> ,^ K K»sN/; Vs.S*is.S' >\ v'iV\'»\'vS>'VV\V k35 CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY ENGLISH COLLECTION THE GIFT OF JAMES MORGAN HART PROFESSOR OF ENGLISH fK. n^ 5 X\ . Lnc-v-)^«;^^■v7cH -Wov-i |^^,,.J" PREFACE. Language is the external representative of thought. It is not only the means of expressing thought, but it is also the necessary- means or condition of extended thinking. It is, therefore, an immedi- ate and ever-pressing factor in education ; it is the available form of another's thought ; it is the means of developing and perfecting our own. "Thoughts disentangle passing over the lip." But this disen- tanglement implies a corresponding disentanglement of language ; it implies a sensitive and delicate perception of the scope and applica- tion of terms. This sensitiveness and delicacy of perception is condi- tioned in the power to resolve secondary expressions into the primary forms from which they have sprung. Mastery of a subject implies the possession of every elementary notion involved in it ; a corre- sponding master.v of language must therefore also imply an acquaint- ance with all its devices for expressing elementary notions. Primary words are but one class of these devices. There are, indeed, in the English language four classes of them, viz.. primary words, prefixes, suffixes, and stems. There can be no reliable extension of vocabulary without a recognition of the form and value of these several ele- ments ; and without them all study of subjects is subjected to a dead strain, resulting either in failure and discouragement or in superficial knowledge. The definition of a word built up in any manner out of a familiar primary word is superfluous, because the word explains itself. And if it did not explain itself, the definition would be useless as a means of enlarging vocabulary. Definition, however, has a very important function in the logical treatment of a subject, or in carrying on a line of reasoning. But it is not a reliable or effective means of enlarging one's vocabulary ; and without a ready vocabulary all study is impeded. The mind proceeds by units of effort ; it suffers violence when required to treat multiplicity as unity. It is checked and confounded instead of being stimulated and directed. So likewise a word built up from a familiar stem needs no definition ; it explains itself ; and if the stem be not familiar, then any attempt to use the term must iv PREFACE. be attended with all the evils mentioned above. "Word-structure should therefore be made the basis of elementary education, instead of its being reserved as an exercise for educated people only. A stem is an object having a very observable form and value ; and this form and value may be fixed by a minimum of observation. Why, therefore, ignore the stems during the elementary stage of edu- cation? They have been ignored in many cases because of the preva- lent fallacy that knowledge of the value of a stem implies knowledge of what it is from, that abihty to analyze English words implies a knowledge of Greek, Latin, French, Itahan, Spanish, Portuguese, and every other language that has contributed to the formation of the Enghsh vocabulary. This is a remarkable fallacy, as the EngUsh language does not resolve into Greek, Latin, Scandinavian, or any thing else than EngUsh. The stem and its value are at the basis of the English language. English analysis goes down to them, and there stops and rests its case. If the English language does not resolve into English, then the Enghsh language is a myth. If we eliminate from it every element found in another language, we ha^": nothing left. If ped is Latin, and pod Greek, and hand German, where then is the English vocabulary? Thfe history of the English language is in itself an inspiring and edifying theme ; but this history is not necessarily involved in the intelligent use of its elements. Fortunately for liberal culture this history exists ; and an open page connects the writings of Shake- speare with those of Sophocles and Homer. Not only do we see that Greek is one of the several progenitors of the English Pandora, but we are also relieved from any need of inference as to how the Greek came to deliver its stems in England. The sequence of events from Sophocles to Shakespeare is the theme of written history. But had this history been lost amid the catastrophes of the middle ages, the EngUsh language would still remain with all its elements and all its scope. Who then would ignore the value of the expressive word- forming stems on the ground that he did not know their anteced- ents? In the ancient languages themselves the stems have still their antecedents ; and philology presents to the mind a line of fascinate ing inferences. Yet who finds it necessary to chase a stem out of Greek in order to read Greek? Those stems were once the stems of another language, the common ancestor of the Latin and Greek ; and at a still earlier period many of them were the roots of the Aryan tongue. But while this is unquestionably true as to what they had PBEFACE. V been, yet in the Greek period they were not Aryan, and they were not Gr»co-Latin; they were emphatically Greek, and were used as such. The mastery of a language is never conditioned in what it has been ; -it is conditioned solely in a careful recognition of what it is. Though in a few instances the history of an obsolete custom may be necessary to account for a secondary use of a stem, yet observation alone is all that is needed to determine its primary use. All pupils can be, and should be, thoroughly grounded in the present use of the elements of the English language ; and at the proper time they should be encouraged to connect those elements with their original sources. While it is desirable that all should be able to do this, yet in the nature of the case but a very small per- centage can ever be expected to do so. To the masses of the English- speaking world a stem must remain English, and English alone. The highest education will give the highest power ; but much of secondary education has a disciplinary rather than a practical aim. There are three aspects of language study, occurring properly in three successive stages, and having sharply defined limits, viz. : first, anal- ysis, which ends with stem values, following a language to its foun- dation-stones, and stopping there ; second, etymology, which considers the antecedent history of stems; and third, philology, which considers the collateral relationship of stems. The first subject should never be omitted at all, and should be taught systematically in the six years prior to the high school ; . the second subject should never be omitted from the high school ; and the third subject should be a feature of every college course. These limits, at least so far as the first two are concerned, should be rigidly observed. Not a word of Latin or Greek should be heard below the high school ; but after that hmit is passed, it is desirable that every stem be connected with its corre- sponding Latin or Greek word. The recognition of stem values in English will reduce to a minimum the labor of mastering its ante- cedent languages. A larger number of students will be induced on that account to take up the study of those languages ; and their work in that line of study vsdll be more productive and satisfactory. In making stem values the basis of word-study there is need of a means of general stem reference ; and this work is prepared with a view to supplying that need. The principal stems of the language are here presented in alphabetical sequence, together with the value of each. Where a stem is used in a secondary or derived sense, the primary value is given first, and after that the line of transition into the secondary or derived use. The transition is seldom forced ; it is VI PREFACE. generally a natural one, dictated by the law of the association of ideas. It is therefore easily apprehended ; and when apprehended, it conveys to the mind the pleasurable impression which a well-sustained metaphor never fails to give. The structure of a composite word either states its meaning, or, what is even better, it suggests it. From analysis, therefore, we get either a direct and conclusive statement, or a sufficiently helpful, and often charming, hint. Where a hint serves the purpose, it is the better form of instruction ; it stimulates activity, instead of calling for passive receptivity. "A word to the wise is sufficient. " In connection with each stem is given a list of its principal appli- cations, together with such parenthetical remarks as might be helpful in connecting the stem value with the present use of the word. The stem value is all that will be used by either teacher or pupil below the high school ; and it is all that either will be responsible for. But to meet the needs of high schools, the antecedent history of the stem is given immediately after its applications. It will be noticed that most of the stems given are of South- European origin, and that many Teutonic stems are omitted. The Teutonic primitive words, whether containing stems or not, are either actuaV or virtual finalities. They are one of the four classes of fun- damental units out of which the English language springs, and prac- tical analysis rests its case on reaching them. As they are the vernacular, no space is necessary to explain either them or their derivatives. They are therefore omitted as requiring no treatment. Etymology, however, has a very delightful task in tracing the ante- cedents of Teutonic primitive words. The work is profusely illustrated with quotations from standard authors. Several reasons have actuated the embodiment of this feat- ure. Theory and practice are ever associated in the best instruction, the practice exemplifying, vivifying, and intensifying the theory. But a dictionary without diction would seem to be a misnomer. There are things so nice and delicate that language can not state them ; to be known, they must be encountered, experienced. Among these are the nice shades of distinction, and the feUcitous turns in the uses of words by the masters of a language. The study of any language should be pursued only with the diction of its masters directly before the eye. But were there no reasons other than those of a moral and spiritual nature, they alone would justify the liberal introduction of passages from literature. The motive actuating much of the elementary education of the day is so practical as to have PREFACE. vii grossly materialistic, if not actually sordid, tendencies. How to get rich receives more attention than how to see a sunset or how to despise a lie or a mean action. There is a demand for dime novels because of the intensely practical nature of our universal education. The moral, the aesthetic, the spiritual needs and conditions seem to have been only too completely overlooked. There is but one extin- guisher for the destructive novel ; and that is culture. Who can endure the screamer or the bawler after listening to the pri ma-donna and the divine tenor ? Who can endure a daub after beholding a Raphael, a Rubens, or a Titian? Who can endure a villain or a ranter after listening to and associating with a man? Vile read- ing and vile companionship can not be argued away ; but they both can be made loathsome by the creation of a taste for better things. A little range of quotations from best sources may contain a gallery of pictures of immortal beauty, which a thousand Raphaels could not transfer to canvas ; it may contain mental music compared with which all audible music is but as sounding brass and tinkling cym- bal ; it may contain a sublimity of philosophy beyond what schools have ever taught ; it may contain a piety of a most saintly cast ; it may bring into sensible contact the various types of the best possi- bilities of humanity. It gives the contact of culture, the most power- ful educational force. We can not educate men and women by cate- gorical statements ; that great work must be accomplished mainly by wholesome and stimulating influences. Literature voices a wider range of the good, the true, the beautiful than any other art ; and of all arts it is the most conveniently available. It would be well if not only the dictionary, but the arithmetic, the geography, the grammar, indeed, every branch of study, could be saturated with song. IX EXPLANATIONS. In the word list the stem is indicated by dark italic type. It is intended that the word list will be consulted simply for the stem. The treatment of the word will be found under its stem in the alphabetical stem Ust. Where the stem has been mutilated or corrupted, or has under- gone any regular change, the regular stem form is given in a paren- thesis beside the word. The immediate purpose of this work is to unfold the stem value or central meaning. A full analysis may be obtained by reference to the lists of prefixes, stems, and suflEixes for the modifying elements in a word. ABBREVIATIONS. L Latin. a Greek F French. It Italian. Sp Spanish. Port. . . . Portuguese. Du. . . . Dutch. Ger. . German. A. S. . Anglo-Saxon. Icel. . . Icelandic* Ar. . . Arabic. Pers. . . Persian. * Iceland as a region contributed nothing to the formation of the English language. Scandinavia, from whence the Icelanders came, did, however, con- tribute largely by the inroads, conquests, and settlements of the Danes or ISforthmen, and also to a slight extent through the Normans, who were of Scan- dinavian origin. The migration of the Icelanders to such a distant region cut them off from the language development of the mother country, and their speech, therefore, remained almost stationary. As this migration occurred soon after the Danish conquests, we are enabled to cite Icelandic words as the antecedents of the Scandinavian element in English. A similar arrest of language development occurred in the case of the French settlements in Canada. The French settlements, however, were not so completely isolated as were the Icelanders, nor did they occur at so early a period. Other- wise we should have to-day almost a living example of the French of the Norman conquest period. MAEKS OF PRONUNCIATION — ACCENT. Hind. , Hindoostanee. O. V. . . Old French.