K: 
 
 13 
 

 CORNELL 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
 ENGINEERING LIBRARY' 
 
 TN 913.G78T9 jg'"^"'*^ '"""•'^ 
 
IMPERIAL MINERAL RESOURCES 
 BUREAU. 
 
 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY OF 
 THE BRITISH EMPIRE 
 
 AND 
 
 FOREKiN COUNTRIES. 
 
 WAR PERIOD. 
 
 PHOSPHATES. 
 
 (1913-1919.) 
 
 LONDON; 
 ruMTBo AND ra>Lisno IT 
 HIS MAJESTY'S STATIWERY OFFICE. 
 To ta aaichued Utrougb anjr BookMlIa' or direcUr faoa 
 U.M. STATIONERY OFFICE at the £olIowiac aMntta: 
 Ihhbul Hoou, KiMsnrAT, Levixm, W.C8, aad 
 SI, ASIMSDOH Stsbct, Lonoom, S.W.li 
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 U. torn Srurr, EDomnioH; 
 SI (loa BASON k SON, Ltd.. 49 k 41, Lowu Siu:ktiii.e Stk^st, DtmuH. 
 
 1921. 
 Price 2s. Od. Net. 
 
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 (with the under-mentioned exceptions) 
 ean be purchased in the manner indicated on the first page of this wrappOT. 
 
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 The foBowing is a list of some recent. Official Publications {f^X 
 prices are net, and those in parentheses include postage) i-^ 
 
 IMPERIAL MINERAL RESOURCES BUREAU. 
 
 The Mining Laws of the Beitish Empire and of Eobbign 
 
 counteies.- 
 
 Volume I. , Nigebia. --Preliminary Matter ; General 
 Analysis; Introductory; Definition of Minerals and Mineral 
 Oils ; Prospecting : Prospecting Rights, Exclusive Prospecting 
 Licences; Mining: Mining Rights, Mining Leases; AndBar^ 
 Licences ; Fees, Reiits, Royalties and Duties ; Transfer and 
 Surrender of Rights ; Explosives ;"Begistratipn^; Machinery for 
 the Se.ttlernent of Disputes ; Employers and Employed ; Penal 
 Glauses ; Note on Ordinances relative to Toand Tenure ; Prospect- 
 ing and Mining for Mineral Oil ; Ordinances, Regulations and 
 Notices; The Minerai Oil& Ordinaiice, 1914, The Mineral Oils - 
 Regulations; The Minerals Ordinance, 191& (as amended by 
 Sec. 2 of IV.); The Minerals l(Amen(ipaeDt> Ordinance, 1918; 
 Regulations made under The Minerals 'Ordinance, 1916 : The 
 General Minerals Regulations, 1916 (as amended by Amending 
 Regulations Nos. 11 and 16 of 1916; Nos. 1, 23, 24, and 36 of 
 1918; and No. 28 of 1919), The Safe Mining Regulations, 1&17 ; ' 
 The Mica Mining i?,egulations, 1917 ; The Coal Mining Regula- 
 tions, 1918; The Wolfram Royalties Regulations, 1919 ; The 
 Non-Ferrous Metal Industry Ordinance, 1919 ; Regulations' made 
 under The Non-Fen'ous Metal Industry Ordinance, 1919; The 
 
 34032 
 
IMPERIAL MINERAL RESOURCES 
 BUREAU. 
 
 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY OF 
 THE BRITISH EMPIRE 
 
 AND 
 
 FOREIGN COUNTRIES. 
 
 WAR PERIOD. 
 
 PHOSPHATES. 
 
 (1913-1919.) 
 
 LONDON : 
 
 PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BV 
 
 HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE. 
 To <be purchased through any Bookseller or directly from 
 H.M. STATIONERY OFFICE at the following addresses: 
 lupBsiAL House, Kingswat, London, W.CI, and 
 28, Abingdon Street, London, S.W.I; 
 J7, Pbtbr Street, Manchester; 
 1, St. Andrew's Crescent, Cardiff; 
 23, (Forth Street, Edinburgh; 
 or from EASON & SON, Ltd., 40 & 41, Lowee Sackville Street, Dublin. 
 
 1921. 
 Price 2s. Od. Net. 
 
^"^ '2^/T.ZLr)t^e/e//9L. j/^sTiyvTe, LoAjhois), 
 
 
 (SSid S/i/ 
 
 M 
 
PRP^FACE. 
 
 The following digest of statistical and technical information 
 relative to the production, consumption and value of phosphates, 
 vfili form a part of the volume or volumes on the Mineral 
 Resources of the British Empire and Foreign Countries con- 
 stituting the Annual Mineral Conspectus of the Biu:eau. 
 
 In this, the first year of publication, an effort has been made 
 to fill in, as far as possible, the hiatus due to the war in the 
 publications relating to mining and metallurgical statistics. 
 Labour, health and safety statistics have been omitted owing to 
 the difficulty involved in procuring rehable information for the 
 war period, but in future issues these statistics will be included 
 in respect of each year. Resort will also be had to graphical 
 representation of statistics of production, consumption, costs, 
 and prices. 
 
 The weights are expressed in long tons, that is to say, the 
 British statute ton of 2,240 lb., and values in pounds, shiUinge 
 and pence at par rates of exchange. 
 
 Sir Herbert Jackson, K.B.E., a Governor of the Imperial 
 Mineral Resources Bureau, is Chairman of the Advisory 
 Technical Committee which deals with phosphates, and for much 
 of the information contained in this digest the Bureau is indebted 
 to Mr. A. N. Gray. 
 
 (Signed) R. A. S. Redmayne, 
 
 Chairman of the Governors. 
 
 2, Queen Anne's Gate Buildings, 
 London, S.W.I. 
 
 September, 1921. 
 
 (34032-19) Wt. 9886-75/326 150O 10/21 H.St. (,T.S. Ps. i7S) G. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Pase. 
 
 GENERAL 5 
 
 WORLD'S PRODUCTION 7 
 
 WORLD'S PRINCIPAL DEPOSITS H 
 
 PRICES 18 
 
 MANUFACTURE OP SUPERPHOSPHATES 19 
 
 EXPERIMENTAL WORK 20 
 
 BRITISH EMPIRE :— 
 
 United Kingdom ... ••• 23 
 
 Egypt • 30 
 
 Union of South Africa ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ^^ 
 
 Canada 35 
 
 West Indies ... ... .•• 38 
 
 India ... ... ... ... .•• 38 
 
 Palestine ... ... ... 38 
 
 Christmas Island 41 
 
 Australia ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 41 
 
 New Zealand ... ... ... 46 
 
 Nauru Island ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 49 
 
 Ocean Island ... 50 
 
 FOREIGN COUNTRIES :— 
 
 Belgium ... ... ... ... "■ ... ... ... 51 
 
 France ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 52 
 
 Germany 58 
 
 Holland 54 
 
 Italy 54 
 
 Norway ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 54 
 
 Russia ... ... ... ... ... 55 
 
 Spain 56 
 
 Algeria ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 57 
 
 Tunis ... , 58 
 
 Dutch West Indies ... ... ... ... ... 59 
 
 United States ... ... ... ... ... ... gQ 
 
 French Guiana ... ... ... ... 55 
 
 Japan ".■.'. '." 66 
 
 Formosa gg 
 
 Angaur Island ... ... _ gy 
 
 Makatea 
 
 67 
 
 New Caledonia ... ... ... ... ... gy 
 
 REFERENCES TO TECHNICAL LITERATURE • g7 
 
GENERAL. 
 
 The minerals of chief importance as sources of phosphates ax'o 
 phosphorite and apatite. Apatite is a phosphate of hme with 
 fluoride or chloride of calcium, containing when pure about 90 
 per cent, of tri- calcium phosphate and 10 per cent, of calcium 
 fluoride or calcium chloride. Phosphorite or rock-phosphate 
 consists of phosphate of HmC; but is less definite in its chemical 
 composition than apatite. 
 
 Crystalline apatite rarely occurs in sufficient quantity to aUow 
 of profitable mining operations. Such deposits are worked in the 
 province of Cdceres, in Spain, and in the district of Kragero, in 
 Norway, while a considerable quantity of apatite is recovered 
 during the process of mioa-mining in many of the pyroxenite 
 rocks of Canada. 
 
 Rock-phosphate varies as regards its physical condition from 
 rocks and boulders of hard black or grey phosphate, to a soft 
 brownish and friable material that can be removed by simple 
 pick-and-shovel operations. 
 
 Small' quantities of high-grade phosphate are obtained from 
 limestone caves containing the bones and excrement of animals, 
 and from certain islands largely frequented by birds. Strata 
 containing large quantities of so-called " coprolites " were 
 formerly an important source of phosphate fertiUzers in England, 
 France, and other European countries, but the discovery and 
 exploitation of the United States and North African deposits of 
 phosphate-rock have greatly reduced the value of these deposits. 
 The coprolitic beds in England are now worked only on a small 
 scale, to supply a strictly local demand. The Creitaceous " Green- 
 sands " contain glauoonite (a hydrated silicate of iron and 
 potassium) ; they are used in some countries as fertiUzers, mainly 
 on account of the potash content, but an appreciable amount of 
 phosphatic matter is usually present, and this increases their 
 value as fertilizers. 
 
 Massive aluminium phosphate occurs in workable deposits at 
 some locahties, a-s, for example, in the island of Eedonda, 
 Leeward Islands, West Indies ; and at Saldanha Bay in Cape 
 Province, South Africa. 
 
 Phosphate of lime is utilized chiefly in the manufacture of 
 soluble superphosphate, which consists of mono-calcimn phos- 
 phate of lime. The raw material known as tri-calcium phosphate, 
 after grinding, is treated with chamber sulphuric acid, the 
 insoluble tri-calcium phosphate being thus converted into a 
 soluble mono-calcium phosphate and gypsum, known com- 
 mercially as superphosphate or " super." 
 
 34032 A 3 
 
Phosphate-rock should contain at least 40 per cent, of tri- 
 calcium phosphate for the successful manufacture of super- 
 phosphate; second-grade superphosphate is usually required to 
 contain from 50 to 60 per cent, tri-calcium phosphate. First- 
 grade phosphate-rock may cariy as much as 90 per cent, tri- 
 calcium phosphate, as is the case with many of the Pacific 
 deposits, but all phosphate-rock carrying from 60 to 80 per cent, 
 tri-calcium phosphate may be classed as high- or first-grade rock. 
 
 The objectionable impurities in rock-phosphate are iron oxide 
 and alumina, which cause superphosphate to revert and become 
 insoluble. Phosphates are therefore usually sold imder a 
 guarantee that they do not conitain more than 4 per cent, of those 
 impurities. A small amount of calcium carbonate is beneficial, but 
 fluorine, if present in considerable quantity, is objectionable. 
 
 Phosphate-rock is also used as a source of phosphorus and its 
 chemical compounds, such as phosphoric acid. 
 
 The world's principal deposits, of phosphate are found in the 
 United States and North Africa, and to a lesser degree in the 
 islands of the Pacific, more especially the groups lying between 
 Australia and Japan. 
 
 The important deposits of North Africa occur in a belt -running 
 from the Atlantic in the west to Asia Minor in the east. The 
 recently discovered deposit at El Boroudj, in Morocco, about 80 
 miles from the Atlantic coast, is the most westerly of the workable 
 fields in the belt, but low-grade phosphates are found at Rabat and 
 at many other places near the Atlantic coast of Morocco. In 
 Morocco and Algeria they he mostly on the northern slopes of the 
 Atlas range, and the chain of mountains running diagonally across 
 Algeria. The Tunisian deposits continue the series to the east 
 and next in the chain come the low-grade deposits of Cyrenaica, 
 which are mostly situated close to the shores of the Medi- 
 terranean. Farther east are the Egyptian deposits, and still 
 farther the important Palestine deposit at Es Salt, to the east 
 of the valley of the Jordan. 
 
 Although there is no workable deposit of phosphate so far 
 known between El Boroudj and eastern Algeria, there are occur- 
 i-ences at various points in the intervening country between the 
 two proved fields. 
 
 Algeria and Tunis have been more closely prospected for 
 phosphates than has Morocco, and consequently much more 
 evidence is available as to the character and extent of the 
 phosphate beds. 
 
 There are several large deposits of workable extent both in 
 Tunis and Algeria which are not being mined at present, for 
 various reasons, the principal of which is relative inaccessibility. 
 Phosphate is a low-priced commodity and it follows, therefore. 
 
that those deposits which can be most economically worked as 
 regards mining operations, and which are nearest to the sea, have 
 been the first to receive attention. These deposits will be dealt 
 with under the respective headings Tunis and Algeria (pp. 57-59). 
 
 The United States phosphate deposits and those of the Pacific 
 Islands are referred to on pp. 49, 50, 60 to 65 and 67. 
 
 Europe has very few phosphate deposits of importance. A con- 
 siderable quantity of low-grade rock is found in France and 
 Belgium, as will be seen by reference to the notes under the 
 headings of these two countries. There are also very considerable 
 deposits in Russia, but so far as is known the beds have not been 
 worked |to any considerable extent. 
 
 In Norway apatite is mined. Australia possesses a few beds, 
 generally speaking of low-grade phosphates, and there are some 
 known commercial deposits of phosphate in South America. 
 
 WORLD'S PRODUCTIO^■. 
 
 The leading producer of phosphates is the United States. 
 France with her colonies (Algeria and Tunis) takes second place , 
 but the phosphates produced are of lower grade than the best 
 American " land-pebble " phosphates. The discovery of an 
 extensive deposit of phosphate-rock has been reported from El 
 Boroudj, in the Casablanca region of French Morocco. Sufficient 
 exploratory work has not yet been done to prove the economic 
 value of this deposit. 
 
 The British Empire possesses potential resources of phosphate- 
 rock of considerable magnitude. There are extensive deposits in 
 Egypt. In the Pacific Islands and those of the Indian Ocean 
 there remain large reserves of high-grade rock, while both 
 Australia and South Africa have considerable areas yet to be 
 exploited. Canada formerly produced large quantities of 
 apatite, and still has considerable resources of this mineral. 
 
 During the war the phosphate-mining industry throughout the 
 world suffered severely. This was particularly the case with the 
 Florida " hard-rock " material, the greater part of which is 
 mined for export. The causes of the decline were principally 
 lack of transport facilities and inability to obtain adequate 
 quantities of sulphuric acid, due to the fact that large amounts 
 were used in the manufacture of munitions of war. 
 
 In the period immediately preceding the war, production had 
 attained large dimensions, and there was undoubjtedly a great and 
 ever-increasing demand for phosphate. It seems clear, however, 
 that the tendency was for the production to outstrip the demand, 
 seeing that for some years prior to 1913 the trend of prices 
 had been steadily downward. 
 
 34032 A 4 
 
8 
 
 According to the most reliable auithorities, production had 
 risen from about 4J million tons in 1907 to about 7 million tons 
 in 1913, the figures from year to year showing a progressive 
 increase. This great expansion ia production was most marked 
 in Tunis Eund the United States, but the Pacific Islands also show 
 a very considerable increase in output during that period. 
 
 It will be observed from the statistics appended that, as a 
 result of the war, the world's production fell rapidly, the total 
 output in 1914 being rather less than 80 per cent, of the 1913 
 figure. In the year 1915 the total output was a little more than 
 half that of 1913, and for 1916-1917 .there was only a slight 
 improvement on the 1915 low level. For the succeeding years 
 statistics are still incomplete, but it would appear that there was 
 very little improvement in regard to the total quantity produced. 
 
 At the close of the period under consideration, namely, 31st 
 December, 1919, the world was suffering from a serious shortage 
 of phosphate resulting from the rapid falling off in production. 
 
 The United Kingdom did not suffer from the shortage to the 
 same extent as did other European counjtries, as special efforts 
 were made to secure supplies, but the European countries, 
 more especially France and Germany, felt it very severely. 
 

 
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 36,235 
 
 390,000 
 
 440,000 
 
 89,000 
 
 1,890,000 
 
 1,789,500 
 
 956,690 
 
 909,874* 
 
 124,000 
 
 221,000 
 
 181,298 
 
 3,196.000- 
 
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18 
 
 PEICES. 
 
 In the year 1913 prices of phosphate had probably reached 
 their lowest point, supply at that period having attained the 
 maximum and having out-stripped the demand. An adequate 
 representation of the prices ruling is exceedingly dif&cult, owing 
 to the consideration that sales of phosphate-rock are made on 
 the basis of percentage content of tri-calcium phosphate. In 
 most of the published statistics of value only the average price 
 obtained is quoted. 
 
 In regard to land-pebble phosphate for example, which varies 
 from 66 to 79 per cent, tri-calcium phosphate, prices for 
 the higher grade in 1919 were approximately six dollars per 
 ton in excess of the prices ruhng for the 66 per cent, grade. 
 It will, therefore, be clear that the average price is no accurate 
 guide to the market price obtaining for any particular grade, 
 seeing that the average value would depend on the quantity of 
 each grade mined during any particular period. 
 
 In the year 1913 the value of the standard 70 per cent, grade 
 of land-pebble was aproximately $3.60 per ton, or, at the rate 
 of exchange then ruling, 15s. per ton. By the end of 1919 this 
 price had risen to $7.35 per ton, or almost exactly double the 
 price obtaining in 1918. 
 
 In the intervening period prices fluctuated considerably. At 
 the outbreak of the war exports of land-pebble to foreign countries 
 fell away rapidly, and prices barely maintained the 1913 level. 
 Owing to the demands which the belligerent countries made upon 
 America for agricultural produce, the exportable surplus of land- 
 pebble was gradually absorbed, and prices tended to rise, but by 
 1917 the advance was only about one dollar per ton over the 
 1913 level. After the Armistice, famine conditions obtained ifi 
 the phosphate market, and, consequently, prices rose very rapidly, 
 but, all things considered, the advance in the value of phosphate 
 was not so great as in the case of many other commodities. 
 
 It is thought that a brief reference to the course of prices 
 of Tunis phosphate will, together with the above remarks as to 
 land-pebble, form a sufficient indication of the effects of the war 
 on the phosphate market. 
 
 With Tunisian phosphate, as with land-pebble, prices vary with 
 the quality of the rock. The price of the most popular grade, 
 58 to 63 per cent., had reached its lowest point in 1911, 
 and while there was very little actual difference between prices 
 obtaining in 1911 and 1913, the tendency was for the price to 
 rise. The 1913 value of this grade may be taken at about 15s. M. 
 per ton, the 63 to 68 per cent, grade being approximately 
 22s. 6d. per ton. 
 
 In Tunis, as in America, the first effects of war conditions 
 were to weaken prices slightly, .but in this area labour was very 
 rapidly withdrawn from the phosphate mines to fill the fighting 
 ranks, and production fell so speedily that the value of the 
 phosphate commenced to rise at a very much earlier date than 
 in the United States. 
 
19 
 
 By 1916 the price of the 58 to 63 per cent, grade 
 had risen to ios. per ton, with a proportionate increase in the 
 price ol the higher grade, and to the end of the war prices rose 
 steadily, if slowly. Immediately after the Armistice there was a 
 very heavy demand for Tunisian phosphate, but owing to the 
 labour position there was very httle improvement in the output 
 during the year 1919. In consequence prices were very much 
 inflated and quotations varied from 87s. to as much as 49s. 6d. 
 per ton for the lower gi'ade. 
 
 Prices of Egyptian phosphat& rose to an even higher point 
 than those of Tunis, but the Pacific Islands phosphate did not 
 show such a marked advance in price, o^^ing to the fact that the 
 world's principal consumers are so far removed from the source 
 of production, lack of shipping facilities restricting the demand 
 to markets near at hand. 
 
 THE MANUFACTUEE OF SUPEEPHOSPHATES. 
 
 The initiation of superphosphate manufacture from mineral 
 phosphate-rock is ascribed to J. B. Lawes, an English agricul- 
 turist. It is behaved that prior to his experiments a method of 
 acidulating ground bones in order to obtain a form of soluble 
 jiliosphate was practised, but it is generally admitted that Lawes 
 was the first chemist to use mineral phosphates for the manu- 
 facture of superphosphates. 
 
 Lawes took out patents in England, in 1842, covering the 
 acidulation of bones and phosphate-rock. 
 
 The first superphosphate is said to have been made from 
 Cambridge coprolite by Lawes in 1845, and there can be no 
 doubt that this discovery turned the attention of the world to the 
 discovery of mineral phosphate deposits. 
 
 Amongst tlie earliest of these discoveries were the Somme 
 deposits in France and the South Carolina and Florida deposits 
 in the United States. 
 
 In the earliest processes of superphosphate manufactm^e, sul- 
 phuric acid was introduced into a lead-lined tank, the phosphate- 
 rock being poured into the tank and stirred with hoes or rakes 
 until reaction was complete, after which it was removed from 
 the tank and spread out to dry. 
 
 The phosphate-rock was originally ground in a stone mill, and, 
 in fact, stone mills are still used in many superphosphate 
 factories ; but in a large number of cases these mills have been 
 replaced by ball mills or patent grinding mills of a similar nature. 
 
 The usual mixture in to-day's product is approximately 105 
 parts of sulphuric acid (115° Tw. or 6653 per cent. HaSOi) with 
 100 parts of ground phosphate-rock. These are introduced 
 together into a mixing chamber, where they are mechanically 
 agitated until the reaction is complete. The loss in weight in 
 manufacture is from 10 to 12.] per cent. 
 
20 
 
 EXPERIMENTAL WOEK. 
 
 There have been many attempts to discover a method of render- 
 ing the phosphate content of rock-phosphate soluble by other 
 means than dissolving with acid, but so far no really satisfactory 
 process has been evolved. 
 
 Many experiments have been conducted vnth the object oi 
 
 (1) fortifying lovf-grade phosphates, 
 
 (2) freeing them from ferric oxide and alumma, 
 
 (3) increasing their solubility. 
 
 The chief patents taken out for this purpose are given by J • 
 Fritsch in the " Manufacture of Chemical Manures " (London : 
 Scott, Greenwood and Son), from which the foUowmg is 
 abstracted by permission of the publishers : — 
 
 1. Dumonceau and Nicolas (French Patents Nos. 201,427, 
 and 201,461) propose to fortify low-grade phosphates, consisting of 
 phosphate of lime and carbonate of lime, by the use of sulphur. 
 The principle of the two methods is as follows :— Phosphatic chalk 
 is calcined so as to produce a mixture of phosphate of lime and 
 quicklime, which is mixed with water and sulphur in iron pans. 
 The insoluble phosphate of lime is separated from the soluble 
 sulphides formed. The strength is thus fortified 20 to 
 30 per cent. 
 
 2. Simpson replaces sulphur by sulphuretted hydrogen 
 (German patent 58,925), and, after calcination of the raw phos- 
 phates, injects it into water, holding the phosphates in suspen- 
 sion. 
 
 3. Brochon (French patent 215,577) extracts phosphates rich 
 in carbonate of lime by means of carbonic acid under pressure 
 after crushing and stirring with water. 
 
 4. Winsinger, to prepare bi-calcium phosphate free from oxide 
 of iron, completely soluble in citrate of ammonia (German 
 patent No. 51,739), extracts all the phosphoric acid of the phos- 
 phate of lime by sulphuric acid, converts haK the solution into 
 mono-calcium phosphate, by the addition of carbonate of lime and 
 milk of lime, which precipitate the iron ; he adds this precipitate 
 to the other half, and obtains by the addition of sodium sulphate, 
 sodium carbonate and quickUme, phosphate of hme insoluble in 
 water free from oxide of iron, which he finally adds to the solution 
 of mono-calcium phosphate. 
 
