretur classibus aequorV 
 
 Ov. H. 7, 14.5: 
 
 Non patrium Simoenta petis:, .sed Tliyhridaf undan. 
 Cf. Aen. 3, 500: 
 
 Si quando Thybrim vicinaque Thybridis arva 
 
 Intraro. 
 
 Ov. H. 7, WO: Accipe. et ndvectas Pygmalioni.s' opes. 
 Cf. Aen. 1, 363: — - portantur avari 
 
 Pygmalionis opes pelago. 
 Cf. Fast. 3, 474: Pygmalionis opes. 
 
 Ov. H. 7, 13,^: 
 
 Hancque loco regis sceptraque sacra tene. 
 Cf. Aen. 4, 374: 
 
 Excepi et regni demens in parte locavi. 
 
 Ov. H. 7, 153: — Si quaerit lid us, 
 
 Unde .<iuo partits marte triumplms eat, 
 
 Quern superet, nequid desit, praehebi?ni(.<i hostetn. 
 
 This is an answer to the argument used in Virgil that 
 Aeneas should proceed to Italy for Ascanius' sake. 
 
 Aen. 4, 234: 
 
 Ascanione pater Romanas invidet arcesV 
 
 Cf. vs. 354 Cjust below). 
 
Soiirees of Ovid's Heroides. 71 
 
 Or. H. 7, 161: 
 
 Ascaniusque suos feliciter invpleat annos, 
 Et senis AnchiKae molliter ossa ciihent. 
 This seems to have reference to Virgil, 
 
 Aen. 4. 351 : 
 
 Me patris Anchisae, quotiens humentibus umhris 
 Nox operit terras, quotiens astra ignea surgunt, 
 Admonet in somnis et turbida terret imago; 
 Me puer Ascanius capitisque iniuria cari 
 Quem regno Hesperiae fraudo et fatalibns arvis. 
 
 For the expression, molliter ossa cuhent, cf. the epitaph 
 which Ovid writes for himself Trist. 3, 3, 73: 
 
 Hie ego qui iaceo tenerorum lusor amorum 
 
 Ingenio peril Naso poeta meo 
 At tibi qui transis ne sit grave quisquis amasti 
 Dicere Nasonis, Molliter ossa cuhent. 
 
 Cf. Am. 3, 9, 67: 
 
 Ossa quieta, precor, tuta requiescite in urna, 
 Et sit humus clneri non onerosa tuo! 
 
 (Cf. Am. 1, 8, 108.) 
 
 Virg. Eel. 10, 33: 
 
 mihi turn quam molliter ossa quiescant. (Zingerle.) 
 
 Tib. 2, 4, 49: 
 
 Et 'bene' discedens dicet 'placideque quiescas, 
 Terraque securae sit super ossa levis'. 
 
 2, 6; 29: Parce, per inmatura tuae precor ossa sororis: 
 Sic bene sub tenera parva quiescat humo. 
 
 Prop. 1, 17, 22: 
 
 Molliter et tenera poneret ossa rosa. 
 
 vs. 24: Ut mihi non uUo pondere terra foret. 
 
 Eur. Alcest. 463: Kov<pa dot 
 
 Xd-m> sndvmd-s nidoi, yvvai. 
 
 (Cf. Eur. Helen. 853.) 
 
 Ov. H. 7, 163: Parce, precor, donmi 
 Cf. Aen. 4, 318: Miserere domus labentis. 
 
72 Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 
 
 Ov. H. 7, 164: 
 
 Quod crimen dicis praeter amasse meum? 
 Cf. the much-discussed and obscure line, Aen. 10, 188: 
 Crimen amor vestrum, formaeque insigne paternae. 
 Cf. Ep. 2, 27: 
 
 Die mihi quid feci, nisi non sapienter amaviV 
 
 Crimine te potui demeruisse meo. 
 Unum in me scelus est, quod te, scelerate, recepl, 
 Sed scelus hoc meriti pondus et instar babet. 
 
 Ov. H. 7, 165: 
 
 Non ego swn, Phthin. magnisque oriimdu Mycenis, 
 Nee steterunt in te virque pater que mens. 
 
 Cf. Aen. 4, 425: 
 
 Non ego cum Danais Troianam excindere gentem 
 Aulide iuravi, classemve ad Pergama misi, 
 
 Nee fratris Anchisae Cinerem Manisve revelli — 
 The thought recurs in Ep. 19, 147: 
 
 Nobilis ille quidem est et clarus origine, sed non 
 
 A tibi suspecto dnxit Ulixe genus. 
 
 Ov. H. 7, 167: 
 
 Si pudet uxoris, non nupta, .sed hospita dicar 
 
 Dum tua .fit Dido, quodlibet esse feret. 
 Cf. for hospita Virg. Aen. 4, 323: 
 
 — cui me moribundam deseris, hospes? 
 
 Hie solum nomen quoniam de coniuge restat. 
 For sense, cf. Ep. 12, 110: 
 
 Munus in exilio quodlibet esse tuli. 
 Cf. Ep. 8, 69 (and note): 
 
 Victorera captiva sequar, non nupta maritum. 
 
 Ov. H. 7, 175: 
 
 Et socii requiem poscunt, laniataque classis 
 Postidat eociguas semirefecta moras. 
 
Sonrcea of Ovid's Heroides. 73 
 
 Cf. Ep. 2, 45: 
 
 At laceras etiam puppes fnriosa refeei, 
 Ut, qua desererer, firma carina foret. 
 
 Ov. H. 7, 177: 
 
 Pro meritis: et ai.qita tihl debehimuK iiltrd. 
 
 Pro spe coniiigii — 
 Cf. Aen. 4, 316: 
 
 Per conubia nostra, per inceptos hymenaeos, 
 
 Si bene quid de te merui, f'uit aut tibi quicquam 
 
 Dulce meum — 
 In Fast. 3, 623: Aeneas confesses to Anna: 
 
 — Nil non debemus Elissae. 
 Cf. Rem. Am. 273—280. 
 
 Ov. H. 7, 178: — tenipora parva peto: 
 
 Dvm freta niitescunt et amor, duni jonpurr. et iisii,. 
 Fortiter edisco tristia posse pati. 
 
 Cf. Aen. 4, 431: 
 
 Non iam coniuginm antiquum, quod prodidit, oro, 
 Nee pulchro ut Latio careat regnumque relinquat; 
 Tempus inane peto, requiem spatiumque furori, 
 Dum mea me victam doceat fortuna dolere. 
 
 Ov. H. 7, 181: 
 
 Si minus, est anitims nobis effimdere ritani. 
 For threats of suicide cf Ep. 2, 143; 3, 143. 
 
 Ov. H. 7, 184: 
 
 Scrihimus, et gremio Troicus ensis adest. 
 Cf. Ep. 11, 3: 
 
 Dextra tenet calanmm, strietum tenet altera ferrum, 
 
 Et iacet in gremio charta soluta meo. 
 Aen. 4, 495: 
 
 — et anna viri, thalamo quae fixa reliquit 
 Impius. 
 
 vs. 507: — Super exuvias ensemque relictum. 
 
74 Sources of Ovid's Herpides. 
 
 VS. 646: Conscendit. furibunda rogos, ensemque recludit 
 Dardanium, non hos quaesitum munus in usus. 
 
 Ov. H. 7, 185: 
 
 Perque genas lacrimue utrictioii lahmtiir in ciikoii. 
 cf. Aen. 4, 449: — lacrimae volvuntur inanes. 
 
 Ov. H. 7, 186: 
 
 Qui iam pro lucrimis si.inijninr tmcl.H:^ erit. 
 Cf. Aen. 4, 664: 
 
 Conlapsam aspiciunt comites, ensemque cruore 
 
 Spumantem. 
 
 Ov. H. 7, 191: Anna savor, soror Anim. 
 
 Cf. Aen. 4, 634: 
 
 Annam cara mihi nutrix hue siste sororem. 
 
 Anna is mentioned also in Fast. 3, 559, 605, 607, 613 and 
 654. Slie finally becomes the goddess Anna Perenua, the bride 
 of the calm river Numicius. 
 
 Ov. H. 7, 194: 
 
 Hoc tamen in tuimdi niurmon'- ncniKn arit: 
 'Praebuit Aeneas et aivsam mortis et i-iisi-iii, 
 Ipsa sua Dido concidit iisa iiumu'. 
 
 These two lines recur in Fast. 3, 549. 
 
 Once more we compai-e Ep. 2. 
 
 vs. 145: Inscribere meo causa invidiosa sepulchre 
 Aut hoc, aut simili carmine notus eris. 
 'Phyllida Demophoon leto dedit, hospes amantein: 
 Ille necis causam praebuit, ipsa manuni'. 
 
 Theoc. Id. 23, 46: 
 
 YQaipov xal -rods yQccfji,fj,a- 
 
 »Tovrov SQOJC sxten'fr. oSoinoqf, /Jkij naqo6fV(Ji]c, 
 
 aXXa ffTcig rods Xs'iov dnrjvsa sl%sv i-TcuQOv.' 
 
 Epitaphs were common in this kind of litei-atnre. Cf. \ irg. 
 Eel. 5, 40: 
 
 Spargite humum loliis, inducite fontibus umbras, 
 
 Pastores: mandat fieri sibi talia Daphnis; 
 
 Et tumulum facite, et tumulo superaddite carmen. 
 
Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 75 
 
 Meziriac 2, 237 Closes his remarks on this epistle by quoting 
 Ausonius, 
 
 Infelix Dido, nulli bene nupta marito, 
 Hoc pereunte fugis, hoc fugiente peris. 
 
 Summary to Ep. 7.. 
 
 We find that Ovid used Virgil in this letter very much as 
 he used Homer in those which we have already examined. The 
 only difference is that he knew his Virgil better than he knew 
 his Homer, or at least better than he knew his Odyssey, for 
 we do not find any mistakes in this letter. He still takes the 
 liberty, however, of making a few changes and additions, though 
 he usually follows the statements of Virgil pretty closely. (For 
 correspondences, see notes on vss. 5 faniam, 7 certus es ire, 
 10 Itala regna sequi, 11 crescentia-moenia, 13 facta fugis, 
 23 uror , 26 Aenean animo, 37 te lapis et monies, 41 obstat 
 hiemps, 65 Finge te rapido, 69 umbra, 80 presserunt umeros, 
 89 fluctibus eiectum, 93 Ilia dies, 95 Nymvhas, 99 sacratus 
 in aede SgchaeiiK, 113 occidit internas coniunx, 115 Exmd 
 agor, 118 litus cmo, 119 Urbem conditui, 121 hella tiimad, 
 123 mills procis placui , 125 larhas, 139 iuhet ire deus, 143 Per- 
 gama vix tanto, 150 Pygtnalionis opes, 163 Paver, precor, domui, 
 165 Non ego sum Phthia, 111 Pro meritis, 178 tempora parna 
 peto, 184 Troicus ensis, 191 Anna soror. 
 
 For some slight changes see vss. 88 Idemps instead of 
 aestas, 93 ilia dies instead of ille, 133 gravidam Didon, 153 si 
 qiiaerit lulus (answer to Virg.), 162 Anchises (ans. to Virg).) 
 
 In representing the feelings and character of Dido, however, 
 his difference from Virgil is noticeable. In Virgil, Dido is now 
 burning with vengeance for her treacherous lover and the only 
 consolation she finds in the hour of death is in the utterance 
 of dire imprecations upon his head and race. In Ovid, on the 
 contrary, she still loves him, though he deserves it not. She 
 would not regret the breaking of her vow to the shade of 
 Sychaeus, if Aeneas only remained true. She still hopes that 
 
76 Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 
 
 he may meet with no harm. (See note on vs. 61.) As in the 
 other letters, there are a few verses suggestive of other poets. 
 (Cf. vs. 32 : — castris militet ille tuis 
 vs. 8: Atque idem venti vela fidemque ferent?) 
 
 Epistle 10 (Ariadne). 
 
 It seems to have been Ovid's plan to select the most famous 
 works on the several subjects, as his authority for the main 
 facts assumed in these letters. It was a part of his plan to 
 choose characters more or less known in literature, so that he 
 might presuppose among his leaders a certain acquaintance with 
 them. On this principle we may, without investigation, regard 
 it as probable that he chose the most famous poem on Ariadne 
 as his source for this letter. What was then the most famous 
 poem on Ariadne at the time of Ovid? We have no direct evi- 
 dence from Ovid on this point, as we had in the preceding 
 letters. It was, though, very probably the sixty-fourth poem of 
 Catullus. 
 
 Cf Lygdamus, [Tib. 3, J 6, 39: 
 
 Gnosia, Theseae quondam periuria linguae 
 
 Flevisti ignoto sola relicta niari: 
 Sic cecinit pro te doctus, Minoi, Catullus, 
 Ingrati referens inpia facta viri. 
 In Am. 3, 9. 61 Ovid speaks of Catullus as coming for- 
 ward to meet Tibullus in Elysium, 
 
 Obvius huic venias, hedera iuxenalia cinctus 
 Tempora, cum Calvo, docte CatuUe, tuo. 
 He speaks again of Catullus, Trist. 2, 427: 
 
 Sic tuo lascivo cantata est saepe Catullo etc. 
 There is moreover in Ovid some interesting indirect evi- 
 dence that he used Catullus here. Compare, for instances, 
 Cat. 64, 143: 
 
 Turn iam nulla vii-o iuranti femina credat. 
 With Ov. Fast. 3, 475 (about Ariadne): 
 
 Nunc quoque „nulla viro" clamabo „femina credat"! 
 
Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 77 
 
 This was probably intended by Ovid to recall Catullus; 
 perhaps also Trist. 3, 473: 
 
 Dicebam, memini, „periure et perfide Theseu," 
 bears the same relation to Cat. 64, 132: 
 
 Siccine me patriis avectam, perfide, ab aria, 
 Perfide, deserto liquisti in litore, Theseu? 
 (See Haupt, Opusc. 2, 67, quoted on p. 9.) 
 Another example in a different connection of such a use 
 of Catullus, has already been given (see p. 9). 
 Cf. Cat. 63, 42: 
 
 Multi ilium pueri, multae optavere puellae: 
 Idem cum tenui carptus defloruit ungui, 
 Nulli ilium pueri, nullae optavere puellae. 
 With Ov. Met. 3, 353: 
 
 Multi ilium iuvenes, multae cupiere puellae; 
 Sed fuit in tenera tarn dura superbia forma, 
 Nulli ilium iu\enes, nullae tetigere puellae. 
 Ovid treats the story of Ariadne in three places: here he 
 gives the Theseus part; in A. A. 1, 527 — 564, the Bacchus part; 
 and in Fast. 3, 459 — 516, y\'e have the transformation of Ariadne's 
 crown into a star. For an outline of the whole story, cf Met. 8, 
 172—182. 
 
 The story is very old and wide-spread. 
 Cf. Plut. Thes. c. 20: 
 
 noXkol ds Xoyoi, xal ttsqI tovtcov-"ti kfyovTcci xul tisqI T»g 
 Liquidvrjg, ovdsv ofioXoyovfisvov sxovtsq. 
 
 It is mentioned in Homer, Od. 11, 321: 
 
 (baidqrjv ts Uqoxqiv rs idov xaX^v t' 'AqkxSpijv, 
 
 xovqrjv Mivwoc oXootpQOVog, rjv nots Oijasv? 
 
 ix KQ'^tjc sg yovvov lld-ijvdoov Isqdoov 
 
 rjye [liv, ov6' dnovtiro' nd^og ds /mv "^Qts/Mg sxra 
 
 Aiij iv djjbcpiQVTij Jiovvdov fi'KQTvqirjaiv. — 
 
 Also in Hes. Theog. 947: 
 
 XQvaoxofitjg 6i zfniovvaog ^avd-rjv 'Aqiddvriv, 
 xovQ'^v Mivmog, d'uXeqiiv notrfiuT' dxoi,zn>. 
 TrjV 6i ol dd'dvuTOV xal dyriQw S-i^xs Kqovitav. 
 
78 Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 
 
 Cf. Hes. fr. 85 (Plut. Thes. c. 20) and fr. 86 (Athen. 13 
 p. 557). Plutarch mentions other writers on this subject (Jon, 
 Paeon). The story was frequently represented in works of art. (See 
 Ellis, Commentary on Catullus, p. 226). In Xen. Symp. c. 9, 
 a man and woman act in pantomime Bacchus and Ariadne. (Ellis.) 
 
 If we could determine the sources of Cat. 64, it might be 
 of importance here, for it is possible, of course, that Ovid con- 
 sulted the same sources. Much study and discussion has been 
 bestowed on this question by scholars but no satisfactory results 
 have been obtained. Riese, Rh. M. 21, 498 ff., attempted to 
 show that Catullus had simply translated a poem of Callimachus, 
 but there was not sufiicient evidence for this. For a refutation 
 of Riese, see especially Schulze, Jahrbb. 125, 208 if. 
 
 E. Maas, Hermes 24, 528 ff., makes some comparisons bet- 
 ween Nonnus (47, 390 ff.) and Catullus and comes to the con- 
 clusion that some unknown Greek poem was the common source 
 for the two. 
 
 For similarities and differences between Catullus in this poem 
 and the Alexandrians in general, see Ellis, Commentary, p. 228. 
 
 Examination of the poem: 
 Ov. H. 10, 1: 
 
 Mitivs inveni quam te genvs omne feraram. 
 Credita non ulli quam tibi perns eram. 
 For Ariadne's state of mind cf Cat. 64, 54: 
 Indomitos in corde gerens Ariadna furores. 
 
 Ov. H. 10, 3: litore cf. Cat. 64, 62 More Diae. See A. 
 A. 1, 528. 
 
 Ov. H. 10, 5: 
 
 In quo me sommisque meus male prodidit et hi. 
 Cf Cat. 64, 56: 
 
 Ut pote fallaci quae tum primum excita somno. 
 Hm. Od. 10, 68: 
 
 aacdv /It' iTuqoi ts xcxxol nqoc rotai t« vnvo? 
 
Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 79 
 
 Ov. H. 10, 8: — ft te.ctap. fronde queruntur aves. 
 Cf. Am. 3, 1, 4: 
 
 Et latere ex oinni dulce queruntur aves. 
 Cf. Ep. 18, 81; 15, 182; Fast. 4, 166. 
 Tib. 1, 3, 60: 
 
 Dulce sonant tenui gutture carmen aves. 
 Hor. Epod. 2, 26: Queruntur in silvis aves. 
 
 Or. H. 10, 15: 
 
 Protinus adductis sonuerimt pectora palmis, 
 
 Utqite erat e somno turbida, rapta coma eM. 
 Cf. Cat. 64, 63 ff. 
 Ov. A. A. 1, 535 (of Ariadne): 
 
 lamque iterum tundens mollissima pectora palmis. 
 Met. 5, 473 : — inornatos laniavit diva capillos, 
 
 Et repetita suis percussit pectora palmis. 
 Met. 10, 722: — pariterque sinum pariterque capillos 
 
 Rupit, et indignis percussit pectora palmis. 
 Virg. A en. 1, 481: — Et tunsae pectora palmis 
 
 (Zingerle 2, 79). 
 II. 19, 284 (Briseis, when she savy Patroclus dead): 
 
 — XbqgI 6' aiivaasv 
 
 (SxriQ-sd x' ^6' dnaXip^ dsiqrjV I6i xaXd nqofSoaita. 
 See Ep. 12, 153 and note. Such expressions vyere common 
 in the Glreek. tragedies. 
 
 Ov. H. 10, 18: 
 
 Quod videcmt oculi. nil nisi lihi.i habent. 
 Cf. vs. 20: alta harena. 
 Cf. Cat. 64, 57: 
 
 Desertam in sola miseram se cernat harena. 
 Cf. Trist. 3, 471: 
 
 En iterum, fluctus, similis audite querellas! 
 
 En iterum lacrimas accipe harena, meas! 
 vs. 479: Quid mihi desertis perituram. Liber, harenis, 
 
 Servabas'. 
 A. A. 1, 527: Gnosis in ignotis amens errabat harenis. 
 
80 Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 
 
 Ov. H. 10, 21: 
 
 Interea toto clamanti Utore 'Thescii!' 
 Cf. Cat. 64, 124: 
 
 Saepe illam perhibent ardenti corde furentem 
 
 Clarisonas imo fudisse e pectore voces. 
 (Ct. Cat. 64, 69.) A. A. 1, 531: 
 
 Thesea crudelem surdas clamabat ad undas. 
 
 Ov. H. 10, 25: 
 
 Mons fuit. apparent frutices in vertice rari : 
 Nunc scopulus raticis pendet adefiiif: aquis: 
 Ascendo. Vires animus dabat: atque it a late 
 Aequora prospectu metior alta meo. 
 
 Cf. Cat. 64, 126: 
 
 Ac turn praeruptos tristem consceudere montes, 
 Unde aciem in pelagi vastos protenderet aestus. 
 
 Ep. 2, 121: 
 
 Maesta tamen scopulos fruticosaque culmiua calco, 
 Quaeque patent oculis litore lata meis. 
 
