1 255" 
 v. I 
 
 | ; fe | jolitam %mtfh | jtyarj 
 
 Prefented to 
 The Cornell University, 1869, 
 
 BY 
 
 Goldwin Smith, M. A. Oxon., 
 
 Regius Profeffor of Hiftory in the 
 Univerfity of Oxford. 
 

 DATE DUE 
 
 
 D£CJW 
 
 J&torgi 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 GAYLORD 
 
 
 
 PRINTED IN U.S,A. 
 
 3_1924_082 465 588 
 
The original of this book is in 
 the Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924082465588 
 
JOURNAL 
 
 OP 
 
 THE SWEDISH EMBASSY 
 
 IN THE YEAES 1653 AND 1654. 
 
A JOUENAL 
 
 OP 
 
 THE SWEDISH EMBASSY 
 
 IN THE YEAES 1653 AND 1654. 
 
 IMPARTIALLY WRITTEN BY THE 
 
 AMBASSADOR BULSTRODE WHITELOCKE. 
 
 PIBST PUBLISHED 
 
 EROM THE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT 
 
 BY 
 
 DR. CHARLES NORTON, M.D., F.S.A., 
 
 f 
 
 LIBRARIAN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM. 
 
 A NEW EDITION, 
 
 REVISED BY 
 
 HENRY REEVE, Esq., E.S.A. 
 
 IN TWO VOLUMES. 
 VOLUME I. 
 
 'A wicked messenger falleth into mischief, but a faithful ambassador is health." 
 
 Proverbs xiii. 17. 
 
 LONDON : 
 LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMANS. 
 
 1855. 
 
 ft': 
 
y — 
 
 7 a 
 less 
 
 y. / 
 
 iTCORNELE^ 
 jUNIVERSITYi 
 
 \ LIBRARY^/ 
 
 FEINTED EY 
 
 JOHN EDWAHD TAYLOE, LITTLE QUEEN STREIiT, 
 
 LINCOLN'S INN FIELDS. 
 
TO MONSIEUR GUIZOT, 
 
 MEMBHE DE L'aCADe'miE FBANCAISE. 
 
 My deab Sib, 
 
 I have the pleasure to present to you 
 this New Edition of a Work already well known to your 
 researches, as a slight acknowledgment of the eminent ser- 
 vices you have rendered to the History of the Common- 
 wealth of England both at home and abroad, and as a 
 mark of the constant respect and attachment with which 
 
 I have the honour to be 
 
 Tour very faithful Servant, 
 
 HENRY EEEVE. 
 
 London, 
 20th January, 1855. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The Manuscripts of Bulstrode "Whitelocke, now depo- 
 sited in the Library of the British Museum, which have 
 reference to this Work, are as follows : — 
 
 I. (Mus. Brit. Bibl. Egerton, 997, Plut.) A small vo- 
 lume entitled Whitelocke s History of the Forty-eighth 
 Year of his Age, interspersed with Scripture Lectures ad- 
 dressed to his Children : all in Whitelocke's handwriting. 
 This volume appears to have been a sort of note-book 
 carried in the pocket, for the exterior is much worn; 
 and it was the author's practice to note together the in- 
 cidents of the day, and his reflections on the portions of 
 Scripture which formed his daily reading. 
 
 II. (Mus. Brit. 4992.) Whitelocke's Annates of his 
 Life, 1653-1656, with an Lntroduction addressed to his 
 Children. This period coincides with his departure for 
 Sweden, to which the Notes in this volume more parti- 
 cularly relate ; for in the spring of his forty-ninth year, 
 1653, he says, "I come now to the most troublesome 
 and active year of my age, wherein I shall set down the 
 passages relating to the Parliament and the army by 
 
 vol. i. b 
 
X INTRODUCTION. 
 
 themselves, and those relating to the Swedish Embassy 
 by themselves, that both the one and the other may be 
 the more surely and distinctly understood." 
 
 III. (Mus. Brit. 4902.) The Journal of the Swedish 
 Embassy .- written by Whitelocke himself, in one thick 
 volume in double columns, from which Dr. Morton's 
 edition in 1772 was literally printed. 
 
 IV. (Mus. Brit. 4991 a. Plut. cxxiii. h.) Two vo- 
 lumes folio of manuscript notes and commentaries rela- 
 ting to the Swedish Embassy and to other matters, not 
 in Whitelocke' s handwriting ; partly printed in the Ap- 
 pendix to Dr. Morton's edition. 
 
 Of these manuscripts the third is entirely complete, 
 and was probably designed for publication by its author, 
 though he speaks of it as written for the use of his own 
 family. It was printed without alteration by Dr. Mor- 
 ton ; and the duties of the present Editor have been con- 
 fined to the adoption of the orthography of the present 
 day, and some occasional corrections and emendations. 
 Erom the appearance of this manuscript, and from the 
 more fragmentary and imperfect state of the other ma- 
 nuscripts above referred to, it may be conjectured that 
 Whitelocke employed a portion of the later years of his 
 life, which were spent in retirement, in re- writing the 
 narrative of his Embassy, which he regarded as " the 
 most troublesome and active" period of his career. 
 
 Dr. Charles Morton, the former editor of this work 
 in the last century, was first Under-Librarian, and sub- 
 sequently Principal Librarian, of the British Museum. 
 
INTRODUCTION. XI 
 
 In the year 1766 lie had published Whitelocke' s Notes 
 upon the King's Writ for choosing Members of Parlia- 
 ment, 13 Charles II, being Disquisitions on the Govern- 
 ment of England by King, lords, and Commons, in two 
 volumes quarto, the original manuscript of this work 
 having been placed in his hands for publication by 
 Thomas Carew, gentleman, who bought it at the sale of 
 the Duke of Chandos's library in 1747. 
 
 The publication of this work, which is of very inferior 
 interest to the Journal of the Swedish Embassy, having 
 attracted the notice of the representatives of the White- 
 locke family, Carleton Whitelocke, Esq., of Prior's-wood, 
 near Dublin, placed in the hands of the same editor the 
 manuscript which was first printed under «Dr. Morton's 
 direction in 1772. The biographical sketch of White- 
 locke's career, which was prefixed to the work on the 
 King's Writ, furnishes a succinct and accurate narrative 
 of his career. 
 
 " Bulstrode Whitelocke, or Lord Commissioner White- 
 locke as he is sometimes called, was the son of Sir James 
 Whitelocke, Knight, one of the Justices of the King's 
 Bench, by Elizabeth his wife, daughter of Edward Bul- 
 strode, of Hedgley Bulstrode, in the county of Bucking- 
 ham, Esquire. He was born August 6th, 1605, in Eleet- 
 street, London, in the house of Sir George Croke, his 
 mother's uncle, afterwards one of the Justices of the 
 Common Pleas ; and was educated in grammar learning 
 in Merchant Tailors' School. When he had properly 
 improved himself there, he was admitted, in Michaelmas 
 
 b2 
 
XU INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Term, 1620, a gentleman-commoner of St. John's Col- 
 lege, in Oxford ; at which time he was principally re- 
 commended to the care and oversight of his father's 
 contemporary and intimate friend, Dr. Laud, then Pre- 
 sident of that house, who showed him many kindnesses : 
 in return for which, many years after, when Dr. Laud, 
 then Archbishop of Canterbury, was to be brought to 
 his trial, Mr. Whitelocke refused to be in the number of 
 the committee appointed by Parliament to draw up a 
 charge against him. Having laid a good foundation 
 of general learning, he quitted the University without 
 taking a degree, and went to the Middle Temple, where, 
 by the help of his father, he became a great proficient 
 in the common law ; not neglecting, at the same time, 
 every other branch of polite and useful literature. In 
 the midst of his more serious studies he showed a gal- 
 lant turn of mind, by being one of the chief managers 
 of the Royal Masque which was exhibited by the Inns 
 of Court in February, 1633, before King Charles I. and 
 his Queen and their Court, at Whitehall. To him in 
 particular was committed the whole care and charge of 
 the music for this great masque, which was so well per- 
 formed, that it excelled any music that had before that 
 time been heard in England. 
 
 " Being a Counsellor-at-Law, he delivered with great 
 applause, though unprepared, a charge at the Quarter 
 Sessions at Oxford in 1635; and was often consulted 
 by Hampden, when he came to be prosecuted for re- 
 fusing the payment of ship-money. At the beginning 
 
INTRODUCTION. XU1 
 
 of the commotions in Scotland he wanted not solicita- 
 tions on behalf of the Covenanters ; but he persuaded 
 his friends not to foment those growing public differ- 
 ences, nor to be any means of encouraging a foreign na- 
 tion against their natural prince, from whence he feared 
 great and evil consequences. He was chosen one of the 
 Burgesses for Marlow in the Long Parliament, which 
 met November 3, 1640. Towards the beginning of the 
 Session,, a debate arising about the writs of habeas cor- 
 pus upon which Mr. Selden and other members, who 
 had been committed for their freedom of speech in the 
 Parliament of 1628, had demanded to be bailed, but 
 were refused ; this was so far aggravated by some, that 
 they moved Mr. Selden and the rest might have repara- 
 tion out of the estates of those Judges who then sat in 
 the King's Bench ; and they being named to be Hyde, 
 Jones, and Whitelocke, the young Member for Marlow 
 stood up in defence of his father, and vindicated him 
 from the fact alleged. When the Earl of Strafford came 
 to be impeached by the Commons of high treason, Mr. 
 Whitelocke was chosen Chairman of the Committee ap- 
 pointed to draw up articles and manage the evidence 
 against him. All the papers relating thereto were de- 
 livered into his custody ; but a very material one was 
 conveyed away by the Lord Digby to the Earl, which 
 brought a suspicion of treachery upon Mr. Whitelocke, 
 though he was sufficiently cleared afterwards, when a 
 copy of that paper was found, in Lord Digby's hand- 
 writing, in the King's cabinet at the battle of Naseby. 
 
XIV INTRODUCTION. 
 
 "In 164 J, during the debates about the Militia, he 
 made an excellent speech, wherein he declared it as his 
 opinion that the power of the Militia was neither in the 
 King alone nor in the Parliament, but jointly in both. 
 All accommodations about that important matter being 
 found impracticable, which Mr. Whitelocke appears to 
 have earnestly wished for, and he, being apprehensive of 
 the ensuing miseries and troubles, spoke against raising 
 an army for the defence of the Parliament, and sensibly 
 described the calamities of a civil war. However, be- 
 ing perhaps unwilling to see what he thought the most 
 valuable rights of the nation tamely lost, he accepted of 
 the office of Deputy-Lieutenant of the counties of Bucks 
 and Oxford in 1642, and, together with Mr. Hampden, 
 dispersed the Commissioners of Array at Watlington. 
 Also, having a gallant company of horse of his neigh- 
 bours under his command, he marched to Oxford, of 
 which he was named a fit person to be Governor ; and 
 proposed the securing of that important place, but his 
 advice was not followed. About the end of October, 
 his seat at Pawley Court was rifled and plundered by a 
 party of Prince Rupert's brigade ; which, as he says, 
 he remembered only to raise a constant hatred of any- 
 thing that may in the least tend to foment such un- 
 happiness and misery ; and in November he appeared 
 among those forces that opposed the King at Brentford. 
 In January, 1642-3, he was one of the Commissioners 
 at the Treaty of Peace at Oxford, wherein a good deal 
 of the business lay upon him ; and he had a great share 
 
INTRODUCTION. XV 
 
 of favour and respect from his fellow-Commissioners. 
 Upon all overtures of peace he industriously laboured 
 to promote them ; which might be some ground of his 
 being so often employed by the Parliament in their 
 treaties. In March, the Lords having proposed that a 
 new Committee should be named to consider of propo- 
 sitions of peace, and the Commons insisting to have that 
 matter referred to a Committee of both kingdoms, Mr. 
 Whitelocke observed that in the debate some were 
 averse to any proposition at all for peace, which in- 
 duced him to make an excellent peaceful speech. 
 
 " He was a member of the Assembly of Divines ; 
 and, in their debates for settling the government of the 
 Church, delivered his opinion against the divine right 
 of Presbytery; which notion he afterwards opposed in 
 the House of Commons, and prevented them from be- 
 ing surprised upon this great question, for which he re- 
 ceived thanks. In 1644 he was constituted Constable 
 of Windsor Castle. Both Houses of Parliament hav- 
 ing at length agreed upon the propositions for peace, 
 Mr. Whitelocke was appointed one of the committee to 
 carry them to the King at Oxford. His Majesty seemed 
 to express a particular regard for him, styling him and 
 Mr. Holies messengers of and wishers to peace ; and 
 when they were about coming away, the King desired 
 them to set down in writing what they apprehended 
 might be fit for him to return in answer to their mes- 
 sage, and was in their judgements likely to facilitate 
 the good work of peace. Accordingly, going into a pri- 
 
XVI INTRODUCTION. 
 
 vate room, he wrote down, not in his usual hand, what 
 he and Mr. Holies judged to be fit for the substance of 
 his Majesty's answer to the proposals of peace they had 
 brought, and left it upon the table. But this affair had 
 like to. have proved their ruin; for it coming to the 
 knowledge of the Lord Saville, who was then with the 
 King at Oxford, and revolted afterwards to the Parlia- 
 ment, that inconstant Lord sent to the Commons an 
 accusation of high treason against Mr. Holies and Mr. 
 Whitelocke, on account of that paper, the 2nd of July, 
 1645. They were persecuted with all eagerness, and 
 defended themselves with so much constancy, mutual 
 fidelity, and convincing evidence, that, after a long and 
 strict examination, they were clearly acquitted by a vote 
 of the House, on 21st of July, of any misdemeanour in 
 this business, and left at liberty to prosecute, if they 
 pleased, for damages, the Lord Saville, then a prisoner 
 in the Tower. 
 
 " To return to some particulars that happened in the 
 meantime. 
 
 " The Scottish Commissioners finding that Oliver 
 Cromwell, by some words he had dropped, was no friend 
 to their nation nor the government of their Church, and 
 the Lord General Essex growing jealous that he was en- 
 deavouring to supplant him, a private consultation was 
 had, whether he could not be proceeded against as an 
 incendiary. Mr. Whitelocke, who was present, declared 
 it as his opinion that he could not. Mr. A. Wood says 
 that he gave Oliver timely notice of the design, and 
 
INTRODUCTION. XVU 
 
 thenceforth became very gracious with that most active 
 person. But he says himself, that at this debate some 
 who were present were false brethren, and informed 
 Cromwell of all that passed among them. He was not 
 for the Self-denying Ordinance, and made a speech against 
 it. In the beginning of the year 1645 he was appointed 
 one of the Commissioners at the Treaty of Uxbridge, and 
 attended there ; and on the 6th of August following, 
 when the House of Commons was in debate about send- 
 ing propositions of peace to his Majesty, he furthered 
 them as much as he could. He had been the last year 
 nominated Attorney of the Duchy of Lancaster. On the 
 15th April, 1645, he was made one of the Commissioners 
 of the Admiralty; and December 16th, Steward of the 
 Revenues of Westminster College. When the Presby- 
 terians were striving to have the power of excommunica- 
 tion and suspension from the Sacrament vested in them- 
 selves, he opposed it in the House of Commons ; for which 
 they censured and termed him a disciple of Selden, and 
 an Erastian. 
 
 " Upon several occasions he showed himself a lover of 
 learning. As for instance, in order to preserve the Lord 
 Keeper Lyttelton's books and manuscripts from being 
 sold and dispersed by the sequestrators, as they would 
 have been, he procured an order from the House of 
 Commons, that such as could be discovered should be 
 bestowed upon him ; and by that means he saved them, 
 to have the present use of them : resolving, whenever 
 there was a happy accommodation, to restore them to 
 
XVU1 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 the owner or to some of his family. Neither was he less 
 useful in preserving the Heralds' Office, being one of the 
 committee, and very active in promoting the ordinance 
 for settling and regulating that office, though great op- 
 position was made by the lower levelling class of the then 
 ruling powers, who were but of yesterday. He caused 
 also the manuscripts and books at Whitehall to be re- 
 moved to St. James's House, that those rare monuments 
 of learning and antiquity might be preserved. 
 
 "At the siege of Oxford (where he occasionally attend- 
 ed General Fairfax, and was admitted to his councils of 
 war), being a friend to the University wherein he had 
 been educated, and undeniably a man of considerable 
 learning, he used all his interest to have honourable 
 terms granted to the besieged garrison, and that the 
 colleges and libraries should not be hurt or plundered. 
 In October, 1645, he appears to have resorted with Sir 
 Henry Vane, and ' other grandees of that party, and was 
 kindly treated by them, as he used to be by the other,' 
 to use his own words. In June 29, 1646, he was one 
 of the Select Council ordered by General Fairfax to con- 
 sult about several sieges, and was made use of as their 
 secretary ; and he kept a strong garrison in his seat of 
 Phyllis Court for the use of the then prevailing powers. 
 In December, 1646, we find him earnestly promoting the 
 ordinances for taking away all coercive power of com- 
 mittees, and all arbitrary power from both or either of 
 the Houses of Parliament, or any of their committees, in 
 any matter between party and party; judging that to be 
 
INTRODUCTION. XIX 
 
 for the honour of the Parliament and the ease and right 
 of the people. And being well skilled in foreign affairs, 
 he was usually in every committee relating to them. At 
 the same time he applied himself closely to his practice 
 of the law, and attended the Assizes much to his profit, 
 as may be seen in his ' Memorials.' 
 
 " When his old friends Sir Philip Stapleton, Denzil 
 Holies, Recorder Glyn, and others came to promote 
 eagerly the disbanding of the greatest part of the army, 
 he declared against that measure, believing, as he said 
 and very likely knew, that the army would not submit 
 to it, and ill consequences might follow. This highly 
 ingratiated him with Cromwell and that party, who en- 
 tertained him with all respect and affection, and highly 
 courted him. His friends in the House of Commons, 
 and some others who would have been rid of him, moved 
 that he might be sent Lord Justice into Ireland, to exer- 
 cise the civil government ; but he was not free to under- 
 take that charge. And now Cromwell and his adherents 
 were against his going away, and more than formerly 
 desired his company, and began to use his advice in 
 many things. In September, 1647, the city of London 
 were very desirous of having him for their Recorder, 
 which he declined ; and December 5, the Speaker of the 
 House of Commons not being well, and Whitelocke be- 
 ing informed by his friends, that in case the Speaker 
 should continue ill they would call him to the chair to 
 supply that place, to avoid it he withdrew himself from 
 the House and went home. 
 
XX INTRODUCTION. 
 
 " In March, 1647-8, he was appointed one of the three 
 Commissioners of the Great Seal, for one whole year. 
 These Commissioners were said to be agreed upon before- 
 hand by a private junto of Cromwell's party. He was 
 sworn into his office April 12, with a salary of £1000 
 a year, and took much contentment in the privacy and 
 credit of it. On the 17th he resigned his place of At- 
 torney of the Duchy of Lancaster. He gives us a re- 
 markable instance of his own and fellow- Commissioners' 
 most laudable and exemplary despatch in the Chancery 
 business, — that in the morning of one day they deter- 
 mined thirteen causes, and forty demurrers in the after- 
 noon, and sometimes sat from five o'clock in the morn- 
 ing till five in the evening. According to his own ac- 
 count he was no gainer by accepting of the place of 
 Commissioner of the Great Seal, for the profit of it was 
 not above £1500 a year, whereas his practice in the law 
 brought him before near £2000 per annum. He thought 
 himself but unfixed and unsettled in that high post, 
 looking upon the Self-denying Ordinance debated in 
 Parliament on August 6, 1648, as a design to remove 
 him. And such a design appears in October following, 
 when he was ordered by the House to be one of the 
 Serjeants-at-Law then called, and Attorney- General of 
 the Duchy, though in words the House did express much 
 favour and respect to him, and their compliments were 
 too high for him to remember. 
 
 " The army's force upon the House of Commons drew 
 some serious reflections from him ; and he had no great 
 
INTRODUCTION. XXI 
 
 mind to sit in that House as it was then constituted. 
 He was one of the Committee of thirty-eight named to 
 consider of drawing up a charge against King Charles I.; 
 but he never attended, being resolved to avoid med- 
 dling in that bad affair ; and therefore he went into the 
 country, on purpose to be out of the way, and not be 
 liable to be over-persuaded or compelled. But before 
 that, he had assisted, at a meeting of some of the Mem- 
 bers of the House of Commons, to consult about settling 
 the kingdom by Parliament, and not to leave all to the 
 sword. He returned to London January 9, 1648-9, after 
 the King's trial was begun ; though he seemed not to 
 be concerned in it, and refused afterwards to approve 
 the proceedings of the High Court of Justice. But he 
 had meetings and free discourses with Cromwell about 
 the then affairs and actions of the army, and the settle- 
 ment of the kingdom. 
 
 "February 1, he declared, in the House of Commons, 
 his disapprobation of the vote of December 5, 1648, 
 ' that his Majesty's concessions to the propositions of 
 the Parliament were sufficient grounds for settling the 
 peace of the kingdom.' And on the 6th 'it was put 
 upon him to draw an Act to take away the House of 
 Lords ; wherein he desired to have been excused, in re- 
 gard he was not in the House when the vote passed, and 
 had declared his opinion against it ; but could not get 
 excused.' 
 
 " February 8, he made a speech, extant in his ' Memo- 
 rials,' to excuse himself from being made one of the new 
 
Xxii INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Lords Commissioners of the Great Seal ; but notwith- 
 standing this he was voted to be one, nemine contradi- 
 cente. He says, that ' being beforehand acquainted that 
 he was to be named, he had often advised with his 
 friends about it ; and that the most considerable parti- 
 culars' (which seem to have been urged by his friends) 
 were, that ' he was already very deeply engaged with this 
 party ; that the business to be undertaken by him was 
 the execution of law and justice, without which men 
 could not live one by another, a thing of absolute neces- 
 sity to be done.' He adds, that many objections also 
 were made against his accepting this place, which are 
 mentioned in the speech. The 14th of February, 
 1648-9, he was nominated one of the Council of State ; 
 and March 16, according to an Order of the 14th, 'He 
 brought in a draft of a declaration touching the pro- 
 ceedings of Parliament in the late transactions, which, 
 being committed, was made much sharper than he had 
 drawn it, and divers clauses were added which he 
 thought matters fit to be omitted.' June 13, he was 
 chosen High Steward of Oxford in the place of the Earl 
 of Berks. On the 6th of July he voluntarily surrendered 
 his office of Attorney of the Duchy, which the House 
 had bestowed on him. On the 30th of July, at the in- 
 stance of the learned Mr. Selden, he undertook the care 
 of the Royal Library and medals at St. James's, in order 
 to prevent a design formed by some to have them sold 
 and transported beyond sea, which he thought would be 
 a dishonour and damage to this nation and to all scho- 
 
INTRODUCTION. XXU1 
 
 lars here ; and fearing that in other hands they might 
 be more subject to embezzling, this trouble therefore he 
 undertook, to preserve them for public use. John 
 Dury, a German, a good scholar, and who had been a 
 great traveller, was his deputy -librarian. September 26, 
 he was appointed one of the Governors for the School 
 and Almshouses at Westminster ; and in November fol- 
 lowing, opposed a motion made in the House of Com- 
 mons, that no lawyers should be of the Parliament. The 
 year following, in the debates upon the Act for putting 
 all the books of the law and the process and proceedings 
 in courts of justice into the English tongue, some hav- 
 ing spoken in derogation and dishonour of the laws of 
 England, the Lord Commissioner stood up in defence of 
 them, and endeavoured to prove that they were not in- 
 troduced by William the First. September 9, 1651, he 
 was appointed, with three other Members of Parliament, 
 to go out of town to meet Oliver Cromwell on his way 
 to London, and congratulate him upon his victory at 
 Worcester. 
 
 "All opposition being now fallen before Cromwell, he 
 had a meeting, December 10, at the Speaker's house, 
 with some Members of Parliament and officers of the 
 army, to talk about the settlement of the nation, and 
 probably with a view to sound their opinions and in- 
 clinations. Whitelocke, who was present, delivered his 
 sentiments to this purpose : — ' The laws of England are 
 so interwoven with the power and practice of mon- 
 archy, that to settle a Government without something 
 
XXIV INTRODUCTION. 
 
 of monarchy in it would make so great an alteration in 
 the proceedings of our law, that they had scarce time to 
 rectify it, nor could they well foresee the inconveniencies 
 that would arise thereby. Therefore he added that 
 there might be a day given for the King's eldest son, or 
 for the Duke of York, his brother, to come into the Par- 
 liament ; and, upon such terms as should be thought fit 
 and agreeable both to our civil and spiritual liberties, a 
 settlement might be made with them.' In November, 
 1652, he repeated the same advice in a private confer- 
 ence with Cromwell, wherein he dissuaded him from as- 
 suming the title of King, and persuaded him to enter 
 into a private treaty with Charles II. 
 
 " This proposal was very unpleasing from the first to 
 Cromwell, who thenceforward grew cool towards the 
 Lord Commissioner, and had but little intercourse and 
 correspondence with him. In order to get him out of 
 the way, and deprive him of his office of Commissioner 
 of the Great Seal, he was named one, and the chief, of 
 the Commissioners for the Administration of the Civil 
 Government in Ireland. Arguments were not wanting 
 to urge him to accept of it, — as the great command, the 
 honour, and the considerable profit of that employment. 
 But as he perceived the offer proceeded rather from ill 
 than good will, and that Cromwell was forward in it 
 underhand,— as not liking his advice above mentioned, 
 and his noncompliance with his sovereign pleasure in some 
 things, particularly in Chancery causes, — he at first dis- 
 creetly excused himself from that service, which would 
 
INTRODUCTION. XXV 
 
 have been no advancement either to his honour or profit, 
 in a country too which he did not like. And when he 
 was rather over-pressed, he got himself off from being 
 named, by a kind of resolute denial. But not long after, 
 Cromwell found occasion, by an honourable employment, 
 to send him out of the way, that he might be no obstacle 
 or impediment to his ambitious designs. 
 
 "When the two Commonwealths of England and 
 Holland began to quarrel, and the right of the fishery 
 and dominion of the British seas came under debate, 
 the maintaining of those privileges was committed to 
 Whitelocke, who better than any one was skilled in such 
 points and in the history and antiquities of this nation. 
 He was very uneasy and displeased at the army's begin- 
 ning to set up for themselves without the Parliament, 
 and always and earnestly declared his judgement against 
 this as the most dangerous and most ungrateful thing 
 that could be practised. The 20th of April, 1653, he 
 urged the same arguments at a great meeting of Parlia- 
 ment-men and officers in Cromwell's lodgings, and said 
 that dissolving the Parliament would neither be warrant- 
 able in conscience or wisdom. Again, when it was pro- 
 posed that a number (about forty) of Parliament-men 
 and officers of the army should be nominated and em- 
 powered by the Parliament for managing the affairs of 
 the Commonwealth till a new Parliament should meet, 
 and so the present one to be forthwith dissolved, he 
 opposed this proposal, and the more, fearing lest he 
 might be one of these forty, who he thought would be 
 
 vol. i: c 
 
XXVI INTRODUCTION. 
 
 in a desperate condition after the dissolution of the Par- 
 liament. But notwithstanding his own and his party's 
 endeavours, the Parliament was dissolved in a rude and 
 arbitrary manner by Oliver Cromwell. He did not pro- 
 ceed in the business of the Great Seal till after Cromwell 
 and his Council of Officers had set forth a declaration 
 of the grounds and reasons for their dissolving the late 
 Parliament, and that all civil officers should proceed as 
 formerly in the execution of their offices. Cromwell was 
 so much offended with him that he did not admit him 
 into his first Parliament, which assembled in July, 1653 ; 
 and his great commission was superseded by the vote 
 for taking away the Court of Chancery. 
 
 " To remove him yet further, the honourable employ- 
 ment described in these volumes was contrived for him as 
 a kind of creditable exile. That was an Embassy to the 
 famous Christina, Queen of Sweden, to which he was no- 
 minated by Cromwell September 4, 1653, and voted in 
 Parliament ten days after. He received his commission 
 and instruction from the hand of the Speaker the 29th 
 October, and having very expeditiously prepared himself, 
 he set out from London November 2nd, embarked at 
 Gravesend the 5th, sailed the 6th, and after a difficult 
 passage arrived at Gothenburg the 15th. A few weeks 
 after his departure, the Parliament having resigned up 
 their power to the General Cromwell, he assumed the 
 supreme legislative authority under the title of Lord 
 Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, 
 and Ireland. 
 
INTRODUCTION. XXV11 
 
 " This great alteration at home made no alteration in 
 his conduct, but he proceeded vigorously in the affair of 
 his Embassy, notwithstanding he met with great obstruc- 
 tions from Queen Christina, who, in his audiences, in- 
 stead of hearkening to his business, entertained him with 
 her notions of philosophy and with balls and diversions. 
 In other respects she showed him and his sons great 
 civility, and created him Knight of the Order of Ama- 
 rantha, of which she herself was sovereign, and wore as 
 the badge of it a rich jewel tied to a crimson ribbon 
 under her left breast. Having overcome all difficulties, 
 he concluded a firm alliance between England and Swe- 
 den about the beginning of May, 1054, before Queen 
 Christina's resignation of her crown. And immediately 
 setting out upon his return home, he came to Hamburg 
 June 10, embarked at Gliickstadt the 17th, and after a 
 dangerous passage, having struck upon a sand near Yar- 
 mouth, he arrived in England the 28th. 
 
 " On the 6th of July he gave the Protector and his 
 Council a circumstantial account of his Embassy, and 
 was not only continued the First Commissioner of the 
 Great Seal, but was also appointed, August 4, one of 
 the Commissioners of the Exchequer. He was also 
 Recorder of Bristol. At the meeting of the Protector's 
 second Parliament, August 4, in which he was chosen 
 for the county of Bucks and for the boroughs of Oxford 
 and Bedford, he carried the purse before him ; and on 
 the 6th gave a particular narrative to the House of his 
 negotiations at the Court of Sweden, for which he not 
 
XXV111 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 only received the thanks of the House, but had also 
 £2000 ordered him for arrears of the expenses of his 
 Embassy, and as a testimony of their favour and a re- 
 ward of his services ; the payment of which however was 
 not made good till February, 1656-7, with the addition 
 of £500. He was so diligent in his attendance upon 
 Parliament, and gained so great an interest in it, that 
 Cromwell became highly displeased with him among the 
 rest ; and he grew jealous of him, with many of his 
 former friends, suspecting that their design at bottom 
 was to bring in the King, because they declared for a 
 truly free Parliament, which was indeed the way for the 
 King's restoration. After the dissolution of this second 
 Parliament, Cromwell and his Council having framed an 
 ordinance for the better regulating and limiting the ju- 
 risdiction of the High Court of Chancery, Whitelocke 
 and Sir Thomas Widdrington made shrewd observations 
 upon its inconveniences, and declared that the observa- 
 tion of it was contrary to their own judgements and con- 
 sciences, therefore no worldly considerations could prevail 
 upon him to execute an ordinance which he looked upon 
 as illegal. Accordingly, on the 6th of June, 1655, he 
 resigned the Seal, for which he underwent various cen- 
 sures, but says he never had cause to repent of that 
 action. 
 
 " But the Protector, sensible of his harsh proceedings 
 against him for keeping to that liberty of conscience 
 which he himself held to be every one's right, and that 
 none ought to suffer for, by way of recompense made 
 
INTRODUCTION. XXIX 
 
 him one of the Commissioners of the Treasury, with a 
 salary of £1000 per annum. 
 
 " He also often advised with him in his greatest affairs ; 
 and he was faithful in his advice, though sometimes less 
 pleasing to Cromwell than the counsel of some others 
 who, for their private ends, would flatter him and sel- 
 dom differ from him in judgement, whereof he grew at 
 last sensible. Particularly the Protector seldom omitted 
 to consult him about foreign affairs, wherein he thought 
 him not unserviceable, and did much follow his counsel. 
 
 " Often did Whitelocke press him to have frequent Par- 
 liaments, though contrary to the sentiments and per- 
 suasions of others. But so far was he from taking it 
 ill, that he constituted him, on the 2nd of November, 
 one of his Council of Trade, and nominated him in the 
 beginning of the year 1656 one of the Ambassadors 
 Extraordinary to Sweden. Though Whitelocke declined 
 that employment, yet he accepted of the office of being 
 one of the Commissioners to treat with the Swedish 
 Ambassador then in England ; and after long negotia- 
 tions, of which we have a detail in his ' Memorials,' a 
 treaty was signed on July 17, between the English and 
 Swedes. 
 
 " In the third Parliament of Oliver Cromwell, which 
 met September 17, Whitelocke was elected, one of the 
 Knights for the county of Bucks, and supplied the place 
 of Speaker during Sir Thomas Widdrington's illness. 
 
 " He did not choose to present to the Parliament the 
 humble petition and advice, etc., there being some things 
 
XXX INTRODUCTION. 
 
 in it disagreeable to him ; but he was Chairman of the 
 Committee appointed to confer with Cromwell about it, 
 and he advised him, among others, to take the title of 
 King. But Cromwell durst not assume it, being awed 
 by the Commonwealth party and the fears of a mutiny 
 and defection from the greatest part of the army, whose 
 threats ran very high. At his solemn inauguration at 
 Westminster Hall, June 26, 1657, Whitelocke rode by 
 his son Richard in one of the boots of the state-coach, 
 with a drawn sword in his hand. He seemed still to 
 be much in favour with the Protector, who advised with 
 him about the besieging of Dunkirk and other important 
 affairs; and he persuaded the Protector to further the 
 relief of the poor persecuted Protestants in Piedmont. 
 December 11 he received his writ of summons as one of 
 the Lords of the other House. 
 
 " When Cromwell was about dissolving the Parliament, 
 he dissuaded him from it, telling him the danger of fre- 
 quent dissolution of Parliaments, and what straits it 
 would bring him into for money. But his advice was 
 not received, nor his application successfid, when he 
 asked for the Provostship of Eton College, a thing of 
 good value, quiet and honourable, and fit for a scholar ; 
 upon which occasion he observes that his service was 
 past, and therefore no necessity for a recompense. So 
 thinking himself neglected, and not being satisfied with 
 the public transactions, he lived much retired. April 23, 
 1658, he was one of the Committee for hearing Appeals 
 from Guernsey and Jersey, and three days after, nomi- 
 
INTRODUCTION. XXXI 
 
 nated one of the Commissioners for the trial of Dr. Hewet 
 and other conspirators ; but he never acted in that High 
 Court of Justice, it being against his judgement, as he 
 had before declared. He also waived the place of Go- 
 vernor of Dunkirk, of which overtures were made to him 
 soon after. The last instance of the Protector's favour 
 to him was his signing, August 21st, a warrant for a 
 patent to make him a Viscount ; but he did not think it 
 convenient to accept of that honour. 
 
 "The 22nd January, 1658-9, Richard, the new Pro- 
 tector, having a particular respect for him, made him 
 one of the Keepers of the Great Seal, without any seek- 
 ing of his own, and he was one of his Lords of the 
 other House. The Protector consulting him, with others, 
 April 21st, whether it were not fit to dissolve his Par- 
 liament, he, the Lord Commissioner, doubted the success 
 of it, and wished they were permitted to sit a little 
 longer, especially when they had begun to consider of 
 raising money whereby they would engage the army. 
 But the General Council of Officers having taken a re- 
 solution to displace Richard, at that critical time White- 
 locke was wary what to advise in this matter ; but de- 
 clared his judgement honestly and for the Protector's 
 good, when his advice was required. After the Officers 
 had assumed the Government without a single person, 
 kingship, or House of Peers, his office of Commissioner 
 af the Great Seal ceased ; but he was named one of the 
 Council of State, May 13. 
 
 " In those distracted times he was accused of holding 
 
XXX11 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 a correspondence with Sir Edward Hyde and other 
 friends and ministers of Charles II.; but he positively 
 denied it, and desired no favour if they could prove any 
 such thing against him ; so the matter dropped. On the 
 5th June he was named Commissioner, with Algernon 
 Sidney and Sir Robert Honeywood, to go and mediate 
 a peace between the Kings of Sweden and Denmark; but 
 disliking Sidney's haughtiness and overruling temper, he 
 got himself excused from that troublesome business. He 
 was succeeded in this mission by Sir Philip Meadows, 
 who succeeded in composing the differences of these 
 States, and signed, as mediator, the Peace of Roskilde. 
 
 " Being President of the Council of State, Whitelocke 
 was very active in taking measures to suppress the in- 
 surrections of Sir George Booth and others, about that 
 time, and, on the 3rd of September, joined in the votes 
 that were passed for an engagement to be taken by mili- 
 tary officers to renounce the pretended title of Charles 
 Stuart and the whole line of King James, and of every 
 other person, as a single person, pretending to the go- 
 vernment of these nations. About this time he was 
 promoting a union between the kingdoms of England 
 and Scotland, for which he brought a Bill into Parlia- 
 ment on the 30th of July. General Monk hearing that 
 the conduct of that union was left to Whitelocke, he sent 
 him letters of high compliment, wherein he wished he 
 might see him in Scotland. Happy would it have been 
 for him had he accepted of that invitation, as most 
 probably a man of his good sense would have joined the 
 
INTRODUCTION. XXX1U 
 
 eneral in the King's restoration. But his ill fate kept 
 m at home, where, October 22nd, he was nominated 
 ie of the Committee of Ten, to consider of fit ways to 
 irry on the affairs of the Government, and, the 26th 
 * the same month, one of the twenty-three members of 
 le Committee of Safety, for the preservation of the 
 eace, and management of the present Government, as 
 so for the preparing of a form of Government for these 
 ations upon the foundation of a free State. This charge, 
 e says, he accepted, upon the earnest solicitation of his 
 iends, to preserve the magistracy, ministry, and the law. 
 lovember 1, the Great Seal was put again into his 
 ands ; and November 1 6, he was appointed one of the 
 lommittee of Nineteen, to determine the qualifications 
 f Members of Parliament. 
 
 " General Monk and many of his officers, having now 
 eclared for the remains of the Long Parliament against 
 ie officers of the army in England, the Committee of 
 afety issued out commissions for raising new forces ; 
 nd the Lord Commissioner accepted of one for a regi- 
 lent of horse. To counterbalance Monk's endeavours 
 nd proceedings, he and some of the principal officers 
 spresented, November 8, to the Lord Mayor and Com- 
 lon Council of London, that the bottom of his design 
 /as to bring in the King by a new civil war, the danger 
 f which to the city and nation he represented ; and ad- 
 ised them to provide for their own safety, and to unite 
 >r the preservation of the peace and the safety of the 
 'hole nation. And when Lambert, deluded by Monk's 
 
XXXIV INTRODUCTION. 
 
 pretensions of peace, stopped the march of his forces 
 northward, Whitelocke, foreseeing that Monk only sought 
 delays till he could bring up his army to London, wrote 
 to Lambert to advance speedily with all his forces, and 
 endeavour to attack Monk and bring the matter to an 
 issue before he was better provided ; but his advice was 
 not followed. 
 
 " The various tumults and insurrections almost in every 
 part of the nation now filled him with the utmost per- 
 plexity and distraction. He wished himself well out of 
 these daily hazards, and knew not how to get free of 
 them. He much furthered the meeting of a new Par- 
 liament, a proclamation for which came out the 1 5th of 
 December. But being hurried with the repeated and 
 certain advices that Monk's design was to bring in the 
 King without any terms for the Parliament party, 
 whereby all their lives and fortunes would be at the 
 mercy of the King and his adherents, who were suffi- 
 ciently enraged, he went, December 22, to Fleetwood, 
 and proposed to him this alternative, either to order all 
 his forces to be drawn together, and himself and his 
 friends to appear at the head of them and see what 
 stand they could make, or else immediately to send 
 some trusty person to the King, with offers of his own 
 and his friends' services for restoring the King to his 
 right, and that upon such terms as the King should 
 agree upon ; and he offered to go himself. But Fleet- 
 wood refusing to do it without Lambert's consent, who 
 was at too great a distance, this proposal dropped. The 
 
INTRODUCTION. XXXV 
 
 ;xt day Colonel Ingoldsby and others intimated to him 
 iat his condition required he should go to the King 
 ith the Great Seal, which overture he did not however 
 >mply with.* 
 
 " The remains of the Long Parliament being assembled, 
 ecemb'er 26, Whitelocke found that he was to expect 
 3 quarter from them, — Scot, Nevil, and others having 
 ireatened to take away his life, and Scot in particular 
 iving said that he should be hanged with the Great 
 eal about his neck for having acted in the Committee of 
 afety. Therefore he thought it safest not to appear in 
 te House. However, the Speaker having by letter re- 
 aired his attendance and used also persuasions, he came 
 > the House for about two days. But observing that 
 tany of his old acquaintance looked very cool upon him, 
 id being informed of a design of some in the House 
 ) question him and have him sent to the Tower, he 
 lought fit to provide for his own safety by retiring pri- 
 itely to a friend's house in the country. Before that 
 3 left order with his wife to carry the Great Seal to the 
 peaker, which she did, locked up in a desk, and gave 
 im the key. She also burnt many of his papers re- 
 ting to public affairs, which Whitelocke seems to la- 
 tent, as it was the occasion of his ' Memorials ' being less 
 srfect than he wished them to be. The rest of his 
 
 * [Lord Campbell has however shown, in his Life of Whitelocke 
 Lives of the Chancellors,' vol. iii.), that hut for the pusillanimity of 
 leetwood, Whitelocke would probably have carried the Great Seal to 
 reda, and that the Restoration might then have been accomplished 
 th some legal securities for the liberties of the kingdom.] 
 
XXXVI INTRODUCTION. 
 
 conduct seems, even by his own account, to have been 
 irresolute and inconsistent, or, if consistent in anything, 
 it was in so yielding to circumstances as not to appear 
 very obnoxious to either party. As he had however at- 
 tached himself so long to the enemies of the King, the 
 utmost he could expect was to be allowed to sink into 
 obscurity. Yet it was by a small majority only that he 
 was included in the Act of Pardon and Oblivion which 
 passed after the Restoration. When he had obtained 
 this, he was admitted into the presence of Charles II., 
 who received him very graciously, and dismissed him in 
 these words : " Mr. Whitelocke, go into the country; do 
 not trouble yourself any more about State affairs, and 
 take care of your wife and your sixteen children." This 
 must have mortified a man who had acted so conspicuous 
 a part in State affairs ; he took his Majesty's advice how- 
 ever, and spent the remaining fifteen years of his life at 
 Chilton Park, in Wiltshire, and died there January 28, 
 1676. He was interred in the church of Fawley, in Buck- 
 inghamshire. 
 
 " Mr. Whitelocke was thrice married. First to Miss 
 Bennet, of the city of London, by whom he had a son, 
 James, who was settled at Trumpington, near Cambridge, 
 and left two sons, both of whom died unmarried. His 
 second wife was Prances, daughter of Lord Willoughby 
 of Parham, by whom he had nine children. His third 
 wife was Mrs. Wilson, a widow, whose maiden name was 
 Carleton ; and this is the lady who figures in this narra- 
 tive. She survived him, and by her also he had several 
 
INTRODUCTION. XXXV11 
 
 ildren. The eldest of this last marriage inherited Chil- 
 li Park." 
 
 Amongst the statesmen of the Commonwealth of Eng- 
 (id it is impossible to assign a very high rank to Bul- 
 rode Whitelocke. He had not the independence and 
 svation of character of Sir Harry Vane. He had not 
 e haughty republican enthusiasm of Sidney. He had 
 )t the faith in republican institutions which filled the 
 ind of Harrington. Although he served the Common- 
 ealth, and even drew up the Ordinance for the abolition 
 ' kingly power, he never disguised his preference for 
 ie Monarchy ; and nothing can be more characteristic of 
 Lis bias of his mind to monarchical government than 
 ie fact that he, the Parliamentary Commissioner of the 
 reat Seal, hastened to celebrate the Restoration by an 
 aborate treatise on the King's Writ. He on all occa- 
 ons repudiated all participation in the judgement and 
 cecution of Charles I. ; and the volumes now before the 
 sader show with what subtlety he contrived, in answer 
 > the searching questions of Queen Christina and Oxen- 
 iern, to assert the authority of the Government he 
 ;rved, without defending the principles in which it had 
 iginated. 
 
 The language he puts into the mouth of his wife in 
 tie of the conversations recorded in these volumes ex- 
 3tly describes his position : — " Though you are service- 
 Die in some things, yet you are not thoroughpaced for 
 lem in all things which they would have you do. You 
 
XXXV111 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 refused to act in the great business (the King's trial) ; 
 .you opposed the breaking of the Parliament, and other 
 unjust things;" and Mrs. Whitelocke added, that she 
 would never have married him had it been otherwise. 
 Lord Clarendon had mentioned him in early life among 
 his friends, and always bore testimony to the deserved 
 reputation of Whitelocke as a lawyer, as well as to his 
 general accomplishments ; " and though," adds the great 
 historian of that period, " he did afterwards bow the 
 knee to Baal, and so removed from his allegiance, it was 
 with less rancour and malice than other men. He never 
 led, but followed ; and was rather carried away by the 
 torrent than swam with the stream ; and failed through 
 those infirmities which less than a general defection and a 
 prosperous rebellion could never have discovered." Again, 
 Lord Clarendon has elsewhere described him as "from 
 the beginning concurring with the Parliament, without 
 any inclinations to their persons or principles; and," 
 says he, " he had the same reasons afterwards not to se- 
 parate from them. All his estate was in their quarters, 
 and he had a nature that could not bear or submit to be 
 undone ; though to his friends, who were Commissioners 
 for the King, he used his old openness, and professed 
 his detestation of all the proceedings of his party, yet 
 could not leave them." He was in fact a timid and 
 time-serving politician, who might have lived and died in 
 less agitated times as a Courtier, a Crown lawyer, or the 
 Head of a College. 
 
 Of Cromwell, Whitelocke evidently entertained the 
 
INTRODUCTION. XXXIX 
 
 vorst opinion. He distrusted him for his treachery, and 
 le feared him for his violence. In this Journal, — written, 
 is Whitelocke says, for his own family, but completed, 
 is I have already hinted, after the Restoration and in 
 lis years of retirement, — Cromwell is frequently de- 
 scribed as a tyrant and a usurper. Doubts are sug- 
 gested whether it was lawful to serve at all under a 
 Commission emanating from such an authority ; and the 
 langer of incurring the resentment of the all-powerful 
 General by a refusal of this mission is represented as 
 3ven greater than the danger of undertaking it. White- 
 locke's servant, Cooke, says to his master : — ■ 
 
 " I have heard that our great man, I mean my Lord 
 General, would have you to go ; and if it be so, and yet 
 yon will stay at home, I doubt there may be as much 
 danger for you to stay as to go." 
 
 Whitelocke replies, " I am not under his command. 
 What can he do to me ? " 
 
 To which his domestic rejoins, " What can he do ? 
 What can he not do ? Do we not all see that he does 
 svhat he list?" 
 
 Such was the terror and subjection which the head of 
 ;he revolutionary Government had imposed even upon 
 its supporters, its counsellors, and its chosen instruments ! 
 
 But Whitelocke had not the heroism to resist this sort 
 af influencs, and afterwards recorded these bitter com- 
 mentaries on the power he had long served. He not 
 mly accepted this Embassy, and continued on his re- 
 ;urn to hold the Great Seal of the Commonwealth, but 
 
xl INTRODUCTION. 
 
 he consented to figure prominently in the ceremoi 
 Cromwell's inauguration in 1657 ; and he gave the 
 nefit of his counsels to a Government which hac 
 tempted to violate in his own person the judicial i 
 pendence of the Court of Chancery. His legal erudi 
 which was much increased by his intimacy with Sel 
 sometimes rose into pedantry ; and he practised an 
 the ruins of a Court the arts and formal grace 
 a courtier. His exceeding industry and general cor 
 ness of detail give, however, great value to the colled 
 he left to his family and to posterity, as Memoria 
 his life ; and amongst these the ' Journal of the Emh 
 to Sweden' is by far his most finished performance. 
 These qualities, and even these defects, admir 
 fitted him for the purposes of this mission ; and G 
 well evidently selected Whitelocke, with that comm 
 ing knowledge of men which was one of his hig 
 gifts, to be an instrument of the grand design of foi 
 policy by which he spread the fame of the English C 
 monwealth abroad, and laid the basis of a system 
 tined to survive the ephemeral institutions out of w 
 it sprang. While France and Spain were bid 
 against each other for the alliance of the English 
 tector, Cromwell adhered to the principles of those 
 testant alliances of the North which might, if neces 
 render him independent of both the great Catholic I 
 archies. The struggle of the Thirty Years' War 
 barely terminated ; for the same year which closed 
 Conferences of Westphalia and established the pea 
 
INTRODUCTION . xli 
 
 Germany consigned the King of England to the block, 
 and the English Monarchy to temporary extinction. 
 Throughout that contest, England had borne no part in 
 it worthy of herself or of the great cause which was at 
 stake. The pusillanimity of James struck no blow for 
 the Crown of his own daughter ; and the misfortunes of 
 Charles left him without a voice in the affairs of Europe. 
 It was Sweden which had played the glorious part of 
 champion and leader of the Protestant cause, and which 
 sent forth the heroic Gustavus and the politic Oxen- 
 stiern to vindicate the rights of the Protestant States. 
 The wisdom of Swedish statesmen and the valour of Swe- 
 dish armies had extended the territories of that kingdom 
 over the shores of the Baltic, and almost all that now 
 forms the Baltic coast of Russia was then part of the 
 Swedish dominions. Finland was till a much later pe- 
 riod one of its most national provinces. St. Petersburg 
 had not yet risen above the marshy shores of the Neva. 
 But Narva, Revel, Riga, and the Pomeranian shores, lent 
 their seamen, their men-at-arms, and their trade to the 
 resources of Sweden, and made her the first of the 
 Baltic Powers. It chanced that whilst Whitelocke him- 
 self was at the Court of Upsal, an Envoy from the Czar 
 of Muscovy was to be received by Queen Christina ; and 
 amongst those who marvelled at the uncouth appearance 
 and barbarous manners of this savage emissary, none 
 could have surmised that less than a century would 
 transfer the supremacy of the North from the descend- 
 ants of the immortal Gustavus to the despotic and su- 
 vol. i. d 
 
xlii INTRODUCTION. 
 
 perstitious Power which had not yet emerged from 
 Russian steppes and forests. Well would it have b 
 for Europe if Sweden had retained the position to wl 
 her greatest Sovereign and Minister had raised her, ; 
 if the insane audacity of Charles XII. had not si 
 before the barbarous but creative genius of Peter 
 Great ! 
 
 Exactly two hundred years have elapsed since Wh 
 locke proceeded to the Court of Upsal, and laid the b 
 of that close amity between Sweden and this coui 
 which has seldom been interrupted, and never but 
 our mutual injury. But though the power of Bril 
 has increased in that interval and the power of Sw& 
 has declined, many of the same considerations and 
 ducements exist in equal or in greater force at 1 
 moment, to lead the statesmen of England to give tl 
 best support to the Crown of Sweden, and to desire t 
 Sweden should regain that ascendancy in the Ba 
 which she so gloriously acquired and exercised in 
 seventeenth century. 
 
 The Swedish Monarchy of that age seemed fitted 
 yond every other State of Northern Europe for conqi 
 and for empire. Her Scandinavian infantry, her I 
 landers and her Pomeranian grenadiers, formed the 
 cleus of an army which was not surpassed by any tro 
 in Europe. The manly population of the Northern C 
 manic provinces, including Esthonia and Courland i 
 the greater part of the Baltic coast, were incorpora 
 in her service. And to this day, when so large a \ 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 xliii 
 
 ion of the former conquests and ancient possessions of 
 sweden have unhappily passed under the rule of other 
 States less friendly to the policy of Britain, the descend- 
 mts of the martial races which fought under Gustavus 
 idolphus and his successors are the ablest generals and 
 ;he boldest soldiers of the Russian and Prussian armies. 
 Wrangel, Luders, Sievers, Osten-Sacken, Dannenberg, 
 md many of the most conspicuous names in the present 
 ;ontest, belong to provinces once included in the Swe- 
 lish dominions ; for Russia, with her despotic Govern- 
 ment and her superstitious Church, has borrowed her 
 wisest statesmen and her best commanders from races 
 trained under freer institutions and a more enlightened 
 faith. 
 
 Amongst the arguments used by Whitelocke and his 
 xiends to justify his acceptance of the Embassy, the 
 solitical interests of the Protestant cause were the strong- 
 sst. The Protestant Princes of Germany were weak and 
 divided,— the French Protestants overpowered at home, 
 — the Swiss too far off, — the Netherlander too much 
 n league with the Dane and in love with trade, — " so 
 chat," as Whitelocke adds, " the English only are the 
 people with whom the Swedes may hope for a firm 
 amity and union for the Protestant interest against the 
 sommon enemy thereof, the Popish party." 
 
 The conception of this Embassy and of its political 
 results was however due to Cromwell rather than to 
 Whitelocke, and the Ambassador had no serious difficul- 
 ties to overcome in the course of his negotiation. The 
 
xliv INTRODUCTION. 
 
 articles he was charged to obtain were apparently fran 
 at Whitehall before he started, and the discussions 
 carried on with the Swedish Plenipotentiaries v, 
 chiefly of a formal character. The fact to which Cr( 
 well attached importance was, that an Envoy of 
 Commonwealth of England should set forth on his r, 
 sion with as much state and magnificence, and be 
 ceived in a foreign Court with as much respect, as (. 
 waited on the Ambassadors of the Crown ; and ag; 
 the mere conclusion of a treaty of alliance between E 
 land and Sweden was a point of greater moment t. 
 the terms in which it was framed. The honorary i 
 ostentatious part of Whitelocke's Embassy, on wr. 
 he dilates with extreme pride and complacency, in 1 
 guage not unworthy of the Diary of Mr. Pepys, was 
 a less serious matter, especially in the stately Courts 
 the seventeenth century, than the political objects 
 which he was instructed to contend. 
 
 With the exception of the unfortunate mission of '. 
 Dorislaus to Holland, this was the first Embassy wli 
 had gone abroad in the name of the Commonwealtl 
 England. Even the recognition of the titles and ] 
 cedence of the Agents of the new form of governm 
 was a matter of uncertainty; for though the Age 
 of Erance, Spain, and Sweden still resided in Lone 
 they had not resumed the formal diplomatic charac 
 Whitelocke reports with satisfaction from Gothenbi 
 that the magistrates of that town had acknowledged 
 their address " Liberam Anglige Rempublicam," and 
 
INTRODUCTION. xlv 
 
 ts with equal care the title of Excellency from a Dutch 
 ipper. Hence the importance attached to the external 
 lendour of the Embassy. It consisted of a numerous 
 ite of gentlemen and servants, amounting in all to one 
 mdred persons ; and its expenses were allowed at the 
 te of about £1000 a month, which Whitelocke still re- 
 xded as inadequate, and was led to exceed. 
 The Ambassador of the Commonwealth was proud to 
 ow that he was still a highbred gentleman, and that 
 l English Envoy was as jealous of his personal dignity 
 id public character as he would have been under Eliza- 
 ith or the Stuarts. For this purpose Whitelocke was 
 Imirably chosen. His conversation was learned and 
 )lite ; his knowledge of his profession, the law, had in- 
 gorated his understanding; his religious sentiments 
 ere both constant and fervent, but entirely free from 
 Le austerity and hypocrisy of the dominant sects of that 
 ly ; and his humour, though somewhat ponderous, was 
 A devoid of shrewdness and good-nature. Eew men of 
 is time combined a greater variety of the accomplish- 
 ents which were more varied in his age than in our 
 vn. He had figured with applause in the conduct of a 
 lasque in the Middle Temple Hall before King Charles 
 id Henrietta Maria ; and he informs the Erench Resi- 
 snt at Upsal that the King of France once gave him the 
 jmmand of a troop of horse in his service. He served 
 ith activity in the Civil Wars, and was consulted by 
 airfax in the conduct of his sieges ; but he also filled 
 le office of Chairman of Quarter Sessions for the 
 
xlvi INTRODUCTION. 
 
 county of Bucks ; practised at the bar with so i 
 success that he made £2000 a year, and had near, 
 the retainers on the Western Circuit ; and eventually 
 the Great Seal of England during the whole perk 
 the Commonwealth. He spoke with success in P; 
 ment, commanded a squadron at sea, and negotial 
 treaty with the first Minister of that age. As a la 
 he had the unquestionable merit of an earnest re 
 tion to uphold the independence of his profession, 
 to reform its abuses. His erudition had endeared 
 to Selden, who summoned him to his side at the 
 moments of life, and made him his executor ; and v 
 he held the dignity of Constable of Windsor Cast 
 a post of honour in the State, he solicited from C 
 well the humbler but more appropriate dignity of 
 vost of Eton College. 
 
 I am acquainted with but two engraved portrai 
 Whitelocke, both of which are rare. The one i 
 etching engraved by Stent, from Gaywood's picl 
 the other, which occurs in Payne Fisher's ' Latin I 
 gyrics,' is a brilliant portrait, engraved by Eaithorn< 
 presenting Whitelocke in a suit of plate-armour, 
 volume in question contains one of Eisher's extras 
 effusions in Latin verse on the subject of this Emh 
 entitled ' Negotiatio Whitlocciana, vel in decessun 
 ditumque viri nobilissimi Domini Bulstrodi Whii 
 nuper in Sueciam Legati perexcellentissimi gratulat 
 which however is scarcely surpassed in turgid adul 
 by the verses on himself which Whitelocke has recc 
 
INTRODUCTION. xlvti 
 
 nd translated in these volumes. In person Whitelocke 
 3 described as comely, grave, and dignified; but he 
 omplains of habitual lameness, and speaks of himself as 
 >rematurely old at forty-nine, though he lived to com- 
 pete his seventieth year. One of the chief merits of 
 his record of his Embassy appears to be, its fidelity as 
 i picture of the manners of the age, and especially of 
 he remarkable persons who figure in its pages. Conver- 
 ations of Cromwell, Queen Christina, and Oxenstiern, 
 aithfully noted down by him to whom they were ad- 
 Iressed, are memorials of no common interest ; and I am 
 he more inclined to give them credit for authenticity 
 md accuracy, as the observations of these personages 
 eported by Whitelocke have a degree of force and 
 iriginality to which he himself seldom aspires. 
 
 The present Editor has purposely confined within a 
 larrow compass the notes and observations annexed to 
 his edition. The notes for which he is responsible are in- 
 luded in brackets ; the spelling of the work has been 
 flodemized, though Dr. Morton had retained the spelling 
 »f the original manuscript, which savours of quaintness 
 ,nd affectation at the present day. Marginal notes have 
 >een added, for the convenience of reference ; and the 
 more important parts of the Appendix, selected by Dr. 
 Norton from other manuscripts of Whitelocke, have been 
 ubjoined to the text. 
 
 H. R. 
 
JOURNAL 
 
 THE SWEDISH EMBASSY 
 
 IN THE YEAKS 1653 AND 1654. 
 
 August 23, 1653. 
 Whitelocke being in Bedfordshire, at the house of whitelocke 
 
 ° named Am- 
 
 his kind friend Mr. Cokaine, he received letters from bassador to 
 London from his old and faithful servant Mr. Daniel 
 Earle. Part of them were to this effect : — 
 
 " When I waited on Sir Charles Oulsey, he was pleased 
 to tell me that you were named by the Council of State to 
 go ambassador into Sweden; and that my Lord General 
 had undertaken to write to your Lordship about it. I pre- 
 sume ere this you have heard from him." 
 
 With this Whitelocke was much surprised, it be- 
 ing altogether unexpected, and of vast concernment to 
 him and his family, as well as to the public ; yet he 
 showed not much disturbance at the letter, but com- 
 municated it to his wife, and some few friends then 
 with him, who were unwilling to believe it ; but his 
 wife was much disquieted, whom Whitelocke sought 
 to comfort, and persuade to a constant submission to 
 
 VOL. I. B 
 
2 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 the will of God, and not to be troubled at this or any 
 other ill news ; since none could do anything against 
 them, or to the least prejudice of them, but what God 
 should permit, who would cause all things to work 
 together for their good. 
 
 The letter was often read and paraphrased upon, 
 and several meanings of it collected ; but Whitelocke 
 saw it to be positive in the relation and news, that he 
 was named by the Council of State to go ambassador 
 to Sweden ; and the sense thereof was plain, and too 
 easy to be understood, though the grounds and occa- 
 sions of this nomination were not expressed.* 
 
 August 24, 1653. 
 ;ount Much discourse was between Whitelocke and his 
 
 e had 
 
 i named wife and friends upon yesterday's news ; and how it 
 
 riously 
 
 he Long # [Whitelocke was at this time absent from London, remote 
 ' from public affairs, and in partial disgrace. He bad been excluded 
 by Cromwell from the list of 139 persons who formed the Barebones 
 Parliament, convoked at Whitehall on the 6th July preceding, to 
 take upon themselves the supreme authority of this nation; and 
 although he still held the Great Seal as Lord Commissioner, one of 
 the first measures of the new Parliament was to vote that the Court 
 of Chancery should be taken away. Hence Whitelocke says, in his 
 ' Memorials,' that on his appointment to the Swedish Embassy, 
 " much company came to visit me, because some of them thought 
 I might come in favour again, though before being left out of the 
 Little Parliament ; and a vote having passed for the taking away the 
 Chancery, these very persons neglected their former frequent vi- 
 sits." Cromwell's object in making the appointment was obviously 
 to send into honourable exile a man whom he respected and feared, 
 especially since Whitelocke had, a few months before (November, 
 1652), recommended Cromwell to restore Charles II., by re-esta- 
 blishing the Monarchy on a constitutional basis ; whereas in De- 
 cember, 1653, a few weeks after Whitelocke's departure on his 
 mission, Cromwell was declared sole head of the Commonwealth, 
 and installed by the other Commissioners of the Great Seal.] 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 6 
 
 lould come to pass that lie should be named for this 
 nployment, when another had been named for it he- 
 re — the Lord Viscount Lisle, eldest son to the Earl of 
 eicester, who had undertaken it. Whitelocke told 
 tern that it was true, that in the Long Parliament, be- 
 ire it was invaded and broken by Cromwell's forces 
 yhich was an act of no less imprudence and rashness 
 tan of insolence), that the Lord Viscount Lisle* was 
 imed by that Parliament, and voted to go ambassa- 
 3r to Sweden ; that he accepted of the employment, 
 id had begun to make some preparations for it. 
 ut Whitelocke told them withal, which they remem- 
 ered, that before the Lord Viscount Lisle was named, 
 fhitelocke was named in that Parliament to go am- 
 assador to Sweden ; but he was not then, nor is now, 
 nbitious of that honour, but solicited against it ; and 
 was not then prosecuted, but the Lord Viscount 
 isle named afterwards, who undertook the service, 
 :ceived money in part for the defraying of his ex- 
 snses : and how it should come to pass since that he 
 lould be excused, and Whitelocke to be nominated 
 ir it, was hard to be apprehended. Whitelocke and 
 is friends still expected to have further intelligence 
 om London about this business, but none came ; it 
 sing usual for those gentlemen who voted his going 
 » Sweden, to let affairs remain in suspense till called 
 pon by such as are more particularly concerned in 
 iem. Whitelocke held it not convenient for him as 
 3t to take any notice of this vote of the Council, nor 
 » hasten to London, but continued in his retirement : 
 lough not a little interrupted therein by the letter 
 
 * [Lord "Viscount Lisle was the third Commissioner of the Great 
 sal, and Sir Thomas Widdrington the second.] 
 
 B 2 
 
e s aus- 
 se. 
 
 4 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 from Mr. Earle, yet he enjoyed his privacy and re- 
 creations. 
 
 August 25, 1653. 
 
 'te- Letters were written this day by Whitelocke to 
 
 Earle, that if he heard- anything further touching the 
 business of Sweden, he should inform his master 
 thereof; yet not to be inquisitive about it, nor to 
 speak with any of the Council, except Sir Charles 
 Oulsey, concerning it, lest thereby the business might 
 be reminded and revived, which Whitelocke much 
 rather desired, as to himself, might for ever die and 
 be forgotten. 
 
 The cautions which he gave to his old servant 
 were fully and punctually observed by him ; and the 
 longer it was before Whitelocke heard further touch- 
 ing this business, the more his hopes were increased 
 •that he might have the good fortune never to hear 
 more of it. 
 
 August 26, 1653. 
 
 No further news yet came of the business of Swe- 
 den ; and Whitelocke, wife, and friends were willing 
 to persuade themselves that a business of this conse- 
 quence could not be so long neglected, and nothing 
 to be done in it, but that, as to Whitelocke, the same 
 was laid aside, and that they should hear no more 
 of it, which they promised themselves. Nevertheless 
 they were not without some daily fear and expecta- 
 tion of that which they desired not to know ; and, 
 in the meantime, the gentlemen who managed all at 
 London for a time forgot this business, as a small 
 matter scarce worthy their remembrance, although 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 5 
 
 hemselves often acknowledged that the safety and 
 ;ood of this Commonwealth and of the whole Pro- 
 sstant interest did depend upon it. 
 
 August 27, 1653. 
 Still were Whitelocke, wife, and friends pleased Motives for 
 
 ' ' ^ . White- 
 
 hat no further news came of the Swedish, business, focke's ap- 
 
 hough they heard of it too soon afterwards; and, m pon 
 he meantime, they were full of thoughts and dis- 
 ourses why the Lord Viscount Lisle should be ex- 
 used from this service, which before he had under- 
 aken ; and, on the other hand, why Whitelocke 
 hould be the man pitched upon for this service, 
 idiom they imagined not to be in so much favour 
 nth Cromwell and his friends, as to be preferred to 
 ny honourable employment by them. He was left 
 ut of Cromwell's Council, and out of that assembly 
 diich now sat and called themselves a Parliament; 
 nd he made no suit to be of either of those councils. 
 To this it was said, that the Lord Viscount Lisle 
 light be useful here in Cromwell's affairs, and was 
 f the Council and Little Parliament, and therefore 
 ould not so well be spared as Whitelocke, who, al- 
 hough he were not much in their favour who go- 
 erned, whom he had opposed in their exorbitant 
 ourses, was the more likely to be sent abroad, that 
 hey might thereby be quit of his further opposing 
 hem. 
 
 August 28, 1653. 
 
 White- 
 
 The Lord's Day, after public exercises of religious locke ' s me - 
 
 T1 . • i i • tp l- • ditations on 
 
 worship, Whitelocke retired himself to his private this ap- 
 pointment. 
 
6 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 meditations upon the holy Word of Truth, the great- 
 est and highest comfort to a soul. He considered 
 the vanity of earthly honours and preferments in this 
 world, the uncertainty, toil, and danger in them. He 
 consulted his own heart, and found not the least in- 
 clination to accept of the high employment and ho- 
 nour to which he heard the Council had voted him ; 
 but much rather wished a continuance of his privacy, 
 and an exemption from public charge and offices, 
 from which he expected rather a further and total 
 dismission, which would have been more contentment 
 and satisfaction to his thoughts, than the intended 
 employment or any preferment which Cromwell and 
 the present powers could put upon him. His wishes 
 and prayers were, that he might be excused thereof, 
 if God saw it good, and might continue in the pri- 
 vate enjoyment of the ordinances of God, and of the 
 comfort of his wife and family. 
 
 August 29, 1653. 
 
 The Lord Viscount Lisle, more particularly con- 
 cerned in the business of Sweden than others, and to 
 get himself wholly excused from it, about this time 
 (as Whitelocke was afterwards informed) did put 
 Cromwell in mind, that the Council had ordered 
 letters to be written by his Excellency and by Sir 
 Gilbert Pickering to Whitelocke, to signify to him 
 the Council's vote in this business, and that the let- 
 ters were not yet written. 
 
 Whereupon Cromwell and Pickering conferred to- 
 gether about it: and Cromwell's secretary was ap- 
 pointed to draw up a letter to Whitelocke for that 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 7 
 
 urpose, to be sent to him if he were in town, or 
 lto the country if he were there, as some informed 
 e was. In the meantime, Whitelocke neglected not 
 o ride abroad and take the fresh air in the coun- 
 ty ; a pleasure much beyond the insinuating cringes 
 f caps and knees, and more valuable than the dear- 
 arned fees and salaries. 
 
 August 30, 1653. 
 
 The proceedings at Whitehall were slow in thewMte- 
 Iwedish business, and Whitelocke had no cause to p ° ea surein 
 asten them, but to wish them yet slower. He was Gantry. 
 iot grieved that there came hitherto no further in- 
 elligence about them, nor any summons for his re- 
 iair to London, which he every day expected ; but, 
 whilst he had the liberty, took the pleasure of riding 
 arth into the open fields and enclosed grounds, 
 ontemplating on the goodness of God, who had 
 lestowed on Englishmen so pleasant, healthful, and 
 raitful a country as this island ; and the inconside- 
 ateness of those who will leave such a country, to 
 lease their fond humours of travelling to see foreign 
 ountries, when they have a better at home ; and 
 he unhappiness of those who are sent abroad upon 
 mblic errands, and, instead of recompense for their 
 lazards and service, are more likely to incur displea- 
 ure, and perhaps destruction. 
 
 August 31, 1653. 
 
 According to directions, Cromwell's secretary brought His love of 
 3 his master and Sir Gilbert Pickering the draft of a 
 3tter to be sent from them to Whitelocke ; but the 
 
8 THE SWEDISH EMBASSY. 
 
 frame of the letter did not please Cromwell, so that 
 he cast it by, and said he would write a letter him- 
 self to be sent to Whitelocke. 
 
 All this time Whitelocke heard no further intelli- 
 gence from London about this Swedish journey, not- 
 withstanding that he had written again to Mr, Earle 
 to make a wary inquiry about it ; which, it seems, was 
 so wary, that he gained no more intelligence concern- 
 ing this matter than what he had first sent unto his 
 master : who had enough thereby to exercise his 
 thoughts, and to give a disturbance to the pleasing 
 retirement which he before that enjoyed, and which 
 he had both before and since that time learned, by 
 too sad experience, to be the best and safest condition 
 for any man in his earthly pilgrimage and labours of 
 this life ; and that there is no rest, no abiding-place, 
 to be met with here below. 
 
SEPTEMBER. 
 
 September 1, 1653. 
 
 The business of Sweden was still deferred; but it whitelocke 
 being intimated to Whitelocke that the Council had London, 
 ordered letters to be written to him about that busi- 
 ness, and to require his repair to London, he and his 
 friends thought it now fit for him to return thither, 
 and to endeavour, if he could, to prevent any further 
 progress in that affair, as it related to himself. 
 
 He therefore appointed within a day or two to be- 
 gin his journey ; which being taken notice of, divers 
 persons of quality of the neighbourhood came to take 
 their leaves of him, expressing, as they had often 
 done before, much civility and respect to him. Some 
 of them, in discourse, seemed to have heard of his 
 being designed to go ambassador ; but Whitelocke 
 held it not fit, nor delighted to take any notice there- 
 of, nor to own it. 
 
 September 2, 1653. 
 
 The Lord Viscount Lisle again reminded Cromwell Cromwell 
 of the letter to be sent to Whitelocke ; and Crom- writes to 
 well thereupon himself drew a letter, and showed it 
 
10 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 to Pickering, who seldom disliked what was done b; 
 Cromwell : they both signed the letter ; and it, beinj 
 sealed, was delivered to a messenger, with commam 
 to find ont Whitelocke, and to deliver the letter fc 
 him; who was yet in the pleasant and healthfu 
 country air, and enjoyment of the recreations there 
 but he must prepare for his journey to London thi 
 next day. 
 
 September 3, 1653. 
 Arrives at The messenger of the Council was at Whitelocke': 
 
 Chelsea. ° 
 
 house at Chelsea, to inquire for mm, and to deliver th< 
 letter to him; but the servants answered, that theii 
 master was not yet come to town, but that he wai 
 this night expected there. He came (though late 
 to his house at Chelsea, where his servants informec 
 him of the messenger having been there, and sayin§ 
 that he would come again tomorrow. This was un 
 welcome news to Whitelocke's wife and friends, wk 
 were troubled at it; but himself, submitting all t( 
 the will of God, was least disquieted. 
 
 This coming of the messenger occasioned, new dis 
 courses about this business, and renewed the fean 
 and troubles of his nearest relations, frustrating al 
 their hopes that the business was laid aside. 
 
 September 4, 1653. 
 
 Cromwell's The messenger of the Council kept his word ; an( 
 brought to this morning (although the Lord's Day), before White 
 
 Whitelocke. lo(;ke wag out of hig bed> brought the Q eneral ' s l ette 
 
 to him ; the copy whereof was this : — 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 11 
 
 "For the Right Honourable the Lord Whitelocke, 
 one of the Commissioners of the Seal. These. 
 
 " My Lord, 
 
 " The Council of State, having thoughts of putting 
 your Lordship to the trouble of being extraordinary am- 
 bassador to the Queen of Swizland, did think fit not to 
 impose that service upon you without first knowing your 
 own freedom thereunto ; wherefore they were pleased to 
 command our services in making this address to your 
 Lordship ; and hereby we can assure you of a very large 
 confidence in your honour, and abilities for this employ- 
 ment. To which we, begging your answer, do rest, 
 
 " My Lord, 
 
 " Your humble servants, 
 
 " O. Cromwell, 
 
 " Gil. Pickering. 
 " September 2, 1653." 
 
 This letter was all written with Cromwell's own 
 hand ; and upon the communicating of it by White- 
 locke to his friends with him, several interpretations 
 were made upon the words of the letter; as those, 
 " not to impose the service," seemed to allow some 
 liberty and hopes to get off from it, more than after- 
 wards he found. 
 
 Others noted the words of courtship, of " honour 
 and abilities," to declare their expectation that he 
 should undertake what they judged him so fit for; 
 but Whitelocke thought most proper to know his 
 meaning from himself, and for that end to wait on 
 him the next day. 
 
 In the evening, Colonel Sidney, brother to the Lord 
 Viscount Lisle, came to visit Whitelocke ; and, as 
 some supposed, sent by his brother to sift and try 
 
12 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 whether Whitelocke were like to undertake what h 
 had left. 
 
 All the averseness that could be to it was expressei 
 by Whitelocke, who prayed the Colonel ingenuous! 
 to declare the reason of his brother's declining thi 
 service; whether he scrupled the authority of thos 
 that were to send him, or doubted the success of th 
 treaty, or avoided the dangers of the journey ; o: 
 what it was, after his having undertaken the service 
 which occasioned him to decline it. 
 
 The Colonel answered, that if his brother hae 
 scrupled the authority, he would not have been o 
 their Council and Parliament ; that he held the au 
 thority of the last Parliament, when they designee 
 him for this embassy, and the present powers (as te 
 legality), much alike ; that he judged the treaty verj 
 probable to have good success ; that the dangers o; 
 the journey he confessed to be great, but mucl 
 greater to his brother than another, by reason of his 
 want of health ; that when he was appointed to go 
 it was in summer, but now the winter was coming 
 on ; and that he was of such a constitution, that he 
 hardly could endure the cold of England, much less 
 of Sweden ; and he protested seriously, that he though! 
 the employment honourable, not difficult ; and thai 
 the only cause of his brother's desire to be now excused 
 from it, was his want of health, and no other reason. 
 Viscount After he was gone, came the Lord Commissionei 
 
 Lisle _ ... 
 
 presses Lisle to Whitelocke, to bid him welcome home ; he 
 
 ^Vliitclocltc 
 
 to accept most earnestly persuaded Whitelocke to undertake 
 bassy™ the service, as that which would be a very great ho- 
 nour and advantage to him and his family, and to his 
 profession, whereas his refusal of it would extremelj 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 13 
 
 endanger him and his fortune ; that those in power 
 would be highly offended at it, and all clamours of 
 persons discontented at anything that he had done 
 would be let loose upon him, and favoured against 
 him ; and though he were free from the least corrup- 
 tion, yet in these times it was not prudent to put a 
 man's self upon the danger of complaints, and to 
 judges not his friends ; but his accepting the service 
 would be honourable, safe, and mightily obliging those 
 in power, and prove the greatest good that could be 
 to him and his. 
 
 Some supposed that Lisle had a further reach than 
 he mentioned, in his persuasion of Whitelocke : he 
 feared the present Parliament would strike at the 
 Chancery to take it away, which had been moved 
 among them ; and he thought Whitelocke undertaking 
 this service might be a good means to prevent that 
 prejudice to him, and that he might be the greater 
 man in Whitelocke's absence. 
 
 Many other arguments and discourses they had 
 about it, till the lateness of the evening parted them. 
 
 September 5, 1653. 
 
 Early in the morning Whitelocke went to Pickering, wute- 
 who told him that he was named nullo contradicente ; interview 
 that it was intended for his honour, would not be forced ™ ell on ™™* 
 upon him, but well taken, if accepted by him. appomt- 
 
 Whitelocke acquainted him with his objections, and 
 his wife's present condition ; of which Pickering seemed 
 very sensible : they went together to the General, who 
 presently came to them, and they had this discourse. 
 
 Whitelocke. My Lord, I received your excellent letter 
 
14 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 but yesterday, and am now come to wait upon you to 
 return my humble thanks for the great honour done 
 me, in being judged worthy of so high a trust ; but 
 I beg your Excellency's consideration of my want of 
 abilities, both of body and mind, for this service, and 
 the season of the year ; besides, there are some things 
 relating to my private family, wherewith I have ac- 
 quainted Sir Gilbert Pickering, which are of no small 
 concernment to me. 
 
 Pickering. That is, my Lord, that his lady is near 
 her time of being brought to bed. 
 
 WJi. My Lord, I am very free to serve the Com- 
 monwealth in anything within my capacity ; and hope 
 they will not expect from me what will be so great 
 prejudice to me and my family, as this employment 
 now would be. 
 
 Cromwell. I am very sorry that the letter came no 
 sooner to you. 
 
 Pickering. I confess it was my fault. 
 
 Crom. Sir Gilbert Pickering would needs write a 
 very fine letter, and, when he had done, did not like 
 it himself. I then took pen and ink, and straightway 
 wrote that letter to you. And the business is of ex- 
 ceeding great importance to the Commonwealth, as 
 any can be ; that it is : and there is no Prince or State 
 : in Christendom with whom there is any probability 
 for us to have a friendship, but only the Queen of 
 ' Sweden. She hath sent several times to us, but we 
 have returned no embassy to her, only a letter by a 
 young gentleman ; she expects an ambassador from us, 
 and if we should not send a man of eminency to her, 
 she would think herself slighted by us : and she is a 
 lady of great honour, and stands much upon ceremonies. 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 15 
 
 Wh. The business being of so great concernment 
 (as indeed it is), there is the more need of a person 
 qualified with abilities for so great a charge, which I 
 have not, as your Excellency and all that know me 
 will conclude ; and I know best my own defects. I 
 want experience in foreign affairs and matters of state ; 
 in language and ceremony, of which the Queen is so 
 great a judge, and a lady that will soon discern my 
 disabilities, and make advantage thereof ; nor will she 
 look upon me as a person of eminency fit to be sent 
 to her. So that (with submission to the judgement 
 of your Excellency and the Council) I must conclude 
 myself altogether unfit for this very weighty and high 
 employment, whereof divers other in the nation are 
 far more capable then I am. 
 
 Crom. The Council have pitched upon you unani- 
 mously, as the fittest man in the nation for this service ; 
 we know your abilities, having long conversed with 
 you ; we know you have languages, and have travelled, 
 and understand the interest of Christendom ; and I 
 have known you in the army to endure hardships, and 
 to be healthful and strong, and of mettle, discretion, 
 and parts most fit for this employment : you are so 
 indeed ; really no man is so fit for it as you are. We 
 know you to be a gentleman of a good family, related 
 to persons of honour ; and your present office of Com- 
 missioner of the Seal will make you the more acceptable 
 to her. I do earnestly desire you to undertake it, 
 wherein you will do an act of great merit, and ad- 
 vantage to the Commonwealth, as great as any one 
 member of it can perform ; and which will be as well 
 accepted by them. The business is very honourable, 
 and exceeding likely to have good success. Her public 
 
16 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 ministers here have already agreed upon most of the 
 material and main points of the business ; if it had 
 not been such an employment, we would not have put 
 you upon it : the business of trade, and of the funds, 
 and touching the Dutch, are such as there cannot be 
 any of greater consequence. 
 
 Wh. Your Excellency will pardon me if I cannot 
 subscribe to your favourable opinion of me ; and I 
 should be sorry that a business of so great concern- 
 ment should suffer under so weak a management as 
 by my hand : besides, that which Sir Gilbert Pickering 
 is pleased to tell you of my wife's condition, is, to my 
 private comfort, of as high consequence as may be. I 
 would not seem unkind or ungrateful to such a wife; 
 and this time of the year, it is hard for me to be put 
 upon so difficult and dangerous a journey. 
 
 Crom. I know my Lady is a good woman, and a 
 religious woman, and will be contented to suffer a little 
 absence of her husband for the public good ; and for j 
 the time of the year, really the life of the business j 
 consists in the despatch of it at this time ; the Dutch 
 are tampering with the Queen, but she holds them off, 
 expecting to hear from us. 
 
 Wh. I see your Excellency is staid for. I shall 
 have some occasions into the country, and about a 
 fortnight hence I will wait on you again ; and in the 
 meantime, you will give me leave to consider of this 
 business. 
 
 Crom. I pray, my Lord Whitelocke, do not think 
 of so long a time ; but let me entreat you to accept 
 of the employment, and to return your answer within 
 a few days to me. 
 
 Wh. I shall attend your Excellency. 
 
 1 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 17 
 
 After this and much more discourse to the same 
 effect, White] ocke returned, and related the same to 
 his wife and friends, among whom he found differing 
 judgements ; his wife full of tears and objections 
 against it j his eldest son for it, youth making slight 
 of dangers, and himself hoping to go with his father. 
 
 His eldest daughter, now grown a woman, and of 
 good parts, was much against it, fearing to be deprived 
 of a loving father, as she was of her dear mother ;* 
 and she expressed much love and tenderness to him, 
 and to her mother, sisters, and brethren. 
 
 Other friends were for his going, chiefly to create 
 and keep a considerable interest in the General, who 
 did what he pleased, and in the army and present 
 powers, which might be a shield and advantage to 
 him and his family ; and some of them most insisted 
 upon the promoting of the Protestant interest in those 
 parts whither he was to go. 
 
 Sejjtember 6, 1653. 
 
 Little else but the business of Sweden was the dis- whiteioeke 
 course in Whitelocke's house ; his wife was full of it, theappoint- 
 took all occasions to declare her mind, and give, her his wife, 
 faithful advice to her husband in it. Some of their 
 discourse containing the grounds of debate, not only 
 with her, but with others (and this work being intended 
 for his own family), is therefore inserted, and may seem 
 the less trivial. 
 
 Wife. I perceive the General is most earnestly set 
 upon it, to send you this journey ; but I beg of you 
 not to yield to him : for all his power, do not prejudice 
 yourself and family. 
 
 * [Whitelocke's first wife died in 1649.] 
 VOL. I. C 
 
18 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 Wh. His power is great, and hard to be op- 
 posed j but I shall not stick to do it, to preserve you 
 and my children, as well as myself. I desire you 
 to moderate your passions and tears, lest you bring 
 sickness upon yourself, which will be worse than this 
 journey to me. 
 
 Wife. How can I forbear tears, at the fear and 
 thought of parting with you, and danger never to see 
 you again ? 
 
 Wli. I see no such danger in it. 
 
 Wife. You see others refuse it; and then they 
 pitch upon you to undertake it : and if it were so full 
 of honour and advantage, why should others then de- 
 cline it ? 
 
 Wh. I have the General's word, that it is so in- 
 tended to me. 
 
 Wife. So you had his letter that they would im- 
 pose nothing on you ; and yet you see how earnestly 
 they press this upon you : he means no good to you, 
 but would be rid of you. 
 
 Wli. Why should he desire to be rid of me, when 
 I may be serviceable to him here ? 
 
 Wife. Though you are serviceable in some things, 
 yet you are not thoroughpaced for them in all things 
 which they would have you to do ; you refused to act 
 in the great business ; you opposed the breaking of 
 the Parliament, and other unjust things. 
 
 Wh. Had I not done so, you and I had not met 
 together. 
 
 Wife. It was the first thing I inquired of you ; my 
 first husband nor you were engaged ; if you had, I 
 should not have been engaged to you. I believe you 
 lost by it much of the General's favour; and he 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 19 
 
 ould take this occasion to lay you aside, that you 
 light be no hindrance to his further designs. 
 
 Wh. What further designs can he have ? He ex- 
 cises more power than any king of England ever 
 ad, or claimed. 
 
 Wife. His ambition is higher than we can imagine : 
 rid you have often declared yourself for the law and 
 ghts of the people ; which, if they stand in his way, 
 e will lay them, or you, or anything aside. 
 
 Wh. I believe he would do so. 
 
 Wife. He takes you to be such a person, and 
 lerefore would now send you out of the way. 
 
 Wh. If I be so ill thought of, it will be better for 
 le to be out of the way, than to be here to cross and 
 rovoke them yet more. 
 
 Wife. But to be out of the way to hazard your 
 fe, will be sad for me : better to retire, and live pri- 
 ately in the country. 
 
 Wh. Nothing would be more pleasing to me in this 
 r orld. 
 
 Wife. Consider that two who were sent abroad 
 ave been murdered;* and is there not cause to fear 
 le like may not be attempted on you ? It makes my 
 eart to tremble ; if you love me and your children, 
 o not expose yourself to these apparent dangers. 
 
 Wh. It is true that two of our public ministers 
 ave been killed ; but they had too little care of 
 lemselves : and it is possible the like assassination 
 
 * [Mra. Whitelocke alludes to the murder of Dr. Isaac Dorislaus, 
 1 the 3rd May, 1649, at the Hague, by a party of masked cava- 
 ;rs ; and of Anthony Ascham, who was killed in May, 1650, at 
 [adrid. Both these persons had taken an active part in the 
 dgement of Charles I., which WMtelocke had not.] 
 
 c 2 
 
20 JOURNAL OP THE 
 
 may be attempted on me ; but I shall be better pro- 
 vided for my defence, and be the more watchful by 
 their warning ; and the same God that is with us 
 here, and hath kept me in many dangers, will, I hope, 
 be with me everywhere, and give me his protection. 
 
 Wife. I have four times crossed the sea, and it is 
 a dreadful thing. 
 
 Wli. To women it is more than to men. 
 
 Wife. I went only between England and Holland, 
 but your voyage will be long and dangerous, and in 
 winter ; and I have heard that those seas are very 
 rough, and the weather like to be bad. 
 
 Wh. I have been often at sea, and with a good 
 wind ; this voyage may be in five or six days : I can 
 brook the seas as well as most men, and have been 
 used to storms both at sea and land. 
 
 Wife. You have the more reason now to desire rest. 
 
 Wh. There is no rest but in the grave. 
 
 Wife. There will be more at home than in this 
 journey ; you will not be able to endure the cold and 
 extremities of it. 
 
 Wli. I have endured many hardships ; and if God 
 shall call me to this, lie will enable me to bear it. 
 
 Wife. But why should you adventure yourself for 
 those that do not wish you well, but rather, that you 
 may never return ? as I think the General and his 
 party do. 
 
 Wh. I see you are no great friend of theirs. 
 
 Wife. Nor are they your friends. 
 
 Wh. I believe the General is not so fond of me as 
 of Sir Gilbert Pickering. 
 
 Wife. Nor would he shed many tears if you mis- 
 carry in the journey. 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 21 
 
 Wli. Not so many as you have shed for fear I 
 tiould go ; yet. he can shed tears sometimes. 
 
 Wife. Oh, let my tears and desires prevail with you 
 ot to put yourself and me upon those perils, to serve 
 lem that love you not ! 
 
 Wli. The greater the perils are, the greater will be 
 le goodness of God in my protection, and the greater 
 all be the merit of the service. The work of God and 
 ne's country knoweth no dangers, at least feareth 
 one ; and though the seas, and season, and climate 
 re very great discouragements, yet a willing mind 
 o do service to God, and one's country, and profes- 
 ion, and family, and friends, will help to surpass 
 hem all. 
 
 Wife. I see then you are inclined to undertake it : 
 1 1 saw any likelihood of your doing service to God 
 nd his people in this journey, I should be the less 
 roubled ; but I see nothing of that in it.. 
 
 Wh. Unless that be made appear in it, I shall not 
 ricline to it; and what I say, is only for argument 
 nd discourse sake, and to debate it with thee, who 
 rt so much concerned in it. 
 
 Wife. I think it necessary to consider and weigh 
 11 objections, and whether the acceptance or refusal 
 if it be best ; wherein, next yourself, none is so much 
 oncerned as I am, and I cannot bring my heart to 
 ricline to it. 
 
 Wli. If the General or any of my enemies have de- 
 igned this for my prejudice, possibly I shall gratify 
 heir ill-will, and incur what they design, by my re- 
 usal ; but if I should undertake it, and God should 
 •less me in it, that would weaken and disappoint the 
 nvy of my adversaries. A refusal at this time, added 
 
22 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 to their former distastes of me, would increase the ir 
 terest of my enemies, and diminish my own j but b 
 accepting it, I shall oblige those in power, and greatl 
 advantage myself and relations. 
 
 Wife. Our greatest advantage will be to enjoy yoi 
 whose life is our chiefest worldly comfort, and you 
 death (which more probably is to be expected in thi 
 journey) will be an irreparable loss to me and ou 
 twelve children, and' a thirteenth coming, — most c 
 them unable to help themselves ; and your friend 
 and relations will have no small loss in you. 
 
 Wh. Whatever becomes of me, I have confidence 
 in your love to my children, and care of them for nr 
 sake. I know religion and affection will guide you t< 
 it, and to deny yourself for the good of yours, and fo 
 the highest interest ; and if I should go, I hope ou 
 separation, through the goodness of God, would b 
 but temporary and not long, and our meeting agaii 
 with the more joy and comfort. 
 
 Wife. But you see my present condition. 
 
 WJi. I see it, and rejoice in the addition of God'i 
 mercies to us ; and hope, if I do go, yet I shall sei 
 you first safely delivered. 
 
 Wife. No, you must go presently. 
 
 Here again abundance of tears interrupted thei 
 discourse, and was no weak argument against th< 
 journey. 
 
 September 7, 1653. 
 Reasons for Some of Whitelocke's friends, whose advice hi 
 
 and against , * 
 
 the employ- asked in this business, were more reserved thai 
 usual, and not so free to give their positive advice ii 
 it, for fear of inconvenience which might either wa] 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 23 
 
 nsue. Others of his friends declared their judge- 
 nents and reasons freely to him, for his undertaking 
 f it, as others did against it. 
 
 Some, whose affections were not with the Parlia- 
 nent, yet advised him to undertake this employment, 
 o preserve his interest in the present powers, and 
 o be the better able to do them and himself good. 
 )thers, who were for the Parliament, yet were against 
 lis going, that they might have him here, and for his 
 .voiding the dangers of the voyage. Those against 
 lis going objected, the dangers of the rough northern 
 eas, of the enemies (Dutch and Danes), of the defeat 
 o our navy, which would frustrate the Swedish busi- 
 less, and leave him and his company miserable abroad, 
 is every disaster to our new Commonwealth would 
 lo ; also the extreme coldness of that country in the 
 vinter, the great change of climate and diet, want of 
 iccommodations and hardships, to one not used to 
 hem in his youth, and now in his crazy old-age* to 
 )e put to more than ordinary extremities. 
 
 To these it was answered, that the voyage by sea is 
 lot so dangerous as was apprehended; and though 
 hey be rough seas, yet he would be in good ships, 
 md might take his own time, and seldom would be 
 ar from some port to friend him. That the Dutch 
 vould be most in harbour in the winter ; and if any 
 if their men-of-war should be abroad, they would 
 lot rashly set upon our frigates, such as would be 
 ent with Whitelocke, and which they knew would 
 ight ; nor was it usual to assault an ambassador : and 
 ,a for the Danish ships, they were not considerable. 
 
 * [Whitelocke however was only in the forty-ninth year of his 
 ge at this time.] 
 
24 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 September 8, 1653. 
 
 toSei Everv dav Whitelbcke advised with his friend: 
 about this great business, heard and weighed thei 
 objections and answers, some whereof were these :— 
 
 The danger of the land journey, and of assassina 
 tion; his want of experience in state affairs and ir 
 trade; a subtle people to deal with, whose interes 
 was their profit, and agreements not kept on othei 
 grounds ; the inconveniences which might befall him 
 in his absence, and his not being then minded anc 
 supplied. 
 
 To which was answered, that the country was in- 
 deed extreme cold, but against that he must pro- 
 vide warm clothing ; that he would there find warn 
 houses, and abundance of fuel ; that, though the jour- 
 ney was very long, yet the ways were exceeding good, 
 and order would be given for the repair of them, and 
 for all accommodations for his journey ; that strid 
 care would be taken to prevent force upon him or as- 
 sassination, and the people there were in perfect obe- 
 dience, and none would dare to commit such a fact 
 either of the natives or strangers ; and he would hav( 
 a better guard than those had who were murderec 
 in Spain and Holland. 
 
 That there was not much trade betwixt us anc 
 Sweden ; nor was much of skill in those matters ex 
 pected in an extraordinary ambassador, who agreec 
 such things in the general ; and afterwards particula 
 points were brought to a determination by merchant: 
 or others, appointed to be commissioners for tha 
 purpose. 
 
 That Whitelocke was not inexperienced in foreig: 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 25 
 
 affairs and matters of state, wherein he had been con- 
 stantly employed here by the Parliament and Councils ; 
 that the Swedes were very just in performing their 
 agreements, and regarded their advantage not more 
 than all other princes and states do; and as they 
 were a wise and subtle people, so they would find 
 those no children with whom they were to deal, and 
 that the Swedes were but men. 
 
 That no inconvenience could befall him by reason 
 of his absence, but the same, if not more, would lie 
 upon him if present, — except the failure of supplies, 
 for which a full provision might be made beforehand ; 
 and that his journey would be an honourable dismis- 
 sion from any such inconveniences, if they should 
 happen, and from the clamours which usually follow 
 those employments in which he had been engaged. 
 
 September 9, 1653. 
 
 It was requisite for Whitelocke to go into the The 
 country about his affairs there : some discourse a little the then ° 
 retarded him. S™ ues - 
 
 It was objected, that the authority under whose tloned - 
 commission he was to act in this great business, was 
 not justifiable by the law of God or of this nation ; 
 and he the more liable to punishment if a change 
 should come. 
 