 5. 0. lahne (German patent 57,295) prepares phosphate of 
 lime free from oxide of iron, alumina, and silica, by acting on 
 phosphates rich in oxide of iron and alumina with sodium 
 bisulphate. The raw phosphates (coprohtes, etc.), in this case 
 carbonate ajid phosphaite of lime, treated with an aqueous 
 solution of sodium bisulphate, dissolve, whilst the silica, iron, 
 and alumina compounds remain insoluble, and may be separated 
 by filtration along with the gypsum. 
 
 6. In making superphosphates, Martin proposes to use the 
 acid sulphate from the manufacture of nitric acid. The acid 
 sulphate from the cylinders is dissolved in water, so as to produce 
 
21 
 
 a solution of 45° to 50° Baume. The precipitate con- 
 sists of bisulphate, which it is easy to convert into sulphate by 
 re-crystallization, whilst the strongly acid solution is used to 
 dissolve raw phosphates. All the phosphoric acid is dissolved, 
 and the resultant superphosphates have less tendency to retro- 
 grade than those made with sulphuric acid of 50° to 53° Baume. 
 
 7. Thonnar and Huxton's Belgian patent No. 96,109, and 
 Eolland's Belgiaji patent 196,190, to eliminate the oxides of iron 
 and alumina, may also be mentioned. 
 
 8. Schiuihb proposed to make superphosphates from ferru- 
 ginous phosphate thus : As soluble ferric oxide induces retro- 
 gradation of the phosphoric acid in superphosphates, whilst the 
 ferrous oxide is inactive, and as sulphate of ammonia possesses 
 the property of forming with a ferrous salt double salts very 
 stable in air, Schucht, on such data, proposed to dissolve phos- 
 phates in presence of sulphate of ammonia, then to effect the reduc- 
 tion and so obtain very stable superphosphates of ammonia. With 
 this end in view, the finely ground superphosphates are mixed 
 with sulphate of ammonia. One part FsiO, requires 1'75 parts 
 of that salt to form the double salt FeSd + (NH^ij 
 SO4 + 6H2O. Eeduction can only be effected by weak sulphurous 
 acid which is injected under pressm'e into the diluted mixture of 
 superphosphate heated to 80° to 100°C. 
 
 9. Garr's process, dealing with phosphates rich in oxides of 
 iron and alumina is analogous. It consists in calcining the 
 phosphate, grinding it fine and then mixing 1,000 parts with 400 
 parts of sulphate of aaumonia dissolved in 400 c.c. of hot water, 
 to which is then added 800 parts of sulphuric acid of 53° Baum6. 
 A violent reaction ensues, the mass intumesces and heats to 
 110° C. After an hour it solidifies and is easily ground; 
 it contains 18 per cent, of phosphoric acid, two-thirds of which 
 is soluble in water. 
 
 Author s Note. — It is evident that such generahzations are 
 futile. The data given can only have been appHcableto the 
 particular phosphate to which Carr applied it. All phosphates 
 rich in oxides of iron and alumina would not respond to such treat- 
 ment so as to yield the above results. 
 
 10. Glaser proposes to manufacture precipitated phosphates 
 from insoluble phosphates of alumina, by treating the latter with 
 a cold alkaline solution or with a hot concentrated solution of 
 alkaline carbonate. In this operation the phosphate of alumina 
 is dissolved. In using the alkaline solution, the liquid 
 separated from the residues is treated with carbonic acid. If a 
 hot solution of alkaline carbonate be used, it is cooled, and the dis- 
 solved phosphate of alumina is precipitated. 
 
 11. Petermann, of Gembloux, recommends treating the raw 
 phosphate at a high temperature to convert the phosphoric acid 
 into a very soluble form. Ba^in has based a British patent 
 No. 15,237 on this principle. He heats phosphates in retorts to a 
 temperature of 1,300° to 1,500° C. 
 
22 
 
 12. Hodgkins (American patent No. 423,320, 1890) mixes 
 the phosphate in fine powder, with quicklime, which he then 
 slakes. But it is not apparent how such treatment can render 
 phosphates more soluble. Besides, no field experiments appear 
 to have been made to test the value of the resultant manure. 
 
 Manufacture of Precipitated Phosphate by Electrolysis. — A 
 new method of manufacture, based on electrolysis, has been in- 
 vented by Prof. W. Palmer, of- Stockholm. It consists in con- 
 verting the raw phosphate by the wet way into a readily 
 assimilable form, at an ordinary or slightly elevated tempera- 
 ture. The raw material is ground apatite, which need not be 
 finely ground. In an apparatus, specially constructed for the 
 purpose, a solution of chlorate or perchlorate of soda is electro- 
 lysed ; this disengages free chloric acid, sometimes even per- 
 chloric acid, in the " anode " cell. The acid " anode " liquid 
 is made to react on the raw phosphate in a battery of wooden 
 cases, fitted with perforated bottoms, so that the solvent first 
 comes in contact with almost exhausted apatite. The alkaline 
 liquid from the " cathode " is added to the saturated solution, 
 in special precipitation vats, taking care to stir, until a slightly 
 acid reaction ensues. There is thus formed a crystalline 
 precipitate of acid phosphate of lime. 'It is freed as completely 
 as possible from the mother liquor by filtration and washing, 
 which is greatly facilitated l^y the physical nature of the 
 phosphates. The yield is very satisfactory, because only about 
 1 per cent, of the phosphate in the raw material i-emains in the 
 solution. The latter, which contains a third of the amount 
 of lime originally eliminated from the apatite, is mixed with the 
 residual alkaline cathode liquid, when the greater part of the 
 lime is precipitated as hydrate ; finally, a current of carbonic 
 acid gas is injected. Aft-er precipitating the lime the solution is 
 withdrawn and run into the electrolyser. The electrolyte is 
 thus continuously regenerated. The product so obtained 
 generally contains 36 to 38 per cent, of total phosphoric acid 
 (the formula CaHPOi + 2H2O requiring 46-07 per cent, of 
 P2O5). About 95 per cent, of the phosphoric acid in this product 
 is soluble in Petermann's solution of ammoniacal citrate of 
 ammonia. 
 
 Other alternative methods have all been along the lines of the 
 investigations of Dr. Marloth, who mixed 100 parts of finely 
 ground rock with 40 parts of ground limestone, 20 of common 
 salt and 10 parts of dried sulphate of ammonia. The mixture was 
 briquetted and calcined at red heat in a kiln, after which it was 
 ground to pass a mesh of 100 to the linear inch. 
 
 A somewhat similar process was evolved in Italy, the resultant 
 product being called " tetra-phosphate. " The Italian process 
 was developed commercially and used to a limited extent during 
 the war period. 
 
 The advantage of manufacturing the mineral phosphate into 
 superphosphate by admixture of sulphuric acid is that the 
 
phosphate of the rock is rendered soluble in water and this make;? 
 it available for crops immediately it is applied to the soil. The 
 extent to which the original phosphate content of the rock is 
 rendered water-soluble depends upon the percentage of ferric 
 oxide and alumina in the mineral used, hence for superphosphate 
 manulacture a mineral which contains more than 4 per cent, 
 of iron oxide and alumina is seldom, if ever, employed. The 
 action of the metallic oxides in the process of dissolving is not 
 very clearly understood, and it will suffice to say that they neutrahze 
 a percentage of the phosphate, which passes over into the finished 
 superphosphate as not soluble in either water or a 2 per cent, 
 solution of citric acid. Another injurious effect of iron oxide 
 and alumina is that they tend to cause reversion from water- 
 soluble to citrate-soluble in the finished superphosphate, due 
 to the interaction of the mono-calcium phosphate and the tri- 
 calcium phosphate, leading to the formation of di-calcium phos- 
 phate, or to the formation of ferric and aluminium phosphates 
 by the action of the mono-calcium phosphate upon the iron and 
 aluminium sulphates. 
 
 In the latter case sulphuric acid is again set free and this in 
 turn may possibly act upon some of the tri-calcium phosphate. 
 
 BRITISH EMPIRE. 
 
 United Kingdom.* 
 
 Formerly phospliate-rock was obtained at many places in 
 England, more particularly from the Cambridge Upper Green- 
 sand, where the productive bed consists of dark-brown or black 
 nodules of phosphate of lime and is from 8 to 12 inches in thick- 
 ness, and from a bed of phosphatic nodules 12 to 18 inches in 
 thickness in Suffolk- 
 
 Both these deposits-' produced a considerable output of rock, but 
 the methods employed and the conditions under which mining 
 operations were carried out rendered the cost of production rather 
 high. Following upon the discovery and exploitation of the great 
 American and African deposits of phosphate-rock, phosphate- 
 mining in England ceased to be profitable, as the amount of iron 
 present caused the phosphate to revert to the insoluble form, and 
 veiy little phosphate-rock has been mined in England in recent 
 years. 
 
 The output of superphosphate in the United Kingdom had 
 gradually grown until at the opening of the war there were 
 upwards of 80 factories engaged in the industry, the total output 
 being approximately 800,000 tons. The development of the 
 United States and African deposits of phosphate-rock, noted above, 
 and the cessation of the working of the English deposits, rendered 
 
 • Memoirs of the Geol. Surv. Special Reports on the Mineral Resources of 
 Great Britain, 1917, 5, 15-24. Annual Statements of the Trade of the United 
 Kingdom. 
 
24 
 
 * 
 
 the United Kingdom manufacturers dependent upon foreign 
 sources for their supply of raw phosphate-rock, consequently 
 all the factories are to be found either at or in the vicinity of 
 the principal ports. The geographical distribution of the phos- 
 phate works is such that the supplies of superphosphate do not 
 have to be forwarded for any considerable distance. The principal 
 centres of superphosphate majiufacture are as follows : — 
 
 England. — Mersey, London, Humber, Bristol Channel, 
 
 Ipswich, Lynn, Plymouth, Newcastle. 
 Scotland. — Glasgow, Leith and district, Aberdeen. 
 /reZand.— Dublin, Belfast, Cork. 
 For the first two years of the war the superphosphate trade 
 was left to obtain its own supplies of raw materials, and on 
 account of the enormous demand for sulphuric acid for the manu- 
 facture of munitions it was found that there was a very consider- 
 able reduction in the superphosphate output. 
 
 To such a degree had the manufacture fallen that the production 
 for the year 1917 was rather less than half that of 1913, and this 
 occurred at a time when strenuous efforts were being made to 
 combat the submarine menace to our food supply by increasing 
 by every means possible the production of food in the United 
 Kingdom. 
 
 During the. summer of 1917 the position had become very 
 serious, and the Government decided to take over the whole of the 
 superphosphate industry and to import and provide to the manu- 
 facturers of superphosphate the whole of the raw materials which 
 they required. 
 
 Under an order issued in accordance with the Defence of the 
 Eealm Regulations the Minister of Munitions took over the whole 
 of the stocks of phosphate-rock and superphosphate in the 
 country. Arrangements were made for an adequate supply of acid 
 to be provided for the manufacture of superphosphate, and 
 shipping was also obtained for phosphate-rock. The result of 
 these efforts is very plainly apparent in the figures of imports 
 which are appended to this section. 
 
 The imports of phosphate in 1918 amounted to 464,872 tons, 
 us against 276,617 tons in the year 1917. The superphosphate 
 production in the year 1918 was approximately 800,000 tons, as 
 compared with 460,000 tons in 1917. It^ has already been 
 mentioned that the prices of raw phosphate up to the years 
 1917-18 had not risen very considerably, but, on the other hand, 
 the submarine menace was then at its height and consequently 
 the cost of bringing raw phosphate to this country had risen to ;i 
 very alarming figure. 
 
 Although the shipping was, in fact, provided by the State, at 
 the same time it was considered necessary to add to the actual 
 cost of the freight a proportion of the very heavy expenses which 
 fell on the State by reason of the frequent total loss of steamers 
 and cargoes. It was not possible, however, for the whole of these 
 expenses to be passed on to the price of superphosphate as this 
 
25 
 
 would have rendered the cost per ton of superphosphate to the 
 farmer prohibitive and would thus have tended to discourage the 
 use of fertilizers, which were essential for intensive food produc- 
 tion. The State, therefore, fixed a reasonable price for super- 
 phosphate, and bore a proportion of the cost as a loss in the 
 interest of agriculture. 
 
 During the year 1918 the demands on shipping for the moving 
 of American troops to the theatre of war were such that for some 
 two months it appeared as though it would not be possible to 
 provide sufficient ships for the transport of phosphates. It was 
 accordingly decided to re-open the Cambridge workings, and some 
 thousands of tons of the so-called coprolites from the Trumpington 
 bed were extracted. This coprolite is, however, of lower grade 
 than that usually used for superphosphate manufacture, and con- 
 sequently it had to be blended with the higher-grade rocks which 
 were imported from outside sources. 
 
 Later, however, with the change in the fortunes of war during 
 the summer of 1918, the strain on British shipping was to a 
 certain extent reheved. Consequently (the State again returned 
 to foreign sources of supply for raw phosphate, and the Trum- 
 pington workings were closed down. 
 
 It will be seen by reference to the statistics attached that in the 
 normal pre-war year of 1913 a total of 539,016 tons of rock- 
 phosphate, and superphosphate were imported into the United 
 Kingdom. The official statistics from which these figures are 
 taken do not distinguish between the two materials, but so far as 
 can be estimated from the sources of supply, about 460,000 tons 
 of this quantity would be raw phosphate, and the balance, 
 approximately 79,000 tons, would be in the form of superphos- 
 phate. The demand in the United Kingdom was mainly for super- 
 phosphate containing 26 to 80 per cent, of tri-calcium phosphate, 
 which is manufactured from the grades of phosphate imported 
 from Tunis and Algeria. 
 
 Some proportion of the high-grade rock-phosphate imported 
 from the United States and the Pacific Islands was, however, 
 used for the manufacture of the lower-grade superphosphate, 
 the usual practice being to blend with the high-grade rock a 
 proportion of the low-grade phosphates obtained from Belgium 
 and France. It will be observed from the statistics which follow 
 that, during the war period, an increasingly large proportion of 
 the supphes for the United Kingdom was taken from Algeria and 
 Tunis, the imports from the United States falUng from 177,330 
 tons in 1913 to 13,361 tons in 1918. The principal reason for 
 this variation is to be found in the shortage of shipping previously 
 referred to. It will be obvious that in such circumstances it 
 became vitally necessary to secure the major portion of the 
 supplies of phosphate-rock from the nearest possible source. 
 
 It is of interest to note that in 1919, when the effects of the 
 war were beginning to pass away, the imports from the United 
 
20 
 
 States rose to 47,800 tons, and at the same time the imports from 
 Algeria and Tunis fell from 446,500 tons to 292,400 tons. 
 
 In the pre-war period the United Kingdom was one of the 
 principal superphosphate manufacturing countries. America 
 produced the largest quantity of superphosphate, the second and 
 third places being occupied by France and Germany, with a pro- 
 duction of approximately 1,800,000 tons each, the United 
 Kingdom following with a production of about 800,000 tons. 
 
 Imports of Superphosphate of Lime and Rock-Phosphate into 
 the United Kingdom. 
 
 
 Quantity (long tons) 
 
 From 
 
 1913. 
 
 1914. 
 
 1915. 
 
 1916. 
 
 1917. 
 
 1918. 
 
 1919. 
 
 Egypt 
 
 British Paciiio Possessions 
 Other British Possessions ... 
 
 15 
 
 5,744 
 2 
 
 300 
 24,807 
 
 10,880 
 2,426 
 
 11,111 
 36 
 
 9,412 
 
 400 
 3,941 
 
 730 
 
 Toi;al from British Poaseg- 
 
 5,761 
 
 25,107 
 
 12,806 
 
 11,147 
 
 9,412 
 
 4,341 
 
 730 
 
 Belgium 
 
 Prance 
 
 Germany 
 
 Netherlands 
 
 Algeria 
 
 Tunis 
 
 United States 
 
 Dutch West India Islands... 
 French Pacific Possessions 
 German Pacific Possessions 
 Other Foreign Countries ... 
 
 63,969 
 
 10,166 
 
 14,168 
 
 24,347 
 
 44,996 
 
 189,555 
 
 177,330 
 
 4,476 
 
 2,633 
 
 1,615 
 
 62,912 
 
 6,989 
 
 26,248 
 
 21,251 
 
 40,380 
 
 181,107 
 
 177,792 
 
 3,830 
 
 7,415 
 
 9.201 
 
 ■ 10 
 
 300 
 
 250 
 
 73,492 
 
 195,977 
 
 81,484 
 
 10,330 
 
 600 
 
 30 
 
 602 
 
 81,876 
 
 174,640 
 
 61,828 
 
 2,777 
 
 21 
 
 734 
 
 70,812 
 
 144,443 
 
 44,982 
 
 1,930 
 
 4,304 
 
 666 
 
 32,871 
 
 413,633 
 
 13,361 
 
 3,634 
 
 208 
 
 48,496 
 
 243,883 
 
 47,807 
 
 11,000 
 
 Total from Foreign Coun- 
 
 533,255 
 
 587,135 
 
 361,883 
 
 322,274 
 
 267,205 
 
 460,531 
 
 355,028 
 
 TOTAL 
 
 539,016 
 
 562,242 
 
 374,639 
 
 333,421 
 
 276,617 
 
 464,872 
 
 355,758 
 
 
 Value (£). 
 
 Egypt 
 
 British Pacific Possessions 
 Other British Possessions ... 
 
 30 
 
 15,283 
 
 5 
 
 363 
 
 55,975 
 
 18,916 
 3,038 
 
 84,885 
 210 
 
 46,340 
 
 9,506 
 16,720 
 
 7,260 
 
 Total from British Posses- 
 sions 
 
 15,318 
 
 108,608 
 
 12,920 
 
 37,990 
 
 50,565 
 
 66,598 
 
 249,732 
 
 314,246 
 
 8,377 
 
 6,582 
 
 3,230 
 
 66,338 
 
 21,948 
 
 34,6"95 
 
 46,340 
 
 26,226 
 
 7,250 
 
 Belgium 
 
 France 
 
 Germany 
 
 Netherlands 
 
 Algeria • 
 
 Tunis 
 
 United States 
 
 Dutch West India Islands 
 French Pacific Possessions 
 German Pacific Possessions 
 Other Foreign Countries ... 
 
 129,167 
 
 11,713 
 
 72,181 
 
 50,261 
 
 61,320 
 
 241,822 
 
 304,434 
 
 7,610 
 
 15,851 
 
 20,074 
 
 66 
 
 2,247 
 
 888 
 
 156,210 
 
 305,967 
 
 170,052 
 
 47,437 
 
 1,200 
 
 60 
 
 4,997 
 
 241,016 
 
 425,246 
 
 116,489 
 
 15,186 
 
 84 
 
 7,335 
 317,131 
 
 684,707 
 
 182,156 
 
 14,445 
 
 20,444 
 
 18,449 
 
 138,850 
 
 1,692,864 
 
 72,165 
 
 12,089 
 
 6,770 
 188,601 
 859,720 
 184,496 
 
 84,300 
 
 Total from Foreign Coun- 
 tries 
 
 858,848 
 
 918,999 
 
 682,801 
 
 804,227 
 
 1,126,217 
 
 1,922,318 
 
 1,334,976 
 
 Total 
 
 874,166 
 
 970,337 
 
 704,749 
 
 838,822 
 
 1,172,567 
 
 1,948,543 
 
 1,842,226 
 
27 
 
 Imports of Guano into the United Kingdom. 
 
 From 
 
 
 Quantity (long tons). 
 
 
 1913. 
 
 1914. 
 
 1915. 1916. 
 
 1917. 
 
 1918. 
 
 1919. 
 
 Falkland Islands 
 
 Seychelles 
 
 Other British Posses- 
 sions 
 
 1,823 
 2,491 
 2,966 
 
 3,620 
 8,741 
 1,975 
 
 4,981 
 469 
 
 8,047 
 81 
 
 1,299 
 
 — 
 
 101 
 
 Total from British 
 Possessions 
 
 7,280 
 
 14,336 
 
 5,450 
 
 8,128 
 
 1,299 
 
 — 
 
 101 
 
 Belgium 
 
 Argentina 
 
 Peru 
 
 Uruguay 
 
 Other Foreign Coun- 
 tries 
 
 401 
 390 
 
 15,187 
 793 
 
 1,497 
 
 1,580 
 
 17,083 
 
 190 
 
 6,096 
 
 16,479 
 4,791 
 
 9,665 
 
 915 
 
 • 2,937 
 
 1,034 
 268 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Total from Foreign 
 Countries 
 
 18,268 
 
 24,949 
 
 21,270 
 
 13,517 
 
 1,302 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Total 
 
 25,548 
 
 39,285 
 
 26,720 
 
 21,645 
 
 2,601 
 
 — 
 
 101 
 
 
 Value (£). 
 
 Falkland Islands 
 
 Seychelles 
 
 Other British Posses- 
 sions 
 
 12,300 
 
 7,500 
 
 12,268 
 
 25,791 
 27,474 
 14,436 
 
 34,733 
 3,151 
 
 76,826 
 837 
 
 13,291 
 
 — 
 
 1,250 
 
 Total from British 
 Possessions 
 
 32,088 
 
 67,701 
 
 .S7,884 
 
 77,663 
 
 13,291 
 
 — 
 
 1,250 
 
 Belgium 
 
 Argentina ... ' ... 
 
 Peru 
 
 Uruguay 
 
 Other Foreign Coun- 
 tries 
 
 Total from Foreign 
 Countries 
 
 Total 
 
 3,159 
 2,269 
 97,502 
 4,910 
 9,261 
 
 7,921 
 
 126,1.30 
 
 905 
 29,429 
 
 105,164 105,001 
 
 — 5,098 
 
 38,957: 30,952 
 
 11,374 
 3,010 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 117,101 
 
 164,385 
 
 144,1211141,051 
 
 14,384 — 
 
 — 
 
 149,189 
 
 232,086 
 
 182,005 218,714 
 
 27,675' — 
 
 1,250 
 
28 
 
 Exports of Superphosphates from the United Kingdom 
 (Domestic Produce). 
 
 
 
 
 Quantity (long tons). 
 
 To 
 
 1913. 
 
 1914. 
 
 1915. 
 
 1916. 
 
 1917. 
 
 1918. 
 
 1919. 
 
 Channel Islands 
 
 2,743 
 
 2,006 
 
 1,817 
 
 2,221 
 
 2,433 
 
 2,544 
 
 1.013 
 
 Cape of Good Hope 
 
 1,013 
 
 5,635 
 
 20,253 
 
 8,243 
 
 700 
 
 — 
 
 569 
 
 Natal 
 
 1,360 
 
 2,493 
 
 . 6,419 
 
 2,494 
 
 71 
 
 -T- 
 
 40 
 
 Mauritius and Dependen- 
 
 776 
 
 1,336 
 
 1,907 
 
 1,124 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 198 
 
 Australia 
 
 7,321 
 
 5,934 
 
 1,016 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 New Zealand 
 
 12,522 
 
 13,919 
 
 6,096 
 
 98 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 Other British Possessions 
 
 1,367 
 
 2,709 
 
 1,043- 
 
 121 
 
 — 
 
 3 
 
 445 
 
 Total to British Posses- 
 
 27,102 
 
 34,032 
 
 38,551 
 
 14,301 
 
 3,204 
 
 2,547 
 
 2,265 
 
 Denmark (including 
 
 12,040 
 
 15,236 
 
 24,650 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 4 
 
 Faroe Islands) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 France ... 
 
 
 4,200 
 
 5,423 
 
 1,376 
 
 — 
 
 . — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Portugal... 
 