 Ep. 5, 61: 
 
 Aspicit inmensum moles nativa profundum. 
 Mons fuit. Aequoreis ilia resistit aquis. 
 
 Ep. 18, 29: 
 
 Kupe sedens aliqua specto tua litora tristis. 
 
 Ep. 13, 17: 
 
 Dum potui spectare virum, spectare iuvabat: 
 Sumque tuos oculos usque secuta meis. 
 
 Ov. H. 29: See vs. 117 (Note). 
 
 Ov. H. 10, 30: 
 
 Vidi praedpiti carhasa tenia noto. 
 Cat. 64, 53: 
 
 Thesea cedentem celeri cum classe tuetur. 
 vs. 60: Quern procul ex alga maestis Minois ocellis 
 
 — prospicit. 
 
 Ov. H. 10, 31: 
 
 Autrid'unit tamqn a.m. ta'fh{j^iam quae me vidisseputarem. 
 
Sources of Ovid's Heroides. SI 
 
 ■ Cf. Cat. 64, 55: 
 
 Necdum etiam sese quae visit visere credit. 
 Loers compares Virg. Aen. 6, 451 (Aeneas sees the shade 
 of Dido): — quam Troius heros 
 
 Ut primum iiixta stetit adgnovitque per umbras 
 Obscuram, qualem primo qui surgere mense 
 Aut videt aut vidisse putat per nubila lunam. 
 and Ap. Rh. 4, 1478: 
 
 7/ idsv, TJ sdoxijaev InafXvovGav Idia&ai. 
 
 ' Or.. H. 10, 84: 
 
 Excitor et summa Thesea voce voco. 
 
 'Quo fugis'f exclamo 'scelerate revertere Tlieseu'. 
 Cf. Cat. 64, 132: 
 
 'Siccine me patriis avectam, perfide, ab aris, 
 
 Perfide, deserto liquisti in litore, Theseu?' 
 Trist. 3, 473: 
 
 Dicebam, memini, "periure et perfide Theseu!" 
 
 Ov. H. 10, 42: Scilicet ohlitos admonituru mei 
 Cf. Cat. 64, 58: 
 
 Inmemor at iuvenis fugiens pellit vada remis. 
 
 Ov. H. 10, 47: Aut ego diff'usis erravi sola capilUt<. 
 Cf. Cat. 64, 63: 
 
 Non fiavo retinens subtilem vertice mitram. 
 
 Ov. H. 10, 48: 
 
 Qualis ab Ogygio concita Baccha deo: 
 Aut mare prospiciens in saxo frigida sedi, 
 Quamque lapis sedes, tarn lapis ipsa fiu. 
 Cf. Cat. 64, 61: 
 
 Saxea ut effigies bacchantis, prospicit, eheu! 
 I cannot but see an intentional correction of Catullus 
 here by Orid in making two comparisons oat of one by 
 the separation of the Bacchante from the stone. 
 
82 Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 
 
 The Bacchante figure, however, is common enough. Cf.Ep.4, 47 : 
 Nunc feror, ut Bacchi furiis Eleleides actae. 
 
 Ep. 13, 33: 
 
 Ut quas pampinea tetigisse Bicorniger hasta 
 Creditor, hue illuc, qua fm-or egit, eo. 
 
 A. A. 1, 312: Fertm-, ut Aonio concita baccha dec. 
 
 Cf. Virg. Aen. 4, 300. 
 
 Ov. H. 10, SO: 
 
 Quamque lapis sedes, tain lapis ipsa fuL 
 
 Cf. Ennius fr. 66: — sed quasi ferrum aut lapis 
 durat, rarenter gemitum conatur trahens. 
 
 Virg. Aen. 6, 469: 
 
 Ilia solo fixos oculos aversa tenebat, 
 
 Nee magis incepto voltum sermone movetur, 
 
 Quam si .dura silex aut stet Marpesia cautes. 
 
 Ov. Met. 13, 539: 
 
 Et pariter voces lacrimasque introrsus obortas 
 Devorat ipse dolor, duj-oque simillima saxo 
 Torpet, et adversa figit mo do lumina terra. 
 
 Prop. 1, 16, 29: 
 
 Sit licet et saxo patientior ilia Sicano — 
 
 Eur. Med. 28: — • to? d's n^vQog rj O-aluaaiog 
 xXvdmv dxovsi vov&sTOVft,svrj (piXoov. 
 
 Cf. Ov. Am. 1, 7, 51, Met. % 419. (Some of these may 
 be found in Washietl, p. 151.) 
 
 Ov. H. 10, 53: Cf. Ep. 15, 149. 
 
 Ov. H. 10, 59: Quid faciam? quo sola ferar'^ 
 Cf. Eur. Med. 357: dvcxavs yvvai, 
 
 (psv <psv fhsXia %uiV Gmv d'/,smv, 
 
 not noTs nqsipsi; viva nqo^sviav, 
 
 r doftiov, ij x&ova (tiarTjqa xaxaw 
 
 i^BVQ'^ffsi.g ; 
 vs. 440: Gol 6' ovrs narqag dofiot, 
 
 SvGrave, ihsS-oqfiiaaad-ai 
 
 [lOX^MV ndqa. 
 
Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 83 
 
 Ov. H. 10, 60: 
 
 Non hominum video, non ego facta bourn. 
 Omne latus terrae cingit mare, navita nii.squam. 
 Nulla pel' amhignas puppis- itura cuw. 
 
 Cf. Cat. 64, 168: 
 
 Nee qnicquam apparet vacua mortalis in alga. 
 
 vs. 184: Praeterea nullo litus, sola insula, tecto, 
 Nee patet eg-ressus pelagi eingentibus undis: 
 Nulla fugae ratio, nulla spes.- omnia niuta. 
 Omnia sunt deserta, ostentant omnia letum. 
 
 Hm. Od. 10, 98: 
 
 svd-a f.df ovre jioutv, om' dvd^utv (puivero SQya. (Loers.) 
 
 Virg. Georg. 1, 118: — hominumque boumque labores. 
 
 Ap. Rh. 4, 1282: — >/e xtv' oft^^QOV 
 
 iionszov, oCti- (iou)V xatu (inqia exlvatv SQya. 
 
 Ov. H. 10, (J4: 
 
 Quid .^equar'^ Accessus terra paterna negat. 
 Cf. Cat. 64, 177: 
 
 Nam quo me referamV quali spe perdita nitor? 
 Ts. 180: An patiis auxilium sperem? quemne i])sa reliqui? 
 
 Ov. H. 10, do 
 
 Tit rate felici pacata per aequora lahar, 
 Teniperet ut ventos Aeolus, e.rul ero. 
 
 CL Eur. Med. 255: 
 
 iyu) d' sQ7ii.ii0c, anoXn; ova' vliq'iCo^,a(. 
 nqoq dvdqoc, ix yijc ^aq^ciqov AsXtjafisyi], 
 Or firjTsq' , ovx ddsX(p6v, ovxl aiiyycMj 
 jjisd-OQfiiaaffS-ai Ttjffd' g/ovaa dviMpoqag. 
 
 Ov. H. 10, (>?': — Crete centum digesta per urhes. 
 
 The hundred cities of Crete were often mentioned. Cf. II. 2, 
 
 649: Kq^tijv sxaTofinohv. (but Od. 19, 174: svvrixovra nolrisc.) 
 
 (Loers.) 
 
 Virg. Aen. 3, 104: 
 
 Creta Joris magni medio iacet insula ponto, 
 
 Mons Idaeus ubi et gentis cunabula nostrae. 
 
 Centum urbes habitant magnas, uben-ima regna. 
 
 6* 
 
84 Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 
 
 Hor. Epod. 9, 29: 
 
 Aut ille centum nobilem Cretam urbibus. 
 Eur. fr. 475, 3: KqrjTrig sxaTOfinrohs^QOV. 
 
 Ov. H. 10, 68: (Crete) — puero cognita terra Jovi. 
 
 I strongly suspect that Ovid had in mind the first hymn 
 of Callimaphus. 
 
 Cal. Hymn. 1, 4 (dg Jia): 
 
 Ttoog xai viv, JixraXov dsidofisv •^s Avxatov, 
 iv doi^ fidXa ^Vfwg, insl yivog diJi<p^QKSTOV. 
 Zev, ai jjisv ^Idaioiaiv iv ovqaal cpaai ysvsa-9-ai, 
 Zsi, Cf 6' iv yiQxccSitj' noTsqoi,, ndrsq, ixpsvdavco ; 
 "KgrjTsg del ipsvOtaH. Keel ydg rdipov, S) ava, deto 
 KgriTsg ixtxTrivavto' (Sv d' ov d-dvsg, iaal ydq alsl. 
 iv de as naqqaaiy ^Psiij rsxev — 
 
 vs. 33: — Nidji di as dmxs xofiiaaai 
 
 xsvd-fMV sau KqyTatov, iva xqvcpa natdsvoiiy xrX. 
 
 I find my suspicion supported by Ovid Am. 3, 10, 19: 
 Cretes emnt testes, nee fingunt omnia Cretes. 
 Crete, nutrito terra superba love. 
 
 Cf. sKq^Tsg del xpsvaraH, above. 
 
 Cf. A. A. ], 297: 
 
 Nota cano. non hoc, centum quae sustinet urbes, 
 Quamvis sit mendax, Creta negare potest. 
 
 Met. 8, 99: Jovis incunabula Creten. 
 
 (On Callimachus, as the source of certain parts of Ovid, 
 cf. Gustav Plaehn* p. 20flf.) 
 
 Ov. H. 10, 69: 
 
 At pater ei tellus iusto regnata parenti 
 Prodita sunt facto, nomina cara, meo. 
 
 * De Nicandro aliisque poetis Graecis ab Ovidio in Metamorphosibus 
 conscribendis adhibitis. 
 
Soui'ces of Ovid's Heroldes. 85 
 
 Cf. Eur. Med. 31 : 
 
 avT'^ TTQog avT^v naxiq' dnoofjtid^ii (piXov 
 xal yatav oixovc S-' oik Ttqodova' dtpixsTO 
 [ifT' ccvdqoc og dtps vvv aTifrnffac f'x**' 
 f-yvioxs 6' ri raXaiva avfiiifoqag viro 
 oiov Tiarqmag [j,tj dnoXeinsdd-ai, %d-ov6g. 
 
 vs. 1032: narqog rs xal /^c nqodotiv ^ a' i&qiiparo. 
 
 vs. 483; avT^ dti naxiqa xal Sofiotig nqodova' ifjoitg. 
 
 vs. 502: vvp not rqajtoofitti; norsqa nqog natqog dofiovg, 
 ovg dol Ttqodovda xal nctTqav dipixofXifiv. 
 
 vs. 798: — ovTs [loi naxqlg 
 
 ovT olxog sdriv om' dnoffrqo^ij xaxutv, 
 
 Cf. Cat. 64, 116: 
 
 Sed quid ego a primo digressus carmine plura 
 Commemorem , ut linquens genitoris filia vultum etc. 
 
 Cf. Met. 8, 113: — Nam quo deserta revertar? 
 
 In patriam? superata iacet. Sed finge manere: 
 Proditione mea clausa est mihi. patris ad ora? etc. 
 
 This is about Scylla. There is great similarity in the 
 complaints of these women who have deserted father and home 
 and are now deserted in turn. 
 
 Oc. H. 10. 72: 
 
 Quae regerent passus. pro duce fila dedi. 
 Cf. vss. 103—4. Ep. 4, 59: 
 
 Perfidus Aegides, ducentia fila sequutus, 
 
 Curva meae fugit tecta sororis ope. 
 Fast. 3, 462: 
 
 Quae dedit ingrato fila legenda viro. 
 This was the common version of the story. See Plut. Thes. c. 19. 
 Catullus does not say who gave Theseus the thread. 
 Cat. 64, 113: 
 
 Errabunda regens tenni vestigia filo — , 
 but Virgil says it was Daedalus. Aen. 6, 28: 
 
 Magnum reginae sed enim miseratus amorem 
 
 Daedalus, ipse dolos tecti ambagesque resolvit, 
 
 Caeca regens filo vestigia. (Loers.) 
 
86 Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 
 
 Ov. H. 10, 73: 
 
 Cum mihi dicehcw 'per ego ipm pericula niro. 
 Te fore, dum nostrum cird iiirrque, meam' . 
 
 Cf. Cat. 64, 139: 
 
 At non haec quondam nobis promissa dedisti 
 Voce; mihi non iiaec miserae sperare iubebas, 
 Sed conubia laeta, sed optatos hymenaeos, 
 Quae cuncta aerii discerpunt irrita ^'enti. 
 
 Ov. H. 10. 7r>: Cf. Ep. 5, .31. 
 
 Of. //. 10. 77: 
 
 Me (juoqiie qua fratrem, iiiactwis-cs, iinprobe, clava, 
 Cf. Cat. 64, 150: — et potius germanum amittere crevi. 
 and vs. 181: Eespersum iuvenem fraterna caede secuta. 
 
 Ov. H. 10, 90: Neve traham .srrua. grandia pensa manu. 
 Shnckburgh compares Eur. Bac. .514: 
 — s(f' larotc 6f4,ooi6ag xmrrjOOfijai.. 
 
 Or. H. 10, .%■.■ 
 
 Destituor rapidis praedri cihusqvc ferls. 
 Cf. Cat. 64, 152: 
 
 Pro quo dilacerainda feris dabor alitibusque 
 
 Praeda. 
 
 Or. H. 10, 99: 
 
 Viveret Androgeos utinam, nee facta lui^i.^cs- 
 Impia funeribus, Cecropi terra, tnk: etc. 
 
 For Androgeos, cf. Met. 7, 458: 
 
 Androgeique necem iustis ulciscitur annis. 
 
 Cat. 64, 77: 
 
 Androgeoneae poenas exsolvere caedis. 
 
 With fanerihis, cf. Cat. 64, 81: 
 
 Ipse suom Theseus pro caris corpus Athenis 
 Proicere optavit potius qnam talia Cretara 
 Funera Cecropiae nee finwra portarentur. 
 
Sources of Ovid's Heroides. §7 
 
 For general sense, cf. Cat. 64, 171: 
 
 Juppiter omnipotens, utinam ne tempore primo 
 Gnosia Gecropiae tetigissent litora puppes, 
 Indomito nee dira ferens stipendia tauro, 
 Perfi^us in Oreta religasset navita funem, 
 Neo mains hie celans dulci crudelia forma 
 Consilia in nostris requiesset sedibus hospes. 
 
 Cf. Eur. Med. 1 : Eid-' wcpsX' ^qyovg (i^ diamdaS-ai dxdipog xrl. 
 
 Or. H. 10, 107: 
 
 Non poteraiit jigi praecordla ferrea cornu: 
 
 Ut te non tegeres, pectore tutus eras. 
 Illic tu silices, illic adamanta tulisti 
 lUlc qui silices, Tliesea, vincat, liahes. 
 Cf. Ep. 1, 58; 3, .S3; 7, 37, and notes! 
 
 Or. H. 10. Ill: 
 
 Crudeles somni. ([uid me tenwisti^: inertem? 
 Cf. Cat. 64, b6: 
 
 Ut pote fallaci quae turn primum excita sompno. 
 
 Ov. H. 10, llo: Crudelis. Cf. Cat. 64, 136. 
 
 Ov. H. 10, 117 
 
 In me iurarunt souinui! ventiisque fidesque. 
 
 Here is a slight discrepancy between Ovid and Catullus. 
 Ovid makes him .va// away, while according to Catullus, he 
 rowed. Cat. 64, oH: 
 
 Inmemor at iuvenis fugiens pellit radu rernis„ 
 Inrita ventosae linquens promissa procellae. 
 
 Cf. vs. 183: remos. 
 
 For somnus cf. also Cat. 64, 142: 
 
 — ant ut eam devinctam lumina somno 
 Liquerit inmemori discedens pectore coniunx. 
 
 The fides is implied in imnetnor. 
 
 Ov. H. 10, 123: 
 
 Ossa superstahmt volvcres inlrmnata marinae? 
 
88 Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 
 
 Of. Prop. 4, 6, 11: 
 
 Sed tua nunc volucres astant super ossa marinae. 
 
 Cat. 64, 153: — neque iniacta tumulabor mortna terra. 
 
 Ov. A. A. 3, 35: 
 
 Quantum in te, Theseu, volucres Ariaina marinas 
 Pavit, in ignoto sola relicta loco. (Birt.) 
 
 Ov. H. 10, 125: Ibis Cecropios partus — 
 Cat. 64, 74: Egressus curvis e litoribus Piraei. 
 
 Ov. H. 10, 131: 
 
 Nee pater est Aegeus, nee tu Pittheidos Aethrae 
 Pilius, auetores saxa fretumque tui. 
 
 Cf. Cat. 64, 154: 
 
 Quaenam te genuit sola sub rupe leaena, 
 
 Quod mare conceptum spumantibus expuit undis, 
 
 Quae Syrtis, quae Scylla rapax, quae vasta Charybdis — 
 
 For further illustration of this passage, see the notes on 
 Ep. 7, 37. 
 
 Ov. H. 10, 137: Aspice demissos Jugentis more eapillos. 
 
 Cf. Cat. 64, 63 (already quoted): 
 
 Non flavo retinens subtUem vertice mitram. 
 
 Ov. Am. 3, 9, 51: 
 
 Hinc soror in partem misera cum matre doloris 
 Venit inornatas dilaniata comas. (Loers.) 
 
 A. A. 1, 530 (of Ariadne): — croceas inreligata comas. 
 
 Tib. 1, 3, 8: Et fleat eifusis ante sepulchra comis. 
 
 Ov. H. 10, 139: 
 
 Corpus lit inpulsae segetes aqmlonibus horret. 
 Cf. A. A. 1, 553 (of Ariadne): 
 
 Horruit, ut sterilis agitat quas ventus aristas 
 
 Ut levis in madida canna palude tremit. 
 Ep. 14, 39: Ut leni zephyro graciles vibrantnr aristae, 
 
 Frigida populeas ut quatit aura comas. 
 Met. 4, 135: exhorruit aequoris instar. 
 
 Quod tremit, exigua cum snmmum stringitur aura. 
 
Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 89 
 
 Ep. 11, 75: 
 
 Ut mare lit tremulum, tenui cum stringitur aui-a, 
 Ut qnatitur tepido fraxina virga noto. 
 
 Am. 1, 7, 54: 
 
 Ut cum populeas ventilat aura comas: 
 Ut leni zephyro gracilis vibratur arundo, 
 Summave cum tepido stringitur unda noto. 
 
 Washietl p. 25 maintains that these all come from Homer ^ 
 II. 7, 63: 
 
 o'iri (J« L,£(pvqoio hfeiaxo novxov sni cpQl'i 
 OQW/jisvoio vsov , fiskdvsi ds rs novtog in am^g — 
 
 and II. 2, 144: 
 
 xivi^d-fj 6' ayoqij (fij xvjJ'Kra (jbaxqa &aXdffGi}g, 
 Ttoftov 'Ixaqioio, rd fj^^p x' si'Qog rs vorog ts 
 u)Qoq' STtdi^ag Tcarqag Jiog ix vsfpshimv. 
 tag 6' ore xvv^Grj ^scpvqog ^a&v X^iov sX&wv, 
 Xci^qog snaiyii^mv, irci t' ruivsi daraxveaaiv, 
 c3? rmp ndd' dyoQ'^ xtvrj^i^. 
 
 We hare the comparison of the sea again at II. 4, 422. 
 
 Ov. H. 10, 141: Cf Ep. 7, 177. 
 
 Ov. H. 10, 143: — Si non ego causa salutis — 
 Zingerle, 2, 37, compares Lucr. 3, 324: 
 
 Gustos et causa salutis — Cf. Lucr. 3, 348. 
 But no gTeat weight is to be laid on such resemblances. 
 
 Ov. H. 10, 145: 
 
 Has tibi j)langendo lugubria peetora lassos 
 Infelix tendo trans freta longa maims. 
 
 Just as in the Dido, so in the Ariadne, Ovid avoids all 
 outbursts of vengeance. 
 
 Compare the spirit here with Cat. 64, 188: 
 
 Non tamen ante mihi languescent lumina morte, 
 Nee prius a fesso secedent corpore sensus, 
 Quam iustam a divis exposeam prodita mulctam, 
 Caelestumque fidem postrema comprecer hora etc. 
 
90 Som-ces of Ovid's Heroicles. 
 
 Ov. H. 10, 47: maesta. 
 
 Cf. Cat. 64, 60: maesfis Minois ocellis. 
 
 64, 130: 
 
 Atque haec exti-emis imiestam dixisse querellis. 
 
 Ov, H. 10, MB: Si prliis occidero, in. tamm ossa feres. 
 
 Cf. Tib. 1, 3, 5: 
 
 Abstineas, Jlors atra, precor: non hie mihi mater 
 Quae legat in maestos ossa perusta sinus, 
 Kon soror, Assyrios cineri quae dedat odores, 
 Et fleat effusis ante sepulchra coinis. 
 