 To this was answered, by some ministers and other 
 friends : — That, to matter of conscience, the business 
 about which he went was for the good of the nation, 
 and of the Protestant interest and religion ; and here 
 being no other present visible power but those who 
 sent him, he might with good conscience submit to 
 
26 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 them, according to that of the Apostle, 1 Pet. ii. 13, 
 " Submit yourselves to every ordinance of man ;" and 
 Rom. xiii. 1, " Let every soul be subject to the higher 
 powers. For there is no power but of God : the powers 
 that be are ordained of God;" that Christ yielded 
 obedience to Csesar, though a usurper, and Paul did 
 the like. 
 
 As to the matter of law, it was said by those of his 
 own profession (of whom none dissuaded him from 
 this journey) and by other friends, that matters ju- 
 dicial, civil, or criminal, raising of money or forces, 
 fighting, killing, etc., are of a nature much different 
 from an embassy, and have more consideration as to 
 legality or illegality of the powers ordering them ; but 
 the carrying of a message, and being an ambassador, 
 may be undertaken on the behalf of any that will send 
 it, and can defray the charge of it, so as the matter 
 of it be not bad ; and though the authority itself be 
 not so grateful to the people, yet they submit to it, 
 and universally obey it, and none can have protection 
 but under it. 
 
 That the business was in itself good and grateful 
 to the people, being to make a league of amity with a 
 neighbour nation, to increase our trade, to strengthen 
 ourselves against a foreign enemy (the Dutch), or to 
 produce a peace with them ; which things would be 
 grateful and advantageous to all sorts of people and 
 opinions in the nation, both now and in any future 
 change. 
 
 As to matter of prudence, he was said to be so far 
 engaged already with the Parliament party, that he 
 could not go back; that if any change should be 
 made with force, it would be safer to be from among 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 27 
 
 them than in the midst of them; if it were made 
 upon terms, he, though absent, should be comprised 
 in them. 
 
 Some of those who dissuaded him, yet when he 
 would go, they freely adventured their lives with him. 
 He got this day to his house in Bucks. 
 
 September 10, 1653. 
 
 Early in the morning he went abroad, to take the wtite- 
 fresh air, and look into his grounds. With him was servant °ar- 
 his tenant, William Cooke, an ancient, sober, discreet, f™' ' " j a h " e 
 and faithful servant to Whitelocke and his father a PP° int - 
 
 ment. 
 
 above forty years. Part of the discourse between 
 them was to this effect : — 
 
 Cooke. Sir, I am glad to see you here before you 
 go your great journey. 
 
 Whitelocke. I desired to see you once again before 
 I be sent beyond sea. 
 
 Co. If you be sent over sea, I pray God bless you, 
 and send you well home again. 
 
 Wh. There will be some danger of coming well 
 home again. 
 
 Co. Why, Sir, many honest gentlemen before now 
 have been sent over seas, and yet have returned well 
 home again ; and so, I hope, will you. 
 
 Wh. But this is a journey of more danger than 
 ordinary. 
 
 Co. Sir, you have been in great dangers ere now, 
 and God has kept you ; and so, I hope, He will still. 
 
 Wh. I perceive you are not so much against my 
 going as others are. 
 
 Co. I see no cause to be much against it, that 's 
 
28 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 the truth on 't; because I hope it may be for the good 
 of you and yours, which I wish with all my heart, 
 and ever did. 
 
 Wh. But do not you think it would be more for 
 our good for me to stay at home ? 
 
 Co. That you know best ; but this I think, that if 
 by going abroad you may gain a good advantage to 
 your state, and by staying at home you will only 
 spend of it, then it will be more for your good to go 
 abroad, than to stay at home. But these things are 
 above me. 
 
 Wh. You speak reason, William. 
 
 Co. I have no ends in what I speak but my love to 
 you and yours ; and I am sure I shall gain nothing 
 by your going, nor lose nothing by your stay. 
 
 Wh. But my wife much fears the danger. 
 
 Co. Our lady and mistress will be satisfied in what 
 you think best, and knows that God is the same God 
 everywhere. I pray God keep you out of dangers if you 
 go, or if you stay ; there will be dangers everywhere. 
 
 Wh. But more apparent in this journey. 
 
 Co. I cannot tell that ; for I have heard that our 
 great man, I mean my Lord General, would have you 
 to go ; and if it be so, and yet you will stay at home, 
 I doubt there may be as much danger for you to stay 
 as to go. 
 
 Wh. It is true, the General would have me go ; but ^ 
 I am not bound to obey him in all things. 
 
 Co. I am deceived if he will not be obeyed in what 
 he hath a mind to. 
 
 Wit. I am not under his command ; what can he 
 do to me ? 
 
 Co. What can he do? what can he not do? Do 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 29 
 
 not we all see he does what he list ? We poor country- 
 men are forced to obey him to our cost; and if he 
 have a mind to punish us or you, it's an old proverb, 
 that it is an easy thing to find a staff to beat a dog : 
 and I would not have you to anger him, lest you 
 bring danger and trouble too upon you and your fa- 
 mily and state ; that '& the truth on 't. 
 
 Wli. I fully agree with you in this ; and I hope 
 you will agree to me to be careful of my business in 
 case I shall go, and to obey my wife's commands in 
 my absence. 
 
 Co. I shall, by the help of God, be faithful to you ; 
 and carefully observe the commands of my lady and 
 mistress. 
 
 September 11, 1653. 
 TJie Lord's Day. — After public duties, Whitelocke Advantages 
 
 ii i -,■ i,i- rs i " f the Em- 
 
 had much discourse about his voyage to Sweden ; baasy to the 
 
 and more particularly upon the point, whether, by his c^s*. *'"' 
 undertaking of it, he might be instrumental to pro- 
 mote the Protestant interest, and to do service to 
 good people both here and abroad; against which 
 these objections were made. 
 
 That the people of those parts whither he was to 
 go differ wholly from our persuasion in matters of 
 religion ; and though they are Protestants after the 
 doctrine of Luther, yet they are not easily to be re- 
 conciled to those of other tenets, nor to be brought 
 to join with them ; and they have a sharp averseness 
 to the opinions of Calvin, and look upon us as most 
 favouring them, and more than those of their great 
 author Luther. 
 
30 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 On the other part it was said, that though the 
 Swedish and German professors are generally Luther- 
 ans, yet they are Protestants, and agree with us in 
 fundamentals, and against the Roman Church. 
 
 That the Queen of Sweden, but chiefly her father, 
 and many of his great men yet living, have testified 
 much affection to the Protestant cause, and are for- 
 ward to promote it ; that such a person as White- 
 locke being with them upon the place, and discours- 
 ing with them about these matters, wherein he is able 
 to give them so much satisfaction, and such as they 
 have not had any opportunity so fully to receive be- 
 fore ; and the example of Whitelocke and his com- 
 pany, to work upon them to a greater liking of our 
 ways and profession, accompanied with such practice, 
 would gain a better acceptation with them than any 
 they have formerly given to those from whom at pre- 
 sent they do differ ; and will much persuade towards 
 a firm amity and union with this Commonwealth. 
 
 That there is no other nation in Christendom from 
 whom the Swedes can rationally expect such a friend- 
 ship and union but only England, especially in matter 
 of religion, and for strength against the Popish party, 
 who love not them nor us. 
 
 The Protestant princes of Germany are not at this 
 day so considerable, nor so free of differences and 
 jealousies among themselves and against the crown of 
 Sweden, nor so secure of nearer enemies, as to be 
 much assistance to the Swedes, who will hardly be 
 reconciled and united to the Danes, to join with them 
 against the Papists. The French Protestants are over- 
 powered at home, the Switzers are too far off, the 
 Netherlanders too much in league with the Dane and 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 31 
 
 in love with trade ; so that the English only are the ' 
 people with whom the Swedes may hope for a firm 
 amity and union for the Protestant interest against ! 
 the common enemy thereof, the Popish party ; and, 
 upon this ground, that Whitelocke might receive en- 
 couragement to undertake this embassy, and, being 
 so hopeful to promote the Protestant interest, that 
 God will give a blessing to it. 
 
 September 12, 1653. 
 
 The pleasant, healthful country air must be left, whitelocke 
 and Whitelocke must hasten to attend the General ; London. 
 and for that end he returns to London, where dis- 
 course again ariseth touching his Swedish journey, 
 between him and his wife and friends, and the same 
 reasons, objections, and answers as formerly were re- 
 iterated. At length she came to this conclusion and 
 result with herself, which she declared to her husband, 
 as her advice and judgement : — That she was not able 
 to give her consent to his undertaking of the journey, 
 because of that heavy affliction which would lie upon 
 her by it; neither durst she absolutely to deny it, 
 lest any inconvenience might befall him or his family 
 by his refusal of it, or any hindrance to their, good ; 
 but that she thought he must be guided in his reso- 
 lutions as he should find the General, in his next 
 conference with him. And so she left it to her hus- 
 band, wherein their friends concurred ; and she, with 
 many tears, desired him to consider his own safety 
 in the first place, and to do what would tend most 
 thereunto, and to the honour of God, and the interest 
 of his family and country. 
 
32 JOURNAL OP THE 
 
 Her advice was without any bye-ends ; her concern 
 ment and good the same with his, the same interesi 
 to both ; her advice, though a woman, not to be m 
 jected, but sound, faithful, and affectionate. 
 
 September 13, 1653. 
 
 Embalm 6 Early in the morning Whitelocke had access to the 
 General, and this discourse with him. 
 
 Whitelocke. I was to attend your Excellency, but 
 missed of you. 
 
 Cromwell. I knew not of it; you are always wel- 
 come to me. I hope you have considered the pro- 
 posal I made to you, and are willing to serve the 
 Commonwealth. 
 
 W~h. I have fully considered it ; and with humble 
 thanks acknowledge the honour intended me, and am 
 most willing to serve your Excellency and the Com- 
 monwealth ; but in this particular I humbly beg your 
 excuse. I have endeavoured to satisfy my own judge- 
 ment and my nearest relations, but can do neither, 
 nor gain a consent ; and I should be very unworthy 
 and ungrateful to go against it. 
 
 Croni. You know that no relations use to sway the 
 balance in such matters as this. I know your lady 
 very well, and that she is a good woman, and a reli- 
 gious woman ; indeed I think she is : and I durst 
 undertake, in a matter of this nature, wherein the 
 interest of God and of his people is concerned, as 
 they are in your undertaking of this business, — I dare- 
 say my Lady will not oppose it. 
 
 Wh. Truly, Sir, I think there is no woman alive 
 desires more the promoting of that interest; but she 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 33 
 
 hopes it may be done as much, if not more, by some 
 other person. 
 
 Crom. Really I know not in England so fit a per- 
 son as you are for it. 
 
 Wh. Your Excellency cannot but know my want of 
 breeding and experience in matters of this nature, and 
 of language. 
 
 Crom. I know your education, travel, and language, 
 and experience have fitted you for it ; you know the 
 affairs of Christendom as well as most men, and of 
 England as well as any man, and can give as good an 
 account of them. I think no man can serve his coun- 
 try more than you may herein ; indeed I think so, and 
 therefore I make it my particular suit and earnest re- 
 quest to you to undertake it : and I hope you will 
 show a little regard to me in it, and I assure you that 
 you shall have no cause to repent it. 
 
 Wh. My Lord, I am very ready to testify my duty 
 to your Excellency. I acknowledge your many favours 
 to me, and myself an officer under your command, 
 and to owe you obedience. But your Excellency will 
 not expect it from me in that wherein I am not capa- 
 ble to serve you ; and therefore I make it my most 
 humble suit to be excused from this service. 
 
 Crom. Eor your abilities I am satisfied ; I know no 
 man so fit for it as yourself; and if you should de- 
 cline it (as I hope you will not), the Commonwealth 
 would suffer extremely by it, your own profession per- 
 haps might suffer likewise, and the Protestant interest 
 would suffer by it. Indeed you cannot be excused; 
 the hearts of all the good people in this nation are set 
 upon it, to have you undertake this service ; and if 
 you should waive it, being thus, and at such a time 
 
 VOL. i. d 
 
34 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 when your going may be the most likely means to 
 settle our business with the Dutch and Danes, and 
 matter of trade (and none, I say again, can do it bet- 
 ter than you), the Commonwealth would be at an ex- 
 treme prejudice by your refusal. But I hope you will 
 hearken to my request, and let me prevail with you 
 to undertake it : neither you nor yours, I hope, shall 
 ever have any cause to wish you had not done it. 
 
 Wh. My Lord, when a man is out of sight, he is 
 out of mind. Though your Excellency be just and 
 honourable, yet, your greater affairs calling you off, 
 those to whom matters of correspondence and sup- 
 plies must be referred, will perhaps forget one who is 
 afar off, and not be so sensible of extremities in a fo- 
 reign country as those who suffer under them. 
 
 Crom. I will engage to take particular care of those 
 matters myself, and that you shall neither want sup- 
 plies nor anything that is fit for you : you shall be set 
 out with as much honour as ever any ambassador was 
 from England. I shall hold myself particularly obliged 
 to you if you will undertake it ; and will stick as close 
 to you as your skin is to your flesh. You shall want 
 nothing either for your honour and equipage, or for 
 power and trust to be reposed in you, or for corre- 
 spondence and supplies when you are abroad ; I pro- 
 mise you, my Lord, you shall not ; I will make it my 
 business to see it done. The Parliament and Council, 
 as well as myself, will take it very well, and thank- 
 fully, from you, to accept of this employment ; and all 
 people, especially the good people of the nation, will 
 be much satisfied with it : and therefore, my Lord, I 
 make it again my earnest request to you, to accept 
 this honourable employment. 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 35 
 
 This extraordinary earnestness of Cromwell, so that 
 he would not be satisfied unless Whitelocke did accept 
 the employment, nor by any means be prevailed with 
 to excuse him ; and Whitelocke seeing plainly that he 
 could not decline it, without making Cromwell, the 
 Parliament, and Council highly distasted against him, 
 and to be his covert, if not open enemies, for neg- 
 lecting and slighting them, who had opportunity, and 
 power, and will, to be even with him, he came to 
 this resolution (which, upon prayer to God and ad- 
 vice of his friends, he had formerly taken), that if 
 he should find it with Cromwell as he did, then to 
 consent rather to go the journey in great danger 
 than to stay at home in greater, and to hope to do 
 some service for the Protestant people and interest. 
 Therefore, after some pause, Whitelocke spake again 
 to Cromwell thus :— 
 
 Wh. I see your Excellency is inexorable for my 
 excuse, and much set upon it, with more than ordi- 
 nary earnestness, for me to undertake this service; 
 for which, though I judge myself insufficient, yet your 
 judgement and the Council's is, that I am capable to 
 do some service to the Commonwealth, and to the 
 Protestant interest herein, and to the honour of God, 
 which is above all other motives : and hoping that it 
 may be so, and to testify my regard and duty to 
 your Excellency, who have honoured me with your 
 personal request for it, and the Council having unani- 
 mously pitched upon me, and to manifest that I am 
 not self-willed, and how much I value your Excel- 
 lency's commands, and can submit my own to better 
 judgements, I am resolved to lay aside further consi- 
 deration of wife, children, friends, fortune, and all ob- 
 
 d 2 
 
36 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 jections and fear of dangers, and to conform myself 
 to your Excellency's desires, and to the votes of the 
 Council, by accepting this difficult and hazardous 
 employment ; and do rest confident of your Excel- 
 lency's care and favour towards me, who undertake it 
 by your command ; and hope that such allowances 
 and supplies will be afforded me, and such memory 
 had of me in my absence, as shall be agreeable to the 
 honour of the nation, and of yourself, and the busi- 
 ness, as also of your servant. 
 
 Crom. My Lord, I do most heartily thank you for 
 accepting the employment, whereby you have testified 
 a very great respect and favour to me, and affection 
 to the Commonwealth, which will be very well taken 
 by them ; and I assure you, that it is so grateful to 
 me, who upon my particular request have prevailed 
 with you, that I shall never forget this favour, but 
 endeavour to requite it to you and yours ; really, my 
 Lord, I shall : and I will acquaint the Council with it, 
 that we may desire further conference with you. 
 
 He went away well pleased ; and Whitelocke's 
 friends thought what he had done to be rational ; but 
 tender affection was full of passion and weeping. 
 
 September 14, 1653. 
 
 •ariiament The consent of Whitelocke to accept this employ- 
 heappoint- ment was reported from the Council to the Parlia- 
 ment, with the Council's opinion, that Whitelocke was 
 a fit person to be sent ambassador extraordinary to 
 the Queen of Sweden ; which they submitted to the 
 Parliament's consideration. 
 
 In the debate thereof in the House, one of the 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 37 
 
 members (who had an opinion of himself to be more 
 godly than others), did object, that they knew not 
 whether Whitelocke were a godly man or not ; and 
 though he might be otherwise qualified, yet, if he 
 were not a godly man, it was not fit to send him 
 ambassador. 
 
 Mr. Taylor, another member, who was known not 
 to be inferior in godliness to the objector, answered 
 (with other friends) in Whitelocke' s behalf : that god- 
 liness was now in fashion, and taken up in form and 
 words for advantage' sake, more than in substance for 
 the truth's sake ; that it was difficult to judge of the 
 trees of godliness or ungodliness otherwise than by 
 the fruit ; and that those who knew Whitelocke, and 
 his conversation, were satisfied that he lived in prac- 
 tice, as well as in a profession of godliness ; and that 
 it was more becoming a godly man to look into his 
 own heart, and to censure himself, than to take upon 
 him the attribute of God alone, to know the heart of 
 another, and to judge him, especially if a stranger, of 
 whom godly men were wont to judge charitably.. 
 
 After some little debate, it was voted, nemine con- 
 trarficente, " that the House doth agree with the re- 
 port, that the Lord Commissioner Whitelocke be sent 
 ambassador extraordinary to the Queen of Sweden, 
 from this Commonwealth ; and that the Council take 
 care for the retinue of all ambassadors to be approved 
 by them ; and that they prepare all things in order to 
 the despatch of the said Lord Ambassador, and a 
 Commission and Instructions for him, to be reported 
 to the House." 
 
 In the afternoon the Council made a committee, to 
 consider of preparations for the embassy, and what 
 
38 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 money and shipping is requisite for it ; and to confer 
 with Whitelocke about these things ; and it was re- 
 ferred to the Committee for Foreign Affairs to prepare 
 a Commission and Instructions for him. 
 
 September 15, 1653. 
 v Com- Tta Committee of the Council for the embassy were 
 
 mttee of ...,-. „ 
 
 Council not full. Whitelocke inquiring about the vote of the 
 ^"outfit. House, touching the retinue of ambassadors (which 
 he had no cause to like), was informed that the occa- 
 sion thereof was from disorders in the young gentle- 
 man, and his company, who lately carried letters from 
 the Parliament to the Queen of Sweden ; and that 
 there was much excess in drinking of healths in his 
 company, which occasioned this vote of the Parliament 
 about the retinue of all ambassadors ; and that it was 
 general, and no reflection thereby, or in the debate, 
 upon Whitelocke in particular. 
 
 September 16, 1653. 
 
 The Committee of the Council met in the afternoon, 
 and took an account of the Lord Viscount Lisle, that 
 he had received £3000 towards his charges for the 
 embassy, whereof he had laid out £2000 in prepara- 
 tions, and there remained £1000 in his hands. The 
 Committee did nothing further, though the business and 
 season of the year required somewhat more expedition. 
 
 September 17, 1653. 
 
 whitelocke The Committee for the Swedish business met again, 
 ^"rvants. and ordered letters to be sent to Whitelocke, to meet 
 them. 
 
locke's re- 
 tinue. 
 
 SWEDISH EMBASSY. 39 
 
 Whitelocke's usage was to be loving and kind to 
 his servants, not awfully magisterial and harsh to 
 them ; to treat them with a fitting familiarity, rather 
 than too great a distance, and to take care that they 
 should want nothing fit for them. This caused his 
 servants to return love again to their master, and 
 the service of love is the best service : to testify this 
 love, most of his menial servants offered willingly, 
 and some of them made suit, to wait on him in this 
 journey, though so long and dangerous. 
 
 September 18, 1653. 
 
 The Lord's Bay. — Whitelocke, after public duties, white 
 was troubled with importunities of divers persons ; 
 some for gentlemen to be admitted into his company, 
 others to be his servants in this journey : but he was 
 not forward to receive any into his number, unless he 
 knew them personally himself, or was well informed 
 of the qualities, civility, and religious inclination of 
 them ; lest he might bring a prejudice by ill example 
 upon his children, or his other servants, and a scandal 
 upon the profession of religion. 
 
 September 19, 1653. 
 
 A messenger of the Council brought to Whitelocke Whitelocke 
 this letter from the Committee : — to attend 
 
 the Com- 
 
 " To the Right Honourable the Lord Commissioner mittee of 
 Whitelocke, at his house at Chelsea. 
 
 " My Lord, 
 
 " The Council having commanded myself, with Sir 
 Gilbert Pickering and Mr. Strickland, to wait upon your 
 
40 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 Lordship, to confer with your Lordship about some things 
 concerning your Lordship's embassy, we desire to know, 
 whether your Lordship will be at leisure tomorrow at eight 
 o'clock, which, if your Lordship approve of, we shall be at 
 the time aforesaid at your Lordship's house ; or, if that be 
 not convenient, that your Lordship will let us know what 
 other time will most suit with your Lordship's occasions, 
 that we may wait on you. I am, 
 
 " My Lord, 
 " Your Lordship's humble servant, 
 
 " Hen. Lawrence. 
 " Whitehall, Sept. 19." 
 
 To this letter Whitelocke returned this answer : — 
 
 " To the Honourable Henry Lawrence, Esq., a Member of 
 Parliament, and of the Council of State. These. 
 
 " Sir, 
 
 " I acknowledge, with humble thanks, the favour 
 from yourself and the rest of the honourable gentlemen of 
 the Committee, by your letters this day brought unto me. 
 Sir, I shall be at leisure to attend when you command ; 
 and knowing your great occasions, and my own duty, I 
 desire you would be pleased to give me leave to wait upoa 
 you tomorrow morning at your time, at Whitehall ; when 
 I shall attend the pleasure of the Committee, and hope to 
 find you near to the Council-chamber. 
 
 " Your most humble servant, 
 
 " B. Whitelocke. 
 
 " Chelsea, Sept. 19, 1653." 
 
 This letter raised new passions ; and it was urged 
 against Whitelocke, that he ought not to leave his 
 country and relations to go this journey ; but the 
 matter was determined, and himself engaged and 
 freely called to this service. 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 41 
 
 September 20, 1653. 
 
 At eight o'clock this morning, Whitelocke was at Attends the 
 ;he Committee ; but it was too early for the members : f Council, 
 mly the Lord Viscount Lisle came before the rest ; 
 md with him Whitelocke had free discourse, touching 
 ;he grounds of his declining that service, to which he 
 wotested solemnly and earnestly, that he had no other 
 'eason but his want of health to undergo a winter 
 ourney into that country, the cold whereof he was 
 lot by his constitution able to endure ; and this was 
 he cause of his desire to be excused from that em- 
 iloyment at this time ; that he did not scruple the 
 luthority, nor thought the business difficult, but very 
 lonourable, and likely to have good success ; and he 
 ixpressed the same things touching this matter which 
 lis brother Colonel Sydney had said before to White- 
 ocke. 
 
 The Committee being full, Whitelocke sat with Allowances 
 hem covered ; and they discoursed together about an charges, 
 lour, touching his embassy, particularly of the allow- 
 mce for his charges, which they said should be £1000 
 i month, besides coaches and liveries already provi- 
 led ; and this the same allowance that the Lord Lisle 
 hould have had. 
 
 Whitelocke showed the difference of charge in 
 ravel and residence in winter, more than if he had 
 ;one in summer, with his reasons why this allowance 
 TOuld be too small ; and these matters he had fully in- 
 [uired into and considered (as behoved him) upon 
 his occasion ; but the gentlemen of the Committee, 
 lot so much concerned herein as Whitelocke, had not 
 ouch looked into this, or any other business of this 
 
42 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 nature, nor did say much to it ; but how they migl 
 save some of their money, although never so necei 
 sary to be expended. They concluded with a desin 
 that Whitelocke would put down his demands i 
 writing, with which they would acquaint the Counci 
 and return their answer. 
 
 The letter of Whitelocke to the Council, containin 
 his proposals, was delivered to the President, and ws 
 as followeth : — 
 
 " To the Right Honourable the Lord President of the Counc 
 of State. These. 
 
 White- "My Lord, 
 
 letter on "Upon consideration and advice concerning tl 
 
 his outfit, journey into Sweden, respect being had unto the mannc 
 of the late embassy into the Low Countries, and of tl 
 present expectation of the Queen of Sweden and her cour 
 of the access of cavaliers thither, and chiefly of the honou 
 of this State, I do humbly apprehend that it will be re 
 quisite, for the honour of the Parliament and security < 
 their servant, that I carry with me near one hundred pei 
 sons in my company and retinue. 
 
 " The expenses of the journey will be much increased b 
 the season of the year, which will cause us to travel h 
 land almost four hundred miles more than if we had gon 
 in summer, and consequently to provide and carry with i 
 more people and horses. 
 
 "The expenses of the land journey will be very grea 
 and all provisions, both for men and horses, in the way aD 
 at Stockholm, at a far dearer rate in the winter time, whe 
 they have no markets, than they would have been in tl 
 summer, when they might have been had at the best rates 
 besides the charge of the fuel, which will not be small i 
 that country. 
 
 " I may have (if you please) the coaches and liverii 
 provided ; besides which, I -must provide clothes for m; 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 43 
 
 If, advance moneys and salaries for many that are to go 
 Lth me, and many necessary provisions for my table, 
 iach-horses, saddle-horses, with divers other particulars, 
 tiich I trouble not your Lordship to recite. 
 
 " Upon consideration of all these things, I do humbly 
 iprehend, that it may appear reasonable, to allow me 
 1500 per mensem, for all my preparations and expenses. 
 ' this should be thought too high an allowance, I then 
 imbly propound £1000 advance for my preparations, be- 
 ie coach and liveries, and .£1200 per mensem for all my 
 targes; being resolved, according to the pleasure of the 
 Duncil, to conform myself and my expenses ; and shall be 
 ady to give a full account thereof at my return, if the 
 ouncil shall think fit to order it. 
 
 " I do humbly propound farther, to have from the State, 
 ble-linen, hangings, household stuff, and bedding, in such 
 "oportion as they shall think fit, and as hath been allowed 
 > others their ambassadors and servants, to be received 
 id returned by inventory. 
 
 " I humbly desire the Council's letter to Mr. Ingelo, to 
 :company me as chaplain ; and if they shall think fit to 
 rite to Mr. Duery to the same purpose, I shall submit to it. 
 
 " I humbly desire the Council's order to the Judges of 
 le Admiralty, to give despatches to a Swedish ship, now 
 uestioned in that court ; in which ship, if she be released, 
 propose to send my baggage, to go with me to Gotten- 
 arg ; and from thence (if it may be) by sea to Stockholm. 
 
 " I humbly desire such order for my transportation and 
 mvoy by sea as the Council shall think fit ; and for all 
 3commodations in my sea-voyage to Gothenburg. 
 
 " My Lord, I beg your pardon of this tediousness from 
 " Your Lordship's humble servant, 
 
 " B. Whitelocke. 
 " Chelsea, September 20, 1653." 
 
 The President, upon receipt of this letter, told the 
 lessenger he would communicate it to the Council's 
 
chaplain. 
 
 44 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 committee, from whom, in a short time, Whitelocl 
 should receive an answer. 
 
 September 21, 1653. 
 
 Selects A principal care of Whitelocke, as to those of h 
 
 retinue, was to get able and fit chaplains, such i 
 were of a pious life and conversation, and of goo 
 abilities and learning, for example and instruction < 
 his company ; and he desired to have them of a r< 
 spectful, civil, and courteous behaviour, to win upo 
 his people, and to credit him among strangers ; an 
 that they might be qualified with languages, especiall 
 Latin, as most useful abroad, and most expected froi 
 their profession. 
 
 Being informed of Mr. Ingelo to be a fit perso 
 for one of his chaplains, and that had he engage^ 
 to attend the Lord Viscount Lisle, if he had gonf 
 Whitelocke wrote to him to this purpose : — 
 
 " For my worthy friend, Mr. Nathaniel Ingelo, Fellow of 
 Eton College. These. 
 
 " Sir, 
 
 " Being commanded by the Parliament to go am 
 
 bassador into Sweden, I do make it my earnest suit to yon 
 
 that you would be pleased to accompany me in that jour 
 
 ney, according to your former resolutions to go with m; 
 
 Lord Viscount Lisle in the same service. The business it 
 
 self is honourable, and of that consequence to this nation' 
 
 good, that I hope there will be no need of any other mo 
 
 tive to persuade you to adhere to your former intention 
 
 therein ; to which I shall only add this, that no person ii 
 
 my company is more desired, nor shall be used with greate 
 
 care and respect, than yourself, by 
 
 " Your affectionate friend to serve you, 
 
 "B. Whitelocke. 
 " Chelsea, September 21, 1653." 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 45 
 
 This letter Whitelocke took order to be sent, by a 
 messenger to Mr. Ingelo, and to have some friends 
 best esteem with him, to discourse with him about 
 and to be furnished with reasons to persuade him 
 go this journey with Whitelocke, who desired his 
 impany. 
 
 September 22, 1653. 
 
 According to the appointment of the Committee, 
 r hitelocke was at Whitehall, where Mr. Lawrence 
 Id him, that the report of his proposals was not yet 
 ade to the Council ; divers of them being absent at 
 e committee for tithes, which was then in hot pur- 
 lit, some for the taking of them away, and others 
 r the continuance of them. The President appointed 
 ie next morning to meet at the committee, but after- 
 ards sent a civil letter to Whitelocke to excuse it ; 
 ime of the Council still attending the business of 
 ;hes. 
 
 September 23, 1653. 
 
 By advice of Sir Oliver Fleming, Master of the Notice of 
 eremonies, that it was according to' the custom of ment P sent ' 
 e ambassadors, Whitelocke sent two of his servants, aJ^ReX 6 * 
 ho spake High Dutch, to Mr. Lagerfeldt, an agent, dentin 
 )w residing here, from the Queen of Sweden, and to 
 [r. Bonele, then commissioner here for trade, with 
 is message : " That the Parliament having appointed 
 m to go ambassador to her Most Serene Majesty 
 e Queen of Sweden, he thought fit, in respect to 
 ;r Majesty, and to them her public ministers now 
 siding in England, to give them notice hereof." 
 
 Both the gentlemen desired their thanks might be 
 
46 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 returned to the Ambassador, for Ms civility and re 
 spect to the Queen their mistress, and to themselves 
 whereof they would give a speedy account to he: 
 Majesty. Whitelocke sent his compliments on thi 
 day, being the post-day, to give them the opportunity 
 of writing it into Sweden ; which they did this day. 
 
 September 24, 1653. 
 The Com- Upon a report from their committee, the Counci 
 
 Tnittpp OT 
 
 Council fix made two orders, both to the same effect ; whethei 
 anddiow- through incuriousness of the Council or their clerks 
 ance 9 . Whitelocke did not inquire. Both were sent to him 
 the latter order was this : — 
 
 " Saturday, 24ith September, 1653. 
 
 " At the Council of State at Whitehall. Ordered 
 That the Lord Commissioner Whitelocke shall have thi 
 same allowance for his embassy into Sweden as the Lon 
 Viscount Lisle was to have had ; that is to say, £6000 fo: 
 the first six months, whereof £3000 is to be paid in presen 
 money to such persons as his Lordship shall appoint t< 
 receive the same; and £3000 more by bills of exchange 
 the provisions of coach, harness, and liveries being cast ii 
 over and above the forementioned allowance of £6000, am 
 valued at £1000, in consideration of his Lordship's under 
 taking the journey in the winter season. And the Counci 
 doth further declare, that if there shall be occasion for hi 
 Lordship's stay in Sweden longer than six months, tha 
 there shall be duly allowed and paid to his Lordship th 
 sum of £600 per mensem, which is the same allowanc 
 that was to have been made to the Lord Viscount Lisle 
 if he had staid in Sweden longer than six months. 
 
 " That such plate, table-linen, hangings, household stul 
 and bedding, as are in the State's wardrobe, and which ai 
 fit for the Lord Commissioner Whitelocke's use in his en 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 47 
 
 ,ssy into Sweden, be furnished unto his Lordship by the 
 irdrobe-keeper, in such proportion as was to have been 
 rnished to the Lord Lisle; and that such plate, table- 
 ien, and other goods, be delivered to such persons as 
 all be appointed by his Lordship to receive the same. 
 
 " That the Judges of the Admiralty be sent unto, to cer- 
 Fy to the Council what proceedings have been in the bu- 
 aess of the ship which pretends to belong to Sweden, and 
 
 certify to the Council the whole state thereof. 
 
 " That a letter be written to Mr. Ingelo, to go along 
 Lth the Lord Ambassador, as chaplain, in his embassy 
 to Sweden. 
 
 " That Mr. John Duery be approved of by the Council, 
 i go as one of the chaplains to the Lord Commissioner 
 /hitelocke in his embassy into Sweden, if his Lordship 
 Lall likewise approve of him. 
 
 "Ex v Jo. Thurlob, Sec r ." 
 
 Both Whitelocke and his friends had too much 
 mse to dislike the narrowness and illiberality of the 
 lowance voted by the Council for him, which was 
 idged too low and mean to defray his necessary and 
 reat expenses ; but the seeming thrift for the Com- 
 lonwealth did now overweigh, with some of the 
 louncil, the honour of the nation and safety of their 
 jrvant. 
 
 This straitness of the Council raised many serious 
 loughts in Whitelocke, how he might extricate him- 
 ;lf from the present difficulties under which he lay; 
 ow he might quit the service imposed on him, and 
 ot fall into greater danger and perplexities than the 
 mployment would bring upon him. He considered 
 le improbability of advantaging his own fortunes, by 
 jrving under such narrow-hearted masters, and the 
 esperate peril of failing of sufficient supplies in a 
 
48 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 foreign country. On the other side, he saw the bit- 
 terness of the spirit of many of those in power, who, 
 if they were disappointed of their purposes, and 
 should apprehend a neglect of them and their au- 
 thority, would not stick furiously and haughtily to 
 strain it, to the ruin of him whom they judged a 
 contemner of it. 
 
 He therefore, as far as he thought in discretion lie 
 could, made some overtures and trials how to get 
 discharged of the employment ; but the hearts of the 
 present governors were so set upon it to have him go, 
 that they would not hear of anything from himself or 
 his friends, tending to the excuse of him from going. 
 
 Finding it thus, he contented himself in his assu- 
 rance of God's love and protection, and in hopes to 
 have an opportunity to serve him, and his country, 
 and the interest of his people. 
 
 September 25, 1653. 
 
 The Lord's Bay. — Whitelocke was with his wife and 
 family at the parish church, and had more than ordi- 
 nary ceremony from his brother in office, whose mean- 
 ing therein he understood. 
 
 After public exercises of devotion, he retired him- 
 self from the continual discourses of his Swedish 
 business, unto his private meditations upon the Holy 
 Scriptures. 
 
 September 26, 1653. 
 
 In a letter to Whitelocke from the Council was en- 
 closed the same order which they sent to him the 
 other day. Such was the forgetfulness of their affairs ! 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 49 
 
 Mr. Bjmele, an English merchant, who went to the £ ^ we ? ish 
 ^ueen of Sweden, had so far gained her favour, that sioner for 
 he honoured him with the employment of her public on WHte- 
 ainister, her commissioner for trade to England. He 
 ame to Whitelocke this day, attended with two gen- 
 lemen and two lacqueys in liveries, and demeaned 
 limself in the part of a public minister. He dis- 
 bursed of Whitelocke's journey, and that his best 
 vay would be by Gothenburg ; and he magnified the 
 ivility and courtesy of the Queen, his mistress, to all 
 gentlemen and strangers that came into her country, 
 specially to public ministers ; and, as it was due, of 
 ler great respects to those who were extraordinary 
 imbassadors, which character, he said, he heard was 
 leservedly intended for Whitelocke. He was fidl of 
 he business of trade between the two nations, and 
 )f commerce in general, and the honour of merchants. 
 
 September 27, 1653. 
 
 Whitelocke went to the Council and had some dis- whitelocke 
 
 com P 
 :ourse with them touching the smallness of the allow- of the 
 
 nice ordered for him, and that it might be increased, ofhis^- 
 
 Be gave his reasons freely to them, but they gravely lowanoe - 
 
 icquainted him, that the judgement of the Council 
 
 leld that allowance to be competent ; and they hav- 
 
 ng resolved it, that it was not in the Committee's 
 
 aower to alter it ; but they promised to report to the 
 
 Houncil his desires, and the reasons he had offered to 
 
 hem. 
 
 Whitelocke also acquainted the Committee, that Mr. 
 
 Duery, whom the Council had recommended to be 
 
 me of his chaplains, had, by letters, excused himself 
 
 VOL. I. E 
 
50 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 for want of health ; but Mr. Ingelo had consented tc 
 go with him. They seemed pleased therewith, bui 
 Whitelocke was not so, at their backwardness to in 
 crease his allowance ; and so they parted. 
 Means em- Captain Bishop, Secretary to the Close Committee, 
 
 ployed to r . ... l • 1 i 1 i 
 
 alarm gave Whitelocke a paper of intelligence witfcn ne hac 
 locked received from some of the King's party, his pen- 
 sioners, which was thus : — 
 
 " September 17th, 1653. 
 
 "At a meeting of some of the King's chief agents, pari 
 of their discourse was this. One said : ' What will be 
 your advantage when you have taken off Cromwell and 
 Lambert, seeing the present men in power are but a com- 
 pany of giddy-headed men ? Some of the old men, as Brad- 
 shawe, St. John, Whitelocke, Holies, Vane, would take the 
 opportunity to bring themselves in power again ; and if one 
 of those get it into their hands, we shall never get it oul 
 again, they being the men that turned the wheel of the 
 nation formerly; and what Cromwell did, was by force to 
 take it out of their hands, lest he should be turned out 
 himself.' 
 
 " 'For Bradshawe,' said one, 'I hear he is going for 
 Wiltshire. I warrant you we shall take a course with him : 
 you need not fear his return. He is left to himself now, 
 and out of his army guard ; he will not be walking on his 
 battlements at Whitehall. 
 
 " ' For Whitelocke/ said another, ' it was the wisest ,act 
 that ever those men did, to send him to Sweden ; for he 
 hath a long journey to go, and before he comes to his 
 journey's end, he may meet with divers good friends.' " 
 
 They were all of them of the opinion, that those 
 men must be taken off, as well as Cromwell, for the 
 reasons aforesaid ; and that it was so concluded ; with- 
 out which, they said, their ends could not be effected. 
 
 From other hands Whitelocke heard that the King 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 51 
 
 ieing offered by some their service to murder White- 
 Dcke, lie forbade them to do so unworthy and sinful 
 n act, to which, he said, he would give no counte- 
 lance, nor be party to it by the least connivance. 
 
 The intelligence from Bishop did not so much af- 
 ect or disturb Whitelocke, as to kindle any apprehen- 
 ions in him of danger ; but he looked upon it only 
 & tavern-talk of some giddy people. 
 
 Mr. Lagerfeldt sent his secretary to Whitelocke, to 
 :now what time he would be within, that Lagerfeldt 
 oight come to visit him. Whitelocke answered, that 
 ie had some extraordinary occasions for a few days, 
 rut if Lagerfeldt pleased to come to him on Thursday 
 text, in the afternoon, he would be then at home to 
 eceive the honour of his visit ; at which the secretary 
 rent away, not seeming pleased that the receiving of 
 ds lord's visit should be so long deferred. 
 
 September 28, 1653. 
 This order of the Council was brought to White- A PP° in '- 
 
 ° mcnt ot a 
 
 ocke by one of their messengers : — chaplain 
 
 with salary. 
 " Wednesday, 28th September, 1653. 
 
 "At the Council of State at Whitehall. Ordered, 
 L'hat it be signified to the Lord Commissioner Whitelocke, 
 hat if his Lordship shall think fit to nominate a fit person 
 o go with him as another chaplain, in his embassy into 
 Sweden, the Council will thereupon be ready to advance 
 £100 unto hini, as hath been done to those made choice of 
 >y the Lord Lisle. 
 
 " Ex r Jo. Thurloe, SeC." 
 
 Upon this vote, more application was made than 
 brmerly for this employment. 
 
 e 2 
 
52 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 September 29, 1653. 
 whitelocke M r- Lagerfeldt sent his servant to Whitelocke, to 
 
 ipplies to ° 
 
 Cromwell excuse his not coming to him this day, as was ap- 
 Ss'^Uow- 6 pointed; which some supposed he did in point of 
 ances ' state,' because he was not admitted to his visit so soon 
 as he expected ; therefore he would not come so soon 
 as was by Whitelocke appointed. Whitelocke went 
 to the General, and informed him of the shortness of 
 the allowance voted by the Council for his expenses 
 in his embassy, not sufficient to defray the charges 
 thereof in such a manner as would be for the honour 
 of the Commonwealth and the security of their ser- 
 vant ; whereof Cromwell seemed very sensible, and 
 promised to move the Council for an increase of it. 
 
 September 30, 1653. 
 The Swe- A messenger of the Council brought to Whitelocke 
 
 dish Minis- ° . . . ° , 
 
 ter calls on a copy of the instructions which had been prepared 
 in state!" e for the Lord Lisle, when he was to have gone ambas- 
 sador to Sweden ; and Whitelocke was desired to pe- 
 ruse them, and give his opinion what he thought fit 
 to be altered or added to them. He gave the mes- 
 senger a note under his hand for the receipt of them. 
 Lagerfeldt, in the afternoon, visited Whitelocke. 
 He was tall, of an ingenuous countenance, and civil 
 behaviour ; his carriage was in the port of a public 
 minister, rather above than below his character. 
 
 He was attended with six gentlemen, well habited ; 
 and four lacqueys in liveries, decent, but not rich oi 
 gaudy. Whitelocke met him at the door of his house, 
 where, after salutations, Lagerfeldt spake, in good 
 Latin, to this effect : — 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 53 
 
 Lag. Most excellent Lord Ambassador, I being ac- 
 juainted from your Excellency, that the Parliament of 
 he Commonwealth of England have designed you to 
 50 ambassador to her Most Serene Majesty the Queen 
 )f Sweden, my most gracious mistress, I have desired 
 he permission of this visit, to give your Excellency 
 hanks for your respects therein ; and in the name of 
 ler Majesty, whose public minister I have the honour 
 
 be to this Commonwealth, I do congratulate the 
 ;reat and deserved honour conferred on you by the 
 Parliament. 
 
 Whitelocke answered him, in Latin, to this effect :— 
 Wh. My Lord, you are pleased to confer upon me 
 
 1 great addition of honour by the favour of this visit, 
 md by testifying the respects of her Majesty, your 
 gracious mistress, to me her humble servant; and 
 hat by so noble a person as your Lordship, her Ma- 
 esty's public minister to this Commonwealth. I en- 
 reat this further favour from you, that your Lord- 
 hip will be pleased to enter into this house, and 
 accept the command of it. 
 
 They went in together ; the precedence given by 
 Whitelocke to Lagerfeldt, because he was a stranger, 
 ,nd according to the custom of his and other foreign 
 ;ountries. 
 
 Whitelocke appointed some of his servants, who 
 pake Latin and High Dutch, to entertain Lagerfeldt's 
 ;entlemen with discourse and wine. Lagerfeldt and 
 ie sat together in the withdrawing-room, and some- 
 imes walked in the garden. They had many compli- 
 rients passed between them ; Lagerfeldt commend- 
 ng the choice of Whitelocke to be ambassador to 
 is mistress, and Whitelocke's abilities for it, etc. ; 
 
54 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 Whitelocke modestly excusing his want of them, and 
 advancing the honour and greatness of the Queen and 
 nation of Sweden, and professing his respects and af- 
 fection to them. 
 
 Lagerfeldt highly extolled the generosity and civility 
 of the Queen to strangers, especially to public minis- 
 ters, and said it would be as high to Whitelocke as to 
 any ; and that there was no doubt but that he would 
 have good success in his business, to which he knew 
 her Majesty, his mistress, was very well inclined. 
 
 Whitelocke asked his advice, which way would be 
 best for him to take his journey ; and Lagerfeldt was 
 positive that the best way for him would be by Go- 
 thenburg : that if he should go that way by land, he 
 must travel through the Low Countries and Den- 
 mark, both which were enemies to England ; and to 
 go by sea to Stockholm, would be dangerous at this 
 time of the year ; and if frost should take them, it 
 would be impassable. 
 
 Whitelocke inquired of him touching the land 
 journey from Gothenburg to the Court, and what 
 accommodations were to be had by the way in that 
 country. Lagerfeldt said that the journey by land 
 would be long, near four hundred miles English, but 
 the way was good; and that the Queen would give 
 command that no accommodations or provisions for 
 him should be wanting, which the country would af- 
 ford; and they were very good, though not such as 
 travellers used to meet with in England. 
 
 They discoursed of the murder of Ascham and 
 Dorislaus, in Spain and in the Low Countries, being 
 public ministers sent abroad by the Parliament ; to 
 which Lagerfeldt said that there was not the least 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 55 
 
 langer of any such thing to be attempted in Sweden ; 
 hat the Queen and her subordinate officers were 
 sxtraordinary careful to prevent any such barbarous 
 ict ; and that neither her subjects nor any strangers 
 lurst commit, or presume to attempt, any such thing 
 n her kingdom ; and if they should, the law was ex- 
 remely severe in those cases. But he said that never 
 my such fact had been perpetrated among them ; and 
 /Vhitelocke, as to his life and freedom from assassi- 
 lation, might be as secure there as in any country in 
 he world, and as in his own country. 
 
 Lagerfeldt spake much, how necessary it was for 
 he Commonwealth of England to answer the respects 
 if the Queen, his mistress, who had sent hither several 
 >ublic ministers, and had received yet none from 
 tence, which she expected as a civility due to her ; 
 ,nd that the treaty between the two nations could not 
 ie so well concluded without an ambassador from 
 England, to be there upon the place. 
 
 Much other discourse they had about the coldness 
 f the country, which Lagerfeldt said might very well 
 ie endured, with warm clothing and good fuel, where- 
 f they had plenty. Much other discourse passed be- 
 sveen them, about the treaty and divers other particu- 
 irs ; till, with long talking and walking, Whitelocke 
 ecame very weary ; and after many compliments and 
 eremonies, Whitelocke brought him to his coach; 
 nd so they parted. 
 
 [Whitelocke observes, in a MS. note on the state of the Com- 
 onwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland, at the time of the 
 nbassy, which is to be found in one of his MS. volumes in the 
 ritish Museum : — 
 
 " At the time of this embassy, the Commonwealth had peace at 
 Me, but was, upon a small occasion, engaged in a fierce naval war 
 
56 * THE SWEDISH EMBASSY. 
 
 with their neighbours, the high and mighty lords and seamen of 
 the United Provinces. Between both States there had been several 
 bloody encounters, in which G-od had given the English great suc- 
 cess ; and at sea they prevailed over their potent sea adversaries. 
 
 " They were also at difference with the King of Denmark, who 
 had injured them, and showed himself their enemy. They had no 
 friendship ; but casual encounters at sea, and actions of enmity 
 between us, and no redress from them. 
 
 " The King of Spain was in alliance with the Commonwealth, had 
 acknowledged their republic early and respectfully ; which was not 
 to his disadvantage, nor desires by him to be altered. 
 
 " The Crown of Sweden had testified much respect to this State, 
 had not assisted any of our enemies against us, had sent several 
 public ministers hither, and one was at this time residing here ; but 
 had received no return from hence, save only by a gentleman, an 
 envoy, with letters to the Queen of compliment and ceremony, 
 Mr. . brother to the Lord Commissioner , who was enter- 
 tained by her Majesty and her Court with more than ordinary 
 respect and favour. 
 
 " These and other motives induced Cromwell and his Council to 
 judge it requisite to nominate one to be sent ambassador extraordi- 
 nary to the Queen of Sweden, to make an alliance with that Crown. 
 And Whitelocke was pitched upon by them as a person fit for that 
 trust and employment, and was by unanimous assent of the Council 
 named for it."] 
 
57 
 
 OCTOBER. 
 
 October 1, 1653. 
 
 be Council of State was moved by Cromwell, accord- WHte- 
 
 lopltp s 
 
 g to his promise to Whitelocke, for an addition to allowance 
 e allowance formerly voted by them for Whitelocke's increa&ed. 
 :penses in the embassy; and upon Cromwell's mo- 
 rn, the Council voted £500 more, to be added to 
 eir former vote for Whitelocke's allowance ; who 
 as troubled also at this small addition, knowing that 
 romwell, if he had so pleased, might as well have 
 ■ocured £500 per mensem, as one £500 only, to 
 ive been added : for what Cromwell and his private 
 nto thought fit to be done, was generally confirmed 
 ithout objection ; so great a power had he and his 
 w private counsellors, which caused murmuring in 
 any at it. 
 
 October 2, 1653. 
 
 Many suitors were importunate with Whitelocke to The Lord's 
 > with him into Sweden, whom. he denied, because ay ' 
 
 the shortness of his allowance. He was at the 
 iblic worship with his wife and family this Lord's 
 ay, and afterwards at his private retirement and 
 editations. 
 
58 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 October 3, 1653. 
 
 a physician Doctor Winston, a true, noble, and bountiful friend 
 to the" e to Whitelocke and his family, among other good offices 
 m as8y- was very solicitous to procure a good physician to go 
 with Whitelocke in his journey, which he advised as 
 necessary in that country ; and because he feared sick- 
 ness and mishaps might be in so large a family, in 
 so great a journey, change of diet and climate ; and 
 protested that he would have gone himself with White- 
 locke, but that he was above eighty years of age ; and 
 he encouraged Whitelocke, from the first, to under- 
 take it. 
 
 He pitched upon Doctor Whistler, whom he re- 
 commended to Whitelocke to go with him ; himself 
 provided medicaments both for physic and surgery, 
 wherein Doctor Whistler was also experienced, being 
 the physician that took care of the wounded seamen, 
 who were many, in the war with the Dutch ; and 
 Doctor Whistler had gained much reputation in several 
 great cures on many of them. This employment 
 caused him, in discretion, to desire, that before he 
 left it he might have the State's leave and order for 
 it ; which Whitelocke procured from the Council by 
 this order : — 
 
 " Monday, October 3rd, 1653. 
 
 " At the Council of State at Whitehall. Ordered, 
 That Doctor Whistler be sent unto, and desired to accom- 
 pany the Lord Ambassador Whitelocke, as his physician, 
 in his embassy into Sweden. 
 
 " Ex r Jo. Thurloe, Sec'." 
 
 Upon this order he freely consented, and prepared to 
 go with Whitelocke in his voyage. 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 59 
 
 October 4, 1653. 
 
 The Council having formerly ordered £3000 to be Outfit paid 
 id to Whitelocke in part of his allowance, they now Council. 
 dered Mr. Frost, secretary assistant to the Council, 
 pay the same, which he did to one of Whitelocke's 
 wants ; and Whitelocke gave an acquittance to Mr. 
 ost for that £3000 on the back of the Council's 
 der. 
 
 October 5, 1653. 
 
 Whitelocke removed himself and wife, and some of whitelocke 
 3 children, to his kind friend and brother-in-law's London, 
 use, Mr. Samuel Wilson, whose wife and White- 
 3ke's wife were sisters ; that, being there in London, 
 
 might be the nearer to his business, and see his 
 fe and part of his family settled with such friends 
 
 might be a comfort to her in her husband's ab- 
 ice. 
 
 October 6, 1653. 
 
 A petition was presented by Whitelocke to the Applies for 
 >uncil, desiring them to move the Parliament, that salary, as 
 3 salary now behind and due to him as a Com- sioner'of 
 ^ssioner of the Great Seal, being £1050, might be GreatSeal - 
 dered by the House to be paid unto him ; and the 
 >uncil undertook it. Whitelocke held it the fitter 
 be pressed at this time before his going ; lest, if 
 did not receive it upon this occasion, he should 
 ver get it. 
 
 Captain Bishop sent him a long letter of intelli- 
 nce, touching the Swedish affairs, which he gathered 
 come from Sir John Cokeram, and returned thanks 
 
60 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 for it. Captain Limrey sent him a letter that he ha< 
 procured a pilot for his voyage ; whom Whitelocki 
 trusted, being his friend, a man of much honesty am 
 experience in sea matters. 
 
 October 7, 1653. 
 Appoints a Monsieur de la Marche, a Guernsey man, was en 
 
 private 
 
 committee tertained by Whitelocke to be his other chaplain. As 
 prepara^ 6 to other ordinary employments and service under hirr 
 Embass" Ms in his voyage, there being many earnest suitors, and 
 divers particulars of several natures to be looked aftei 
 in order to his journey, which Whitelocke had neithei 
 leisure nor liking to despatch in his own person, he. 
 by writing under his hand, desired some of his friends 
 well known at Court, and some of his own officers anc 
 gentlemen, and his son, or any three of them, to be 
 as a committee for him and his affairs relating to his 
 embassy, to peruse the list of his retinue, to examine 
 the fitness of persons recommended to Whitelocke's 
 service, to agree -for wages, advance money, etc., tc 
 take order for provisions and preparations for the 
 voyage ; and to this committee Whitelocke referred 
 all matters generally relating to this business, and 
 such as were most troublesome and less convenient 
 for his own personal despatch, and whereby envy and 
 distaste were the more avoided; many of the com- 
 mittee being better able to undergo them than him- 
 self singly. This committee made applications to the 
 Council and to committees of Parliament, and took 
 very much care and pains in this business, approving 
 their affection and friendship unto Whitelocke. 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 61 
 
 October 8, 1653. 
 Having leisure, Whitelocke retired himself to dis- ^pp 1 '?!! , 
 
 himself to 
 
 course and read French and Latin, endeavouring to the French 
 renew and improve his knowledge in those languages, tongues. 
 whereof he was likely to have so much use in his em- 
 ployment. 
 
 Divers members of Parliament, friends to White- 
 locke, to do him a favour, sent him word that they 
 would come and dine with him ; but, as is usual, they 
 caused preparation and attendance for them, and then 
 failed to come, alleging the House long sitting for 
 their apology. 
 
 Monsieur D'Espagne, minister of the French Church, 
 recommended to Whitelocke some notes and advice 
 from a rare physician in London, his countryman, to 
 be observed by Whitelocke in his journey, and sent 
 them with magnificent titles to him. 
 
 October 9, 1653. 
 
 The Lord's Day. — Whitelocke went to the French Attends 
 Church, which was near unto his lodging, and there church, 
 he heard very good preaching, and received civility 
 from the members and officers of their congregation, 
 who were pleased to take notice of him ; and by hear- 
 ing their ministers, who spake the best language, 
 Whitelocke had the advantage the better to improve 
 his own knowledge in the French tongue. 
 
 October 10, 1653. 
 
 Lagerfeldt sent his secretary to Whitelocke, to in- Swedish 
 form him that divers Swedish ships were here de- detained. 
 
62 JOURNAL OP THE 
 
 tained as prizes against right, and he desired White 
 locke's assistance to get them discharged ; whereby 
 he said, Whitelocke would oblige that Crown and na 
 tion, and give them further cause of desiring and em. 
 bracing an alliance with this Commonwealth : hereo: 
 he sent a memoir in writing to Whitelocke, who pro. 
 mised to use his best endeavours in this or any othei 
 occasion, to testify his respects to that Crown and 
 nation. 
 
 He took all times of leisure to meditate and study 
 the business and duty of ambassadors, which weighty 
 charge he had undertaken ; and from that text, Ge- 
 nesis xxiv., and the expositions of it, he found much 
 light on this argument.* 
 
 October 11, 1653. 
 
 Whitelocke endeavoured to get a release of the 
 Swedish ships detained as prize, and gave a paper to 
 the Council for that purpose ; but nothing effectual 
 was done by them. 
 
 The Parliament ordered the payment of £1050 to 
 Whitelocke, being the arrears of his salary as Com- 
 missioner of the Seal. 
 Borrows He got together divers papers and books relating 
 Northern to his business, as ' Constitutio Regni Sueeiae,' Fow- 
 from a e l ers book of the Treaty between Sweden and Po- 
 £?^™ land, 'Respub. Sueeiae, Danias, Polonise, the Succes- 
 sion of their Kings,' 'Exigesis Sueeiae/ and others, 
 
 * [The 24th chapter of Genesis relates the successful mission ol 
 Abraham's servant to seek a wife for his son Isaac, of his own kin 
 dred and his father's house. " The Lord, before whom I walk, wil 
 send his angel with thee and prosper thy way." (v. 40).] 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 63 
 
 noble friend, Sir Thomas Cotton, out of his rare 
 sury of antiquities, monuments, and manuscripts, 
 him several volumes in manuscript of treaties be- 
 sn England and Sweden, and between England 
 Denmark, and between Sweden and Denmark 
 Poland, and divers others manuscripts concern- 
 matters of trade, more particularly in the north- 
 parts, all which were carefully made use of by 
 itelocke in the perusal of them : and he had them 
 1 him in his being abroad, and he thankfully re- 
 ted them to the owner at his coming again to his 
 l country. 
 
 October 12, 1653. 
 
 >y invitation, Whitelocke met at Mr. Croon's, at Meets Blake 
 iden House, with General Blake, General Monk, on the sub- 
 divers other land and sea officers, with whom he Voyage. ™ 
 much discourse about his voyage, and many com- 
 lents and ceremonies from them ; and here he had 
 artunity of speaking with them about ships for his 
 sportation, wherein they promised, and performed 
 curtesy, 
 he Council made this order : — 
 
 These are to will and require you to permit and suffer 
 Lord Ambassador Whitelocke to ship and transport his 
 ssaries and horses, without any let or molestation, in 
 r to his going Ambassador from this Commonwealth to 
 ^ueen of Sweden, of which you are not to fail. 
 Given at the Council of State at Whitehall, this 12th 
 ctober, 1653. 
 
 " Signed in the name and by order of 
 the Council of State, 
 "William Sydenham, President. 
 'o the Commissioners of the Customs." 
 
64 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 They made another order, signed by the Presiden 
 and five members of the Council, for payment of £50( 
 to Whitelocke upon account, directed to Mr. Frost 
 and another to the Commissioners of Haberdashers 
 Hall for £1000 more, upon account to Whitelocke 
 towards defraying of the charges of his embassy. 
 
 October 13, 1653. 
 The Queen Q n the back of the Council's order, Whitelocke 
 
 of Sweden # 
 
 expected subscribed an acquittance for £500. Lagerfeldt's 
 burg. secretary brought news from his Lordship to White- 
 locke, that the Queen of Sweden was resolved to re- 
 side this winter at Gothenburg, which news White- 
 locke had cause to wish might be true, and it would 
 save him his land journey. 
 
 Lagerfeldt's secretary desired Whitelocke to appoint 
 a time and place for his Lordship and Whitelocke to 
 meet the next day ; and although Lagerfeldt, in cere- 
 mony, should have come to Whitelocke if he desired 
 to speak with him, yet Whitelocke appointed a meet- 
 ing at a friend's chamber in Whitehall at the time 
 desired. 
 
 October 14, 1653. 
 
 The commissioners for compounding gave their war- 
 rant to the treasurers for the payment of the £1000 
 last ordered to Whitelocke. 
 hiriteThe 1 ^ e met tn * s afternoon with Lagerfeldt, who showed 
 Ambassador him a letter under the Queen of Sweden's hand, that 
 
 to Gothen- ^ 
 
 burg. she intended to be at Gothenburg this winter, for 
 the better despatch of the Holland and English af- 
 fairs ; and wished Lagerfeldt, that if the resolution 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 65 
 
 held of sending an ambassador to her from England, 
 that he should counsel the ambassador to come di- 
 rectly to Gothenburg, where he should find the 
 Queen. Whitelocke doubted whether this purpose 
 of her Majesty would hold, but Lagerfeldt was confi- 
 dent it Would. 
 
 They had much discourse what provisions White- 
 locke should make, and about the Swedish prizes ; 
 and Lagerfeldt said, this was no good beginning of 
 amity ; that Whitelocke's negotiation would be fur- j 
 thered by the release of them, and perhaps obstructed ! 
 by the detention of them. Whitelocke insisted upon 
 the point of justice, whether those things were lawful 
 prize or not, yet was very sensible of the consequence 
 thereof as to his business ; and therefore laboured with 
 the Council, though in vain, for the release of them 
 
 October 15, 1653. 
 
 Sir Charles Oulsey, and divers other members of ^™J° t s ^ to 
 the Parliament, dined with Whitelocke at his brother Embassy 
 
 negatived. 
 
 Wilson's house, and had much discourse with him 
 touching his journey, and the deferring of it till the 
 Spring, before which time he was persuaded and (by 
 these and some others in power, as far as they could 
 engage) promised that he should not be put upon it. 
 The reasons given by themselves were the danger and 
 almost impassableness of the northern seas in winter, 
 that the Spring was more seasonable for the journey, 
 and it would be no prejudice to the affairs of England 
 to put it off till then. 
 
 Whitelocke had the more cause to hope it might be 
 so, because the Council of State had very much de- 
 
 VOL. I. f 
 
66 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 layed the business, and in two months together had 
 not prepared any commission, instructions, or creden- 
 tials ; and at this time of the year, though the wind 
 had been several times fair, had deferred the business. 
 
 Sir Charles Oulsey and Mr. Moyer, being members 
 of the Council, said they would move the Council 
 this afternoon for an order to put off his going till 
 the Spring ; but Whitelocke desired them to consider 
 whether such a motion might not revive the business, 
 which now lay quiet, and, being stirred, might put 
 the Council in mind to order his speedy departure 
 rather than his longer stay : but these gentlemen were 
 confident to get the Council's order for deferring his 
 journey, and he must leave it to them, who were 
 masters of their own motions and councillors them- 
 selves. They made this motion to the Council in the 
 afternoon, but with contrary success to what they 
 undertook, and what Whitelocke and his friends ex- 
 pected. 
 
 Mr. Bushell, an ingenious gentleman, who had been 
 a servant to the Lord Chancellor Bacon, sent a civil 
 letter to Whitelocke, with a noble present,— a curious 
 rich cabinet of green velvet, with silver lace; in it 
 were two dozen of quart glasses of the most rare and 
 best distilled spirits of hot waters, after the direction 
 of his Lord ; and every glass had its screws, and cover 
 of Welsh silver, chiefly found out by himself. It was 
 suitable to the time and journey.* 
 
 The Council made several orders for hangings, 
 household stuff, coaches, and other things for White- 
 locke's journey. 
 
 * [This is doubtless the same cabinet of hot waters which White- 
 locke presented to Queen Christina toward the close of the Embassy.] 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 67 
 
 In the evening, Sir Charles Oulsey, Mr. Strickland, 
 and Alderman Tichborne came to Whitelocke as a 
 committee of the Council, and acquainted him that 
 the Council had this day taken into consideration the 
 business of his journey into Sweden, and had sent 
 them to him to let him know, that upon serious de- 
 bate, as affairs now stand, the Council found it neces- 
 sary that Whitelocke should transport himself with all 
 expedition into Sweden, and desired him to prepare 
 himself accordingly. Whitelocke told them he was 
 much surprised with this unexpected message and 
 command, especially having been assured by some 
 (and of no small capacity to make it good) that he 
 should not be put upon this journey till the Spring ; 
 and that some of this committee were persuaded that 
 they could procure an order of the Council for his stay 
 till that time ; and now to bring such a positive order 
 to the contrary, and the allowance yet voted was so 
 short, this time of the year so unseasonable, his wife's 
 condition so unfit to be left, and the public affairs not 
 requiring his speedy departure, seemed strange to 
 him, and was the less expected by him. The com- 
 mittee replied, that the Council had weighed all con- 
 siderations, and found it requisite that he should go 
 as soon as possibly he could. Whitelocke then de- 
 sired them, as private friends, to acquaint him how it 
 came to pass, that upon the motion of some of them 
 for his stay till Spring, it should be ordered that 
 speedily he must take his voyage. They answered, 
 that when the motion was made, it brought matters 
 to the consideration of the Council which otherwise 
 perhaps would not have been stirred or thought upon ; 
 and as (they confessed) himself had said before, the 
 
 i? 2 
 
68 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 moving of the business occasioned the order, which 
 otherwise probably had not been yet made ; and what 
 his friends designed by moving it to have been a ser- 
 vice to him, proved an inconvenience : for which they 
 were sorry, but could not now help it; and so the 
 committee left him. 
 
 This put Whitelocke to some perplexity, and his 
 wife into great passion ; but the engagement was too 
 far past, to disobey or dispute commands of superiors ; 
 he saw no other way but to conform : and still re- 
 solving to trust God for his protection and blessing, 
 he determined to buckle himself to his business with 
 diligence, and to endeavour the speedy preparation of 
 things necessary for his voyage, and that with all dili- 
 gence. 
 
 October 16, 1653. 
 
 tends the jfyg lord's Day. — Whitelocke was at the French 
 
 urch. Church, and had one of his chaplains in the afternoon 
 
 to officiate in his house, his wife not being well ; and 
 
 he had leisure to retire himself to private meditations 
 
 on the Holy Word. 
 
 October 17, 1653. 
 
 Whitelocke was invited to meet Cromwell, and the 
 land and sea officers, at a public dinner and enter- 
 tainment at Grocers' Hall. 
 rther rpjjg Council took yet no further order about the 
 
 para- J . 
 
 as for rest of his money, nor for his commissions and in- 
 structions ; nevertheless sent to him speedily to take 
 his journey. He, to prevent any censure of his neg- 
 ligence, directed the hiring of one merchant-ship to 
 carry his baggage, and another for his horses. He 
 
 iarture. 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 69 
 
 ordered no goods to be taken on board any of his 
 ships, nor as belonging to his company, unless they 
 had upon the packet or trunk Whitelocke's coat of 
 arms in a small escutcheon of a print properly made 
 for it ; and with this mark the officers passed all goods 
 without search. He sealed writings for the selling of 
 his estate, and to prevent controversies after his death, 
 and to raise portions for his younger children ; he ap- 
 pointed servants to manage his affairs in the country ; 
 and to his wife he left the command of all. 
 
 October 18, 1653. 
 
 Whitelocke made correspondents to answer all his Appoints 
 bills of exchange, his brothers-in-law, Mr. John Carle- 
 ton and Mr. Samuel Wilson, merchants, of good value 
 and credit, and his kind friends. 
 
 For private letters he chiefly desired his old friends 
 Mr. Hall and Mr. Cokaine, now living in his house, 
 and well acquainted in the army and with many in 
 power, to receive and answer such letters ; and Mr. 
 Cokaine constantly to send to him, and to act for his 
 affairs here as there should be occasion. 
 
 And for more public letters, he settled a corre- 
 spondence with his friends Mr. Thurloe, Secretary to 
 the Council, Sir Charles Oulsey, and others. 
 
 October 19,1653. 
 Upon advice and encouragement of Cromwell, Entertain- 
 
 , A ° . merit to 
 
 Whitelocke sent to Lagerfeldt, " that if he pleased to wwteiocke 
 accompany Whitelocke, as his friend, to a dinner in the we n at 
 City, where he should meet the Lord General Crom- H r a u° ers 
 well, the generals at sea, and many of the land and 
 
70 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 sea officers, that his company would be acceptable to 
 them all, as it was to Whitelocke at all times." 
 
 Lagerfeldt came willingly to Whitelocke, and they 
 went together to Grocers' Hall, where the feast was ; 
 and this Whitelocke designed, that Lagerfeldt might 
 be a witness of the solemnity and of the unity of 
 that company, being three hundred officers. Before 
 dinner, Mr. Peters prayed and expounded a place of 
 Scripture, and a psalm was sung; Lagerfeldt being 
 present and very attentive. At dinner, Lagerfeldt sat 
 by Cromwell at the board's end ; Whitelocke on the 
 right-hand bench uppermost. The General discoursed 
 a little in Latin with Lagerfeldt, Whitelocke more. 
 There were three very long tables full in the hall; 
 those at each table severally, and with ceremony, first 
 drank to Cromwell, then to Lagerfeldt, and they after- 
 wards, severally, drank to each table ; then all the 
 tables together drank to Whitelocke, wishing him a 
 good voyage, and their respects to the Queen of Swe- 
 den ; with which ceremonies Lagerfeldt seemed much 
 pleased, and that he was admitted to this meeting. 
 
 After the solemnities were passed, every one parted 
 to their several lodgings and occasions. Lagerfeldt 
 had much discourse with Whitelocke in their return 
 from this meeting, wondering at the civility and good 
 order of so great a company, and that there was not a 
 health drunk,* nor the least rudeness among any of 
 them. Whitelocke told him this was their constant 
 
 * [Drinking of healths was considered an act of profaneness and 
 wickedness "by the party and the sect to which Whitelocke belonged : 
 vide infra, 20th December, 1653, where Whitelocke refuses to drink 
 to the Commonwealth of England. The remark however seems out 
 of place on this occasion, where the healths of Cromwell, Lagerfeldt, 
 and Whitelocke himself were drunk.] 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 71 
 
 demeanour, which Lagerfeldt highly commended ; and 
 after ceremonies they also parted. 
 
 October 20, 1653. 
 By appointment, Whitelocke met Lagerfeldt at the J. h J Sn : e " 
 
 J rr ' o dish prizes. 
 
 Doctors' Commons, to speak with the Judges of the 
 Admiralty about the Swedish ships detained for prize. 
 In the discourse with the judges, Lagerfeldt betrayed 
 much choler and passion ; Whitelocke pressed to the 
 judges the release of those ships, and had good words, 
 but little effect thereof could be obtained. 
 
 Whitelocke received £1000 more, in part of his al- 
 lowance for his expenses. 
 
 October 21, 1653. 
 
 After much protraction of time, the Council at ^vhite 
 length reported to the Parliament a commission, ere- locke's 
 dential letters, and instructions for Whitelock, as Am- sion. 
 bassador Extraordinary to the Queen of Sweden. 
 
 They found work enough this day to read, debate, 
 and pass them in the House ; and disputes were raised 
 in some of the particulars, and most from those who 
 had least understanding and experience in affairs of 
 this nature : but at length they passed as they were 
 reported. 
 
 October 22, 1653. 
 The custody of the library at St. James's had been whitelocke 
 
 J _ ^ transfers 
 
 formerly committed to Whitelocke, wherein were many the custody 
 rare manuscripts and choice books of the King's, Royal 
 whereof Whitelocke was a lover and a careful preser- l rary ' 
 ver, otherwise they had all been sold and embezzled. 
 
72 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 Upon Whitelocke's going out of England, Mr. Law- 
 rence procured an order for Whitelocke to deliver 
 up the keys of that library to the Committee of the 
 Council appointed to take care of it, which White- 
 locke obeyed ; and so Mr. Lawrence got the custody 
 of it to himself.* 
 
 October 23, 1653. 
 .yers for ijhis Lord's Day Whitelocke was at Mr. Cokaine's 
 
 safe J 
 
 age- church, where was a Christian mention and recom- 
 mendation of him in their prayers to God, that he 
 would be a protection and blessing to him in his 
 journey. In the afternoon he staid at home, his wife 
 not being well, and he not long to stay with her. 
 
 The wind came about very fair for Whitelocke's 
 voyage ; and at this time of the year, it was hard for 
 one that must go, yet to lose such opportunities ; but 
 the Council were not ready, and Whitelocke must go 
 when they command, and yet attend their leisure. 
 
 October 24, 1653. 
 ke and The General at sea gave forth this order for White- 
 
 nkgive , 1 , 
 
 ers for locke s voyage : — 
 
 " After you have received on board the Lord Whitelocke, 
 with his retinue, and such goods as he shall think fit to 
 send on board you, you are then, wind and weather per- 
 mitting, to set sail with the ship under your command, in 
 
 * [This Collection, which was saved from dispersion by White-., 
 locke, afterwards formed the basis of the Royal Library of manu- 
 script and printed books, presented to the British Museum, in 
 1757, by King George II. It contained the celebrated MS. of the 
 Septuagint, for which, says Whitelocke elsewhere, " I could have 
 had hundreds of pounds if I could have been corrupted to part 
 with it."] 
 
 voyage. 
 
/ SWEDISH EMBASSY. 73 
 
 ccmpany with the ' Elizabeth' frigate, and such other vessels 
 •as are appointed to attend upon the said Lord Whitelocke, 
 Ambassador Extraordinary for Sweden, who are hereby- 
 required to observe your orders; and yourself to observe 
 such instructions and directions as you shall receive from 
 the said Lord Ambassador, whom you are to land at such 
 port as he shall think fit; which done, you are to make 
 your repair to Portsmouth, there to receive further orders ; 
 and this shall be your warrant. Given under our hands 
 and seals, at Whitehall, the 24th of October, 1653. 
 
 " To Captain Nicholas Foster, 
 
 " Commander of the Phoenix frigate." 
 
 " Jo. Blake, 
 " Geo. Monk. 
 
 The copy of this order was brought to Whitelocke, 
 as a testimony of the high respect to him, by giving 
 him the command of the frigates and other vessels 
 which were to transport him ; and that, knowing his 
 power, he might make the better use of it. 
 
 October 25, 1653. 
 Whitelocke sat in the Chancery, and after he had whitelocke 
 
 ,i i • i. j.i j • i i takes leave 
 
 given the rule in two or three motions, he rose and f the 
 took his leave of his brethren, and of the gentlemen chaaral. 
 at the bar, and of the officers, who gave him all testi- 
 monies of civility and respect, as is usually done to 
 men in authority. He had the like courtesy from the 
 other Courts in Westminster Hall, whom" he saluted 
 ■as he passed by them. 
 
 Besides his private and particular seeking to God 
 for his counsel and blessing in this undertaking, he 
 had the joint prayers of his friends with him ; divers 
 of them met in the evening at his brother Wilson's 
 
74 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 house ; several members of Mr. Cokaine's church, and 
 among them Mr. Taylor, expounded a place of Scrip- 
 ture very pertinently, and several of them prayed 
 very affectionately for Whitelocke, and the good suc- 
 cess of his business ; and divers expounded places 
 of Scripture suitable to the occasion. Whitelocke's 
 wife was present, full of grief, trouble, and passion. 
 Whitelocke himself spake to the company to this 
 effect : — 
 
 ad ex- " My very worthy Friends, 
 
 "iends' 3 " Such you have showed yourselves to be by this 
 meeting; several of you have spoken what it hath 
 pleased God to put into your hearts, and that with 
 great piety and affection, and have sought God on 
 my behalf; and I suppose you may expect to hear 
 something from me likewise on this occasion, wherein 
 I am so much concerned. I shall not hold you long, 
 and shall speak from that Scripture from which I have 
 taken much comfort, Genesis xxviii. 15, where God 
 makes this promise to Jacob, in his journey to Padan 
 Aram : ' Behold I am with thee, and will keep thee 
 in all places whither thou goest, and will bring thee 
 again into this land.' 
 
 " Jacob was a faithful servant of God, and heir of 
 the promise ; I am a poor inconsiderable worm ; yet 
 God delights to glorify his mercy on the meanest sub- 
 jects. God directed this journey of Jacob's, I hope 
 he hath directed mine, and called me to it; I am 
 sure I did not seek it, nor had ever any one a freer 
 call to any service. Methinks I hear the same words 
 spoken by the same God, though to so worthless a 
 creature as I am : ' Behold, I am with thee in all 
 places whither thou goest : I will bring thee again 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 75 
 
 nto this land.' My confidence is in this mercy of 
 jod ; and my hopes, that he may use me as an in- 
 trument to promote his honour, hath been my chief 
 notives for this undertaking, and is my only hope to 
 )artake of this gracious promise. These words to 
 Tacob are spoken to all who shall be at any time in 
 jod's service, and depend on him. 
 
 " That I have designed hereby to serve my country, 
 vithout expectation of profit to myself, may have the 
 nore credit from the smallness of my allowances, and 
 he unlikelihood of advantage by the employment. 
 
 "Nor was there much pleasure to be aimed at 
 n so long and dangerous a journey to the northern 
 countries, in the depth of winter; nor could much 
 lonour be added by it to my present condition, and, 
 f any, it would be far-fetched, short, and dear-bought. 
 
 " It is the honour of God, the good of his people, 
 ;he advantage of my country, which are the grounds 
 )f this my undertaking ; wherein I desire to trust in 
 ny God, who hath been with me in many former great 
 ictions and perils, ' in six troubles and in seven.' I 
 liope he will be still unto me (as he is to all that rest 
 upon him) a sun to direct me, to give me light to 
 shine upon me, and to comfort me ; a shield to pro- 
 tect and defend me and my company ; and an exceed- 
 ing great reward to me, far beyond any that the most 
 oountiful State or Prince can bestow upon their best 
 deserving servants. 
 
 " I have but one thing more to trouble you with at 
 this time ; it is, to return my most hearty thanks to 
 you for the favour and comfort of this meeting, for 
 your pious exhortations, and fervent prayers to God 
 on my behalf. 
 
76 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 " Oh that I might be carried forth in this action 
 upon the wings of prayer ! I hope I shall ; and make 
 it my earnest suit to you, my Christian friends, that 
 as now, and at several other times, you and many 
 others have been seeking the Lord for me, that your 
 prayers may not cease, — that they may not leave me 
 when I shall leave you ; but that whilst I am with 
 you, and in my absence from you, I may be remem- 
 bered in your prayers, and recommended to the pro- 
 tection, guidance, and blessing of Him who is the 
 God of prayer and mercy ; who delights in such offer- 
 ings as these, and never denies his blessings to those 
 that seek him with fervent hearts and prayers." 
 
 Mr. Cokaine concluded with very pathetical and 
 affectionate prayers to God on Whitelocke's behalf, 
 very suitable and perfflnent to the occasion ; and then, 
 it being late, they parted, with all love and hearty 
 expressions of good wishes to him. 
 
 October 26, 1653. 
 
 Whiteiocke Lagerfeldt and Bonele had earnestly solicited 
 tain release Whiteiocke to procure the discharge of the Swedish 
 oi vi uiiaa g^pg detained as prize, whereby he would engage 
 the merchants and seamen, and the whole state of 
 Sweden . 
 
 He laboured heartily to do it, and personally with 
 the Judges of the Admiralty, and with the Council, 
 and chiefly upon the argument of furthering their ser- 
 vice by it; yet could he not obtain the least favour 
 from them on the Swedes' behalf, but the business was 
 delayed, and uneffected, to Whitelocke's great dis- 
 couragement. 
 
 prizes. 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 77 
 
 Cromwell sent one of Ms gentlemen with a present 
 o Whitelocke, — a sword and a pair of spurs, richly 
 nlaid with gold, of a noble work and fashion. 
 
 An old and faithful servant to Whitelocke. who had ^ ;t f- „ 
 
 locke s old 
 
 :erved his father and him forty years, would needs servant 
 »me himself to London to take leave of his master, of him, and 
 md in his cart brought up with him meal and other es ' 
 hings for Whitelocke's journey. He would not be per- 
 suaded to stay all night in London ; but in his re- 
 ran home, near Maidenhead, he suddenly fell down in 
 ;he highway, not able to speak ; his men helped him 
 ip into his cart, and there, presently and quietly, he 
 leparted out of this world, and became a saint in hea- 
 ven. He was on earth a faithful, discreet, and loving 
 servant and friend to Whitelocke and his family. 
 
 According to order, Whitelocke sent in to the Coun- white- 
 sil a list of all his retinue. tinue. 
 
 Chaplains, Mr. Ingelo, Mr. De la Marche. 
 
 Physician, Dr. Daniel Whistler. 
 
 Steward, John Walker, Esq. 
 
 Receiver and Chief Secretary, Daniel Earle, Esq. ; his 
 menial servant. 
 
 Gentleman of the Horse, Mr. Stapleton. 
 
 Clerk of the Stable and Sewer, Captain Crispe. 
 
 Second Sewer, Lieutenant Hughes. 
 
 Apothecary, Mr. John Preston. 
 
 Gentlemen admitted to his table : Colonel James White- 
 locke and William Whitelocke, his sons; Colonel 
 Potley, Mr. Annesley, son to the Lord of Valentia, 
 Captain Richard Beake, Captain Unton Croke, Mr. 
 Vavasour, eldest son to Sir William Vavasour, Mr. 
 Burges, Mr. Andrewes, Mr. Castle, Mr. Moreland, 
 Mr. Potley. These gentlemen had of their servants 
 about twenty-five, and all their lacqueys in White- 
 locke's livery. 
 
78 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 Of his bedchamber, William de Vaux, Jo. Taylor, "Wil- 
 liam Fitzherbert. 
 
 Barber, Mr. Richard Ratcliffe. 
 
 Messenger, Mr. Richard Meredith. 
 
 Chiefly for music, Mr. Smith, Mr. Maylard. 
 
 Purveyor, Mr. Studeley, a trooper. 
 
 Gentlemen servitors at Whitelocke's table, Mr. Frye, 
 Mr. Davys, Mr. Draper, Mr. Bunbury, troopers. 
 
 Pages, Mr. Parry, Mr. Elsing, Mr. Croke, Mr. Newbury. 
 
 Lacqueys, Robert Dun, Robert Lewis, Thomas Briers, 
 Robert Story, Humphry Murrey, Richard Cranke, 
 Thomas Lloyd, Arthur Hutton, of the General's re- 
 giment of foot, proper, stout, and civil men. 
 
 Trumpets, Edward Simpson, "William "Waters. 
 
 Chief cooks, Richard Hill, Richard Dunne. 
 
 Second cooks, Henry Collington, William Hains. 
 
 Butlers, Thomas Thoroughton, Whitelocke's menial ser- 
 vant, and Christopher Hen. 
 
 Coachmen, Edward Ellis, an old menial servant, and 
 Robert Ash, a menial servant. 
 
 Postilions, Aur. Newman, Roger Lowe. 
 
 Grooms, Nicholas Hughes, Thomas Hall, Francis Sharpe, 
 and Nathaniel Sharpe, menial servants. 
 
 Porter, Thomas Home, menial servant. 
 
 Sculleryman, Sebastian Corall. 
 
 There were besides several other persons ; and for the 
 laundry, three women, Elizabeth Roberts, Susan 
 Turner, and another. 
 
 The whole number of his retinue was about one 
 hundred persons. 
 
 October 27, 16B3. 
 
 Lagerfeldt's secretary brought to Whitelocke, from 
 his master, a Latin letter, to desire his assistance in 
 furthering Lagerfeldt's despatch, and the discharge of 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 79 
 
 the Swedish ships. Whitelocke desired that Lager- 
 feldt would meet him in the afternoon, and they had 
 much discourse together about the ships : it was ex- 
 cused by Whitelocke the best he could, that they were 
 not yet discharged. 
 
 Whitelocke's wife, though so passionately averse to Household 
 
 i • ii i ii prepara- 
 
 ms journey, yet when she saw he must go, she took tions. 
 pains in her own person to buy necessaries, and make 
 provisions of wine, beer, meal, baked meats, butter, 
 cheese, fruits, sweetmeats, and all provisions, and 
 household stuff, hard to be met with in Sweden, but 
 necessary for his accommodation. He had divers good 
 horses of his own for the coach and saddle ; and he 
 bought more, the best that he could meet with, though 
 at high prices, resolving to have, as far as he could, 
 the best of everything, for the honour of his country. 
 
 He caused a merchant-ship, called the Adventure, 
 to be hired ; and therein, with deal boards, to be made 
 racks, mangers, and divisions, for all his horses, to 
 keep them from hurting themselves, or one another, 
 in the tossing of the ship. He contrived there also 
 stowage for hay, oats, and straw ; so that it was a 
 complete stable on ship-board. 
 
 Another ship, called the Fortune, was hired to carry 
 his baggage and provisions, which was no small quan- 
 tity. He took an account of his servants how ready 
 all things were for his voyage. 
 
 By his appointment, all his company met in the A parting 
 
 j-t/ exhortation 
 
 chapel at Whitehall, to seek God for his protection in the 
 and blessing on them in their intended journey. WMteh^ii. 
 
 The doors were open; Mr. Cokaine, Mr. Peters, 
 and Mr. Ingelo prayed, and expounded several texts 
 of Scripture, giving good exhortations to all the com- 
 
80 JOURNAL OP THE 
 
 pany with great fervency, and pertinent to the occa 
 sion ; so that many affirmed they never were at an] 
 meeting of this nature which appeared more spiritua 
 and comfortable to their souls than this was. 
 
 Whitelocke himself concluded by speaking to th< 
 company to this effect : — 
 " Gentlemen, 
 
 " I do acknowledge myself much engaged to you 
 all, who are willing to adventure your lives with rue 
 in our intended journey ; but before we begin it, ] 
 shall take leave to inform you of very great hardships 
 and dangers which you must expect to meet with in 
 my company : therefore I shall say to you, as Gideon 
 said to his people, Whosoever is fearful, let him return 
 and depart. And as Judas Maccabaeus commanded 
 those of his company, that if any of them were fearful, 
 they should return, the like desire I make to you, 
 whose hearts may fail you, who have any doubt to 
 hazard yourselves with me in these dangers and hard- 
 ships which, I must tell you beforehand, will be great 
 and many. To such of you I give my true consent, 
 nay, I require them to return and leave me, and I 
 willingly disengage them. 
 
 " I hold it fit likewise to acquaint you that I shall 
 endeavour strictly to observe the decree of Joshua — 
 'As for me and my house, we will serve the Lord.' 
 Through his grace, I shall resolve to keep a strict dis- 
 cipline and order in the government of my house ; not 
 to permit any debauchery, profaneness, licentiousness, 
 swearing, cursing, quarrelling, or the like, as far as 
 God shall enable me to hinder it ; but such offences 
 and disorders shall be punished, in whomsoever of my 
 family they shall be found. 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 81 
 
 " Therefore, as Joshua said to his people, ' If it seem 
 evil unto you to serve the Lord, choose you this day 
 whom ye will serve.' If any of you have the least 
 reluctance in your own hearts as to the severity of my 
 discipline, and cannot with freedom submit thereunto, 
 I entreat such not to deceive themselves and me by 
 hoping for connivance to any disorders, which I shall 
 not bear : but such will do better yet to withdraw 
 themselves and stay at home, rather than among 
 strangers to dishonour the profession of religion and 
 their country. 
 
 " But if your courages do serve you for this action, 
 and that you will fully conform to the orders of my 
 family, I do, with all willingness and affection, receive 
 you into my company, rejoicing at this great testimony 
 of your love to your country and to me, by adven- 
 turing your lives with me ; and I do promise to take 
 care of you, as of my sons that go along with me. I 
 hope God will make me a father to all my family ; 
 nothing in my power shall be wanting for your ac- 
 commodations and safety, no hardship or danger put 
 upon you but I shall be willing to bear my share of 
 it ; and I doubt not but the blessing of God will go 
 along with us." 
 
 With this the company were dismissed : not one 
 of them started from their former engagements ; but 
 many more pressed to be entertained, which the 
 smallness of his allowance would not admit, so that 
 he was fain to put off above two hundred gentlemen 
 and others, who made suit to go with him in this 
 journey. 
 
 VOL. I. 
 
82 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 Ordereo 1 to 
 receive his 
 Commis- 
 sion from 
 the House. 
 
 October 28, 1653. 
 A messenger brought this order to Whitelocke :— 
 
 " Friday, 2Stk October, 1653. 
 " Resolved upon the question by the Parliament, thai 
 tomorrow morning be appointed for the Lord Commis- 
 sioner Whitelocke, Lord Ambassador Extraordinary to the 
 Queen of Sweden, to come to the House to receive his 
 
 commission. 
 
 "Hen. S cob el, Clerk Par." 
 
 Whitelocke took more pains about the release of 
 the Swedish ships, and had fair promises, but the 
 performance delayed and failed. 
 
 October 29, 1653. 
 
 According to order, Whitelocke this morning at- 
 tended the Parliament. Many members of the House 
 came to him to the Court of Wards Chamber, where 
 
 the House. 
 
 to receive 
 his Com- 
 mission at 
 
 the table of he staid till he should be called, and they wished him 
 a good voyage. 
 
 Within a quarter of an hour he was sent for. The 
 Sergeant was ready, and brought him into the House 
 with usual ceremonies up to the table. The Speaker 
 said to him ; — 
 
 " My Lord, 
 " The Parliament have appointed you to go Ambassador 
 Extraordinary from them to the Queen of Sweden ; and 
 by their command I deliver to you your commission and 
 credential letters and instructions, with another letter to 
 the Queen, and wish you a safe and prosperous journey 
 and return back again to your native country." 
 
 As the custom is, Whitelocke spake nothing, but 
 received the commission, letters, and instructions from 
 
mission. 
 
 SWEDISH EMBASSY. 83 
 
 the Clerk, to whom the Speaker gave them to deliver 
 unto Whitelocke, who returned to the door, performing 
 the usual ceremonies ; and the members stood up in 
 their places, and put off their hats as he passed by 
 saluting them, a ceremony seldom used to any but 
 foreign public ministers. 
 
 Many members and others came to him when he 
 was come forth of the House, to take their leaves of 
 him, and testified great civility and respect to him. 
 
 The commission which the Speaker delivered to 
 Whitelocke was under the Great Seal, and was thus : — 
 
 " Parlamentum reipublicce Anglice omnibus et singulis ad The Com. 
 quos prcesentes hce nostra litterm pervenerint, salutem. 
 
 " Ghmm libertate jam Dei optimi maximi auspiciis recu- 
 perata et restituta Anglicse reipublicse, decretum a Parla- : 
 mento, necnoii edicto edito promulgatum sit, velle atque i 
 admodum cupere populum Anglieanum et quod ad se at- 1 
 tinet operain daturum, ut quae sibi amicitia cum exteris j 
 quibuscunque nationibus vel antiquitus vel recens interce- 
 dit, sarta tecta ccmservetur, vel etiam redintegrato si opus j 
 esset foedere, renovetur : ! 
 
 " Nos idcirco, ne inceptum tarn bonum tamque pacificum 
 finem speratum non assequeretur, omnes respublicas, status, 
 principes, civitates ac populos, et prsesertim Serenissimam ' 
 et Exeellentissimam Christinam, Dei gratia Suecorum, Go- 
 thorum, Vandalorumque Reginam, magnam Principem Fin- 
 landiae, Ducem Esthoniae, Carelite, Bremse, Verdse, Statini, | 
 Pomeranise, Cassubise, et Vandalise, Principem Rugiae nee- j 
 non Dominam Tngrias et Wisimarise, etc., hac de re certiorem ) 
 faciendam esse decrevimus ; cum qua ut amicitiam et socie- 
 tatem arctiorem contrahere velimus, et antiqua communis- 
 que religionis defensio, et commercium non inutiliter fre- 
 quentissimum suadeat et hortatur. Sciatis igitur quod nos 
 prudentise, solertise, diligentias, fidei ac probitati spectatis- 
 
 g2 
 
84 JOTJKNAL OF THE 
 
 simse illustrissimi viri Bulstrodi Wbitelocke, constabularii 
 castri de Windsor, et unius custodum magni sigilli reipu- 
 blicse Anglise, plurimum tribuentes, ipsum prsenominatum 
 Bulstrodum Whitelocke nostrum verum et indubitatum 
 commissarium, procuratorem, deputatum, et legatum extra- 
 ordinarium, ad prsedictum negotium fecimus, constituimus, 
 ordinavimus, ac deputavimus, dantes eidem et committentes 
 plenam potestatem et autboritatem, nomine nostro, cum 
 prsedicta Serenissima et Excellentissima Suecorum Regina 
 ejusque procuratoribus ac deputatis, ad boc sufficientem 
 autboritatem et potestatem babentibus, tractandi et trans- 
 igendi ea omnia quse ad arctiorem amicitiam ac fcedus, et 
 antiquum liberumque commercium inter Anglise rempubb- 
 cam et Excellentissimam Suecorum Reginam et quoscunque 
 sub utriusque ditione positos, promovendum ac stabiliendum 
 conducunt et faciunt ; secundum ea mandata quae a Parla- 
 mento, vel a concilio status Parlamenti auctoritate consti- 
 tutor jam accepit, aut per litteras accepturus est. Promit- 
 tentes bona fide nos quae inter prsedictam Serenissimam et 
 Excellentissimam Suecorum Reginam ejusque procuratores 
 et deputatos, atque prsenominatum Bulstrodum Wbitelocke 
 nostrum commissarium et legatum extraordinarium, trans- 
 acta et conclusa fuerint, modo illo quo supradictum est, 
 ea omnia rata ac firma habituros, et ex nostra parte obser- 
 vaturos. In cujus rei testimonium bisce litteris (quibus 
 manus prolocutoris nostri subscribitur) magnum reipublicae 
 Anglise sigillum opponi fecimus. Datum in palatio West- 
 monasteriensi, vigesimo die mensis Octobris, Anno Domini 
 millesimo sexcentesimo quinquagesimo tertio. 
 
 " Peanciscus Rous, 
 " Prolocutor Parlamenti Reipublicse AngHse."* 
 
 * [It will be observed that these instruments were exclusively in 
 the name of the Parliament, and signed by the Speaker and Clerk 
 of Parliament. They are the formal documents. The Ambassador's 
 real instructions proceeded from Cromwell and the Council of State. 
 See infra.] 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 85 
 
 The credential letters delivered by the Speaker to 
 Whitelocke were thus : — 
 
 " Parlamentum, etc., Serenissimce Principi Christina, Sueco- The Cre- 
 rum etc. Regince, salutem et prosperos rerum successus. en la s ' 
 
 " Sekenissima ReGINA, 
 
 " Cum utile et necessarium rite judicatur, ut qui 
 communi saluti prospectum vellent, in commune consule- 
 rent, et consilia invicem miscerent ; adeoque multis officiis 
 crescat indies amicitia : idcirco visum est Parlamento rei- 
 publicse Angliae delegare ad Majestatem vestram prseno- 
 bilem atque illustrissimum drum, Bulstrodum Whitelocke, 
 constabularium castri de Windsor, atque unum e custodibus 
 magni sigilli reipublicse Angliae, legatum nostrum extraor- 
 dinarium, ut de consiliis et negotiis, quae utrique genti et 
 praesidio et honori sint, vobiscum communicaret. Roga- 
 mus igitur Majestatem vestram, ut legatum nostrum extra- 
 ordinarium amice et benigniter excipiatis; et audientiam 
 quotiescunque petierit concedatis : utque fides iis quae a 
 parte hujus reipublicae ab eo proponenda sunt adbibeatur. 
 Et sic vestram Majestatem valere jubenius ; prospera omnia, 
 et felicia, vobis comprecantes. Datis Westmonasterio 29 
 Octobris, 1653. Subscripsit, et sigillum Parlamenti impri- 
 mendum curavit, 
 
 " Fb. Rous, 
 " Prolocutor Parlamenti Reipub. Angliae." 
 