 
 1,783 
 
 2,675 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Russia ... 
 
 
 4,801 
 
 1,878 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Spain 
 
 
 6,585 
 
 2,541 
 
 465 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 90 
 
 Canary Islands . 
 
 
 4,105 
 
 2,508 
 
 1,792 
 
 67 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1,456 
 
 Other Foreign Countries 
 
 2,864 
 
 1,758 
 
 1,854 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 211 
 
 Total to Foreign 
 
 36,378 
 
 32,019 
 
 30,128 
 
 -67 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,761 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 63,480 
 
 66,061 
 
 68,679 
 
 14,368 
 
 3,204 
 
 2,547 
 
 4,026 
 
 
 Value (£). 
 
 Channel Islands 
 
 8,588 
 
 7,387 
 
 5,994 
 
 9,869 
 
 15,908 
 
 16,411 
 
 6,799 
 
 Cape of Good Hope 
 
 2,764 
 
 16,397 
 
 71,688 
 
 40,763 
 
 3,853 
 
 — 
 
 6,090 
 
 Natal 
 
 5,109 
 
 9,671 
 
 29,943 
 
 14,549 
 
 359 
 
 
 
 420 
 
 Mauritius and Dependen- 
 
 2,717 
 
 5,003 
 
 7,863 
 
 7,470 
 
 
 — 
 
 2,357 
 
 Australia 
 
 16,347 
 
 12,631 
 
 2,390 
 
 
 
 
 
 New Zealand 
 
 34,531 
 
 38,302 
 
 16,999 
 
 325 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Other British Possessions 
 
 4,010 
 
 8,010 
 
 5,751 
 
 753 
 
 — 
 
 10 
 
 5,157 
 
 Total to British Posses- 
 
 74,066 
 
 97,401 
 
 140,628 
 
 73,729 
 
 20,120 
 
 16,421 
 
 20,823 
 
 sions 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Denmark (including 
 
 30,635 
 
 38,372 
 
 66,025 
 
 
 
 
 60 
 
 Faroe Is 
 
 ands) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 France .. 
 
 
 
 9,474 
 
 12,105 
 
 3,926 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Portugal.. 
 
 . 
 
 
 4,033 
 
 5,724 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 jRussia .. 
 
 , 
 
 
 10,871 
 
 3,804 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 Spain 
 
 . 
 
 
 16,064 
 
 6,153 
 
 1,155 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 945 
 
 Canary Islands . 
 
 
 11,864 
 
 7,012 
 
 6,789 
 
 324 
 
 
 
 14,195 
 2,558 
 
 Other Foreign Countries 
 
 9,307 
 
 4,878' 
 
 5,584 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Total to Foreign 
 Countries 
 
 92,248 
 
 78,048 
 
 83,489 
 
 324 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 17,758 
 
 TOTAI 
 
 
 
 166,314 
 
 175,449 
 
 224,117 
 
 74,053 
 
 20,120 
 
 16,421 
 
 38,581. 
 
29 
 
 Exports of Phosphate of Lime and Rock-Phosphate from the 
 Umted Kingdom (Colonial and Foreign Produce). 
 
 To 
 
 
 Quantity (long tons). 
 
 
 
 1913. 
 
 1914. 
 
 1915. 
 
 1916. 
 
 1917. 1918. 1919. 
 
 New Zealand 
 
 Other British PoBseasionB 
 
 11,561 
 50 
 
 29,640 
 400 
 
 200 
 
 10 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Total to British Posses- 
 sions 
 
 11,611 
 
 30,040 
 
 200 
 
 10 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Denmark (including 
 
 Faroe Islands) 
 Sweden 
 
 Other Foreign Countries 
 
 11 
 
 6,970 
 
 21,995 
 
 2,737 
 
 — 
 
 2,370 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 _ 
 
 Total to Foreign 
 Countries 
 
 11 
 
 31,702 
 
 — 
 
 2,370 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Total 
 
 11,622 
 
 61,742 
 
 200 
 
 2,380 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 31,138 
 64 
 
 
 Value (£). 
 
 New Zealand 
 
 Other British Possessions 
 
 79,845 
 2,000 
 
 565 
 
 38 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Total to British Posses- 
 sions 
 
 31,202 
 
 81,845 
 
 565 
 
 38 
 
 — 1 — 
 
 — 
 
 Denmark (including 
 
 Faroe Islands) 
 Sweden 
 
 Other Foreign Countries 
 
 22 
 
 14,229 
 
 47,966 
 4,227 
 
 — 
 
 11,850 
 
 ! 
 
 — 
 
 Total to Foreign 
 Countries 
 
 22 
 
 66,422 
 
 — 
 
 11,850 
 
 — — 
 
 — 
 
 Total 
 
 31,224 
 
 148,267 
 
 565 
 
 11,888 
 
 — — 
 
 — 
 
30 
 
 Exports of Guano from the United Kingdom (Colonial and 
 Foreign Produce). 
 
 
 
 Quantity (long 
 
 tons). 
 
 To 
 
 1913. 
 
 1914. 
 
 1915. 
 
 1916. 
 
 1917. 
 
 1918. 1919 
 
 British Guiana 
 
 Mauritius and Dependen- 
 cies 
 Other British Possessions 
 
 450 
 857 
 
 265 
 
 150 
 74 
 
 821 
 265 
 
 330 
 
 168 
 
 130 
 16 
 
 
 — 
 
 Total to British Posses- 
 sions 
 
 1,072 
 
 224 
 
 1,086 
 
 498 
 
 146 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Belgium 
 
 Germany 
 
 Norway 
 
 United States 
 
 Other Foreign Countries 
 
 468 
 
 788 
 
 
 
 962 
 25 
 
 1,060 
 
 2,370 
 168 
 
 2,030 
 343 
 301 
 
 516 
 
 204 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Total to Foreign 
 Countries 
 
 2,243 
 
 3,588 
 
 2,674 
 
 516 
 
 204 
 
 — 
 
 — ■ 
 
 Total 
 
 3,315 
 
 3,812 
 
 3,760 
 
 1,014 
 
 350 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 Val 
 
 ue (£). 
 
 
 British Guiana ... 
 Mauritius and Dependen- 
 cies 
 Other British Possessions 
 
 4,450 
 2,622 
 
 1,320 
 
 1,750 
 598 
 
 10,707 
 3,079 
 
 4,414 
 2,220 
 
 2,192 
 238 
 
 — 
 
 
 Total to British Posses- 
 sions 
 
 8,392 
 
 2,348 
 
 13,786 
 
 6,634 
 
 2,430 
 
 — 
 
 _ 
 
 Belgium 
 
 Germany 
 
 Norway ... 
 
 United States 
 
 Other Foreign Countries 
 
 4,964 
 5,544 
 
 5,885 
 238 
 
 6,348 
 
 17,732 
 1,646 
 
 16,428 
 2,385 
 2,304 
 
 5,719 
 
 2,225 
 
 — 
 
 5 
 
 Total to Foreign 
 Countries 
 
 16,631 
 
 25,726 
 
 21,117 
 
 5,719 
 
 2,225 
 
 — 
 
 5 
 
 Total 
 
 25,023 
 
 28,074 
 
 34,903 
 
 12,353 
 
 4,655 
 
 — 
 
 5 
 
 Egypt.* 
 
 The known deposits of phosphate of lime in Egypt occur in 
 the Cretaceous system, more particularly in the upper .portion, 
 under conditions closely resembling those in Algeria and Tunis. 
 
 * The Phosphate Deposits of Egypt, by J. Ball ; Surv. Dept. Paper No. 30 
 1913. 
 
 Topography and Geology of the Phosphate District of Safaga (Eastern 
 Desert of Egypt), by J. Ball ; ,Surv. Dept. Paper No. 29, 1913. 
 
 Annuaire Statistique de I'Egypte. 
 
M 
 
 They consist largely of low-grade phosphorite, averaging only 
 iiboiit 45 per cent, tri-calcium phosphate, and are therefore un- 
 suitable for export ; but high-grade rock containing up to 75 
 per cent, of tri-calcium phosphate is being mined in increasing 
 quantity from beds outcropping at the Um el Huetat mine, 
 situated about 18 miles south of Port Safaga on the Eed Sea. 
 This mine is connected by railway with Port Safaga, where the 
 rock is loaded into steamers and exported chiefly to Japan and 
 elsewhere in the East. 
 
 A Uttle to the north-west of Qosir, on the south and wehi; 
 plateau of the Duwi range in the Nakheil district, an occurrence 
 of high-grade rock is reported. Phosphate-bearing beds, from 
 18 inches to 2 feet in thickness, occur also on the eastern slopes 
 of the Red Sea hills. These exposures cover an area from 150 
 to 300 feet in width and about 4 miles in length. 
 
 In 1913 an expedition examined the Red Sea phosphate beds, 
 but, with the exception of the extensive Safaga deposit, the 
 tonnage of high-grade phosphate-rock available was found to be 
 too limited to warrant the acquisition of any property. 
 
 Extensive beds of phosphate of lime occur in the Nile A'^alley, 
 notably in the Sibaia district, on both sides of the river. The 
 bone beds outcrop at a point about 11 miles south of Esna, where 
 three thin beds occur. Analyses of samples from these beds 
 showed the material to be too poor in phosphoric acid to warrant 
 exploitation. 
 
 At Sibaia the deposits consist of four beds of phosphate of lime 
 which have a total thickness of about 6 feet. Farther to the 
 north, near the village of Qift, there is an extensive bone bed. 
 about 3 feet in thickness which covers the larger part of the 
 Gebel el Qurn plateau, the area of the deposit being about 2,500 
 acres. The distance to Qift railway station is from 6 to 12 miles. 
 Chemical examination has shown that these beds have under- 
 gone silicification, with a consequent lowering of the percentage 
 of phosphoric anhydride to the extent of about 7 per cent, in 
 the upper layer of the bed, but there remains an average thickness 
 of about 18 inches of unaltered bone bed. Throughout the whole 
 of this area there is very little overburden above the bone beds, 
 the thickness of cover rarely exceeding 9 feet of loose rubble, 
 while in places the bone beds form the surface. 
 
 An Italian company has obtained large concessions in this 
 district, and also on an extension of these beds on the west bank 
 of the Nile. The rock quarried from the Gebel el Qurn deposit 
 is transported t)y aerial ropeway to the Nile, and thence by boat 
 to Alexandria, where it is shipped to Europe. Analyses of the 
 phosphate-rock from these districts of the Nile Valley indicate that 
 an average of over 45 per cent tri-calcium phosphate may be 
 expected. 
 
 Phosphatic beds occur also throughout the Dakhla oasis, 
 the total area of outcrop in this region being about 19 square 
 miles. 
 
32 
 
 The Egyptian phosphate beds, with the exception of parts of 
 the Sibaia and Gebel el Qurn deposits and tliose at Safaga and 
 Dakhla, are mostly too poor in quaUty to admit of profitable mining 
 for export. There should, however, be a large denaand for this 
 material for domestic consumption when the Fellahin and small 
 farmers of the Nile Valley have learned the value of phosphate 
 of lime as a fertihzer. So far, the domestic demand for the 
 native insoluble phosphate, of which Egypt possesses a practically 
 inexhaustible supply, has been small. 
 
 Egyptian Productioi 
 
 I and Exports of I 
 
 Phosphates. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Production. 
 
 Exports. 
 
 
 Quantity 
 
 Quantity 
 
 
 (long tonfe) . 
 
 (long tons). 
 
 1913 
 
 ... 102,771 
 
 63,151 
 
 1914 
 
 70,789 
 
 85,181 
 
 1915 
 
 81,664 
 
 32,386 
 
 1916 
 
 ... 122,999 
 
 20,196 
 
 1917 
 
 ... 113,872 
 
 25,499 
 
 1918 
 
 30,646 
 
 9,196 
 
 1919 
 
 28,893 
 
 77,263 
 
 etails of the exports for 
 
 1918 and 1919 are 
 
 i as follows : — 
 
 
 1918 
 
 1919 
 
 
 (long tons) . 
 
 (long tons) 
 
 United Kingdom 
 
 395 
 
 1,022 
 
 Australia and New ZeE 
 
 iland ... — 
 
 9,839 
 
 Italy 
 
 — 
 
 31,594 
 
 Japan 
 
 ... 3,031 
 
 20,998 
 
 Other Countries 
 
 ... 5,770 
 
 13,810 
 
 Total . 
 
 ... 9,196 
 
 77,263 
 
 Union of South Africa.* 
 
 So far as is known at present, the only deposits of phosphate- 
 rock of any considerable commercial importance in the Union 
 of South Africa are the aluminous phosphates of Saldanha Bay, 
 on the south-west coast of Cape Province. 
 
 The rocks of this district consist chiefly of granite and porphyry, 
 which form a succession of isolated hills rising above an arid 
 region of blown sand. The phosphates are found outcropping on 
 the two hills lying north and south of the entrance to Saldaaiha 
 Bay. 
 
 * Report on the Phosphates of Saldanha Bay, by A. L. Du Toit ; Union of 
 South Afrina Department of Mines and Industries Geol. Surv Memoir No 10 
 1917. ■ ■' • > 
 
 Annual Reports of the Grovernment Mining Engineer of the Union of South 
 Africa. Annual Statements of the Trade and Shipping of the Union of South 
 Africa and of Southern and Northern Rhodesia. 
 
33 
 
 At the northern locality known as Hoedjes Bay, the rock crops 
 out m the sandy soil at the foot of the hill, and phosphate-rock 
 has been observed extending to the top of the mountain, at an 
 elevation of 364 feet. The depth of this sheet or surface oover- 
 mg is variable, and sufficient prospecting has not yet been done 
 to allow of any estimate of the quantity being made. Where 
 tested, the rock has been found to have a thickness of 4 to 15 
 feet. 
 
 Analyses of samples of the phosphates obtained at Hoedjes 
 Bay show from 10 to 23 per cent, of phosphorus pentoxide, from 
 16 to 77 per cent, of silica, and from 7 to 37 per cent, of iron 
 oxide and alumina. 
 
 At the southern locality known as Oude Post, the phosphates 
 crop out on the flanks of Constable Hill at a general elevation of 
 150 feet, and continue to immediately below the bare granite 
 summit, 616 feet above sea level. The material in the Oude 
 Post deposits differs somewhat from that at Hoedjes Bay in 
 carrying a considerable percentage of quartz ; but the percentage 
 of phosphoric acid is somewhat higher, varying from 14'8 per 
 cent, to 32'63 per cent. These deposits have not been opened 
 up, and the probable reserves have not been estimated, although 
 they are stated to be large. 
 
 Throughout the Saldanha Bay deposits, there is very little 
 phosphate of lime, the phosphoric acid being almost entirely 
 combined with alumina and iron. 
 
 Before the war there was a small plant at Hoedjes Bay, con- 
 sisting of a mill for grinding phosphate rock. A superphosphate 
 plant was, however, in process of erection, and during the year 
 1919 an up-to-date plant was being erected at Somerset West, 
 Cape Province. When this plant is finished, South Africa will 
 be in a position to manufacture a considerable proportion of its 
 requirements of phosphate fertilizer. 
 
 Other districts within the Union where phosphates are known 
 to occur are Weenen, in Natal, where the deposits are of low grade, 
 carrying only about 8 per cent, of phosphorus pentoxide, and 
 Lulukop, in the Zoutpansberg distriqt of the Transvaal. Lulukop 
 is an isolated hill of very pure limestone which carries considerable 
 quantities of apatite and magnetite. The apatite is reported to 
 amount to about 10 per cent, of the rock in places. The deposit 
 lies in a remote and unhealthy district, and it does not seem 
 probable that any considerable supply will be obtainable from this 
 source. 
 
 Phosphate deposits are known to occur at Cape Cross, north 
 of Swakopmund, South- West Africa ; in the Kuruman district, 
 South Bechuanaland ; in the Kenhardt Division of Cape Province ; 
 and on Bird Island, Algoa Bay. Sufficient development work 
 has not yet been done in any of these locahties to prove their 
 economic value. 
 
 34032 B 
 
34 
 
 Value of Phosphates produced in Cape Province. 
 
 Year. Value 
 
 i£). 
 
 1916 1,305 
 
 1917 2,875 
 
 1918 6,639 
 
 1919* — 
 
 • Operations were suspended during the year 1919. 
 
 Imports of Raw Phosphates into the Union of South Africa.* 
 
 Prom 
 
 Quantity (long tons). 
 
 1913. 
 
 1914. 
 
 1915. 
 
 1916. 
 
 1917. 
 
 1918. 
 
 1919. 
 
 United Kingdom 
 
 South West Africa Pro- 
 tectorate 
 
 140 
 
 132 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 4,514 
 
 5,600 
 252 
 
 Total from British Pos- 
 sessions 
 
 140 
 
 132 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 4,514 
 
 5,852 
 
 Belgium 
 
 Germany 
 
 55 
 485 
 
 5 
 200 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Total from Foreign 
 Countries 
 
 540 
 
 205 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Total 
 
 680 
 
 337 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 4,514 
 
 5,852 
 
 
 Value (£). 
 
 United Kingdom 
 Bgypt 
 
 South West Africa Pro- 
 tectorate 
 
 446 
 
 739 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 6,771 
 
 10,000 
 1,974 
 
 Total from British Pos- 
 sessions 
 
 446 
 
 739 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 6,771 
 
 11,974 
 
 Belgium 
 
 Germany 
 
 126 
 1,133 
 
 12 
 433 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Total from Foreign 
 Countries 
 
 1,259 
 
 445 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Total 
 
 1,705 
 
 1,184 
 
 ^^ 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 6,771 
 
 11,974 
 
 * In each of the years 1914 and 1918 phosphates to the value of £1 were 
 imported from St. Helena. " 
 
35 
 Imports of Superphosphates into the Union of South Africa. 
 
 From 
 
 Quantity (long tons). 
 
 1913. 
 
 1914. 
 
 1915. 
 
 1916. 
 
 1917. 
 
 1918. 
 
 1919. 
 
 United Kingdom 
 Australia 
 
 2,648 
 2 
 
 5,374 
 
 25,465 
 
 10,845 
 
 601 
 
 z 
 
 740 
 
 Total from British 
 PosseBHi an R 
 
 2,650 
 
 5,374 
 
 25,465 
 
 10,845 
 
 601 
 
 — 
 
 740 
 
 Belgium 
 
 Germany 
 
 Holland 
 
 Portugal 
 
 Portuguese East Africa 
 
 United States 
 
 Argentina 
 
 Japan 
 
 2,405 
 
 6,903 
 
 24,383 
 
 278 
 
 242 
 
 3,722 
 
 23,551 
 
 1,856 
 200 
 
 2,157 
 
 600 
 
 357 
 6,673 
 
 5,612 
 
 3,300 
 
 88 
 
 2,675 
 
 — 
 
 Total from Foreign 
 OonntTifiH 
 
 33,969 
 
 27,515 
 
 4,813 
 
 7,030 
 
 5,612 
 
 6,063 
 
 — 
 
 Total 
 
 36,619 
 
 32,889 
 
 30,278 
 
 17,875 
 
 6,213 
 
 6,063 
 
 740 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Val 
 
 ue (£). 
 
 
 
 
 United Kingdom 
 Australia 
 
 7,731 
 4 
 
 18,080 
 
 94,102 
 
 59,424 
 
 3,521 
 
 
 
 7,792 
 
 Total from British 
 
 7,735 
 
 18,080 
 
 94,102 
 
 59,424 
 
 3,521 
 
 — 
 
 7,792 
 
 Belgium 
 
 Germany 
 
 Holland 
 
 Portugal 
 
 Portuguese East Africa 
 
 United States 
 
 Argentina 
 
 Japan 
 
 5,619 
 19,514 
 61,432 
 
 973 
 
 1,002 
 
 9,300 
 
 59,721 
 
 5,527 
 650 
 
 7,838 
 
 2,026 
 
 1,766 
 28,635 
 
 3 
 
 26,901 
 
 28,854 
 
 1,524 
 
 47,740 
 
 — 
 
 Total from Foreign 
 Countries 
 
 Total 
 
 87,538 
 
 70,023 
 
 16,041 
 
 30,401 
 
 26,904 
 
 78,118 
 
 — 
 
 95,273 
 
 88,103 
 
 110,143 
 
 89,825 
 
 30,425 
 
 78,118 
 
 7,792 
 
 Canada."*" 
 
 Prior to the development of the United States phosphate 
 deposits, Canada produced important quantities of phosphate- 
 rock and exported considerable amounts to the United Kingdom. 
 The material mined was wholly apatite, containing from 31'87 
 to 41"54 per cent, phosphoric acid. 
 
 • Economic Minerals and Mining Industries of Canada ; Mines Branch , 
 Deot. of Mines, Ottawa, Canada, 1914, p. 50. Investigation of a Reported 
 Discovery of Phosphate in Alberta, by Hugh S. de Schmid ; Canada Dept. 
 Mines, 1916, Bull. No. 12. Annual Reports on the Mineral Production of 
 Canada. Annual Renorts on the Trade of Canada. 
 
 34032 
 
 B 2 
 
36 
 
 The importation of ciieap phosphate-rock from the Unite' 
 States seriously affected the phosphate-mining industry in Canada 
 and in recent years the only production of apatite in the Dominio: 
 has been an annual output of a few hundred tons obtained durin, 
 thica-mining operations on the extensive mica belt in Ottaw 
 county, Quebec. Throughout the region extending from th 
 Ottawa Eiver on the south, northwards through the township 
 of Buckingham, Templeton, Wakefield, Bowman and Hinckf 
 deposits of apatite occur abundantly over a width of 15 to 2 
 miles. 
 
 The deposits in the province of Ontario are less important tha: 
 those of Quebec. The mineral occurs as crystal aggregates in 
 matrix of crystalline limestone. The area within which apatit 
 is found extends southward from the Ottawa Eiver to within 
 few miles of the St. Lawrence, a distance of nearly 100 milee 
 The average width of the belt is from 50 to 75 miles. 
 
 
 Analyses of typical Quebec Apatites* 
 
 
 
 
 McLolland 
 Mine, 
 
 Scott Mine, 
 Hull. 
 
 Bainville 
 Mine, 
 
 High Falls 
 
 Mine, 
 
 Blackburi 
 Mine, 
 
 
 
 Hull. 
 
 Templeton. 
 
 Bowman. 
 
 Templetoi 
 
 Silica 
 
 
 0-48 
 
 1-80 
 
 0-64 
 
 0-06 
 
 0-36 
 
 Iron oxide ... 
 Alumina 
 
 i 
 
 1-00 
 
 1-30 
 
 1-30 
 
 0-72 
 
 8-72 
 
 Lime 
 
 
 54-20 
 
 53-30 
 
 54-40 
 
 55-70 
 
 55-60 
 
 Magnesia ... 
 
 
 0-35 
 
 0-28 
 
 0-31 
 
 0-20 
 
 0-33 
 
 Soda 
 Potash 
 
 ") 
 
 0-77 
 
 0-64 
 
 0-88 
 
 0-80 
 
 0-75 
 
 Water 
 
 
 0-32 
 
 0-36 
 
 0-12 
 
 0-28 
 
 0-20 
 
 Chlorine ... 
 
 ... 
 
 0-44 
 
 0-4U 
 
 0-67 
 
 0-65 
 
 0-50 
 
 fluorine ... 
 
 ... 
 