* Low L. . . Low Latin, f O. H. Ger. Old High German. M. H. Ger. Middle High German. M. E. . Middle English. Skt. . . Sanskrit. MARKS OF PRONUNCIATION. a, as in fate. I, CSS in pine. u, as in hurl. a. as in fat. 1, as in pin. u, as in rude. a, as in far. 1, as in sir. u, as in push. a, as in fall. 0, as in note. oo, as in bo~or. a. as in fast. 6, as in n6t. oo, as in book ?-> as in what. 6, as in son. s. as s. e, as in mete. 6, as in form. gh, as sh. e, as in mSt. Q, as in do. «, as k. e. as in her. 9. as in wolf. «h, as k. e, as in there. u, as in mute. g. as i- e, as in veil. u, as in up. §. as z. ACCENT. The accent is indicated by marking the sound of the vowel of the accented syllable only. The other sounds are more or less obscure ; and the pronunciation will be substantially correct if the accented vowel receives its proper sound and stress. * The French language came to England with the Normans in a. d. 1066. It was not the French of to-day. The latter embodies the vast development and the modifications of eight hundred years. It is, therefore, mainly with an Old French that our English language connects. t The Low Latin Is the Latin of the later times, after it had received large admixtures from the Teutonic languages of the north of Europe. It assimilated its Teutonic elements more or less and subjected them to Latin inflections. It was succeeded by the Romance languages of modern times. ALPHABETICAL WORD LIST. abate abbot abftrewate "kbdicate abdom&n. ahduct aberration a6ei/ance ab/tor ahject abjufe ablative aMwtion ahnegation ahnormal abomina,te abolish aboriginal ahoriffines abound (und) abrade abrasion abridge (brev) abrogate abrupt abscind abscond absent absolute absolve absorb absorption abstain (ten) abs*e*»ious abstract abst>'nct abstruse absurd abundant abuse abyss acalephoid acantJisiceous acantlius acHufons acceleraXe accent (cant) accept (capt) access access accident {cad) accipitres acclaim (clam) acclivity accommodate accom2)lice accord accost accoutrement accretion accrue (oreso) accumulate accurate accuse (eaus) acerval acephalous acerbity acetic a«henQ , .. ( chief acltiere , ;, ( clief achromatic acindcitoTxn acicular acid agiform acme acoustic (a cow' stik) acoustics acquaint (oognit) acquiesce acquire (quer) acquit (quiet) acrid acrimony acritude acrobat acrogen racropolis acrdstic actdeate acumen acute adage &daniant adapt addicted address adduce ddenose adSpt adequate adhere ad/iesion adfiesive adieu adipose adjarexit ajyparition appeal (pelT) appear (appar) appease ipOAi) appell&iion append Appetite applaud apply Apposite appraise {preci) appreciate apprehend apxtrentice (pre- hend) apprize approbation appropriate apx>rove approximate appurtenance apse Upsides Apterous aptituAe aqaatortis, aquarium aqu&tic aqueduct aqueous aquiline drahle arbiter arborator arboreous arbor6scence arboret arboretum arboriculture arc arcade arcanum arch ar-ehet carpSlogy cdrrion {cam) cartel cartel cflrtilaye cwj'Wgraphy cartoon CCTf^QUCh cilrtnA^e cafica.de cfiseine caseous cashier caste castellated Crtsftgate castle (castell) casual c&taclysm catacomb (oyrnb) c&taZepsj catalogue c&taplasia c&taract catarrh catastrophe catechise c&tef/ory catenate c&tevpUlar catliartic cathedral catholic cathOlicon catoptrics caudal caalifLowev cause causeway (calx) caustic cauterize caution cavalcade [oav- all) cavalier {aavall) caralry (oavall) care cai'ern cdril carity cede ceiling {oel) celebrate celerity celestial celibacy celibacy cetnetery c^.nobite (ooino) c¬aph (ceno) censer censor censure cent cSnt enary centenarian centennial centesimal centif/rade centij>ede centri/Vej/al centripetal centwple centarion century cf-pUalic ceraceous cerd mic rer:\te cere cereal cerebral cerebrum cerement ceremonial cenferous certain certiiy certitude cerulean cei'use cerrical cerrine cessation cession cetaceous chafe (chauf) chat/rin, cliallenffe cJiameleon cJiamomile cha mpagne (sham) cliandelier (can- del) chandler (can- dcV) chant (cant) ■ehdos ■ehdracter charlatan (sh) chartn (ca.rm) charnel (earn) chart charter -eh asm chaste (cast) clidsten (cast) chastise (cast) -fli emistry clieriKh c/ieralier (sh) chief chieftain chicanery (sh) chiliometer cJiiine (cymh) cJiimi'ra (chim- air) chimney (ca- min) chirofjraphy chirdlogy chiromancy chir6podist chisel (cobs) chivalry (chevaVj cMoral cJilorine chloroform chlorophffl choir (chor) -eholer -cholera -ehondrdlogy choral ■chord -ehrism ■Christ chromatic chrome cfiromium chromo chriinic chronicle chronology chron.6meter chri/salis chi •»/santhemum f7/j',(/selepha,n- tine c'/fri/soprase ■eliyle CHYME — COMPLEX. ■efiffme cicatrice cicatrix: ciliary cincture cineraxy clneritioua dnqueioil circuradm^ulate circum/erence circmnflex circuin^Mence circum/wse circum/acent circumlocution circurasc»'i6e circumsjpec* circuins*a*j.ce circum vaUation circumi'ejif circumvd/ve circus cirriterous cirrigerous cirrous cistern citadel cite civil claim (cla/m) clatnmy clamor clandestine claret clarity cldnon class classic clause cldviary clavichord clavicle clavier clef (olav) clSmatis clSment clerk. clergy client climate clitnax clinic clinical cloister clypeate clyster coadjutor coagulate codgulum coalesce coalition coast (cost) cocciferous coccyx code codicil coerce cogent cdgitate c6gnate cognition cdgnizance (eognoso) cognomen cohabit cohere coherent cohesion coign (oune) coin (cune) coincide coledpteral colewort {caul) collapse cSUar collate colldteral c61league (leg) collect c61lect c61lege collet collide colMsion coModion cSlloid colloquial c61loquy collude collusion colonel (kurnel) cdlony cdlporteur (goU) columbary cGlumbine column coma comatose c6mbat c6mbatant combine coinbtissfion cdmedy cOmet comfit (fact) comfort c6mic c6mitj c6mma command commemorate commence commend (mand) comwi ^nsiir ate comment c6rafnerce coin»*«»ation c6mniinute commiserate cdmmissary commit commodious commddity c6mmon (mun) commune community commute compact c6mpact company c6niparable compare compass compassion compatible compeer (par) compSl c6mpend compendium compendious compensate compensate compete cbmpetent competition compile complacent complain c6mplaisant cQmp^ement complete c6mplex 8. COMPLICATE— CONTRAST. c6mpUca.te complicity cbmpliiaent (pie) comply (fiomplf) coiaponent comport compose compdsite c6mpost (posit) c6mpoutKl (pon) covaprehend comprehensive comprise c6mprotnise corapul^on cozapunction compute cdmrade {earner) concatenhtioTi c6ncare conceal {eel) concede conceit {capt) conceive {cap) conception {oapt) concern c6ncert {sert) concert {sert) concession con-eh6logj concUiate concise (ooes) c6nclave conclude {claiod) conclusion conc6ct concdmitant ciincord c6ncourse {curs) concrete concur concussion {quass) condemn condense condescend condign contiittoii {dat) condole condone condilce conduct cdnduit (duot) cone confabulation confect {fact) confection {fact) confederate confer confess confide confine confirm c6nfiscate confiscate conflagration c6n/lict cdnfluence c6nflux confound {fund) confraternity confront conffise confute congeal {gel) congenial congenital confifei'ies congf'Stion conglUmerate conglTitinate congratulate cdngregate c6ngress congruous conir6stral conjecture c6njugal conjugate conjunction conjuncture conjure conjure c6nnate connate connect connive connote conniibial cbnquer conquest consanguinity c6nscience c6nsc«ous ciSnscript consecrate {soar) consectitive consent consequent conserve consider consign consist console consolidate c6n.sonant c6nsort cons^>?cuous (spec) cons/tire (■(instant (-■onstellation constcrn.atiou c6nstipate constitute constrain (string) constrict construct c6nstrue consult consume c6nsiiin}nate consUni mate consumption contact contagion (tang) contain (ten) contamiiiate contemn contetnplate contempora- neous contemporary contempt conten d content contermi)ious c6ntesf c6nte.rt contiguous (tang) continent (ten) contingent (tang) continue (ten) contort contortion contour (touru) contraband contract contract contradict contralto contrary t-Ontrast CONTRAST — CULPABLE. contr&s* contrareiie conti-ibiite contrition contrife (trov) c6ntTorersy c6ntToreft contiiiiiacj contumeli/ con<(7sioii convai6sce conrecfion coni'e/»,e cdnveut conre«fton conferffe c6nfe»'sant converse c6nverse convert c6ni'<».r conveij (vi) c6nvict convince convivial convolute conv6lve convolvnhis c6nvoy (vt) convulse cooperate coordinate copious cojnila, c6py (copi) corbeil cdrbel cSrdate cordial corduroi/ coriaceous coriuui cornea corneous cornel corner cornet cornice (ooron) cornicle coriiitorm cornucojtia cornnted cordWa (coron) cdroilarj {coron) corona coronal coronation coroner coronet coronitorm coronule corporal corporate corporation corporeal corps Qcor) corpse corpulent corpuscle correct corridor corriffible corroborate corrode corrosion c6rrugate corrupt corsair corse corselet corset cortical cortege (kor'tazh) cSruscate coruscate corvette {corh) corvrne cosmetic cSsniic cosniical cosntoffony cosM*6graphy cosniopo/itari cosmordma cosuiormna costal costate cotempora- neous cotemporarj cotj/ledon coti/toid count (oomH) countenance counter/<'*7 (fact) country (contr) couple {oopul) couplet {oopul) courage {cor) courier {ourr) course {ours) c6i'<^Hant ci'dnium cranny crdsis crdssitude crate ci'dter crnifon {crai) create creature credence credentials credible credit crSdulous creed cremation crenate crenSlate creosote crepitation crescent cretaceous crevasse cretnce criminal criminate crinite crinoline crisp criterion critic crucial crucifji crucifixion crude cruise{oruc) crural crusade {cruo) Crustacea crfipt cryptogam crystal cubation cttfte cvhit cuctillate cuciillate cuir&ss{oori) cuhn cfdininate culpable 10 CULPBIT — DEMONSTKATE. ctUprit damsel declare defortn cultiYate data dedSnsion deftinct ciUture date decline degenerate culvert {poV) dative declivity deglutition cumulate datura decdct degrade caneeX daunt {domit) decollate dehiscent caneate deal decorate deity ciineitorm. debate decorous deign (dign) cupidity debenture decorous deism capnferous, debilitate decorum deist cupola. debriity decrease (creso) deity cupreous debit decrepit defected curate debouch (da- decrescent dSleble curator boosh') decretal delectable cure debris (da bre) decilnibent delegate citrious decade decussate delete current decadence dedicate deleterious curricnlum decaJiedron deduce deliberate cursory decalogue deduct delicate curf decamp deface delicious curtail decant defalcate deliglit {delect) curvirer distend disfeitsion distich distil {still) distinct distinguish distort distrain {string) distress distribute district disturb ditto {diet) ditty {diet) diurnal divaricate diverge divers diverse diversion divert divest divide dividend divine divisible division divisor divorce (vers) diviUge docile d6ctor doctrine ddcument dodecagon dodeca/iedron dOgma, dogmatic dogtntltical dOgniafize dolorous domain {domiri) dome domestic domicile dominant dominate domineer dominical dominion donate donor dormant dormer dormitory d&rsal dose doubt {dubit) dox6logy drdma drama drape draper drapery drastic elrSss dromedary drUTpe dryad {dru) dual duMous dUct tlUctile duel du&t duke {dvAi) dulcet diildraer duodScimal duodecimo duodenum duplicate duplicity durable DURAMEN — ENTOMOLOGY. 