 The instructions which the Speaker delivered to 
 Whitelocke were these : — 
 
 " The Parliament of the Commonwealth of England The Ip- 
 having in this present conjuncture of affairs thought good 
 to send an Extraordinary Ambassador to the Queen of 
 Sweden, to communicate with that Queen in matters re- 
 lating to the common good, and having experience of your 
 fidelity and discretion, held it requisite to make choice of 
 and appoint you to this negotiation. 
 
 " You are therefore to transport yourself, with all con- 
 
86 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 venient speed, to the Queen of Sweden, at Stockholm or 
 elsewhere, and deliver your credentials to her Majesty. 
 
 " You are to signify to the said Queen, that the Parlia- 
 ment of the Commonwealth of England, taking notice of 
 the constant intercourse of friendship and amity which 
 hath always been between England and Sweden, out of 
 which great profit and happiness hath redounded unto 
 both ; and that, although it hath pleased the gracious and 
 all-disposing hand of God, for the good of this nation, to 
 change the government of the same, that yet the same 
 common interests that first begat former alliances and 
 confederacies between them do still continue, and oblige 
 both to desire the good of each other. 
 
 "And considering withal that the affairs of Christen- 
 dom, and especially of the neighbouring Princes and States, 
 through Divine Providence are in such posture and con- 
 dition as to give greater opportunity and lay stronger ob- 
 ligations upon both, to entertain a nearer union and cor- 
 respondence than heretofore, whereby the commerce and 
 tranquillity of both nations may be preserved and provided 
 for, with respect also to the common interest and concern- 
 ment of the true Protestant religion : 
 
 "And the said Queen having, by her late public mi- 
 nister hither, signified her royal inclinations and willing- 
 ness, by all good means, to conserve and increase the 
 ancient good understanding between these states ; the Par- 
 liament, upon these and other weighty considerations, and 
 to show how acceptable the former overtures of her said 
 Majesty have been to them, 
 
 " Have thought fit, by you, to make tender of the friend- 
 ship of this Commonwealth unto the said Queen of Sweden; 
 and to let her know, that the Parliament of the Common- 
 wealth of England is not only ready to renew, and preserve 
 inviolably, that amity and good correspondence which hath 
 anciently been between the English and Swedish nations, 
 but are further willing to enter into a more strict alliance 
 and union than hath hitherto been, for the good of both ; 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 87 
 
 with such further expressions of the affections and good 
 wishes of the Parliament to the prosperity of her affairs 
 as you shall judge requisite. 
 
 " You shall, as occasion shall be offered, present to the 
 said Queen the true state of the present differences be- 
 tween this Commonwealth and that of the United Pro- 
 vinces. 
 
 " If any person shall take upon him the quality of pre- 
 sident, agent, ambassador, or public minister there, from 
 the son of the late King, and endeavour to be received in 
 that quality, you are to do your utmost to oppose and 
 hinder the same ; and if such person shall have had audi- 
 ence in that quality before your arrival, you are to deliver 
 in your protest against the same, at such season as you 
 shall judge most convenient. 
 
 " You are to perform all usual civilities and correspon- 
 dences with the public ministers of other Princes or States, 
 friends or allies to this Commonwealth, who shall be re- 
 siding with the said Queen of Sweden during your abode 
 there. 
 
 "You shall apply yourself, as cause shall require, to 
 remove all misrepresentations that are or shall be made 
 by any whomsoever, of the proceedings of the Common- 
 wealth's affairs, and of the Parliament ; and shall from 
 time to time, by writing, printing, or otherwise, declare 
 the true state thereof ; and endeavour the conserving of a 
 good understanding and correspondence between these two 
 States. 
 
 " You are to have a due regard, during your abode there, 
 to all such matters wherein the trade and commerce of 
 this Commonwealth and the people thereof are concerned ; 
 and to procure right to be done according to justice and 
 equity. 
 
 " You are to pursue the present instructions, and such 
 as you shall from time to time receive from the Parliament 
 or Council of State, as either exigencies, necessities, con- 
 venience, or advantages shall require ; and are from time 
 
88 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 to time to give ML and frequent notice of your proceedings 
 
 to the Parliament, or Council of State established by their 
 
 authority. 
 
 "Hen. Scoble, 
 
 " Westminster, " Clerk to the Parliament. 
 
 " 21st October, 1653." 
 
 White- Of the first four months of Whitelocke's allowance, 
 
 owances." £4000 was received by him, and £1500 of it, besides 
 the other moneys, was laid out in provisions and ad- 
 vance-moneys ; the remaining £2000 for the first six 
 months was ordered by the Council to be paid, £1000 
 of it at six weeks, and the other £1000 at six weeks 
 after that ; and that the time of his monthly allow- 
 ance was to begin from the day he was approved of 
 by the Parliament for that service. Of the remaining 
 money in his hand of his allowance, being £2500, he 
 changed £300 into gold, the rest into our halfcrown 
 pieces of silver, which are current in Sweden and 
 Germany; and these he carried with him in an iron 
 trunk, 
 attends the In the evening, Whitelocke attended the Council 
 to take his leave of them, and to know what further 
 service they had to command him. The Parliament 
 called him in, without attendance of a quarter of an 
 hour ; on the Council he waited an hour before he 
 was admitted. Being come in, the then President, 
 Mr. Str^kland, bade him sit down in a chair set for 
 him ; and when Whitelocke had told them the occa- 
 sion of his coming, the President gravely said to him, 
 
 lis private " My Lord Ambassador, 
 
 ions from " I am commanded by the Council to deliver to you 
 he Council. vour private instructions ; and to tell you, that the Coun- 
 cil hath very much confidence of your fidelity and ability 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 89 
 
 for this service, and do hope that God will give you a 
 blessing to it. They wish you a very happy and prospe- 
 rous journey, and desire to hear from you as often as 
 you can." 
 
 He delivered the instructions to Whitelocke, who, 
 with usual ceremonies, took his leave. The private 
 instructions were in two papers ; the first paper was 
 this : — 
 
 " Instructions for Bulstrode Whitelocke, Constable, etc., 
 Ambassador Extraordinary, etc. 
 
 " Your negotiation being to the Queen of Sweden, 
 when you have delivered your credentials to her, and made 
 your general propositions contained in your instructions 
 from the Parliament, and find that there is a good recep- 
 tion thereof, and a propensity in that Queen to enter into 
 an alliance with this Commonwealth : 
 
 " 1. You shall for the matter of that alliance propose 
 the articles herewith delivered to you, either together, or at 
 several times, as you shall find it most convenient ; and 
 you have hereby power to alter, amplify, add unto and 
 amend the same, or any of them, holding to the substance 
 of them, as you in your judgement shall find best, and as 
 you can agree them for the service of the Commonwealth. 
 
 " 2. If any particular shall be propounded unto you on 
 the part of the said Queen and Crown, for the completing 
 of this alliance, you are hereby authorized to treat and 
 debate thereupon, as also upon any the articles of former 
 treaties that have been between the two nations, and to 
 conclude the same, provided they be within the articles 
 herewith delivered to you : if you shall judge them other- 
 wise, then to transmit them to the Council, for the Parlia- 
 ment's or Council's further direction in these particulars. 
 
 " 3. You are to let that Queen know, that you are come j 
 qualified with powers to communicate with her Majesty, by ; 
 what ways and means to open a free trade through the } 
 
90 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 Sound ; that it may not depend upon the will of the King 
 of Denmark, or the United Provinces of the Netherlands, 
 when they shall think fit, as now they have done, to ob- 
 struct it. 
 
 " 4. If you shall find, upon a general deliberation with 
 the Queen concerning the ground and the importance 
 thereof to both States, that she is sensible of the oppres- 
 sions and restraint which is put upon trade here, and that 
 she is inclinable to join with the Parliament for removing 
 the same, you are to let her know that the Parliament is 
 willing to send into those seas, in fit and convenient time, 
 a fleet so considerable that may be able, through God's 
 blessing, to defend itself against the contrary party, who, 
 no question, will join their strength for the prosecution of 
 their intentions. And thereupon are desirous to know what 
 assistance Sweden will contribute for the countenance and 
 carrying on of the undertaking, so just in itself and so ad- 
 vantageous to both nations. And in case the Queen shall 
 descend to particulars, and make propositions accordingly, 
 you are to transmit them to the Council, for the Parlia- 
 ment's or Council's further direction. 
 
 " 5. Your Lordship is to take care, especially whilst the 
 treaty is on foot, that nothing be permitted or done di- 
 rectly or indirectly, so far as shall lie in your power to 
 hinder, in favour or assistance of Charles Stuart or his 
 party or abettors. 
 
 " Given at Whitehall, the 28th of October, 1653. 
 
 " Signed in the name and by order of the 
 Council of State, 
 
 "Wal. Strickland, President." 
 
 The articles mentioned in these instructions were, 
 in substance, the same with those which were after- 
 wards concluded by Whitelocke in his treaty ; saving 
 such alterations and amendments as he judged fit 
 then to consent unto, and which were at his coming 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 91 
 
 home, upon a strict examination, and comparing of 
 them with his instructions, approved, and fully rati- 
 fied by the Protector and his Council. 
 
 The other paper of private instructions delivered to 
 Whitelocke was this : — 
 
 " Lord Ambassador, his private instructions concerning 
 guns." 
 
 "Instructions for Bulstrode Whitelocke, Constable, etc., 
 Ambassador, etc. 
 
 "Forasmuch as it is conceived requisite that a quan- 
 tity of guns hereafter mentioned, or so many of them as 
 can be had, should be speedily procured in Sweden, for the 
 service of this Commonwealth, viz. — 
 
 50 cannon, carrying 28 lb. bullet ; 
 
 100 pieces, carrying 36 lb. bullet ; 
 
 200 pieces, carrying 2 Lib. bullet; 
 
 200 pieces, carrying 12 lb. bullet; 
 all of them to be either brass or copper, and well for- 
 tified; or so many whole culverins, or demi-culverins, as 
 may make up the said number : 
 
 " You are therefore, after your arrival in Sweden, to 
 employ such trusty person as you shall think fit, to inform 
 himself in the most convenient way, what quantities of 
 brass or copper guns, of the respective dimensions above- 
 mentioned, may be there procured, and within what time 
 and at what rates ; and to contract for, and buy, so many 
 of the said number as he can, at the best rates ; and the 
 same to ship and send for London with the first oppor- 
 tunity ; and as many as can be speedily had, by the ships 
 which attend you thither ; charging bills of exchange on 
 the Commissioners of the Customs or Treasurer of the 
 Navy, for payment of the moneys due on such contracts, 
 within convenient time : which bills are to be accordingly 
 paid, coming accompanied with your advice and approba- 
 tion. And for the better management hereof in point of 
 privacy, and other advantages, you are to give the party so 
 
92 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 to be employed such instructions as you shall, upon the 
 place, find most conducing to the said service. 
 " Given at Whitehall, the 28th of October, 1653. 
 
 " Signed in the name and by order of the 
 Council of State, 
 
 " Wal. Strickland, President." 
 
 Whitelocke's returning home with these instru- 
 ments and papers, caused much trouble and passion 
 at the hastening of him away from his sad wife and 
 family, and from his country. 
 
 October 30, 1653. 
 
 wwteiocke The Lord's Day. — Whitelocke was at the morning 
 Temple service in the Temple Church, where he took leave of 
 ana'dines his friends. He dined at the Cockpit, at the General's, 
 with Crora- w k treated him with much outward kindness and 
 
 well. 
 
 civility : he was cheerful at dinner, and afterwards 
 took Whitelocke into a private room, where they 
 talked above an hour together. Part of their dis- 
 course was this : — 
 
 Whitelocke. My Lord, I am to take my leave of 
 your Excellency, and probably my last leave ; but 
 while God shall afford me life, I assure your Excel- 
 lency I shall be diligent and faithful in the trust 
 reposed in me. 
 
 Cromwell. My Lord, if we had had the least suspi- 
 cion of your fidelity, you had not been troubled with 
 this employment ; but we have had sufficient experi- 
 ence thereof, and of your diligence and abilities : and 
 I doubt not but God will bless you, and give you a 
 safe and honourable return to your native country, 
 which I heartily wish and pray fur, indeed I do. 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. ' 93 
 
 Wh. I doubt not of your Excellency's good wishes, 
 upon whose account chiefly I have undertaken this 
 service ; and I assure myself of the favour and assist- 
 ance of your Excellency, in anything that may con- 
 cern me in my absence, wherein I have two or three 
 humble requests to you. 
 
 Crom. You shall find me what I have said, a faith- 
 ful and affectionate friend to you, both present and 
 absent. I pray let me know what you would parti- 
 cularly leave to my care, and I promise you I shall 
 not fail you in anything of concernment to you. 
 
 Wh. One of my suits is, that if, in my absence, my 
 wife or friends shall have occasion to attend your Ex- 
 cellency on my behalf, that they may have the favour 
 of access to you and your Excellency's assistance. 
 
 Crom. They shall, at any time, be welcome to me ; 
 and I shall give order for their admittance, and my 
 best furtherance in any matter which shall concern 
 you. 
 
 Wh. I humbly thank your Excellency ; and do 
 further entreat, that my bills of exchange upon the 
 Council may be answered, and not delayed : your ser- 
 vant's credit will depend upon it, and a failure therein, 
 especially in -a foreign country, is a tender thing. 
 
 Crom. I confess that it is a tender point ; and you 
 may be confident you shall not be failed nor delayed 
 therein; our credit would be wounded thereby. I 
 will take particular care for answering your bills 
 speedily ; nay, I will say more to you, — -I know your 
 allowance is but small, I wish it had been more, yet, 
 if I live, I will see that you shall be no loser by this 
 employment ; and though your occasions shall require 
 the expense of more than your allowance, I will see 
 
94 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 that it shall be paid ; but I would have you to be as 
 good a husband as you can. 
 
 Wh. I shall not spend extravagantly, but the ho- 
 nour of the Commonwealth and the safety of your 
 servant requiring it, which I doubt my allowance will 
 not answer. 
 
 Crom. I will see you shall be no loser, but honour- 
 ably recompensed for your service. 
 
 Wh. I most humbly thank your Excellency, and 
 shall depend upon your honour ; and further entreat, 
 that a constant intelligence may be given me of your 
 affairs here, whereby I may be enabled to give a full 
 and clear account thereof, and have the more repute 
 abroad by it : and your Excellency knows that full 
 and frequent intelligence gives life to state affairs, es- 
 pecially foreign. 
 
 Crom. It is necessary your Lordship should have a 
 constant correspondence and intelligence from hence 
 kept with you, and, for that end, your friend Mr. 
 Thurloe, who is an able and careful man, shall not 
 fail you. 
 
 Wh. I shall be very glad of his correspondence; 
 and since your Excellency allows me this liberty, give 
 me leave to entreat yoiir opinion in some particulars 
 of my instructions. If I find the Queen willing to 
 join with you, for the gaining of the Sound, and 
 against the Dutch and Danes, and that heartily and 
 hopefully, shall I put on that business to the utmost, 
 and are you willing to enter into such a conjunction ? 
 
 Crom. If you find them inclinable to it, put it on 
 as far as you can, and let us hear from you what you 
 judge best to be done in it. No business can be of 
 greater consequence to us and our trade, wherein the 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSV. 95 
 
 Dutch will endeavour to overreach us ; and it were I 
 good to prevent them and the Dane, and first to serve 
 our own interest. 
 
 Wh. I shall give your Excellency a clear account of 
 it ; and I believe it will bring the Dutch to reason as 
 soon as anything ; and that your Excellency will not 
 much depend upon them or the Dane, but where their 
 own interest will be served. 
 
 Crom. We shall freely leave that and the whole 
 business to your care and prudent managing. 
 
 Wh. I shall do the utmost in my capacity to serve 
 you, but must expect to have my actions traduced 
 and scandalized ; but I hope that your Excellency 
 will give no credit to whisperings, or officious words, 
 or letters of pickthanks behind my back. 
 
 Crom. I shall not easily give belief to such back- 
 biters ; I hate them ; and what I shall be informed of 
 your actions abroad will hardly create in me an ill 
 opinion of them, before I be certified from yourself. 
 
 Wh. It may be your Excellency will hear that I j 
 am great with some Cavaliers when I am abroad, and \ 
 that I make much of them ; and truly that may well 
 be : I love a civility to all, especially to persons of con- 
 dition, though enemies ; and have ever used it, and 
 perhaps may use it more than ordinary when I am 
 abroad, and to those of the King's party, and by 
 them I may be the better enabled to secure myself, 
 and to understand their designs, which will be no 
 disadvantage to your affairs ; nor shall I ever betray 
 those, or any persons by whom I am trusted. 
 
 Crom. I think such a carriage towards them will 
 be prudent, and fit for you to use ; and it will never 
 occasion in me, nor, I hope, in any other sober men, 
 
96 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 the least jealousy of your faithfulness; but it may 
 much tend to your security, and to the good of your 
 business. 
 
 Wh. I have but one thing more to trouble your 
 Excellency with; that is, my humble thanks for all 
 your favours, and particularly for the noble present I 
 received from your hand. 
 
 Crom. I pray, my Lord, do not speak of so poor a 
 thing ; if there were opportunity for me to do honour 
 to your Lordship, I assure you that very few should 
 go before you. 
 akes leave Their discourse ended, being told that they were 
 eii. ready to go to the sermon ; after which, Whitelocke 
 took his leave of Cromwell, who, with all ceremony 
 and compliment, parted with him, as also did the rest 
 of' the officers then with him, and all of his family 
 and company. 
 
 October 31, 1653. 
 
 Whitelocke came home late, and found his wife and 
 friends full of sadness and trouble at the thoughts of 
 his speedy departure from them. 
 
 The Council, upon Whitelocke's desire, ordered a 
 motion to be made to the Parliament, that Mr. Hagget 
 might by them be appointed to serve as Deputy Re- 
 corder for Whitelocke at Bristol, in his absence ; which 
 the House ordered accordingly. 
 
 The Council also ordered the master of the state- 
 barges to provide barges for Whitelocke and his com- 
 pany, to transport them to Gravesend. 
 
 Whitelocke visited Lagerfeldt to take his leave of 
 him, and found him in much passion that he could 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 97 
 
 not get his despatch; earnestly labouring to be gone 
 before Whitelocke, and that he might be with the 
 Queen before Whitelocke's coming to her Majesty. 
 Whitelocke also visited Bonele to take his leave of 
 him ; and, amongst other discourse, got from Bonele 
 a character of most of the grandees and persons in fa- 
 vour in the Queen of Sweden's Court, and how they 
 stood affected to this Commonwealth, and what were 
 the most probable means and ways, and who were 
 the most likely persons by whom Whitelocke might 
 bring his business to a happy and desired issue. 
 
 VOL. i. h 
 
98 
 
 NOYEMBEE. 
 
 November 1, 1653. 
 ssseis fail t he Council sent to Whitelocke to hasten him away. 
 
 iwn the J 
 
 fer. He had much trouble about the two hired ships, the 
 Fortune an'd the Adventure, which could not be got 
 ready to fall down to the frigates. The provisions and 
 baggage was put on board the Fortune, near Black- 
 wall ; the hay and oats was on board the Adventure, 
 at Gravesend, whither Whitelocke had sent his coach 
 and horses before. 
 
 November 2, 1653. 
 
 Most of Whitelocke's trunks and followers went 
 down this day to the Hope, where his ships lay, and 
 his goods were on board them, only the ' Fortune ' was 
 not yet fallen down, of which he had an account by 
 letters from his steward ; and had the less trouble in 
 these matters, which he referred to his officers; and 
 they were the more careful, because he took a constant 
 account of their actions, 
 
 November 3, 1653. 
 rting All things now being in a readiness, Whitelocke's 
 
 mi his ° D ' 
 
 re and servants and goods on board the ships, and his going 
 
 nily. 
 
THE SWEDISH EMBASSY. 99 
 
 urged by the Council, he must take his leave (and as 
 most judged it, his last leave) of his dearest relations. 
 
 His tender and loving wife trembles at the thoughts 
 of it; his sweet and dear children hang upon him, 
 pray him not to go from them, join in tears with their 
 disconsolate mother; and some of them, motherless 
 before, are frighted with an apprehension that they 
 are shortly to become fatherless also : all of them, 
 chiefly those of more years, sufficiently sensible of their 
 expected misery. 
 
 Two of them, his eldest sons, he taketh with him ; 
 ten more, and most of them little ones, are left be- 
 hind, adding tears and grief to their comfortless 
 mother ; between whom and her perplexed husband 
 some of their parting broken discourse is remembered. 
 
 Wife. My dearest love, I would fain speak to you, 
 but tears will not suffer me ; let them speak for me, 
 and tell you, you ought not to leave me : for if I can- 
 not, yet — how — because — then — -if you will — how can 
 your heart but be melted towards me and these poor 
 children ? 
 
 Wh. I prithee take more command over thy pas- 
 sion ; our present friends, as well as ourselves, will be 
 troubled at it, and it can do neither thee nor me, nor 
 our children, good. 
 
 Wife. No, that 's my misery, I can do no good by 
 it ; yet what I say, if I could prevail with you, would 
 be, I think, I hope, the greatest good that this world 
 can afford us ; to me, I am sure it would be so. 
 
 Wh. Consider what is best for us all, and let not 
 passions have too much power over us. God knows I 
 leave thee with as sad a heart as ever husband parted 
 with from a most loving wife. 
 
 h 2 
 
100 JOUKNAL OF THE 
 
 Wife. Oh, then, why will you go ? Let me conjure 
 you, by all my tears, by all loves, by the pledges of 
 them, by marriage promises and affections, not to 
 leave me, especially at this time, when the pangs of 
 travail are coming upon me. Alas ! what is it I desire 
 but a little time and strength, to enable me to bear 
 you company, and in danger to take part with you ? 
 
 Wh. I am neither in a capacity to stay, nor you to 
 go : you know the necessity on me : I must go, and 
 go presently. 
 
 Wife. Oh, my dear ! you must not go ; you ought 
 not to go presently, and leave me in this condition. 
 If I were able, I would freely go with you ; but to 
 go without* me, now, when — can you be forced to it ? 
 How have I offended you? How have these poor 
 children displeased you ? Can you find in your heart 
 to leave us, and cast us off to misery ? I beg of you 
 not to do it, sure ; I hope you will not do it. 
 
 Wh. Thou knowest my engagement to go, and 
 wert privy and consenting to it ; and it was your good 
 moved me to it ; and were it not too late, I could 
 freely retire, and satisfy thy earnest request herein. 
 
 Wife. This request can never be too late; our 
 children's good, my life, your own life, is concerned, 
 that you should not go ; and let me prevail with you 
 not to leave us. 
 
 Wh. If I go, I confess my life is in danger ; if now 
 I do not go, my life, it may be, is in more danger. 
 Those who have engaged me will not be baffled by 
 me : they have the power ; let us have the prudence 
 and temper to submit to that which we cannot well 
 avoid, and which, probably, will be most for all our 
 good. 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 101 
 
 Wife. I can say no more; but if it be too late, 
 if you must go, though I cannot go with you, yet my 
 prayers shall go with you, that the Lord may pre- 
 serve you and bring you back again in safety ; and 
 when you shall return, as I hope you will, if you find 
 me gone, gone out of this vale of tears and sorrow, 
 yet remember me as a faithful wife, as one that truly 
 loved you and yours ; and remember these httle 
 ones : be kind to them for my sake, and for their own 
 sakes, who, I hope, will never offend you, nor be un- 
 dutiful to you. This is my last request, and I hope 
 will be granted by you. 
 
 Wh. These are piercing words, and enough, if it 
 could be, to make me alter my resolution ; but it is 
 too late, and God is all-sufficient : I doubt not but He 
 will preserve me in my journey, and bring me back 
 again in safety to a joyful and comfortable meeting 
 with thee and all my children. 
 
 Wife. The Lord, if it be His blessed will, grant us 
 this mercy, who is indeed all-sufficient and abound- 
 ing in goodness, but we deserve it not ; and it must 
 be more than ordinary mercy if we ever see the faces 
 of each other again. 
 
 With that word, floods of tears stopped her further 
 speaking; and the company called upon Whitelocke 
 to hasten away, telling him the wind and tide would 
 stay for no man, but would be lost if he did not 
 speedily come away; that all was ready, and they 
 now only staid for him : he was therefore forced to 
 break away. 
 
 He went to the Tower wharf, where the state- Embarks at 
 
 n 1 ■ • r 1 the Tower ; 
 
 barges attend him, multitudes ot people crowding 
 about him ; he enters the barge of ten oars ; with 
 
102 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 him were Major-General Reynolds, and some other 
 officers of the army, his brothers-in-law, his sons, and 
 some of his gentlemen; the rest were in four other 
 barges provided for them. 
 
 When he put off from shore the Tower saluted 
 him with eleven pieces of ordnance ; as he passed by 
 the ships of war in the river, they gave him the like 
 respect of their great guns ; so did the fort at the 
 Hope. 
 
 He went directly to the Phoenix frigate riding in 
 that road, whose captain, Foster, received him with 
 as much honour as he could express ; his pennons all 
 hung out, his waste-clothes to the cabin-door, and he 
 fired twenty-one guns for his welcome ; his men were 
 in good order, and seemed stout and able mariners; 
 the captain and officers not inferior to any of the sea- 
 commanders ; the ship as well built and fitted for 
 sailing and fight as any in the fleet : here were four- 
 teen cabins for his company, of whom he left some in 
 her to prepare against his return to them. 
 
 From thence he visited the Elizabeth frigate, whose 
 captain, Minnes, welcomed him with his guns and all 
 ensigns of respect, as Foster did, and set out thirteen 
 cabins for his gentlemen : here also Whitelocke left 
 some of his company ; and in his return to Graves- 
 end, the mariners of the 'Elizabeth' gave a great shout, 
 and were answered by those of the ' Phcenix,' to tes- 
 tify their being pleased with the Ambassador's being 
 on board of them, and with the voyage. 
 
 In his way, the men-of-war saluted him with their 
 guns, and particularly and unexpectedly a Holland 
 frigate, which lately brouglft over their ambassador, 
 and now wore her white flag : though both Com- 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 103 
 
 monwealths were now in actual war, yet she saluted 
 Whitelocke with three guns as he passed by her. 
 
 Berkman met him at Gravesend, so did most of his 
 company, where he caused the best provisions that 
 could be had to be made for them ; himself lay at a 
 private house, Mr. Woodcoke's, who civilly treated 
 him. 
 
 November 4, 1653. 
 
 Two of Whitelocke's ships not being yet fallen but returns 
 
 secretly 
 
 down, after he had given out his orders for all things from 
 to be ready, he returned back to London, and had a ravesen ; 
 dark and dangerous passage, but God preserved him. 
 He came about eight o'clock at night to his brother 
 Wilson's house, to see his sad wife once more, and 
 to comfort her, who was much surprised and pleased 
 with his unexpected coming and kindness to stay with 
 her rather than at Gravesend, till the wind should be 
 fair and all his ships be ready. 
 
 He kept his return as private as he could; that the 
 Council might not have notice of it ; yet now he met 
 with objections from some, that he ought not to leave 
 his country and relations to go into the northern 
 parts of Europe in the midst of winter ; to put to sea 
 in the midst of storms and enemies ; to forsake these 
 dearest relations and fixed comforts ; to pass over 
 the raging billows of the rough northern and eastern 
 seas ; to transport his aged sickly body eight degrees 
 to the northward of the place of his birth and ha- 
 bitation, about affairs made up of difficulty and un- 
 certainty. 
 
 But most of these objections had been more sea- 
 sonably made and answered formerly; he was now 
 
104 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 engaged, and told by no mean persons that the peace 
 with the Dutch, the safety of the Commonwealth, the 
 good of the Protestant interest, depend upon his going. 
 
 Cromwell, who commands in chief, earnestly en- 
 treats (that is, requires) his speedy departure; the 
 Council urge it, and allege that the public interest 
 and affairs will not dispense with his longer stay ; he 
 had taken possession of his ships, made all his prepa- 
 rations and provisions, and now to object against his 
 going was somewhat too late : yet this short time of 
 his present stay he enjoys the best of society with his 
 wife and children and nearest of his friends and rela- 
 tions. 
 
 His wife was now in less passion than before, 
 hoping that God would be pleased to make her hus- 
 band instrumental to advance His honour, for which 
 she and his friends put up their hearty and constant 
 prayers to the Almighty ; and then they acknowledged 
 that they should rejoice in his journey, and not doubt 
 but that God would restore him to all these relations 
 and comforts, with the addition of the fulfilling his 
 gracious promises to those that desire to serve him. 
 
 November 5, 1653. 
 akes Whitelocke heard that the 'Fortune' was fallen 
 
 nal 
 
 ■ture. down, and now the wind was come fair for his voyage, 
 therefore he must again leave his dear wife and rela- 
 tions ; and although she restrained her passion as much 
 as possibly she could, yet no creature ever showed a 
 more perplexed, grieved condition than she did at 
 parting with him, when some of their discourse was 
 this : — 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 105 
 
 Wife. I have one thing more earnestly to beg of 
 you, which is, that you would make it your chiefest 
 care to honour God in all your actions, and to watch 
 over yourself and all your company that none of you 
 dishonour him ; and often pray to Him for His bless- 
 ing upon you and them, and on us whom yon leave 
 behind, which will be the best way to enlarge our 
 hopes of a happy meeting again, which I shall daily 
 pray for. 
 
 Whitelocke. I look upon this as my duty, and thank 
 you for putting me in mind of it. I hope I shall not 
 be wanting in my prayers to God, for His protection 
 and blessing both on you that stay and on us that 
 travel ; and that He will not give us over to dishonour 
 Him, which I shall be most careful to prevent, both 
 in myself and in every one of my company; and I 
 presume you are assured, that, had it not been the 
 hopes of doing some honour to the name of God by 
 this my undertaking and hazard, I should scarce have 
 been persuaded to have undergone it. 
 
 Wife. I know and am glad that this was the chief 
 motive that persuaded you to it, and which prevailed 
 with me for giving such consent as I did thereunto ; 
 and by this we both may have the more peace and 
 satisfaction in our own hearts, and the more hopes of 
 the blessing of God upon it. I shall speak but this 
 more, and I pray God that it be not my last word to 
 you, that for my sake, and for our poor children's 
 sake, you would have a special care of your own 
 health, and not to hazard your person in any danger. 
 
 Wh. My own conscience and duty to you and my 
 children, and to my business, engageth me to this 
 care ; and I shall promise thee to take special care of 
 
106 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 my health, and not to hazard my person unnecessi 
 rily ; and I pray God to keep you and all our chi 
 dren, and to bless you, and to give us in His di 
 time a meeting again with comfort and safety. 
 
 Wife. The Lord grant it, if it be His blessed wi] 
 and go along with you in all your way. 
 
 Then tears again concluded their discourse; he 
 sighing, weeping, trembling, shrieking, were testimc 
 nies of her sad troubled mind ; nor was her husban 
 without his share of much anxiety : but they mus 
 part. 
 
 In his passage by water, his secretary, Earle, onl 
 attended him ; he overtook the ' Fortune,' and himsel 
 gave her charge to hasten to the Hope, which she di 
 accordingly. 
 
 He came to Gravesend about three o'clock in th 
 afternoon, and finding his horses not shipped, thoug] 
 it were so late, and the master of the 'Adventure' no 
 willing to take the horses on board that night, ye 
 because the wind was fair and not high, Whitelocb 
 ordered all his horses to be shipped that evening 
 which he saw done, above thirty horses hoisted oi 
 board in less than four hours' time, though most o 
 them were very unquiet ; the gentleman of his hors< 
 took great pains and care in the doing of it. 
 
 November 6, 1653. 
 s squad- The Lord's Bay. — The wind was fair, and all thing 
 
 under " 
 
 ite- ready, and no opportunity must be lost; therefore 
 
 te a 
 
 unand. about two hours before high water, Whitelocke or 
 dered all his people to go on board ; a light horse 
 man, and some with him in the ship boat : they wen 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 107 
 
 directly to the Hope, where the ships attending his 
 coming were : — 
 
 1. The Phoenix frigate, a man-of-war, carrying for- 
 ty-four guns, one of the best ships for sailing and for 
 fighting in Europe; in her were two hundred sea- 
 men, well chosen and well commanded ; in her went 
 Whitelocke and his sons, his chaplains, Dr. Whistler, 
 and most of the gentlemen and the women. 
 
 2. The Ehzabeth frigate, with forty guns, store of 
 ammunition, two hundred mariners ; and in her went 
 more of the gentlemen. 
 
 3. The Adventure, a merchantman, hired and 
 fitted as a stable for Whitelocke' s horses, which were 
 in her, with provisions for them ; the yeoman of the 
 stable, the coachmen, postilions, grooms, lacqueys, and 
 others, were on board of her. 
 
 4. The Fortune, a merchantman, hired ; she car- 
 ried the baggage and provisions ; and in her went his 
 steward and some gentlemen, those of the kitchen, 
 buttery, and other inferior servants. 
 
 5. A stout private man-of-war, commanded by 
 Captain Welch, a bold fighting seaman ; he had eighty 
 men of his own temper, about ten great guns, and 
 sufficient store of small shot, and of arms and wea- 
 pons on board her. 
 
 6. A catch of the State's, appointed to wait on 
 Whitelocke, and to be in readiness to carry intelli- 
 gence, or do other service as he should command her. 
 
 As soon as Whitelocke came on board the Phoenix, whitelocke 
 he desired Captain Foster to send for the captains tiTcaptains 
 and officers of the other ships to come on board him ; *" \^ cers 
 and they being come, Whitelocke spake to them on squadron. 
 the decks to this effect. 
 
108 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 " Gentlemen, 
 " It hath pleased God to bring us together at this tin 
 in order to a voyage to the North ; and the Council 
 State have thought fit to entrust me with the command 
 these ships, and consequently of you and your men und 
 yon, as I suppose you understand by the orders of yo 
 generals at sea ; and I take the liberty to tell you, that 
 expect the same obedience to my orders as if your genera 
 gave them ; but withal, I shall let you know that d 
 commands will not be rigid or supercilious, but with lo 
 and kindness, as to my countrymen, friends, and felloi 
 seamen. 
 
 " I confess my want of knowledge in sea affairs, yet tl 
 is not my first voyage ; and I shall be glad to have my lai 
 of experience supplied by yours, and be willing to be i 
 formed by the meanest mariner ; and shall give a due r 
 gard to the advice of you who are the officers, and of 
 much ability and experience as you are, and whose reasi 
 may satisfy mine in our debates and counsels. 
 
 " Our voyage, my noble countrymen, is not like to 
 without dangers ; I hope your spirits will be the mo 
 raised : the perils of this season, of storms and tempes 
 are no strangers to you ; no more are those of our enemii 
 the Dutch and Danes, whom you have met with before tl 
 time, and were wont to wish to see them. I assure mys 
 they are now more desired than feared by you. 
 
 " I shall freely adventure my life with you ; and if ' 
 look up to God, pray for His protection and blessing, a: 
 trust in Him, willing cheerfully to serve our country, ' 
 shall have no cause to fear our enemies, or to doubt I 
 that God will go along with us, and bless us in our wa 
 and bring us back again in safety to our native country a 
 relations. 
 
 " I shall from time to time acquaint you with my ordi 
 by Captain Foster, from whom I pray you to receive the 
 and to observe them ; and so, my countrymen, God se 
 us a good voyage." 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 109 
 
 The seamen cast up their caps and shouted, and 
 seemed well pleased. 
 Then Whitelocke led the officers into his cabin, Th «y wei s h 
 
 • i 'i ^ anchor. 
 
 and advised with them as a council of war about the 
 voyage ; and the wind being then fair, west and by 
 north, they agreed that it was fit to weigh anchor and 
 to set sail presently : and Whitelocke ordered the same 
 to be done accordingly. 
 
 Upon advice, he likewise ordered the ' Phcenix' to 
 carry her flag in the maintop, after the order of the 
 sea, Whitelocke being on board her, an Ambassador 
 Extraordinary, and Commander-in-Chief of the ships 
 with him. 
 
 He also ordered their sailing to be in this manner : °^ er of 
 the 'Phcenix' to be in the van, the 'Adventure' and 
 'Fortune' after her, the 'Elizabeth' in the rear, Cap- 
 tain Welch on one flank, and the catch on the other, 
 to scout out and discover enemies ; and they and the 
 ' Elizabeth' to keep in the merchantmen (who were 
 slow sailers, and apt to lag) within their company. 
 
 Other orders he gave about their firing, anchoring, 
 weighing, sailing, and the like ; that the ' Phcenix' 
 should carry the lantern; that every morning each 
 ship should come up to Whitelocke, that he might be 
 informed of their condition, and then to fall into their 
 order again ; and he appointed his Captain Foster to 
 receive all orders from Whitelocke, and to give them 
 to the rest of the officers of the fleet. 
 
 He ordered prayers to be constantly twice a day, 
 morning and evening, upon the decks in fair weather, 
 other times in the steerage-room. He ordered none 
 to take tobacco but behind the mainmast, where a 
 tub of water was set to blow their coals into it, and 
 
110 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 to prevent the danger of fire ; divers other orders 
 made for regulating the seamen and his company. 
 
 The wind being fair and a fresh gale, and all 1 
 ships having weighed anchor, they hoisted sail a 
 committed themselves to the protection of Him w 
 commands the waves, and affords His preservati 
 there as well as on dry land to them that trust 
 him. 
 
 By the evening they had sailed as far as the bu 
 in the Nore, in the Thames mouth, which is plac 
 there to give warning to ships to avoid the Nc 
 sands ; and is of late the more taken notice of, 1 
 that sharp sea-fight between the English and Dut 
 in this place, where the gallant sea-commander, Dear 
 with many other brave Englishmen, lost their hves 
 defence of their country. It is in the sight of Quee 
 borough Castle, in the Isle of Sheppey, so-called fro 
 the abundance of sheep fed there. The castle w 
 built by Edward III., — as he writes in his patent, " 
 the terror of his enemies, and solace of his friends 
 unto which castle he adjoined a town or borough, ai 
 in honour of his queen called it Queenborough. 
 
 After the evening sermon, the wind, which hi 
 been very fair all that day, chopped about to tl 
 north, and was quite contrary to his course ; so th 
 Whitelocke caused them there to let fall their anchoi 
 
 November 7, 1653. 
 
 irth of a At the buoy in the Nore God was pleased to cor 
 
 Hteiocke, mand Whitelocke's stay, to make him partaker of 
 
 greater mercy, the -earlier notice of his wife's beii 
 
 brought to bed, who, the same day that her husbar 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. Ill 
 
 set sail to go from her, was delivered of a son : a hard 
 time to be hurried away from her ! 
 
 Her friends, with her, presently procured two bold 
 watermen to undertake to carry letters of this good 
 news to Whitelocke, hoping to overtake him ; they 
 rowed all night by the shore side, till they came over 
 against the ships ; but by reason of the largeness and 
 roughness of the water, could not come to them with 
 their wherry ; therefore the watermen made fires on 
 the shore, the custom of giving notice that an ex- 
 press was come : the mariners, used to such fires, sent 
 out a boat, and fetched the watermen on board the 
 Phoenix. Some of the gentlemen, hearing the good 
 news, knocked hastily at Whitelocke's cabin-door, 
 caused him to awake with some doubt, lest anything 
 might be amiss, and, again, with a hope that an ex- 
 press might be come to stay his voyage for" a time, 
 that he might see his wife and friends again by this 
 opportunity. But the letters were from his brother 
 Wilson and Mr. Cokaine ; and in them the good 
 news of his wife's safe delivery of a son did exceed- 
 ingly comfort him, and caused him to consider and 
 thankfully acknowledge the circumstances of this 
 mercy and providence : — 
 
 1. That God was not pleased to permit him to be 
 with his wife when she was in extremity, which was 
 so much desired ; and yet was pleased to give her a 
 safe dehvery, to show that God is better than all re- 
 lations, and only to be depended on, as a ready help 
 in time of trouble. 
 
 2. As his letters informed that his wife was brought 
 to bed the very hour when the congregation of which 
 she was a member were in prayer together for her 
 
112 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 safe delivery, and then this gracious return of thei 
 prayers was vouchsafed. 
 
 3. That God was pleased to cause the wind sue 
 denly to change, whereby Whitelocke was enforced t 
 stay his course that night, otherwise he had gone to 
 far for the watermen to have come at him with th 
 letters. 
 
 4. That if he had not been stayed here, and h 
 that means received these letters now, he could nol 
 in ordinary course, have heard the news in a montl 
 after ; but by this stay, this comfortable news was re 
 ceived by them, and it made their voyage much tin 
 more cheerful. 
 
 5. That as soon as Whitelocke had written answer! 
 to these letters, and despatched and rewarded th< 
 watermen, the wind instantly came about again verj 
 fair to proceed in his voyage. 
 
 Whereupon Whitelocke commanded to fire a gui 
 for warning to weigh anchor, "which was done by day 
 break ; and the wind continuing fair, Whitelocke hac 
 a good course, and ran this day about twenty-fiv( 
 leagues, so that they bid adieu to the coast of Eng 
 land, their most dear and native country. 
 
 November 8, 1653. 
 
 Am - In the night, the frigates were fain to tow the bag 
 gage-ships, whose slow sailing much hindered tin 
 voyage. The wind blew high, and the night was 
 very tempestuous; yet Whitelocke slept soundly til 
 about midnight. By the breaking in sunder of th( 
 great cable by which his ship towed the ' Adventure, 
 so terrible a crack and noise was made, that it awa 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 113 
 
 kened all that were asleep with affrightment, and en- 
 dangered the ship. 
 
 She carried two lanterns for better direction of the 
 rest of the ships, who rolled and tossed very much all 
 night, and were in great danger. The 'Fortune' proved 
 very slow and troublesome ; the ' Elizabeth ' at this 
 time was not well fitted nor fleet in sailing. White- 
 locke staid for them, lowering his sails, and judged it 
 no time for his ships to sever, near an enemy's coast, 
 and in the midst of storms, but ordered all to keep 
 near together, and be in readiness to relieve one an- 
 other ; and notwithstanding the hindrances and foul 
 weather, they ran a course this night of about thirty 
 leagues. 
 
 By sunrising they espied some sails afar off, on head Chase ana 
 of them. Whitelocke spread all his sails to fetch them a Dutch 
 up; the 'Phoenix' ran with an incredible fleetness. s Ipper ' 
 The strange ships made away from him ; Whitelocke 
 pursued, and when he came within distance, fired 
 the chase pieces at them to warn them to strike sail. 
 One struck, and came to leeward of Whitelocke ; and 
 the wind driving him to stern, whilst Whitelocke 's 
 boat was hoisting out to fetch the Dutch skipper on 
 board to him, the Dutchman seeing his advantage, 
 the wind for him, and Whitelocke's men busy, he 
 hoisted all his sails and got clear away from White- 
 locke : at which affront Captain Poster was very an- 
 gry, and prayed leave to chase the Dutchman again. 
 Whitelocke gave way to fire some jjuns after him, but 
 to little purpose, he being got so far away ; and before 
 Whitelocke could tack about to pursue him, he would 
 be gone too far to be overtaken without too much hin- 
 drance of his course : so Whitelocke wished his cap- 
 
 VOL. I. I 
 
114 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 tain to be patient, and bear this small affront which 
 he could not help, and to let the Dutchman go for his 
 ingenuity, but to prevent being served so again. 
 
 The other Dutch ship made away as fast as she 
 could, but Whitelocke overtook her and made several 
 shots at her, yet she would not strike sail till White- 
 locke shot through her tackle ; seeing which torn, and 
 that Whitelocke was in earnest, the Dutchman came 
 to leeward and struck; and Whitelocke's lieutenant 
 fetched the Dutch skipper on board to Whitelocke, 
 in his cabin, who there examined him ; divers of the 
 gentlemen and mariners crowding in to hear it, where- 
 of this was part : — 
 
 Whitelocke. Skipper, whence art thou? 
 
 Shipper. A Flushinger. 
 
 Wh. What brought you to sea this weather ? 
 
 Sk. My trade ; though the weather be foul, we must 
 fish, or our wives and children must starve. 
 
 Wh. Hast thou a wife and children ? 
 
 Sk. I hope I have a wife and seven children. 
 
 Wh. What right have you to fish in these seas ? 
 
 Sk. I thought any one might fish in the broad sea. 
 
 Wh. Not without leave of those who have the do- 
 minion of those seas. 
 
 8k. I know not who have the dominion of the sea, 
 | but they that have the best fleet. I have been thirty 
 years a fisherman, and never yet asked leave. 
 
 Wh. Indeed, a good fleet is the best argument for 
 the dominion of the seas ; but though you never asked 
 leave to fish on the seas of our Commonwealth, your 
 predecessors have asked leave to fish here. 
 
 Sk. My father and grandfather were fishers on these 
 seas, but I never heard them say they asked leave. 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 115 
 
 Wh. It may be so, but others have. 
 
 Sk. I must not contradict you. 
 
 Wh. Thou mayest freely speak to me. 
 
 Sk. No, I thank you ; I know to whom I speak. 
 
 Wh. Dost thou know me ? 
 
 Sk. I think you are the English Ambassador for 
 Sweden. 
 
 Wh. Why dost thou think so? 
 
 Sk. Because you carry your flag in the maintop, 
 and some of your men told me so. 
 
 Wh. What do they say in your country of my 
 going to Sweden ? 
 
 Sk. Our lords don't like it; but their subjects 
 think you do wisely to get the Swedes for friends. 
 
 Wh. We must seek new friends when our old ones 
 forsake us and make war upon us, as your lords do. 
 
 Sk. We poor men give our lords no thanKS for it ; 
 I am sure we are sufferers by it. 
 
 WJi. Why then is it continued ? 
 
 Sk. Because it is the pleasure of our lords ; but 
 they are sufficiently cursed for it. 
 
 Wh. God says you must not speak evil of your 
 rulers. 
 
 Sk. And God says our rulers must not do evil. 
 
 Wh. God will punish them if they do evil. 
 
 Sk. And man will punish them also: I am sure 
 you have done it. 
 
 Wh. And what did you when you revetted from 
 your king ? 
 
 Sk. These things are too high for me ; I will not 
 speak of them. 
 
 Wh. What do your people say of the English Am- 
 bassador ? tell me truly. 
 
 I 2 
 
116 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 8k. They say he is a very honest gentleman, and 
 a fit man for such a business, and one that loves 
 peace, and is likely to do his work. 
 
 Wh. Now I see you know to whom you speak. 
 
 Sk. I should say the same behind your back, for I 
 have often heard it said by others. 
 
 Wh. It seems then that your people are not pleased 
 with the war against England. 
 
 8k. They are much displeased at it, and their losses 
 by it are very great, and our trade decays ; so that it 
 will be the wisest way for our lords to make a peace 
 with you : if they do not, few will fight for them, in 
 their ships, in this quarrel. 
 
 Wh. Hast thou served them in this war ? 
 
 Sk. I never fought against the English in this war, 
 nor never will ; and more are of my mind. 
 
 Wh. Thou say est honestly, and shalt fare the 
 better. 
 
 Sk. We are neighbours, and both are now common- 
 wealths, and we should stick close to one another. 
 
 Wh. And we both profess one religion, do we not? 
 
 S/c. There is much talk of your different religions 
 in England. 
 
 Wh. You have as many different religions in Am- 
 sterdam. 
 
 Sk. As long as they will be quiet, I know no reason 
 but every one may worship God as he thinks best for 
 his own soul. 
 
 Wh. I think thou art very right ; and your country 
 hath prospered the better for giving this liberty. 
 
 Sk. I think God blesses them for it ; and I think 
 a peace with England would please God better than 
 this shedding of Christian blood. 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 117 
 
 Wh. Dost not thou say this to please me, or be thy 
 neighbours of this opinion as thou art ? 
 
 Sk. I speak it not to please you ; and ten for one 
 are of my opinion. 
 
 Wh. My masters have not been backward for a peace 
 with you. 
 
 Sk. Our lords understand not the business so well 
 as you. 
 
 Wh. Your lords are wise enough. 
 
 8k. I am sure they are not wise in having this war 
 with England. 
 
 Wh. What men-of-war have you abroad this way ? 
 tell me freely. 
 
 8k. Our men-of-war have suffered a huge loss by 
 the other day's storm, which I believe you felt ; five 
 of our ships were then cast away upon our own shore. 
 
 Wh. That was a great loss ; but prithee tell me what, 
 convoys you have abroad this way ? 
 
 8k. Three or four of our men-of-war lie not far off, 
 which were sent out to guard us, and you see how well 
 they do it. 
 
 Wh. Why do they not keep nearer to you? 
 
 Sk. They have no great mind to come near you, 
 where they know they can get nothing but blows. 
 
 Wh. But their duty and honour bind them to guard 
 you. 
 
 Sk. Honour will buy no butter ; and they hold it 
 no duty of theirs to hazard themselves and their ships 
 against you. 
 
 WJi. They cannot tell whether we will fight or not, 
 till they try us. 
 
 Sk. They know your frigates can fight ; and you do 
 not look as if you would run away. 
 
118 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 Wh. Dost thou know by our looks that we will 
 fight? 
 
 8k. One may guess ; I am sure you know how to 
 handle your guns : I have felt that. 
 
 Wh. Why then did you not come in sooner to me, 
 but stood out so many shots ? 
 
 8k. Because I hoped to have got away from you ; 
 and my ship was never before out-sailed. 
 
 WJi. Then you judge my ship to be fleet ? 
 
 8k. She is the fleetest that I ever saw under sail. 
 Oh, she is a gallant vessel ! So is your other frigate, 
 and the rest are good ships. 
 
 Wh. I see you like well the make of our English 
 frigates. 
 
 8k. For the business of the war they are, without 
 doubt, of the rarest mould that ever was built before. 
 
 Wh. I know they are not so good for your use of 
 merchandise. 
 
 8k. We must have them somewhat bigger bellies 
 than they carry. 
 
 Wh. Else they will carry but a small quantity of 
 goods. 
 
 8k. I have few goods left me to carry, God help me ! 
 
 Wh. Well, Skipper, thou seemest to be an honest 
 man, and to love the English, and thou sayest thpu 
 hast a wife and seven children ; therefore I shall do 
 more for thee than thou expectest : thou shalt have 
 thy ship again. 
 
 8k. What did you say, Sir ? shall I have my ship 
 again ? 
 
 Wh. Yes, Skipper, thou shalt have thy ship again. 
 Captain Eoster, give order that the ship be restored 
 to the poor man. 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 119 
 
 M. Sir, your men took a world of goods when they 
 boarded me ; if I might have them too. 
 
 Wh. Skipper, thou shalt have them too. Captain, 
 I pray see that your men restore both ship and goods, 
 whatsoever they have taken from this poor man. 
 
 Capt. Your Excellency's command shall be obeyed. 
 
 Sk. Shall I have my ship and all my goods again 
 too? 
 
 Wh. I have passed my word ; and thou shalt have 
 them all again, thou mayest be sure of it. 
 
 <S£. Now the Lord bless thy Excellency ! I and my 
 wife and children will pray for thee as long as we live. 
 What ! have all again, when I expected not a penny- 
 worth of them ! There was never such an ambassador 
 upon these seas. Now I pray God bless thee, and 
 bless thy wife and children, and bless the business 
 thou goest about ! 
 
 Then the poor skipper, who was before in a great 
 sweat and fright, and tears trickling down his cheeks, 
 reaching over the table, took Whitelocke by the hand 
 and shook it heartily, often praying to God to bless 
 him and his. Whitelocke, calling for wine, drank to 
 the poor man to comfort him, and spake to him thus. 
 
 Wh. Skipper, when thou comest home, remember 
 my service to your lords, and tell them what I say, 
 that I bid you tell them that the English Ambassador 
 came not to pillage their subjects, but showed kindness 
 to you, and caused your ship and all your goods to 
 be restored again to you, though he took them law- 
 ful prize, and you resisted him ; and tell your lords 
 from me, that I hope they and their people will use 
 my countrymen, when any of them shall fall into their 
 hands, as kindly as I have used thee ; and that I do 
 
120 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 heartily wish there may be a good peace between the 
 two commonwealths. 
 
 Sfc. My Lord, if it please God I live and come well 
 home again, as I hope in God I shall, I will go to the 
 lords and deliver your message to them, and let them 
 fully know your goodness to me ; and I shall acquaint 
 good store of my neighbours with your noble carriage 
 towards me. And I pray to God with all my heart to 
 bless you, and to give you a safe and happy voyage. 
 
 The skipper went away a joyful man, and had his 
 ship and all his goods to a pennyworth restored to 
 him, which he said he wondered at, they having been, 
 as he called it, in hucksters' hands ; and in token of 
 his thankfulness, he sent back by Whitelocke's men a 
 Holland cheese and a great bottle of brandy-wine for 
 a present to Whitelocke. But he believing the poor 
 man to have more need of it than himself, who was 
 no lover either of that meat or drink, Whitelocke sent 
 them back again, with his hearty thanks to the skipper 
 for his love ; who — as Whitelocke was afterwards in- 
 formed — did sufficiently publish the kindness of the 
 English Ambassador to him, and that to as many of 
 the lords as he could speak with, as well as to his 
 neighbours and countrymen ; so that Monsieur La- 
 gerfeldt passing that way by land homewards, was in- 
 formed of it for news, and asked Whitelocke, when 
 they met, about it. 
 
 This was done by Whitelocke upon design to create 
 the better opinion of him and his superiors, and the 
 more averseness to the war in the inferior sort of peo- 
 ple of that country, and to amuse the lords the more 
 by this action upon his going for Sweden; and the 
 passages are the more particularly remembered for 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 121 
 
 the variety, and to show the subtlety of these kind of 
 people ; and that even from them, as from all sorts of 
 men, somewhat as to these public affairs may be 
 learned, and use made thereof. 
 
 Most of Whitelocke's men were very sea-sick, only 
 himself and three or four more held well ; the catch 
 was lost, or ran home for fear of the weather. The 
 wind came into the north-east, so that Whitelocke 
 could make no way in his course, but was forced to 
 steer back towards the coast of England. 
 
 A great Dutch ship, — as they supposed, a man-of- 
 war, — hovered within sight of Whitelocke this day ; 
 but when Whitelocke came towards her, she made 
 away from him, and would by no means come nearer 
 to him, having got the advantage by the wind and 
 distance to keep off from him. 
 
 November 9, 1653. 
 All the last night the sea continued extreme rough, Rou s h 
 
 ° b weather. 
 
 and the weather full of rain and storms, so that the 
 ships, especially the merchantmen, were in great dan- 
 ger of being foundered in the sea. 
 
 The wind continued flat and high against White- 
 locke's course ; who thereupon in the morning con- 
 sulted with the captain, master, and pilots of his ship 
 what was best for them to do. 
 
 The officers were all of the opinion that there was 
 great danger of their being driven upon the coast of 
 Holland, where so lately they lost some of their own 
 men-of-war, when the storms were much like those 
 wherein Whitelocke now was, and the wind in the 
 same quarter. They were also. of opinion, that the 
 
122 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 merchantmen of his fleet were in extreme danger tc 
 be lost in these great storms, and that, as the wind 
 sat, it was impossible to hold on their course for Go- 
 thenburg. Upon these reasons, and by the advice oi 
 the officers, and many of Whitelocke's people being 
 extreme sick, he ordered to direct their course to 
 Yarmouth, or some port thereabouts in England, that 
 if possible they might reach sight of the English 
 coast before night, which they endeavoured till about 
 noon ; then the wind veered about to west-south-west, 
 whereupon they stood on again in their course for 
 Gothenburg. 
 
 Divers strange fishes showed themselves playing 
 and tumbling in the waters ; the fowl flew about dis- 
 turbed with the storms ; the firmament poured down 
 water, and thick clouds darkened it. A great number 
 of fishermen were abroad, very industrious, and gain- 
 ing out of these seas a vast commodity and profit by 
 their fishing. 
 
 Dutch They have small territories, little land of their. own; 
 
 y. yet, by their industry and navigation in trade, and 
 fishing, they gain vast treasures. Camden, writing 
 thereof, notes what an extraordinary plentiful and 
 gainful herring-fishing the Hollanders and Zealanders 
 use to have in the neighbouring sea, having first ob- 
 tained leave from the Castle of Scarborough, accord- 
 ing to the ancient custom. Then he blames his coun- 
 trymen (not undeservedly) who ever grant leave to 
 fish, but through a kind of negligence resigning the 
 profit to strangers ; for it is almost incredible, said 
 he, what a vast sum of money the Hollanders make 
 by fishing on our coasts. 
 
 Hitchcock, in his book presented to the Parliament 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 123 
 
 in Queen Elizabeth's days, writes that the Hollanders 
 and Zealanders every year send forth four or five hun- 
 dred vessels, called busses, to fish for herrings in this 
 eastern sea. 
 
 Sir John Boroughs, in his treatise of the sove- 
 reignty of the British seas, computes the number of 
 their ships and vessels employed about the fishing- 
 trade to be 6400 ; their mariners and fishermen he 
 reckons to the number of 168,000 ; their pubhc re- 
 venue out of fishing he accounts to near a million 
 yearly ;, and the private wealth gained by it he esti- 
 mates yearly to 10,000,000 of our pounds sterling, 
 out of their trade of fishing in our seas. 
 
 Whether his calculation be exact or not will not 
 be necessary to cast up. Doubtless the profit of this 
 fishing-trade, gained by these Netherlanders on the 
 British seas, is very huge and vast ; and it may not 
 improperly be said of them, as is prophesied of the 
 tribes of Zebulun and Issachar, in the blessing pro- 
 nounced by Moses upon them, Deuteronomy xxxiii. 
 19, "They shall suck of the abundance of the seas, 
 and of treasures hid in the sands." 
 
 These storms drove the fishermen home again ; nor 
 would Whitelocke look after them, nor neglect his 
 course to follow them, but took the best care he could 
 for defence of himself, being now in the midst of ene- 
 mies, who would neglect no opportunity they could 
 meet with to destroy him. 
 
 All this day stood aloof from him a great ship, 
 making all the sail she could to the. windward of him, 
 and (as Whitelocke's men supposed) she had other 
 companions of the Dutch convoys not far off from 
 her, as they could discover by the perspective she 
 
124 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 was the same ship they saw yesterday; but neither 
 then nor now, in the daytime, would come near to 
 Whitelocke, and he would not permit his ships to go 
 out of their due course to follow this Dutchman, who 
 still kept the advantage of being to windward of 
 Whitelocke, and so lay off still from him. 
 
 Whitelocke doubting lest the design of the Dutch 
 men-of-war, now abroad for convoys (whereof he sup- 
 posed this great ship to be one), might be in the 
 night-time to intercept one of his baggage-ships, he 
 renewed his orders, that the 'Adventure' and 'For- 
 tune' should sail in the lee or stern of the ' Phoenix,' 
 and the ' Elizabeth' and Captain Welch to keep in 
 the stern of the baggage-ships, to be close together 
 to relieve and assist one another as there should be 
 occasion. 
 
 In this order they sailed in their course; but the 
 wind coming about more to the north, and being in 
 the evening due west and west-north-west, they had 
 but bare wind enough to hold on their course, but 
 they could not gain or advance much way in it. 
 
 November 10, 1653. 
 
 elocke The wind continued all night full against White- 
 TOm- locke's course, so that they toiled all the dark night 
 ™ lft in the rough seas and contrary winds, the ships roll- 
 ing and tossing very much, and were in great danger ; 
 yet could they not gain any way at all in their in- 
 tended course. 
 
 Towards break of day the wind slackened ; all the 
 ships were near together, but advanced little or no- 
 thing in their course ; the Dutch man-of-war was got 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 125 
 
 [uite off from them. The wind in twelve hours came 
 ,bout into almost all the points of the compass ; it 
 ontinued most of all against them. But the day 
 >roved very fair, more like the season of May than of 
 November, and so little wind stirring that the ships 
 nade no way at all, and the seas were as calm as at 
 my time in summer, wherewith the sick men were 
 i little refreshed, but paid for it again afterwards. 
 SVhitelocke in person visited and cheered the sick 
 nen, and saw that they should want nothing where- 
 vith the ship could supply them ; and he caused his 
 )ther ships to come up to him, that he might inquire 
 )f their welfare, and spake to them particularly and 
 cheerfully upon the decks. 
 
 At high noon they took the elevation, and found 
 that they were in the degree 54 and odd minutes, by 
 which observation they were come but a third part 
 af their voyage in six days ; Gothenburg being in 
 the degree 57 and odd minutes, and London in the 
 degree 52. 
 
 Having thus traversed up and down the wide and 
 rough seas, about four o'clock this afternoon the wind 
 came to the south-east, and blew a fresh gale fair for 
 their course : and here it was propounded to White- 
 locke, and chiefly urged by the gentlemen who were 
 sick, that Whitelocke, with the ' Phoenix/ would make 
 all the sail he could to fetch his port, and leave the 
 ' Elizabeth' and Welch to stay for and bring up the 
 other ships after him. 
 
 The grounds of their advice were : " For that the 
 present wind was so fair and large, that it was pity 
 and might prove dangerous to lose it by staying for 
 the other ships ; that his ship was so fleet, that with 
 
126 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 this wind in a short time she would recover Gothen- 
 burg ; whereas, if she staid for the rest, the wind 
 might change, and Whitelocke perhaps be kept a long 
 time in dangerous and tempestuous weather, as they 
 had been already, from their desired port, which in 
 such weather and season they were not to neglect the 
 attaining of it." 
 
 Whitelocke answered them, " That if he should do 
 as they counselled, that yet no advantage would be 
 thereby gained in their course ; because, if the wind 
 should hold where it was, yet they could not reach 
 but to the Riff against the Skaw by the next night, 
 where they must lie still at anchor, for the danger of 
 sailing near to that coast ; and by the morning after, 
 the whole fleet together might come up to the same 
 place, and in one day after, wind and weather favour- 
 ing, might get from the Riff to Gothenburg : besides 
 this, Whitelocke told them he could not answer the 
 leaving any of his ships behind, being all under his 
 charge, and among enemies ; and in case of mischief 
 to any of them, he might be questioned for leaving 
 them. Chiefly he insisted on the point of honour, not 
 to forsake any of his ships, and leave them to the 
 mercy of storms and enemies, and not being with 
 them to relieve them, especially when he knew that 
 there were enemies abroad; but he was resolved to 
 run the same hazard with them." 
 
 Captain Poster and the officers of his ship were of 
 the same judgement, because it might extremely ha- 
 zard the Fortune and Adventure, being so near the 
 enemy's coast, and they might founder in a storm for 
 want of help ; and the Elizabeth would be in great 
 danger in regard of the storms and of our enemies, 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 127 
 
 who watched for an opportunity to fall upon them, 
 and perchance they might be forced back to England ; 
 but Whitelocke would not endure the reflection and 
 dishonour of such an action. 
 
 Upon this resolution of Whitelocke's, his fleet went 
 on in their course all together in their usual order; 
 and from four o'clock in the afternoon till eight at 
 night, the wind blew large and fair, and they ran in 
 that watch about six leagues, and began to come 
 somewhat near to the Continent, towards the coast of 
 Denmark. 
 
 November 11, 1653. 
 
 Prom eight o'clock till twelve the last night, Whitg- Fair 
 locke's fleet could not make above four leagues in 
 their course, the wind in that time coming about more 
 than it was into the north and east ; and after twelve 
 o'clock at night it was full against them, so that they 
 could gain very little or nothing in their course. 
 
 In the morning the sun rose very gloriously, and it 
 was a fair day and even sea, more like a day in June 
 than in November, and so little wind stirring that they 
 could hardly make any way at all. When the sun 
 was full south they took their observation of the lati- 
 tude; and by the seamen's instruments they found 
 that, from yesterday at noon till this time, they had 
 not run above sixteen leagues. 
 
 At four o'clock in the afternoon the wind blew 
 more fresh, but from north-east, full against them ; 
 yet they kept on labouring in the high sea, and tra- 
 versing up and down, to and again, as much as they 
 sould, to the northward, which was but very little. 
 
 In the evening, before the setting of the watch, was 
 
128 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 nner 
 nds 
 
 the usual time of prayer in Whitelocke's ships ; and 
 =rip- both his chaplains having been sick the three last 
 days, one Percall, a kind of master's mate, in his ma- 
 riner's habit, an elderly man, prayed before White- 
 locke and his company, as he had done the three last 
 days, very well and honestly, much beyond expecta- 
 tion, God having bestowed on him extraordinary gifts 
 in praying and expounding the Scripture ; and it were 
 pity, especially at such a time and place, that they 
 should be hid and not exercised. Though the man 
 might want a cassock and silk girdle, the modesty, 
 sobriety, meekness, good sense, and pious words of 
 j the man made Whitelocke very willing at this time 
 | to join with this mariner's prayers. 
 
 In the evening the other ships came up to White- 
 locke, who inquired of them how they all did ; they 
 lamentably complained of extreme sea-sickness, and 
 dangers of the storms they had been in ; but White- 
 locke was cheerful with them, and encouraged them 
 the best he could. 
 
 He sent his boat to visit the 'Adventure,' and bring 
 his steward on board to him, who gave Whitelocke 
 an account of their desperate sea-sickness and frights 
 with the tempestuous weather, and strange tossing 
 and rolling of the 'Fortune;' but Whitelocke drolled 
 with them, and sent his steward encouraged back to 
 his company, being glad they were all in safety. 
 
 He visited particularly the sick men in his ship, and 
 commanded that they should want nothing ; and his 
 kindness to them, and his familiarity and freedom 
 with the seamen, was well taken both by landsmen 
 and mariners. 
 
 Captain Welch came up to Whitelocke, and saluted 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 129 
 
 im with some guns, and sent him a present of some 
 ots of conserves, bottles of English small-beer, and 
 
 Swedish cheese. Whitelocke, as he used, did droll 
 ith him, and returned thanks himself, and by his 
 uns. 
 
 This fair day brought divers fishermen abroad ; and 
 r hen Whitelocke came by any of them they struck 
 lil, but he would not go out of his course to them, 
 or trouble them. 
 
 November 12, 1653. 
 
 About nine o'clock the last night, the wind came Fair wind, 
 bout to the south-west, and within an hour it grew 
 strerne high and rough, but fair for their course all 
 lat night, so that they ran this night about sixteen 
 sagues, though the 'Phoenix' had only her foretopsail 
 alf-spread, because of staying for the other ships ; 
 ut if she had made all her sails, probably she might 
 ave reached Gothenburg by the next night, she be- 
 lg able, by the seamen's confession, with that wind to 
 ave sailed fifteen or sixteen leagues a watch, which 
 
 four hours. 
 
 In the morning early, it was again proposed for 
 Whitelocke to take the advantage of the wind, and 
 ) make all the way he could to get to Gothenburg ; 
 ut himself, his captain, and officers were against it, 
 pon the reasons before-mentioned ; and Whitelocke 
 as resolved not to leave any of his ships in danger, 
 ut to run the same fortune and hazards with them. 
 
 He was forced to go a slow pace, to stay for his 
 aggage-ships, to the great regret of his sick people, 
 oward noon the wind came about more to the north- 
 
 VOL. I. k 
 
the 
 
 130 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 west ; yet so as lie kept on his course, though h 
 gained not much way. The wind was so violently 
 high, and those northern seas so exceeding rough anc 
 breaking, that much water came into the ships, anc 
 they had much to do to work it out at sea. 
 
 In the evening the 'Adventure' came by Whitelocke 
 to give him an account of her company; she sailed 
 ahead of Whitelocke, and did not return to her place 
 again. More Hollanders were fishing upon these seas. 
 but they saw no English fishermen abroad. 
 
 November 13, 1653. 
 
 About twelve o'clock the last night the wind began 
 to fall, and blew so little that they could hardly make 
 any way in their course. Early in the morning the 
 'Adventure' was missed, by getting some two leagues 
 to the leeward of Whitelocke, who soon sought her 
 out, and reproved her master for his indiscreet going 
 before the last night; and this was also some hin- 
 drance in looking after her. 
 
 About eight in the morning, by sounding, they 
 found themselves in great danger ; Whitelocke's ship 
 was within half a fathom of the sand, and made foul 
 water by striking as she passed over the Riff, which 
 is a long bank of sand, coming from the head of Jut- 
 land in Denmark into the main sea. And here again 
 the Lord was pleased to preserve Whitelocke and his 
 company from immediate dangers of the sands, and of 
 the very high and rough northern seas, which fright- 
 ened many of his men ; but he encouraged them the 
 best he could. 
 
 The wind being fallen, yet he kept on his course, 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 131 
 
 ;hough but slowly, and was hindered by the distance 
 )f the other ships from him; and the 'Adventure,' 
 keeping ahead of Whitelocke, and carrying the lan- 
 ;ern contrary to orders and the custom of the sea, was 
 ay Whitelocke reprehended for it. The 'Phoenix,' 
 which was most in danger of the sands and enemies, 
 •an only with part of her maintopsail spread, and no 
 nore, to the end the other ships might come in to 
 ier, and keep with her, and to avoid coming upon the 
 Danish coast of Jutland, which is very dangerous, es- 
 aecially in the night-time ; yet here they maintain 
 ights for the direction of ships. Whitelocke did for- 
 bear to acquaint his people, that about this place the 
 last year, a gallant English frigate was cast away, and 
 tier men lost. 
 
 This being the Lord's Day, Mr. De la Marche 
 preached in the forenoon, very well, and the seamen 
 were attentive to him. There were but two of White- 
 locke's company present at the sermon, the rest being 
 sick in their cabins. In the afternoon Mr. Percall, 
 Dne of the ship's company, and in his mariner's habit, 
 preached a very honest and good sermon, and much 
 beyond what might be expected from him. The 
 wind continued low till about noon, and then came 
 uto west-south-west ; towards evening it increased to 
 i fresh gale, and about seven o'clock it blew hard. 
 Whitelocke kept on his course, though much hin- 
 iered by the heaviness of the other ships ; and in all 
 ;his way in constant great danger of the sands, his 
 pilots having brought him too far upon the Riff, from 
 which, through the goodness of God, they got off well 
 igain. 
 
 k 2 
 
132 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 November 14, 1653. 
 
 About midnight the ' Phoenix' furled her sails and 
 went adrift, not willing to adventure any further in 
 her course this dark night, for fear of the coast. The 
 sea grew very raging, with sharp storms, the wind 
 exceeding high, and much rain. The ships being on 
 drift rolled much more than at other times, sufficiently 
 affrighting some of the company, who solemnly re- 
 pented that they had left good colleges, and kind 
 mothers and friends, full and wholesome diet, and 
 safety on firm land, to come to stinking water, salt 
 and bad meat boiled in it, such as they could not eat ; 
 from good beds and warm chambers, to cold close 
 cabins, and to be dashed all over- with water; for se- 
 curity on shore, to be lost in the deep sea. 
 
 When the ship lay low with the storm on one 
 side, they counselled to remove all the trunks to the 
 other side to keep her even. They suspected that the 
 seamen, being under the decks, had deserted their 
 work, and given over the ship for lost, and no hopes 
 of her. 
 
 One more especially thus lamentably complained, 
 and that the ship was never quiet, but continually roll- 
 ing and tossing up and down ; that the steersman would 
 not or could not keep her upright, nor her mariners 
 remove one trunk tokeep her even ; that they had not 
 a drop of any water but stank ; and at their meals, 
 with sorry diet, the meat was often thrown off from 
 the table into their laps; that they were wet over 
 their boots ; and the seas were so rude and boiste- 
 rous, that they had not a moment wherein they did 
 not expect to be devoured by the waves. And it was 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 133 
 
 onifort to this gentleman that his master was in no 
 etter condition ; but it was much mirth to his master 
 nd the rest of his company, in their great perils, and 
 5 here inserted for diversion sake. 
 
 The captain of the ' Phoenix' was up all night, being 
 nil of care and vigilance to do his duty. Whitelocke 
 imself was ill of his supper of eggs, which is bad 
 iet at sea ; he rose about three o'clock in the morn- 
 ag, and afterwards slept soundly on the boards. 
 
 Hoping that they were near the coast, Whitelocke Land seen, 
 iromised a bottle of sack to the mariner who should 
 irst descry land, which carried many of them to the 
 op and topgallant; and, about eight o'clock in the 
 lorning, there were so many descriers of land, that 
 11 Whitelocke's bottles would not suffice to keep his 
 rord. About nine o'clock he saw land himself, being 
 he coast of Jutland in Denmark. With this good 
 ews he went to the sick people, to comfort them ; 
 e drolled with them, especially with the complain- 
 nts, cheered them the best way he could, took part 
 rith them of the stinking water and bad diet, and 
 ncouraged them from the sight of land, and as hav- 
 ig now but a little while longer to be in their sick 
 abins and with their bad entertainment. 
 
 The wind was very fair, west-south-west, but they 
 ould make but little way, Whitelocke being fain to 
 irl his mainsail, and stay for the other ships ; but 
 spying a sail to the leeward of them, Whitelocke- 
 pread all his sails, and in less than an hour overtook 
 er, and upon firing at her she struck sail. White- 
 icke bore up to her, and finding her to be a mer- 
 hantman of Stockholm let her pass freely. 
 
 About three in the afternoon they came to the head 
 
134 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 of the Skaw, in passing about which sand they ta 
 so short that they had but three fathoms and a q 
 ter water, and the ship drew two fathoms and a ] 
 and here, as throughout the voyage, God was pie 
 mercifully to preserve them from imminent and £ 
 danger. 
 
 When they were got on the weather side of 
 sand, Whitelocke cast anchor; the 'Adventure' c 
 into an anchor with them, so did Welch, but the ' ' 
 tune' and 'Elizabeth' were lost of them. The 'E 
 beth' fell in chase of a Dutch ship, which she could 
 master till she had shot down one of the Hollanc 
 sails ; then she took her, though she were an excel 
 sailer and had good guns. Erom her skipper 1 
 understood that the late great storm drove eigh 
 of the Dutch men-of-war on shore, and split mos 
 them, and that four thousand dead carcases of t 
 men floated to the Holland shore : the more did G 
 goodness appear to Whitelocke and his companj 
 their preservation in the same storm. 
 
 This rencounter made the 'Elizabeth' and 'Forti 
 to lose Whitelocke, and in great storms and dange: 
 try it out at sea. 
 
 November 15, 1653. 
 
 .nchors After Whitelocke had cast anchor, within two he 
 
 kaw. the wind grew to a very raging storm ; and it wa 
 violent, that the seamen doubted their cables 
 feared to be driven upon the coast, which was 
 small danger. The ships, as they lay, tossed and ro 
 so vehemently, that both old and young seamen 
 cause enough to be afraid of their present conditi 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. ]35 
 
 but Whitelocke encouraged them the best he could, 
 and persuaded them to put their confidence in Him 
 who could still the raging of the seas when He 
 pleased. 
 
 About midnight the wind and tempest began to 
 cease, and blow north-west, fair for Gothenburg, at 
 which Whitelocke cheered his company j and he had 
 got much into their affection, and into the favour of 
 the officers and mariners, by his kindness and fami- 
 liarity, and by being much on the decks, and drolling 
 with them, and discoursing, especially by affording 
 them now and then a douse in the neck or a kick 
 in jest, seeing them play, and then giving them some 
 of his own tobacco, wine, and strong waters, as there 
 was occasion, which demeanours please those kind of 
 people. 
 
 About four o'clock in the morning Whitelocke 
 commanded to fire two guns, for warning to his ships 
 to weigh anchor and sail with him; and about six 
 o'clock he was under sail, though much troubled to 
 weigh his anchor, the same having dragged that night, 
 by the violence of the storms, about a league from the 
 place in which it was let fall ; and the anchor of the 
 'Adventure' was so fastened, that they were five hours 
 in weighing of it, nor could they then have done it 
 without great help, wherein Welch and his lusty fel- 
 lows did good service. 
 
 These two ships followed Whitelocke to the coast 
 of Norway, to the Pater Noster rocks, so called for 
 that the dreadfulness of them puts the passengers in 
 mind of saying their prayers ; and surely that coast 
 and country, being full of huge, tall, craggy, number- 
 less company of rocks, especially at that time of the 
 
136 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 year, and scarce anything else to be seen, yielded 
 prospect full enough of dread and terror. 
 
 Their stories of monstrous fishes in this sea, son 
 in the shape of giants, rising to the top of the wate 
 and coming to a ship's side and snatching men awe 
 from the decks to the bottom of the sea, with the 
 multitudes of witches, and other dismal relations, ne 
 ther persuade much credit, nor readiness to go thithf 
 to inquire the truth of them, 
 kes the The wind being fair and large, Whitelocke haste 
 aburg; and came, by twelve o'clock at noon, blessed be Go< 
 in safety to the port of Gothenburg, having no pile 
 from the shore, as ships usually have ; but his ow 
 pilot adventured (and it was adventure enough), an< 
 by the goodness of God, brought him safely into the 
 long-desired harbour. 
 
 Welch and the 'Adventure' followed Whitelocke, an 
 getting pilots from the shore, where they watch to t 
 employed, they also, through God's goodness, arrive 
 safely in the same port ; and so did the 'Elizabeth' an 
 the 'Fortune,' with their Dutch prize, the same da; 
 following Whitelocke thither. 
 
 And although the days before, every one of h 
 ships was scattered and gone from him by the ten 
 ble storms, and this day he came in himself alone 1 
 this harbour, yet it pleased God that here every or 
 of his ships came in the same day to him, to the n 
 joicing of them all in the goodness of their guide. 
 
 At Whitelocke's first coming thither, he found t\* 
 English men-of-war there, who had been sent a coi 
 voy to some merchantmen ; these expressed much jc 
 at Whitelocke's arrival, saluting him by their cannc 
 and by the shouts and acclamations of their men. 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 137 
 
 Being come into the brade water,* Whitelocke let 
 fall his anchor about cannon-shot from the castle, but 
 would not come nearer to it. He saluted the castle 
 with eleven guns, and a little moving his flag, and 
 putting it up again ; the castle made no return to 
 him ; yet Whitelocke sent some of his people, who 
 spoke Dutch, and Mr. Berkman, who came with 
 Whitelocke all his voyage ; he now went with White- 
 locke' s servants to the castle, to salute the Governor, 
 and let him know that Whitelocke was come thither 
 Ambassador from England to the Queen of Sweden, 
 whereof he thought fit to give the Governor notice ; 
 but they not finding him in the castle, met with him 
 in the town, and there delivered their message to him, 
 who returned a civil answer, that he was glad of the 
 Ambassador's safe arrival, and if he pleased to come 
 to the town the next day, that the Governor would 
 send boats to attend him, and be ready to give him 
 entertainment with all due respect. 
 
 Whitelocke sent for the officers and all the gentle- 
 men in the other ships to come on board to him, 
 where they went to prayers together, to return thanks 
 to their most gracious God, who had, in so much 
 mercy, preserved them in so many and imminent dan- 
 gers, and to bring all of them in safety and comfort 
 to their desired harbour. 
 
 Having sent some of his servants before to the and lands, 
 town, to make provisions for his coming thither, he 
 was earnestly entreated by his gentlemen and people 
 to go on shore that night, and to dispense with the 
 
 * [For broad tvater, meaning a still, open water. In Norfolk, the 
 word broad is applied to sheets of still water, both inland and con- 
 tiguous to the sea.] 
 
HI. 
 
 138 JOURNAL OP THE 
 
 ceremonies of his reception at the town, which mi 
 be performed after his landing. Whitelocke pit 
 them, being extreme sick and weather-beaten at s 
 and their provisions and spirits almost spent; 
 yielded to their request, and in the evening he a 
 most of his company took the ship boats to go 
 shore. As they passed by, the castle saluted h 
 with two guns, and no more ; the like did the men- 
 war and merchantmen in the river ; whereof he 
 quiring the reason, was informed that their const* 
 custom was, and a strict command upon them, to g: 
 but two guns upon any occasion, which they cal] 
 Swede's leasing ; and the example for saving of po 
 der may providently be followed. 
 is recep- At his landing he was received by a tall man in i 
 clothes, whom they then termed the major of the toi 
 forces, who was very civil, and conducted Whiteloc 
 to his inn, hard by, through a multitude of spectato 
 
 Shortly after his being landed, there came to vi 
 him the Landeshere,* that is, the lord or head of t 
 land or territory, who is governor of the town ai 
 of a precinct about it ; he was accompanied by Lie 
 tenant- Colonel Sinclair, a Scotchman, who interpret 
 for him to this effect :— 
 
 "The Landeshere prays you to excuse your n 
 being received with that solemnity which was fit, 1 
 cause they did not expect him coming till tomorrc 
 morning, but you are heartily welcome ; and it is t 
 Queen's pleasure that all respect be given to yc 
 which the Landeshere is ready to perform, and 
 serve you in anything within his power." 
 
 Whitelocke returned thanks for the Queen's favo 
 
 * Whitelocke writes it Landlshtrc or Luiul/z/uucd. 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 139 
 
 and for the Landeshere's civility ; and spake in Eng- 
 lish, because the Landeshere spake in Swedish. After 
 him came Martin Thysen, the Queen's Vice-AdmiraL 
 a Dutchman, to bid Whitelocke welcome, who won- 
 dered at his compliments, in falling then into dis- 
 course about the war between England and Holland, 
 magnifying the actions and successes of the Dutch, 
 and undervaluing the English; but he was roundly 
 answered by Whitelocke, and told that such were the 
 successes of the Dutch, that the English in this war 
 had taken twelve hundred Dutch ships and not lost 
 one hundred English ships, and had worsted them in 
 every engagement. With this Martin Thysen seemed 
 much displeased, and afterwards complained to some 
 that Whitelocke had disparaged the Dutch nation. 
 Whitelocke answered, that Thysen, being a Dutch- 
 man, began the discourse, and disparaged the English, 
 which he could not nor would not bear ; and after 
 this Thysen discoursed no more on that subject. 
 
 Colonel Nerne, a Scotchman, who commanded the 
 regiment of foot in the town, gave Whitelocke a visit 
 and some compliments. 
 
 Whitelocke's goods could not be permitted to be 
 brought on shore to him this night ; it being the 
 order of this town, that in the evening they shut the 
 boom, which is a great bar of timber, so set that it 
 may easily be moved forward and backward, and 
 locked : it is brought across that place in the river 
 left for passage, and being shut, all passage is stopped 
 by water ; and they will not open it till the morning, 
 for the safety of the town, and preventing stealing of 
 custom. 
 
 Whitelocke sent to have it opened for his goods to 
 
140 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 pass, but it was not done, which he took ill ; and tl 
 Landeshere afterwards excused, that he knew not 
 his sending to have it opened. 
 
 Towards night thirty soldiers were sent to Whit 
 locke's lodging to keep guard there, whereat Whit 
 locke took exception, not being first acquainted wi 
 it, and by his condition privileged from such thinj 
 to be imposed on him ; but the Landeshere and Ber] 
 man alleged it to be a custom, and constant respe 
 in this country, where any soldiers were, to send son 
 as guards to ambassadors ; wherewith Whitelocke w: 
 satisfied, and the soldiers were quiet and civil ; con 
 mending the English Ambassador's hospitality, sue 
 as they were not accustomed to ; and thankfully a 
 cepting the meat, and drink, and money which tl 
 Ambassador gave them ; the expectation whereof 1 
 them was some motive to this their respect. 
 
 November 16, 1653. 
 
 tesoftiie Berkman posted away early to the Court, to gii 
 r wait the Queen notice of Whitelocke's arrival ; and, aboi 
 ce. nine o'clock, came an officer from the magistrates i 
 the city to Whitelocke, to know if he were at leisui 
 to give them leave to wait on him ; and was answerei 
 that they should be welcome whensoever they please 
 to come. Within an hour came to him, to his im 
 the three Presidents, who are the principal magistral 
 of the town, with the Syndic, who is in nature i 
 recorder, and twelve, called assistants. 
 
 Whitelocke being come forth to them in the outi 
 room, after salutations, the first President made a si 
 speech in Latin to this effect : — 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 141 
 
 " Most Excellent Lord Ambassador, 
 
 "The city of Gothenburg, whose servants we are, do 
 by us salute your Excellence, and congratulate your safe 
 arrival at this place, to which you are most welcome. 
 
 " They entreat your Excellence to excuse the manner of 
 yom> reception here; they do acknowledge, that herein 
 they have not demeaned themselves as was requisite to- 
 wards so great a person, and of such condition as you 
 are : all things were unsuitable to a negotiation from the 
 free Commonwealth of England, and to the command of 
 our most Serene Queen ; and were far otherwise than was 
 agreeable to the intention and desire of this city. 
 
 " The sudden and unlooked-for coming of your Excel- 
 lence from your ship did prevent all due offices ; yet they 
 hope, and entreat your Excellence, that you will riot take 
 it in ill part ; and do assure you, that as long as you shall 
 be pleased to make your residence in this city, what com- 
 mands your Excellence shall impose upon us we shall ob- 
 serve, and not be wanting in all honour and respect to- 
 wards the free Commonwealth of England, and the affairs 
 wherewith your Excellence is trusted : and they do herein 
 wish their own happiness, when they wish unto your Excel- 
 lence all prosperity and good success in the business com- 
 mitted to your care and charge." 
 
 The President delivered this with a graceful mien, 
 and many ceremonies, bowing himself when he named 
 the Queen, or the Commonwealth, or the Ambassador. 
 
 After a little pause, and saluting them, Whitelocke 
 answered in Latin to this effect : — 
 
 " Most Honoured Gentlemen, 
 
 " I give you many thanks, for that by this civility and 
 respect to me, their servant, you manifest the esteem you 
 have for the Commonwealth of England, whereof I shall 
 not fail to certify my superiors. 
 
142 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 " And I do not doubt but that my reception bere had 
 been answerable to your expressions, had not my unex- 
 pected arrival prevented it ; for which I desire your excuse 
 to those who, having been long at sea, tossed with many 
 tempests and contrary winds, had an earnest desire to come 
 on shore. And I shall hope, in a short time, to have the 
 opportunity of giving thanks to her Majesty for her com- 
 mands as to my reception. I doubt not but that the good 
 and great God, who hath brought me and my company 
 safe to this honourable city, and preserved us in our dan- 
 gerous voyage, will still go along with us, and vouchsafe 
 his gracious success to the business committed to my 
 trust, and to all other the affairs of the Commonwealth of 
 England." 
 
 After this they fell into general discourses in Latin, 
 which, most of them, and the Syndic, spake very 
 well, and which is not usual for burghers elsewhere. 
 They offered their service for Whitelocke's accommo- 
 dation here, and in his land journey, and took their 
 leaves with much ceremony and civility. Whitelocke 
 brought them to the door of the inn where he lodged. 
 
 Some of his officers and gentlemen were appointed 
 by Whitelocke to consider of some orders, and pre- 
 sent them to him, for the better regulating and go- 
 vernment of his family. 
 
 In the afternoon he was visited by Colonel Sinclair, 
 of whom he learned the number, pay, and discipline 
 of their soldiers here, and the manner of their forti- 
 fications. 
 
 This day his trunks and goods could not be brought 
 on shore by reason of the ill weather. In the even- 
 ing about twenty men and boys, with lanterns and 
 candles, came to Whitelocke's lodging, and sang in 
 parts, with indifferent good skill and voices ; they 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 143 
 
 were choristers, and their music such as they had in 
 their churches : the end was a reward of eight rix- 
 dollars. 
 
 November 17, 1653. 
 
 The rest of Whitelocke's goods were brought on Landing of 
 shore to the town, being but three miles from the Embassy, 
 ships, and his horses were lifted on shore ; and, which 
 was wondered at, after so long and tempestuous a 
 voyage, not one of thirty-two horses was spoiled, lame, 
 or hurt when they came on shore. 
 
 The goods in the ' Fortune ' being mostly provisions, 
 Whitelocke intended to have sent by sea to Stock- 
 holm; but by advice of the magistrates of Gothen- 
 burg, that it would not be so cheap nor secure as to 
 send them by land, and that the frost being come, 
 if it should hold, the goods could not be brought by 
 sea to Stockholm till the next spring, Whitelocke or- 
 dered them also to be brought on shore. 
 
 Amongst all his people, — after so long and danger- 
 ous a sea voyage, and so much sea-sickness, — such was 
 the wonderful goodness of God, that now being come 
 together, not one of them was ill, or had the least 
 hurt. Whitelocke held it his and their duty, to re- 
 turn all thankfulness to God for his mercy and pre- 
 servation ; and, for that end, appointed all his people 
 to meet the next morning at his lodging, to keep it a 
 day of thanksgiving for his mercy. 
 
 The Syndic came courteously to Whitelocke, to 
 know if he wanted anything wherein he might serve 
 him : he was a civil person, and spake good Latin and 
 French. Whitelocke was courteous to him at dinner, 
 
144 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 and in the afternoon, sent Dr. Whistler, Mr. Ingelo, 
 and Mr. De la Marche, with the Syndic, to the chief 
 President, to thank him and the rest of the magis- 
 trates for their respects ; and to advise with them 
 about his land journey, and the conveyance of his 
 goods to Stockholm. 
 
 Whitelocke thought fit to send two of his own ser- 
 vants, Andrew Potley and Meredith (who both spake * 
 good High Dutch, which is generally understood in 
 Sweden), with letters to Prince Adolphe, Grand Mas- 
 ter of Sweden, the Prince Palatine's brother, and other 
 letters to the Ricks-Chancellor Oxenstiern, to this 
 purpose. The English of the letter was this : — 
 
 " To His Highness the Great Master of the Kingdom of 
 Sweden. 
 " Most illustrious Sir, 
 
 " According to the commands which I have received from 
 the Parliament of the Commonwealth of England, to per- 
 form an embassy to your most Serene Queen, I have at 
 length arrived at Gothenburg, where I hoped to have met 
 her Majesty, from a relation in England by a creditable 
 person given unto me ; but being disappointed of my 
 hopes, and not knowing whither to bend my course for the 
 performance of my charge, I held it fit, by my servant, 
 with these letters to certify your Highness hereof, that you 
 might be pleased to gratify me with a signification of the 
 place, whither I may repair to make my applications to the 
 most Serene Queen, for the discharge of the commission 
 and office of 
 
 " Your Highness's most addicted, 
 
 "B. Whitelocke. 
 
 " Gothenburg, 
 
 " November 16, 1653." 
 
 The like letters he sent to the Ricks-Chancellor, 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 145 
 
 changing the title of Excellence for Highness ; and 
 this night he gave them to his servants, with his in- 
 structions to deliver them to which of these lords 
 they should find at Court, or first meet with. 
 
 The house where Whitelocke lay was a common white. 
 cruise, or inn, inferior to our ordinary inns in England, lodging at 
 The house was meanly furnished, — not any hangings C-g™" 
 or wainscot, but bare walls in the best chambers ; yet 
 excellent in comparison of what they found in other 
 places. Whitelocke's lodging was between two fea- 
 ther-beds, after the fashion of that country, which is 
 light and warm, but not so pleasing to Englishmen, 
 who are not accustomed to it, as their rugs and blan- 
 kets on them. In most of their rooms and chambers 
 is a chimney and a stove, either of which may be made 
 use of; but Whitelocke found the stoves close and suf- 
 focating, and not so sweet as the chimneys, which he 
 only used. The chimneys are built high from the 
 hearth to the mantle-tree, near twice as high as those 
 in England, and are broad and sloping on either side ; 
 a little above the mantle-tree, where the tunnel grows 
 narrow, is set a plate of iron, so as it may- be shut 
 cross the tunnel to stop it, and opened by a string on 
 the outside of the chimney. The use of it is, that 
 when the fire is burnt to coals, and no smoke left, 
 then they thrust in the iron plate cross the tunnel of 
 the chimney, the which stops it, that no air can come 
 down, nor heat ascend up out of the chimney, but 
 strikes the heat out into the room, which much in- 
 creaseth the warmth of the room, and causeth it to 
 last the longer. 
 
 The manner of their making fires is not, as with 
 us, on andirons, they having none of these, nor fire- 
 
 vol. i. L 
 
146 JOURNAL OP THE 
 
 shovels, tongs, bellows, or the like; but their woo 
 being cleft into sticks of fir, like our stack-wood, bi 
 shorter and more cleft, they set a good many of thos 
 sticks up oh end in the chimney upon a little stra^ 
 and that, being set on fire, kindles and makes a gooi 
 fire presently : and this way is generally used by them 
 Their provision of diet is plentiful enough, but c 
 no great variety either for fish or fowl ; and their bee 
 and mutton is very lean in the winter, which wa 
 now begun, but it was made the better by Whitelocke' 
 cook's dressing of it ; and the best entertainment tha 
 he found was what he brought with him, — good Eng 
 lish beer and meal, butter, cheese, baked meats, Spa 
 nish and French wine, and divers good provisions 
 and his field-bed he chose to lie in, rather than be 
 tween two of their beds. 
 
 November 18, 1653. 
 rtesy of The Landeshere sent a man of his own to be a guide 
 
 Swedish. _ u 
 
 cers. to Potley and Meredith, and to take order for horses 
 and accommodations for them in their journey to court 
 whither Whitelocke sent them ; so full of courtesj 
 were the officers and people to Whitelocke in this 
 place. Vice- Admiral Thysen came to Colonel Potley : 
 and desired him to acquaint his lord that many com- 
 plaints were brought to the Vice-Admiral against one 
 of Whitelocke's captains, Captain Welch, about his 
 visiting of ships coming near and to this port; and 
 that he being one of Whitelocke's fleet, the Vice-Ad- 
 miral would proceed no otherwise in this business, 
 but, out of respect to the English Ambassador, to de- 
 sire him to take course to prevent it : and Whiteloeke 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 147 
 
 thought fit to do so, by a direction to Captain Foster, 
 to be by him communicated to Captain Welch ; and it 
 was obeyed. 
 
 The military officers in this town gave a great re- 
 spect to Whitelocke ; Colonel Nerne, Lieutenant-colo- 
 nel Sinclair, the town major, and others, came to 
 accompany him to see the fortifications and view the 
 town. He went forth with them, and now, as at 
 other times, was attended with about forty of his 
 gentlemen, his lacqueys, and other of his people, all 
 with their swords by their sides ; and the gentlemen 
 going bare before him in the town, the inhabitants, 
 as they passed by, showed great civility and respect 
 to Whitelocke, who was not backward to answer them 
 in the same manner. 
 
 At their return, Whitelocke stayed the Colonel and 
 officers at dinner with him, where was his captain, 
 Foster, and others, and much discourse about the af- 
 fairs and war between England and Holland. But 
 Whitelocke did not declare himself freely in that bu- 
 siness and company ; and he and his people, by his 
 admonition, were careful to avoid any reflection, nor 
 would Whitelocke bear it. 
 