 3-30 
 
 3-20 
 
 3-30 
 
 3-10 
 
 3-05 
 
 Carbon dioxide 
 
 0-66 
 
 
 
 1-75 
 
 
 
 Phosphorus 
 
 pent- 
 
 39-60 
 
 40-15 
 
 37-50 
 
 39-24 
 
 39-39 
 
 oxide 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * Summary Report, Mines Branch, Dept. of Mines, Ottawa, 1917, p. 110. 
 
 Buckingham township, in Quebec, is the principal seat of th 
 phosphate industry in Canada. Phosphate-rock is there mam 
 factured into fertiUzers, phosphorus and its compounds, but th 
 faw material is ahnost entirely imported from the United States. 
 
 The only known deposits of phosphate-rock of sedimentai 
 formation in Canada are certain low-grade coprolitic bee 
 bccurriag in Quebec and Nova Scotia, and containing about £ 
 to 44 per cent, tri-calcium phosphate; a thin bone-bed in tb 
 Cretaceous rocks of the Wilson Eiver, Manitoba, carrying aboi 
 30' 7 per cent. tri-caJcium phosphate; and an extensive regie 
 in Alberta where there is a steeply-inclined bed of low-grade, hai 
 black phosphate, 12 inches in width, lying conformably' wil 
 the bedding-planes of the enclosing Eocky Mountain quartzites. 
 
 The Alberta deposits were carefully examined in the autum 
 of 1915 by officers of the Canadian Department of Mines, wl 
 
37 
 
 reported that the low grade of the material (43" 7 per cent, tri- 
 calcium phosphate) and the high cost- of mining would hardly 
 permit of these deposits being profitably worked. 
 
 Production of Phosphates in Canada. 
 
 
 Quae 
 
 tity (long tons). 
 
 Value (£).• 
 
 
 Year 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Quebec. 
 
 Ontario. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Quebec. 
 
 Ontario. 
 
 Total. 
 
 1913 
 
 344 
 
 
 344 
 
 759 
 
 
 759 
 
 1914 . 
 
 
 495 
 
 357 
 
 852 
 
 1,016 
 
 500 
 
 1,516 
 
 1915 . 
 
 
 179 
 
 15 
 
 194 
 
 500 
 
 21 
 
 521 
 
 1916 . 
 
 
 170 
 
 11 
 
 181 
 
 488 
 
 36 
 
 524 
 
 1917 . 
 
 
 110 
 
 23 
 
 133 
 
 256 
 
 53 
 
 309 
 
 1918 . 
 
 
 125 
 
 
 
 125 
 
 250 
 
 
 
 250 
 
 1919 . 
 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 21 
 
 362 
 
 6 
 
 368 
 
 Imports of Phosphate- Rock and Superphosphate into Canada. 
 (Fiscal years ending March 31.) 
 
 
 Phosphate- 
 Bock. 
 
 Superphosphate. 
 
 Year 
 
 Value (£)• 
 
 Quantity (long tons). 
 
 Value 
 
 (£).* 
 
 
 From the 
 
 From the 
 
 From the 
 
 Prom the 
 
 From the 
 
 
 United 
 
 United 
 
 United 
 
 United 
 
 United 
 
 
 States. 
 
 Kingdom. 
 
 States. 
 
 Kingdom. 
 
 States. 
 
 1913 
 
 5,029 
 
 64 
 
 800 
 
 1,543 
 
 15,250 
 
 1914 
 
 3,379 
 
 85 
 
 829 
 
 1,645 
 
 17,127 
 
 1915 
 
 3,567 
 
 67 
 
 754 
 
 1,323 
 
 19,678 
 
 1916 
 
 3,139 
 
 58 
 
 906 
 
 1,147 
 
 23,082 
 
 1917 
 
 4,517 
 
 15 
 
 1,299 
 
 392 
 
 34,270 
 
 1918 
 
 14,549 
 
 6 
 
 1,143 
 
 139 
 
 42,806 
 
 1919 
 
 18,234 
 
 — 
 
 1,385 
 
 
 
 64,144 
 
 
 Exports of Phosphates from Canada. 
 
 
 
 (Fiscal years 
 
 ending March 31.) 
 
 
 
 
 Quantity 
 
 Value* 
 
 Year 
 
 
 (long tons). 
 
 (£). 
 
 1913 
 
 . .' ... 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1914 
 
 
 
 167 
 
 104 
 
 1915 
 
 
 
 54 
 
 37 
 
 1916 
 
 
 
 
 252 
 
 709 
 
 1917 
 
 ... ... 
 
 
 12 
 
 42 
 
 1918 
 
 ... ... 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1919 
 
 . . 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Note.— The 
 
 whole of the 
 
 exports were sent to 
 
 the United 
 
 States. 
 
 
 
 
 • Yaluea converted to £ sterling at the rate of 1 dollar ^ 48. 2d. 
 34032 B 3 
 
38 
 
 West Indies. 
 
 In the Island of Eedonda, Leeward Islands, West Indies, 
 deposits of aluminium phosphate occur as veins in the volcanic 
 rock of which the island is composed. The thickness of the vems 
 varies from a few inches up to 2 feet. Official reports give no 
 statistics of the amount of phosphate exported from the island, 
 but considerable quantities have been shipped to the United 
 States. No shipments were made between 1912 and 1915, 
 although in the latter year a stock of 1,235 tons of phosphate 
 awaited shipment. The Blue Book for 1917-18 states that 80 men 
 were at that time employed on the deposits. 
 
 . India. 
 
 Phosphate of hme occurs in the Cretaceous formations of 
 Pondicherry, notably in the neighbourhood of Valudayur, where a 
 bed of black phosphatic nodules was worked some years ago ; but 
 the operations were not successful. The distribution of the phos- 
 phatic nodules within the bed is exceedingly irregular, varying 
 between 27 lb. and 47 lb. per 100 cubic feet of rock. The nodules 
 contain from 56 to 59 per cent, tri-calcium phosphate, with about 
 15 per cent, carbonate. It has been estimated that the bed 
 contains 8 million tons of phosphatic nodules. 
 
 The Department of Industries in Madras is now considering the 
 problem of the exploitation and development of the deposits of 
 phosphatic nodules in the Trichinopoli district ; and the estab- 
 lishment of an experimental factory is contemplated at Trichi- 
 nopoli for the production of flour phosphate. 
 
 Nodules of phosphate of lime and layers of phosphate-rock 
 occur in a band of shale at the base of the chert beds immediately 
 overlying the Mussoorie limestone on the Midlands Estate of the 
 Dehra Dun district. United Provinces. The nodules contain 75 
 per cent, of tri-calcium phosphate, and the phosphate-rock 66 
 per cent. Exposures of the deposit have been found at three 
 places in a length of a mile. 
 
 Apatite occurs abundantly in the mica-pegmatites near 
 Kodarma, in Hazaribagh, but it is discarded during mining 
 operations, and considerable quantities of this mineral he on the 
 waste-dumps. Apatite also occurs near Jothvad, in Bombay, 
 where the mineral constitutes from one-fourth, to one-third of the 
 rock; also at the manganese mines of Garbham, Eamabhadra- 
 puram, and Devada, in Madras. The apatite is apparently not 
 considered of any value, the whole output going to the waste- 
 dumps. 
 
 Palestine. 
 
 The important deposit of phosphate situated between Es Salt 
 and Ammon, in the valley of the Jordan, was known and generally 
 prospected prior to the war. Certain workings and test borings 
 had been made, but no organized effort had been brought to bear 
 
39 
 
 on inuny of the phosphate beds in the area. It is probable that 
 difficulties of railway communication had mihtated against the 
 commercial development of the deposit. Pre-war references to 
 the deposit describe it as being in an inaccessible position, the 
 nearest railway line being at Jerusalem, which is approximately 
 30 to 35 miles in a direct Une from Es Salt. 
 
 As a result of the military operations in Palestine, however, a 
 railway was constructed from Medina |to Haifa. The line runs 
 parallel to the Jordan about 30 milea east of the Jordan vaiiey, 
 and consequently passes very close to the eastern side of the 
 deposit at Es Salt. The railway follows a circuitous route to the 
 sea, the distance traversed betvyeen Ammon aoid Haifa being 151 
 miles. 
 
 During 1916 a careful examination of the deposits, made by a 
 German official attached to [the Turkish Army, indicated that 
 they were of greater importance than had originally been 
 suspected. The phosphate beds, of which there are several, are 
 situated on either side of the caravan route from Jerusalem to 
 Ammon, and are reported to be of two types, namely, plateau 
 pliosphates and rich deposits. 
 
 Plateau Deposits. — Large areas within the plateau phosphate 
 district aj-e covered with fairly thick deposits. At Wadi-el-Kabou 
 and Wadi Siron, there are two phosphate beds, one close to the 
 surface and the other 60 to 70 metres (185 to 215 feet) below the 
 surface. They occur in three aj-eas, namely : (1) Abou Tajrah ; 
 (^) west of Carbet Botin ; (3) north-west of Hirbet Aboutine. 
 
 On the western side of Abou Tarah there are three phosphate 
 strata, the uppermost of which is 10 metres (32 feet 6 inches) in 
 width, the others being 7 metres (22 feet 9 inches), and 3 metres 
 (9 feet 9 inches) in width respectively. The' outcrop is 150 metres 
 (about 490 feet) in length, and a test caoried along the whole 
 length averaged 51 per cent, of tri-calcium phosphate. The 
 thickness of the strata, the uppermost of which is under a loose 
 cover about 1 to 2 feet deep, ranges from 12 inches to 2 feet, and 
 these deposits are, therefore, unimportant. 
 
 The plateau west of Carbet Botin flanks the road from Es Salt 
 to Ammon on both sides. At a point about 5 miles from Es Salt 
 a bed of phosphate several metres deep was found, 23 feet below 
 the surface, showing 54" 6 per cent, of tri-caicium phosphate. 
 Various other borings were made, and the average thickness of 
 deposits on this plateau was estimated at 3 metres (9 feet 9 inches) 
 at a depth of a few metres below the surface. The average of all 
 tests made on this plateau showed 541 per cent, of tri-calcium 
 phosphate. 
 
 The plateau north-west of Hirbet Aboutine is a prolongation, 
 in a north-easterly direction, of that west of Carbet Botin. Here 
 are severaJ deposits of considerable extent, averaging 3 metres 
 (9 feet 9 inches) in thickness, and containing on an average 
 47 "3 ner cent, of tri-calcium phosphate. 
 
 34032 B 4 
 
40 
 
 Rich Deposits. — The rich zone extends from Djebel Abou el 
 Bewati on the south up to Hirbet Aboutine on the north, but 
 its continuation beyond Djebel Abou Tarah to the south and 
 Djebel Oum ©1 Kaoub on the north, was not proved. 
 
 At Abou el Bewati the occurrence of powdery phosphate at 
 876-5 metres (2,850 feet) above sea-level is regarded as important. 
 The analysis showed 78' 05 tri-calcium phosphate. To the south 
 the powdery phosphate deposit gives place to rock phosphate 
 occurring at about 40 metres (130 feet) below the surface. At 
 its southern hmit the analysis of the powdery phosphate falls to 
 58/52 per cent. Tests of the rock, however, showed from 63'01 
 per cent, to 67'17 per cent. 
 
 No rich phosphate was found to the south of this mountain, 
 but to the north on the Djebel Siron there are a large number 
 of deposits of high-grade material. 
 
 A shaft was sunk at one point here and a sample gave an 
 analysis of 78'14 per cent. The deposit is apparently very thick 
 (over 20 metres — 65 feet), and 22 analyses showed an average 
 test of 66'1 per c^.nt. The deposit is in layers of varying content 
 rising as high as 80'84 per cent, and falhng at the bottom of the 
 shaft to 59 '3 per cent. 
 
 South of the shaft the deposit increases in depth from the 
 surface and it appears to lie on an incline of 43° towards the 
 wesit. Here a percenitage content of 82"8 per cent, was estab- 
 lished apparently by boring through the layer. At another 
 excavation some distance away the thickness of the deposit was 
 found to be reduced to 10 metres (32 feet 6 inches), but the 
 analysis was found to be between 83 and 84 per cent. At a 
 third excavation the thickness was found to be less still, but the 
 analysis was 82'4 per cent. 
 
 North of the shaft, some distance away, the thickness of the 
 layer wa-s found .to decrease from 4 metres to 2 metres (13 feet to 
 6 feet 6 inches), but the tests were still from 80" 5 to 83" 8 per cent. 
 
 At Carbet Botin, various tests were made in existing excava- 
 tions and several borings were made. The existence of phosphate 
 beds, some of which were up to 8 metres (26 feet) thick, was 
 established, and test analyses showing from 68"19 to 83'4 per cent, 
 were made. The average of all tests was found to be 72'07 
 per cent. 
 
 Again, at Hirbet Aboutine, excavations were made and a bed 
 6-30 metres (20 feet 6 inches), 5 metres (16 feet 3 inches), and 
 3 metres (9 feet 9 inches), in thickness at various points was 
 found, analyses at the three points showing 80"1 per cent., 61'8 
 per cent, and 71 per cent, respectively. It is not clear whether 
 these tests were over only one bed or over three different 
 deposits. At its northern extremity this deposit still shows a 
 thickness of 2'5 metres (8 feet 2 inches). 
 
41 
 
 
 Quantity 
 (long tons) 
 
 * 
 
 149,956 
 93,703 
 23,731 
 44,209* 
 89,889* 
 53,370* 
 
 • Exports. 
 
 
 Australia.! 
 
 
 Straits Settlements. 
 
 Chkistmas Island. 
 
 Christmas Island lies in the Indian Ocean, about 190 miles 
 south of the western extremity of Java. The phosphate deposits 
 are similar to those on Ocean Island. The rock contains on an 
 average about 80 per cent of tri-calcium phosphate. 
 
 In the year 1912 Christmas Island produced about 300,000 
 tons of phosphate. Large reserves are available. 
 
 Production of Phosphate-Rock in Ghristnuis Island. 
 
 Year. 
 
 1913 
 1914 
 1915 
 1916 
 1917 
 1918 
 1919 
 
 New South Wales. — Small quantities of phosphate of lime 
 are known to occur in many of the limestone caves found in the 
 State. The deposits are invariably the result of the decomposi- 
 tion of animal remains and, where mined, the rock carries a 
 high percentage of tri-calcium phosphate. 
 
 The only deposit of any considerable value worked during the 
 period under review was in the Wellington division, which pro- 
 duced the bulk of the phosphate-rock mined in the State. These 
 deposits were exhausted in 1918. 
 
 Victoria. — Phosphate mining in Victoria is confined to workings 
 situated near Mansfield. The phosphate-rock is obtained by 
 underground mining, the material obtained being picked over at 
 the mine and the selected rock shipped to Melbourne. 
 
 Queensland. — Deposits of phosphate-rock are being mined on 
 Holbourne Island, which is situated about 20 miles east-north-east 
 of the town of Bowen. The phosphate-rock varies considerably 
 as regards the phosphoric acid content, and it is unsuitable for the 
 manufacture of superphosphate. Including the lowest grades 
 there are about 400,000 tons of phosphate-rock available. 
 
 f Annual Reports of the Department of Mines, New South Wales. Annual 
 Renorta of the Secretary for Mines, Victoria. Reviews of mining operations in 
 South Australia. Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Common- 
 wealth of Australia (Annual). 
 
42 
 
 South ^MsiraHa.*— Phosphate-rock, almost invariably asso- 
 ciated with Cambrian or pre-Cambrian limestone, occurs abun- 
 dantly over wide areas of South Australia. The associated 
 minerals are chiefly limonite and manganese oxide, both occurring 
 sparingly, with silica in the form of chert and quartz. Copper has 
 been noted in the form of copper phosphate in the quarries of the 
 Pekina district, and haematite in veins up to half an inch in 
 thickness has been found traversing the phosphate-rock of the 
 Bendleby deposits. 
 
 Phosphate-rock is worked at a large number of locaUties, 
 between Willunlga in the south and Carrieton in the north, and 
 between Chnton in the Yorke Peninsula and Bright to the north 
 of Eudunda. The principal producing districts are the Belvedere 
 including Kapunda, and Moorooroo, north of Adelaide ; the 
 Willunga and Noarlunga districts to the south of Adelaide ; and 
 the Tarcowie and Pekina districts north-east of Port Pirie. 
 
 The phosphate-rock is mined or quarried in the simplest 
 manner, usually by open-quarrying, but sometimes, as in the case 
 of the St. John's and McArthy's quarries, by means of an incline 
 and a rough pillar and stall system. Owing to the erratic nature 
 of the deposits, no attempt is niade to block-out reserves, the only- 
 development work undertaken being the driving of small 
 prospecting levels ahead of the workings. 
 
 The grade of rock produced averages about 60 per cent. tri-. 
 calcium phosphate in the " firsts " and over 50 per cent, in the 
 " seconds." Eock below 50 per cent, is for the most part 
 unsaleable. 
 
 Large deposits of aluminium phosphate occur in the Belvedere, 
 Clinton and Orroroo districts, but these occurrences have not beeii 
 worked. 
 
 Superphosphates are manufactured in Australia chiefly from 
 high-grade imported rock. Before the war high-grade pyrites was 
 imported from Spain for the manufacture of the sulphuric acid 
 required for the production of superphosphate, but during the war 
 it was found impossible to obtain Spanish pyrites, and crude 
 sulphur imported from Sicily and Japan was used for the produc- 
 tion of the acid. One company produces a " Standard " super- 
 brand guaranteed to contain 36 per cent, of tri-calcium phosphate 
 m water-soluble form from the imported rock, and a brand con 
 taming 30 per cent, tri-calcium phosphate. The works are 
 situated at Wallaroo and Port Adelaide and have a capacitv of 
 over 70,000 tons per annum. Other works are situated at 
 Torrensville and Port Adelaide, and have a capacity of 40,000 to 
 50,000 tons per annum. In addition the metallurgical w^rks at 
 Cockle Creek have erected a large plant for the manufacture of 
 superphosphate, the phosphate-rock being obtained from Ocean 
 
 * The Phosphate Deposits of South Australia bv R T Ta„t n i o 
 S. Austr. ; Bull. No. 7, 1919. ' ^ " ^- ''^'^'^ ' ^^°^- S"'^- 
 
43 
 
 During the period under review, considerable attention was 
 given to the apatite-bearing pegmatite veins of the Boolcoomatta 
 district. 
 
 Early in 1919 an important discovery of apatite was made near 
 the old Boolcoomatta Station. The mineral was found occurring 
 in lenticular masses of considerable size. The main exposure has 
 a length of 90 feet and an estimated average width of 9 feet, the 
 extension in depth being unknown. Other deposits were found 
 scattered over a considerable area of the Boolcoomatta district. 
 Analyses of various samples of apatite from these areas show 
 insoluble matter ranging from 14'9 to 454 per cent., and phos- 
 phate equivalent to 4870 to 7778 per cent, tri-calcium phosphate. 
 
 Western Australia* — Coprolite deposits, interbedded with 
 ferruginous sandstones and chalk, have been proved to occur over 
 a distance of 22 miles in the Dandarragan district, which is 
 situated about 20 miles to the west of Moora, on the Midland 
 Railway. The coprolite beds average about 3 feet in thickness, 
 and conjtain from 15'32 to 39"34 per cent, phosphorus pentoxide. 
 No production was reported from this district during the period 
 under review. 
 
 High-grade phosphate of lime has been obtained from the 
 numerous caves that occur in the limestone hills between Perth 
 and Geraldton. The deposits are hmited in extent, and the pro- 
 duction therefrom is only of local value. 
 
 The only deposits worked on a commercial scale are the 
 phosphate beds that occur on all the islands from the Ashmore 
 Shoals to the Abroholos Islands. So far as is known, the bulk 
 of the high-grade^ phosphate-rock on these islands has been 
 worked out, but there still remain large quantities of low-grade 
 material which, if ground, could be profitably employed on the 
 wetter farming lands of the State. 
 
 
 Production of Phosphatet 
 
 ■ in Australia. 
 
 
 
 New South Wales. 
 
 Victoria. 
 
 Soatb Australia. 
 
 Year. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Quantity 
 
 Value 
 
 Quantity 
 
 Value 
 
 Quantity 
 
 Value 
 
 
 (long tons). 
 
 (£). 
 
 (long tons). 
 
 (£;. 
 
 (long tons). 
 
 {£). 
 
 1913 
 
 
 
 
 
 5,950 
 
 6,545 
 
 1914 
 
 700 
 
 1,055 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 6,083 
 
 6,691 
 
 1915 
 
 1,100 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 4,614 
 
 5,536 
 
 1916 
 
 2,042 
 
 — 
 
 400 
 
 1,150 
 
 5,013 
 
 5,839 
 
 1917 
 
 2,000t 
 
 4,500 
 
 1,525 
 
 1,525 
 
 5,101 
 
 6,064 
 
 1918 
 
 460; 
 
 1,400 
 
 3,384 
 
 3,384 
 
 8,074 
 
 10,773 
 
 1919 
 
 576 
 
 2,016 
 
 2,491 
 
 2,491 
 
 5,950 
 
 8,982 
 
 • Geol. Surv. Western Australia. Miscellaneous Reports, Series V., No. 61, 
 1917, Bull. No. 74. 
 
 f In addition, some 40 to 50 tons of material, said to be rich in phosphates, 
 were raised during prospecting operations. 
 
 t Including 160 tons of phosphate of lime used in smelting. 
 
u 
 
 Exports of Phosphate-Rock from Australia.* 
 (Fiscal years ending June 30.) 
 
 
 Domestic Produce. Foreign Produce. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Quantity 
 (long tons). 
 
 Value Quantity 
 (£). (long tons). 
 
 Value 
 (£). 
 
 1915 
 
 1916 
 
 1917 
 
 1918 
 
 1919 
 
 1,117 
 3,742 
 3,301 
 3,500 
 2,200 
 
 3,429 
 10,507 
 8,464 
 9,810 
 6,773 
 
 50 
 
 188 
 
 The whole of these exports went to New Zealand. 
 
 Exports of Superphosphate from Australia (Domestic Produce.)^ 
 (Fiscal years ending June 30.) 
 
 To 
 
 
 Quantity (long 
 
 tons). 
 
 
 
 1915. 
 
 1916. 
 
 1917. 
 
 1918. 
 
 1919. 
 
 New Zealand 
 
 Fiji 
 
 13,963 
 1,587 
 
 40,355 
 113 
 
 23,881 
 288 
 
 34,825 
 164 
 
 17,056 
 214 
 
 Total to British Possessions ... 
 
 15,550 
 
 40,468 
 
 24,169 
 
 34,989 
 
 17,270 
 
 Samoa (German) 
 
 Java 
 
 Other Foreign Countries 
 
 3 
 
 500 
 
 9 
 
 — 
 
 5 
 
 Total to Foreign Countriee ... 
 
 3 
 
 500 
 
 9 
 
 — 
 
 5 
 
 Total 
 
 15,553 
 
 40,968 
 
 24,178 
 
 34,989 
 
 17,275 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 Value (£) 
 
 
 
 New Zealand ... 
 
 Fiji 
 
 58,300 
 5,909 
 
 153,517 
 621 
 
 104,063 
 1,385 
 
 178,865 
 821 
 
 94,512 
 1,086 
 
 Total to British Possessions ... 
 
 64,209 
 
 154,138 
 
 105,448 
 
 179,686 
 
 95,598 
 
 Samoa (German) 
 
 Java 
 
 Other Foreign Countries 
 
 13 
 
 2,122 
 
 41 
 
 — 
 
 23 
 
 Total to Foreign Countries ... 
 