13 rf«/'«7inen durance duration duress dynamic dynamics dynamite dynasty dysentery dyspepsia, (pept) ebriety ebullient ebullition eccentric ecclesi&stic echo edSctic eclipse (leip) 6clogue (leg) ec6noniy ecstasy ecumenic ecumenical etiacious Sdihle edict efiiflce edify ediie &dit (daf) edition (dat) educate educe eduction etface effect {fact) etflminate etferv&sce effete efficacious (fao) efficient (fac) e^ffigj efflorescence Affluence etftuYium i:fflux effort effrontery effulgent effuse effusive effusion egoism egoist egotist egregious egress efdculate eject elaborate elapse elastic elate elect electricity eleerndsytiaiy ^egant Uegy ilement elevate elicit (lac) elide elision eligible (leg) eliminate elision (Ices) elixir {iksir) ellipse (leip) elocution ^lope eloquent elucidate elude elusive elusory emaciate emancipate emasculate embSllish emblem (ball) embrace embrasure e^nbrocation embryo em6nd emerge em-Stic emigrate eminent emissary emission emit emolliate emollient emolument emotion empale Smperor (im- perat) emphasis empire (imperi) empiric {peir) employ (pU) emporium empyreal empyrean emulate (cBmuT) em,ulsion endmor encaustic {oai) encephalic enchant enchase (chasn) enclitic (din) encotnium encounter (contra) encroach (croc) encyclical encydopoedia endetnic endogen endow (dou) endue (endo) endure Snemy (inimio) energy etiervate enfilade enfrd.nchise engage engender (gener) Sngine (ingeni) engross enhance (ante) enigma enormous enscdtice (schants) ensiform ensign ensue entdblature entail (tailJ) enteric enterprise entertain (ten) enthusiasm (theos) entity entomoid entom,61ogy 14 ENTitAlLS — EXOTHBIC. eutrails entreat {trait) enumerate enunciate envelop (volup) envelope (volup) environ envoi/ (vi) epact Spaulet eTpJtSmeral Spic ^Tpicarp Epicycle epidSmic eTpidermis eTpigdstric epigldttis Epigram {gramm) hyiUepsy gpiiogrue e^pipliany episcopal episode (fiisod) Spisperm epistle (stell) &pitaph Epithet epitome (temn) episoStio 6poch Sporte Equable (cequ) equal equanimity egwation equator eg'Mgstrian equilateral equilibrinm equine equinSctial equin6a> equipoise equipollent equiponderant Squitj equivalent equivocal eradicate erase er6ct erode erosion erdtic err Srrant erub&scent erUctate Erudite eruption erysipelas (pell) escalaie escort Esculent es6phagus esotSric espScial Espionage esplanade espouse Essence establish estate esth&tic Estimable Bstival Sstuary eternal Sthic ^ffoical et7dcs Sthnic ethnbgraphj ethn6logy efymdlogj ett/fnon eu-eharist (dhariz) eulogy euplieinism euphotiy eureka evdcuate evade evanescent evangelist evasive event evict Evident evince eviscerate evoke (voo) evolution evdlve exacerbate exact exact exaggerate exalt eacdmitie example {exempl) exasperate Excavate exceed (ced) excel {exce.ll) excSlsior except {capt) excerpt {carpt) excess excision (cobs) excite exclaim {clam) exclude exclusive excommunicate excoriate excrement {cret) excrescence excrete excruciate exculpate excursion excuse {oaus) Execrate {sacr) Execute {secuf) exegesis {egeis) exSmplar exenijilary exSmplity exempt &xequies {sequ) exercise {arc) exSrt {sert) exhale exhaust exhibit exhilarate exhort exhUme Exigent {ag) exile exist &xit Exodus &xogen exonerate exorbitant exorcise {orciz) exordium exoteric EXOTIC — FERVENT. 15 ex6tic exquisite fabric fascinate expand exsiccant fabi-icate fascine exjiUHse exsiccate fabulous fascis expatiate {spati) extant (stant) /agade fashion (fact) expatriate extemporane- facet fastidious expect (sped) ous facetious fatal expectorate extempore facial fate expedient extend facile fatigue 6x2iedite extension facilitate fatuity ex/>eos(tion intf'rpret interregnnm interrogate interrujff intersect intersperse {spars) interstice {stat) interstice interna/ intervene intestate intestine intimate intimate intimidate intoxicate intrench intrepid intricate intrigue {trie) intrinsic {sequ) introduce intrude intuition inilndate inure {oper) invade invalid inrSctive inveigh {veh) invent inverse invert investigate inveterate inviilious in-('i/(.cible invite invoice {envoi) inco/.'e {voc) inrotre inrulnerahle ir&scihle ire ii'ony irradiate irrefragable irrextarable irrevocable irrigate irriguous irritate irruption isolate isdsceles isothertnal issue isthmus item iterate itinerant itinerate itinerary jaundice jocose j6cular jdcund journal journey jubilant jubilee judicatory judicial judiciary jugular junction juncture junior {juven) junto jurisdiction ./«Hsprudence ju.nst juror jiiiy just JUSTICE — LITIGANT. 21 justice lard iegruminous license Jitrenile lardaceous leisure (lie) licentiate jaxtfiTposition larder lemma licentious largess lem ur lieu kaleidoscope larra lenient lieutenant kleptomdiiia laryngoscope lenitiYe ligament larynx lenity ligature labial lascivious lenticular ligneous labor lassitude lentus liguiferous laboratoTj latent leonine lignite labyrinth lateral ISopard lignum-vitse lacerate latitude leper limit Idchrijinal lattice lepidoden&ron limjiid lachrymose land lepidoptera Uneage lactation laudatory leporine lineal lacteal ^^Kndress Qav) lesion (Ices) lin,eament lactHerous laureate lessee linear lactometer lava lesson (lect) linen laity Idva lethal lingual lambent lave lethargy li)iguist lainelMerous Idver lethean ??/ament lament lavish. lev&nt lining lamina lax ISvee linnet lam,inaT laxative level (libr) linseed lam-Tprey {lamb, laxity lever linsey-woolsey peti) lay lever lintel (limit) lanated layman leveret (lepor) lioti (leon) lance league (lig) icfigate liquefy lancinate lease (laiss) levity liquid land leash (laiss) ISvy liquor language leaven (Uv) lexicon liquorice {lingu) lecture liable (glucu, rhiz) languid legacy libation litany languish legal libel literal languor ISgate liberal literary lanigerons ISffend liberate literati lantern legerdemain Ubertine literature lapidary legible liberty litharge lapldeona legion libidinous Iifh6grap7iy lapse legislate library lithotomy larceny tefifitimate libr&te litigant 22 LITIGATE — MENACE. litigate litigious litter lymph lyre mandible manger mania m,ature m,atutinal matilstick littoral macerate manifest m-dxillary liturgy machination m,anipulate tnaxiin local machine manner mancimum locate macrocosm manoeuver mayor (major) locomotion maculate manor meagre locomotive m&dam mansion measure (mens) 16garithm logic longevity (cev) longitude loquacious lotion Madonna madrigal magisterial magistrate maignanimous tnagnate manual manufactwce ■manumit manuscriipt margin marine mechanic m,edal (metalT) mediseval mediate medical medicament loyal (leg) lubricate magnity m a gniloquence mfirital tndritime medicate medicine lucent lucid magnitude n»aintain market (mere) marry (marit) mediocre meditate lucifer majesty marshal medium lucre /»cubration lUfliCTOUS major major-domo malady marsupial martial martyr medley m eduUary meerschaum lugubrious lumbago malapert m alaria marvel (mir) masculine megalornia megalosaur Imnhar malerftcfton mass (miss) megatherium I If mi nary luminous malefactor malevotent master (mugister) melancholy tn elilot lunar m alice masticate meliorate hiuate malign mastoid jHeiflfluous lunatic 'malleable material melodrama lune lunette mallet malrc/'.sation maternal mathematics melody member (memhr) lupine niainmal matinee membrane lurifl luntrate mamtnillary nnumnoth. (mat e naO matins memento inemoir lustrous manacle matncide (memor) lustrum lute fu:rntion inafiage mandamus mandate matriculate matrimony matron memorandum memorial memory luxury mandatory matter (mater i) menace MENAGERIE — MUCILAGE. 23 menagene (men azh' e ry) tnendacions mendacity mendicant mendicity me nisi ^Mensurable /wewsuration mental mention tnetition mercantile inerceuaxy mercer »**crchandise merchant mercy )nere m.erge meridian merit mermaid »M&entery meso«oic message (miss) messyiage (mans) metal (metall) metallurgy metamorphose metam,orphous metaphor metaphrase tnetaTphysical metempsychosis meteor (aeir) Taethod metSnymy metre mMr6po]is miasma tnicrophone microscoTpe midriff (hrif) migrate mildew (melT) m He (mill) militant m ilitary militate militia m ill (moT) mill tnillennium million mimic mineral mln iatme minim minimum minister minor minority minster (monasteri) miiistrel mint (monet) tninuend mintiet minus minute minute minutia miocene miracle mirage (mi razhO mirror rmsamthrope misanthropy wwscellaneous mischief (chef) mischievous (chief, chef) miscreant (cred) misdemeanor (men) miser miserable misnomer niis6gynist tnissal missile mission missionary missive mitigate mnemdnic mnemonics mob (moUT) mobile modal moderate moderator modem modest modicum modiiy modulate molar molasses (m,eU) mole iM,o?Scular molecule molest moUient moUity mollusc moment momentum monad monarch monastery monetary money (m,onet) monition monitor monitory monk monocular monody monogamy monogram monograph monolith monologue monomania monbpoly mSno^/ieism monotone monsoon (m,usim) monster (monstr) tnonument mood (mod) moral morbid mordacity morphia morsel mortal mortgage (mor'- gej) mortify mortuary motion m,otive motor motto mounteftanfc (banc) move m^ucHage 24 MUCOUS — OCTAHEDRON. mucous navy normal obelisk intilct nebula nosti^m obese multi/arious nScessary notable dhfuscate multilateral necrdlogy notary obituary multiply (pK) necromancy notation object imiltitude necrophagous notice objurgate mtm icipal rtecrdpolis notity oblate inumticence ne/arious notion oblation miiuitioB. negatioa notorious obligate imir&l negative noun (nomen) obligation in iiriatic neglect nourish {nutr) oblige muricated negligent (leg) novel oblique murniitr negotiate November olaliterate muscle neighbor novice oblivion iniiscoid neophyte not'itiate oblong mutable nereid noxious obloquy inut&tioD. neural njfcleus obnoxious tnutilate neuralgia nude obscure mutiny neuter nuisance dbsequies myriad neutral nugatory obsolescent myrtnidon nidus nullity obsolete mystery nigrescent mdlity obstacle mystic nihilism numeral obstinate myth n able (nobil) numeration obstreperous noctanibiilist numerator obstruct naiad noctivagant numerical obtain {ten) narc6tic nocturnal numerous obtrude narrate. nocturne numism&tic obtuse nasal node nuncio obverse nasqerA nodose nuptial 6hviate natal nodule nurture (nutrit) dbvioua natatory noisome nutation occrtsion nation ndmad nutriment 6ccident native notnenclature nutiition occiput nature nominal nutritious occult nausea nominate nutritive occulfation nautical nominative nymph ocCT(/)ation (cop) nautilus, nonpH/ity occupy (cap) naval n6n-piroT (Hbdurate occur nave non-jnror obedient 6ctagon navigate nonpareil obeisance octahedron OCTAVE — PARAPET. 25 6ctav& octavo October 6ctopus Ocular dciilist odious odium odontoid otfetid 6tfer of/'lcial (fac) of/7«»t /present omniscience omnivorous dnerous onion (un) ononiatoT^CBia, oolite opacity opaque (opao) opera. operate ophicleide (cleid) ophidian ophiom6rphous opMhdlmia ophthdlinic ophthdlmosco'pe opinion Oppidan OTppoiient opportune opportunity oppose apposite opprgss opprobrious OTpjrrobrium oppugn optative optical optician optics optimism Option Opulent oracle ordculax oration orator oratory orb orbit or-ehestra ordain (ordin) ordeal ordinal Ordinance ordinary ardination ordnance (ordin) ordure organ (erg) onel (aur) orient oriole (aur) Oin&ce Origin drison ormolu (aur) oi'wament ornate ornith6logy orotund orpJutn orpin 6rtho(lrticiple particle partisan partition jttirtner pari'CHue jM'issage pdssengev 2}usserine IMission passive passport pdstercL pastille ]>dsf or j)d stare paternal PARASITE — PESTER. j)athetic penance perigee 'path6logj pendant perihelion jmthos pendent perimeter patience pendnlona period patient p^ndulnxa peripatetic patient penetrate periphery patriarch peninsula peristaltic 2)atrician ^e»itent perjure pdtnmonj piinnanii permanent patriot pinnate perwicate pdtt^on pinny (penuri) permit patron i/mio pensile pernicious paucity pension peroration pauper pSnsive perpendicular pause pentagon perpetrate 2)av7lioii, pentahedron perp^ual ( papilion) pent&meter perplBx 2>ecc&\>le pentateticJi perquisite peccaAWlo penult (ultira) persecute 2>eccant penultimate persevere 2>ecthial penumbra persist pectoral people (popuT) person 2)eculate pej>per (piper) perspective peculiar perambulate perspicacious 2>ecri uiary perceive (cap) perspicuous p&daf/of/ue per cent perspi»*e 2)ed&l .percipient persuade 2>e(lal percolate persuasion 2yedant percM-ssion pertain (ten) 2i6des,tal (qiiass) perf jjtaoious (ten) 2iedestri&n perdition perMwent (ten) pediment peregrinate perturb ijedobaptism pereni2)torily peruse 2)eel (pell) per^wmal (ann) pervade peer {par) perfect (fact) pervasive X>SUicle perfidy perverse peUftcid perforate pervSrt peitry perform pervicdcious pelvis. perfume pertJious pem, (penn) perfunctorily pessimist penal pericardium pester (past) PESTIFEROUS — PORCELAIN. pesti£eTo\is phylloid plateau (pla to') poacher pSstHence phyll6phagou8 piatiorm poem pestle {pist) phi/ll6Tphorous platinum poesy petal physic platitude poet petiole physi&gnomy pUttter poignant petUioJi physiiSlogy plaudit paise petrit&ction physique 2)lausi\Ae po'ison (pot) petrify phytoid plebeian polemical petfoleura pi&cular pleiaAes police petrous pidnotoTte pleistocene p6licy j>etula.nt pictorial plenary p6lish phalanx jylcfnre ■plenipotentiary polite phantasm pier {petr) plenitude polity phantasmasroria piety plenty pollen phantom plgraent pleonasm pollute pharinacevLtical pil&steT plethora polygamy pJiarmacoTpoeia. pile pleUra polyglot pharmacy pilgrim (peregr) pleiirisy polygon phase pillage pliahle p61ygraph phen6m.enon pUlar pliant polyhedron philrt/if/tj'opy pinnate plicated polypus phU6logy pious plinth polytechnic Tphil6sophy pirate pllocewe (pleion) 1 pOly^Ateism philter