 Cf. Lygd. [Tib. 3] 2, 17: 
 
 Pars quae sola mei supeiabit corporis, ossa 
 Incinctae nigra Candida veste legent etc. (Loers.) 
 
 Sumiiiarv to Ep. 10. 
 
 The corresponding passages are not so numerous, perliaps, 
 ,as might have been expected. The closest correspondence is in 
 the following verses: 2b mons fuit, 30 vidi praecipiti carbasa, 
 31 aut vidi aut, 35 scelerate, revertere Theseu, 64 Quid sequar, 
 96 praeda cibusque feris, 131 saxa fretumque. Even where the 
 facts agree, Ovid's expression is usually independent. For 
 differences, see vss. 48 Baccha, 72 lila dedi, 117 ventus. Many 
 of Ovid's verses have nothing corresponding to them in Catullus. 
 
 This may be accounted for, at least in part, by the nature 
 ^f the subject mattei-. There are comparativelj' ic^v events; 
 most of the poem is taken up with a description of Ariadne's 
 feelings, and in this part of the work we ha,\f already found 
 that Ovid is more likely to be independent. 
 
 We have already noticed (vs. 146) the absence of the spirit 
 of vengeance, just as in the Dido. Ovid's Heroines are of a 
 forgiving sort; they are always ready to take the offender back. 
 If he will not come, they pray for their own death rather than his. 
 
 As suggestive of other poets the follovring may be men- 
 tioned: 8 quernntur aves (Tib. and Hor.), 59 quid faciam (Eur.), 
 60 facta bourn (Hm.), 68 crete (CaUim.)^ 69 pater et tellus (Eur.), 
 123 volucres marinae (Prop.), 139 inpulsae segetes (Hm.). 
 
Sources of Os-id's Heroides. 9 J 
 
 Epistle 12 (Medea).* 
 
 And now we come to what is in some respects the most 
 interesting of all the letters. Here we are brought at once into 
 the field of tragedy and it will be necessary to notice Ovid's 
 studies in this department. It is interesting to note in this 
 connection that his only ti'agedy was on this \ery subject. This 
 tragedy met with considerables success. Vi. Tac. Dial. e. 12: 
 Nee ullus Asinii aut Messallae liber tam inlustris est quam 
 Medea Ovidii aut Varii Thyestes. Also Quintil. 10, 1, 98: lam 
 Varii Thyestes cuilibet Graecarum comparari potest. Ovidii 
 Medea -sidetur mihi ostendere, quantum ille vir praestare potuerat, 
 si ingenio suo iraperare quam indulgere maluisset. 
 
 Ovid speaks more than once of his ambition in this line. 
 Cf. Am. 2, 18, 13: 
 
 Sceptra tamen sumpsi, curaque tragoedia nostra 
 
 Crerit. et luiic operi quamlibet aptus eram. 
 Kisit Amor pallamque meam pictosque cothurnos 
 
 Sceptraque privata tam cito sumpta manu. 
 Hinc quoqne me domiuae uumen deduxit iniquae: 
 Deque cothurnato vate triumphat Amor etc. 
 In Am. 3, 1: Elegeia and Tragoedia appear before Ovid 
 as he walks in an old forest and each claims him as her own. 
 The poem ends: 
 
 vs. 07: 'Exiguuin ^ati concede, Tragoedia, tempus. 
 Tu labor aeternus. quod petit ilia, breve est.' 
 Mota dedit veniam, teneri jjroperentur amores, 
 Dum vacat. a tergo grandius urguet opus. 
 Cf Trist. 2, .SIT: 
 
 Cur non Argolicis potius quae concidit armis 
 
 Vexata est iterum carmine Troia meo? 
 Ciir tacui Thebas et vulnera mutua fratrum, 
 Et septem portas, sul) duce quamque suo? 
 
 * The 12^ epistle is briefly treated by Tolkiehn, pp. 79—82. It is 
 also in Zcillner, Analecta Ovidiana, bnt this I have been nnable to obtain. 
 
92 Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 
 
 VS. 331: 
 
 Forsan — et hoc dnbitem — numeris levioribus aptus 
 
 Sim satis, in parvos sufficiamque modos: 
 At si me iubeas domitos lovis igne Gigantes 
 Dicere, conantem debilitabit onus. 
 (Part of this, however, refers rather to epic than to tragic 
 poetiy.) 
 
 In enumerating his works Ovid mentions the tragedy, 
 Trist. 2, 553: 
 
 Et dedimus tragicia scriptum regale cothurnis, 
 Quacque gravis debet verba cothurnus habet. 
 Of the Greek tragedians he mentions only Sophocles. 
 Am. 1, 15, 15: 
 
 Nulla Sophocleo veniet iactura cothurno. 
 Still there can be no doubt that he was acquainted with 
 the others, especially Euripides.* 
 
 Ehwald, Jahresbericht iiber Ovid (1886—1893) p. 27 says 
 that Ovid's own tragedy was the chief source for this epistle. 
 Cf. Tolkiehn, p. 107. The statement that the tragedy was com- 
 pleted before the Heroides, goes back to Masson (see Heuwes 
 p. 43). We have seen above that Ovid was already busying 
 himself with tragedy. There is, however, as far as I know, 
 no proof that the work was already finished. 
 
 Again we have to deal with a very old and oft-treated 
 subject. Cf. Hm. Od. 12, 70: ^qyto naat. {nsXavGa** 
 
 By way of illustration, I give the names of a few of those 
 who have written on this subject. 
 
 Hesiod, Theog. 992 ff. has a short account. The NmmdxTm 
 snTj were partly on this subject. Apollonius lihodius 1, 18, says 
 that other bards had written on the building of the Argo. 
 On Epimenides see Diog. Laert. 1, 10, 5: inolriae 6s l4qrovg 
 vavnijyiav te xal 'Id<fovog sic KcXy^ovc dnonXovv, snij s'Saxidxi^icc 
 
 * For the use which Ovid made of the tragedies in writing the Meta- 
 morphoses, see Plaehn, p. 6 ff. 
 
 ** Strabo 1, 38 ff. discusses Homer's knowledge of the Argonautie 
 expedition. 
 
Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 93 
 
 nsvTttxodia. There was an Argonautica also by Cleon, said to be 
 the source of ApoUonius (cf. Susemihl, Gesch. Gr. Litt. 1, 383; 
 schol. Ap. Rh. 1, 587). The subject was treated by Antimachus 
 in the Lyde (see Rohde Gr. Rom. p. 104). 
 
 Aeschylus fr. 20 (Nauck): 
 
 nov d' sdTiy yiqyovc hqar, avdadov, 'ivXov; 
 
 Schol. Ap. Rh. 1, 769: — - 'HQodtoQog iGTOQtt iv rotgylqyo- 
 vavTixotc. Aldxi'Xoc 6s iv 'i'ltjinidij vnX. 
 
 Mimnermus, fr. 11 (Anthol. Lyr. Berg'k): 
 
 ovds xot' elf [Xisya xutac dv'^yayev uvrog 'I'^dwv ktX. 
 
 Pindar, Pyth. 4 is on this subject. 
 
 Welckor, Gr. Trag. 1485, mentions about fifty tragedies on 
 some part or other of the Argonautie myth. 
 
 The two most important works that have come down to 
 us on the subject of Medea, are the Medea of Euripides and 
 the Argonautica of ApoUonius. On general principles we should 
 probably be safe in assuming that Ovid was familiar with both 
 these works. It is absurd to suppose that he would attempt 
 to \mte a Medea ti-agedy without reading the Medea of Euri- 
 pides, and it is probable, as we have seen that he had already 
 written at least a part of his traged_y.* The tragedy of Medea 
 is referred to in Trist. 2, 387 : 
 
 Tingueret ut ferrum natorum sanguine mater, 
 Concitus a laeso fecit amore dolor. 
 
 From the context it is very probable that Euripides is 
 referred to. (Perhaps also vs. 526.) See the whole passage 
 for a list of tragic subjects. 
 
 Then the Alexandrian poets were well known and much 
 used at Rome. Servius on Virg. Aen. 4, 1 says: ApoUonius 
 Argonautica scripsit et in tertio inducit amantem Medeam: 
 unde totus hie liber translatus est. 
 
 One other author deserves especial mention among the pro- 
 bable sources of Ovid. If the Argonautae of Varro Atacinus 
 
 * We are, of course, not justified in assuming the same sources for 
 an author when he writes on the same subject at different times. Still, 
 evidence derived from a comparison of the different works may posses 
 some value and I have already used it in the Ariadne. 
 
94 Sources of Ovid's Ileroides. 
 
 had survived, I should feel great confidence in expecting to 
 find traces of the use of this work by Ovid. Varro's work was 
 divided into four books like that of Apollonius, whom he pro- 
 bably followed pretty closely. That, however, he was not wholly 
 dependent on Apollonius is indicated by Servius on Virg. 
 Aen. 10, 396, who cites a verse which VaiTO took unchanged 
 from Ennius. 
 
 Ovid seems to have entertained a vorv high opinion of 
 Varro. Cf. Am. 1, 15, 21: 
 
 Varronem primamque ratem quae nesciet aetas, 
 
 Aureaque Aesonio terga petita duci. 
 In A. A. 3, 335 be mentions him again: 
 
 Dictaque \'arroni fulvis insignia villis 
 
 Vellera, germanae, Phrixe, querenda tuae. 
 
 and Trist. 2, 439: 
 
 Is quoque, Phasiacas Argon qui duxit in undas, 
 Non potuit Veneris fnrta tacere suae. 
 Cf. Prop. 3, 32, 85: 
 
 Haec quoque perfecto ludebat lasone Varro, 
 Vairo Leuoadiae maxima flamma suae. 
 If \'arro followed Apollonius closely, we might very easily 
 make a mistake in referring a passage to Apollonius where 
 Ovid was using Varro. It is, howcAcr, not at all probable that 
 0\id neglected Apollonius. 
 
 It seems not improbable that Ovid made some use also of 
 the 'Pi^oTOfJboi. of Sophocles. Macrobins Sat. 5, 19, 9 thinks 
 that Virgil used this play. His words, (quoted by Nauck,) are: 
 "Haec res nonne quaestione digna est, unde Vergilio aeneae 
 falces in mentem venerint? ponam itaque Vergilianos versus, 
 mox et inde Sophoclis quos Maro aemulatus est." 
 
 'Falcibus et messae ad lunam quaerunter aenis 
 
 pubentes herbae nigri cum lacte veneni.' 
 
 Sophoclis autem tragoedia id de quo quaerimus etiam titulo 
 
 praefert; inscribitur enim 'Pttoro/iioi^ in qua Medeam describit 
 
 maleficas herbas secantem, sed aversam, ne vi moxii odoris ipsa 
 
 interficeretur, et sucum quidem herbarum in cados aeneos refun- 
 
Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 95 
 
 dentem, ipsas autem herbas aeneis falcibus execantem. Sophoclis 
 "versus hi sunt: 
 
 ^ 6' i'^oniaco x^QO? o[i[ia Tqsnova 
 OTtov (XQyivscpij Gvd^ovda roiJffi 
 XaXxioKSi' xccdoig dixsxctv 
 et paulo post 
 
 at, di xaXimrqai 
 ■Aacat ^iCoav xQvrtTovai rofidc, 
 ag fjds ^ooog' dkaXa^Ofiii'i] 
 yi'lii'i] pcaAzlotg j^fta dQsnccvoig.'i 
 For yvfivr; cf. Or. Met. 7, 183: 
 
 Nuda pedem, nudis unieros infusa capillis. 
 For xf^^'^^oig ^fjbcc dqendvoig cf. 0\". Met. 7, 227 : 
 
 Partini succidit curvamine falcis aenae. 
 For /Sow(r' cf. Ov. Met. 7, 190: 
 — ternisque ululatibus era 
 Solvit. 
 For xwAzsoKTt xddoig cf. Or. Met. 7, 2(j"2: 
 Interea valido posito medieamen aeno 
 Fervet. 
 I am inclined to think that this part of Ovid had for its 
 main source the play of Sophocles.'" 
 
 The fragment quoted below, "Hhs dianota xrL, (see note 
 on Ov. H. 12, 78), would not go far towards proving that Ovid 
 used the play in this epistle. We must rest the case on general 
 probability. 
 
 Ovid treats this subject again in Met. 7, 1 — 424. 
 
 Examination of the letter. 
 
 Oc. H. 12, 3: 
 
 Tunc quae diiijJensant mortalia fata sorores 
 Dehierant fusos evolnisse meos. 
 
 * I learn from Plaehn p. 10 that Welcker, (1, 342) lield a similar 
 opinion. Plaehn, however, prefers to look to Euripides as the source of 
 the whole story. 
 
96 Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 
 
 Cf. Ap. Rh. 3, 772: — wg otfBUv ys 
 
 ^qtifiidog xQumvolai, Trdgog ^skseMi dafi^vai, 
 Ttqlv Tovy' sldifdhw, ttqIv ^y,ttdda yaXav lx£(fd-ai 
 XalxiontjC vtag- rove fjtiv &s6g 17 r»? 'Eqivvg 
 ccfii:fii, TtoXvxXavTOvg 6svq' riyays xstd-sv dviag. 
 
 For the Parcae, Loers compares Hes. Theog-. 904: 
 
 Moiqccg S-', yg nXsitirriv tifn^fV nogs (i-^Tisra Ztvg, 
 Klbi&u rs ^ccxsdiv is xal "^tqotcov, airs di6ovffi 
 ■9-vtjTotg dvd-qconotaiv lx«v dyad-ov ts xaxov ts. 
 
 Also vs. 217 and Scut. 258. 
 
 Also II.. 20, 127 : 
 
 — vdTspov ama rd nsidsrai, adCa 01 alca 
 yivofjb^fm sjtsvrias Xivm, ots ftiW rsxs l^tijQ 
 
 and 24, 209: — tm d' wg jio-9-i fiotqa xqarairi 
 yivofiipM insvtjds Xivm, ots fjiip isxov ami/, 
 
 Cf. Virg. Aen. 10, 71: — Et iam sua Turnum 
 Fata vocant, metasque dati pervenit ad aevi. 
 
 Cat. 64, 327 (the refrain): 
 
 Currite ducentes subtegmina, currite, fusi. 
 (For the manner of spinning, cf. Cat. 64, 311 ff'.) 
 
 Virg. Eel. 4, 46: 
 
 Talia saecla suis dixerunt currite fusis 
 Concordes stabili fatorum numine Parcae. 
 
 Tib. 1, 7, 1: 
 
 Hunc cecinere diem Parcae fatalia nentes 
 Stamina non ulli dissolvenda deo. 
 
 Ov. H. 12, 5: 
 
 Turn potui Medea mori bene. 
 
 Cf. Ap. Rh. 3, 997: 
 
 CO /i*ot sfj^g uTijc. ti t' dv toXv xsqdiov siti 
 r^S' avTri iv vvxrl hnstv ^iov iv -d-aXdiiOKSiv 
 n6t(iim dvoaitStm, xdx' iXiyx^'^ Tidvva (fvyovaav, 
 Ttqlv tads Xia^tisvra xal oix ovonaavd ttXscidai. 
 
Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 97 
 
 Ov. H. 1:^. 7 (cL vs. 121): 
 
 Ei miJii! cur unujuain iuvciialibuti tuia liu-rrtis 
 
 FJiri.venvi petiit Pel las arbor ouein'^ 
 (.'ur luiiqimm Volclii Magnctida ddmitis Argwt, 
 Turhaquc FJianiacain Gru'in bihistis iiqiitim'!' 
 
 Cf. Eur. Mod. 1: 
 
 Elbxf-' m<ff}.' Hqyovc yij dianrurtS-ai Gxd(fOQ 
 Kok^oiv i-c alar xvavsac 2^vfi'7rXrjyd6ac, 
 /ii/(J" j-V vd.yctKTi JT'ijUov nfffsti' Trors 
 Tfirjd-ttda TTft'ixrj, fiifjd' iqsr(iui(iai yjgag 
 civdqwv aQKSTfmv ot to nccyxQVrtoy 6sqoc 
 fli-kkt fitTi^ld-or — (Micvlliis ap. Lners.) 
 
 Ap. Rh. 4. .'is : — aids Cf. ttowoc, 
 
 'ifti'f. 6is(>Qai(7fi' TTQiv KoXyJida yatav 'ixsaO-ui. 
 
 Cat. 64, 171: — Utiuam iip tempore priino 
 frnosia Ceeropiae tetigissent litora puppes. 
 
 Virt;'. Aen. 4, lioT: - Si litora tantum 
 
 Numqnain Dardaniae tetiii'issent nostra t'ariiuic 
 
 Ov. H. 1:^, 11: 
 
 C/ir iJi/Jii pliiK ii<'<iiiu -jiavi p/uaicre atpiUi 
 
 Et decur cf liiif/iiiie gratia jicia fuae? 
 <Y. Ep. 'JO, 57. Also vs. .'Sf) (belovF) and note. 
 Ap. Rh. ;>. lUlO: 
 
 roJoc dno '^aVtJ-oto xaQi'jai og ^Ii(tovt6ao 
 
 fiTQamev ^'Eqmc rjdstav dno (ployw rrjc d' dfiaQvydg 
 
 oipit-a'l^iwv rjQTta'Cf)" talvi-ro dt cpQSvag drrm 
 
 rrixofji'tvij, oior ii- rrtqi Qodsijciv ssq(Sij 
 
 n]xfr«i riWOKTii' iatro^ih'ij (fattaair. 
 vs. 1014: xal rv xs ol xal ndauv dno rri ij'J-ko)' dqvGaOa 
 
 tpvySfV iyyrdh'Sfi' dyaiofih'rj yarf-ovri 
 vs. 11.39: i] d' ovTTW xofjiidijg /jifAyriffxtro, rtQrrtro ydQ ot 
 
 &Vfi6g v/jug iioQcpfj rs xai alfivXioiai loyoiniv 
 vs. 1150: ipvyj] ydo refphtrtri ii.fTayQori i] TTfTTorfjTO. 
 With rs. /i* (above) Palmer compares Eur. Med. 58'2: 
 
 ykdxrarj yuQ ttv%oov radix sv rrsQKfTi-Xi-Tr. 
 
98 Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 
 
 ^avxf^oc (flavus) is a very common adjective ai>plie(l to the 
 heroes and heroines. I find, for instance, about thirty examples 
 in Beatson's lexicon to Euripides. 
 
 On the adjective see Sittl's note on He?. Theog. 947. Still 
 I should have been surprised if I had found that Ovid used the 
 word without authority. It is strange how some of these ex- 
 pressions are handed down. Of, for instance, Hps. Theog. 947 
 '§avx)^^v iiQuidvfiP and Cat. 64, 6.'5 (on Aj-iadiie): 
 
 Non flavo retineiis ' subtilem vi'iiicp mitrsdn. 
 
 Cf. Ov. A. A. 1, 5.S0: — croceas--coma,s. 
 
 Or. H. 12, 15':' 
 
 Isset anhelaton non ^n-uemedindux in i/jiies 
 Immemor Ae.ionides ordque aduncd houin. 
 Semina sevkset, totidem Hcvksfit cf Jwsf/'n. 
 Et cadet-et euMu ciiHor ah ipse mio. 
 Cf. Ap. Eh. 3, 777 (Medea is debating whether to save 
 him or not) : 
 
 (pd-i(Sihw dtS-Xsvmp, si ol y.ara vsiov oXsdd-at 
 [lotqa nsXsi. 
 See vs. 1028 if. for the method of medicating. 
 vs. 1298 ff. for the contest. 
 
 Ov,,H. XV, 19: ; , 
 
 Quantum perfidiae tocam, scelerate, pcri.nsef. 
 
 Cf. Eur. Med. 451: — jM/^ naxxsji nors 
 
 Myovd' "Iciffoov wg xaxiOrog eat' dvtjq. 
 
 Cf. vs. 465: e5 TiccyxcixiOTS, tomo yccq ff' dnstv s/m 
 y^wGffrj fjiSyKftov st? dvav6qiav xaxov, -, 
 
 ^kxf-sg TtQog ^(iicig, ^X-9-sg sx&iisrog yeymg; 
 
 Med. 488: tS xuxkJt' dvdq(ai> 
 
 1323: m fitaog, m jiiyKSTOV i%x)-i<iTri yvvai, 
 
 d'sotc TS xdfi'Ol navzi t' dv&qwno^v yivsi. 
 
 Such expressions are ver\' common in Euripides. Improbe 
 and Hcelerate are also quite common in these letters. Cf. Ep. 2, 17 ; 
 2, 29; 6, 145; 7, 133; 10, .35; 19, .57. 
 
Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 99 
 
 Ov. H. i,y, 21: .:•-':■ , 
 
 Est aliqua ingrato meritum p.rprobrare ooluptas. 
 Cf. Eur. Med. 473: 
 
 tpvx^ xaxmc Gs y.a) av Afw^rr** yMtcor. (Palmer.) 
 Cf. Trist. 4, 3, -M. 
 