 13 
 
 2,122 
 
 41 
 
 — 
 
 23 
 
 Total 
 
 64,222 
 
 156,260 
 
 105,489 
 
 179,686 
 
 95,621 
 
 t. In addition, superphosphate to the value of £15 was sent to Norfolk Island 
 during the period 1913-1919. 
 
45 
 
 Imports of Phosphate- Rock into Australia. 
 (Fiscal years ending June 30.) 
 
 From 
 
 Quantity (long tons). 
 
 1915. 
 
 1916. 
 
 1917. 
 
 1918. 
 
 1919. 
 
 India 
 
 New Zealand 
 
 Christmas Island 
 
 Gilbert and EUice Islands 
 Ocean Island 
 
 13,724 
 98,855 
 
 3 
 
 26,866 
 
 96,049 
 
 47,885 
 92,501 
 
 1 
 
 17,864 
 112,861 
 
 11,938 
 62,962 
 
 Total from British Possessions 
 
 112,579 
 
 122,918 
 
 140,386 
 
 130,726 
 
 74,900 
 
 United States 
 
 Bismarck Archipelago 
 
 Makatea Island 
 
 New Caledonia 
 
 Pleasant Island 
 
 Society Islands 
 
 Tatakotoroa 
 
 5,132 
 
 300 
 
 28,638 
 
 17,318 
 4,300 
 4,960 
 
 17,367 
 
 47,704 
 2,700 
 
 6,634 
 
 1,190 
 
 27,418 
 
 2,200 
 
 51,426 
 
 7,178 
 58,513; 
 
 Total from Foreign Countries 
 
 60,648 
 
 67,771 
 
 37,442 
 
 51,426 
 
 65,691 
 
 Total 
 
 ,173,227 
 
 190,689 
 
 177,828 
 
 182,152 
 
 140,591 
 
 
 alue (£). 
 
 India 
 
 New Zealand 
 
 Christmas Island 
 
 Gilbert and Ellioe Islands 
 Ocean Island 
 
 30,771 
 227,164 
 
 12 
 65,911 
 
 222,566 
 
 148,553 
 207,809 
 
 3 
 
 82,609 
 239,317 
 
 59,094 
 131,563 
 
 Total from British Possessions 
 
 257,935 
 
 288,489 
 
 356,362 
 
 321,929 ! 190,657 
 
 United States 
 
 Bismarck Archipelago 
 
 Makatea Island 
 
 New Caledonia 
 
 Pleasant Island... 
 
 Society Islands 
 
 Tatakotoroa 
 
 9,816 
 
 528 
 
 65,170 
 
 41,713 
 11,209 
 10,912 
 
 38,209 
 
 107,499 
 6,237 
 
 17,564 
 2,939 
 
 63,669 
 4,450 
 
 112,011 
 
 15,791 
 127,588 
 
 Total from Foreign Countries 
 
 139,348 
 
 151,945 
 
 88,622 
 
 112,011 
 
 143,379 
 
 Total 
 
 397,283 
 
 440,434 
 
 444,984 
 
 433,940 
 
 334,036 
 
46 
 
 Imports of Superphosphates into Australia. 
 (Fiscal years ending June 30.) 
 
 From 
 
 Quantity (long tons). 
 
 1915. 
 
 1916. 
 
 1917. 
 
 1918. 
 
 1919. 
 
 United Kingdom 
 
 New Zealand 
 
 6,989 
 
 5 
 5 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Total from British Possessions 
 
 6,989 
 
 10 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Belgium 
 
 Germany 
 
 Netherlands 
 
 Japan 
 
 100 
 
 24 
 
 5,905 
 
 12,101 
 
 2,880 
 
 10 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Total from Foreign Countries 
 
 18,130 
 
 2,880 
 
 10 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Total 
 
 25,119 
 
 2,890 10 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 Value (£). 
 
 United Kingdom 
 
 New Zealand 
 
 16,282 
 
 12 
 • 5 
 
 — 
 
 „ 
 
 = 
 
 Total from British Possessions 
 
 16,282 
 
 17 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Belgium 
 
 Germany 
 
 Netherlands 
 
 Japan 
 
 958 
 
 60 
 
 19,032 
 
 43,556 
 
 10,291 
 
 61 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Total from Foreign Countries 
 
 63,606 
 
 10,291 
 
 61 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Total 
 
 79,889 
 
 10,308 
 
 61 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 New Zealand.* 
 
 The known phosphate deposits of New Zealand are of small 
 size, and, with the exception of those in the Clarendon-Milton 
 district of Otago, of httle commercial importance. The phos- 
 phates in the Milton district occur as segregations in Limestones 
 of Miocene age. Parcels of high-grade rock yield 30 to 36-7 
 per cent, phosphorus pentoxide, equivalent to 65-3 to 80-2 per 
 cent, tri-calcium phosphate. The total iron oxide and alumina 
 varies from 1'4 to 9 per cent. 
 
 Superphosphate production increased considerably durin<^ 
 the war m New Zealand, which will in the future share the out*' 
 put of Nauru Island with Australia and the United Kingdom 
 
 Zell^l^Tcfrnuair"" '*^*'"'°*^ ^^°''"^'^- ^^^^^ ^^ Shipping of Ne, 
 
47 
 
 Production of Phosphate- Rock in New Zealand. 
 
 Quantity 
 Year. (long tons). 
 
 1913 11.000 
 
 1914 
 
 1915 
 
 1916 
 
 1917 
 
 1918 
 
 1919 
 
 Imports of Phosphate-Rock and Guano i 
 
 10,743 
 
 7,600 
 5,050 
 5,000 
 4,000 
 
 nto New Zealand- 
 
 
 
 Quantity (long tons). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1913. 
 
 1914. 
 
 1915. 
 
 1916. 
 
 1917. 
 
 1918. 
 
 1919. 
 
 United Kingdom 
 
 17 
 
 16 
 
 35 
 
 25 
 
 
 ! 
 - 1 20 
 
 India 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Seychelles 
 
 — 
 
 5,150 
 
 4,350 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 Straits Settlements ... 
 
 — 
 
 5,779 
 
 300 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 Australia 
 
 643 
 
 1,638 
 
 4,279 
 
 6,185 
 
 5,362 
 
 1,879 
 
 3,184 
 
 Gilbert and EHice 
 
 92 
 
 
 
 -_i_ 
 
 4,000 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 Islands 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Maiden Islands 
 
 4,823 
 
 5,269 
 
 1,885 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Total from British 
 
 5,575 
 
 17,852 
 
 10,849 
 
 10,210 
 
 5,362 
 
 1,880 
 
 3,204 
 
 Possessions 
 Madagascar 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2,848 
 
 3,410 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 New Caledonia 
 
 3,217 
 
 — 
 
 5,234 
 
 2,171 
 
 6,124 
 
 5,084 
 
 7,851 
 
 Society Islands 
 
 — 
 
 24 
 
 — 
 
 545 
 
 250 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 Tuamotu Archipelago 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 20,026 
 
 16,366 
 
 24,922 
 
 22,901 
 
 29,561 
 
 Total from Foreign 
 
 3,217 
 
 2,872 
 
 28,670 
 
 19,082 
 
 31,296 
 
 27,985 
 
 37,412 
 
 Countries 
 Total 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8,792 
 
 20,724 
 
 39,519 
 
 29,292 
 
 36,658 
 
 29,865' 40,616 
 
 
 Value (£). 
 
 United Kingdom 
 
 131 
 
 130 
 
 656 
 
 241 
 
 _ 
 
 10' 462 
 
 India 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 3 - 
 
 Seychelles 
 
 — 
 
 13,298 
 
 13,730 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 1 — 
 
 Straits Settlements ... 
 
 — 
 
 13,257 
 
 1,260 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — i — 
 
 Australia 
 
 2,052 
 
 5,877 
 
 16,019 
 
 21,289 
 
 17,937 
 
 6,010 10,752 
 
 Gilbert and EUice 
 
 284 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 5,720 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Islands 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Maiden Islands 
 
 13,311 
 
 15,174 
 
 4,664 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — — 
 
 Total from British 
 
 Possessions 
 Madagascar 
 
 15,778 
 
 47,736 
 
 36,329 
 
 27,250 
 
 17,937 
 
 6,023 11,214 
 
 
 
 9,255 
 
 11,458 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 New Caledonia 
 
 7,811 
 
 — 
 
 12,166 
 
 4,042 
 
 10.342 
 
 10,169 
 
 17,435 
 
 Society Islands 
 
 — 
 
 74 
 
 — 
 
 1,009 
 
 412 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Tuamotu Archipelago 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 45,578 
 
 22,664 
 
 41,271 
 
 37,945 
 
 65,209 
 
 Total from Foreign 
 Countries 
 Total 
 
 7,811 
 
 9,329 
 
 69,202i 27,715 
 
 52,025 
 
 48,114 
 
 82,644 
 
 23,589 
 
 57,065 
 
 105,531 54,965 
 
 69,962 
 
 54,137 
 
 93,858 
 
48 
 
 mports of all other Phosphates into 
 
 New Zealand 
 
 • 
 
 From 
 
 Quantity (long tons). 
 
 1914. 
 
 1915. 
 
 1916. 
 
 1917. 
 
 1918. 
 
 1919. 
 
 United Kingdom 
 
 Egypt 
 
 India 
 
 Australia 
 
 325 
 1 
 
 436 
 
 1 
 10,140 
 
 385 
 
 11,225 
 
 5 
 
 50" 
 
 120 
 
 100 
 10,000 
 
 Total from British Posses- 
 sions 
 
 326 
 
 436 
 
 10,526 
 
 11,280 
 
 120 
 
 10,100 
 
 Belgium 
 
 Germany 
 
 Netherlands 
 
 United States 
 
 199 
 
 424 
 
 50 
 
 10 
 
 80 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 Total from Foreign Coun- 
 tries 
 
 683 
 
 80 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Total 
 
 1,009 
 
 516 
 
 10,526 
 
 11,280 
 
 120 
 
 10,100 
 
 
 Value (£) 
 
 United Kingdom 
 
 Egypt 
 
 India 
 
 Australia 
 
 1,064 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 1,641 
 
 21 
 39,032 
 
 1,627 
 
 43,217 
 
 47 
 
 138 
 
 383 
 
 583 
 49,500 
 
 Total from British Posses- 
 sions 
 
 1,073 
 
 1,650 
 
 40,680 
 
 43,402 
 
 383 
 
 50,083 
 
 Belgium 
 
 Germany 
 
 Netherlands 
 
 United States 
 
 703 
 
 1,474 
 
 180 
 
 25 
 
 239 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Total from Foreign Coun- 
 tries 
 
 2,382 
 
 239 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Total 
 
 3,455 
 
 1,889 
 
 40,680 
 
 43,402 
 
 383 
 
 50,083 
 
49 
 
 Imports of Superphosphates into New Zealand. 
 
 Vmm 
 
 Quantity (long tons). 
 
 
 1914. 
 
 1915. 
 
 1916. 
 
 1917. 1918. 
 
 1919. 
 
 United Kingdom 
 
 Australia 
 
 13,923 
 6,119 
 
 5,915 
 33,603 
 
 406 
 28,055 
 
 24,793 
 
 33,499 
 
 17,604 
 
 Total from British Pes- 
 sesBiona 
 
 20,042 
 
 39,518 
 
 28,461 
 
 24,793 
 
 33,499 
 
 17,604 
 
 Belgium 
 
 Germany 
 
 Netherlands 
 
 United States 
 
 Japan 
 
 178 
 
 18,511 
 
 11,077 
 
 50 
 
 6,283 
 
 277 
 1,196 
 
 13,259 
 
 5,869 
 
 3,954 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Total from Foreign Countries 
 
 36,099 
 
 14,732 
 
 5,869 
 
 3,954 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Total 
 
 56,141 
 
 54,250 
 
 34,330 
 
 28,747 
 
 33,499 
 
 17,604 
 
 
 Value (£). 
 
 United Kingdom 
 
 Australia 
 
 48,954 
 25,428 
 
 20,580 
 136,507 
 
 1,444 
 121,229 
 
 120,355 
 
 16 
 174,328 
 
 96,638 
 
 Total from British Pos- 
 
 74,382 
 
 157,087 
 
 122,673 
 
 120,355 
 
 174,344 
 
 96,638 
 
 Belgium 
 
 Germany 
 
 Netherlands 
 
 United States 
 
 Japan 
 
 672 
 62,267 
 37,925 
 
 163 
 24,526 
 
 885 
 8,322 
 
 51,956 
 
 17,417 
 
 19,088 
 
 1,035 
 
 — 
 
 Total from Foreign Countries 
 
 125,553 
 
 61,163 
 
 17,417 
 
 19,088 
 
 1,035 
 
 — 
 
 Total 
 
 199,935 
 
 218,250 
 
 140,090 
 
 139,443 
 
 175,379 
 
 96,638 
 
 Nauru Island.* 
 
 Immense deposits of phosphate-rock occur in the island of 
 Nauru, which is situated just south of the equator, in longitude 
 167° E. The material is easily mined, and shipping facilities are 
 favourable. The reserves on the island are estimated at from 80 
 to 100 million tons of phosphate-rock carrying 85 to 86 per cent, of 
 tri-calcium phosphate. During the war, this island was captured 
 from the Germans, and, under Article 6 of the Nauru Island 
 Agreement Bill, the title to the phosphate deposits on the island 
 is vested in a Board of Commissioners appointed by the Govern- 
 ments of the United Kingdom, the Commonwealth of Australia, 
 and the Dominion of New Zealand, the arrangement providing 
 
 • Board of Trade Journal, 1919, Dec. 18, p. 771. The New Zealand 
 Journal of Agriculture, Dec, 1920, p. 297. 
 
50 
 
 that 84 per cent, of the output should be divided equally between 
 the United Kingdom and Australia, and that the New Zealand 
 share should be 16 per cent. 
 
 Formerly these deposits, as well as those on Ocean Island, were 
 owned by the Pacific Phosphate Company of London and Mel- 
 bourne, but under the new arrangement the cdmpany's rights 
 and property were transferred in July, 1920, to the Board of 
 Commissioners. 
 
 The phosphate occurs in surface deposits which are scattered 
 over the whole interior of Nauru Island. The underlying rock is 
 a hard compact coral limestone which in places has beeni greatly 
 denuded, the harder portions being left standing as pinnacles 
 which may attain a height of 30 feet. The phosphate-rock is 
 found chiefly between these pinnacles and often covers them 
 entirely. Quarrying operations are carried out by pick-and-shovel 
 methods, the excavated material being transported to the tram- 
 ways by cable hoists and subsequently crushed and dried. Ship- 
 ping operations have presented a difficult problem, but this has 
 now been solved by 'putting down mooring-buoys close inshore, 
 in about 1,000 feet of water, at which vessels can load from 
 lighters in fine weather. 
 
 Phosphate 
 
 Produced in and Exported from 
 
 Nauru Island* 
 
 Year. 
 
 Eaised 
 
 Shipped 
 
 
 (long tons) . 
 
 (long tons). 
 
 1913 
 
 133,000 
 
 133,000 
 
 1914 
 
 72,000 
 
 54,000 
 
 1915 
 
 92,000 
 
 85,000 
 
 1916 
 
 97,000 
 
 104,000 
 
 1917 
 
 98,000 
 
 97,000 
 
 1918 
 
 83,000 
 
 80,000 
 
 1919 
 
 60,000 
 
 Ocean Island.! 
 
 68,000 
 
 Ocean Island is one of the Gilbert Islands, which, with Elhce 
 Islands, form the Gilbert and Elhce Islands Colony. It is 
 administered by a High Commissioner through a Eesident Com- 
 missioner stationed at Ocean Island. 
 
 The phosphate-rock is found in surface deposits of large size 
 and has a very high degree of purity. The best deposit is on 
 the central tableland, where beds of rock-phosphate extend to a 
 depth of 50 feet. Their origin is attributed to the leaching of 
 guano and the replacement of the underlying limestone by phos- 
 phatic solutions. 
 
 * Information supplied by the British Phosphate Commissioners, Loudon 
 t N.Z. Journ. Agric, Dec, 1920, p. 312. 
 
51 
 
 The phosphate is mined by removing the overburden and 
 breaking out the rock with pick and shovel. The excavated 
 material is run down from the tableland by gravity tramway to 
 driers and bins near the jetty. Owing to the lack of harbour 
 accommodation, vessels are obliged to load at sea. The phosphate 
 is carried by car to the jetty and there loaded into baskets, 
 which are conveyed by boat to the ship. The annual output 
 during the period under review ranged from 215,000 to 
 53,000 tons of 85 per cent, phosphate. 
 
 It has been estimated that the reserves of high-grade rock on 
 Ocean Island exceed 50 million tons. As in the case of Nauru 
 Island, the future output of Ocean Island phosphates will be 
 shared by New Zealand, Australia, and the United Kingdom. 
 
 Phosphate Produced in and Exported from Ocean Island * 
 
 Year. 
 
 Eaised 
 
 Shipped 
 
 
 (long tons) . 
 
 (long tons). 
 
 1913 
 
 ... '215,000 
 
 •205,000 
 
 1914 
 
 ... 158,000 
 
 153,000 
 
 1915 
 
 ... 126,000 
 
 130,000 
 
 1916 
 
 ... 105,000 
 
 93,000 
 
 1917 
 
 ... 101,000 
 
 93,000 
 
 1918 
 
 70,000 
 
 73,000 
 
 1919 
 
 53,000 
 
 64,000 
 
 FOREIGN COUNTRIES. 
 Belgium.! 
 
 Phosphates occur in Belgium, either as beds of phosphatic 
 nodules in a matrix of clay, or as beds of phosphatic chalk in 
 Tertiary and Cretaceous rocks. Before the high-grade American 
 and Pacific Islands deposits were developed, the Belgian phos- 
 phates were of considerable importance, but latterly the oatput 
 has greatly declined, as the average grade of the rock obtainable 
 is only 40 to 45 per cent, tri-calcium phosphate. The principal 
 phosphate-mining region is situated at Ciply and Mesvin, near 
 Mons, in the battle area of Flanders. 
 
 Before the war Belgium was an important manufacturer of 
 superphosphate. The industry was centred at Antwerp, 
 and there were 33 factories manufacturing superphosphate, six- 
 teen of which made their own acid. Large quantities of high- 
 grade rock were imported from Algeria, Tunis and Florida, while 
 some wa.s obtained from Aruba in the West Indies and also from 
 the Somme district in France. The low-grade domestic rock 
 wa.f mixed with high-grade imported phosphates. 
 
 Exports of superphosphates were on a large scale, the bulk 
 being shipped to Frajice, Spain, Germany, the Netherlands, 
 Great Britain and Portugal. 
 
 • Information supplied by The British Phosphate Commissioners, London, 
 ■f Statistique des Industries Extractives et M^tallurgiques en Belgique 
 (Annual). 
 
52 
 
 Production of Phosphates in Belgium. 
 
 
 Phosphate of Lime. 
 
 Phosphatic Chalk. 
 
 Year 
 
 Quantity 
 (long tons). 
 
 Value* 
 (£). 
 
 Quantityf 
 (long tons). 
 
 Value* 
 (£). 
 
 1913 
 
 1914 
 
 1915 
 
 1916 
 
 1917 
 
 1918 
 
 1919 
 
 215,894 
 103,637 
 16,087 
 76,491 
 136,077 
 60,708 
 89,508 
 
 78,246 
 41.789 
 71472 
 53,356 
 61,174 
 60,520 
 123,180 
 
 186,000 
 188,000 
 
 67,000 
 178,000 
 
 61,000 
 168,000 
 
 89,000 
 
 12,486 
 
 9,747 
 
 3,035 
 
 9,248 
 
 11,400 
 
 16,344 
 
 20,460 
 
 * Values converted to £ sterling at the rate of 25 francs = £1. 
 
 t Quantity converted to tons assuming 1 cu. yd. of phosphatic chalk=:li ton. 
 
 Phosphate-minrng in Franc© is cx>nfined to the departments of 
 the Aisne, Ardennes, Meuse, Oise, Pas d© Calais and Somme, 
 all of which were in the war area. In the Aisne, Oise, Pas de 
 Calais and Somme districts, the rock occm"s for the most part as 
 phosphatic chalk beds of Upper Cretaceous age. In the Meuse, 
 Ardennes and Marne districts, the phosphates occur in the Lower 
 Cretaceous Greensands, in narrow bands from 2 to 10 inches in 
 thickness. 
 
 Before the war the annual output of superphosiphate was 
 approximately 1,890,000 tons, from 75 factories. Imports of 
 high-grade rock were obtained chiefly from Tunis, the United 
 States and Algeria, with smaller quantities from Egypt, the 
 Pacific Islands and Belgium. 
 
 Formerly the French domestic deposits were of considerable 
 importance, but, as the grades range from 40 to 66 per 
 cent, tri-calcium phosphate, they are now unable to compete 
 with the cheaper high-grade phosphates of Florida and Nortli 
 Africa, and production has consequently declined. 
 
 In Algeria, Tunis and. Morocco, France possesses large re- 
 sources of phosphate. In her Pacific possessions, particularly 
 on the islands of Tahiti and Makatea, in the Society group, 
 further large reserves of high-grade phosphate are being worked! 
 
 Phosphate deposits are also mined on the island of Salut, and 
 on the Grand Connetable Island, near the coast of French 
 Guiana. 
 
 During the war the production of superphosphates in France 
 decreased considerably, chiefly owing to difficulty in obtaining 
 supplies of sulphuric acid, large quantities of which were used for 
 munition purposes. . 
 
 % Statistique de I'Industrie Min^rale en France et en Alg^rie (1914-1918) 
 
53 
 
 French Production, Imports and Exportu of Phosphates and 
 Superphosphates. 
 
 
 
 Quantity (long tons). 
 
 
 Year 
 
 Phosphates. 
 
 Superphosphates. 
 
 
 Production. 
 
 Imports. 
 
 Exports. 
 
 Production. 
 
 Imports. 
 
 Exports. 
 
 1913 
 1914 
 1915 
 1916 
 1917 
 1918 
 1919 
 
 330,000 
 270,000 
 
 25,500 
 
 925,671 
 650,799 
 320,527 
 281,311 
 132,613 
 229,648 
 494,562 
 
 20,802 
 
 10,811 
 
 1,767 
 
 1,699 
 
 617 
 
 35 
 
 1,889,000 
 1,574,000 
 590,000 
 344,000 
 239,000 
 405,000 
 
 99,202 
 
 57,220 
 
 13,812 
 
 4,056 
 
 1,853 
 
 6.071 
 
 12,748 
 
 142,894 
 
 115,347 
 
 58,862 
 
 12,164 
 
 3,789 
 
 2,837 
 
 Germany. 
 
 There was probably no country which gave so much careful 
 attention to the use of phosphates in agriculiture in the pre-waj 
 period as Germany, and, while the United Kingdom was the first 
 producer of superphosphate, there is no doubt that German 
 practice was very largely responsible for the rapid development 
 of its use as a fertilizer. 
 
 The German consumption of raw phosphate in 1913 was 
 approximately one million tons, equivalent to a production of, 
 say, 1,800,000 tons of superphosphate. 
 
 No deposits of phosphate-rock of commercial importance were 
 at that time known in Germany, and consequently the whole 
 of the rock required was imported, principally from the United 
 States, Tunis, Algeria and Belgium. 
 
 Before the war Germany possessed very large reserves of high- 
 grade phosphate in the deposits of various Pacific islands, par- 
 ticularly those worked on the Island of Nauru. This island was 
 captured by the Australian Fleet shortly after the outbreak of 
 war, and the phosphate deposits have since been acquired by the 
 Governments of United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand. 
 