piscatorial plover (pluvi) potnaceous phZebbtomy pisciculture plumage pomade pitiegm. pistil 2)lunibago pomegr&nate phocine piston plilmbeoua jiommel phonetic placable plUmber poin61ogy phanograTph pldcid plumbiterous p6mp ph6sTphorons plagiary plume pdmpous pfeofograph plague plUniniet ponder photophobia plain (plan) {plumb) ponderable photosphere plane pltimp (plumb) ponderous pliototype pldnet plUnge (plumb) pOntitt phrase pldnisphere plUral pontoon phrase61ogy plUnk pluvial pdpulace phrenetic plant ply (pU) pdptdar phren6\ogj pldntigr&de pneumdtic populate phthisic plaster pneumtltics population pMhisia pldstic pneumonia populous phyMctery plate poach porcelain 27 28 PORCH — PRIORITY. porch {port) porcine pore pork, {pore) porphyry Tpoipoise {pise) porrsLceons port portable portage portal portcHWis (ooT) porte-iaonnaie iportSful portent porter portfolio port-hole portico portion (part) portly 2iortm&nteau porfrttit port rill/ (trait) pose position j)6sitive posse possess (port) 2i6ssihle post post-ilUiliHan j>osteiiar posterity Jiostern pUsfhiinious (postv/iyi) jpos/illion post^merid-jan po%t- mortem postpone postprandial postscript pdstiUant pdstulate pasture (posit) potable potation potent potentate potential potion poultry poverty (pauper) 2irr obation probe prdbity prflWem (bol) profedscis procedure proceed proceeds pr6cess procession TpToclaim TprocUrity Tprocrastinate procrtjwftent procwi'e ])rodiga\ pro(ligiau& prddigy (prodigi) produce 'pr6duee ■pv6duct proem profane profess protfer proficient {fad) profile profit (foot) prdfiiffate profound (fund) profundity proftise progenitor pr6geny prognosis proj7»urgative j}urgatory jmrge purity Puiitan purfieu {all) purloin {long) purport purpose purse {bwi's) pursue piiimlent push {pouls) pusill&nimons pustule 30 PUTATIVE — REFRAIN. putative quiesce rase recofinoiter putrefy quiescent rasorial (cognoso) putrescence quiet rdsure record putrid quietus rate recover pygmy quinary ratify (recuper) pylorus quinquSnnia ratio rScreant (ored) pyre quintessence ration recriminate ^2/»'ot6chiiics quintuple ravage recruit (cret) pyx quit rave (rah) rectangle quite ravine rectify quadrangle quoin {cunc) ravish. rectilinear quadrant quorum real rectitude quadrate quota reason (ration) rector quadr&tic quote rebate recHmbent quadr&nnial quotient reb^ recuperation quadrille quotum rebus recuperative quadroon rebut recur quadruTped rabble recalcitrant recUsant quadru'ple rabid recant reddition (dat) quality race {radic) recapitulate redeem (em) quality radiant recede redemption quantity radiate receipt (capt) redintegrate quantum radical receive (cap) r&dolent quarantine radius recent redoubt (ridott) quarrel (quer) radix recipe redriss quarry (qitade) ramal recipient reduce quarry (eor) ramify reciprocal reduction quartan rancid reciprocate redundant quarter rancor reciprocity refection (fact) quart&tte range recite refectory (fact) quarto rank {rang) reclaim (clam) refSr quash rant recline refine quaternary ranunculous recluse (claus) reflSct quatSrnion rapacious recognition reflex quatrain rapid recognize r&fluent querimonious rdpine (oognose) reflux querulous rapt recoil reform query raptorial recollect refract question rapture reconcile refractory quiddity rare (conoili) rSfragable quidnunc rarety recondite refrain (fren) KEFRAIlSr — REVERT. 31 refrain {refrenh) refrangible refinger&te rhfuge refulgent refuse rSfuse refute regal regale regalia, regatta regStieraXe regent rSgicide (cced) regime (ra- zheem') rggixnen rSgiment region register (gesf) r6gnant regress regular regiUate re/iabUita.te (ha- UlT) rehearse (h&rc) reign (regn) reiiabiirse reiterate reject refUvenate relApse relate reldae release (laiss) rSlegate relSnt relevant rSlic (Unqu) relict relief (lev) relieve (lev) religion relinquish rSliquary reluctant rely (lie) remain (man) remand r&medj remeniber (memor) reminiscence remit rSm,nant (reman) retndnstrate remorse remote remunerate renal rendscent rencounter (corir- tra) render rendezvous (ren' de voo) rendition (r&ddit) rSnegade renounce (nunoi) repair (par) repartee repast repeal (appelT) repeat (pet) repBl (pell) repent (pcenit) repertory replenish replete replivj reply (pU) report repose repository reprehend reprieve (reprov) reprimand reprisal reproach (propi) reprobate reprove reptile (rep'til) republic repudiate repugnant repulse repute request (qucesit) requiem require (queer) requisite (qucesit) requite rescind rescript rescue (resoon) resemble resent reserve reside (sed) residue resign resilient (sal) resist resolute resdve resowant (rez'o- nant) resort resource respect respire respite (respect) respond rest restaurant restitution (statut) restive restore (restaur) restrain (string) restrict resmt (salt) resUme resurrection resuscitete retail (taill) retain (ten) retaliate retard reticent reticule retina retinue (ten) retire retdrt retrfict retreat (tract) retrench retribution retrieve (trov) retrocede retrocession retrograde retrospect reveal (veT) revel revenge r&venue revSrberate revere reverse revert 32 REVISE — SEDATE. rev me revive revoke {voe) revolt (volut) revolution revolve revulsion rhapsodist (rhapt) rhetoric rheum rTietimatism rhin6ceros (fieras) »7Msophagous rhododendron rhomb riddle (reed) ridicule rigid rigor ripsxiaxi. rtsible rite rival rivulet robust rodent rogSXion rostral rSstf-uxa. rotary rote rotund rouge (rcJbzh) route (rupt) routine royal rfibicund rubric ruby ructate rude rudiment rugate rugose ruin rule (reguT) ruminant ruminate rumor ruptuxe rural ruse russet rustic rut {rupt) silcchanne sncet'dotal sack (sacc) sdcraxaent sacred sacrifice (fac) sacrilege sdcristy sagacious sagittal saitit (sanct) salad salary salient saline saliva sally salmon (s&m'un) saloon (salt) salt aaltpete)- salubrious salutary salute salvage salvation salve (sav) salver salvo ,sff«atory sanctity sanctimony sanction sanctity sauctu&ry saiictum sane sanguinary sdnguiiie sangiiitieous sail itarium sanitary sapid sdjnent saponaceous sapor sarcasm sarcophagus satellite satire sdtisty saturate sauce {sal) Sfiusage {sal) savage {sylv) save {salv) sd cor {sap) scale scalene scalpel {soalpelT) scan {soand) scansion sea nsorial scapular scene sceptic scepter schedule s-eheme schism (sism) {schiz) schist {schiz) school {schol) sciatic {iscM) science scintilla scintillate sciolist scion scission sclerotic scorbutic scoria scribble scribe script scrljtture scrivener (scrib) scruple {sorupul) scrutiny sculpture sciirrilous sciititorm sebaceous secant secede secfesion seclude second {sequ) secret sect (seaut) section sector sScular {scecuT) secure sedate SEDENTARY — SPURIOUS. 33 s^rfentary sediment sedition seduce sSdulous sSffxnent (sec) s&ffregate seignior (sen) select selen6graTphj sSmiiial semiHarj senary senate sen&sceuce seweschal senile (se'nil) senior sense sensible sensitive sensorium sensual sentence sSntient sentiment s¶te Septetnber sept&nnial septic septiMteral sepnlcher (sepulf) sSpultuie sequajcious sequel seqtient sequester serenade serene serfiserv) series sermon serpent serrate- serried serxaa. servant serrile (ser'vil) servitude sessile session sebaceous sSver {separ) sfreral (separ) severe se.ragen&rj sextant sibilant siccative sickle (sec) sidereal sign signal silent silex siHcious sili'aa similar simile similitude Sim tons siinous simulate simultanBous sine sincere sinecure single (singul) sinister sinous sinuate sinuous siniia siphon site situate skeleton sober social society sojourn (diurn) sOlaoe solar sdlder (solid) soldier (solid) sole solemn solicit solid soliloquy sdliped (solid) sdfitary sdlitude solo sdlstice sdluhle solution solve solvent s6mbre s6mersaidt ) , , „ Usalt) somerset ) sojwwambulist sojM.mferou8 somniRc somniloquist sonata sfiM.net sonorous sOphist soporiterons soprdno sorcery (sort) sordid sorSricide (oced) sort sortie sound (sund) sorereigu (superan) space (spati) spasm special specie species specify sj}ecimen spacious spectacle spectator specter specular speculate speculum sper}n spermaceti spice (sped) spine sj} ir acle spire spirit sjyite (speei) splendid splendor spoil (spoU) spoliation spondee (spend) sponsor sjwntaneous spor&dic spouse (spous) sprite (spirit) sjtume spurious 34 SQUADRON — SURNAME. sqiiadron squalid squdloid squalor squamose square (guadr) stable stagnate stalactite stalagmite stamen stamina. stannery stannltevona stanza (slant) state station statue stature status statute stegatio^od stellar . s^cwdgraphy stereoscope stereotype stSrile sternutation stertorous stethoscope stigma stiletto stUl stimulate stimulus stipend (stipendi) stipulate stolid stomach store (staur) strangle (strangaVj strangury strata stratagem (strateg) strategy stratily strenuous strict stricture stringent strophe structure strychnine student stultify stupendous stupid stupor style (stU) style (stuJ) styptic suasion suavity suhnltem SUbWQ'MeQUS su\>due {due) suhjacent suited subjugate suhjUnctive sublime sublunary suhtnarine suhmSrge suYymlssion submit subordinate suborn subpoena subscribe subseg'went subserve subside {sed) subsidiary subsidy (subsidi) subsist substonce (slant) substitute substructure subtend subterfuge subterranean subtle (subtil) subtract subtrahend suburbs subfer* succeed (oed) success succinct succor (curr) succulent succumb sudatory sudoriGc sue suffer suffice (fao) suffocate suffrage suffuse auggist smcide (oced) sfiit suite sulcate sultan summary summit surmnou (sub) sutnptuary sutnptuous sUperahle supemnMMated superb supercilious superficial superficies supery?Mous supermcM»M6ent superintend superior superlative superlunar supernal supemUmeraTy superscribe supersede superstition superstrUctaie supervene supervise supine supine supplant supple (pUc) suppliant suppMcate supply (pU) support suppose suppurate supraniundane supremacy suxcingle surface (fad) surfeit (fact) surge aurtnise surtnount sdrnanw SURPASS — THEOREM. 35 surpass stvplice (pelt) svccplus surprise sarrinder surj-epfltious smrogatQ suTtoat(tot) snrreillsLnce (sur val' yans) suruey survey survive susceptible suspect {sub) suspSnd suspSnse susiJicion (spec) suspiration sustain (ten) si/camore sifcophant syMdble syUogrism (syn) sylph (silph) sylvan symbol {ball) symtnetrj (syn) sympathy {syn) symphony {syn) symposium symptom {pipt) synferesis syneresis synagogue synchronal synchronism syncopate syncope syndic syndicate hair synod synonym synopsis syntax synfftesis syringe system (histe) systole (stell) sysj/J/y (siz'eje~> tabernacle tabid table {tabul) tableau (tab'lo) tdbid&T tdbulate tacit taciturn taclTAS tailor {tailT) taint {tinot) talent tally talon tdndent tangent tangible tantamount tapestry tardy taurine tautology taiMphonj tdvern {tabern) tax taxideriny technical technblogy tedious {tcedi) tSgtdar tSgument telegratn {gramm) tSlegrapJi t&lephone tSlescope tellurian teinerity temper tempest temple temple {tempor) temporal temporary temporize tempt ten&ble tenaicious tenant tend tender tendon tenebrous tenement tenet tenon tSnor tense tSnse {tempus) tension tent tentacle tentative tenter tenuity tinuous tenure teTpefdction tSpid tergiversation term, {termin) terminal terminate termin61ogy terminus ternary tSrrace terra cotta {coot) terraqueous terrene terr&strial terrible terrier tSrrHj territory terror terse tertiary tesselated test testaceouB tistament testator testatrix tester testimonial testimony tetragon tetrahedron tetrarch tetrastich t&trastyle text textile texture theater tlieism theme th,e6cracy (crati) the6doUte {od) thebgony theUogy tfieorem 36 THEORY — TWILL. theorj tHrrid transmute trite the6sophy torsion transom triturate therapeutic torso transparent triumvir thermal tortoise transpire (trans) triumph therrn6meter tortuous transport triune thesaurus torture transpose trit)ial tliesis total transverse trochee (trech) flieurgyierg) touriiament trap trdglodyte (du) thorax toxic61ogy trapezium trdmbone thurihle tox6philite travail trope tile (fegrula) trace {tract) tr&vej'se (trans) trophy till trachea tr&i'esty (trans) tropic tmer tract treat (trait) trove titmdi tractable treble (triplus) trover timorous tradition trefoil (foK) truculent tincture traduce (trans) trellis truncate tint (tinot) tragedy {od) tremble (tremul) trUncheon tiraAe trail (trah) trench trunk (trunc) tissue train (trah) trend tube title (titut) trait (tract) trepidation tuber titular traitor (tradit) trespass tubercle tltulaxj tranquil triangle tuition tScain transact tribe tumety toga, transcend (seand) trih »/ation tumid t6g^evy transcrihe (trans. !) ti'ibunal tumor toilet tr&asept (trans) trVtune tnmulous tolerable trans/er tributary tumult tffmh transfigure tribute tunic tome transfix tricilsjrid turbid tone transfdrm trident turbitiate tonsil transfuse triew/nal (ann) tiirbulent fonsorial transgress trifoliate tureen (terr) ffinsure tr&n stent trifurcate turgid topic trans/* trigoti6metry turn (tourn) top6fjrai>hj transJrton trinity turpitude torment (torqu) transyYory trio turret torn (tov/rn) translate tripartite tutelage tornado translucent triphthong tutelar torpedo transmarine triplicate tutor torpid tr&ns»i i grate tripod twilight torrent transmit trisect twill TWIN — VETERINARY. 