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 A hidden phase of American histoi 
 
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 AMERICAN HISTORY 
 
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A HIDDEN PHASE OF 
 AMERICAN HISTORY 
 
 Ireland's Part in America's 
 Struggle for Liberty 
 
 BY 
 
 MICHAEL J. O'BRIEN 
 
 HISTOKIOGRAPHEB, AMERICAN IRISH HISTORICAL SOCIETY 
 
 ILLUSTRATED BY PORTRAITS IHOM THE EMMET COLLECTION, 
 
 FACSIMILES OF DOCUMENTS IN ENGLISH ARCHIVES, 
 
 REPRODUCED BY ANNA FRANCES LEVINS 
 
 ,/ 
 
 " There is America, which at this day serves for little more than to 
 amuse you with stories of savage men and uncouth manners, yet shall, 
 ■ before you taste of death, show itself equal to the whole of that com- 
 merce which now attracts the envy of the world."— 
 
 — Edm0ND Bdrke, Speech on Conciliation of America, II, 115. 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 DODD, MEAD AND COMPANY 
 
 1919 
 
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Op 
 
 ^45"^^. 
 
 Copyright, 1919, 
 Bt DODD, mead and company, Inc. 
 
 5 
 
 /' 
 
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CONTENTS 
 
 CHAPTER PAGE 
 
 Introduction . . . . J. I. C. Clarke xi 
 - — ^ I Attititdb of the People of Ireland To- 
 ward THE American Colonists ... 1 
 II Benjamin Franklin's Visits to Ireland ' . 25 
 m Irish Sympathy for the Revolting Colo- 
 nies 38 
 
 •-^ rV Efforts to Conciliate the Irish Catholics 54 
 
 V History by Suppression 66 
 
 ~^^^I Ireland's Share in America's Fight for ^ 
 
 Freedom 74 
 
 -VII False Statements Refuted 98 
 
 VTII Irish Names in American Muster-Rolls . 118 
 
 IX The Friendly Sons of Saint Patrick . . 148 * 
 
 X "The Line OF Ireland" 173 
 
 XI More History by Suppression ..... 186 
 
 XII Marion, Lacey, and McClure .... 200 
 
 XIII Irishmen Flock to the Standard op Wash- 
 
 ington 210 
 
 XIV Irish Immigration Prior to the Revolu- 
 
 tion 241* 
 
 XV Vast Irish Immigrations to Pennsylvania 253 
 
 __XVI The "Scotch-Irish" Myth 286. 
 
 XVII Early Irish Settlements in New York . 295 * 
 
 XVIII The "Irish Donation" 306 
 
 XIX Early Irish Settlers in Virginia . . . 322 
 
 XX More Light on the "Scotch-Irish" Myth 336* 
 
 XXI Early Irish Settlers in the Carolinas . 350 
 
 ^ XXII Pre-Revolutionaey Irish in Georgia . . 363 
 
 XXIII The First Census of the United States . 373* 
 
 XXIV America's Debt to Ireland 385 
 
 Appendix 443 
 
 Index . . . 527 
 
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ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 FACING 
 FAQB 
 
 General George Washington .... Frontispiece 
 
 General John Sullivan 4 
 
 Edmund Burke 16 
 
 Charles Thomson 26 
 
 Isaac Barr6 36 
 
 Facsimile, part of Pennsylvania Packet of November 27, 
 
 1775 46 
 
 James Duane 62 
 
 Facsimile, Testimony of Joseph Galloway, from New 
 
 York Royal Gazette of October 27, 1779 ... 78 
 Facsimile, Testimony of General James Robertson, 
 
 from Parliamentary Register 90 
 
 Facsimile, Testimony of General James Robertson, 
 from A View of the Evidence Relative to the Con- 
 duct of the American War, as Given Before a Com- 
 mittee of the House of Commons 102 
 
 Facsimile, Letter of Ambrose Serle 106 
 
 Facsimile, Letter of General Sir Henry Clinton . . 110 
 
 Facsimile, Letters of Joseph Galloway 118 
 
 George Read 128 
 
 General William Irvine 136 
 
 George Bryan 150 
 
 Facsimile, part of New York Packet of June 19, 1783 . 162 
 Facsimile, George Washington's signature to the mem- 
 bership roll of the Society of the Friendly Sons of 
 
 Saint Patrick 172 
 
 Colonel Walter Stewart 184 
 
 vii 
 
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viii ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 FACINO 
 PAGE 
 
 Count Arthur Dillon . . . .y . . . .". ■ 202 
 
 Colonel John Shee . . . ■ , . ' ^12 
 
 General Richard Montgomery ^22 
 
 General Edward Hand . 230 
 
 James Smith 244 
 
 Colonel Stephen Moylan 260 
 
 Facsimile, part of Pennsylvania Gazette of August 11, 
 
 1773 274 
 
 Thomas Lynch, Jr 286 
 
 Edward Rutledge 296 
 
 Major James McHenry 306 
 
 Commodore John Barry 316 
 
 General Andrew Lewis 328 
 
 Charles Carroll 346 
 
 George Taylor 356 
 
 Matthew Thornton 366 
 
 Thomas McKean 376 
 
 General Richard Butler 386 
 
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TO 
 
 THOMAS ADDIS EMMET, M.D., LL.D., K.ST.G. 
 
 IRISH SCHOLAR AND AMERICAN PATRIOT 
 
 THIS BOOK IS DEDICATED BY 
 
 THE AUTHOR 
 
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INTRODUCTION 
 
 IT has fallen to the lot of the author of this research 
 into the quality and volume of Irish participation 
 in the struggle for American Independence to accom- 
 plish more at a stroke than all who have preceded him. 
 Mr. O'Brien has indeed vindicated his title as Historiog- 
 rapher of the American Irish Historical Society in put- 
 ting forth a work so clear, so luminous, so convincing 
 that it may be said to be the last word on the subject, 
 save as he himself may choose to add to it. 
 
 In boldly traversing the statements of such American 
 historians as George Bancroft and Henry Cabot Lodge, 
 he has in all cases quoted their own words on the related 
 points, and proceeded therefrom to. the utter demolition 
 of their premises and conclusions with a crushing weight 
 of evidence, marshalled with care, argued with acumen, 
 and presented in admirable order. These statements 
 derogatory to the part played by the Irish race in Ire- 
 land and America during the War of the Revolution, 
 although frequently challenged, have long stood without 
 conclusive answer. Mr. O'Brien has found the answer 
 absolute. In this matter rhetoric has been set against 
 rhetoric times out of mind. For the first time, an in- 
 disputable array of cogent facts, stated without flourish, 
 points to inevitable conclusions fatal to the misstate- 
 ments of the historians named. This might be glory 
 enough for the author, but he does not halt there. 
 
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xii INTRODUCTION 
 
 The real value of the triumph lies in the constructive 
 and demonstrative nature of the work. Valuable as it 
 might be in its phase of convicting certain widely ac- 
 cepted writers of misinformation, unfairness, injustice, 
 or prejudice, as the case may be, its importance inheres 
 in establishing certain standards of fact concerning the 
 part played by the Irish in the ranks of the Continental 
 army which must stand for all time. Intensive re- 
 search may add corroboration to Mr. O'Brien's aver- 
 ments ; the Irish race may rest assured that nothing dis- 
 coverable will shake his conclusions. The reason for this 
 sweeping substantiation of our Historiographer's argu- 
 ment resides in the method with which he has wrought. 
 It is simplicity itself, but it involves such close, persis- 
 tent, patient, indefatigable examination and study of 
 the records that the conclusions reached are patent. I 
 may say he establishes unequivocally that thirty-eight 
 per cent, of the Revolutionary army that won American 
 independence was Irish! And it is a fascinating story. 
 His massing of fact upon fact, and record upon record, 
 is as surprising as it is masterly. Anyone, of whatever 
 race, who loves a brilliant argument deftly driven home 
 will rejoice in the reading of it. 
 
 The work divides itself easily into three parts — one 
 devoted to laying bare the heart of the Irish race in 
 Ireland during the War for Independence as beating in 
 sympathy with the revolted Colonies in America, and 
 therein refuting the statements of Bancroft founded 
 upon one-sided quotation and misread information, and 
 involving suppression of important historical facts. In 
 its way it is as conclusive as the other parts of the work, 
 
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INTRODUCTION xiii 
 
 and will be read by the Irish-born and Irish-descended 
 with real gusto. The second part of the work is devoted 
 to the Irish in the Revolutionary army, to whom I have 
 already referred. 
 
 The third part deals most importantly with the early 
 Irish immigration into the American Colonies, evolving 
 remarkable conclusions based on attainable facts. While 
 these facts are spread out to the confusion of ignorant 
 or prejudiced historians, they mightily contribute to the 
 self-respect and add to the knowledge of the American 
 Irish. We are no new-comers in these United States, 
 as is well proven in this book. Not the least engaging 
 portion of this section of the book is the author's caustic 
 treatment of the use of the absurd term "Scotch-Irish." 
 So often applied by callow ethnologists, the lamentable 
 fact is that it has constituted the last resort of snob- 
 bery, an apology by a snob for what indicated his real 
 claim to consideration — his Irish blood. Of great co- 
 gency and sharp interest also is Chapter XXIII, 
 in its remorseless exposure of the erroneous figures re- 
 lating to the Irish in America in 1790, as set forth in 
 a certain United States Government pubhcation. 
 Homer nodded badly that time, and Mr. O'Brien prods 
 him with the point of Achilles' sword — more, however, 
 in sorrow than in anger, and without a trace of the mode 
 of Thersites. 
 
 Here, then, are the credentials of the Irish for a high 
 place in the American Pantheon, for a continuing station 
 of prominence among the stalwart builders of the Re- 
 public, those intrepid men who cemented the foundations 
 
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xiv INTRODUCTION 
 
 of its structure with their blood and laid its stones with 
 their brain and brawn. 
 
 To Michael Joseph O'Brien, the Irish race in Amer- 
 ica will forever be a debtor. It is not in the curriculum 
 of his school of effort to consider for a moment the per- 
 sonal equation. Without other thought, he has worked 
 in sincerity for the good name of his race on the Ameri- 
 can continent. The publication of this, his latest com- 
 plete effort, is his great compensation. It is the apex of 
 much work on similar lines which has brought him high 
 consideration among historical writers and his country- 
 men, and it is something more than usual, too, from the 
 fact that all this and other historical research has been 
 carried on in the time that means leisure to others cir- 
 cumstanced like himself. 
 
 What can and should be done concerning this by his 
 compatriots is a question well worth consideration, but 
 one thing should be done eagerly and at once, and that 
 is to see to the circulation in large successive editions of 
 this book. There are at least five thousand libraries in 
 the United States in which it should be placed for con- 
 tinued reference by students, and there are many thou- 
 sands of Irish homes in which it should be a treasured 
 possession. Those fortunate enough to get it in their 
 hands should promote its circulation by all means in their 
 power; for, besides being an historical work of capital 
 importance, based upon data gathered with prodigious 
 labor from unimpeachable sources, it is such an inspiring 
 record of heroic deeds and sacrifices by the high-souled 
 men of an earlier day, gloriously crowned by the estab- 
 lishment of free government upon this continent, that 
 
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INTRODUCTION xv 
 
 it will fill with a just pride the heart of every true Ameri- 
 can and of every Irishman in the liberty-loving little 
 nation beyond the sea. 
 
 Joseph I, C. Clarke, 
 President-General, 
 American Irish Historical Society. 
 December, 1918. 
 
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CHAPTER I 
 
 ATTITUDE OF THE PEOPLE OF IRELAND TOWARD 
 THE AMERICAN COLONISTS 
 
 How Bancroft misstated the facts. The "Address to the King" 
 forced through Parliament at the command of the Lord Lieu- 
 tenant. Resultant anger of the people. How the Irish patriot 
 leaders opposed the address." Burke, Barre, and ConoUy among 
 the staunchest friends of America in the English Parliament. 
 Lord Chatham declared that "the whole Irish nation favour 
 the Americans." Barre's famous speech characterizing the 
 revolting Colonists as "Sons of Liberty." The Stamp Act. 
 Rejoicings in Ireland over its repeal. 
 
 HISTORY is the high court of humanity," wrote 
 Bancroft, "where truth must be heard and justice 
 must be pronounced." But, in so far as the history of 
 the War of the Revolution is concerned, much of it has 
 been written by one-sided practitioners in that "court" ; 
 the testimony which they offered has not been analyzed 
 by the jury, nor adjudicated upon by impartial judges; 
 so that an unbiased verdict has never been rendered, the 
 result being that much ignorance prevails as to certain 
 details of the history of that eventful period. 
 
 It cannot be said that even Bancroft himself, in all 
 cases, observed the strictest nicety in adhering to the 
 spirit of his own aphorism, for there are many statements 
 in his work which, when compared with the authentic 
 records, are irreconcilably at variance therewith, and for 
 these inaccuracies he has been criticized severely by other 
 
 1 
 
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2 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 historians. Of course, no man is infallible, nor are 
 historians exempt from the possibility of error; and while 
 George Bancroft proved no exception to that rule, he ' 
 has also been charged with "suppression of facts," "mis- 
 representation," and the creation of "false impressions." 
 And there is one feature of his work wherein, either by- 
 withholding from his readers a full narration of the facts, 
 or through his lack of knowledge of the facts, he has not 
 afforded them the means of testing the accuracy of his 
 assertions or the justice of his judgments. By this I 
 mean his animadversions upon the attitude of the people 
 of Ireland toward the American Colonists during the 
 War of the Revolution. 
 
 In Bancroft'silw^or?/ of the UnitedStates, the author 
 says: "When the news from Lexington and Bunker Hill 
 arrived, the Irish Parliament voted that it heard of the 
 rebellion with abhorrence and was ready to show to the 
 world its attachment to the sacred person of the King." 
 And further, "the people [of Ireland] sent against 
 them [the Americans] some of their best troops and their 
 ablest men." ^ 
 
 These statements do not enhance the reputation for 
 impartiality which Bancroft has enjoyed. In fact, there 
 are three distinct reasons for saying that they are mis- 
 statements of fact, because (1) the Irish Parliament did 
 not vote as Bancroft said; (2) it took no action what- 
 ever on American affairs until November, 1775, which 
 was several months after "the news from Lexington 
 and Bunker Hill" was known in Ireland; and (3) not 
 only did "the people of Ireland" not send troops against 
 
 1 History of the United States, Vol. V, pp. 474, 504. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 8 
 
 the Americans, but throughout the war they remained 
 the steadfast friends of the American cause. The pre- 
 cise facts, as furnished by the records of the time, are 
 as follows: 
 
 The inspiring news from Lexington had reached Ire- 
 land as early as the last week of May, 1775, and not 
 only was the fact also known in that country that Amer- 
 ica had struck a blow for freedom six months before the 
 battle of Lexington, when Sullivan and his fellow pa- 
 triots seized the guns and ammunition at Fort William 
 and Mary,^ but the press of Dublin in the simimer of 
 1775 rang with the praises of the valiant sons of Morris 
 O'Brien ^ for winning "the Lexington of the Seas." * 
 On the 11th of October, 1775, a proposed "Address to 
 the King" by the Irish Parliament stated they had 
 "heard with abhorrence and feel with indignation of the 
 Rebellion existing in a part of your American Domin- 
 ions"; but, corrupt and slavish though that Parliament 
 was, this language was found to be objectionable and, 
 after debate, it was stricken from the Address before 
 the question was put to a final vote. In the seventeenth 
 volume of the Journals of the House of Commons of 
 the Kingdom of Ireland, published at Dublin in 1776, 
 
 ^ In September, 1774. 
 
 ^ Morris O'Brien was a native of Dublin. 
 
 * The first naval battle of the American Revolution, fought oflF 
 Machias, Maine, on June 12, 1775. Cooper, in his History of the 
 United States Navy, calls it "the Lexington of the Seas." For 
 a full account of the remarkable exploit of the O'Briens, see Life 
 of Captain Jeremiah O'Brien, Commander of the First Flying 
 ' Squadron of the American Revolution, by Dr. Andrew M. Sherman, 
 Morristown, New Jersey, 1902. 
 
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4 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 it is shown that the "Address to the King," as originally 
 framed, was rejected by ninety-two "noes" to fifty-two 
 "ayes." The language quoted was used in the third par- 
 agraph of the Address, but an amendment was proposed 
 "to read the third paragraph a second time," and, on the 
 vote on "the question," the record shows "the House 
 divided" and the amendment was passed in the follow- 
 ing month by a vote of ninety to fifty-four.^ The words 
 "we hear with abhorrence and feel with indignation of 
 the Rebellion existing in a part of your American Do- 
 minions" were changed by the amendment to read: 
 
 "It is with the deepest Concern, that we hear of the Dissensions 
 that have unfortunately arisen between Great Britain and her 
 Colonies, and we beg Leave to assure your Majesty that we shall 
 at all times be ready to manifest our Zeal and attachment to your 
 Majesty's Person and Government, relying upon the Wisdom, 
 Justice and Mercy of your Majesty's Councils for terminating 
 those Dissensions in the Manner most advantageous for every part 
 of the British Empire." 
 
 So, after all, the Irish Parliament did not vote as 
 Bancroft said; they did not view the rebellion "with 
 abhorrence," and I leave it to the judgment of impartial 
 readers to say whether Bancroft had some ulterior mo- 
 tive in omitting all reference to the amendment, or 
 
 ^ As a matter of fact, the opposition to the "Address to the King" 
 was greater than the vote indicates. Lecky remarks upon "the 
 abstention of more than one-half the members of the House of 
 Commons on a question so vitally important," and states that "it 
 was probably in some degree due to the American sympathies of 
 many members who owed their seats to great borough-owners now 
 in alliance with the government, and who were, therefore, accord- 
 ing to the received code of parliamentary honour, precluded from 
 voting against the Ministers." {History of Ireland during the 
 Eighteenth Century, Vol. II, London, 1892.) 
 
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MAJOR GENERAL xJOHN SULLIA^AN 
 
 OF THE CONTINENTALARMX SON OF JOHN SULLIVAN 
 OF LIMERICK AND MARJERY SULLIVAN OF CORK, IRELAND. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 5 
 
 whether it was simply because this part of the record 
 escaped his notice. Standing alone and without qual- 
 ification, the language used by Bancroft in describing 
 the action of the Irish Parliament was utterly unworthy 
 of a great historian, for if he had only explained the 
 status of the Irish Parliament as a legislative body, or its 
 relationship to the people of Ireland, the "sting" might 
 have been removed. His chapter on the Penal Laws, 
 and their resultant misery and injustice to the Irish 
 people, clearly indicates that he was thoroughly con- 
 versant with the situation in Ireland, and by no stretch 
 of the imagination can we suppose that when examin- 
 ing the proceedings of the House of Commons, he failed 
 to notice the record of the above quoted amendment to 
 the Address to the King, which made a very material 
 change in its original language. 
 
 As Lecky says, "Usually, such addresses passed un- 
 opposed, but on this occasion a most earnest and per- 
 sistent, opposition was made," and Earl Harcourt, who 
 "had no illusions about the strength of American feeling 
 in Ireland," wrote that "the debate was conducted with 
 great violence on the part of the Opposition." "It was 
 in this manner," declares Lecky, "and to the bitter in- 
 dignation of the small group of independent members, 
 that Ireland was committed to the American struggle." ** 
 
 But Bancroft committed an even more serious error, 
 or, rather, it might be said he brought a more serious 
 charge against the Irish people, in his statement rela- 
 tive to the troops sent from Ireland to fight the Ameri- 
 
 ^ W. E. H. Lecky, History of Ireland during the Eighteenth 
 Century, Vol. II, p. l60. 
 
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6 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 cans, and this portion of his history may, in truth, be 
 described as "the writing of history by suppression." 
 
 On November 23, 1775, as stated in the Journals of 
 the House of Commons, Earl Harcourt, "Lord-Lieu- 
 tenant-General and Governor- General of Ireland," ap- 
 peared before the Irish Parliament at the express com- 
 mand of the King and said : 
 
 "I have His Majesty's Commands to acquaint you that the 
 Situation of Affairs in Part of His American Dominions is such 
 as makes it necessary for the Honour and Safety of the British 
 Empire, and for the support of His Majesty's Just Rights, to 
 desire the Concurrence of His Faithful Parliament of Ireland in 
 sending out of this Kingdom a Force not exceeding Four Thousand 
 Men, Part of the Number of Troops upon this establishment, ap- 
 pointed to remain in this Kingdom, for its Defence, and to declare 
 to you His Majesty's Most Gracious Intention, that such Part of 
 his Army as shall be spared out of this Kingdom, to Answer the 
 present Exigency of Affairs, is not to be continued a Charge upon 
 this Establishment, so long as they shall remain out of the Kingdom. 
 I am further commanded to inform you, that as His Majesty hath 
 nothing more at Heart, than the Security and Protection of His 
 People of Ireland, it is His Intention, if it shall be the desire of 
 Parliament, to replace such Forces as may be sent out of this 
 Kingdom, by an equal Number of Foreign Protestant Troops, as 
 soon as His Majesty shall be enabled so to do, the Charge for such 
 Troops to be defrayed without any Expense to this Kingdom.'' 
 
 Unthinking persons, or those unacquainted with the 
 true status of the Irish Parliament as then constituted, 
 would naturally conclude, on reading Bancroft, that the 
 Irish people willingly sent troops to fight against Ameri- 
 can liberty. In fact, Bancroft leaves no room for doubt 
 on that score when he says: "The cause of the United 
 States was the cause of Ireland. Among the fruits of 
 
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OF AMERfCAN HISTORY 7 
 
 their battles was the recovery for the Irish of her equal 
 rights in trade and legislation. Yet such is the compli- 
 cation in human affairs, that the people who of all others 
 should have been found taking part with America sent 
 against them some of their best troops and their ablest 
 men." That statement is not only misleading, but the 
 facts on record show it to be utterly false, for the people 
 of Ireland had neither hand, act nor part in sending 
 troops out of Ireland. The despatches published in the 
 newspapers of the time and the proceedings of the Eng- 
 lish Parliament clearly indicate that all official orders 
 relating to the troops in Ireland destined for America, 
 even such relatively unimportant orders as those con- 
 cerning the transfer of troops from one military station 
 to another within the British Isles, emanated from Lon- 
 don, and that no orders concerning movements of troops 
 originated with the Irish Parliament or with the mili- 
 tary authorities in Ireland. 
 
 From the official reports of the incident the infer- 
 ence is plain that the British government, before the 
 appearance in Parliament of the King's emissary, had 
 already determined to send troops from Ireland to 
 America, and although they asked for the formal "con- 
 currence" of the Irish Parliament, it is perfectly obvious, 
 in case that concurrence was not forthcoming, they 
 would have carried out their intention in any event. In 
 a speech in the English Parliament on February 15, 
 1776, the Secretary of War, Lord George Germain, 
 stated that the request to the Irish Parliament was 
 merely "a formality," saying: "His Majesty might have 
 ordered the whole or any part of the troops in Ireland 
 
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8 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 to any part of the British Dominions he pleased with- 
 out applying to the Parliament of either Kingdom." '' 
 For under the operation of "Poynings' Law" the Brit- 
 ish crown and Parliament had absolute control over 
 the Irish Parliament in all matters affecting "the Em- 
 pire." As a matter of fact, the Irish Parliament, con- 
 stituted as it was, could not be expected to vote other- 
 wise than as the King commanded; but notwithstanding 
 this, we find that on many occasions some of its intrepid 
 spirits manifested a sturdy independence, and on the 
 question of sending troops to America they registered 
 their solemn "no" ; for of the one hundred and sixty-one 
 members who voted on the proposition, no less than fifty- 
 eight "noes" were recorded against it.* 
 
 As soon as the people of Dublin began to realize what 
 the action of Parliament meant, a deep sense of igno- 
 miny took possession of them; an angry mob stormed 
 the House, and the residence of the Lord Lieutenant 
 was attacked and was saved only by the timely inter- 
 ference of the soldiers. The city was stirred to its 
 depths, and we read in the despatches how "the coffee 
 houses of Dublin abound with the most violent abuse 
 against the Ministerial favourites"; and after some 
 representative citizens had signed a call for a public 
 meeting of protest, a multitude of people met in Phoenix 
 Park and expressed themselves in no uncertain tones as 
 to how they felt toward the American revolt. A con- 
 crete instance of the manifestation of this feeling is re- 
 
 ' Parliamentary Register, Vol. Ill, p. 323. 
 
 * Journals of the House of Commons of the Kingdom of Ireland, 
 Vol. XVII, p. 208; Dublin, 1776. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 9 
 
 ported in the Pennsylvania Gazette of June 5, 1776, 
 in a despatch from London dated March 14th, read- 
 ing: "Advices from DubUn say this capital will soon be 
 too hot for the Viceroy to remain much longer, so that 
 another must speedily be appointed in his room." 
 
 "There were great numbers of people in Ireland," 
 says Lecky, "who regarded the American cause as their 
 own. Already the many disastrous circumstances of 
 Irish history had driven great bodies of Irishmen to 
 seek a home in the more distant dominions of the Crown, 
 and few classes were so largely represented in the Amer- 
 ican army as Irish emigrants." ® It is not surprising, 
 then, to learn that when the news of the action of Par- 
 liament reached the country, the indignation of the pop- 
 ulace could not be restrained; riots broke out all over 
 Ireland, attacks were made on many of the members on 
 their return home, and in the Journals of the House of 
 Commons, under date of April 4, 1776, may be read 
 references by the Lord Lieutenant to "those atrocious 
 offenders who have committed such barbarous outrages 
 in some of the Counties" and who had been "effectually 
 intimidated and restrained." In fact, these riots de- 
 veloped into serious proportions, and in the Pennsyl- 
 vania Gazette of November 15, 1775, I find among the 
 news from London an item reading: "Insurrections of 
 a very alarming and dangerous nature are dreaded in 
 Ireland in the course of the ensuing spring, if troops 
 be not sent over from this country to replace the Irish 
 regiments serving in America." And in the same paper 
 
 ® W. E. H. Lecky, History of Ireland during the Eighteenth 
 Century, Vol. II, p. 160. 
 
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10 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 of November 27, 1775, in the news from London under 
 date of August 15th, we read how "Orders have been 
 despatched to the Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland and to 
 the Commander-in-Chief there to put that Kingdom in 
 the best posture of defence without delay and to execute 
 the Laws for disarming the Roman Catholics with great 
 strictness." It made not the slightest difference, there- 
 fore, how the Irish Parliament voted on this question, 
 for it is the will of the Irish people that should be con- 
 sidered, not that of a corrupt and venal Parliament, the 
 same which, twenty years later, bartered away for a 
 price the last shred of Irish liberty. 
 
 The racial composition of the Irish Parliament, at 
 that time, in itself shows that it was in no way repre- 
 sentative of the Irish people. On the roster of its three 
 hundred and seven members in the year 1775 only forty- 
 four Irish names appear, the remainder being English 
 "nobles," place-hunters, and other descendants of the 
 Cromwellian soldiers and adventurers who had planted 
 themselves in Ireland only a century before, and they 
 were as alien to the native Irish as were their hated 
 ancestors. Only seventy-two of the three hundred and 
 seven members were elected by the people, the others 
 being appointed by the English Lord Lieutenant. More 
 than three of the four millions constituting the popula- 
 tion of the island were Roman Catholics, and, as such, 
 had no more voice in elections or appointments than had 
 the natives of the Fiji Islands; and of the remaining 
 twenty-five per cent, of the people, not less than one- 
 half, under the operation of the "Test Act," were also 
 excluded from the privilege of the franchise. So that 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 11 
 
 the Irish people were in no way represented, and were 
 not responsible for any act of the so-called "Irish" Par- 
 liament, for the ruling powers in that body stood in the 
 same relationship to the people of Ireland that the his- 
 torically clownish triumvirate known as "the Three 
 Tailors of Tooley Street" bore to "the People of Eng- 
 land." 
 