 Ov. H. 12, 27: Hie, Eplit-iren bhnareni. 
 Cf. Met, b, 407; 7, 405,; Fast. 4, 601. 
 (Ephyre, an old name for Corinth.) ; , , 
 
 On Hor. 0. 1, 
 
 /. ^ 
 
 Aiit Pjpheson bimarisve Corinthi. 
 Macleane remarks:! "I am not awai-e that any writers except 
 Horace and Ovid, who imitated many of Horace's expressions, 
 used the word 'bimaris', which is equiralent to u^ipiH-dXaaiSov 
 as Xenophon calls Athens (Veet. 1, 7) and to dtd^dXaonoc.'-^ 
 
 Ov. H. 12, 30: 
 
 Et premitls pictos corpora (xralu hi vs. 
 Cf. Virg. Aen. 1, 708: — toi'is iussi discumbere pictis. 
 
 O/:. If. 12, 31. 
 
 Tunc ego te mdi, tunc coepi syv'/y- qiiiK psse.v. 
 Ap. Eh. 3, 284 ("J5?m?): 
 
 ■rjx' em, Mfjddjj' t'^v 6' dfiicficxaitj Xd^i ^viioi' xrX. 
 
 Ov. H. 12, 32: 
 
 Ilia fuit mentis prima raiiM meac 
 Cf. Ep. 7, 93: Ilia dies nocuit etc. 
 Ap. Kh. 3, 638: — rrsQi poi, 'idvm (pQfi'SQ tjSQed-ot'rai. 
 
 Ov. H. 12, 33: Et vicli et peril. 
 
 Ap. Rh. 3, 444: — sn ainw d' o(A'fJ>cct:a, xavQtj , 
 Xo'§d Ttaqa XmuqiiV Gxo^isvrj •d'tistvo xaXvn'cqrjV , 
 x''q uxsi Ojiv^ovaa' vooc ds ol- •rim ovsiqog 
 "/ sqTtvtoihV: nenoTrjTO par' 'ixvia I'stao/Kvoio. 
 
 That it was a case of love at iirst sight was probably the 
 
 '7* 
 
l(J(j Sources of Oxid's Heroides: 
 
 story in all tornis. There was no time or opportunity for any 
 other sort. 
 
 Heins, wishing,' to read ut — ut, compares II. 19, 16: 
 
 cog .'•?£)" OK /.III' fticiX'lov sdv yoXog. 
 and Theoc. Id. 3, -11: « d' ^raXavra 
 
 uc I6iv, MC ifidvi], mc tc jicc^vf aXkec' equva 
 and Virg. Eel. 8, 41 : 
 
 Ut \idi, ut peril, ut me mains abstulit error. 
 
 ()i:. H. 1:^. 'j-')': (2"'' part): — iwc )botls /(jii./hiih- nrsi. 
 Cf. Met. 7, 13: — 'mii-umque. nisi hoc est. 
 
 Aut aliquid certe simile huic, quod amare ^ocatur'. 
 Dido is different. Virg. Aen. 4, 2.S: 
 
 Adgnoseo \eteris vestigia flammae. 
 
 Or. H. l:e. -U: 
 
 An/rt lit 11(1. inii(inu!< jrinm faeda iti'Of. 
 Cr. Ep. 7, ■>?> (note). 
 The figxire in Apollonius is different. 
 .!. 291: o)C di yvvr/ ^w.).iqm ntqi, xd^rpsa %evavo daXm 
 
 y_s(>vrj[vic, TijTrtQ raXaCi^iK S^yci (i,iii^Xgv, 
 
 MC XfV ITlMQOfflOl' VVXTOOQ GsXaC SVTVt'CUTO, 
 
 TrdyyiV fH'CcX' iytio^h'ij' to d' dO-sCfpaTOi' i'§ okiyoio 
 daXov avtygoi-ifvop ffvp xccQipta irdvi' dfiKx-S-ri'fr 
 loTog I'TTO xQadirj dXviisvog ccld-f-ro /.dS'Qi] 
 ovXoc sqwc. 
 
 <Jc. H. l:^. U-j: Ef foniiosus fnis. 
 Ap. Kh. y, 44,^: 
 
 d-sGTTSGiov d' h' nddi. iiiii/rQSirtp i'ifSoroc vloc 
 
 xdkkt'i xal )rixQiTsa(jt)'. 
 Pind. Pyth. 4, 217 calls Mm: xdkharor dvdom'. 
 vs. 140: sxmaykoc. 
 In vs. 145 he speaks of his hair: 
 
 ovdi xQiiuv nloxafiioi xsqd-svTi-c myfivv' dyXaoi, 
 
 dXX dnav vunov xazaid-vaaov. 
 
Sources of Ovid's Heroides. lOJ 
 
 Ap. Kh. ;{, 918: 
 
 Si's-' otmco /7c Totoc STTt, TiQOTSQWV yeftv' avdowv;. 
 ovd-' 6(Soi, si ccvioto .lioc ysvoc, ov9-' oGoi, al'/.oyv 
 dd-afceToov ^qcosc dcp' a'inuvoc e^Xdart^aav, 
 oiov 'lijeova S-ijxs Jioc doi^aq ijiiaxi, xsivo) 
 
 TOP xal nanTaivovTsg s-d-d/ilisoy avroi eratgoi 
 Xa(in6(i'£voi> xc^QiTsaaiv. 
 Ov. Met. 7, >S4: 
 
 Et casu solito formosior Aesone natus 
 Ilia luce fuit: posses ig-noseere amanti. 
 Spectat, et in vultu veluti turn denique visa 
 Lumina lixa tenet, nee se mortalia demens 
 Ora videre putat, nee se declinat ab illo. 
 
 Ap. Bh. n, 955: 
 
 avTUQ oy' ov jifxa dijQoi' seXdo/jbh'!] kpauvit-ij 
 vipoff dvuxhqboGxmv, drs ^siQiog mxsavoto, 
 og dfi TOi xalog [itv dqiQiikoz %' satdsa^ai, 
 dwiXXsi, ii/riXot,ai 6' sv cedTcsroi' ■^scsf oi^vp- 
 oic dga tTj xaXog (Jtiii> sTctjXvS-ev staoquan&ai 
 -Itffovidijc, xdfiaroy St Svai^,£QOf tjoqas <fac(i>i'Jfic. 
 £x 6' dqa oi xqadiij (fTij&scoi' nsdsv, Ofifiava d'avcoag 
 il^X-vdav S-SQfibov dk naqijidag elXtv eqsvd-og. 
 yoivata d' ovv' OTtiffoo, ovrs nqonaqoif)-£V at-toai 
 sad-svev, dXX' vnsvsq^s ndyrj nodag. 
 
 3, 453: 
 
 TtqoTTQO 6' dq d(f&aXi»,mv sti ol IvddXXsro navra, 
 avTog S-' olog erjv, otoKSi re (pdqsai.v ^(fro. 
 Old c' ssKf', mg d-' S^sr' sni S-qovov, wc re ^vqa^t 
 r^iev ov Ss Tn>' dXXov. diaaaro Ttoq(pvqov<sa 
 e(i(isvav dfsqa toZov sv ovccai 6' aUv oqmqsi, 
 avdri Ts fjuvd-oi ts (leXkpqovsg, oik dyoqsvGev. 
 Chariton 6, 7, 1: xal 6 sqwg amov dvsfhifxvrjaxsv o'iovg (ity 
 Iffd^aXfiovg s'xsi KaXXiqqo^, Time Ss xaXov to nqoamnov. Tag 
 rqlj^ag src^vsh ^o ^dStCfia, ttjv ipMVrjV o'ia (itv slCviXO-sv dg to 
 
102 .Sources of Ovid's Heroides ' 
 
 dixmfcriQiov, oia dt i'(Ti tj, rrmg iXdlTjat, nmc iffiytict, ttwc ^dsro, 
 jrtog sxlavtfe. ' 
 
 Virg. Aen. 4, H : 
 
 Multa vi]-i virtus Jinirao, multusque recursat 
 Gentis honos; haerent inlixi peetore vultus 
 Verbaquc, nee plaeidam membris dat cura quietein. 
 -■"'J'aSt. 2, 77Utt-. . ■ '• ■ 
 
 Ov. H. i-i", -'Jo (2'"^ part): — Et iiw mea fata trahebant. 
 For the important part played by the gods in this etory, 
 this iis the only shadow of a hint in this letter. See the sum- 
 mary to this Epistle. ' * 
 
 For the expression Ct'. Ep. ti, 51: 
 ib,'viJ ' (iCTta fni primo '— sed me mea fata ' trahebaut. 
 In Ti'ist. 2. ;541'Ovid uses the expression of himself: 
 
 Non equiderti vellem — sed me mea fata trahebant* 
 Ct. Met. 7. i^W; :5, 176; Trist. .-5, (S. 15; Virg. Aen. 2, /54: 
 
 Ov. H. /■>. 87': ^,'• .,<3.. , 
 
 Perfiih'. s(')i,!</.ttti.. (juif: eid-M beiie celat umwfm? 
 'iiAHiy-j Emmet indicJo prodita panimu stw. 
 For the fact. cf. Ap. Rh. il, 972: 
 
 ^ev/iOQiri — (But this was later in the story.) 
 Exactly this idea — that the flame of love is bfeitrayed by 
 its own light— I find only in Ovid. VC'f. Ep. 16, 7: 
 
 Sed male dissimnlo. Quisenim celaverit ignem, 
 Lumine qui semper proditur ipse sue"? 
 Ep. 16, 236: Sed tamen apparet dissirtinlatus amor. ' 
 In Virg-. Aen. 4. 296: ' '-'Wi-V - A;. v. ,^i-)V, 
 
 At reg'ina dolos — ([uis fallere possit 'aifiantem? 
 Praesensit, the pointof view is different, of Oonrse. With 
 this ef. Ep. 5, 130. >* •" 
 
 In Aj)'. Rh. :?. 296, we hijve the blaxe ' of love Vjausing a 
 flush on the cheeks. • '"'>M»^ w.^'ii i^^i .lui-pjyKvi 
 A little closer to fJvid is' Phrynidhus, fr. 8 (Naack): 
 kafiTTft d'm) " froqifvqiit'K n'aqii<>i (pox gQtnroc. 
 
Sources of Ovid's Heroidejs, IQ;-} 
 
 av.H. J/<. 39: ,. , , ■> - ,v. ■ 
 
 Didtur interea tibi lex, ut dura ferormii 
 InsoUto premeres pomero colla bourn. 
 
 Ap. Rh, 3, ,404; ,. , , 
 
 vs. 407: 7Tet()u d^ %ot [isvtog rt- xal aXx-^g adder' as^Xog, 
 TOP ()' ctt'Tog TTsqisi^i, yifQoXv oi.o6v ttsq sovca xtL 
 
 Ov. H. J.V. 47; 
 
 Martib- erunt tanri phisqumn per cornuu saevi, 
 
 Quorum terr/bi/k spiritus ignis erat: 
 Aere pedes sulidi. pr.aetmtaque, naribu? aera. 
 Is „Mai'tis taiiii" simply an inaccuracy on the part of OvidV 
 I sun inclined to think so. According to Apollonius, it was the 
 ^e^ that borethename of Mars, no,t the bulls. C£,Ov. Met. 7, lOlr 
 Mavortis in ar^nm. Ap. Rh. ."J, 409,: 
 
 doKu iJboi TTfdiov TO lij^i^iov dfMfivsfiovrai 
 ravQoo x'^Xxonods, avo^ari <pX6yu (pvciowvv&c. 
 VH. 229: vsxVristc "Hqiataxog ifi^dccra -d-iaxsXu t^ya. 
 
 xcd o'l x^XxoTtodag^ ravQOVc xcifis, x«A''*« '^^ dtpsMt' 
 Tflf (Tzofiictr', sx M TTi'Qog dtivor aiXag dfinvfitdxov. 
 Cf. vs. 495 ft'. 
 
 Or. H. 12. 44: 
 
 Nigra per ad.fatus haec qtioque facta suos — , 
 seems to. be an addition -of Ovid's. ,, 
 
 Or. H. 1:<), 4o:,^.:;, ,.. 
 
 Semina ]yraeterea populos genitura iuberis 
 Vdj^t Spargere devota.. lata, per ar,^^ manu, 
 tiii'H Qui peterent natis,,secum tua corpora telis. ^t, 
 
 Ap. Rh. 3, 411: ;;.(.; l-, >j;U 
 
 ii <)iiiHUt ^^^S fiXfUd .'CfVte(i drvipsXiji' xava Viwv ZiqtjOj . 
 TtTQciyvov, lY aliptt laikmv snt, riXdov aQ^rgm 
 fiy (snoqof, 6/fmt(itf if^'ijovg em^dXXoijai dxrfijr, 
 M/.X' oipifli d.firolo ittTaXdrjfixoi'ru.: vdorra^ 
 
104 Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 
 
 uvd^aGi TsvxilGTrjGi, difjiag. rove 6' ctvds daiQuv 
 xiiqw Sfio) vno dovQi ntqi,arad6v dvctomvTuc, 
 Tjiqiog ^svyvv(u jioag, xal dsisXov wqijv 
 navofiiai dfi^roio. av d' si cade roia TfXfffdiK, 
 avT^ficcQ rods xwag dnoiasai tic ^aCiXrjoc. 
 Cf. Virg. G. 2, 140. 
 
 Ov. H. 12, 49: 
 
 Lumi7ia vustodis, succmnhere netiela soiiino. 
 
 Ultimus est aliqua decipere arte labor. 
 
 Diretxii Aeetes. 
 This was not one of the conditions and is not properly so 
 classed by Ovid. He so classed it, I fancy, from a desire to 
 abbreviate the original. He was unwilling to omit the dragon 
 and yet he did not care to go to the leng-th of explaining 
 how Aeetes planned treachery after Jason had succeeded in the 
 trials, (Ap. Rh. 4, 7, '. 
 
 navvvyjog doXov alnvv em (Hpiai iiticidaaxsv), 
 and how Hera inspired Medea with fear of the consequences of 
 her acts, (Ap. 4, 11: rr^ 6' dXsyswcTocTor xqadiji (po^ov sfi(ia/Lev 
 'Hqtj), how she fled from her father's house, went to Jason and 
 begged his protection (Ap. 4, 83), promising to put the serpent 
 to sleep and get him the golden fleece, and how she carried 
 out these promises ( Ap. 4, 14.5 ff.). But that Ovid really fol- 
 lowed the form of the story given in Apollonius, is indicated by 
 vss. 107-8: 
 
 Flammea subduxi medicato lumina somno, 
 
 Et tibi quae raperes, vellera tuta dedi. 
 
 Ov. H. lii, 51: — Maesti conswrgitis omnes. 
 Ap. 3, 448: 
 
 xui u o'i (ji,sv {)a dofioop s^^XvS-ov daxalotavrsg. 
 
 Ov. H. ly, 53: 
 
 Quam tibi tunc longe regnum dotale Creusae 
 Et ^ocpv et inctgiii natd Creantia eranl'^ 
 
Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 10& 
 
 *Birt compares Eur. Med. 18: 
 
 ydfioig ^Iddtttv ^adiXMoXc evvu^srai, 
 
 y^fiag Kqiovroz natd', og aldvfiva x^oi'og^- 
 
 V.i\ Eux. Med. vss. .594, 561, 611, 739. 
 
 Ov. H. 1:^, o7: 
 
 Ut positum tetigi thalamo male smufia lectam. 
 Palmer compares Virg. Aen. 4, 1: 
 
 At regina gravi iamdudiim saucia cura. 
 
 Ov. H. ii*, 58: 
 
 Acta est per lacnmuK no.r iiilhi, quanta fuit. 
 
 Ap. 3, 670 (of Chalciope): — 6ia d' ecfavTO S-a[ifii^(Saaa 
 ix ■9'aXd[iov ^dka(i,ov di dbafibnsqig, m ivi xovqtj 
 xixkiT dxTjxefisvii, dqvipsv 6' exaTSQxt-e 7iaQfi,dg. 
 (ag d' i'ds ddxQvaw oGds TTStpvqfjbsva, ipwvriaiv fiiv 
 S) (loi iym, M'^dsia, ri dtj rdds ddxqva Xet^stg; 
 
 Cf. Ap. 3, 750: 
 
 dXkd fidX' ov MiiSsiav sni yXvxsqog Xdjisf vnvog. 
 noXkd ydg ^llaovtdao nod-M fiisXed'^fiav' sysiqev 
 dfiSvtai' ravQMV xqarsqov (isyog xrk. 
 VS. 760: ddxQV S' art' o(p-9-aX[jbmv iXdm qisv. 
 vs. 803: — dsvE 6i xoXnovg 
 
 dXXrjXTOV daxqvoiai, id rf' sqqsev dataysg avroog. 
 Cf. vs. 461: TdQsv Si ol dfMfi, Ttaqstdg 
 
 ddxQVOV alvoTaTta sXim qss X'^doffvvjjffn' — 
 Bnt according to ApoUonius, Medea did not lie awake the 
 whole night, vs. 616: xovqtjp S' eg d%smv ddi,v6g xaTeXmpssv 
 vjivog Xixtqw dvaxXivd-stdav. (See the pretty dream through 
 vs. 682.) 
 
 It seems, however, that Ovid has abridged the story again 
 and that, according to ApoUonius, the vss. 750 ff. (quoted above) 
 belong to the second night. 
 
 Cf. Ap. 3, 743: vv"^ (J^tv ensiv' sni yatav aysv xvitpag. 
 
 * Birt's article: Ajiimadversiones ad Ovidi heroidum Epistulas,. is to. 
 be found in Rh, M. .32, .386 if. 
 
106 Sources ot Ovids Heroidu.s. 
 
 With Ovid hert> oF. Viig-. Aen. 4. 5: 
 
 Nee placidam membris dat num. quietem. 
 
 Hor. O. o. 7. 7 : 
 
 Noctcs non sine muJtis 
 Insomnis laci-imis agit. 
 
 (The expression, however, is too common to need the cumu- 
 lation of examples.) 
 
 Or.. H. 1:<!. rj!-): 
 
 Ante oculo^ Uiaruiuc nieos seyeUntquc nefaiidac 
 Ante tucos oculm .pei-vifiil aiiyius crKt. 
 
 a. Ex J'. 1, 9, 7: . ' 
 
 Ante meos qcuIos tam(|Uiim pracsffltis iinag-o. 
 
 2, ^rr. ' . ■ '"' 
 
 Ante oculos uostros tua nunc, tua semper imas'o. 
 (T. Ep. 1, l.H, 
 'M'- 3, 455: , , \,_ . 
 
 TCQOTiQO c)' ccQ d(p t^akiiiwv "ii ol ivddkXtro TTtivfa. 
 vs. 459: laQJiH d' d(iip' avcw, fi9j jjuv ^oti i/i xat. cnhog 
 
 ys. 751: 7ioAA« yAq -^ii'Ooviduu iruit-M fjiXtdrjffMf' syt-iQfi' 
 dftd'vZcn^ luvijun' x()a'rf:(>6i' (isroc, ottn.v, i^itXkiV 
 (fS-iaS-ai dfixt-Zuirj fioiQfi xatu t'tioi^' "jQijog. 
 
 Ov. H. /.v. Ill: Hhu- ituior. hhic fimor (vt. 
 
 ApoUonius gives an admirable portraval of jVIedea's wa- 
 sFerin};^;^ piiud. 
 
 ."}, t>46:, ,^,,zo;) .<)>} /^kiijro v^tab-ta ,. 
 
 amoxadiYvrfrriv <)>', xa) tQXfOi; oj'd'or dfiutpty. 
 drv di- xar' uveoth ftifiviv tvi TiQodofiiO) i)-aX«(iOM, 
 aid'ot SBQyo(i4vfj' fit'ca d' tcQantc' ami: OTxioatm 
 GTQetp'it-ftG' • rx di Truhr xitv fVtioS-ftfi. atfor' dkSfifev 
 daw Tijvfftot dt TTodic (piqov ifD-a xu\ evfita' 
 
 aidot d' sgyo/Mviji' ■Q'^aiwe- ifi>s(ioc ozqvvsaxsr. 
 tqIc (ihiv inst.Qfid-'Hj, TQic rf' sGxe'co- 'cirQar^v avFn; 
 
Sonroes ot Ovid's Heroidos. 1()17 
 
 VS. 681 (when Chalciope questioned her): 
 — d^p ds (iiv aldmc 
 
 TcaQ-d-sviij xttTSQVxsv dfiffiiipcKS^ai (ie(»,avlar. 
 (ikvd-oq 6' aXXoTf. fjst' ol in' dxQorccT'^c uvSrslXtv 
 yXooffd'^g, aXXor' si'fQ&s xwra drrixt'oc TtsTroTijvo. 
 TToXXdxi d' IfxsQosv jwi*" dva ffrofice ^viev ivKSnetv 
 (fO-oyyjj d' ov nqov^atve TTaqoiTSQUt • oipi^ d' setnuv ' 
 ToXa doXb)' 
 
 vs. 754: TTVxvd 6t ot xQadirj a'c<^-9-b(av svcoaihev sQ-vtev, 
 TjsXiov (oc Tic tf d6fioi,g ivi7i<x)J..sT(xi alyXti 
 vdaroc s'§avMvacc, to 6^^ vsov yj* XefiijTi, 
 fjS nov iv yavlm xsxVTair ^ 6' svO-a xai srS-cc 
 (oxsiri dTqoifdXiyyi. TtvdaffsTcci, diffffovdd' 
 
 vs. 765: (pf^ 6s ol dXXoTs (isv ■d-ekxT'^Qia (fdquaxa Tavqwv 
 dmaSfiitv, dXXoTe d' ovri- xatacpD-iaO-ai d^ xal avT^. 
 avTixa d' ovt' avTrj it-avstii; ov (pdqn«xa dmdstv, 
 dXX' avTwc svxriXoc stji> OTXijaifJiP dirji'. "' 
 
 Cf. vs. 777 ff. 
 