37 twm urban vanqui^ln {vino) verb twine urbane vapid (vapp) verbal firist urge vapor verbatim tijinpan ■ursine variegate (ag) verbiage ti/inpannm use variety verbose tjfpe usual vartolus verdant fyjfhus (tuph) usurp varioloid t^erdict {diet) tjp6graphj usury t'rtWous verdigiia {ceris) tyrant (tyrann) ^it^nsil vary (vari) verdure utility vascular verge ubTqidty utilize vase verity (foe) ulcer uveona vast verily iilmaceous uvnla vault {volut) verjuice {verd) ulterior uxonous veer (vir) verm icular fdtimate vegetable vermifuge ultinisktuia vacant vegetate verm ilion filtimo vacate vehement {vermicuT) ultrajwai'me vacf^inate vehicle vermin ultra )Wd»( fane rr'uxine veil (pel) vermirorous umbel {umbell) vacillate vein (ven) vernal umbrage vdcuons velocipede versatile unibrSlla vacuum velocity verse timbriteTous vade-mecum venal vi^rsion H.«.animous vclgahond vend vertehra (aniin) vagary vender vertex uneoiifh (cudh) vagrant vendible vertical iinction vague venerate vertigo nnctuous vain {van) vengeance very iin(lu\ate valediction (diet) venial vesicate unffuent valeAictory {diet) I'ewison vesicle Ungulate valetudinariau ■j'enom {venen) vesper unicorn *'«nialla venoua res2)ers uniform frtfiant ventilate vessel {vas) unify (fao) valid ventral vest union vallation ventricle vestibule unique valley ventriloquist vestige unison valor venture ■I'c.sfment unit vdlue (aventur) vestry unite valve venue vesture unity vandal {wcmd&l) veracious veteran universe vaniAi. veracity veterinary 38 VETO — -ZYMOTIC. veto vindictive vitreous vortex (vert) vex vine vitrify (foe) votary viaduct vinegar (aigr) vitnol vote viand (vwend) vineyard vittUine votive viftrate vinous vituperate {viti) vouch (voo) vicar (viGari) vintage vivacious vow (vot) vicarious vintner viv^ity Yowel (vocal) vice (viU) violate viva voce voyage (vi) vicegerent violent vivid vulgar viceroy (roy) virago vivify (fad) vulnerable vicinage virgin viviparous vulpine vicinity Virgo vdcable vtilture (vuls) vicious (viti) viridity vocabvZary victim virile vocal walnut victor virtue vocation xi&nthic victuals (vit'ls) vir\]lent vociferate xanthous vid6licit virus voice (voc) xiphoid vigil visage volant xylography vigilant viscera volatile (xule) vignette (vin yetO viscid voHtion vigor viscous vSlley zeal (zeJ) vile visihle vdluhle zodiac villa vision vdlume zone village visit volUtninous zoibgraphy villain visor voluntary zooid villous vista voluptuous zoolite (loth) vinaceous visual volute zo6logy vincible vital vomit zoophyte vlndicatk vitiate voracious zymdtic ALPHABETICAL STEM LIST. Figures show pages where words are applied in quotations. Abb — father, religious leader ; aftftotf" (the governor of a mon- astery). Syriac, abba,. Abd — hide ; abdomen (the lower cavity of the body in which the entrails are concealed). L. abdere. Abol — do away with ; abolish. L. o6ofere.* Ac — needle; aciform. L. acus. Acaleph — nettle; ocofepTioid. G. acalephe. Acantli — spine, thorn ; aoantha- ceous, acanthus ^ (a thorny shrub). Q. acantha. Accip — seize ; occtpitres (an order of rapacious birds). L. ao- cipere. L. ad, to, unto ; copere, to take. Accoutr — dress, array ; accoutre- ment. F. accoutrer. Acerb — bitter ; acerbity. L. acerbus. Acerv — heap ; acerbate. L. ao- ervns. Acid — sour. L. acidns. Acinac — short sword ; acinaci- form. Q-. acinaces. Acni — top, summit; acme. Q-. acme. Acou — whetstone, sharp stone; acoraite (the herb monk's-hood, which grows on steep, sharp rocks). Or. acone. Aero — pointed, upper, top, first ; acrobat (an athlete, a contor- tionist, one who can go on the points of his toes), ocrogen (a • The English language in familiar speech consists mainly of words of Anglo- Saxon origin. But of the words constituting the English language, fully three fifths are of Xiatin origin. The Latin element was first introduced into England by the armies of Julius Caesar and his successors. The conquests of Caesar resulted in displacing entirely the Celtic language in South-western Europe from the Rhine to the Strait of Grihraltar, and establishing in its place the Latin language. This was due to no deliberate attempt, but to the operation of natural laws. The superior civilization overcame the speech of the inferior. The conquest of England by the Romans, however, was only nominal, never amounting to more than an armed occupation, and therefore affected the speech of the country but slightly. The Latin language was again introduced, and with more effect, in the fifth and sixth centuries, by Christian missionaries from the South of Europe, who re-established Christianity on the island. The literature of the period was exclusively Latin, and all instruction came from a Latin source. But the great Inundation of Latin words came with the Norman Conquest; for the Norman rrench was but modified Latin. The eleventh century after Christ completed the conquest undertaken in the first century before Christ. But it failed to overthrow entirely the speech of the land, and resulted only in a lan- guage compromise. + The acanthus leaf is the conspicuous ornament of the beautiful Corinthian capital. 40 ACU — ^G. plant having its growth at the top), acropolis (a citadel, an up- per city), ocrostic* (a word or sentence formed from the first, or last, letters of several suc- cessive lines). G. aoros* Acii — sharpen ; acute, acumen, (sharpness, or keenness of in- tellect). L. ocitere. Adept — proficient. L. apisai, adeptus. Adip — fat ; adipose. L. adipa, adipis. Adjut — assist ; ac^utslnt (a regi- mental staff officer, the colo- nel's assista/nt), coadjutor (one assisting with). L. adjutare. Adolesc ; adult — grow up ; ado- lescence (the period of growth), adult (a grown-up person). L. adolescere, ad/iiltns., Adul — flatter ; adwZation. L. adul&vi. Adulter — corrupt ; adulter&te, adulter f. L. adultersne. Advauc {avanc) — QO forward; advance. F. avanoer. F. avant, before. L. db, from, ante, before. Advant (avant) — before, ahead ; advantage^'^ (profit, an ad- vance). F. avant. L. ab, from, ante, before. Advic ; ad vis (avis) — opinion; advice (an opinion of what seems best), advise. F. avis. L. OTdere, wsus, to see. -35g — goat ; cegia (a protecting * The presence of words of Greek origin in the English language Is due to several interesting causes. In the first place, the Greeks made early progress in the arts and sciences. Being originators in both fields, they were enabled to des- ignate important distinctions by the words of their own language, as in the case of geometry, discovered and developed by Euclid, of logic and rhetoric, developed by Aristotle, and of astronomy, founded by Hipparchus and Ptolemy. As these and other sciences passed to foreign lands, they retained the Greek terminology fixed with such exactness. The Romans were instructed by the Greeks ; and in appropriating Greek thought they likewise appropriated a large range of Greek terms. It was a Greek-laden Latin which the conquerors of the world spread over the Roman Empire. The Latin speech took complete possession of Gaul (now Bounce). Erenoh is but Latin more or less corrupted and modified by the vicissi- tudes of two thousand years ; and as such it has its Greek element. When, there- fore, French became incorporated into English, the inseparable Greek element likewise came in. But many words have come into English directly from the Greek tongue, owing to the revival of letters and the close study of the noble literature of Greece. Moreover, modern scientists have found it expedient to ex- press new science in terms of Greek origin. In doing this they are actuated by the following reasons, viz.: 1st. It is natural to adhere to a settled system of nomenclature (Greek terms first had the field). 2d. A uniform terminology is necessary, that students of different nations may follow each other's discoveries without confusion ; and to no other language would they all be so ready to defer £ts to the transcendent Greek. 3d. Great exactness is necessary in the expressing of scientific distinctions, and no other language has so fully met tliis requirement as the language of the highly cultivated and consequently subtle and acutely dis- cerning Greeks. 4th. Scientific terminology must have a fixed value, the shifting uses of words in popular use would introduce confusion into science, — the scien- tific term must be as unchangeable as the imbedded fossil ; the Greek, being a dead language, has this fixity of form. AER — AGR. 41 power,* recalling the goaf^skin shield of Minerva f). G. aix, Aer — air ; aerial ■■- (belonging to the upper air), aeriform, oero- Ute (a meteoric stone, a stone from the upper air If), aero- naut (a balloonist, an air sailor). L. aer. Q. aer. ^sth (aisth) — perceive, feel ; CEs^tetic *" (tasteful, perceiving the beautiful), CBsthetics (the principles of beauty, that which awakens pleasurable feeling), ancesthetic (a drug that destroys /eeZi/tgf). Q.adsth- omai. Ag ; act — drive, urge, act ; ogrent (that which acts, or causes an effect, also one acting in behalf of another), agritate (continue to urge), ambigTious (doubtful, driving about), coag^ulate (cur- dle, or drive together, as rennet does the milk), counteract (act against), exact (complete, correct, worked out, also to compel, or urge out), exigent (pressing, urging out), ^voA- ig&l*^ (lavish, wasteful, driv- ing forth), transact (perform, drive beyond). L. agrere, aclns. Agger — heap; exaggerate (to overstate, make out a great amount). L. agger. Agi — a saying ; adage (a wise saying). L. agium. Agog*' — leading, bringing ; dem- agogue (a leader of the people), ■pedagogue (a teacher, or child- leader), synagrog'ue'" (a congrega- tion, a bringing together). Q. agogos, agoge. Q-. ag'ein, to lead, bring. Agon — contest, struggle ; agony ^'' (great pain, causing a struggle), antagioraist (an opponent, one struggling against). G. agon. Agr — field, land; agrriculture, ogrrarian (relating to the hold- * An American laborer on the Panama Railroad at the time of its construc- tion, was subjected to such brutal treatment by his immediate boss, or overseer, that in a fit of frenzy he killed the latter. The laborer was summarily tried and condemned by the local authorities, regardless of the interposition of the Ameri- can Consul, who thought that due weight had not been given to the amount of provocation. When the condemned man was led out to be shot to death, the consul sprang to his side, and, throwing around him the American flag, defied the soldiers to shoot through that if they dared. The execution was prudently deferred, the man being under the protecting agis of the American flag. t A conspicuous ornament in the center of Minerva's shield was the head of Medusa, the Gorgon slain by Perseus. t The aerolUes are masses of planetary substance revolving around the sun in accordance with planetary laws. They are considered either the ruins of dis- rupted planets, or else fragments thrown off by extreme centrifugal motion. Such a moving body, when brought within the scope of the earth's attraction, is drawn from its orbit and caused to approach the earth with inconceivable veloc- ity. Striking the earth's atmosphere with such velocity, it is heated to a white heat by friction, and thus becomes a " shooting star." *» The heat is generally suf- ficient to convert it into vapor ; but occasionally a partly consumed stone reaches the surface of the earth, to be characterized as an aerolite. Frequently the earth encounters a multitude of these small bodies, causing a "meteoric shower." ■±2 QUOTATIONS. At last, with easy roads, he came to Leicester, Lodg'd in the abbey ; where the reverend abbot, With all his convent, honourably receiv'd him ; To whom he gave these words,— father abbot. An old man, broken with the storms of state. Is come to lay his weary boms among ye; Give Mm a little earth for charity .'—Shakespeare. Act, act in the living present. Heart within, and God o'evhea.A.— Longfellow. As we sailed up the Mersey, I reconnoitered the shores with a telescope. My eye dwelt with delight on neat cottages, with their trim shrubberiea and green grass plots. I saw the moldering ruins of an aftftey overrun with ivy, and the taper spire of a village church rising from the brow of a neighboring hUl— aU were characteristic of England.— /rmrai;. A character is like an acrostic or Alexandrian stanza ;— read it forward, back- ward, or across, it still spells the same thins.— Emerson. Like a glow-worm golden In a dell of dew, Scattering unbeholden Its a^nal hue Among the flowers and grass, which screen it from the view.— 5A«B«y. Sal. Ah, Kichard 1 with the eyes of heavy mind, I see thy glory, like a shooting star. Fall to the base earth from the /rmament 1 Count me o'er earth's chosen heroes, — they were souls that stood alone. While the men they agonized for hurled the contumelioviS stone.— LoweU- Yet art thou prodigal of smiles- Smiles sweeter than thy frowns are stem.