 But that the little handful of Irishmen in that Par- 
 liament stood by their own people and on many occa- 
 sions expressed their unalterable sympathy with the 
 American Colonists, abundant testimony is afforded by 
 the records, some of which has been furnished by no less 
 an authority than Benjamin Franklin. The leaders of 
 the patriot party are all on record in strong speeches 
 opposed to the British government sending troops out 
 of Ireland "to suppress the cause of American independ- 
 ence." "In the Irish Parliament," says John Mitchel, 
 "most of the leading men of the Opposition opposed 
 the war upon principle; they inveighed against the un- 
 constitutional exactions of the Ministry, and in their 
 debates went very little short of formally justifying the 
 American Rebellion. The analogy between America 
 and Ireland was too close to pass unnoticed, and the 
 defection of the American Colonies produced a strong 
 effect upon Ireland." '" Especially did "the incorrupti- 
 ble Grattan," after his entry into Parliament in the 
 winter of 1775, denounce the proposition in one of his 
 
 ^° History of Ireland, by John Mitchel, p. 114; Glasgow, 1866. 
 In his Rise and Fall of the Irish Nation, Sir Jonah Barrington, 
 who lived in Ireland during the American Revolution, also testifies 
 to the natural sympathies of the Irish toward the struggling 
 Colonists. 
 
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12 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 most impassioned speeches, and his terrible arraignment 
 of Flood for his craven conduct on that occasion was one 
 of the most brilliant and fiery addresses ever delivered 
 by the great orator. America he described as "the only 
 hope of Ireland and the only refuge of the liberties of 
 mankind." 
 
 The Journals of the House of Commons show that 
 the sessions of the Irish Parliament in the spring and 
 autumn of 1775 were wholly spent in a vigorous struggle 
 between a minority, supported by the almost unanimous 
 voice of the Irish nation, and a corrupt majority which 
 held itself in readiness to carry out every whim and 
 mandate of the English ministry, in reckless disregard 
 of national feeling in Ireland. Among the leading spir- 
 its of the small but active body of Irish patriots who 
 voiced the true sentiments of the people on the subject 
 of "the American war," were such men as Yelverton, 
 Bushe, Hussey Burgh, Ponsonby, Ogle, ConoUy, and 
 Daly, historic figures who are mentioned in Irish annals 
 of the period with the same reverence as Grattan and 
 Charlemont. 
 
 Dr. MacNevin, himself a witness to the events of the 
 time, in his history of the Irish Volunteers, speaks au- 
 thoritatively of "the analogies which existed between the 
 case of America and Ireland," and in referring to the 
 formative period of Irish public opinion which resulted 
 in the organization of the famous Irish military body, 
 he says: "We have now arrived at the period of the 
 American Revolution, the giant-birth of a new world 
 of liberty. The great questions involved in the dispute 
 between England and her colonies were also the subject 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY IS 
 
 of discussion between England and Ireland. It is not, 
 therefore, at all surprising that the development and 
 progress of the Revolution were watched with great anx- 
 iety by the Irish people, and that they desired to view 
 the triumph of their own principles in the success of 
 the American arms, and to read the final issue of their 
 own efforts in the establishment of a free government 
 on the other side of the Atlantic, The example of 
 America was contagious, and Ireland was not long with- 
 out showing some of the symptoms of the Revolution." ^^ 
 When the question of raising troops in Ireland for the 
 American service was first broached in Parliament, the 
 proposition was met with vehement resistance. Under 
 the head of "Parliamentary Intelligence" in the Pennsyl- 
 vania Gazette of January 17, 1776, there is a despatch 
 dated "Dublin, October 14th," paraphrasing the debate 
 in the Irish Parliament, during which one of the mem- 
 bers repeated a statement of Lord Chatham in the Brit- 
 ish Parliament that "Ireland to a man is in favour of the 
 Americans." He said it was "the general sense of the 
 Irish Nation, expressed by their representatives, that the 
 present dispute is not between Ireland and the Colonies, 
 with whom she hath no connection, but between Great 
 Britain and her Colonies, and it would be as absurd to 
 take part as it would be if they were told si rebellion was 
 broke out in the East Indies. It was indeed an impor- 
 tant subject, as great as came before any Senate, and it 
 would be highly imprudent to interfere. It was not 
 the business of this House to decide that the Americans 
 
 ^^ History of the Volunteers of 1782, by Thomas MacNevin; 
 Dublin, 1853. 
 
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14 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 are rebels, without any means of judging that they are 
 so, that they had a p'erfect right to resist an unjust tax." 
 Barry Yelverton, one of the most powerful speakers in 
 the House, delivered a bold and eloquent speech against 
 sending troops out of Ireland. He justified fully the 
 revolt of the Colonists, declaring "no slavery could he 
 more perfect than where men were taxed without being 
 represented," that "the Ministry had cut off the rights 
 of Thirteen Colonies at once, that Ireland would be next, 
 and then, when Liberty had but one neck, that too would 
 be lopped off at one stroke." 
 
 In a fiercely conducted debate, Irish Commoners as- 
 serted that "Ireland had neither dispute with nor griev- 
 ance against the Americans," that "the question was 
 solely between Britain and her Colonies, and that Ire- 
 land should not interfere." The speech of John Fitzgib- 
 bon is thus summarized in Force's American Archives: 
 "Before we took any part in the war we should examine 
 whether it was just. He then entered into a recapitula- 
 tion of all that had passed between Great Britain and her 
 Colonies from the last war to the present time, and con- 
 cluded that the war was unjust and that Ireland had no 
 reason to be a party therein." He was followed by 
 Newenham, who declared that "he could not agree to 
 send troops to butcher men who were fighting for their 
 liberty," that "though America might be conquered, the 
 spirit of Liberty there could never be subdued." Hus- 
 sey Burgh said that "if America were brought to her 
 knees Ireland too would be enslaved," and he declared 
 himself "wholly opposed to taxing the Americans with- 
 out their consent." He condemned all aggression 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 15 
 
 against the Americans as "a violation of the law of na- 
 tions, the law of the land, the law of humanity, the law 
 of nature ; and he would not vote a single sword against 
 them." Ponsonby said "if troops are sent abroad with- 
 out our consent we should not be made parties to the 
 quarrel," and he warned his colleagues that "if we give 
 our consent, we take part against the Americans, but to 
 do this would be unjust." George Ogle, a staunch pa- 
 triot, in the course of a fiery speech shouted: "We shall 
 not be intimidated by threats, we shall not send men to 
 cut the throats of the Americans. ... If men must be 
 sent to America, let them send their foreign mercenaries, 
 not the brave sons of Ireland." ^^ 
 
 Bushe, Daly, and Conolly argued, on the ground of 
 Ireland's own interests, that "the members of the Irish 
 Parliament should not make themselves tools of 
 Britain," that "the next step would be to tax Ireland in 
 the British House of Commons." But it was all of no 
 avail, for the British ministry and crown had determined 
 to coerce the Irish Parliament, and the bill passed the 
 House by a majority of three to one. From self-inter- 
 est alone it was entirely natural that the Irish should 
 sympathize with the American cause, for they had a deep 
 interest in the success of the Colonists. There were 
 great hopes for Ireland if the Americans were success- 
 ful, -while if America lost, Ireland would have but little 
 prospect of relief. "Lord Chatham's clear mind at once 
 saw the closeness of interest between the two countries, 
 
 ^^ These speeches were also printed in the New York Packet of 
 February 22 and 29, 1776, in -despatches dated Dublin, November 
 25, 1775. 
 
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16 ■ A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 and there were also those in the Irish Parliament who 
 did not fail to perceive the same relationship. A few 
 years later, stimulated by the moral influence of the 
 American Revolution, the Catholics joined themselves 
 into an association for the purpose of agitating complete 
 independence. Lord Kenmare joined the association, 
 but he was loyal to England, and when he proposed to 
 certain influential Catholics that they raise a representa- 
 tive body of troops for the American service, his propo- 
 sition was scornfully rejected by all but a few other 
 landlords." So writes Lecky, in his History of the 
 American B evolution. 
 
 And in the English Parliament, among the staunchest 
 friends of America were three Irishmen, Burke, Barre, 
 and Conolly, who were "ever on the side of liberty and 
 justice," ^^ and were the most fearless and intelligent op- 
 ponents of the coercive measures introduced by the 
 supporters of the government to subdue the Americans. 
 And that these Irish members correctly interpreted the 
 feeling of their countrymen is seen from the debates in 
 the English House of Commons, as reported in the Par- 
 liamentary Register, in which it is shown that Burke and 
 Barre on many occasions arraigned the conduct of the 
 administration toward the Americans in the most severe 
 and scathing language. " In a speech delivered by 
 
 ''^^Pennsylvania Gazette, February 1, 1775. 
 
 ^* Several speeches on American aiFairs by Burke and Barre may 
 also be read in the Philadelphia newspapers of the year 1774 and 
 1775. Edmund Burke was the agent in England for the Province 
 of New York, and in the Pennsylvania Gazette of February 28, 
 1771, in referring to his reappointment to that post, the editor 
 said: "This Gentleman's distinguished abilities and firm attach- 
 
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P£Pf}OOUCEO BY A/VAyi fftANCSS i.ev/A/S 
 
 EDMUND BURKE 
 
 THE LEADING ADVOCATE OF AMERICAN RIGHTS IN THE ENGLISH PARLIAMENT, 
 BORN IN DUBLIN, IRELAND. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 17 
 
 i 
 
 Lord Chatham in the English Parliament in January, 
 1775, he deprecated the coercive measures being taken 
 against the Americans, saying that "the sending of 
 armed troops was not the way to make them good sub- 
 jects, for that three millions of people were not likely so 
 soon to give up their most valuable rights and undoubted 
 privileges." "Nay, what do I talk of three millions of 
 people," said his lordship; "many more, for Ireland is 
 with them to a man, and as for every Whig in this 
 country, the rights of America are so connected with his 
 own, that his hand and heart must co-operate with their 
 measures." ^^ One year later, Chatham, in warning Eng- 
 land that war with France was imminent, said: "The 
 whole Irish Nation favour the Americans." ^® 
 
 During the Revolutionary War, so utterly fearless 
 were Burke and Fox in their advocacy of American 
 
 ment to the American Cause will, no doubt, render his appointment 
 very disagreeable to our enemies at home." A despatch from 
 London on American affairs as discussed in Parliament, printed 
 in the Pennsylvania Gazette of June 27, 1771, closed with these 
 words : "It would raise an honest Indignation in you, to hear some 
 members of Parliament haranguing about "our American Planta- 
 tions/ as though the absolute Disposal of every Thing there was 
 vested solely in themselves. Those members who most warmly 
 espouse our Cause are Burke, Barre, Sir George Saville, and Mr. 
 Pownal; to these Gentlemen the Colonies are much indebted for 
 many excellent Defences." 
 
 ^^ Printed in the Pennsylvania Gazette of April 12, 1775. 
 
 ^° Parliamentary Register, Vol. II, p. 9- Lord Chatham, who was 
 in the English Parliament the protagonist of American rights and 
 liberties, became a hero in Ireland, and two streets built in Dublin 
 about this time were named Chatham Street and Pitt Street in his 
 honor. When Chatham's son resigned his commission in the army 
 as a protest against the war, many Irish officers joined him. 
 
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18 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 rights, that "they openly proclaimed in Parliament their 
 correspondence with Franklin, and they united with 
 Chatham in holding that every British and Hessian vic- 
 tory was a victory over English freedom and in pub- 
 licly giving encouragement to the American in- 
 surgents." ^'' Burke expressed his delight at America's 
 victories, and he advised his own countrymen "not to 
 join the army while the American war continued"; and, 
 as one newspaper said, "the Ministry trembled under his 
 terrible invective and the walls of Parliament never be- 
 fore resounded under such thunderous eloquence." 
 Conolly, who was a conspicuous member of the Irish 
 Parliament and was also a member of the British Par- 
 liament, warned his colleagues in the latter body that 
 "if the French landed in the South of Ireland every man 
 there will join them, and if the Americans land in the 
 North they will be just as gladly received there." 
 
 It is an important fact generally acknowledged by 
 impartial historians, that from the public utterances of 
 these Irish members the American patriots received 
 much hope and encouragement. Barre ^^ especially was 
 an old and trusted friend of the Americans. "The best 
 friend you have here is Colonel Barre," wrote Arthur 
 Lee to Samuel Adams from London on June 10, 1771. ^° 
 "Barre was our great friend in Parliament and was more 
 
 " Wharton's Diplomatic Correspondence of the American Bevo- 
 lution, Vol. I, p. 77. 
 
 ^' Barre was of the old Franco-Irish family of Barry, descended 
 from De Barrie who came to Ireland with the Norman invasion 
 in 1172. He was born in Dublin in the year 1728 and died in 1802. 
 
 ^^Life of Arthur Lee, by Richard Henry Lee, Vol. I, p. 2l6; 
 Boston, 1829. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 19 
 
 dreaded than any other orator of the Opposition." ^° 
 He had lived for some years in this country and formed 
 a close friendship with several leading men, and some of 
 his public addresses show that after his return to Eng- 
 land he carried on a correspondence with his American 
 friends and was intimately acquainted with the causes 
 for American discontent. On the seventh of Feb- 
 ruary, 1765, when the Stamp Act was introduced in 
 Parliament, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Charles 
 Townshend, denounced the Americans for their refusal 
 "to contribute their mite to relieve us from the heavy 
 weight of that burden which we lie under." Barre re- 
 sponded to the speech of Townshend, and in one of the 
 most powerful addresses of his career, and to the utter 
 amazement of the government supporters, he charac- 
 terized the" struggling Americans as "those Sons of 
 Liberty." When copies of Barre's speech ^^ were cir- 
 culated in America and organized opposition to the 
 Stamp Act had begun, Barre's shibboleth was at once 
 adopted by the patriots and thenceforward the various 
 patriotic associations began to call themselves the "Sons 
 of Liberty," 
 
 The organizations which thus came to be known as 
 the "Sons of Liberty" receive much credit in history for 
 their activities in arousing the people to a proper under- 
 
 ^° The True History of the American Revolution, by Sidney 
 George Fisher, p. 219; Philadelphia, 1902. 
 
 ^^ Barre's famous speech may be read in Lossing's Field Booh of 
 the Revolution, Vol. I, pp. 4i6'2.-4eQS. See also Mrs. Martha J. 
 Lamb's History of the City of New York, Vol. I, pp. 715-717, for 
 an interesting account of the electrical effect which it produced in 
 America. 
 
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20 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 standing of their political situation, and it is generally 
 conceded that it was the Sons of Liberty who began 
 the agitation which culminated in the Revolution. For 
 several years they had an uphill fight because of the fact 
 that the officials of the country were almost exclusively 
 English, or native sympathizers with the British govern- 
 ment, and it was not until after the passage of the Stamp 
 Act that the "Liberty Boys" began to attract any spe- 
 cial notice among the people at large. Prior to this time, 
 because of the primitive modes of travel, the patriotic 
 feeling of the country was practically unorganized and 
 whatever local associations did exist had no actual af- 
 filiations with one another, except on the part of indi- 
 viduals who carried on an irregular correspondence. But 
 psychology sometimes plays a curious part in men's lives, 
 and the psychological moment for action by 'the patriots 
 arrived with the circulation of Barre's speech by the 
 Colonial newspapers. And it is a circumstance worth 
 recording that it was an Irishman who originated the 
 name and thus gave a tremendous impetus to the Revo- 
 lutionary movement in America. 
 
 The first publication in America of Barre's famous 
 speech was in a New London newspaper, and an inter- 
 esting circumstance in connection therewith is that it 
 was an Irishman who, recognizing its importance and its 
 possibilities for rousing the people, brought a copy of the 
 speech from New York to New London. This was "the 
 Irish gentleman friendly to the cause" mentioned by the 
 historian Gordon, "who happened to be in New York 
 when the celebrated Virginia Resolutions of 1765 were 
 being handed about with great privacy. The Irish 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 21 
 
 gentleman alluded to, being there, inquired after them 
 and with much precaution was permitted to make a copy. 
 He carried them to New England, where they were pub- 
 lished and circulated far and wide in the newspapers and 
 proved eventually the occasion of those disorders which 
 afterwards broke out in the Colonies." ^^ The "Irish 
 gentleman" referred to was John McCurdy, a wealthy 
 merchant and shipowner of Lyme, Connecticut, an emi- 
 grant from Armagh, Ireland, in the year 1745. ^^ We 
 are told "he had a hereditary sense of wrong against 
 the British government, which was quickly roused when 
 oppressive measures were inaugurated against the 
 American colonies, and he was fearless in his wish to 
 meet the crisis with determined and outspoken opposi- 
 tion." ^* He was the type of Irishman who served 
 America well in that crisis, but whose history is, un- 
 fortunately, almost totally unknown to the American 
 people of the present day. 
 
 Most people seem^to think that the American Revolu- 
 tion began with the battle of Lexington, or, at any rate, 
 that its beginning was the action of the "Boston Tea 
 Party" of the year before. This is an erroneous assump- 
 tion, however; for, as a matter of fact, the Revolution 
 was an evolution which was going on in the minds of men 
 for several years before these historic events, or, to be 
 
 ^^ History of the Rise, Progress and Establishment of the Inde- 
 pendence of the United States, by William Gordon; New York, 1801. 
 
 ^^ See Eecords of the Town of Lyme, Connecticut, and Genealog- 
 ical and Biographical Monographs, compiled by Professor and 
 Mrs. Edward E. Salisbury of New Haven, Connecticut. 
 
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22 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 precise, since the passage of the Stamp Act in 1765. 
 The New York newspapers of this time furnished ample 
 evidence of the sympathy of the people of Ireland with 
 the cause of the disturbed colonies. . In Hugh Gaine's 
 New York Gazette and Weekly Mercury of February 
 10, 1766, I find an "extract of a letter from Philadel- 
 phia," which said: "Captain Jackson left Kingroad the 
 15th of November and Captain Ashmead the Cove of 
 Cork the 12th of December, but bring no later papers 
 from Cork than the 25th of November. The People of 
 Ireland say we are fine fellows, and most heartily wish us 
 Success in our Opposition to the Laws of Tyranny. 
 Their toast is. Destruction to the Stamp Act and Suc- 
 cess to the Free Sons of Liberty in America. Captain 
 Ashmead says that it is spoke with great Positiveness 
 that the Stamp Act will be repealed." The same paper 
 of March 31, 1766, printed a despatch from Philadel- 
 phia, containing "the most agreeable intelligence" that 
 "a vessel was arrived from Cork at Oxford, in Maryland, 
 the Captain of which brought a Cork News Paper, in 
 which was a Paragraph taken from one printed in Dub- 
 lin, containing a Letter from a Member of Parhament 
 to his Friend in Ireland, dated about the last of January, 
 the Substance of which was, 'that every thing relating to 
 the Affairs of America was settled, that the Stamp Act 
 was to be repealed.' These glad tidings spread a general 
 Joy all over the City, our Bells were set aringing, at 
 Night, Bonfires were lighted and the Evening was spent 
 most agreeably by the Inhabitants." 
 
 In the same paper of April 21, 1766, with an account 
 of the arrival of the ship Hihernia from Ireland, there 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 23 
 
 were published several "extracts of letters from London- 
 derry," one of which reads: "March 9, this day the 
 Packet brought the agreeable news to this town of the 
 Stamp Act being repealed, which, be assured, has given 
 us all here infinite pleasure. This goes by the Hihei-nia, 
 Captain Keith, by whom we have the pleasure to inform 
 you of the Repeal of the Stamp Act." The Act was 
 repealed by the House of Commons on February 22, 
 1766; and it is an interesting circumstance that the first 
 account of this welcome news was brought to America 
 on a vessel named Hibernia which sailed from an Irish 
 Port. ^^ In addition to these significant statements, 
 there may be seen in the newspapers two letters from 
 Irish merchants in Cork and Dublin to their correspond- 
 ents in New York and Philadelphia, encouraging the 
 Colonists to renewed exertions for a repeal of the Stamp 
 Act, and a despatch from Philadelphia in the Mercury 
 of June 2, 1766, said: "From the different parts of Ire- 
 land our Accounts are that the Rejoicings on account of 
 the Repeal of the Stamp Act were very general as well 
 as very great there." 
 
 Thus we have first-hand evidence of the strong sym- 
 pathy exhibited by the people of Ireland toward the 
 
 ^^ Several historians say that the first news of the repeal of the 
 Stamp Act reached this country "on a ship owned by John Han- 
 cock which arrived at Boston on May 13, 1766," but the above 
 account from the Nem York Gasette and Weekly Mercury proves 
 that the news was brought by the Hibernia nearly a month before. 
 The Hibernia sailed from Lough Swilly on March 15, 1766, and 
 her arrival in New York is listed in that paper among "Vessels 
 registered at the New York Custom House" under date of April 
 21, 1766. 
 
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24 A HIDDEN PHASE OF HISTORY 
 
 patriot cause in America, and that this feeling was not 
 confined to any particular section of the country. And 
 that it was not a spasmodic outburst we are told by no 
 less eminent an authority than Benjamin Franklin. 
 
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CHAPTER II 
 
 BENJAMIN FRANKLIN'S VISITS TO IRELAND 
 
 His letters show the friendliness of the people toward the American 
 cause. His "Address to the Good People^of Ireland on behalf 
 of America." The Continental Congress sympathizes with the 
 people of Ireland and acknowledges their "friendly disposi- 
 tion." Congress promises to grant Ireland her freedom. 
 Cessation of American trade with Ireland. Indignation in 
 England on the outbreak of the Revolution. 
 
 WHEN Franklin went to Europe in the capacity 
 of diplomatic agent of the United Colonies he 
 visited Ireland twice, the first time in the year 1769 and 
 again in 1771. He received very cordial receptions 
 everywhere from the people, and, as related by himself, 
 he "met the principal patriots" and "a great dinner" 
 was given in his honor by the citizens of Dublin ; all of 
 which was in direct contrast to the receptions he received 
 in England. ^ Franklin's impressions from his visits 
 to Ireland are related in his letters, now in the custody 
 of the society which he founded in Philadelphia, the 
 American Philosophical Society, and were published in 
 the year 1906, under the title of The Writings of Ben- 
 jamin Franklin, toith a Life and Introduction, by Al- 
 
 ^ Jared Sparks, in his Life of Franklin, p. 326, says that Frank- 
 lin was much abused by government officials and newspapers in 
 England, and in the London post-office "some of his letters to 
 America were clandestinely obtained and forwarded to the Min- 
 isters," who threatened his expulsion from the country. 
 
 25 
 
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26 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 bert Henry Smith and edited by John Bigelow. From 
 these letters I have made the following extracts : 
 
 In a letter from Franklin to Dr. Samuel Cooper of 
 Boston, dated London, April 27, 1769, he said: "All Ire- 
 land is strongly in favour of the American cause. They 
 have reason to sympathize with us. I send you four 
 Pamphlets written in Ireland or by Irish Grcntlemen 
 here, in which you will find some excellent, well said 
 things." 
 
 In another letter to Samuel Cooper, dated London, 
 April 4, 1770, Frankhn said: "I send you a late edition 
 of Molyneux's Case of Ireland, ^ with a new Preface, 
 shrewdly written. Our part is warmly taken by the 
 Irish in general, there being in many. points a similarity 
 in our cause." 
 
 In a letter from London, dated January 13, 1772, 
 Franklin wrote James Bowdoin : "In Ireland among the 
 Patriots I dined with Doctor Lucas. ^ They are all 
 friends of America, in which I said everything I could 
 think of to confirm them. Lucas gave Mr. Bowdoin of 
 Boston for his toast." 
 
 ^ In referring to this book, Lecky^ in his History of England 
 during the Eighteenth Century (Vol. II, p. 158), says: "The 
 treatise of Molyneux in defence of Irish Liberty was becoming 
 the text-book of American freedom." 
 
 ^ This was Dr. Charles Lucas, the noted Irish patriot, who was 
 well known in America. He is thus referred to in the Boston Town 
 Records: "At a town meeting in Boston on March 12, 1771, a 
 Letter from that celebrated Patriot, Dr. Lucas of Ireland, owning 
 the receipt of one transmitted to him by a Committee of this Town 
 together with the Pamphlet relative to the horrid Massacre in 
 Boston, March 5, 1770, was read and attended with the greatest 
 satisfaction." 
 
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f>EPROOaC€D BY ANN/I F/tAA/Ct'S L£i"NS 
 
 CHARLES THOMSON 
 
 SECRETARY OF THE CONTINENTAL CONGRESS, BORN IN COUNTY DERRY, IRELAND. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 27 
 
 On the same date Franklin wrote Thomas Gushing, 
 afterward Speaker of the Massachusetts General As- 
 sembly and Delegate to the Continental Congress: "I 
 have now returned again to London from a Journey of 
 some months in Ireland and Scotland." In this letter 
 he gave an account of his tour in Ireland and of the 
 civilities he received there. Describing his visit to the 
 Irish Parliament House, he said: 
 
 "Before leaving Ireland I must mention that, being desirous of 
 seeing the principal Patriots there, I staid till the opening of their 
 Parliament. I found them disposed to be friends of America, in 
 which I endeavoured to confirm them, with the Expectation that 
 our growing weight might in time be thrown into their Scale, and, 
 by joining our Interest with theirs, might be obtained for them, as 
 well as for us, a more equitable Treatment from this Nation. 
 There are many brave Spirits among them. The Gentry are a 
 very sensible, polite, friendly and handsome People. Their Parlia- 
 ment makes a most Respectable Figure, with a number of very 
 good Speakers in both Parties, and able Men of Business. And 
 I must not omit acquainting you, that, it being a standing Rule 
 to admit Members of the English Parliament (tho' they do not vote) 
 in the House among the Members, while others are only admitted 
 into the Gallery, my Fellow Traveler, being an English Member, 
 was accordingly admitted as such. But I supposed I must go to 
 the Gallery, when the Speaker stood up and acquainted the House 
 that he understood there was in town an American Gentleman of 
 (as he was pleased to say) distinguished Character and Merit, a 
 Member or Delegate of some of the Parliaments of that Country, 
 who was desirous of being present at the Debates of this House; 
 that there was a Rule of the House for admitting Members of the 
 English Parliament and that he did suppose the House would 
 consider the American Assemblies as English Parliaments, but as 
 this was the first Instance, he had chosen not to give any Order 
 in it without receiving their Directions. On the Question the whole 
 House gave a loud unanimous Aye; when two Members came to 
 me without the Bar, where I was standing, led me in and placed 
 
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28 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 me very honourably. This, I am more particular to you, as I 
 esteemed it a mark of respect for our Country, and a piece of 
 politeness in which I hope our Parliament will not fall behind 
 theirs, whenever an occasion shall oiFer.'' 
 