 Ovid's expression is barely suggestion of thesf contrasts. 
 The timor here must be taken as fear for Jnson. Cf. Met. 7, 16: 
 Ne pereat. timeo? quae tanti causa timorisV 
 
 But Ovid has 1-epi'oduced the Internal debate and in part 
 very neatly, in Met. 7, 10 — 7.S. 
 
 Ov. H. 1-2, ti2: 
 
 Mane erat et thalamo cara recepta soror. '" ' 
 Ap. 3, 670 (Chalciope): — dW 6' saavro d-a^timea 
 
 sx ■d-aXdfjkOV i)-dXafMi' dt diajiTTeqic. w evt xovqjj 
 
 xfxXir' dxtjxffisrij. 
 
 Ov. H. i^,*'>6o'.«Ti: 
 
 I>isjectamqne vontaa advergaquc m ora iacentem 
 Invent f. , ■. . ^ 
 
 Ap. 3, 828: -^ iuvOdc /ler dvijipmw y^iqch' ^S^qocg, 
 ci* oi> uTijiAgXiij xarafi-i*^vat i^sqe,'>oyTO. '*'i<r. 
 
 vs: -655: >'9^- ■ >''• '' '-^"P ; '-"'■.»' 
 
 Xsxrqoirrt Trqiji'ijc h'txdirnetSft' efXix'f-tf&cc.'ukx 
 
108 Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 
 
 Ow. H. 12, 64: — et lacrimis omnia plena meis. 
 Ap. 3, 674: 
 
 w ftoi, iym, M'ijdsi.a, ri dtj tdids ddxqva ?.si^ei.;; 
 
 Ov. H. 12, 65: 
 
 Orat opem Minyis. petit altera et altera hahebat. 
 
 Ap. 3, 697 (Chalciope speaks): 
 
 xal 6' avTtj tads ndvva fiiSfijkv&ov OQ/Jkceipovda, 
 bI Tiva GV(MpqdG<!aio xal ttQTVVstag dqwy^v. 
 
 vs. 719: ovx dv dri ^sivat rXaiijg xatsovii, xal avroo 
 i] doXov, ^ civa (j,fjTi,v inKpQdffdaff^ai, did-Xov; 
 
 vs. 736 (Medea speaks): 
 
 dX).' fri9-/, xsvii-s 6' sfHjV (Ttyij xa'^tv^ otpqa TOXTjUg 
 X^aofiai, ivTvvovaa vnodxsaw tjQi de vijop 
 o'iaofiiai, slg '^Exdrnjc S-iXxTr/Qta (pdqfiaxa ravQwv. 
 
 Ov. H. 12, 67: 
 
 Est nemus et piceis et frondihas ilicis atrum, 
 Yix illuc radiis soUf adire licet. 
 As far as I know, the only foundation (in Apollonius) for 
 this dense forest, is the poplar on which the chattering crows 
 ^at. 3, 926: 
 
 stfTt 64 rig nsdioio xara arifiov syyv&i, vtjov 
 aiysiqog (pvXXoi,aiv dnmqsoioic xofiotaffa. 
 Ovid repeats in Met. 7, 74: 
 
 Ibat ad antiquas Hecates Perseidos aras, 
 
 Qttas nemus umbromm secretaqu.e silva tegebat, 
 
 Ov. H. 12, 69: 
 
 Sunt in eo — fuerunt certe — delubra Dianae. 
 
 The temple of Hecate is mentioned several times in ApoUonios, 
 
 3, 250: — ttqIv 6' ovvi, d-dfii^sv 
 
 iv (jisyaQOig, 'ExdzTjg Si navrinsqog diMfsnovstro 
 v^ov, end qa d-sdg am^ niXtv dqrpcmqa. 
 
 vs. 738: — riqi ds vriov 
 
 ollao[Ji,ai eig 'Exdtrjg iheXxTriqiu <fdq^xa tavqittv, 
 
 Cf. vs. 914. 
 
Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 109 
 
 Ov. H. 1'^. 70: Axirea barhaiica Mat dea facta manu. 
 
 This seems to be an addition of Ovid's. In Ap. 4, 118 
 we have a golden altar. 
 
 ^YYvd-i, d' ald-akosvua nsksv ^(>t}ioto d-siii,s-d-ka, 
 or j5« ttot' AloXidrjQ Jil 0v^lm siaccTo 0Ql^og, 
 ije^uii' xfTi'O Tsqag TrayXQi'dsiov. 
 
 Oc. H. 1:^. 71: Xo>'cis. an crcidentni mecnm loca'': 
 ()f. Ep. -L 105: 
 
 Utqne tibi excidimns, nullam, pnto, Phyllida nosti. 
 20. ISS: Ext'ideriint animo foedera lecta tuo. 
 I'rop. 4. 19, 1: 
 
 Credis eiim iam posse tuae meminisse figiu'ae? 
 4. 24. 2U: 
 
 J'^xciderunt surdo tut meo vota lovi. 
 
 (Jr. H. i.V. 7:<f: 
 
 OrsuK w iiifido sir prior ore loqui. 
 Apolloniiis. too, makes Jason speak first. See Ap. 3, 974. 
 
 Or. H. l.y. 7:i: 
 
 lus tibi ct urhitrinui nuntrac fortuna mlutis 
 Traditif, ingtie tiia rxt ritar/vr morfique manu. 
 
 Ap. :5. 986: 
 
 dfhfporsQOV. 'ixtrtic 'isti'og rt roi fvd-dd' Ixdvu), 
 XQ^iot dvayxairj yovmvfj-ti'oc. ov ydq avsv-9'SV 
 
 V/JbFIClH' (tTOVOSI'TOC VTTSQTf-QOg iCMjj' USd'koV. 
 
 Or. H. 12, 711: Sed tibi serratns gloria naiior ero. 
 
 Cf. Ov. Met. 7, 49: — perque Pelasgas 
 
 Servatiix nrbes matrum eelebrabere turba. 
 
 Ap. 3, 989: 
 
 aol d' ur fym Tiaaifji ynqiv f^iSTOTTia^sv dqcoy^g, 
 i'l &s^Hg, oog sttsoixs didvdixic vaiardovtag, 
 ovvofia xai xaxov 'csvxmv xXsog- wg Si xal m'lXot 
 iJQwsg xkjiGovaiv sg "^Elldda voffTtjaavrsg. 
 i^Qoioov t' dXoxoi xal (i^T^Qisg, a% vi nov r/di] 
 Sidag fiiovscmv s(ps^d[Jifi'ca yodopfftr. 
 
110 Sdiirces ot Ovid's Heroides. 
 
 Eur. Med. .539: i 
 
 ndvtsc 6s t' ijG-9-ovT' ovttav "EkkijVfC GO(p^v, 
 xal do^ar sffxf?' st d^ yt/C fn' iffxdvoig 
 Sqoigiv urAf-K:, ovx dv ijp koyoc (ff-d-ev. 
 
 Ov. H. 12, 7.S: 
 
 Per f/emif: et numen cuncta videntis dvi, 
 
 Per tripUe/K rult.us wrcdnaque. sacra Dianae. 
 Ap. 3, 984: 
 
 nqoc a' avTtjc 'Exdrrjg. (jjsMaaofiai, ^di toxfimv — 
 Aesch. fr. 186, 5: 6 nocvtoTrrac "HXioc. 
 Hm. Od. 12, 323 : ^HsXiov, oc ttccvt' ifpoqq xal navt' inaxovei,. 
 Schuckburgh compares Ennius fr. 14: 
 
 tuque adeo sol, qui omnes res suspicis. 
 
 VI Eur. Med. 1251: 
 
 iw yd Te xal lea^tpa^g 
 
 dxflc "^'IsXiov — 
 Virg. Aen. 4, 607: 
 
 Sol, qui terrarum flammis opera omnia lustras, 
 
 Tuque harum interpres cnrai-um et conscia luno, 
 
 Nocturnisque Hecate tiiviis ululata per urbea,; 
 
 Et Du-ae ultrices, et di morientis Elissae. 
 Soph. fr. 490 (from the 'PiQorofjbOi): 
 
 "HXis SsGnoxa xal nvq leqov, 
 
 TrjC slvodiac 'Exdrijg s'yxog, 
 
 TO d' 'OXvfi7i6v ntoXovGu (psqsv 
 
 xul yijg valova' isqdg rqiodoVg. 
 Virg'. Aen. 4, 511: 
 
 Tergeminamque Hecaten, tiia virginis ora Dianae. 
 Cf. Aen. 6, 247. 
 
 Hor. 0. 3, 22, 4: Diva triformis. 
 Chariclides tv llXvasi ap. Atheu. 7, 125d: 
 
 dicTTOiv' 'Exdca iqwdtit, 
 
 r()ifi,oq<ff rinnqoowns. 
 
SouiTes of Ovid's Heroides. ]jj 
 
 For the g-cnealogy cf. Hm. Od. 10, l.'}5: 
 
 — sv-d-a d' svmsv 
 
 Kiqxfj hmXoxafioc, dsif^ d-f.6c avdrisaaa, 
 
 ctvTOxaffi}'t>t^T^ oXoofpQOvog AU(cao' 
 
 afi,(po) d' sxysyd'Cfiv ipccsaififi^tfov 'Hslloio. (Loers.) 
 For other instances of swearing h_\- divine ancestors cf, 
 Ep. 2. 37; ;5, b:i; S. 117. 
 
 (See A's. Ull of this letter.) 
 
 Or. If. 1:^. HH: 
 
 Qitod SI forti' r'n-mii non <lp(Uijm(i'r. Pt>/,iistpi»/ — 
 (!f. Ep. 16, 195: — nee dedignare niaritinn, 
 
 liure Therapnaeo nata piiella, Phrvj^ein. 
 
 Or. H. U. So: 
 
 Si)irifiii< imtc. Dims U'luics raiK^scat in ituras. 
 Cf Hm. 11. 10, 89: — aV.V kw/j,^ 
 
 Cf. Ep. 1, 79; Am. 2, 14, 41; Met. 14. l;i2; Fast. 2, 509; 
 Ibis 141, Ex 1'. 2. 117. (See Zin^'erle. ) 
 
 Or. H. tJ. ,96'; 
 
 Qnniii tliahinio, nisi tn. nuphi, sit iilhi luao: 
 Ap. ,3, 1127: 
 
 TjfAiSTSQov d^ Xfxoi ^aXafiiOic in xovQidioiaiv 
 noqawssiQ- ov d' anfis diaxqivssi (pikoT'^og 
 aX)M, ttcHqoc d-aVKTov'-yf j.if^,OQiJijSPoi' diKfixalvipat. 
 Ap. 4, 95: 
 
 daifiiovirj. Zevc avroc "OXv/jniog bqxioc sCToa 
 "Hqri It Zvyiiij, . //oc svvstic, ij (isv Sfiiotmv 
 xovQid'lijV III- dofiOKSiv £t>i(TT'^(rea&ai axoirip, 
 svt' dv ig 'EXXdda yaiap lxu)[ii,fd-a roarifiapng. 
 4, 194: 
 
 rrjv ii,kv iywv iS-sXovaav dvd'§oy,ai, oixad' axoirw 
 xovQidirjP. 
 Notice, however, that Ovid has here made an essential 
 change in the time of these promises. In Apollonius they are 
 all made aftei- she had i;-iven him the ointment. Of Find. I'vth. 4, .S9;') ; 
 
112 Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 
 
 aw 6' iXaim (fctqfiaxoacSatQ dt'TiTOfitt GrfQeav odvvciv 
 diaxt ;{p/fo'i9-K». xaralv^ffdr re xoiror ydftov 
 yXvxvv h> dkXdXoKfi [jii^cci. 
 
 Ov. H. 12, 87 
 
 Cmiscia i^it luno. sacris praefccta nuiritia. 
 •Cf. Ep. -2, 41: 
 
 lunonemque, toris ((uae praesidct alma maritis. 
 Loers compares Prop. 3, 9, 20: 
 
 luno sacris quae praesidet alraa maritis. 
 and Virg. Aen. 4, 59: 
 
 lunoni ante omnis, cui vincia iuj;alia curae. 
 Add Eur. Med. 161: — p£yd?.OK oqxoig 
 
 ivdtiCctfiiva top xazdqaroi' 
 
 nodtv. 
 
 Ov. H. 12, 88: 
 
 Et dea, marmorea cuius in. uedr siimus. 
 There is nothing about a marble temple in Apollonius and 
 I am inclined to suspect, especially on account of the position 
 in the verse of marmorea and in aede, that the expression was 
 transferred from Ep. 7, 99: 
 
 Est mihi marmorea sacratus in uedr Sychaeu-s, 
 where we found Virg. Aen. 4, 4.^7 to be the source. 
 For marble temples cf. also Virg. Aen. 6, 69: 
 
 Tum Phoebo et Triviae solido de marmore templum 
 Instituam. 
 Virg. G. 3, 13: 
 
 At viridi in campo templum de m<irmorc ponam 
 Propter aquam. 
 
 Ov. H. 12. 89: 
 
 Haec animuni—ef quota parsliaec su nf 'f — nwrerepuellae 
 
 Him.plicis. et deuirae de.rtera iuncta meae. 
 Vidi etiam lacrimal, un pars est frandis in illis? 
 Sic cito sum verbis enptu 'puellu tuts. 
 
SoiiiT.es of Ovid's llcroiilos. \\';] 
 
 €f. Ep. 2, ai: 
 
 Iiira, fides ubi nLiiic. coumiissMque duxtcia dextrac. 
 Ep. 2, 49: 
 
 riodidimiis blandis. (iiioriiin tibi copia, verbis: 
 
 Credidimus i^-eueii iiiiminibiisqiie tuis: 
 (Iredidimus lacrimis. an et ha.e similare doeenturV 
 Hae quoque habent aites. (|uaque iubeutur euntV 
 Dis (|iuique credidimus etc. 
 
 Cf. Ap. .'i. 1139: — csQTTf-TO yuQ ol 
 
 ihvfiioi: of^oK iioocpfj cir Y.m ai/ji'MoKTi, koyoKiiv. 
 Ovid has here made chaiij;'es. In Apblloiiius, she carries 
 him the ointment l)efore there is any hint of a promise of 
 marriaii'e. She jisolves to sa/\'e him, not on account of his 
 promises as in Ovid, but in spite of the disastrous consequences 
 to herself which she foresees — the bifamy of betraying her 
 ■own house and parents. 
 
 Of. A]». ;!. TMo: — o d' tfif loi.ijTi auwthic 
 
 ddxiid-'^c, 'ii'a ol if-Vjj.o) (piXoi\ srf)-a vsoico. 
 avTUQ tycor avrijfjiMQ, or' i'ico'vriiii-r atO-Xov 
 re!)rciirjt> y.r'l throuii'h cS()(J. 
 
 Ovid gi\es substantially the same story as here, in Met. 7, 94: 
 — per sacra triforinis 
 
 lUe deae. bicoque foret (piod numen in illo, 
 Perque patrem soeeri eernentein cuncta futuii, 
 Eventusqne suos et tauta pericula iurat. 
 Oreditus aeeejiit cantatas protinus herbas, 
 P^idicitque usum — ct. >s. 45: 
 Et dabit ante fideni. cog-amque in foedera testes 
 Esse decs. 
 
 Or. H. 1:<!. 9U: 
 
 Jungis et aeripcilcf' iiiddiido corporf Uuifox 
 Ei soli/Ill m /«.wo ronierr- pud in Jiiimum. 
 
 Arvii ii'Deinifix 'pro spiiiinc dentibus iinples: 
 Nn^citiir Pt ff/tidios xciitrKinc ini/t's hiihet. 
 
114 Soureos of Ovifl's Heroidos. 
 
 ("f. Eiir. ^[ed. 476: 
 
 i(Toi(Tci a , dog laamv 'Ek/.f/noi' offot 
 lavxov avveiasfiiiGav ^IqyMOV dxccffoc, 
 Tiefi:ipx)-sii:a tuvqwv ttvqttj'vo}!' tm-rTTcirrjf 
 CevyXaiGij xa) anaQovvra d-avii(niiov yvijv 
 
 For an account of the contest sec Ap. ."i, 1277 tt'. 
 
 Or. H. U. 97: 
 
 Jpua pgo. ([Uiic (ledermit ti/nliauit/)//!, ptt/liffn ^erli, 
 
 (_'ittn ridi snbitox ariiui tencri; riros: 
 Ovid lepeats this thought iu Mot. 7, 1.H4: 
 
 Ipsa quoque extimiiit, quae tutum fecerat ilium. 
 
 Utque petl vidit iuvenein tot al) hostibus unum. 
 
 rallnit et subito sine sanguine frigida sedit. 
 
 Or. H. iV, 101:^ 
 
 Jnsopor eccr rigil ni/iiaiiii!< crnji/Jdjif/bus honeii". 
 
 HiJiihif. et torto pectorp. revrif Innniiiv. 
 Cf. Vii-gil's description of a serpent, Aen. 5. "-;77; 
 
 — ardensque ocnlis, et sil)ila coila 
 
 Arduus attollens. 
 Ap. 4, 127: 
 
 avcttQ KVTiy.QV TTSQifMiXta rtiriTO dnQriv 
 
 o'^v? dvTn'OKSi nqo'Cdwv Z(pig 6(pi)-ttXfiot(iiv 
 
 i'ti,GOfji,evovc, ^oi'Qsi ds nsXiaqiov. 
 vs. 14.H: ftic vots xstvo nsXwqov dneiqsoias iksXi,'§i)' 
 
 {iVfJkliovag aQalsjimv tTTfjqetpsag fpoXiStflfSbV. 
 
 Or. H. !:<!, 103: 
 
 J)oiis open iihi eraid'^ nhi erui tilti ireepn euiuwu.r'f 
 
 Tib. 2, 3, 'M) is compared by some t-^ommentators : 
 
 Delos ubi nunc, Phoebe, tua est, robi lyelphica Python/' 
 
 Ov. H. 1:^, 10') : 
 
 Ilia ego. i/iHH' tibi xini/ ninic (lt'ii/(/tie hiirhturi facta,.. 
 Cf. Eur. Med. .586: 
 
 nqirirov ;ih' 'li/JAd' avr,) jiaQ^aQOv x&ofog 
 
 yular xuroixtlg ymI dixfji> tniiSruaai 
 
 rvfioig II •/.qr^cd-ut j-i.ii nqug laxvog xuqn'. 
 
Sources ot Ovid's lloroide's. Wfy 
 
 VS. 1,H3(J: (iaQ^dqov r' drro y^S-ovoc xtL 
 1339: orx sdTir "^Tic Tovr ch' 'ElXijvlc yvvi] 
 liXtj nod-' y.r).. 
 
 Of. H. !•>. IOC. 
 
 Xiiiic fill/ siuii paitpcr. luiiic fib/ rim nocens 
 liirt eomparos Eur. Med. .5G1 : 
 
 TrtrijTu (ptvysi rrac vie ^y.nodmi' ifiXog. 
 
 Or. H. ii*. If)7': 
 
 J'^ldiiiii/i'ii aiihfhi.i i /iirdicafo lioiiiuii somno, 
 FA fihi. //iKw nipcrrn. n'llrra fiifa dedi. 
 
 Eur. Mod. 4SU: 
 
 dqdxovrd 0', oi naY'/^qvaor dfJtpsnMf dsqag 
 unsiQaig sdw^s noAv^nXoxoic uimvoi wv, 
 XTsivad' drs(r%ov nol (fdoc (TcijttiQiop. 
 
 A p. 4, 146: 
 
 "Tnvov doan/iTijQa. O-smv vnacov, xa?Joi<(Sa 
 
 vs. 149: — aitdq oy' tjdri 
 
 oififi d-sXyofJiSVOQ doXr/JiV drMir uxavd-av y.tX. 
 > s. l.")(j: )\ di fHV aQxevd-oio viov TfT[.hrj6Ti S-aXXoi 
 
 ^dntova' sx xvxfoji'oc dx'^Qara (pdqiiccx doi,didc 
 
 oaXvf- xar' wpd-aXfiMV ttsqi t' dfitfii Tf vijQiroc orf/n, 
 
 rfaofiidxoz' VTTi'or s§aXXs xtX. 
 vs. 162: srO-cc d' o jdr xQvdsiov ano dqvog ttlvvcn xwac, 
 
 xovQTjc xixXofjbsvrjg' )] 6' s'lJTrfdov frrrtjvtcc 
 
 ffuQjJ€<xm s'liitjyj-r tJriqoc y.dqr]. 
 