— Bryant. (The Skies.) There are who triumph in a losing cause. Who can put on defeat, as 'twere a wreath XJnwitheririg in the adverse populsct breath. Safe from the blasting demayosrue's sq^iplaiise.-LoiDell. I saw them in their synagogue As in their ancient d&y. — Crosswell. When Watts' pale mother, o'er her thoughtful child. In hope and fear alternate wept and smiled.— JSZ/Jo*. Life is a leaf of paper white Whereon each one of us may write His word or two, and then comes night.— Xom;««. AL — ALMON. 43 ing of lands). L. ager, agri. (See Peregir-ination, 'Pilgrim.) Al — feed ; aZiment {food). L. a?ere. Al — wing ; aliped {wing-footed), aisle « (the wirig or side portion of a church). L. ala. Alacr — swift ; alacrity. L. alor eer. Alb — white ; albamen (the w?iit& of an egg, the wftdte part of wheat), aZ&umum (the wMte ring of wood just under the bark) alb (a wJiAte vestment), dlbviin*'' (a book with empty, and therefore white, or blank, pages), Albion^^ (England, the land of the white chalk cliffs). L. ai!&us. Aid (eald) — old ; aMerman *^ (a member of a city council, one of the City Fathers). A. S. eald. Alesc — grow ; coafosoe (form close union, grow together). L. alesoere. L. aZere, to nourish. Algr — pain; neuraZgria (nerve- pain). G. algos. All — another ; alien (strange, from another land), alias (other- wise), alibi (in another place), aliquot (being an exact part of another). L. aMus. All — other ; aSopathy (a system of cure producing symptoms other than those of the disease), oZfegory (a description of one thing under the image of an- other), paraZfel'" (beside each other). Or. alios. All el — one another. Or. allelon. Ally (ali) — hind up ; a%"» (bind together). O. F. aUer.* L. ad, to, unto, ligare, to bind. Alnion (almosn) — alms; almo- ' Previous to the Norman Conquest, A.D. 1066, the language of England was Anglo-Saxon. That conquest placed in power a people who spoke the I'rench language of that period (O. P., Old French) as it was spoken in the province of Normandy, and called, therefore, Norman ITrench. For a time there were two languages in the island ; pride holding the Normans aloof from the conquered race, and hate restraining the latter from using the speech of their conquerors. Communication between them, however, became a necessity, and it resulted not in giving up either language entirely, but in making out of both a new language —the English. Hence our present words are but changed forms, or corruptions, of Old French and Anglo-Saxon words. To the conquered masses were allotted toil and struggle for the material necessities of life, and they retained their language for the expression of such ideas as came within their range of experience. We stiU express in strong Anglo-Saxon monosyllables what we see and feel and otherwise perceive directly. It was found easier to accept the language of the masses for familiar things than to force them up to the use of a strange and for- eign speech. Hence the Anglo-Saxon is still our vernacular, the language of childhood, the speech of direct experience independent of education. After the wholesale confiscations following the Conquest, the Normans possessed a monopoly of luxury, with all that pertained to it, including education and refinement ; and they were hence enabled to retain their own vocabulary for the expression of things with which the conquered people had become practically unfamiliar. The English language is richer than either of its ancestors, for it has all the strength of the sturdy Anglo-Saxon, and with it the grace and flexibility of the French. There is, moreover, an interlapplng of the two elements instead of a sharp line of division, and this has enriched the resulting language with synonyms admit- 44 ALPHA — ANCIEN. wer (a distributor of alms). O. r. almosne. G-. eleemosurie. Alphabet — a set of written char- acters to represent elementary- sounds, like the Greek alpha- bet, whose first two letters are alpha and beta. Alt — high; aMitude (height), altar (an elevated table for sacrifice, or religious service), exalt (lift up, on high), alto (the lowest female voice, formerly the tenor, or hdgh male voice), con- traZto (an intermediate female voice, the counter-tenor, or hdgh voice). L. aU\is. Alter — other ; alter, alternate ^ (to succeed one another by regular turns), atorcation (a dispute, a bickering between one another). L. alter. Alve — cavity; alveolar. L. al- "ueus. Am — love; owiatory, amative (addicted to love). L. amare, amatns, to love. Aiiiator — lover; amatory. ^^ L. am,ator. L. a?»are, to love. Amtoassad — an embassy ; am- bassador, embassador (one sent on a mission, or embassy). F. ambassade. Ainl)ro.si ; ainbrot — immortal ; ambrosia (the food of the gods, which conferred imm,ortality upon those who tasted of it), Ambrose (the immortal one), a?n.6rotype (an unfading, and therefore called immortal, type). G. ambrosias. G. ambrotos. G. brotoa, a mortal. Ambul — walk; -peraynbulate (walk through), somnambuliat (a sleep-walker), tunambulist (a tightr^ope-^walker), ambulator (a walking carriage), ambulance (a vehicle for the sick, moving at a walking pace), amble (to jog along at a brisk walk). L. anfibulare. Amen (amaen) — pleasant ; ameni- ty (a delicate attention designed to give pleasure). L. amcenus. Amic — friend ; am,ioable (friend- ly), am,(ic)ity (friendship), ami- (c)able (friendly). L. amicus. Ij. oTOare, to love. Amic (amiot) —- a garment thrown round one ; amice (a pilgrim's stole). L. amiotus. Aninest — forgotten ; am,nesty (a general pardon, in which of- fenses are to be deemed as for- gotten). G. am,nestos. Amor — love ; amorous^" (prone to love), enamor ^» (to inspire with lave). L. amor. Ampl — spacious, large ; a/mpli- tude amplity (enlarge upon), ample.''" L. ampZus. Amyl — starch ; amylaceona. G. am.ylnra. All — one ; any (a one). A. S. an. Ancien — old, belonging to a former time ; ancient.*'' F. an^ cien. L. ante, before. ting great range and variety of expression. In " Ivanhoe," Sir Walter Scott puts into the mouth of the clown, Wamha, a humorous lecture on this horder-land be- tween the two languages that coalesced to form the English. ANEM — APER; A PERT. 45 Anem — wind ; anemone " (the iwnd-flower). Angel — messenger ; angeV'* (God's messenger), evangelist ^» (the messenger of good tidings). G. angelos. Aiig'io (awgre'jo) — vessel ; angio- sperm (a plant having seed- vessels), hydrawgrem. G. ange- iOTL. Ang ; anx — choke, distress ; awgTiish, angina, (distressing pain), anxious '"* (in distressed suspense). L. angere, anxus. Aniiu — breath, life ; animal (a living and breathing creature), animate '* (having life or breath, also, to enliven). L. anima. Aniin — mind, soul, spirit; unare- imous (of one mind), magaani- m.ous (great souled), pusillani- rrtous (mean spirited), equanim- ity (the state of having a well- balanced or equal mind), ani- mosity (fullness of passion, or excited mind). L. animus. Ann — year ; annaXs (yearly rec- ords), cwmversary ^ (a yearly rer- turn), annual ™ (yearly), annuity (a sum paid yearly), biennial (occurring once in two years), centennial''' (occurring once in a hundred years), perennial (ever- lasting, continuing through a long series of years), super- annuated (having reached an excess of years). L. annus. Annul — a ring ; annular (ring- like, as an annular eclipse). L. annulus. L. annus, a year.* * A ring Is a circuit, like the circuit of Anonial — uneven, irregular, un- usual ; anomaly (an exception, an unusuM case). G. onomatos. G. ana, not ; homalos, even. Ante — before ; anterior, enhance (to advance). L. ante. Autenn — sail-yard ; antennse (the feelers of an insect stand- ing out like a sail-yard). L. antenna. Antli — flower ; an^Aology (a col- lection of the flowers of poetry), perian^Ti (the entire set of pet- als surrounding the flower), acanthus (the flowering thorn). G. anthos. Antlirae — coal ; anthracite (min- eral, or hard, coal). G. an- thrax, anthracos. Anthrop — man ; aniArqpophagi (man-eaters), misanthrope (a man-hater), ^\A\a/nthropy (be- nevolence, love of mari). G. anthropos. Antlqvi — ancient ; antiquity, an- tique '" (old, belonging to an an- cient period). L. antiquus. Anx — See ang. Aor (aeir) — rise up ; aorta (the great artery that rises up from the heart), meteor (an aerolite, the stone lifted high in the air).f G. aejresthai. G. aeirein. Ap — bee ; apiary (a place for 6ees). G. apis. Ap (nap) — a cloth ; apron (a large cloth spread before the person). O. F. nape. L. mappa. Aper; apert— open; operient, aperture (an opening), ^^ril the year. t See Aerolite. 46 QUOTATIONS. France is, by its natural contrast, a, kind of blackboard on wMch English character draws its own traitB in chalk.— Emereori,. Take back the virgin page, White and unwritten still ; Some hand more calm and sage. The leaf mnst All.— -Jf«w«. Majesty, power, glory, strength, and beauty all are aidei In this eternal ark of worship undeflled. — Byron. (St. Peter's at Some.) Fresh clad from heaven in robes of white A. young probationer of light. Thou wert, my soul, an Atmm bright. — Lamb. As an amatory poem it is «(fifying, in these days of coarser thinking, to notice the nature, r^reement, and exquisite delicacy which -pervade it, fionishlng every gross thought or immoiJest exiw«««ion, and presenting female loveliness clothed in all its chivalToua attrilmteB of almost supernatural purity and grace.— Irving. As far as I could ken thy chdkii cliffs, "When from thy shore the tempest beat us back, I stood upon the hatches in the storm : And even with this, I lost fair England's view. And bid mine eyes be packing with my heart : And call'd them blind and dusky spectacles, For losing ken of Mbimi''B wished eoast.—Shakespeare. Mer. O, then, I see queen Mab hath been with you. She is the/oiries' midwife, and she comes In shape no bigger than an asrafe-stone On the fore-linger of an aldermaD., Drawn with a team of little atomies Athwart men's noses as they lie aaieey.—Shalcespeare. Mar. Look, with what courtecras action It waves you to a more removed ground : But do not go with it. Hor. No, by no means. 3am. It will not speak ; then I will foUow it.— Shakespeare. Sam. Seems, madam ! nay, it is ; I know not seems 'Tis not alo«« my inky cloak, good mother, Nor customary suits of solemn black, Nor windy suspir-ations of forced breath. No, nor the fruitful river in the eye, Nor the Aejectei haviour of the visage. Together with all forms, moods, shows of grief. That can denote me truly : These, indeed, seem. For they are acflons that a man might play ; But I have that within, which passefb. show ; These, but the trappings and the suits of woe.-^Shakespeare. APEX — ARC. 47 (the month of the opening buds), malapert (saucy, badly experienced, or opened). L. operire, apertxxs. Apex — summit ; apex (the point, or summit, of an angle, cone, or pyramid). L. apex. Api — bee ; apiary. L. apis. Appiirten {aparten) — belong to; appurten&iiCQ (that which fie- longs to). O. F. aparferair. L. ad, to ; pertinev&, to belong. L. per, thoroughly ; tewere, to hold. Aps ; apsitl — bow, turn; apse (a curved recess in the east end of a church), apsides (the turning points in a planet's orbit). L. qpsis, apsidis. G. opsis. G. optein, to tie. Apt — fit, join ; adapt (fit to), apt- itude *' (fitness). L. opere, aptas. Aqu — water ; ogwatic, aqueous, aqueduct (a it)ater-pipe or con- ductor), aquariuTn (a water ves- sel in which fishes and marine plants are kept). L. aqua. Aquil— eagle; aquiline (like the beak of an eagle). L. aquila. Ar —plow ; arable " (fit for plow- ing), Aryans (the agricultural ancestors of the Indo-Euro- pean races*). L. arare. At— be dry; arid (dry), aref ac- tion (making dry). L. osrere. Arbiter ; arbitr— witness, judge, umpire ; arbiter (a judge), arbi- trary (decisive), arbitrate ^* (to adjust, settle). L. arbiter. Arbor — tree ; orftoreous, arbori- culture. L. arbor. Arc — bow ; arc (a &OM-like section of a circumference), orcher (a bowman), arch ^^ (a vault having * The Aryans were a prehistoric tribe ; that is, they are not mentioued in for- mal history, neither are they mentioned in tradition. What is known of them is learned entirely from the evidences of language, which has been found to be the most enduring monument of the human race. Prom these evidences it has been determined that the Aryans occupied the plains of Decoan, to the south-east of the Caspian Sea ; that they were a bright, energetic race, advanced much beyond the state of savagery ; that by successive migrations they contributed to the populat- ing of Hindustan to the south-eastward, of Persia to the eastward, and of all Europe to the westward. iPour great migrations of Aryans are traceable in the populations of Europe. The Celtic migration was the first, and under the press- ure of successive migrations, it moved on to the westward until it occupied the remote portion of the continent, embracing the regions now known as Erance, Spain, Portugal, and the British Islands. Then came a migration which divided at the Bosporus, sending one division into Greece, and another around the mountains into Italy, and was called, therefore, the Greco-Italian migration. A third migration bore to the northward, and occupied Central and North-western Europe. This was called the Teutonic migration, and supphed to Europe its Teu- tonic races, including the Germans, Dutch, English (or Anglo-Saxon), and Scan- dinavians. A fourth migration, bearing to the north of the Caspian Sea, con- tributed the great Slavonic race, occupying Russia, Servia, Montenegro, Bosnia, and other Balkan provinces. In consequence of the territory occupied by these various migrations, the resulting races are called Indo-Europeans. They are all of one blood and one speech, but have toward each other varying degrees of relationship, and these are determined mainly by the evidences of language. 