 How vastly different from this was the reception 
 which Franklin received from the government officials 
 in London on the occasion of his appearance before the 
 Privy Council in the month of February, 1774! The 
 Massachusetts General Assembly sent to Franklin a pe- 
 tition to the King complaining of the actions of 
 Governor Hutchinson, and when the King referred the 
 petition to the Privy Council for investigation, Frank- 
 lin was summoned before it to present evidence in sup- 
 port of the petition. The Pennsylvania Gazette of 
 April 22, 1774, printed a report of these proceeding's 
 in this wise : 
 
 "London, February 19, 1774. — The Ministerial People here are 
 outrageously angry with Dr. Franklin. They took occasion, when 
 he attended the Council with the Petition of the Massachusetts- 
 Bay, to set the Solicitor-General upon him, who, leaving the business 
 there was before their Lordships, in a virulent Invective of an 
 Hour, filled with Scurrility, abused him personally, to the great 
 Entertainment of Thirty-five Lords of the Privy-Council, who had 
 been purposely invited as to a Bull-Baiting, and not one of them 
 had the Sense to reflect of the Impropriety and Indecency of treat- 
 ing, in so ignominious a Manner, a Public Messenger, whose 
 Character in all Nations, savage as well as civilized, used to bt 
 deemed sacred, and his Person under Protection, even when coming 
 from an Enemy. Nor did one of them check the Orator's Extrava- 
 gance and recall him to the Point under Consideration, but generally 
 appeared much delighted, chuckling, laughing, and sometimes loudly 
 applauding." 
 
 Said the writer of the despatch: 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 29 
 
 I did not before think it possible for any Persons in their 
 Stations to behave in a manner so extremely unbecoming^ especially 
 when sitting in a Judicial capacity. I never was in America, but I 
 do not believe that any Judges or Justices of any of your Inferior 
 Courts, in the back Countries, would have conducted themselves 
 with so little Dignity, or have disgraced themselves so much, as 
 to suffer a Lawyer to treat even a Criminal at their Bar with so 
 much Outrage." 
 
 It was natural that this news should be received with 
 indignation in America, and in the Pennsylvania Ga- 
 zette of May 4, 1774, there is an account of the burning 
 at Philadelphia of the effigies of Governor Hutchinson 
 and of the English Solicitor-General, "convicted of tra- 
 ducing the American Colonies and insulting their Agent 
 before His Majesty's Privy Council for doing, his 
 duty." "The effigies were exposed," says this account, 
 "for several hours, then hung and burnt amidst a vast 
 concourse of People, who testified their Resentment 
 against the Originals with the loudest Acclamation." 
 
 That Franklin appreciated fully the friendliness of 
 the Irish toward the American cause is further proved 
 by his letter to his son, Governor William Franklin of 
 New Jersey, dated London, June 30, 1774, in relation 
 to the "Non-Importation Agreement" then about to be 
 introduced by the Continental Congress. In that letter 
 he said: "I should be sorry if Ireland is included in your 
 agreement, because that country is much our Friend, 
 and the want, of flax seed may distress them exceedingly, 
 but your Merchants can best judge. It can only be 
 meant against England to ensure a change of measures, 
 and not to hurt Ireland, with whom we have no quarrel." 
 
 During the third year of the war, Benjamin Franklin 
 
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 again addressed the Irish people, and in language whose 
 sincerity cannot be misunderstood. Franklin was then 
 in France, and from Versailles on the 4th of October, 
 1778, he wrote "An Address to the Good People of Ire- 
 land on behalf of America." This document begins with 
 these words : 
 
 "The misery and distress which your ill-fated country has been 
 so frequently exposed to, and has so often experienced, by such 
 a combination of rapine, treachery and violence, as would have 
 disgraced the name of government in the most arbitrary country in 
 the world, has most sincerely affected your friends in America, 
 and has engaged the most serious attention of Congress." 
 
 He explained at length that the Colonies were not 
 merely fighting for constitutional liberty, but for com- 
 mercial liberty as well, and drew attention to the analogy 
 which existed between the cause of Ireland and that of 
 America. He went on to say : 
 
 "I have in my commission to repeat to you, my good friends, 
 the cordial concern that Congress takes in everything that relates 
 to the happiness of Ireland; they are sensibly affected by the load 
 of oppressive pensions on your establishment; the arbitrary and 
 illegal exactions of public money by King's letters; the profuse 
 dissipation by sinecure appointments, with large salaries, and the 
 very arbitrary and impolitic restrictions of your trade and manu- 
 factures, which are beyond example in the history of the world, 
 and can only be equalled by that illiberal spirit which directs it, 
 and which has shown itself so abundantly in petitions from all 
 parts of their islands, and in the debates of their House of Commons, 
 when you had been lately amused with the vain hope of an exten- 
 sion of your trade, and which were conducted with such temper 
 and language as might be supposed to suit their copper-coloured 
 allies in America, but must fix a stain on the character of a civilized 
 nation for ever." 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 31 
 
 But the most striking passage of this remarkable docu- 
 ment is Franklin's statement that if the British govern- 
 ment did not remove the restraint on Irish trade and 
 manufactures, "means will be found [i. e., by the Ameri- 
 can Congress] to establish your freedom in this respect 
 in the fullest and amplest manner." 
 
 "But as for you, our dear and good friends of Ireland, we must 
 cordially recommend to you to continue peaceable and quiet in 
 every possible situation of your affairs, and endeavour by mutual 
 good will to supply the defects of administration. But if the 
 government, whom you at this time acknowledge, does not, in con- 
 formity to her own true interest, take oif and remove every restraint 
 on your trade, commerce and manufactures, I am charged to assure 
 you, that means will be found to establish your freedom in this 
 respect, in the fullest and amplest manner. And as it is the ardent 
 wish of America to promote, as far as her other engagements will 
 permit, a reciprocal commercial interest with you, I am to assure 
 you, they will seek every means to establish and extend it; and it 
 has given the most sensible pleasure to have those instructions com- 
 mitted to my care, as I have ever retained the most perfect good 
 will and esteem for the people of Ireland." 
 
 It is strange that this interesting document has 
 escaped the notice of American historians and is not 
 printed in any of the editions of Franklin's works, but 
 that may have been because his biographers did not ex- 
 amine the records of the Public Record Office at Lon- 
 don, where the original printed copies of the address are 
 on file. * In an account of the address published by 
 Paul Leicester Ford in the year 1891, he explains that 
 "a large number of the broadside were put on board a 
 Dutch smuggler at Brest to carry to Ireland," that 
 
 * Among State Papers, Ireland, Vol. CCCCLXI. 
 
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32 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 "they were discovered by an English privateer v^hose 
 commander delivered them to the captain of his 
 Majesty's ship Portland, by whom they were forwarded 
 to the Lords of the Admiralty, and thence transferred 
 to the Public Record Office." ^ Thus Franklin was 
 thwarted in his design to circulate this document among 
 the people of Ireland, but only temporarily, for by some 
 means a copy of it was secured by the editor of the Hi- 
 bernian Journal, who published it in the issue of that 
 paper of November 2-4, 1778. *' 
 
 The patriot leaders on this side of the Atlantic were 
 fully apprised by Franklin of the kindly feeling of the 
 Irish toward their cause, and that this fact was fully 
 recognized is shown by the historic "Address to the Peo- 
 ple of Ireland" adopted at a meeting of the Continental 
 Congress at Philadelphia on July 28, 1775. The address 
 is of too great length to insert here, but the following 
 passage will serve to show what mutual bonds of sympa- 
 thy existed at that time between the American and the 
 Irish people. After relating the causes which led to 
 the defection of the Colonies from England, and their 
 
 ^ A copy of this address may be seen among the Revolutionary 
 Broadsides in the "Reserve Room" of the New York Public Library, 
 or at the Library of Congress. When collecting the material for 
 this work, the author received permission from the Secretary of the 
 Public Record Office in London to have a facsimile made of Frank- 
 lin's "Address," but when the photographer applied on July 4, 1918, 
 at the Public Record Office, he was informed that "the document has 
 been withdrawn by order of the Government until further notice." 
 
 " Lecky, in his History of Ireland during the Eighteenth Cen- 
 tury (Vol. II, p. 226), says: "Franklin's Address was widely 
 circulated in Ireland," doubtless through the medium of the 
 Hibernian Journal, 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 33 
 
 reasons for suspending all trade with that country as 
 weU as with Ireland, the address proceeds : 
 
 "And hera permit us to assure you that it was with the utmost 
 reluctance we could prevail upon ourselves to cease our commercial 
 connection with your island. Your Parliament has done us no 
 wrong. You had ever been friendly to the rights of mankind; and 
 we acknowledge, with pleasure and gratitude, that your nation has 
 produced patriots who have nobly distinguished themselves in the 
 cause of humanity and America. 
 
 "On the other hand, we were not ignorant that the labour and 
 manufactures of Ireland, like those of the silk-worm, were of little 
 moment to herself; but served only to give luxury to those who 
 neither toil nor spin. We perceived that if we continued our com- 
 merce with you, our agreement not to import from Britain would 
 be fruitless, and were, therefore, compelled to adopt a measure 
 to which nothing but absolute necessity would have reconciled us. 
 It gave us, however, some consolation to reflect that should it oc- 
 casion much distress, the fertile regions of America would afford 
 you a safe asylum from poverty, and, in time, from oppression 
 also; an asylum in which many thousands of your countrymen have 
 found hospitality, peace, affluence, and become united to us by 
 all the ties of consanguinity, mutual interest, and aifection." 
 
 And again: 
 
 "Accept our most grateful acknowledgments for the friendly 
 disposition you have always shown to us. We know that you are 
 not without your grievances. We sympathize with you in your 
 distress, and are pleased to find that the design of subjugating us 
 has persuaded the administration to dispense to Ireland some 
 vagrant rays of ministerial sunshine. Even the tender mercies 
 of government have long been cruel toward you. In the rich 
 pastures of Ireland many hungry parricides have fed, and grown 
 strong to labour in its destruction. We hope the patient abiding 
 of the meek may not always be forgotten; and God grant that 
 the iniquitous schemes of extirpating liberty by the British Empire 
 may soon be defeated." ^ 
 
 ''Journals of the Continental Congress, Vol. II, pp. 212-318. 
 
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 The address was signed, "John Hancock, President," 
 and was prepared by a committee comprised of James 
 Duane, William Livingston, and John and Samuel 
 Adams. (The italics in the foregoing are as they ap- 
 pear in the original.) 
 
 And again, on October 2, 1775, the following resolu- 
 tion, introduced by the Committee on Trade, was passed 
 unanimously by the Continental Congress: 
 
 "As the cessation of the American trade with Ireland originated 
 in policy dictated by principles of self-preservation and may be 
 attended with distress to a people who have always manifested a 
 noble regard to the rights of mankind and have been friendly to 
 these much injured Colonies, your committee are of opinion that 
 great kindness and attention ought to be paid to such of that 
 oppressed nation as have or may come to settle in America, and 
 that it be earnestly recommended by this Congress to the good 
 people of these Colonies to let them have lands at a cheap rate, 
 and on easy terms, and that the several conventions and assemblies 
 and committees throughout these confederate countries afford them 
 aid and do them every friendly office. And it having been repre- 
 sented to your committee that the withholding flax seed from 
 Ireland will be attended with a much greater degree of distress 
 and ruin to the poor of that Kingdom than the Congress appre- 
 hended, they are of opinion that our friends and fellow subjects 
 in Ireland should be permitted to take flax seed from these Colonies 
 in exchange for all such powder or other military stores and 
 woollen yarn of their manufacture as they shall bring to America." ' 
 
 This resolution was of the greatest significance, as not 
 alone exhibiting the fellow-feeling which existed between 
 these two struggling peoples, but also as an indication 
 of the great desire of the representatives of the Ameri- 
 can people in Congress to induce as many Irishmen as 
 
 ^ Journals of the Continental Congress, Vol. Ill, p. 269- 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 35 
 
 possible to come hither and settle in the new country, 
 knowing well that they could depend on them as faith- 
 ful colonists and defenders of America. The senti- 
 ments thus expressed were not by any means a mere sud- 
 den outburst or bid for sympathy or aid ; for, as shown 
 by the correspondence of Benjamin Franklin, the 
 thorough identification of Irish feeling with American 
 success had been of long standing. 
 
 Some historical writers endeavor to make George III 
 the scapegoat of English poHtics of the time. They as- 
 sert that the misgovernment of the American Colonies 
 was the outcome of "the mistaken policy of King 
 George," that "the English people as a whole were not 
 only apathetic to the American revolt, but numbers of 
 them sympathized with their American brethren." And 
 it has become the fashion in late years for our public men 
 to extol "the stand taken by the English people during 
 the War of the Revolution" and to "excuse" the 
 Colonists on the ground that their uprising was against 
 "a crazy English King of alien blood," not against "the 
 English Democracy, with whom they had everything in 
 common." There is no denying the fact that certain 
 liberal minds in England before the war regarded the 
 questions agitating the Colonists with much sympathy, 
 and in some instances public men went so far as to en- 
 courage the leaders on this side of the water. And in 
 the official Register of the proceedings of Parliament 
 may be found references to the attitude of these English 
 Whigs, who vainly tried to defend the Colonists against 
 the overwhelming strength of the supporters of the 
 government. But from contemporary accounts we learn 
 
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 that after the news of the revolt reached England it set 
 the whole country in a blaze of resentment, and, as in the 
 case of the Roman populace of old who wished to de- 
 stroy their enemy, the significant cry of Delendo est 
 Carthago was raised in the House of Commons, and, as 
 we are told, "the House of Lords became a seething 
 caldron of impotent rage" ! 
 
 Meetings were held in many places throughout Eng- 
 land, from which addresses and petitions "glowing with 
 loyalty to the King and indignation against the rebels" 
 were poured in upon the King and his ministry, and 
 Lord Chatham declared in a speech in Parliament in 
 1775 : "There is scarcely a man in our streets, though so 
 poor as scarcely to be able to get his daily bread, but 
 thinks he is the legislator of America. 'Our American 
 subjects' is a common phrase in the mouths of the lowest 
 order of our citizens." "In England," says Spencer, 
 "there was a general sentiment in favour of compelling 
 the colonists to submission";® and Taylor states: "The 
 war for the subjugation of the Americans was at first 
 decidedly popular in England. From the habit of us- 
 ing the phrase, 'our colonies/ there was not an English 
 peasant who did not regard the colonists as rebels against 
 himself, and as enemies to some fancied authority and 
 power which he deemed the privilege of every English- 
 man by his birth-right." ^° As an instance of this, the 
 Pennsylvania Gazette on May 4, 1774, published an 
 extract of a letter from London dated February 14, 
 
 ^ Spencer, History of the United States. 
 
 ^"William G. Taylor, History of Ireland, Vol. II, p. 238; New 
 York, 1836. 
 
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/?£/^/^0£>UC££3 Sr ^yv/V/i -Cf?Arv'C£:S £.£y//vs 
 
 ISAAC BARRE 
 
 "AMERICAS GREAT FRIEND IN PARLlAMENlf BORN IN DUBLIN, IRELAND. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 37a 
 
 which said : "You will have heard before this reaches you, 
 how infamously Doctor Franklin has been ti/eated by 
 Administration, and you will soon see in what light they 
 behold American Petitions. There is not a more ob- 
 noxious Character here at present than that of a friend 
 of America. The Colonists should, therefore, be more 
 particularly attentive to cultivating Union and Har- 
 mony among themselves. The Spirit of this Country is 
 extremely hostile to them, and they have nothing to de- 
 pend upon but their own Union and Firmness." From 
 all of which we can understand that the position taken 
 by such men as Chatham, Fox, Burke, Barre, and 
 ConoUy at the outset of the Revolution was an especially 
 hazardous one. 
 
 That Franklin's interest in the welfare of the people 
 of Ireland, as exemplified in his address of October 4, 
 1778, did not abate after this time is shown clearly by 
 his correspondence in the possession of the American 
 Philosophical Society. He fully appreciated the fact 
 that Irish sympathy with the struggling Colonists was 
 manifested in all countries where the Irish exiles had 
 found a home, and many of Franklin's correspondents 
 during the period of the war were Irish military officers 
 in the armies of the Continental Powers, anxious to fight 
 for American freedom. One James Shanley wrote him 
 from Paris on May 28, 1777, saying he had "left Ireland 
 about six weeks before to offer his services to the Ameri- 
 can cause," and stating further that "there are many 
 staunch friends of that cause in Ireland, but they dare 
 not declare themselves openly." He related his "ex- 
 perience in disciplining troops," and stated that "should 
 
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 Franklin give him an encouraging answer to his appli- 
 cation for a commission in the American army, there 
 are many in Ireland waiting only for that to follow 
 him." A Franco-Irish officer named O'Meara wrote 
 Franklin on May 14, 1777, expressing his "great desire 
 to serve the American cause," and stating that "if he 
 should receive any encouragement, he will throw up his 
 commission in France and set out immediately for the 
 Congress." On July 1, 1777, Comte O'Donnell, then 
 colonel of a Polish regiment at Lemberg, tendered his 
 sword to the service of America ; and on September 4th 
 of the same year. Baron O'Cahill, commandant of 
 French troops, wrote from Strasbourg, stating that he 
 was "a member of an ancient and noble family of Ire- 
 land," relating his military experience, and offering his 
 services to the same cause. From Nancy, on February 
 7, 1779, Captain O'Heguerty wrote that he "has a pro- 
 fession and a fortune, but detests idleness" and "desires 
 to enter the American army." 
 
 Robert O'Connell wrote Franklin from Paris on 
 August 26, 1779, offering "to take care of American 
 Consular interests at any of the Spanish ports," and 
 Captain MacCarthy More wrote from Boulogne on 
 July 4, 1781, offering "to enter the service of the 
 United States." On April 11, 1782, Chevalier O'Gor- 
 man recommended Dr. John O'Connor, who "desired to 
 serve America, either in the army or in the hospitals." 
 In his application for a commission, Henry O'Neill in- 
 formed Franklin on July 8, 1782, that "the more the 
 Irish are ill treated, the more emigrants will flock to 
 America and France to fill the armies" ; but, on account 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 37c 
 
 «jf their "miserable situation in France," he strongly ad- 
 vised Franklin to make provision for Irish officers in 
 the American army, fearing the possibility that the Eng- 
 hsh service might be made so. attractive for them that 
 they would be induced to serve the enemy. 
 
 Irish officers also sought employment in the Amer- 
 ican naval service. Jonathan Williams wrote from 
 Nantes on December 2, 1780, recommending to Frank- 
 lin "a commission for Captain James Byrnes," com- 
 mander of a merchant vessel. In a letter from John 
 Torris ^^ from Dunkirk on October 8, 1779, informing 
 Franklin that the American privateer, Black Prince, 
 had been put under the command of Captain Patrick 
 Dowlin,^^ the writer "hoped that a title in the United 
 
 ^^ John Torris was one of Franklin's agents at the port of Dun- 
 kirk and was engaged in fitting out American privateers to prey on 
 English commerce, and in one of his letters to Franklin he said: 
 "The crews and captains were generally taken from the Irish and 
 English smugglers which crowded the port." Several Irish sea- 
 captains, anxious to take part in the war against England, came to 
 Dunkirk and laid before Franklin's agents plans to raid enemy 
 ports, or to capture English merchantmen, and in a report from 
 Francis Coffyn to Silas Deane on April 12, 1778, he requested that 
 he "lay before Doctor Franklin the plan of Captain Christopher 
 Farron, a noted Irish smuggler, who, if given a commission, would 
 undertake to capture a certain rich linen ship which loads at Dub- 
 lin four times a year for London." 
 
 ^^ This officer was very active in the pursuit of enemy shipping. 
 Previous to this time, he had been master of the American privateer. 
 Black Princess, and according to a letter from Franklin to Samuel 
 Huntington, President of Congress, on August 10, 1780, "The 
 Black Prince and the Black Princess greatly harassed the English 
 coasting trade; in eighteen months they captured 120 ships belong- 
 ing to the enemy." The Black Prince was wrecked off the Belgian 
 
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 States Navy can be obtained for the brave Mr. Ryan, 
 who has a new cutter being built for him at Boulogne," 
 and stated that "great things are to be expected from 
 such a ship and captain." Two days later, Captain 
 Luke Ryan, of the privateer Fearnot, wrote Franklin 
 from Dunkirk, saying that he "expects to have a large 
 cutter completed in four months, with which he hopes 
 to do great damage to the enemy ; and if his abilities de- 
 serve Franklin's protection, begs for a rank in the 
 United States Navy," since he "regards the American 
 cause as his own." Captain Ryan again wrote Frank- 
 lin saying that he "waits with impatience the commis- 
 sion for his ship Fearnot" and that he had "refused of- 
 fers made by the French" because he "desires to serve 
 only under the American flag." That the gallant Cap- 
 tain's ambition was gratified is seen from a letter to 
 Franklin from John Torris on June 7, 1780, relating 
 to "Captain Ryan's distinguished conduct in the Fear- 
 nought" then in the American service. 
 
 All told, there are in this collection nearly one hun- 
 dred letters to Franklin from Irish sympathizers, and 
 among them is an interesting communication dated 
 Cologne, August 25, 1781, from Rev. WiUiam Nixon, 
 saying that he "is an Irish Catholic priest, taken pris- 
 
 coast and Captain Dowlin and his crew were captured by an Eng- 
 lish warship, and, when reporting the incident to Franklin, Torris 
 said: "Your Excellency has had their names; several are born 
 Americans, others Irish, but all sworn subjects of the United States. 
 I read in the Kentish Gazette that these people were sent to Pen- 
 zance to be tried by the high courts of Admiralty for piracy, be- 
 cause they were Irishmen or subjects of Great Britain." 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 87e 
 
 oner on his passage home from England, and now on 
 parole"; that "if he can obtain his liberty, he desires to 
 go to America" ; thanking Franklin "for America's no- 
 ble exertions, seen in the free trade granted to Ireland," 
 and prophesying "success to America." Eleven of these 
 letters are from Dr. Ignatius MacMahon, of Paris, and 
 forty-three from Sir Edward Newenham, of Dublin, 
 the noted advocate of American rights in the Irish Par- 
 liament; and one of the interesting documents among 
 Franklin's papers is a resolution sent to him from Dub- 
 lin on April 26, 1784, by "The Sons of the Shamrock," 
 lauding the French nation for its support of America. 
 Dr. MacMahon was attached to the Military School at 
 Paris, and in a letter to Franklin on December 19, 1777, 
 he said: "The gentlemen of this house are well-wishers, 
 to the American cause and are delighted with the news 
 of Burgoyne's defeat," and in another letter from Mac- 
 Mahon dated March 22, 1778, he congratulated Frank- 
 lin on "the results of the negotiations with France," 
 saying "America's independence is assured," and plain- 
 tively asking, "When will poor Ireland's turn come?" 
 Among Sir Edward Newenham's letters is one dated 
 Marseilles, January 2, 1779, in reference to "the pro- 
 tection and assistance he rendered to Americans in Ire- 
 land, particularly Colonel Ethan Allen and those who 
 were with him," and on June 25, 1779, Newenham again 
 advised Franklin of "the steps he had taken to have 
 American prisoners released," and wished Franklin to 
 write him "so as to prove to his countrymen in Ireland 
 that his support of the liberties of America had been 
 noticed by Franklin." From Dublin, Newenham wrote 
 
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37f a hidden phase 
 
 on November 6, 1780, saying that "the sympathy of 
 the Irish people is entirely with the United States," 
 and detailing certain "attentions given to American 
 prisoners in Ireland," the release of a number of whom 
 he had already secured; and the importance of these 
 "attentions" may be judged from the fact that at the 
 port of Kinsale alone at this time four hundred Amer- 
 ican prisoners were held under guard by English sol- 
 diers.^* 
 
 In one of Franklin's letters to Newenham, written 
 from Passy on May 27, 1779, in relation to a request 
 received by him for "passports for a great number of 
 people from Ireland who were desirous of going to set- 
 tle in America," he said: "I admire the spirit with 
 which I see the Irish are at length determined to claim 
 some share of that freedom of commerce which is the 
 right of all mankind, but of which they have been so 
 long deprived by the abominable selfishness of their fel- 
 low-subjects." It is evident also that Franklin was in 
 correspondence with the Marquis de Lafayette on this 
 subject, for on November 2, 1779, Lafayette wrote him, 
 saying he was "glad the Irish patriots are beginning to 
 stir." And that the Irish situation, and the possible 
 effect which a rising of the patriots would have on the 
 war, were watched with keen interest by Lafayette is 
 
 ^^ Richard Hare, of Cork, wrote Franklin on February 23, 1782, 
 "on behalf of nearly two hundred prisoners in wretched confine- 
 ment," stating that many of them would have perished but for the 
 fact that some citizens of Cork had raised a subscription for their 
 support, and he asked Franklin to try and have their exchange ef- 
 fected. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 37g 
 
 shown by his letter to John Adams on February 7, 
 
 1780, wherein he said: "The troubles in Ireland, if 
 there is the least common sense amongst the first patri- 
 ots in that country, are not, I hope, at an end, and it 
 seems they now begin to raise new expectations." 
 Among Franklin's papers there is a memorandum in 
 his handwriting dated November, 1779, indicating that 
 "a descent on Ireland" was seriously contemplated, and 
 that negotiations toward that end were carried on be- 
 tween Franklin and the patriots in Ireland, doubtless 
 with a view not only of diverting England from her 
 attack on the Colonies, but of bringing about the free- 
 dom of Ireland. One of the interesting communica- 
 tions on this subject is a letter, signed "Freedom," to 
 William Temple Franklin," dated Dublin, June 17, 
 
 1781, in which the writer declared that "since Irish trade 
 and commerce gets no protection from the British Gov- 
 ernment, . . . now is the time for France and the 
 United States to strike a crushing blow at England to 
 help Ireland to secure her independence." 
 
 In a letter to Franklin from Marseilles on January 
 6, 1783, Sir Edward Newenham referred to his con- 
 sistent "support of the American cause in Ireland," and 
 related an "attempt of the British Government to secure 
 an address of support from the citizens of Dublin dur- 
 ing the war," but "the people were so overwhelmingly 
 opposed to it, the Government feared to draft many 
 troops out of Ireland — only two thousand of the thir- 
 
 '* Benjamin Franklin's grandson, who was with him in France^ 
 and who afterward served as Secretary to the American Peace Com- 
 missioners. 
 
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37h a hidden phase 
 
 teen thousand troops in Ireland having oeen sent to 
 America." He predicted "a great future for the 
 United States," and recalled "the Address of Congress 
 to the People of Ireland, signed in August, 1775," 
 which had been sent to him for distribution among the 
 people. Toward the close of the war, the question of 
 the terms of the peace treaty became the subject of cor- 
 respondence between Newenham and Franklin. In a 
 letter from Marseilles on November 12, 1782, Newen- 
 ham said: "It is feared the British Janus does not in- 
 tend to deal fairly by the Kingdom of Ireland in the ex- 
 pected Treaty of Peace." He wished to know "if Ire- 
 land is particularly mentioned," and he sent Franklin 
 "a public letter written by him to the men of Ireland, 
 advising them to demand this of their King." One 
 year later, Newenham again wrote Franklin, desiring 
 "to know by return post whether Ireland is mentioned 
 in the Treaty," and stating that Franklin was "war- 
 ranted in demanding this information from Mr. Hart- 
 ley" ;^^ that "the Ministry is evading this question,"" 
 that "public expectation is high and Dublin in a state of 
 
 ^^ David Hartley, an English member of Parliament and "Com- 
 missioner for Negotiating Peace in America." 
 