 Captain Foster desired Whitelocke's license for his The stipe 
 departure with the ' Elizabeth' and the other ships England" 
 for England, because the frost was begun, and per- 
 haps might lock them up all the winter if they did 
 not take the first opportunity to sail ; which White- 
 locke willingly gave them leave to do, and prepared 
 his despatches, and ordered them to be a convoy to 
 those English ships which were now going from hence 
 with pitch, tar, hemp, and masts, for the State's use 
 in England. 
 
 l 2 
 
148 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 At parting with his fellow-seamen, Whitelocke gav 
 to Captain Poster a silver basin and ewer, of the valu 
 of £20, and sent £10 to the officers of his ship, an< 
 £10 more to the mariners. To Captain Minnes h 
 gave a silver tankard of £10 value, and £10 to hi 
 ship's company. To the seamen of the ' Adventure 
 he sent 40s., and ordered the Holland ship which wa: 
 taken by Minnes to be sold here, except her guns, anc 
 those to be carried for England ; but the vessel woulc 
 have been troublesome in the voyage. 
 
 The Syndic acquainted Whitelocke that he was ap 
 pointed by the Presidents to attend Whitelocke in hii 
 journey to Upsala, to see that he should want no ac 
 commodations in the way ; which was kindly taker 
 by Whitelocke, who received now, and constantly du 
 ring his stay here, many testimonies of civility anc 
 respect from the governors and people of this city 
 and, among the rest, this day the town sent him t 
 present of a hogshead of Rhenish wine, with some 
 fresh fish, and a civil compliment. 
 
 November 19, 1653. 
 
 nks- This day Whitelocke set apart for a day of thanks, 
 
 iteiocke giving to God, for His wonderful mercy and preser 
 lge . vation of him and his company in their dangeroui 
 sea- voyage, and his safe arrival here; and his peopl< 
 having received some refreshment on shore, and bein£ 
 now come together at his lodging, Mr. Ingelo begai 
 the duty of the day, and acquainted them with th< 
 occasion of the meeting ; then Mr. Stapleton prayed 
 and returned humble and hearty thanks to God fo: 
 His mercy ; after he had prayed, Mr. Ingelo preachec 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 149 
 
 an excellent sermon, and very seasonable for the occa- 
 sion : after they had done, Whitelocke himself spake 
 to the company to this effect : — 
 
 " Gentlemen, 
 
 " You all have great cause to return humble and hearty 
 thanks to God for His goodness to you, and for your pre- 
 servation in our dangerous sea- voyage; but I have more 
 cause to return thankfulness to God than any of you, I 
 might say than all of you have, for I am engaged to the 
 goodness of our God in respect of you all, who have taken 
 part with me in our dangers, and in whose good or ill I 
 am concerned as father of the family, whereof you all are 
 children. 
 
 " The duty of this relation causeth my speaking to you 
 at this time. 
 
 " Before you began this voyage, it pleased God to put it 
 into our hearts to seek Him for His blessing upon it ; and 
 He hath been graciously found of us, and vouchsafed such a 
 return of our prayers, whereby He hath given us our lives 
 for a prey, and hath appeared to be our God and our pre- 
 servation. 
 
 " I hope we are all convinced that it is equally our duty 
 to give thanks to our God for His mercies received, which 
 is the way to be partakers of more ; if we be not. weary 
 of seeking Him, He will not be weary of helping us. This . 
 is God J s business and our own, as Seneca divinely saith; 
 he who teacheth gratitude, acts the business of gods and 
 men. 
 
 " Those gentlemen who have already spoken to you on 
 this occasion, have piously and learnedly exhorted us as 
 to the inward man, out of the word of God, what pertains 
 to this duty of thanksgiving. 
 
 " My part is, as to the outward man, to endeavour that 
 there be a practice answerable to the precepts of it. We 
 have otfered in our own country our petitionary sacrifices, 
 and God hath graciously heard us : let us not be wanting, 
 
150 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 in a strange land, whither he has safely brought us, in ou 
 eucharistical sacrifices ; let us, with Noah, build an altar t 
 God, and offer up our prayers to Him, who hath preservei 
 us in the midst of the great floods, when we heard of ver; 
 many of our neighbours drowned : we have great cause t< 
 magnify His name. 
 
 " The Hebrew for 'praise' signifies to offer a gift : wha 
 gift are we to offer to God ? The Psalmist (cxis. 7, 8) in 
 structs us : ' I will praise Thee with uprightness of heart, 
 will keep Thy statutes :' this is the way of praising God, b; 
 uprightness of heart, by keeping His statutes, by livinj 
 answerable to our mercies. 
 
 " Let our thanksgivings be after the Latin phrase, ' gra 
 tias agere,' to do thanksgivings to our God, which is tb 
 most pleasing sacrifice ; and, that we may the better do this 
 I have, according to what I esteem my duty, resolved upco 
 some orders for the better government of my family, where 
 unto I shall expect a strict conformity, and keep my won 
 with you; I shall not connive at any breach of them; i 
 will be to the honour of God and our country, to your goo 
 and mine, that they be carefully observed by you ; and, tha 
 none may pretend ignorance of them, you shall hear then 
 now pubhshed." 
 
 Les for Then Whitelocke caused Mr. Stapleton to read be 
 ;he Em- fore all the company the ensuing orders : — 
 
 " 1. That none do swear, or curse, or blaspheme, or tak 
 the name of God in vain. 
 
 "2. That none be overseen in drink; and, to this enc 
 that they neither begin nor pledge healths. 
 
 " 3. That all do observe the times of prayer and publi 
 worship, which, besides the Lord's Days, will be twice ever 
 day in the family. And that they pretend no excuse eithe 
 for absence or late coming to those exercises. 
 
 " 4. That none revile, quarrel with, or give reproachft 
 language to another, but all to behave themselves inoffer 
 sively. 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 151 
 
 " 5. That none stay out late in the evenings, after six 
 o'clock, upon any pretence whatever, 'without leave from 
 his Excellence, or his steward, or those appointed hy him 
 to take care of the government of the family. 
 
 " 6. That none offer any abuse in words or actions to 
 any of his country, or of any other nation, but be careful 
 to give no just cause of offence or scandal to strangers, or 
 to our religion ; nor to affront any which may occasion any 
 quarrel or disturbance. 
 
 "7. If any offend against any of these orders, after ad- 
 monition given him, he is to expect no other but a dis- 
 mission from his Excellence's family." 
 
 Besides these orders, Whitelocke made others that 
 were not read, touching the attendance of his servants 
 in their several charges, and concerning ceremonies 
 and civilities, and to forbear coming near the fire after 
 they came out of the cold air, and the like. 
 
 He appointed that his two sons, Dr. Whistler, his 
 chaplains, and Colonel Potley, should constantly sit at 
 his own table ; and the rest of the gentlemen of that 
 rank in turns, one half one day, and the other the 
 next day, as conveniency and guests did permit ; and 
 those who sat not at his own table to sit at his stew- 
 ard's table, which often was in the same room with 
 himself. 
 
 After the orders read, Mr. Stapleton explained them, 
 and exhorted obedience to them ; and Whitelocke again 
 told them he expected obedience to them, and an ac- 
 count from his officers of any who should not conform 
 to them ; and then he dismissed them. 
 
 This day Whitelocke wrote to the Council an ac- 
 count of his voyage, of God's goodness in the preser-, 
 vation of him and his company, of the taking and dis- 
 mission of the Dutch ships, and the grounds of his so 
 
152 JOURNAL OS THE 
 
 doing; of the civilities and respects he received in 
 this place ; of their phrase of " liberam rempublicam 
 Anglise*;" touching the ordnance which he was to 
 buy, that there were none ready ; and what probable 
 news he heard : and sent his letters to Captain Foster. 
 
 November 20, 1653. 
 
 This being the Lord's Day, Colonel Nerne and di- 
 vers other Scots officers and captains of ships, both 
 English and Scots, came in the morning and heard 
 the sermon in Whitelocke's lodging, and most of them 
 dined with him. 
 Swedes In the afternoon (as it is usual in these parts to 
 B t the take this day for business) the Landeshere and Vice- 
 "ship! Admiral, with several others, came to Whitelocke 
 and expostulated with him about the Dutch prize 
 which the 'Elizabeth' had taken and brought into 
 this port. 
 
 The Vice- Admiral alleged, that this Dutch ship was 
 waiting on the fishing, which had been always free for 
 any in those seas, and this ship ought not to have 
 been taken by Whitelocke ; who answered, that if the 
 right of fishing were examined, it would be found to 
 belong to none in those seas, but such as had license 
 from the State of England to fish there, and that 
 such licenses had been usually heretofore granted by 
 the King of England, and accepted by the Dutch and 
 others, and gabels imposed on the fishermen ; and in 
 this Whitelocke had a furtherance from his former 
 studies. 
 
 * [Some importance was attached by Whitelocke to this phrase, 
 as a recognition of the Commonwealth "by the Swedish authorities.] 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 153 
 
 He told them, if such a right should be admitted 
 (which was totally denied), yet it would take but little 
 place with those in enmity, as the Dutch now were 
 with the English ; that he held this prize justly taken, 
 and saw no cause to release it. 
 
 The Vice-Admiral angrily replied, asserting the right 
 of fishing ; Whitelocke as sternly denying it. Then 
 Thysen objected, that the Queen had forbidden any 
 prizes of the Dutch, or any other in amity with her i 
 Majesty, as the Dutch were, to be taken in her streams 
 or brought into her ports ; and that the bringing in of ■ 
 this Dutch ship to Gothenburg was expressly against 
 the Queen's inhibition, and ought to be released. 
 
 Whitelocke answered, that this Dutch ship was not 
 taken in any of the Queen's streams, but upon the high 
 seas, many leagues distant from any of the Queen's 
 streams ; and being taken by Whitelocke's fleet, she 
 became one of them, and now rode under his flag ; 
 and the Commonwealth whom he served being in 
 amity with the Queen, that he their Ambassador might 
 bring this ship, as well as any other of his fleet, with 
 him to Gothenburg ; and wished Thysen to rest satis- 
 fied, for he could not release the ship upon these terms : 
 at which the Vice-Admiral became more calm than 
 before. 
 
 Whitelocke had intelligence that some Dutch ships 
 were loading with ordnance and ammunition at Stock- 
 holm, whereof he gave notice to Captain Foster ; and 
 by letters advised, whether he and the 'Elizabeth' 
 might not have opportunity to wait for them, and 
 endeavour to attach them in their way home. 
 
154 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 November 21, 1653. 
 ' tain Captain Poster returned this answer to Whitelocke' 
 
 ter or- r 
 
 ;d to letters. 
 
 ini to 
 
 ;laud. " i, it is very probable that the Dutch residing at Gc 
 thehburg have ere this sent intelligence to Stockholm c 
 our being here, and of what strength we are ; and wlia 
 likelihood there is that your Honour hath gained intelli 
 gence of them, and thereupon may have commanded us t 
 attend their motion betwixt the Riffe and Dogger Sand. 
 
 " 2. That upon receipt of such intelligence, they wil 
 either order their stay there till the Spring, which they hai 
 rather do than hazard the losing of them, or else provid 
 such a convoy for them as we cannot do any good upon. 
 
 " 3. That if we do wait for their motion, and meet wit] 
 them, our first work will be to encounter with their con 
 voy, and to destroy them ; upon which these two evils mai 
 ensue, viz. either we may be disabled in our masts, am 
 become a prey to them, or at best, when their convoys an 
 engaged, they will undoubtedly escape, and run their ships 
 on shore rather than be taken. 
 
 " 4. And lastly, if we do lie for them, and meet witl 
 them, yet, in regard it is in depth of winter, the winds anc 
 seas may be so high, that we cannot meddle with eacl 
 other ; so that time and provisions may be spent, and the 
 result of all may be to us but a check. 
 
 " These particulars are humbly thrown at your Honour's 
 feet ; notwithstanding which, if you shall please, upon mow 
 mature considerations, to send me order to attend the bu- 
 siness, we shall in the strength of our Lord waive all fears 
 of danger, and to the utmost of our powers endeavour the 
 executing of your Lordship's commands to the last man. 
 Craving your Lordship's pardon for my assumption herein, 
 I commit you into the bosom of Divine protection." 
 
 Whitelocke was # satisfied with Captain Foster's rea- 
 sons, and wrote to him that he should not wait for 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 155 
 
 those Dutch ships at Stockholm ; and he gave an ac- 
 count of that business by letters in cipher to the 
 Council, praying their further direction therein. 
 
 This day Whitelocke was visited by one of the Pre- 
 sidents and Syndic, who offered their service for his 
 accommodations ; and the Syndic offered and under- 
 took to manage the business of his journey, and wait 
 upon him ; whose courtesy Whitelocke did willing 
 accept. 
 
 By letters of credit which Whitelocke brought with 
 him from his merchant in England, he received here 
 of Mr. Gough, correspondent to Mr. Phips, 2000 rix- 
 dollars, for which he gave him his acquittance. 
 
 " At Gothenburg, November 12, 1653. 
 
 " Received then by me, B. "Whitelocke, etc., of Timothy 
 Gough, merchant, the sum of 2000 rix-dollars, which I 
 do hereby promise shall be repaid to Mr. Gough, or his cer- 
 tain order, when and where he pleaseth ; witness my hand, 
 
 "B. Whitelocke." 
 
 The Vice- Admiral and the magistrates of this town whitelocke 
 finding Whitelocke's resolution to be fixed as to the release the 
 Dutch prize, and that the way which the Vice-Admiral of \i S Vn 
 had gone would not take with Whitelocke, who was f race and 
 
 o ' favour. 
 
 not to be vapoured or threatened into a conformity to 
 their desires, they therefore now joined together in a 
 way of more respect and civility ; making it their suit 
 to him, that, for the good of the town, and out of cha- 
 rity and favour, he would be pleased, of his own gene- 
 rosity and free goodwill, to release this ship. 
 
 Whitelocke told them he was ready to manifest the 
 good affections of his superiors and of himself in this 
 city, and to do a work of charity; wished that the 
 skipper should present a petition to him for the re- 
 
156 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 lease of his ship ; and he promised a favourable answer 
 to it. 
 
 This he did to try if the Vice-Admiral and skipper, 
 being Dutchmen, would acknowledge the Common- 
 wealth of England and their Ambassador ; which they 
 had no mind to do, nor Whitelocke to gratify them 
 without it. Yet they expected this day what he 
 would do in it ; and the skipper came often to White- 
 locke' s lodging, to solicit for his letter to the captain 
 of the ' Elizabeth' to release his ship ; but was asked 
 for his petition, without which the skipper was told 
 that nothing could be done in his business. 
 
 November 22, 1653. 
 
 ion of Another of the Presidents of the town and the 
 Syndic again visit Whitelocke ; with whom he con- 
 ferred about his journey, and made some requests to 
 them in order thereunto, which they and their brethren 
 carefully performed. 
 
 The Vice-Admiral and the skipper of the Dutch 
 prize, seeing that Whitelocke insisted to have a peti- 
 tion for the release of the ship, their stomachs came 
 down, and their great master, profit, prevailed with 
 them ; so that the skipper presented to Whitelocke a 
 petition in Latin. The title was, 
 
 " Nobilissime et excellentissime Domine, my Lord 
 Whitelocke, patrone devenerande." (Most noble and 
 most excellent Lord, my Lord Whitelocke, etc.) 
 
 The prayer was, to have his ship and goods re- 
 stored ; " which, that it may be done, I humbly peti- 
 tion that your Excellence would vouchsafe to signify 
 the same by your mandatory letters to the captain. 
 
 ier. 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 157 
 
 Whitelocke was not satisfied with this petition, as 
 not sufficiently acknowledging his superiors and him- 
 self; which he objected to the Landeshere, the Vice- 
 Adniiral, and the magistrates, who again applied 
 themselves to Whitelocke, and made it their joint and 
 earnest request to him to release the ship. And to his 
 objection they answered, that the poor skipper had 
 gone as far as he durst in the acknowledgment of the 
 Commonwealth of England and their Ambassador, 
 for fear of being questioned for it by his lords the 
 States when he came home ; that he had inserted the 
 word petition, and the title of Excellence, which is 
 due to Ambassadors only ; and thereby had in effect 
 acknowledged the Commonwealth and their Ambassa- 
 dor : and it was believed by some, that the skipper 
 would be punished when he came home for going so 
 far as he had done. And all these gentlemen were 
 all earnest suitors to Whitelocke, not to insist further 
 upon the form or title, but to accept the poor skip- 
 per's intentions of due honour and respect to him ; 
 and that, upon the grounds of preserving a fair cor- 
 respondence between the Queen their mistress, and 
 the Commonwealth whom he served, and to prevent 
 any disputes upon the matter of her Majesty's right 
 and of her inhibitions, and to do a favour to this city, 
 whose trade was so highly concerned herein, and to 
 do an act of great charity to the poor men, he would 
 be pleased to order the release of his ship; which 
 would be well taken by the Queen, and an obligation 
 upon this city ; and that those persons who were now 
 suitors to him for it, would be ready to serve him in 
 anything within their utmost powers. 
 
 By these arguments Whitelocke was more per- 
 
158 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 suaded than by any other ; and told these gentlemen, 
 that for the title of Excellence, it was due to senators, 
 generals, and high admirals, as well as to ambassa- 
 dors ; but that he was the more satisfied that neither 
 the right of the Commonwealth whom he served, nor 
 of then Ambassador, was denied, because the noble 
 Vice- Admiral and the rest of them did so often and 
 so freely in their discourse acknowledge it; that he 
 was very willing to lay hold on any occasion whereby 
 he might testify the honour and respect which his su- 
 periors and himself had for the Queen their mistress, 
 and all care to prevent any misunderstanding between 
 her Majesty and the Commonwealth of England, pre- 
 serving the due right of them and their servant ; that 
 he was also very ready to do all good offices for this 
 city, which had expressed high respects to his superiors 
 in their civilities to him, who held himself obliged 
 also to gratify those gentlemen who did him the ho- 
 nour to make this request to him, and from whom he 
 had received all respect in this place : that on all these 
 considerations, they had prevailed with him (who 
 could hardly give them a denial) that, at their desire, 
 and to express his respect to her Majesty, to these 
 noble persons, and to this city, he was determined to 
 give order for the release of this ship. 
 
 At which, the Landeshere, the Vice- Admiral, and the 
 magistrates, all then present with Whitelocke, seemed 
 exceedingly pleased, and gave him many thanks for 
 this great favour to them, and to this city, and his 
 real respects to her Majesty hereby ; and with many 
 other compliments they parted. 
 
 Whitelocke thought this the best way to avoid dif- 
 ference and disputes with these officers of the Queen, 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 159 
 
 and it might be (through their instigation) with the 
 Queen herself, at his first coming amongst them ; but 
 rather took this opportunity to engage them to civility 
 to him and his company, and to further his affairs ; 
 which was done by them to their power, and little 
 prejudice was to Whitelocke's superiors. He wrote 
 to Captain Poster, that this ship should be restored to 
 the owners ; which was done accordingly. 
 
 November 23, 1653. 
 Sir John Maclere, a Scotch merchant, living in this whitelocke 
 
 , . returns the 
 
 city, though he had been of the King s party, yet vi- civilities 
 sited Whitelocke with much respect, and found his Laudeshere. 
 doors and civilities open to him, as they were to all 
 other gentlemen, without distinction of parties or per- 
 suasions, or taking any notice of delinquents ; pro- 
 viding" for his own security. 
 
 Nor was he wanting to return ceremonies to those 
 from whom he received any. He sent, after the custom, 
 to know if the Landeshere were within, and at leisure 
 to receive a visit ; who sent a kind invitation, that he 
 should take it as a great honour to see the English 
 Ambassador at his house. Whitelocke walked thither, 
 not being far, on foot, about fifty of his gentlemen 
 walking bare before him ; some of the first rank fol- 
 lowing close after him, his pages and lacqueys after 
 them, and with their swords by their sides. At the 
 Landeshere's door stood sentries and a guard of sol- 
 diers ; he met Whitelocke at his outer gate, and treat- 
 ed him with much ceremony and courtesy. As soon 
 as they were set down, the Landeshere called for 
 wine, and drank freely to Whitelocke and his com- 
 
160 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 pany ; and his people carried the wine to all the gen 
 tlemen, and to the servants in the antechamber; i 
 was reasonable good Rhenish, and store enough of it 
 
 The house was not very fair nor richly furnished 
 but convenient, and most of his attendants were sol 
 diers. Amongst other discourse, the Landeshere ac- 
 quainted Whitelocke that, by letters from the Court, 
 he understood the Queen had some intention to re- 
 move to a place called Heskoe, seven miles on this 
 side of Upsal ; but of this he said there was no cer- 
 tainty, nor would that place be so convenient for hei 
 Majesty's Court, and for those who were to resort to 
 her, as Upsal was. 
 
 Whitelocke had also discourse with this gentleman 
 touching the nature of his office of Landeshere, and 
 the authority and jurisdiction thereof, and the pre- 
 cinct wherein the same was exercised by him. And 
 he collected from him that his office had much resem- 
 blance, and in effect was the same, with the office of 
 our high sheriffs in England, with the like ministerial 
 and judicial authority within his territory and pre- 
 cinct, which also seemed to be much like unto one of 
 our shires, not of the largest sort, in England. 
 
 November 24, 1653. 
 
 icciesi- The Superintendent of Gothenburg came to visit 
 •y visits Whitelocke with great civility. He is an ecclesias- 
 |f" tical officer, differing in name and title, but not in 
 power and office, from a bishop. He hath his name 
 from the duty of his place, and supervision and super- 
 intendency over the clergy, and the ecclesiastical af- 
 fairs of that diocese where he is placed, and is in 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 161 
 
 rffect a bishop by another name. He hath the pri- 
 ilege of being a member of their supreme public 
 ;ouncil, but is not to intermeddle with temporal af- 
 airs or State matters, which is also prohibited to all 
 heir bishops and clergy. 
 
 He spake good Latin, and seemed to be a grave 
 md learned man. Whitelocke discoursed with him 
 ouching the office of their bishops and superinten- 
 lents in their country, and of the profession of re- 
 igion here. He informed Whitelocke freely in these 
 natters, that in this place the profession of religion 
 vas not so strictly Lutheran as in other parts of the 
 dngdom, because here was a liberty permitted to 
 Mvinists, and a public church built and allowed to 
 hem, which is no small privilege in this country ; but 
 he Swedes are frowned upon, if any of them look 
 nto the Calvin church here; yet divers of them do 
 requent it. That the Swedes generally and devoutly 
 lo adhere to the opinions of Luther, and to the prac- 
 ice of the churches allowed by him ; and whosoever 
 liffers from them is not only looked upon with an 
 vil eye, but commonly driveii from his country. Yet 
 n this town it is otherwise, and many of their great- 
 :st and wisest men have testified their just dislike 
 if this severity, and their inclination to permit a free- 
 lom of opinion and conscience, not disturbing the 
 »ublic peace ; for which Whitelocke did freely argue, 
 ,nd the Superintendent was not morose in the denial 
 if it, and that there ought to be persecution for non- 
 onformity, especially in matters of ceremony, where 
 he fundamentals are acknowledged, and the public 
 >eace not disturbed. 
 
 They have pictures and images, and great observa- 
 
 VOL. I. 
 
 M 
 
162 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 tion of ceremonies in their churches. Their church 
 musicians were pleased to visit Whitelocke, and won- 
 dered when they saw him and divers of his people to 
 understand their art, and to sing with them, which 
 they thought had been generally abhorred in Eng- 
 land ; and were much pleased to find the contrary, 
 but more with the gratuity by Whitelocke bestowed 
 on them. 
 mter- Whitelocke kept the Superintendent at dinner, and 
 Drities the Landeshere, the Vice- Admiral, Colonel Nerne, Sin- 
 clair, and the major of the military men, the three 
 presidents and the syndic of the civil part, by invi- 
 tation, dined with him. The Superintendent had the 
 first place, the Landeshere against him ; then the Vice- 
 Admiral and military officers on the same side, and 
 the Presidents and Syndic by the Superintendent 
 on the other side. They all commended Whitelocke's 
 wine, English beer, and provisions. Their discourse 
 was general, most concerning the affairs of England, 
 wherein Whitelocke was able to give them some infor- 
 mation, but was wary of his words in so much com- 
 pany, particularly in the business of the war with Hol- 
 land : upon which occasion the Landeshere related a 
 passage of a governor of a port in Norway, not far 
 from Gothenburg, who, finding that one of that port 
 had taken a commission from the Hollanders as a pri- 
 vate man-of-war, and by colour thereof had brought 
 thither a Scottish ship as prize, the governor released 
 the Scottish ship and imprisoned the private man-of- 
 war; which action Whitelocke commended, as just 
 and honourable in the governor, and in the King of 
 Denmark to give him such instructions ; but Thysen 
 said nothing to it. 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 163 
 
 They sat long at dinner, as they use to do at en- 
 irtainments ; and this was none of the meanest they 
 ad been at. By Whitelocke's order, his officers had 
 rovided the best meat that the town would afford, 
 hereof they ate freely ; and of his sack and claret 
 ley drank more freely, but no healths ; yet made it 
 ark before they rose from table, and took their leaves 
 ith many thanks and compliments. 
 
 November 25, 1653. 
 
 This day the people of the town kept a day of A<% of 
 ablic thanksgiving to God, for the great plenty of giving for 
 >rn and other provisions which had been given them 
 le last year, as they use to do upon like occasions, 
 id observe these days very strictly and devoutly, all 
 tutting up their shops and resorting to their pa- 
 sh churches. And after the evening sermon, which 
 
 ended early, Whitelocke in his usual equipage 
 alked forth in the town, where he had the more 
 ew of the people, being abroad, and keeping it as 
 holy day ; and as he passed by any of them, he was 
 luted with much respect and great civility, which 
 i was not slack to answer. 
 
 This farewell letter was sent to Whitelocke by a letter 
 
 from Cap- 
 
 aptam Foster : — tain roster 
 
 to White. 
 
 " For his Excellence the Lord Ambassador Whitelocke. locke. 
 These. 
 " My Lord, 
 " In obedience to your commands, I have issued forth 
 . order for the surrender of the ' Elizabeth' prize to the 
 rner, etc. Since my last being at Gothenburg, we have 
 ,d very tempestuous weather, with such frets of weather 
 twenty hours' time at all the points of the compass, that 
 
 M 2 
 
164 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 two of our anchors, each of 1600 lbs. weight, have had much 
 ado, with new cables, to hold our frigates. I cannot but 
 admire the goodness of our God in giving your Excellence 
 a safe voyage. I rest assured, my Lord, that this, with that 
 welcome news from your lady, is and will remain as a signal 
 testimony of the Lord's eminent appearance with you, and 
 for you, in all your undertakings. And although, perad- 
 venture, the weighty affairs your Excellence is now employed 
 about in the behalf of your nation, may at some time 
 seemingly have a veil of intricacy upon them, intermixed 
 with dubious fear of desired success, yet rest assured, dear 
 Sir, that the Eternal Power will own and honour you with 
 the full accomplishment of your desires ; seeing you have 
 so freely parted with all that is dear unto you as to exter- 
 nals, exposing yourself to the stormy winter blasts at sea, 
 and the many unknown difficulties that attend these barren 
 rocky countries, for unparalleled service for your country. 
 Not only this, but future ages will have cause to honour 
 the memory of your name and faithful services. 
 
 " Your Lordship's most humble servant, 
 
 " Nicholas Foster. 
 " Phcenix frigate, Nov. 24, 1653." 
 
 November 26, 1653. 
 
 iription The wind continued very high, and wholly contrary 
 to Captain Foster's course for England, so that he was 
 enforced to continue in this harbour of Gothenburg ; 
 the description whereof Whitelocke, having a little 
 leisure, set down whilst it was in his memory. 
 
 The coming to this harbour is very difficult and 
 dangerous, especially for strangers, who use to pass 
 the Riff, spoken of before ; and if one fall upon a 
 shallow part of it (whereof there are many, and hardly 
 to be avoided without a good pilot), it is very perilous. 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 165 
 
 'rom thence they must double the Skaw, which is the 
 oint of Jutland, and from thence bear their course to 
 le coast of Norway, which is full of terrible rocks, 
 ear which they must pass ; and so by a constant 
 trong current of water from the Baltic Sea through 
 ae Sound, which makes the crossing of it very diffi- 
 ult, and the passage to the haven is not discovered 
 11 one comes very near to it. The passage itself is 
 o strait, that without good pilots the ship can hardly 
 scape the rocks from splitting on them, there not 
 eing much more than twice the length of a ship be- 
 sveen the rocks in some straits for the ship's passage. 
 
 About a league within the harbour a new fort was 
 uilt, where the passage is not above a musket-shot in 
 readth ; and in the midst of that narrow passage is a 
 ack, two or three feet under water, upon which divers 
 hips have been lost, and one of Gothenburg a little 
 efore Whitelocke's coming thither. Here the ship 
 mst go close by the new fort, which fully commands 
 le entry into the haven ; and although the fort be 
 mall, yet it is strong and regular. A little beyond 
 ; the ships come into an open wide water, about the 
 stent of an English mile, encompassed with high and 
 uge rocks, where a great number of ships, and of 
 le greatest burden, may safely ride, defended from 
 le winds by the rocks and shore on all sides ; and it 
 ; of a great depth. This is about a Swedish mile 
 ;hat is, seven English miles) from the sea ; and at 
 le further end of this broad water the haven grows 
 arrower, not above a quarter of an English mile in 
 readth. 
 
 There stands a castle on the east side, which com- 
 lands the entrance into the river ; the castle is not 
 
166 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 great, but strongly situated on a rock, and well for- 
 tified and provided ; this was known by some of our 
 countrymen, who, in King James's time, served under 
 the Lord Willoughby (afterwards Earl of Lindsay) in 
 assistance of the King of Denmark, to besiege it, but 
 were repulsed. 
 
 The river from the castle to the town is narrow, 
 and about three English miles in length ; in all which 
 way it is very deep, and is good harbour for ships of 
 the greatest burden, where they ride safely. In this 
 part of the river lay many of the Queen's men-of- 
 war ; among them a fair and well-built ship, called 
 the ' Hercules,' carrying threescore pieces of brass ord- 
 nance ; her captain was the Vice- Admiral Thysen : she 
 seemed fitter for a defence in fight than for an as- 
 sailant or for fleetness, more bulky than nimble, much 
 unlike our English frigates, yet greatly esteemed there. 
 Here lay also many Swedish merchantmen, being near 
 the town, and but a short passage for carrying and 
 re-carrying, by boats and small vessels, of goods be- 
 tween the town and the ships. At the hither end 
 of the town is a pretty little house of the Queen's, 
 upon the river, which is not fortified, yet hath some 
 great guns planted about it. 
 
 November 27, 1653. 
 
 Being the Lord's Day, yet these people (as is too 
 usual with them) presented verses to Whitelocke in 
 print, with a large dedication, which being very many 
 in number, and having more design of begging than 
 of ingenuity, he sent the expected reward, and laid 
 them by. 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 167 
 
 The Vice-Admiral and other officers of the Queen, Capture of 
 
 . „ two more 
 
 vhereol some were of the town, came to Whitelocke Dutch 
 md informed him that Captain Welch had taken two s ips ' 
 Mland merchantmen, and brought them into her 
 Majesty's port here, contrary to her orders ; and they 
 lesired that Whitelocke would send for the captain 
 md admonish him about it, and discharge these ships 
 vhich he had thus injuriously taken. 
 
 Whitelocke answered that he would, inquire how 
 he business was, and do that which should be fit in 
 t ; and upon examination of the matter he found that 
 ifter Whitelocke was come on shore, Welch put out 
 o sea again, and met with two Holland ships riding 
 it the Skaw, the one of them being of four hundred 
 ons burden ; yet Welch being well manned and pro- 
 dded for fight, he desperately set upon this ship, and 
 )oarded her. She made no resistance, but was thus 
 aken by him. Then he fell upon the other Holland 
 hip, being about three hundred and fifty tons burden, 
 md clapped her on board likewise ; and thus seized 
 lpon both of them, being loaded with wheat, rye, wool, 
 md planks : and being thus possessed of these prizes, 
 le would fain have gone with them directly for Eng- 
 and, bul the wind being contrary, and the weather 
 r ery tempestuous, he was forced, for safety, to come 
 nto this harbour, but kept himself without the com- 
 nand of the forts, and rode as under Whitelocke's flag 
 ,nd as one of his fleet. 
 
 This being the state of the matter, Whitelocke sent 
 o the Vice- Admiral to acquaint him therewith, and to 
 ell him that Whitelocke thought it neither appertained 
 o him as Ambassador or commander of the English 
 hips here, nor to any of the Queen's officers, to in- 
 
168 JOURNAL OP THE 
 
 termeddle in this business of Captain Welch ; neither 
 did he believe that the Queen's harbours would be 
 denied to any Englishman who had commission by 
 authority of the Parliament, as Welch had, or was 
 part of the English Ambassador's fleet, as he was, 
 to come into them, and to shelter himself from the 
 danger of storms ; that the business was done upon 
 the high sea, and between the English and Dutch, who 
 were now in actual war, and therefore the taking of 
 their ships by Welch, Whitelocke thought very justi- 
 fiable ; and that he was not obliged to give a further 
 account thereof to any whatsoever, nor to reprove the 
 captain for what he had done, nor to release the Hol- 
 land ships by him taken, but rather to commend his 
 mettle and good service, and to encourage him. 
 
 With this message from Whitelocke the Vice- 
 Admiral seemed much offended, but knew not which 
 way to help his countrymen, but endeavoured after- 
 wards to do somewhat further on their behalf, 
 locke Whitelocke began to grow weary of his stay in 
 ue 'this place, and earnestly desired to be in the way of 
 mey ' proceeding in his business ; and being now certainly 
 informed that the Queen was at Upsal, and purposed 
 to reside there all this winter, he thereupon resolved 
 to begin his journey from hence the next Wednesday, 
 and to keep in the direct way to Upsal, hoping 
 within two or three days' journey he might meet 
 with Berkman, and with his own servants upon the 
 way in their return from the Court. 
 
 In pursuance of this resolution, he gave order to 
 his officers to prepare and get all things in readi- 
 ness for his journey, and appointed the gentleman of 
 his horse, with some others of his servants, to go 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 169 
 
 ie next day to the Landeshere to have his advice 
 nd assistance for the procuring of horses, waggons, 
 ad accommodations for his land -journey ; which the 
 <andeshere very readily promised to do, and to send 
 ut his warrants for that purpose. 
 
 He appointed them likewise to go to the Syndic, and 
 r ith him to the President's, to advise about the same 
 usiness ; and they all expressed very great forward- 
 ess to assist Whitelocke in this business, and to do 
 11 the service in their power; and conferring with 
 is officers, they concluded that it would be necessary 
 )r warrants to be sent out into the country to bring 
 ito this town, on Wednesday morning, by break 
 f day, one hundred saddle-horses and one hundred 
 raggons, for the removal of Whitelocke and his com- 
 any and carriages; and thereof they certified the 
 jandeshere. 
 
 November 28, 1653. 
 
 The magistrates of this city presented to White- Case of a 
 )cke a supplicatory letter in Latin, under their com- s hi P de- 
 lon seal, touching a ship of this town, taken by an EigUna. 
 English man-of-war, and detained as prize in England. 
 A he letter was thus superscribed : — • 
 
 Illustrissimo et Excellentissimo Domino, Domino Bul- 
 
 strode Whitelocke, etc. 
 „ , 7 , " Ex 86 y x addictissimi, Burgravius, 
 
 (jrQthenourg, D ' 
 
 November 28tk, Presides, et Senatores civitatis 
 
 653." Gothoburgensis. 
 
 To the Most Illustrious and Most Excellent Lord, the 
 Lord Bulstrode Whitelocke, Constable of the Castle of 
 Windsor, and one of the Lords Keepers of the Great 
 Seal, and Extraordinary Ambassador of the Common- 
 
170 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 wealth of England to the Most Serene Queen of 
 Sweden, our most courteous Lord." 
 
 The letter set forth, that the ship belonged to this 
 town, and ought not to be taken or detained as prize ; 
 and they entreat Whitelocke's assistance and media- 
 tions to his superiors in England for the discharge of 
 her, and subscribe 
 
 "Most addicted to your Excellence, the 
 Burgrave, Presidents, and Senators of 
 the city of Gothenburg." 
 Whitelocke, finding in the letters an acknowledg- 
 ment of the Commonwealth of England and of their 
 Ambassador, was the more willing to give them a fair 
 answer; and understanding by their letter that the 
 business had received former agitation in England, but 
 without such success as was expected, he was the 
 more wary how far to engage therein, but showed all 
 respect to the magistrates who brought the letter, and 
 assured them that he would acquaint his superiors 
 with the great civilities he, as their servant, had re- 
 ceived from this city, and whereby they gave testi- 
 mony of their high respect to the Commonwealth of 
 England, which he would improve to the best advan- 
 tage he could for the service of this city, and, accord- 
 ing to their desires, would effectually endeavour with 
 the Council of State in England, on the behalf of the 
 citizens of this city, in the business mentioned in their 
 letter : with which answer the magistrates went away 
 well contented. 
 ir de- Whitelocke, put in mind by their coming, and hav- 
 °_ n of ing a little leisure, set down the description of the 
 town of Gothenburg, with its fortifications, and both 
 military and political state. 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 171 
 
 " This city is commodiously situated for commerce, and 
 etter than any other port-town of Sweden, in regard 
 bips are not forced to go through the Sound and to pay 
 he gabels thereof to come unto their trade ; and it is not 
 bove nine or ten English miles from the main sea. 
 
 " It stands upon a river, which separates Gothland from 
 Norway, and is divided into several arms and branches, 
 ?hich go through every street of the city, and are of great 
 enefit to the inhabitants, serving every one for the load- 
 ag and unloading of his goods at his own door. It hath 
 onvenient bridges, though of fir, for the passage of people, 
 orses, and waggons over every water. 
 
 " Norway is very near this town, the small river only 
 arting it, from whence (and much of it by this river, 
 drich is a long way navigable) come down goodly masts 
 i>r ships, deals, pitch, and tar, in great abundance; and 
 lso from the countries belonging to Sweden on the other 
 ide of the river, which reacheth high into the land, where 
 lso it is navigable for great boats; so that the commo- 
 ities from both sides of it are easilyj and with little 
 harge, brought to this city; nor are these waters so soon 
 ?ozen in this river as others are. 
 
 " There is this inconvenience of the river, that about a 
 ay's journey above the town is a great and strange fall of 
 lie water, so fierce and deep that no vessel can pass it; 
 ut all goods brought thither must be unloaded above, and 
 Daded again below this fall. 
 
 " About thirty years since, the town was poor and in- 
 onsiderable, nor frequented by merchants, or capable by 
 uildings to receive them ; but King Grustavus Adolphus, 
 bserving the commodiousness of the haven and the situa- 
 ion for traffic, especially for avoiding the King of Den- 
 lark's impositions through the Sound, he granted great 
 rivileges and immunities for twenty-one years to all 
 hose, as well strangers as his own subjects, who would 
 sat themselves in that place; by which means divers 
 ligh and Low Dutch, Scotch, and others, as well as 
 
172 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 Swedes, have built this town, and made many fair houses 
 of brick, which yet seem not very substantial perhaps, by 
 reason that the privileges were of no longer continuance; 
 but this city is now fairly built for the most part of it, and 
 full of trade and people, though it be not very large. 
 
 " It is well provided for churches, having two fair ones 
 new built for the Lutherans, and another for the Dutch 
 and Calvinists, which is no small privilege in those parts. 
 It is well served with all sorts of commodities, and with 
 good provisions, having the sea open. 
 
 "The government of the city is by three Presidents, 
 whereof one yearly, by turn, is Burgomaster, like our 
 mayors ; the Syndic as our recorders ; and a Council com- 
 posed of twelve elected citizens, in the nature of our alder- 
 men. 
 
 "This city is strong, and well fortified with works of 
 earth cast up, and large ditches of water where the rocks 
 will permit ; the other parts of it are stronger, and more 
 inaccessible by the rocks, which are difficult for one to pass 
 and climb to view them. 
 
 " The bulwarks are strong and regular, as the lines are, 
 and planted with store of brass cannon ; besides which, the 
 natural situation at the foot of a mountain of rocks, which 
 make part of their works, and deep grafts, do render the 
 place of great strength. 
 
 " A regiment of foot of about 1200 men is quartered in 
 the town, under the Queen's pay, which, in their habits 
 and persons, are not unlike the English infantry ; these, 
 with the trained men of the city, which make up a con- 
 siderable number of about 4000, are the garrison of the 
 city, and are all commanded by the Landeshere. 
 
 " Near the town is a very great high rock, on which is 
 a little grove of fir-trees and other trees ; and from thence 
 a lovely prospect on one side of the town, and likewise 
 into Denmark and Norway, both within a mile of this 
 town, parted by the river. Their great guns are all of 
 copper, but are not very large, yet not the less useful. 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 173 
 
 he name Gothenburg signifies the fortress, or defence, of 
 le Goths; and it is the first town of Gothland towards 
 ngland, and the boundary this way of that ancient 
 ingdom." 
 
 Whitelocke's people were busy in preparation for Prepara- 
 
 mi t i i n i i f- tionsfor 
 
 leir journey. 1 he Landeshere sent forth his warrants journey, 
 lto the country for one hundred saddle-horses and 
 ne hundred waggons, to be brought in by break of 
 ay to Whitelocke's lodging ; and the inferior officers, 
 oping for a gratuity for their pains, were the more 
 iligent to execute them : and their order is so good, 
 nd the people's obedience so exact, that the com- 
 lands are not disputed, but a short warning, as this 
 ras, is most readily and punctually obeyed. 
 
 The reason why so many waggons were warned in 
 7 as because of the smallness of them, and the great 
 uantity of baggage and provision which Whitelocke 
 r as necessarily to carry with him in his journey in a 
 jreign country, not well inhabited, so many hundreds 
 f miles as he was to go, and for his accommodation 
 fhen he came to be settled ; and herein he was ad- 
 ised by the magistrates and Syndic, and others of 
 bis place. 
 
 Lieutenant- Colonel Sinclair, who had been very 
 ivil and officious here to Whitelocke, obtained his 
 stters to Colonel Overton, commander of the Parlia- 
 aent's forces in Scotland, to show favour to Sinclair's 
 irother there, and was very full of thankfulness for it. 
 
 November 29, 1653. 
 
 Some of Welch's men coining to town, were stayed whitelocke 
 >y the procurement of the Vice- Admiral, and brought Captain 
 lefore the Landeshere, who, having examined them, Welch- 
 
174 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 was pressed by Thysen to imprison them ; but ha 
 more discretion and civility than Thysen, he did 
 commit them, but sent his major to Whitelocki 
 know if he did own Captain Welch. Whitelocke 
 swered, " that he did own Captain Welch as an ] 
 lishman, and one of his fleet, and now rode unde: 
 flag ; and who, as he believed, had a command 
 private man-of-war, by authority of the Parliamei 
 England. And Whitelocke desired the Landes 
 not to do anything in relation to Captain Welcl 
 any of his men, whereby to injure the right or ho] 
 of the Commonwealth of England, or to interrupt 
 intended proposals of amity between them and 
 Crown of Sweden, which he believed would noi 
 well taken by the Queen ; that he, being obligee 
 the Landeshere for his civilities, thought fit to give 
 this friendly caution in this business." 
 
 This answer being returned to the Landesl 
 Thysen's plot was spoiled, and, to his great rej 
 Welch's men were presently dismissed. 
 /Vhitdocke Whitelocke, by letters, gave an account to 
 5ngiand; Council in England of all passages here, of his 
 mission of their ships 1 8th November, and their b 
 still detained by contrary winds ; of the busines 
 Captain Welch ; of his letters to Prince Adolphus 
 the Chancellor, whereof he enclosed copies, and of 
 letter of this town to him about their ship detaine 
 prize in England; of the great respect and civil 
 of the magistrates here to the Commonwealth an 
 their servant ; upon which he moved the discharg 
 their ship, whereby he should have the more repute 
 in this country, and be the better enabled to do t 
 service ; of his intention of removal from hence, e 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 175 
 
 In the evening he ordered his steward to call for ?? a P ays 
 
 o his expenses 
 
 bills .of his expenses here, and found them unreason- at Gotten- 
 
 . burff. 
 
 ably high and dear, and the host's demands, like the 
 Persian laws, unalterable, he highly resenting the least 
 question of the smallest sum of his reckoning, his 
 great privilege of cheating his guests ; and to be fully 
 satisfied in his imperious demands was not all, his 
 wife must be likewise contented, and a gratuity pre- 
 sented to her according to the quality of the guest and 
 the time of his stay. An ambassador is most to be 
 cozened by this Dutchman and others, and so was 
 Whitelocke here ; yet his present to Mrs. Hostess was 
 twenty rix-dollars, which was not over-gratefully, nor 
 without some disdain, received. 
 
 He ordered his steward to see all the carriages 
 loaded as soon as the waggons came in, and the gen- 
 tleman of his horse to see all in his charge in readi- 
 ness. 
 
 Nove?nber 30, 1653. 
 
 Whitelocke gave to Noble, master of the ' Adven- The Em - 
 
 , bassy starts 
 
 ture, a certificate that he had performed his voyage, for Upsai. 
 
 Early in the morning were come to Whitelocke's 
 door a hundred waggons out of the country ; they were 
 with four wheels, very small, and drawn by one horse 
 apiece, or by two beasts or cows abreast. They will 
 not hold above one large trunk, or two little ones, in a 
 waggon ; they drive slowly, and the more slowly be- 
 cause many of their waggoners be women. There were 
 also brought in by the country a hundred saddle-horses, 
 which are small, and hard trotters ; whereof one may 
 be the more sensible by reason of their saddles, which 
 are large, almost like the French saddles for size and 
 
176 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 shape, but far different for ease : they are mad 
 wood, without any cover or stuffing, neither cloth 
 leather, nor anything upon them but he that st: 
 the bare wood; yet they are so well made, the 
 riding they do not prove so hard as one would 
 them to be. Their bits generally are a piece 
 ram's horn, and their bridle a small hempen p 
 their stirrup, a withe writhed together; and b 
 could not be had, this being the equipage of 
 country, which did not afford better, and ther< 
 these must content. 
 
 There was much confusion about the choici 
 horses, and loading the waggons, till Whitelocke i 
 directions therein to the gentleman of his horse, w 
 were obeyed, and more quiet ensued. And as soo 
 the waggons were loaded, he appointed them tc 
 sent away, with some of his servants to attend tl 
 whom he ordered to be constantly with them, s 
 between every division of the waggons, and the 
 tleman of his horse to bring up the rear of his ti 
 His quartermaster, cooks, and butlers were sent 
 fore, to make provision at the dor/ where he inter 
 to lodge this night, 
 rates leave After the waggons were gone, the Superintend 
 luthorities the Landeshere, the magistrates, Vice- Admiral, and 
 )urg° en " litary officers of the town cameto Whitelocke to 
 their leaves of him, which was done with much res 
 and ceremony. The First President spake in Lati 
 Whitelocke, which in the English was to this effect 
 
 " Most excellent Lord Ambassador, 
 " The city of Gothenburg, whose servants we are, em 
 your Excellence to excuse your ill reception, and war 
 accommodations in this place ; for which we are hea 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 177 
 
 sorry, and do acknowledge, that if her Most Serene Majesty 
 our gracious Queen should be acquainted therewith, that 
 she would be offended at it ; but we hope your Excellence 
 will be pleased, if there shall be occasion, to testify our 
 readiness in obedience to her Majesty^s commands, to ma- 
 nifest all' honour and respect to the free Commonwealth of 
 England, and to your Excellence, their most noble and 
 great Ambassador, whose gallant demeanour, wisdom, and 
 affability hath so far won upon the magistrates and people 
 of this town, that they shall ever be your Excellence's most 
 faithful servants and honourers ; and heartily wish you a 
 safe and prosperous journey, and success in all your under- 
 takings." 
 
 To this Whitelocke answered in Latin, the English 
 whereof was to this effect : — 
 
 " Most honoured Gentlemen, 
 " I return my hearty thanks to you, for your great re- 
 spects and civilities to me and my company during our 
 abode with you, whereof I shall acquaint her Majesty, and 
 desire her to take notice of it, as a duty to her commands, 
 and a respect to those whom she was pleased to have re- 
 spected. I shall also acquaint my superiors herewith, who 
 will take the respects done to their servant, as it was, as 
 done to themselves. I wish this noble city all prosperity, 
 and to my capacity shall be ready to do them service." 
 
 This company being gone, it was time to get on The Am- 
 horseback. Whitelocke mounted upon his best horse, equipage. 
 of excellent shape and mettle ; he had a rich saddle 
 and pistols, himself habited in plain grey English 
 cloth ; his other horse, being also very beautiful, and 
 with a rich saddle and pistols, was led leer :* the rest 
 of his English horses, besides those which the grooms 
 rode, were mounted by his gentlemen, as many as there 
 
 * [Led leer, — as we should now say, " in hand ;" the expression is 
 evidently from the German leer, empty.] 
 
 VOL. I. N 
 
178 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 were horses for ; the rest of his gentlemen and pi 
 rode upon the Swedish horses, so accoutred as be 
 and all had swords and pistols. 
 
 After the horsemen came Whitelocke's travel 
 coach, being of blue velvet, with blue silk and s 
 fringe, and richly gilded ; it would hold eight peri 
 and was drawn by six bay English horses, of a 
 size for travel, and very handsome ; and two mo: 
 the same set of coach-horses were led by leer, 
 supply if there should be occasion. In this coac 
 ordered Mr. Ingelo to ride, being sickly, and Co 
 Potley, who was unwieldy to ride on horseback. 
 
 Last of all came the best coach, of crimson ve 
 very richly embroidered with silk, and gilded, w 
 cost above £400 : it was large enough to hold 
 persons. It was drawn by six black English ho 
 large and very handsome, and two horses more oi 
 same set were led by leer, if any of the other sh 
 fail to supply them : this coach he ordered tc 
 drawn empty, and in the way they covered it. ^ 
 the coaches went the grooms which did not wai 
 Whitelocke's person, and his lacqueys went by 
 horse's side. 
 
 With Whitelocke rode the Landeshere and the '\ 
 Admiral, Colonel Nerne, Sinclair, the major, 
 other military officers, who accompanied Whitel 
 on horseback part of his way. 
 The citizens q^g citizens put themselves in arms to the nur 
 
 and gar- L 
 
 rison salute of above two thousand, with muskets only, being 
 garrison ; they and their officers appeared in their 
 persons, proper men and gallantly habited, and an 
 and many of them had served in the wars abr 
 They drew up in several divisions in the market-p 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 179 
 
 and as Whitelocke rode through them, they saluted 
 him with great civility, and with loud volleys of then 
 shot. At the works were the garrison soldiers, about 
 twelve hundred, all armed likewise with muskets only, 
 and swords, as the citizens were, but of another mien 
 and habit ; they saluted Whitelocke with round vol- 
 leys of small shot as he passed by them. From the 
 bulwarks the cannoneers bade him adieu with dis- 
 charging all their great guns, which roared a great 
 while ; and some of their complimental bullets came 
 very near to Whitelocke as he rode, but, he supposed, 
 not directed at him. 
 
 When he was come about an English mile from 
 Gothenburg, the Landeshere and other officers took 
 their leaves of him, and they parted with many com- 
 pliments ; the Syndic, by appointment of the magis- 
 trates, did attend him throughout his journey, to take 
 care of his accommodations. 
 
 After these gentlemen were gone, Whitelocke took The jour- 
 his coach for travel. The way was rough and stony, ney ' 
 and in some places were deep precipices from the 
 rocks ; the bridges and ways had been newly repaired, 
 by the Queen's commands to the governors, through 
 whose precincts he was to pass. The country is very 
 stony, uneven, and barren. At every quarter of a 
 Swedish mile a post is set up, and in some places 
 great stones, after the manner of the Romans, whose 
 phrase was " Quot lapides ?" (how many stones is it ?) 
 for "how many miles?"* 
 
 When they were come one Swedish mile, which is 
 a stage, there were fresh horses and waggons ready, 
 
 * [The road taken by Whitelocke does not correspond with the 
 present high-road from Gothenburg to Orebro.J 
 
 N 2 
 
180 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 summoned in by warrants. The pay of a hon 
 about threepence of our money for a Swedish ] 
 and the hire of a waggon about three times the 
 of a horse ; and the country-people take the ca 
 bringing back their own horses and waggons : 
 every stage : and it is very difficult to persuade 
 boors to go one step further than one stage, and 
 will have their money beforehand for every stage 
 fore they set forward. 
 
 When they had changed their horses and wagg 
 they went on their journey, and travelled this day 
 Swedish miles, or leagues, which is about four 
 English miles ; and was a great journey at this 
 of the year, the days being but about four hour 
 length of daylight : and Whitelocke came not te 
 quarters till above an hour after it was dark, and 
 waggons two hours after him. 
 
 His lodging was taken up at a little dor/, or vill 
 called Leerum, which was very mean : himself la 
 his field-bed, most of his people in straw ; the i 
 was not good, the beer worse — exceeding strong 
 thick ; their best refreshment was lusty fires, and t 
 own cheerfulness, which Whitelocke increased wha 
 could. 
 The Queen Mr. Berkman made great speed to return from 
 meet Court to meet Whitelocke, and to conduct him to 
 whitelocke. Q ueeUj according to her commands : he rode in fii 
 days near four hundred miles English ; and this ni 
 meeting Whitelocke at Leerum, he delivered to 
 his message and compliments from the Queen. 
 
 He told Whitelocke, that as soon as he cam 
 Court he was admitted to her presence, who longe 
 discourse with him about the English Ambassa 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 181 
 
 and said she hoped he was well arrived, because of 
 Berkman's coming to her, who acquainted her that 
 the Ambassador was well arrived at Gothenburg. The 
 Queen said she was extreme glad of it, and thought 
 herself much honoured by the Parliament of England 
 in sending such an ambassador to her, of whose per- 
 son and honour she had heard much commendation, 
 and of his quality, and favour with the General Crom- 
 well, which was a testimony of the great respect in 
 sending him to her; and she took it kindly from 
 Whitelocke to undertake such a long and dangerous 
 voyage to see her ; that she was only sorry she could 
 not receive him at Upsal with that respect which she 
 intended, and as at Stockholm, where she could have 
 given him better entertainment ; but wheresoever she 
 was, she said, the Ambassador should be welcome to 
 her. 
 
 Berkman said further, that the Queen inquired of 
 him touching all particulars of himself, his person, 
 discourse, family, train, and equipage ; that she had 
 ordered a house for him in Upsal, at her own charge, 
 and furnished with her own furniture : and she com- 
 manded Berkman speedily to return, to wait on White- 
 locke, and to see that he should want no accommoda- 
 tions in his journey. 
 
 Whitelocke told Berkman that the Commonwealth 
 whom he served were much obliged to the Queen for 
 her great favours to their servant, who was, in his own 
 particular, highly engaged to her Majesty, and hoped 
 shortly, through the blessing of God, to have oppor- 
 tunity to acknowledge it, with all thankfulness, to her 
 Majesty's person ; that he was also much obliged to 
 Berkman for his extraordinary care and pains in this 
 
182 THE SWEDISH EMBASSY. 
 
 long journey he had taken, and for affording White- 
 locke his good company at sea, and now in his jour- 
 ney assisting him for his accommodations : for all 
 which he promised to be grateful to Berkman, who 
 was well pleased with that word ; and so they went 
 to their bad quarters. 
 
183 
 
 DECEMBER. 
 
 December 1, 1653. 
 
 The country, being commanded by their officers, came Journey 
 in here early this morning, and at every stage, which west Goth- 
 is commonly a Swedish mile, with fresh horses and au ' 
 waggons ; and there being much trouble in the taking 
 of horses, and the unloading and loading of waggons, 
 and payment of the boors, Whitelocke entreated Mr. 
 Berkman and the Syndic of Gothenburg to take upon 
 them the care of that business, and to appoint some 
 Swede to see to the unloading and loading of the 
 waggons, and to the taking and paying them, and 
 for the waggons and horses, which they readily un- 
 dertook ; and thereby saved much trouble to White- 
 locke's people. 
 
 Whitelocke was informed that not far from part of 
 this day's journey lay Sconenland, part of the domi- 
 nion of the King of Denmark ; and the chief town, 
 sometime the metropolis, of that country was called 
 Lunenders, which was an archbishop's see ; and from 
 that town they fancy that the name of London was 
 given to our metropolis by the Saxon and northern 
 people, who come some of them out of these parts : 
 but hereof will be larger mention, and the mistake 
 shown elsewhere as there shall be occasion. 
 
184 JOURNAL OP THE 
 
 The country through which they travelled this day 
 was of the same nature as the day before, only to- 
 wards the end of the journey somewhat more plain 
 and fruitful. He travelled this day two Swedish miles 
 to a market-town,. though a poor one, called Alingas, 
 where the quarter was somewhat better than the night 
 before, but the people very exacting. 
 
 December 2, 1653. 
 
 This day's journey was through a better country 
 and ways than before : they were much troubled to 
 get carriages. But the gentleman of the horse, and 
 Mr. Berkman, and the Syndic, took great pains about 
 Whitelocke's business ; so did a Swede, whom the 
 Syndic brought with him, and was well paid for it, 
 but no more employed, having been discovered to 
 advise the host to raise the reckoning, and himself to 
 have a share in it. 
 
 Their quarter this night was at a dorf called Shifda, 
 the journey a Swedish mile and three-quarters : their 
 provisions here little else but lean beef, boiled, roasted, 
 broiled, and stewed, at which others were more apt to 
 find fault than Whitelocke, who knew that his servants 
 would have got better if it could have been had ; but 
 he was whispered that this beef was of a rotten cow 
 that died in a ditch, and that other provision could 
 not be got here. Whitelocke charged them not to 
 speak of it, and to those that knew it not it went 
 down savourly to good stomachs in cold weather after 
 a long journey; he discovered it not, but ate of it as 
 well as the rest, and made mirth of it afterwards. 
 
 His own lodging was in his field-bed, his people 
 upon fresh straw. 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 185 
 
 December 3, 1653. 
 They had a very lone iourney of three Swedish a page 
 
 breaks his 
 
 leagues and a quarter, above twenty English miles, «. 
 and daylight very short. The country was barren and 
 stony, but the ways well mended. The weather was 
 extreme cold, and hard frost, so that one of White- 
 locke's pages, Hen. Elsing, by chance or play, having 
 a fall in the house, did break his arm, as seldom any 
 in the frosty weather had a fall without the breach of 
 some limb. Dr. Whistler, who had good experience 
 and skill in chirurgery as well as physic, here gave 
 the first trial of his skill, set the page's arm very 
 well, so that by bolsters and ordering of him he was 
 able to endure riding in the coach ; and rather chose 
 to endure much pain than to stay behind his master, 
 whom he saw so tender and careful of him and of all 
 his fellow-servants. 
 
 The quarter this night was at a dorf called by them 
 Wonga, extreme bad, and more beef (suspected of kin 
 to the last) than any other meat ; and whether that 
 diet, or the hard and cold journey, might occasion it, 
 was uncertain (but the doctor, who knew the diet, 
 laid it upon that), Whitelocke was exceeding ill and 
 feverish ; but he took something that did him good, 
 through the mercy of God, who gave him recovery of 
 his health, and he endeavoured to cheer himself and 
 his company in their hardships. 
 
 December 4, 1653. 
 
 The quarters having been so bad the last two nights, Proceed to 
 and Whitelocke himself and others of his company 
 having been very ill, and fearing that the snow might 
 
186 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 fall and hinder his journey, he was advised, and so 
 resolved, to go from Wonga two leagues this day, to 
 a city called Skara, where he might rest the next day 
 in better quarter, and his people have beds to lie on ; 
 and he hoped that these reasons would excuse his tra- 
 velling on this day, being the Lord's Day ; and indeed 
 the provision and lodging were so very bad at Wonga, 
 that he and his people could not have remained there 
 all the Lord's Day without extreme hazard of then- 
 health, and, as some told him, of want of meat for his 
 great company. 
 
 By the way, Dr. Whistler's man, with a fall from 
 his horse, broke his leg. The doctor saw it well set 
 again by the apothecary, and the man being a civil 
 young man, his master was troubled for him, and so 
 was Whitelocke, and offered to leave the apothecary 
 and a servant to attend him and look to him if he 
 would stay at Skara till he were well again to travel. 
 But the man would by no means be persuaded to stay 
 behind in this strange country, but chose rather to 
 endure the greatest pain to go along with the com- 
 pany. Whereupon the doctor directed a carriage to be 
 made of deal boards, in the fashion of a horse-litter, 
 which was ingeniously done, and the man was laid 
 upon a bed and straw in this litter, which was carried 
 between two horses, and every morning sent before 
 with the apothecary and two other men to go along 
 with it, and at the journey's end, the litter being taken 
 down, was set upon the ground in some room ; and 
 in this posture the poor man, in great torment, was 
 carried above three hundred miles, and recovered very 
 well again, to his master's credit, and was thankful to 
 God for his goodness to him. 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 187 
 
 This night they came to Skara, where their lodging 
 and entertainment was worse than they expected in a 
 city, a bishop's see : yet here all his people had beds 
 to he on, such as they were, which was rare to them. 
 
 His carriages could not come up to him to Skara 
 this night, but staid about a mile behind, in very bad 
 quarter, the gentleman of his horse and others of his 
 servants with them ; and the days were so very short 
 that it was hard, especially for carriages, to travel two 
 miles in one day. 
 
 December 5, 1653. 
 
 This day Whitelocke rested at Skara, his carriages A hal t at 
 not being come up to him, and to refresh himself, his 
 people and horses, after weary and hard journeys. In 
 the morning he visited the cathedral church, this being 
 a bishop's see ; the church is large, and strong built 
 of the country stone, but not beautiful or curious. - 
 Many scholars were with their masters in the church 
 in upper galleries, singing anthems to the organ and 
 sackbuts. 
 
 Here he saw a fair tomb of the Baron Soupe, who, 
 in the German wars, rescued the King Gustavus 
 Adolphus from being taken prisoner, which is en- 
 graven on his monument to his honour. 
 
 In the choir are many pictures of saints and other 
 images ; and at the east end of it is a high altar, with 
 a rich carpet of velvet embroidered with gold, and a 
 stately crucifix upon it : there are also divers other 
 and lesser crucifixes in several places of the church 
 and choir. In the vestry he saw the chalices and 
 pyxes, with pieces of the wafers in them ; and none 
 
188 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 could see a difference betwixt this and the Papists' 
 churches. 
 
 From the church Whitelocke went to the free-school 
 hard by, which is a large room, and in it between 
 three and four hundred scholars, and some of them 
 at the upper end with great beards, of thirty years of 
 age, yet as subject to the rod's correction if they offend 
 as the young boys among whom they sit. It caused 
 smiling to see the disproportion and gravity of these 
 scholars in respect of the others. Many of them are 
 choristers, and did in the school make the same vocal 
 music as in the church, louder than ordinary, but not 
 sweeter or more skilful. 
 
 This is called a city, because it is a bishop's see, 
 and is very ancient, though probably short of that 
 which the schoolmaster affirmed : " That a Goth, a 
 servant to Abraham, married one of Sarah's maids, 
 and brought into his own country; and being grown 
 rich, he built a city in this place, and gave his wife 
 the naming of it, who, in honour of her mistress, called 
 it Sarah, and by the people's rough pronunciation is 
 now called Skara." Others, and as probably, derive 
 the name of it from the Swedish word schire or schare, 
 which with them signifies a territory or province ; and 
 that this, being the head city of the territory about it, 
 was therefore called, as the shire town, Schara; and 
 from this Gothic word schire some derivation may be 
 of our English word shire, anciently written also schire, 
 for a territory or country. 
 
 This town seems to have been very ancient, espe- 
 cially by the buildings, which are in much decay, 
 though large ; they are of timber, after the fashion of 
 that country. It hath no river nor way of commerce 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 189 
 
 for the enriching of it ; and though it be as the bi- 
 shop's residence sometimes, there can be no great 
 advantage of profit to the city if, as is affirmed, his 
 revenue there be not above forty rix-dollars (that is, 
 ten pounds) a year. The people are generally very 
 poor, and divers of them very churlish. The city 
 stands in a pleasant fertile country, and hath been 
 large, and, as they report, considerable. 
 
 The minister and schoolmaster here spoke Latin, Th< ? 
 
 1 orphans ot 
 
 but not elegantly, hardly truly ; yet they ventured at skara. 
 it in discourse with Whitelocke, who invited them to 
 his table, and civilly treated them. Nor do the scholars 
 much profit in the Latin tongue, as may appear by 
 their petitory epistle, which this evening they presented 
 to Whitelocke in these words : — 
 
 " Salutem et Dei benedictionem ! 
 
 " Generosissime, serenissime, atque nobilissime Domine 
 Princeps, te celeberrimae regione nimirum Angliae natus, 
 quern celeritatem Deus ter. opt. max. una cum suo pio 
 et laudabili comitatu benigne tarn in aditu quam reditu 
 custodire atque benedicere dignetur. Siquidem Deo 
 omnipotenti suo placida atque divina voluntate placuit, 
 nobis prsesentibus in primae nostrse infantia parentibus 
 privare : et interim quae nobis necessaria atque ad sus- 
 tentationem vitas spectant, a piis atque probis hominibus 
 quserenda sunt ; quapropter ad serenissimum atque gene- 
 rosissimum Principem nostra est devota atque humillima 
 petitio, ut nobis aliquid pecuniae benigne dare dignetur. 
 
 " Deus omnipotens omnium beneficiorum retributor atque 
 benefactor est, cujus protectionis V. S. cum toto suo comi- 
 tatu commendare volumus." 
 
 The English whereof may be thus guessed at : — 
 
 " Health and the blessing of God ! 
 
 " Most generous, most serene, and most noble Lord and 
 
190 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 Prince, who is bom in the most famous country, \ 
 England, to whom God the most good and great mere 
 vouchsafe to keep and bless with his pious and commen 
 company, as well in their coming hither as in their d 
 ture. Whereas it pleased God Almighty, in his pie 
 and Divine will, to deprive us who are here present o: 
 parents in our first infancy ; and in the meanwhile 
 things that were necessary for us, and pertained t( 
 sustenance of our lives, were to be sought by us from j 
 and honest men : 
 
 " "Wherefore our devout and most humble petition 
 the most serene and most generous Prince, that he m 
 courteously vouchsafe to give us some money. Almi 
 God is the rewarder of all benefits, and a benefacti 
 whose protection we will commend your Serenity, an 
 your company." 
 
 They were prodigal enough, in their titles, ho 
 to procure the more liberality from him, who ] 
 esteemed them, yet gave a reward to the preser 
 of this epistle, who acknowledged it to have 1 
 corrected by their master : and Whitelocke wond 
 that in a free public school, in a city which wi 
 bishop's see, they had not better Latin, when gene] 
 in other places the noblemen, gentlemen, magistn 
 and officers do write and speak good Latin ; but 
 town is not an usual road, nor much frequented. 
 
 Whitelocke ordered the gentleman of his horse, i 
 his company, to go this evening with the carri: 
 about a mile from this town forward in the jour 
 which was long as he intended next day. 
 
 December 6, 1653. 
 
 This day Whitelocke travelled three Swedish m 
 the country being somewhat plainer than before, 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 191 
 
 full of great stones and fir-trees, but little corn-land, 
 being entered into the great forest. They came before 
 night to a dorf called Bineberg, where their lodging 
 and diet was extreme bad, and most of the provision 
 cow lean beef, cut out in pieces, and fried, roasted, 
 and boiled, and, as it was here again whispered to 
 Whitelocke, the cow was rotten, and died in the field ; 
 but better food could not be gotten, and this went 
 down with good and keen appetites. 
 
 Whitelocke's steward came very late hither, and white- 
 
 lockc's 
 
 informed the occasion of his staying behind to be, steward 
 that after Whitelocke was gone from Skara, the stew- g^^ 6 
 ard, and one or two more with him, coming forth to 
 follow their master, they were imprisoned, and the 
 inn-doors shut upon them, and could not hav% liberty 
 to come out until they had paid ten rix-dollars more 
 than the reckoning ; and the only reason thereof was, 
 because the surly host would have it so. 
 
 Whitelocke was so incensed hereat, as a breach of 
 his privilege of Ambassador, that he told Berkman 
 and the Syndic he would go no further till he had 
 right against this innkeeper, and that he would send 
 to the Court to advertise the Queen of this injury done 
 to him. But he was pacified with their information 
 that the innkeeper had been already by the magistrates 
 of the city severely punished for his insolence. 
 
 The best meat they had in this country was pork 
 and bacon, if they could have got enough of it. Their 
 hogs are less than those in England, and of a wild 
 kind, and black, feeding most upon pine-apples ; their 
 flesh is very sweet and good, but little of it was here 
 to be had, nor of their hares, though in most parts 
 they have great plenty of them, and they are moister 
 
192 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 and larger than those in England ; and, which c 
 hardly receive credit but from those who saw i 
 Whitelocke did and his company, when the s 
 comes, the hares change their colour in a short t 
 and become themselves as white as the snow ; ye 
 summer, they change again to the ordinary colon 
 our hares in England. 
 
 December 7, 1653. 
 
 Maaren^ 6 ^is day's J oume y was five Swedish miles, al 
 thirty -five of our English miles, yet seemed the sho: 
 because the way was very good : the country marve 
 at so long a journey taken by strangers when the ( 
 were so short and the company so great. They pa: 
 through huge woods of fir, wherein are said to be g 
 store of wolves and bears. 
 
 Here is melancholy travelling without compa 
 for in most of this country hitherto, one shall sell 
 meet with a crossway in riding a league or two 
 gether, so little commerce is in these parts, anc 
 little danger of going out of the way, where ther 
 but one way to travel in. 
 
 In this journey they met with one extreme 
 piece of way on the side of a rock cut out by m 
 hands, not two foot broader than the track of 
 coach : on the right hand was nothing but era 
 huge rocks hanging over them, twenty or thirty fat] 
 to the top of them ; and on the left hand of this 
 was a steep precipice, fifty or sixty fathom dow: 
 the lake Malaren, which was at the foot of it, anc 
 way possible for them to avoid this track and t( 
 out of it. Whitelocke caused his people to all 
 and walk on foot, leading their horses till they v 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 193 
 
 past it, not being a mile in length, and some he 
 causes to walk by the coaches ; and had not his 
 coachman and postilions been their art's masters, and 
 of mettle, they could hardly have been able to drive a 
 coach in that way. But God was pleased here, as in 
 all the journey, to preserve and bless Whitelocke and 
 all his company. 
 
 This lake Malaren appeared as a great and wide 
 sea, and indeed was so, though of fresh water. The 
 people affirm that in it are 4444 islands, the least 
 of them above an English mile in compass, and in- 
 habited. Certain it is, that this lake is above a 
 hundred English miles in breadth, and the islanders 
 have communication by boats, sailing to one another 
 and to the shore. Their dwellings are not healthful, 
 being often afflicted with terrible agues, which con- 
 tinue long, and commonly take the people in the 
 spring ; and yet most of them, especially to those who 
 are not natives, prove mortal. 
 
 But on the banks of the lake are many pleasant 
 seats of noblemen and gentlemen, which they say are 
 very healthful, and furnished with abundance of pro- 
 visions of fish and fowl, and they have great delight 
 in taking of them. Some of those seats Whitelocke 
 viewed, and found their building to be only of fir 
 timber, the bodies of great trees squared and laid one 
 upon another, keyed together by other great pieces of 
 timber, all set upon huge stones about a foot from 
 the ground. Between the bodies of the trees which 
 make the wall of the house, is great store of moss 
 forced in, like the caulking of a ship, which keeps 
 out the sun, and makes the rooms cool in summer, 
 and, keeping out the frost and cold air, makes them 
 
 vol. i. o 
 
194 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 the more warm in winter. The roof is of deal \ 
 jointed close together, and laid a little sloping, 
 which they put pieces of the bark of birch-trt 
 cover it, and the bark they cover with turf, ar 
 them as flat as a roof is made with lead. The 
 keeps the wet from soaking through the boards 
 bears out the rain and melting of the snow, ar 
 wet glides down the bark to the eaves and sc 
 on the ground, and is not inferior to any re 
 flats or tile. Upon it grows good grass fron 
 turf, which invites the sheep and goats to els 
 to the top of it and to feed on it, which thej 
 the easier do, because their buildings and storii 
 generally very low, seldom more than two stor: 
 height ; and many of those buildings, almost ' 
 towns together, have no mortar, lime, stone, ti 
 brick in the building of them, except only in 
 stoves and chimneys. 
 
 Whitelocke's carriages, by reason of some dis; 
 and breaking of waggons, were out all night 
 such was the honesty of the waggoners and co 
 people that, in all the journey, he lost not any ( 
 goods to the value of sixpence, except a great gl 
 tobacco ; and although in one place his iron tru 
 money broke, and the half-crowns, which were n 
 current there, dropped out, yet were they all 
 restored to Whitelocke's servants. 
 
 This and the two last days' journeys were thi 
 the great forest or wilderness called Valterd, i 
 they affirm to be forty leagues, that is, three hm 
 English miles in length, and about seventy mil 
 breadth. Whitelocke was three days travelling 
 the narrowest part of it, and contented with 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 195 
 
 quarter, there being only a few huts or cabarets, but 
 no dorfs or towns in all that way. 
 
 December 8, 1653. 
 It is full of • goodly fir-trees, exceeding tall and Forestof 
 
 & J ° Valterd. 
 
 straight, and the way broad and sandy ; the trees on 
 each side thick for many miles together, and, smelling 
 of the turpentine, make a most sweet and pleasant walk 
 arid riding. Great destruction is made of those woods 
 by the inhabitants near adjoining ; it being a piece of 
 husbandry among them to burn great quantities of 
 wood standing upon the ground, and then cast some 
 seed-corn among the ashes, without any ploughing f 
 or other manuring, whereof they have commonly one ' 
 good crop, and no more. Such is their plenty of. 
 wood, that very many large timber-trees lie and rot 
 upon the ground, and the inhabitants will not bestow 
 the pains of fetching them away. 
 
 There be also in this forest trees which they call 
 birk, that is, birch-trees; and others which they call 
 aisli, that is, ash ; others which they call eukes, that 
 is, oaks ; from whence it may seem that we had these 
 names of our trees. But their oaks are not so solid 
 and hard as ours, nor so fit for shipping ; their oaken 
 planks, as most others in the world, are apt to splin- 
 ter by a bullet shot into them, which the English 
 oak doth not, nor soak in the water as oaks of other 
 countries do. Their oaks here are so far from any 
 navigable river, that they are of little benefit to the 
 country. 
 
 Their calculation of 20,000 wolves, besides a great 
 number of bears and other wild beasts in this forest, 
 
 o 2 
 
196 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 may well be mistaken ; those cattle, and in so wii 
 forest, not being easily to be numbered. 
 
 This night their quarter was at a burgh ca 
 Boderne, where one of Whitelocke's chaplains, 
 Ingelo, visited the minister's house, a very mean 
 and his family in as mean a condition, his childre 
 torn shirts, and no other clothes upon them in 
 bitter cold weather, and his wife little better 
 nished. This and sundry the like observations in 
 journey, may cause our ministers and others to be 
 more in love with their own country. 
 
 Here they had better provisions than in o 
 places ; excellent pork and hares, and a little 
 called a yerpen, of bigness between a partridge ai 
 pigeon, white and firm of flesh, 'and in taste bej 
 a partridge for delicacy. 
 
 Most of their lodging was in good straw, whic 
 bigger and longer than that in England. 
 
 December 9, 1653. 
 
 a Gentle- This day's journey was four leagues and a half, 
 
 Queen's through the forest, whose colour, all green with 
 
 me™ er pines and fir-trees, would almost persuade a trav 
 
 white- ^hat j£ wag ano tlier season, did not the bitter cole 
 
 locke. ' 
 
 sure the contrary. 
 
 About half a mile before the end of the join 
 Potley, in his return from Court, met Whitelock 
 the way, and with him came a gentleman of 
 Queen's chamber, well habited and fashioned, c; 
 Mr. Lyllicrone. Whitelocke came forth of his c 
 to salute him, and the gentleman spoke to W 
 locke in French to this effect : — that he was sei: 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 197 
 
 the Queen to visit Whitelocke on the way, to inquire 
 of his health in his journey, to attend him to Upsal, 
 and to take care that he should want no accommo- ' 
 dations in his journey. 
 
 Whitelocke answered, that he hoped ere long to 
 have the happiness of being in her Majesty's presence 
 to return his thanks for the great favour and honour 
 she was pleased to manifest to him, whereof he should 
 take the first opportunity to certify the Parliament ; 
 and that his journey would be the more pleasant by 
 the company of so noble a person as he was. 
 
 The gentleman then told Whitelocke, that Prince 
 Adolphus presented his service to him with these 
 letters, which he then delivered to Whitelocke, who 
 then opened and read them. 
 
 The letter is thus put into English. 
 
 " To the Most Excellent Ambassador of the Parliament of 
 the Commonwealth of England. 
 " Most Excellent Lord Ambassador, 
 " The letters were delivered unto me by which your Ex- 
 cellence was pleased to signify your arrival at Gothenburg, 
 with a hope of meeting our Most Serene Queen there, and 
 of performing the duty of the embassy imposed on you ; 
 but now being frustrate of that hope, and not knowing 
 where to apply himself to the Most Serene Queen, as his 
 commission and employment do require, he therefore ex- 
 pected to be certified from me, whither he shoidd apply 
 himself. That I might satisfy this desire of your Excel- 
 lence, I acquainted our Most Serene Queen with that 
 which your Excellence did hereupon communicate unto 
 me ; and truly the coming of so great an Ambassador, and 
 his voyage performed with so prosperous success, did affect 
 her Most Serene Royal Majesty with no small joy; and 
 therefore she commanded me to take care for the recep- 
 tion of your Excellence, and to certify you, that you might 
 
198 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 take your journey to Upsal. To this end I have ser 
 gentleman, a servant of the Court of her Most £ 
 Majesty, to meet your Excellence, that he, known) 
 language, might guide your journey, and provide 1 
 necessary for it. In the meantime, from the goodr 
 your Excellence, I promise myself your excuse if th< 
 dition and state of the places through which you 
 will not admit that entertainment which is fit for the 
 bassador of so great a Commonwealth ; but having fu 
 your journey, when your Excellence shall come t< 
 place, all endeavour will be used, that the inconven 
 which your Excellence hath suffered in this joumej 
 with all kind of honour be repaired. In the meant 
 wish your Excellence a happy journey. 
 
 " Your Excellence's most ready to serve you, 
 "Adolphus John, '■' 
 " Count Palatine of the Rhi 
 " Upsal, November 28, 1653." 
 
 December 10, 1653. 
 
 ^ e Having read the letters, Whitelocke invited 
 
 reaches Lyllicrone to take a room in his coach; but h 
 cased it, and rode on horseback. By the way c 
 Whitelocke's gentlemen, Mr. Castle, received a 
 gerous hurt in his forehead, by the kick of a hor 
 the great danger of breaking his skull. White 
 took Dr. Whistler with him, and went to visit ( 
 at a boor's house, whither he was carried : 
 Whitelocke saw him dressed with medicaments < 
 his own cabinet, which was always with him, pu 
 Castle into one of his coaches, and so went on 
 burgh called Blacksta, where they had reasonable 
 quarter. 
 
 This day's journey was two Swedish leagues 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 199 
 
 city called Orsborough (Orebro), the largest town and 
 best quarter which they had hitherto met with. The 
 house where Whitelocke lay was very fine in furni- 
 ture, the master of it being wealthy ; for he had been 
 an officer of the Crown about the mines, for the busi- 
 ness whereof, and the commerce and disposing of the 
 copper, this city is conveniently seated, being near the 
 mountains where the mines are, and having the benefit 
 of navigable waters. Before the house was a guard 
 of soldiers, of a company of the Queen's regiment of 
 guards, quartered here by reason of the sickness at 
 Stockholm ; some of these soldiers were placed at the 
 lodging of Whitelocke, as an honour to him, yet pro- 
 bably not without the expectation of a gratuity from 
 him. 
 
 Here Whitelocke received the first packet of letters Letters 
 
 from 
 
 from England, since his coming from thence, about England, 
 five weeks after the date of the letters ; and they came 
 the sooner, by Mr. Lagerfeldt, who posted by land, 
 and left the packet in this town the last night, with a 
 servant of Whitelocke's, whom he met here, sent be- 
 fore to make provisions from his master. 
 
 Whitelocke was not a little rejoiced to receive letters 
 from his private friends, of the health and welfare of 
 his wife and family. He had also letters from the Se- 
 cretary of the Council, Mr. Thurloe, wherein, amongst 
 other things, it was thus said : — 
 
 " I should have been glad of all opportunities to mani- 
 fest the just sense I have of all the many obligations your 
 Lordship hath laid upon me, and to have assured you of 
 my constant and diligent attendance upon everything which 
 might concern^you, and your present embassy, wherein I 
 wish your Excellence honour and good success. I have 
 
200 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 herein sent a character, by which your Excellence 
 correspond with the Council, in things of secresy, or 
 nify your commands to your servant, which, I hope 
 come safe to your hands unseen." 
 
 Then he gave him an account of the proceeding 
 England in the Dutch treaty : but Whitelocke 
 veiled that the character should be sent after him. 
 by a public minister of that Crown to which he 
 employed, and neglected to be given him before 
 coming away ; but he was glad to receive it, 
 made much use of it. 
 
 December 11, 1653. 
 
 The Lord's Day. — Whitelocke rested in this 1 
 of Orebro, and had two very good sermons prea 
 by his chaplains in his lodging, which the pe 
 much approved, and wished they could have ue 
 stood our preaching. 
 Meets the There came to his table the captain of the < 
 
 son of Sal- L 
 
 masius. pany here quartered, whose carriage being somei 
 scornful, Whitelocke inquired what he was, and le 
 that he was the son of Salmasius, who wrote the 1 
 of ' Defensio Regis' against the Parliament's proc 
 ings ; and his son at dinner began to discourse 
 rally upon that argument ; but Whitelocke sile; 
 him, yet was sparing in delivery of any opinion in 
 business, but declared it to be too high for his ju 
 ment, or for the judgement of this young captain. 
 In this city is a castle belonging to the Crown 
 compassed with waters, but neither large nor be 
 ful, or of much defence ; in it is also a stable for a 
 one hundred horse, wherein Whitelocke had the fa 
 to have his horses stand. 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 201 
 
 December 12, 1653. 
 
 This day's journey was three Swedish leagues, to a Hardships 
 burgh called Fitzborough, where was very bad quarter ; 
 and it was hard duty, after long travel upon such 
 horses and furniture as is before described, in bitter 
 cold weather, and for the most part in the night-time, 
 the days being not above four hours long, to come to 
 bad diet and a bed of straw ; but they were contented, 
 because better could not be had in those places. 
 
 Upon the way, there fell out a kind of mutiny among 
 Whitelocke's people ; some of them, tired and sore 
 with their hard horses and saddles, grumbled at their 
 bad accommodations. Whitelocke, to appease them, 
 alighted from his coach, called the gentleman who first 
 began the disturbance and complained of his being 
 ill, caused him to alight and go in Whitelocke's room 
 into his coach, and Whitelocke mounted on the Swedish 
 horse, and in that furniture and equipage rode along 
 with the rest of his company, drolling and partaking 
 with them in their hardships ; which, with his gentle 
 usage of the offender, gave more satisfaction than se- 
 verity at such a time would have done to his people. 
 
 At supper, with more beef, one of his servants'told 
 Whitelocke that they could get no other provision but 
 the quarters of a beast which, he said, was found dead 
 in the field. Whitelocke commended the variety and 
 the dressing of this meat, and it went down with good 
 stomachs, and made good meat afterwards to taste the 
 sweeter, besides the delight in remembrance of it. 
 
 In their great room of lodging, he caused his field- 
 bed to be set up, and the gentlemen lay in fresh straw 
 round about him, he being frolic, and cheering them ; 
 
202 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 and it is no small piece of the art of governm< 
 
 \ know when to be familiar, and when a fit dista 
 
 j to be observed. He commanded that they should 
 
 nothing that was to be had, and the pleuty of fu< 
 
 no small comfort to them at that season. 
 
 December 13, 1653. 
 
 They were early ready to part from their ill qu 
 and travelled two Swedish leagues and a half, 
 town called Koping. The country which they p 
 was fuller of corn than formerly, with some small 
 dows in the bottoms. The manner of fencing 
 arable lands is with a dry picked hedge, made of 
 and long fir poles, stuck in the ground thick 
 bound together with withes, wherewith they end 
 large piece of ground, after they have sowed it ; 
 at harvest-time they break it up again, and bm 
 but for green or quick hedges none are to be se< 
 three hundred miles together. Their winter co 
 early sowed, that it may get up before the frost cc 
 with the which, or not long after, commonly the s 
 do fall, which cover the green corn, and keep it vi 
 and the ground mellow, and kill the weeds ; ar 
 the Spring, the thaw comes and dissolves it, an( 
 corn comes to ripen strangely in a short time. 
 The Pariia- Here complaint was made to Whitelocke, thai 
 
 ment of . 
 
 England Prsetor of the town denied his assistance to pr< 
 insulted at quarters for Whitelocke's people, and gave ill lang 
 
 Koping. of the p ar li ament . that they had killed their king 
 
 were a company of tailors and cobblers. White 
 showed high distaste at these speeches, and prof 
 to the Swedish gentleman with him, that he \i 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 203 
 
 have satisfaction of the Praetor, and the honour of the 
 Parliament vindicated ; wherein he was resolved to try 
 the respects of her Majesty to his superiors, which he 
 doubted not but she would manifest by an exemplary 
 punishment of this reproach. The Swedish gentle- 
 men presently fetched the Praetor, who is the second 
 officer, like our sheriff, and the Consul, who is the 
 head officer, like our mayors of the town. Whitelocke 
 made them wait long ere he would speak with them ; 
 and at length, when he highly expostulated with them, 
 they wept very much, but indeed were before half- 
 drunk for sorrow. 
 
 The Praetor absolutely denied the words charged ^ he . Ma y 01 ' 
 
 ^ ° , denies the 
 
 upon him ; but affirmed that he spake only to this imputation, 
 purpose : — What lies do the Holland gazettes tell us, 
 when they say the Parliament are a company of tailors 
 and cobblers, when you see what gallant fellows they 
 are by their Ambassador ! What a brave gentleman he 
 is, how nobly attended; what a number of gallant per- 
 sons waiting upon him, above a hundred in his com- 
 pany ! and he protested that he loved and honoured 
 the Parliament of England and London with all his 
 heart. 
 
 The like was attested by the Consul, who, for proof 
 thereof, said that he had read Milton's book,* and 
 liked it, and had it at home. In conclusion, after 
 many protestations, and much mediation, and store 
 of wine presented, and for the most part drunk by 
 the magistrates, they and Whitelocke were reconciled 
 and became kind friends, and they and their under 
 
 [* Milton's ' Defensio pro Populo Anglioano contra Claudii ano- 
 nymi alias Salmasii Defensionem Begiam;' published in the preceding 
 year, 1652.] 
 
204 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 officers were very serviceable to Whitelocke an< 
 company. 
 
 In discourse with the Praetor, Whitelocke exl 
 the dignity of his office, second in the city, am 
 jurisdiction something like that of the Roman prf 
 which this officer was well pleased to hear. 
 
 To the Consul, Whitelocke commended the wii 
 of their law in providing such a head officer foi 
 government and peace of the town, and the wii 
 of the people in choosing so able a man to be 
 chief officer under the Queen; who, as he hac 
 Roman name of the office, so within his precini 
 Whitelocke had learnt, did not much come sho 
 consular authority, which this Consul agreed, 
 much liking. From them Whitelocke also learn 
 other appellation of a chief magistrate of his com 
 or fellowship, whom they call aldryman, — that is, 
 them, an ancient, or elderman, or elder ; and he i 
 chief or head of his company, and hath a kind of p 
 and jurisdiction over the rest, and is in effect the 
 which, anciently and at this day, we call our i 
 men. 
 
 December 14, 1653. 
 
 The high- This day's journey was three Swedish leagues 
 Sweden, a quarter ; the way was very good, and it was 
 much to the cheering of Whitelocke and his com 
 in so long a journey, a time of so much hard wei 
 and where other accommodations were wantin 
 find generally so good highways. 
 
 The Queen was pleased to command her offici 
 the several provinces where Whitelocke was to 
 that the highways should be amended ; and sucl 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 205 
 
 was taken, that hardly any country affords better ways 
 than these, though in some places very mountainous, 
 and several desperate precipices down to great lakes, 
 and but a very narrow track to pass there, and with 
 great danger. But generally the ways are hard and 
 even, and if at any time broken, the particular offi- 
 cers for that purpose do summon the inhabitants, and 
 forthwith cause the ways to be sufficiently repaired. 
 In low places they use to cast up a causeway, large 
 and high in the middle, with a sloping and fall on each 
 side, where they make ditches to receive the water, 
 which falls from either side of the causeway into them ; 
 and the way is filled with stones, yet even, and in 
 places which require it conveyances are made with 
 trunks of timber, laid cross the way underground, to 
 pass the water and keep the way from bogs. The 
 highways are the better preserved, because they do 
 not permit any heavy carriages to pass on- them ; 
 no waggon is suffered to go with above one or two 
 horses, or beasts, to draw it, and therefore cannot so 
 much wear and tear the ways as where heavy car- 
 riages break them. 
 
 Their officers for the highways are not like ours I 
 in England, where two poor men in every parish are| 
 chosen for overseers of them, who, favouring their 
 neighbours and themselves more than intending the 
 business, seldom do much good in it ; but these Swe-i 
 dish officers are constant for that service, and, like the! 
 Romans' curatores viarum publicarum,\w& the charge 
 and care of looking to the public ways that they be 
 kept in repair, and upon any default presently amend-j 
 ed ; for which end, they have power to cause the in- 
 habitants in their precinct who are fit to work that 
 
206 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 they labour in their persons, and others to cont: 
 5 by their purses. 
 w^ter" 1 * They quartered this night at a city called Wes 
 the largest that they had passed upon the confii 
 Gothland, fair and well built ; and at the end 
 was such another castle as that of Orebro, belo 
 to the Crown. The head officer here was a cons 
 mayor, who, with several of the magistrates or 
 men, did speak good French and Latin (somethin 
 to those who came from England) ; and they wer< 
 civil and gentle in their deportment to White 
 and his company. This city is the more consid< 
 and wealthy by a navigable river from hence to S 
 holm, conveying great quantities of copper and 
 digged out of the mines upon the mountains abou 
 leagues from the town ; from whence the rich coi 
 dities are brought by land-carriage to this city 
 from hence by water to their chief port and c 
 Stockholm. Here were also guards, very officio 
 Whitelocke, and he liberal to them ; and the qi 
 here was very good, but the people exacting. 
 
 December 15, 1653. 
 
 Proceed to A gentleman, who was secretary to his Royal 1 
 ness the Prince Palatine, prince-heretier to the Ci 
 passing by this country, and hearing that White 
 was expected at Westerns, the secretary staid tc 
 him a visit, and passed divers compliments upon 
 in the name of the prince, his master : to whom T\ 
 locke desired the secretary to present his service 
 that he hoped to gain an opportunity to wait upc 
 Kingly Highness before he left this country. 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 207 
 
 The Syndic of Gothenburg proceeded this morning 
 fromWesteras to the Court, to give them advertisement 
 of Whitelocke's being come so far on his journey. 
 
 This day Whitelocke travelled three Swedish leagues 
 to a burgh called Enkoping, where was dusty and bad 
 quarter, and the baggage not come up to him for want 
 of horses, which neglect was believed to be wilful, to 
 occasion Whitelocke's longer stay by the way ; which 
 the Swedish gentlemen, his conductors, desired, but 
 not discovered in plain terms until this evening, when 
 a post came to them with letters from the Court, from 
 the Grand Master, Prince Adolphus, which they im- 
 parted to Whitelocke, to this effect : — 
 
 " That the Queen and her Court were astonished that A message 
 the English Ambassador was advanced so far in his jour- Queen, 
 ney, with such a train, in so short a time. That her Ma- 
 jesty was glad of his safe arrival so far ; and, in regard that 
 she was desirous to give him such a reception and entertain- 
 ment as might testify her respects to the Commonwealth 
 of England, for the which preparations were not yet ready, 
 her Majesty desired that Whitelocke would repose himself 
 in this place until Monday next (this being Thursday) , and 
 then to come to a gentleman's house half-way from Enko- 
 ping to Upsal, which the Grand Master had appointed to be 
 provided for him ; and that Tuesday would be a convenient 
 time for his entry into Upsal." 
 
 This signification of the Queen's desire was a suffi- 
 cient ground for Whitelocke's resolution to stay here 
 till Monday; and by a messenger with letters from 
 the gentleman of his horse, he was certified that the 
 boors in this part of the country were more churlish 
 than in other parts, an£l would not bring in horses 
 and waggons to bring up the carriages for which he 
 desired orders might be sent, and the Swedish gen- 
 
208 JOURNAL OP THE 
 
 tlemen with Whitelocke took order for it. And "W 
 locke wrote to his gentleman of the horse at Qu 
 where he was, ordering him not to come from th< 
 riages, but to bring them up to Enkoping as so 
 he could get accommodations, yet not to make 
 than ordinary haste, because Whitelocke resolv 
 stay here till Monday. 
 
 The weather was hard and frosty, yet very 
 and fair ; Whitelocke was ill and much indisp 
 but God was pleased to support and recover him 
 
 December 16, 1653. 
 
 Enkoping. Whitelocke viewed this town, and found it not 
 large or beautiful, either for buildings or situs 
 but much decayed and wanting trade, and is si 
 in a low ground, the same river from Westerns pa 
 by it, and fertile land about it. 
 
 It is the first town they came to out of Gotli 
 Gothenburg being the confines eastward, and Wes 
 westward, of that ancient kingdom of Gothland, \ 
 is divided into Westro- Gothland next to Norway 
 Eastro- Gothland next to Upsal. These countri 
 West Gothland and East Gothland are very large 
 indifferently well peopled, and were the seat am 
 bitation of the ancient Goths, from whom the 
 of Gothland comes ; the Germans call it Gotland 
 the word Got and Gut with them, and in Swi 
 signifies good, and is used sometimes for God. 
 
 A great part of this land is a good and fertile 
 try, considering the climate ; £,nd although the 
 bitants of it at present are not numerous, yet in f< 
 times it was so fruitful of people that vast numb 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 209 
 
 them left their country as overstocked, and planted 
 themselves in the best and most countries of Europe ; 
 of whom it is said, that " the Goths, a cruel people, 
 anciently subdued Italy by arms," and laid Rome her- 
 self even with the ground. But Pasquier vindicates 
 the Goths from this calumny of barbarism ; shows / 
 their polity and civility and justice not to be inferior 
 to the Romans themselves, and that reproaches were 
 cast upon them by the pens of those whom they had 
 vanquished by their swords. Gothofred gives them 
 also their due honour and faith -. "they could not bow 
 themselves to idleness and pleasures," but, leaving 
 their own country, they invaded and subjugated most 
 parts of Europe, and Italy itself, where they a long 
 time had dominion, and the memory of them will not 
 easily be blotted out. 
 