 Or. H. !:<!. 109: 
 
 Pro(lifv>! psf rjniifor, r/yiui/i/ jutfriiniiqiie reliiiiii. 
 
 Ap. 4, 3(31: 
 
 Trdtqijv Tt y.Xiu re f.i,fydQO)r avrovc Tf- rox^ag 
 vompK/dfu^r, rd iioi i/f rrrfOTaru xrX. 
 
 Eur. 'Sled. 31: 
 
 avTtj TTQOC ((vTi]r TTUTSo' dTroi/jittt^rj (piXov 
 xal yaXav tjYxovc 0-', org nqodovn' dtplxsro 
 
 8* 
 
ll(j Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 
 
 ,«*<' avd'Qoc oc Off 8 vvt' uTiiiaffac fx^' 
 fyi'0)y.f d' 7j Tu?.aira (Ji'fKfOQac vno 
 otov TraTQKag fjr^ dnoXtinfa!)a( x^oroc. 
 
 TyW: OVCt ft 01 TTUTQIC 
 
 , ovr' ofxog tffru' ovT dnoarqofpii y.ay.m'. 
 1H32: TTuiQog ti y.a), /^c nQodoru' rj a' tfhQiihuro. 
 1. Jason himself reproaches her with thisj. 
 Birt compares Eur. ;\Ied. "255: 
 
 iyut d" tQrjfJog uTroJaQ oi'Ci' v^QiCoficii 
 TTQuc ch'd(i6g, ty. ytjc (ia()^(XQOV Xskriafisi'Tj, 
 ov firjTSQ', ovx ndthfoi', oiy), OVYysv'ij 
 fitd-OQu^'KJac-d-ui T^ffd" sxovaa avfxcpoqac. 
 (SeeEp. Kj, 16^1 where some additional examples are g-i\en.) 
 
 Or. H. Ve. IJ:^ : 
 
 ()j)Hiiin, ciiiH ciira inutri' rdniit sorur. 
 
 (1^ Ep. 17, 2:!1: 
 
 Xon erat Aeetes, ad (|iiein despecta redu'Ct, 
 Xon Idyja parens Chalciopeqiie soror. 
 
 l'"oj- Idyia (Eidi'la) cf. Ap. .'i, 24o. 
 
 For Ghalciope et'. esjieeially Ap. :]. 727 tf. 
 
 C'f. Ap. 4. ;-)(): 
 
 Tovde roi ih'i' ^fihlj-sv ruvaov nXoxov iffi,i, Xinovda, 
 IMiCtf) i^jm[. xui(>oic dt y.al avdiya noXXov loi'xiii' 
 ya'iQoic XaX.xioTTij, y.tc) nag doftiOg. 
 
 Oc. H. l:i, IJJl: 
 
 At nun tii fufj'iriiK iihic iiif. iji'iiitani'. re/kjiil. 
 The name .Ibsyrtus oeciii-s in Ov. Ti'ist. ii, 9, (J. 
 Cf. Ap. 4, 421. 
 
 tog Twys 'Sviijjca'Ti- fjisyai' doX.ov tiQivi'ovro 
 
 VS. 454: — t) d' ig X.6'/fii' 'i^f-v ^lifiow 
 
 dsyfierog l4ipv()TOV y.xX. ■ \ 
 
 464: uvTixa d' ^liaoHdrjg nvy.n'ov tiu/.io Xoxow, 
 
 yvfJiiVOP di'uGxofiti'og na/MfM] iicpog' ahjja i)i- y.ovQij 
 si^jTuXii' vfifitir' ii'fixf-. xccXvif)tt(j,ivri oOoi'tjair, 
 fjitj (fvi'oi' (iO-Qr^at-ii- y.aaiyvriToio ivrrsVTog y.iX. 
 
Sources of Ovid's Heroides. l\l 
 
 Ovid seems to have t'ollowecl hero anothei- version of the 
 btory according- to which Medea herself did the killing'. Loers 
 compares Cie. de Nat. Deor. .'), 26: 
 
 (Medea) — postquani pater appropin(]uat iamciue 
 
 paene ut comprehendatur ))arat, 
 Pueruni interea obtruncatracmbvaque articiilatbii dividit. 
 Perqiie asi,'ros passim dispergit corpus: id ca gratia, 
 Ut dum nati dissupatos artiis captaret parens. 
 Ipsa interea elfugeret, ilium ut maeror tardaret seqni, 
 Sibi salutem ut familiari pareret panicidio. 
 0\id"s account in Trist. ."J, 9 agrec^s with this, lleferred 
 to again in Ibis 435. 
 a: Ep. 6, 129: 
 
 Spargere quae fratris potuit lacerata per ajiros 
 Corpora, pignoribus parceret ilia, meisV 
 Euripides, does not give these particulars, cf. Eur. Med. 167: 
 
 W TTCCTSQ, W TToklC, MV UTTSVttO-D-rjV 
 
 aldxQcoc, tor sfiiov ittsivaaa y.daiv. 
 Ii333: rov mv dXd<sro()' fig sfi' saKrupav d^soi- 
 
 y.Tavovda yccQ rf^ Gov xdau' Traqsariov xr'l. 
 Hyginus 23 says that Jason killed him and Medea buried 
 him. (Loers.) 
 
 Or. H. U, Ho: 
 
 Quod facere ansa meu est, iioii audd scrlbere df.iii-n. 
 When Medea gave Circe an account ot the events, she 
 omitted this. 
 
 Ap. 4, 734: — tpovov d' dXieivsp ivianstv 
 jlipvQ-vov. 
 
 Or. H. 12, im-. 
 
 Credere me pelago fenima. tamque nocnis. 
 ^^ee note on Ep. 7, 58. 
 
 Ov. H. 12, 121: 
 
 Cmnpressos utinam Sumplegndes elis'wsenf. 
 Se note on vs. 7. Cf. Eur. Med. 1. 
 The Symplegades belong to this myth. 
 
118 Som-ces of Ovid's Heroides. 
 
 Ap. 2, 317: 
 
 7tstq«Q fitv ndn'iTQonoi', dipoQfiiitJsm-i ijnto 
 Kvavsag oiptatH dvm a/MC ti' 'ivvoyliriii'. 
 
 It was probably from the Jlyth of the Golden Fleece that 
 Homer borrowed: 
 
 Od. 12, 59: 
 
 sv-d-sv }ih' yaQ nsTQai im/jqupiec, ttqotI d' aviag 
 xvfia fjbiya (lOxO'iT xvavcoTTidoc ll;i(fiiQiiijc- 
 nXayxTiic dtj rot rdc ye Usol iidzaQf^ xaiAovdiv. 
 TTj (isf t' ovrt TTOcijTi'c TTaQfqyt'ftii , ovdt ndkticci 
 'CQ^QMVec, 'cui %' a[i,^QO(>i)jt' ./I'l TraTQi (fSQOVdiv, 
 dXXd Tf xcii TMV aUv dtpaiqilrca Aic ritiQij' 
 dlX' (ii.'Ariv iviijdi TTurijf) ivaQiD-fiuov t-7vai. 
 i:y d' ov tcm iig vijvg ipvyif dvdQuiv, ij tic ixfjTai', 
 dXXu x)-' o^iov Trivaxuc rt nwi' xal (idfiiaccc (poarmv 
 
 XVflCCxF dkog (fOQliOVCl TTV^OQ i' oXoOtO !>('.<■//«». 
 
 o'iij dii xbivrj yi- Truqi .r).M rrorroTr u(JOg I'rjvg, 
 liqyw TTccGi ^isXovCa, rraq' Aiijvao tt/.i^o iida. 
 xai vv xi r.iiv sfit-' mxa (iuXn' ^f/d/.ac rrori natqag, 
 dlk' "Hqij rra(}sni-fj.iiii-r. intl (pi/.og i/ff ^lifiitu'. 
 
 Of. H. 12, J.V.V; 
 
 Aut noa ScijUn ra:pax canlJnin mhiifitet rdciulos! 
 Deb'uit ingratis Scylla nocere riris. 
 
 nicTC are numerous rct'erencos to Scylla. 
 
 Cf. Od. 12, 185: 
 
 svd-a d' iv) 2:xi'XXij vaiti dtiior '/.tXaxvlu xtX. 
 
 But Ovid refers to Sc-ylla, the daui;hter of Msus, who 
 originally belonged to a later myth. 
 
 'Of. Aesch. Choeph. Gl:;: 
 
 aXXav dij ctr' ti> Xoyoic aivytir 
 
 (pon/ictv —xvXXar, 
 ar' ixb'Q'^'' vncci (pun' d.rwXtati' (pi/.oi' Kgr/iixotg 
 XQvafoSiMjioiGii' OQiioig Tfi^rfiaatc dio^tm Mivw, 
 ^Xaov dit-ttt'drag rqiyog ro&piaua' uTrQOjiov/.oyg 
 nvioi'xf-' d y.rroipoMr tnrw. xiy/drn di- rir 'Eo/A^g. 
 
.Soui-ces of Oxid's Heroides. U9 
 
 For the ston of Scyllii, see Ov. Met. S, 1 — If)!, where 
 ■she is transformed into the bird riri.'^- and where there secius 
 to be no confusion with the Seylla and f'harybdis myth. Still 
 another account is given In ^let. 14. 17 — (iT, where wc have 
 the halt-woman. Cf. Vir-. Aeu. H, 41^1) ff.; Eel. (i, 74 tt'.; Prop. 4, 
 18, 21 If'.; 5. 4, 39 1.; etc. 
 
 This seems to have liecn the most common form of the 
 myth among the Koman poets and is what Ovid refers to here. 
 
 Ov. H. 1^. l:^ri: 
 
 Qiuieqne vomit iotklrn/ fndii^ totidcinqKe rcaorhfi. 
 
 Ni))! quoque dc. 
 Hm. Oa. 12. 104: 
 
 Twd' rno dXu XdQt'(idic dfuQQOilidfl iis^.ccr vdMQ. 
 
 TQic (itf yd() r' driijdii' tn' r/ijari. nuc d uvaQOi^dtt 
 
 dfu'or. Cf Virg-. Acii. ;!. 420 fl^ 
 Ap. 4, 7M7. 
 
 I'rr 6'i- 7Tui)a I'xv/J.'^c Gxvntkor fisyttr //)V Xdqvfidtv 
 
 diiror sofvyoi.i,ti')]i' dixsrai odoc. < 'f ^'s. .^2.') ft'. : \s. 92(Jf. 
 
 0)-. H. 1'^. 1:^7 H(irinouio-'<. Osid used this word fre- 
 quently in this part of the verse. Sec Kilger, p. 117. 
 
 Or. H. l.<!, 120: 
 
 Qidil rep'ruiii I'l'liac niit(i)< pietdtc iiiicciitrs 
 
 (Jaesaquc ftc. 
 Ep. 6, 101: 
 
 Atque aliquis Peliae de i)artil)us acta venenis 
 
 Impiitat. 
 Eur. Med. 9: 
 
 ovd' dr y.rari-ti' ntUrccaa llt'/.iddag y.6(tiic 
 
 nUTSQU. 
 
 486: Jlfliaf i' dnt/.Thw' , MG/rf-Q dXyirrror Ihuritr. 
 naidMV vn aviov, Trdrru d' iii-Tloi' (foiinr. 
 
 Ov. H. W, l;Sl: '^*'>^ 
 
 Ut culpent alii, fihi nic hihidrirc luri'x^f rd. 
 Fin qtio-fti.im ioficns r^i'c civirfd iwan/.s. 
 
12(D Sonrces of Ovid's Heroides. 
 
 Cf. Ep. 6, 137: 
 
 Quid refert, scelerata piam si vincet, ct ipso 
 Crimine dotata est cmonntqiic Tirnm. 
 
 Ov. H. 12, 13^: 
 
 Allans ex -- 0! iusto dcmmf xun i-crbn dolor/ 
 Aligns es 'Acxoniii' dicerc 'cede domo'. 
 The tendencj' in these letters is to j-educc the action ti' 
 two persons. Here Ovid docs not wish to luing in the character 
 of Creon which he found in Euripides. Cf. Med. 67: 
 ijy.ovad Tov ^Jyovrog — 
 cog Tovddf natdac yrjc f).ar KoQirMag 
 'Sv)' fi'ijTQl f^MXoi r7jGds xoiQafOQ ■/.3-ov6g 
 Kqsmv. 
 In vs. "271, it is Creon that says: 
 
 as TijV axvO-Qonnov xa), nodsii d-Vfiovfiiftji', 
 Mrjdsiav, i-lnov TTjOds yijc «Jw Trigar ■ 
 ifvydda, Xa^ovaai' dtaad (tvt> (>ceraj rsy.i>u, 
 xccl [Ji-rj IS jif/j.siv. 
 
 Ov. H. l:i. Vto : — mitis coimtata dnubus. 
 Besides the passage just quoted (Med. 27.S), the tivo children 
 are' mentioned in vs. 1395; children, in ^ss. 46, and 4^0. 
 
 Ov. H. Zi-. i:-r/: 
 
 Ut siibito nostras Hipiiim ciiiifatus iirl anri's 
 Venit, et acceiiso lampades ignc niicant. 
 Tibiaque eff'undit socialia rannina uobis, 
 At iiiihi funeren pebiJiorn tubas. 
 
 Cf. Eur.' Alcest. 915: 
 
 Tors fi>h> nevxttic avv Jliikldciv 
 (Svv S-' vfJisvccioig s&csiyiov sdm 
 
 vs. 922: I'vv d' j'fji,svaian' yoog dviinakog 
 /^vxwv IS 7ts7t/.u)V (iiiXavsg (trokfioi. 
 
 Erinna 6, 5: 
 
 o)C xdv natd' 'Yiisvaiog vtp ate (dysv) ijdsro 7rsvxuig^ 
 ratad' snl xadsffrdg s(f'Af.ys Ttvqxaidv 
 xal ov [isi'j ui 'i'lisvais, ydfjMi' fioXTralov doiddr, 
 fV !}orivwt.' yosqoi' (f!}sy/ia jisS-ijgiJoffao. 
 
Sources of Ovid's Heroide.s. J21 
 
 Prop. 2, 7, 12: 
 
 Tibia, t'unesta tristior ilia tuba. 
 Eustathiiis MaciemboHt. 6, 7, 2: xccl <soi. fi,if v y.ah'g 
 
 For the use of the trumpet in funerals ef. Virg-. Aen. 11, 191: 
 Spargitur ot tcUus laerimis, sparguntur et arma, 
 It caelo clamor(pie virum clai}gorque. tiiharum. 
 
 a. Ov. Am. 2, 6, 7. For the marriage-torch, cf. 
 
 (jat. 61, 15: Pineam quate taedam. 
 
 See Homer (quoted below, vs. 143). 
 
 Of. Ep. 11, 101; Prop. ;5, 19, 25. , ., 
 
 Or. H. 12. 143: 
 
 Turha ruuni.et' Hymen' chi'iiuinf,'Htpnena('<''freqiieHia)ii.. 
 
 Vt the refrain in Cat. 61: 
 Hymen Hymcnaee io, 
 Hymen Hymenaee 
 
 and in Cat. 62: 
 
 Hymen Hjmenaee, Hjanen ades Hymenaee. 
 
 Of. Ep. 14, 27: 
 
 Vulgus 'Hymen, Hymenaee' vocant. fugit ille vDcantis.. 
 
 The raaiTiage-song ^vas ancient. 
 
 Of. Hm. II. 18, 490 (speaking of the shield of Achillesj: 
 tv di dim notijas noXfic fj-sQanooy ch'D-qcoTTwv 
 xakdc. iv Tri fjisv qu ydfjivi v' sdap slXuTcivat rs, 
 vv(i(pac 6' tx d-aXu(iu)V dccidoav vTto Xafi'Tioysrdojy 
 riYifsov dva dffrv, noXvc 6' v(i,ivatog dqwQfi' 
 xovQOi d' d^/i^ffr^^ec sdivsov, f-r rf' dqa rotdir 
 avXol (poQfU'iyySc. ts ^oip) s%ov • xv'l. 
 
 Cf Theoc. Id. 18, 59: 
 
 'fji^' m 'Vfievcxif, ydfto) stti raidf xctQti'ijg. 
 
 Ov. H. 12, 146: 
 
 Quis vellet tanti nuntlm essema/i? 
 Ciofanus compares Soph. Antig. [277]: 
 
 ffTtQyf-i yaQ ovdfk dyysXov xaxwv inutv. 
 
12*2 Sources ot Ovid's Heroides. 
 
 Or. H. !■<!. ISl: 
 
 Cum minor e purris Iti.ni^ Miidioqiic ridendi. 
 Enr. Med. 46: 
 
 ttX'/J o%de natSsc tx rqoxwv nenavfiiSfoi 
 
 xaxooi'. via ydq (fqovric ovx dlystv (fiXuX. 
 
 Or. H. 7;>. 153: 
 
 Protinii^ ((bscitisa planxi mea pectora rt'sfc. 
 T'uid ncc (I digitis ora fuere meh. 
 
 See note on Ep. 10, 15. Cf. Ep. 14, 51. 
 
 Tib. 1, 1, 67: 
 
 Tnm manes ne laede nieos, sed parce solatis 
 Crinibus et teneris, Delia, parce genis. 
 
 Cat. 64, M8: 
 
 Illius egregias vii-tutes claraque facta 
 Saepe fatebuutur gnatorura in funere matres, 
 Cum incur\'o canos solvent a vertice crines, 
 Putridaque infirmis variabnnt pectora palmis. 
 
 Ov. H. 12, 157: 
 
 Vir me conUiiui, guin ><ic lanicda cwpillos 
 Claiimreii/ 'metis est' iniceremque manus. 
 This recalls Roman law and is, of course not to be sought 
 in Greek originals. Cf. Am. 1, 4. 40; "J, 5, 30; Ep. 8, 16; 
 Fast. 4, 90. 
 
 Or. H. 12, 15!): 
 
 Laese pater i/niuk'. ColcJii (jaudete rel/wti 
 
 Inferias timbrae fratns habete inci. 
 Of. Met. 8, 125: — Exigc poenas, 
 
 Nise pater! gaudetc malis, modo prodita, nostris 
 
 Moenia. 
 Eiir. Med. 32M: , 
 
 to narqic, wc (Jov xdqru rvr (ivsioci' s^m. 
 
 ■Or. H. 12, 101: 
 
 Deseror, aiirisfix regno patrirujuf (li/ii/ni/iir, 
 Coniuge, qui nobis oinni<i soIma erut. 
 
Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 125 
 
 <'!'. Kj). H. ")! iiiid note. 
 Kur. Med. 2:!,^: 
 
 f-V w ;'«() /'r |H.o( jidriu. ytyrunrxfic Ttu'/MC, 
 xuxtaio>: th'd'Qwi' ix(it^rjx' ovyoi: ttohic. 
 A p. 4, .otil: 
 
 .rrcTftijr ii- y./.i-u o fiiy(((ia))^ tcvivvc it ruxi^ug 
 roaifKTccfitjr, id fioi /j*r vjrtoiaia. 
 Kustath. ^hicrem. 9. S. 2 (in i\ ieltei-) did m xul nuiqidog 
 XU1 it-xoriMi' Y.ai io)r y.ui' oty.or ku/hTiiwr rrdfcwi' y.ars<f(>orri0a 
 xr).. For the expifssidu el'. 'J'lieoc. Irl. 14. 47 yivxoc rt'V ndrra.. 
 and Hdt. 7, !.">() y.w l^ndv <>i /rdmc ul —VQrjy.ovtsui. 
 
 Or. H. 1:.\ WL- 
 
 ScrjM'iifcs Hjiliir poiit'i t(iiir(is(jar fnn'iiti's. 
 I 'nun/ lion pufui pcnloiindt'sr rinini. 
 
 Qniiciiiir I'cros jii'/Hi// (liicfis iiirdiciitiliii^ if/iws. 
 Xo)/ nih'o fiainnni-< r/pit/cre iii:<(i. inuas. 
 
 Ipsi nir nuitus herhdcfjiic iiiict'c/iic rcJiiicimt. 
 yH dfii. nil Hecdifs :<(tcnt potciit/s ni/itnt. 
 (S. Tib. 2. H. 11 U-\. Vii-i:'. Aen. 12. ;5()2): 
 
 Pa^it et Adnieti taiinis formosns .Vpollo, 
 ZSee eitliarae intousae jii-ofiienintve eeniae. 
 