 ^® At the very hour this book is going to press, "history is re- 
 peating itself," for it is a notorious fact that "the Ministry is evad- 
 ing this question" by their palpably dishonest eiForts to show to 
 the world that "Great Britain is ready to bestow self-government 
 upon Ireland," but that "it is only the quarrels and disputes between 
 Irishmen themselves that prevent a solution of this great question." 
 — (Speech of Winston Spencer Churchill, English Cabinet Minis- 
 ter, at Dundee, Scotland, December 11, 1918.) 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 37i 
 
 the greatest anxiety," but that "the people place de- 
 pendence on Franklin's assistance." 
 
 The most friendly intercourse continued between 
 Franklin and IVewenham for several years after the 
 close of the war. Newenham's last letter to Franklin 
 on the subject of the peace treaty seems to have been 
 on January 14, 1784, when he wrote from Carlow, call- 
 ing attention to his "early pleadings for the rights of 
 America," ^^ and stating that "what Ireland did for 
 America deserves very warm returns in national con- 
 nection and friendship." While there is no record of 
 any reply from Franklin to this letter, nor any indica- 
 tion as to what may have been his attitude on the ques- 
 tion of Ireland's claims for American support, the 
 Peace Commissioners, as we know, did not present Ire- 
 land's case; and unfortunately, the Irish themselves 
 failed to take advantage of this golden opportunity! 
 But the position taken by the people of Ireland in the 
 war was not forgotten by their enemies, and in one of 
 Newenham's letters to Franklin, dated November 12, 
 1786, he said that "his address against permitting the 
 Irish army to be sent to America has never been for- 
 given by the enemies of American independence." 
 These letters fully corroborate the other evidence quoted 
 in this work as to the uncompromising attitude of the 
 Irish in favor of the cause of the American Colonies. 
 
 ^' See extract at page 14 of the speech of Sir Edward Newenham 
 in the Irish Parliament. 
 
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CHAPTER III 
 
 IRISH SYMPATHY FOR THE REVOLTING COLONIES 
 
 Bancroft again misstates the facts as to the troops sent from 
 Ireland to fight the Americans. Fruitless efforts to raise 
 recruits in Ireland. Young men kidnapped and sent on board 
 the transports. Important statement by Arthur Lee. Extracts 
 from American newspapers. Irish soldiers deserted to the 
 "rebels." Craven Irish Catholic landlords. 
 
 IN referring to the triumph of the Irish Volunteers, 
 Bancroft says it was one of "the first fruits of the 
 American Revolution," but that "the gratitude of the 
 Irish took the direction of loyalty to their King, and in 
 1782, their legislature voted one hundred thousand 
 pounds for the levy of twenty thousand Seamen." ^ The 
 manner in which this circumstance is related by the his- 
 torian makes it appear that the Irish made a gratuitous 
 gift of this large sum of money to the English navy in 
 its fight against the Americans. But Bancroft did not 
 explain that the Irish Parliament at this time was in- 
 debted to England in the sum of nine hundred thou- 
 sand pounds ; ^ that the government, on account of the 
 state of its crippled exchequer, demanded reimbursement 
 in order to strengthen the fleet "against a threatened in- 
 vasion by the French fleet on the coasts of England and 
 Ireland," and that the amount voted was only in part 
 
 ^ History of the United Siates, Vol. V, p. 544. 
 ^Journals of the House of Commons, May 27, 1782. 
 
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A HIDDEN PHASE OF HISTORY 39 
 
 payment of this huge loan. The proposition to aid the 
 government in this emergency was made by Henry 
 Flood, who proposed "that four ships of one hundred 
 guns each, to be called after the four Provinces of this 
 Kingdom, be presented to the King and Parliament of 
 Great Britain," and in doing so Flood only committed 
 another act of perfidy to his country, in line with his 
 notoriously unpatriotic part since the beginning of the 
 war. While the Irish Parliament rejected Flood's pro- 
 posal to vote a gratuity to the English crown, yet, in 
 view of the then generally admitted fact that the Ameri- 
 cans had practically won their independence, * the 
 Journals of the House show that they decided to make 
 partial refund of their indebtedness by "loaning" Eng- 
 land "one hundred thousand pounds, with interest at 
 three pence in the pound." 
 
 Bancroft also says that "the people [of Ireland] sent 
 against them [the Americans] some of their best troops 
 and their ablest men," thereby insinuating that the Irish 
 people not only opposed the cause of the Americans, 
 but virtually fought on the side of their oppressors. Let 
 us see what the facts are from the journals of the time 
 and other current sources of information. 
 
 Holt's New York Journal or General Advertiser of 
 
 June 22, 1775, printed a despatch from Cork dated 
 
 April 17, stating that there were then "16,000 regular 
 
 troops in Ireland, paid for by this poor, taxed country." 
 
 'These troops were comprised of English, Scotch, and 
 
 ^ The debates in the English Parliament, as reported in the 
 Parliamentary Register, show that long before 1782 the English 
 had given up all hope of defeating the Americans, 
 
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40 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 Irish regiments and were "quartered on Ireland on the 
 pretence of protecting the people, but really so as to 
 relieve England of the expense of maintaining them." * 
 Although every Irish soldier in the English army was an 
 additional link strengthening the chain which bound his 
 country to England, yet the pinch of poverty drove them 
 into the army. But the troops despatched from Ireland 
 to America in 1775 and 1776 did not enlist for service 
 in this country, for these regiments had already been in 
 existence, and the journals of the time plainly show 
 that although the most feverish attempts were made to 
 raise fresh troops in Ireland for service in America, they 
 were almost entirely unsuccessful. Every conceivable 
 kind of subterfuge was adopted to stimulate recruiting; 
 recruiting officers went among the farmers and told 
 them that if they would induce their sons to enlist "they 
 would be exempted from certain taxes"; the youth of 
 the country had held up to them all "the glorious pano- 
 ply of war"; liquor flowed like water in almost every 
 town and hamlet in the south of Ireland, and "bounties 
 of one guinea a head, and the King's bounty," and of- 
 fers of "larger pay than they could possibly earn at 
 home" ^ were offered by the recruiting officers. Press- 
 warrants were issued authorizing the arrest of recal- 
 citrants; the recruiting officers even visited the jails and 
 poorhouses of the country and were glad to accept the 
 
 * The great surprise is that there was not more wide-spread 
 sentiment in Ireland in favor of sending these troops on foreign 
 service, for the people would then be rid of one of the most burden- 
 some forms of taxation imposed on the country. 
 
 ^Pennsylvania Gazette, November 29, 1775. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 41 
 
 human derelicts whom misfortune had driven there. In 
 the south, appeals were made on the ground that the 
 Americans were Protestants, and in the north that they 
 were about to establish the Roman Catholic religion in 
 America ; yet all these efforts came practically to naught, 
 for the Irish were glad that the Americans had revolted 
 and were in a delirium of joy at the prospect of the 
 government being compelled to send such large bodies 
 of troops out of the country, and that they themselves 
 would at last have a chance to strike a blow for inde- 
 pendence. 
 
 In Holt's paper of October 26, 1775, there is an ac- 
 count from Ireland which reads in part: "Though most 
 of the people here wish well to the cause in which you are 
 engaged, and would rejoice to find you continue firm 
 and steadfast, yet it is the prevailing opinion, especially 
 among the friends of Government (so-called), that you 
 will at last be frightened into submission to ministerial 
 measures. They are raising recruits throughout this 
 Kingdom. The men are told they are only going to Ed- 
 inburgh to learn military discipline and are then to re- 
 turn. The common people are industriously kept from 
 the knowledge of public affairs. They know nothing 
 but what the great please to tell them. Newspapers 
 since the Stamp Act are so high, the poor and middling 
 people cannot purchase them." " 
 
 * The following, which is printed in full in Force's American 
 Archives (4th Ser., Vol. Ill, pp. 619-620), serves as an instance 
 of the many encouraging letters sent by Irish sympathizers to 
 friends in America and which were published in American news- 
 papers. The letter is dated September 1, 1775, and is headed by 
 
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42 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 What action do we find England took when she 
 managed to get these troops saf ely on board her trans- 
 
 Force, "Letter from Ireland to an acquaintance in New York." 
 Among other things, the writer said: "Dear countrymen and fellow- 
 sufFerers, who have been so happy as to have your lot in a land of 
 liberty, though now persecuted and your rights invaded, suffer not 
 your most precious inheritance, your liberty and property, your 
 noble constitution, to be torn from you. You are contending for 
 what is of more value than life; fear not to risk your lives freely 
 in defence of it. Keep your presses free, that the people may know 
 all that concerns them and all that is doing against them. By every 
 means in your power, keep corruption from influencing any of your 
 offices of public trust. You cannot possibly be too much guarded 
 against this terrible evil, which has almost undone us here. Let 
 not arbitrary power and despotism have any footing among you. 
 Many in this country, who groan under it, would be glad to give 
 their utmost assistance, and hope to be over with you before the 
 contest is ended. In my opinion, if you continue firm, you will, 
 without doubt, succeed in your glorious struggle; justice will give 
 strength to your arms, and weaken those of your enemies. God 
 Himself is on your side and will cause them to fall before you. 
 Meanwhile, let me caution you against the least appearance of 
 submission. You can hardly conceive the ill effect of everything 
 that may feed the hopes of your enemies; even base complaisance 
 in this case is criminal, for, like drowning men, they are ready to 
 catch at straws, and if possible, interpret everything you say or do 
 in favour of their own designs, whereby they are encouraged to 
 continue their efforts to subdue you. It behooves you, therefore, to 
 be resolute, plain, and absolute in your refusal of every proposal 
 that implies giving up one tittle of your rights and liberties, or 
 might bring them into the least danger, and resist every attempt 
 against them with all your might. The least slackness or com- 
 pliance on your part will embolden them to proceed in their en- 
 deavours to enforce their laws, to tax and enslave you. May God 
 guide and protect you ! 
 
 "I am a sincere friend to the natural rights and liberties of 
 mankind. 
 
 "(Signed) M. W." 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 43 
 
 ports? The answer is found in Holt's paper of No- 
 vember 23, 1775, in a despatch dated London, Septem- 
 ber 1, 1775, saying: "Five thousand troops are clan- 
 destinely shipped in Ireland and are absolutely sailed for 
 Boston." This system of kidnapping Irishmen for the 
 English army continued for several years, and the 
 Pennsylvania Gazette of January 31, 1776, in a despatch 
 from London dated October 28, said: "We hear from 
 Cork that on Tuesday, the 10th ult., at one o'clock, 
 when the army were in their beds, without previous 
 notice a draft was made from the two regiments, and 
 at seven o'clock they were taken to Cove and embarked 
 for America." And as an indication that many of the 
 men had deserted, the statement continues : "We are as- 
 sured the 23d regiment does not consist of more than 
 one hundred men." 
 
 And the fact that the Jrish never wavered in their 
 sympathies, even when the fortunes of war seemed to 
 be going against the Americans, is verified by newspa- 
 per accounts showing that many of the soldiers were 
 "compelled to go on board the transports, where they 
 were chained down to the ring bolts and fed with bread 
 and water; several of them suffered this torture before 
 they could be made to yield and sign the paper of en- 
 listment." From another account we learn that "many 
 of them openly professed their resolution of firing upon 
 their enemies in action, if reduced to that necessity, de- 
 claring they could never look upon the people of 
 America, among whom they had hoped for an asylum 
 from heavy taxes and oppression, in any other light than 
 
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44 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 true friends, and therefore could never think of treating 
 them as enemies." All of which was confirmed by Arthur 
 Lee, confidential agent in Europe of the "Secret Com- 
 mittee of Correspondence," '^ when he wrote to Washing- 
 ton from Berlin on June 15, 1777 : "The resources of our 
 enemy are almost annihilated in Germany, and their 
 last resort is to the Roman Catholics of Ireland. They 
 have already experienced their unwillingness to go, every 
 man of a regiment raised there last year having obliged 
 them to ship him off tied and bound, and most certainly 
 they will desert more than any troops whatsoever. They 
 themselves rely upon the present campaign, so that if 
 it should not produce something very decisive in their 
 favour, which God forbid, we may depend upon their 
 efforts being on the wane." ^ 
 
 Three months previous to that time, Lee was in Spain, 
 and in reporting his efforts to procure supplies of am- 
 munition and clothing for the American army, he wrote 
 from Burgos to the Secret Committee of Correspond- 
 ence on March 8, 1777: "It will also be my endeavour to 
 procure some able veteran officers from the Irish 
 Brigades in this service" ; ^ and ten days later we find 
 him again writing to the committee that the Spanish au- 
 thorities "have promised to examine whether there are 
 
 ^ This committee was appointed by the Continental Congress in 
 December, 1775, "to correspond with friends in Great Britain, 
 Ireland, and other parts of the world." 
 
 ^Diplomatic Correspondence of the American Revolution, edited 
 by Jared Sparks, Vol. II, p. 73; Boston, 1829^ 
 
 » Ihid., Vol. II, p. 40. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 45 
 
 any veteran Irish officers fit for your service, and if there 
 are to send them." ^^ 
 
 The despatch above quoted from Holt's paper further 
 said: "The people of Ireland in general, we hear, are 
 extremely out of temper and displeased with the Court 
 on many accounts, but on none so much as the arming 
 five thousand Irish Papists for the purpose of subduing 
 their fellow-subjects in America." In the same issue of 
 Holt's paper there was printed "an intercepted letter 
 from Ireland" to an English army officer at Boston, 
 dated August 20, 1775, which said in part: "Great prep- 
 arations are making to recruit the regiments both here 
 and in America. They have given Lord Kenmare leave 
 to enlist four thousand Catholics for the latter purpose, 
 but as yet they have but little success. The foolish idea 
 of fighting against their countrymen prevents them." 
 Says another account: "The service is so disagreeable 
 to the people of Ireland in general that few of the re- 
 cruiting officers can prevail' upon the men to enlist and 
 fight against their American brethren." ^^ 
 
 In the Journals of the New York Provincial Con- 
 gress, ^^ under date of June 30, 1776, there is an entry 
 relating to the arrival of "Captain Thompson who left 
 Cove ^^ in Ireland the 6th of May last." In referring 
 to four regiments about to leave Cork for America, Cap- 
 
 ^° Sparks, p. 48. It does not appear that any Irish army officers 
 were sent from Spain, doubtless for the reason that war between 
 Spain and England was then imminent. 
 
 ^^ Force's American Archives, 4th Ser., Vol. Ill, p. 1553. 
 
 ■'^ Vol. II, p. 45; published by the State of New York; Albany, 
 1842. 
 
 ^* Now called Queenstown, in the County of Cork. 
 
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46 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 tain Thompson said: "The report in Ireland was that 
 these troops had been wrote for by persons here. The 
 troops in general disliked the service; some officers had 
 sold out; the people in Ireland in general are well af- 
 fected to the Americans and are averse to the Americans 
 being taxed by the Parliament of Great Britain." 
 
 The New York Royal Gazette of January 3, 1778, 
 published "an extract from a letter from Carlow in Ire- 
 land," saying that "four regiments of Roman Catholics 
 will be immediately raised here for the American serv- 
 ice, and it is the general opinion that they will be raised 
 in a few weeks"; but in a later issue of the paper the 
 editor announced "with regret" the abandonment of the 
 attempt to raise these troops in Ireland. We have still 
 another important witness on this point in the person 
 of the famous Horace Walpole, who recorded in his 
 Last ■ Journals, under date of August, 1775 : "The 
 government could not get above four hundred recruits 
 and failed in their attempt to raise a regiment of Roman 
 Catholics." And Lecky states: "Recruiting agents 
 traversed the Highlands of Scotland and the most re- 
 mote districts of Ireland, and the poor Catholics of 
 Munster and Connaught were gladly welcomed. Re- 
 cruits, however, came in very slowly. There was no 
 enthusiasm for a war with the English settlers." ^* The 
 efforts of government failing to obtain recruits, the 
 British government seems to have resorted to the for- 
 lorn expedient of procuring the services of Irish officers 
 in the French and Austrian armies to come to Ireland 
 to try and persuade their refractory countrymen to en- 
 
 ^* History of England, Vol. Ill, p. 457. 
 
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diigiacetul and lo lian^crous. — .m vtr <:iu ti:c re- 
 cruiting partios nifct wid> luch i:' tuccefs in every 
 part ot jhis kingdom iS at p:e(ent ; \o i[uinj:bi« 
 
 ■is thedidikc rf .lil rarks ot psople to th: /imcii- 
 
 'can fervicc. Thc.lnh-ibirjnts of Handon, Ycut. 
 hall, Birr, and other town';, h.tve cr,terv.-d into a 
 refolation ntt to iu'Vcr anv. uniong itiinito ii 'ill 
 for theparpple of cnlU\ing tlvsrr Ar:veri:Hn bfc- 
 thrcn. There have been no Icfs tbari live ,p\ai(s 
 at once in Charleviiie,' ar,.! alicr ilurning tl c 
 
 I town, God knows how lorj, wifh thcii fiits 
 and drums, they were able to pick up onjy one 
 recruit, who was under Mr. Roberts's iafiuenc". 
 Though tlic priacipal Ror.ianiih in CoTk and Li- 
 ■ncrick huTC ferrrved Airociations and cifercd bouc- 
 lies to (u*h recruits as fli.ilt liil >n tliis c>cca(i,ip, 
 y^i have they very little lucccls ; forthough the 
 heads ot that communion arc in t!:e ihterell oi go- 
 vernment, the lowtr clafs, who h.ive not fagscity 
 
 ' enough to make proper dUHn^^ioiis. are, to a man, 
 attached to the Americans, and lay pi.iinly, i!;elriili 
 ought to follow their cxampfe. Evei^ Lord Ken - 
 mare, who on this occafion took tnc leadji-d iii 
 ncruting party fsvcreiy btatin Tralee, and the;r 
 drum broke to pieces. The renowned Captain 
 Harlequin, whofe fuccefs in this town fall war 
 has encouraged him to renew his antic tricks hers 
 now, finds himfelf, with all his fcvitTiKinryi I'aMly 
 dilappointed, and feveralof thoie h<i had trepan- 
 ned have already deferred. Many of the d.'^a'.ights 
 that are come here to fill up the legimcnts order- 
 ed abroad, fwear they will never draw a trigger 
 againft the Americans ; among whom they have 
 all relations. And molt of the Englifli and Iriih 
 f ildiers that left this laft April and May expreiTed 
 fomuch repugnance to the fervice they were or- 
 dered 00, that I am fully perluaded, if v""r irmy 
 was not (but up ia Boftoo. it inuft luiTvr exceed- 
 ingly by deferiion. 
 
 KEPfODUCaD BY AN/VA FfTAA/CeS i-£l//A/S 
 
 FACSIMILE OFALETTER FROM CORK, PUBLISHED 
 IN THE PENNSYLVANIA PACKET OF NOVEMBER 27, 1775. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 47 
 
 list. "The safety of the State depends upon two 
 measures," wrote Attorney- General Wedderburn to 
 William Eden in 1778, — one of them "a strong levy of 
 Irish Catholics under French and Austrian officers," — 
 but there is no evidence that even this attempt met with 
 any success. 
 
 But on this point the most remarkable testimony of 
 all is found in the Pennsylvania Packet of November 27, 
 1775. On the 15th of that month a schooner named 
 The Two Sisters, commanded by Captain Robbins, 
 bound from Ireland to Boston, was seized by a privateer 
 in the service of the United Colonies and taken into 
 Beverly, Massachusetts. The account of the capture 
 published in the New York Journal or General Adver- 
 tiser of November 23, 1775, said that "Captain Robbins 
 left Ireland September 24th and brought papers to the 
 16th of September, also the King's Proclamation declar- 
 ing the Colonists rebels. Captain Robbins says the com- 
 mon people of Ireland were almost unanimous in favor 
 of the Americans, and that only those dependent on 
 Government appeared against us." Among the papers 
 seized on The Two Sisters were a number of letters 
 from army officers in Ireland to their friends in Bos- 
 ton. These letters were at once sent to the Congress at 
 Philadelphia and were printed in the Pennsylvania 
 Packet of November 27th, accompanied by a statement 
 signed by Secretary Charles Thomson, to the effect that 
 they were "published by order of the Congress." One of 
 these letters dated "Corke, September 8th, 1775" read as 
 follows : 
 
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48 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 "People are much divided in their sentiments about the Americans; 
 placemen, pensioners, Tories and Jacobites, with some stupid, ig- 
 norant and mercenary Whigs, are violent against them, but the bulk 
 of the people are strongly in their interest." 
 
 Referring to the attempts to raise troops in Ireland, 
 the writer said : 
 
 "Never did the recruiting parties meet with such ill success in 
 every part of this Kingdom as at present; so invincible is the dis- 
 like of. all ranks of people to the American service. The inhabitants 
 of Bandon, Youghall, Birr and other towns have entered into a 
 resolution not to suiFer any among them to enlist for the purpose 
 of enslaving their American Brethren. There have been no less 
 than five parties at once in Charleville, and after stunning the 
 Town, God knows how long, with their fifes and drums, they were 
 able to pick up only one recruit, who was under Mr. Roberts' in- 
 fluence. Though the principal Romanists in Corke and Limerick 
 have formed Associations and offered bounties to such recruits as 
 shall list on this occasion, yet they have very little success; for 
 though the heads of that communion are in the interest of govern- 
 ment, the lower class, who have not sagacity enough to make proper 
 distinctions, are, to a man, attached to the Americans, and say 
 plainly the Irish ought to follow their example. Even Lord Ken- 
 mare, who on this occasion took the lead, had his recruiting party 
 severely beat up in Tralee, and their drums broken to pieces. The 
 renowned Captain Harlequin, whose success in this Town last 
 war has encouraged him to renew his antic tricks here now, finds 
 himself, with all his buff"oonery, sadly disappointed, and several of 
 those he had trepanned have already deserted. Many of the 
 draughts that have come here to fill up the regiments ordered 
 abroad, swear they will never draw a trigger against the Americans, 
 among whom they all have relations. And most of the English 
 and Irish soldiers that left this, last April and May, expressed so 
 much repugnance to the service they were ordered on that I am 
 fully persuaded if your army was not shut up in Boston, it must 
 suffer severely by desertion." 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 49 
 
 The writer of this letter was surely a prophet, for 
 events proved that many of the Irish soldiers in Eng- 
 lish regiments did desert and went over to the Ameri- 
 cans, and this is shown by the repeated advertisements 
 printed in the New York newspapers of the year 1776 
 from regimental and company commanders offering re- 
 wards for the capture of deserters. Descriptions were 
 given in these advertisements of the personal appearance 
 of the men, and in most cases their nativity was stated, 
 and a large proportion of these were said to be "na- 
 tives of Ireland." General Howe wrote the Earl of 
 Dartmouth from Boston on November 26, 1775, send- 
 ing him an estimate of the niimber of recruits which 
 he would need in the following spring, but stating that 
 if these recruits were "chiefly composed of Irish Roman 
 Catholics, they are certain to desert if put to hard 
 work." ^* This is also shown by a letter dated Sep- 
 tember 5, 1779, to General Cleveland from General 
 Pattison, commandant of the Royal Artillery, in which 
 he said: "I must desire that no Partys may be sent to 
 Ireland to recruit for my Battalion. I have more al- 
 ready than I could wish from that country, and I am in- 
 formed by Captain Chapman that forty-nine of the men 
 enlisted there have deserted." ^® The Boyal Gazette of 
 October 18, 1780, contained a proclamation from Gen- 
 eral Sir Henry Clinton about "the several deserters from 
 the British and Foreign Troops under my Command 
 
 ''■^American Archives, 4th Ser., Vol. Ill, p. 1673. 
 
 ^° New York Historical Society Collections, year 1875, p. 105; 
 see also references to the Irish "who deserted to the rebels'' at 
 page 190. 
 
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50 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 who are serving with the Enemy or are concealed in the 
 rebel Country," and he offered them "a free and un- 
 limited pardon" on their return. Among these deserters 
 he mentioned "Daniel McCarty, a native of Ireland"; 
 "James Torren, a native of Ireland"; "Hugh McQuaid, 
 born in County Down, Ireland" ; "Thomas Hynes, born 
 in the Province of Munster in Ireland, and Bryan Con- 
 ner, born in the Province of Leinster in Ireland" ; "John 
 Gilly, John Kennedy, Daniel Denhany and William 
 Ross," all "born in Cork"; "Richard Shay, James Mc- 
 Munnigan, James Doherty, Jerry Fahane, David 
 Crowley, John Murphy, John Collins, William Finley, 
 and Edmund Ryan." 
 
 There were numerous other similar instances, and 
 these individual cases are pointed out merely to il- 
 lustrate the statement that Irish soldiers in England's 
 army had no heart in the fight against American liberty, 
 and that many of them took advantage of their oppor- 
 tunities to "desert to the enemy." 
 
 From the regretful tone of the letter above quoted, 
 as to the failure of the Irish to enlist to fight the Ameri- 
 cans, it is quite clear that the writer was one of that class 
 known in Ireland as "shoneens" and was himself a sup- 
 porter of the government, which is all the more reason 
 for accepting it as a truthful account of the situation. 
 His reference to "the principal Romanists of Cork 
 and Limerick" having formed associations and offered 
 bounties to enlist, is verified to some extent by other 
 newspaper accounts, although why the writer referred 
 to them as "the principal Romanists" is very much of a 
 mystery. A small coterie of Irish Catholic landlords 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 51 
 
 seeking the favor of the King, representing nobody 
 but themselves, but deriving energy from the impudent 
 assertion that they reflected the sentiment of the entire 
 population of Ireland, sought to persuade their country- 
 men to enlist for the American service. This precious 
 band of "anti-Irish Irishmen" were headed by Lord 
 Kenmare. How successful was this craven element in 
 their attempts to seduce Irishmen to fight against their 
 own countrymen who had taken their stand by the side 
 of their fellow Colonists, is seen from the results of the 
 efforts of Lord Cahir, who "offered Administration to 
 raise three thousand Irish Roman Catholics to support 
 their plan against the Americans." ^'^ As in the case of 
 Lord Kenmare, referred to in the letter above quoted, 
 the hopes of "the noble lord" from the beginning were 
 doomed to failure, and there is no record whatever of 
 the existence of such troops. ^® 
 
 To explain this more clearly. It had been the com- 
 mon custom, when soldiers were wanted in Ireland for 
 the English service, to commission the great landed 
 proprietors to raise them among their tenants and labor- 
 ers. They sent their agents among the farmers and 
 through the villages offering bounties for recruits, and 
 in the case of the laboring and artisan classes, where 
 they were in any way dependent upon the landlords for 
 employment and they refused to enlist, the landlords 
 
 '"New York Journal or General Advertiser, October 12, 1775. 
 ■ ^® The Earl of Kenmare and the Earl of Cahir both offered "a 
 bounty of a half guinea to all volunteers enlisting with Major 
 Roche," but when this Major Roche tried to raise recruits in Cork 
 he was "driven from the City by an angry mob." He received no 
 better treatment in Limerick. 
 