 Their laws teach us that they were not barbarous ; x 
 and their characters for writing, which were most an- 
 cient, do inform us, " that this nation did join the glory 
 of learning with their knowledge of military affairs ;" 
 and, as it is noted of our ancient British women, so it 
 is said of the Gothish, " that in war they used to go 
 together into the army, and to mingle themselves as 
 men in the ranks of those that fought." 
 
 Whitelocke saw many of their women holding aiv \ 
 driving the plough, driving their waggons, rowing 
 their boats, and in other employments more usual 
 and fit for men than for that sex, and it was common 
 with them. 
 
 December 17, 1653. 
 Whitelocke learned the manner of administration of Adminis- 
 
 -, i . tration of 
 
 justice m the country and towns hereabouts, and- in justice. 
 VOL. i. p 
 
210 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 this kingdom, to be thus : — " They have in ever 
 town in the several precincts, justice adniinistc 
 their own homes, with several appeals from i 
 to superior judicatories ; and the last is to th< 
 preme Public Council, like our Parliament : but 
 Whitelocke had occasion to inquire more parti 
 afterwards, and from better hands." 
 
 He learnt also that in these countries they h 
 officer of justice whom they call a Lagevard, I 
 and Lovard, according to their several idioms, 
 in their language, as in the Saxon, signifies la^ 
 vard or ward, a guardian or keeper ; so lagevi 
 loverd is a warden or keeper of the law, a judge, 
 same word loverd we find in Bede, and in many 
 manuscripts, used for lord ; and, by contractio 
 pronunciation, from lagevord and loverd may 
 come the word lord. 
 
 December 18, 1653. 
 letters The Lord's Day. — Whitelocke had two verv 
 
 from i-iii. ... , 
 
 England, sermons preached by his chaplains in his own lo 
 Mr. Clavering, an English merchant residing at 
 holm, came to Whitelocke to Enkoping, and bron 
 Whitelocke two packets of letters, which came 
 England by the ordinary post to Stockholn 
 brought joy to Whitelocke and to many of hi: 
 pany, to hear from their relations. Among the 
 to Whitelocke was one from his wife, full of s 
 and affection, and desire to come to him, and p 
 him to send for her ; wherein she saith, " I cam 
 admire at God's goodness that I am yet alivi 
 sadness increaseth every day, so that I can dc 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 211 
 
 else but weep night and day. Your going cost me 
 many sad complaints before it came ; but since, I am 
 not able to express my grief. I could willingly do or 
 suffer any hardship to be with thee. I cannot but 
 envy the meanest servant in thy house, for I would 
 willingly do their work so that I might enjoy thy good 
 company. The Lord keep you in safety, and fill you 
 with His Spirit, and make you walk in close commu- 
 nion with Himself, so that you bring much glory to 
 His name, which will be a greater honour unto you 
 than if you should enjoy all this world. Oh let the 
 name of God be called upon in your family, and do 
 you and your family serve the Lord, which is the daily 
 prayer of — " 
 
 By this packet he also received letters from Mr. Despatches 
 Thurloe, acquainting him with the passage of the Thm-ioe. 
 Portugal Ambassador's brother and his company 
 murdering a man at the 'Change, and their mad fury, 
 for which they were executed, He acquainted White- 
 locke also with the particulars of the Dutch treaty, 
 the orders of the Council touching Swedish ships 
 taken for prizes, and discharges for some of them ; 
 with the business of Scotland, Ireland, France, Spain, * 
 and a perfect and full intelligence of all affairs, both 
 foreign and domestic, relating to England, or to 
 Whitelocke's negotiation ; which were of great use 
 and advantage to Whitelocke in his treaty, and gave 
 testimony of Mr. Thurloe's faithfulness to the public 
 and affection to his friend. 
 
 He had also intelligence of designs by some of the Suspected 
 King's party to kill him, and it came from no slight agS 
 hands. And this they said : " Whitelocke must have ^t 
 great fortune if he escape Dorislaus' and Ascham's 
 
 p 2 
 
212 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 fate, for tbere are three in Sweden already (two < 
 them have been used to such sport) that will attemj 
 him, and have designed to kill him ; and if they mis 
 there are those that will go over in the ships wit 
 him that may do Whitelocke that friendly office." 
 
 For confirmation whereof, although Whitelocke ha 
 given strict orders not to admit any without his wa: 
 rant into any of his ships, yet there was a proper lust 
 fellow who got into the horse-ship, pretending wit 
 much diligence to help about the horses when tl 
 grooms were sick ; and being come on shore, Whiti 
 locke was informed of him, and that there was caus 
 to suspect him. Whitelocke caused his eldest son 1 
 take this fellow to be his servant, to use him vei 
 kindly, and thereby to work upon him, and by whi 
 means he could to endeavour to get out of him h 
 purpose and designs against his father ; however, 1] 
 having the man constantly about him, he might hai 
 the more careful eye over him, and be the more i 
 hand to prevent any mischief from him. 
 
 Whitelocke himself also used the fellow with moi 
 than ordinary favour, as his son's man ; but nothin 
 could work upon him to make a particular confessio 
 of his own designs, but intimated enough of other 
 and a change as to his purposes against Whitelock 
 which, that they were of mischief, his own more pa: 
 ticular confession to one of his most intimate consort 
 and his running away in the journey, did confiru 
 fearing that Whitelocke would have secured him an 
 proceeded against him. But the Lord was Whit 
 locke's defence, and in this and many other dange: 
 was his shield and protection. 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 213 
 
 December 19, 1653. 
 
 Whitelocke travelled two Swedish leagues of long severity of 
 and bad way, the weather bitter cold and hard frost, ther. ea * 
 and much of the way ice, for which his horses were 
 purposely shod by a smith and farrier, which he took 
 along with him ; yet his English horses, unacquainted 
 with so much ice, had many falls ; and one of the 
 horses of his coach in which he rode slipped upon the 
 ice and fell down and broke his neck, and never fed 
 afterwards, so that he found the convenience of having 
 coach-horses led here in such a journey, with one of 
 which he presently supplied his own coach ; and it was 
 a great preservation that no more of his horses, nor 
 any one of his people, was hurt in that day's journey. 
 
 Though he went forth early, yet he came not till Entertained 
 within night to his quarter, which was a gentleman's tieman's 
 house taken up for him. It was the fairest he had house- 
 been in through the journey. It was built of stone, 
 high and large, and covered with copper, which mani- 
 fested the father of the owner to have had a beneficial 
 employment as an officer about the mines. The hall, 
 dining-room, and others of like use, were large and 
 well-fashioned, but were two pair of stairs high, ac- 
 cording to the usage in this country, where their 
 chief chambers and rooms of entertainment are ge- 
 nerally not as those in England, below stairs, but are 
 one or two stories high ; and here they were so, and 
 full of windows, and very cold, most of the floors 
 not boarded, but paved with stone or brick ; and the 
 English, unaccustomed to such piercing cold weather, 
 were the more sensible of it in this place. 
 
 The provisions here were good and plentiful, as 
 
214 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 Whitelocke found, in payment for them. The gre 
 trouble was to get stable-room and horse-meat. 
 Whitelocke ordering the gentleman of his horse ti 
 that he had before he came in : after much trc 
 and pains taken by the gentleman of the horse, 
 hard shift, they got room and meat for the horse 
 which business they were not accustomed, thems 
 usually travelling upon the country horses, whic 
 the end of every stage are brought home by the ow 
 
 The master of the house kept Whitelocke comj 
 giving him information of the country, and of 
 nobility and gentry inhabiting thereabouts, an 
 the Government, whereof there will be occasion tc 
 course elsewhere. 
 
 The house was indifferently well seated, the coi 
 not unfruitful nor unpleasant about it ; plenty of 
 vision of fish and fowl, but no great variety. Nc 
 from it was much water and marsh ground, but 
 all hard with the frost. 
 Law of The gentleman of the house excused his war 
 
 inheritance , i l l j «■ i i , ■ 
 
 in Sweden, household stun and accommodations, m regarc 
 father was lately dead, whereupon his goods (act 
 ing to the law of that country) were divided ar 
 all his children, which is like the custom in Lor 
 York, and other places in England. Here the 1 
 are also divided among the children, both sons 
 daughters, each hath a share; and is not unlike 
 custom of gavelkind in England, which may re; 
 ably enough be supposed (as many other of our 
 toms that may be mentioned hereafter) to have 
 their original from this people. This successic 
 estates hath a certain and general course upon 
 death of the parent. His chief house goes tc 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 215 
 
 eldest son, and an equal share besides of the goods 
 and lands. Every other son hath a like equal share 
 of the goods and lands, and every daughter hath half 
 the share of a son. Nor is it in the power of the 
 father to alter it, either by deed or will, except in 
 some cases of his purchase ; but after a descent, the 
 estates are thus partible. If the possessor have no 
 issue, he then hath power of alienation in his lifetime ; 
 but the purchaser of those lands hath no confirmation 
 or assurance of his estate until one year be passed after 
 the sale of the lands, because in that time the next-of- 
 kin to the seller may come in, and, laying down the 
 purchase-money contracted for, he shall have the land 
 to him and his heirs, as the first purchaser should 
 have had. 
 
 By this course of succession of estates, they observe 
 that much quiet and freedom from suits is gained. 
 There is little occasion for conveyances, and few or no 
 questions touching descents or wills, because the law 
 ascertains the course of them in all men's cases alike. 
 Whereas, in England, every possessor of an estate 
 having a power to make private laws for the disposing 
 thereof by conveyance or will, multitudes of questions 
 and suits do arise upon the exposition of those con- 
 veyances and wills, which are prevented by the partible 
 law of Sweden. 
 
 The like partible law takes place generally in Ger- 
 many, Denmark, and other neighbouring countries, 
 both for goods and lands, all estates whatsoever there, 
 as in Sweden, being comprised under the name of 
 goods. 
 
 As it holds for goods, so for titles of honour : their 
 laws are more liberal than in England, or in southern 
 
216 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 countries, where the succession of titles and hoi 
 goes to the eldest son only; but in Sweden, and ' 
 northern countries, upon the death of the anc< 
 his title descends equally to all his sons ; as, i: 
 father be an earl or baron, upon his death all his 
 are earls or barons, as their father was, which inc 
 eth the number but not the interest of their nob 
 This order of succession of estates in Swed< 
 general, except in some' particular places, and 
 some variations, as circumstances may require: 
 learning thereof is fully set down by their lea 
 Doctor Loccenius, in his ' Synopsis Juris ad leges 
 ticas accommodata.' 
 
 December 20, 1653. 
 
 The Am- This day's, journey was two Swedish leagues ; 
 
 reaches weather very sharp, and about noon the snow b 
 ps ' to fall in great abundance. Both Whitelocke an 
 his company had great cause to take notice oi 
 goodness of God to them, as at all times, so t 
 cularly throughout this journey, which was extre 
 long and tedious, full of hardships and difficul 
 and it was observable that until this time the wes 
 was for the most part fair and good: when it 
 open, the way fell out to be hard and good ; whei 
 way was deep and watery, the frost helped them, 
 it had been either rainy or snowy, there had si 
 been a possibility to have passed the journey, i 
 cially in so short a time as they did. The wai 
 beds and provisions, some very bad ways, sharp 
 ther, ill accommodations for horses, furniture, 
 gons, meat, drink, lodging, hurts, sicknesses, a 
 conveniences and hardships, met with cheerful 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 217 
 
 constant spirits (many of whom had borne great hard- 
 ships, though short of these, in our English wars); but 
 their greatest support was a dependence upon the 
 goodness of God, who had called them to this service 
 for their country, and now, and at all times, in His 
 mercy did not fail them. 
 
 Being come within half a Swedish league of Upsal, 
 his pages, lacqueys, coachmen, postilions, and grooms 
 in their liveries, and all his people in their order, he 
 was advertised that Monsieur Vanderlin, the master 
 of the ceremonies, was hard by to meet him, in one 
 of the Queen's coaches ; and, both of them being 
 alighted for salutation, Vanderlin in a careless garb, 
 in French, told Whitelocke that he was sent by the 
 Queen to meet him, and to conduct him to Upsal, 
 and that she was glad he was come so well thither. 
 
 Whitelocke acknowledged with thanks the favour 
 of her Majesty, then offered Vanderlin room in his 
 coach, but he refused it, saying, that two senators 
 would meet Whitelocke before he came to Upsal, in 
 some of the Queen's coaches ; and so he and White- 
 locke went each to their own coach. 
 
 About an English mile before they came to Upsal, 
 two senators, Messieurs Tobe and Vanderlin, brother 
 to the master of the ceremonies, and much company 
 with them, were come forth of their coaches, and 
 stood by the highway to meet Whitelocke, who, be- 
 fore he came near them, alighted from his coach ; and 
 after salutations, Vanderlin the senator told White- 
 locke, and spoke in Swedish, which was interpreted 
 in Latin, that " the Queen had sent them to meet 
 him on the way, and was very glad that he was safely 
 arrived so far on his way ; that she had sent her 
 
218 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 coaches to transport him to Upsal, and desired 1 
 ceive him with all honour." 
 
 Whitelocke answered in English, which alsc 
 interpreted in Latin, that, in the honour her Mi 
 was pleased to show him, she manifested her 
 respects to the Commonwealth of England, who 
 served ; and that he hoped shortly to have the 
 piness to wait upon her Majesty, and to presen 
 thanks to her. 
 
 Then senator Vanderlin spoke in French to W 
 locke, desiring him to enter into the Queen's cay 
 du corps, which he did; the two senators sat in 
 boot, and the master of the ceremonies in the c 
 The coach was of green velvet inside and oul 
 richly laced with broad silver laces, and fringed . 
 harness studded and gilded. Six handsome \ 
 horses drew it, and about twenty of the Queen's 
 queys in trunk-hose of yellow, laced with blue 
 yellow lace, attended it : there were in all eigl 
 coaches, with six horses apiece, and about six < 
 coaches, with many of the Queen's gentlemei 
 horseback. 
 
 The coaches observed their order, the meanest 
 and so on in their degrees ; the Spanish Resid 
 coach went next before Whitelocke's, and both "W 
 locke' s coaches next before the Queen's. 
 
 The senators were very civil, and had good 
 course in Erench ; but the master of the cerem 
 of so slight a carriage, that Whitelocke was the 
 reserved to him. 
 
 the df^ * n ^ S e q u ip a 8" e tne y brought Whitelocke to U 
 state. multitudes of people by the way and in the 
 spectators of his entry ; and through the town 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 219 
 
 >rought him to the market-place, to a fair brick house 
 )rovided and furnished by the Queen for his enter- 
 aimnent : none besides the Queen's castle a fairer 
 louse than this was. 
 
 They went directly up two pair of stairs ; the 
 Queen's and Whitelocke's gentlemen went up first, 
 mreheaded; the master of the ceremonies followed 
 hem; then the two senators, and Whitelocke after 
 ;hem, and sometimes, as the passage would permit, 
 between them ; the Queen's lacqueys lighted them up 
 svith torches, and Whitelocke's lacqueys among them. 
 The first stairs were of stone, at the top of them a 
 lobby and entry paved with brick ; the second stairs 
 were of timber, on the top of which was a lobby 
 bung with tapestry ; out of that they went into a 
 withdrawing-room, hung with good hangings of the 
 Queen's, a canopy or state of velvet over the table, 
 with stools suitable ; the carpet of cloth of gold. 
 
 Within this room they brought him to the bed- 
 chamber, a handsome square room, hung with very 
 good cloth of Arras. The bed was of blue velvet, 
 richly embroidered all over with gold, and a little silk 
 work in flowers, lined with yellow damask ; the car- 
 pet was of crimson velvet, embroidered with gold and 
 silk ; the chairs answerable to the curtains, and large 
 foot-carpets of Turkey-work round the bed. 
 
 As soon as they had brought him into his bed- 
 chamber, and bid him welcome, they took their leave, 
 telling him that they must attend the Queen, to ac- 
 quaint her with his coming. Whitelocke waited on 
 them to the stairs' head, and finding them to take no 
 notice of it, and multitudes of people interposing, 
 Whitelocke retired to his bedchamber. 
 
220 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 About half an hour after the senators were gone, 
 gentleman of the Queen's bedchamber came to Whit< 
 locke, and said in French, that he was sent by tl 
 Queen to Whitelocke, to inquire how he did after hi 
 journey, and to bid him welcome to Upsal, and t 
 excuse the want of such accommodations as were f 
 for his quality. Whitelocke desired the gentleman t 
 return his thanks to her Majesty for her favours an 
 consideration of him, and for his accommodations, a 
 through her favour, which made his journey seer 
 easy and pleasant to him. 
 
 Presently after his going, Monsieur Lagerfeldt, wh 
 had posted and got to the Court before Whitelocke' 
 coming, came now to Whitelocke's house, and told hir 
 that he was sent by the Queen to visit him. They hai 
 much discourse together, wherein Lagerfeldt offerei 
 with all freedom and courtesy to do any good office 
 concerning Whitelocke or his business ; and thereof h 
 gave Whitelocke good hopes of the Queen's inchnatioi 
 to a satisfactory despatch. Whitelocke inquired of hiii 
 many things concerning the Queen and her Court, ol 
 ficers, servants, and the public ministers here. 
 
 The master of the ceremonies returned to White 
 locke, and in discourse expostulated with him, that h 
 did not show that regard to the senators who con 
 ducted him into Upsal, as was due to them; and in 
 stanced in that, after they had taken leave of bin 
 in his house, he did not bring them down to thei 
 coaches, as he should have done ; that they were per 
 sons of the greatest quality and authority in the king 
 dom ; that their own people, and all strangers, ani 
 particularly ambassadors, did use them with th 
 greatest regard and civility ; and that, after they hai 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 221 
 
 nought liim to his lodging, he should, at their going 
 way, have brought them to their coaches ; and that 
 le was sparing in giving them their due title of Ex- 
 jellence, which, if he did not, they would not give him 
 hat title, and much like matter. 
 
 Whitelocke answered, that he was weary after his 
 lourney, and a lame man, to whom the going up and 
 lown so many stairs was more painful than to others ; 
 ;hat nevertheless he desired not to be wanting in ce- 
 remonies or any expressions of respect to persons of 
 ill conditions, especially to senators, who were of that 
 sminent degree and esteem ; and among them those 
 noble lords who did him the honour to accompany 
 him hither, by their civility challenged and merited 
 all respect from him ; and if his own ignorance at any 
 time led him into an error, he should be willing to 
 be rectified and better instructed by so learned an 
 author and judge as the master of the ceremonies was 
 in these matters. 
 
 But in the particular charged on him, he did ac- 
 knowledge that he purposely omitted waiting upon 
 the senators to their coach, and sometimes of adding 
 their title in discourse, being careful of his own ho- 
 nour, and therein of the honour of his nation ; that 
 he apprehended the first neglect to be on the senators' 
 part, in taking no notice of him, nor offering any ci- 
 vility to him, in passing through three several rooms 
 one after another, but permitting their own lacqueys 
 and others to interpose between theih and him, who, 
 seeing himself so much slighted by them, did there- 
 fore forbear to attend them any further, but retired 
 to his chamber ; and when he apprehended them to 
 be reserved in giving him his due title, in regard he 
 
222 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 was Ambassador from a Commonwealth (whi 
 held as due to him as to any ambassador of a 
 prince), he might thereupon perhaps use that ti 
 them the more seldom ; that he was no stranger 
 vilities, having had the honour to see the courts 
 veral princes ; that he was most ready to give to < 
 their due honour, and expected that the honour i 
 nation whom he served should not be diminish 
 any respect belonging to him as their servant. 
 
 The master of the ceremonies seemed not to e 
 so quick an answer, and laid blame upon the rud 
 of the multitude, at such times of solemnity. Y\ 
 locke said, they were their people and under 
 rule. The master replied, that he hoped in all 
 ters there would be a good understanding bet 
 Whitelocke and this Court, wherein he should be 
 to be serviceable. He then desired of Whiteloc 
 copy of his credential letters, to show them tc 
 Queen, the which were ready transcribed and 
 vered to him. 
 The Span- A gentleman came to Whitelocke from Don J 
 
 ish "Envoy 
 
 compii- nio Piementelle de Parada, Envoy Extraordinary 
 
 White- the King of Spain to the Queen of Sweden, to 
 
 locke. Whitelocke, from his lord, and to let him know 
 
 he intended to come himself to visit him as soc 
 
 his audience should be passed ; and no other p 
 
 minister here sent a compliment to Whitelocke. 
 
 The master of the ceremonies returned bac 
 Whitelocke to supper, which was set on the tab 
 a large dining-room or hall, in the same floor 
 the bedchamber on the other side of the lobby; 
 chamber was furnished with the Queen's hang 
 full of silk and good work. In the middle of 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 223 
 
 oom was a long table, with a canopy of state at the 
 ipper end of it of cloth of gold, with the arms of 
 Sweden and supporters, richly embroidered with gold 
 ,nd silk : a second table was on the one side for 
 /Vhitelocke's steward, and a third table at the lower 
 md for plate and cisterns. 
 
 There was a cupboard of the Queen's plate richly Ceremony 
 ;ilt, with other large silver vessels. The master of tertain- 
 he ceremonies, having conducted Whitelocke into this me,! 
 oom, himself came with a towel, Mr. Lyllicrone and 
 he carver with the bason and ewer, and held them 
 ,o Whitelocke whilst he washed. Grace was said by 
 me of the Queen's pages; then the master of the 
 ;eremonies desired Whitelocke to sit at the upper end 
 )f the table, as he did all the time of the Queen's 
 entertainment, which was three days, although a se- 
 lator were present ; but at other times, if any senator 
 3ame to dine with him (as they often did him the fa- 
 vour), he set him at his table above himself, it being 
 the custom of this country so to do, and contrary to 
 ;he English fashion. The master of the house gives 
 precedence in his own house to all strangers of qua- 
 lity, both at the coming in, and continuance there, 
 md returning : and here they are highly sensible of 
 the least omission of any ceremony which themselves 
 judge to belong to them ; and Whitelocke held it not 
 lit to displease them herein, reserving and expecting 
 he ceremonies and rights pertaining to his own cha- 
 racter, and therein to his nation. 
 
 The company were placed at meals of the Queen's 
 entertainment by the master of the ceremonies ; and 
 irst of them, Whitelocke's two sons, then the rest in 
 heir order. The Queen's officers and servants at- 
 
224 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 tended with great diligence and ceremony; abov 
 the carver was too tediously ceremonial. 
 Whiteioeke Whitelocke had been informed of the custo 
 
 refuses to 
 
 drink the northern countries, of being too much add 
 to excessive drinking, and using, by many and ; 
 draughts of strong drink and wine, to drink, as 
 miscall it, healths, than the which nothing tends 
 to sickness and drunkenness, and sinning against ( 
 to prevent which, Whitelocke had strictly warne< 
 own family against drunkenness, and that non 
 them should at any time begin or pledge any he 
 but to excuse themselves by his example and i 
 mand, who was resolved not to admit that wickec 
 in his household. 
 
 a dispute This night, about the midst of supper, the m 
 
 with the n , i • j> i ■ i 
 
 Master of ot the ceremonies rose trom his seat and cam 
 Whitelocke with a great glass of wine in his hand, 
 began to him a health to the Commonwealth of '. 
 land. Whitelocke with civility desired to be exc 
 from pledging of it, alleging it to be against his 
 judgement and the manner and fashion of those w 
 he served, to drink or pledge healths, and ther 
 desired his liberty. The master of the ceremo 
 as in his own verge, imperiously urged White! 
 to pledge the health, and told him that he c 
 not refuse it, being to his masters the Commonwe 
 Whitelocke answered, that the Commonwealth w 
 not be offended at his refusal to pledge their he 
 and that his masters, if they were present, would 
 refuse it; that he had gained his liberty with r 
 hazard at home, and should be unwilling to part 
 it abroad. The more earnestly it was pressed i 
 him, the more earnestly he denied it, keeping tc 
 
 the Cere- 
 monies. 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 225 
 
 ule, Principiis obsta ; and was resolved, as he did, 
 a claim and make good this his liberty in the be- 
 ;inning and first assaults upon it. 
 
 After this the master of the ceremonies began the 
 lealth of General Cromwell, which was refused by 
 Vhitelocke as the former was; at which, in great 
 iisdain, the master of the ceremonies asked if they 
 hought it unlawful, and said he could not sufficiently 
 ronder to see one refuse to pledge the health of his 
 iwn General. 
 
 Whitelocke answered, that as he condemned no 
 nan for drinking a health, so they ought not to con- 
 lemn him for refusing it, and that the master's ad- 
 nonition was altogether unnecessary : that General 
 Uromwell had other manner of work for his soldiers 
 han to drink healths ; that his performance of his 
 jeneral's commands in more important matters would 
 )lease him better than pledging of his health. There 
 vere many returns of the like nature in words and 
 gestures, full of heat and discontent. 
 
 Whitelocke's son and Dr. Whistler likewise refus- 
 ng to pledge the health, the master of the ceremonies, 
 n great scorn, asked, Why not drink a health ? and 
 ras answered, Why not eat a health? The master 
 said they might observe their country fashions when 
 hey were at home, but now should observe the cus- 
 toms of the country where they were. 
 
 Whitelocke replied that he understood no such 
 aw of ceremonies or of nations for such as himself 
 md his company, his quality giving him the privilege 
 o keep the customs of his own country wheresoever 
 ie was ; and this freedom he expected here, and was 
 ■esolved to preserve. After divers passages of this 
 
 VOL. i. Q 
 
226 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 nature, the dispute concluded in a silent disco: 
 during the rest of supper-time. 
 
 After supper, Whitelocke made haste to his '. 
 ing, whither the master of the ceremonies condi 
 him ; and so they parted. In the lobby betweei 
 great chamber and the withdrawing-room were gi 
 of the Queen's foot with partisans. 
 
 December 21, 1653. 
 whitelocke ]\/[ r Lagerfeldt came to Whitelocke and acquai 
 
 asks for ms . ° L 
 
 audience, him that the Queen, reading the copy of his en 
 tials, excepted at the omission of these words ir 
 title, " potentissima domina," which were given t( 
 by the Emperor and all other princes and states. 
 
 Whitelocke desired Lagerfeldt to return this 
 swer to the Queen, that Whitelocke was well ass 
 that the Parliament did bear as much respect 
 honour to her Majesty as any state or prince v 
 soever; that this omission of the words of her 
 was not purposely or out of any disrespect to 
 but merely happened per incuriam of those who 
 pared the credentials, which he desired her Ma; 
 would be pleased to pass by. 
 
 Lagerfeldt replied that he thought her Ma; 
 would be satisfied with this answer, which was 
 more confirmed, in regard that, the same omis 
 being in Lagerfeldt's recredentials when he tool 
 leave in England, upon his desire it was amen 
 and those words inserted. 
 
 Whitelocke then told Lagerfeldt that, the fes 
 time of Christmas now drawing near, which 
 much observed in this country, and as he was 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 207 
 
 brmed that they would entertain no business during 
 hat time, he therefore desired, if it might stand with 
 he Queen's conveniency, to have his public audience 
 >efore that time ? To which Lagerfeldt promised to 
 >ring the Queen's answer in the afternoon, which he 
 lid accordingly: that her Majesty was satisfied with 
 ifhat Whitelocke had said touching the omission of 
 he words in her title ; and concerning his audience, 
 he was willing to gratify his desire, and appointed 
 ? riday next for it. 
 
 Whitelocke took care to inform himself of the fa- 
 hion and custom of this Court, and of all particulars 
 elating to his audience. 
 
 The dinner was tedious, with like state and cere- 
 aony as the last night's supper. The Queen's pages 
 nd lacqueys waited at the table ; the meat was plen- 
 iful, of three courses, but of no great variety, nor 
 rell dressed, but much after the French mode ; store 
 f beef several ways dressed, both now and at supper. 
 
 December 22, 1653. 
 Lagerfeldt came to Whitelocke and acquainted him The . c f e - 
 
 r . \ monial of 
 
 bat the Queen held her resolution of giving him au- the aud- 
 ience tomorrow at two o'clock in the afternoon. 
 
 The master of the ceremonies, upon an intimation 
 rom the Queen, who had heard of the passage about 
 be health, being now become more courteous and 
 uiet, and free from drinking healths to Whitelocke, 
 e thought it not fit to waive him, but to interest 
 im also, to whom it properly belonged, in the busi- 
 ess of his public audience, which was readily under- 
 iken by the master, and an answer brought him 
 
 q 2 
 
228 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 from the Queen to the same effect as Lagerfeldt 
 done. 
 
 The master and Lagerfeldt also agreed in infon 
 Whitelocke of the ceremonies to be used by him 
 which were punctually observed ; and that it was 
 constant course of all ambassadors here, if they s 
 to the Queen in their own language, as White] 
 said he intended to do, to have an interpreter 
 which end Whitelocke gave his speech to Mr. I 
 Marche, one of his chaplains, to put the same 
 French, and to peruse it carefully, that, being 
 acquainted with the whole of it, he might be 
 better able to interpret it after Whitelocke's spea 
 to the Queen. 
 
 December 23, 1653. 
 whitelocke The dinner was hastened because of the audi 
 
 goes to •in 
 
 Court in m the afternoon ; the master of the ceremonies, 
 two of the senators, Bonde and Vanderlin, cam 
 Whitelocke's lodging with two of the Queen's 
 coaches and about twelve of her lacqueys. W 
 locke met them at his door, and, according to 
 custom of their country, gave them the precedem 
 his own lodging up to his bedchamber, where I 
 sat, they told him that they were commanded b] 
 Queen to conduct him to his audience, and the] 
 lieved that her Majesty was ready to receive him. 
 said he was ready to accompany them ; and ai 
 going out, Whitelocke was in this equipage. 
 
 At his gate stood his porter in a gown of grey c 
 laced with gardes of blue velvet between edgi 
 gold and silver lace, two in a seam; his long 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 229 
 
 dth a silver head, in his hand. The liveries of his 
 oachmen and postilions were buff doublets laced with 
 be same lace ; the sleeves of their doublets thick and 
 aund laced ; their breeches and cloaks of grey cloth, 
 rith the like laces. His,.twelve lacqueys, proper men, 
 ad their liveries of the same with the coachmen ; and 
 be wings of their coats very thick laced with the like 
 ices. The liveries of his four pages were blue satin 
 loublets, and grey cloth trunk-breeches, laced with 
 he same lace, very thick ; the cloaks up to the cape, 
 nd lined with blue plush ; their stockings long, of 
 due silk. His two trumpets in the like liveries. The 
 ;entlemen attendants, officers, and servants of his 
 Louse were handsomely accoutred, and every man with 
 lis sword by his side. The gentlemen of the first 
 ank were nobly and richly habited, who spared for 
 10 cost in honour to their country and to their friend ; 
 nd their persons, and most of the others, were such 
 s graced their habiliments. His secretary, for the 
 redit of his master, had put himself into a rich habit, 
 ^hitelocke himself was plain, but extraordinarily rich 
 n his habit, though without any gold or silver lace 
 ir embroidery. His suit was of black English cloth, 
 if an exceedingly fine sort, the cloak lined with the 
 ame cloth, and that and the suit set with very fair 
 ich diamond buttons ; his hatband of diamonds an- 
 werable; and all of the value of £1000. 
 
 Thus accoutred, with the senators, they took their 
 oaches. Whitelocke's two coaches, with some of the 
 entlemen, went first ; after them one of the Queen's 
 oaches, with some more of the gentlemen ; and last 
 fas the Queen's other coach, — the senators, master of 
 be ceremonies, and Whitelocke in it. 
 
230 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 In the great court of the castle, at the entry u 
 the bridge, was a guard of one hundred muskete 
 with their officer ; they made a lane across the co 
 Whitelocke alighted at the foot of the stairs, where 
 Grave Gabriel Oxenstiern, nephew to the Ricks-Cl 
 cellor, the Hof Marshal, or Steward of the Que< 
 House, with his baton or marshal's staff of silvei 
 his hand, and many officers and servants of the Qui 
 He was a senator, a civil and well-fashioned gentlen 
 He complimented Whitelocke in French, bid him a 
 come to Court, and promised his readiness to do ] 
 service. Whitelocke returned his grateful accepta 
 of his civilities, and the honour he had by this o< 
 sion of being known to his Excellence. They w 
 up two pair of stone stairs in this order : — 
 
 First the gentlemen and officers of the Queen, bi 
 headed ; after them Whitelocke's gentlemen atte 
 ants and of his bedchamber, with the inferior offic 
 of his house ; then followed his gentlemen of the i 
 rank ; after them his two sons, then the master 
 the ceremonies, after him the two senators, then 
 Hof Marshal ; after him Whitelocke, whom his se< 
 tary and chaplains followed, and then his pages, 
 queys, and other liverymen. 
 
 The Queen's lacqueys carried torches ; and w' 
 they had mounted many stairs they came into a la 
 hall, many people being in the way, from thence i 
 a great chamber, where Prince Adolphe, brother 
 the Prince-heritier of the Crown, then Grand Mai 
 or High Steward of Sweden, met Whitelocke ; am 
 was observed that he had not done that honoui 
 any ambassador before. 
 
 Some compliments passed between his High) 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 231 
 
 and Whitelocke in French. The Prince bade him wel- 
 come to Court ; Whitelocke acknowledged his happi- 
 ness to know so noble a Prince, and thanked him for 
 his letters and the accommodations of his journey, 
 especially within his Highness's government, by his 
 favour to a stranger. 
 
 The Prince said that the Queen had commanded 
 her officers to take care for his accommodations, which 
 he doubted had not been such as was fit for him, and 
 desired his excuse for his ill treatment. After many 
 compliments and ceremonies they passed on, White- 
 locke upon the right hand of the Prince, who con- 
 ducted him to another chamber, where stood a guard 
 of the Queen's partisans in livery coats richly em- 
 broidered with gold ; in the next room beyond that, 
 which was large and fair, was the Queen herself ; the 
 room was richly hung with cloth of Arras, in the midst 
 of it great candlesticks full of wax-lights, besides a 
 great number of torches. 
 
 He perceived the Queen sitting, at the upper end of h* 8 rece P- 
 the room, upon her chair of state of crimson velvet, Queen 
 with a canopy of the same over it. Some ladies stood n8tma ' 
 behind the Queen, and a very great number of lords, 
 officers, and gentlemen of the Court filled the room ; 
 upon the foot-carpet, and near the Queen, stood the 
 senators and other great officers, all uncovered; and 
 none but persons of quality were admitted into that 
 chamber. Whitelocke's gentlemen were all let in, and 
 a lane made by them for him to pass through to the 
 Queen. 
 
 As soon as he came within this room he put off 
 his hat, and then the Queen put off her cap, after the 
 fashion of men, and came two or three steps forward 
 
232 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 upon the foot-carpet. This, and her being covered ar 
 rising from her seat, caused Whitelocke to know hi 
 to be the Queen, which otherwise had not been eas 
 to be discerned, her habit being of plain grey stuf 
 her petticoat reached to the ground, over that a jack 
 such as men wear, of the same stuff, reaching to hi 
 knees ; on her left side, tied with crimson ribbon, si 
 wore the jewel of the Order of Amaranta ; her cuf 
 ruffled a la mode; no gorget or band, but a black sea 
 about her neck, tied before with a black ribbon, as so 
 diers and mariners sometimes use to wear ; her ha 
 was braided, and hung loose upon her head ; she woi 
 a black velvet cap lined with sables, and turned u 
 after the fashion of the country, which she used to pi 
 off and on as men do their hats. 
 
 Her countenance was sprightly, but somewhat pah 
 she had much of majesty in her demeanour, an 
 though her person were of the smaller size, yet h< 
 mien and carriage was very noble. 
 
 Whitelocke made his three congees, came up to hi 
 and kissed her hand, which ceremony all ambassadoi 
 used to this Queen ; then she put on her cap, makhi 
 a ceremony to Whitelocke, who also put on his ha 
 then calling to his secretary, took of him his credei 
 tials, and putting off his hat (at which the Queen als 
 pulled off her cap), Whitelocke told her in Englis 
 (which Mr. De la Marche interpreted in French) th 
 the Parliament had commanded him to present thoi 
 letters to her Majesty. She took them with great c 
 vility, and read their superscription, but did not the 
 open them. 
 
 After some pause, Whitelocke began and spake 
 the Queen in English, Mr. De la Marche, by his a] 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 233 
 
 pointment, interpreting every sentence as he spake it, 
 in French, which was desired from Whitelocke, and 
 alleged to be the constant practice of that Court. 
 
 The Queen was very attentive whilst he spake, and 
 coming up close to him, by her looks and gestures (as 
 was supposed) would have daunted him; but those 
 who have been conversant in the late great affairs in 
 England are not so soon as others appalled with the 
 presence of a young lady and her servants. At the 
 time of speaking, both the Queen and Whitelocke 
 were uncovered ; and whensoever he in his speech had 
 occasion to use ceremony, the Queen answered it with 
 her courtesy. 
 
 Whitelocke's speech follows : — 
 
 "Madam, white . 
 
 " By command of my superiors, the Parliament of the 8 ™ e ^ to 
 Commonwealth of England, I do with all respect salute the Queen, 
 your Majesty, which had been sooner done if, by extraor- 
 dinary accidents and engagements in the settling of three 
 nations, with no few foreign diversions, it had not been re- 
 tarded. 
 
 " And although the Commonwealth of England are not 
 encouraged to send abroad, when they reflect upon the 
 barbarous usage of their messengers in some places, yet 
 your Majesty perceives that from your Government neither 
 our masters nor their servants have the least suspicion of 
 any such entertainment; but we who are here do grate- 
 fully acknowledge our experience of respect and civility to 
 our nation. 
 
 " My business is to communicate with your Majesty in 
 matters relating to the common good, which is of such 
 weight that it admits no hopes of success without His spe- 
 cial blessing who by small means can bring great things to 
 pass j the confidence whereof, with my submission to the 
 
234 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 judgement and command of my superiors, hath given 
 this honour of being in your Majesty's presence. 
 
 " Whom I shall not weary with many words or expi 
 sions beyond meaning. I am not sent hither for that can 
 and it is as different from my own spirit as contrary to 
 practice and commands of my superiors, from whom : 
 from their servant, according to the English reality, y 
 Majesty will find all manner of plainness and truth in i 
 transactions. 
 
 " Our deliverances and preservations, whereof we h 
 been eye-witnesses, have been so near to miracles, and si 
 monuments of infinite rich mercy from Heaven, that 
 should sin against them if the least guile or unfaithfuh) 
 should infect our conversation. 
 
 " It is not my work to paint out my own country, or 
 draw black lines upon any, though our adversaries ; neitl 
 shall I take upon me to mention the excellencies of y< 
 Majesty's person and Government, or of your people i 
 countries, lest I should injure any merit ; and becausi 
 speak to them whom God hath favoured with the enj 
 ment of those great mercies, the increase and continual 
 whereof is heartily desired by my superiors, and by 
 their servant. 
 
 " I shall not enlarge my discourse with observations ci 
 cerning both nations, — of their likeness in language, la 
 manners, and warlike dispositions, — arguments more i 
 tural than artificial for a nearer union ; but this I may i 
 omit, the fruits whereof I have tasted, the present haj 
 government under your Majesty, which remembers ui 
 us those blessed days of our virgin Queen Elizabeth, urn 
 whom, above forty years, the people enjoyed all protect 
 and justice from their Prince, and she all obedience i 
 affection from her people. 
 
 " May this, and more, be the portion of your Maje 
 and your successors ; nor had it been lost in those who i 
 lowed Queen Elizabeth but through their own ill gove 
 meat. 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 235 
 
 " When attempts were made to ravish from us our high- 
 est interest, the orthodox religion and just liberty (the de- 
 fence whereof, undertaken by King Gustavus Adolphus, 
 your Majesty's royal father of blessed memory, in this 
 German expedition for the Protestants' relief/ was in him 
 most honourable and successful, and surely for us was 
 most just and necessary, and crowned alike with gracious 
 success by the Almighty), for the extirpation of both which 
 by force, which had long been attempted otherwise, auxi- 
 liaries were provided, and afterwards a war raised ; but first 
 appearing in Scotland, and there diligently resisted, and 
 the English refusing to be instrumental against Scotland 
 for those ends, the storm was then blown over. 
 
 " In Ireland it arose so hideous, that two hundred thou- 
 sand poor creatures, men, women, and children, besides 
 what the war there devoured, were in cold blood barba- 
 rously murdered for no other but because they were Pro- 
 testants. 
 
 " In England it broke out in all parts, from one corner 
 of the land to another : not a place, not a family, free from 
 the rage of our decennial, more than civil war. 
 
 " And yet, after so much blood poured forth, we bless 
 God we live; and after so many devastations, a stranger 
 passing through our country hardly can espy the steps of 
 it. Our good God hath given us in England, Scotland, 
 and Ireland, and all the adjacent isles and territories of the 
 Commonwealth, a full and happy peace. 
 
 " In all appeals to Him, whereof we have seen many, 
 He was pleased still to determine for the Parliament ; and 
 after these, and eight tenders and treaties of peace, wherein 
 we received the denial, it pleased the gracious and all- dis- 
 posing hand of God, for the good of England, to change 
 the government thereof. Nevertheless the same common 
 interest which first begat former alliances and confederacies 
 between the two nations do still continue, and oblige both 
 to endeavour the good of each other. 
 
 " Whereunto they seem the more engaged because we 
 
236 journal or the 
 
 cannot find that in any age there hath been a declared 
 between them, but a constant intercourse of friendship ; 
 amity, with mutual offices of kindness, out of which gi 
 profit and happiness hath redounded unto both. 
 
 " These things being considered with the affairs of Ch: 
 tendom, and especially with the neighbouring princes ; 
 states, through Divine Providence, in such posture and o 
 dition as to give greater opportunity and lay stronger ol 
 gations upon both these nations to entertain a nearer un 
 and correspondence than heretofore, whereby the comme 
 and tranquillity of both may be preserved and provided i 
 with respect also to the common interest and concernmi 
 of the true Protestant religion ; and your Majesty havii 
 by your late public ministers to England, signified y( 
 royal inclinations and willingness by all good means 
 conserve and increase the ancient good understanding 1 
 tween these States : 
 
 " Upon these and other weighty considerations, and 
 show how acceptable the former overtures of your Majei 
 have been, the Parliament have thought fit, by me, to ms 
 tender unto your Majesty of the friendship of the Co 
 monwealth of England, and to let you know that they i 
 not only ready to renew and preserve inviolably that am: 
 and good correspondence which hath hitherto been betwe 
 the two nations, but are further willing to enter into 
 more strict alliance and union than hath as yet been, : 
 the good of both, and in such a way as shall be held ] 
 quisite. I shall be ready more particularly to communici 
 what I have in charge for this purpose." 
 
 The Queen stood still a pretty while after Whit 
 locke had done speaking, and then stepping near un 
 him, with a countenance and gesture full of confiden* 
 spirit, and majesty, yet mixed with great civility ai 
 a good grace, she answered Whitelocke presently 
 the Swedish language ; and every sentence, as s 
 
answer. 
 
 SWEDISH EMBASSY. 237 
 
 spake it, was interpreted in Latin by Mr. Lagerfeldt 
 to this effect : — 
 
 " My Lord Ambassador, TheQueen's 
 
 " We esteem it a very great honour that the Parliament 
 of England hath been pleased to send an Ambassador to 
 us, especially a person of your condition ; and we shall 
 take care, as we hold ourselves obliged by this respect, and 
 by the duty of our government, that during your abode in 
 our dominions not the least injury shall be offered either 
 to yourself or to any of your retinue ; and we hope there 
 shall be no cause to doubt of the contrary. 
 
 " And as your person is very acceptable to us, so is the 
 business which you have imparted, in the transaction where- 
 of we shall manifest the affection which we bear to the Com- 
 monwealth of England, and our desires not only to renew 
 former alliances between the two nations, but to enter into 
 a nearer union than heretofore. 
 
 "We are glad that your Commonwealth hath received 
 those blessings of peace and settlement, and do wish the 
 continuance thereof, and that you may not again be dis- 
 quieted, after so long and dangerous troubles wherein you 
 have suffered. 
 
 " And, Sir, we must give you thanks for your civilities to 
 us, and for your acceptance of such entertainment as this 
 place affords ; but we are sorry that it could not be in a 
 more convenient place both for me and you, and that it 
 was not answerable to your quality, and to the respect 
 which we do bear to the Commonwealth whom you serve. 
 But we desire you to take it in good part, and do assure 
 you that you are very welcome to our Court." 
 
 After the Queen had done speaking, Whitelocke 
 delivered to Lagerfeldt, for the Queen, copies of his 
 speech in English, French, and Latin, and then he 
 spake to the Queen, as he was advised, in French, 
 to this effect, " that here were two of his sons, and 
 
238 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 other gentlemen of quality, who did much desire t 
 honour to kiss her Majesty's hand." She presen 
 stepped forward and gave her hand first to his soi 
 and after them to sixteen more of the gentlemen 
 his company, as they were presented by Whitelock 
 and she showed great civility, curtsying to every o 
 of them. 
 
 After that ceremony past, the Queen spake to "Whil 
 locke in French, desiring him to excuse his ill tres 
 ment, both in the way and in this place. Those pai 
 of the country where he travelled being far off, s 
 said, were not provided for the entertainment of su 
 a person as he was, and so attended ; and that s' 
 was sorry this place would not afford such accomm 
 dations as were fit for him ; and she wished that a. 
 might have entertained him at Stockholm, where 
 would have been better. 
 
 Whitelocke answered in French, " That he w 
 sorry for the occasion of her Majesty's remove fro 
 Stockholm ; that nevertheless, by her favour, he hi 
 received very noble entertainment at Upsal, for whi 
 he returned his humble thanks ; that wheresoever h 
 Majesty was, his business lay of waiting on her, ai 
 acknowledged it his happiness and honour to have t 
 opportunity of access to her, and therefore did n 
 esteem his journey tedious ; that in the way, and 
 this place, he had enjoyed many testimonies of h 
 Majesty's respects and favours, for which he return 
 thanks, and should make it known to his superiors. 1 
 
 Then the Queen excused her habit, saying, " Th 
 she had been ill, which caused her to put herself in 
 the dress of her chamber, in which she chose to a 
 pear thus publicly, rather than to disappoint him 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 239 
 
 the time of his audience ; that she hoped they should 
 have opportunity and time sufficient to discourse at 
 large together." 
 
 Upon this Whitelocke took his leave, and her Ma- 
 jesty used much courtesy to him and his company. 
 
 He was conducted back to his lodgings with the 
 like ceremonies as he was brought to Court. The 
 Ricks-Marshal and Vanderlin, senators, supped with 
 him, it being the usage for senators to eat with an 
 ambassador the last meat only of his entertainment. 
 
 They excused their not beginning of an health to 
 the Ambassador and his superiors, according to the 
 manner of their country, because they understood his 
 judgement to be against it, and therefore, and not for 
 want of respect, they did forbear it. 
 
 Whitelocke acknowledged his judgement to be so, 
 and thanked them for their civility of not offering what 
 was so contrary to it, and permitting him, as was rea- 
 sonable, to enjoy his own liberty. 
 
 After a long supper, which was the less tedious 
 because the Queen's music played and sang excel- 
 lently well all the time of it, the senators and master 
 of the ceremonies took their leaves of Whitelocke. 
 
 December 24, 1653. 
 The Queen's entertainment being now at an end, whitelocke 
 
 ^ n i • prepares for 
 
 and Whitelocke thereby become master of his own the business 
 time, and a little more at rest, he thought upon his Embassy, 
 business, and to cast and design how he might best ™*™^ s 
 prosecute the same ; and with most advantage there- ^ t at 
 unto, to make use of all persons resorting to him, and 
 to whom he went, to inform himself of the Queen's 
 
240 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 disposition and inclination to his superiors, of 
 principles she was as to the affairs of England, wl 
 lay her dissatisfaction and objections, what ways 
 most likely to remove them, upon whose judge 
 she did most rely, what manner of conversatioi 
 discourse was most pleasing to her, what powe 
 had as Queen, and how restrained by any laws, 
 cils, or interest of great men ; who were most tr 
 by her, whose counsel most followed, what ami 
 dors and foreign ministers were now in her C 
 what their business was, how far prosecuted, 
 likely to succeed, what relation of them to Eng 
 how their masters were affected to our Com 
 wealth, and what repute they had in this Court. 
 a Danish Here he found an Ambassador from the Kii 
 
 refugee 
 
 (Wool- Denmark, who was at enmity with England ; ai 
 heard of a gentleman now here, who was of 
 abilities and alliance in Denmark, forced to fly 
 his country to avoid the anger of his King : wit] 
 person he designed a friendship, that he might b 
 understand the state of Denmark, and countei 
 the Danish Ambassador, who was no friend tc 
 gentleman. 
 
 The French Here was a Resident from the King of France, 
 whom he designed an acquaintance and civil d< 
 ment towards him, and to get one intimate witl 
 from whom he might understand his transac 
 which he afterwards effected by a Swedish gentli 
 
 The Dutch The like he designed for getting intelligence c 
 
 proceedings of the Dutch Resident, and after 
 
 effected, though himself could have no converse 
 
 this Resident, their superiors being in open war. 
 
 Touching the public ministers here from the 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 241 
 
 peror, from Russia, and from Poland, he did not much 
 trouble himself. 
 
 But before all others he designed and obtained an The Spanish 
 
 ... . . Envoy. 
 
 intimate acquaintance and familiarity with Piementelle, 
 Envoy Extraordinary from the King of Spain, whom 
 he understood and found to be a gentleman of excel- 
 lent parts and ingenuity, and in very great favour with 
 the Queen here, and his master an early and good 
 friend to the Commonwealth of England, but not to 
 Holland. 
 
 He designed also and gained acquaintance and re- The 
 spect with Grave Tott, the Queen's favourite, a gallant nobles, 
 young gentleman, and full of civility to Whitelocke, 
 and with the Senators Bond, Vanderlin, Grave Eric 
 Oxenstiern, the Chancellor's son, the Ricks-Droitset, 
 and Chancellor, not yet come to town, and others ; 
 and he made great use and furtherance of his business 
 by their acquaintance and assistance. He set one to 
 work about the buying of brass ordnance, according 
 to his instructions ; but could get none ready made, 
 and it would be too long to stay the making of them, 
 whereof he gave an account to the Council. 
 
 His audience being passed, he sent to visit the interview 
 Spanish Ambassador, for so they styled him in this Spanish 
 Court, and gave him the title of Excellence, being avoy ' 
 Governor of Newport, in Flanders ; and Whitelocke 
 would not do less to him than others. The Spanish 
 Ambassador likewise sent to Whitelocke to know if he 
 would be within this afternoon, to give him leave to 
 visit him, which is the custom in foreign parts not to 
 make a visit to any one without first sending to him to 
 know if he should be at leisure. Whitelocke returned 
 his desire of seeing the ambassador ; who being come, 
 
 VOL. I. R 
 
242 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 was met by Whitelocke at his door, and, as the u 
 is, had the precedence given him. He used mai 
 high compliments to the person of Whitelocke, 
 whom he said he had often heard before, etc. ; and 
 the Commonwealth of England he protested a mc 
 high regard and veneration, and that his master, t 
 King of Spain, had more than ordinary affection ai 
 respect for them. Whitelocke gave him thanks f 
 his civility in sending to meet him, and inquiring 
 his health at his arrival here, and remembered tl 
 testimonies that the King of Spain had given of 1 
 affections to the Commonwealth of England, being tl 
 first prince who acknowledged the Parliament; ar 
 said he had heard so much of the worth and honoi 
 of this ambassador and of his acquaintance here, th 
 Whitelocke was ambitious to be known to him, ai 
 to be in his favour. 
 
 Piementette replied, I have been some time in th 
 Court, and enjoyed much of the Queen's favour ; ar 
 if thereby I may be serviceable to your Excellenc 
 or to your business, I shall be glad of it. 
 
 Whitelocke. I do much rejoice that her Majesty 
 favours are so worthily placed, and hope that it mi 
 be of advantage to me. 
 
 Pien/. What course do you intend to take for pr 
 curing your audiences ? 
 
 JF7i. The master of the ceremonies adviseth th; 
 I must go by way of memoir to the Secretary 
 State. 
 
 Piem. With submission to him, to whose office 
 doth belong, I apprehend that way to be about, ar 
 not so agreeable as to desire private audiences fro: 
 the Queen herself. 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 243 
 
 Vli. Did your Excellence use that way ? 
 
 Piem. I took that course in all my business, and it 
 succeeded well, and was best liked by the Queen. 
 
 Wh. When doth your Excellence suppose I may, 
 with civility, desire a private audience ? 
 
 Piem. I am confident that if your Excellence 
 desire to have a private audience tomorrow, though 
 Christmas Day, the Queen will give it you. 
 
 Whitelocke was glad to hear the Spaniard of this 
 opinion ; but resolved not to desire an audience on 
 that festival day, which was so solemnly observed 
 here, but thought it might be helpful to his proceed- 
 ings to get into an intimate friendship with this gen- 
 tleman, which he began at this time, when they had 
 very much and free discourse together, both of the 
 Queen and of her Court and servants ; and White- 
 locke gained much from him, and afterwards improved 
 his acquaintance and interest with this gentleman by 
 civilities and frequent conversation, to the great ad- 
 vantage of his business, by the extraordinary favour 
 of this ambassador with her Majesty, and consequently 
 with her servants. 
 
 December 25, 1653. 
 
 On this Lord's Day, being Christmas Day, White- £a" stl ^h e 
 locke had prayer and sermons in his house ; but most Church of 
 
 „ -, . , i n .-, Sweden. 
 
 of his company went abroad to observe the manner 
 of the celebration of this day here ; and he learned 
 that their prayers and divine service were much after 
 the manner of the English Common Prayer-book, in 
 the lessons, epistles, gospels, prayers, second service, 
 responsals, and administration of the Sacrament; and 
 
 e 2 
 
244 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 near the same words as in our Liturgy for baptisms 
 marriages, churchings, visiting the sick, and burials 
 That their ministers in country parishes are not ge 
 nerally very learned nor studious ; but many of then 
 having made or provided a book of sermons suitabl 
 to the several holidays and for every Lord's Day, the 
 say or read one of these sermons upon the day fo 
 which it was made ; and when the year begins agair 
 they also begin again their book of sermons, and be 
 fore they come to the last the first is forgot, and be 
 comes as new the next year. 
 
 . But in this University of Upsal, and in divers othe 
 places, they have both bishops, superintendents, am 
 ministers in the inferior clergy, who are men of grea 
 learning, and hard students and pious men ; and sue! 
 are had in great veneration by the people, and carr 
 a great sway with their neighbours and parishioners 
 but their means is not liberal, the archbishop's revenu 
 of this place being reckoned but two thousand rix 
 dollars yearly, which is about £500 a year of ou 
 money ; the other bishops less ; and few of their parisl 
 ministers have above £40 or £50.a year, their parishes 
 though very large, yet not being populous, nor mucl 
 manured. 
 
 They have a good way of choosing their minister 
 in every parish, and they live lovingly with the people 
 sometimes to the giving of bad example, even to de 
 bauchery, at their feastings and times of jollity. 
 
 In the cathedral church here they come too nea 
 the fashion of the Popish churches for crucifixes 
 images, copes, surplices, and the like, and in the man 
 ner of then chanting of service, and with ceremonie 
 fetched from the usages of that church, and not ye 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 245 
 
 reformed ; but in the Queen's chapel they had not 
 those ceremonies, not so much as the surplice. They 
 are much pleased with music in .their churches ; and 
 that in the Queen's chapel, which some of White- 
 locke's people, who were able to judge of it, heard 
 this day, they commended to be excellent good, and 
 they noted that, in the Queen's chapel, the music 
 played in the time of divine service and of adminis- 
 tering the Sacrament. 
 
 December 26, 1653. 
 By the master of the ceremonies Whitelocke pro- Whitelocke 
 
 d *- has a pri- 
 
 cured a private audience appointed by the Queen to vate audi- 
 
 cncp or fn6 
 
 be this day, and was brought to the Court with three Queen. 
 or four of the Queen's rich coaches, attended by 
 many of her lacqueys with torches. In the presence- 
 chamber he was met by Grave Tott, the Queen's fa- 
 vourite and captain of her guard, who brought him 
 into a fair withdrawing-room, where the Queen was 
 alone ; her habit of black velvet, of the same fashion 
 as at the audience. 
 
 They were there alone together, and the doors were 
 shut. Whitelocke began to the Queen in French to 
 this effect: — 
 
 Whitelocke. Madam, I desired this audience for 
 an opportunity to return my thanks to your Majesty 
 for the honour you have been pleased to show me, 
 and for the favours I have received from your Majesty 
 in my journey, and in my entertainment and public 
 audience here. 
 
 Queen. Your accommodations in your journey and 
 your entertainment here have not been such as I de- 
 
246 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 sired, nor could these places afford what was fit foi 
 you ; and I desire you to excuse it, and be assured ol 
 a hearty welcome to my Court. 
 
 WJi. Madam, what I intimated at my public audi- 
 ence in the general, I am ready to give your Majesty 
 a personal account of it, and do hope that it will be 
 for the good of both nations. 
 
 Qu. I believe the same, and am ready to entertain 
 an alliance with the Commonwealth of England. The 
 business is of very great weight and consequence, and 
 therefore requires good consideration and advice. I 
 am at present in a condition of quiet and peace ; and 
 how far I should involve myself in troubles is very 
 considerable. 
 
 Wh. Your Majesty is best able to judge whether an 
 alliance with England will not add to your security, 
 there being designs abroad against your Majesty as 
 well as others. 
 
 Qu. I believe there are, and that an alliance with 
 England will be of advantage to us ; but, Sir, have 
 you any other authority for such a business besides 
 the letters you brought to us ? 
 
 Wh. Madam, I have a commission under the Great 
 Seal of England, which I have brought with me to 
 show to your Majesty. 
 
 Qu. I pray let us read it together. 
 
 Wh. I see your Majesty understands the Latin 
 perfectly, and will find here sufficient authority given 
 me for this business. 
 
 Qu. I have Latin enough to serve my turn, and 
 the authority given to you is very full. Upon what 
 particulars will the Parliament think fit to ground the 
 alliance between the two nations ? 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 247 
 
 Wh. If your Majesty please, I shall present you 
 with the particulars in writing, in French or Latin, as 
 you shall command. 
 
 Qu. It will be best in Latin, because I shall take 
 advice in it. 
 
 Wh. I shall do it as your Majesty directs. 
 
 Qu. Your General is one of the gallantest men in 
 the world; never were such things done as by the 
 English in your late war. Your General hath done 
 the greatest things of any man in the world; the 
 Prince of Conde is next to him, but short of him. 
 I have as great a respect and honour for your General 
 as for any man alive, and I pray let him know as 
 much from me. 
 
 Wh. My General is indeed a very brave man ; his 
 actions show it ; and I shall not fail to signify to him 
 the great honour of your Majesty's respects to him ; 
 and I assure your Majesty he hath as high honour 
 for you as for any prince in Christendom. 
 
 Qu. I have been told that many officers of your 
 army will themselves pray and preach to their sol- 
 diers ; is that true ? 
 
 Wh. Yes, Madam, it is very true. When their 
 enemies are swearing or debauching or pillaging, the 
 officers and soldiers of the Parliament's army use to 
 be encouraging and exhorting one another out of the 
 word of God, and praying together to the Lord of 
 Hosts for his blessing to be with them, who hath 
 shown His approbation of this military preaching by 
 the successes He hath given them. 
 
 Qu. That 's well. Do you use to do so too ? 
 Wit. Yes, upon some occasions in my own family ; 
 and think it as proper for me, being the master of it, 
 
248 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 to admonish and speak to my people when there is 
 cause, as to be beholden to another to do it for me 
 which sometimes brings the chaplain into more credil 
 than his lord. 
 
 Qu. Doth your General and other great officers do so? 
 Wli. Yes, Madam, very often and very well. Ne- 
 vertheless they maintain chaplains and ministers in 
 their houses and regiments; and such as are godly 
 and worthy ministers have as much respect and as 
 good provision in England as in any place of Chris- 
 tendom. Yet it is the opinion of many good men 
 with us, that a long cassock with a silk girdle and a 
 great beard do not make a learned or good preacher 
 without gifts of the Spirit of God, and labouring in 
 his vineyard. And whosoever studies the Holy Scrip- 
 ture, and is enabled to do good to the souls of others, 
 and endeavours the same, is nowhere forbidden by 
 that word, nor is it blamable. 
 
 The officers and soldiers of the Parliament held it 
 not unlawful, when they carried their lives in their 
 hands and were going to adventure them in the high 
 places of the field, to encourage one another out of 
 His word who commands over all ; and this had more 
 weight and impression with it than any other word 
 could have ; and was never denied to be made use of 
 but by the Popish prelates, who by no means would 
 admit lay-people, as they call them, to gather from 
 thence that instruction and comfort which can no- 
 where else be found. 
 
 Qu. Methinks you preach very well, and have now 
 made a good sermon : I assure you I like it very well. 
 
 Wh. Madam, I shall account it a great happiness 
 if any of my words may please you. 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 249 
 
 Qu. Indeed, Sir, these words of yours do very 
 much please me, and I shall be glad to hear you 
 oftener on this strain. But I pray tell me, where did 
 your General, and you his officers, learn this way of 
 praying and preaching yourselves ? 
 
 W~h. We learned it from a near friend of your Ma- 
 jesty, whose memory all the Protestant interest hath 
 cause to honour. 
 
 Qu. My friend ! who was that ? 
 
 Wh. It was your father, the great King Gustavus 
 Adolphus, who, upon his first landing in Germany, as 
 many then present have testified, did himself in per- 
 son upon the shore, on his knees, give thanks to God 
 for his safe landing, and before his soldiers himself 
 prayed to God for his blessing upon that undertak- 
 ing; and he would frequently exhort his people out 
 of God's word; and God testified his good liking 
 thereof by the wonderful successes He was pleased to 
 vouchsafe to that gallant King. 
 
 To this the Queen made no further reply ; but, as 
 her manner was, sometimes she would discourse of 
 the English wars, and sometimes of the present 
 treaty, and fall out of one matter into another, full 
 of variety and pleasant intermixed discourses. 
 
 She was very inquisitive to know from Whitelocke 
 the state of the war between England and the Dutch. 
 He gave her a full account thereof, and told her that 
 she should find nothing but truth in what he related 
 to her. 
 
 She then discoursed of all the battles and passages 
 between the King and Parliament, and of the treaties, 
 wherein she had been largely informed, but with di- 
 vers mistakes to the disadvantage of the Parliament ; 
 
250 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 and Whitelocke, having been sufficiently versed : 
 those matters, gave her a full and true relation < 
 them respecting the mistakes ; and she seemed muc 
 satisfied therewith, saying that she never had bet 
 truly and clearly informed of those affairs until no\ 
 She likewise inquired of Scotland, Ireland, and of tl 
 business of the Highlanders, and concerning Cron 
 well, Fairfax, and most of the officers of the Parli; 
 ment's armies and navies ; concerning all which Whiti 
 locke gave her a full account. 
 
 Then she inquired of the business of Worcestei 
 whereof Whitelocke gave her a clear relation, and i 
 the forces on each side, of Cromwell' s, speedy marche 
 of the Parliament's quick supplies and additional force 
 and of particular actions in the engagement, which 1 
 took care to do without injury to any party, giving t 
 of them their due. The Queen seemed to wonder : 
 it, and to receive much contentment in the relation. 
 
 She then asked what personal actions the King 
 Scots performed in that engagement. Whitelocke sai 
 that the King was in person, both in the field and i 
 the town, in the hottest engagement, and expresse 
 good courage and conduct ; and when, by the fortui 
 of the war, his men left him, he was forced to lea 1 
 the town. 
 
 This audience lasted above two hours, not any pe 
 son coming in or knocking, all that time, to interru 
 them. They stood and walked up and down the roo 
 all the while, which made Whitelocke very weary, b 
 ing lame ; yet at the time in discourse with such 
 Princess, and upon such high matters (like a woundi 
 man when he is hot), he felt not the pain, but felt 
 afterwards. 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 251 
 
 The young men, scholars of the University of Upsal, ^ dare ? 9 ° f 
 ambitious to publish their learning, and how far it did of u P sai. 
 extend, even to the knowledge of remote English, and 
 to testify their affection to that nation, many of them 
 came to Whitelocke's house, and presented him with 
 Greek, Latin, and English verses, set out with flou- 
 rishes in a table of parchment adorned with ribbons, 
 and a high-swelling title, — "To the most illustrious, 
 etc. B. W., Jupiter and Mars being extraordinarily 
 conjoined, Extraordinary Ambassador, etc." 
 
 The English verses, for the uncouthness and variety 
 of them, are here only inserted ■. — 
 
 " Oue only starre, from east, tree kings did leade : 
 Most glorious Mars, and Jupiter, brought you to Swede • 
 Who, doubtlesse, (with) your famous will and wisdome. 
 Will knot and (Lock) ours, with your most martiall 
 
 kingdome. 
 Therfore, no humane craft or policy indeavour 
 To breake that which ccelestiall signs doth favour. 
 Then will we daunt all Europe's stoutest hearts, 
 Ledde by your great Neptune, Jupiter, and Mars. 
 Thus doe we, the literal flower of this most glorious 
 
 academy, 
 With hearts imbrace whom heaven sent; and prayse 
 
 your famous Excellency." 
 
 Some of the scholars spake to Whitelocke in good 
 Latin, and he answered and treated them with all 
 kindness and civility ; and after discourses in Latin, 
 Whitelocke offered to discourse with them also in that 
 language which they had honoured by their verses in 
 English, but they would not adventure upon it. He 
 returned them the most acceptable thanks — a gratuity 
 in money to buy them some books, which was cheer- 
 fully received ; and so the scholars were dismissed. 
 
252 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 Whitelocke sent to visit the Spanish Resider 
 know if he should be at leisure tomorrow to ad 
 visit from him ; and the like message he sent to P 
 Adolphus : and both returned civil answers, and 
 they should be glad of the honour to see the Er 
 Ambassador. 
 
 December 27, 1653. 
 
 White- Whitelocke made his first visit to Prince Adol] 
 
 to Prince who discoursed much with him of England, and c 
 Adolphus, j ate troubles there ; and his Highness did much 
 both the country and people of England, and fell 
 a large discourse of the English horses, and wonc 
 how they could endure so long a voyage and jot 
 at that time, as those did which Whitelocke bro 
 with him, and praised them, even to a desire of 
 ing some of them bestowed on him ; but White] 
 was not so young a courtier as to pass the coi 
 ment of their being at his Highness's service, le 
 might be taken at his word. 
 
 English horses, especially for the pad, are of , 
 esteem here. Their own are generally of a small b 
 and trotters ; they are somewhat like our Welsh 
 Scottish nags. The Queen and some great lords 
 a breed of large and handsome horses, but not i 
 of them. Most of their horses for the coach and si 
 and for war arc brought out of Germany or Denn 
 where they have store of good ones ; but nont 
 beauty, mettle, and service beyond the English. 
 
 The Prince inquired much of the service of 
 English horses in our late wars, and if they wen 
 a great advantage to the party that had most of tl 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 253 
 
 Whitelocke told him that England bred plenty of 
 good horses, and they had many thousand of them in 
 the late war on both sides ; and the horsemen were as 
 good soldiers as any in the world, yet gave the less 
 advantage to their party, because the English infantry 
 were much beyond the foot in other countries, who 
 maintained not their foot in such pay and clothes and 
 courage as the English did ; who had them in such 
 esteem, as the chief strength in the battle, that the 
 English kings used to place themselves and fight among 
 the footmen : yet their horse were excellent good, and 
 most of them gentlemen and persons of consideration. 
 
 The Prince fell into a discourse of the hunting and 
 hawking in England, which he had heard the Eng- 
 lish gentry much delighted in, and had those sports 
 far exceeding other places : which Whitelocke acknow- 
 ledged, and was able to describe the manner of it to 
 the Prince, who was much delighted therewith. And 
 then .he extolled the civility and gallantry of White- 
 locke's followers, and of the English nation in general, 
 and received answerable compliments from Whitelocke 
 as to his Highness's person and countrymen. 
 
 From the Prince. Whitelocke went and visited the and t° the 
 Spanish Ambassador, who was a gentleman of great Envoy, 
 parts and ingenuity, and of a very civil deportment. 
 His favour with the Queen was so great that she af- 
 forded him lodgings in her own Court in the castle ; 
 he was handsomely attended by a retinue, not nume- 
 rous, but of weU-chosen persons. 
 
 His chaplain was a prior, a man of excellent parts, 
 wit, and behaviour; he spake fluently, besides Spa- 
 nish, the Latin, Erench, and High Dutch, and was very 
 learned, in whose company and discourse Whitelocke 
 
254 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 took much pleasure, and the more because he nev 
 mentioned anything of religion that might cause di 
 pute. 
 
 His secretary was a very genteel man ; had goc 
 
 language and abilities. Besides him he had but oi 
 
 other gentleman of quality, and the grooms of h 
 
 chamber, two pages, four lacqueys, cooks, butlei 
 
 coachman, postilion ; all handsome men, and well h 
 
 bited and civilized. In his discourse he wished i 
 
 good success to Whitelocke and his business ; and a 
 
 " quainted him that the Hollanders were then in treal 
 
 for a league between them and France and Denmar] 
 
 i and it was to be against Spain and England, but m 
 
 ; thing said of the Queen of Sweden. 
 
 Whitelocke asked if the Queen were not sensib 
 that it would concern her, though she were not mei 
 tioned in it. He said, the Queen thought it did r 
 fleet more upon her than upon Spain or Englam 
 who were named. Whitelocke said she might tal 
 it as if they held her unworthy to be named. 
 
 They agreed with much mutual respect upon 
 friendship between these two public ministers, as b 
 ing much upon the same interest and principles, an 
 to assist one another all they could, and to comnmn 
 cate intelligences. 
 
 Piementelle made an overture, that a union betwee 
 Spain, England, and Sweden would be of great advai 
 tage to all of them ; to which Whitelocke thought fitti 
 to give a general than any punctual answer.* 
 
 * [These overtures of the Spanish Envoy at the Court of Swed 
 coincided in point of time with the warm solicitations and incessa 
 intrigues to which the English Government was at that time expos 
 on the part of the Spanish and the Erench Governments, bo 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 255 
 
 Piementelle fell into a high commendation of the 
 Queen, of her singular parts and abilities for govern- 
 ment and public affairs, exceUing all women, and 
 scarce giving place therein to any man that he ever 
 met with ; and that she was of an admirable spirit 
 and courage beyond her sex, well skilled for military 
 affairs, and as fit as possibly a woman could be to 
 lead an army. This was seconded by Whitelocke, as 
 far as his knowledge could enable him ; and he thought 
 fit not to be silent in this argument touching a Prin- 
 cess in whose Court they both were. 
 
 At his return home he found some of those gen- 
 tlemen still there who had favoured him with their 
 company at dinner, — the master of the ceremonies, 
 Mr. Lyllicrone, the Syndic, Mr. Couper, Mr. Butler, 
 and others. 
 
 December 28, 1653. 
 
 The French Resident visited Whitelocke, and among The French 
 his long compliments mentioned the great affection of visits 
 the King his master to the Commonwealth of Eng- Whltelocke - 
 
 eager to obtain the advantage of an alliance which lent the assist- 
 ance of Cromwell to its policy and of Blake to its fleets. Don 
 Alonzo de Cardenas and M. de Bordeaux, Don Louis de Haro and 
 Cardinal Mazarin, were bidding against each other in London for 
 the support of the Protector. Cromwell long remained impassible, 
 and apparently hesitating between the two. He asked of Prance a 
 subsidy of four, and subsequently two millions of livres, and the 
 surrender of some strong place, such as Brest, until Dunkirk should 
 be taken. He asked of Spain fifty thousand crowns a month, free- 
 dom of trade to the West Indies, and freedom of religion .for British 
 subjects in Spain. But these demands were calculated rather to 
 embarrass than to hasten the alliance, and it was not until the spring 
 of 1655 that Perm's expedition to the West Indies and the conquest 
 of Jamaica led to the rupture with Spain and the conclusion of the 
 treaty of alliance with France.] 
 
256 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 land. Whitelocke answered, that the Commons 
 had not at any time assisted the enemies or reb 
 his master, or entertained them, and therefor 
 served his Majesty's affection. To which the Res 
 made no reply, but fell into discourse of Whitek 
 journey by land, and of the countries and t 
 through which he travelled, where the Resident 
 he had been, and that three of the largest of 
 towns must be put together to make one city; 
 it fell out well that the last year was so plentiful 
 the people that came with Whitelocke would 
 wanted meat to eat and straw to lie on; an 
 highly commended his own country, as was exp 
 from him, and the accommodations of travellers ti 
 which gave Whitelocke occasion to do right to 
 land. The gentleman had but small attendance 
 had not gained much experience by seven years' 
 dence in this Court. 
 
 AVhitelocke answered the visit of Grave Totl 
 Queen's favourite, who offered his service in an; 
 dresses to his mistress ; and Whitelocke accepted 
 made use of his courtesy, which he was the : 
 enabled to afford, being, as himself noted, the 
 gentleman of her bedchamber. He was a civil, I 
 some young courtier, of good parts and mettle, 
 much of the French mode. 
 
 December 29, 1653. 
 
 a private The master of the ceremonies being out of t 
 
 the'aueen. Whitelocke made use of the favour of Grave Tott 
 
 by him procured a private audience from the Qi 
 
 to which he went in his own coaches ; and ir 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 257 
 
 great chamber Grave Tott met him, and said he had 
 surprised them at Court, who intended to have sent 
 the Queen's coaches for him, but he came sooner than 
 they expected ; for which Whitelocke asked their par- 
 don if his earnest desire to have the honour of being 
 in her Majesty's presence might bring him to Court at 
 an hour unseasonable. 
 
 He was presently admitted into the Queen's pre- 
 sence, where two stools were brought in ; and the 
 Queen having heard that Whitelocke was lame, she 
 herself sat down and commanded Whitelocke to sit 
 by her : she kept off her cap, and so did Whitelocke, 
 all the time of the audience. 
 
 Having first entertained her with some news which 
 he had from England, and concerning the Dutch, he 
 then showed her a list of the Parliament's fleet for the 
 winter guard, explaining to her the number of men, 
 the several officers, the burden of the ships, how- 
 many pieces of ordnance each of them carried, the 
 pay of the men, the provisions of diet, the stores, 
 ammunition, and the like ; of all which she was very 
 inquisitive, and asked him — 
 
 Queen. Do those ships belong to the Common- 
 wealth or to private persons, and are made use of by 
 the State when they have occasion, as at this time ? 
 
 Whitelocke. They are all the State's own ships, 
 built and furnished at the public charge, and are set 
 out for this winter guard only. The State hath many 
 more and greater ships belonging to their navy, which 
 are reserved, and to be fitted for the summer guard ; 
 besides many others that are repairing and new 
 building. 
 
 Qu. This is a gallant navy indeed ; I am exceed- 
 
 vol. i. s 
 
258 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 ingly taken with the description of it. I though 
 prince or state in the world had had so good a 
 except the Hollanders, who, I believe, have more 5 
 than England. 
 
 Wh. The Hollanders may have more ships or 
 sels than England, especially if fisher -boats be ] 
 oned; but for ships of war, England is not inf 
 to any other nation. The Hollanders take i 
 care for ships of burden than of force ; but the '. 
 lish merchant-ships may be easily converted to 
 ships of war. The Hollanders, till their present 
 war with England, had not much occasion for s 
 of war, being in peace with their neighbours, and 
 less, being upon the Continent ; but for carriage-s 
 their principal interest being trade, they had as r 
 occasion and a greater number than any other pe 
 But England, Scotland, Ireland, and the dominio 
 our Commonwealth, consisting of islands, our ch: 
 defence is in our navy, to meet with an enemy b 
 he lands, and our best bulwarks are these wo 
 walls. 
 The open- Qu. You have reason for what you say. Soi 
 sound. these ships of yours would do good service to 
 the Sound. What way do you think fit to be 1 
 to open and make free the passage thereof?* 
 
 Wh. That must needs be better known to 
 Majesty, who is a neighbour to the place and i 
 concerned in it, than to me who am a stranger. 
 Qu. But I desire your opinion in it. 
 Wh. I do not think it convenient to permi 
 
 * [It will be remembered that this was one of the prinoi; 
 jects contemplated in Whitelocke's instructions from the Cov 
 State.] 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 259 
 
 Dane and the Dutch to lay what exactions they please 
 upon all the people of the world who have occasion 
 to pass that way. 
 
 Qu. It cannot be taken out of their hands but by 
 force. 
 
 At this word the Queen drew her stool nearer to 
 Whitelocke's, and said : — 
 
 Qu. Do you think that the Commonwealth of Eng- 
 land will give assistance in that business ? 
 
 WJi. Madam, I think they will, upon such just and 
 honourable terms as may be agreed. 
 
 Qu. Do you think they will send any ships for 
 that purpose ? 
 
 Wh. I believe upon fit terms they will. 
 
 Qu. What would you propose as fit to be done in 
 the business ? 
 
 Wh. I suppose your Majesty doth not expect any 
 proposal from me in the first place. But if you will 
 be pleased to consider of some proposals in order to 
 that business, and that I may have them in writing, I 
 will send them to my superiors, from whom I shall 
 speedily receive directions therein agreeable to the 
 interest of both nations ; and a conclusion may be 
 thereupon had in this business here. 
 
 Qu. Par Dieu ! this is worthy the consideration of 
 both nations, and doth not only concern them but all 
 the world besides. But what do you think of the 
 Emperor's taking part with the King of Denmark? 
 
 Wh. The business will be chiefly at sea, where the 
 Emperor hath no strength. And I believe his Impe- 
 rial Majesty will have no opportunity to molest your 
 Majesty's territories in Germany, in regard of his own 
 affairs with the princes and his neighbours. 
 
 s 2 
 
260 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 Qu. But he may assist the Dane with money. 
 
 Wh. I think he hath not much to spare. 
 
 Qu. The King of Spain may lend them money. 
 
 Wh. Not against England or Sweden, especially t 
 advance the interest of Holland, though he shoul 
 have money enough besides for his own many occa 
 sions, which I believe he hath not. 
 
 Qu. I presume the Dutch will come with all thei 
 power, to assist the Dane chiefly against England, am 
 to hinder their having an interest in the Sound. 
 
 Wh. It concerns them so to do the rather now 
 they being in hostility against us and in alliance wit! 
 the Dane ; but this is to be expected and provide! 
 for, and the business will come the sooner and th 
 more certainly to an issue. 
 
 Qu. Do you think that, your Commonwealth wil 
 send ships enough and sufficient to encounter wit] 
 the Dutch ? 
 
 Wh. In all our affairs hitherto the blessing of Go( 
 hath been with our Commonwealth ; and I doubt no 
 but that our ships, joining with your Majesty's, wil 
 suffice to bring to reason the Dane or Dutch, in thesi 
 or any other seas. 
 
 Qu. I believe the King of France will assist them. 
 
 Wh. His navy is not very formidable nor frequen 
 on the Baltic Sea ; and for land forces, they will havi 
 a long march after they have made an end with th< 
 Prince of Conde and their old enemy ; nor hath tha 
 King much spare money. 
 
 Qu. You speak very fully and truly of the- interes 
 of the several princes and states of Europe. I do ex 
 tremely like the business, and will prepare a memoi: 
 of some proposals concerning it, and give it to you t< 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 261 
 
 send into England ; but speed and vigour and se- 
 cresy are requisite herein. And I must enjoin you to 
 acquaint nobody with this discourse but only your 
 General Cromwell, whose word I shall rely upon ; but 
 I would not have this matter made known to any other 
 whatsoever ; and I desire you not to speak of it to 
 any of my own ministers, nor of anything else relating 
 to your negotiation but what I shall give way unto. 
 
 Wh. Madam, I shall faithfully obey your Majesty's 
 commands, and not reveal any tittle of these matters 
 without your permission. 
 
 Qu. Have you not heard in England that I was to 
 marry the King of Scots ? 
 
 Wh. It hath been reported so in England, and that 
 letters have passed between your Majesty and him for 
 that purpose, and that your Majesty had a good affec- 
 tion for the King of Scots. 
 
 Qu. 1 confess that letters have passed between us ; 
 but this I will assure you, that I will not marry that 
 King ; he is a young man, and in a condition sad 
 enough ; though I respect him very much, yet I shall 
 never marry him, you may be well assured. But I 
 shall tell you under secresy that the King of Scots 
 lately sent a letter to the Prince Palatine, my cousin, 
 and with it the order of the Knight of the Garter to 
 the Prince ; but the messenger had the wit to bring it 
 first to me ; and when I saw it and had read the letter, 
 I threw it into the fire, and would not suffer the 
 George to be delivered to my cousin. 
 
 Wh. Your Majesty did very judiciously, and there- 
 by testified great prudence in yourself, and great ho- 
 nour and respect to the Commonwealth of England. 
 I met in your Court one of my countrymen, no friend 
 
262 JOURNAL 01' THE 
 
 to our Commonwealth, whom I suspect might be the 
 messenger. 
 
 Qu. Who was that ? 
 Wh. Sir William Balendine. 
 Qu. He indeed was the messenger; but do not 
 communicate this passage to any but to your General. 
 Wh. I shall fully perform your Majesty's com- 
 mands; and, Madam, I hope you will not trouble 
 yourself to receive any public minister or message 
 from the King of Scots or any of his party ; or, if any 
 should come, that your servant may have the honour 
 to know of it. 
 
 Qu. What would you do in case any such thing 
 should be ? 
 
 Wh. I hope that, in reason and in right of friend- 
 ship with our Commonwealth, I may prevail with 
 your Majesty not to entertain any such minister or 
 message ; and it behoves me, in that duty and service 
 which I owe to my superiors, to make my protesta- 
 tion against any such message or messengers. 
 
 Qu. That would be an act of stoutness in you, and 
 I believe you may be commanded to do so; but I 
 suppose there will be no occasion for it. There is no 
 such messenger in my Court ; and as for Balendine, 
 he is one of my servants. 
 
 Wh. I hope there will be no occasion for it. 
 Qu. What are the particulars which you have tc 
 propose to me of this treaty ? 
 
 Wh. Madam, I have them here in writing. 
 
 Then Whitelocke (having resolved as the best waj 
 
 in his judgement to deal with a princess of honour 
 
 did freely and fully present her with all the articles a 
 
 once for which he had received instructions, reserving 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 263 
 
 only three, which would be more proper to be given 
 in and treated on after her answer known to these. 
 Perhaps he would have done otherwise with the 
 Dutch or other people, to have proceeded by degrees, 
 and not to have bid so much at first ; but with this 
 Queen he thought this frank way would be the best. 
 And it proved so ; for she was pleased after this to 
 say to some in private that the English Ambassador 
 had dealt with her, not as a merchant, but as a gen- 
 tleman and as a man of honour, and that he should 
 fare the better for it. 
 
 Whitelocke gave her an English copy of the ar- 
 ticles signed by him, and a Latin copy not signed, 
 She desired him to read the Latin copy to her, which 
 he did, and she was very attentive, not giving any 
 interruption ; and after they were read, the Queen 
 made her observations upon several of them, asking 
 the meaning thereof, which Whitelocke explained, and 
 endeavoured to give her satisfaction. She then said 
 it was a great business, and she desired some few 
 days to consider and advise upon it. Whitelocke 
 told her she was mistress of her own time, and when 
 she should command he would be ready to wait on 
 her Majesty again. She replied, that whensoever he 
 pleased to come to her Court the gates should be 
 open to receive him, and he should be welcome to her, 
 and that within three or four days she would be ready 
 to confer with him again about these matters. 
 
 This audience lasted about three hours, none inter- 
 rupting it, and the Queen was in a very good humour, 
 and seemed very well pleased with the company and 
 conference. 
 
264 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 December 30, 1653. 
 
 Writes de- 
 spatches to 
 
 This being the post-day, Whitelocke was very 
 England. i n writing his letters to England. He wrote at . 
 to the Council of State an account of his rece] 
 and entertainment here, and of his public audie 
 and the civility and gallantry of his people, of 
 passage about the health, of his private audience 
 the conference with the Queen touching the So 
 which he wrote in cipher. He also sent them a 
 of Prince Adolphus' letter to him, and of his speee 
 the Queen in English, and the Latin copy of it vs 
 he gave in to her.* 
 a further Before he had finished his letters, though it 
 
 audience. ° 
 
 post-day, yet the Queen sent by Grave Totl 
 Whitelocke to come presently to her, which he 
 and she asking him, he told her that his letters 
 England were not yet brought to him, and he don 
 they might be intercepted. The Queen offered 
 to send his letters under her cover to her commis 
 Bonnele, at London, and that he should have < 
 to send Whitelocke's letters hither in her Majc- 
 packet ; for which favour he thanked her, but die 
 think fit to make use of it, lest her ministers n 
 have opportunity thereby to look into his letters ; 
 he thought his masters would not like it well 
 the Queen's servants should convey their letters. 
 
 Queen. I have intelligence by this post that 
 treaty between England and the Dutch is broken 
 have you heard so ? 
 
 * [The Latin copy of Whitelocke's address to the Queen i 
 inserted in the original MS.] 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 265 
 
 Whitelocke. I have received no letters, but possibly 
 it may be so. Yet, if there should be a peace be- 
 tween them, I do not apprehend any inconvenience 
 thereby to the alliance of England and Sweden, which 
 the Dutch could have no pretence to oppose. 
 
 Qu. As friends to the Dane they must. 
 
 Wh. Then it will be against their peace with Eng- 
 land. 
 
 Qu. Here are my letters in Dutch ; you may have 
 them translated and take copies of them. 
 
 Wh. I most humbly thank your Majesty. 
 
 Qu. I have considered of the discourse between us 
 yesterday, and I think it would be very advantageous 
 to our alliance to take the King of Spain into it; 
 what do you think of that ? 
 
 He apprehended that the Queen had imparted to 
 Piementelle their former discourse, and that he had 
 put her upon this overture : to which Whitelocke an- 
 swered : — 
 
 Wh. Madam, I know not how far the Parliament 
 may hold off, in regard that no justice hath been yet 
 done upon those who murdered our public minister 
 there. 
 
 Qu. That is a just exception; but in regard the 
 Dutch are now making an alliance, and are very near 
 it, between them and France and Denmark, it were 
 good for us also to have a trinity (so her word was) of 
 Sweden, England, and Spain in an alliance. 
 
 Wh. Probably some may object the difference in 
 religion. 
 
 Qu. That will be no hindrance to the force of the 
 union; the Dutch and Dane, being Protestants, do 
 unite with the Erench, though Papists. I pray, consi- ■ 
 
266 JOURNAL OP THE 
 
 der further of it : methinks the Papists have not equ? 
 liberty with others, as they ought to have. 
 
 Wh. Their tenets do not consist with the publi 
 peace of Protestant princes and "states, whom the 
 esteem heretics, and a good service to God to cu 
 them off. 
 
 Qu. This opinion some 'have vented in forme 
 times ; but now their interest leads them from it, am 
 they do not hold it. 
 
 Wh. I doubt they still retain it. 
 
 Qu. I pray what religion do you profess in England 
 
 Wh. In regard your Majesty doth me the honou 
 to catechize me, I shall answer you very freely. W 
 profess the true reformed Protestant Christian religion 
 we believe in God the Father, our Creator; in Goi 
 the Son, Jesus Christ, our Redeemer ; and in God th 
 Holy Ghost, our Comforter : three Persons, and on 
 God. 
 
 Qu. That is very right, and these are the sam 
 fundamentals with other Protestant Churches. Bu 
 the world reports a great number of several clifferen 
 religions in England, — some Luthers, some Calvinists 
 some called Independents, some Anabaptists, and som 
 yet higher and different from all the rest, whose name 
 we know not. 
 
 WJi. Where Luther or Calvin or others agree wit] 
 the Holy Scriptures, the true rule to walk by, ther 
 the profession in England agrees with them, and i 
 but one in the fundamentals of it ; and as to the dii 
 ference of opinions in ceremonies or some matters c 
 worship and discipline, it is incident to men as mucl 
 as differences of countenances or of diet ; but in th 
 main, all agree. The late troubles occasioned peopl 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 267 
 
 to take a greater liberty in all things, particularly in 
 matters of religion, than formerly, and there it is es- 
 teemed the highest tyranny of all others to tyrannize 
 over men's judgements and consciences. 
 
 Qu. May not such a business as that of the Ana- 
 baptists at Munster be feared by you to be the issue 
 of these differences in religion, especially when such 
 kind of men receive countenance ? There is nothing 
 more desperate to the peace of a state than the fos- 
 tering of such violent incendiaries as these kind of 
 people are; and if they be suffered to grow and 
 spread their opinions uncontrolled, it will prove dif- 
 ficult to reduce them to order again. These new opi- 
 nions are not sprung up from those who now profess 
 them, but have been instigated by your enemies. 
 
 Wli. Your Majesty's observation is most right, that 
 our enemies have fomented these differences, and the 
 more care and vigilance is requisite to prevent the 
 dangers of them; but hold it the best way to neg- 
 lect them — spreta exolescunt — thereby they will fall 
 of themselves, when a public notice and proceeding 
 against them will but make them the more consider- 
 able, men being apt to take in with a persecuted 
 party; and new fangles please the vulgar, who can 
 least distinguish and are soonest misled. But many 
 with us hold it aright for every one to be left to take 
 care of his own soul, which concerns none but him- 
 self, and that the magistrate ought not to confine or 
 persecute another into his judgement for that which 
 concerns the other only, so long as the public peace 
 is preserved, to which the law of England hath a strict 
 regard ; and whosoever, by his opinion or practice, 
 disturbs that peace, is to be severely punished. 
 
268 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 Then the Queen, who used much variety and digres- 
 sions in her discourse, asked Whitelocke : — 
 
 Qu. How do you contrive it to write to your supe- 
 riors, that others may not know what you write, in 
 case your letters should be intercepted ? do you write 
 by ciphers ? 
 
 Wli. That is a way that may easily be unciphered ; 
 but I use to write to my General by such a way as 
 no flesh can ever find out but by agreement before- 
 hand. 
 
 Qu. How is that, I pray ? 
 
 Wh. I leave with my General, or with the Secretary 
 of the Council, two glasses of water, which I make : 
 with the one of the waters I write my letters, having 
 two like glasses of waters with myself. The letter 
 thus written no man can possibly read, no more than 
 if it were written with fair water ; but wash over this 
 letter with the water in the other glass, and it turns it 
 to black, and just as if it had been written with ink. 
 
 Qu. That is a curious way indeed ; and have you 
 of those waters here? 
 
 Wh. Yes, Madam, I make them myself, and have 
 left of them with my General, so that no creature can 
 read his or my letters without them. 
 
 Qu. What huge dog is this ? 
 
 Wh. It is an English mastiff, which I brought with 
 me, and it seems is broke loose, and followed me even 
 to this place. 
 
 Qu. Is he gentle and well-conditioned? 
 
 Wh. The more courage they have, the more gentle 
 they are : this is both. Your Majesty may stroke him. 
 
 Qu. I have heard of the fierceness of these dogs ; 
 this is very gentle. 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 269 
 
 Wh. They are very gentle unless provoked, and of 
 a generous kind ; no creature hath more mettle or 
 faithfulness than they have. 
 
 Qu. Is it your dog ? 
 
 Wh. I cannot tell ; some of my people told me that 
 one Mr. Peters sent it for a present to the Queen. 
 
 Qu. Who is that Mr. Peters ? 
 
 Wh. A minister, and great servant to the Parliament. 
 
 Qu. That Mr. Peters sent me a letter. 
 
 Wli. He is a great admirer of your Majesty ; but , 
 
 to presume to send a letter or a dog for a present to 
 a Queen, I thought above him, and not fit to be offered 
 to your Majesty. 
 
 Qu. I have many letters from private persons. His 
 letter and the dog do belong to me, and are my goods, 
 and I will have them. 
 
 Wh. Your Majesty commands in chief, and all ought 
 to obey you, and so will I, not only as to the letter 
 and dog, but likewise as to another part of his present, 
 a great English cheese of his country making. 
 
 Qu. I do kindly accept them from him, and see that 
 you send my goods to me. 
 
 Wh. I will not fail to obey your Majesty. 
 
 The Queen was pleased to take notice herself, and 
 to promise to give order for supply of some accommo- 
 dations which were here wanting to Whitelocke and 
 his company ; and so they parted in much drollery. 
 
 After his return home he met with yet another 
 hindrance of his despatches. 
 
 The Reichshof of Denmark, Mnr. Woolfeldt, came M - w °°i- 
 
 feldt a 
 
 to visit Whitelocke, who being informed of this gen- Danish 
 tleman before, and of his great parts and abilities, writs™™ 
 with his experience of public affairs, especially relating Wh,telock 
 
270 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 to his own country, whereof Whitelocke thought he 
 might make some use, and the more because of the 
 present hostility between England and Denmark, and 
 this gentleman's condition. He was received by White- 
 locke with all courtesy, and gained into an intimate 
 friendship and frequent conversation. 
 
 He is a serious man in business, and facetious at 
 other times ; of great experience in matters of nego- 
 tiation, having been, as himself related, thirteen times 
 employed as a public minister, and most times as an 
 ambassador. He married the King of Denmark's 
 daughter by a left-handed wife, as they are there 
 called, — that is, a second wife, whom the King, hav- 
 ing issue by his first wife, takes in marriage by the 
 left hand, nor is permitted otherwise, nor their issue 
 to inherit the crown. 
 
 After his many and great services, and notwith- 
 standing his near alliance to the King, his master 
 and brother, yet falling into his displeasure because, 
 as he said, he was thought too much to favour the 
 rights and freedom of his country (a crime unpardon- 
 able), he had his estate confiscated, and was himself 
 forced, for the safety of his life, to fly out of his native 
 country into Sweden for refuge, where persons in his 
 condition have a kind of asylum afforded to them by 
 the articles of the two Crowns. 
 
 He had much discourse of England, where he had 
 been twice, and once with King Charles at York, after 
 the troubles began, whom he said he observed not to 
 take good advice in the government, and thereupon 
 he imagined beforehand what had since come to pass. 
 