 The blockade which was instituted against Germany imme- 
 diately on the outbreak of war prevented the importation of 
 phosphates from foreign sources. Superphosphate consequently 
 became very scarce and dear, and its place had to be taken as far 
 as possible by basic-slag. Even with the increased production of 
 basic-slag there was still a very grave shortage of phosphates in 
 Germany, and every effort was made to discover workable 
 deposits within the country. 
 
 It was not until 1918, however, that a deposit was found close 
 to Amberg, in the vicinity of Nuremberg, Bavaria. This deposit 
 
54 
 
 attains a thickness of about ten feet in many places, and is in the 
 form of bi-basic phosphate of hme. In certain workings a product 
 was found conitaining 80 per cent, tri-calcium phosphate. In 
 places, however, the percentage was as low as 30. The deposit 
 as a whole has been estimated to average 35 per cent, tri-calcium 
 phosphate. 
 
 Holland.* 
 
 During the period under review, efforts were made to discover 
 deposits of phosphate-rock in Holland. Deposits carrying 25 to 
 30 per cent, phosphate of lime were found in the Drenthe and 
 Overyssel provinces of north-eastern Holland, and a factory was 
 erected to prepare the material for market. A bed of phosphate- 
 rock, varying in thickness from 7 inches to 3 feet, was found at 
 Ootmarsum, in the Twente district. The rock contains on an 
 average from 15 to 20 per cent, phosphate of hme, but, on account 
 of the irregularity of the bed, it is difficult and expensive to 
 mine, and only about 30 tons are produced daily. 
 
 Holland produces a large amount of superphosphate and before 
 the war had an exportable surplus. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 A deposit of rock-phosphate has been proved to cover an exten- 
 sive area near Donna Lucata, south of Syracuse, in Sicily. The 
 phosphates -occur as nodules, varying in size and containing up 
 to 33 per cent, of tri-calcium phosphate. It is estimated that 
 the deposit contains about 2,000,000 tons of available phosphate- 
 rock. 
 
 Imports of Phosphates into Italy. 
 
 Year. 
 
 1913 
 1914 
 1915 
 1916 
 1917 
 1918 
 1919 
 
 Quantity 
 (long tons) . 
 521,262 
 505,737 
 449,558 
 427,727 
 226,460 
 227,956 
 442,096 
 
 Norway, f 
 
 At Oedegaarden, near Kragero, in Norway, important deposits 
 of apatite have been mined continuously for many years, the 
 mineral occurring as veins traversing gabbro. 
 
 Previous to 1914 more than 140,000 tons of mineral had been 
 extracted from the deposits in this district, the yearly output 
 averaging about 740 tons. 
 
 * American Fertilizer, 1920, 52, No. 5, 138. 
 
 t Gorges Bergyerksdrift (Annual). Report on the Commerce and Industry 
 f Norway (Department of Overseas Trade, liondonV 
 
55 
 
 Production of Apatite in Norway. 
 
 
 Year. 
 
 Quantity 
 
 Value* 
 
 
 (long tons). 
 
 (£). 
 
 1913 ... 
 
 745 
 
 1,613 
 
 1914 ... 
 
 738 
 
 1.613 
 
 1915 ... 
 
 1,870 
 
 5,108 
 
 1916 ... 
 
 2,200 
 
 7,634 
 
 1917 ... 
 
 1,803 
 
 17,204 
 
 1918 ... 
 
 : 4,489 
 
 51,613 
 
 1919 ... 
 
 
 
 * Values converted to £ sterling at the rate of 18'6 Kroner = £1. 
 
 Imports of Phosphate-Bock and Superphosphates into Norway. 
 Year. Phosphate-rock Superphosphates 
 
 1913 
 1914 
 1915 
 1916 
 1917 
 1918 
 1919 
 
 (long tons). 
 
 (long tons). 
 
 
 4,322 
 
 
 9,021 
 
 
 2,715 
 
 
 10,964 
 
 '. 4,526 
 
 36,831 
 
 . 22,622 
 
 — 
 
 . 14,687 
 
 11,252 . 
 
 Russia. 
 
 Phosphate deposits of great importance occur in the Jurassic 
 and Cretaceous rocks in the provinces of Vladimir, Krostrom, 
 Viatka and Yaroslav, in! northern Russia, and in the governments 
 of Podolia and Bessarabia in the south. 
 
 Before the war, the southern deposits only were worked, 
 chiefly by underground mining operations. The rock, which is 
 said to have averaged about 75 per cent, of tri-calcium phosphate, 
 was transported to Poland for manufacture into superphosphates. 
 The deposits are estimated to contain about 80 million tons of 
 phosphate-rock. The northern deposits have so far not been 
 worked, but careful geological examination has shown that they 
 contain important quantities of phosphate. 
 
 In addition to ,these two main phosphate-bearing regions, 
 deposits of Cretaceous phosphate>-rock are reported to occur in 
 the governments of Smolensk, Saratoff, Orel, Kazan and else- 
 where in Central Prussia. 
 
 Production statistics for the period under review are in- 
 complete. The' outputs for 1913 and 1914 are estimated at 
 25,000 and 15,000 tons respectively. 
 
 As a result of the revolution, the superphosphate factories of 
 Russia have suffered to a very serious extent, and it was not 
 until 1919 that the Soviet Government made any serious attempt 
 to provide the Russian peasant with supplies of superphosphate. 
 
 The principal Russian factories were situated at Petrograd, 
 Kineschma and TvTijni Novgorod, and efforts were in the main 
 
56 
 
 directed to using phosphate-rock of native production for the 
 manufacture of superphosphate. The extent to which these 
 efforts succeeded is not known. 
 
 Spain.* 
 
 The only phosphate deposits extensively worked in Spain are 
 apatite veins at Aldea Moret, in the province of Caceres. 
 
 Large quantities of phosphate-rock are imported annually, 
 chiefly from Tunis, Algeria and the United States. The high- 
 grade Florida rock imported from the United States is used 
 chiefly in northern Spain and Catalonia for making high-grade 
 superphosphate. In the soujth the demand is for lower-grade 
 superphosphate. 
 
 The decrease in imports during 1917 aaid 1918 was due to 
 difficulties in procuring freight and export licences from the 
 United States, and not to any diminution in the demand for 
 phosphate. 
 
 In 1913, about 600,000 tons of superphosphate were consumed 
 in Spain, of which about 37 per cent, was manufactured in that 
 country, the remainder having been imported from England, 
 France, Belgiuni and Holland. 
 
 Production and Imports of Rock-Phosphate in Spain. 
 
 Year. 
 1913 
 1914 
 1915 
 1916 
 1917 
 1918 
 1919 
 
 Production, Imports and Consumption of Superphosphates in 
 
 Spain. 
 
 Production. 
 
 Imports. 
 
 Quantity 
 
 Quantity 
 
 (long tons). 
 
 (long tons) 
 
 3,491 
 
 250,373 
 
 8,178 
 
 198,804 
 
 8,934 
 
 208,676 
 
 13,884 
 
 283,694 
 
 27,696 
 
 128,326 
 
 42,607 
 
 113,196 
 
 24,633 
 
 115,986 
 
 
 Production. 
 
 Importsf. 
 
 Consumption. 
 
 Tear 
 
 Quantity 
 
 Quantity 
 
 Quantity 
 
 
 (long tons). 
 
 (long tons). 
 
 (long tons). 
 
 1913 
 
 221,000 
 
 . 147,820 
 
 600,000 
 
 1914 . 
 
 
 216,000 
 
 115,018 , 
 
 
 1915 . 
 
 
 191,037 
 
 63,212 
 
 469,717 
 
 1916 . 
 
 
 310,112 
 
 22,686 
 
 479,800 
 
 1917 . 
 
 
 353,045 
 
 11,911 
 
 418,222 
 
 1918 . 
 
 
 125,434 
 
 11 
 
 278,281 
 
 1919 . 
 
 
 133,348 
 
 5,605 
 
 
 * Estadistioa Minera de Espana. Estadistica General del Comercio Exterior 
 de Espana. The American Fertilizer, 1920, 52, No. 5, 142-144. 
 f Including Thomas phosphate. 
 
57 
 
 Algeria.* 
 
 Large deposits of I'ock-phosphate occur in Algeria, in strata of 
 Eocene age. The two moBt important mining districts are 
 situated near the towns of Setif and Tebessa, in the eastern part 
 of the country. 
 
 lu 1906 a French company obtained a concession over the 
 important deposits situated in the commime of Bordj-Eedir, in 
 the Setif district, where ithe rock is mined either opencast or by 
 tuimels, and is transported 12 miles by ropeway to the railway. 
 In the same district, deposits are being worked in the commune 
 of Tocqueville, where the phosphaite beds vary in thickness from 
 1 foot to 6 feet. Another French company is working the exten- 
 sive M'Zaita deposit in the commune of Maadids. The reserves 
 of rock-phosphate at this mine have been estimated to amount to 
 16,500,000 tons. Throughout the Setif district the grade of the 
 phosphate-rock averages between 58 to 63 per cent, of tri-calcium 
 phosphate. 
 
 The most important deposits in Algeria axe those at Djebel 
 Kouif, neajf Tebessa. The phosphate occurs in a basin-shaped 
 deposit composed of five sepajrate beds, three of which are work- 
 able. The thickness of the beds worked varies from 1| feet to 
 9 feet. Where the overburden exceeds 24 feet the rock is worked 
 by inclined tunnels, otherwise opencast methods are adopted. A 
 branch railway, 16 miles in length, connects the mine with the 
 railway from Tebessa to the port at Bona, but this railway is 
 only capable of transporting about 330,000 tons of rock annually. 
 The output from the mine is consequently controlled by the rail- 
 way facilities, and not by the potential resources of the deposit. 
 
 Throughout the Tebessa district the average grade of the 
 phosphate-rock runs from 58 to 68 per cent, tri-calcium 
 phosphate. 
 
 Superphosphates are manufactured at Bona, Algiers and Oran, 
 by a company which manufactures its own sulphuric acid, and 
 which before the war was the only company producing super- 
 phosphate in Algeria. 
 
 There are several known deposits of phosphate-rock in Algeria 
 which, up to the present, have not been worked ; the most 
 important of these are Djebel Onk and Maadids. 
 
 The fonner deposit is one of the largest known, and from the 
 surveys which have been made it is estimated to contain at least 
 1,000,000,000 tons of high-grade rock containing from 60 to 70 
 per cent, tri-calcium phosphate. This deposit is situated about 
 50 miles to the south of Tebessa, in the district bordering 
 on the Sahaxa desert., and is approximately 125 miles 
 from the sea-ooast of Algeria. At present there is no 
 rail connection beyond Tebessa, and the line between Tebessa 
 and Bona is fully ta.xed in conveying the phosphate produced 
 from the mines at Djebel Kouif, referred to above. 
 
 • atatistique de I'Industrie Min^rale en France et en Alg^rie ("1914-1918). 
 The Conservation of Phosphate- Rock in the United States, by W. C. Phalen, 
 Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng., 1917, 57. 129-130. 
 
58 
 
 The Algerian Government has for some time past been study- 
 ing the question of improving the railway connection between 
 Tebessa aind Bona, and making the necessary extension of the 
 line to Djebel Onk, and there appears to be very little doubt that, 
 as soon as the necessary works have been carried through, the 
 Djebel Onk deposit will be exploited. 
 
 It should be observed that the whole of the district around 
 Tebessa is very rich in minerals, and more especially iron ore. 
 Consequently, in their project for the improvement of the rail- 
 way, the Algerian authorities are looking to the extension of iron- 
 mining in Algeria in addition to the exploitation of the Djebel 
 Onk phosphate deposit. With |the improvement of railway con- 
 nections, Algeria should make a very substantial advance as a 
 phosphate producer. 
 
 Imports 
 
 and Exports 
 
 of Fertilizers 
 
 into and from Algeria. 
 
 
 Exports (long tons). 
 
 Imports (long tons). 
 
 Vmi- 
 
 
 
 
 
 Phosphates. 
 
 Superphosphates. 
 
 Superphosphates.1 ,^ffi*-f ^t. 
 
 1913 
 
 431,552 
 
 7,877 
 
 17,872 
 
 
 1914 
 
 349,432 
 
 3,275 
 
 7,139 
 
 595 
 
 1915 
 
 222,261 
 
 21,766 
 
 1,143 
 
 276 
 
 1916 
 
 382,956 
 
 6,776 
 
 1,497 
 
 1,140 
 
 1917 
 
 231,051 
 
 545 
 
 314 
 
 171 
 
 1918 
 
 199,284 
 
 13,187 
 
 9 
 
 129 
 
 1919 
 
 238,294 
 
 14,342 
 
 1 
 
 
 Tunis.* 
 
 Tunis is second only to Florida as a producer of phosphate. 
 In 1913 the Tunisian exports amounted to about 2 million tons. 
 
 The regency is very rich in phosphate deposits, and, while 
 many of the most important phosphate beds are being worked, 
 there are several of potential commercial importance which have 
 not yet been developed. 
 
 In generai the deposits are situated in the south of the regency 
 and toward the Algerian border, between the 34th and 36th 
 parallels of N. latitude, and between .the 8th and 9th degrees of 
 E. longitude. 
 
 The richest deposits occur as lenses of great extent in rocks of 
 Middle Eocene age. The thickness of these lenses varies from a 
 few inches up to 10 feet, but the phosphate obtainable from the 
 lowest Eocene beds is usually of low grade. 
 
 The principal centre of the phosphate-mining industry in the 
 regency is Gafsa, in the neighbourhood of which are situated the 
 most important deposits of the country. 
 
 The grade of rock produced varies from 58 to 68 per cent tri- 
 calcmm phosphate; it is very friable, and is one of the types of 
 
 * Statistique Gen^rale de la Tunisie (Annual). 
 
59 
 
 rock most easily converted into superphosphate. Owing to its 
 soft character, it is easily ground and readily worked through 
 superphosphate plants. 
 
 Practiciully the whole of the output from this region is con- 
 trolled by one mining company, but there is a second company at 
 present engaged on the preliminary work of opening up an im- 
 portant deposit. Tliis deposit is situated about 9J miles south 
 of Ciafsa at Djebel M'Dilla. 
 
 The next most important deposit is situated at Kalaa Djerda, 
 which is close ito the Algerian border, and is within about 6 miles 
 of the important Algerian deposit of Djebel Kouif . This deposit is 
 worked in conjunction with that of Maknassy — the product of the 
 Kalaa Djerda mine being shipped from Tunis, and that of 
 Maknassy from Sfax. 
 
 The other deposits in Tunis which are actually being worked 
 are Kalaa,t es Senam, north-west of the KaJaa Djerda deposit, 
 and Kef Eebiba to the north of that deposit. Both these mines 
 ship their phosphate from the port of Tunis. 
 
 Practiailly the whole of the Tunisian deposits may be divided 
 into two categories — the lower grade, containing from 58 to 
 63 per cent, tri-calcium phosphate, and the higher grade, 
 from 63 to 68 per cent. The moisture content averages 
 about 4 per cent., and generally speaking, these phosphates con- 
 tain less ithan 2 per cent, of iron oxide and alumina. 
 
 The Tunisian phosphate mines suffered very severely from the 
 effects of the war, as the appended statistics show, the pro- 
 duction falling from 2,038,476 tons in 1913 to 820,000 tons in 
 1919. 
 
 Tunisian Production and Exports of Phosphates. 
 
 
 Production of 
 
 Exports of 
 
 Exports of 
 
 
 PhoBphatea. 
 
 Phosphates. 
 
 Superphosphates. 
 
 Yciir. 
 
 Quantity 
 
 Value 
 
 Quantity 
 
 Value 
 
 Quantity 
 
 Value 
 
 
 (long tons). 
 
 (£).* 
 
 (long tons). 
 
 (£).♦ 
 
 (long tons). 
 
 (£).* 
 
 1913 
 
 2,038,476 
 
 1,820,889 
 
 1,952,9X0 
 
 1,984,880 
 
 13,235 
 
 37,663 
 
 1914 
 
 1,373,171 
 
 1,283,960 
 
 1,404,225 
 
 1,312,989 
 
 3,213 
 
 9,141 
 
 1915 
 
 1,151,196 
 
 1,076,400 
 
 1,096,164 
 
 1,024,943 
 
 10,423 i 29,659 
 
 1916 
 
 1,024,466 
 
 1,041,204 
 
 1,018,108 
 
 951,959 
 
 17,304 
 
 49,244 
 
 1917 
 
 665,726 
 
 947,234 
 
 602,595 
 
 563,446 
 
 7,343 
 
 2U,896 
 
 1918 
 
 848,632 
 
 1,034,993 
 
 923,006 
 
 863,035 
 
 22 
 
 62 
 
 1919 
 
 820,000 
 
 
 1,129,000 
 
 1,520,000 
 
 
 
 • Values converted to £ sterling at the rate of 25 francs ^ £1. 
 
 Dutch West Indies. 
 
 Extensive deposits of phosphate occur in Curasao and Aruba, 
 two islands off the coast of Venezuela. 
 
 In 1913, phosphate-mining was resumed in Cura9ao after a 
 suspension of twenty yeais. The deposits are of exceptional 
 
60 
 
 grade, contaming from 80 to^ 85 per ceat. of tri-calcium phosphate, 
 with less than 1 per cent, of combined iron oxide and alumina^ 
 The rock is very hard, however, and difficult to break up. An 
 English company owns the. property, and minmg operations are 
 bemg actively carried on at the Santa Barbara mines. 
 
 Before the war the bulk of the output was shipped to Germany 
 and England. 
 
 Exports of Phosphates from Curagao. 
 
 Quantity 
 (long tons) . 
 
 39,000 
 96,000 
 
 Year. 
 
 1913 
 1914 
 1915 
 1916 
 1917 
 1918 
 1919 
 
 30,805 
 
 14,235 
 
 3,524 
 
 9,890 
 
 United States.* 
 
 The United States is the largest producer in the world of 
 phosphate-rock and manufactured superphosphates. 
 
 The southern States of Florida, South Carohna and Tennessee, 
 have for many years been the main source of phosphate-rock in 
 the United States, but recent investigations have shown that in 
 addition to these deposits, there are large reserves of phosphate- 
 rock in the States of Arkansas, Wyoming, Utah, Idaho and 
 Montana. 
 
 In Florida four distinct types of phosphate-rock have been 
 recognized, viz., land-pebble, hard-rock, soft-rock, and river- 
 pebble. Of these the land-pebble deposits are the most 
 important, and the hard-rock next in value, while the river- 
 pebble beds are now no longer worked. The land-pebble and 
 hard-rock varieties are exported largely. The soft-rock is worked 
 for home consumption only. 
 
 The land-pebble deposits are of Pliocene age, and consist of a 
 conglomerate of sand, clay and pebbles formed by marine action. 
 They cover a large area in Polk and Hillsboro counties, 
 occurring in beds from 8 feet to 20 feet in thickness. From 10 
 to 25 per cent, of the whole deposit is stated to be composed of 
 phosphatic material. The average tri-calcium phosphate content 
 of the marketed material ranges from 60 to 79 per cent. The 
 deposits are worked by hydraulic methods after the removal 
 of the overburden. The phosphates thus obtained are first 
 
 * The United States Geol. Siirv. Mineral Resources (Annual). The 
 Mineral Industry (Annual). 
 
61 
 
 washed to remove a proportion of the sand and clay, and then 
 passed through log-washers. The clean product is dried in kilns 
 and then stored for shipment. Only the hard pebbles are re- 
 covered, practically all the soft phosphate going to the v?aste- 
 dump. 
 
 The hard-rock phosphate occurs as boulders in a soft matrix 
 of phoaphatic sands and clays, the whole deposit resting on lime- 
 stones of Lower Oligocene age. The principal hard-rock mining 
 region extends in a belt from Suwanee, in the north, to Pasco 
 county, in the south, a distance of over 100 miles. The hard- 
 rock varies from a massive ajid compact structure, to a light and 
 porous material, and ranges in ooloui" from deep bla<;k ito almost 
 white. The phosphate content of the hard-rock deposits varies 
 from 10 per cent, to more than 30 per cent, of the mass. Probably 
 not more than 15 per cent, of the material mined can be con- 
 sidered of marketable value. Practically all the material sold is 
 guaranteed to carry not less than 77 per cent, tri-calcium phos- 
 phate. After the removal of the overburden, usually by hydraulic 
 methods, the phosphate-rock exposed is broken by pick and 
 shovel if the deposit is dry, or by dredging methods if there is 
 much water. The excavated rock is crushed, washed, and dried 
 in kilns preparatory to shipment. During these operations it is 
 estimated that twice as much phosphoric acid is wasted in the 
 material sent to the waste-dump as is contained in the material 
 sold. 
 
 Three types of phosphate deposits are recognized in Tennessee 
 according as the material is brown, white or blue. 
 
 The brown phosphate is found abundantly in the south-west of 
 the central Tennessee basin, notably in the vicinity of Mount 
 Pleasant. The deposits occur either as residual products, or as 
 blanket deposits, both of Ordovician age. Mining is carried out 
 opencast by mechanical excavators or by tunnels driven into the 
 hill-side. The broken rock is washed, screened, and sold under 
 a guarantee of from 70 to 80 per cent, of tri-calcium phosphate. 
 
 The white phosphate is directly associated with Silurian lime- 
 stone. There are three varieties, viz. : (1) stony, carrying less 
 than 50 per cent, of tri-calcium phosphate; (2) brecciated, which 
 consists of large masses of phosphate of Ume cementing fi-agments 
 of chert ; and (3) lamellar, consisting of thin layers of phosphatic 
 material derived from the overlying Devonian rock. Both tlie 
 lamellar and the brecciated deposits carry as much as 85 per cent, 
 tri-calcium phosphate. 
 
 The blue phosphate occurs in bedded deposits of Devonian age. 
 The thickness of the beds varies from a few inches up to about 
 i feet, but the high-grade rock is rarely more than 28 inches in 
 thickness. After the overburden has been stripped the rock is 
 excavated by mechanical shovels and crushed fine. The phos- 
 phatic content of the beds varies from 30 to 85 per cent, tri- 
 calcium phosphate. 
 
62 
 
 In South Carolina the phosphates occur in a belt, about 60 
 miles m length, between the source of the Wando river and the 
 mouth of the Broad river. The deposits, which are probably of 
 Miocene age, occur in beds from 1 to 3 feet in thickness, over- 
 lain by 3 to 18 feet of greensand marl. The rock is of com- 
 paratively low grade, containing from 55 to 58 per cent, of tn- 
 calcium phosphate. 
 
 The western phosphate field covers an area of about 2^ million 
 acres in the States of Idaho, Wyoming, Utah and Montana. The 
 phosphate occurs as well-defined beds of exceptional regularity in 
 rocks of Carboniferous age. The beds vary in thickness from 
 3 to 6 feet, and contain on an average over 65 per cent, of tri- 
 caleium phosphate. 
 
 The United States Geological Survey is still engaged in 
 examining these extensive deposits. It has been estimated that 
 the reserves amount to more than 5,750,000,000 tons of high- 
 grade rock within a depth of 5,000 feet from surface. 
 
 In addition to the occurrences in the regions mentioned, there 
 are extensive deposits of phosphate-rock in Independence county, 
 Arkansas, where the mineral occurs in beds from 4J to 6 feet in 
 thickness, in Ordovician rocks. Manganese ore is commonly 
 associated with this phosphate^rock which carries from 56 to 71 
 per cent, of tri-calcium phosphate. The rock is mined by means 
 of adits and drifts, and the produce is sold locally. 
 
 Production and Sales of Phosphate-Rock in the United States. 
 
 
 
 Production. 
 