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52 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 discharged them from their employ. Arthur Young, 
 an Enghsh scientist and agriculturist, who made a tour 
 through Ireland in the years 1776 to 1779, paints a 
 frightful picture of the misery of the small Irish tenant- 
 farmers and of the slavishness of the poorer classes de- 
 pendent for support on the word of the bailiff or the 
 land agent. "A landlord of an Irish estate inhabited by 
 Roman Catholics," says Young, "is a sort of despot who 
 yields obedience, in whatever concerns the poor, to no 
 law but that of his own will. He can scarcely invent 
 an order which a servant-labourer or cottar dares to 
 refuse to execute. A long series of oppressions, aided 
 by many very ill-judged laws, have brought the land- 
 lords into a habit of exerting a very lofty superiority, 
 and their vassals into that of an almost unlimited sub- 
 mission." ^^ On this occasion the landlords caused the 
 most strenuous and unscrupulous efforts to be made to 
 secure recruits, and even formed "press-gangs" of their 
 own, who forcibly dragged out of their beds at night the 
 young Irishmen who had not fled to the hills, and 
 brought them, "bound hand and foot," to the military 
 depots, where they were kept in close confinement until 
 the agents were ready to ship them off like cattle to the 
 seaport towns. ^*' 
 
 In September, 1775, a committee of landlords had the 
 
 ^® A Tour in Ireland, with General Observations upon the Present 
 State of that Kingdom, made in the years 1776, 1777, 1778, and 
 1779, Part II, p. 29; London, 1780. 
 
 ^^ Lecky says : "Recruits in Ireland came in very slowly, for 
 there was no enthusiasm in Ireland for the war," and "the press- 
 gangs met with an unusual resistance." (The American Revolution, 
 p. 242.) 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 53 
 
 avidacity to say, in an address to the King: "We humbly 
 presume to lay at your feet two millions of loyal, faith- 
 ful, and affectionate hearts and hands, zealous, ready, 
 and desirous to exert themselves strenuously in defence 
 of your Majesty's most sacred Person and Govern- 
 ment." They described "the Loyalty of the Irish Catho- 
 lics" as "unanimous, constant, and unalterable," which 
 sentiments "they well knew to be those of all their fellow 
 Roman Catholic Irish subjects." And notwithstanding 
 the record of the Irish, known to all the world, and their 
 age-long fight against English oppression, Bancroft 
 and other historians have allowed themselves to be en- 
 trapped by such extravagant and false assertions ! 
 
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CHAPTER IV 
 
 EFFORTS TO CONCILIATE THE IRISH CATHOLICS 
 
 Horace Walpole's Last Journals. Silas Deane's interesting sug- 
 gestion. Extracts from speeches in the English Parliament. 
 Funds collected in Ireland for the American patriots. The 
 people of Cork sent provisions and clothing for Washington's 
 army. The "Society of Free Citizens" of Dublin applaud the 
 Americans. Testimony of Plowden and Barrington. "All 
 Ireland America-mad." Powder shipped from Ireland to 
 America. 
 
 ^T^HAT the sympathies of the Irish, Catholic as well 
 ■■■ as Protestant, were almost wholly inclined toward 
 the Americans, especially after they had proclaimed 
 the principle of "no taxation without representation," 
 which so aptly described the situation in Ireland, is ad- 
 mitted by an English historian. As stated by Amherst, 
 "Lord North was anxious to conciliate the Irish Catho- 
 lics in order to unite the subjects of the King in Great 
 Britain and Ireland and because he saw that the maxims 
 of government, especially the one which was so loudly 
 proclaimed in America, 'no representation, no taxa- 
 tion,' applied rather awkwardly to the state of things on 
 the other side of Saint George's Channel. ... It be- 
 came, therefore, a matter of policy to conciliate Ireland 
 in order to promote union at home, draw off the sympa- 
 thy of the Irish for the Americans, and make the Irish 
 more inclined to enlist in the regiments which it would 
 
 .54 
 
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A HIDDEN PHASE OF HISTORY 55 
 
 be necessary to send across the Atlantic." ^ Plowden 
 verifies this when he says: "The British Minister sent 
 positive orders that some Act of Legislature should be 
 passed in that session of conciliatory tendency to the 
 Catholics, and accordingly the Catholic Relief Act was 
 brought in and passed both Houses without opposition." 
 How the Irish Catholics viewed the "favours of Govern- 
 ment," in its efforts to induce them to enlist to fight the 
 Americans, is seen from the evidence already quoted. 
 
 "It is certain that the Irish Roman Catholics cannot 
 be tempted into the service," says a statement in Ameri- 
 can Archives, ^ and Horace Walpole wrote in his Last 
 Journals ^ that "the Government declined an offer made 
 to them for raising Highland regiments, but attempted 
 to raise a regiment of Irish Catholics, but these would 
 not enlist, nor could they in the whole summer get above 
 four hundred recruits in England." 
 
 As to the racial composition of the regiments sent 
 from Ireland to America, I question very much that 
 they were comprised wholly of Irishmen, or that they 
 were recruited only in Ireland. American newspapers 
 contain several despatches from London indicating that 
 Rmong the twenty regiments in Ireland at the beginning 
 of the war, there were English and Scotch as well as 
 Irish troops, and in the Pennsylvania Gazette of June 
 19, 1776, there is a despatch from Loridon, under the 
 
 ^ Amherst, History of Catholic Emancipation, p. 52. This sub- 
 ject is also dealt with in Wilfred Ward's Life of Cardinal Wiseman 
 and in Pagan's Life and Times of Daniel O'Connell. 
 
 2 4th Ser., Vol. IV, p. 368. 
 
 3 Vol. I, p. 472. 
 
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56 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 head of "House of Commons, March 26th," reading: 
 "On the 17th inst. six sail of ships from Glasgow, with 
 new raised recruits, and several transports from London, 
 arrived at Cork, where they are to take in their lading 
 of provisions and proceed to America under convoy." 
 This is quoted as a sample of several similar accounts 
 ahout the same time, but the fact that they "came from 
 Ireland" did not by any means make these soldiers 
 "Irishmen," as some historians seem to think. 
 
 In the same paper of May 31, 1775, 1 find an "address 
 sent to Ireland for publication among the soldiers" in 
 March of that year, which appealed to "the glory of 
 British soldiers," saying "you are about to embark for 
 America to compel your fellow-subjects to submit to 
 Popery and slavery." This address ridiculed a former 
 "attempt of King James to introduce the Roman Catho- 
 lic religion into Great Britain"; told how English 
 soldiers then "rebelled against the King," adding that 
 "you gentlemen will soon have an opportunity of show- 
 ing equal virtue by fighting against the establishment of 
 Popery in America." Can any sane person imagine the 
 foolhardiness of distributing such a document among 
 Irish Catholic soldiers? And, why, if Irish Catholics 
 were so eager, as historians assert, to enlist for the 
 American war, did Silas Deane suggest "that some 
 Priests be sent among the Irish 'Whiteboys' to em- 
 barrass the English," * for it must be assumed that 
 
 * Deane Papers in New York Historical Society Collections, Vol. 
 I, p. 396. See also Wharton's Diplomatic Correspondence of the 
 American Revolution, Vol. II, p. 218, 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 57 
 
 Deane considered them friendly to the American cause 
 when he made such a suggestion? 
 
 That great national monument, the American 
 Archives, compiled by Peter Force, the first of all 
 students of our Revolutionary annals, furnishes much 
 corroborative testimony. In a report of the debates in 
 the English House of Commons on October 26, 1775, 
 upon the "Speech from the Throne" relating to the 
 American situation, a speech delivered by Governor 
 George Johnstone is printed in full. In dilating upon 
 "the universal report and opinion of all men with whom 
 I have conversed from America," Johnstone said: "If 
 any one disputes the truth of my assertions, I now 
 defy him to bring any evidence to contradict me, and I 
 now undertake to bring men of the best characters in 
 support of what I aver. But, respecting general opin- 
 ion, I shall go further. I maintain . . . that three to 
 one in Ireland are on the side of the Americans, that 
 soldiers and sailors feel such an unwillingness to the 
 service that you will never find the same exertions 
 in spirit in this as in other wars." ^ In the debates in 
 Parliament on November 8, 1775, on objection being 
 raised to Ireland contributing to the war, an Irish mem- 
 ber exclaimed: "Let the American war cost what it will, 
 Ireland should never be called upon to contribute a 
 shilling toward defraying the expense." ** The Duke 
 of Richmond said on that occasion: "Attempts have been 
 made to enlist the Irish Roman Catholicks, but the Min- 
 
 ^ American Archives, 4th Ser., Vol. VI, p. 31. See also Parlia- 
 mentary Register, Vol. Ill, p. 25. 
 
 ^American Archives, 4th Ser., Vol. VI, p. 131. 
 
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58 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 istry know well that these attempts have proved unsuc- 
 cessful," ■" all of which verified a "letter from Dublin," 
 dated August 12, 1775, and published in the Pennsyl- 
 vania Gazette of October 18th, which stated that "the 
 regiments ordered abroad, which are to be augumented 
 to seven hundred rank and file, with difficulty list a 
 man, which is strange considering the prospect of pre- 
 ferment that the American war presents to them." And 
 the same letter refers to "a sloop from Dublin bound to 
 Cork, with tv,'enty-two recruits for the American service, 
 put into Wicklow by stress of weather, where one-half 
 of them deserted." The Providence (Rhode Island) 
 Gazette, in its issue of February 24, 1776, announced 
 "the arrival from Ireland, but last from Barbadoes, of 
 the sloop New York Packet, Captain John Freers, who 
 informs that the people in Ireland and Barbadoes are 
 very warm in the cause of America." The same senti- 
 ment prevailed all over Ireland, and in the Pennsylvania 
 Packet of April 29, 1776, the news from Providence 
 said : "Captain Cook from Belfast informs that recruit- 
 ing parties had been beating up there from September 
 till January, to reinforce the Ministerial army in 
 America, but that they had only enlisted ten men." 
 
 The attitude of the Irish people on this question was 
 manifested in many ways. On the outbreak of the war, 
 "the inhabitants of Belfast were the very first European 
 community that gave open expression to their good 
 wishes for the American cause. Public meetings were 
 held throughout the country to encourage the trans- 
 
 '' American Archives, 4th Ser., Vol. VI, p. 131. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 59 
 
 atlantic resistance, and as the contest went on, Ireland, 
 catching inspiration from the example of the New 
 World, took that noble attitude of resistance which 
 gained for her, in 1782, under the guidance of Grattan 
 and his patriot associates, the legislative and commercial 
 independeiice which was destined to so short a life." ® 
 Mooney declares that "meetings were held in many 
 parts of Ireland to cheer on the Americans," and at 
 meetings in Belfast approving of the resistance of the 
 Colonists, "funds were collected and sent to the Ameri- 
 can patriots." ® "The people of Cork sent a vessel with 
 provisions and clothing for Washington's army, which 
 vessel got safely into Boston." ^° And in the Irish capi- 
 tal, to the intense alarm of the government, the Com- 
 mon Council in August, 1775, voted the thanks of the 
 city to Lord Effingham "for having thrown up his com- 
 mission in the army rather than draw his sword against 
 the Americans." ^^ 
 
 In the Pennsylvania Packet of October 9, 1775, there 
 is an account, dated "Dublin, July 19th," of a public 
 dinner given by the "Society of- Free Citizens," presided 
 over by James Napper Tandy, afterward one of the 
 devoted leaders of the people in the Rebellion of 1798, 
 and among the toasts drunk on that occasion we find 
 such sentiments as these: "Prosperity to Ireland, and 
 may it never submit to be taxed by the British Parlia- 
 
 ' "The Irish in America," by James Boyd, in North American 
 Review, January, 1841. 
 
 ^History of Ireland, by Thomas Mooney, p. 827; Boston, 1845. 
 
 ^"Ihid., p. 831. 
 
 ^^ Force's American Archives, 
 
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60 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 ment." "Our fellow-subjects in America, now suffering 
 persecution for attempting to assert their rights and 
 liberties." "The Continental Congress — unanimity to 
 their councils and success to their resolves." "The 19th 
 of April, 1775, and the memory of the brave Americans 
 who fell in defending the liberties of their country," 
 
 The Pennsylvania Gazette of August 16, 1775, con- 
 tains an "extract of a letter from Dublin," saying that 
 "the Post Assembly, which is to be held tomorrow for 
 the purpose of considering an Address to the King on 
 behalf of our oppressed American brethren, is likely 
 to be the fullest meeting ever known." The Pennsyl- 
 vania Evening Post of November 9, 1775, published 
 an account of a meeting of the "Post Assembly" at 
 Dublin on August 28th, comprised of the "Lord Mayor, 
 Sheriffs, Commons and Citizens," sympathizing with 
 "the injured inhabitants of that continent [AmericaJ," 
 for whom they felt "the most poignant grief," and 
 deprecating the action of the government in sending 
 "our brave countrymen on the unnatural errand of 
 killing their fellow-subjects." And an ai'ticle in the 
 Pennsylvania Gazette of October 30, 1776, contained 
 a despatch from Dublin, dated July 29th, saying: "We 
 hear that instructions from the Lords Commissioners of 
 the Admiralty of Great Britain arrived here by the last 
 packet for the condemnation of all American ships and 
 merchandise, that may be taken by any ship of war or 
 privateer, and brought into any port of this Kingdom, 
 and confiscating the same as lawful prizes. It is not 
 doubted but that many spirited merchants will fit out 
 cruizers, to enrich themselves at the expense of our 
 
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- OF AMERICAN HISTORY 61 
 
 rebellious subjects, notwithstanding the prevailing fac- 
 tious disposition of too many in Ireland who seem to wish 
 success to the arms of their transatlantic friends. We 
 also hear, in expectation of this event, the free citizens 
 and other patriotic societies in Dublin are raising sub- 
 scriptions for the use of such American crews as shall 
 be confined in the gaols of this Kingdom, as they happen 
 to be brought in." 
 
 It is incidents like these, recorded by men who were 
 actual observers of or participants in the affairs of 
 the time, that reflect the true conditions, not the ex- 
 parte statements of historians who wrote without full 
 knowledge of the facts or whose work was tinctured by 
 religious or racial prejudices. Walpole recorded in his 
 Last Journals ^^ that after "the Guild of Merchants at 
 Dublin thanked Wilkes, Lord Effingham, and the Eng- 
 lish Peers who opposed the American War, ... a re- 
 monstrance was sent to the King against the war by the 
 Common Council of Dublin." And "the great Horace" 
 also recorded, under date of June, 1776, that "the Irish 
 Parliament having expired, there were great contests 
 at the new elections, and the American war was so 
 unpopular in that country, that the Court met with 
 sturdy opposition."^* And Plowden, the English his- 
 torian, relates how "the Irish sympathized with the 
 American ideas of freedom," and that "the government 
 was seriously alarmed at the light in which the American 
 struggle was viewed in Ireland." 
 
 Sir Jonah Barrington, one of the leading members 
 
 ^^ Under date of August and September, 1775. 
 ^' Walpole's Last Journals, Vol. II, p. 562. 
 
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62 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 of the Irish Parliament during the period of the Ameri- 
 can Revolution, in referring to the depressed condition 
 of Ireland resulting from the operation of the penal 
 statutes, shows in the following words how Ireland was 
 affected by the American uprising: "The spirit of 
 independence had crossed the Atlantic, and the Irish 
 people, awakened from a trance, beheld with anxiety 
 the contest in which they now began to feel an interest. 
 They regarded with admiration the exertions of a colony 
 combating for the first principles of civil liberty and gix- 
 ing to the world an instructive lesson of fortitude and 
 perseverance. . . . Ireland became every day a more 
 anxious spectator of the arduous conflict; every incident 
 in America began to communicate a sympathetic im- 
 pulse to the Irish people." ^* 
 
 The numerous sources from which I have gathered 
 information on this point indicate, without the shadow 
 of a doubt, that from the moment the news of the revolt 
 in America reached Ireland, that country was seething 
 with enthusiasm, and when the "Address to the People 
 of Ireland" was received from the American Congress 
 we are told "the attention of the country was still more 
 strongly aroused." "All Ireland is America-mad," 
 wrote Horace Walpole to the Countess of Upper Os- 
 sory on June 25, 1776.^® And notwithstanding the fact 
 that Ireland was suffering greatly in her trade by the 
 stoppage of imports from the Colonies, her sympathy 
 for America was maintained throughout the struggle. 
 
 ^* Rise and Fall of the Irish Nation, p. 31; New York, n.d. 
 ^^ Letters of Horace Walpole, Fourth Earl of Orford, Toynbee 
 ed., Vol. IX, p. 380; Oxford, 1859. 
 
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'/f£/o/f0Ol/C£O BY /IV,VA /^//A'VCSS LEV//^S 
 
 JAMES DUANE 
 
 MEMBER OFTHE CONTINENTAL C0NGRESS,SON OF ANTHONY DUANE 
 OF COUNTY 6ALWAY, IRELAND.. 
 
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OF AINIERICAN HISTORY 63 
 
 John Mitchel says: "Nine-tenths of the people of Ire- 
 land regarded the American cause to be Ireland's own 
 cause," for "the very strong analogy which existed be- 
 tween the American Colonies and the Irish was quite 
 sufficient to occasion in the latter country not only an 
 intense interest, but a deep sympathy also in the Ameri- 
 can struggle."^® 
 
 It is very evident that sympathy for the Americans 
 prevailed among all classes in Ireland except the land- 
 lords and their agents and those in government employ. 
 And it was no mere lip service that they rendered to 
 the American Revolutionists, for they gave earnest of 
 their sincerity by committing themselves to such acts 
 of unneutrality as the harboring and protection of 
 American privateers, the succoring of American prison- 
 ers of war, and the sale and shipment of supplies of 
 powder and other warlike stores while the Revolution 
 was at its height and when such acts were considered 
 high treason to England. 
 
 In the Minutes of the Committee of Safety of the 
 Province of New Yorh^'' under date of January 4, 1776, 
 I find this entry: "Mr. Thomas McFarran attending 
 was called in. The Committee conversed with him on 
 the subject of shipping flaxseed to Ireland to obtain 
 gunpowder. Thereupon, a draft of a letter to the Con- 
 tinental Congress was read and approved of." This 
 letter stated that the committee had "engaged two ves- 
 sels to despatch with produce to Europe for the purpose 
 
 ''■^History of Ireland, pp. 112, 119; Glasgow, 1866. 
 "Yql. I, p. 236. Published by the State of New York; 
 Albany, 1842. 
 
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64 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 of procuring arms and ammunition. . . . As our safety- 
 depends upon the country being well supplied with 
 powder, we submit it to you whether the sense of Con- 
 gress should not be taken without delay, on our export- 
 ing two cargoes of flaxseed to purchase powder. The 
 measure recommends itself by several considerations; 
 there is the highest probability of procuring powder in 
 Ireland at a moderate price." It would appear also 
 from communications which passed between Marquis de 
 Noailles, the French Ambassador to England, and 
 Count de Vergennes, ^* French Minister of Foreign 
 Affairs, that shipments openly went from Irish to 
 French ports and that they were reshipped to the "Island 
 of Martinico" (Martinique), whence they reached 
 America, and undoubtedly were intended for the use 
 of the Continental army. 
 
 So bitter were the patriots in Ireland against the 
 British government that they sought by every means 
 in their power to injure British trade by the application 
 of the "boycott." In April, 1779, a great meeting was 
 held in Dublin at which the people pledged themselves 
 "not to purchase any goods manufactured in England," 
 and Lord Buckingham, the Viceroy, when reporting this 
 meeting to the English Ministry on April 29, 1779, said; 
 "It concerns me greatly to mention that the discontent 
 of this kingdom seems increasing, fomented, I appre- 
 hend, by French and American emissaries." "The Irish 
 have entered into combinations against purchasing 
 English goods," wrote Horace Walpole to Horace 
 
 ^^ Letters in Stevens' Facsimile Documents in European Archives 
 Relating to America, 1773-1783. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 65 
 
 Mann on May 9, 1779 ;i» and on June 16, 1779, in a 
 letter to Henry Seymour Conway, he expressed "the 
 fear that the Irish will be tempted to unite with America, 
 which will throw all that trade into their convenient 
 harbours." ^° 
 
 ^^ Letters of Horace Walpole, Fourth Earl of Orford, Toynbee 
 ed., Vol. X, p. 408; London, 1859. 
 2" Ibid. 
 
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CHAPTER V 
 
 HISTORY BY SUPPRESSION 
 
 Army supplies destroyed in Ireland. American privateers succored 
 in Irish harbors. Protest in the English Parliament against 
 shipments of firearms and ammunition from Dublin to America. 
 Ethan Allen's Narrative. His treatment by the citizens of 
 Cork and Dublin an index to Irish feeling. 
 
 /~\N several occasions when the commissary officers 
 ^^^ of the regiments about to embark from Cork pur- 
 chased supphes, the consignments were seized and de- 
 stroyed by the angry populace.^ A concrete instance 
 of this was an incident reported in the Pennsylvania 
 Packet of November 12, 1776, to this effect: "A private 
 letter from Cork by the Endeavour arrived on Wednes- 
 day in the river, the Master of which reported that a 
 large body of people on horseback attacked several 
 carriages which were coming to that place with pro- 
 visions for the government ships, that they took all the 
 horses out, and afterwards the provisions, sent the 
 drivers back with the horses to tell their owners that if 
 they ever met with them again carrying provisions off, 
 they would murder them and their horses. They then 
 set fire to the carriages and burnt them to ashes." 
 What a contrast was this with the manner in which 
 
 ^ Arthur Young, in his Tour in Ireland, says that "when one 
 Abraham Lane established a large manufactory for army clothing 
 and shoes at Cork in 1777, it was burned down by a mob." 
 
 66 
 
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A HIDDEN PHASE OF HISTORY 67 
 
 the officers of American privateers which put into Irish 
 harbors were received by the people, for so strong was 
 the sentiment in favor of the Americans that in several 
 Irish seaport towns the people afforded shelter and 
 furnished supplies to American privateers. In the 
 Pennsylvania Gazette of March 5, 1777, I find a 
 despatch from Dublin under date of October 19, 1776, 
 to the effect that "an American privateer had anchored 
 in the harbour of Newry, and demanded provisions, for 
 which payment was offered" ; and in the same issue of 
 the paper there appeared an account from New London, 
 Connecticut, dated February 13, 1777, that "Captain 
 Salter who came out of Ireland informs that the Ameri- 
 can privateer which put into Newry (as mentioned 
 under the Dublin head) shipped a number of hands 
 there, and that the Irish are universally in favour of the 
 Americans, except a few placemen." A letter from 
 Galway, Ireland, published in the Gazette of June 18, 
 1777, said: "Two American privateers put in here to 
 procure some fresh water and provisions. On being 
 supplied with such provisions as they wanted, for which 
 they paid in dollars, they weighed anchor and sailed, 
 after being in the bay only twenty-four hours." And 
 in the London news in the Gazette of May 14, 1777, 
 there appeared a "Letter from Limerick, January 31st, 
 1777," to the effect that "a large American privateer 
 put into the River Shannon and sent a boat on shore 
 to procure some fresh provisions and fresh water, which 
 they were readily supplied with, but sent the command- 
 ing officer word that his stay there might be disagreeable, 
 as some men of war from England were hourly expected 
 
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68 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 there, upon which the Captain of the privateer weighed 
 anchor and sailed away." From England's point of 
 view, this action was nothing short of high treason, yet 
 the authorities of the city of Limerick were willing to 
 run the risk of imprisonment and perhaps execution in 
 order to aid the American sailors. To appreciate fully 
 the risks incurred in thus giving "aid and comfort to 
 the enemy" we must bear in mind that the English 
 charged the American privateers with "piracy," and that 
 the government warned the authorities of all Irish sea- 
 port towns that they should be treated accordingly and 
 that they "should commit to prison any persons 
 suspected of favouring America." ^ 
 
 It is reasonable also to assume that on these occasions 
 Irish sailors willingly joined the crews of American 
 privateers, which were not always fully manned, and 
 we have circumstantial evidence of this in a report dated 
 March 27-28, 1777, relative to "American affairs," from 
 Lieutenant- Colonel Smith ^ to his superiors at London, 
 in which he said that the success of the American naval 
 commander, Captain Lambert Wickes, in the Irish 
 Channel, "induced the Irish and French to enter readily 
 into any armed vessel against our Trade, so that num- 
 bers of them will never be wanting to equip anything 
 Franklin may wish to put to sea."* 
 
 During the war merchants in Dublin carried on an 
 illicit trade with American ports, and in their trading 
 with the West Indies they adopted every pretext to 
 
 ^ Wharton's Diplomatic Correspondence, Vol. Ill, p. 394. 
 
 ^ Smith was employed as a spy. 
 
 * Document No. 670 in Stevens' Facsimiles. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 69 
 
 carry stores to America. In a speech in the House of 
 Conunons on February 17, 1777, on a bill for suspend- 
 ing the Habeas Corpus Act, Colonel Luttrell declared 
 that "a ship loaded with fire-arms, warlike stores, and 
 ammunition of all kinds, intended for America, was 
 seized in the port of Dublin. The merchants who were 
 the owners of the stores, and the actors in this treason- 
 able transaction, were apprehended. Yet the traitors 
 were bailed and permitted to escape with impunity. He 
 wished sincerely, if they had not escaped beyond the 
 reach of justice, that this bill might take cognizance 
 of their crimes, and that they might meet that ex- 
 emplary and condign punishment which they manifestly 
 merited."^ But in March, 1780, Ireland's demand for 
 free and unrestricted commerce with America and the 
 West Indies was granted by the British Parliament, and 
 the acts which prohibited carrying gold and silver coin 
 into Ireland were repealed in the same year. Irish 
 merchants immediately took advantage of the situation, 
 and thereafter the American agents procured consider- 
 able quantities of powder in Ireland; indeed, so brisk 
 did this trade become, and so openly was it carried on, 
 that English war-ships were sent to patrol the coasts 
 of Ireland, and in the newspapers of the time several 
 instances are narrated of the capture of valuable cargoes 
 from Irish ports destined for "the American rebels." 
 
 The attitude of the Irish people toward the Ameri- 
 cans is well illustrated by an incident related in a letter 
 from Cork, published in the Pennsylvania Packet of 
 May 5, 1776. This letter reads in pai-t : 
 
 ^Parliamentary Register, Vol. VI, p. 253. 
 
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70 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 "The following occurrence must give satisfaction to the friends 
 of suffering America. When Colonel Ethan Allen, with ahout 
 fifty other prisoners, arrived in the Solebay, two gentlemen went 
 on board to enquire into their situation and to assure them of the 
 disposition of several gentlemen in this City to alleviate their dis- 
 tress. Colonel Allen was so affected with this instance of un- 
 expected generosity, that the expression of his gratitude could hardly 
 find utterance. His treatment on board the Solebay is far different 
 from the barbarous and cruel usage he experienced in his passage 
 from Quebec, being then handcuffed and ironed in the most dreary 
 part of the vessel, and basely insulted with cruel and unmanly 
 reflections by some officers of the ship, whom he challenged in 
 Cornwall, without receiving any satisfaction. A subscription was 
 begun this morning among some friends of the cause and near 
 fifty guineas collected to buy clothes for his men and necessaries 
 for himself, and if liberty can be got of Capuain Williams to put 
 live stock on board, I can assure you Colonel Allen will be exceed- 
 ingly well provided. We this day sent a hamper of wine, sugar, 
 fruit, chocolate, etc., on board for his immediate use, and to-morrow 
 intend to prepare the sundry articles of which he sent a list. I 
 enclose a rough copy of his answer to our letter. Should he have 
 permission to come on shore, he will be entertained by some of the 
 first gentlemen of this City. I have not been refused by a single 
 person on the subscription." 
 
 Colonel Allen's response is as follows: 
 
 "Gentlemen : 
 
 "I received your generous present this day, with a joyful heart. 
 Thanks to God, there are still the feelings of humanity in the 
 worthy citizens of Cork towards those of your bone and your flesh, 
 who through misfortune from the present broils in the empire, are 
 needy prisoners. 
 