 He inveighed against the Archbishop Laud and 
 others of his party, and highly commended the Earls 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 271 
 
 of Holland, Stafford, and others, who had been civil 
 to him. He was excellent company, and Whitelocke 
 made very good use thereof, by reason of the great 
 knowledge and experience of this gentleman not only 
 of the affairs of Denmark, but of most other states of 
 Europe. 
 
 Piementelle sent to Whitelocke some papers of in- 
 telligence, which he had from the French Court and 
 from Holland, whereby it appeared that the peace 
 was far advanced between Prance, Denmark, and the 
 Dutch. 
 
 After all the business of this day, yet Whitelocke 
 must make up his despatches for England, and had 
 very many both public and private letters to write ; 
 and although himself wrote one, and at the same time 
 dictated two other letters to his secretaries, which he 
 was known frequently to do, yet he was fain to sit up 
 almost all night before his packet could be finished. 
 
 December 31, 1653. 
 
 Mr. Clavering, an English merchant at Stockholm, ^patche 
 brought to Whitelocke two packets of letters from England. 
 England, which came by the post. In them he had 
 sad letters from his wife of her being ill, and of her 
 grief for his absence. He had also several letters of 
 news from private friends, and from the Secretary of 
 the Council, Mr. Thurloe, an exact account concerning 
 the Dutch treaty ; that it yet proceeded but lento pede ; 
 that Chanut, the Erench Ambassador in Holland, la- 
 boured there to hinder it, and this he did underhand, 
 but publicly spake wholly to further it ; and the like 
 was done by Bordeaux, the Erench Ambassador in 
 
272 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 England ; but the Spaniard stood still and looked on ; 
 of the business of the Highlanders in Scotland, and 
 the inconsiderableness of them, with all other both 
 foreign and domestic news of any consequence. 
 
 By this constant and perfect intelligence from Thur- 
 loe, Whitelocke had great advantage in his negotiation, 
 being thereby enabled to give a perfect account of 
 affairs, not only of his own country, but of most other 
 places, to the great satisfaction of the Queen and her 
 Court and grandees, with whom Whitelocke had fre- 
 quent converse ; and from his private and public letters 
 was able to satisfy their curious inquiries after news, 
 so that it came to pass that no news, especially from 
 England, was authentic until it were ratified by the 
 English Ambassador, which raised the credit both of 
 him and his intelligence. 
 
 He caused an abstract of his news to be written in 
 French out of his letters, and carried it late that night 
 to the Queen, who thanked him for it. The frost was 
 so hard and slippery that he was fain to walk on foot, 
 and to be supported by two of his servants. 
 Discourses The Queen, among other things, fell into discourse 
 Queen. with him concerning King James, who she had heard 
 was poisoned, and his son Prince Henry also ; hut 
 Whitelocke declined this discourse, and to speak re- 
 proachfully of the dead. Then the Queen discoursed 
 of the great Duke of Bucks (as she called him), and 
 of his extraction and favour, whereof Whitelocke gave 
 her a particular account ; and she demanding how he 
 came to be so fully instructed of the Duke, his son, 
 and family, he told her, there was a near alliance be- 
 tween the Duke and Whitelocke's children : whereof 
 she was very inquisitive. 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 273 
 
 She also inquired concerning the old Earl of Arun- 
 del, the Countess of Kent, and divers of our nobility ; 
 and of Mr. Selden, Patrick Young, some of the bi- 
 shops, and divers others of our learned men, of whom 
 Whitelocke was able to give her an account, and did 
 no injury to any of them ; insomuch that the Queen 
 said she marvelled to hear one give so full an account 
 of so many, and not to speak reproachfully of any of 
 them, not of an enemy, but to give every one his due. 
 
 Whitelocke told her that he held it disingenuous 
 to reproach princes or any others behind their backs, 
 and more honourable to speak plainly to themselves, 
 than to backbite any one. The Queen said that was 
 honourable and very becoming a gentleman. 
 
 She then commended the library at St. James's, 
 and the rare manuscripts there, of some whereof she 
 desired to get copies. Whitelocke told her he was 
 the more capable to serve her therein because he was 
 keeper of that library ; and promised at his return to 
 England to endeavour to do her Majesty that service 
 which she desired. 
 
 One would have imagined that England had been 
 her native country, so well was she furnished with the 
 characters of most persons of consideration there, and 
 with the story of the nation, and full of inquiries 
 touching those matters ; wherein Whitelocke found 
 his having been acquainted with persons and affairs 
 to be a great advantage to him. 
 
 The Queen spake much for the King of Spain's being 
 taken into the alliance with England and Sweden ; 
 and Whitelocke prayed her to put it into her memoir 
 of proposals, and he would transmit it to his supe- 
 riors. 
 
 VOL. I. T 
 
274 THE SWEDISH EMBASSY. 
 
 She told Whitelocke, she wondered that he had no 
 letters from his General, and said she used to write 
 to her foreign public ministers ; but Whitelocke said 
 his General seldom did so, but those letters were from 
 the Council of State. 
 
 She desired Whitelocke's assistance in a business 
 in England concerning one of her servants, the Lady 
 Jane Ruthven, daughter to General Ruthven ; wherein 
 Whitelocke promised his service. 
 
 He heard there would be a ball tomorrow at the 
 Court, and that he should be invited to it ; but by 
 intimation to Grave Tott and Senator Vanderlin, to 
 excuse him if he were thought on, — that neither he 
 nor any of his company could be there, because it was 
 the Lord's Day, — he prevented the invitation and his 
 denial of it. 
 
275 
 
 JANUARY. 
 
 January 1, 1653.* 
 It being made known to Whitelocke by his officers white- 
 
 lOOlCfi 9 6 
 
 that some of his family had been disorderly andhortatioi 
 transgressed his orders, he thought fit to begin the y'ear. 6 
 new year with an admonition to them : and this being 
 the Lord's Day, after the morning sermon, himself 
 spake to them to this effect : — 
 
 " We have received good and seasonable instructions by 
 the sermon this morning, to which I shall take the liberty 
 of a small addition, as father of the family, wishing and en- 
 deavouring the good of your souls and bodies. 
 
 " I am sorry that my words to some of you must be as 
 the Apostle said, ' We hear that there are some which walk 
 among you disorderly, working not at all, but are busy- 
 bodies.' 
 
 " Some of you go to Court or meeting with strangers, 
 perhaps employed to sift you, gain from you characters of 
 some of your company or of your ruler, unbefitting you to 
 give, and prejudicial to what we all wish ; they talk of news 
 and business above their capacity. The Apostle gives such 
 a character — ' They are unruly and vain talkers ; they learn 
 to be idle, wandering about from house to house ; and not 
 only idle, but tattlers also and busybodies, speaking things 
 which they ought not.' Such, I hear, is the condition and 
 
 * [The Old Style being retained, the year 1654 does not commence 
 till the 25th of March. It is however remarkable that "Whitelocke 
 speakB of "beginning the New Year" on this day.] 
 
 T 2 
 
276 journal or the 
 
 carriage of some of you. It is unworthy in any ; it is such 
 as I shall not tolerate, and therefore admonish such as are 
 conscious of this fault to reform it. 
 
 " Others among you, I hear, are idle : inferiors not do- 
 ing the work appointed them, and superiors spending their 
 precious time vainly. This is a fault to be reproved, and it 
 seems strange tb me that any who can read should so lose 
 their hours and not know what to do, when there are 
 Bibles to be had among us, the reading whereof is the most 
 delightful subject in the world to any soul enlightened with 
 the least spark of grace. This vice and sin of idleness I 
 exhort you to reform, lest the curse fall upon you which 
 the wise man prophesieth, ' Slothfulness casteth into a deep 
 sleep, and an idle soul shall suffer hunger.' 
 
 " Idleness is a temptation to debauchery. I cannot tell, 
 saith one, how to pass the time ; and therefore goes with 
 others into a house of drunkenness or other wickedness. 
 For shame ! do not say you know not how to pass the 
 time, when you have civil company to discourse of good 
 things, when you have books, when the Bible is not pro- 
 hibited. Your time passeth away fast enough, and the 
 youngest or best of you cannot recall a moment of it. 
 
 " Give no cause to strangers to reproach you, to say, Be- 
 hold these English professors infected with the worst of 
 vices ! Remember the great goodness of God to us in 
 our preservation by sea and land, in remote countries, in 
 greatest difficulties and dangers ; let this love of God con- 
 strain us to repentance and amendment of life. Such dis- 
 orders as I hear of, and some of you know that you have 
 fallen into, I must not, I cannot, I will not bear. We 
 ought to walk in some measure answerable to the mercies 
 we have received, which if we do, we shall thereby bring 
 honour to our God, to our country, to our profession of re- 
 ligion, and to ourselves ; but if we walk disorderly, we shall 
 dishonour the name of God, disgrace our dear country, 
 scandalize our religion, and bring contempt and punish- 
 ment upon ourselves : to avoid which, let us not be want- 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 277 
 
 ing in our own endeavours, nor in our humble prayers to 
 God. Let every one watch over himself, and over one 
 another, and I shall with my best care watch over you all, 
 and shall not afford the least connivance to any breach of 
 my orders. 
 
 " I hear of a ball or dancing this night intended at the 
 Court ; most of you know the issue of the like in England. 
 You all know I prohibit not honest, lawful recreations ; but 
 where sin accompanies them, I shall bear my testimony 
 against them. Such I account this ball on this day, and 
 therefore have refused to be present at it, and strictly do 
 forbid you all that not one of my company do appear at it. 
 The Apostle's rule is safe, ' Abstain from all appearance of 
 evil.' " 
 
 This being New Year's Day, the Queen's guards, 
 trumpets, drummers, huntsmen, forty lacqueys, coach- 
 men, and other servants, came to Whitelocke's lodging 
 and desired New Year's gifts with strange earnestness, 
 and dishonourably enough. 
 
 Whitelocke being informed that it was usual for- 
 ambassadors to bestow these New Year's gifts, and 
 considering how needy and clamorous these persons 
 were, did think fit to bestow something upon them ; 
 and where he gave he did it liberally, suitable to his 
 quality and the honour of his country. 
 
 The master of the ceremonies came to town this 
 day (the usual time of their travel), visited Whitelocke, 
 whom he acquainted with the want of beds and ac- 
 commodations for his servants, which he promised 
 should be supplied. 
 
 January 2, 1653. 
 
 More of the Queen's servants came for New Year's 
 gifts, and were not to be denied. 
 
278 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 Piementelle visited Whitelocke, and, asking him how 
 he was accommodated, Whitelocke told him that in 
 ten days' time which he had been here he could not 
 procure beds for his servants neither for money nor 
 by the Queen's officers, who excused it upon the 
 boors' disobeying orders for it ; but his people, and 
 consequently himself, could not long continue here 
 without them in this season. Piementelle blamed the 
 officers, and said he would acquaint the Queen with 
 it, and that it should be remedied. Yet this unhand- 
 some and uncharitable neglect towards strangers was 
 continued by the Queen's officers a long time after, 
 and money could not remedy it; but Whitelocke 
 feared sickness in his family by it. Their best com- 
 fort was good fires, whereof Whitelocke did not stint 
 them ; so that he usually spent in one day in his 
 house thirty of their loads of wood, which is about 
 fifteen of our loads. 
 
 Whilst Piementelle and Whitelocke were discours- 
 ing, the Queen came by through the town in her 
 sledge, with divers of her ladies and servants waiting 
 on her in sledges, to take the air. 
 
 These sledges are neatly made, most of them cu- 
 riously wrought and carved, some richly painted and 
 gilded ; the shape of them is not unlike a little ship- 
 boat, but shorter ; they are fastened upon two pieces 
 of timber, one upon each side, which carry them up, 
 and smoothly slide upon the ice and frozen snow. 
 They are made generally but for one person to sit 
 in : behind the sledge, upon one of the pieces of tim- 
 ber, he stands that guides the sledge-horse by a long 
 rein. When the Queen rides, commonly some earl 
 or other great gallant guides the sledge; the ladies 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 279 
 
 have their gallants also, to whom they allow the like 
 honour. 
 
 The sledge is drawn by one horse, whose harness 
 they covet to have very rich, according to their quali- 
 ties ; many of them are set with studs of silver, and 
 thick with little bells of silver or of brass, which 
 make a cheerful and great noise and jingle, being 
 shaken by a large trotting horse, and when a dozen 
 of them pass together; yet they go easier than our 
 wherries. 
 
 The inside of the sledge is usually lined, the bottom 
 and sides of it with bear's skin or some other fur. 
 The ladies take the air in them in the winter-time, 
 when they are only useful in the midday, the sun then 
 generally shining clear and warm, and no wind stir- 
 ring, which makes it pleasant ; but if there be the 
 least wind, it cuts so sharp that there is no pleasure 
 to go abroad. 
 
 The ladies and their sleddiers are very gallant, with 
 great plumes in their hats ; and the horses have the 
 like on their heads and buttocks. 
 
 Piementelle staying with Whitelocke above three white- 
 hours, he was entertained with Whitelocke's music. ™ us ; c s 
 The rector chori was Mr. Ingelo, excellent in that as 
 in other faculties, and seven or eight of his gentle- 
 men, well skilled both in vocal and instrumental 
 music ; and Whitelocke himself sometimes in private 
 did bear his part with them, having been in his 
 younger days a master and composer of music. He 
 thought it not unseasonable in the long winter nights 
 to use this recreation, and thereby his people were 
 the better kept together, and from disorderly going 
 abroad. Piementelle highly and deservedly commended 
 
aa s 
 
 o 
 
 ill 
 
 280 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 Whitelocke's music, and acquainted the Queen with 
 it, who was a great lover thereof. 
 
 At this time, in great secresy, Piementelle gave 
 
 o° ° unto Whitelocke a copy of the letter which the Queen 
 
 told Whitelocke she received from the King of Scots, 
 
 and he believed she contrived it to be thus conveyed 
 
 to Whitelocke. The letter was this :* — 
 
 " Monsieur mon Frere, 
 " Le Chevalier Ballendin m'a rendu la lettre que vous 
 avez pris la peine de m'ecrire, et m'a propose la commis- 
 sion dont vous l'avez chargee. II a agi en tout en homnie 
 d'honneur, et a temoigne autant de fidelite et de zele pour 
 votre service, que vous pourriez desirer de lui. Je lui dois 
 ce temoignage, afin que vous ne lui imputiez pas le mauvais 
 succes de la negotiation. C'est l'injure du sort qui rend 
 vos maux incurables; et je m'estime malheureuse d'etre 
 en etat de n'y pouvoir apporter du remede. Vous aurez 
 sans doute la bonte de soufftir que vos amis aient soin de 
 leurs interets, lorsqu'ils se jugent inutils aux votres. Je 
 vous avoue avec regret, que je le suis plus que personne, 
 et que je ne puis eonsentir aux propositions que vous me 
 faites sans prejudice au bien d'un etat dont les interets 
 me doivent etre chers par dessus de toute autre considera- 
 tion. Je souhaite cependant que le temps, qui apporte 
 remede a toute sorte de maux, acheve enfin vos adversites ; 
 et qu'il me fasse naitre des occasions de les soulager, sans 
 contrevenir aux obligations qui seules peuvent tout sur moi. 
 " Je suis votre tres-affectionnee Sceur, 
 
 " Christine. 
 " Monsieur mon Frere." 
 
 After some discourse upon this letter, Piementelle 
 took his leave of Whitelocke. 
 
 * \_Sic in orig. The letter however is not that of Charles II., 
 hut Queen Christina's answer to that Prince, which she caused 
 Whitelocke to see as a proof of her fair dealing towards the Com- 
 monwealth.] 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 281 
 
 Whitelocke was earnestly solicited by an Italian 
 gentleman, who styled himself " le premier valet de la 
 garderobe de sa Majeste" (first servant of her ward- 
 robe), that his goods being taken by a private man- 
 of-war of England, that Whitelocke would procure the 
 restitution of them ; and he, finding the gentleman in 
 favour with the Queen, promised to write to England, 
 which he did, for that purpose. 
 
 One Toby Tredorus, a German, a kind of agent in 
 this Court for the towns of Stettin, Stralsund, and 
 other ports and places in Pomerland, by command, as 
 he said, of his superiors, made application to White- 
 locke to mediate with the Parliament that the ships of 
 those towns might have free passage by sea without 
 disturbance of the Parliament's ships ; and in order 
 thereunto, he presented to Whitelocke a printed book 
 of Latin verses describing the situation and commo- 
 dities of those towns, and a letter in Latin containing 
 his request, wherein he gave the title of Most Serene 
 and Most Potent Commonwealth of England. White- 
 locke wrote to England about this matter. 
 
 January 3, 1653. 
 
 Upon the good success of the Queen's servants, the 
 lacqueys of Prince Adolphus came to Whitelocke to 
 demand New Year's gifts ; but he sent them answer 
 that he was no suitor at Court, nor had they done 
 him any service, therefore he held himself not en- 
 gaged to bestow New Year's gifts on them. 
 
 Whitelocke was visited with great respect and prof- Raviua re- 
 fer of service by Mr. Ravius, a German gentleman. WMte- 
 He had formerly been in England, whither he came oc e ' 
 
282 JOURNAL OP THE 
 
 for the freedom of his conscience and religion. Those 
 then in power in England finding him to be of extra- 
 ordinary parts and learning, especially in the Eastern 
 tongues, wherein he excelled most in this age, and 
 coming to England as to a sanctuary, he was pre- 
 ferred to a professor's place in Oxford, and had his 
 pension duly paid him. But shortly after, his learn- 
 ing being eminent, he was invited with large promises 
 into Sweden, whither he went for his advantage ; and 
 in this University of Upsal was made Hebrew Profes- 
 sor, with a pension of 500 rix-dollars a year; but, as 
 usual, this being long unpaid, Ravius fell into want, 
 whereof he made complaint to Whitelocke, who pity- 
 ing his condition, and finding that by his marriage 
 with a bishop's daughter he had relations and inter- 
 est with divers great men, who nevertheless would 
 not supply his wants, Whitelocke thought good to 
 supply them, and, by Mr. Ingelo his chaplain, sent 
 him privately five pounds, which he scrupled not 
 gratefully to accept. 
 
 By him Whitelocke had characters of several great 
 men, and of their inclinations and affections to his 
 business ; and upon divers occasions Whitelocke em- 
 ployed him and made good use of him. He had rare 
 Arabic manuscripts, which Whitelocke desired to have 
 bought, but could not get them. 
 Jane Whitelocke visited the Lady Jane Buthven, con- 
 cerning whom the Queen had spoken to him ; and in 
 that or any other business Whitelocke professed all 
 readiness to do her service ; which visit she took as a 
 great respect, and told the Queen of it. And White- 
 locke found that, among other visits, those to ladies 
 are not unnecessary for an ambassador, especially in 
 
 iven. 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 283 
 
 the Court of a Queen, whose ear they have more than 
 her councillors; and in all States their influence in 
 the highest affairs is not to be despised. 
 
 Whitelocke received civilities and respect from di- 
 vers of the Queen's ladies, with whom he had some- 
 times opportunity to discourse when he waited on the 
 Queen ; and most of them had the French language ; 
 and therefore Whitelocke took occasion sometimes to 
 visit them, and to discourse with them in drollery, 
 yet of such matters as he was willing should come to 
 the Queen's ear, and he knew the ladies would not 
 fail to relate to her Majesty ; and this he found they 
 did, and not to the disadvantage of him or his busi- 
 ness, through the good opinion which his civility had 
 gained them. 
 
 Meredith was sent to Court with the present of 
 Mr. Peters to the Queen, who merrily and with ex- 
 pressions of contentment accepted of them, though 
 from so mean a hand : so far is she from pride or any 
 show of scornfulness. 
 
 January 4, 1653. 
 
 This course was constantly observed by Whitelocke wwte- 
 in all his visits, that he never gave any to persons, of visits of 
 what quality soever, who had not first visited him ; cm 1 y ' 
 and then he was obliged by the common rules of 
 civility and the usages of all places, especially of these 
 countries, to requite every visit, or else great excep- 
 tions would be taken, and censures of pride in the 
 neglector of them : they serve public ministers for the 
 carrying on their business, which is hindered by the 
 omission of them. 
 
284 JOURNAL OP THE 
 
 The kindness of the visits works much upon the 
 spirits of those people ; and the freedom of discourse 
 then, more than at the formal meetings, doth ripen 
 and facilitate their business. 
 
 They wondered at the order of our Parliament 
 prohibiting their Members to visit or confer with fo- 
 reign public ministers ; whereby the statesmen here 
 were of opinion that the Parliament retarded their 
 own business, and showed a strange jealousy of one 
 another, and a distrust of the fidelity of their friends : 
 a humour usual among the Italians, and the Venetians 
 have the like order against visits of public foreign 
 ministers. But they said that the Northern people 
 were most plain-hearted, used to more freedom in 
 their discourses and visits, and of a better nature 
 than so to suspect one another ; that if a man were 
 dishonest, and designed to betray his trust, such an 
 order would be little obstacle, but easily deluded; 
 but by this use of visiting one another, and of a 
 frankness in their conferences, they found good ad- 
 vantage in their business, and the protraction and 
 delay thereof to be much avoided. 
 
 On this subject, among other things, Whitelocke 
 had discourse this day with Mnr. Woolfeldt, whom 
 he visited and spent much time in his good company, 
 from whom he learned many things of great conse- 
 quence, and received of him sundry most material 
 matters relating to the peace of England, whereof 
 Whitelocke gave account by letters in cipher to the 
 Council and to the General in England, to whom he 
 also sent a copy of the King of Scots' letter to the 
 Queen of Sweden. 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 285 
 
 January 5, 1653. 
 Whitelocke had a private audience with the Queen a private 
 
 audience of 
 
 above two hours together. She was pleased first to the aueen. 
 discourse of private matters. 
 
 Queen. Hath your General a wife and children ? 
 
 Wliitelocke. He hath a wife and five children. 
 
 Qu. What family were he and his wife of ? 
 
 JI7i. He was of the family of a baron, and his wife 
 the like from Bourchiers. 
 
 Qu. Of what parts are his children ? 
 
 Wh. His two sons and three daughters are all of 
 good parts and liberal education. 
 
 Qu. Some unworthy mention and mistakes have 
 been made to me of them. 
 
 Wli. Your Majesty knows that to be frequent ; but 
 from me you shall have nothing but truth. 
 
 Qu. Much of the story of your General hath some 
 parallel with that of my ancestor Gustavus the First, 
 who, from a private gentleman of a noble family, was 
 advanced to the title of Marshal of Sweden, because 
 he had risen up and rescued his country from the 
 bondage and oppression which the King of Denmark 
 had put upon them, and expelled that king ; and for 
 his reward he was at last elected King of Sweden, 
 and I believe that your General will be King of Eng- 
 land in conclusion. 
 
 Wh. Pardon me, Madam, that cannot be, because 
 England is resolved into a Commonwealth ; and my 
 General hath already sufficient power and greatness 
 as General of all their forces both by sea and land, 
 which may content him. 
 
 Qu. Resolve what you will, I believe he resolves to 
 
286 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 be king ; and hardly can any power or greatness be 
 called sufficient, when the nature of man is so prone, 
 as in these days, to all ambition. 
 
 Wh. I find no such nature in my General. 
 
 Qu. It may easily be concealed till an opportunity 
 serve, and then it will show itself. 
 
 Wh. All are mortal men, subject to affections. 
 
 Qu. How many wives have you had ? 
 
 JFh. I have had three wives. 
 
 Qu. Have you had children by all of them ? 
 
 Wh. Yes, by every one of them. 
 
 Qu. Pardieu, vous etes incorrigible ! 
 
 Wh. Madam, I have been a true servant to your 
 sex ; and as it was my duty to be kind to my wives, 
 so I count it my happiness and riches and strength 
 to have many children. 
 
 Qu. You have done well ; and if children do prove 
 well, it is no small nor usual blessing. 
 
 Much more discourse her Majesty moved of private 
 matters, whereby she made experiment if the truth 
 would be told her, it appearing that the particulars 
 were known to her before, and that she had good 
 intelligence. She was pleased with some earnestness 
 to say — You are hypocrites and dissemblers. 
 
 Wh. For myself I can have little of design, espe- 
 cially in your country, to dissemble. I always hated 
 hypocrisy as a thing unworthy a Christian or a gen- 
 tleman ; and my General hath not been charged with 
 that odious crime. 
 
 Qu. I do not mean either your General or yourself, 
 but I think that in England there are many who make 
 profession of more holiness than is in them, hoping for 
 advantage by it. 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 287 
 
 Wh. I doubt there may be some such in England, 
 especially in this time, when, through the goodness of 
 God, religion is become the chief interest of the nation, 
 and there are of these likewise in other countries ; but 
 when they come to be found out with us (as such 
 cannot be long undiscovered) they lose their aim and 
 credit, and their dissembling is scorned and punished. 
 
 Qu. Is dancing prohibited in England ? 
 
 TFh. Some there do not approve it, but it is not 
 prohibited by any law, and many there do use it. 
 But I am loth to speak my poor opinion on this argu- 
 ment, lest I may give offence to your Majesty. 
 
 Qu. I pray speak freely ; it will not offend me, but 
 I shall take it well from you. 
 
 Jfli. Then, Madam, with all due regard and sub- 
 mission to your better judgement, give me leave to 
 say that to have balls, dancing, and such pastimes 
 upon the Lord's Day, I humbly apprehend to be dis- 
 pleasing to God, who hath commanded that day to 
 be set apart for His special worship and service, and 
 no works except of mercy and necessity are to be 
 done on that day, much less sports to be used. There 
 is time enough besides, and upon other days dancing 
 and other harmless and honest recreations are and 
 may be used ; and I humbly present it to your Ma- 
 jesty's judgement whether it may not offend God to 
 allow any profanation of His day, which is too common 
 here and elsewhere ; and I doubt not but your Majesty 
 looks upon it as your particular duty to give a good 
 example herein to your people, and not to permit balls 
 on that day. You will do an act of piety, and most 
 becoming a Christian Queen, to restrain and punish 
 the sin of profanation of the Lord's Day, as likewise 
 
288 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 swearing and debauchery, too much used and coun- 
 tenanced in these parts ; and pardon me, Madam, if 
 I say I think God requires this at your hands. 
 
 This, and much more to the like effect, Whitelocke 
 spake with plainness, yet fitting respects and apologies 
 to the Queen, hoping that God did put it into his heart 
 to speak thus freely to her in a matter wherein the 
 honour of God was so much concerned ; and it took 
 so good effect, that after that the Queen had no more 
 balls in her Court on the Lord's Day. 
 
 After these discourses the Queen fell upon the 
 business of the Sound, to the like effect as formerly, 
 and said to Whitelocke : — 
 
 Queen. Have you power to consent to such pro- 
 posals as I shall make touching the Sound ? 
 
 Whitelocke. According to the memoir which I have 
 given in, I have power to conclude. 
 
 Qu. That is very much, and the things in that me- 
 moir are very reasonable ; but as to any particulars 
 concerning the Sound, have you any power to con- 
 clude ? 
 
 Wh. I cannot tell whether my power will extend 
 to the particulars until I know what the particulars 
 are ; and then, in case I have not power to conclude, 
 I shall presently transmit them to my superiors, who 
 will give further directions as shall be reasonable. 
 
 Qu. It may be inconvenient for me to make pro- 
 posals in such a business as this, and then perhaps be 
 denied ; and so I should incur very great prejudice. 
 
 Wh. Madam, the same objection might have been 
 made by me as to my delivering in of proposals to 
 your Majesty ; but to avoid the objection, if you please 
 to give your proposals in writing to me, I will send 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 289 
 
 them as from myself to my superiors, as things col- 
 lected by me upon discourse. Yet pardon me if I see 
 not the reason why your Majesty should stick at 
 making proposals to the Parliament more than the Par- 
 liament did at making proposals to your Majesty. 
 
 Qu. What way must this business of the Sound be 
 done? 
 
 Wh. I know but two ways — by sea and by land, 
 and both will be here necessary. 
 
 Qu. How many •ships do you think the Parliament 
 will lend me for this design ? 
 
 Wh. I believe they will send a considerable number 
 of ships upon this or any other design to be undertaken 
 by them. 
 
 Qu. I desire but twenty or thirty ships, and that 
 the Parliament, with the residue of their fleet, would 
 attend the Hollanders. 
 
 Wh. It is probable that the Hollanders, upon such 
 a design, may advance with their fleet to the Sound. 
 
 Qu. Then they will be between my fleet and twenty 
 English ships on the one side, and the residue of the 
 English fleet on the other side. I do not desire above 
 twenty or thirty English ships, and some money. 
 
 Wh. England hath great occasions for money for 
 the pay of their armies and great navies, especiaUy in 
 this time of their wars, both at land and sea ; and this 
 will be principally your Majesty's business, to open 
 the trade into your seas, and I suppose you will not 
 expect ships and money too from others to do your 
 work. 
 
 Qu. I am in great want of money, and England 
 hath money enough. 
 
 Wh. They have enough for their occasions. 
 
 vol. i. rr 
 
290 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 Qu. And some to spare, which I have not. 
 
 Wh. I do not see your Majesty to waste the reve- 
 nues of your Crown in gallantry of clothes for your 
 own person. 
 
 Qu. I am the least curious in clothes of any wo- 
 man, especially now I am in the country. 
 
 Wh. Your wearing plain clothes makes them rich. 
 
 Qu. My Chancellor will be in town shortly. 
 
 Wh. Your Majesty is happy in such a servant, of so 
 great wisdom, experience, and fidelity. 
 
 Qu. He is a very able and honest man ; he under- 
 stands this business well. I will give you a memoir 
 concerning the Sound. 
 
 It was not thought fit by Whitelocke to press this 
 business further, upon this hint that the Chancellor 
 was expected, whom he hoped to find a friend to him 
 and his business, as he really proved; and White- 
 locke thought, that if he should proceed too far be- 
 fore the old man came, he might be displeased, which 
 he was the more cautious to avoid, upon something 
 spoken by Monsieur Berkman. 
 
 This person was a burgher's son of Stockholm, and 
 having travelled and gained some languages and learn- 
 ing, he was sent as secretary to Lagerfeldt into Eng- 
 land, where he came acquainted with Whitelocke, 
 who, being to take his journey as Ambassador to 
 Sweden, Lagerfeldt desired that Berkman might ac- 
 company Whitelocke in his voyage to take care of his 
 accommodations. Whitelocke thought not fit to deny 
 this, though he believed and found that he would 
 be rather a spy than a friend, and more chargeable 
 than useful. Yet in the voyage he treated him 
 with all courtesy, and by discourse got as much as 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 291 
 
 he could out of him concerning the Queen and her 
 councils, and the public persons and affairs of his 
 country. 
 
 At Gothenburg he seemed officious, and from thence 
 posted to Court to acquaint them with Whitelocke's 
 arrival, and returned with great speed, and took pains 
 by the way for Whitelocke's accommodations. 
 
 At Upsal he was very conversant in Whitelocke's 
 family, and respectfully used, and the more because 
 he had gotten a little English. Whitelocke disliked 
 his people being much with him, who was excessively 
 given to the common vice of tippling; and in his 
 cups (as Whitelocke was this day informed by Mr. 
 Claveing) he would abusively rant against the Com- 
 monwealth of England and their Ambassador, say- 
 ing that no justice could be had in England for the 
 Swedish ships detained there as prize ; that he knew 
 no reason why the English Ambassador should have 
 any respect in Sweden till their people had right in 
 England ; that the Chancellor was expected suddenly 
 here, would take order that Whitelocke should not 
 have so much favour here till the Swedes had more 
 justice in England, with the like speeches. 
 
 Whitelocke took no notice hereof, but (as ambas- 
 sadors must do) continued his civilities to Berkman ; 
 but when he was filled with good meat and drink at 
 Whitelocke's table, before him and others, Whitelocke 
 took occasion to discourse of the Swedish ships car- 
 rying contraband goods to the Dutch, for which they 
 were detained prize ; and vindicated the honour and 
 justice of the Parliament, and their respects to their 
 friends, particularly to the Swedes, whereof he gave 
 instances ; which Berkman was then so far from con- 
 
 u 2 
 
292 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 tradicting, that he asserted the same things with 
 Whitelocke, who, instead of contesting with Berkman, 
 thought it better to stop his mouth with twenty pieces 
 of English gold, which he now gave him, to defray 
 his expenses from Gothenburg to the Court and back 
 again, which he (after their custom) was not backward 
 to accept ; and by that, and the promise of a future 
 reward when the treaty should be finished, he was 
 made serviceable to it. 
 iteiocke Matters of ceremony are here in great observance, 
 at and the neglect of them highly resented and offen- 
 sive. This caused a great wariness in Whitelocke not 
 to offend in that omission, the performance whereof 
 was cheap and easy. Therefore he was therein obser- 
 vant to the great men, and especially to the Queen ; 
 and seeing the high esteem and pleasure which her 
 Majesty had of balls, dancing, and music, which re- 
 creations being modestly and moderately used he held 
 indifferent things, and not unlawful in themselves ; 
 and that it was fit for him, being invited by the 
 Queen, to be present at them at fit times, lest he 
 should be judged too severe and morose, and too 
 much to censure those who used and delighted in 
 them, and desired his company at them; and he 
 having been before invited to a ball, and refusing to 
 come because it was on the Lord's Day, being now 
 again solemnly invited from the Queen herself to a 
 ball this night at Court, he thought, if he should 
 again refuse to come to it, the Queen might be dis- 
 tasted, and think her favour slighted. He therefore 
 resolved to go to the ball this night ; and after nine 
 o'clock the master of the ceremonies, in a special com- 
 pliment, brought two of the Queen's coaches to attend 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 293 
 
 him to the castle. When he came into the room where 
 the Queen was, she bid him welcome with more than 
 ordinary respect, and led him into a large room where 
 she usually hears sermons, and at other times it is for 
 music and dancing. 
 
 There was present a great number of ladies and 
 gallants. Her chair of state was upon a foot-carpet ; a 
 little distance from it, on the right hand, were five or 
 six stools, where Whitelocke sat next to the Queen, 
 and after him Prince Adolphus and other grandees ; 
 on the left hand sat about twenty ladies, very gallant, 
 after the French mode. The Queen's music was in a 
 place behind the chair of state, — seven or eight violins, 
 with bass-viols, flutes, and citherns,— perfect masters. 
 The Queen, with her ladies and courtiers, first 
 danced the brawls, then French dances, in which the 
 Lady Jane Ruthven took forth Captain Whitelocke ; 
 and he and several others of Whitelocke' s gentlemen 
 were taken forth by the Swedish ladies to dance 
 English country dances ; wherein' the English gentle- 
 men were expert, and taught them some new ones. 
 
 The Queen took delight in those English dances, 
 and herself danced with more life and spirit than the 
 rest of the ladies, or than any he had seen. She was 
 pleased several times to do Whitelocke the honour to 
 come to him and discourse with him whilst the rest 
 were dancing. She asked him how he liked their 
 sports. He told her he liked them very well, and 
 thought himself in England. She asked, why so ? He 
 answered, because he saw the sports and dances of his 
 own country so lively acted here. After he had fully 
 commended the dancing, music, and company, and 
 her Majesty, who was above all, about twelve o'clock 
 
294 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 at night the meeting broke up, and Whitelocke was 
 brought home again with the Queen's coaches. 
 
 The Reichshof Master Grave Gabriel Oxenstiern 
 sent Whitelocke a piece of venison of an elk ; and he 
 invited the Grave and Mr. Woolfeldt to come eat of 
 it with him at dinner tomorrow. 
 
 January 6, 1653. 
 
 iteiocke Mr. Woolfeldt, drolling with the Queen, told her, 
 aer. that the English Ambassador had wrought a great 
 cure upon the Holland Resident, and had taught him 
 a better garb and deportment, since his coming to 
 Court, than he had before ; for now he did not hold 
 up his head so high as formerly, nor was his gait so 
 light and striking as it was before the coming of the 
 English Ambassador, who had thereby much improved 
 the Resident. 
 
 Woolfeldt and Grave Gabriel Oxenstiern came to 
 dinner to Whitelocke. Oxenstiern gave the prece- 
 dence to Woolfeldt, because he had been Reichshof- 
 master of Denmark ; and such is the civility and cour- 
 tesy of these countries, that what charge soever a man 
 hath once had in public employment, as an ambas- 
 sador, general, senator, and the like, though he be af- 
 terwards out of those offices, yet the title and prece- 
 dence which he once had by them is afforded to him 
 during his life. 
 
 And whereas the custom of England is, that the 
 master of the house takes precedence of all others in 
 his own house, as Whitelocke now did ; which, upon 
 intimation from the master of the ceremonies, he af- 
 terwards rectified, it being the usage of these countries 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 295 
 
 for the master to give precedence to all of quality that 
 come to him in his house : the stranger goes first into 
 it, hath the place at the table, sitting down, and re- 
 turning goes first out ; in which ceremonies they are 
 very punctual ; and an ambassador sets every one of 
 the Senatorian order at his own table before himself. 
 
 Prince Adolphus having appointed to give White- 
 locke a visit this afternoon, Whitelocke appointed 
 some of his lacqueys to attend and watch the Prince's 
 coming, and to give him timely notice thereof, that 
 he might meet the Prince at the door of his house ; 
 but, through his servants' neglect, Whitelocke met the 
 Prince a few steps short of his door, and then excused 
 his neglect to the Prince, laying the fault upon his 
 servants, whose it was ; yet the Prince was not satis- 
 fied, but afterwards spake of it at Court, and it came 
 to the Queen's ear, to whom also Whitelocke made an 
 apology for it ; and yet it was hardly pardoned. 
 
 The Superintendent of Gothenburg wrote a civil 
 Latin letter to Whitelocke, to pray him to take oc- 
 casion, in his discourse with the Queen, to mention 
 the Superintendent's son for some preferment, which 
 Whitelocke thought not proper for him, being ambas- 
 sador from a foreign State, to do ; but having occasion 
 given him by the Queen in her discourse, he com- 
 mended James Lennseus, the Superintendent's son, to 
 her Majesty, and it was his good fortune afterwards 
 to have preferment. 
 
 January 7, 1653. 
 Visits were made bv Whitelocke to Grave Gabriel Vi8it3 to 
 
 r\ > Swedish 
 
 Oxenshern, who was senator, steward 01 the Queen s gentlemen. 
 
296 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 house, and who had the charge of her sports of hunt- 
 ing and the like : he and his father are both senators, 
 and his uncle the Chancellor and bis two sons sena- 
 tors, and of that name and family together senators. 
 
 Also to Grave Bannier, governor of Upsal and the 
 adjacent territory ; a gentleman well qualified, son to 
 the General Bannier of whom is frequent mention 
 in the story of King Gustavus ; and such is the ho- 
 nour of this State, that they are not only full of favour 
 to their old servants themselves, but likewise to their 
 children and relations. 
 
 He also visited the Baron Bond, a senator, a gentle- 
 man of good parts, and of an ancient and honourable 
 extraction, some of his family having been elected 
 kings. His name, Bond or Bundt, signifies as with us, 
 a servant or bondman ; he had travelled much, and 
 gained languages, particularly English, which he de- 
 lighted to speak, and of England, where he had been. 
 He was kinsman to the Chancellor, and in favour with 
 him, which most of the grandees aimed at next to the 
 Queen's. 
 
 These gentlemen had first visited Whitelocke, and 
 were then and at this time full of civility and respect 
 to him; and he had opportunity by discourse with 
 them to facilitate the business of his negotiation, 
 wherein he omitted no occasion. 
 
 The Queen's Italian musicians came to hear the 
 music in his house, and gave it great and due com- 
 mendation. 
 
 The Chancellor came to town this day, and sent 
 Mr. Berkman to Whitelocke the same day to visit him, 
 who made many expressions of civility and compli- 
 ment to him from the Chancellor. 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 297 
 
 January 8, 1653. 
 
 The Lord's Day; yet after sermons Whitelocke The Chan- 
 thought fit to send his son James to visit the Chan- stiem ar- 
 cellor, and to congratulate his safe arrival at Upsal. ™^£ 
 Berkman accompanied James to the Chancellor's lodg- 
 ing, who received the message with great respect, and 
 the more, as Berkman said, because it was delivered 
 in Latin. He excused Whitelocke's ill entertainment 
 hy the way and here, which he said was not accord- 
 ing as the Queen desired ; he made many professions 
 of his respect to the Commonwealth of England and 
 to their Ambassador. 
 
 Yet was there no compliment for a personal visit 
 of one another. The master of the ceremonies and 
 others pressed Whitelocke to make the first visit to 
 the Chancellor, as a compliment expected from him, 
 and which was done by other ambassadors to that 
 great and prime minister of state, the Ricks-Chan- 
 cellor. Whitelocke told them plainly, that unless the 
 Chancellor did first visit him, that he would not visit 
 the ChanceUor ; and this he did for the honour of his 
 nation, and believing, as it fell out, that for this car- 
 riage, though towards himself, the Chancellor would 
 have the better opinion of him. At this distance they 
 stood : Whitelocke refusing to give the first visit be- 
 cause he was the Ambassador of England, which he 
 did here represent, and the Chancellor was a subject 
 in his own country. 
 
 The Queen heard of this, and seemed to expostu- 
 late why Whitelocke should not afford her servant the 
 same respect as other ambassadors did, and was told 
 that Whitelocke answered, that other men's actions 
 
298 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 must not guide his, nor could they answer for his ac- 
 tions ; nor would he do anything which he doubted 
 might reflect upon the honour of his nation, although 
 others did so; that if no question had been stirred 
 about the first visit, he should not have insisted on it ; 
 but the question being moved, he thought he could 
 not do it without prejudice to the right of England. 
 The Queen, when she saw Whitelocke would not be 
 altered, said that he did herein like a person who 
 understood his right and was careful of his nation's 
 honour, which she commended, and said she would 
 take order that her Chancellor should give Whitelocke 
 the first visit. 
 
 Whitelocke was visited by the Syndic of Gothen- 
 burg, who had attended him in his journey to Upsal, 
 and took much pains upon the way for horses, wag- 
 gons, and other accommodations for Whitelocke and 
 his people ; in requital whereof Whitelocke thought fit 
 to make him a present of thirty pieces of English gold, 
 which without scruple was thankfully accepted. 
 
 January 9, 1653. 
 The Chan- Presently after dinner, the Chancellor's secretary 
 
 cellor visits . 
 
 Whitelocke. came to Whitelocke with a message- from his lord, to 
 know if he would be within at two o'clock ; the Chan- 
 cellor would come to visit him. Whitelocke said he 
 should take his visit for a great honour, and should be 
 within. About three o'clock the Chancellor came. 
 Whitelocke met him at the door of his house ; he 
 was in his coach with six horses, though his lodg- 
 ing was not far off; ten or twelve gentlemen, well 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 299 
 
 habited, walking on foot, and four lacqueys attended 
 him.* 
 
 Whitelocke offered to conduct him into a lower 
 chamber, because he understood it was trouble- 
 some to the old man to go up so many stairs as to 
 his rooms of entertainment; and he was willing to 
 accept of this ease, and was brought by Whitelocke 
 into his steward's chamber, which he had caused to 
 be hung with his own rich hangings full of silk and 
 gold. He desired to sit with his back or one side to 
 the fire, saying that the light of the fire was hurtful 
 to his eyes. 
 
 He was a tall, proper, straight, handsome old man, 
 of the age of seventy-one years ; his habit was black 
 cloth, a close coat fined with fur, a velvet cap on his 
 
 * [la an age fruitful in great statesmen, who laid the basis of the 
 polity of modern Europe, no name deserves to be mentioned with 
 greater reverence than that of Oxenstiern, who is here introduced 
 to the reader. He was born in the province of Upland, in 1583 ; 
 and having lost his father in early life, owed to his excellent mother 
 the formation of his character and the rudiments of his education. 
 His studies were extensive and profound, for he added to a familiar 
 knowledge of the languages of diplomacy and of the world a critical 
 acquaintance with the Greek tongue. At twenty-six he was em- 
 ployed by Charles IX. of Sweden in important negotiations, and 
 soon afterwards took charge of the Government. In 1611, when 
 Gustavus Adolphus ascended the throne, Oxenstiern became his 
 Chancellor and Chief Minister of State. He was the pillar of the 
 realm throughout that glorious reign, — devoted alike to the honour 
 of Sweden and to the defence of the Protestant cause in Europe. 
 By his counsel peace was restored between Denmark and the Mus- 
 covites ; and he stood by his master's side, in the vigour of man- 
 hood, to embark in the greatest contest of opinion and of power 
 which the world had yet beheld. It is not my design to retrace in 
 these narrow limits the part of Gustavus Adolphus in the Thirty 
 Years' War ; but after his fall at Lutzen it was the resolution and au- 
 thority of Oxenstiern which enabled the Swedish generals and the 
 Protestant League to pursue that policy for which their hero hud 
 
300 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 head furred, and no hat, a cloak, his hair grey, his 
 beard broad and long, his countenance sober and 
 fixed, and his carriage grave and civil. 
 
 He spake Latin, plain and fluent and significant ; 
 and though he could, yet would not speak French, 
 saying he knew no reason why that nation should be 
 so much honoured more than others as to have then- 
 language used by strangers ; but he thought the Latin 
 more honourable and more copious, and fitter to be 
 used, because the Romans had been masters of so 
 great a part of the world, and yet at present that 
 language was not peculiar to any people. 
 
 In his conferences he would often mix pleasant sto- 
 ries with his serious discourses, and took delight in 
 recounting former passages of his life, and actions 
 
 died ; it was his firmness in adversity which sustained their courage 
 after the defeat of Nordlingen. 
 
 In these great transactions Oxenstiern had played one of the 
 most prominent parts in Europe. He had negotiated with Eiche- 
 lieu at Paris. He had checked the domination of the House of Au- 
 stria in Germany. It remained for him to support the daughter of 
 his beloved Sovereign on the throne of Sweden. Christina herself 
 was born on the 9th of December, 1626, and was but six years old 
 when she ascended the throne, under a Eegency consisting of five 
 great officers of State. Of these Oxenstiern was the most respected 
 by the nation, the most beloved by the Queen. Yet a more singu- 
 lar contrast could hardly be imagined than that which separated the 
 adventurous and fantastic character of that Princess from the gravity 
 and wisdom of the Minister. A faithful picture of both these re- 
 markable personages will be found in these pages. Indeed it may 
 be doubted whether any other record of the time, or any of the 
 more stately annals of the period in which they lived, contains so 
 livery and familiar an image of their lives and conversation as the 
 narrative of Whitelocke. The negotiation here related was the 
 last in which Oxenstiern was engaged. He had already entered his 
 seventy-first year ; and on the 28th of August, 1654, he breathed 
 his last, amidst the general sorrow of the nation he had governed so 
 wisely and so long.] 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 301 
 
 his King, and would be very large excusing his se- 
 ts garrulitas, as he termed it, the talkativeness of 
 l-age ; but there was great pleasure to hear his dis- 
 irses, and much wisdom and knowledge to be ga- 
 ?red from them. 
 
 After compliments passed, the Chancellor fell into 
 icourse of the affairs of England and the grounds 
 
 our troubles, and seemed much pleased with the 
 brmation therein given him by Whitelocke, and 
 ike himself very knowingly of those matters. He 
 ;ited at large the sending of his eldest son ambas- 
 ior to our late King, and how he was used, wherein 
 
 seemed to retain some regret ; and he spake of the 
 gotiations of Sir Thomas Rowe and of Sir Henry 
 me in Germany, with all the passages thereof; and 
 served, that when the Swedish forces lay still, then 
 r late King would put them on, but when they had 
 ccess he would then withdraw his assistance. 
 He mentioned the "parvus Archiprsesul" and Weston 
 lesaurarius and others to have been of the Spanish 
 ;tion, and went further, even to an endeavour to in- 
 duce Popery ; but Whitelocke said, that generally 
 e good people of England did bear a great affection 
 >th to the affairs and person of King Gustavus. 
 They had full discourse about their business, the ■whitelocke 
 esent treaty. Whitelocke said to him : — Oxenstiem 
 
 Whitelocke. My Lord, I come to offer that which I of e t ™ e a 
 prehend will be for the honour and advantage of treaty- 
 ith nations ; and I desire a despatch as soon as con- 
 niently may be, having many affairs in England to 
 tend, by reason of my charge there, and having left 
 great family in my own country. 
 
 Chancellor. The Commonwealth of England hath 
 
302 JOURNAL OP THE 
 
 testified a very great respect to the Queen, my mistress 
 and to the nation of Sweden, in sending your Excel 
 lence Ambassador hither. The Queen hath told m 
 that she never received more contentment in conversing 
 with any ambassador than with you ; and, for my pait 
 I have a particular affection to your person, which '. 
 shall be ready to manifest ; and for the business, I d( 
 not doubt but it will receive such a good issue as shal 
 be to the satisfaction of England and of their Ambas- 
 sador. It is a matter of very great moment ; and as 
 you in England have considered of it beforehand, so ii 
 is necessary to be considered by us here, and there 
 shall be no unnecessary delay in it. 
 
 Wh. I am happy in the Queen's goodness and the 
 respects of your Excellence to a stranger. I hope there 
 will be no need of much time for this business, be- 
 cause many of the things offered by me are the same 
 which were mentioned by the Queen's public minis- 
 ters in England. 
 
 Chan. Many of those things are new and of great 
 consequence ; and as you have had your instructions 
 from your superiors, so I must have my instructions 
 from the Queen, my mistress; and there shall no 
 long time pass before the business be brought to some 
 ripeness. 
 
 W7i. Therein your Excellence will do me a great 
 favour. I have heard that the Queen intends to go a 
 journey shortly. 
 
 Chan. It is so reported, but uncertain ; and in case 
 she do go, yet the business will be left in the hands 
 of some of her servants, who will proceed in it with- 
 out delay, though her Majesty be absent. 
 
 WJi. Your favour to me in my despatch will be ac- 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 303 
 
 knowledged by your servant ; and no person knows 
 better how to do it than your Excellence. 
 
 Chan. I have been conversant in business in my 
 time, but for many years I was under a cloud and in 
 some displeasure ; whereupon I thought fit to retire 
 myself to a private life in the country, where, after 
 all my troubles and toiling in the world, I did find 
 more contentment than ever I met with in all my 
 public employments. 
 
 Wh. How could you frame yourself to such a soli- 
 tary way of retirement, who had before spent all your 
 days in the midst of a throng of public and great 
 affairs ? and, being old and unfit for" study, how could 
 you pass your time in that privacy ? 
 
 Chan. I had been so much wearied out in public 
 and great actions, that this retirement and quiet proved 
 the greater contentment to me. Business was a bur- 
 den, and much company irksome, yet I was able to 
 spend some of my time in study ; and chiefly, I may 
 say solely, I 'did apply myself to the study of the 
 Bible, wherein is all wisdom and the greatest delight 
 to be found, and much more in the practice of that 
 divine wisdom. You are a much younger man than 
 I am, and possibly may have the like occasion of re- 
 tirement as I had, but do not doubt of being in favour 
 again ; and I counsel you to make the study and 
 practice of the Word of God your chief contentment 
 and delight, as it will be to every soul that savours the 
 truths of God, which infinitely excel all worldly things. 
 
 Wh. I shall remember your words, and thank you 
 for this good counsel of the truth ; of what you say I 
 have formerly had some experience, and I hope that 
 God will improve it to me in all conditions. 
 
304 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 At this meeting the Chancellor inquired much o 
 Whitelocke concerning Cromwell's age, health, chil 
 dren, family, temper, etc., and said that Cromwell was 
 one of the gallantest men that this age had brought 
 forth ; and the things which he had done argued as 
 much courage and wisdom in him as any actions that 
 the world had seen for many years. In which dis- 
 course Whitelocke did not omit to do right to the 
 General and to the Parliament, and informed the 
 Chancellor fully of their courses, actions, counsels, and 
 successes : wherein the Chancellor seemed to receive 
 much contentment, and said that he had discoursed 
 with Whitelocke in the way of a friend, and as one 
 that desired intimacy and familiar acquaintance with 
 him ; which was most willingly accepted by White- 
 locke, who endeavoured to gain the good opinion of 
 the Chancellor, wherein God so blessed him that it 
 proved of great advantage to his business. 
 
 January 10, 1653. 
 a visit to A visit was made by Whitelocke to Piementelle, 
 
 the Spanish . J ' 
 
 Envoy. who m discourse told him for news, that an alliance 
 was concluded between Holland and Prance, as he was 
 certified. 
 
 He told Whitelocke also that his fleet, which at- 
 tended him at Gothenburg, in their return to England 
 fell upon some Dutch ships and took them. He heard 
 likewise that the post this week had been robbed near 
 to Antwerp, so that he doubted whether they should 
 receive this week's letters. 
 
 They had much general discourse, the Spaniard be- 
 ing excellent good company ; and in the conclusion of 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 305 
 
 , for a compliment, Piementelle told Whitelocke that 
 morrow he would come and dine with Whitelocke, 
 id bring his letters and papers along with him : 
 r which freedom and kindness Whitelocke heartily 
 lanked him, and promised he should find a friendly 
 elcome. 
 
 The Senator Bund the younger gave Whitelocke a 
 sit, and discoursed much of England. 
 
 January 11, 1653. 
 Piementelle came with much kindness and freedom, Tlie Guee11 
 
 t ■ leaves 
 
 id dined with Whitelocke, who caressed him the best whitelocke 
 e could ; and he seemed well pleased with his enter- wiftoxen- 8 
 tinment. After dinner they discoursed much of Spain, shern ' 
 ranee, Holland, and of England, and Whitelocke's 
 egotiation. Piementelle told Whitelocke that the 
 ist night, the Queen saying she had a desire to speak 
 ith Whitelocke, Piementelle offered to deliver her 
 lessage to Whitelocke, which he now did : that her 
 lajesty desired to speak with him about three o'clock 
 lis afternoon. 
 
 Accordingly Whitelocke went to Court, and was 
 'ithout delay admitted to the Queen's presence, who 
 )ld him that she had a short journey to go into the 
 Duntry, and that she desired to speak with him be- 
 )re her going, that he might not think she had any 
 itention of delaying his business ; that she would re- 
 irn to Upsal within eight days, and in the time of 
 er absence she had appointed the Chancellor to con- 
 :r with Whitelocke about the proposals he had given 
 i to her ; and she said, that, because Whitelocke was 
 stranger to her Chancellor, she herself would tell him 
 
 vol. i. x 
 
306 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 the Chancellor's condition, and how he should treat 
 with him. 
 
 She then told Whitelocke that her Chancellor was 
 an old man of great experience in business, and per- 
 haps, in conference with him, might propound or in- 
 sist upon some things which Whitelocke would not 
 have expected, and that this might be with some ear- 
 nestness ; that yet Whitelocke should do well to de- 
 bate freely and courteously with him ; and if there- 
 upon the Chancellor would be satisfied, all would be 
 well j but in case he could not satisfy the Chancellor, 
 that then it must come to the Queen, and that she 
 would strike the stroke between them in any differ- 
 ence of opinion. 
 
 Whitelocke received this intimation with much 
 thankfulness, and looked upon the kindness and free- 
 dom of it from her Majesty as a very great testimony 
 of her respect to the Commonwealth of England and 
 to their servant, and no small argument of her good 
 inclinations to the business propounded, which he en- 
 deavoured to improve to the best advantage thereof. 
 
 He told the Queen that his business was with her, 
 and she only was to be the judge in all matters which 
 he had propounded or should propound ; that he 
 found her sufficiently capable to give her own resolu- 
 tions upon the most difficult points ; that she having 
 been pleased, as was necessary for her own ease, to 
 refer the debate of these points to her Chancellor, 
 that he would attend and endeavour to give him sa- 
 tisfaction, if reason and interest would do it, as he 
 hoped they would ; if not, he was sure they would 
 prevail with her Majesty, by whom he was glad he 
 should receive the determination of his business, to 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 307 
 
 whom only it appertained, and whom he rather should 
 wait upon in this or any other business than any per- 
 son alive. 
 
 Then the Queen fell into discourse concerning the 
 opinions of religion in England ; then touching con- 
 substantiation, the power of God, the immortality of 
 the soul, and the like ; wherein she argued with much 
 wit and knowledge, having had discourse upon the 
 same matters with those learned men about her whom 
 she had gotten from all parts. 
 
 She was pleased to tell Whitelocke that she received 
 much satisfaction from him. She called for stools, and 
 sat herself, and caused Whitelocke to sit down, which 
 favour she doth not afford to other ambassadors ; but 
 told Whitelocke she heard that he was lame, and there- 
 fore she would sit herself, that so he might sit like- 
 wise, and not be put to the penance of standing so long 
 time together as their discourse lasted. She desired 
 Whitelocke not to acquaint any person whatsoever 
 with some of the passages between them, which White- 
 locke promised and observed. 
 
 He then told her Majesty he was fearful lest by his 
 long stay (having been above two hours with her) he 
 might hinder her greater affairs or be tedious; and 
 he desired not to give her Majesty offence either in 
 going or in staying, but he heard that the Danish 
 Ambassador was without, attending to speak with her 
 Majesty; to which she answered to Whitelocke that 
 his company was very pleasing to her, and that he 
 need not to go away because of the Danish Ambassador, 
 who, she said, might wait still. In all the time of 
 her discourse with Whitelocke she used much free- 
 ness and great respect to him ; and what he informed 
 
 x 2 
 
308 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 her touching the affairs of England she took for 
 granted. 
 
 Jamiary 12, 1653. 
 
 kits of This morning Lagerfeldt visited Whitelocke, with 
 afthe whom he discoursed touching his negotiation and of 
 Siem. the Chancellor's sense of it, which Lagerfeldt said was 
 very well, and he doubted not but there would be a 
 good issue of it. By conference with this gentleman 
 Whitelocke endeavoured to get from him what he 
 could of the Chancellor's opinion and discourse about 
 it, Lagerfeldt being an intimate servant to the Chan- 
 cellor, altogether conversant with him ; and White- 
 locke so wrought the matter that he gained much 
 from him, especially after a kind and free entertain- 
 ment, which Whitelocke often bestowed on him. 
 
 Grave Eric Oxenstiern visited Whitelocke. He is 
 second son to the Chancellor, a gentleman of excel- 
 lent parts and personage, a senator, and in good re- 
 pute with the nation and favour with the Queen. He 
 had in possession (as was reported) for his own main- 
 tenance £10,000 sterling for his yearly revenue, which 
 was fair for a younger brother in his father's lifetime. 
 He first spake to Whitelocke in Latin, and after- 
 wards continued his discourse in Erench. 
 
 He gave a good description of the posts belonging 
 to Sweden on the Baltic Sea, particularly of Stettin, 
 Revel, and Narva. Revel he held to be the best port, 
 but Narva the nearest for the trade of Russia, and 
 most convenient by the rivers for transportation of 
 commodities, but the entrance to the harbour is some- 
 what difficult ; that Riga also is of great advantage for 
 the trade of hemp and flax. 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 309 
 
 When the son was gone, Whitelocke visited the fa- Discourse 
 
 ° . . . with Oxen- 
 
 ler, the Chancellor, and had this discourse with him. atiem on 
 
 WhitelocJce. Yesterday I was with the Queen, who ment of 
 ild me that she was going out of town, but that she England ' 
 id referred the proposals which I tendered to her to 
 3 conferred upon by yourself and me ; and whenso- 
 rev your Excellence will agree upon a time for our 
 teeting, I shall be ready on my part. 
 
 Chancellor. The Queen hath given me direction in 
 lat business ; but I cannot think of a time of meeting 
 jout it before her going away, because tomorrow I 
 n to wait upon her, and on Saturday she intends to 
 ike her journey ; after which a time may be appointed 
 > confer about your business. 
 
 Wli. Your own time shall suit with my occasions. 
 
 Chan. In the meanwhile I shall make some general 
 uestions to you for my own satisfaction, which I 
 ope you will not take amiss, nor esteem it a needless 
 .iriosity in me, or a blaming of your proceedings. 
 
 Wh. I shall endeavour your satisfaction, and with 
 pal freedom of discourse. 
 
 Chan. I desire to know what stability and settlement 
 lere is in your Commonwealth and Government, and 
 ow it came to pass that the late Parliament, which 
 ley called by the late King's authority, was dissolved, 
 ad another constituted, which, some report, may pro- 
 ably be as soon dissolved as the other was ; and then 
 ow shall our treaty have a good and fixed founda- 
 on? 
 
 Wh. It is very necessary that, in the first place, 
 ou should have satisfaction in these points, without 
 inch any conferences on particulars will be useless. 
 Ve hold the Government of England, as to the fun- 
 
310 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 damentals of it, to be the same now as when we had 
 a King ; — the same laws, the same supreme power, 
 and the same magistrates. 
 
 Foreign negotiations, matters of peace ancTwar, rais- 
 ing of moneys, and making of laws, were the proper 
 businesses of Parliaments in the time of our Kings, 
 so admitted by the best and most successful of them ; 
 and though some of them, growing in power, would 
 encroach more than others, yet all acknowledged the 
 power of Parliaments in those matters, and so it is still. 
 
 Anciently, by our laws, a new Parliament was to be 
 called every year, or oftener ; it being the constitution 
 of the English polity not to have the supreme and 
 legislative power continue too long in the same hand. 
 But there was a necessity, by reason of our troubles 
 and engagements, for the long continuance of the late 
 Parliament, and an Act by consent of the King for it ; 
 and when after the troubles were ended by the entire 
 conquest of the Parliament over their enemies, and 
 God had given them peace and freedom, it was then 
 thought reasonable, not only by others, but by that 
 Parliament also, to put a period to their own sitting, 
 and a new Parliament to be chosen. But before that 
 day the late Parliament rose, and a new one was con- 
 stituted, which is now sitting, for whose rising a day 
 is also to be prefixed, and a new one to be chosen. 
 And in case there should be a new Parliament every 
 year or every month, though the persons be changed, 
 yet it is a Parliament still, and the government the 
 same by Parliament; which was the ancient consti- 
 tution of the polity of our nation, continued to our 
 times, wherein the King was the supreme officer ; but 
 that office being taken away, and the nation, by the 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 311 
 
 same Act of Parliament, resolved into a Common- 
 wealth and free State, the Government (as the same 
 Act declares) continues still by successive Parliaments ; 
 and I hope will continue so, without any danger of un- 
 settledness or change. 
 
 Chan. Do you hold kingly government to be un- 
 lawful, that you have abolished it ? 
 
 Wh. Every government which the people chooseth 
 is certainly lawful, whether kingly or other ; and that 
 to be accounted best which they, by their representa- 
 tives, do make choice of as best for them and their 
 condition. 
 
 Chan. You have given me a full and satisfactory ac- 
 count that you are a fixed Commonwealth, with whom 
 we may safely treat ; and I would know what you de- 
 sire of us. 
 
 Wh. I desire nothing from you ; I come not to you 
 in a precarious way, non ut cliens, sed ut amicus. My 
 business is to make you an offer of that which is wor- 
 thy acceptance by any prince in Europe, the friend- 
 ship of the Commonwealth of England, which if you 
 please upon just and honourable terms to embrace, 
 it will be for your advantage as well as ours ; if not, 
 yourselves will have as much prejudice as any other 
 by the refusal. 
 
 Chan. You are quick upon the apprehension of re- 
 flection upon the honour of your nation. 
 
 Wh. My affection and duty to my country will 
 plead in my excuse. 
 
 Chan. I am so far from censuring you for it, that I 
 cannot but commend you ; and your humour gains so 
 much upon me, that though you will not be a suitor 
 to us here, for which you have reason, yet I will be a 
 
312 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 particular suitor to you, that our acquaintance and 
 friendship may be intimate and familiar ; the which I 
 have not been used to pray from public ministers, 
 though I have had to deal with many of them. 
 
 Wit. You reprove me so fatherly, and put so great 
 an obligation and honour upon me, that I cannot with 
 sufficient gratitude acknowledge it, or hold myself wor- 
 thy of so much honour from you ; but since your great 
 judgement allows it me, I shall not question, but en- 
 deavour a merit of it, and promise to be a most faithful 
 servant to so noble a friend, who takes care of a stran- 
 ger at so great a distance from his friends and coun- 
 try. And though I cannot make a suit on the behalf 
 of my superiors to this or any other State, yet, on the 
 behalf of myself, to you I can and do make this suit : 
 You have many sons, adopted as well as natural, and 
 persons of great esteem, that I might be held worthy 
 to be ranked in their number. You are the greatest 
 and the eldest Chancellor in Christendom; I have 
 something to do in the Chancery of England; give 
 ine leave to hold it under the title of your son, and I 
 hope I shall not defame my father. 
 
 Chan. You deserve much more honour than is in my 
 power to give you. If you account this any (as his 
 Royal Highness is pleased to take it), I do most freely 
 adopt you one of my sons, and therein take the ho- 
 nour to be done to myself, and shall assure you by 
 real demonstrations that I will have the care and af- 
 fection of a father for you, and that not only in«your 
 present business, but in any other wherein you may 
 be concerned. 
 
 This discourse and compliment proved to the ad- 
 vantage of Whitelocke and his business; and after 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 313 
 
 ree hours' time (which he used not to afford to other 
 nhassadors) it concluded with discourse of the Earl 
 Essex, wherein Whitelocke was able to inform him ; 
 id he related to Whitelocke the passages of Marquis 
 amilton in Germany with the English army, which 
 rough want of knowledge in the Marquis in military 
 Fairs, and of care to provide for them, perished. 
 
 January 13, 1653. 
 Berkman brought to Whitelocke the great news of The chan s e 
 
 ° ° of Govern- 
 
 ie dissolving the Parliament in England, and that the ment in 
 eneral was made Supreme Governor. Whitelocke ow* 
 ked him if Lagerfeldt and the Chancellor had news m r a X Pro- 
 ' it : he said they had, and that it was very certain, *, ector and 
 
 . " Supreme 
 
 it of the particulars and manner thereof he knew Governor. 
 )thing. The same news was brought to Whitelocke 
 f Mr. Butler, a Scottish merchant, out of the Hol- 
 nd gazettes, which related all to be in confusion in 
 ngland. Many thoughts hereupon were fluctuating 
 i Whitelocke's mind, and pondered by him ; and he 
 3ing desirous to see how this news relished at Court, 
 id what countenance the Queen would have towards 
 im upon such a change, he sent to desire an audi- 
 ice; and before his messenger returned, the Queen 
 ait Grave Tott to him to congratulate the good news 
 om England and the access of honour to his General. 
 
 In the afternoon Whitelocke attended the Queen, 
 id was admitted into her bedchamber, where she 
 ild him the news with much seeming joy, and that 
 onnele and divers others had written it from Lon- 
 311 ; and asked him — 
 
 Queen. Have you yet received your letters of it ? 
 
314 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 Whiteloche. Not yet, Madam ; but have reason 
 believe the news, and to expect your Majesty's inc 
 nations thereupon. 
 
 Qu. Par Dieu ! I bear the same respect, and moi 
 to your General and to you than I did before ; and 
 had rather have to do with one than with many. 
 
 Wh. I may very well believe it ; and return than] 
 to your Majesty for the continuance of your respec 
 to England and to my General, and to his servar 
 Your Majesty understands he hath a new title, but h 
 power was not mean before. 
 
 Qu. It was very great before, and I think it great 
 now, and therefore better for England, but subject 
 envy. And I tell you under secresy, that my Cha 
 cellor would formerly have been so in Sweden when 
 was young, but could not attain it. But if he w 
 , my enemy, yet I should say that he is a wise and 
 gallant man; and if your General were the greate 
 enemy I have, yet I should give him his due, that 1 
 is a wise and brave man, and hath done the greate 
 things of any man alive. I much desire his friendshi 
 and am heartily glad of his present condition. 
 
 Wh. I shall not fail to acquaint him fully with yoi 
 Majesty's great respect to him. 
 
 This was looked upon by Whitelocke as a gre 
 confidence by the Queen in him ; and when, becau 
 he had not his letters, she again offered that th< 
 might be sent under her cover, and that Bonne 
 should take care of them, he mannerly waived it. 
 
 In the evening Whitelocke's letters were broug 
 to him from the post, wherein Thurloe gave him 
 particular account of the change in England, and tl 
 manner, and all passages of it; and in his lette 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 315 
 
 ire new credentials for Whitelocke to the Queen, 
 med, "Vester bonus amicus, Olivaeius P." He 
 id also new instruction, signed alike, to proceed in 
 e treaty with the Queen according to his former 
 structions; and he had the news of the Dutch 
 saty, upon this occasion a little at a stand, and the 
 jws of France and of foreign states relating to 
 ogland. He had also by this packet a copy of the 
 strument of Government agreed upon, and sworn 
 f the Protector to be observed upon this change. 
 
 He perceived that the Queen and her Court were 
 ;ry much pleased with it ; many of her officers and 
 rvants expressed more than ordinary satisfaction by 
 . "Whilst himself was ruminating upon it, one of 
 le Queen's secretaries, by her order, came to White- 
 cke, to whom he communicated part of his news, 
 id told him that he desired to wait upon the Queen 
 jain when her leisure would permit, this evening or 
 •morrow. 
 
 The secretary went presently to the castle, and re- 
 irned answer to Whitelocke that the Queen desired 
 3 would come to her that night, which he did, though 
 3iy late, and between them was this discourse : — 
 
 Queen. Sir, you are welcome still to me, and, if Queen 
 
 in t Christina 
 
 assible, more than before the change. approves 
 
 Whitelocke. Madam, it is your goodness and favour e c auge ' 
 
 > a gentleman, a stranger in your country, who truly 
 
 onours your Majesty ; and you are pleased to show 
 
 luch respect to my General. 
 Qu. Your General is a gallant man, and you are fit 
 
 i serve any prince in Christendom. 
 Wh. I may without vanity think the better of him 
 
 id of myself, because of your Majesty's judgement. 
 
316 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 Qu. My judgement is, that your affairs in Engh 
 are much amended and better established by t 
 change than before. 
 
 Wh. We hope that our God will give us a setl 
 ment ; and we have found much of His favour the 
 in already, and doubt not of the continuance ther 
 to us. 
 
 Qu. Is your new Government by a Protector c 
 ferent from what it was before as to monarchy, or 
 the alteration in all points ? 
 
 Wh. The Government is to be the same as f< 
 merly, by successive representatives of the people 
 Parliament, only the Protector is the head, or ch 
 magistrate, of the Commonwealth. 
 
 Qu. He is a gallant man ; and I pray let him kn< 
 that no person hath a greater esteem and respect i 
 him than I have. 
 
 Wh. I presume then that his letters to your M 
 jesty will not be unwelcome. 
 
 Qu. They shall be most welcome to me. 
 
 Wh. I then present these new credentials to yo 
 Majesty from his Highness my Lord Protector. 
 
 Qu. What is the reason that the Protector's nai 
 is put first in the letters ? 
 
 Wh. The Protector's name, signed by himself, is 
 the bottom of the letter ; and the naming of him ft 
 is because he writes to your Majesty, and is the co 
 stant form in England used to all other princes ai 
 states. 
 
 Qu. If it be used to other princes, I am satisfk 
 and expect no other. What is the substance of yo 
 new Government? 
 
 Wh. I shall show your Majesty the instrument 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 317 
 
 new Government, whereof a copy is sent me ; and 
 
 ill read such parts of it to your Majesty in French 
 
 lay satisfy you. 
 
 hen Whitelocke read unto the Queen some parts 
 
 le instrument of Government ; and when he came 
 
 le title she said — 
 
 'u. Why is the title Protector, when the power is 
 
 ly? 
 
 T h. I cannot satisfy your Majesty of the reasons 
 
 his title, being at so great a distance from the in- 
 
 ors of it. 
 
 \u. New titles with sovereign power proved preju- 
 
 il to the state of Rome. 
 
 r Hi. One of your Majesty's ancestors was not per- 
 
 ed to keep the title of Marshal of Sweden. 
 
 \u. He was afterwards King ; and that will be next 
 
 pour Protector. 
 
 Vh. That will not be so consonant to our Common- 
 
 Ith as it was to your Crown. 
 
 }u. It is an honour to our nation that you have 
 
 .ed into the story of it. 
 
 Vh, It is the duty of an ambassador to study the 
 
 ary of that Crown to which he is employed. 
 
 }u. It becomes you well ; but why is your new Go- 
 
 lment so severe against the Roman Catholics ? 
 
 Vh. It is not more severe against them than it was 
 
 lerly, and in some things less. 
 
 }u. Methinks that you, who stand so much for li- 
 
 y, should allow it to them, as well as to others, in ^ 
 
 leration of them. 
 
 Vh. Their principles are held contrary to the peace 
 
 be nation, and therefore they are not tolerated the 
 
 lie exercise of those principles. They hold your 
 
318 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 Majesty's profession and ours to be heretical, an 
 foreign power to be above you and above our G 
 monwealth. 
 
 Qu. Those among them who understand themse 
 are of another opinion ; and it is a pity they should 
 persecuted for their conscience' sake. 
 
 Wh. We are not for persecution in any point 
 conscience; but we expect a submission to the c 
 magistrate, and nothing to be done to the disturba 
 of our peace. 
 
 Qu. That is fit to be preserved with all care, 
 your Protector sacred, as other kings are ? 
 
 Wh. He is not anointed and crowned ; those c< 
 monies were not used to him. 
 
 Qu. His power is the same with that of king, i 
 why should not his title have been the same ? 
 
 Wh. It is the power which makes the title, and : 
 the title the power; our Protector thinks he h 
 enough of both. 
 
 Qu. He is hardly a mortal man then ; but he h 
 brought his business notably to pass, and hath d< 
 great things ; I give you my hand for it, that I hi 
 a great value of him. 
 
 Wh. Madam, I kiss your hand with all gratiti 
 for your favours, and do assure your Majesty that 
 Protector hath a high honour for your Majesty, a 
 shall not want information of your very great respe 
 to him. 
 
 January 14, 1653. 
 
 ^euists U P on the recei P t of his new credentials Whitelot 
 fromthe ls lleld Xi requisite to give in a paper to the Queen, 
 Lord Pro- acquaint her of his being empowered to proceed 
 
 Lector, 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 319 
 
 the treaty with her Majesty. The English paper he 
 signed, but not the Latin copy ; both here follow : — 
 
 " Madam, 
 " I have received commands from his Highness my ho- 
 noured Lord, the Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of 
 England, Scotland, and Ireland, and dominions thereto 
 belonging, to let your Majesty know, and I do accordingly 
 hereby acquaint your Majesty, that the late alteration of the 
 Government in England hath made no change in the good 
 intentions on that side towards your Majesty and your do- 
 minions, but that your Majesty shall find the same readi- 
 ness in his Highness the Lord Protector to maintain and 
 increase all good intelligence and correspondence with your 
 Majesty and your Crown as in any the former governors 
 of those nations ; and to that end his Highness hath au- 
 thorized me to proceed in my present negotiation. 
 
 "B. Whitelocke. 
 " Upsal, Jem. 14, 1653." 
 
 The Latin copy of the paper was thus : — 
 
 " Serenissima ac potentissima Regina, 
 " In mandatis habeo a Celsitudine sua Domino meo co- 
 lendissimo, Domino Protectore reipublicse Anglise, Scotise, 
 et Hibernise, et dominorum illis appertinentium, ut certio- 
 rem facerem Majestatem vestram, quod et juxta mandata 
 jam facio, commutatam politiam Anglise nullam fecisse 
 mutationem benevolorum animorum, ex ea parte, erga Ma- 
 jestatem vestram experturam eandem promptitudinem in 
 Celsitudine sua Domino Protectore, ad conservandam et 
 augendam bonam omnem intelligentiam ac corresponden- 
 tiam cum Majestate vestra ac regno vestro, quae in quovis 
 antecedentium gubernatorum prsedictarum nationum un- 
 quam fuisset ; et propterea Celsitudo sua mihi potestatem 
 dedit, ut procederem in hac prsesenti mea negotiatione." 
 
 This was according to Whitelocke's new instruc- 
 
320 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 tions ;* and her Majesty desiring from Whitelock 
 French copy for herself of the articles of treaty wl 
 he had delivered into her formerly, both of Eng 
 and Latin (the Latin copy whereof she had giver 
 the Chancellor), Whitelocke now sent her the Pre 
 translation of the articles, with this letter : — 
 
 " A sa tres-excellente Majeste Madame la Reine de Sue 
 " Madame, 
 "J'ai diligemment revu tous rues papiers pour pou 
 trouver la traduction francaise des articles que je prese 
 a votre Majeste, et n'ai pu trouver que la premiere cc 
 qui n'est pas propre a etre presente a votre Majeste ; i 
 plutot que de me rendre desobeissant a vos commai 
 ments, j'ai meme envoye cette mcluse, ensemble ma t 
 humble requete, qu'il plaise a votre Majeste me pardor 
 celle-ci et toutes les autres fautes du 
 
 " Tres-humble serviteur 
 
 " De votre Majeste, 
 
 "BULSTRODE WhITELOCKI 
 " Le 14 de Janvier, 1653." 
 
 This letter and the papers he sent to the Queen, 1 
 she might have them before she went her journey. 
 
 January 15, 1653. 
 
 This Lord's Day, early in the morning, the Qi 
 took her journey to see her mother; and it is 
 usual time of travelling in this country. Her 
 veyance was by sledges, the easiest and most sp< 
 way for a journey in the winter-time. They \ 
 themselves warm with furs, and the snow is so . 
 
 * [ W hitelocke's former instructions (supra, p. 85) were i 
 name of the Parliament, and signed by the Speaker of the Ho 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 321 
 
 Frozen over as ice, that it bears the horse and sledge, 
 ffld they pass over rivers, lakes, and arms of the sea 
 he nearest way to their journey's end. 
 
 Some of Whitelocke's family, and others that came White- 
 ;o him, hinted divers objections as to Whitelocke's opinion of 
 proceeding in this treaty upon the change of govern- c^ngel 
 nent; which objections, and their answers, are here 
 :ollected and summed up together. 
 
 1. Objection. That Cromwell, who had his commis- 
 ;ion from the Parliament, who were his masters, had 
 >y force turned them out of their authority, and now 
 >y this change had invested himself in the supreme 
 drninistration of affairs ; and by acting under his 
 uthority, thus unduly and unworthily gained, were 
 o countenance such actions, and thereby to partake 
 f the crimes themselves. 
 
 Answer. If Whitelocke had been party to Crom- 
 well's violent and unjust actions, the crimes had been 
 is likewise ; but Whitelocke being a stranger to them, 
 nd patient under them, and at a great distance from 
 "roinwell when he thus invested himself with regal 
 uthority ; and being at that time in the midst of 
 
 negotiation, the effecting whereof was of great con- 
 ernment to the honour and safety of his native 
 ountry and of the good people there, which might 
 e in much hazard in case Whitelocke did not pro- 
 eed in his business, that it would be excusable with 
 U good men if he continued to act therein, though 
 ot for the authorities' sake, yet for the business and 
 )r his country's sake. 
 
 2. Objection. That there was no lawful power from 
 'hence CromweU's power was derived, and therefore 
 ) act under him was unlawful. 
 
 VOL. I. Y 
 
322 JOURNAL OP THE 
 
 Ans. The former answer serves in part to this c 
 jection ; and because Cromwell did unlawfully assui 
 a power to himself, it follows not that therefore 
 just and lawful business ought to be neglected a 
 lost, rather than for a messenger or public minister 
 proceed to act under a usurped authority, but not 
 the means of that minister. To act unlawful thin 
 under a lawful power is less to be justified, than 
 continue to act honest and lawful things tending 
 public good, though under an unlawful power, wh 
 they cannot be done otherwise ; and if they be ne 
 lected, danger will ensue to his country. 
 
 3. Obj. That since the accession of power to Croi 
 well, he had neglected Whitelocke, having omitt 
 him out of his Council, though in this present empk 
 ment ; and what encouragement or gratitude cor 
 be expected from him who, in the beginning of t 
 change, had put such a discountenance upon an ai 
 bassador then in actual service ? 
 
 Ans. It seemed some answer that Cromwell h 
 not filled up the number of his Council, and possil 
 he might reserve a place for Whitelocke ; if not, 1 
 neglect to Whitelocke ought not to cause Whiteloc 
 to neglect his country's good ; and for reward or gi 
 titude he was to expect little from Cromwell's hat 
 who used to forget the instruments as soon as t 
 work was done.; but his reward was to be expect 
 from a higher Protector, and his inward satisfacti 
 that herein he should serve God and good m 
 would be a recompense of all his pains and hazards 
 
 4. Obj. That there was an Act of Parliament 
 force, that to promote any single person to be ch 
 magistrate in England was high treason ; and to £ 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 323 
 
 under Cromwell's authority, who had made himself 
 chief magistrate, might upon another change be in- 
 terpreted high treason within that Act. 
 
 Am. Whitelocke being no party to the setting up 
 of this single person, nor that could possibly hinder 
 or oppose it, his acting under this authority as a 
 public minister, engaged before in the same business, 
 might be interpreted the promoting of the treaty and 
 of his country's good, but not of a single person to be 
 chief magistrate, and so consequently not to be with- 
 in that act of high treason. 
 
 5. Obj. That Whitelocke having taken the engage- 
 ment to be true and faithful to the Commonwealth of 
 England, as the same is now established without a 
 King or House of Lords, if he should now act under 
 this single person invested with regal authority, to 
 the dissolving of that Commonwealth, this would be 
 taken as a breach of that engagement, and of being- 
 unfaithful to that Commonwealth. 
 
 Am. The engagement was a solemn thing ; and 
 how is it to be faithful to that Commonwealth when 
 one acts under a single person that destroys it ? If | 
 the Commonwealth be destroyed, and there be no I 
 such thing in being, how can one be faithful to that 
 which is not ? All casuists agree that, if a govern- 
 ment be altered and another power in possession of 
 it, all private men are bound to submit to the present t/ 
 powers, because they are ordained of God; and a 
 former Government, the object of obedience, ceasing, 
 the obligation to that obedience also ceaseth where 
 the protection ceaseth : the obedience is not required 
 but where the protection is given. That if White- 
 locke had been party to or acting in the destroying 
 
 y 2 
 
324 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 of the Commonwealth, the sin had lain at his door, 
 and he had been untrue and unfaithful ; but he being 
 a mere stranger to that act, and to the usurpation by 
 the single person, arid at this great distance, finding 
 that single person by others' acts invested with his 
 great power, it is no unfaithfulness in him, under this 
 new authority, to proceed to do service for the same 
 nation from whom and for whose good he was em- 
 ployed hither; especially when, if lie should desist 
 from his negotiation, that nation and commonwealth 
 • would receive great prejudice thereby, particularly in 
 the continuance of a war upon them ; and he might 
 be accounted neither true nor faithful to the interest 
 of his country whom he now serves by bringing mis- 
 chief on them through his neglect.* 
 
 Most of the sober people with him were of this 
 judgement for his proceeding ; and they urged to him 
 his own and all their condition who were with him 
 in a strange country, so far from home, where none 
 of them could have any credit to take up money or 
 supply their necessities but as they were enabled by 
 the present power in England, nor means for their 
 transportation home ; but should be left here in a 
 condition so void of help and necessary subsistence 
 as would bring them all to a very sad and miserable 
 posture, which they hoped that he who was then ruler 
 would not bring himself or them unto. 
 
 * [It must be clearly inferred from these objections that "White- 
 loeke was ignorant of the measures contemplated by Cromwell when 
 the Embassy left England, although this has been doubted by some 
 of Whitelocke's biographers.] 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 325 
 
 January 16, 1653. 
 A visit was given by Whitelocke to the French Re- Relations 
 
 ■ 11111 it ■ between 
 
 dent, with whom he had much discourse concerning the French 
 le King his master, and of the late hostile passages m ent'and 
 etween some of his subjects and the English, which ^nS- 811 
 le Resident applied only to particular persons, and wealth - 
 firmed that his master had thoughts of friendship 
 >wards this Commonwealth, and that the kindness 
 inch he showed to the King of Scots was occasioned 
 y the relation of blood between them. Whitelocke 
 r as willing to improve this friendliness between them, 
 rid all good understanding between the two nations, 
 hey had further discourse about the country of Swe- 
 en, which the Resident much discommended, and the 
 ant of accommodations in their common inns ; but 
 mch extolling the convenience of them in his coun- 
 y roads, wherein Whitelocke could join with him by 
 sperience, and did not forget the convenience for 
 'avellers in England. Other of their discourses are 
 ot necessary for a repetition. 
 
 Whitelocke received a visit from the Spanish Resi- 
 ent, who discoursed much of the Queen and of her 
 ower and interest in the kingdom, and the great 
 Seers thereof, and particularly of the Chancellor and 
 ;her ministers. Piementelle affirmed that the Queen 
 id as great a power over all her ministers, and as 
 feat an interest in the affections of the people, and 
 i full an obedience from them, and from all sorts of 
 ficers, both civil and military, great and inferior ones, 
 i any prince in Europe had ; and that he found it so 
 f his long observation of passages in this country ; 
 id though Whitelocke was not clear in that point all 
 
326 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 this time, yet afterwards he was fully convinced by 
 experience of the truth of this observation. 
 
 January 17, 1653. 
 
 Jonversa- The Chancellor having sent before, according to 
 ie custom, he came to Whitelocke's house, and between 
 
 (xenstiem them was this discourse. 
 
 aan'esln WJdtelocke. I had thoughts to have waited on your 
 ingiand. Excellence this day, to have put you in mind of my 
 business, and to desire that a progress might be made 
 therein, my occasions in England, in respect of my 
 charge there and of my private family, requiring my 
 return with all convenient speed. 
 
 Chancellor. I doubt not but that your employments 
 in England are very considerable, and that you may 
 justly desire a speedy return to them and to your 
 family ; and to further that I have desired this con- 
 ference with you. 
 
 Wh. You will pardon my earnest desire of returning 
 home, especially upon the great alteration which hath 
 happened since my being abroad. 
 
 Chan. Indeed there hath been a great alteration 
 among you, pulling down one and setting up another ; 
 abolishing kingship, as you term it, and resolving 
 yourselves into a republic, and now again setting up 
 another monarchy ; which uncertainty in your Govern- 
 ment may occasion some doubt how the treaties made 
 with you may be observed. 
 
 Wh. Government is not changed, though a new 
 head be made. The body of the laws and magistracy 
 remain the same they were before ; and certainly the 
 nation and people of England, on whose behalf treaties 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 327 
 
 are made, do remain the same still, and will give due 
 observance to foreign treaties, whosoever is the chief 
 governor, or in whose name soever they are made ; 
 and the same objection lies upon the death of every 
 prince as upon the late alteration in England. 
 
 Chan. How could your Parliament justify the de- 
 posing of your King, nay, the putting of him to death, 
 and that by a public trial, he being a king, what faults 
 soever you could charge him with ? Other nations 
 have sometimes caused their kings to be made away 
 secretly, or have expelled them ; but you, in the face 
 of all princes and of the whole world, proceeded against 
 him as a common criminory person, as a subject rather 
 than as a king, and took away his life in this manner, 
 unwarrantable by any law, divine or human. 
 
 Wh. I suppose you do not expect from me here, 
 where I am under the protection of a sovereign Queen, 
 or elsewhere, a justification of that proceeding. I had 
 no hand in it, and those who had, by authority of the 
 Parliament, I believe held it more justifiable to proceed 
 in an open trial than by secret means to take his life 
 away. Their reasons and grounds for the action con- 
 cerneth themselves, and is not my present business ; 
 nor is the law the same in all countries in cases of the 
 like nature and example. 
 
 Chan. It was exemplary with a witness, or rather 
 minatory to all princes of the world ; yet I must con- 
 fess it was more honourable to proceed in an open 
 avowed way than by underhand dealing to have cut 
 him off; and for the laws of every country we must 
 leave them to what is theirs, and their actions are to 
 answer to their own laws. 
 
 Wh. If you are not so satisfied with our Govern- 
 
328 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 ment that it is such as you may safely proceed in the 
 treaty with me, my stay here is to small purpose. 
 
 Chan. Truly I am satisfied that we may safely pro- 
 ceed in the treaty with you, it being a national busi- 
 ness, and not personal ; and therefore shall not doubt 
 of the due observance of what shall be agreed between 
 the two nations. 
 
 Wh. I am glad you are so clearly satisfied, and could 
 not but assure myself that a person of your wisdom 
 and judgement could not be otherwise, upon your due 
 consideration of our affairs. 
 
 Chan. It is your reason and full information of me 
 whereby I have this satisfaction more than my own 
 judgement ; and I do like your settlement the better 
 because the power of the Protector is limited by your 
 law. There remains nothing for him now to do but 
 to get him a back and breast of steel. 
 
 Wh. Without limitation in the power of a chief 
 magistrate, it will be hard to distinguish him from a 
 tyrant ; but what meaneth my father by a back and 
 breast of steel ? 
 
 Chan. I mean the confirmation of his being Pro- 
 tector to be made by your Parliament, which will be 
 his best and greatest strength. 
 
 Wli. For your further satisfaction of the settledness 
 of Government, I have caused the writing or instru- 
 ment agreed upon in our last change to be translated 
 into Latin, that you may peruse it. 
 
 Chan. Is the Protector and the people bound to an 
 observation of this instrument ? 
 
 Wh. This is agreed upon, as to the rule of Govern- 
 ment, to oblige both the people to obey it, and the 
 Protector to govern according to it. 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 329 
 
 Chan. Proin whom is this power derived, and given 
 to the Protector ? and who had power to ordain it to 
 be binding to the people ? 
 
 Wh. The Parliament then sitting found the peace 
 of the Commonwealth in danger to be again disturbed, 
 and the many divisions in the nation hardly to be 
 cured ; they thereupon judged it the best and most 
 expedient way, to prevent the mischiefs threatened, to 
 make choice of a head of the Commonwealth, and the 
 General to be the fittest and worthiest person for that 
 office and trust ; and therefore they by a solemn 
 writing did resign their power and authority into the 
 hands of the General, and desired him to accept of 
 the Government as chief magistrate, under the title 
 of Protector. And to this the officers and soldiers of 
 the armies and navies, the magistrates of London, the 
 principal judges of England, and divers noblemen, 
 gentlemen, and persons of quality and faithfulness to 
 the common interest and peace of the nation, did as- 
 sent, and were present in a solemn meeting, where 
 he was sworn to observe this instrument ; and the 
 people generally, by their acclamations, testified their 
 agreement thereunto. 
 
 Chan. This seems to be an election by the sword, 
 and prevailing pairty of the nation ; and such prece- 
 dents in other countries have proved dangerous, and 
 not durable. 
 
 Wli. God hath thus ordered it ; and I hear there 
 is a general acquiescence and submission to it, and 
 the supreme law of salus poputt seemed to require this 
 change ; and though he were the General that is cho- 
 sen to be the head, yet the soldiers were not sole but 
 joint actors in this designation. 
 
330 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 Chan. Such military elections of the Roman em- 
 perors and in other nations proved fatal to the public 
 peace and liberty. 
 
 Wh. I hope this may prove a means for the con- 
 servation of our peace and freedom. 
 
 Chan. Do you hold this to be an election, or rather 
 a military imposition of your chief governor ? 
 
 Wh. It is certainly a very general agreement of 
 persons in power and authority, and of principal in- 
 terest in the nation, to set up this Government ; and 
 therefore may be hoped to continue as firm as those 
 elections of kings by a few great men only, and was 
 used in yours and the neighbour countries by the 
 senators. 
 
 Chan. The elections by the senators, formerly made, 
 raised great factions, and occasioned much civil war 
 and misery ; therefore our Ricksdag judged it neces- 
 sary to alter that course of elections of our kings, and 
 to settle the crown in an hereditary succession, which 
 proves more peaceful and prosperous than those elec- 
 tions. 
 
 Wh. This was a great change, yet foreign treaties 
 were still kept with you. I was born under heredi- 
 tary kings, and do not disapprove of that government ; 
 yet I hope our Commonwealth, as now constituted, 
 will also flourish and afford liberty and advantage to 
 the people under it, and be as fixed as any other ; and 
 if you, my noble father, have as good an opinion thereof 
 as I have, our treaty will have the better issue. 
 
 Chan. The great doubt will be of the permanency 
 thereof, you being so much subject to changes ; and 
 then how will our treaties be observed ? 
 
 Wh. I suppose that the treaties which you made 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 331 
 
 with other States in the names of your elective Kings 
 do yet remain good, and are observed in the time of 
 your hereditary Queen. I come not to treat with you 
 concerning the interest of my General, now Protector, 
 but concerning the interest of England, and on the 
 behalf of the Commonwealth and people of England 
 to treat with the Crown of Sweden and on the be- 
 half of the people of Sweden ; and whether the head 
 of either people be caUed King or Queen or Pro- 
 tector, and the nation be called a commonwealth or a 
 kingdom, yet the people's interest is the same, and of 
 equal force at one time or another. 
 
 Chan. Son, I am satisfied with your reasons, and 
 convinced we may safely proceed in a treaty with you. 
 
 Wh. I durst not offer anything to your great judge- 
 ment but what I apprehended to carry reason with it, 
 and know to be truth. 
 
 Chan. I have had the honour to treat with very 
 many public ministers, but never received more rea- 
 son, satisfaction, and contentment from any than from 
 yourself; and that you may perceive me to have the 
 affection of a father towards you, I shall not only by 
 my words but by my actions endeavour to testify the 
 same. I have heard of your honourable charge at 
 home, and of your numerous family, and know what 
 it is to be at such distance as you are from them ; and 
 therefore hold it the more generous and just to en- 
 deavour your speedy despatch to them, and that with 
 satisfaction to you. 
 
 Wh. You will herein do an act of much respect to 
 my superiors, and favour to your son, whom you can- 
 not more oblige than by such a satisfactory conclu- 
 sion of the business which I here attend. 
 
332 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 Chan. There is yet another objection upon your 
 new credentials, wherein is omitted the usual clause 
 to assure a confirmation by your superiors of what you 
 shall agree. 
 
 Wh. This clause of confirmation is in my commis- 
 sion under the Great Seal of England, by which au- 
 thority I am enabled to act still in this treaty, and 
 to which my new instructions do refer ; and therefore 
 was not thought necessary to be repeated in my new 
 credentials. 
 
 Chan. That answers my objection. I shall send to 
 you for another meeting, when we will proceed upon 
 your articles. 
 
 Wh. I shall willingly attend you. 
 
 January 18, 1663. 
 Conference By agreement, Whitelocke went to the Chancellor's 
 
 on the arti- J ° 
 
 ciea of the house, and brought with him his articles, which the 
 
 Treaty. 
 