 Sal 
 
 es. 
 
 Tear 
 
 Quantity 
 
 Quantity 
 
 Value* 
 
 
 (long tons). 
 
 (long tons). 
 
 (£). 
 
 1913 
 
 3,152,208 
 
 3,111,221 
 
 2,457,548 
 
 1914 . 
 
 
 2,649,174 
 
 2,734,043 
 
 2,001,675 
 
 1915 . 
 
 
 1,935,341 
 
 1,835,667 
 
 1,127,802 
 
 1916 . 
 
 
 2,169,149 
 
 1,982,385 
 
 1,228,540 
 
 1917 . 
 
 
 2,851,886 
 
 2,584,287 
 
 1,618,976 
 
 1918 . 
 
 
 2,284,245 
 
 2,490,760 
 
 1,711,346 
 
 1919 . 
 
 
 1,851.549 
 
 2,271,983 
 
 2,414,847 
 
 Exports of Phosphates from the United States. 
 
 
 Quantity (long tons). 
 
 Total 
 
 Year 
 
 Hard 
 Rock. 
 
 Land 
 Pebble. 
 
 All 
 Other. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Value* 
 (£). 
 
 1913 
 
 473,533 
 
 891,263 
 
 1,712 
 
 1,366,508 
 
 2,082,621 
 
 1914 
 
 281,806 
 
 681,241 
 
 1,067 
 
 964,114 
 
 1,410,761 
 
 1916 
 
 34,572 
 
 218,472 
 
 377 
 
 253,421 
 
 344,136 
 
 1916 
 
 28,631 
 
 214,358 
 
 689 
 
 243,678 
 
 240,915 
 
 1917 
 
 12,403 
 
 138,010 
 
 15,945 
 
 166,358 
 
 173,968 
 
 1918 
 
 57,771 
 
 64,559 
 
 21,561 
 
 143,891 
 
 190,101 
 
 1919 
 
 215,039 
 
 128,860 
 
 34,832 
 
 378,731 
 
 743,330 
 
 * Values converted to £ sterling at the rate of 1 dollar=4s. 2d. 
 
63 
 
 Exports of Phosphate-Rock (Land-Pebble) from the United 
 States {Domestic Produce). 
 
 (Fiscal years ending June 30.) 
 
 
 
 
 Quantity (long tons). 
 
 To 
 
 1914. 
 
 1915. 
 
 1916. 
 
 1917. 
 
 1918. 
 
 1919.t 
 
 United Kingdom 
 
 159,220 
 
 93,112 
 
 86,016 
 
 39,033 
 
 37,215 
 
 45,991 
 
 Canada 
 
 Australia 
 
 118 
 
 3,000 
 5,132 
 
 3,734 
 
 4,004 
 
 5,545 
 
 1,202 
 
 Total to British Posses- 
 
 159,338 
 
 101,244 
 
 89,749 
 
 43,037 
 
 42,760 
 
 47,193 
 
 sions 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Austria-Hungary 
 
 3,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 , 
 
 Belgium 
 
 129,537 
 
 11,800 
 
 
 
 
 
 4,769 
 
 
 
 Denmark 
 
 6,200 
 
 9,000 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 17,943 
 
 France 
 
 159,927 
 
 6,900 
 
 14,537 
 
 14,536 
 
 10,438 
 
 
 
 Germany 
 
 122,316 
 
 5,550 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 Italy 
 
 114,601 ' 22,056 
 
 2,864 
 
 6,069 
 
 1,440 
 
 
 
 Netherlands 
 
 124,579 
 
 15,084 
 
 45,289 
 
 28,686 
 
 — 
 
 26,953 
 
 Portugal 
 
 4,800 
 
 — 
 
 3,500 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 Spain 
 
 53,928 
 
 51,839 
 
 76,987 
 
 61,897 
 
 32,359 
 
 16,072 
 
 Sweden 
 
 34,400 
 
 — 
 
 23,280 
 
 17,867 
 
 4,357 
 
 12,250 
 
 Cuba 
 
 — 
 
 "~" 
 
 — 
 
 6,002 
 
 14,786 
 
 8,449 
 
 Japan 
 
 88,004 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 Total to Foreign 
 
 841,292 
 
 121,228 
 
 165,457 
 
 135,057 
 
 68,149 
 
 81,667 
 
 Countries 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 1,000,630 
 
 222,472 
 
 255,206 
 
 178,094 
 
 110,909 
 
 128,860 
 
 
 
 Value ( 
 
 £)■• 
 
 
 United Kingdom 
 
 192,754 
 
 112,192 
 
 88,192 
 
 27,416 
 
 31,841 
 
 70,022 
 
 Canada 
 
 117 
 
 3,750 
 
 4,222 
 
 3,173 
 
 4,481 
 
 1,001 
 
 Australia 
 
 — 
 
 5,346 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 Total to British Posses- 
 sions 
 
 192,871 
 
 121,288 
 
 92,414 
 
 30,589 
 
 36,322 
 
 71,023 
 
 Austria-Hungary 
 
 3,750 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Belgium 
 
 159,419 
 
 14,021 
 
 
 
 
 
 3,527 
 
 — 
 
 Denmark 
 
 7,750 
 
 10,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 33,703 
 
 France 
 
 196,.584 
 
 7,375 
 
 11,037 
 
 8,051 
 
 8,703 
 
 — 
 
 Germany 
 
 144,614 
 
 6,312 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Italy 
 
 139,491 
 
 25,423 
 
 3,580 
 
 3,414 
 
 900 
 
 — 
 
 Netherlands 
 
 152,454 
 
 17,481 
 
 53,011 
 
 27,246 
 
 — 
 
 38,595 
 
 Portugal 
 
 6,000 
 
 — 
 
 4,375 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Spain 
 
 65,410 
 
 64,092 
 
 85,972 
 
 54,796 
 
 31,556 
 
 22,613 
 
 Sweden 
 
 43,000 
 
 — 
 
 25,627 
 
 18,388 
 
 5,011 
 
 15,618 
 
 Cuba 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 4,443 
 
 9,060 
 
 6,845 
 
 Japan 
 
 109,067 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 Total to Foreign 
 
 1,027,539 
 
 144,704 
 
 183,602 
 
 116,338 58,757 
 
 117,374 
 
 Countries 
 Total 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1,220,410 
 
 265,992 
 
 276,016 
 
 146.927 
 
 95,079 
 
 188,397 
 
 • Values converted to £ sterling at the rate of 1 dollar=4s. 2d, 
 t Calendar year. 
 
64 
 
 Exports of Phosphate-Rock (High-grade Hard-Rock) from the 
 
 United States (Domestic Produce). 
 
 (Fiscal years ending June 30.) 
 
 
 
 Quantity (long tons). 
 
 
 
 To 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1914. 
 
 1915. 
 
 1916. 
 
 1917. 
 
 1918. 
 
 1919.t 
 
 United Kingdom 
 
 19,658 
 
 6,110 
 
 
 
 1,860 
 
 — 
 
 British Honduras 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 5 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Canada 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 147 
 
 300 
 
 235 
 
 752 
 
 Total to British 
 Possessions 
 Austria-Hungary 
 
 19,658 
 
 6,110 
 
 152 
 
 300 
 
 2,085 
 
 752 
 
 23,466 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Belgium 
 
 
 19,405 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 16,161 
 
 Denmark 
 
 
 19,200 
 
 5,302 
 
 4,400 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 80,753 
 
 France ... 
 
 
 3,200 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Germany 
 
 
 241,560 
 
 17,838 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 28,062 
 
 Italy ... 
 
 
 10,210 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Netherlands 
 
 
 98,623 
 
 3,008 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 10,702 
 
 Norway ... 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 3,104 
 
 8,366 
 
 18,517 
 
 Portugal 
 
 
 4,800 
 
 760 
 
 5,663 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Spain 
 
 
 20,493 
 
 3,421 
 
 5,920 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 18,527 
 
 Sweden ... 
 
 
 14,720 
 
 9,566 
 
 28,195 
 
 11,559 
 
 13,561 
 
 37,106 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 2,575 
 
 Mexico ... 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 10 
 
 — 
 
 Cuba ... 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 45 
 
 1,884 
 
 Total to Foreign 
 
 455,677 
 
 39,895 
 
 44,178 
 
 14,663 
 
 21,962 
 
 214,287 
 
 Countries 
 Total 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 475,335 
 
 46,005 
 
 44,330 
 
 14,963 
 
 24,047 
 
 215,039 
 
 
 
 
 Value ( 
 
 £).* 
 
 
 
 United Kingdom 
 
 40,954 
 
 12,729 
 
 
 
 1,927 
 
 
 British Honduras 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Canada 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 312 
 
 751 
 
 732 
 
 2,957 
 
 Total to British 
 
 40,954 
 
 12,729 
 
 322 
 
 751 
 
 2,659 
 
 2,957 
 
 "PosRPastirtns 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Austria-Hungary 
 
 48,887 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 _ 
 
 Belgium 
 
 
 40,427 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 . 
 
 33,669 
 
 Denmark 
 
 
 40,000 
 
 11,046 
 
 9,167 
 
 — 
 
 . 
 
 172,608 
 
 France ... 
 
 
 6,667 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 Germany 
 
 
 503,250 
 
 37,162 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 62,663 
 
 Italy ... 
 
 
 21,271 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 Netherlands 
 
 
 205,465 
 
 6,267 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 . 
 
 27,947 
 
 Norway ... 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 6,467 
 
 12,752 
 
 41,883 
 
 Portugal 
 
 
 10,000 
 
 1,583 
 
 11,798 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 Spain 
 
 
 42,694 
 
 7,127 
 
 12,333 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 41,720 
 
 Sweden ... 
 
 
 30,667 
 
 19,929 
 
 55,782 
 
 24,137 
 
 20,766 
 
 78,135 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 51,217 
 
 Mexico ... 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 22 
 
 
 Cuba ... 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 128 
 
 4,420 
 
 Total to Foreign 
 Countries 
 
 949,328 
 
 83,114 
 
 89,080 
 
 30,604 
 
 33,668 
 
 468,262 
 
 Total . 
 
 .. 
 
 990,282 
 
 95,843 
 
 89,402 
 
 31,355 
 
 36,327 
 
 471,219 
 
 * Values converted to £ sterling at the rate of 1 dollar = 4s. 2d. 
 t Calendar year. 
 
65 
 
 Exports of all other kinds of Phosphate from the United States 
 (Domestic Produce). 
 
 (Fiscal years ending June 30.) 
 
 To 
 
 Quantity (long tons). 
 
 1914. 
 
 1915. 1916. 
 
 1917. 
 
 1918. 
 
 1919.t 
 
 United Kingdom 
 British Honduras 
 
 Canada 
 
 British West Indies 
 Australia 
 
 Total to British Posses 
 
 sions 
 Netherlands 
 Norway ... 
 
 Mexico 
 
 Cuba 
 
 Dutch East Indies 
 Other Foreign Countries 
 
 Total to Foreign Coun- 
 tries 
 
 Total 
 
 United Kingdom 
 British Honduras 
 
 Canada 
 
 British West indies 
 Australia 
 
 Total to British Posses- 
 sions 
 Netherlands 
 Norway ... 
 Mexico ... 
 
 Cuba 
 
 Dutch East Indies 
 Other Foreign Countries 
 
 Total to Foreign Coun- 
 tries 
 
 Total 
 
 1,856 
 
 1,856 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 1,906 
 
 2 
 
 885 
 
 337 
 
 1 
 2,865 
 
 887 
 
 337 
 
 2,866 
 
 13 
 
 2,182 
 1,460 
 
 13 
 
 3,642 
 
 2,500 
 
 8,824 
 298 
 500 
 
 12,122 
 
 3,975 
 
 1 
 
 6,525 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 5,303 
 
 126 
 
 5,431 
 
 3,500 
 
 2,200 
 
 2 
 
 4,156 
 
 19,543t 
 
 10,501 
 
 29,401 
 
 887 
 
 350 
 
 6,508 
 
 22.623 
 
 34,832 
 
 Value {£): 
 
 1,282 
 
 1,282 
 
 76 
 
 76 
 
 1.358 
 
 1 
 1,225 
 
 1,226 
 
 1,226 
 
 619 
 
 619 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 637 
 
 2 
 
 5,845 
 
 5,847 
 
 4,318 
 3,895 
 
 8,213 
 
 14,060 
 
 2,604 
 
 17,426 
 
 605 
 
 1,250 
 
 21,885 
 
 4,969 
 
 25 
 
 14,532 
 
 19,526 
 
 41,411 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 14,783 
 
 622 
 
 15,407 
 
 12,396 
 
 3,6G8 
 
 15 
 
 15,454 
 
 36,773t 
 
 68,306 
 
 83,713 
 
 • Values converted to £ sterling at the rate of 1 dollar = 4s. 2d. 
 t Including Belgium, Denmark and Sweden. 
 J Calendar year. 
 
 French Guiana. 
 
 Deposits of phosphate-rock on Grand Connetable Island have 
 been worked for many years by an American company. The 
 average annual output for the period 1910 to 19ia, mdusive, was 
 about 6,000 tons. Production has decUned since that date, and 
 the deposit appears to be approaching exhaustion. 
 
 340S2 
 
66 
 
 Japan.* 
 
 For maaiy years beds of low-grade phosphate of Ume have been 
 worked in the provinces of Noto, the Bonin Islands, and in 
 Formosa,, but the quantity of phosphate obtamed has been small. 
 Important deposits occur on the island of Ea,sa, one ot the 
 Lu-chu Islands, but examination has shown that these carry a 
 high percentage of iron oxide and alumina, which renders their 
 use for the manufacture of superphosphate difficult and expensive. 
 
 Japan now controls the important deposits of rock-phosphate 
 on Angaur Island, one of the Pellew group, formerly a German 
 possession. From two to three million tons of high-grade rock 
 are estimated to be contained in the deposits on this island, which 
 are now worked to supply the Japanese fertiUzer factories. 
 
 The Japanese also possess considerable reserves of rock-phos- 
 phate in the deposits known to occur on several of the Marshall 
 Islands and on Fais Island in the West Caroline group. The 
 Marshall Islands deposits were formerly worked by the Germans, 
 but both these groups of islands passed to Japan under the terms 
 of the Peace Treaty. 
 
 Japanese Production and Imports of Phosphates. 
 
 ( 
 
 
 Production of Phosphates. 
 
 Imports of 
 Phosphorite. 
 
 Tear 
 
 Quantity 
 (long tons). 
 
 Valuef 
 (£). 
 
 Quantity 
 (long tons). 
 
 1913 
 
 1914 
 
 1915 
 
 1916 
 
 1917 
 
 1918 
 
 1919 
 
 
 18,737 
 37,644 
 56,788 
 112,965 
 119,673 
 189,181 
 120,893 
 
 28,915. 
 50,818 
 59,938 
 125,080 
 130,545 
 711,739 
 477,563 
 
 133,666 
 98,159 
 
 153,041 
 88,186 
 
 188,573 
 
 t Values c( 
 
 )nv 
 
 erted to £ sterling 
 
 at the rate of 10 1 
 
 ren=£l. 
 
 Production of Phosphates in Formosa. 
 
 
 Quantity 
 
 Year. 
 
 (long tons) . 
 
 1913 
 
 5,531 
 
 1914 
 
 1,317 
 
 1915 
 
 495 
 
 1916 
 
 1,476 
 
 1917 
 
 
 
 1918 
 
 
 191S 
 
 
 * statistical Reports of the Department of Agrigfllt^re apd Coniinerce 
 Japan (Annual), ' .wcn-o, 
 
67 
 
 Production 
 
 of Phosphate- Rock 
 
 in AngauT Island. 
 Quantity 
 
 lear. 
 
 
 (long tons). 
 
 1913 
 
 • • • ... . , 
 
 ... 88,500 
 
 1914 
 
 . •' ... 
 
 ... 69,000" 
 
 1915 
 
 
 ... 29,500 
 
 1916 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 29.500 
 
 1917 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 1918 
 
 
 
 1919 ... 
 
 
 
 
 Exports. 
 
 Makatea. f 
 
 The Compagnie Fran9aise des Phosphates owns the exclusive 
 mineral rights on the island of Makatea. The phosphates occui- 
 at the surface©, and are broken by pick aad shovel, the excavated 
 material being crushed, dried, and sold on a moisture percentage 
 basis. The rock conitains about 80 per cent, of tri-calcium 
 phosphate, and is now shipped chiefly to New Zealand. 
 
 Exports of Phosphates from Makatea and New Caledonia. 
 
 
 
 Makatea. 
 
 New Caledonia. 
 
 Year. 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 Quantity ValueJ 
 
 Quantity 1 Valuet 
 
 
 (long tons). (£). 
 
 1 
 
 (long tons). 
 
 (£). 
 
 1913 
 
 80,737 
 
 66,645 
 
 
 
 1914 
 
 
 71,753 
 
 58,340 
 
 2,361 
 
 4,800 
 
 1915 
 
 
 70,571 
 
 57,379 
 
 2,755 
 
 4,200 
 
 1916 
 
 
 38,654 
 
 31,428 
 
 2,424 
 
 5,914 
 
 1917 
 
 
 31,741 
 
 26,181 
 
 5,909 
 
 14,414 
 
 1918 
 
 
 39,000 
 
 
 
 
 1919 
 
 
 39,000 
 
 
 
 
 ;{: Values converted to £ sterling at tbe rate of 25 francB=£l, 
 
 REFERENCES TO TECHNICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 GENERAL. 
 
 The Mineral Industry, New York (Annual with bibliography). 
 
 The origin, mining and preparation of phosphate rock, by E. H. 
 
 Sellards; Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng., (1914), 50, 901-916. 
 Manufacture of acid phosphate (superphosphate), by W. H. Waggaman; 
 
 U.S. Dept. Agric, Bur. Soils, Bull. No. 144, 1914, 28 pp. 
 Phosphate rock and methods proposed for its utilization as a fertiliser, 
 
 by W. H. Waggaman and W. H. Fry; U.S. Dept. Agrit., Bull. 
 
 No. 312, 1915, 37 pp. 
 Apatite : a substitute for bone ash in the manufacture of bone china, by 
 
 J. Keele; Mines Branch, Ottawa, Canada, Summ. Rept. for 1916, 
 
 pp. 108-111. 
 The geologic role of phosphorus, by E. Blackwelder; Amer, Journ. Sci., 
 
 1916, 4th ser., 42, 285-298. 
 
 t The Amer. FertUiier, 1920, 53, No. 2, 73. 
 
The use of low-grade phosphates, by J. A. Barr; Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. 
 
 Eng., (1916), 84, 474-476. v. r a 
 
 The nature of the phosphates contained in mineral phosphates, by U. o. 
 
 Robertson; Journ. Agric. Sci., 1916, 8, 16-25. 
 The phosphate deposits of the world, by J. W. Gregory; Lecture at 
 
 Royal Institution, March, 1917 (" Geology and the War ".). Abstr. 
 
 Mining Mag., 1917, 16, 265-267. 
 ConTersion of insoluble into "soluble" phosphates, by A. M. Johnston; 
 
 Journ. Chem. Met. Min. Soc. 8. Afr., 1917, 18, 140-141. 
 A new fertilizer, superphosphate of ammonia, by C. Brioux; C.R. Acad. 
 
 Agric. France, 1918, 4, 632-638. 
 A new phosphate fertilizer, t«traphosphate of lime, by A. Bruno; O.R. 
 
 Acad. Agric. France, 1918, 4, 322-324. 
 Reverted phosphate, by C. C. James; Journ. Ind. Eng. Chem., 1918, 
 
 10, 33-35. 
 Use of " mine run " phosphates in the manufacture of soluble phosphoric 
 
 acid, by W. H. Waggaman and C. R. Wagner; Journ. Ind. Eng. 
 
 Chem., 1918, 10, 353-355. 
 letraphosphate — a special Italian fertilizer; Amer. Fertilizer, 1919, 51, 
 
 No. 11, 58-59. 
 Economic analysis of the world shortage in phosphate, by L. B. Anderson; 
 
 Amer. Fertilizer, 1919, 51, No. 7, 47-59. 
 Coral Island phosphates in the making, by F. Danvers Power; Inst. Min. 
 
 Met., Bull. No. 181, 1919, 10 ppl 
 Phoaphatic coatings for rust proofing iron and steel, by L. E. Eckelmann ; 
 
 Chem. Met. Eng., 1919, 21, 787-789. 
 The phosphate industry, by J. Hendrick; Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind., 1919, 
 
 38, 155R-157R. 
 The distribution and character of the world's phosphate deposits, by 
 
 R. W. 'Stone; Amer. Fertilizer, 1919, 51, No. 11, 64g-69, 93, 96 and 98. 
 Phosphorites and superphosphates from the point of view of the sulphur 
 
 industry, by L. Tirelli; Chem. News, 1919, 118, 73-76. 
 
 La situation de I'industrie des phosphates; L'Echo des Mines, 1920, 
 
 48, 262. 
 Investigation on pyrolytic production of phosphoric acid, by W. H. Wagga^ 
 
 man and T. B. Turley; Chem. Met. Eng., 1920, ^3, 1057-1063. 
 The manufacture of chemical manures, by J. Fritsch; London, 1920. 
 
 BRITISH EMPIRE. 
 
 Egypt. 
 
 Topography and geology of the phosphate district of Safaga (Eastern 
 
 Desert of Egypt), by J. Ball; Ministry of Finance, Surv. Dept., Cairo, 
 
 Egypt, Paper No. 29, 1913, 19 pp. 
 A brief note on the phosphate deposits of Egypt, by J. Ball; Ministry of 
 
 Finance, Surv. Dept., Cairo, Egytit, Paper No. 30, 1913, 6 pp. 
 Phosphate in Egypt, by E. Corte6'e; Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng., 1918, 
 
 59, 112-116. 
 Die Phosphatlagerstatten in Agypten; Zeits. f. angew. Chemie 1919 
 
 32, No. 57, 461. 
 
 SoTJTH Africa. 
 
 E6ca phosphates of Natal, by A. L. du Toit; S. Afr. Journ. Ind., 1918, 
 
 1, 404-407. 
 Triplite : a possible source of phosphoric acid, by A. E. V. IZealley; 
 
 Rhodesia Munition and Resources Committee Report, Bulawayo, 1918, 
 
 pp. 41-43. 
 Report on the phosphates of Saldanha Bay, by A. L. du Toit; S. Afr. 
 
 Geol. Stirv., Pretorta, Mem. No. 10, 1917, 31 pp. 
 Fertilizer production and natural fertilizers in the Union, by C. P. Juritz; 
 
 S. Afr. Journ Ind., 1920, 3, No. 6, 499-507. 
 Utilization of ircin-aluminium phosphates (of Saldanha Bay), by G. H. 
 
 Stanley; Journ. 8. Afr. Assoc. Anal. Chem., 1920, 3, 13-21. 
 
69 
 
 Canada. 
 
 lleport on the mineral production of Canada; Mines Branch, Ottawa, 
 
 Canudii (Annual). 
 Phosphate in Canada, by H. S. Spence; Mines Branch, Ottawa, Canada, 
 
 No. 396, 1920, 142 pp. and bibliography. 
 Mineral deposits of the Ottawa district : the apatite deposits at the 
 
 Emerald mine, by J. Stansfield; Geol. Surv., Ottawa, Canada, Guide 
 
 book No. 3, 1913, pp. 89-93. 
 Mineraiogical exploration of East Templeton district, Quebec, hy A. 
 
 Ledoux; Geol. Surv., Ottawa, Canada, Summ. Rept. for 1915, p. 167. 
 South-western portion of the Buckingham Map-area, Quebec, by M. E. 
 