 "Dated Cove, January 24, 1776. E. Allen." 
 
 The sympathy and good will which Ethan Allen ex- 
 perienced in Cork and in other places from Irishmen is 
 not in the least surprising, for it is one of the hohest 
 traditions of the Irish race to lend a helping hand to all 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 71 
 
 who are under the lash of tyranny. The city of Cork, 
 in 1776, only repeated the action of the people of the 
 capital city of Ireland one hundred years before, when 
 they alone, of all Europeans, sent a ship-load of pro- 
 visions to the famishing Colonists of New England in 
 1676. This is known in history as "The Irish Dona- 
 tion." Allen himself related the incident referred to 
 in the letter just quoted in the narrative of his captivity, 
 and as this fact receives no mention from American 
 historians, I quote here Allen's own words : ** 
 
 "It was soon rumoured in Cork that I was on board the Solehay, 
 with a number of prisoners from America, upon which Messrs. 
 Clark & Ha3'e.s, merchants in company, and a number of other 
 benevolently disposed gentlemen, contributed largely to the relief 
 and support of the prisoners, who were in very needy circumstances. 
 Each man had bestowed on him a. suit of clothes from head to foot, 
 including an overcoat and two shirts." 
 
 The gifts which he himself received were : 
 
 "Superfine broadcloths, sufficient for two jackets and two pair 
 of breeches, overplus of a suit throughout, eight fine holland shirts 
 and stocks ready made, with a number of pairs of silk and worsted 
 hose, two pairs of shoes, two beaver hats, one of which was sent 
 richly laced with gold, by Mi:. James Bonwell. . . . The Irish 
 gentlemen, furthermore, made a large gratuity of wines of the best 
 sort, old spirits, Geneva loaf and brown sugar, coifee, tea and 
 chocolate, with a large round of pickled beef, and a number of fat 
 turkies, with many other articles for my sea stores, too tedious to 
 mention here. 
 
 "As this munificence was so unexpected, plentiful, and, I may 
 
 ® From A Narrative of the Captivity of Colonel Ethan Allen, 
 from the time of his being taken by the British, near Montreal, on the 
 SSth day of September, 1776, to the time of his exchange, on the 
 6th day of May, 1778, written by himself and published at 
 Burlington, Vermont, in 1779- 
 
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72 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 add, needful, it impressed on my mind the highest sense of gratitude 
 towards my benefactors ; for I was not only supplied with neces- 
 saries and conveniences of life, but with the grandeurs and super- 
 fluities of it. Mr. Hayes, one of the donators before mentioned, 
 came on board, and behaved in the most obliging manner, telling 
 me that he hoped my troubles were past: for that the gentlemen 
 of Cork determined to make my sea stores equal to that of the 
 Captain of the Solehay's. He made an offer of live stock and 
 wherewith to support them; but I knew this would be denied. And 
 to crown all, did send me by another person fifty guineas, but I 
 could not reconcile receiving the whole to my own feelings, as it 
 might have the appearance of avarice ; and, therefore, received but 
 seven guineas only, and am confident, not only from the exercise 
 of the present well-timed generosity, but from a large acquaintance 
 with gentlemen of this nation, that as a people they excel in lib- 
 erality and bravery. 
 
 "All of the provisions were conveyed on board during the absence 
 of the captain and by the connivance of a friendly lieutenant. . . ," 
 
 He goes on to relate: 
 
 "Two days after the receipt of the aforesaid donations. Captain 
 Symonds came on board, full of envy towards the prisoners, and 
 swore by all that is good, that the damned American rebels should 
 not be feasted at this rate by the damned rebels of Ireland. He, 
 therefore, took away all my liquors before mentioned, and all the 
 tea and sugar, except some wine, which was secreted, and confiscated 
 them to the use of the ship's crew. 
 
 "Soon after this there came a boat to the side of the ship, and 
 Captain Symonds asked a gentleman who was in it, in my hearing, 
 what his business was. He answered that he was sent to deliver 
 some sea stores to Colonel Allen, which, if I remember right, he 
 said were sent from Dublin; but the captain damned him very 
 heartily, ordered him away from the ship, and would not suffer 
 him to deliver the stores. I was further informed that the gentle- 
 men in Cork requested of Captain Symonds that I might be allowed 
 to come into the City, and that they would be responsible I should 
 return to the frigate at a given time, which was denied them. 
 
 "We sailed from the Cove of Cork on the 12th of February, the 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 73 
 
 prisoners having been distributed among the diiferent war ships. 
 The fleet consisted of forty-five sail, carrying several thousand 
 troops, and their destination was the American coast. When we 
 had reached Madeira and anchored, sundry gentlemen, with the 
 captain, went on shore, who, I conclude, gave the rumor that I was 
 in the frigate, upon which I soon after found Irish generosity was 
 again excited, for a gentleman of that nation sent his dark on 
 board, to know of me if I would accept a sea store from him, 
 particularly of wine." ^ 
 
 And so the evidence accumulates, for much more of the 
 same character can be adduced, and from sources just 
 as trustworthy as those here quoted. I submit that con- 
 temporary accounts such as those here presented are 
 far more worthy of credence than the theories of histor- 
 ians, unsupported by facts or by any reasonable evidence 
 as to their historic truth. Bancroft's method of treating 
 the subject cannot but be regarded as exhibiting the 
 case under a deceptive aspect; and as he selected the 
 people of Ireland alone as the object of his abuse, it 
 is evident that he had some ulterior purpose in so doing. 
 His statements are impugned by the unimpeachable rec- 
 ords of the time, and as all of these must have been 
 accessible to the historian, it seems only fair to assume 
 that he deliberately suppressed "the evidence in the 
 case." From this "sin of omission" we see no way of 
 exculpating him, nor can we regard as unprejudiced 
 those other historians who have denied to the Irish in 
 America the glory of the part they played in the War 
 of the Revolution. 
 
 ^ The Diary of John Adams also mentions the hospitable treat- 
 ment he received in Spain from two Irish merchants located in one 
 of its maritime cities, 
 
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CHAPTER VI 
 
 IRELAND'S SHARE IN AMERICA'S FIGHT FOR 
 FREEDOM 
 
 The proportion of Irish soldiers in the Army of the Revolution. 
 Statements of Galloway, Robertson, Clinton, and other Englisli 
 officers. Parliamentary inquiry into the conduct of the war. 
 Galloway's interesting testimony. "Deserters" from the 
 American army. How the term "deserter" is misunderstood. 
 
 IF a tabulation could be made showing the number 
 of soldiers of Irish birth or descent who enlisted in 
 the patriot army, and a comparison of the same were 
 made with the other racial elements represented on the 
 muster-rolls, it would form a much more striking and 
 convincing exhibit of the contribution of the Irish to the 
 achievement of American independence than all the 
 literature that has been printed on the subject. But 
 even if it be now impracticable to obtain exact data for 
 the compilation of such figures, there is sufficient ma- 
 terial available to enable us to form an estimate, with 
 reasonable accuracy, of the importance of that contribu- 
 tion. There are many sources from which much inter- 
 esting and reliable information on this question can be 
 procured, but none furnish it with so much "silent 
 eloquence" as the letters from the English military com- 
 manders in America to their superiors in England, the 
 rosters of the American regiments, and other official 
 papers of the Revolutionary period that have been 
 
 74 
 
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A HIDDEN PHASE OF HISTORY 75 
 
 published by the different States, in addition to which 
 we also obtain occasional glimpses of the activities of 
 the Irish from local town and county histories and the 
 publications of historical societies. 
 
 For many years there have been "going the rounds" 
 vague references to a statement said to have been made 
 "before a loyalist commission" sometime "after the Rev- 
 olutionary War," to the effect that "one-half of Wash- 
 ington's army were Irish." There seems to be con- 
 siderable misunderstanding as to what were the exact 
 circumstances under which this assertion was made, and 
 not all who make use of it are in agreement as to the 
 time and place. Some printed versions of it that I have 
 seen were more or less incomplete and confusing, and 
 the proof that such a statement actually was made, in 
 the manner in which it is usually quoted, has been very 
 unsatisfactory; for, with one or two possible exceptions, 
 apparently no one has been able to say that he had 
 consulted an original source of information or could re- 
 fer to an official copy of this remarkable utterance. 
 
 Statements as to the racial composition of the Rev- 
 olutionary army were made by several English officials 
 and army officers. The one just referred to was part 
 of the testimony given by Joseph Galloway, an Ameri- 
 can Tory, before a Parliamentary inquiry held in the 
 English House of Commons, not "after the Revolution- 
 ary War," as has so often been stated, but during its 
 fourth year, or, to be more precise, in the months of 
 May, June, July, and August of the year 1779. While 
 some historians have made use of portions of Galloway's 
 testimony and have quoted passages from it in support 
 
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76 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 of certain historical facts, they have disregarded entirely 
 that part of it relating to the racial elements constitut- 
 ing the American army, — on the assumption, I suppose, 
 that it was so exaggerated as to be unworthy of con- 
 sideration. Some have cast so much doubt upon it 
 that the general belief among students of American 
 history is that no such statement was ever made, and 
 even a well known historian with Irish sympathies not 
 only attaches no importance to it, but has counselled 
 against the continued use of a statement which, he said, 
 'cannot stand the light of investigation." 
 
 On the other hand, there are many Americans of 
 Irish descent who, while believing there must have been 
 some justification for Galloway's estimate, yet, never 
 having seen any proof in support of it, have regarded 
 it as a sort of tradition and one which, like other tradi- 
 tional tales, has become distorted by time. Like others, 
 I have been somewhat skeptical of the importance of 
 the Galloway testimony, especially as we are told by one 
 historian of probity and standing that Galloway, in 
 making his estimate, had in mind only the Pennsylvania 
 regiments of the Continental Line, and not the American 
 army as a whole. But that idea is dissipated on examin- 
 ing Galloway's testimony in full and other evidence 
 that supports it. 
 
 Some have said that the testimony was printed origi- 
 nally in a "Government Blue Book," but if that be 
 so, no one seems to have had the enterprise to search for 
 it and publish the facts ; so we have had to rely on the 
 garbled versions that have been given to us from time 
 to time by historical writers, or by orators on public 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 77 
 
 occasions, who, we know, are not always reliable. On 
 this account, I have been at some pains to find the true 
 facts of the case. The few pages here presented give 
 for the first time an explanation of the circumstances 
 under which Galloway testified, and certain phases of 
 the story, drawn from the best known sources of in- 
 formation, are dealt with in more detail than heretofore. 
 I shall present concisely certain facts tending to show 
 that even if Galloway may not have been fully justified 
 in his estimate of the numerical strength of the Irish in 
 the Revolutionary army, he had good grounds for believ- 
 ing he was right. 
 
 If there is any "Government Blue Book" in existence 
 containing this evidence, it is not in the Library of 
 Congress, as far as I am able to ascertain, and a com- 
 munication on the subject addressed to the British 
 Museum failed to bring forth any response. I am of 
 the opinion, however, that the publication is not an offi- 
 cial "Blue Book," but a pamphlet printed at London, 
 "for J. Wilkie, no. 71 in St. Paul's Churchyard, 
 MDCCLXXIX," the full title of which is: "The Ex- 
 amination of Joseph Galloway, Esq., Late Speaker of 
 the House of Assembly of Pennsylvania, Before the 
 House of Commons in a Committee upon the American 
 Papers." As may be seen from other official publica- 
 tions of the time, still extant, Wilkie was known as 
 "the Parliamentary Printer," which fact supports the 
 theory that there was no such thing as a "Government 
 Blue Book," but that Wilkie's pamphlet was the official 
 channel through which it was given originally to the 
 people of England. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 79 
 
 to appoint a joint committee of the Lords and Commons 
 to inquire into the charges. They summoned home to 
 England several of the military chiefs for the purpose of 
 obtaining information from them at first hand. Gal- 
 loway, who had arrived in England only a short time 
 before, was one of the principal witnesses at this hearing, 
 and his testimony reflected so severely upon the manage- 
 ment of the war by Howe and some of his subordinate 
 officers, and he so ably exposed that faculty of "English 
 bungling" of which we witness so many striking instances 
 even to the present day, that the government, to "save 
 its face," decided to drop the investigation, and the 
 officers who had been relieved from their American 
 posts were permitted to return. 
 
 The committee began its sittings in the House of 
 Commons on the 5th of May, 1779, and the principal 
 witnesses called before it, besides Galloway, were the 
 Secretary of War (Lord George Germain) , Lord Corn- 
 wallis. Sir Guy Carleton, Major-General Grey, Major- 
 General James Robertson, and several regimental com- 
 manders. Galloway's examination occupied three days 
 in all. He was first called on the 16th of June, 1779, 
 and began by describing, in answer to questions, his 
 career in this country. On this point he said : "I have 
 lived in America from my nativity to the month of 
 October last, about forty-eight years. ... I have lived 
 in the Province of Maryland, in the Delaware counties, 
 and in the Province of Pennsylvania, chiefly in Phila- 
 delphia. My public profession was that of the law. I 
 practised in all the Courts of Pennsylvania, in those of 
 the Delaware Counties, and in the Supreme Courts of 
 
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80 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 New Jersey. I was a member of the Assembly of 
 Pennsylvania eighteen years, and Speaker of the House 
 twelve. I was appointed by the Assembly of that Prov- 
 ince to attend the American Congress which met on 
 the 5th of September, 1774. During the last war,' 
 under appointment of the same Assembly, I was one of 
 the Commissioners for disposing of the money granted 
 to the crown and have been several times a Commissioner 
 to treat with the Indians, and when Sir William Howe 
 took possession of the City of Philadelphia, at his re- 
 quest I undertook the office of Superintendent of the 
 Police of the City of Philadelphia and its suburbs, of the 
 Port and of the prohibited Articles." 
 
 In answer to a question as to whether he "knew any- 
 thing of the disposition of the other revolted Colonies" 
 besides Pennsylvania, and as to whether, "from the suc- 
 cesses of the British army, they were disposed to peace, 
 or did they still remain sanguine in their hopes of main- 
 taining their independence," Galloway said: "I had 
 very good opportunities of knowing the state of the 
 Middle Colonies, in which I include New York, New 
 Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, the Delaware Coun- 
 ties, and Virginia." Further, that "gentlemen of for- 
 tune and integrity came to me [at Philadelphia] from 
 all parts of these Colonies, from whom I made it my 
 particular business to learn the state of the disposition 
 of the people of those Colonies," adding that he was 
 "informed by them all that the panic extended to all 
 those parts, and that at that time very few indeed enter- 
 tained hopes of supporting the independence." And, 
 
 ^ The French and Indian War. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 81 
 
 at another period of the inquiry, in answer to a question 
 as to why he had not resigned from the Continental 
 Congress, if he were, as he asserted, "opposed to a resolu- 
 tion approving the opposition made by the inhabitants 
 of Massachusetts Bay to the late Acts of Parliament," 
 he stated that he "proposed to Mr. Duane to leave the 
 Congress," and that "could I have prevailed on him to 
 leave the Congress with me, or had not my friends 
 unanimously advised me that my personal safety would 
 be in danger, I should certainly have left the Congress." 
 And, in the light of subsequent events, it may be re- 
 marked in passing that this last quoted statement of 
 Galloway's is an admirable tribute to the loyalty and 
 devotion to the cause of American liberty of James 
 Duane, son of the County Galway Irishman, Anthony 
 Duane. 
 
 These statements, of themselves, show that Galloway 
 was particularly well qualified to testify on American 
 affairs, especially as to the make-up of the Revolu- 
 tionary forces raised south and west of the Hudson 
 River, if not in all parts of the Colonies. In his an- 
 swers to interrogatories of members of the committee, 
 he referred to his having exchanged views from time to 
 time on political affairs with his fellow members of the 
 Continental Congress, and showed that, for a while at 
 least, he had the confidence of the leading patriots and 
 that he had an intimate knowledge of the conditions 
 under which the American army was organized. The 
 opportunities which he possessed of obtaining informa- 
 tion, as shown by his own testimony, the facts stated by 
 him, and the prominence with which his views were 
 
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82 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 published by writers in his own and later days, have 
 made this "examination" a document of much historical 
 importance. 
 
 The continued successes of the British arms through- 
 out the year 1776 disheartened the Americans and caused 
 several leading men in public affairs to waver in their 
 steadfastness to the patriot cause, and after the dis- 
 astrous defeat at the battle of Long Island on August 
 28, 1776, and the capture of Fort Washington on 
 November 16th of the same year, Joseph Galloway was 
 one of the first of several prominent Americans who 
 went over to the British. Galloway was a native of 
 Maryland of English descent, and prior to the Revolu- 
 tionary War he lived in Bucks County, Pennsylvania. 
 A loyal subject of England, and a highly talented and 
 influential man, he labored zealously to destroy the spirit 
 of sedition which, during the agitation over the Stamp 
 Act, threatened to sweep all before it. At the time of 
 the outbreak of the war he was reputed to be one of the 
 wealthiest men in the Colonies, and as Speaker of the 
 Provincial Assembly of Pennsylvania he used all his 
 influence to prevent the spread among his fellow mem- 
 bers of the revolutionary movement when he discovered 
 it had for its chief object the separation of the Colonies 
 from England. He testified that he "came over to the 
 royal army in the beginning of December, 1776, and 
 continued with it until the evacuation of Philadelphia 
 on the eighteenth of June last" ( 1778) . He then went 
 to New York, thence to Connecticut, where he remained 
 until October, 1778, and on the last day of that month 
 he sailed for England, never to return. His estate in 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 83 
 
 Bucks County was confiscated after he had been at- 
 tainted for treason by the Pennsylvania Assembly. 
 
 The Royal Gazette, beginning with number 311, or 
 the issue of September 21, 1779, and concluding with 
 number 326, or the issue of November 13, 1779, 
 published the examination of Joseph Galloway, word 
 for word, and in that portion of it printed in the issues 
 of October 20 and 27, 1779, are the following questions 
 and answers: 
 
 Q. "What proportion of the inhabitants of the revolted Colonies, 
 do you think, from principle and choice, supported the present re- 
 bellion at any period? 
 
 A. "I don't think that one-fifth part have supported the present 
 rebellion. 
 
 Q. "From your knovifledge of the people of America, what pro- 
 portion of the inhabitants, do you think, at this time would prefer 
 a reconciliation with Great Britain, rather than assist in supporting 
 American independence? 
 
 A. "From the experience which the people have had of the 
 superlative and excessive tyranny of their new rulers ; from the dis- 
 tresses they have felt by the ravages of war and the loss of their 
 trade ; from the old attachment and I believe an earnest desire to be 
 united with this country, I think I may venture to say that many 
 more than four-fifths of the people would prefer an union with 
 Great Britain upon constitutional principles to that of independence. 
 
 Q. "Were deserters from the rebel army frequent while Sir 
 William Howe was in Philadelphia? 
 
 A. "They were frequent — almost daily. I have known forty- 
 nine to come in in a day — many days from ten to fifteen. 
 
 Q. "What number do you suppose came into the army at Phila- 
 delphia ? 
 
 A. "The deserters were generally sent from headquarters down 
 to me for examination; from me they went to Mr. Story, the officer 
 appointed to administer the oath of allegiance. He kept a regular 
 account of their numbers, their names and places of nativity, and I 
 
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84 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 should think there were upwards of 2,300 qualified at his office, 
 and I believe on good reason there might have been upwards of 
 700 or 800 more qualified ; for I often found, on seeing him in the 
 evening, that the number I had sent down to him had not gone, so 
 that I suppose at least 3000 came in. 
 
 Q. "What was the encouragement held out to induce deserters 
 to come over to us ? 
 
 A. "A proclamation was issued by Sir William Howe, offering 
 passage home to Ireland or England, their native country, and they 
 were generally paid for their arms and accoutrements. 
 
 Q. "That part of the rebel army that enlisted in the service of 
 the Congress, were they chiefly composed of natives of America, or 
 were the greatest part of them, English, Scotch, and Irish ? 
 
 A. "The names and places of their nativity being taken down, I 
 can answer the question with precision. There were scarcely one- 
 fourth natives of America; about one-half Irish; the other fourth 
 were English and Scotch. 
 
 Q. "What is the character that the Provincials serving in the 
 British army bear? Are they good troops, and have they behaved 
 well when employed? 
 
 A. "I have understood, as soon as they are disciplined, they are 
 very good troops and have always behaved well. I know of no' 
 instance to the contrary. That I know to be the opinion of many 
 of the military gentlemen. 
 
 Q. "Do you know anything of the army of the rebels in general, 
 how that is composed, of what countrymen? 
 
 A. "I judge of that by the deserters that came over." 
 
 Replying to further questions, Galloway said: "The 
 deserters were in a manner naked ; they were not clothed 
 fit for the inclemency of the season. Some of them had 
 linen garments on, and those very ragged and torn; 
 some without shoes, very few with whole breeches or 
 stockings; in short, they were objects of distress when 
 they came down to me to be examined." 
 
 I have had the accompanying photographs taken of 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 83 
 
 the first and second pages of the Royal Gazette of 
 October 27, 1779, containing Galloway's reference to 
 the racial composition of Washington's army. I beheve 
 this is the first time that this interesting testimony/has 
 been reproduced in this way for the information of the 
 general reading public, and, coming from such a source 
 as the Royal Gazette^ it may be accepted as a correct 
 and authoritative version of this highly important state- 
 ment. The Royal Gazette was published in New York 
 by James Rivington, who was "printer to the King's 
 Most Excellent Majesty" on this side of the water, and, 
 as may be seen from the accompanying reproduction 
 of part of one of its issues, it was an official gazette of 
 the British government during the period that the enemy 
 had possession of the city (1776 to 1783), and it was 
 through this channel that the proclamations of the 
 generals of the army and other official notices were con- 
 veyed to the public. Regardless altogether o"f the cor- 
 rectness or reliability of the assertion that "about one- 
 half" of Washington's army were Irish, we can now say 
 that the fact that such a statement was made, and that it 
 was made under oath by a perfectly trustworthy witness, 
 is entirely removed from the realm of conjecture, and let 
 us hope that those living historians who have scoff'ed 
 at the idea that testimony of this nature was ever given, 
 or, if given, that it could possibly be correct, will have 
 the good grace to retract. 
 
 It will be observed from Galloway's testimony that 
 his knowledge of "the army of the rebels in general" was 
 based partly upon "the number of deserters that came 
 over." That remark is one that is apt to be construed 
 
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86 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 in different ways by persons lacking knowledge of the 
 historic facts, and in a general way, perhaps, to the dis- 
 credit of a large number of the soldiers of the Revolution. 
 The context shows that when making this statement, 
 Galloway was referring to the time when large numbers 
 of men left the ranks during the terrible winter of 1777, 
 while the ragged remnants of the American army were 
 encamped at Valley Forge, and the American cause, as 
 Washington himself said, was "on the brink of destruc- 
 tion." Thousands of these devoted patriots were shoe- 
 less and in rags,^ and while starvation was staring them 
 in the face. Continental paper money was all the pay- 
 masters had to offer to purchase the necessaries of life 
 from the surrounding farmers, most of whom were 
 hostile to their cause and refused to accept anything 
 but specie for their commodities. 
 
 Galloway's testimony shows that at this time the 
 British were "plentifully supplied with provisions," 
 while "Washington's army was in extreme distress." 
 Some of the American soldiers "had had furloughs to 
 go out into the neighborhood to get provisions," but 
 they found "the inhabitants were so averse to the meas- 
 ures of Congress that they did not supply them."^ The 
 
 ^Lafayette says in his Memoirs: "The unfortunate soldiers 
 were in want of everything; they had neither coats, nor hats, nor 
 shirtSj nor shoes; their feet and legs froze till they grew black, 
 and it was' often necessary to amputate them." (Memoires de 
 Lafayette, Vol. I, p. 36.) The men slept on the frozen ground, 
 and a committee of Congress, early in 1778, reported that "sick 
 soldiers had died in their huts for lack of straw on which to lie." 
 
 ^ While the farmers of the surrounding country voluntarily 
 brought and sold their supplies to the British in Philadelphia, they 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 87 
 
 city of Philadelphia, then in possession of the British, 
 and only a comparatively short distance from the 
 American camp, was an inviting haven in such terrible 
 extremity, and thither many of the human wrecks went 
 in the guise of "deserters" and obtained temporary re- 
 lief from their sufferings. Besides, men who had enlisted 
 for three, six, or nine months were constantly coming 
 and going as their terms had expired. They were paid 
 off in Continental paper money, and many of them, 
 being without currency or proper clothing, drifted into 
 Philadelphia in search of employment or the wherewithal 
 to keep body and soul together. The situation in Phila- 
 delphia, however, was not favorable to any accession 
 to the population. Many of the patriotic merchants 
 and manufacturers had long since fled the city and busi- 
 ness was in a chaotic state; so that, when the returned 
 soldiers found no means of employment, they naturally 
 resorted to the pretence of being "deserters from the 
 rebel army." Galloway testified that "at least 3000" de- 
 serters from Washington's army came into Philadelphia, 
 and he estimated that "perhaps half as many more might 
 have deserted into the country to their friends." But, 
 in course of time, the majority of these men managed to 
 find their way back to their former allegiance, for long 
 before the summer days of 1778 had begun, a renewed 
 hope sprang up in their breasts and Washington's army 
 had again been recruited, largely by the return of the 
 
 left the patriot army to starve, and the few provisions Washington 
 had were obtained mainly by raiding the loyalist supply wagons on 
 their way to Philadelphia. (See The True History of the American 
 Revolution, by Sidney George Fisher, p. 336.) 
 
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88 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 very men whom the British had regarded as weaned 
 away from the "rebel" cause. To a large extent, proof 
 of this fact is obtainable, not only by comparison of the 
 muster-rolls of the American army prior to its encamp- 
 ment at Valley Forge with the same rolls as they existed 
 just before the battle of Monmouth, but by the fact 
 that when Howe evacuated Philadelphia in June, 1778, 
 the "stragglers" of the previous winter from the Ameri- 
 can camp did not accompany the British troops. 
 
 Examinations of records of courts-martial, orderly 
 books, and letters from commanding officers also indicate 
 that at this time the abuse of the privilege of the furlough 
 was a matter of considerable concern to the military 
 chiefs ; and so grave did the situation appear to General 
 Washington, that we find him writing to General Heath 
 from Valley Forge on April 8, 1778, demanding that he 
 "issue positive orders for every man belonging to the 
 regiments of your State [Massachusetts] whose fur- 
 loughs have expired to join their corps under pain of 
 being treated as deserters." * As a rule, the records of 
 courts-martial show that the "deserter" was accused of 
 "absenting himself from his quarters without leave," but 
 the crime of "desertion" as such was mentioned com- 
 paratively seldom, and in the sentence imposed on the 
 offender it was usually ordered "that the prisoner be 
 returned to duty." And we even find many instances 
 of men listed among the "deserters," but whose names 
 , at some later time appear in the records among the 
 "killed" or "wounded" of the American army. 
 