 Chancellor and he read all over together, and after- 
 wards read them again by parts.* To the first article 
 the Chancellor made no objection, but seemed to agree 
 to it ; to the second article the Chancellor, with a long 
 harangue, spake to this effect : — 
 
 Chancellor. In these proposals, as it seems to me, 
 two things are contained : first, that which belongs to 
 mutual friendship, correspondence, and commerce be- 
 tween the two nations, and is of the less difficulty ; the 
 second relates to the league offensive and defensive, 
 and of the conserving of the interest of both nations, 
 
 * [The Treaty, as finally concluded, will be found in Vol. II., 
 under the date of April 28; 1654. It does not clearly appear 
 whether the draft was framed by Whitelocke or by the Council of 
 State in London.] 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 333 
 
 wherein is more difficulty, and the state of either 
 nation is to be considered. 
 
 As to what concerns the Commonwealth of Eng- 
 land, it is not to be doubted but that at present it is 
 involved in wars, wherein the Swedes must necessa- 
 rily involve themselves also if they agree unto your 
 second article. 
 
 As to what concerns the kingdom of Sweden, they 
 enjoy peace with all, and are not troubled with any 
 war ; and although in former times they have waged 
 war with their neighbours, to wit, the Danes, Poles, 
 and Muscovites, and in Germany, yet now all matters 
 are transacted by them m peace and friendliness. 
 
 In Germany, General Leven and General Ruthven, 
 two of your countrymen, did gallant service to the 
 Crown of Sweden, and received rewards answerable to 
 their merit when they departed for Scotland, about 
 the beginning of your British tumults. I foretold to 
 them what they afterwards found came to pass. The 
 ground of the war between my King and Poland was 
 most just, and provoked by them, wherein he had 
 success; and likewise against the Muscovite, who 
 dealt unjustly with us ; and both came to a happy 
 issue and good peace. on the part of Sweden. The 
 Dane committed so many injurious acts against Swe- 
 den contrary to their former leagues with us, that 
 Sweden was necessitated, for the conservation of their 
 state and interest, to try it out by force and war with 
 Denmark. In the prosecution of which affairs no 
 prince or commonwealth gave any assistance, either in 
 action or in council, unto Sweden. And although it 
 was propounded to the Ambassador of Prance, then 
 negotiating in Sweden, that he would appear either in 
 
334 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 assistance or council, he gave this answer, that he had 
 nothing in command from his King about this matter. 
 And when likewise it was represented to the Dutch 
 Ambassador, then also residing in this Court, and 
 their interest as to trade and traffic by the Sound, 
 they gave the same answer as the French Ambassador 
 had done before. At the same time the Queen of 
 Sweden sent letters to the Parliament 'of England, 
 whereby she desired the advice of the Parliament, and 
 offered that they should be included in the treaty of 
 peace with the Dane, as to what concerned the trade 
 of England at the Sound ; but it pleased not the Par- 
 liament of England to give any answer upon that 
 affair before the peace was concluded between the 
 Swedes and Danes. 
 
 During all the time that I had the care and ma- 
 nagement of the Swedish affairs, and after the Queen 
 took upon her the government, nothing was done to 
 the prejudice of the Parliament of England, but their 
 party ever was and stiU is favoured by us ; and since 
 the late Government and your Protector constituted, 
 I have better hopes of the establishment and prospe- 
 rity of your Commonwealth than I had before. Yet 
 as a Councillor of the kingdom of Sweden, and as a 
 Delegate appointed by the Queen in this matter, it be- 
 comes me to foresee that the kingdom of "Sweden, now 
 in quiet, be not engaged in foreign wars, the which 
 will necessarily come to pass if your second article be 
 agreed unto ; and therefore it deserves the greater con- 
 sideration. 
 
 I desire you to excuse my length of speaking : my 
 King would always afford me the liberty of speaking 
 at large to him ; and if any fault might be imputed 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. . 335 
 
 to that King, it was this, that sometimes he would be 
 very choleric ; it was his temper, and he was wont to 
 say to me, Thou art too phlegmatic, and if somewhat 
 of my heat were not mingled with thy phlegm, my 
 affairs would not come to so good effect as they do. 
 To whom, with his leave, I would answer and say to 
 him : — " Sir, if my phlegmatic temper did not mingle 
 some coolness with your heat, your affairs would not 
 be so prosperous as they are." At which answer the 
 King would laugh heartily, and give me my freedom 
 of speaking fully to him. And I ask your leave, in the 
 transacting of our affairs, that I may speak freely and 
 fully to you upon all occasions. 
 
 Wh. Father, you have it in your own power to af- 
 ford yourself as much of your time as you think fit 
 for the consideration of these proposals ; and the more 
 of your time you allow for your discourse with me, 
 the more is my happiness and great contentment. As 
 to this negotiation, my earnest desire is that it may 
 be brought to a conclusion as soon as may be, it being 
 uncertain how soon I may be recalled by my Lord 
 Protector. 
 
 That which you have materially urged relates to 
 other countries, and not to England. 
 
 Touching your interest with other countries, you 
 will expect little to be answered by me, a stranger to 
 it ; only I may observe that neither the Muscovites, ' 
 Poles, Germans, or your nearest neighbours the Danes, 
 are apprehended to be so firm friends unto you, that 
 they will neglect any opportunity or advantage to 
 break with you, and to do you prejudice and them- 
 selves a benefit ; and although, blessed be God, you 
 have peace with all at present, yet how soon you may 
 
336 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 have wars you know not, against which it is good to 
 provide beforehand ; and my second article will be a 
 good preventive thereof, and support if such a war 
 shall break out against you, which you may foresee 
 not to be unlikely in a short time. 
 
 As to that which you last mentioned, touching the 
 letters sent to our Parliament, and no timely answer 
 of them, I remember those letters came anno 1643, 
 when our affairs were in the greatest distraction ; yet, 
 upon the first opportunity, answer was returned by 
 Colonel Potley from the Parliament to her Majesty, 
 and to my knowledge our Parliament have ever ex- 
 pressed to the Queen and to her Chancellor all friend- 
 ship and affection. 
 
 Concerning the war between us and Holland, it was 
 injuriously brought upon us, without any wrong or 
 provocation on our part, and so it hath been approved 
 m the defence and conquests which God pleased to 
 bestow on us ; therefore my coming hither is not to 
 implore a charitable assistance to a commonwealth re- 
 duced unto straits, as our Queen Elizabeth afforded 
 to these Hollanders, but I come to offer to the Queen 
 and kingdom of Sweden the alliance of a common- 
 wealth, by the blessing of God filled with victorious 
 successes against all her enemies, and her affairs in a 
 settled and good condition ; and do propound, by my 
 second article, equal if not more advantage and ho- 
 nour to the Swedish nation, than what England may 
 expect to herself thereby. 
 
 By what is proposed in that article against all those 
 who shall endeavour to hinder the free commerce of 
 either nation in the Sound, if, by a conjunction with 
 England, the navigation and commerce in the Sound 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 337 
 
 id Baltic Sea be preserved free, it will be much 
 ore benefit to the Crown of Sweden than to the 
 amnion wealth of England ; and the same is not yet 
 se for us or you, therefore my second article seems 
 >t unequal. And for that which concerns mutual 
 sistance, it is left to subsequent consideration, and 
 
 such agreements as hereafter shall be particularly 
 ade thereupon. It is also observable that it is not 
 
 much advantage to England as it may be to other 
 luntries to have a war j and Sweden is not without 
 -willers, and by this second article is to have mutual 
 sistance from us. 
 
 Chan. It is well known to me that Sweden hath 
 any enemies and ill- willers ; yet at present we en- 
 y peace, and England is engaged in a naval war. 
 
 Wh. That is true, and by the blessing of God very 
 xisperous, and whereby the power and force of the 
 nglish navy is made appear to all ; and that seems 
 » me no reason why her friendship should be the 
 ss valued. 
 
 Chan. I shall desire your exposition of the third 
 •tide. What do you mean by the words, " laws and 
 id ordinances there" ? 
 
 Wh. I mean the laws of the Commonwealth of 
 ngland in England, and the laws of the kingdom of 
 weden in Sweden, — equally necessary to either nation 
 i to the peace, trade, and tolls which are directed by 
 srtain respective laws of both nations. 
 
 Chan. I am satisfied herein, and shall come to 
 ie fourth article, to which I must say that there 
 ■e divers now living in Sweden who were formerly 
 : the King of England's party, and are now inhabi- 
 nts and possessors of estates in Sweden, and it would 
 
 vol. i. z 
 
338 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 not be just to expel and cast them out of this coun- 
 try. 
 
 WJi. The fourth article mentions those who shall 
 design or attempt anything against our Common- 
 wealth ; and those English who are become dwellers 
 here are not excluded from the grace and favour of 
 the Parliament, neither as rebels against them to be 
 harboured here, more than rebels against the Crown 
 of Sweden are to be harboured in England ; but I 
 shall assent to any reasonable or equal alteration to 
 be made in the matter of that article. 
 
 It being now past eleven o'clock, the hour of the 
 Swedes' dinner-time, Whitelocke would not longer de- 
 tain the Chancellor ; but, appointing another time of 
 meeting, they ended this day's conference. 
 
 January 19, 1653. 
 
 further ne- Lagerfeldt, the great creature of the Chancellor, 
 nth the came to Whitelocke, possibly to find how the Chan- 
 w'Tsecre- cellor's objections to Whitelocke yesterday did relish 
 ar y- with him, who, apprehending the design, made some 
 use of this visit to the advantage of the treaty. 
 
 Lagerfeldt argued the points over again. White- 
 locke was not warm in his answers, but seemed, in a 
 careless way, not so much to mind the business as he 
 had done before. This caused Lagerfeldt to urge the 
 more to know Whitelocke's intentions, who then told 
 him he had come a long and dangerous journey from 
 England to this place, that now he hoped his longed- 
 for time of returning home was near, and whether 
 with an agreement or disagreement to what he had 
 proposed would not disquiet or hinder him, who per- 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 339 
 
 ceivecl by the Chancellor's objections and insisting on 
 them, that an agreement was not much to be ex- 
 pected; yet he should have contentment in that he 
 had discharged his duty, 
 
 Lagerfeldt seemed troubled at these expressions, 
 and asked Whitelocke why he doubted a speedy 
 and good agreement in his business? Whitelocke an- 
 swered, because he had already endured many de- 
 lays, and saw little inclination to receive satisfaction 
 to objections. Lagerfeldt replied, that extraordinary 
 occasions had caused the delays ; that the Chancellor 
 was an old man, and not so nimble in business as he 
 had been ; but he knew that his Excellence had a very 
 great affection both for Whitelocke's business and per- 
 son. Whitelocke said that he propounded nothing but 
 what was for the safety and honour of the Crown of 
 Sweden, and might as readily be accepted by them as 
 it was respectfully offered by him. 
 
 Lagerfeldt often expressed his confidence of a good 
 issue of the business ; and Whitelocke spake pur- 
 posely what he believed would be again related to the 
 Chancellor, and to the end it might be so. 
 
 Whitelocke was informed that Piementelle was a 
 little sensible of some omission on Whitelocke's part 
 in point of visits to him, who was as worthy, for his 
 civilities to Whitelocke, for his favour with the Queen 
 and freeness toward Whitelocke, as any person in that 
 Court to be respected by him ; and therefore White- 
 locke went often to visit him, and at this time had 
 much discourse with him touching the Chancellor, 
 and of his great experience in state matters, also of 
 his slow proceedings. But Piementelle said that all 
 must pass through the hands of the Queen, and that 
 
 z 2 
 
340 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 after the consultations and debates of her Ministers 
 of State she did what she pleased; as in like man- 
 ner, he said, she governed wholly in all her councils, 
 and in the Diet or Ricksdag itself. Among other 
 discourses he fell upon that of Grave Magnus de la 
 Gardie's retirement from Court, which was now the 
 common discourse, whereof he promised a more par- 
 ticular relation at another meeting. 
 
 January 20, 1653. 
 
 interview The Queen being returned from her journey, White- 
 Spanish locke sent one of his servants to Grave Tott, to desire 
 muter. & p r ^ va ^ e audience to wait upon the Queen and con- 
 gratulate her safe return ; and this he did to give the 
 Queen opportunity of inquiring what had been done 
 in the treaty between him and her Chancellor. The 
 Queen returned answer, that she was sorry she could not 
 entertain Whitelocke at present, she being ill and very 
 weary after her journey, so that she was going to bed. 
 Whitelocke thereupon went to Pieinentelle's lodgings, 
 and the Queen, understanding that he was there, sent 
 one of her secretaries thither to him to excuse her not 
 giving him audience then, and to tell him that if he 
 would come tomorrow to her he should be welcome. 
 
 Whitelocke desired the relation from Piementelle of 
 the passages formerly discoursed on in general touch- 
 ing Grave Magnus, which, being a piece of romance, 
 may, for diversion's sake, be here inserted. 
 
 The history " Grave Magnus was son to Grave Pontus de la Gardie, 
 Ma^nuTde wnose father, coming out of France to serve the Crown of 
 la Gardie. Sweden, was so successful, that, for a reward of his merit, 
 he had good revenues and the title of a Grave or Earl be- 
 stowed upon him, and married there, and became a subject 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 341 
 
 and inhabitant of Sweden. His son Grave Pontus was 
 made Feldherr, or General of the army, and was in great 
 favour with the King Gustavus, and a senator. His son 
 Grave Magnus, the gentleman of whom is the present dis- 
 course, was a proper, handsome, courtly gentleman; and 
 besides the honour of being a senator, he grew into such 
 favour with the Queen that her servants feared lest she 
 should settle her affection so far upon him as to make him 
 her husband; to prevent which, it was so contrived that 
 Grave Magnus was married to the sister of Prince Pala- 
 tine, cousin-german to the Queen, a match of great honour 
 and advantage to the gentleman, whose thoughts, it seems, 
 did not aspire so high as was suspected. 
 
 " This favourite of the Queen having a faction in Court 
 and free access to her Majesty, with much respect, particu- 
 larly because of his alliance, the Queen made him Grand 
 Master, or High Treasurer. Having this honour and cre- 
 dit, he would permit none to be received into her Majesty's 
 service but his own creatures, and others he would repre- 
 sent to the Queen as unfit for her service or unfaithful. 
 
 " One day Grave Magnus informed the Queen that he 
 was extremely grieved at some reports which he was told 
 had been made to her Majesty touching him. The Queen 
 asked him what reports. He said, of unfaithfulness and 
 treason, which never were in his thoughts against her Ma- 
 jesty; and it grieved him that she should say any such 
 thing of him. The Queen demanded who had reported 
 this to him. He desired to be excused from naming the 
 party, but said he had been told so. The Queen replied, I 
 must know who hath thus informed you. He continued to 
 excuse the naming of parties, but the Queen would know 
 them; which he seeing, he named Grave Tott and the 
 Baron of Steinberg. 
 
 " The Queen presently called in those in the antecham- 
 ber, divers senators and others, and said to them, ' Sirs, 
 here is Grave Magnus, who hath made me this report,' 
 and told them what it was. The Grave desired her Ma- 
 
342 . journal or the 
 
 jesty not to speak of these things publicly. The Queen 
 said she must speak of them before those gentlemen, and 
 recited all that Grave Magnus had said to her, and sent for 
 Tott and Steinberg ; and before they came, she said before 
 the company that those were men of honour, and if they 
 say that I have spoken these words, then I have spoken 
 them. 
 
 " As soon as they were come, the Queen said to them, 
 Sirs, have you said that I spake thus ? and repeated Mag- 
 nus's words. They denied that ever they said so, and de- 
 sired to know who had reported it of them. The Queen 
 replied, Here is Grave Magnus, who informed me so. Tott 
 and Steinberg replied, that they had each of them but one 
 life, which, by her Majesty's permission, they would em- 
 ploy to maintain that they never spake these words; and 
 that if Grave Magnus would justify it, they would deny it 
 to his face. Magnus answered, that he did not say that 
 these gentlemen had spoken the words, but that he was told 
 so. Tott and Steinberg desired to know who told him so. 
 Grave Magnus desired to be excused, and so took his leave. 
 
 "After this the Queen sent Grave Gabriel Oxenstiern 
 and Marshal Wr angel to Grave Magnus, to know who had 
 told him that Tott and Steinberg spake the words ; and 
 after some excuses, finding the Queen's resolution to know 
 it, he named a Colonel that told him so, who, being sent 
 for, denied it, and said that his life was in the Queen's 
 hands, which he would expose to maintain that he never 
 spake the words. Magnus affirmed he did, and the Colonel 
 denied ; whereupon, in great choler, Magnus desired leave 
 of her Majesty to retire himself into the country. The 
 Queen wished him a good voyage, and so he went from 
 Court. 
 
 "Afterwards some of his friends entreated her Majesty 
 that he might return to Court, but she would not grant it ; 
 he also himself wrote to the Queen for that purpose, but 
 she would not give leave for his return to Court, and 
 wrote herself to him a letter in French, which was this : — 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 343 
 
 '"Puisque vous desirez me voir encore, apres la disgrace 
 qui vous est arrivee, je suis obligee de vous dire combien ce 
 desir est contraire a votre satisfaction, et je vous ecris cette 
 lettre, pour vous faire souvenir des raisons qui m'empecbent 
 d'y consentir, et qui vous doivent aussi persuader que 
 cette entrevue est inutile a votre repos. II n'est pas en 
 moi d'apporter des remedes a votre malheur. C'est de vous 
 seul que vous devez attendre la reparation de votre hon- 
 neur. Que pouvez-vous esperer de moi? Ou que puis-je 
 faire, sinon vous plaindre et vous bMmer ? L'amitie que 
 je vous ai portee m' oblige a Tun et a 1' autre. Et quelque 
 indulgence que j'ai eu pour vous, je ne puis, sans me de- 
 mentir, vous pardonner le crime que vous avez commis con- 
 tre vous-meme. Ne croyez pas que je suis offensee, je vous 
 proteste que je ne le suis pas : je siiis desormais incapable 
 d' avoir d' autre sentiment pour vous que celui de la pities ; 
 lequel toutefois ne vous peut servir de rien, depuis que 
 vous vous etes rendu inutiles les sentimens de bonte que 
 j'avais pour vous. Vous en etes indigne par votre propre 
 confession; et vous avez prononce vous-meme 1' arret de 
 votre bannissement, a vue de plusieurs personnes de con- 
 dition qui s'y trouverent presentes. J'ai confirmee cet 
 arret, pour ce que je le trouvais juste ; et je ne suis pas si 
 prete a m'en dedire que l'on vous a fait accroire. Apres ce 
 que vous avez fait et souffert, osez-vous bien vous montrer 
 a moi ? Vous me faites honte, quand je pense a combien de 
 bassesse vous etes descendu. Combien de soumissions vous 
 avez fait a ceux-memes, a qui vous avez voulu du mal ! Dans 
 cette malheureuse rencontre, on n'a vu rien de grand, de 
 beau, ni de genereux dans votre conduite. Si j'etais capa- 
 ble de repentir, je regretterais d'avoir contracte auntie avec 
 une ame si faible que la votre : mais cette faiblesse est in- 
 digne de moi ; et ayant toujours agi selon la raison, je ne 
 dois pas blamer les apparences que j'ai donnees aux occur- 
 rences du temps. Je les aurais gardees toute ma vie, si 
 votre imprudence ne m'eut contrainte de me declarer con- 
 tre vous. L'honneur m' oblige de le faire hautement ; et la 
 
344 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 justice m'ordonne. J'ai trop fait pour vous depuis neuf 
 ans, ou j'ai toujours pris aveuglement votre parti contre 
 tous. Mais a present;, que vous abandonnez vos plus chers 
 interets, je suis dispensee d'en avoir soin. Vous avez publie 
 vous-meme un secret que j'etais resolue de taire toute ma 
 vie, en faisant voir que vous etes indigne de la fortune que 
 vous tenez de moi. Si vous etes resolu d' entendre ces re- 
 proches, vous pouvez venir ici; j'y consens a cette condi- 
 tion. Mais n'esperez pas que les larmes ni les soumissions 
 puissent jamais m'obliger a la moindre complaisance. La 
 seule dont je suis capable pour vous est celle de m'en sou- 
 venir peu, et d J en parler moins, etant resolue de n'en parler 
 jamais que pour vous blamer. C'est ce que je dois, pour 
 faire voir que Ton est indigne de mon estime apres une 
 faute semblable a la v6tre. Voila ce qui me reste a faire 
 pour vous. Souvenez-vous pourtant que c'est a vous seul 
 que vous devez la disgrace qui vous arrive ; et que je suis 
 equitable pour vous, comme je serai toujours pour tout le 
 monde.' 
 
 "The English of the letter is thus :— 
 
 " ' Since you desire to see me again, after the disgrace 
 which is happened to you, I am obliged to tell you how 
 contrary to your satisfaction this desire is ; and I write to 
 you this letter to cause you to remember the reasons which 
 hinder my consent, and which ought also to persuade you 
 that this interview is unprofitable to your repose. It is not 
 in me to bring remedies to your misfortune ; it is in your- 
 self only to gain reparation of your honour. What can you 
 hope for from me, or what can I do, except to moan and 
 blame you ? The friendship which I did bear you obligeth 
 me both to the one and the other, and a certain indulgence 
 which 1 have had for you. I cannot, without belying 
 myself, pardon you the crime which you have committed 
 against yourself. Do not believe that I am offended; I 
 protest I am not. I am from henceforth incapable to have 
 any other apprehension for you than that of pity, which 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 345 
 
 nevertheless can nothing avail you, since yourself hath 
 made useless the thoughts of hounty which I had for you : 
 you are unworthy of them by your own confession, and 
 yourself hath pronounced the decree of your banishment 
 in the presence of divers persons of quality. I have con- 
 firmed this decree, because I found it just ; and I am not 
 so forward to contradict myself as some have made you to 
 believe. After what you have done and suffered, dare you 
 show yourself to me ? You make me ashamed when I con- 
 sider to what lowness you are fallen. How many submis- 
 sions have you made, even to those to whom you would 
 have done ill ! In this unfortunate rencounter, one can 
 see nothing of greatness, of handsomeness, or of genero- 
 sity in your conduct. If I were capable to repent, I should 
 regret to have contracted friendship with a soul so feeble as 
 yours; but this weakness is unworthy of me, and having 
 always acted according to reason, I cannot blame the ap- 
 pearances which I have given to the occurrences of time. 
 I should have kept them all my life, if your imprudence 
 had not constrained me to declare myself against you ; ho- 
 nour obligeth me, and justice ordains me, to do it highly. 
 I have done too much for you these nine years, when I have 
 always blindly taken your part against all ; but at present, 
 since you abandon your most dear interests, I am dispensed 
 with from having care of them. You yourself have pub- 
 lished a secret (which I was resolved to have concealed all 
 my lifetime) in making known that you are unworthy the 
 fortune which you had with me. If you are resolved to 
 bear these reproaches, you may come hither : I consent to 
 it upon that condition ; but do not hope that either tears 
 or submissions can ever oblige me to the least compliance. 
 All that I am capable to do for you is, to remember little, 
 and to speak less hereof, except to blame you. This I ought 
 to do, to make it appear that one is unworthy of my esteem 
 after such a fault as yours ; this only remains, that I can 
 do for you ; and you are also to remember that it is to 
 yourself only that you owe this disgrace which is befallen 
 
346 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 you, and that I have the same equity for you as I shall ever 
 have for all others.' 
 
 " Field-Marshal Wrangel had performed several great ex- 
 ploits and gallant services for the Queen, both by land and 
 sea, and was highly in her favour and her people's esteem ; 
 yet such command had the Queen over the greatest of her 
 officers and servants, that she checked this senator pub- 
 licly, only because he had made a visit to Grave Magnus in 
 the country, being under her displeasure. At his return 
 from thence, coming into the presence of the Queen, she 
 would not do him the favour to give him her hand to kiss, 
 as she used to do ; but in the presence of many she thus 
 spake to him : — 
 
 " Queen. I wonder that you should disapprove my pro- 
 ceedings concerning Grave Magnus ; this is the reason why 
 I gave you not my hand. 
 
 " Marshal. I never disapproved the proceedings of your 
 Majesty, but shall be always ready to justify them with the 
 peril of my life. 
 
 " Qu. Wherefore then did you go into the country to 
 rejoice with him, being in disgrace ? 
 
 "Marsh. It is true that I have been at the house of 
 Grave Magnus in the country, about some particular busi- 
 ness; but if I had known that it would have displeased 
 your Majesty, I should not have done it. I am extremely 
 sorry to have given offence to your Majesty, and most 
 humbly ask your pardon. Your Majesty knows that I have 
 been, and always shall be, ready to serve your Majesty with 
 my life. There be others of your Court who have been to 
 see him as well as I. 
 
 " Qu. I know that my cousin Prince Adolphus hath been 
 there also, but he is his brother-in-law, and it is more 
 suitable for him to go and eat of his comfitures ; but for 
 you, who have testified so much affection for my service, 
 and done so many honourable actions, to go thither is a re- 
 proach to me : but since you have acknowledged your fault 
 and asked my pardon, I shall give it you, and wish you not 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 347 
 
 do so another time. — Upon this the Queen gave the 
 rshal her hand to kiss, and he made no reply." 
 
 vVhitelocke thanked Piementelle for his relation, 
 ich so much discovered the humour and temper of 
 i Court and courtiers ; and so they parted. 
 
 January 21, 1653. 
 The Queen sent one of her secretaries to White- interview 
 
 ^ _ _ with the 
 
 ke, to desire him to come to her at three o'clock in Queen, who 
 i afternoon, which he did, and was presently ad- her mten- 
 tted into her bedchamber, where two stools were ^ the" dl 
 i. The Queen sat down, and caused Whitelocke to Crown - 
 by her. 
 
 Many compliments passed touching her journey and 
 eedy return, and the like ; and she was pleased to 
 re Whitelocke a description of the countries and 
 ices where she had been in her journey, with the 
 casion of it, and how well she endured it. To which 
 hitelocke said, that if she could so well endure such 
 ivel, and at such a season, she might well command 
 army; which she replied she could do upon a 
 od occasion ; and Whitelocke said, that was like the 
 ughter of great Gustavus. Then the Queen asked 
 hitelocke if he had met with the Chancellor in her 
 sence. He said, they had a meeting, and much dis- 
 urse upon his articles ; but he wished that he might 
 ve had the honour of treating with her Majesty, 
 d doubted not but to have given her satisfaction, 
 cause he knew her honour and judgement would be 
 tisfied with reason. But he made some question 
 lether her Chancellor might not have some little 
 ejudice in the business : he hoped not, only wished 
 
348 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 that her Majesty's time, and other great occasions, 
 would have afforded her the liberty and him the ho- 
 nour of her being the sole judge (as in truth she was, 
 and at last must be) of all these matters. 
 
 The Queen asked what her Chancellor's objections 
 were. Whitelocke said they were too long to trouble 
 her Majesty with them at this time. She pressed the 
 more to know them, the more backward Whitelocke 
 was to relate them ; who nevertheless willingly gave 
 her a punctual account of all the objections, with his 
 answers upon every article. The Queen seemed fully 
 to approve what Whitelocke had said, and told him, 
 that in case her Chancellor and he could not agree, 
 that it must come to her at last, whom he should find 
 to be guided by honour and reason. 
 
 After this discourse she drew her stool close to 
 Whitelocke, and this discourse passed : — 
 
 Queen. I shall surprise you with something which I 
 intend to communicate to you ; but it must be under 
 secresy. 
 
 Whiteloclce. Madam, we that have been versed in 
 the affairs of England do not use to be surprised with 
 the discourse of a young lady. Whatsoever your 
 Majesty shall think fit to impart to me, and command 
 to be under secresy, shall be faithfully obeyed by me. 
 
 Qu. I have great confidence of your honour and 
 judgement, and therefore, though you are a stranger, 
 I shall acquaint you with a business of the greatest 
 consequence to me in the world, and which I have 
 not communicated to any creature ; nor would I have 
 you to tell any one of it — -no, not your General, till 
 you come to see him ; and in this business I desire 
 your counsel. 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 349 
 
 Wli. Your Majesty doth me in this the greatest 
 honour imaginable, and your confidence in me I shall 
 not, through the help of God, deceive in the least 
 measure, nor relate to any person, except my General, 
 what you shall impart to me ; and wherein your Ma- 
 jesty shall judge my counsel worthy your receiving, I 
 shall give it you with all sincerity, and according to 
 the best of my poor capacity. 
 
 Qu. Sir, this it is. I have it in my thoughts and 
 resolution to quit the Crown of Sweden, and to retire 
 myself unto a private life, as much more suitable to 
 my contentment than the great cares and troubles at- 
 tending upon the government of my kingdom ; and 
 what think you of this resolution ? 
 
 Wh. I am sorry to hear your Majesty call it a reso- 
 lution ; and if anything would surprise a man, to hear 
 such a resolution, from a lady of your parts, power, 
 and judgement, would do it. But I suppose your Ma- 
 jesty is pleased only to droll with your humble servant. 
 
 Qu. I speak to you the truth of my intentions ; and 
 had it not been for your coming hither, which caused 
 me to defer that resolution, probably it might have 
 been done before this time. 
 
 Wh. I beseech your Majesty defer that resolution 
 still, or rather wholly exclude it from your thoughts, 
 as unfit to receive any entertainment in your royal 
 breast ; and give me your pardon if I speak my poor 
 opinion with all duty and plainness to you, since you 
 are pleased to require it. Can any reason enter into 
 a mind so full of reason as yours is, to cause such a 
 resolution from your Majesty ? 
 
 Qu. I take your plainness in very good part, and 
 desire you to use freedom with me in this matter. 
 
350 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 The reasons which conduct me to such a resolution 
 are, because I am a woman, and therefore the more 
 unfit to govern, and subject to the greater inconve- 
 niences ; that the heavy cares of government do out- 
 weigh the glories and pleasures of it, and are not to 
 be embraced in comparison of that contentment which 
 a private retirement brings with it. 
 
 Wh. As I am a stranger, I have an advantage to 
 speak the more freely to your Majesty, especiaUy in 
 this great business ; and as I am one who have been 
 acquainted with a retired life, I can judge of that ; 
 but as to the cares of a crown, none but those that 
 wear it can judge of them : only this I can say, that 
 the higher your station is, the more opportunity you 
 have of doing service to God and good to the world. 
 
 Qu. I desire that more service to God and more 
 good to the world may be done than I, being a wo- 
 man, am capable to perform ; and as soon as I can 
 settle some affairs for the good and advantage of my 
 people, I think I may, without scandal, quit myself of 
 my continual cares, and enjoy the pleasure of a privacy 
 and retirement. 
 
 Wh. But, Madam, you that enjoy the kingdom by 
 right of descent, you that have the full affections and 
 obedience of all sorts of your subjects, why should 
 you be discouraged to continue the reins in your own 
 hands? How can you forsake those who testify so 
 much love to you and liking of your government ? 
 
 Qu. It is my love to the people which causeth me 
 to think of providing a better governor for them than 
 a poor woman can be ; and it is somewhat of love to 
 myself, to please my own fancy by private retirement. 
 
 Wh. Madam, God hath called you to this eminent 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 351 
 
 place and power of Queen. Do not act contrary to 
 this call, and disable yourself from doing Him service, 
 for which end we are all here ; and your Majesty, as 
 Queen, hath far greater opportunities than you can 
 have as a private person to bring honour to Him. 
 
 Qu. If another person, who may succeed me, have 
 capacity and better opportunity, by reason of his sex 
 and parts, to do God and his country service than I 
 can have, then my quitting the Government and put- 
 ting it into better hands doth fully answer this objec- 
 tion. 
 
 Wh. I confess my ignorance of better hands than 
 your own in which the Government may be placed. 
 
 Qu. My cousin, the Prince Palatine, is a person of 
 excellent parts and abilities for government, besides 
 his valour and knowledge in military affairs : him I 
 have caused to be declared my successor; it was I 
 only that did it.* Perhaps you may have heard of 
 the passages between him and me ; but I am resolved 
 never to marry. It will be much more for the advan- 
 tage of the people that the crown be on his head than 
 on mine ; none fitter than he for it. 
 
 Wh. I do believe his Royal Highness to be a person 
 
 * [This Prince, who shortly afterwards ascended the throne under 
 the name of Charles X., or Charles Gustavus of Sweden, was born 
 in 1622, of a marriage between John Casimir, Prince Palatine of 
 the House of Zweibriicken, and Catherine, a daughter of Charles IX. 
 of Sweden, and granddaughter of Gustavus Vasa. He was conse- 
 quently a nephew of Gustavus Adolphus, and the Queen's first cousin. 
 Upon his return from Germany after the peace of Westphalia, he 
 had aspired to the hand of his royal kinswoman, who persisted in 
 her refusal to marry. She caused him however to be formally 
 recognized as successor to the Crown in the following year; and 
 from that moment she entertained the project of abdication, which 
 she realized during Whitelocke's visit to Sweden.] 
 
352 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 of exceeding great honour and abilities for government. 
 You have caused him to be declared your successor, 
 and it will be no injury to him to stay his time ; I 
 am sure it may be to your Majesty to be persuaded, 
 perhaps designedly, to give up your right to him whilst 
 you live and ought to enjoy it. 
 
 Qu. It is no design, but my own voluntary act ; and 
 he being more active and fit for the government than 
 I am, the sooner he is put into it the better. 
 
 Wh. The better for him indeed. With your Ma- 
 jesty's leave, I shall tell you a story of an old English 
 gentleman, who had an active young man to his son, 
 that persuaded the father to give up the management 
 of the estate to the son, who could make greater ad- 
 vantage by it than his father did. He consented; 
 writings were prepared, and friends met to see the 
 agreement executed to quit all to the son, reserving 
 only a pension to the father. Whilst this was doing, 
 the father, as is much used, was taking tobacco in the 
 better room, the parlour, where his rheum caused him 
 to spit much, which offended the son ; and because 
 there was much company, he desired his father to take 
 the tobacco in the kitchen, and to spit there, which 
 he obeyed. All things being ready, the son calls his 
 father to come and seal the writings. The father said 
 his mind was changed. The son wondered at it, and 
 asking the reason, the wise old man said the reason 
 was, because he was resolved to spit in the parlour as 
 long as he lived ; and so I hope will a wise young lady. 
 
 Qu. Your story is very apt to our purpose, and the 
 application proper, to keep the crown upon my head 
 as long as I live ; but to be quit of it, rather than to 
 keep it, I shall think to be to spit in the parlour. 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 353 
 
 Wli. What your Majesty likes best is best to you ; 
 but do you not think that Charles V. had as great 
 hopes of contentment by his abdication as your Ma- 
 jesty hath, and yet repented it the same day he did it ? 
 
 Qu. That was by reason of his son's unworthiness ; 
 but many other princes have happily and with all 
 contentment retired themselves to a private condition ; 
 and I am confident that my cousin the Prince will 
 see that I shall be duly paid what I reserve for my 
 own maintenance. 
 
 Wh. Madam, let me humbly advise you, if any such 
 thing should be, as I hope it will not, to reserve that 
 country in your possession out of which your reserved 
 revenue shall be issued ; for when money is to be paid 
 out of a prince's treasury, it is not always ready and 
 certain. 
 
 Qu. The Prince Palatine is full of justice and ho- 
 nour ; but I like your counsel well, and shall follow 
 it, and advise further with you in it. 
 
 Wh. Madam, I shall be always ready to serve you 
 in any of your commands, but more unwillingly in this 
 than any other. Suppose, Madam, as the worst must 
 be cast, that by some exigencies or troubles your les- 
 sened revenue should not be answered and paid to 
 supply your own occasions. You that have been mis- 
 tress of the whole revenue of this crown, and of so 
 noble and bountiful a heart as you have, how can you 
 bear the abridging of it, or, it may be, the necessary 
 supplies for yourself and servants to be wanting to 
 your quality ? 
 
 Qu. In case of such exigencies, notwithstanding my 
 quality, I can content myself with very little ; and for 
 servants, with a lacquey and a chambermaid. 
 vol. i. 2 a 
 
354 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 WTi. This is good philosophy, but hard to practise 
 Give me leave, Madam, to make another objection 
 You now are Queen and sovereign lady of all the na 
 tions subject to your crown and person, whose wor< 
 the stoutest and greatest among them do obey, an< 
 strive to cringe to you ; but when you shall have di 
 vested yourself of all power, the same persons wh< 
 now fawn upon you will be then apt to put affront 
 and scorns upon you ; and how can your generous an< 
 royal spirit brook them, and to be despised by thosi 
 whom you have raised and so much obliged ? 
 
 Qu. I look upon such things as these as the cours< 
 of this world, and shall expect such scorns, and b 
 prepared to contemn them. 
 
 JF7i. These answers are strong arguments of you 
 excellent temper and fitness to continue in your powe 
 and government, and such resolutions will advanc 
 your Majesty above any earthly crown. Such a spiri 
 as this shows how much you are above other womei 
 and most men in the world, and, as such a womar 
 you have the more advantage for government, anc 
 without disparagement to the Prince, not inferior t 
 him or any other man, to have the trust of it. 
 
 Qu. What opinion have they in England of th 
 Prince Palatine ? 
 
 Wh. They have a very honourable opinion of hin 
 but have not heard so much of him as of your Mi 
 jesty, of whom is great discourse, full of respect an 
 honour to your person and to your government. 
 
 Qu. I hope I shall testify my respects to your Con 
 monwealth in the business of the treaty between u 
 and that it shall be brought to a good issue, and gi\ 
 satisfaction to us both. 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 355 
 
 Wh. That doth wholly rest in your Majesty's power, 
 to whom I hope to have the favour to offer my reasons 
 in any points wherein there is a difference of opinion 
 between your Chancellor and me ; and I shall much 
 depend upon your Majesty's judgement and good in- 
 clinations to my superiors. 
 
 Qu. I shall not be wanting in my expressions there- 
 of, and do hope that the Protector will afford me his 
 assistance for the gaining of a good occasion and place 
 for my intended retirement. 
 
 Wh. You will find his Highness full of civility and 
 respects, and readiness to serve your Majesty. 
 
 Qu. I shall never desire anything but what may 
 stand -with the good of both nations ; and what do 
 you judge the best means to procure free navigation 
 through the Sound ? 
 
 Wh. I know no other means but force, the King of 
 Denmark denying it. 
 
 Qu. That is the way indeed ; but what shall then 
 be done with the castles upon the Sound, and the King 
 of Denmark's land there ? 
 
 WJi. If it shall please God to give a blessing to the 
 design, the castles must either be razed, or they and 
 the island put into good hands, such as both may 
 trust. 
 
 Qu. That is to the purpose ; but do you think that 
 England will assist to that end ? 
 
 Wh. I think they will upon such reasonable con- 
 ditions as shall be accorded ; but in such actions 
 speedy and vigorous prosecution is necessary. The 
 Spring should not be lost, against which time prepa- 
 rations are to be made, and your Majesty must be 
 pleased to give me your proposals for that business ; 
 
 2 a 2 
 
356 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 nor is the present treaty upon my articles to be d 
 layed, they being the foundation of the whole desigr 
 
 Qu. You may assure yourself that the alliance b 
 tween the two nations is as good as concluded, ai 
 , will be done ; and I will give you my proposals co: 
 cerning the Sound ; and if Zealand could be taken fro: 
 the Dane, and the Protector agree to my living ther 
 it should be the place of my retirement ; I would qu 
 the Crown of Sweden and reside there. 
 
 Wh. Your Majesty would have the worst part i 
 the bargain. I hope you would then bestow upon yoi 
 servant the command of one of the castles there. 
 
 Qu. With all my heart, but I believe you do bi 
 droll. I will promise you more, that if this businef 
 be brought to effect, I shall be willing, if England wi 
 consent to it, that you shall have the command of a 
 the island, and of all such Swedish and English force 
 as shall be placed there ; and I should not be willin 
 to put that trust into the hand of any other strange 
 whatsoever, so much confidence I have of your wort 
 and honour. 
 
 Wh. Your Majesty is pleased to put an exceedin 
 great obligation upon me, and I hope, by the assisl 
 ance of God, I should approve my faithfulness in an 
 trust reposed in me. I believe my Lord Protectc 
 would as soon put this great trust in me as in an 
 other of his servants, and I shall acquaint his Higl 
 ness with what your Majesty mentions. 
 
 Qu. I pray do so, and I shall give you my pre 
 posals. 
 
 Wh. This discourse puts me in mind of a passag 
 of my General before I came out of England. He toL 
 me he had a mind to quit his charge, and present! 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 357 
 
 flowed an addition of honour to him. The like may 
 3 to your Majesty, though not in title, yet in good 
 iccesses. 
 
 Qu. All the addition I desire is to be less than I 
 n by a private retirement. 
 
 After three hours' discourse Whitelocke took his 
 ave. 
 
 January 22, 1653. 
 
 The Lord's Day. — After evening sermon, Mr. Sta- white- 
 
 I0CK6 3 6X" 
 
 £ton, by Whitelocke' s appointment, gave an admoni- hortation to 
 on to his family with much soberness and authority hoia.° USe " 
 : Scripture, exhorting them to contain themselves 
 ithin the bounds of temperance. After he had done, 
 te whole family being together, Whitelocke spake to 
 lem to this effect : — 4 
 
 " The good exhortation which you have received was by 
 y direction, and hath been given you with care and affec- 
 on towards you and me, and chiefly towards God, whose 
 uths he hath declared to you. I purposed to have rested 
 jrewith, to which little can be added ; but somewhat which 
 5 said hath minded me of my duty, and that it is not suf- 
 ;ient for me to exhort or admonish you by deputy ; but as 
 am the father of this family, and must answer for your 
 iscarriages, if I endeavour not to prevent and restrain 
 tern, but by connivance or silence shall make them mine, 
 1 1 hold it requisite to let you know my sense of your de- 
 eanours from my own mouth. 
 
 " Some of you have so carried yourselves with such dis- 
 etion, civility, soberness, and piety, that thereby you 
 ing honour to yourselves, to me, to your country, and to 
 ir God and Father. To these I shall say, as Jacob said to 
 s son Judah, ' Thou art he whom thy brethren shall 
 •aise,' and as the Apostle exhorts, ' Do that which is good, 
 id thou shalt have praise.' It is due to good men, and it 
 
358 JOURNAL OE THE 
 
 rejoiceth my soul, that I can say to many of you as St. 
 Paul said to the Corinthians, ' Now I pray you, brethren, 
 that you remember me in all things, and keep the ordi- 
 nances as I delivered them to you.' You have observed 
 the orders of my family which I delivered to you. Herein 
 you have given me contentment ; you have given good ex- 
 ample to your fellows and to the people of this country ; 
 you have pleased God, and praise is due to you from me 
 your governor, sent for the praise of them that do well, as 
 you have done. 
 
 " On the other side, I am sent for the punishment of 
 evil-doers, and am sorry to hear of too many such among 
 you. I have admonished you before, and it had been better 
 both for you and me if there were not cause to admonish 
 you again. 
 
 " Some of you, I hear, esteem yourselves too much kept 
 under and abridged of your freedom, because I .will not 
 permit your riotous courses ; and you say you will not be 
 slaves to man : to me I am sure you know you are not, 
 and I shall endeavour that ye be not slaves to Satan. The 
 best among you, whilst you are of my retinue, ought to ob- 
 , serve my orders, which make none slaves, but all are as free 
 as myself, who observe them as well as you, and will have 
 them observed by all under my charge and care. I will not 
 give you freedom to serve your lusts and sin : is my service 
 therefore slavish ? 
 
 " The servile condition and that of true freedom are 
 clearly described by -St. John : ' Ye shall know the truth, 
 and the truth shall make you free/ If you apply yourselves 
 to the study of the truths of God, that will make you free ; 
 you have the truth of God to testify it, and, blessed be God, 
 none of us are debarred from this freedom. The Jews said, 
 ' We be Abraham's seed, and were never in bondage to 
 any man : how sayest thou, Ye shall be made free?' Our 
 Saviour answers, ' Whosoever committeth sin, is the servant 
 of sin. If the Son shall make you free, ye shall be free in- 
 deed.' If ye commit sin, if ye haunt drinking-houses and 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 359 
 
 iotous courses, ye are then in bondage and slaves to Satan, 
 rom which it is my duty to restrain you ; other freedom 
 'ou do not, you shall not want. 
 
 " Have I not been a father to you all, sick and well ? 
 3ave you wanted anything in my care and power to supply 
 rou ? Have not I undergone the same hardships and dangers 
 vith you ? Yet some repay my kindness with dishonouring 
 ne in the sight of strangers. Hath your country, your re- 
 igion, merited to be scandalized by you among foreigners ? 
 iVill you profane the name of God who hath so wonderfully 
 reserved us, and destroy your precious souls by your evil 
 rays ? For shame ! depart from them ; I admonish you to 
 brsake them, and expect conformity to my orders, and a 
 rious and civil conversation in my family, whereby you 
 vill do yourselves and me good, and God will take pleasure 
 still to do us all good. If you will not be persuaded to 
 eave your sinful courses, you must leave me. If I can, 
 hrough the goodness of God, I will not have a wicked per- 
 lon dwell in my house, but I and my family will serve the 
 uord." 
 
 January 23, 1653. 
 
 Piementelle and Lagerfeldt doing Whitelocke the Further 
 lonour to dine with him, they had much discourse with Lager- 
 ibout the treaty, wherein Piementelle was reserved in 
 he other's presence. Lagerfeldt made an excuse 
 rom the Chancellor for his not meeting upon the 
 reaty, because he was not well, and therefore could 
 lot bend his mind to those affairs ; but hoped within 
 wo or three days he should recover his health, and 
 hen he would neglect no opportunity of conferring 
 pith Whitelocke further upon those matters. 
 
 Whitelocke. I am sorry for the indisposition of my 
 jord Chancellor, for his sake and my own, in respect 
 >f the treaty, wherein I much desire expedition, and 
 
360 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 the rather because I know not how soon the Protect 
 may command my return home. 
 
 Lagerfeldt. I doubt not but the treaty will in 
 short time come to a happy issue, and I know t 
 Chancellor will speedily and heartily intend it ; and 
 is not possible for your Excellence to return to Englai 
 till the spring, about May, because till then these se 
 will be frozen, and the shore so full of ice that, wit 
 out imminent danger, one cannot go by sea. 
 
 Wh. I cannot go by land because I must pa 
 through the territories of the Dane and Holland* 
 our enemies; and I cannot write to my friends 
 England and have an answer from them in less thi 
 two months' time ; yet if the Chancellor please to gi 
 a despatch to my business, I will adventure some w; 
 or other to get home; but after our present rate 
 may stay till next winter. 
 
 Lag. I doubt not but within a very few days t" 
 Chancellor will meet again and give a speedy despafc 
 to your treaty, which I shall further all that lies in d 
 power. 
 
 Wh. You will thereby much oblige me. 
 
 January 24, 1653. 
 WMteiocke Whitelocke, being much indisposed and ill with 
 
 being indis- „ •it, i n . , , 
 
 posed, re- tevensh distemper, kept his chamber; whereof t 
 visS Queen having notice, sent her favourite Grave Tott 
 visit him, who returned his humble acknowledgme 
 of this great favour from her Majesty. 
 
 Woolfeldt sent to visit him, and most of the grs 
 dees in town used the like ceremony to him. T 
 French Resident came in the afternoon to visit hi 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 361 
 
 and reported a great victory which his master had ob- 
 tained against the Spaniard in Catalonia ; and whilst 
 he was relating it, came in the King of Spain's Re- 
 sident ; and it was pleasant to hear the compliments 
 between these two public ministers, and touching the 
 reciprocal affection which their masters did bear the 
 one towards the other, and the great friendship be- 
 tween them, whereas singly neither would speak a 
 good word of the other's master or servants. White- 
 locke was much put to it to place them so in his 
 chamber that neither might take offence, which he did 
 upon his bed, and himself sitting in a chair by them ; 
 and the French Resident staid not long. 
 
 After he was gone, Piementelle was free in his 
 discourse about Whitelocke's treaty and other mat- 
 ters, and particularly of Dunkirk ; and Whitelocke ac- 
 quainted him with the honourable proceedings of the 
 English when that town was offered to be delivered 
 to thern, which they refused to accept by treachery ; 
 and Whitelocke and one gentleman more only were 
 employed by Cromwell in that business, and all of it 
 passed through their hands. At which relation Pie- 
 mentelle seemed much pleased, and highly commended 
 the honour and justice of the English in the carriage 
 of that matter. 
 
 They then fell into discourse of the Chancellor and 
 his slow proceedings in business, which Piementelle 
 much blamed. Whitelocke desired him to take occa- 
 sion to give some hint to the Queen of Whitelocke's 
 apprehension of the delay, and to persuade her Ma- 
 jesty to a satisfaction of Whitelocke's reasonable de- 
 mands in the treaty ; which Piementelle promised to 
 do to the advantage of Whitelocke's business, and 
 
362 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 Whitelocke believed lie did the same affectionat 
 Whitelocke drolled with him touching his coir 
 meriting of the French Resident ; and he said that i 
 in his condition must give to others at least as g 
 as they bring. He took leave, and afterwards sen 
 Whitelocke a present of citrons, grenades, and cur: 
 Spanish comfitures. 
 
 Woolfeldt, in the afternoon, also visited Whitelc 
 and discoursed of the Chancellor's slowness in 
 siness, and that he had a little envy towards the 1 
 tector because he had done greater things than 
 Chancellor had done, and had advanced himsell 
 that estate which the Chancellor had proposed to h 
 self to have . done when the Queen was young, 
 could not arrive at it as Cromwell had done. Wh 
 locke answered, that in England they esteemed 
 Chancellor to be a friend to their Commonwealth 
 Parliament. Woolfeldt replied, that was true, but 
 he was no friend to Cromwell the Protector. 
 
 Whitelocke did somewhat marvel that this gen 
 man should tell him the same thing concerning 
 Chancellor as the Queen had told him before, s 
 recollecting himself/he had found the Chancellor, u 
 the business of his treaty, not so well satisfied as 
 Queen herself was, nor so forward in it since 
 news of Cromwell's being made Protector as he 
 before ; that all the objections still came from h 
 and were not easy to be removed. Whether this \n 
 occasioned through the slowness or rather delib 
 tiveness of the old Chancellor, or out of any perse 
 envy of him to Cromwell, Whitelocke did not t 
 upon him to make a judgement, but was more api 
 believe it to be cautiousness and wisdom than i 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 363 
 
 ess or envy. Howsoever, Whiteloeke determined to 
 ut as much as lie could to the Queen and upon her 
 romise and affection ; and to use all the means of 
 ourtship and civilities, both to the Queen and to her 
 Ihancellor and others, to obtain his honest ends. 
 
 January 25, 1653. 
 
 The Queen sent again one of the gentlemen of her whiteloeke 
 edchamber to visit Whiteloeke and inquire of his and receives 
 ealth ; who, after some physic, was a little better, v ";t s M 
 nd returned his humble thanks for her Majesty's 
 xeat favour. 
 
 The Chancellor sent his secretary to see how White- 
 )cke did, and he said that his Lordship intended to 
 ave come to Whiteloeke this day, but in regard of 
 he extreme intemperateness of the air and the great 
 now, he was not able to come abroad, but desired 
 lie meeting might be deferred to another day, and 
 he rather because he heard of Whitelocke's indis- 
 losition of health. Whiteloeke answered, that he 
 hanked God he was not so ill at present as that his 
 msiness thereby should receive delay, but whensoever 
 he Chancellor pleased he hoped that he should be 
 ble to give him a meeting. 
 
 In the evening, Whiteloeke being reasonably well 
 ecovered, the music of the church here, about twenty 
 lersons, came to Whitelocke's house, and brought 
 ?ith them their instruments of music, sackbuts, cor- 
 iets, and violins, and did sing and play in his pre- 
 ence reasonably well, although not exactly; and for 
 heir pains Whiteloeke bestowed on them forty rix- 
 bllars, whereof they were nothing shy in the accept- 
 
364 JOURNAL OP THE 
 
 ance. Whitelocke was informed that these music 
 were sent to him from the Archbishop of Upsal, ' 
 was newly come to town, and of whom Whitelc 
 had received an extraordinarily good character 
 his learning and piety. Thereupon Whitelocke s 
 his son James in his name to visit the Archbisl 
 and to congratulate his safe arrival in this pi 
 The Archbishop took this compliment with m 
 kindness, treated Whitelocke's son with aU civil 
 and told him that in a short time he purposed to { 
 a visit to the English Ambassador. 
 
 January 26, 1653. 
 
 A conver- Senator Bundt visited Whitelocke. He had an ; 
 England ance by marriage with the family of the Lord Geo 
 doctrine of in England, which occasioned his having been in E 
 berum ,Ll " ^ an( ^' whereof he discoursed much, and chiefly c< 
 mended Wiltshire, and praised the whole country 
 its fertility, healthfulness, plenty, and profit, even 
 the preferring of it, and that not without cause, to 
 country about Upsal. He also informed Whitelo 
 of the town and University of Upsal. Whitelo 
 asked him if he had seen the Universities of Oxf 
 and Cambridge ? He said, Yes, and that they \n 
 greater than Upsal, which was agreed by Whiteloi 
 who said that divers colleges in them were grei 
 than the whole Universities in other countries, but 
 spared to name Upsal. He fell into a large encomi 
 of the ports, havens, and trade of England, and tor 
 ing their dominion at sea. He doubted the p< 
 of the sovereignty claimed by England in the i 
 row seas, approving the opinion of Grotius's ' M 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 365 
 
 jiberum,' which he said he hadread, and gained much 
 atisfaction by it in this point. Whitelocke desired 
 dm to read likewise Selden's ' Mare Clausum,' which 
 le offered him, and said he doubted not but that 
 hereby his Excellence would receive more satisfaction 
 a the point of the right of England in the dominion 
 if the British seas ; for which Whitelocke shortly re- 
 aembered to him some material arguments which 
 le formerly gathered in his studies on this subject ; 
 ,nd concluded, that if the Queen his mistress should 
 •ecome mistress of the Sound, that then his Excel- 
 snce would be of another opinion, and hold the leani- 
 ng of ' Mare Clausum' to be orthodox in the Baltic > 
 Sea. 
 
 The weather being fair and no wind stirring, White- intem- 
 Dcke rode about half a league out of town to take England!" 1 
 lie air, and found himself the better for it. At his 
 eturn home he found welcome letters from England, 
 nd in those from Thurloe a full account touching the 
 )utch treaty, and of the letters of the Dutch Resi- 
 ent here to his superiors, wherein he little fears that 
 Vhitelocke's treaty will come to anything, and saith 
 bat the Queen will agree to nothing in prejudice of 
 tie Hollander. 
 
 By other letters he had a relation of the gallant 
 ght which his frigate the ' Phoenix' made with three 
 >utch men-of-war in her return home, whom she 
 )re and killed many of their men, and came off her- 
 df but with the loss of eighteen men, with many 
 ounded, and the ship and tackle much spoiled. 
 
 This he caused to be published, and so that it might 
 )me to the Dutch Resident ; and to cause the greater 
 iteem of the force of the English ships, and the con- 
 
366 JOURNAL OP THE 
 
 trary of the Dutch. The ' Phoenix' was much criei 
 in the Court, and the like believed of the rest of 
 English navy, which was some furtherance to Wl 
 locke's business. 
 
 The intelligence of the treaty with the Dutcl 
 likewise caused to be published, that thereby the 6. 
 ness and honour of the English proceedings migh 
 known, and the contrary of their enemies. The C; 
 cellor highly approved what the English had c 
 therein, and said that the Dutch had done accor< 
 to their custom, to pretend plenipotency till the I 
 ness was brought to an issue, and then to defer 
 conclusion to their superiors, which he said was t 
 jealousy of one another and of all persons whom i 
 had to deal with. He also published part of that 
 telligence concerning the Erench as far as it m 
 advantage his own business, their endeavours to 
 der the Dutch business, and applications to the " 
 tector. The news of Spain, as to correspondence 1 
 the Protector, he also made known. That of Scot' 
 he set forth to the full : the inconsiderableness of 
 enemy, and the power and success of England tl 
 and this notwithstanding the late change. The Qi 
 was pleased with these relations, which did much i 
 in her esteem the Protector and Commonwealt 
 England, and further the treaty here. 
 
 The Erench Resident continued his visits to Wl 
 locke, and magnified the affections of the King 
 master to England, particularly in the Dutch tr< 
 to whom Whitelocke would now and then give a 
 that he might perceive Whitelocke understood th 
 cret passages therein. 
 
 Whitelocke's intelligence being so full and cer 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 367 
 
 it came to pass that in this Court, by all except the 
 enemies of England, it was received for authentic, and 
 that of the adverse party little regarded or believed. 
 
 At this time was sitting in Upsal a public council, 
 called by them the Outscot, which signifies with them 
 select persons out of the rest of valuable men. Scot 
 signifies, with them as with us, a public payment, — as 
 we say, one that pays scot and lot ; and out signifies, 
 with them as with us, from, or out of : so Outscot is a 
 council selected and called by the Queen out of such 
 as pay scot — substantial men. The occasion of sum- 
 moning this council is usually when the Queen would 
 raise any soldiers, make a war, or levy money, or the 
 like; then they summon the Outscot, which consists 
 of the senators, some of the nobility and clergy, and 
 one or two from each territory or hundred, and some 
 burghers ; and these not elected by the people, but 
 summoned by the Queen, and whom she thinks fit, 
 and to advise her in such matters as she proposeth to 
 them. But they can only give their counsel, and not 
 levy men or money, or make any law by their own 
 authority, those powers being only in the Supreme 
 Council, their Ricksdagh, like our Parliament. And 
 this Outscot hath some resemblance to the ancient 
 great Council of our King, only that had no com- 
 moners as this hath, and is more like to the Council 
 sitting when Whitelocke came out of England, consist- 
 ing of persons selected and summoned by Cromwell, 
 but they assumed parliamentary power. 
 
 Seldom this, or any other public Councils, differs 
 or dissents from what the Queen proposeth, so great is 
 her influence on them. 
 
368 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 January 27, 1653. 
 Farther rp^ Chancellor came to Whitelocke's house, v 
 
 conference 
 
 on the they were three hours together in conference, 
 whereof follows : — ■ 
 
 Chancellor. I ask your pardon that I have sta 
 long before I came to you again to confer upor 
 treaty. 
 
 Whitelocke. I am glad of the honour of your 
 pany, and of the progress of my business ther 
 and you will excuse me if I thought the time 
 before we met again about the treaty. 
 
 Chan. I confess ingenuously to you, that I dei 
 to see this week's letters from England before 
 meeting. 
 
 Wh. I thank you for that clearness, and these 
 ters prove no disadvantage to our English affairs 
 them appears what good satisfaction is received ii 
 late change there, and that the honour and happi 
 of the Protector and Commonwealth seem every 
 more and more confirmed. 
 
 Chan. I am glad your affairs are in so good a 
 ture and condition. 
 
 Wh. I shall read the particulars out of my let 
 whereby you will have a clear prospect of our afl 
 of our great successes against our enemies, and 
 honourable dealing of our Commonwealth with 
 envious neighbours, and their contrary actions. 
 
 Chan. The same particulars I have in my let 
 both from England and Holland. 
 
 Wh. I am glad my intelligence is so good. 
 
 Chan. I have not met with any public minister 
 hath kept his credit so high as you have done ir 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 369 
 
 truth of your intelligence, and that hath been so well 
 furnished with it, relating to other States and to your 
 own. 
 
 Wh. My opinion and practice hath ever been, and 
 I hope, by the grace of God, ever shall be, to affirm 
 nothing but truth ; and it concerns me to know the 
 passages in other countries, that I may the better 
 serve my own. 
 
 Chan. It is duty and prudence so to do ; and I am 
 glad to see the stability, and wish the happiness of 
 your Commonwealth and of the Protector, whom I 
 much honour for his wisdom and great parts and ac- 
 tions. 
 
 Wh. Your respects are not placed upon one who 
 will not appear to deserve them, and to be worthy of 
 the friendship of your Excellence and of the Queen 
 and kingdom. 
 
 Chan. I shall be ready to further that amity. 
 
 WJi. I suppose your Excellence is satisfied upon the 
 former debate touching my second article, that the 
 mutual assistance of England and Sweden against 
 their respective enemies will be of equal advantage 
 and good to both. 
 
 Chan. The objection to that is, that we thereby may 
 be involved in a war on your behalf, we being now in 
 peace with our neighbours. 
 
 Wh. It is not certain how soon you may be in war 
 with some of your neighbours, and then we must be 
 involved therein on your behalf; and our English 
 wars, through the blessing of God, are not likely to 
 he of any long continuance. 
 
 Chan. I am glad of your good successes, and though 
 your war with the Dutch should continue, yet methinks 
 vol. i. 2 b 
 
370 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 that the ships of your friends should not be so distui 
 in their trading as they are by your capers and n 
 of-war. 
 
 Wh. Our men-of-war disturb no trading, ex< 
 men carry contraband goods to our enemies. 
 
 Chan. Why may not our merchants, being 3 
 friends and friends to your enemies, carry any gc 
 to either of you, without being, as we are, taken 
 endamaged ? * 
 
 Wh. Our enemies, though perhaps seeming frie 
 to you, yet will not suffer your ships nor any ol 
 to bring us any goods imperiously forbidden by th 
 and it is but equal, if not necessary, that we do 
 like. 
 
 Chan. I think it is too much for either of yoi 
 make such prohibitions to those who are not ur 
 your dominion, and thereby to hinder trade and n 
 gation. 
 
 Wh. You have done the same in the war betw 
 you and Denmark ; and with us the Dutch made 
 first prohibition. 
 
 Chan. The fourth article is too hard for us to ( 
 sent unto ; and we should be very severe to those 1 
 are now living amongst us, and have given no offe 
 to us, if we should banish them out of our territoi 
 as that article requires. 
 
 Wh. This objection being made formerly by yoi 
 have considered it, and find the latter part of the 
 tide to be only that you shall not admit or re© 
 
 * [Oxenstiern here asserts the principle of " free ships make 
 goods," which began at that time to be professed by the minor 
 ritime States. Whitelocke's defence of the contrary usage is b 
 solely on the example of other States.] 
 
' 
 
 SWEDISH EMBASSY. 371 
 
 into your territories any of the rebels or traitors to 
 England. 
 
 Chan. That is not just for us to consent unto. 
 
 Wh. For your satisfaction, I have penned an addi- 
 tional clause to this article, in these words : — 
 
 " Proviso quod articulus hie non extendat, etc." 
 
 " Provided that this article do not extend to any persons 
 now living under the Government of the Queen of Sweden, 
 so that such persons have not been excepted from pardon 
 by the Parliament of the Commonwealth of England ; and 
 so that for the future they neither act nor attempt anything 
 against the Commonwealth of England." 
 
 Chan. This additional clause will take off much from 
 the difficulty of passing that article, and it is offered 
 with great reason and judgement. I shall acquaint 
 the Queen herewith, and doubt not but you will have 
 a satisfactory return concerning this particular. 
 
 Wh. Have you been pleased to consider further of 
 my fifth article, which is for mutual assistance of both 
 States, by sea and land, for removing impediments of 
 trade in the Baltic Sea, and the exactions and oppres- 
 sions in the Sound, and for the liberty of navigation?* 
 
 Chan. I have considered it, and that the Crown of 
 Sweden is at present at peace with Denmark, and all 
 the Queen's subjects have free navigation through the 
 Sound ; and it is true that the English have not free 
 passage there, and for that reason the article is not 
 
 * [It is remarkable that this question continues at the present 
 time, just two centuries after Whitelocke'a Embassy, to be fiercely 
 agitated in Germany, and occasionally discussed in Europe, and 
 even by the United States. The difficulty of the Sound was settled 
 by Cromwell's treaty with Denmark in the following year ; and the ,' 
 payment of these dues is now regulated by the Treaty of 1841, i 
 which confirms the engagements of 1654, 1670, and. 1701.] 
 
 2b 2 
 
372 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 equal. What leagues or treaties are between England 
 and Denmark I know not, but desire to be informed 
 by you, and much wonder at what you have told me ; 
 and what I myself knew of the King of Denmark's 
 dealing in such a manner as he hath done with Eng- 
 land, I think it a great error in him and his counsels. 
 But in case this fifth article should be agreed upon, it 
 would engage Sweden in a war with Denmark, when 
 they have no cause in relation to themselves, but to 
 England. 
 
 W7i. I do not apprehend Sweden to be wholly out 
 of danger of new wars with Denmark and others, being 
 a continent encompassed with ambitious neighbours 
 envying your greatness ; and the King of Denmark, 
 if he find an advantage, will soon deal with you as he 
 hath done with England, contrary to express leagues 
 and treaties between us, the copy whereof, and of all 
 leagues that I think have passed between the two 
 nations, I have here, and you shall see them when 
 you please. As to the Sound, I look upon this article 
 of much more advantage to Sweden than to England, 
 when I consider then right in the Baltic Sea, the many 
 ports the Queen hath upon it for the verrt of the 
 commodities of her country on both sides that sea ; 
 and though her subjects have now free navigation 
 through the Sound, yet if other nations have it not, 
 whereby they cannot frequent her Majesty's ports, and 
 her commodities be vented to them, it will be no small 
 prejudice to you. The more and more free access 
 may be had into those seas, the better for your trade ; 
 and the same being at present interrupted, and may 
 be, when the King of Denmark pleaseth, more inter- 
 rupted, will be a great damage and injury to you. 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 373 
 
 And whether you judge it for your interest that the 
 oppressions and interruptions there, which generally 
 light upon the Qneen and her subjects as well as 
 others, be continued and increased, must be left to 
 you as your own business ; but if you shall hold it fit 
 to remove and prevent them, you are offered the 
 friendship and assistance of England for that purpose, 
 and, blessed be God, you see they are not weak at 
 sea ; and besides particular interests, it is honourable 
 and just as to the common interest and liberty of 
 trade and navigation. Nor doth this article bind you 
 up to any precise or punctual way or war herein, 
 but is a general league between the two nations ; 
 and particulars are left to a future consideration and 
 agreement. 
 
 Chan. I confess the interest of Sweden is much 
 concerned in the free navigation through the Sound, 
 and we ought to endeavour it, which possibly may be 
 obtained by other means than by force. 
 
 Wh. The means are not determined by these arti- 
 cles, but left to future accord ; but the conjunction of 
 both nations will sooner effect a free navigation by 
 any means which shall be thought fit, than if they be 
 not confederate. 
 
 Chan. I acknowledge that I have received much 
 satisfaction from you in the points we have debated 
 at this conference, and I hope there will be no great 
 difficulty in the business. I shall acquaint the Queen 
 with what hath passed between us, and very shortly 
 we will meet again about it. 
 
 Wh. I desire it may be as soon as conveniency will 
 permit, because I know not how soon my Lord Pro- 
 tector may command me other service. 
 
374 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 Clan. There will be no delay in the transaction of 
 this business, and I hope no dissatisfaction. 
 
 The discourse of Poland, Muscovia, Germany, and 
 other passages, are omitted, and the substance of what 
 related to this business shortly inserted. 
 
 January 28, 1653. 
 
 nteiocke Grave Tott came to visit Whitelocke from the Queen, 
 shbishop and to inquire of his health ; and told him that the 
 ps ' Queen was going a-hunting two or three leagues from 
 Upsal, and would return within a day or two. White- 
 locke desired his thanks might be returned to her 
 Majesty, and said that if he had known of her design, 
 and that his service might have been acceptable, he 
 should have waited on her Majesty to the chase, being 
 a lover of hunting. The Grave replied that White- 
 locke's company would have been very acceptable to 
 her Majesty, and she would have invited him to the 
 sport, but that she believed his health would not per- 
 mit it. 
 
 The Archbishop of Upsal came to Whitelocke's house 
 -to visit him. His equipage was not sumptuous, his 
 coach but mean, his two horses suitable ; a kinsman, 
 a grave doctor, in his company, two servants like to 
 gentlemen, and one lacquey in a plain livery. The 
 reason of his small train and state was given because 
 his revenue was but fifteen hundred or two thou- 
 sand rix-dollars (which is about £500 of our money) 
 yearly, and the other bishoprics of lower value, their 
 means having been lessened and their powers abridged, 
 as is related, upon this occasion. 
 
 An Archbishop, predecessor to this, being in his 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 375 
 
 flourishing estate, rich in revenue and high in power, 
 as all the bishops then were, invited the King and 
 senators, and magnificently feasted them in his palace ; 
 but in his treatment, by his haughty carriage, gave so 
 great distaste to the King and senators, that there- 
 upon they took occasion at the next Bicksdag so to 
 order the matter, that, by public ordinance, the bishops 
 and clergy were debarred from intermeddling in civil 
 affairs, and their revenues were also lessened, which 
 brought them to a lower condition than formerly they 
 were in, and this Archbishop to his present posture. 
 
 He was a comely, grave old man, near eighty years 
 of age, yet of a fresh and ruddy countenance; his 
 beard long and white, his stature middle-sized, his 
 carriage humble and gentle. His head was covered 
 with a black velvet cap, furred and turned up, after 
 the manner of his country, with another cap under it ; 
 a cassock of black silk stuff like to our bishop's habit, 
 with a long cloak over it. He spake Latin fluently 
 but not pedantically, and expressed himself with good 
 reason, mixed with cheerfulness and learning, espe- 
 cially out of the Fathers and human authorities ; and 
 he was more ready than others of his coat in texts of 
 holy Scripture. 
 
 His companion, the doctor, was habited like his 
 Metropolitan : a grave and sober man, with a long 
 black beard and a civil behaviour. He spake good 
 Latin, and was well learned ; and it may be supposed 
 they would not choose the unfittest men to discourse 
 with a foreign ambassador. He spake not much in 
 the presence of the Archbishop. Some of their dis- 
 course follows. 
 
 Archbishop. We in these parts of the world had 
 
376 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 great astonishment at the actions and alterations in 
 your country, especially concerning the change of your 
 Government, wherein I should be glad to receive some 
 information from your Excellence, if you please to 
 allow me the freedom of discourse in so tender a point 
 as this is. 
 
 Whitelocke. Your Grace is master of your own free- 
 dom and discourse, wherein I know nothing will be 
 let fall reflecting upon the honour of the Common- 
 wealth whom I serve ; and I shall be very ready to 
 give you what satisfaction lies in my capacity in those 
 things which you shall hold fit to demand of me. 
 
 Abp. I shall be far from anything which in the 
 least measure may reflect upon the honour of your 
 Commonwealth, to which I bear a due respect, ac- 
 knowledging that you have done great and wonderful 
 things in your late transactions, wherein God hath 
 appeared much on your side. 
 
 Wli. It hath pleased the Lord to own the Parlia- 
 ment and our Commonwealth in a strange series of 
 His providences, judging on our side in all our appeals 
 to Him in the day of battle • and in all our exigencies 
 He hath been found by us, and been our refuge and 
 deliverer in the time of trouble, the particulars whereof, 
 I presume, have been made known to you and to most 
 parts of the world. 
 
 Abp. You speak more like a bishop yourself than 
 like a soldier. It is the part of every good Christian 
 to acknowledge with thankfulness God's goodness, 
 which hath been eminent to your Commonwealth, 
 whereof we have heard so much, and confessed by 
 your enemies, that it is yet hard to be believed. 
 
 Wh. Those who have had the honour to act in our 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 377 
 
 affairs have seen so much of God in them, that we 
 have more cause than others to speak good of His 
 name ; and surely this kind of speaking, bishops, sol- 
 diers, and ambassadors, and all sorts of good Chris- 
 tians, and the wonders whereof we have been eye- 
 witnesses, I assure your Grace have not been less than 
 report hath made them. 
 
 Abp. They have been indeed wonderful and suc- 
 cessful ; but with your leave, my Lord Ambassador, 
 we in these parts do not understand what necessity 
 you were put unto to take away your settled and an- 
 cient government by kings, wholly to abolish it, and 
 to resolve into a republic. 
 
 Wh. It was judged a prudence and necessity upon 
 the Parliament party, for the safety and securing them- 
 selves and their cause after their sword had been 
 drawn against the King, not only to throw away the 
 scabbard but to abolish kingly government, and to 
 admit no more kings, which they thought could never 
 be reconciled to them, and to resolve into a republic, 
 that they might enjoy their just rights and liberties, 
 which had been invaded and wrested from them by 
 their kings. 
 
 Abp. But how could their consciences be satisfied, 
 for the preservation of their own rights, to take away 
 the right of kings, and for their own safety to destroy 
 their king ? 
 
 Wli. Self-preservation goes far with mortal men, 
 and they held the rights of a people more to be re- 
 garded than anything relating to a particular person ; 
 and that it is not the right of a king to govern a 
 people, but the consent of a people that such a king 
 shall govern them ; which if he do not according to 
 
378 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 justice and their law, they hold that the people foi 
 whom and for whose good, and for preservation oi 
 whose rights he is entrusted as the supreme officer, 
 may, if they please, remove him from that office. And 
 upon this ground the people's deputies, in our supreme 
 council, the Parliament, thought fit to take away the 
 government by kings, and to make it a Republic. 
 
 Doctor. It is no false doctrine that kings are foi 
 the good of the people, and that the people were not 
 made for kings, but kings for the people's sake ; yet 
 the people have not more flourished under any admi- 
 nistration than that of kings. 
 
 Abp. Besides, for the approbation of the govern- 
 ment by kings, we find many precepts and promises 
 in holy Scripture. 
 
 Wh. Those precepts and promises are by some ap- 
 plied to all governors, and in general to all forms as 
 well as that of kings ; and there be also dislikes and 
 disapprobations of government by kings, as that in 
 Samuel, when a king was desired they are said to re- 
 ject God. 
 
 Abp. That is to be taken in respect of the manner 
 and time of the demand, not of the demand itself. 
 
 Br. We find the duty of a king set down in Deu- 
 teronomy, and many examples of good and holy kings 
 of Israel and of Judah. 
 
 Wh. I doubt that of them, and of all other rulers, 
 there may be found as many who did evil in the sight 
 of the Lord ; and we find a general approbation of the 
 judges of Israel. 
 
 Abp. The judges had kingly power ; and certainly 
 the government by kings is nowhere decried as un- 
 lawful. 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 379 
 
 Wh. I do not judge it unlawful, nor against the 
 ford of God or examples of Scripture, but do be- 
 sve they shall be nursing-fathers ; but, as things were 
 len with us, the representatives of the people judged 
 ie government of a free State to be at that time best 
 >r them. 
 
 Much other discourse was at this meeting on that 
 abject. 
 
 January 29, 1653. 
 
 • The Lord's Bay. — Lagerfeldt visited Whitelocke, J^e Lord's 
 
 . , . , , Day lmper- 
 
 nd had discourse with him about the treaty, and how fectiy ob- 
 reat an opinion the Chancellor had of him ; that he thelwedes. 
 ad received much satistaction from him; and said 
 bat he doubted not but that his business would come 
 a a speedy and good issue, — to his contentment. 
 
 The Queen returned early in the morning from the 
 ountry, this being usually with them a day of travel ; 
 nd it being the time of a fair, the shops were open 
 11 the day, as they had been the preceding Sunday. 
 !o little regard have they of this day, or of the ob- 
 ervation of it, but perform the ordinary works of 
 heir callings, — buying and selling, carting and tra- 
 elling, upon this as upon any other day ; and, which 
 3 yet worse, acting commonly and openly their de- 
 taucheries, and appointing their drinking meetings on 
 he Lord's Day. 
 
 Visits were made to Whitelocke upon this day, and 
 o let him know of the Queen being returned to this 
 ilace. But he staid in his own house, not going 
 broad himself, nor suffering his people to roam 
 broad this day, but all of them joined together in 
 he worship of God ; and, according to his custom, he 
 
380 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 had two good sermons in his house this day, and good 
 and spiritual prayers offered up to God in the worship 
 of him ; and divers English and Scotch in this town 
 were now as usually present to be partakers of these 
 duties. 
 
 January 30, 1653. 
 
 Queen Whitelocke visited Piementelle, with whom he had 
 
 Christina's . . 1 . 
 
 hunting useful discourse about his negotiation, and pleasant, 
 pa ies ' touching the Queen's hunting. He also visited Wool- 
 feldt, who entertained him with different discourse; 
 whereof he made good use in the transaction of his 
 business, and passed divers hours with him, — gaining 
 knowledge from his experience, and delight by his fa- 
 cetious conversation. He also received a visit from 
 Lagerfeldt, who in the Queen's name made offer to 
 him of her Majesty's sledges, — to make use of them 
 when he pleased to take the fresh air ; for which fa- 
 vour he returned his humble thanks. He visited the 
 Queen to welcome her from her hunting, which in this 
 country was described to him to be in this manner : — 
 As many people as they can get together, — with 
 guns, bows, staves, and other weapons, — in a great 
 multitude, some on horseback and more on foot, go to 
 some great wood where wild beasts do harbour ; and 
 as many nets and gins as they can get and make they 
 set about the wood, at the places where the beasts 
 use to come forth. Then they put some hounds into 
 the wood, with people to beat it ; the rest of the com- 
 pany surround the wood on the outside, with as many 
 dogs of all sorts as they can bring from all quarters. 
 When any beast is started or roused and comes forth, 
 be it coney, hare, deer, fox, wolf, bear, or any other, 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 381 
 
 F it escape the nets, gins, and guns, then they set • 
 heir dogs as many as they can upon it; and some 
 lursue one and some another beast, until they kill or 
 ake it, or that it do escape them. 
 
 Whitelocke, to requite the Queen's relation, told 
 ler the manner of their hunting in' his country, which 
 Le endeavoured to set out the best he could, as a 
 ;reat lover of it, — and their dogs and horses, which 
 ler Majesty highly commended, and said she would 
 end into England for some horses. Whitelocke told 
 ler that if she had a liking to any of his horses, they 
 rere at her Majesty's service to take her choice of any 
 if them ; for which she gave him thanks, and seemed 
 lot unwilling to - accept of the compliment. 
 
 She then spake of Dr. Whistler, of whom she had ^ r ^ w 
 leard that he was a learned man and an excellent Queen, 
 )hysician, and she desired to speak with him. White- 
 ocke gave a character of worth of the Doctor to the 
 ^ueen, as he deserved, and said that the Doctor should 
 vait on her Majesty when she pleased to command 
 lim, and she would take contentment in him. 
 
 Queen. Have not you a secretary who hath been in 
 Spain ? 
 
 Wldtelocke. One of my ancient domestic servants 
 and one of my secretaries) hath been in Spain, and is 
 m honest, faithful servant. 
 
 Qu. I have heard that one of your daughters is of 
 t good spirit, and averse to marriage. 
 
 Wh. My eldest daughter hath a good spirit, and 
 herein hath the honour of following your Majesty's / 
 mttern, and she hath refused good offers in marriage. / 
 
 Qu. My Chancellor is much satisfied by the con- 
 erence he had with you ; and I have ordered him to 
 
382 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 draw somewhat in writing for the clearing of some 
 matters in the articles, and to draw an answer va 
 writing to the papers which you gave me since youi 
 change of government. I desire to know what will 
 become of your treaty with the Dutch before I give 
 a full answer to your articles, because the ordering oi 
 our treaty will much depend upon your business with 
 the Dutch. 
 
 Wh. I have given your Majesty an account of that 
 business. 
 
 Qu. And I have received much satisfaction by it. 
 
 Wh. Whether England have peace with the Dutch 
 or not, yet the amity between England and Sweden 
 may be concluded to the honour and good of both ; 
 and perhaps not of less advantage to both, in case our 
 differences with Holland should continue. 
 
 Qu. But there will be alteration in some particulars, 
 according as your treaty with the Dutch shall take 
 effect, one way or other, and the resolutions to be 
 taken here must necessarily have a dependence there- 
 upon. 
 
 Wh. Your Majesty's time must be observed, but 
 my desire is for what expedition may be. 
 
 Qu. My Chancellor is an old man, and will take 
 up much time in his discourse before he come to the 
 business ; but he will come to it at last, and agree to 
 reason. 
 
 Wh. He is a person of great wisdom and abilities ; 
 perhaps he and his sons may have some shares in mer- 
 chants' ships, which may occasion their extraordinary 
 care in matters of that nature. 
 
 Qu. That is very true ; but I will be judge at last, 
 and you shall not be unnecessarily delayed. 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 383 
 
 January 31, 1653. 
 Canterstein, one of the Queen's secretaries, came to •? e ^ f ™ r 1 . of 
 
 ^ the Dutch 
 
 Whitelocke from her Majesty to inform him that the ships at Go- 
 ;ueen, having received a paper from the Resident of 
 Dlland, held it requisite to give an answer thereunto 
 writing ; but before she sent it to the Resident, she 
 as pleased to testify that respect to the Common- 
 ealth of England as to communicate it to their Am- 
 issador here. Whitelocke acknowledged with all 
 lankfulness her Majesty's good affections and respects 
 srein to his superiors and to their servant. He read 
 le paper, which was in Latin, to this effect : — 
 
 The Answer to the Writing of the Public Minister of 
 Holland. 
 
 " That the Queen was affected with the fault committed 
 f the English ship at Gothenburg, and that she would 
 immunicate upon that matter with the English Ambas- 
 idor, and would firmly preserve peace and a good corre- 
 londence with the Commonwealths of both States." 
 
 4 
 
 Whitelocke desired to see the Resident's paper given 
 > the Queen, but the Secretary said he had it not. 
 Whitelocke excepted to the expression in this answer, 
 culpam commissam," and said he knew of no fault 
 )mmitted by any English ship at Gothenburg, as 
 lis answer presupposeth, but what was done by the 
 nglish ships there was justifiable ; but that this ex- 
 fession would reflect upon the honour of the Com- 
 Lonwealth of England, and of their Ambassador, who 
 id the government and command of all the English 
 lips which were at Gothenburg when he was there. 
 
 He related to Canterstein what had been done by 
 te ' Phoenix' and ' Elizabeth' frigates, and by Captain 
 
384 THE SWEDISH EMBASSY. 
 
 Welch, which he justified ; and desired to know where 
 the fault was, and that those words in this answer of 
 "culpam commissam" might be omitted. The Secretary 
 answered that he did not know any fault committed 
 by the English ships, and he believed that the Queen 
 was of that opinion, and that this paper was only to 
 entertain the Hollanders in good humour ; and -those 
 were but words which might be changed, as in saying 
 that the Holland Resident mentioned a fault, etc. ; 
 and he said he would speak to the Queen thereupon. 
 Whitelocke desired it might be amended, and so they 
 parted ; and this troublesome and busy month of Ja- 
 nuary ended. 
 
385 
 
 FEBETJAEY. 
 
 February 1, 1653. 
 Vhitelocke, not having heard from the Chancellor whitelocke 
 
 ° t t presents 
 
 ince their last meeting, held it fit to send one of his three Eng- 
 
 lisli llOl'SPS 
 
 ervants to him, to know what time he would permit to the 
 im to come to his lodging. The Chancellor desired ueen ' 
 a be excused that day, because he was busy about 
 be Queen's affairs ; but as soon as he could have 
 3isure he would send to Whitelocke to advertise him 
 hereof. 
 
 Lagerfeldt came to Whitelocke, and desired of him 
 be favour to write to his superiors in the behalf of 
 ne of the Queen's subjects, whose goods in a ship at 
 jondon were detained. Whitelocke wrote to Thur- 
 )e, earnestly pressing that those goods might be re- 
 tored to gratify Lagerfeldt, who had been very re- 
 pectful to him and serviceable to the Protector here ; 
 ad that thereby the interest of Whitelocke with the 
 'rotector might be testified, and he the better enabled 
 d do his Highness service here. 
 
 Lagerfeldt often took occasion to speak of the 
 )ueen's high commending of our English horses, and 
 articularly those that Whitelocke had here, which 
 le had seen and much praised them ; and said that 
 le had a great desire of having some English horses, 
 
 vol. i. 2 c 
 
386 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 and that she had chidden Lagerfeldt because when 
 he was in England he had not bought some English 
 horses and brought them hither to her Majesty, whom 
 he knew to be so desirous of them. 
 
 Whitelocke understood this Swedish language, and 
 the English of it to be to get some of his horses for 
 the Queen, which he the sooner apprehended by the 
 late discourse of the Queen herself in commendation 
 of his horses. He also thought that it might be some 
 furtherance to his business to give the Queen content- 
 ment in so small a matter as this, and therefore re- 
 solved to make a present of three of his best saddle- 
 horses to the Queen, such as were fittest for her own 
 riding. In order whereunto he sent the yeoman of 
 his stable to the Baron of Steinberg, the Master of 
 the Queen's Horse, to advertise him that he had given 
 order for three of his horses to be brought to the castle, 
 as a small present to her Majesty, whereof he desired 
 the Baron to give her notice. 
 
 The horses being brought into the castle-yard, the 
 Queen, having notice of it by Steinberg, came to the 
 window to see them, and stood a great while looking 
 on them, and much commending them, and White- 
 locke's nobleness in making such a present to her. 
 Afterwards Steinberg came to Whitelocke's house 
 from the Queen, to give him thanks for the noble 
 present which he had sent to her Majesty, highly 
 commending the horses, and saying that nothing 
 could have been more agreeable to her Majesty than 
 this present of horses, and that she should have 
 mounted them herself presently had not the snow 
 hindered her. 
 
 Steinberg sent forty rix-dollars to Captain de 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 387 
 
 Crispe, the yeoman of Whitelocke's stable, and twenty 
 rix-dollars more to the three grooms that brought 
 the horses to the castle ; and some supposed that the 
 Queen's officers took the liberty to retain part of her 
 Majesty's bounty to themselves, which is said to be 
 usual with them. Stapleton, the gentleman of the 
 horse to Whitelocke, was not willing himself to go 
 with the horses when they were presented ; which had 
 not been improper for him, nor to his disadvantage. 
 
 February 2, 1653. 
 
 Grave Gabriel Oxenstiern having sent a present of Swedish 
 a deer to Whitelocke (proper from him, being master 
 of her game), the deer being larger than the English 
 fallow-deer, but very lean, and hardly worth dressing; 
 yet Whitelocke ordered that his cooks should make 
 the best meat they could of it ; and this day, to take 
 part of it, Woolfeldt, Lagerfeldt, Colonel Hamilton, 
 and the Baron Spence, dined with Whitelocke, and 
 commended the cookery more than the venison. 
 
 After dinner Lagerfeldt hastened away; and White- 
 locke desired him to hasten the Chancellor's proceed- 
 ings in his treaty, which Whitelocke greatly desired to 
 despatch, and to see an end of it as soon as might be, 
 not knowing in how short a time he might be com- 
 manded home. 
 
 After Lagerfeldt was gone, Whitelocke had much 
 discourse with Woolfeldt, who recited to him all his 
 negotiation in England in the year 1642 ; and he 
 spake freely touching Whitelocke's negotiation here, 
 and of the slowness of the Chancellor's proceedings, 
 and of the advantages which he and his sons had by 
 
 2 c 2 
 
388 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 trafficking. He held that the war between England 
 and Holland was much for the advantage of the treaty 
 here, who, he thought, would more desire that war to 
 be continued than a peace to be made. He advised 
 Whitelocke to remit his business to the Queen her- 
 self, from whom he would gain most ready despatch 
 and satisfaction. 
 
 February 3, 1653. 
 
 Whitelocke sent to Grave Tott to procure him the 
 favour to visit her Majesty at such time as she should 
 appoint ; but answer was returned that the Queen de- 
 sired to be excused, being not well, and let blood that 
 day, but some other time he should be very welcome. 
 
 After dinner the Baron Steinberg sent to White- 
 locke's house three of the Queen's sledges, to use 
 them for his pleasure to take the fresh air in them ; 
 and Whitelocke made use of them for that purpose, 
 and gratified her Majesty's servants who brought them. 
 
 He visited Piementelle, who informed him that the 
 Count Flaman, Governor of Artois, had a design to 
 deliver the towns of St. Omer and Gravelines to the 
 King of France ; but his treason was detected, and he 
 imprisoned and referred to justice. Upon discourse 
 of the Dutch treaty in England, Piementelle showed 
 unto Whitelocke a copy of the heads of the speech of 
 the French Ambassador Chanut to the States General 
 at the Hague, upon the return of their Deputies from 
 England ; wherein he congratulates the hopes of peace 
 with England, and desires that his master the King 
 of France may be comprised in that treaty with Eng- 
 land. 
 
 Whitelocke sent the French copy of this speech 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 389 
 
 md the translation of it in English, to the Protector, Despatches 
 
 ° 'sent to the 
 
 ;o whom only he was permitted by Piementelle to Protector, 
 jommunicate it. He gave intelligence to Thurloe of 
 sne Erpman, a Dane, and where he lay in London ; 
 ind that he gave constant intelligence of all the pro- 
 seedings in England both to Holland and Denmark, 
 and doing very ill offices to England. He also gave 
 advice to Thurloe of some motions and particular pas- 
 sages of the King of Scots, and of some counsels and 
 purposes of his against the Commonwealth, which 
 Whitelocke had learned in these parts, and from per- 
 sons of quality and great knowledge and interest in 
 the affairs of this Court, and of France and other 
 parts ; desiring Thurloe, by his intelligencers, to in- 
 quire further of these matters, and resolving himself 
 to endeavour, by his correspondence, to gain further 
 and more particular knowledge of these matters. He 
 also gave a full account to the Protector and to Thur- 
 loe of all his proceedings here, desiring direction from 
 thence in some points which he stated to them ; and 
 in this way the Council of State were informed and 
 from time to time gave approbation of his proceedings. 
 
 February 4, 1653. 
 
 The expenses of Whitelocke's voyage, and especially W1 j tte - 
 of his land journey, were excessive high, increased much expenses 
 by the rewards and gratuities which he esteemed him- allowance, 
 self, in honour to his country, bound to bestow on 
 many persons who did courtesies for him, or were em- 
 ployed by him ; and he held himself obliged not to 
 do things meanly, or below the reputation of the great 
 Commonwealth by him represented. To supply his 
 
390 JOTONAL OF THE 
 
 occasions he had letters to several merchants at Ham- 
 burg, and at Gothenburg and Stockholm, by the credit 
 of Mr. Phipps, a merchant in London. 
 
 When he was settled at Upsal his expenses there 
 were very great, by reason of his New Year's gifts and 
 rewards for services and for courtesies. But princi- 
 pally his expenses arose by his great hospitality, such 
 as the Swedes said they never saw before. He had 
 five tables furnished every meal, his own family being 
 great, and his table daily frequented by divers of the 
 grandees, and by inferior persons, who found there the 
 best and most variety of meat that money could pro- 
 cure. He allowed all his people what fuel they would 
 spend, to thirty of their loads in a day, out of care of 
 their health in that cold country and season, whereof 
 he held good fires a great means of preservation. 
 
 When he was here furnished with money, he charged 
 the bills upon his two brothers-in-law, Wilson and 
 Carleton, who made use of their credits for £3000 or 
 £4000 together, that his bills might not be unsatis- 
 fied. But the difficulty lay in getting the money from 
 the Council of State ; for which end Whitelocke's wife 
 wrote him word that she herself was attending the 
 Protector with earnest solicitations, who civilly treated ; 
 but some of the members of the Council were not so 
 civil, letting her wait early and long at their lodgings 
 before she could be admitted to speak with their Ho- 
 nours, to get her husband's bills answered : only Sir 
 Charles Oulsey was very civil and careful to procure 
 that justice to have the bills paid. Hereupon White- 
 locke took the boldness to write to the Protector, and 
 to put him in mind of his promise touching White- 
 locke's expenses, and to entreat him to order the sa- 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 391 
 
 sfaction of his bills, and particularly the payment of 
 2000, which by this time he had spent beyond his 
 Uowance. He wrote also to the same effect to several 
 f his friends of the Council ; and at last right was 
 one therein. 
 
 The Queen's secretary, Canterstein, came to White- 
 )cke from the Queen, to show him her Majesty's 
 nswer to the paper of the Holland Resident ; which 
 nswer, upon Whitelocke's exception to the words 
 the fault committed," was now altered and amended 
 s Whitelocke desired ; and this was carried with so 
 mch secresy that the Holland Resident knew nothing 
 f it, else would have stormed at such an alteration. 
 y h.e statesmen here are very secret in their transac- 
 ions, and have thereby no small advantage. 
 
 Canterstein also, by the Queen's command, showed 
 Vhitelocke the project of a letter from her Majesty to 
 be Protector, to congratulate his title, the which she 
 rould not sign without Whitelocke's approbation ; and 
 Janterstein said she was resolved to testify as much 
 sspect to the Protector as to any of her allies. 
 
 Whitelocke liked the letter, and thought not fit 
 3 alter any part of it, only informed Canterstein of 
 be Protector's titles, and acknowledged her Majesty's 
 reat respect unto his Highness. 
 
 PiementeUe visited Whitelocke, and discoursed The s P an - 
 
 , ish Minister 
 
 'eeiy ot the treaty, and the Chancellor s way m it ; advises on 
 r ho, he said, had been accustomed to a course of ' eay " 
 ammanding, and could hardly treat upon equal 
 irms ; and he advised Whitelocke to treat with the 
 )ueen herself, rather than with any other. White- 
 >cke said, it was his desire to treat with the Queen, 
 'om whom he was sure to find more reason and 
 
392 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 honour; and that he had not been used to be com- 
 manded by any but his superiors, which he supposed 
 the Chancellor did not esteem himself. He did also 
 communicate to Piementelle the unseemly answer of 
 the Chancellor, when he sent to him to appoint a 
 meeting, that he was not at leisure ; which, Piemen- 
 telle said, was like him. Whitelocke also advised with 
 Piementelle about a letter which he purposed to send 
 to the Chancellor, to hasten his business ; but Pie- 
 mentelle dissuaded him from it, saying he believed the 
 Queen would take it ill, who was very jealous of her 
 honour and power, and did not like addresses to her 
 ministers. Piementelle told Whitelocke of a question 
 between him and the Ricks -Admiral, whose coach 
 should go first at the bringing in of an ambassador : 
 the Admiral insisting on it as his right, because Pie- 
 mentelle was but an Envoy Extraordinary; Piemen- 
 telle alleged his being a public minister of the King 
 of Spain ; and the Queen resolved it for Piementelle to 
 have precedence of all but the Prince's coach, and that 
 Whitelocke was to have it of his likewise. 
 
 Lagerfeldt came to Whitelocke in the name of the 
 Chancellor, desiring to be excused that in eight days' 
 space he had not met about the treaty, which was 
 occasioned by his being extreme busy about the Queen's 
 affairs, so that he could not have an opportunity of 
 meeting ; but on Monday or Tuesday next he pur- 
 posed to have another conference, if Whitelocke's lei- 
 sure would permit ; who answered, that his leisure 
 would have permitted him to have met every one of 
 the last eight days if the Chancellor had had leisure, 
 and he desired that there might be no longer delay. 
 Lagerfeldt told Whitelocke that the Queen much de- 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 393 
 
 red a mare of the English breed, who thereupon sent 
 ne to her for a present. 
 
 An Envoy from the Great Duke, or Emperor of Mus- 
 wia, arrived in this town ; he came in sledges six 
 undred leagues ; his train was not above twelve per- 
 )ns. He was entertained at the Queen's charge all 
 le time of his stay here, as his master useth to enter- 
 lin the Queen's Ambassador. 
 