48 ARC — AREN. a curved roof*), arcade (a suc- cession of arches). L. orous. Arc — keep ; arcana (things kept secret). L. arcere. Arch — rule, govern; anarchy"'' (the state of being without government), heptarc/iy (the government of seven f), hier- archy "* (the governing authori- ties of a church), monarch (one ruling alone), oligarchy (the government of a few), pa- triarcTi''' (the father-ruler of a race), tetrarc^i (one of fowr rulers). Q-. arcTiein. Archae (archai) — ancient ; archce- ology (the study of ancient life), archaic (primitive, belonging to ancient times), aroJiodsui^' (an old form of expression). G. archaios, old. G. arche, the beginning. Arclii — chief ; architect '" (the c^iief builder), urchipelago'^'' (a sea interspersed with islands, like the ^-Egean Sea, the chief sea of the ancient Greeks), architvave '* (the lower part of the entablature, the chief beam resting on the columns). G. archi. Arct — a bear ; arctic '* (in the re- gion of the Great Bear of the north). G. arctos. Ard ; ars — burn ; ardent,''"'' ardor {burning zeal), arson (the crime of house-ftMrwingr). L. ardere, arsus. Ardu — steep, difficult, high ; ord- uous (very difficult). L. arduna. Are — open space ; area. L. orea. Aren — sand; ar&waceous, arena (the sanded floor of the Roman amphitheater |). L. arena. * The arcli has long been a conspicuous feature in architecture. As Buoh it was introduced by the Romans, its use being unknown to the Q-reeks and other nations, who distinguished themselves early in architecture. The Roman arch consisted of a continuous curve, or semicircle. The later Gothic archi- tecture recognized the usefulness and beauty of the arch, but gave it a point, to make it conform to the pointed style of this architecture. The Gothic arch consists of two curves, or arcs, intersecting so as to form a point, or apex. Architecture produces the most satisfactory effects where it exhibits fitness or adaptation, solidity or strength, and beauty, harmoniously combined. The arch contributes these three elements. The Romans had such a high estimate of the properties of the arch that they employed it as an ornament in itself, apart from any other structure, as seen in their triumphal arches — ^the monuments or trophies of their conquests. The fine arch of Titus, stiU in existence, is a notable example. The arch, by introducing the curved line into ornamentation, was doubtless the inspiring suggestion and starting-point of all the tracery subse- quently developed in Gothic architecture. t The term is especially appUed to the government of England under the seven Saxon kings. The seven kingdoms were Kent, Sussex (South Saxons), Wessex (West Saxons), Essex (East Saxons), East Anglia, Mercia, and Northum: berland. These were all united finally Into one kingdom by Egbert, king of Wessex. He allowed the other kings to reign for a time, but in token of sub- mission he compelled them to row his barge on the Thames with their own hands. t The Roman people became addicted to barbarous amusements; they rejoiced in the torture and destruction of men and beasts. Their amphitheaters were ARGENT — ASTER; ASTR. 49 Argent — silver ; a^-g'ew/if erous (silver-yielding). L. argenlnm* Arglll — clay ; argillaceous. L. argilla,. Arg-u — prove by argument ; ar- gtie. L arguere. Arlst^best ; aristocracy (goverrir- ment by the best people). G. aristos. Aritlim— number ; arithm&tic (the science of number), logarithm (a ratio number). G. arithmos. Arom — spice, sweet herb ; aroma, aromatic. Q. aroma. Ars — See ard. Art— skill ; art.^^ L. ars, artis. Arteri — windpipe ; artery (a blood-vessel suggestive of the wind-pipe). G. arteria. Articul — joint ; articulate " (sup- ply with joints, divide by joints), article (a joint or item). L. articulus. Artillcr— equip, artilleiy^^ (heavy guns, a war equipment). O. F. artiller. L. ars, artis. Ariimliii — reed ; orMdinaceous. L. arundo, arundinis. Aryten — ladle ; arytenoid. G-. arutaine. Asc — work, exercise ; ascetic (given to severe exercise, or self-discipline). G. ascein. Asin — ass ; asinine (ass-like). L. asinvis. Asper — rough; asperity,** exas- perate. L. asper. Ast — craft ; asiute (crafty). L. astus. Aster; astr — star; asterisk (a little star (*) used in reference to a foot-note), asteroid (a smaller planet, having the form of a star), astrology '* (the science of fortune-telling by the stars), astronomy (the science of the slaughter pens, in wMcli men were supplied with, arms and compelled to fight for their lives. As it was truly a fight to the death, nothing could he more desperate than a gladiatorial combat. Blood alone did not satisfy that fierce audience ; they often required murder in its most cowardly and shocking form. K a gladiator feU wounded and helpless, his antagonist was obliged to place the point of his sword at the throat of his fallen adversary and act as the people signaled. If the thumbs were down it was the signal to destroy ; if up, the signal to spare. These gladiatorial contests were varied with the fights of wild beasts; and often human beings were thrust into the arena to struggle with the beasts. Many of the early Christians were martyred in the arena- torn to pieces for the amusement of the Roman populace. Strange to say, the front seats in those extraordinary places of amusement were reserved for the upper classes, assigned by law to those of Icnightly ranli. The gladiators once rebelled against the brutal uses to which they were assigned ; under the leadership of Spartacus, and with head-quarters in the crater of Mt. Vesuvius, for three years they defied the power of Rome. In marked contrast to the bloody arena of Rome were the noble and elevating public games of Q-reece. There, too, were exhibitions of courage, strength, and endurance, but they took the harmless forms of racing, wrestling, guiding the fiylng chariot, hurling the weight, etc. But the people found their highest delight in listening to some great bard, musician, or historian, or in witnessing the latest productions of their artists. * The Argentine Republic occupies a silver region. 50 QUOTATIONS. The large place asfii^'wed to music by Plato and Aristotle shows that the eutt- Tire of the emotions was an important element in G-reek Gduc&tion, -.^fi^Aetic edu- cation was not only an end in itself, hut was regarded as the iasla of moral and religiQ\is CT//^ure. — Oympayr^, Duke. Not so, not so; his life is paroSel'd Even mth the stroke and line of his great justice ; He doth with holy ah«dve That in himself, which he spurs on his power To quality in others : were he meal'd With that which he corrects, then were he tyrannous ; But this being so, he's jxist.—3/uikegpeare. Ayr gurgUng kiss'd his pebbled shore, O'erhung with wild woods, thick'ning green; The/rayrant birch, and hawthorn hoar. Twined amorous round the raptured scene. — Bmyis. " Away, away 1 — in our blossoming bowers. In the soft air, wrapping these spheres of ours. In the seas and fountains that shine with morn. See, love is brooding, and life is born. And breathing myriads are breaking from night. To rejoice, like us, in motion and light.— Bryant. (Song of the Stars.) "What time the pea puts on the bloom Thou fly'st thy vocal vale. An OHKual guest in other lands. Another Spring to hail. — Logan. Sweet sounds transpir'd, as when the enajnw'd dove Pours out the soft murm'ring of responsive love. — Coleridge. Dozing, murmuring in its «i«ions, lay the heaven-enamored lake. — Thomas Buchanan Bead. Here, when art was still reUgion, with a simple, reoerent heart. Lived and labored Albreeht Dflrer, the evangelist of art.— Longfeltow. I praised the earth, in beauty seen With garlands gay of varioxts green ; I praised the sea, whose ample field Shone glorious as a silver shield. "And then thou shalt have thy choice to be Restored in the lily that decks the lea. In the jessamine bloom, the anemone. Or aught of thy spotless whiteness. —Hannah F. Oould. {The Stum Flake.) A shell of ample size, and light As the pearly car of Amphitrite, That sporflve dolphins Arevr. —Wordsworth. ASTHM — AUG; AUCT. 51 stars), disaster^' (an ill-starred accident), aster '* (the star flow- er). G. osiron. Astlini — a panting ; asthma, (a disease that causes a gasping for breath). G. asthma. G. aaaein, to breathe out. G. oein, to breathe. Astr — See aster. Asyl — unharmed, safe from vio- lence ; asylwia (a place of refuge). G. asulos. G. a, with- out ; SMfe, right of seizure. Athl — contest ; athlete (a mus- cular contestant in physical games). G. athlos, a contest. Atmo — vapor ; atmosphere.* "^ G. atmos. Atom — direct, prepare, transact ; attorney (one who transacts business for another). O. F. atorner. O. F. torner, to turn. Atroc — cruel; atrocious, atroc- ity. L. atrox, atrocis. Attir (atir) — adorn ; attire (to dress). O. F. a^irier. O. F. tire, a row, file. Auct — See aug. Aud — hear, listen ; audible =* (ca- pable of being Jieard), audi- ence ** (a hearing, also a body of hearers), audit (to pass upon accounts after a due hearing), obedient (obeying, giving ear to). L. audire. Audaci — bold ; audacious "* (ex- tremely bold). L. audac, au- dacis. L. audere, to dare. Aug ; auct — increase ; augment, awgrust (very grand), auction (a sale having increasing bids), author ^^ (a producer, one who causes a work to grow or in- crease). L. augere, auctns. * The atmospliere of the earth is estimated to be about fifty miles in thick- ness. The weight of this ma;ss produces a pressure at the level of the sea equiv- alent to fourteen pounds to the square inch of surface. Like all gases and liquid substances, its pressure is in all directions. Animal life depends upon this pressure ; for the removal of the pressure causes the fluids of the body to burst outward. This is why people suffer distress, and are affected with bleed- ing in ascending to great heights on a mountain or in a balloon. The press- ure of fourteen pounds to the square inch would be crushing if applied in but one direction, as the hand may be crushed by placing it over the opening of the receiver of an air-pump while the air is being exhausted. The atmosphere takes up moisture from the ocean by its capillary quality, and carries it to the mountains, to be there precipitated, and thus to form the great streams of the world. This moisture-laden atmosphere also supplies the useful showers for the thirsty fields. The earth is thus rendered productive and capable of sustain- iag animal life. The atmosphere is, moreover, a shield or protection against dangerous missUes from above. But for the atmosphere each aerolite would reach the earth in solid form, and with a velocity incalculably greater than that of a cannon ball. (See Aerolite.) The haU-stones, the very drops of rain, wotdd all be deadly missiles but for the elastic resistance of the several strata of the atmosphere. Another mechanical property of the air is its affording a medium for locomotion. Birds propel themselves through it by the oar-like movements of their wings, and men are learning to traverse it by means of the balloon or air-ship. These are among the mechanical effects and uses of the atmosphere. The chemical properties of air, as such, open another great chap- ter in the economy of nature. 52 AUR — BACC. Aur — ear ; auriculav (told in the ear). L. auris. Aur — gold ; aurifer ons (gold pro- ducing), aure&ie (gilded), oriole (the golden thrush), oriflamme, (the standard of St. Denis of France, which consisted of a blood-red flag cut at the end into ^awe-like strips and at- tached to a gilded staff), oriel '^ (a recess with a window, for- merly ornamented with gold), ormolu (a kind of brass resem- bling pounded gold), orpiment (yellow sulphuret of ar- senic, the golden pigment). L. aiirum. Auscult — listen ; ausouU&tion (a method of distinguishing dis- eases of the chest by listening). L. ausoultaxe. L. auris, the ear. Atister — harsh, severe; avMere.