 * Washington's Letters to Heath, in Massachusetts Historical So- 
 ciety CoUectionSj Vol. IV, p. 84. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 89 
 
 Numerous cases are recorded of "deserters" who re- 
 turned to their commands after a lapse of time, and we 
 find an example of this in a list of men, from the 
 muster-roll of Captain Richard Brown's company of 
 the First Battalion of Miles' Pennsylvania Rifle Regi- 
 ment, who were reported by Lieutenant James Holms 
 under date of October 1, 1776, in the following manner: 
 
 "Michael McKittrick Desert'd and Returnt 
 
 Hugh Henry Desert'd and Returnt 
 
 Daniel Mclntire Desert'd and Returnt 
 
 George Morris Desert'd and Returnt 
 
 James Kelly Desert'd and Returnt 
 
 John Dougherty Desert'd and Returnt 
 
 Job Riley Desert'd and Returnt 
 
 Michael Cowin Desert'd and Returnt" 
 
 In the same report Lieutenant Hohns included three 
 other "deserters," but made no mention that they had 
 "returnt," and in two of these cases it is clear that they 
 did not return to Captain Brown's company, but later 
 joined other units of the Pennsylvania forces. These 
 men were thus recorded by Lieutenant Hohns : 
 
 "Mark Welsh Desert'd September 2Srd 
 
 Daniel McGuire Desert'd September 12th 
 
 Miles Ryan Desert'd September 12th" 
 
 The roll of Captain Brown's company as it stood at 
 different dates is given in the Pennsylvania Archives, 
 and in the very next muster following the one in which 
 the foregoing entries were made the name of Mark 
 Welsh appears, indicating that in the meantime he had 
 returned to duty. As to Daniel McGuire, while there 
 
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90 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 is an unaccountable lapse of time in his record between 
 September, 1776, and April, 1778, he is shown under the 
 latter date as enlisting in his "home company," namely, 
 the Sixth Company of the First Battahon of Cumber- 
 land County Militia, as a substitute for one William 
 Strain; and on the muster-roll of Captain John Doyle's 
 company of the Sixth Regiment of the Line, which was 
 largely raised in Cvmiberland County, the same Daniel 
 McGuire appears as an enlisted man under date of 
 September 9, 1778. Under date of September 8, 1778, 
 Miles Ryan reappears on the roll of Captain John Mar- 
 shall's company of the Second Pennsylvania Regiment, 
 commanded by Colonel Walter Stewart. 
 
 A list of "Desertions from the First Regiment of the 
 Pennsylvania Line," in the American Historical Regis- 
 ter (volumes 2 and 3), includes the following: 
 
 Deserted Returned 
 
 Names Where When Where When 
 
 Matthew McAnnally James Isl. July 4 PhiladelphlaJuly 28 
 
 Patrick McCarlin ditto July 1 ditto August 
 
 Charles Connor ditto July 4 ditto August 
 
 Thomas Doyle Elk July SO ditto August 
 
 Edward Lyons Elk July 3 ditto July 28 
 
 In" all cases the men who absented themselves from 
 , their- commands were not put down as "deserters," for 
 s6me appear under the head of "absent without leave," 
 which was, in effect, the same thing. For example, we 
 find such entries as this: "Michael Spelissey, absent 
 without leave," so recorded by Lieutenant Bernard 
 Ward of Atlee's Pennsylvania Musketry Battahon, 
 
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TESTIMONY OF MAJOR-GENERAL ROBERTSON 
 FROM PARLIAMENTARY REGISTER OR PROCEEDINGS 
 
 AND DEBATES OF THE HOUSE OF COMMONS. VOLUME Sir 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 91 
 
 under date of September, 1776, at which time the bat- 
 talion was stationed at King's Bridge, New York. While 
 it is apparent that Michael Spelissey was not as amena- 
 ble to discipline as a good soldier ought to be, he was 
 not unfaithful to his country, for his name appears 
 on the roll of Captain Robert Gray's company of the 
 Pennsylvania State Regiment commanded by Major 
 Lewis Farmer, when mustered in at Red Bank, New 
 Jersey, on May 9, 1777, and in a later certificate by 
 "Ludovick Sprogell, Commissary General of Musters," 
 he is recorded as "sick in Philadelphia." 
 
 In some cases the record reads, "supposed deserted," 
 an instance of this being the case of Dciinis Mahony, 
 who was thought to have deserted from Captain Thomas 
 Holland's company of Colonel David Hall's Delaware 
 Regiment of the Line in July, 1777. It was found, 
 however, that Mahony had actually been captured by 
 the enemy "in the aif air at Staten Island," so his name 
 appears on the same company roll of the month of 
 October, 1777, with this marginal notation: "missing 
 on Staten Island, 22 August." The case of Private 
 John Duffy of the same regiment furnishes another 
 example. This man's name appears on the rolls all 
 through the year 1777, when it was suddenly dropped, 
 but reappears in Captain Kirkwood's return for the 
 month of August, 1778, with an explanatory notation 
 reading: "Returned from desertion, 3 August, 1778." 
 Since there is no record of a court-martial or of any 
 punishment meted out to Private Duffy for his delin- 
 quency, it is clear that his superiors did not regard his 
 absence as that of "desertion." 
 
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92 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 In the Records of Service of Connecticut Men in the 
 War of the Revolution'' several soldiers are down as 
 "deserters." One entry under this head reads: "A 
 number of men entered as deserters about December 1 
 explained in petitions that they had ^o intention of de- 
 serting, but believed that their term had expired. The 
 Assembly ordered them to be paid for full time." Part 
 of the record of Thomas Duffy, private in Captain 
 Smith's Company, Eighth Regiment of the Connecti- 
 cut Line, reads thus; "Enlisted April 18, 1777, for the 
 duration of the war; deserted July 10, 1779; rejoined; 
 discharged December 6, 1781." Private James Murphy 
 of the Sixth Troop, Sheldon's Connecticut Light Dra- 
 goons, also belongs to the same category. His record 
 reads in part: "Enhsted April 11, 1777, from the Town 
 of Wethersfield ; occupation, farmer; deserted and re- 
 turned." Private Powers of the same troop "enhsted 
 April 22, 1780 ; deserted and returned, 1781." 
 
 John Barry of Holliston, Massachusetts, who enlisted 
 in Colonel John Vose's regiment in February, 1778, was 
 reported "a deserter" on October 25, 1778, but his name 
 appears on the muster-roll in the following month, and 
 in April, 1779, he was reported "sick at Attleborough." 
 
 In the muster-roll of Colonel Shepard's Fourth Mas- 
 sachusetts Regiment, Private Charles Casey was thus 
 entered: "Deserted January 15, 1777, at Peekskill; a 
 foreigner," but the same man's name is on a "return of 
 men enlisted into the Continental Army for Captain 
 Nathan Hamilton's company of Colonel Converse's 
 
 '^ Compiled by authority of the General Assembly and published 
 at Hartford, Connecticut, 1889. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 93 
 
 Fourth Worcester County, Mass., Regiment, sworn to at 
 Brookfield, February 17, 1778." 
 
 The record of Jeremiah Keefe shows that he enlisted 
 "for the period of the war" from Londonderry, New 
 Hampshire, in Colonel Joseph Vose's Massachusetts 
 Regiment on January 1, 1777; "reported deserted, Octo- 
 ber 17, 1778; returned September 26, 1779." 
 
 David Kelley, of Colonel Ebenezer Sprout's Massa- 
 chusetts Regiment, "reported deserted January 21, 
 1777," again appears on the muster-roll of Captain Jo- 
 seph Jenkins' company of Colonel Samuel Brewer's 
 Massachusetts Regiment in a return dated "Camp near 
 .Valley Forge, January 23, 1778." 
 
 John Ryan is "reported deserted June 7, 1777," from 
 Colonel John Bailey's Massachusetts regiment, yet the 
 same man's name appears on a return of Captain Jacob 
 Allen's company of the same regiment, dated "Camp 
 (Valley Forge, January 24, 1778." 
 
 On the record of Richard Ryan, who enlisted in Cap- 
 tain Mills' company of Colonel Joseph Vose's regiment 
 on January 1, 1777, there is an entry reading "reported 
 deserted but returned." As the date of his discharge was 
 January 7, 1783, and the cause "disabled by a rupture," 
 it is seen that he actually served six years in the Revolu- 
 tionary army after his "desertion." 
 
 The record of Charles McCormick of Colonel John 
 Bailey's Massachusetts regiment reads in part as fol- 
 lows: "Reported deserted November 18, 1778, but re- 
 enlisted for the war April 17, 1779, in Colonel Hazen's 
 regiment." 
 
 Daniel McBride was "reported deserted July 20, 
 
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94 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 1777," from a Massachusetts regiment, yet the very next 
 day he is thus recorded: "Daniel McBride; rank, pri- 
 vate; engaged July 21, 1777; term, three years," in 
 Colonel William H. Lee's regiment, and the pay-rolls 
 show that he served out his full term, 
 
 John Cam, of the Fifth New York Regiment of the 
 Continental Line, is thus recorded in the Military Reg- 
 ister: 
 
 "Enlisted, August 1, 1778; deserted December 1, 1778; rejoined 
 and transferred to Sappers and Miners, August 1, 1780." 
 
 In some cases "deserters" were so recorded through 
 misunderstanding or through the keeping of improper 
 records. For example, John Quin, a private soldier in 
 Colonel John Greaton's Massachusetts Regiment of the 
 Line, was reported "deserted" in June, 1777, yet in the 
 record there also appears a certificate signed by Captain 
 Crimipston of the same regiment that "said Quin was 
 in the service on or before August 15, 1777, and had not 
 been absent except by leave of proper authority." On 
 the reverse of this certificate Mrs. Sarah Greaton certi- 
 fied that "said Quin was a servant to Colonel Greaton 
 and was on furlough until his return," and on the 
 strength of this the Massachusetts Council of War, on 
 February 24, 1779, allowed Private Quin "a gratuity." 
 
 A similar case was that of Private Daniel Driskel, 
 of Colonel John Brooks' Massachusetts Regiment, who 
 was "reported deserted from Philipsburgh, N. J., July 
 26, 1781" ; yet a later entry in the rolls shows that he "re- 
 turned to regiment, was not deserted, but had his fur- 
 lough lengthened by Col. Brooks." Another entry reads: 
 
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OF A^IERICAN HISTORY 95 
 
 "Daniel Driskil, Ireland; reported furloughed for fifty 
 days; also reported deserted February 28, 1781," but 
 his name reappears on the roll for May, 1781, at West 
 Point, New York. 
 
 These are but individual instances of many similar 
 ones which appear in the Revolutionary muster-rolls 
 of the various States, and which justify the conclusion 
 before arrived at, that the term "deserter," as used in 
 the official records, was not always intended or meant 
 in its modern sense. 
 
 This does not mean, of course, that there were no 
 deserters from the American army, for there were, just 
 as there have been from all armies and at all times ; but 
 the term "deserter" was not then always intended in its 
 literal sense, and should not now be so construed. Fre- 
 quently, when there was a lull, in the fighting, soldiers 
 detached themselves from their commands and returned 
 to their families,® especially in the harvest time, and after 
 bringing in the crops or repairing the ravages caused 
 by the war to their homes, or attending to other family 
 matters, they rejoined the army, but not always the same 
 company or regiment. The official publication entitled 
 New York in the Revolution furnishes an explanation 
 
 * General Montgomery, in a letter to Robert R. Livingston of 
 New York, dated Quebec, December 17, 1775, complained of "the 
 universal rage for going home" on the part of the Nevi^ England 
 troops. See the Livingston MS. Letters at the New York Public 
 Library. General St. Clair, in a letter to General Schuyler from 
 Ticonderoga, June 13, 1777, in referring to the New Hampshire 
 militia regiments, said: "The men go off whenever they please." 
 (See Schuyler Papers in the New York Historical Society Collec- 
 tions, Vol. for 1879.) 
 
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96 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 of this: "The word 'deserted' written after the name of 
 a Revolutionary soldier must not be taken too seriously. 
 Frequently the men absented themselves to gather crops, 
 to attend a sick wife, or bury a child, but it is found that 
 the soldier generally returned and was again taken up 
 on the rolls." '' And an explanatory note in the Pennsyl- 
 vania Archives,^ relative to the number of men on the 
 rolls who were recorded as "deserted," says; "Many, if 
 not all, of those marked 'deserted' were simply 'absent 
 without leave' and subsequently 'returned to duty' " ; 
 in the Archives, also, referring to "deserters," I find this 
 foot-note: "The fact of a soldier being marked on one 
 roll deserted, amounted to nothing, because they usually 
 returned after a few months' absence." The same state- 
 ment is made in the Archives of Maryland.^ 
 
 This is best shown by a comparison of the names on 
 the rolls at different dates, with short intervals between. 
 One finds, for example, that a company muster-roll on 
 a given date would comprise certain men, but when we 
 examine the list of men in the same company as it stood 
 some few months later, a number of names may be 
 missing, and with nothing in evidence, such as a battle 
 taking place in the meantime, to explain the apparent 
 defection from the ranks. But in numerous instances 
 there are means of identifying such men, especially in 
 the case of odd or uncommon names, and it is a very 
 
 ^ The Muster-Rolls of the New York Revolutionary Regiments, 
 compiled by James Roberts, State Comptroller, from the Archives 
 of the Secretary of State; Albany, 1898. 
 
 « 6th Ser., Vol. II, p. 87S. 
 
 'Introduction to Vol. XVIII. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 97 
 
 simple thing and requires only a little patience to trace 
 the missing men and locate their whereabouts.. Some- 
 times we find these so-called "deserters" in another com- 
 pany of the same regiment, or in another regiment of 
 the same brigade, or perhaps in an entirely different 
 regiment attached to another brigade which, at the time 
 they reenlisted, may have been operating in the same sec- 
 tion of the country. No one reading the extracts quoted 
 from Galloway's testimony, therefore, need be shocked 
 at his allusion to "deserters"; for, as a rule, there is no 
 discredit in this statement to the so-called "deserters," no 
 matter of what nationality. On the other hand, no one 
 should rail at these "deserters" without understanding 
 what the term then meant. ^"^ 
 
 ^^ Every regiment had its "deserters." In an account by Colonel 
 Donald Campbell of the operations in Canada, dated March 28, 
 1776, he said that from Arnold's and Livingston's detachments, 
 comprised respectively of New England and New York troops, "the 
 soldiers are deserting by tens, twenties, and thirties." See Living- 
 ston MS. Letters, fol. 171j at New York Public Library. 
 
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CHAPTER VII 
 
 FALSE STATEMENTS REFUTED 
 
 Galloway antagonistic to the Irish. Henry Cabot Lodge's state- 
 ments disproved. Maj or-General Robertson's examination be- 
 fore the Parliamentary committee. Statement of General 
 Charles Lee. The letters of Galloway, Clinton, and Serle. 
 "The emigrants from Ireland our most serious antagonists." 
 Diary of Major Joshua Pell. Illuminating testimony of the 
 presence of large bodies of Irish in Washington's army. The 
 American loyalists. 
 
 ALTHOUGH the author of a statement that is 
 highly creditable to the patriotism of the Irish, 
 Galloway cannot be accused of Irish leanings. As a mat- 
 ter of fact, he seems to have had a positive aversion to 
 the Irish in America, Tfor he associated them with what 
 he called "the turbulent element," and more than once 
 he publicly denounced the continual agitation of the 
 Pennsylvania and Maryland Irish, not only in matters 
 affecting "land rights" and their alleged encroachments 
 upon the domains of the Indian tribes, but for their 
 clamorous demand that the Colonies throw off all con- 
 nection with what he called "the mother country." In 
 one of his speeches he referred to them as "dangerous 
 characters, responsible for the Stamp Act disturb- 
 ances"; he ridiculed their "republican principles," and 
 on another occasion he vehemently denounced in the 
 Assembly the so-called "Paxton rioters," who, in the 
 
 98 
 
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A HIDDEN PHASE OF HISTORY 99 
 
 year 1764, killed a number of Indians at Conestoga, in 
 Lancaster County. And when we read the various ver- 
 sions of this incident that are given to us by Pennsyl- 
 vania historians, who tell us that the white settlers of the 
 district were "Scotch-Irish," we see at once that Gallo- 
 way, in his criticism, aimed particularly at the Irish. 
 Henry Cabot Lodge, in his History of the English 
 Colonies in America, makes some adverse criticism of 
 those ante-Revolutionary Irish of Pennsylvania whom 
 Galloway denounced, when he says: "They were an idle, 
 quarrelsome, and disorderly class, always at odds with 
 the Government." Why a gentleman of the standing 
 and responsibility of Mr. Lodge should make such a 
 sweeping and obviously false statement has never been 
 understood. 
 
 If the Pennsylvania Irish were "idle," we wonder how 
 they thrived, for they did thrive; and we wonder still 
 more at the temerity of those who wrote the county and 
 town histories of that province, in which it is shown that 
 the Irish built the roads, bridged the streams, hewed 
 down the virgin forests, founded settlements and towns 
 to which they gave their names and the names of their 
 home places in Ireland, and, in many sections of Penn- 
 sylvania, so changed the face of the country as to turn 
 it from a howling wilderness into a place fit for man's 
 abode. How such an indictment can be brought against 
 a people whose men are industrious, whose women are 
 virtuous, and whose sons blazed the trail of civilization 
 in the days when only men of stout hearts and willing 
 hands could survive, is beyond the comprehension of 
 one who has examined the records of the period! 
 
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100 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 And the Irish were "disorderly and at odds with the 
 Government"! The admission has since been forced 
 from Mr. Lodge ' that that was simply his "opinion," 
 and an opinion not predicated upon the records nor upon 
 any special study of the conditions under which those 
 people lived. The Irish, it is well known, are a sturdy, 
 self-willed, and aggressive people. They are an inde- 
 pendent, self-reliant people, too, when not laboring 
 under adverse political conditions, as they were, and are 
 to-day in their native land. In ante-Revolutionary days 
 they were, doubtless, "at odds with the Government." 
 So were all good Americans in those days, for, be it re- 
 membered, the Irish immigrants brought with them to 
 this country bitter memories of English persecution, 
 and when the Revolutionary War came on they and 
 their children made England pay dearly for her oppres- 
 sions in Ireland. 
 
 And well they proved their fidelity to the land of 
 their adoption, although historians like Mr. Lodge are 
 unwilling to give them credit. When, for example, on 
 April 12, 1779, the Supreme Executive Council of Penn- 
 sylvania issued an order for the sale of the property of 
 all persons in that province accused of treason, the name 
 of not one person who lived in Cumberland County is 
 found on the list ! The significance of this is that Cum- 
 berland County was peopled almost entirely by Irish 
 settlers, which statement can be verified by reference 
 to the Colonial Records.^ 
 
 "Disorderliness" in those days was very often synony- 
 
 ^ In a letter to the author. 
 2 Vol. IX. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 101 
 
 mous with antagonism to the Bi-itish government. 
 There was a large and influential element among the 
 people loyal to the crown who wanted no change from 
 the existing form of government, and who looked upon 
 the agitators as a "disorderly" class. Witness the thirty 
 thousand or more loyalists who migrated to Canada, 
 and those other thousands who returned to England. 
 The i-estless Irish were among this "disorderly" element. 
 They chafed under British domination in America, as 
 they did in their native land. It was a hard matter to 
 induce some to take part in "demonstrations" against 
 the British. To be a patriot was not as popular as peo- 
 ple nowadays are disposed to think, and in the begin- 
 ning, before any fighting took place, it was principally 
 those who, from previous environment, were opposed to 
 the British under all circumstances, that had the temer- 
 ity to take part in the agitation which led up to the out- 
 break of 1775. And it is an historic fact that it was 
 Charles Thomson,^ of the race that Mr. Lodge has de- 
 famed, who was the first to raise his voice in Pennsyl- 
 vania against the iniquities of the Stamp Act. 
 
 Who could they have been who were so bitterly op- 
 posed to the British? Who were the malcontents in 
 Pennsylvania who were foremost in stirring up the strife 
 which led up to the final resort to arms ? In short, who 
 were they, above all other Europeans, that made the 
 Revolution possible ? Mr. Lodge knows but declines to 
 give them credit. They were mainly "the disorderly 
 Irish"! 
 
 The Irish were "an undesirable element," also says 
 
 ^ Thomson was a native of Maghera, County Derry, Ireland. 
 
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102 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 Mr. Lodge. Yet who were the schoolmasters of the 
 Colonies? In the noble category of teachers of the 
 Colonial youth, as can be proven by authentic records 
 and early town histories, natives of Ireland predomi- 
 nated in many sections of the country, and in some places 
 the youth had no one to teach them their letters but im- 
 migrant Irish schoolmasters! 
 
 This was the class whom Joseph Galloway in the hey- 
 day of his power despised, but to whom, when placed 
 upon the witness-stand before an English tribunal, he 
 paid the highest tribute that could be bestowed upon the 
 patriotism of any single element of the Colonial popu- 
 lation. 
 
 The statement of Galloway as to the proportion of 
 Irishmen in the Revolutionary army is supported by evi- 
 dence given at the same inquiry by Major-General 
 James Robertson, who had served in the British army 
 in America for twenty years prior to the outbreak of the 
 Revolution. The Royal Gazette did not print the testi- 
 mony of General Robertson, but it is found in the official 
 English publication, The Parliamentary Register , or 
 History of the Proceedings and Debates of the 
 House of Commons.^ That there was no more com- 
 petent witness to testify on American military af- 
 fairs than General Robertson will be noted from 
 the accompanying photographic reproduction of. a por- 
 tion of his testimony from the Parliamentary Reg- 
 ister. Prior to his taking the stand. Lord George Ger- 
 main announced that Robertson's "long residence in 
 America, upwards of twenty-four years, his high and 
 
 * London, 1779- 
 
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' ■SffVrtfrt »/MaJOII GeNEJ At R.08ERTS0Jf. 
 
 Ex.m'ntff ly Mr. J>rtrif. 
 Ji^r.e 9'/., 17-9. 
 Mr. Burle. The loyal PrOTincinls in arms, r.moui-.tcd to bctwefn fire aiii 
 
 fix thoufand. He did not know the number of the Rebels. 
 The loyal Americans confifted of corps, feme of them moftly 
 compofcd of native Americans, fome mollly compofcd of emi- 
 jTMnts from Great Britain, Ireland, and other parts of Europe. 
 K»Ifthc Rebel He had heard that full one half of the rebel army was ccmpol^ 
 •imy inlh. ^d of Irifll. He did not believe, that if the royal troops were 
 withdrawn from within his ciwn governtnent, (New- York) that 
 the loyal Provincial military would he able to maintain their 
 ground a?ainft the nfuiped power of the Congrefs. The pro- 
 vince of Nova Scotia was very weak in point of internal de- 
 fence, fo would Rhode liland if e%acuated. He could not 
 foeak of the Carolins^', Georgia, Canada, &c. but there were 
 lereral Gentlemen, Members of that Hoiife, who could give 
 full fatisfefhon on thofe points. The loyalifts though more 
 numerous, were unaiTned, and the powers of'governmcnt had 
 t-ro tTiiris of been iifurped. Two thirds of the people, though well affefted 
 ihf Americans to the Britifti government, were not a match for the other third 
 ^•y*'- if armed, and 'in poflcffion of the civil government. The loyal 
 
 Provincials were good troops, and well difciplined. He believ- 
 ed the Congvefs did iffue orders for arming all the inhabitants, 
 but thofe who had the power in their hands, difai-mcd every 
 perfon whom they fufceted. If one third were for Great Bri- 
 tain, another for the Congrefs, and a third partly neutral, the 
 Congrefs part would prevail for the rcafon before ulligned : not 
 that he thought that an inferior number, and in every refpeft 
 Mpon equal terms with a fuperior number, could give law to the 
 fuperior number. 
 
 Taxation was the caufe of the rebellion ; the people in gene- 
 ral fliewing an averfion to be taxed. If taxation had been gi- 
 ven up, no rebellion would ever have happened. The people 
 were zeal oufly attached, before that claim wjis enforced, to the 
 Britifli government. 
 lay J Ameti- Sir W^illiam Howe was earncft, and took every method to 
 cans plundered. prevent plunder, but plunder was committed. The loyal A- 
 mcricans were not properly protcfted, nor the neceffary means 
 taken for their fafcty. The General had taken every means in 
 his power to proteft tbem, but his endeavours had not always 
 proved fuccefsful. 
 
 REPROOUCED BY AA/NA FRAf^CES LBV/A/S 
 
 FACSIMILE OF PAGE FROM A VIEW OF THE EVIDENCE 
 RELATIVE TO THE CONDUCT OF THE AMERICAN WAR, 
 AS GIVEN BEFORE A COMMITTEE OF THE HOUSE OF 
 COMMONS LAST SESSION OF PARLIAMENT^ LONDON^ 1779. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 103 
 
 deserved rank in the service, and his being present on 
 the spot when the rebellion broke out, furnished him 
 with every reason to expect that his evidence would be 
 accurate and important, and that he was in every way, 
 from his long experience and local residence, enabled to 
 give the most satisfactory information to the Commit- 
 tee." And the testimony clearly shows that Robertson 
 had excellent opportunities for obtaining a thorough 
 understanding of the causes underlying the Revolution 
 and of the class of people who upheld its principles and 
 fought for its establishment and preservation. 
 
 The official transcript of the evidence, as printed in 
 the Parliamentary Register, shows that General Robert- 
 son was examined on the 8th of June, 1779, and, in 
 answer to a question by Lord George Germain, said 
 that, in his opinion, "more than two-thirds of the people 
 would prefer the King's Government to the Congress' 
 tyranny." ^ Asked "whether the inhabitants of Amer- 
 ica have shown a willingness to take up arms in the pres- 
 ent contest, and if the Congress found it easy to recruit 
 their armies," Roberston said: "I can only answer from 
 observations I have made on other facts. The armies 
 have not filled, and from publications I have seen, there 
 is no doubt but that they have often threatened to 
 draft their militia." *' 
 
 To Edmund Burke's inquiry, "How are the provincial 
 corps composed; whether mostly of native Americans, 
 or from emigrants from various nations of Europe?" 
 General Robertson replied: "Some of the corps con- 
 
 ^ Parliamentwry Register, Vol. XIII, p. 276. 
 « Ihid., p. 276. ■ 
 
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104 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 sisted mostly of natives ; and others, I believe the great- 
 est number, are enlisted from such people that can be 
 got in the country, and many of them may be emigrants. 
 Our force is not distinguished from the rebels in that 
 circumstance. I remember General Lee telling me that 
 he believed half the rebel army were from Ireland."' 
 Burke further asked, "By the rebel army, did General 
 Lee mean the Continental army?" and Robertson re- 
 plied, "I mean the Continental army." * 
 
 I have had the accompanying photographs made of 
 the title-page of the Parliamentary Register and of that 
 part of it where this interesting testimony appears, as 
 well as of some pages of a book printed in London in 
 1779, entitled: "A View of the Evidence Relative to the 
 Conduct of the American War under Sir William 
 Howe, Lord Viscount Howe, and General Burgoyne, 
 as given before a Committee of the House of Commons 
 last session of Parliament." In this book the testimony 
 is given in summary form only, but it will be observed 
 that it agrees fully with the verbatim report printed in 
 the Parliamentari/ Register. 
 
 The Lee referred to by General Robertson was 
 Major-General Charles Lee, second in command of the 
 Continental army, who was appointed to that post im- 
 mediately after the battle of Bunker Plill. For three 
 
 ' Parliamentary Register, Vol. XIII, p. 305. 
 