 Nee potuit ciiras sanare saliibrilnis hoi'bis : 
 Qiiieqiiid ei-;\t niedicae \ieeiat ai-tis anioi-. 
 Prop. 2. 1. i'u : 
 
 Oiiiucs hiinianos sanat medicina dolores: 
 
 Solus jin^oi- luorbi non ainat artilicem. 
 Ov. Ep. .'), 149: 
 
 Me niisernni. <|ii(id amor non est niedieabilis herbis, 
 
 Defieior pnidens ai-iis ab arle inea. 
 Bach on I'hiletas p. 2() pves Theoe. Id. 11, 1: 
 
 ovdtr yroiior tiwru jjttfvxi-t (pdQiiayor d/J.o, 
 
 AryJu, orr' sy/jMioi'. i';i)f duxii. oi'r' fTrirradiov, 
 
 i] iia JfuQidic 
 and Id. 14. .'>2: 
 
 '/_m II TO (fdy'iayor I'ffrif ujirixursorioc t(>anog, 
 
 ortc oMcr. 
 
^24 Som-ces of Ovid's Heroides. 
 
 F<n- Medea's powers, cf. Ep. 6, 8;S: 
 
 Nee facie meritisque placet, sed cai-raina novit. 
 
 Diraque cantata pabula falce metit. 
 lUa reluctantem cursu deducere Luuam 
 Mtitur, et tenebris abdere solis equos. 
 Ilia refrenat aquas, obliquaque flumina sistit: 
 
 Ilia loco silvas vivaque saxa movet. 
 Per turaulos errat passis discinct^ capillis, 
 
 Certaquc de tepidis colligit ossa rogis. 
 Devovet absentis, simulacraque cerea fingit, 
 
 Et miserum tenuis in iecur urget acus. 
 Et quae nescierim melius. Male quaeritur herbis, 
 Moribus et forma conciliandus amor. 
 Cf. Prop. 4, 5, 25: 
 
 Non me moriblis ilia, sed herbis inproba ficit. 
 Ap. .S, 528: 
 
 xovQij Tig fJisydqoiGiv tfiTQs<fsc' AlrjTao 
 TTjV 'ExuTij nsqiaXka &sd das xsxvifiao&m 
 (pctQfjiax', off' vjTTe/^oc rs (pvai xal vrixvTOV vdu)Q, 
 rotdi xal dxafidroio Tivqog fistXiffffsr' dwfir^, 
 xai 7iOTafjt,ovg 'iOTrjffii' d(paq xgXaSsivd QSOVTag, 
 ddTQa ra xal fiTiVijg iaQr^g sTTsdijffs xsXsv&ovc. 
 4, 41: 
 
 ■tr^ dk xai. avTOfiavoi ^vqsutv v7i6si^ai> ox^tg, 
 wxfiaig dipoqQOi dvad-quiGxovreg dpidatg 
 4, 50: — ov ydq di6qig 
 
 ffiv odutv, d-afjM xai nqiv dXoaihgvri d/jcpi, tt- vy/.qovc^ 
 d(i(pi re dvdnaXsag qi^ag x^ovog, ola yvvatxsg 
 <faq(iiaxi6eg 
 59, the Moon says, 
 
 rj xhccfiid dij xai (Sato xiov doXiaKSiv doidaXg, 
 fivtjdafjbsvri (pikoTrjrog, 'ii'a oxoritj svi vvxzl 
 (faqimaajig avxijXog, d toi (piXa sqya Ttrvxtai. 
 See a full account in Ov. Met. 7, 192 ff. Cf. Eur. Med. 394 1 
 Tib. 1, 2, 43; 1, 8, 19; Vu-g. Aen. 4, 487; Eel. 8, 70; Hor. 
 Epod. 5. 45; 17, 77; Prop. 1,1, 23; Theocl 2,' 14; Aiiptopli. 
 
Sources of Ovid's lleroides. 125 
 
 •(noiids 749; Sosiphanes tr. 1 (Schnl. Ap. lili. li, 5;i8); Ov. Am. 1, 
 •«. 5; Rem. 269. 
 
 fh: H. l.l\ .169: 
 
 Xon mihi grata dies, iiocivn riijitaufiii- amarae. 
 Tib. 2, 4, 11: 
 
 Nuuc et amara dies et noctis ainarior umbra est. 
 Trop. 1, 1, 33: 
 
 In me nostra ^'enus noctes exeicet amaras. 
 Prop. 5. ;i, 29: 
 
 At mihi cum noctes induxit vesper amaras. 
 Tib. 1, 2. 76: — cum fletu nox, vigilanda venit. 
 Prop. 4, 14, 2: 
 
 Nee veniat sine te nox vigilanda mihi. 
 -'). 9, 3: — quoties desertus amaras 
 
 Explevi noctes. 
 Ov. H. 13, 103: 
 
 Sive latet Phoebus, seu terris altior exstat, 
 
 Tu mihi luce dolor, tu mihi noete venis. 
 
 llr. H. re, 17V: 
 
 Quos ego servari, jielex a.mplectitii r (iiitf.-;, 
 ■ Et noHtri frtictas ilia lahorh hnbct. 
 Cf. Met. 7. 40: 
 
 Ut per me sospes sine me det lintea ventis, 
 Virque sit alterius, poenae Medea relinquarV 
 
 Ey. 6, 75: 
 
 Vota ego persolvamV votis Medea fruetnrV 
 Cor dolet atque ira mixtus abundat amor 
 Dona feram templis, virum qaod lasona perdo? 
 Hostia pro damnis concidat icta meisV 
 
 Tib. 1,0, 17: 
 
 Omnia, persolvi: frmtur nunc alter anuue. 
 
 Et precibus felix utitur ille meis. 
 For 2Je/e.r cf. Ep. 6, 133. 
 
12K Soui-fos of Oviil's Horoides. 
 
 For the g-cmTal sentiincnt Eur. iAlcd. 2(y.): 
 yvi'ij yc/.Q rci/Mt iih' (fofioi' ,t/<-'«. 
 xazij d' >-'c dly.iji' xal aidrjoOv firtoocci" 
 oral' d' <s" fvi'ij' ffdrAijiii'i'ti xt'Qjj, 
 ory. kdTir a/j.ij (fQ7ji' jiiUKfonoTtiHt. 
 
 Or. H. l:i. 17 r,: 
 
 Forsitaii nf. af/i/tfd' il/n/i fc iactarc imirifiir 
 
 It) ftic/eiii iiioi'r.'~'i/iir iiii'iis iiorii cr/iiiiiin fiiifias. 
 Cf. Prop. 2. 9. 22: 
 
 Forsitan ct de me verbn fiiere mala. 
 See Ep. 1, 77. 
 
 Or. H. /v. /;.S'; 
 
 liiili'itt rt rii/is liU'td xit ilhl Itirix. 
 
 15irt compares Eui-. Med. Tlt7: 
 
 ov Y^Q yulactUuh rXrjrop ti I'xO-Qwt', (fiXai. 
 \s. 403: — ov ysXttiva dit a' v(f>/.t-Tr 
 
 role ^irirffiioic rote i ' ^fdnot'oc yctfioiL. 
 
 Or. H. i,V. ISI): 
 
 F/rhif. ft iirdari'S rinrrf dilii.^fd 7i/c(i-<! 
 
 Cf. Eiir. Med. 7s;i: 
 
 «//' wg doXoiai Tccadu liaai/Joic xTuroi. 
 Trsi-i/ipM yuQ avroi'c diTuj' sxoi'rag tr y^soolr. 
 ri'lKfii (fi^QOi'Tug, rijrdf iirj (pvyi-lt' yjhoi'a, 
 '/.snror ii- ttI-tt'J.ov v.w Tr}.6xov y^qvariXaTov 
 xaVTTiQ /.K(jorm( xolfwv dfKfiifji XQoi, 
 xaxoK o'/.itiui nag !)■' og (h' Myrj xootjC- 
 roioXnds yoidm rpuQ^auxoitC duyQVjiMtu. 
 
 For the messeup'r s aecount see vs. lloliff. 
 
 Or. H. i,V. IHl: 
 
 JJinii ffrnnii fliuimiaci/in' nilmnit xiicusqiit' vt'in-ii/. 
 
 Hoxih Mi'llrdr IlitHlIX itl/i/ills cTli. 
 
Soiiroes ot Ovid's Heroidos. i-jj 
 
 Birt compares Eur. Med. .-iTN: 
 
 TtoTiQov v(fdif>(t) dbof^a vi>[A,q)i.x6p jtvqi', 
 
 { d-ijxTOP maut (pccayafop di' rjiiaToc: 
 vs. 3S4: XQccTiaia rrv fv'hlur, i/ 7r((f'V»a(it)> 
 
 (XO(fal (lakKSra, (paQ/jiaxOK: cevrovc e?u;Ty. 
 Ct. Eur. Med. 38: 
 
 ^aqsta ydq (fQi/)', ov6' ch'Fifim xcexuc 
 
 jTciaxovfr.' xr/.. 
 vs. 394: oi' (j,d rijv dtCTTOivav — 
 
 'ExctT'ljf — — 
 
 XcciQoop Tig uvTOiV toviim' ttlyvvf-X xsuq. 
 vs. 807: fjiijdslc (is ipav?..ijp xuad^evr) vo}iiiQh(f> 
 (ii^d' -^Gvxcciav, cik'^d O-aitqov tqottoj) 
 ^ccQttat' £)rS-QOtg xal (piXoiair fvfisvri. 
 
 Or. H. U. 187: Si tibi sinti inlix. 
 
 Prop. 3, (j, 12: Dicebar sicco. vilior esse lacu. 
 
 1, 2, 25: Non cg-n nunc vereor, ue sim tibi vilior istis. 
 
 Or. H. i.i", 187' (2"'' half): — iviiuinin/s rexpici- iinfos. 
 Eur. Med. 74: Km ravt' Vdffwp Tratdac t'Sar f 'Serai 
 ndaxoprac, el xal fiTjVQi. diu(pogdp '"yj-i ; 
 
 Or. H. 12, 188: 
 
 Saevief in pnrtii.-< diva norrrni iiwo^. 
 Cf. Ep. 6, 12.0 : 
 
 Legates quos paene dedi pro matro ferendos, 
 
 Sed tenuit coeptas saeva noyerca vias. 
 
 Medeam timui. Plus est Medea novcrca. 
 vs. 1.51: Medeae Medea forem. 
 Cf. Ov. Met. 1, 147 (speaking of the iron age): 
 
 Lui-ida terribiles miscent aconita novercae. 
 Eur. Aleest. 309: 
 
 sX^'^Qa ydq ij 'TTiOcmc iirjTQVid tsxpoic 
 
 rote TTQOffih'. tyidptjc ovdh' fprionsqa. 
 Virg. Eel. 3, 34: 
 
 Est niihi namque domi jsater, est iiiiusta noverea. 
 
12S Sources of Ovid' (5 Heroides. 
 
 Prop. 5, 5, 10: 
 
 Et volucris nidis esse uorcnn sii/s. 
 
 Ov. H. lL\ 189: 
 
 Et niniiuHi n/mi/et: tibi sunt, cf hiKtfi'nic fmi(/or. 
 ('{. Ep. 6, 12;3: 
 
 Si quaeris, ciii sint similes, cognosccris iliis. 
 Trist. 4, 5, 31: 
 
 Sic iuvenis siinilisque tibi sit natus, et illuin 
 
 Moribiis ag-uoscat (iiiilibet esse tuiim. 
 Ex P. ■>, », 31: 
 
 Perquc tibi similem \irtutis imagine natuiii, 
 
 Morilius adgnosci qui tuus esse })otest. 
 <'at. 61, 217: 
 
 Sit suo similis patri 
 
 Manlio et facile inscieis 
 
 Noscitetur ab omnibus 
 
 Et ]mdicitiam suae 
 
 Matj'is indicet ore. 
 ^■il•g•. Aen. 4, 329: 
 
 — si qiiis mihi panulus aula 
 
 Luderet Aeneas, qui te tamen (ire j-efeiTet. 
 
 Or. H. 1:^. WO: liunina iioxtra nuidnn. 
 
 For Medea's weeping in general el. Eur. .Med. 24: 
 xitrai d' actiioc, (Jmfi' iicpslff' cX/tjdo(Ti, 
 TOP 7TUVTU avfiTjxoi'ffK daxQvotc '/^qovof. 
 
 Ot. H. Jf.V. 191 (cf. vs. TS): 
 
 Per H/ipt^fos (iru. per (ir/fiir liiiiinia fiitiiiiiidr. 
 Eur. Med. 405: 
 
 YsyiJixSav eadkov Tiurqoc 'H/.ior -/' tino. 
 146 : Ofivv TTfdov Trji TrartQa If "UXiov irarooi.-. 
 
 Or. H. l-e. 19B: 
 
 Reddc toriivi. piv (/no tot irx iuinnift reliqnl: 
 Atlilr jidciii il'/ctis, 1011. ril ill inq III' refei\ 
 
Sourcos of Ovid's Hoi-oides. 129 
 
 Eur. Med. 20: 
 
 M'^6m,a d' '/] dilGrfjroc i/i fines f.i¥i'rj 
 
 (ioa fiH' oQxotig, (tft<xuXH di df-'^iac 
 
 niaiiv fuyiartji', xal dsoiig [ji,ix^iiiu>-i(a 
 
 o'iuc ttfioi^rfi >•■'$ 'fao'ovoc xVQet 
 492: ofixon' dt; (fqovdrj nifSnc, ovd' s'xw fiaS'tt)' 
 
 tj D-f-.oi'c ruf.i!^(-ic lore roi' ovx t'-y'/nr i'ti xcA. 
 Ap. 4, 358: — jTov iui fioc 'ixtaioio 
 
 oQxia, nov dt fii-hxiju) imocrxsaml fi^lidaaii'; 
 
 ijC fyu) oil xara xof/jhor di'cadljTm foiiiTi 
 
 nimnjv rf xXsa if- jjsyafjon' avrovc rt luxtag 
 
 vorKfiddjiTiv xrX. 
 vs. 370: TcdfTij i>vr TT()6(fQMv rntoiartiau, [j.tj ds fii- fnu'i'iji' 
 
 iTt-Tu XiTTrji ioTi'a'f-i>'H)', tnor/oii^t-vuc jiaailf/UC. 
 
 ul'k' ticnac siQvcto, dixtj dk xoi sfirrfdog savm 
 
 •/.a) Difj,ig, TjV di-Mf'Ci) ()Vt'cti>sacH(f!ty. 
 Ov. Ep. 7, 110: adde fidem etc. 
 2, 31: lura fides ubi nunc etc. 
 
 Ov. H. l::t, 198: CL Ep. 6, crj. 
 
 Or. H. 1;^. :^()l: 
 
 Aureus ille arieA viUo HiwctuhiliK lairi-o. 
 Cf. Ep. 6, 49: Non erat hie aries villo spectabilis aiireo. 
 Besides this, Zingerle, 1, 15, compares Ep. 13, 57; 9, 127; 
 Aiji. 1, S, 59; Met. t), 166. 
 
 Or. H. 1^, ;^04: 
 
 I mine. Slu/jjiJ/iu^. iii/jwohr. confer apps. 
 VI Eiir. Med. 404: 
 
 xoIq ^idixfsioK rutc r ^idaovoc ydjiOK. 
 1-5(S1: — yr] dt Tfjds ^iGvqov. 
 
 Perhaps it is worth mentioning that according- to Fausanias 
 (2, 3, 11), this would be an anachronism: Toi'rtot' dt tnxu 
 amld-siv xal Miidsiuv naQudovffav 2i(TvqM ti]i' uoxi^v. 
 
 Or. H. 1.2, ^OU: 
 
 Hoc ipsnm, ingrdtns quod ■potei< esse, iiteuin est. 
 
 9 
 
130 Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 
 
 Cf. Trist. 5, 9, 20: 
 
 Hoc quoque, quod memores possumus esse, tuum est. 
 
 Or. H. i^. S09, ai2: 
 
 Quo feret irn, srqiinr. fact/ for I a ><!<(• pitj/'hit. 
 
 NoM'in quid rcrtf iupii-s iiicd maiuft iif/ii. 
 Eur. Med. ,S7: 
 
 didoixu S' ui'iyt' jj^i'i II ^ovXivaii viov. 
 92: TicSfj yuo fMoy vftftiu t'w rai'QOVfji^i'rjj' 
 
 lotad', OK 11 dqaatiovauv ov6i tcuvcsiki 
 
 yohii', adif' oldu. nqiv xaraaxrupui rifu. 
 vs. 108 : — ri TtoT iqyciasTui 
 
 IJ'tyakoankay/vog dvoxaTcencevaroq 
 
 i/nixrj d^xd'ftau xaxoTaii'; 
 117: — oYy,oi, 
 
 ItXPU, l-lij Tl TTCi'))/'/ cic VfTSQCC/.yw. 
 171: OV/. SdTH' 07T(/)'Z tl' Tifl fJIXOW 
 
 dtanoivu xfikov xuTanuvaei. 
 183: ansvdoy di ti nqlv xaxwdai 
 tov? siaut. 
 
 nivd-og yaq fitydXag rod' dQfiuTtti. 
 316: — dVJ earn rpQsvwv 
 
 dqQwdia jj^oi fii/ ti ^orlfvifig xaxor. 
 Ovid follows Euripides in maldng- Medea flee to Athens 
 and marry Aeg'eus. See Met. 7, 394 ff.; Trist. 3, 8, 3; b'ast. 2, 41; 
 Ep. 6, 161. 
 
 The sixth epistle is most closely connected with the twelfth. 
 See especially Ep. 6, 153 ff. 
 
 Summary to Ep. 12. 
 
 This letter is different from those already examined in that 
 we must here assume two main sources, Apollonius and Euri- 
 pides, covering- different parts of the story. The folloM'ing' verses 
 especially suggest Euripides: 7 cur umquam, 19 seelerate, 21 est 
 aliqua voluptas, 105 barbara, 106 pauper, 121 Sympleg-ades, 
 129 Peliae natas, 135 natis duobus, 161 omnia solus, 178 Rideat, 
 
SourcoM of Ovid's Heroi(li\'i. 13]^ 
 
 180 ardores, 181 ferrum flammaeque, 193 Redde torum, 204 Sisy- 
 phias, 212 nescio quid mens agit; 
 
 And the following, Apollonius: 35 et formosus oras, 39 Dicitur 
 tibi lex, 45 semina, 51 maesti consnrg-itis, 61 hinc amor iiinc, 
 62 recepta soror, 63 Disiectamque comas advej-saque in ora 
 iacentem, 64 lacrimis, (UJ delubra Dianae, 72 orsus es, 73 lungis 
 et aeripedes, 101 Insopor ecoe vigil, 112 soror, 115 non audet, 
 163 serpentes igitur. 
 
 These are found in both: 76 gloria, 107 Flammea subduxi, 
 109 Proditus est genitor. 
 
 \Yith the two, Sophocles is joined in 7<s genus, avus, Diana, 
 Propertius is recalled in 71 exciderunt, 87 luno quae prae- 
 sidet, 137 tibia, 175 Forsitan et, 187 vilis; 
 
 Propertius and Tibullus 169 amarae noctes; 
 Tibullus, 173 Quos ego servavi; 
 Homer, 125 Charybdis; 
 Horace, 27 Epbyren bimarem: 
 Virgil, 30 pictos toros, 31 Ula fuit, 
 57 malo saucia, 88 marmoreain aede; 
 Catullus and Virgil 189 similis. 
 Ovid differs in some respect or other from his sources in 
 the following: 38 eminet indiflio, 41 Martis erant tauri, 44 nigra 
 per adfiatus, 49 Lumina custodis, 58 acta est per lacrimas, 67 Est 
 nemus, 70 aurea dea, 86 quam thalamo nisi tu, 89 Haec ani- 
 mum movere, 97 pallida sedi, 113 germane, 133 Ausus es dicere. 
 The process of composition in this instance seems to have 
 been a kind of contaminntio and the resulting character was 
 a kind of average between the two originals. The Medea of 
 Ovid is not so vindictive as the Medea of Euripides, nor so 
 tender as the Medea of Apollonius. 
 