 Wilson; Geol. Surv., Ottawa, Canada, Summ. Rept. for 1915, p. 161. 
 Contributions to the mineralogy of Black Lake area, Quebec, by E. 
 
 Poitevin and R. P. D. Graham; Geol. Surv., Ottawa, Canada, Museum 
 
 Bull. No. 27, Geol. Ser. No. 35, 1918, pp. 81-82. 
 Mineral resources of Alberta, by J. A. Allan; First Ann. Rept. on Mineral 
 
 Resources of Alberta, Edmonton, 1920, p. 82. 
 Investigation of a reported discovery of phosphate in Alberta, by H. S. 
 
 de Schmid; Mines Branch, Ottawa, Canada, Bull. No. 12, 1916, 38 pp. 
 The phosphate discussion (discovery of phosphate in Alberta), by F. D. 
 
 Adams; Can. Min. Journ., 1917, 38, 321-322. 
 Origin of the Rocky Mountain phosphate deposits (abstract), by E. Black- 
 welder; Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., 1915, 26, No. 1, 100-101. 
 Discovery of phosphate of lime in the Rocky Mountains, by F. D. Adams 
 
 and W. J. Dick; Trans. Can. Min. Inst., 1916, 19, 321-348, also 
 
 Canada, Commission of Conservation, 1915, 36 pp. 
 A reconnaissance for phosphate in the Rocky Mountains, B.C., by H. 8. 
 
 de Schmid; Mines Branch, Ottawa, Canada, Summ. Rept. for 1916, 
 
 pp. '22-34. 
 New zinc phosphates from Salmo, B.C., by A. H. Phillips; Amer. Journ. 
 
 Sci., 1916, 42, No. 249. 
 
 Rkdond.v, Leeward Islands. 
 Report on the Island of Redonda, by H. A. Tempany; West. Ind. Bull., 
 1915, 15, 22-26. 
 
 India. 
 
 Quinquennial reviews of the mineral production of India, 1915 and 1921; 
 Geol. Surv., Calcutta, India. 
 
 ArSIBALIA. 
 
 Repoi't of the Department of Mines; Sydney, New South Wales (Annual). 
 Phosphate deposits in limestone caverns in New South Wales, by J. E. 
 
 Came; Ann. Rept. Dept. Mines, N.S.W. for 19i:4, pp. 191-194. Also 
 
 Appendix 2, N.S.W. Geol. Surv., Mineral Resources No. 25, 1919, 
 
 pp. 393-399. 
 Notes on the value of the Leadville ore for superphosphate manufacture, 
 
 by J. E. Carne and E. C. Andrews; Ann. Rept. Dept. Mines, N.S.W. 
 
 for 1916, pp. 202-204. 
 Phosphate rock, Canowindra, by M. Morrison; Ann. Rept. Dept. Mines, 
 
 N.S.W. for 1917, p. 169. Also Appendix 2, N.S.W. Geol. Snrv., 
 
 Mineral Resources No. 25, 1919, pp. 399-400. 
 A new phosphate deposit in the Howqua district, near Mansfield, Victoria, 
 
 by E. W. Skeate and E. O. Teale; Proc. Austr. Inst. Min. Eng., 1918, 
 
 new ser. No. 32, pp. 155-175. 
 Phosphate of iron and other minerals, Whitfield district, by A. M. 
 
 Howitt; Rec. Geol. Surv., Melbourne, Victoria, 1920, 4, Part 2, 
 
 147-151. 
 Phosphates at Gore, bv L. C. Ball; Queens. Govt. Min. Journ., Brisbane, 
 
 1917, 18, 443-444. 
 R(x;k phosphate deposit on Holbourne Island, near Bowen.tby E. C. Saint- 
 Smith; Queens. Govt. Min. Journ., BrisbaDf 1919, 20, 122-124, 
 
70 
 
 The phosphatic deposits of Wegtern Australia, by H. P. Woodward; 
 
 W. Austr. Geol. Surv., Perth, Bull. No. 74, Misc. Repts., ser. 5, 
 
 No. 6i, pp. 9-28. 
 The phosphate deposits of South Australia, by R. Lockhart Jack; S. Austr. 
 
 Dept. Mines, Adelaide, Geol. Surv. BuU. No. 7, 1919, 136 pp. 
 Report on the Mount Burr phosphate and guano mine, by L. J. Winton; 
 
 S. Austr. Dept. Mines, Adelaide, Min. Rev. No. 32, 1920, pp. 56-58. 
 Phosphate deposits in Tasmania, by W. H. Twelvetrees ; Mineral Resources 
 
 of Tasmania, Hobart, No. 3, 1917. 
 
 New Zealand. 
 
 Mines Statements; WeUington, New Zealand (Annual). 
 A preliminary investigation of phosphate occurrences in North Auck- 
 land and Waikato districts, by P. G. Morgan; Appendix C, N.Z. 
 
 Geol. Surv. Branch, Wellington, Ninth Ann. Ilept. new ser., 1915, 
 
 pp. 86-92. 
 Phosphate occurrences in the South Island, by P. G. Morgan; Appendix 
 
 O, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Branch, Wellington, Ninth Ann. Rept. new ser., 
 
 1915, p. 97. 
 Kaipara district. North Auckland, by P. G. Morgan; N.Z. Geol. Surv. 
 
 Branch, Wellington, Tenth Ann. Rept. new ser., 1916, pp. 11-13. 
 Notes of a visit to Marlborough and North Canterbury, with especial 
 
 reference to unconformities post-dating the Amuri limestone, by P. G. 
 
 "Morgan; N.Z. Geol. Surv. Branch, WeUington, Tenth Ann. Rept. new 
 
 ser., 1916, pp. 17-28. 
 The geology of the Oamaru district. North Otago, by J. Park; N.Z. 
 
 Geol. Surv., Wellington, Bull. No. 20, new ser., 1918, p. 115. 
 The limestones of Canterbury considered as a possible source of phosphate, 
 
 by L. J. Wild and R. Speight; N.Z. Journ. Sci. and Techn., 1919, 
 
 2, No. 3, 180-192. 
 
 Pacific Islands. 
 
 Phosphate reserves, Pacific Islands; Bd. Tr. Journ., 1919, 103, 771. 
 
 Nauru and other phosphate islands in the Pacific; Report by the Director- 
 General, Dept, of Agriculture, to the New Zealand House of Repre- 
 sentatives, 1919. 
 
 The use of Nauru Island phosphate, by B. C. Aston; New Zealand Journ. 
 Agric, 1920, 21, No. 6, 345-346. 
 
 Nauru and Ocean Islands : story of the phosphate discoveries and workings ; 
 by A. F. Ellis; New Zealand Journ. Agric, 1920, 21, No. 6, 297-317. 
 
 Ocean Island phosphate fields, by A. S. Ridley; Chem. Eng. Min. Rev., 
 Melbourne, 1920, 12, 402-404. 
 
 The Nauru Island Agreement Bill, 1920. H.M. Stationery Office, Bill 160. 
 
 The phosphates of Nauru and Ocean Island, by T. Steel; Journ. Soc. 
 Chem. Ind., 1921, 40, 59T-60T. 
 
 FOREIGN COUNTRIES. 
 
 Europe. 
 
 Sopra alcuni giacimenti fosfatiferi della Galizia, della Podolia e della 
 
 Palestina, by V. Simonelli ; L'ltaUa Agricola, 1919, October 15, 17 pp. 
 Die Phosphorite des Lias von Deutsch-Lothringen, by F. Bernauor; 
 
 Jahrb. Geol. Landesanst., 1919, Part 1, pp. 110-199. 
 Nouvelles observations sur le gisement de phosphate de chaux, de St. 
 
 Martin-du-Tertre pres Sens (Yonne), by A. Hure; BuU. Soc. Geol. 
 
 de Prance, 1918, 18, 110-122. 
 L'industrie des superphosphates mineraux; Ohimie et Industrie 1919 
 
 2, No. 2, 123-128. 
 Lahnphosphorit, by Landgraeber; Bergbau, 1919, April 3, pp. 313-315, 
 
 April 10, pp. 329-332. 
 Guano from Sardinia, by M. Gina; Gazz. Chim. Ital., 1919, 49, ii, 246-249 
 Le fosferiti di terra d'Otranto, by V. SimoneUi; L'ltalia Agricola, 1919, 
 
 April 15, 9 pp. 
 
71 
 
 InveatigationB into the utilizatibn of phosphorites in Russia, by A. V. 
 EasakoT, N. P. Koblikov and others; Report by D. N. Prianichnikov ; 
 Agronomic Inst. Moscow, 1915, 5, 1-100. Agric. Intell. itfull., 1916, 
 7, 804-807. Short abstr. Journ. 8dc. Chem. Ind., 1916, 
 
 .. 86, 1228. ^ 
 
 IJber russische Phoephorite, by F. Kaunhowen; Zeits. f. prakt. Gfeol., 
 
 1919, 27, 71-76, 89-93. 
 
 Phosphates in Spain and North Africa: Amer. Fertilizer, 1919, 50, 
 
 No. 2, 58-62. 
 Phosphates in Spain and France; Amer. Fertilizer, 1919, 51, No. 9, 50-51. 
 Die Phosphathohle von Csokloviiia in Siebenburgen, by G. Gotzinger; 
 
 Mitt. Geogr. Ges. Wien, 1919, 62, No. 7, p. 305. 
 
 NOETH AfHICA. 
 
 Su i pretesi giacimenti fosfatiferi di Cirenaica, by V. Simonelli; L'ltalia 
 
 Agricola, 1920, August 15, 10 pp. 
 La verita sui fosfati' di Cirenaica, by E. Cortese; Rass. Mineraria, 1920, 
 
 52, 41-42. 
 The Algerian phosphate industry, by A. C. Frost; U.S. Commerce Repts., 
 
 1920, No. 33, 788-789. 
 
 Sur un gisement de phosphate pliocene dans les environs de Rabat (Maroc), 
 
 by A. Drives; C. R. Somm. Soc. Gfol. France, 1917, p. 95, 1920, 
 
 pp. 78-79, and by L. Gentil; C. R. Somm. Soc. Geol. France, 1920, 
 
 p. 25. 
 Phosphate deposits in Morocco, by P. Jumeau; Amer. Fertilizer, 1920, 53, 
 
 No. 8, 140, and 53, No. 10, 69. 
 Phosphate rock deposits in Morocco, by J. C. Martin; Amer. Fertilizer, 
 
 1920, 53, No. 10, 142-148. 
 Phosphate mining in Tunisia, North Africa, by P. King; Trans. Inst. Min. 
 
 Eng., 1913-1914, 47, 456-463. 
 Die Mineralschatze Tunisiens, by H. Arlt; Gliickauf, 1913, 49, Nos. 
 
 29 and 30, 1129-1134 and 1169-1179. 
 L'industrie minerale de la Tunisie, by A. de Keppen ; Comite Central des 
 
 Houilleres de France, Paris, 1914.' 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 Los criaderos de fosfato de calcio en los alrededores de Monterey, N.L. 
 (Mexico), by T. Flores; Bol. Minero, 1916, 1, No. 5, 132-135; No. 6. 
 164-165. 
 
 United States. 
 
 Mineral resources of the United States; U.S. Geol. Surv., Washington, 
 
 D.C. (Annual with bibliography). 
 Reserve supply of phosphate rock in the United States, by W. H. Wagga- 
 
 man; Journ. Ind. Eng. Chem., 1914, 6, 464-465. 
 The phosphate resources of the U.S., by G. R. Mansfield; Proc. Pan- 
 American Sci. Congress, 1917, sec. 7, 8, 729-766. 
 The conservation of phosphate rock in the United States, by W. C. 
 
 Phalen; Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng. (1917), 57, 99-132. 
 Phosphate deposits of the western United States and Canada, by W. F. 
 
 Ferrier; Can. Min. Journ., 1917, 38, 209-210. 
 Origin of the western phosphates of the U.S., by G. R. Mansfield; Amer. 
 
 Journ. Sci., 1918, 4th ser., 46, 591-598. 
 A report on the phosphate fields of South Carolina, by W. H. Waggaman; 
 
 U.S. Dept. Agric, Bull. No. 18, 1913, 12 pp. 
 Phosphate deposits of South Carolina, by 6. S. Rogers; U.S. Geol. Surv., 
 
 Bull. 580, 1915, pp. 183-220. 
 The phosphate deposits of Florida, by G. C. Matson; U.S. Geol. Surv., 
 
 Bull. 604, 1915, 94 pp. and bibliography. 
 The pebble phosphates of Florida, by E. H. Sellards; Florida Geol. Surv., 
 
 Tallahassee, Seventh Ann. Rept., 1915, pp. 25-116. 
 Geology of the phosphate deposits north-east of Georgetown, Idaho, by 
 
 R. W. Richards and G. R. Mansfield; U.S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 577*. 
 
 1914, 74 pp. 
 
n 
 
 A g^Iqgic r^conhaiSBance for ptosphate and coal in south-eastern Idaho 
 
 ahd wfestbrh Wyomitigj by A. R. Schultz; U.S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 
 
 680, i918, pp. 37-64; 
 Report on the phosphate rocks of central feehtufck^, h^ W; 0= Phalen; 
 
 Kentucky Geol. Surv.; frdhkfoit, l91S, 80 pi*. 
 The BUiston phosphate field, Montana, by R. W. Stone and C. A. Bonine; 
 
 U.S. Geol. ^urv.j Buil. 580, 1915, pp., 373-383. 
 The Garrison and Philipsburfe phosphate fields, Montana; by J; T. Pardee j 
 
 U.S; felebi. Surv., Bull. 640, 1917, pp. 195-228. 
 Phoapiiatic oil shales near Dell and Dillon, Beaverhead oountfc Montana; 
 
 by C. F. Bowen; U.S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 661, lOiS, pp. 315-320. . 
 Phosphate deposits near Maxville, Granite county, Montana, by J. T. 
 
 Pardee; U:S. Geol. Surv.,, Bull. 715-^1. 
 Tehnessfe phbsphate practice, by J. A. Barr; Trans; Ainer. Inst. Min. 
 
 Eng., (1914), 50, 917-935. 
 The brown and blue phosphate rock deposits of south-central Tennessee, 
 
 by J. S. Hook; Tennessee Geol. Surv., Nashville, Resources of Ten- 
 nessee, 1914, April. 
 The white phosphates of Tennessee, by J. S. Hook; Tennessee Geol. 
 
 Surv., Resources of Tennessee, 1915, 5, 23-33. 
 Phosphates and dolomites of Johnson county, Tennessee, by O. P. Jenkins; 
 
 Tennessee Geol. Surv., Resources of Tennessee, 1916, 6, 51-106. 
 The conservation of phosphate rock in Tennessee, by W. C. Phalen; 
 
 Tennessee Geol. Surv., Resources of Tennessee, 1916, 6, 193-216. 
 The discovery and opening of a new phosphate field in the United States, 
 
 by C. C. Jones; Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng., (1913), 47, 192-216. 
 A geologic reconnaissance of the Uinta Mountains, northern Utah, with 
 
 special reference to phosphate, by A. R. Schultz; U.S. Geol. Surv., 
 
 Bull. 690, 1919, pp. 31-94. 
 Phosphate deposits in south-western Virginia, by G. W. Stose; U.S. 
 
 Geol. Surv., Bull. 540-L, 1913, 16 pp. 
 A reconnaissance for phosphate in the Salt River Range, Wyoming, by 
 
 G. R. Mansfield; U.S. G«ol. Surv., Bull. 620, 1916, pp. 331-349. 
 
 DtJTCH West Inbies. 
 
 De Santa Barbara fosfaatmijn op het Eiland Curasao. De fosfaat-markt, 
 een technisch-commercieels studio ober de behoefte aan, de productie 
 en waarde von fosfaat, by J. A. Grutterink, Verh. Geol.-Mijnbouwk. 
 Gen. Nederlanden Kolonien, Mijnbouwk. Serie., 1913, Oct., Pt. 50, 
 pp. 91-189. 
 
 Chile. 
 
 Los abonos fosfatados i los yacimientos de apatita de Freirina, Chile, by 
 J. Bruggen; Bol. de la Soc. Nac. de Mineria, 1913, Sept. -Oct., 
 pp. 438-447. 
 
 Asia Minor. 
 
 Syrien, Arabien und Mesopotamien, Technisch wichtige Vorkommen : " 
 Phosphat, by M. Blanckenhorn ; Handbuch der reg. Geol., 1914, 
 5, No. 17, 146-147. 
 
 Japan. 
 
 The phosphorus industry, Japan; Journ. Soc. Chem. lud., 1920, 39, 273R. 
 
 FoHEiGN Pacific Possessions. 
 Phosphates in Dutch Indies; Amer. Fertilizer; 1920, 52, No. 8, 92. 
 Phosphate deposits of New Guinea ; Chem. u. Tech. Zeits., 1918, April 1 
 
 and 15. Short abstr. Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind., 1918, 37, 280R. 
 Phosphate deposits in the South Pacific; U.S. Commerce Repts., 1918 
 
 Sept. 25. Abstr. Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind., 1918, 37, 459R. ' ' 
 
 Phosphate production in the Society Islands, by H. P. Wittrey US 
 
 Commerce Repts., 1920, No. 163, p. 233. 
 
Imperial Mineral Rasourccs Bareau— ««»«<*««"'/• 
 
 LiUid r!«>gi0tratioD Ordinance, 1916 (aa amended by the Laod 
 Plegigtration (Amendment) (ji-dinance, 1915, and the Land 
 R^istration (Amendment) Ordinance, 1918); The liand and 
 Native Rigbte Ordinance, 1016 (ae amended by the Land and 
 Native Kighta (Amendment) Odinance, 1&18) ; The Pabhc 
 Lands Acqnisition Ordinance, 191T (excerpts from) ; The Crown 
 Lands Ordinance, 1918 (excerpts from); The ExplosiveB 
 Ordinance, 1915 ; Regulations made undpr the Explosives 
 Ordinance ; Master and Servant Ordinance, 1917 ; Regulations 
 made under the Master and Servant Ordinance, 1917 ; The 
 Arbitration Ordinance, 1914; Government Notice relative to 
 undertaking as to destination <;f tin ore exported; Government 
 Notice prohibiting prospecting for Coal; Index. (19-20.) 
 Price 15». (15s. ^d.). 
 
 VoiiUMB 11., West Africa (Thb Gold Coast, Ashanti, The 
 NOBTHEBN Thbbitobibs, AND SiEBEA Lbonb). — Preliminary 
 Matter ; Gbnbbal Analxsib of the Law bblatino to the Gold 
 Coast and Ashanti : Introduqtoi-y ; Definition of Minerals, Mine 
 and Mining; Oonceasions; Definitions and Certification of 
 Validity ; Prospecting, Mining, Dredging and Pumping Licences ; 
 Rights and Duties of the Concetssion Holder; Royalties, Rents, 
 Duties and Stamps; Termination, Cancellation, Surrender or 
 Lapse of Concession or Ijicence ; Survey ; Registration ; 
 Explosives : Machinery for Settlement of Disputes ; Dealing in 
 Minerals and Mineral Oils; Employers and Employed; Penal 
 Provisions and Pjenalties; Law relating to the Northern 
 Tbrritoribs ; General Analysis : Licences, Application and Fees ; 
 Prospecting Licence, Prospecting and Mining Options, Mining 
 and Dredging Lioences; Restrictions on Rights Conferred, 
 Inspection and Survey, Boundary Disputes, Penalties; Sierra 
 Lbonb : Introductory, Definition of Minerals and Mineral Oils; 
 Concessions : Definitions and Certification of Validity; Pi-ospect- 
 ing and Mining Licences; Rights and Duties; Royalties, Rents 
 and Stamps; Termination, Cancellation, Surrender or Lapse of 
 Concession or Licence ; Registration ; Machinery for Settlement 
 of ])ispiitfs; Penal Clauses; Siu-vey; Exptosives; Employes and 
 Employed : Indices. (1920.) Price 15s. (15*. 7d.). 
 
 Volume III., The Transvaal. {In the prtss.) 
 
 [P.T.O. 
 
IMPERIAL MINERAL . RESOURCE^ BUREAU. 
 
 Ebpobts.on the Mineral Industey of the 'British Empibe and 
 FoREitsN Countries. (Waji Period, 1913-19.) 
 
 Aluminium aiid Bauxite 
 
 ... (1921) 
 
 Prici^ 
 
 . U. : 
 
 (lOH) 
 
 Antimony 
 
 ... (1921). 
 
 ft- 
 
 Is. 
 
 (Is, lid.) 
 
 Arsenic 
 
 ■;.:;> (1920) 
 
 >> 
 
 6i. 
 
 0dS ' 
 
 Asbestos 
 
 .r<1921) 
 
 It-- 
 
 Us. 
 
 (Is. lid.) 
 
 Barium Minerals 
 
 ... (1921) 
 
 ft 
 
 U. 
 
 mid.} 
 
 Bismuth 
 
 ....(1920) 
 
 >» 
 
 U. 
 
 ad.)' 
 
 Borates ... ... 
 
 ....(1920) 
 
 ^> 
 
 U. 
 
 aoid.) ' 
 
 Coal. Parti 
 
 ... (1921)' 
 
 »» 
 
 3s. M. 
 
 (3s. 8K) 
 
 Coal. Part n 
 
 ..." .*. 
 
 ft 
 
 (w f^e press) 
 
 Chrome Ore : Chromium 
 
 ... (1920) 
 
 11 
 
 Is. 
 
 (15. ip.) 
 
 Cobalt 
 
 ... (1921) 
 
 iii ;■ 
 
 U. 
 
 (lOid.) 
 
 Felspar 
 
 ... (1920) 
 
 11 . 
 
 &d. 
 
 (m 
 
 FlUOTBgar 
 
 ... (1921) 
 
 >» . 
 
 2d. 
 
 (lOJd.) 
 
 Fuller's Earth 
 
 ... (1920) 
 
 . " ' , 
 
 ¥■ 
 
 m.) 
 
 Iron Ore Resources of the World. 
 
 
 
 
 Parts I, n and III 
 
 ... 
 
 11 
 
 im the press) 
 
 Iron Pyrites and Sulphur 
 
 ... 
 
 11 
 
 ( _c 
 
 /, ) 
 
 Magnesite 
 
 ... (1920) 
 
 11 
 
 is. 3d; 
 
 (Is. Aid.) 
 
 Manganese ... >.. 
 
 :.. (1921)' 
 
 It 
 
 3s. m. 
 
 (3s.8J(l.) 
 
 Mica ... ... ... - 
 
 ... . ... 
 
 It 
 
 {in the press) ^ 
 
 Monazite 
 
 ...:(i920) 
 
 It 
 
 6d. 
 
 (7d.) 
 
 Nitrates 
 
 ... (1920) 
 
 ' '>,^ 
 
 M. 
 
 (lop.) 
 
 Phosphates 
 
 ... (1921) 
 
 >» 
 
 .2s. 
 
 (2s. ip.) 
 
 Talc ... ' ... 
 
 ... (192D 
 
 it 
 
 9d. 
 
 xim-v' 
 
 Tungsten 
 
 ... (1931) 
 
 It ' 
 
 1*. 
 
 (Is. lid.) 
 
 Zinc 
 
 .... (1921) 
 
 »j 
 
 3s:6<J. 
 
 xUu.) 
 
 Statistical. Summary (Production,, 
 
 tt 
 
 3s. 
 
 :;(8sr2d.y^ 
 
 Imports and Exports) 
 
 (1913-20) 
 
 \