 February 5, 1653. 
 Whitelocke, hearing that the Queen was not well, The aueen 
 
 , n . indisposed. 
 
 snt his son James to inquire of her Majesty s health, 
 he commanded to have him brought into her bed- 
 aamber, where he delivered his message in Latin; and 
 lie complimented him in the same language, which 
 be used not to speak but in a special favour, and 
 id him tell his father that she was well again, and 
 ow " se non alio morbo laborare, quam quod tres in- 
 ;gros dies non convenerit ipsam," — she was sick of 
 
 other disease, but that for three whole days he had 
 ot been with her. 
 
 The Syndic of Gothenburg informed Whitelocke 
 lat, by letters from the President of that city, he un- 
 erstood that one of Whitelocke's servants, Taylor, 
 ho was sent to Gothenburg to bring Whitelocke pro- 
 isions from thence to Upsal, and to take up money 
 
 1 Mr. Goffe for it at Gothenburg, was gone to Den- 
 lark after Goffe ; and that one who met Taylor in 
 •enmark was returned to Gothenburg, and related 
 mt the post, of whom Taylor hired a horse, said he 
 id heard nothing again either of the man or horse, 
 Inch gave occasion to fear that some mischief had 
 
394 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 befallen him, being a rash, disorderly young man 
 But he went from Upsal to Gothenburg, and fron 
 thence to Copenhagen, where he found out Goffe am 
 received money of him, returned back to Gothenburg 
 and from thence brought Whitelocke goods in sledge 
 safely to Upsal. And this tour was made in little mon 
 than one month's time. 
 
 February 6, 1653. 
 
 Mr. Ravius, a German gentleman, who was frequen 
 in Whitelocke's house, gave him information of sundrj 
 passages relating to England which he had learned by 
 his relations here, who were of a good interest in this 
 Court, and well affected to the Commonwealth of Eng- 
 land, especially a bishop, his father-in-law. This gen- 
 tleman professed a great love to England, because he 
 had been there relieved and placed in Oxford, and now 
 repented his leaving that preferment. He, in grati- 
 tude, proposed to Whitelocke a way how the riches oi 
 that Commonwealth might be multiplied, in a way nol 
 unlike to that of the Bank in Holland, but of mucli 
 greater advantage, as he believed. Whitelocke desired 
 to have his project in writing, which was done, and 
 by Whitelocke brought with him into England. 
 The aueen 'phe Q uee n had desired Whitelocke to instruct hei 
 
 studies . 
 
 English, in the English tongue, which she had a desire to learn: 
 and Whitelocke brought her the beginning of an Eng- 
 lish grammar, which he had caused one of his chap- 
 lains, Monsieur De la Marche, to frame, and was fairly 
 written in English and Erench by Mr. Moreland. Hei 
 Majesty was much pleased with it, and took pains at 
 this and other times to understand it. 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 395 
 
 Whitelocke told her that, according to her com- an? consults 
 
 ° White- 
 
 nd, he had brought his doctor of physic to attend lake's phy- 
 • Majesty ; who presently sent for him into her bed- 
 mber, and discoursed a great while with him in 
 inch touching physic, and touching her own indis- 
 sition of health. She also propounded two ques- 
 as to the doctor : 1 . Whether physicians did know 
 rthing by their art, or whether they were guided ; 
 adventure and chance. 2. Whether good philo- 
 )hers were good Christians. To both which the 
 jtor's answers were full of ingenuity and learning, 
 ey discoursed long, and Whitelocke did not inter- 
 )t them ; and upon the point of circulation of the 
 iod the doctor gave her more than ordinary satis- 
 tion ; and in all matters she said she never received 
 ire from any person, and gave him the character of 
 earned, able scholar and physician. 
 The doctor being gone forth, the Queen told White- 
 ke she was sorry that her Chancellor had used him 
 ;h so much incivility, as she had understood by Pie- 
 ntelle ; and she prayed Whitelocke to excuse it, and 
 sred to send to the Chancellor about it,, and to cause 
 i to make his own excuse for it ; but Whitelocke 
 reated her Majesty to take no notice of it, and she 
 ured him of a speedy despatch of his treaty. She 
 'e Whitelocke great thanks for the present of horses 
 ich he had sent her, and particularly for his son's 
 re. 
 
 Mr. Clavering informed Whitelocke that the mer- Claims upon 
 tnts of Stockholm, and of the towns in Prussia, and Govern^ ' S 
 er places of trade in the Queen's dominions, had a ment - 
 eting of their agents, where they agreed upon a list 
 the losses they had sustained by the English, in 
 
396 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 taking and detaining their ships and goods ; and t 
 cast up their losses to 200,000 rix-dollars, for wl 
 they demand satisfaction of England, and are advi 
 to have the same certified by the College of Tn 
 whereof Grave Eric Oxenstiern, the Chancellor's sec 
 son, is the President ; and they expect, upon the tr( 
 with Whitelocke, that a course be taken for their sa 
 faction. Whitelocke held it not fit to take any no 
 of this business, unless the same were first proposec 
 him, and desired Clavering to speak nothing of 
 but in case he could learn anything further of 1 
 matter, to let Whitelocke be informed of it. 
 
 February 7, 1653. 
 
 Conversa- According to the expectation and custom of t 
 the Arch- country, Whitelocke returned a visit to the Archbisl 
 chorchgo- °f Upsal, whose lodging was but mean in the roc 
 and furniture. After compliments and great civilit 
 they sat down and fell into discourse, part wher 
 follows : — 
 
 Whitelocke. Your Grace hath the honour, and w 
 worthily, to be the Metropolitan of this kingdom. 
 Archbishop. It pleased the late King to esteem 
 worthy of that great charge, though I acknowlec 
 myself unfit for it. 
 
 Wh. Your merits appear the more by your hui 
 lity, which brings men to honour. 
 
 Abp. The word of God is so ; and the higher c 
 ployments one is called unto, the more lowly he ouj 
 to be. 
 
 Wh. Your carriage agrees therewith, and rep 
 gives you a due reputation. 
 
 vernment. 
 
► 
 
 SWEDISH EMBASSY. 397 
 
 Abp. A good name is a blessed thing, and God is 
 good to me herein, as in all other things ; and I have 
 respect from my brethren and others. 
 
 Wh. We in England have almost forgot the distinc- 
 tion of clergy and laity, supposing it to have been 
 introduced by the Papacy for advancement of their 
 order. 
 
 Abp. It is related here that you have not only 
 abolished that distinction, but even hierarchy itself. 
 
 Wli. We have now no prelacy in England or Scot- 
 land ; our bishops were their own destruction ; but 
 with you the authority and dignity of' bishops con- 
 tinues as it was in former times. 
 
 Abp. The state ecclesiastical with us, blessed be 
 God, is still preserved, and our Church governed by 
 bishops and superintendents and their officers ; by 
 which means the Church of Christ here enjoys much 
 peace, and fiourisheth. 
 
 Wh. Long may you nourish, and enjoy quiet and 
 the freedom and purity of the Gospel ! which we hope, 
 through the goodness of God, we also enjoy in Eng- 
 land. Do the bishops and their officers with you de- 
 termine those matters which you call ecclesiastical ? 
 
 Abp. Their jurisdiction hath been formerly more 
 ample than it is at present ; but they still have the 
 determination of spiritual matters, and government of 
 the clergy. 
 
 Wh. Is there no appeal from them to the civil 
 power ? 
 
 Abp. In some cases there is, and also when they 
 exceed their jurisdiction. 
 
 Wh. So it was with us in England ; and the cogni- 
 zance of marriages, divorces, adulteries, and crimes 
 
398 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 contra bonos mores, which they called spiritual offer 
 (although perhaps they might as well have been ca 
 carnal), and the questions about wills and testame: 
 belonged unto them, because they are usually m 
 when men are in extremis and have need of gho: 
 counsel. 
 
 Abp. You speak more like a civilian than a sold 
 The same jurisdiction, in effect, belongs to the e& 
 siastical state here, and thereby the people have mi 
 ease, and acquiesce in those judgements ; and < 
 people are not given to contention, nor our clergj 
 disorder, so that the ecclesiastical government h 
 the less trouble. 
 
 Wh. It is a happy condition to live together 
 unity ; but you suffer no dissenting in opinion. 
 
 Abp. No man must vent his private fancies or n 
 opinions contrary to the doctrine of the Church ; if 
 do, we severely punish it. 
 
 Wh. That is somewhat strict, and may be constri 
 to a kind of assumption of infallibility. 
 
 Abp. We take no such thing upon us, but desire 
 preserve peace and unity in the Church and memb 
 of it. 
 
 Wh. Those are good things, but, I doubt, har 
 to be settled in this world, where offences must coi 
 
 Abp. But woe to those by whom they come ! 
 
 Wli. They may possibly come by too much impos 
 upon men's consciences, as well as by new opinion 
 
 Abp. We impose no further than is warranted 
 the word of God. 
 
 Wh. And who interprets that word ? 
 
 Abp. The Church of God. 
 
 Wh. The Holy Scriptures interpret one another. 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 399 
 
 Abp. That is true, and learned men are the best 
 interpreters of those Scriptures. 
 
 Wh. We are not wanting of such men in England. 
 
 Abp. Then you are injured; for the report goes 
 that you regard not learning, and that you are put- 
 ting down the famous Universities in your country, 
 whereby learning will wholly decay and be destroyed. 
 
 Wh. That indeed is an injury; and I assure you 
 that our Universities were never in a more flourishing 
 condition than now they are. 
 
 Abp. I am glad to hear it ; and I confess I have 
 not met with such learning in a soldier as you show. 
 
 Wh. I am but meanly learned ; but our Universities 
 are full of eminent learned men, and are the foun- 
 tains from whence the whole land is watered with the 
 streams of the Gospel, by sending out learned men 
 from thence who labour in Christ's vineyard. 
 
 Abp. Are your ministers in repute among you ? 
 
 Wh. Godly, learned, and able ministers were never 
 in greater repute than they now are. 
 
 Abp. But I doubt their means is shortened by 
 taking away the Church lands. 
 
 Wh. The lands of bishops, of deans and chapters, 
 are sold ; but the Parliament added to the means of 
 the preaching ministry near £50,000 sterling yearly 
 more than they had before. 
 
 Abp. That is a good addition. Are their livings 
 in parishes by tithes, as ours are, and of good value ? 
 
 Wh. Their maintenance is by tithes in their respec- 
 tive parishes, and by glebe-lands. Some of their liv- 
 ings are worth £500, £600, and £700 sterling, and 
 most above £100 yearly. 
 
 Abp. That is far beyond the proportion in our 
 country. How many spiritual livings have you ? 
 
400 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 Wh. There be in England near 10,000 benefic 
 there being so many parishes. 
 
 Abp. We have not half so many in this kingdo 
 but they are very large, nor are our spiritual benefii 
 near the value of yours. Who bestows those bei 
 fices? 
 
 Wh. Private patrons ; I and my colleagues do gi 
 many of them. 
 
 Abp. How can you bestow spiritual livings ? A 
 you in holy orders ? 
 
 Wli. Here are my orders by my side ; but, as I e 
 Keeper of the Seal of England, I have belonging 
 that place the gift of many spiritual benefices. 
 
 Abp. That is strange to me to belong to one tl 
 wears a sword. With us none but the bishops ai 
 superintendents, persons in holy orders, can besfc 
 those livings. 
 
 Wh. Let me desire your Grace to inform me t 
 manner of your institution of ministers, and conferrii 
 on them your spiritual benefices, as you call them. 
 
 Abp. We call then spiritual livings because th 
 are for the livelihood of spiritual men ; and I shi 
 inform your Excellence the way of our ordination 
 men for such a holy function to preach the Gosp 
 When one is presented to the bishop for that callni 
 if he is found in learning and abilities fit for it, t' 
 bishop doth first ordain him to be a deacon ; and 
 that office he makes trial of his gifts for preachin 
 and so continues until he be admitted to a benefit 
 and upon such admission he is made a priest. 
 
 Wh. That is according to the canon law, that no 
 be made a priest sine titulo before a benefice be pi 
 vided for him ; but how are they presented to su 
 promotions ? 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 401 
 
 Abp. When • any priest of a parish is dead or re- 
 moved, so that the parish is destitute of a minister, 
 the parishioners meet together and agree upon the 
 names of three deacons, whom they present to the 
 hishop ; and out of them he chooseth one to be the 
 priest of that parish, and ordains him a presbyter, and 
 puts him in possession of the living. 
 
 Wh. That is a good way to satisfy the people who 
 are to pay the duties to the ministers. 
 
 Abp. And care is taken to put in none but worthy 
 and able men into the livings. 
 
 Wli. Being so good care is taken to place fit and 
 worthy ministers in the parishes, I marvel they do not 
 better instruct the people to live more soberly and 
 orderly than many of them do, and not to profane the 
 Lord's Day, as too many here do. 
 
 Abp. The ministers are not wanting to exhort and 
 admonish the people ; but in these countries the cus- 
 tom of too excessive drinking hath taken too deep 
 root ; and for observation of the Sunday, there is due 
 care taken. 
 
 Wh. I have been much grieved to see here so little 
 observation of that day, or rather so great a profana- 
 tion of it : the shops are kept open, fairs and markets 
 held, buying and selling of commodities, carriages, 
 labours, and performing the ordinary works of their 
 calling upon that day as upon any other ; nay, some- 
 times even to disorder and debauchery in the open 
 streets upon the Lord's Day. Surely God is offended 
 at such things, and will not let them pass unpunished, 
 and your Grace is more especially concerned than any 
 other to endeavour a reformation thereof. 
 
 Abp. No such works nor recreations are permitted 
 
 vol. i. 2d 
 
402 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 here but post sacra per acta, after divine service ende< 
 and then they may be the better tolerated. 
 
 Wh. Certainly a part of that day was not set asid 
 but the whole day was set apart for the special servic 
 and worship of God ; and we are to abstain the who. 
 day from the works of our calling, else we hardly sha 
 be accounted to keep it holy. 
 
 Abp. We observe the Sunday here in the same max 
 ner as we do the other holidays. 
 
 Wh. You make a difference between the holidaj 
 which were instituted in the memory of some partici 
 lar saints, and the Lord's Day, which was dedicated t 
 our Lord Christ, and instituted in memory of his r< 
 surrection. 
 
 Abp. They are by human institution to be kept hoi} 
 and our Saviour saith, it is lawful on the Sabbath-da 
 to help one's ox or ass out of the ditch ; and to dres 
 meat upon that day is also lawful. 
 
 Wh. Works of charity and necessity may be pei 
 formed on that day, but not works of men's ordinal 
 callings, the day being sanctified and set apart fc 
 God's worship. 
 
 Abp. I do confess that there is too much neghgenc 
 among us as to the observation of that day ; and i 
 the Convocation of the Clergy in this country there we 
 a learned debate touching this matter ; and it was tl 
 opinion of many there (of whom I was one) that tl 
 other holidays are n6t to be ranked in equal honor 
 and observation with the Sunday, and the difference < 
 the institution of the one and of the other was noted 
 but all agreed in this determination of what was the 
 fittest to be done, that, for fear of tumults and insu 
 rections by the rude people, it was not safe to make 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 403 
 
 udden change in that which had been by so long cus- 
 om and continuance confirmed, and whereunto the 
 ieople generally had so much fondness. 
 
 February 8, 1653. 
 An audience was desired by Whitelocke from the Inten <! ed 
 
 ^ reception of 
 
 hieen, and at the same time she sent Grave Tott to the m U9 - 
 Vhitelocke to invite him to the audience of the Mus- voy, who 
 ovia Envoy. The Grave staid dinner with White- 
 )cke, and after that Whitelocke went to the lodging 
 f Piementelle, to rest himself there till the time of 
 tie audience ; whither Grave Tott brought him word 
 bat the audience was put off, because the Russ had 
 ent word that, the notice of his audience not being 
 iven him till about ten o'clock this morning, he had 
 efore that time drunk so much aqua-vita that he was 
 lready drunk, and not in a condition to have his au- 
 ience that day, but desired it might be appointed 
 nother day, and he to have earlier notice of it. 
 
 Whitelocke spake with the Queen touching his 
 :eaty, and after that showed her a letter which he 
 ad prepared to send to the Chancellor, to quicken him 
 1 the treaty ; but said he would not send it if any- 
 tiing therein were displeasing to her Majesty. The 
 iueen read it. The English copy signed by White- 
 )cke was thus : — 
 
 To his Excellence the Great Chancellor of the Kingdom of 
 Sweden. 
 " My Lord, 
 
 " My attendance in this place having been above seven Whitelocke 
 eeks upon my negotiation, which her Majesty was pleased theChan- 
 ) refer unto your Excellence, and the answer to my ceUor to 
 
 T)roc6cd 
 
 roposals not being yet made known to me, nor oppor- with the 
 
 2 D 2 *«■*• 
 
404 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 tunity given of meeting your Excellence in fourteen da; 
 
 last past, I being uncertain how soon my return may 1 
 
 commanded, therefore and in discharge of my duty to n 
 
 Lord the Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Sco 
 
 land, and Ireland, and for the better expediting of thoi 
 
 affairs wherewith his Highness hath entrusted me, and tb 
 
 I may not appear negligent therein, I held it requisite ■ 
 
 desire your Excellence that an answer may be given to tl 
 
 propositions by me presented, and in such time as may m 
 
 be inconvenient to other great affairs, nor to this particula 
 
 wherein the honour and good of both nations is concerne 
 
 "B. "Whitelocke. 
 " Upsal, Feb. 8, 1653." 
 
 The Queen commended the letter, and said sr 
 thought it would be to good purpose to send it, on] 
 she excepted against a clause in it, that Whitelocfc 
 will be ready to meet the Chancellor when he pleasetl 
 which, the Queen said, was too low for the Ambassadc 
 to write to the Chancellor; whereupon Whitelocl; 
 mended that part, and sent the letter as above recited 
 to which the Chancellor returned answer by Whit( 
 locke's servant that presented it, that he had bee 
 very busy about the Queen's affairs, and that he woul 
 give a meeting to Whitelocke the next day but one. 
 
 The Queen read some English with Whitelocke, an 
 took pains to learn. When Whitelocke took his leavi 
 she invited him to come again in the evening to hef 
 her music. 
 
 Lagerfeldt came to Whitelocke from the Chancelk 
 to excuse his not having met with him in many day 
 and to appoint the same time as had been intimate 
 before by Whitelocke's servant. 
 
 at n c e o T urt nS In the evenin g Whitelocke went again to Court, i 
 the Queen had invited him, and was brought into h.< 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 405 
 
 dchamber, and divers of his gentlemen admitted 
 
 likewise to hear her Majesty's music, which was 
 ry rare, and performed by divers Italian eunuchs and 
 hers, her servants, and by Madame De la Bar, a 
 ■enchwoman, and her brother, who sang rarely well. 
 Besides Whitelocke, there was in the chamber Pie- 
 sntelle, the Count de Montecuculi, and another Ita- 
 n Count and many of her Court. The Queen was 
 
 a very good humour, and taking Whitelocke by the 
 nd she led him to a lady in the room whom they 
 [led La Belle Comtesse (the fair Countess), the wife 
 
 Grave Jacob de la- Gardie. The Queen said to 
 hitelocke, " Discourse with this lady, my bedfellow, 
 d tell me if her inside be not as beautiful as her 
 tside." Whitelocke, discoursing with her, found it 
 , and great modesty, virtue, and wit accompanying 
 r excellent beauty and behaviour. The Queen pulled 
 ■ the Countess's gloves, and gave one of them to 
 hitelocke for a favour ; the other she tore in four 
 ices, and distributed them to Piementelle, the Ita- 
 ns, and to Grave Tott. In recompense of the glove 
 hitelocke sent to the " belle Comtesse" a dozen pair 
 
 English white gloves, which are in much esteem in , j-^. 
 
 is country. The Italian Count de Montecuculi sa- iV/aA 
 ;ed Whitelocke with great civility, and he returned 
 3 like respects again. 
 
 February 9, 1653. 
 
 The Queen sent one of her servants to Whitelocke, Reception 
 give him notice of the audience of the Muscovia En- covite Am- 
 y. Whitelocke went to Court at the time, and there 
 I out a little bustle, the Ricks-Admiral stepping 
 
406 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 betwixt the Queen and Whitelocke to take his plac 
 there, was by Whitelocke put aside, and Whitelocl 
 stood next to the Queen on her right hand. She pe: 
 ceiving the passage smiled, and asked Whitelocke ho 
 he durst affront so great an officer in her Court an 
 sight ? Whitelocke answered, because that officer fin 
 affronted the Ambassador of the great Commonwealt 
 of England, Scotland, and Ireland. The Queen n 
 plied, " You do well to make them know themselv< 
 and you the better." 
 
 The audience was in this manner : — First, there pn 
 sented himself a tall, big man, with a large, rude, blac 
 beard, pale countenance, and ill demeanour. His hi 
 bit was a long robe of purple cloth, laced with a sma 
 gold lace, the livery of his master. On his right-han 
 was a companion in the same livery, and much lit 
 the Envoy in feature and behaviour ; he carried on hig 
 the great Duke's letters set in a frame of wood, wit 
 a covering of crimson sarsenet over them. On the lef 
 hand of the Envoy was his interpreter. After his ui 
 couth reverences made, he spake to the Queen in h 
 own language. The greatest part of his harangue i 
 the beginning might be understood to be nothing bi 
 his master's titles. In the midst of his speech he Wi 
 quite out, but after a little pause recovered himse 
 again with the assistance of a paper. When he ha 
 clone, one of the Queen's servants interpreted in Sw 
 dish what was said ; then one of the Queen's seer 
 taries answered in Swedish to what the Envoy In 
 spoken, and that was interpreted to him in his ovs 
 language by his own interpreter. After this the Envc 
 cast himself flat upon his face on the floor, and seeme 
 to kiss it ; then rising up again, he went and kissf 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 407 
 
 the Queen's hand, holding his own hands behind him. 
 In the same order his fellow demeaned himself, and 
 presented to the Queen his master's letters. 
 
 The Queen gave the letter to Whitelocke to look on 
 it : it was sealed with an eagle ; the characters were 
 like the Greek letters, and some like the Persic. After 
 the ceremony ended, the Russes returned to their aqua- 
 vita, and Whitelocke to his lodging to dinner. 
 
 In the afternoon, Whitelocke being invited by the 
 Queen to accompany her to take the air on horseback, 
 be waited on her, and had much discourse with her 
 ahout his business. She was mounted upon one of 
 the horses which Whitelocke gave her, and had pistol 
 at her saddle-bow ; she much commended the horse 
 and thanked Whitelocke for him, and said she never 
 rode so good a horse before. 
 
 At their return to the castle they fell to trying of 
 arms. The Queen's pistols and Whitelocke's pistols 
 were compared together for the workmanship, and 
 both tried by the Queen herself discharging them, and 
 by Whitelocke and others ; but he being lame, and 
 weary with standing, stole home to his lodging. 
 
 February 10, 1653. 
 
 The Chancellor came to Whitelocke's house, and Conference 
 they were together above four hours. The sum of the Chancellor. 
 Chancellor's discourse was to this effect : — 
 
 He made a very large apology for his long absence 
 from Whitelocke, saying that he was employed in a 
 very great business by the Queen's command, which 
 had taken up very much of his time ; and did con- 
 fess ingenuously that he desired first to know what 
 
408 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 would be the event of the treaty between England an 
 Holland before he proceeded further with Whitelocl 
 in the treaty here, because the issue of that treaty i 
 England would necessarily beget an alteration in thos 
 things which did concern the treaty here. That it w{ 
 yet doubtful whether the treaty in England wou] 
 take effect and be confirmed or not ; that if Englan 
 and Holland should make a league between them, the 
 as the articles here are propounded, if they shoul 
 be so agreed between Sweden and England, Swede 
 should thereby incur the hatred of the Hollanders, an 
 they would study revenge against Sweden ; but if th 
 peace should not be made betwixt England and Ho 
 land, then there would not be so much danger. Tta 
 many letters did affirm that the King of Denmark ws 
 included in the same articles of confederation wit 
 the Hollanders, who had undertaken in favour of th 
 Danes that satisfaction should be given to the Englis 
 for the wrongs by them sustained ; which, if it shoul 
 be true, then probably, by force of the articles wit 
 Holland, the English will have liberty to exercise fre 
 navigation through the Sound, and then there will nc 
 be so much need of consent to the first and fifth ai 
 tides of the treaty here ; which if they should be coi 
 sented unto beforehand, it would breed an occasion ( 
 hatred and enmity on the part of the Swedes toward 
 the Danes, to be professed by the Swedes as if : 
 were a detriment to the kingdom of Sweden for th 
 Danes to be included in the articles of pacificatio 
 between England and Holland. That there are man 
 things besides in the articles here which concern ne 
 vigation and transportation of commodities from cour 
 try to country, whereof there will be no use if tli 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 409 
 
 peace between England and Holland be concluded; 
 and if the war should be continued, then a particular 
 care is to be had more than otherwise. Out of all 
 which he concluded, that it was necessary, before the 
 business here should be finished, to understand what 
 issue and event that treaty would have in England ; 
 the desire of knowing the truth and certainty whereof 
 was the cause that hitherto he had not given a meet- 
 ing unto Whitelocke ; and that having taken the best 
 consideration he could upon the articles here under 
 judgement, he should be the better able to give White- 
 locke satisfaction thereupon. 
 
 He expressed a great respect to the Commonwealth 
 of England, and the desirableness of an alliance with 
 them, but that the manner of the making thereof 
 would much depend upon the issue of that treaty in 
 England ; that the present war between the two Com- 
 monwealths, by further delay, might involve Sweden, 
 if they should consent to Whitelocke's proposals, when 
 at present they were free from war and enjoyed a full 
 peace. 
 
 Then the Chancellor fell into a very large discourse 
 of all the affairs between Sweden and Denmark, and 
 in Russia, Poland, and Germany. He spake much 
 also of the several ports of Wismar, Stettin, Riga, 
 Narva, and others in the Baltic Sea, and of the se- 
 veral commodities in them whereof England had use ; 
 that the Swedes more desired trade with the English 
 than any other nation ; and professed that he should 
 never be wanting to testify his respects to that Com- 
 monwealth. 
 
 To that which Whitelocke demanded of him, whe- 
 ther peace or war between the two Commonwealths 
 
410 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 would most please them and conduce to their affairs, 
 he said that, as a Christian and a friend to mankind, 
 he wished peace to all the world, and especially be- 
 tween the two Commonwealths ; and that he wished 
 the same, as he was a Minister of State, because he 
 believed that then there would be a free navigation 
 through the Sound, which would be to the great be- 
 nefit of Sweden, and whereby their trade would be 
 increased, and their commodities and merchants have 
 the more safe and free passage, which now, by reason 
 of the differences of those Commonwealths, were very 
 much disturbed and endamaged ; that a small matter 
 did sometimes turn the die of war, and therefore he 
 judged it the part of prudent men to embrace peace 
 when it could be obtained. 
 
 The sum of Whitelocke's answer to this long speech 
 of the Chancellor was to this purpose : — 
 
 He thanked the Chancellor for his candid and clear 
 dealing with him in this business, whereby he testified 
 that honour and ingenuity which was in him; that 
 he knew the affairs wherein the Chancellor was em- 
 ployed were many and the greatest, and his the best 
 hand that the Queen could put them into. 
 
 That he was sorry it could not yet be known what 
 would be the event of the treaty in England, nor 
 could he tell how long a time it might be before the 
 same could be known, nor in how short a time it 
 might please the Protector to command his return 
 home, which were the reasons why he was so desirous 
 to obtain an answer to his propositions. 
 
 That in the matters proposed by him was no men- 
 tion of the Hollanders, and although at that time they 
 were in war against England, yet that caused then 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 411 
 
 to objections against this treaty ; and it was hard for 
 dm to find out a reason that the objections should 
 >e raised upon a treaty of peace with the Dutch, 
 vhich were not at first, when it was known they were 
 n war with England. That if peace be made between 
 he two Commonwealths, there may possibly be some 
 abour saved thereby in the drawing up of the treaty 
 lere. That this to him was no great occasion of al- 
 ;ering his proposals ; nor did he know any extraordi- 
 lary cause for an alteration on the Swedes' part upon 
 hat occasion, but they were the judges thereof. And 
 f the war should be continued with Holland, then the 
 matter will be the same as when the proposals were 
 here first received; and the making of a peace with 
 Holland cannot make these articles the less grateful 
 here, or occasion any alteration in them, or ill-will be- 
 tween this Crown and Holland, which is not named 
 in the articles ; neither could he see that, by them, 
 between Sweden and Denmark an enmity was like to 
 be contracted, whereof he thought there was enough 
 already. 
 
 That as to the article touching prohibited goods, 
 if the war continue, particular agreements there- 
 upon are referred to a future consideration ; and if the 
 peace be made, then that labour will be saved : and 
 whether the English have war or peace with Holland, 
 he thought their friendship and alliance worthy the 
 Swedes' acceptance ; and that by their present war 
 no dishonour had befallen England, but their power 
 at sea, through God's blessing, had appeared not to 
 be inconsiderable, and therefore their alliance not to 
 be undesirable. 
 
 That Sweden had many potent envious neighbours, 
 
412 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 as by what the Chancellor had related of Denmarl 
 Muscovy, Poland, and Germany, did appear ; for whic 
 relations Whitelocke thanked him, and held them a 
 to be arguments for an alliance with England. 
 
 As to the commodities of the ports of this towi 
 he said that Mr. Lagerfeldt, in his negotiation in Eng 
 land, had offered them to be had at Gothenburg, i 
 case the navigation were not free through the Sound 
 and as those were necessary for England (which the; 
 also could have in their dominions in the Indies), si 
 the more liberty of fetching them would be the mor 
 for the commodity of the Queen and her subjects 
 That the Chancellor had now and all times expressei 
 himself a pious Christian and wise statesman in hi 
 wishes of peace, to have which Whitelocke knew t< 
 be the desire of his superiors. 
 
 The sum of all he could get from the Chancelloj 
 was, that, before a proceeding in the treaty here, ii 
 was resolved to know what would be the event o 
 that in England. 
 
 J o' 
 
 February 11, 1653. 
 »p- Grave Gabriel Oxenstiern visited Whitelocke, whc 
 
 a T Ql 1(1 
 
 em- thanked him for the deer and great oysters which he 
 had sent to him the day before, and which were s 
 great rarity in these parts, most of them brought hi- 
 ther out of Holland. The Grave caused to be broughl 
 to Whitelocke' s house a Laplander, and his sledge 
 drawn by a reindeer, whereof the Laplander had twc 
 very tame. 
 
 Piementelle visited Whitelocke while the Laplander 
 and his wife were with him. The man (if he may be 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 413 
 
 o termed) is of a short stature, thick and strong 
 nade ; his face and countenance very unlike to other 
 nen ; a broad face, a high forehead, a great head, star- 
 ng eyes, long nose, a very wide mouth, and sweUed 
 ips ; his language not understood by the Swedes, more 
 han the Irish is by the English ; his fashion very rude ; 
 lis habit of beasts' skins with the hair outward, jacket, 
 )reeches, and stockings of the same. When he danced, 
 ffhich he was apt to do, it was in a strange uncouth 
 sosture ; and his singing was little different from howl- 
 ng. His wife was a fit match for him in respect of 
 person, feature, and behaviour. 
 
 The reindeer which they commanded are of a 
 whitish colour, bigger than our fallow-deer, little less 
 than our red-deer ; their heads more like our stags 
 than bucks ; their joints and limbs are very strong and 
 thick, like their governors', and they are as tame as any 
 dogs. They have an incredible swiftness in their run- 
 ning, insomuch as it is confidently affirmed that one of 
 them will draw a sledge with a man in it a hundred 
 miles in a day ; nay, they do not stay here, but report 
 that if one have an extraordinary occasion to be three 
 hundred miles from the place where he is, if he take 
 a sledge and a reindeer, and wrapping himself with 
 furs, lie down to sleep in the sledge, having first 
 whispered the reindeer in the ear whither he would 
 go, that in twelve hours the deer will bring him to 
 the place appointed, though it be two or three hundred 
 miles from the place where he first took the sledge. 
 But this is confessed to be done by the power of 
 witchcraft, and it is better to hear them relate it than 
 to make any trial of it. 
 
 After they had seen a course with the Laplander 
 
414 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 ol - in his sledge with his reindeer, Piementelle invited 
 
 itrag at ° . 
 
 rt. Whitelocke to go to the castle, to see shooting at the 
 white with arquebusses and pistols. They went to- 
 gether in Piementelle's coach, which was of such a fa- 
 shion that one might make a bed of the whole coach, 
 or place a table in it, and under one seat might put 
 meat and under the other bottles ; both sides of the 
 coach were close, with glass windows to open or shut 
 as they pleased. 
 
 Being come to the castle, they saw the Queen dis- 
 charge two or three pistols out of the window ; and 
 many gentlemen and officers of the army were there 
 shooting at the white, which is a great recreation 
 with them. When Whitelocke was waiting on the 
 Queen at her sports and recreations, and taking the 
 air, she would sometimes speak a little to him by 
 the way, touching the treaty ; but he never would 
 at those times put her upon it to interrupt her diver- 
 sions, but answer her questions only. When they were 
 shooting at the White she spake to him thus : — 
 
 Queen. Monsieur 1' Ambassadeur, what discourse had 
 you yesterday with my Chancellor about the treaty? 
 
 Whitelocke. Madam, we had a very large confer- 
 ence together about it ; but he seems desirous to 
 know what will be the issue of the Dutch treaty in 
 England before any further proceedings in my busi- 
 ness here. 
 
 Qu. I think it a very reasonable thing, and I be- 
 lieve you do so too. 
 
 WTi. I cannot deny but in some respects it may be 
 reasonable, but I desire greatly the conclusion of my 
 business, and do hope that when the slow pace of our 
 fat neighbours will permit their treaty with England 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 41 B 
 
 o come to a conclusion, that your Majesty will not be 
 ong in resolving about my business here. 
 
 Qu. I promise you, that after the certainty shall be 
 mown of the Dutch treaty with you in England, you 
 hall receive my answer in a short time; wherein I 
 ivill deal very freely with you, and tell you without 
 lifficulty what I can consent unto and what I cannot, 
 md my reasons for it. 
 
 Wh. I desire no better assurance of my despatch 
 than the word of a Queen who deals so like a Queen 
 with me; and I shall engage myself to deal like a 
 gentleman. 
 
 Qu. I have found no other but honourable dealing 
 from you. The reason why my Chancellor hath not 
 given an answer in writing to your propositions is 
 because I did not approve of that which he had pre- 
 pared and showed to me, but ordered him to make a 
 new project. 
 
 Upon invitation from the Queen, Whitelocke was at 
 the castle late in the evening to hear the Queen's mu- 
 sic, which was so excellent, and the Queen in so good 
 a humour, that Whitelocke staid there many hours in 
 the night in much pleasure. Her Majesty would often 
 come to Whitelocke and discourse with him of her 
 music, whereof he was able to make some judgement, 
 which the Queen found and liked well ; but White- 
 locke would not interrupt her delight with one word of 
 serious matters unless her Majesty first propounded 
 them unto him. 
 
 February 12, 1653. 
 
 The Queen had much commended Whitelocke' s 
 eldest son for a handsome, well-fashioned young gen- 
 
416 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 tleman ; and being told that he had not been well, so 
 great was her favour and civility, that she sent this 
 morning one of her servants to Whitelocke's house to 
 inquire of his son's health, 
 inking of After Whitelocke had celebrated this Lord's Day in 
 
 ilths OQ J 
 
 Lord's the usual manner, and had heard two good sermons 
 eden. preached by his chaplains in his house, there was in 
 the evening a great noise and disorder in the street 
 before his house, trumpets sounding and drums beat- 
 ing, with shoutings and a great tumult of all sorts 
 of people ; whereat looking and sending forth, they 
 found the business to be that a great company of 
 gentlemen and officers of the army and others, among 
 whom was Major- General Home and other great men, 
 came into the open market-place, marching thither 
 through the streets, with drums beating and trumpets 
 sounding before them, and servants carrying flagons of 
 wine and glasses after them. In this posture (not for 
 divine service or worship) they came into the market- 
 place, where they made a great ring, placed their servants 
 with the flagons, bottles, and glasses, in the midst of 
 the ring, and themselves kneeling down round about. 
 There they drank healths to the Queen a long time 
 together, drums and trumpets and roaring at every 
 drinking of the health, proclaiming this astonishing 
 impudence of sinning to the face of God with a high 
 hand ;■ — a debauchery not to be practised at any time, 
 much less in so horrible a wickedness and profana- 
 tion of His day, who is able and will punish such de- 
 testable iniquities and flagitious crimes. Instead of 
 th-~ service and worship of God on this day, they thus 
 betook themselves to the worship and service of the 
 devil. After they had done thus in the market-place, 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 417 
 
 h some imagined was purposely as a scorn to 
 telocke, they returned again reeling to other 
 ts, doing the same wickedness there also ; but 
 telocke took no notice of it, but pitied their con- 
 n, and was grieved for them. 
 
 February 13, 1653. 
 
 be Queen sent to Whitelocke to bear her com- The Queen's 
 ■ to take the air on horseback, which he did ; and tion. 
 he way she had some little touches with him 
 it his treaty. At their return to the castle, she 
 rtained Piementelle, Montecuculi, and Whitelocke 
 
 pleasant discourse two hours together. She 
 e of most noted authors who had written in the 
 an, French, Latin, Greek, and other languages; j ; ,; ' 
 before all the rest she commended Petronius. 
 telocke asked her if she had seen a book lately 
 ;en in Latin* by one Milton, an Englishman, and 
 
 she liked his style ; she highly commended the 
 ;er of part of it, and the language. Then she fell 
 
 the praise of Germanicus and several other 
 hies, Greeks and Romans, and showed her great 
 vledge in history and in the sciences, 
 ne informed Whitelocke, as a great secret, that £ he , 
 
 D , Queen a 
 
 l^ueen intended to quit the Crown, and said that intended 
 had proposed it to her Council of Senators, and begins to 
 she purposed to retire herself unto a private life ; trans P ire - 
 the senators were much troubled at it, and sought 
 issuade Her Majesty from any such intention; 
 that she continued very resolute in her purpose, 
 
 Doubtless the ' Defensio pro Populo Anglioano' before alluded 
 singular volume for a crowned bead to commend.] 
 )L. I. 2 E 
 
418 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 and sought for a seasonable time and opportunity to 
 effect it. 
 
 Sir George Fletewood, an English gentleman, vi- 
 sited and performed many civilities and kindnesses 
 to Whitelocke. He came into this country many years 
 past, with some of his countrymen, to serve the King 
 Gustavus Adolphus, from whom he had great favour, 
 and was made a colonel, and afterwards governor of a 
 town, and a major-general. He married an heir in this 
 country, by whom he had several children, and a fair 
 estate, and was now settled here, and well beloved at 
 Court and in the army, and in the country, as if he 
 had been a native of it. He is a gentleman of a good 
 family and of much honour and integrity, and of par- 
 ticular friendliness to Whitelocke, with whom he was 
 often here, and did very good offices for Whitelocke, 
 and informed him of many material and useful mat- 
 ters : he also had the news of the Queen's design to 
 quit the Crown, and was one of the first without-doors 
 that acquainted Whitelocke with that news. 
 
 February 14, 1653. 
 
 'ivesthe Intimation having been given to Whitelocke that 
 wriai the Count de Montecuculi, and another Italian Count 
 
 toy. 
 
 with him, had a great desire to see the fashions of 
 England in the English Ambassador's house, White- 
 locke entertained them, with Piementelle, who brought 
 them to dinner to him ; and they seemed not a little 
 pleased with his music and with the treatment that 
 Whitelocke gave them, which they termed high and 
 noble, and were very respectful to Whitelocke, both 
 before and especially after it. 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 419 
 
 This Montecuculi was General of the Horse to the 
 Emperor, and one of the gentlemen of his bedcham- 
 3er. He came hither from the Emperor's Court to 
 risit the Queen ; others said he came to solicit a mar- 
 •iage between the Queen and his master's son, the 
 King of the Romans. The Queen used him with great 
 ;ivility and testimonies of favour, whereof he is de- 
 serving, being a gentleman of much honour and very 
 ngenious in his discourse, and of a gallant carriage. 
 
 They had discourse of all the present transactions 
 and great affairs of Europe ; and amongst the rest 
 they said that all the world talked of the Queen's de- 
 sign to abdicate herself, to quit the crown and go- 
 vernment, and retire to a private life ; and Piementelle 
 said he believed that the mind of the Queen was 
 much set that way. Whitelocke asked if they had 
 heard of any discontent between her and her people 
 ar great men ; or what should cause her to take such 
 a resolution, so destructive to her good and power. 
 They answered, that no prince in the world had the 
 people, great men, and officers, in more entire obedi- 
 ence and affection than the Queen had all her subjects 
 }f every degree (whereof Whitelocke was also an eye- 
 witness), and that it was only her desire of retirement 
 which brought her unto this resolution. 
 
 Lagerfeldt came to Whitelocke, and was full of the 
 same discourse, and said, if the Queen should do it, 
 t would be a cause of great sadness to all her peo- 
 ple ; that the Queen, about two years since, had pro- 
 posed this to the Senate, of whom some dissuaded 
 her against it, affirming that she could not resign the 
 Drown without the consent of those that entrusted 
 ler, and for whose sake she had undertaken the go- 
 
 2 e 2 
 
420 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 vernment, and said that they never would consent to 
 her abdication; that notwithstanding this, yet now 
 again she proposed the same thing to the Senate, who 
 were at present in consultation about this high point, 
 and it was much debated. 
 
 Whitelocke took no notice to any that he had ever 
 heard of it but by these discourses, nor discovered 
 to any what had passed between the Queen and him 
 about it. 
 
 Two Valets-de-la-Chambre (pages of the Queen's 
 chamber) came to visit Whitelocke, and to take their 
 leaves of him, being upon their departure for France, 
 and from thence to go to England ; and they came 
 to the Ambassador to know what service he would 
 command them thither ; and in regard they had been 
 very civil and officious to Whitelocke, and had often 
 come to him with messages from the Queen, and 
 being informed that it was the custom of this Court 
 to bestow gratuities upon such persons, and that it 
 would be made known to the Queen, and well taken 
 by her, — upon these considerations, and to compliment 
 the Queen in this small business, Whitelocke gave to 
 each of these gentlemen a diamond ring of the value 
 of forty rix-dollars apiece, as a testimony of his grati- 
 tude for the respects and good offices which they had 
 done him in this Court, and to the Queen their mis- 
 tress, in whose favour they were ; and the gentlemen 
 most thankfully accepted their present, and extolled 
 the nobleness of the English Ambassador to their fel- 
 low-courtiers, and to the Queen herself, who took great 
 notice of it. 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 421 
 
 February 15, 1653. 
 
 The Syndic of Gothenburg made a great com- claim on 
 laint to Whitelocke on behalf of divers of that city Swedish 
 iterested in a ship brought by the English capers s lpa " 
 lto Dover ; and that the mariners were pillaged and 
 aprisoned, though the ship and goods and men 
 ere all Swedish. Whitelocke demanded of him what 
 round he had for this complaint. He said he had 
 iceived letters of it from Gothenburg, who had re- 
 dved letters of it out of England, written by a mas- 
 sr of a Swedish ship, who informed them of it. 
 Whitelocke asked him if the master of the ship were 
 ot a Hollander, and what goods were in the ship 
 ius taken ? He answered that the master was a na- 
 ve of Holland, but now an inhabitant of Gothenburg, 
 ad a subject of the Queen of Sweden ; and that the 
 iding of the ship was masts and pitch and tar, for 
 ortugal ; and he entreated Whitelocke to write into 
 ngland in favour of these parties, and that justice 
 light be done for them. Whitelocke desired of him 
 memoir in writing hereof, and said he did not be- 
 eve that any such thing was done in England, who 
 id justice to all the world; that this might be a 
 latter controverted ; yet, if it were as the Syndic in- 
 irmed, he did believe that justice would be done and 
 itisfaction made to the parties interested ; and he 
 remised to write effectually to England for that pur- 
 ase. 
 
 Whitelocke visited Grave Gabriel Oxenstiern, and 
 om thence went and visited the Senator Rosenhau, 
 ho had been Ambassador Extraordinary from this 
 rown to Poland and also to France. He lived in a 
 
422 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 very handsome condition, being enabled thereunto by 
 the custom of this country, which is so favourable to 
 those who have hazarded themselves in public and 
 foreign services, that he who hath once been an am- 
 bassador keeps not only the title and privileges be- 
 longing to that quality, but hath likewise a pension or 
 other provision allowed him for his maintenance in 
 that condition during his life ; and so Whitelocke was 
 informed that it was with this gentleman they had 
 much discourse concerning those places and affairs 
 about which he had been employed ; and he seemed 
 to be a man of able parts, but somewhat high and neg- 
 ligent in his demeanour. 
 
 Then Whitelocke visited the French Resident, who, 
 after his manner, made large profession of his great 
 respect to the Commonwealth of England and to my 
 Lord Protector, which was now as much credited by 
 Whitelocke as at other times. 
 
 February 16, 1653. 
 
 mil The Queen sent the master of the ceremonies to 
 
 lerial Wnitelocke to invite him this evening to a ball at 
 roy ' Court, which was ordained in favour of the Count de 
 Montecuculi. Whitelocke, being ready to entertain all 
 opportunities of waiting on the Queen, came to the 
 room appointed, where two seats were placed on the 
 right-hand of the chair of state, the first for White- 
 locke and the next for Montecuculi. 
 
 By this means Whitelocke had the opportunity 
 that the Queen would discourse with him at this 
 time. She was pleased to mention to him the ship 
 brought into Dover, whereof the Syndic of Gothen- 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 423 
 
 'g complained, and the imprisonment of the mari- 
 s, which the Queen said was no friendly dealing, 
 litelocke answered that he could not believe this 
 ort, but supposed there was some mistake or mis- 
 >rmation in it; that her subjects seldom came to 
 ver ; that if any of them were brought thither by 
 ers they would have justice done them in England ; 
 said also that he understood some great lords in 
 5 kingdom had shares in that ship, and made com- 
 ints, as they were informed ; that he had heard 
 t the master of that ship was a Hollander, and her 
 ing of contraband goods, whereupon she might be 
 en by a caper. But if it should be made appear 
 ,t the ship belonged to her Majesty's subjects, and 
 1 done nothing contrary to the known rules of 
 te of the Council of England, he did not doubt 
 ; that she would be freed, and that this week he 
 aid. write to the Commonwealth in England very 
 ictually about this matter; which the Queen de- 
 :d him to do, and said, that if such things were 
 .ctised it would be impossible to agree so well upon 
 ieace between the two nations. By many of these 
 sages, which were blown up by the Dutch, Danes, 
 I French in this Court, Whitelocke was put to 
 ny difficulties ; but God brought him over all of 
 m in the conclusion. 
 
 it this ball there was rare music, and excellent 
 icing by the Queen herself and by her ladies and 
 irtiers ; in the latter end whereof the Queen called 
 Montecuculi to come to her, where she invested 
 i with the order of knighthood of Amaranta, which " e h s ^^ h 
 emonv was thus performed. The Count, kneeling the order of 
 
 •> x i-iii Amaranta. 
 
 nth before the Queen, held up Ins hands between 
 
424 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 the Queen's hands ; she declared his duty in that 
 order, to maintain and defend virtue and the honour 
 of virtuous ladies, to endeavour to correct vice, to per- 
 form honourable actions, to keep his faith inviolable, 
 with divers the like matters relating to honour and 
 virtuous performances, which the Count promised to 
 observe. Then the Queen put upon his right shoul- 
 der, and tied under his left arm, a scarf of crimson 
 taffeta with a broad silver fringe, and the jewel of 
 the order hung in the scarf, which was about the 
 compass of half-a-crown ; it was made of gold, a 
 round wreath wrought and enamelled like to laurel, 
 and in the midst thereof two great As reversed, set 
 thick with diamonds, the two As for the first and 
 last letters of Amaranta ; and about the wreath was 
 written in Italian " Dulce nella memoria" (sweet in the 
 memory), that is, of a certain noble and famous great 
 lady named Amaranta, who was an eminent pattern 
 and example of the highest honour and virtue, in me- 
 mory of whom this Order was instituted. 
 
 The Queen herself is sovereign of the Order ; the 
 companions of it made by her were the Prince Pala- 
 tine and his brother Prince Adolphus, the King of 
 Poland, the Duke of Brandenburg, the Landgrave of 
 Hesse, the Spanish Resident, the Count de Monte- 
 cuculi, and divers others great lords, and afterwards 
 Whitelocke was honoured also by the Queen to be 
 made a knight of this order.* Her Majesty wears 
 
 [* It is remarkable that Whitelocke, who never omits a circum- 
 stance tending to his personal honour or vanity, makes no further 
 allusion to his knighthood, and does not state how or when he was 
 invested with the Order. It would seem either that the Order was 
 not recognized by the English College of Arms, or that he never 
 received permission to bear it.] 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 425 
 
 3 jewel of the Order under her left breast, tied with 
 mson ribbon ; and the knights wear it in a crimson 
 irf or ribbon, and sometimes in a chain of gold, as 
 3y themselves please. 
 
 February 17, 1653. 
 Thurloe's letters to Whitelocke, this post, contained Despatches 
 
 . from Eng- 
 
 3 probability of an agreement with the Dutch, the land. 
 Uant English fleet already on the sea, the beating 
 the Scots and Highlanders, the approbation and ge- 
 ral satisfaction by the late change in England, and 
 3 application of all foreign ministers to the Pro- 
 jtor, and congratulating of him ; only Bonnele had 
 litted it. He sent him also the French and Spanish 
 ws, and a full and perfect history of that time; 
 closed copies of the letters of the Dutch Resident 
 >m hence to his superiors, which by money Thurloe 
 ocured; and in them was some reflection upon 
 hitelocke, which, in his answer to Thurloe's letters, 
 thus vindicated : — 
 
 " Beningen* is much mistaken in his information to his Whitelocke 
 periors concerning me, and his expressions are hardly ^ n 1 c e s n 13 
 dl. I have been wary of my discourse and said nothing duct, 
 t what is truth, though he is pleased to call it false ; and 
 believe, as it is, it hath the reputation of truth here, 
 hat my speech was to the Queen, you see by the words 
 
 it, and that there are no such things as he reports to be 
 ind there. Many heard me, though I thought not fit to 
 3ak in that presence so loud as men do in a theatre or 
 
 a bar of justice ; that those heard me to whom it was 
 
 * The Dutch Resident at TJpsal, who made injurious reports on 
 bitelocke, and exerted himself to defeat the object of his mission, 
 ! two Republics being then at war.] 
 
426 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 directed appears by the answer to it. All here say that 
 my reception was with more respect than hath been showed 
 to any ambassador before, and many gentlemen were seen 
 then on horseback, though Beningen reports not one. For 
 the discontent of the Ricks- Senators, I confess my neglect 
 of them was purposely done by me, because I observed a 
 neglect in them first towards me in point of ceremony; 
 whereof I judged myself bound to take notice, and not to 
 lessen the honour of my nation : this, with my refusal of 
 healths, might possibly bring me to more disfavour with 
 them. 
 
 " He is likewise mistaken about my sending to the 
 French Resident, and inquiry of the Denmark Ambassa- 
 dor as he useth to be. It is true that there have been 
 some passages of ceremony which I thought my duty 
 to insist upon, as the not giving precedence to the Ricks- 
 Admiral here, and to sit next the Queen, and the like, 
 which are now rectified by the Queen's command, who was 
 acquainted herewith by the Spanish Resident, to whom 
 I discoursed it to that end. And I may presume that if I 
 should have sat down cheaply in any small neglect, greater 
 might perhaps have been put upon me, and the honour of 
 my nation have suffered in me, and both my business and 
 myself have been the less regarded." 
 
 :iaim on Whitelocke was not well in health, and very busy 
 
 ehalfof .... , . A -r, , , . J { 
 
 wedish in nis despatches to England, yet was interrupted 
 w! therein by a visit by Grave Eric Oxenstiern, Presi- 
 dent of the Council of Trade, who came in their 
 name to Whitelocke to inform him. of the ship men- 
 tioned before to be carried into Dover ; and by the 
 Queen's command Grave Eric showed Whitelocke the 
 letters from Bonnele, and from the masters of three 
 Swedish ships lately brought into England, two of 
 them by private men-of-war, and the others by a ship 
 of the States ; that some of the mariners were im- 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 427 
 
 soned and very ill treated, and that this was in the 
 annel when they were past the way to Holland ; 
 t they had certificates, as the truth was, that they 
 re Swedish ships and goods, and the men the 
 een's subjects ; that nevertheless they were thus 
 id, which, he said, gave small hopes of that amity 
 ween the two nations, and the redress of those in- 
 ies which was hoped for upon Whitelocke's coming 
 her as Ambassador. 
 Whitelocke desired him to suspend his judgement 
 
 the certainty of the fact, and the proceedings 
 sreupon, might appear ; that he knew the Queen's 
 )jects would receive right and offices of friendship 
 the hands of the Protector; and if any private 
 m-of-war had injured any of the Swedes, that jus- 
 3 would be done upon them; and if any ships 
 re taken contrary to right, they would be released ; 
 t if any of the Queen's subjects did seek to colour 
 I protect the enemy's ships and goods, that would 
 r e little hopes of amity, and they might justly suffer 
 
 it. 
 
 The Grave was very high and passionate in his ex- 
 jssions, which Whitelocke sought to moderate, but 
 \h a vindication of the justice of England. The 
 lclusion was, to pray Whitelocke to write effectu- 
 f to England about it ; which he did, and desired 
 urloe's special care therein, being a great trouble 
 him that such things should be done to Swedes 
 fist he was in Sweden, and thereby his business be 
 arded and himself disabled in their service. 
 One of the Queen's servants brought from the The o,ueen 
 
 , , , , , t , sends a pre- 
 
 teen to Whitelocke s house two men and two wo- sent of rein- 
 
 n of Lapland, such as are before described, and whitelocke. 
 
428 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 they had with them twenty-five reindeer, which the 
 Queen sent to Whitelocke for a present, and, as he 
 supposed, to the end that he should send them to the 
 Protector. Whitelocke took the best care he could 
 for the keeping of these deer ; he gave money to the 
 Lapps for their pains in bringing them, and by advice 
 of the Queen's servant that came with them, he caused 
 the deer to be driven to a farm not far from Upsal, 
 and gave money for their keeping with hay. and straw, 
 but the deer hardly would eat such meat. White- 
 locke desired the Queen's servant, who spake the 
 Lapp language and the French also, to ask the Lapps 
 what meat the deer must be fed withal. They said, 
 with moss and with the tops of fir-boughs, and that 
 this was their food in Lapland all the winter-time. 
 Whitelocke caused them to be asked if they would 
 undertake to carry the deer into England, and he 
 would provide a ship for them to go thither with the 
 deer, and to bring them and their wives back again, 
 and would give them fifty rix-dollars apiece for their 
 voyage. But they all howled, and earnestly said 
 they would not go. Whitelocke caused many argu- 
 ments to be used to persuade them to go, — how kindly 
 they should be used, what a brave country and people 
 and cities they should see, and have their charges 
 borne, and return home rich ; but all would not move 
 them to depart out of their beloved country. And 
 when they could not be prevailed with (so great is 
 native love !) Whitelocke contracted with them to take 
 the charge of his deer here until he could send them 
 into England, to which they agreed. But one night, 
 the deer being all together in an open hovel not far 
 from the side of a great wood, there came out from 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 429 
 
 : wood a herd of many fierce wolves, who, finding 
 ; the deer, fell upon them, and in one night killed 
 een of them ; the rest of the deer, not long after, 
 died, as their keepers said, because the climate was 
 i hot for them. And so Whitelocke was disappointed 
 sending his rare present to England, where the deer 
 uld hardly have lived, when Sweden was too hot 
 them. 
 
 February Y&, 1653. 
 
 Piementelle visited Whitelocke, and they comtnu- The Envoys 
 
 :ated their intelligence. He showed Whitelocke the England™' 
 
 ter which Beningen had written from hence to his a g Snst e 
 
 periors (whereof Whitelocke also had a copy, and* oseof 
 
 before remembered). Whitelocke told Piementelle Holland. 
 
 it the language of Beningen was scarce civil, and 
 
 *y untrue. Piementelle replied that that was the 
 
 )de of Holland to have such uncivil expressions, and 
 
 it Beningen was no gentleman, nor did know what 
 
 longed to matter of honour. Whitelocke said, that 
 
 Beningen and the Resident of France did concentre 
 
 *ether against England and Spain, so it was prudent 
 
 ■ Piementelle and him to assist one another in order 
 
 • the better carrying on of both their affairs ; which 
 
 ementelle said was very reasonable, and he would 
 
 )st willingly do it, and believed that they two should 
 
 ike a party strong enough against those gentlemen. 
 
 In the afternoon Whitelocke went to the castle to "Whitelocke 
 
 • xi i i insulted by- 
 
 lit on the Queen. No person was in the antechamber a Scotch 
 
 t Sir William Ballendin, who, seeing Whitelocke, ^Quee^s 
 
 snt in to the Queen, being her servant, and returning service - 
 
 >uld neither look on Whitelocke nor speak to him, 
 
 t said to Whitelocke's eldest son standing by, " He 
 
430 JOURNAL 01? THE 
 
 may go in to the Queen if he will." The young man 
 made no answer nor told his father of it, who, al- 
 though he imagined what the business was, yet for- 
 bore to take any notice of it, since Ballendin thought 
 him unworthy to be spoken to. Then Ballendin spake 
 the same words as he had done to the son, to one of 
 Whitelocke's followers that knew him not, and there- 
 fore told Whitelocke what was said to him, who there- 
 upon thought it better to go to the Queen than to 
 make her stay longer for him, and so followed Bal- 
 lendin ; and Mr. Stapleton, fearing lest some mischief 
 might be done to Whitelocke in the passage, went 
 after him, entering into the Queen's chamber. Bal- 
 lendin held up the hanging, and just as Whitelocke 
 entered let it fall in his face, as he believed, purposely, 
 whereof the Queen taking notice, reproved Ballendin 
 for it ; in whose hearing Whitelocke told the Queen 
 that he believed that gentleman had no mind to do 
 him a favour, and asked the Queen's pardon that he 
 came into her bedchamber without being sent for. 
 The Queen said, " I sent Ballendin : did not he come 
 and tell you ?" Whitelocke replied, " He did not think 
 me worthy to be spoken to, but told one of my fol- 
 lowers that I might come in." At which the Queen 
 seemed very angry, and said, " Ballendin is a sot and 
 a fool." 
 wtthttT Whitelocke gave her Majesty thanks for the noble 
 Queen. present of reindeer which she was pleased to bestow 
 on him, which he told her he purposed to send to the 
 Protector ; but she answered that they were not worth 
 the sending. Whitelocke then told her Majesty that 
 he must take his leave of her and return for England. 
 She asked him why he spake so. He replied, that it 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 431 
 
 was the common report that her Majesty had proposed 
 to her Council to quit the crown, and then what should 
 he do here ? They had much discourse together upon 
 that subject, and the Queen seemed resolute in this 
 design ; but told Whitelocke that whatsoever she should 
 determine in that point, yet she would despatch his 
 business, and that therefore he needed not to go away 
 till that were done, and she hoped it would be to his 
 contentment. She told Whitelocke that she intended 
 to go out of town the next week to meet the Prince 
 of Sweden, and would speak with him about White- 
 locke's business. Whitelocke communicated to her his 
 news of Scotland, of the English fleet at sea, of the 
 Dutch treaty, and other news ; but staid not long with 
 her, because she was not well. 
 
 From the castle Whitelocke went to Woolfeldt, who 
 discoursed about the Queen's resignation, and said he 
 believed she was strongly inclined to it. Whitelocke 
 objected the uncertainty of her revenue if she resigned, 
 that her successors might not have due care to see it 
 paid. He said she would provide for that beforehand, 
 and have it in her own power, which Whitelocke had 
 advised her to. He said that he believed the revenues 
 of this crown were much lessened, and he doubted 
 whether they woidd suffice for her entertainment and 
 for the expenses of her successors also. Woolfeldt 
 answered, that this was the great objection which 
 troubled the Council, to find out a way how the 
 Queen might be supplied, and at the same time to 
 defray the charges of the armies and navy and of the 
 Court, and other public charges ; and that it would 
 require much time before these things were brought 
 to a conclusion. 
 
432 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 February 19, 1653. 
 a funeral ^his Lord's Day, Sir George Fletewood, Colonel 
 
 ceremony. •> ° 
 
 Hamilton, Mr. Butler, and Mr. Cooper, English and 
 Scots men, came in the morning to Whitelocke's 
 house to hear the sermon there ; and after dinner the 
 master of the ceremonies came to inform Whitelocke 
 of the funeral of a Swedish gentleman named Mon- 
 sieur Pos, of an ancient family, who died young and 
 a bachelor. The solemnity came by Whitelocke's 
 door, and was in this order : — First came the singing 
 boys and men of the church, singing requiem as they 
 went ; after them came a man on horseback, the horse 
 richly covered with caparisons embroidered with gold, 
 with a front piece of iron gilded, the man all armed 
 as a cuirassier, the armour gilt, holding a naked sword 
 in his hand, with the point towards his breast ; after 
 him followed two persons in mourning, leading a horse 
 covered to the ground with black cloth, and a white 
 cross in the middle ; then came a gentleman bearing 
 the standard, having the arms of the deceased ; after 
 him came the corpse, covered with black cloth, carried 
 by six persons in mourning, and on each side of it 
 eight persons carrying banners, with the arms of the 
 father and mother, and of the grandfather and grand- 
 mother on the father's side, and of their ancestors to 
 the sixth degree, which is allowed at the funerals of 
 every gentleman, and of an earl they allow thirty-two. 
 After the corpse followed a man leading another horse 
 covered to the ground ; then came the kindred of the 
 gentleman, among whom was the Chancellor, and divers 
 others of quality, all on foot, about forty or fifty ; after 
 them followed his mother and sisters, and other women 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 433 
 
 his kindred, all covered with white linen over their 
 her clothes, every one of them led by a gentleman 
 
 mourning ; and though the streets were very dirty, 
 id their robes very long and white, yet they did 
 it hold them up, but were pitifully moiled with the 
 lemhity. After them followed on foot many other 
 amen. 
 
 They had about twelve coaches, one of the Queen's 
 id another of the gentleman's mother, with six horses 
 id many sledges. They were all to return at night 
 
 the mother of the deceased, who was to feast all the 
 impany at supper, after the custom of this country, 
 bo are extremely ceremonious and very expensive in 
 atters of this nature, esteeming it a necessary duty, 
 ith the greatest solemnity that the quality of the dead 
 srson will bear, to inter his corpse and to make great 
 asting and banqueting to those who accompany the 
 irial, and that sometimes for a whole week together. 
 
 February 20,* 1653. 
 The Queen having done Whitelocke the honour to The Qneen 
 
 ° is White- 
 
 ! his Valentine, and to give him leave to wear her locke's 
 ime in his hat, he, according to the English custom 
 presenting their Valentines, sent unto the Queen a 
 ry large looking-glass, which he brought hither with 
 m, and was much greater than any he saw here ; 
 id the Queen accepted it, much praising the Eng- 
 h custom, and thanking Whitelocke for his noble 
 esent. 
 Whitelocke visited Grave Eric Oxenstiern, who dis- Conference 
 
 T1 T 1 1 W1 ™ GrSVe 
 
 ursed with him concerning Ballendm, and excused Eric Oxen- 
 
 stiern. 
 * [Valentine's Eve, according to the Old Style.] 
 VOL. I. 2 E 
 
434 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 his carriage, and that the falling of the tapestry was 
 by accident and not done of purpose ; and he entreated 
 Whitelocke to excuse it. Whitelocke said that Bal- 
 lendin's former carriage showed that he let fall the 
 tapestry of purpose to affront him ; but they passed 
 it over, and Whitelocke communicated to the Grave 
 part of a letter which he had received from his brother 
 Wilson ; that he had been with the Judges of the 
 Admiralty, whom he found very ready to despatch 
 those affairs which concerned the Swedes ; and he now 
 being entered into the discourse of the Swedish ships 
 taken prize by the English, Grave Eric changed his 
 language from French to Latin, highly aggravating 
 that fact, and that it seemed strange to the Swedes 
 that so much injury should be done to them by their 
 friends, and especially while their Ambassador was 
 here ; and that this would be a great hindrance to the 
 amity to be made between the two nations. 
 
 Whitelocke answered him as formerly, desiring him 
 not to give judgement against England till he knew 
 the fact, and, wheresoever the wrong was, he hoped 
 right would be done ; and told him that the last week 
 he had written to England about this business, and 
 doubted not but that just satisfaction would be given 
 herein ; and Whitelocke, being a little more high than 
 ordinary, kept this Grave in the better temper, who 
 said that Whitelocke had done very well in writing 
 thus to England. Whitelocke said he did it the rather 
 because he believed that his Excellence, and others of 
 his good friends in this Court, were particularly con- 
 cerned touching these prizes ; at the which Grave Eric 
 seemed to smile, but made no answer. This was too 
 true, and occasioned much the more trouble to White- 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 435 
 
 icke in the matter of prizes, and of Swedish ships and 
 oods taken by the English during the Dutch war; 
 lit, through mercy, he weathered this point also, and 
 ot off from this and several other rocks. 
 Then they fell into discourse touching; the trade into ^ade [, 
 
 J ° the North. 
 
 ie northern parts, some of which discourse follows. 
 
 Gr. Eric. It would be of great advantage to both 
 ations if a staple of the English commodities were 
 rected, one at Gothenburg, and another at Narva, 
 hereby the English might enjoy, not only the com- 
 wdities of Sweden, but likewise of Muscovia; the 
 ties of Narva and Revel being so conveniently seated 
 lat the commodities of Muscovia might very easily 
 e brought thither. 
 
 Whiteloche. The Frozen Sea is now a great hindrance 
 ) the trade of Muscovia ;* but this way, that incon- 
 enience will be much remedied, and the commodities 
 'other countries adjoining to Muscovia maybe brought 
 1 likewise. 
 
 Gr. Eric. Muscovia, on the one side, is bounded 
 ith the Frozen Sea ; on the other side, with Persia, 
 artaria, and Polonia; and towards the Baltic Sea, 
 ith Ingria and Livonia ; the commodities of all which 
 )untries may be brought into the staples. 
 
 Wh. What distance are the cities of Narva and 
 -evel one from the other ? and which of them is the 
 lore convenient haven ? 
 
 Gr. Eric. Revel is in Ingria, and Narva is in Livo- 
 la. Narva, for two or three months in the year, can- 
 st be frequented by reason of the ice, but is much 
 ie more commodious to receive the wares of Russia, 
 
 * [The proper trade of Russia at this time was carried on entirely 
 ' Archangel.] 
 
 2f 2 
 
436 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 as welj, by land as by water ; and in the winter-time 
 it is the more convenient to transport commodities 
 thither by sledges. Revel is thirty miles distant from 
 Narva, and the merchants may apply to this port at 
 any time of the year, without any hindrance by the ice. 
 
 Wh. Why then is not that, without comparison, 
 the better place for a staple ? 
 
 Gr. Eric. Because the commodities are not so easily 
 or so cheap brought thither as to Narva. How is the 
 correspondence at this time betwixt your Common- 
 wealth and the Great Duke ? 
 
 Wh. It is not now upon so good terms as formerly ; 
 therein the Hollanders have supplanted us, as is usual 
 with them when their profit is concerned ; and we have 
 found the Great Duke to be offended with the English 
 by reason of the proceedings of our Commonwealth 
 against the late King. 
 
 Gr. Eric. That is very probable to be so ; and the 
 Muscoviters are such a sort of men, that what seems 
 reasonable to all other people of Europe seems con- 
 trary to them. 
 
 Wh. You werei a neighbour to them many years, 
 when you were Governor of Revel, and therefore know 
 their condition the better. 
 
 Gr. Eric. I was many years Governor of that city 
 and of all Ingria, and thereby had frequent conversa- 
 tion with them, and took notice of their conditions ; 
 but I hope I have not practised any of them. 
 
 WIi. I presume that, as you have seen their man- 
 ners, so you have disdained them. I have heard that 
 the payments and tolls in these countries are greater 
 than elsewhere, which is to the prejudice of your trade 
 and discouragement of a staple there. 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 437 
 
 Gr. Uric. They are somewhat high there, but are 
 dw lower than they have been formerly ; whereby 
 e find, nevertheless, that the Queen's treasury is in- 
 ■eased. 
 
 Much other discourse they had on this subject, 
 hereby the Grave manifested his abilities and expe- 
 ence in these matters. 
 
 February 21, 1653. 
 
 Notice was given to Whitelocke, by his friends, from Whitelocke 
 ngland, of several designs against his life, and under- suite 
 
 l • i , *ii* acij. threatened. 
 
 kings by some to assassinate him. A bcotsman, 
 ho came in one of Whitelocke' s ships the sea- voyage, 
 id travelled in his company most part of the land- 
 urney, did in a manner confess himself to be one of 
 .e number engaged to murder him ; but this man ran 
 fay before he could be apprehended. The enemies 
 
 the Commonwealth in this place made divers as- 
 ,ults and attempts upon Whitelocke's servants ; when 
 iy of them were abroad late, or few in company, 
 any rencounters and skirmishes were between them; 
 id always his people defendants, and the assailants 
 ounded and ashamed. 
 
 This night, as frequently before, a great number of 
 »ple, some drunk and others enemies, joined toge- 
 Ler, came to Whitelocke's door with naked swords in 
 leir hands, making a loud noise, and crying, " Come 
 it, ye English dogs, ye king-killers, base rogues!" and 
 le like compliments. Whereupon one of Whitelocke's 
 rvants, that was upon the guard that night, dis- 
 larged a pistol out of the window, upon which they 
 n away; but returning again with the like cries, 
 
438 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 attempted to force open the door, but it was too 
 strong for them. Some of Whitelocke's people, eager 
 to have a crash with them, would have opened the 
 door and gone out to them ; but Whitelocke would 
 not permit it, and ordered them to stand upon their 
 guard, as he put them in a readiness, but not to go 
 forth to assault the assailants ; yet, if they should 
 break into the house, not to spare any of them in de- 
 fence of it and of himself, who would be in the' head 
 of them. And after some time and breath spent by 
 these roarers, they parted. 
 
 Mr. Ravius informed Whitelocke that Senator Schiitt 
 publicly, at dinner, spake many unworthy expressions 
 of the English nation, and of their present condition ; 
 that they, pretending to pull down one tyrant, had set 
 up another, and he believed that in a short time they 
 would fall into confusion, and that a treaty with them 
 would be of no advantage to Sweden ; that the King's 
 party in Scotland began to be victorious, and that the 
 King, with the assistance of the French, and othei 
 foreign forces, and of his own party (by much the 
 greater) in England, would quickly pull down then 
 new government, and punish the authors of it ; and 
 that the English Ambassador cared not how long the] 
 delayed him here, because he was thereby free fron 
 the dangers at home. 
 
 Ravius, at the table, answered that he believed thi 
 English Ambassador did not intend to stay long here 
 and esteemed the business about which he came hithe 
 equally as good for Sweden as England ; that probabl; 
 he would hasten his return home, where he had busi 
 ness enough ; and for the present Government there 
 he thought it better and firmer than it had been i: 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 439 
 
 iany ages before, being now in a pious, prudent, va- 
 ant, fortunate man, to whom the neighbour princes 
 night for his alliance. At the end of a long dis- 
 )urse, the senator was not so severe nor positive 
 gainst the treaty as at first, but said he would give a 
 isit to the Ambassador. 
 
 This senator had less reason than others to speak 
 gainst England, his father having been ambassador 
 lere, and honoured with the order of the Garter ; 
 lit Whitelocke did not much weigh the disoourses, 
 f other opinions of the senators in these matters, in 
 igard the Queen had reserved the determination of 
 lem to herself. 
 
 February 22, 1653. 
 
 The Queen went to Westerns, to confer with the 
 'rince about the business of her abdication, and (some 
 lought) also about the present treaty with White- 
 >cke. 
 
 Captain Croke, Whitelocke's kinsman and one of Madame 
 is gentlemen, chose for his Valentine Mr. Woolfeldt's i s Captain 
 idy, and sent her a present of English silk stockings i e n°ine! a " 
 nd gloves, which she took so well, that, he going to 
 r ait on her as his Valentine, she treated him with great 
 sspect, and gave him a ring set with a fair ruby and 
 x little diamonds about it, of the value of £80, a pre- 
 jnt fit for a lady to give who was the daughter and 
 ister of a king. 
 
 The Secretary Canterstein and the Custos Archi- 
 orum, and several other officers and gentlemen, ho- 
 oured Whitelocke to dine with him, and were pleased 
 fith their entertainment. Most of their discourse was 
 aatter of learning, and particularly of English aiu 
 
440 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 thors, as Selden, Milton, the Viscount of St. Albans, and 
 others, whom they much admired and commended, 
 and Whitelocke was not wanting or incapable to give 
 a full account of them. 
 An apology Sir George Fletewood informed Whitelocke that he 
 lendin. had spoken with Ballendin about the affront which he 
 put upon Whitelocke, and told him plainly of it ; and 
 that Ballendin, with many asseverations, denied that 
 ever he had the least intention to offer any incivility 
 to Whitelocke or any of his company, but was ready 
 to do them all service ; that the reason why he did 
 not speak to Whitelocke to go in to the Queen was, 
 because he saw him busy with one of his secretaries 
 in the window, and therefore would not interrupt him, 
 but spake to one of his sons ; and that the hanging fell 
 down by accident, and prayed Whitelocke to pardon 
 it. Fletewood told Whitelocke also, that, being with 
 the Chancellor, he spake of it, and much condemned 
 Ballendin, and said that Whitelocke might undo him 
 if he should complain of it to the Queen; but he 
 thought it more honourable for Whitelocke to pass it 
 over, and forgive this foolish action, which the Chan- 
 cellor prayed him to do. And being Ballendin denied 
 any intention of doing Whitelocke an affront, and 
 desired his pardon, he thought it best to take it for 
 a satisfaction, and told Sir George Fletewood that it 
 being the advice of his father the Chancellor, and of 
 his son Grave Eric, and of him, to any bf whom he 
 could not deny a far greater matter, he did freely pass 
 by this carriage of Ballendin, and did forget it ; which 
 being told Ballendin, he seemed very glad of it, by 
 healthing to the Ambassador. 
 
 Whitelocke visited Piementelle, who told him that 
 the Queen persisted in her purpose of abdication. 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 441 
 
 February 23, 1653. 
 
 Intelligence was given to Whitelocke that the Re- 
 ident of the Duke of Brandenburg had written from 
 London to a correspondent of his in this place, that 
 he Agent of the Swiss was dismissed by the Protec- 
 ;or with more honour at his departure than was af- 
 brded to Mr. Lagerfeldt at his return from England ; 
 md these things were here spread abroad purposely 
 ;o disturb Whitelocke's negotiation, but he thought 
 aest to take little notice of them. 
 
 Many of Whitelocke's company had observed strange Aurora 
 appearances in the sky, — exceeding brightness in the 
 light, mingled with various colours, chiefly red, and 
 swiftly passing from one part of the heavens to ano- 
 ther, and one colour, as it were, opposing and encoun- 
 tering the other. This evening, with his company, 
 Whitelocke himself, about nine o'clock, saw the sky 
 3xtended in a thick blackness, and yet transparent 
 in most places, so that the stars appeared there more 
 dear and large than in that part of the sky which was 
 white. There was no wind stirring, and the heavens 
 seemed calm and settled ; when, on a sudden, there 
 were motions towards the north-east and towards the 
 north, with great lightnings and fearful thunder-claps, 
 through fogs directing towards the north star, which 
 ippeared extraordinarily fair through a black cloud. 
 The flashes of lightning and clouds came swiftly one 
 igainst another, as it were in charging, and made 
 areaches where they went, and divided themselves as 
 nto bodies of pikes and musketeers ; then the sky 
 ippeared sometime all of blood-colour, afterwards 
 ?reen, yellow, and grey, then all black, and as it were 
 
442 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 a new battle from the north to the south, and the coi 
 trary, in a strange manner, and to the amazement i 
 the beholders, who gave their censures and predii 
 tions of it according to their several fancies. 
 
 No letters from England came this week by tl 
 post, which Mr. Bradshaw, Resident at Hamburg, ce: 
 tified to Earle, Whitelocke's secretary. 
 
 February 24, 1653. 
 
 Conference Lagerfeldt came to Whitelocke from the Chancellc 
 chancellor, to appoint a meeting ; but Whitelocke would not ha\ 
 it at his house, because the Chancellor had been thei 
 often, but he went to the Chancellor's lodging, whei 
 they were two hours together in general discourses < 
 several natures. 
 
 The Chancellor spake much of the business of Sco 
 land, and of the danger thereby to England, wherei 
 he had taken many things upon trust, and which wei 
 greatly mistaken ; but Whitelocke informed him ib 
 truth of that business, and showed him his letters ( 
 it, which gave him satisfaction that his intelligenc 
 was mistaken. He desired to know the heads of tt 
 treaty with Holland, and how far they were agree 
 upon, and showed Whitelocke a printed copy of thei 
 from Holland ; most whereof was right, but in som 
 particulars mistaken, which Whitelocke rectified. The 
 had a little discourse about the Queen's abdicatioi 
 and he seemed troubled at it. Whitelocke told hi] 
 that he had a purpose himself of retirement before r 
 came out of England. The Chancellor said he liked 
 not in Whitelocke, and much less in the Queen. 
 When Whitelocke mentioned the business of h 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 443 
 
 treaty, the Chancellor would not come to particulars 
 thereupon, but still put it off, and fell upon some 
 other discourse, being desirous to know the issue of 
 the treaty between England and Holland before any 
 further proceedings in the treaty here. 
 
 The Chancellor inquired, having been told of it be- 
 fore, what discourse Whitelocke had with the Arch- 
 bishop of Upsal. Whitelocke told him of their dis- 
 course touching the Lord's Day, and of the miserable 
 profanation of it here. The Chancellor said that it 
 was proper discourse with the Archbishop, and that 
 he did agree to Whitelocke's opinion herein, and 
 hoped that it would be brought to pass in time that 
 there should be a reformation of that abuse. 
 
 Whitelocke then told the Chancellor the discourse 
 between the Archbishop and him about the bestowing 
 of ecclesiastical promotions ; and that the Archbishop 
 wondered when Whitelocke told him that he, as a 
 Keeper of the Great Seal, or Chancellor of England, 
 and his colleagues, although laymen, yet in right of the 
 Commonwealth, as patrons of the ecclesiastical bene- 
 fices, did confer many of them upon such clerks as 
 they judged fit and able for the work of the ministry; 
 and that no other had a power of examining the fit- 
 ness of the persons thus presented by them, or of 
 contradicting those presentations, though none of his 
 colleagues nor himself were, as they term it, in holy 
 orders. This, the Chancellor said, was a point wherein 
 he was concerned, and had a question with the Arch- 
 bishop about it, in the right of his being Chancellor ; 
 and he said he was glad that Whitelocke had this dis- 
 course with the Archbishop, and hoped that it would 
 be to the Chancellor's advantage. 
 
444 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 February 25, 1653. 
 
 invoy PiementeUe visited Whitelocke, and told him that 
 idou h e h a( j received letters from Don Alonzo de Cardenas. 
 nteiie Ambassador for the King of Spain in England, where- 
 locke. by he desired PiementeUe to testify all respect from 
 him to Whitelocke, and to offer him his service, with 
 many other compliments ; for which Whitelocke en- 
 treated him to make return of his thanks and service. 
 He also acquainted Whitelocke that the King of Spain, 
 his master, had commanded his return home, and that 
 his intention was to depart from thence as soon as he 
 could conveniently, and he hoped to take his leave 
 within a few weeks, if he could possibly. Whitelocke 
 told him he should be very sorry to lose his good 
 company, but glad for the satisfaction of Piementelle's 
 desires. They communicated news to one another, and 
 so parted. 
 
 February 26, 1653. 
 
 PiementeUe sent to Whitelocke, by his secretary, 
 m the copy of a letter which the Queen wrote to Chanut, 
 now Ambassador from the King of Prance, and for- 
 merly Ambassador to this Queen :* it was in answer 
 of a letter which Chanut had written to the Queen, to 
 dissuade her from her purpose of abdication. The 
 English of the whole letter is thus : — 
 
 " I have formerly given you an account of the reasons 
 
 * [Pierre Chanut was Ambassador of France in Sweden from 
 
 1645 to 1649. He was a man of singular learning, and induced 
 
 Christina to invite Descartes to her Court, when he was still un- 
 
 , known hi France and persecuted in Holland. It was to Chanut that 
 
 I the Queen had first disclosed her scheme of abdication in 1649 : he 
 
 endeavoured to dissuade her from it.] 
 
 nas 
 
 m 
 
 dica- 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 445 
 
 vhich oblige me to persevere in the design of my abdica- 
 lon. You know that this fancy hath continued with me a 
 ong time, and that it hath not been without consideration. 
 Eight years since I resolved to put, it in execution ; it is at 
 east five years since I communicated unto you this resolu- 
 ;ion; in so long a time all the incidents have not caused 
 ne to change. I have ordered all my actions to this end, 
 md have so conducted them, without weighing, to this 
 lour, more than my readiness to finish my act, and to re- 
 ire behind the stage, and trouble not myself about the 
 ilaudite. I know that the scene which I have represented 
 s not according to the common laws of the theatre. I 
 Dermit every one to judge according to his genius ; I can- 
 lot take away this liberty, and would not if it were in my 
 power. I know there are few that judge favourably ; I as- 
 sure myself that you are of that number. Other men know 
 aot my reasons and humour, since I never declared this to 
 my person but yourself and one more, who hath a soul 
 »reat and fair enough to judge thereof, as you have. Satis 
 ?st unus, satis est nullus. I mock at the rest, and shall do 
 the honour to him of the troop whom I shall esteem suffi- 
 ciently ridiculous to divert me, and never take the pains to 
 make my apology to them ; and in the great leisure which 
 I prepare for myself I shall never be idle enough to re- 
 member them. I shall employ that leisure to examine my 
 past life, to correct my errors, without repenting the plea- 
 sure I have taken in doing good to men, and to have pu- 
 aished those that deserved it. I shall have the comfort that 
 I never made any criminous that were not so, nor spared 
 any that were so. I have preferred the conservation of the 
 State before all other considerations, and have sacrificed 
 all with joy to the interest thereof; and have nothing to 
 reproach me in that administration, which I possessed with- 
 out pride, and quit with facility. Fear not for me : I am 
 in safety, and my good is not in the power of fortune. I 
 shall be happy whatsoever may fall out. Only God hath 
 power over me ; not men, nor never shall. I apprehend 
 
446 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 that this Providence whereof you speak {omnia sunt propitia) 
 will take the care to order my affairs; I submit myself 
 with that respect and resignation as I ought to her will : 
 if it leave the conduct of my affairs to myself, I shall em- 
 ploy what she gives me of faculties in my soul and under- 
 standing to render myself happy ; and I shall be so, as far 
 as I shall be persuaded that I ought to fear nothing, either 
 from men or from God. I shall employ the rest of my life 
 to familiarize these thoughts, and from the harbour to be- 
 hold the storms of those who are tossed in this life with 
 the tempests, which they here suffer for want of applying 
 their minds to these thoughts. Am I not worthy of envy 
 in my present estate ? Doubtless I should have too many 
 envying me if my happiness were known. You have affec- 
 tion enough for me not to envy me ; and I deserve it, since 
 I ingenuously confess that I had some of these thoughts 
 from you, and learnt them in your conversation, and hope 
 one day to improve them in my leisure with you. I assure 
 myself you cannot break your word, and that you will not 
 cease to be my friend in this change, since I quit nothing 
 which is worthy your esteem. In what condition soever I 
 shall be, I shall conserve my friendship to you; and you 
 will see that no change can happen which can alter my 
 thoughts, whereof I glory. You know all this, and doubt- 
 less you believe that the greatest assurance I can give you 
 of myself is to tell you that I shall ever be 
 
 " Christina." 
 
 The Queen returned from Westerns, where she met 
 Jie Prince and conferred with him. 
 
 February 27, 1653. 
 
 Whitelocke waited on the Queen, to bid her welcome 
 in her return from Westeras. She spake nothing of 
 her abdication to Whitelocke, nor did he think fit to 
 mention it to her. They had much discourse touch- 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 447 
 
 the treaty, and she again promised that it should 
 ;xpedited in a short time after the certainty should 
 
 known of the conclusion of the Dutch treaty, 
 eh, she said, some did report that it was agreed, 
 
 others that it was broken off, but that she would 
 eve no intelligence but Whitelocke's. She in- 
 red of him touching the business of the Highland- 
 
 in Scotland, and of the defeat which was reported 
 y had given the English, and asked Whitelocke if 
 had not heard of it. He said nothing was men- 
 led of it in his letters, and that there was the less 
 son to believe it because it was reported that the 
 glanders had pursued the English as far as the 
 n of Newcastle, which is above a hundred miles 
 n them, into England. 
 
 L'he Queen told Whitelocke that she had under- 
 jd that the King of Scots was come to Breda, or 
 ,r thereabouts, to some place in the United Pro- 
 ces, to receive assistance from them, and to be in a 
 diness upon the coast to transport himself for Eng- 
 d or Scotland, as his affairs should require, and 
 t he would soon be landed on our side when he 
 uld see a fit opportunity for it. Whitelocke saicl 
 t the English fleet would be ready to attend upon 
 i in his voyage, and some good fellows would be 
 dy to entertain him and his company at their land- 
 . Of this intelligence Whitelocke thought fit to 
 e notice to the Council in England. 
 ki this conference the Queen discoursed with The Q aeen 
 
 „ . , . , , , favourable 
 
 ihtelocke concerning bpam, and said she thought to a triple 
 vould be of great advantage, both to Sweden and with^ug- 
 o-land, to have an alliance together with Spain ; and g^™ 4 
 3 asked Whitelocke if he would treat about it. He 
 
448 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 answered, that he had no commission concerning a 
 treaty about Spain, and that he had heard out of Eng- 
 land that, the Spanish Ambassador there had begun a 
 treaty of aUiance with England, and that the Protector 
 had appointed some commissioners to treat with him 
 upon that subject. 
 
 The Queen replied, that it would be good to have 
 all the three nations comprehended in one treaty of 
 alliance, which would be to the mutual advantage of 
 them all, and that she would send an Ambassador into 
 England, by whom it might be effected. Whitelocke 
 said he was of the same opinion as to the mutual ad- 
 vantage of the three nations by such a treaty, in re- 
 gard of the addition of strength and increase of trade 
 which thereby would come to all of them, and that 
 he believed the generous disposition of those three 
 nations had much of affinity to one another, which 
 would make such a treaty of the greater force, and 
 more durable. 
 
 The Queen said that was a great argument to raise 
 those thoughts which she had of it, and desired 
 Whitelocke to further it what he could. He replied, 
 that he could not yet tell what would be the issue of 
 the treaty already begun in England with the Spanish - 
 Ambassador, and that he apprehended it would be 
 best first to conclude the treaty here between Eng- 
 land and Sweden ; and afterwards, if both these na- 
 tions did see it fit, the Spaniard might be taken in as 
 there should be cause, whereunto the conclusion of 
 the treaty here would be a furtherance. The Queen 
 said that was true, and desired Whitelocke to acquaint 
 the Protector with her opinion herein, which he pro- 
 mised her Majesty to do. 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 449 
 
 Then the Queen discoursed with Whitelocke about The Queen 
 
 -j-, ,. _ inquires of 
 
 linglish plantations and territories in America, of the British 
 ich he gave her Majesty a full account, as to the abroad! 1011 
 ribbee Islands, Virginia, New England, Maryland, 
 I that of his brother-in-law, the Lord Willoughby,* 
 Surinam, whereof they had much discourse ; and 
 
 Queen seemed to wonder that the English should 
 re so many and so large territories in those remote 
 ■ts of the world. Whitelocke told her the occasions 
 i successes of those discoveries and plantations, 
 1 with them mentioned the trade of the English in 
 inea for gold, and the forts which they had made 
 1 kept there. 
 
 rhen the Queen told Whitelocke, under secresy, 
 it some of her people had a footing in Guinea, and 
 A she had a purpose of buying in a privilege which 
 i had granted to some of her subjects concerning 
 de to Guinea, which would be very beneficial ; and 
 it if any in England would buy her right there, 
 ; would be willing to part with it. Whitelocke of- 
 ed that if her Majesty pleased he would write to 
 s Guinea Company of Merchants, and to others in 
 ndon, about this matter, and give her an answer 
 jreunto ; which she desired him to do, and said 
 it if any would deal for it they should have a good 
 rgain. 
 
 Whitelocke then told the Queen, as seasonable 
 on this occasion, the business which he had in 
 arge concerning the Guinea Company in London, 
 d of an injury which her Majesty's subjects had 
 
 * [Lord WiUougkby, of Parham, was brother of Whitelocke's 
 
 ond wife. He was Governor of sundry Colonies in the "West 
 
 Jies.] 
 
 VOL. I. 2 G 
 
450 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 done to the English in Guinea, wherein he said he pre- 
 sumed that her Majesty would cause right and justice 
 to be done. The Queen answered, that was very 
 fit, and that she could wish England would take care 
 to hinder the King of Denmark from the trade of 
 that place, for which she was informed that he was now 
 preparing ships to be sent thither, and would endea- 
 vour thereby the destruction of the interest both of 
 the Swedes and English in that place. She desired 
 Whitelocke to give notice thereof to the Protector and 
 to those particular persons who were concerned in the 
 trade of Guinea, that some course might be taken to 
 prevent the prejudice which thereby would arise to 
 that plantation ; and herein Whitelocke gave notice 
 accordingly. 
 
 February 28, 1653. 
 
 The master of the ceremonies, and several other 
 persons of quality, doing Whitelocke the honour to 
 dine with him, they had much discourse of the Queen's 
 abdication, the general argument of that time, and 
 of her Majesty's journey to Westerns, to meet the 
 Prince, about which they informed Whitelocke that 
 the Prince did acquiesce in the Queen's proposals 
 touching her resignation, and had remitted the con- 
 clusion of the whole matter to an Assembly of the 
 Estates of this kingdom, who are summoned to meet 
 on the 2nd of May next ; but it might be doubted 
 whether they would consent to the proposals. If they 
 did not consent, then it could not be effected ; but if 
 they did consent, then it would be but short ; and 
 that all the great officers, the nobility, and the princi- 
 pal men of the kingdom, had taken an oath of fidelity 
 
SWEDISH EMBASSY. 451 
 
 ;o the Prince, as Prince of Sweden, at the coronation 
 rf the Queen. And they said they believed that if the 
 ^ueen should press it, the Estates would obey her ; 
 ind they observed that the Prince did not return from 
 Westerns to the Isle of Uland, which is a great dis- 
 ance from hence, and where he formerly resided, but 
 (rent to a house of his own near this place, that he 
 night not be far off during the Assembly of Estates 
 md transaction of this business. 
 
 END OF VOLUME I. 
 
 JOHN EDWABB TAYLOB, PBINTEE, 
 LITT1E QUBEN SIEBET, LINCOLN'S INS HILDS. 
 

 £r*- M 
 
 1 / / J J - * 
 
 
 UU 
 
 -A_,M>^ $ - 
 
 
 
 
 
 /■■%' /'------'I' 
 
 I- V 
 
 
 3^ „, 
 
 
BOOKS ON RURAL SPORTS, &c. 
 
 The GREYHOUND : A Treatise on the Art, of 
 
 Breeding, Rearing, and Training Greyhounds for Public Running. By Stonekenge. 
 With Frontispiece, many Portraits of Greyhounds, and other Illustrations. Square 
 crown 8vo. price One Guinea, half-bound. 
 
 HORSEMANSHIP for "the. SCHOOL, the ROAD, 
 
 and the FIELD ; or, the Art of Riding and Managing a Horse. By Captain 
 Richardson, late of the 4th Light Dragoons. ' Square jfajW ft 8vo. with Illustration*, 
 price Its. half-bound.' Mr 
 
 PRACTICAL HORSEMANSHIP. By Harry 
 
 Hieoyer. With Two Plates— One representing Going tiki IForkmen ; the other, 
 Going like MuJ/'s. Fep. 8vo. price 5s. half-bound. 
 
 REMINISCENCES of 'a HUNTSMAN. By the 
 
 Hon. Grantley F. Berkeley. With 4 Etchings by John Leech (1 coloured). 
 8vo. price 14s. 
 
 The RIELE and the HOUND in CEYLON. By 
 
 S. W Bakek, Esq. With numerous Engravings on Wood and Illustrations printed 
 in Colours. 8vo. price 14s. '".* 
 
 RAMBLES in SEARCH of SPORT in GERMANY^ 
 
 FRANCE, ITALY, and RUSSIA. By the Hon. Ferdinand St. John. With** 3 
 coloured Plates. Post 8vo. price 'Js. 6d. 
 
 The CHASE in BRITTANY : With Remarks on ( 
 
 French People and their Affairs. By I. Hope. 16mo. price One Shilling. 
 
 [Traveller's Li 
 
 ADVENTURES in the"\viLT>S of NORTH AM' 
 
 RICA. By Charles Lanman. Edited by Charles Richard Weld. Ifimo. price 
 Half-a-C'rown ; or in Two 'Parts, One Sliilling each. [Traveller's Librfii 
 
 ix. g 
 
 The ROD and LINE ; or, Practical Hints and D| 
 
 Devices for the sure Taking of Trout, Grayling, &c. By IIewett Wheatle 
 Senior Angler. With 9 coloured Plates. Fcp. Svo. price 10s. 6d. 
 
 PULMAN'S VADE-MECUM of ELY-EISHIN 
 
 TROUT : With plain and copious Instructions for Making Artificial Flies, 
 enlarged Edition; with several Woodcuts. Fcp. 8vo. price 6s. ' 
 
 EPHEMERA'S HANDBOOK of ANGLING; Teach- 
 
 ing Fly-Fishiug, Trolling, Bottom-Fishing, Salmon-Fishing. Third and cheaper 
 Edition ; with many -Woodcuts. Fep. 8vo. price 5s. 
 
 EPHEMERA^ BOOK of the SALMON : Comprising' 
 
 the Theory, Principles'; and Practice of Fly-Fishing for Salmon : with copious List* 
 of Flies, coloured. Phtes, &c. - Fcp. 8vo. price 14s. 
 
 London : Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans. 
 
lEsffiS