 The story has been elaborated with such detail in our 
 sources that we have been able in most cases to find passages 
 which correspond more or less closely to the lines of Ovid. The 
 work of our poet, as far as concerns his materia], was mainly 
 one of selection and condensation. He did not need to add 
 much. Still we find him making changes and omissions to suit 
 
 9* 
 
132 Sonrces of Ovid's llcroiclcs. 
 
 his purpose, just as in the preceding- letters. For instance, 
 Ovid's omission of the part plaved by Aphrodite iu the myth, 
 is, presumably, for the sake of ;a oiding- such objections as those 
 urged by Jason in answer to ^ledea's claims of having sa\e(l 
 him, and her charges of ingratitude. Cf. Eur. Med. 'yJVt: 
 tyu) d' , irrsidri ■/.a) /.iuv jri'oyuTc -/don', 
 ht/ryii' >'o,(i('uw rijC i-'iMiC vcWicXrutiuc 
 (Tuiii-iou)' i:h'ui 3smi' II- ■/.ih'')omnMV (JiUfrif. 
 no) d' San fill' i^ovi /fTrro'c, all tnicpd-oi'oc 
 loyoc 6ii-/.'hit>, ftjc "Eqmc n' I'l'/'yy.ac)!- 
 lotoic Mfvy.roi,Q rovpof ixGwcSui d'sfiac. 
 For Aphrodite's ]iart cf. Ap. Kh. 2, 425 vi^here Phmeus sa^s: 
 lelit't (fl/.oi. (pQciCi-'f'Jf 'Hue doXosaaur leooiyijr 
 Ki'Tiyidoc. r/. yuo iifi vj.via Tttioniu xtTrai ai'Jliii)'. 
 VI. Ap. y,. 549. 
 In ,Vp. .'i, 2b Hera says to Athena: 
 
 (Stri)' Mfjitr finu Kv/ruii'. t/rnTlojii-i'C'.i 6i lAti' (tiiqu) 
 jiKid) iw fij'cHi' v'lQi'i'Ofji,!-!', it'i y.h niHrjTai 
 ■/.ut'otji' ylit'jTKji) TToltxfdiqjj'Uxoi' oi(Ji (iilsaoi 
 thL'l'iai oiGii-vfii'x iTj' ^iTjffofi. 101' d' at' oiw 
 xfii'tjc tt'i't-airjo'tt' ic 'Elldda -/.(nuc uvaisiv. 
 jVplirodite grants the request, Eros is ]tersuaded and goes, 
 ii.xes his arrow: 
 
 I'Di'c d' diJfforiyijUi diudxoiif-vog Truldprrjaw 
 ]f/ ini Mtjdilrj- itjV d' uiKfiuairi id^s !}v/j,6i' /.I'l. 
 Cf dv. Met. 7, 10 i 
 
 VJ, luctata diu, postquam ratione furorem. 
 \'incere non poteras, 'frustra, Medea, repiignas: 
 Nescio qnis deus obstat': ait — 
 In Ex P. .y, ;i, 79 Amor says: 
 
 Haec loca tunc primum vidi, cum nudre ruifinilr 
 Phasias est telis fixa puella meis. 
 Cf. Ex P. 1, 4, 41. Pind Pyth. 4, ;5<S4ft'. 
 .Vgaiii, Ovid is different in describing the feelings of iledea. 
 There is no longing for death as in Euripides (Eur. Med. 97, 
 144, 227), except in Ovid vs. 3 (cf. vs. 121) there is a wish 
 that she had died before this. 
 
Sources of Ovid's Heroides. 133 
 
 There is no threat against her children (ff. Eur. 113), nr 
 iierce iiiipvocations against her hnsl);\nd (d'. Eur. Ki'J. 'JBl, 2a7, 
 310, 375). 
 
 On the oilier hand, theie is not (lie same ilisniteresle.d lo-.c 
 
 as in Apollonins. She jiIaos he)- help only after receivin;;;' his 
 
 ]ironiise (see note on a's. St)), She \\eji;'hs the conse(|iieiu'es and 
 
 i;-oes where she sees the greater fKhantag'es. (T. ()\. Met. 7, ofr. 
 
 — non magna relinquani: 
 
 ^lagna seqnar ete. 
 
 E n d. 
 
Index. 
 
 (Mostly passages discussed. 
 
 Aocessus terra patcrna nogat 83. 
 
 Aohaeiades 4]. I 
 
 Acta est per laoriiiuis 105. | 
 
 Adulter 13. ; 
 
 Adversis fluotihu.s 58. ! 
 
 Advorso deo 50. 
 
 Aegeus 88. 
 
 Aegina 42. 
 
 Aenean animo rtc. 5'). 
 
 Aethra 88. 
 
 Agamemnon 42. 
 
 Ajax 86. 
 
 Anchises 11. 
 
 Anchises carried on the slioiildors 
 
 of Aeneas 63. 
 Androgeos 86. 
 
 Animum movere puellae 1J2. 
 Aninras nobis offundero 73. 
 Anna soror 74. 
 Ante oculos 106. 
 Antilochus 15. 
 Anus (facta videbor) 32. 
 Aphrodite as goddess of the siua 60. 
 Ardet ut ad magnos 100, 
 Ariadne 76. 
 Asoanius 71. 
 At non te fugiens 116. 
 Aurea barbarica etc. lO'.i. 
 Aureus ille aries 129. 
 Ausus es „Aesonia etc." 160. 
 Aut vidi aut 80. 
 Auxerunt blandae grandia dona 
 
 preces 36. 
 Avitae flamina etc. 128, 
 
 Baccha 81. 
 
 Biihrens Ed. Val. Flac. :! 
 
 Barbara facta 114. 
 
 Bella tument 67. 
 
 Bellum erat 43. 
 
 Bilger De Ov. Her. 2. 
 
 Bimaris 9!). 
 
 Birt. Anini. ad Ov. Ilor. Ep. lO.^. 
 
 Briscis 3.". 
 
 Cimunt (Troica Inta) is. 
 
 Captiva, non niipta 41. 
 
 Caput fjior) 44. 
 
 (Jarbasa tonta SO. 
 
 ('astris militat ille tnis iCastra 
 
 Amoris) 55. 
 Ciausa salntis so. 
 Ct'oropios portiis 88. 
 Certus OS ire 51. 
 Chaloiope 107. 
 Charybdis 11'.). 
 Cineres 17. 
 
 Citharae iiox(|Uf Vun. 45. 
 Clamanti "I'Iu'sph" 80. 
 Coacta mori 62. 
 (Joge mori 46. 
 
 Communis respice nalos lL'7, 
 Conington Ed. Virg. 22. 
 Coniugis ante oculos 02. 
 Coniunx ibit eatque 41. 
 . Conscia sit luno 112. 
 Coi-pus horret 88. 
 Credere me pelage 117, 
 Croon 104. 
 
Index. 
 
 135 
 
 Crete 88, 84. 
 
 ('re us a lOJ. 
 
 Crudelis 87. 
 
 Ciii mp violente relinquis 40, 
 
 Culpa tua est 34. 
 
 Cur umqiiam ;i7. 
 
 I.'ycnus .^0. 
 
 I>aiiais invisa puellis J 'J. 
 
 Dehibra Pianae Ids 
 
 Demissos capillos hs. 
 
 Desoror amissis VSJ. 
 
 Devorer ante precor 40. 
 
 Dm ovit nati spemqne etc. 4.'i. 
 
 Dicitur interna tibi lex 10c'.. 
 
 Dido IS. 
 
 Dido fraude co;iota iDori (>'_'. 
 
 Diffnsis capillji? 81. 
 
 Dilthey De Callim. Cydip. .5, JO. 
 
 „ Oh.ss. in Epp. Her. Ov. 7. 
 Diog-. Laert on Epiraonides H. 
 Disiectauiquc comas 107. 
 Dolon 20. 
 
 Domini iure venire iube 4 7. 
 Dona 36. 
 
 Dotis opes ubi erant 114. 
 Dulycliii Samiique et 28, 33. 
 Dum I'errum flammaequc 1 L'(j. 
 
 Ebert, Anaohr. in Ov. Met. 40. 
 Ehwald 16. 
 
 „ Ed. Ovid 30. 
 
 „ Jahresbericht iiber t)vid !)L!. 
 Ellis Comm. on Catullus 78. 
 Eminet indicio prodita flamma 102. 
 Ensis in Atridae 47. 
 Ephyren bimareni !)'J. 
 Epitaphs 74. 
 Est aliqua ingrato f>9. 
 Est aliquid 45. 
 Est nemus et piceis 108. 
 Et vidi et peril 99. 
 Eumaeus 30. 
 Enmenides 64. 
 
 Eurybates 84. 
 Euryclea 81). 
 Exul agor 68. 
 Exnl oro 88. 
 
 Facta bouu) 83. 
 Facta fugis r.2, 
 Fata 95. 
 
 Fata trahebant 102. 
 Fati tenor 66. 
 Femina iu.ssa mori 46. 
 Ferooior uudi- 16. 
 Ferrciis 23. 
 Fila dedi 8.i. 
 Finge, ago, te rapido 62. 
 Fiamraea subduxi lln. 
 Flari capilli 97. 
 Flebit et ardore,^ 126. 
 Formo.si mater lull 63. 
 Fonnosu.'< eras 100. 
 Forsilan et ("rimina fingas il'6. 
 Fortuna tristis 87. 
 I'^rangitur (pietate meal 2s. 
 Frater Ariadnae 8fi. 
 Frigida 13, 17. 
 Fugis 58. 
 
 Fuhninis igne cjcmor l(.i. 
 j Furaant (altaria) 18. 
 Funera 86. 
 
 Ciaetulus 67. 
 (iravidam Didon 69. 
 Gloria maior 109. 
 
 Haupt, Opuac. 9. 
 Heinsius Ed. Her. 39. 
 Heroides (Literary Character) 6. 
 Hie lacer admissos 20. 
 Hinc amor hinc 106. 
 Hinc faoiuut 80. 
 His tamen offlciis 63. 
 Hoc duce nempe deo 70. 
 ; Hoc ipsum ingratus quod potes 
 esse 129. 
 
136 
 
 Index. 
 
 Homer 11. 
 Hymen 120. 
 Hymenaee 121. 
 
 laoet ante tuo.s Graeoia 42. 
 
 lam venti ponent .58. 
 
 larbas 67. 
 
 loarius 26. 
 
 Ilia dies nocuit 64. 
 
 Ilia fuit mentis 99. 
 
 Hie meos oculos coinprimat L'i). 
 
 Ula tamen pietate mea 28. 
 
 Illi victa snis Troioa fata eanunt 18. 
 
 Impia dextra 68. 
 
 Indioio piodita flamma siio J 02. 
 
 In faciem moi-esque 126. 
 
 Ingratus quod potes 129. 
 
 Insidiao proconim 29. 
 
 Insopor eece vigil 114. 
 
 I nunc Sb. 
 
 Invisa puellis 12. 
 
 Invitirt omnibus 29. 
 
 Ipsa ego quae dedaram 114. 
 
 Irns egens 29. 
 
 Ismai'iis 21. 
 
 Isset anhelatos 98. 
 
 Itala regna sequi 52. 
 
 lubet ire deus 69. 
 
 lulus 63, 70. 
 
 lungis et aeripedes 113. 
 
 luro te fore uieaiu 86. 
 
 lus tibi ct arbitrium 109. 
 
 Kalkman, De HippolytisEuripideis8. 
 
 Ijachmann 2. 
 
 Lacrimae fecere lituras 31. 
 
 Laorimae labnntur 74. 
 
 Lacrimas (acta est per) 105. 
 
 Lacrimas sine fine 35. 
 
 Lacrimis omnia plena 108. 
 
 Laertes 30, 32. 
 
 Laese pater, gaude 122. 
 
 Lapis et montes 56. 
 
 Lapis sedes 83. 
 
 Lentns U. 
 
 Lesbides 36. 
 
 Leutscb 27. 
 
 Liturae laorimarum 34. 
 
 Litus (nil nisi) 79. 
 
 Litus emo 67. 
 
 Loers Ed. Her. 6 it passim. 
 
 Long nights 15. 
 
 Lugentis more capillo.s 88. 
 
 Lumina custodis 104. 
 
 Lumina nostra madent 1 28. 
 
 Lunak, Quaestioncs Sapph. 7. 
 
 Lyra Threioia 45. 
 
 Lyrnesia moenia ;i7. 
 
 Maas on Catullus & Nonnu.s 78. 
 
 Macloano Ed. Horace 99. 
 
 Macrobius Sat. 94. 
 
 Maererc putant 44. 
 
 Maesta 90. 
 
 Maesti consurgitis 104. 
 
 Male gratus 54. 
 
 Male saueia 105. 
 
 Mane erat 107. 
 
 Manus inicere 122. 
 
 Marmorea in aede C5, 112. 
 
 Martis erant tauri 103. 
 
 Me quoquo qua fratrem 86. 
 
 Medea 91. 
 
 Medon 28. 
 
 Melanthius 29. 
 
 Meleager 43. 
 
 Menoetiades 16, 35. 
 
 Merkel Ed. Ovid. 39. 
 
 ^leziriac (Bachot Coram, sur les 
 
 Epist. d'Ovidei 16. 
 Micuere sinus 21. 
 Militia (amantis) 55. 
 Mille proeis placui 67. 
 Minor e pneris 122. 
 Mitius inveni 78. 
 Moenia Phoebi 25. 
 Moliere, Misanthrope 3. 
 
Index. 
 
 137 
 
 Molllor hora 37. 
 Molliter ossa cubent 71. 
 J[oiis fuit 80. 
 Mors grata I'uisset 3.5. 
 Miiller Ed. Prop. 7. 
 MutabilLs 59. 
 Mycenaeus 44. 
 
 Jfotis comitfitii diiobns IL'o. 
 
 Xeo notis ignibus 100. 
 
 Xec pater est Aegeiis 8!S. 
 
 Nee te tangimt 52. 
 
 Nee tibi turpe pnt;i l.'i. 
 
 Nee — tradita summa .">'_'. 
 
 Nee viohisse fidem temptaiitibus 
 
 aequora prodest 5i). 
 Neptunia Pergama 47. 
 Nestor 20. 
 
 Nigra per adflatus 103. 
 Noctes vigilantnr amarae 12.5. 
 Non ego sum Phthia 72. 
 Non ego .sum tanti 58. 
 Non nupta sed hospita 72. 
 Non tavnen Aenean 54. 
 Noseis an exiderunt 109. 
 Noster ubl esset amor 85. 
 Noverca 127. 
 Nulla Myeenaeum 44. 
 Numina matris aquosac 39. 
 Nunc denique barbara 1 J J . 
 Nunc tibi sum pauper 115. 
 Nymphas ululasse 64. 
 
 Oblitos admonitura 8 1 . 
 Obrutns in aquis 13. 
 Olor 49. 
 
 Optima cum cara llfi. 
 Orat opem Minyis 108. 
 Orsus es iniido 10!i. 
 Ossa feres 90. 
 Ossa inhiimata 87. 
 Ovid as a writer 6. 
 
 Palmer, Ed. Her. 6 et passim. 
 Parce precor domui 71. 
 
 Pars ego magna 87. 
 
 Pater et tellus prodita 84. 
 
 Patriae artej 31. 
 
 Patroclus 16, 35. 
 
 Pootora (sonuerunt) 79. 
 
 Peliae natas 119. 
 
 Penates 40. 
 
 Pendet ab ore 11). 
 
 Penelope 10. 
 
 Perdita ne perdam 61. 
 
 Pergama restant mihi 21. 
 
 Pergama vi.\ tanto 70. 
 
 Per genus et numen 110. 
 
 Piotos — toros 99. 
 
 Philoetius 30. 
 
 Phoenix 36. 
 
 Pinea taeda lOO. 
 
 Pingit vino 19. 
 
 Pisander 28. 
 
 Plangendo pectora 89. 
 
 Plaehn De Nieandro aliisque etc. 84. 
 
 Portus et aura 30. 
 
 Praeoi])nc oum laesus ,\mor 60. 
 
 Praeciirilia I'errea 87. 
 
 Praoda eibnsque feris 86. 
 
 Praeda (ponitur ad dcos) 18. 
 
 Prooi Peneliipae 28. 
 
 Proditus est genitor 1 15. 
 
 Pro merilis et siqua 73. 
 
 Propter me mota est 43. 
 
 Protinus abscissa 122. 
 
 Puero oognita lovi (Crete) 84. 
 
 Pugna nocet 45. 
 
 Pygmalion 68. 
 
 Pygmalionis opes 70. 
 
 Pylus 24. 
 
 Pyrrhus 46. 
 
 <Juaeque voruit totidem 119. 
 Quaerebant taoiti 35. 
 Quae vestra libido est 25. 
 Quam thalamo nisi tu 111. 
 Quam tibi nime longe 104. 
 Quamvis veniam dotata repellas 39. 
 
138 
 
 Index. 
 
 Qnerimtur aves 79, 
 
 Quisquis ad liaec vertit 2S. 
 
 Quis vellet tanti J 21. 
 
 Quod crimen praeter amasso 72. 
 
 Quod facere ansa 117. 
 
 Quod si forte viriun 111. 
 
 Quo feret ira 130. 
 
 Quo fugis 58. 
 
 Quos ego servavi lyfi. 
 
 Quo sola ferar 8'J. 
 
 JRedde torum 12H. 
 
 Rediere duce,s 17. 
 
 Rhesus 20. 
 
 Rhizotomi of t^ophoeles 94. 
 
 Ribbeek 16. 
 
 Rideat et vitiis I2(i. 
 
 Riese 78. 
 
 Rip Van Winkle ;!. 
 
 Rohde, Gr. Roman 2. 
 
 Ruhnken, Diotata ad 0\. Her. 1? 
 
 Rustica 26. 
 
 Sacra paterque 68. 
 Sanguine plnguis humus 22. 
 Sanguine tinctns 74. 
 Sarcina (non magna) 40. 
 Sarpedon 16. 
 Scelerate 98. 
 
 Scelerate, reveste Theseu 81. 
 Sceptraque sacra tene 70. 
 Schulze 78. 
 Sclndi capillos 42. 
 Scylla rapax 118. 
 Sedlmayer Ed. Her. 30. 
 Sed merita et famam 50. 
 Sed tibi servatns gloria 109. 
 Seges est ubi Troia fuit 22. 
 Semisepulta Ossa 22. 
 Semina praeterea 103. 
 Seneca on Ovid 8. 
 Septima iaotat hiems 63. 
 Serpentes Igitur potui 123. 
 Serva grandia pensa manu 86. 
 
 Servatus gloria maior 109. 
 Shuckburgh Ed. Hor. •_".). 
 Sigenm 19. 
 Similes tibi 128. 
 Simois 19. 
 Sisyphias 129. 
 Si tu cultor eras 68. 
 Sooii requiem poscunt 72. 
 Sola virum coniunx 44. 
 Solum (quod fuit Uios) 21. 
 Somnus 78, 87. 
 Sonuerunt pectorii palmis 79. 
 Spatiosa nox IB. 
 Sparta 24. 
 
 Spinning & weaving 14. 
 Spiritus ante- mens 111. 
 Subito tellnris hiatu 40. 
 Suicide 72. 
 
 Suitors of Penelope 28. 
 Sulphur flame 53. 
 SummaiT to Ep. 1 ;J2. 
 „ ' . „ 3 47. 
 
 , „ 7 46. 
 
 ., „ 10 90. 
 
 „ „ 12 130. 
 Susemibl, Gr. Lite. 93. 
 Swan-song 49. 
 Sychaeus 6B, 66. 
 Symplegados 117. 
 
 Taeda 100. 
 
 Talthybius 34. 
 
 Tamquam vidisse 80. 
 
 Tanti (non ego sum) 58. 
 
 Te oompensavimus unum 38. 
 
 Te dare nnbiferis 39. 
 
 Tela (pendnla) 14. 
 
 Telamone et Amyntore nati 36. 
 
 Tempera parva peto 73. 
 
 Temptantibus aequora 59. 
 
 Tendebat (illio Ulixes) 20. 
 
 Tepefecerat 17. 
 
 Terpstra, Ed. Her. 44. 
 
 Terra patema 88. 
 
Index. 
 
 139 
 
 TeiTuit equos 20. 
 
 Te tenet in tepido 4>i. 
 
 Thesea vooo 81. 
 
 Thj'bridas iindas 70. 
 
 Tibia 120. 
 
 'I'lepoleulus Ifi. 
 
 Tollviehn, Quaest. ad Her. Ov. spec- 
 
 tant. 7. 
 Traditur linio J4. 
 Trans I'reta lonj^a nianus M). 
 Ti'ipodes 36. 
 Troia iacrt eerte 12. 
 Troica lata canunt |s. 
 Troicus eusis 73. 
 Tua sum, tua dicar (iportet 27. 
 Tuba 120. 
 
 Tu doniiuus. tu vir 38. 
 Turn potui IMcdea iiiori beni' lt6. 
 Tumuli 71. 
 Tunc ej^o tc vidi Sill. 
 Tuta statione roecpi G:i. 
 
 Xllixes 3(i. 
 
 Vt cnlpent alii lilt. 
 
 Utile dicebas 39. 
 
 Utinam obrutus esset aquis 13. 
 
 Utinam .'^ymplegades 117. 
 
 Utinam mutabilis esses .59. 
 I Ut positnm totigi lOB. 
 ! Urbem oonslitui 67. 
 
 Ui'or nt inducto — sulpure 63. 
 
 Vanrscat in auras 2(). 
 
 Varro Ataeinus 93. 
 
 Velleiu vetuisset adii-e 69. 
 
 Ventusque fidesque 87. 
 
 Venti ferent 51. 
 
 Venus born of tlie sea liO. 
 
 A'ersa in cinera 17. 
 
 Vidi consortt'S pariter 38. 
 
 Vilis 1':'7. 
 
 Vince aniuios 42. 
 
 Vi.x me oontinui 122. 
 
 Wa.shietl, 1 ic i^imilitudinibus Ima- 
 ginibusque (ividianis 11. 
 
 Weaving 11, 
 
 Winding-sliect. Penelope's Weav- 
 ing 14. 
 
 Welclior, Gr. Trag. 93. 
 
 lingerie, Ovidius u. seiu Vprliiiltniss 
 zu den Vorgiingem u. s. w. 3 ct 
 passim. 
 
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