^'' Ij. austerxis. Austr — the south wind, south ; austraX (southerly), AustrsXia, (the Southern Continent). L. Auster. Authentic — vouched for, war- ranted. Q-. authentioos. O. authentes (one who does things with his own hand*). Auxili — help ; auxiliary (help- ing). L. auxiliuui. L. awgere, to increase. Av ; au — bird ; araary (a place for birds), awspice (favor, pat- ronage, a token of good things, as indicated by the flight of birds). L. ama. Aval — downward ; avalamche (a downfall of loosened snow from a mountain). F. vol, vale, valley. Avar — greedy ; avarice (greedi- ness £or gain). L. avarns. Aven — oats ; tt'uewaceous. L. avenum. Aver — have, possess; average (a proportional amount, like the proportion paid by the tenant for the use of his possessions}). O. F. aver. L. habere. Avid — greedy, eager ; avidity (eagerness). L. avidns. Avoir — to have ; oiwrdupois (to have some weight). F. avoir. L. habere. Axi — axis ; axis *' (the line on which any thing rotates). L. axis. Axio — worthy ; axiom (a self- evident truth, and therefore worthy of unquestioning ac- ceptance). G. axioa. Azur (lazur) — a bluish stone (the lapis lazuli) ; azure '»'' (blue). Low L. lazur. L. lapis lazuli (the lajward stone). Bacc — berry ; ftocoivorous, bacca- laureate (relating to graduates, or bachelors, the wearers of * An authentic manuscript is as reliable as if written by the author's mvn hana. t TJnder the feudal system the tenant owed his lord and master not only personal service, but also the use of his horses, cattle, etc. In time the use of these articles came to be waived on the payment of a sum of money, called amrage. BADIN — BASIL. 53 the hay-berry wreaths). L. bacca. Biulin — jest; badinage. F. badiner. Bail (baiW) — secure, keep in cus- tody; bail (security), baillitt (a custodian), bailiwick (a territo- rial jurisdictio.n). F. bailler. Ball — dance ; ball, ballet, ballad (a dancing song). Low L. 6a??are. Ball — throw, put; hyperftofe (an exaggeration, a throwing over or beyond), syrabol ™ (a sign, some- thing put with), emblem i"* (a sign or representation, some- thing put on, as an ornament), parafefe (a comparison, a cast- ing beside). Gc. ballem. Band — proscribe, outlaw; bandit^^ (a robber outlaw). It. bandire. Low L. bannir, to proclaim. O. H. Ger. bannan, to summon. O. H. Q-er. ban, a ban. Band — ban, proclamation ; con- trafeawd™ (subject to forfeiture for being against the procla- mation). It. bando. Bank (6orec) — bench, table; bank (an institution dealing in money, originally the money-chang- er's bench), fearaftrupt (an insolv- ent person, Hke the money- changers whose bench was broken), banqaet (a great feast, originally a little table), bench. M. H. Ger. banc. Bany (bandf) — merchant ; banyan (a wide-spreading tree of India, under whose shade the mer- chants held their market). Skt. banij. Bapt — dip; baptize. G. baptein. Bar — weight ; fearometer (an in- strument for indicating the weight of the atmosphere). G. baros. Barb — beard ; barber (the beard dresser), &a»-6 (a beard-like pro- jection), barbel (a bearded fish). L.' barba. Barbar — stammering ; barbar- ians ** (uncivilized, originally inerely foreigners, whose lan- guage seemed to the Greeks nothing more than a stammer- ing). G. barbaros. Barr — a bar ; barrel (a vessel made of staves or bars), barrier (an obstruction, like a bar), embargo (an arrest, a stoppage, as by putting a bar in the way), r. barre. Barrit — barrel ; barricade (a street obstruction, sometimes made of barrels of sand). Sp. barrica. Sp. fcarea, a bar, stave. Barro^v (beorh) — a hill ; barrow (a burial mound). A. S. beorg, beorh. A. S. beorgan, to hide, protect. Bary — heavy; barytone, barytes. G. barus. Bas (bass) — low ; base (low), abase (bring low), basement (the low- est part of a building), bass ™ (the lowest part in music), 6ass-re- lief (low relief), feassoon (a bass instrument), de6a,se (make low). Low L. ftassus. Basil — king ; basilica (a royal hall for the administration of justice, also a great church), 54 QUOTATIONS. And foreheads white as when, in clusters set, The amemonies by forest /oaraiains rise.— BrycaU. Seated I see the two again, But not alone ; they entertain A little angel unaware With face as round as is the moon.— Zonsfellow. The holiest of all holidays are those Kept by ourselves, in silence and apart ; The secret anniversaries of the heart, "When the full river of feeling overRowB.— Longfellow. Did not Hercules hy force Wrest from the guardian Monster of the tomb Alcestis, a reareimated corse 1— Wordsworth,. His eyes he open'd, and beheld a field, Part ffl?'able and tilth, whereon were sheaves New reap'd, the other part sheep-walks and toldB.—MUfon. Siw. The time approaches. That will with due decision make us know What we shall say we have, and what we owe. Thoughts speeulsitive their unsure hopes relate ; But certain ismte strokes must arbitrate : Toward which, advance the war. — Shakespeare. His steps were slow, yet forward stiU He pressed where others pauseA or failed ; The calm star clomb with constant will — The restless meteor flashed and ^aleA.—Whittier. By the rude bridge that archei the flood. Their Jlag to April's breeze unfurled. Here once the em&a/tled /aT'jners stood. And fired the shot heard round the world.— Hmerson. AJl are architects of Pate, Working in these walls of time ; Some with nmesive deeds and great. Some with omaments of rhyme. — Longfellow. My heart leaps up when I behold A ralniow in the sky.— Wordsworth. These are indeed exceptions; but they show How far the gulf -stream of our youth may flow Into the arctic regions of our lives. Where little else than life itself survives.— LonnfeMow. BAST — BI. 55 basUisk "> (a fabled serpent, a serpent or lizard having a spot on its head resembling a crown). G. basUeus. Bast — build ; bastion (a strong bwilding in a fortification), ftosfile (a strongly-fewiW for- tress). O. F. bastxc. Bastiii (boston) — stick ; boMma,- do (a beating with a stick upon the soles of the feet). Sp. boston. Bat — beat ; battev (beat down), bottle (a fight, a striking, or beating), ftartalion*' (a command organized for battle), abate (beat down), aovabat (fight or strike together), Aebate (argue, beat one another down), rebate (a re- turn, beat back). L. batere. L. bataere. Bath — depth ; bathos (a sinking to the depths of the ridiculous). G. bathos. Baton — a cudgel, stick ; baton (a wand, a truncheon), batten (a wooden rod). Baton Rouge (the city of the Sed Stick). F. baton. Low L. basto, bas- tonis. Batrach — frog ; batrachia,n. G. batrochos. Beat — blessed ; beatity ™ (make blessed), beatitude, beati&c. L. beave, beatns. Beau — fine ; beau (a finely dressed person), beauty.^' F. beau. O. F. bel. L. bellns, fair, fine. Bel ; bell — fair, fi^e ; belle (the reigning fair one), embellish (to beautify, adorn), ftpiZadonna (the drug nightshade, formerly used by ladies to increase their beauty, on account of its dilat- ing the pupil of the eye), beldame (a disagreeable old wo- man, called ironically a fair lady), Belwedere (beautiful to see), Belmont (the beautiful mountain), Mabel (my fair one). L. bellns. Belenin — a dart ; belemnite (a fossil shaped like the head of a dart). G. belemnos. G. boUein, to throw. Bell — war ; belligerent, bellicose, rebel '^ (make war again). L. bellnm. Bene — well ; benefactor (a help- er, a well-doer), benefice (a church living, a grant, a well- doing), bene&t (a favor or ad- vantage, something weU done), benevolent (charitable, well- wishing). L. bene. Benedict — blessed ; benedioHon (a blessing), benedict (a newly- married man). L. benediotus. L. bene, well ; dioere, dictus, to say. Benign — mild; benign.''" L. 66- nignus. Best! — beast ; bestial. L. bestia. Bever (bevr) — drink ; beverage. O. F. bevre. L. bibere. Bey (be) — gape, expect anxiously ; abeyance (a state of suspension, as if with some expectancy of resumption). O. F. beer. Bi— life ; Siography '« (an account of a life), biology (the science of the nature of life), amphiWoug"* 56 BIAS — BOMS. (having its life both on land and in water). Gr. bios. Bias (6mis) — slant, inclination; bias''* (a preference, a leaning toward). F. biais. Bib — drink ; imbibe (drink in), bibulous (given to drimk), bib (a cloth, for imbibing, or drinkmg in, moisture). G. bibere. Bibl — book ; 6i6?iomania (an eye for hooks), 6i6Hography (an my eount of the books treating of a given subject). &. biblos. Q. bublos, Egyptian papyrus (from which the ancient books were made). Bil — bile ; bile. L. bilis. Bill — log, stump, stick ; billet (a Utile log), billiards (the game played with a stick). F. bille. ' Bill — a writing ; bill, billet. Low L. billa. Bin — twofold ; binary (occurring in twos), combine '- (join or fold two or more together). L. binus. L. bi, double. Bit — bite ; bite, bit (a morsel, a bite), bit (a curb on which a horse bites), bitter (a sharp biting flavor), bait (cause to bite), beetle (the biting insect), beetle (to project over like an upper jaw), abet (to incite, instigate, bait on), bet (to wager, to abet). A. 8. bitan. Blanc — white ; blanch, (to wMten), blank {white, empty), blanket (a white bedspread), Mont Blanc (the white mountain). F. blano. Bland — raild ; bland. L. blandus. Bias (blaps) — damage, evil ; blas- pheme (to speak ill of sacred things). G. blapsis. Blaz (bias) — blow ; blazon (to publish far and wide, as with a trv/mpet). M. E. blasen. Blazon (blason) — a coat of arms ; blazon (to portray armorial bearings). F. blason. Ger. blasen, to blow.* Bleac (blcBC) — shining, pale; bleach (to make pale), bleak. A. 8. blcBC, bloc. Bleni — wound, stain; 6te?Mish (to stain, spoil). O. F. blemir, hlesmir. O. F. bleme, blesme, wan, pale. Blow — to bloom; blow, blossom, bloom, blood (the sign of bloom- ing life), bleed (to lose blood), bless (to consecrate, as by sac- rifice or the sprinkling of blood). A. S. blowan. Bodk (bidog) — dagger ; bodkin (a little dagger). W. bidog. Bol — See ball. Bolt (buret) — sift through coarse cloth. O. F. buret. O. F. buire, coarse woolen cloth. Low L. burra, coarse red cloth. L. burrus, reddish. 8ee Btir reau. Bomb — a humming; bomb (the humming shell). L. bombus. G. bombos. * Armorial 'bearinga represent some achievement wftch has given fame to the family. A victor's fame was proclaimed hy the trumpet of a herald. BOMBARD — BOUCH. 57 Bombard — cannon ; 6om.6ord (to of a vessel), starboard (the assail with cannon). F. bom- right-hand side, the steering barde (the bomb thrower). side), larboard (the lading side). Bombast {bombax) — cotton, wad- board (a plank, such as goes on ding ; bombast (inflated Ian- the side of a vessel). A. S. guage, as if filled out with cot- bord* to»-wadding). Low L. 6am6a,r. Boroiigli (beorg) — protect; bor- L. bombyx. G. bombux, silk, ough (a large town,f originally cotton. a protecting fort). A. S. beorgaxi. Bon — good; bonus (b, special al- Bosc — feed; proftoscis (the ele- lowance, a good), boon,''^ bonny, phant's trunk, or feeder in bmintj (goodness). L. tonus. front). Q. bosoein. Bor (bur) — peasant, dweller; Botaii — herb ; fcotony (the science neighftor (the near dweller), of plants). G. botane. boor. A. S. bur. Bovicli — mouth; debouch (to Bord — edge, side; border (an emerge, as from a, mouth). F. edge), overboard (over the side bouche. G. bucca.. * Tlie Anglo-Saxon speech, which, forms the basis of the English Language, came into England In the fifth century A.D. The Eoman Empire began to give way in the fifth century to the pressure of barbarian hordes from the North and East (composed principally of the Gkiths, Vandals, and Huna). One of the first regions abandoned by the distressed Romans was Britain— for two reasons: first, because it was a veiy remote province, and therefore guarded with difaculty, and second, because it was never fully subjugated. (See Gaelic.) On the withdrawal of the Eoman garrisons, the island lapsed back into the possession of its native Celts. Some of these living nearest the Eoman strong- holds had become partly Eomanized ; that is, they had acquired some Eoman ideas, some Eoman customs, and some Eoman speech. They were, therefore, out of harmony with the fierce, untouched Celts of the remoter regions. This lack of harmony soon led to conflicts, especially with the Picts and Scots of the north, who had never made a, truce with the Eoman legions. The hard- pressed Southrons looked around for aid, and invited in the Angles and Saxons of North Germany to their assistance. The latter came, and after repelling the Picts and Soots, were so pleased with the genial climate and productive soil, so different from the cold and murky lowlands of the north, that they resolved to hold the country, even against their aUies. This determination reunited the Celts in a brave struggle against the common enemy, a struggle to the death, in which neither party gave nor asked quarter, a struggle that con- tinued during the unexampled period of over two hundred years. The termi- nation of this struggle left the Saxons in exclusive possession of England proper, but unwlUing to pursue their desperate foes within the highlands of Scotland and the border morasses of "Wales. Saxon blood, Saxon thrift, and Saxon speech took full possession of the conquered region, slightly modified by the later incursion of the Danes, but practically undisturbed until the time of the Norman Conquest, in the eleventh century. + The names of many English tmvm have the termination borough ; as, Marl- toT