 ^ In the New York Colonial Manuscripts, Vol. VIII, p. 805, there 
 is a long report from a spy to the English commandant at New 
 York, dated September 4, 1780, in which he said: "The American 
 army is certainly an army on which there can be no dependence. 
 The Continentals are less than half of it, and one-half of them are 
 Europeans." 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 105 
 
 years he was active in the operations through New Eng- 
 land and the Middle and Southern Colonies, and having 
 come in contact with the various divisions of the army, 
 he undoubtedly had opportunities to form opinions of 
 its personnel. Although a brilliant soldier, his career 
 ended in obscurity, if not in shame ; for after the battle 
 of Monmouth in June, 1778, he was arrested by order 
 of Washington for disobedience to his commands, and 
 after trial by court-martial was suspended from the 
 army. He removed to Philadelphia for a time, and no 
 doubt it was there that Robertson met him, for the testi- 
 mony shows that the latter was stationed in Philadelphia 
 in 1778. 
 
 We can only conjecture the reasons for Lee's inform- 
 ing Robertson of the proportion of Irishmen in the 
 American "army. Between the two Englishmen there 
 was a natural bond of sympathy, and as both had served 
 several years in the British army in America, during 
 the French and Indian War, it is more than probable 
 that they were well acquainted, if not friends. When 
 they met again in Philadelphia, the composition of the 
 American army, as a matter of course, would be a nat- 
 ural subject of conversation, and in discussing the prog- 
 ress of the war and its probable outcome the English 
 general would naturally inquire as to the character of 
 the material comprising the opposing forces. But, in 
 whatever way it came about, we may be reasonably sure 
 that when Lee stated to Robertson that he "believed 
 half the rebel army were from Ireland," he said what 
 he believed to be the fact. And when considered with 
 the testimony of Galloway, it is unquestionably very 
 
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106 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 flattering to Irish- American pride, and many will be 
 disposed to accept it as "the last word" on the subject. 
 
 It is to be assumed also that Robertson himself be- 
 lieved that Lee's estimate was not overdrawn, for other- 
 wise he would not consider it of sufficient moment to 
 introduce at so important an inquiry. If by any pos- 
 sibility the point should be raised that General Lee's 
 statement was only a guess or was made without due 
 consideration of its import, no one can gainsay the fact 
 that all three, Galloway, Robertson, and Lee, were com- 
 petent judges of the situation — Lee by personal con- 
 tact with the personnel of the patriot army, and Gallo- 
 way and Robertson by their observations of the dispo- 
 sition of the people toward independence. 
 
 While I believe that Galloway's estimate was to some 
 extent exaggerated, yet there is in existence documen- 
 tary evidence substantiating his and other similar state- 
 ments that a large proportion of the "rebel army" were 
 Irish; and not only that, but that the Irish element were 
 regarded by the English commanders as among their 
 "most serious antagonists." This evidence is contained 
 in official reports and letteis from ^rmy officers and 
 others in America to their superiors in London, written 
 during the course of the war, which are on file in the 
 archives of the Public Record Office in England, the 
 Royal Institution, the Tower of London, the British 
 Museum, the Historical Manuscripts Commission, and 
 some in private collections in the possession of titled 
 families in England, and at the Bureau des Affaires 
 Etrangeres in Paris. In this collection there are sev- 
 eral thousand letters and reports bearing upon the Revo- 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 107 
 
 lutionary War, mostly from the English standpoint, and 
 in many of these references are found relating to Ire- 
 land and to the Irish in America. 
 
 One of these very interesting documents is an official 
 report dated New York, September 25, 1776, from 
 Ambrose Serle to the Earl of Dartmouth, the English 
 Secretary of State. Serle was private secretary to Lord 
 Dartmouth and was sent to this country in 1776 as con- 
 fidential agent of the English cabinet, and his reports 
 show that he accompanied the army for two years and 
 was very busily engaged in gathering information about 
 the state of the country and the condition of both armies. 
 Joseph Galloway, in a letter to Lord Dartmouth, dated 
 June 21, 1778, referred to Serle's "unwearied attentions 
 in securing first-hand information" and stated that "he 
 had more knowledge of American affairs than any other 
 person that I have ever known to have visited this coun- 
 try." In Ambrose Serle's report of September 25, 1776, 
 a facsimile of part of which is here reproduced, besides 
 many other interesting sidelights on the Revolutionary 
 War, will be noted the following passage: 
 
 "Great Numbers of Emigrants, particularly Irish, are in the 
 Rebel Army^ some by Choice and many for mere Subsistence. They 
 have also many transported Felons, who have exchanged Ignominy 
 and Servitude for a Sort of Honor and Ease, by entering among 
 them. This is a further Argument against the Transportation of 
 such people from England in future. Confinement to hard Labor 
 at Home might answer some valuable Purposes there, and would 
 be a real Punishment to the Convicts. Here, they do Great Britain 
 much Injury, by bringing over Numbers and Trades, and so adding 
 strength, already too great, to the Force of America against her." 
 
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108 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 Mr. Serle's characterization of the Irish political refu- 
 gees as "convicts," and his recommendation that those 
 of the same way of thinking at home be subjected to 
 "punishment," are not surprising. But that he unques- 
 tionably knew his business is indicated by his advice to 
 his government to exercise its authority by prohibiting 
 the departure of any more Irishmen to America, where 
 they would "do Great Britain much injury" by "adding 
 strength to the force of America against her." His 
 statement as to "the Irish in- the Rebel Army" was cor- 
 roborated by Joshua Pell, an English army officer, who 
 recorded in his Diary under date of June 1, 1776, this 
 significant though amusing entry: "The Rebels consist 
 chiefly of Irish Redemptioners and Convicts, the most 
 audacious rascals existing." ^ Pell's Diary shows that he 
 was only a short time in America when he discovered 
 this interesting fact ; and in describing a brush with the 
 "rebels" at Trois Rivieres he said: "The rebel Generals 
 that commanded were Thompson ^° and O'Sullivan." 
 Thompson and Colonel Irwin,^^ another Irishman, with 
 about twelve Officers of lesser note were amongst the 
 prisoners." 
 
 If it should be claimed that Galloway'^s statement be- 
 
 " Diary of Joshua Pell, an Officer of the British Army in America, 
 1776-1777 , reproduced from the original in the possession of James 
 L. Onderdonk, the New York historian, in Magazine of Atp.erican 
 History for January, 1878. 
 
 ^° General William Thomson, a native of Ireland, who com- 
 manded a regiment of the Pennsylvania Line, is here referred to. 
 
 ^' Pell undoubtedly meant General John Sullivan. 
 
 ^^ This was Colonel, afterward General William Irvine, who was 
 a native of EnniskiUen, County Fermanagh, Ireland. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 109 
 
 fore the parliamentary committee in 1779, as to the pro- 
 portion of Irish in the American army, was based merely 
 on his recollection, and that, as such, it is "not admissible 
 as evidence," we have the evidence of his letters to the 
 Secretary of State written from Philadelphia in the year 
 1778, and at a time when he could give the matter mature 
 thought, and when, as superintendent of police of the 
 city of Philadelphia, he was in daily contact with the 
 English army officers. These letters are also in the 
 English archives. In a letter to Lord Dartmouth on 
 January 27, 1778, Galloway said; "As a proof of the 
 aversion of the natives of America to the present rebel- 
 lion, the rebels are not one in ten of their whole army 
 who are not either English, Scotch, or Irish, but by 
 far the greater number of Irish." On March 4, 1778, 
 he again wrote Lord Dartmouth : "From the beginning 
 there has been a reluctance in the natives of America 
 to enter into the regular service of the Rebellion. They 
 have been forced out in the Militia by heavy fines for a 
 few months only. The English, Scotch, and Irish, by 
 far the most part of the latter, have principally com- 
 posed the rebel regular army." 
 
 Another very interesting document here reproduced is 
 portion of a long letter from General Sir Henry Clin- 
 ton to Lord George Germain, Secretary of War, dated 
 New York, October 23, 1778. This letter related to the 
 difficulty of carrying out "his Lordship's instructions to 
 draw off from the American army the number of Euro- 
 peans which constituted its principal force" ; and on this 
 point Clinton remarked significantly: "The Emigrants 
 from Ireland were in general to be looked upon as our 
 
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110 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 most serious antagonists. They had fled from the real 
 or fancied oppression of the landlor-ds. Through dread 
 of prosecution for the riots which their idea of that op- 
 pression had occasioned, they had transplanted them- 
 selves into a country where they could live without op- 
 pression and had estranged themselves from all solici- 
 tude of the welfare of Britain." 
 
 General Clinton's first attempt "to draw off from the 
 American army the number of Europeans which con- 
 stituted its principal force" was to organize two so- 
 called "Irish" regiments, and in furtherance -of this de- 
 sign he sent his spies among the foreign-born soldiers 
 with flattering inducements if they would "desert the 
 rebel army," and, if they chose, they could have "free 
 passage to England or Ireland." In an order to the 
 troops at Valley Forge issued by Washington on April 
 23, 1778, he warned against "the devices of the enemy 
 to induce them to desert" and he addressed himself par- 
 ticularly to the foreign-born troops, saying that if any 
 of them "be deluded by the treacherous promises of the 
 enemy, that under pretense of sending deserters from 
 this army passage free to Great Britain or Ireland, there 
 to be set at large," that, as a matter of fact, the enemy's 
 purpose was "to confine them on ship-board with a view 
 either to force them into their service as seamen, or 
 transport them as recruits to some garrison." ^* During 
 the following year, emissaries from the enemy's camp 
 again appeared among the American troops, but with 
 no success, so far as is known. Yet, Clinton was not 
 
 ^' Revolutionary Orders of General Washington, edited by Henry 
 Whiting; New York, 184i4. 
 
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 FACSIMILE OF FIRST PAGE OF A LETTER FROM GENERAL 
 SIR HENRY CLINTON, COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF THE ENGLISH ARMY 
 IN AMERICAjTO LORD GEORGE GERMAIN, SECRETARY OF WAR. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 111 
 
 to be put off by these continued failures and early in 
 1780 he caused to be distributed an "address to the 
 American soldiers," in which he appealed especially to 
 "the old countrymen" to desert, on the ground that they 
 no longer had any grievances against England, since 
 "the affairs of Ireland are fully settled." In a letter 
 from Washington to the President of Congress on May 
 27, 1780, he enclosed what he described as "a small 
 printed paper found in our camp, containing an address 
 to our soldiers by the enemy to induce them to desert." 
 This paper was read in Congress on May 31, 1780, and 
 was as follows: 
 
 "The time is at length arrived, when all the artifices and false- 
 hoods of the Congress and of your Commanders can no longer 
 conceal from you, the misery of your situation; you are neither 
 Clothed, Fed nor Paid; your numbers are wasting away by Sick- 
 ness, Famine, Nakedness, and rapidly so by the period of your 
 stipulated Services being in general expired. This is then the 
 moment to fly from slavery and fraud. I am happy in acquainting 
 the old countrymen that the affairs of Ireland are fully settled 
 and that Great Britain and Ireland are firmly united, as well from 
 interest as from affection. I need not tell you who are born in 
 America, that you have been cheated and abused, and you are both 
 sensible that in order to procure your liberty you must quit your 
 leaders and join your real friends who scorn to impose upon you 
 and who will receive you with open arms, kindly forgiving all your 
 errors. You are told that you are surrounded by a numerous 
 militia. This is also false; associate them together, make use of 
 j'our firelocks and join the British Army, where you will be per- 
 mitted to dispose of yourselves as you please." 
 
 To the American command, the disquieting feature 
 of this insidious document was, that it stated the truth 
 as to the condition of the American army at that time. 
 
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112 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 111 clad and ill fed, the soldiers had passed through the 
 previous winter without a penny of their pay and with 
 little prospect of any in sight the commissariat, "re- 
 duced to an extremity for want of provisions," was help- 
 less to supply their wants ; a large number of the people 
 were insensible to their sufferings; the patience of the 
 men was fast becoming exhausted and the general dis- 
 satisfaction in the ranks at length resulted in a revolt 
 among a large part of these soldiers of freedom. Of 
 all this, Clinton was aware and in distributing this docu- 
 ment, he took advantage of what he thought was the 
 psychological moment to shake the morale of the Ameri- 
 can troops, especially of those who were natives of "the 
 old country." 
 
 It cannot be supposed that these various English 
 witnesses, as well as Generals Robertson and Lee, who 
 were on the ground throughout the struggle, and who, 
 having come in contact with Washington's army, learned 
 to know the character, racial and otherwise, of its per- 
 sonnel, could all have been mistaken. The statement of 
 each was made independently of the others and all under 
 different circumstances, and those who now make an 
 impartial study of this testimony must assuredly admit 
 that the Irish were an important part of the Army of 
 Liberty. I have read statements of American historians 
 that "the Irish showed no disposition to warm up to 
 the cause," that "they remained indifferent to what 
 was going on around them," and one well-known histo- 
 rian, still living, who has occupied the highest place in 
 the gift of the American people, has said that "the Irish 
 were for the most part heartily loyal" to England, and 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 113 
 
 that the Revolutionary war was "a conflict between men 
 of the same race and blood." I am wondering if he 
 will be willing now to modify his views when he reads 
 such a statement as that of Sir Henry Chnton, which 
 proves absolutely "the claims of the Irish." 
 
 A significant feature of General Robertson's testi- 
 mony will be noted from the reproduction of page 50 of 
 the book referred to, where he said: "The loyal Ameri- 
 cans consisted of corps, some of them mostly composed 
 of native Americans, some mostly composed of emi- 
 grants from Great Britain, Ireland, and other parts of 
 Europe," and on the same page he states that the loyal- 
 ists were "more numerous" than the "rebels," and that 
 "two-thirds of the people" of America during the Revo- 
 lution were loyal to the crown. In these statements we 
 find the answer to a question raised in the United States 
 Senate on July 25, 1916, during a debate on Senator 
 James A. O'Gorman's resolution urging clemency for 
 the ill-fated Sir Roger Casement. Senator O'Gorman, 
 in speaking to the resolution, called attention to the debt 
 that America owes to Ireland in return for the services 
 rendered by Irish soldiers in the War of the Revolu- 
 tion. Two of his fellow Senators disputed the state- 
 ment and retorted by asking, "If it be accepted as a 
 fact that fifty per cent, of the Continental troops were 
 Irish, and if other races were given the credit which is 
 claimed in their behalf, were there any Americans fight- 
 ing in the Continental army?" Senator O'Gorman re- 
 plied by informing his interrogators of the large num- 
 ber of Americans who were in the employ of the British 
 army, and that, if by "Americans" of that time they 
 
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114 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 meant immigrants of English ancestry, "the record 
 shows that four-fifths of all the inhabitants of America 
 during that period boasting of English ancestry re- 
 mained loyalists and v>'ere the Tories of the Revolution." 
 We see from the evidence now adduced that Senator 
 O' Gorman was not far out in his reckoning, for General 
 Robertson testified that "two-thirds of the Americans" 
 remained loyal, and Galloway said that "many more 
 than four-fifths of the people would prefer an union with 
 Great Britain upon constitutional principles to that of 
 independence." 
 
 In so far as the Irish in America were concerned, Gen- 
 eral Robertson's testimony goes to show that, to a certain 
 extent, they, too, were divided on the question of separa- 
 tion from England. We have always had "loyal Irish- 
 men." There are some of them to-day in Ireland, and 
 they are, and always have been, the class of men who 
 have retarded the political aspirations of their more 
 enlightened countrymen, and who look upon a possible 
 separation from England as a calamity not to be en- 
 dured. From time immemorial, men have been divided 
 on political questions, even those affecting the best in- 
 terests of their own country. And as it was in Ireland, 
 so it was in America. While there is nothing on record 
 to indicate what proportion of the American Irish were 
 loyal to the crown, they were unquestionably of little 
 moment; but no matter what their numbers may have 
 been, their strength and influence were overwhelmingly 
 nullified by the large numbers of their countrymen who 
 enlisted under the banner of Washington and fought 
 and suffered in the cause of American liberty. 
 
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116 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 or of Irish descent and the remainder English, with some 
 scattering French, German, and Dutch; so that, assum- 
 ing that this proportion prevailed throughout, it ap- 
 pears that not less than ninety per cent, of the loyalists 
 who deserted the country in her hour of trial were of 
 English descent. Sabine further says: "It may not be 
 possible to ascertain the number of loyalists who took 
 up arms, but from the best evidence I have been able 
 to obtain, I conclude that there were at the lowest com- 
 putation 25,000 Americans who took up arms against 
 their country and in aid of England." 
 
 Sabine admits that this estimate of the number of 
 loyahsts who joined the King's forces was "far too low," 
 judging by the large numbers of them recorded among 
 the killed and wounded. He states that in the battles 
 and skirmishes fought chiefly in the South, "more than 
 six thousand Tories were killed," and "at the time of 
 Cornwallis' surrender, a portion of his army was com- 
 posed of native Americans and his Lordship evinced 
 great anxiety for their protection." In an address pre- 
 sented to the King in London in 1779, it was said that 
 their countrymen then in His Majesty's army "ex- 
 ceeded in nimiber the troops enlisted [by Congress] to 
 oppose them, exclusive of those who were in the service 
 in private ships of war," " and in a similar document 
 addressed to the King and Parliament in 1782, it was 
 asserted that "there are many more men in his Majes- 
 
 " According to Wharton's Diplomatic Correspondence (Vol. I, 
 p. 86), more than seven thousand American loyalists served in 
 English privateers during the Revolution. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 117 
 
 ty's Provincial regiments than there are in the Conti- 
 nental service." ^* 
 
 Such statements, combined with those of Galloway, 
 Robertson, and other English officers, must come as a 
 great shock to those who like to believe, as they have 
 been told by historians, that the Revolutionary conflict 
 was "a contest between brothers," and that "the com- 
 batants were of the same race and blood," meaning by 
 these assertions that the soldiers who won our independ- 
 ence were generally English or of English origin. I 
 imagine that the historians who claim that the soldiers 
 of the Revolution were "mainly of English blood" ar- 
 rived at that conclusion by the same strange method of 
 reasoning that has led them to say that the pioneer set- 
 tlers of this country were chiefly English, for they in- 
 cluded under the head of "English" all immigrants of 
 the Colonial period who embarked at English or Irish 
 ports, regardless entirely of the places of their nativity 
 or their racial origin. 
 
 ^^ Wharton, Vol. I, p. 72. General Sir Henry Clinton reported to 
 the English Minister that "there were in the King's service more 
 American loyalists than there were rebels in Washington's army." 
 (See Memoirs of the Marshal Count de Rochamheau relative to 
 the War of Independence, p. 52; Paris, 1838.) 
 
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A HIDDEN PHASE OF HISTORY 119 
 
 point of view would be entirely natural under the cir- 
 cumstances, and it is one that must, be met. Indeed, it 
 is a perfectly fair position to take by persons who have 
 no other means of information than the standard his- 
 tories of the United States, for each item of historical 
 evidence that comes to us must be sifted carefully so 
 as not to give it more weight than it is fairly entitled 
 to. But while the testimony of Galloway and Robert- 
 son is subject to scrutiny, it is not, as some assert, to 
 be rejected entirely, for there is no reason for supposing 
 that these witnesses had any ulterior motive in so testi- 
 fying and thus giving the Irish a place in American his- 
 tory to which they were not entitled. 
 
 It will not do to say merely that Galloway, Robertson, 
 and Lee were contemporary witnesses of the events 
 of the time, nor that, from the nature of the case, they 
 were impartial and competent witnesses, and that on 
 this account their testimony should be acceptable to all. 
 For it is obvious that Galloway's "about one-half" could 
 only have been an estimate based on his observations 
 prior to and during the first three years of the war ; and 
 while General Lee had perfectly good grounds, as I shall 
 later show, for "believing" that "half the rebel army was 
 from Ireland," yet it will be pointed out that Lee's state- 
 ment to Robertson, after all, was nothing more tangible 
 than an expression of his "belief." Further proof than 
 this will be demanded, and such proof must come from 
 some other source, — such, for example, as the muster- 
 rolls of the Revolutionary army. 
 
 Obviously, the solution of the question must begin 
 there, but any person who undertakes the task of 
 
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120 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 furnishing proof from this source that will be uni- 
 versally satisfactory, that "one-half" the American 
 army were Irish, will have a very difficult problem on his 
 hands. It is true that the muster-rolls, or most of them, 
 of the regiments which comprised the Continental army 
 and the militia are on file at the War Department, and 
 for those who cannot examine the originals, official cop- 
 ies are available at leading libraries and historical socie- 
 ties. Independently of the testimony furnished to us 
 by Galloway, Robertson, Clinton, Pell, Serle, and other 
 English officers, I have devoted much time to an exami- 
 nation of the muster-rolls in an effort to determine the 
 proportion of Irish who served in the Revolution, but 
 find in the names of the men and the lack of detail as 
 to their antecedents or nationality what seems to be an 
 insuperable difficulty. 
 
 With the Continental Line, in some cases, the captains 
 or recruiting officers took down the "nativity" of each 
 man, in addition to such particulars as his name, age, 
 occupation, residence, and the date and period of enlist- 
 ment. But there were other bodies of armed men, such 
 as local militia, "partisan" soldiers, and frontier fight- 
 ers, who, while not subject to the same discipline as 
 the soldiers of the "Line," rendered valuable service 
 throughout the war, especially in warding off attacks 
 by Indians and Tories, protecting the settlements, and 
 guarding supply trains. But in most of these cases the 
 rosters are incomplete, and in many cases they are miss- 
 ing altogether, and the nativity of the men, as a general 
 rule, was not recorded. Besides this, cases are noted 
 where a man would enlist for, say, "three months" or 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 121 
 
 thereabouts, and after his discharge, perhaps after the 
 lapse of several months, the same man would return 
 and his name would reappear on the roster of an entirely 
 different regiment. One of the difficulties referred to 
 will be understood at once when this poini is fully 
 considered. 
 
 But it is in the names of the men that the greatest ob- 
 stacle is found. In the regimental muster-rolls and in 
 ante-Revolutionary records many natives of Ireland 
 bearing non-Irish names are recorded, — such, for in- 
 stance, as those formed after colors, like White, Black, 
 Brown, and Gray; or occupations, as Butler, Steward, 
 Clarke, Mason, Hunter, Miller, Carpenter, and Smith; 
 or names like Rivers, Mountain, Stone, Steele, Wood, 
 and various other forms; and it is known that numbers 
 of Revolutionary soldiers of those or similarly formed 
 names, whose places of nativity were not recorded, were 
 Irish. There are some who may be inclined to dispute 
 the propriety of classifying people bearing such names 
 as "Irish," or, at any rate, who will claim that even if 
 they were born in Ireland, they should be classified as 
 'Anglo-Irish" or "Scotch-Irish," thus by implication 
 denying to the plain "Irish" the credit of furnishing such 
 soldiers to the Revolutionary cause. But on that point 
 we know there has always been a great deal of misunder- 
 standing on the part of people unacquainted with the 
 history of Ireland. For there are numerous Irish fami- 
 lies so named who are just as Celtic in blood and origin 
 and ideals as any bearing the old clan names with the 
 familiar prefix "O" or "Mac." 
 
 American historians, as a rule, do not understand this; 
 
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122 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 so, in the absence of knowledge as to the origin of the 
 names of many of the immigrants, they invariably wrote 
 them down as "English," as long as the names were of 
 apparently English sound or formation. Other his- 
 torians did not make any distinction at all, even where 
 the nationality was known, and all through their work 
 they display total ignorance of the racial distinctions 
 that exist between Englishmen and natives of other 
 countries under English rule. Indeed, only a short time 
 ago I heard a college professor dilating upon this sub- 
 ject, and he made the bald assertion that "all people 
 under the English flag, regardless of race or color, are 
 necessarily English" ! 
 
 The fact that many Irish families bear names of other 
 than Irish origin has been explained so often by accurate 
 and scrupulous antiquarians, that it is only necessary to 
 refer here to those acts of the English Parliament by 
 which certain Irish families were forced to change their 
 names. In the reigns of the Henrys and Edwards, many 
 penal acts of Parliament were passed compelling the 
 ancient Irish families to adopt English surnames and 
 the English language, dress, manners, and customs. 
 While these statutes could be enforced only within that 
 part of Ireland called "The Pale," that is, within the 
 then military jurisdiction of England, it is known that 
 many of the Milesian Irish in those times took English 
 surnames to protect their lives and estates, as otherwise 
 they forfeited their properties and were liable to be 
 punished as Irish enemies. In the quaint language of 
 the time, and in the usual spirit exhibited by English 
 writers toward the Irish, Edmund Spen'^er, author of 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 123 
 
 The Faerie Queen, in his View of the State of Ireland 
 thus refers to one of these acts of the English Parlia- 
 ment: 
 
 "For the better breaking of these [Irish] heads and septs^ which 
 was one of the greatest strengthes of the Irish^ mee thinks it should 
 bee very well to renewe that ould statute which was made in the 
 raigne of Edward the Fourth ifl Ireland, by which it was com- 
 maundedj that whereas all men then used to be called by the name of 
 their septs, according to the severall nations, and had no surnames 
 at all, that from thenceforth each one should take upon himselfe a 
 severall surname, either of his trade or facultie or of some quality 
 of his body or minde ; or of the place where he dwelt, so as every one 
 should be distinguished from the other, or from the most part where- 
 by they shall not onely depend upon the head of their sept, as now 
 they do, but also in time learne quite to forget his Irish nation. 
 And herewithall would I also with all the O's and the Mac's which 
 the heads of septs have taken to their names, to bee utterly forbid- 
 den and extinguished. For that the same an ordinance first made by 
 O'Brien for the strengthening of the Irish and abrogating thereof 
 will as much enfeeble them." 
 
 The act referred to by Spenser, which was passed in 
 the fifth year of the reign of Edward IV, specifically 
 mentioned the counties comprising "The Pale," and 
 reads as follows: 
 
 "At the request of the Commons, it is ordeyned and established 
 by authority of the said Parliament that every Irishman that dwells 
 betwixt or amongst Englishmen in the County of Dublin, Myeth, 
 Uriell and Killdare shall goe like to one Englishman in apparell, 
 and shaveing off his beard above the mouth, and shall be within one 
 yeare sworne the liegeman of the King in the hands of the lieutenant 
 or deputy, or such as he will assigne to receive this oath for the 
 multitude that is to be sworne, and shall take to him an English 
 surname of one towne as Sutton, Chester, Trym, Skryne, Corke, 
 Kinsale, or colour, as White, Blacke, Brown, or arte, or science. 
 
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124 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 as Smith, or Carpenter, or office, as Cooke or Butler, and that he 
 and his issue shall use this name under payne of forfeyting of his 
 goods yearely till the premises be done, to be levied two times by 
 the yeare to the King's warres according to the discretion of the 
 lieutenant of the King or His Deputy." ^ 
 
 Thus it is seen that the Irish who came within the pur- 
 view of this act were compelled to change their names 
 arbitrarily and adopt Enghsh names. Some families 
 Anglicized their names by the simple dropping of a pre- 
 fix or an affix, or by the transposition of letters or syl- 
 lables, but a great many eiFected the change by a literal 
 translation of their names into what they meant in Eng- 
 lish. Herein we find an explanation of the Irish origin 
 of certain distinguished men in America in Colonial 
 and Revolutionary times. For example, James Smith, 
 a Signer of the Declaration of Independence, who com- 
 manded a regiment of the Pennsylvania Line in the 
 Revolutionary War, Avas a native of Dublin, Ireland. 
 He was descended from a family named MacGowan in 
 County Meath. In the Irish language, "Mac" means 
 "the son of" or "descendant," and "Gow" means a 
 "smith" or "blacksmith," and under the operation of the 
 English laws referred to, the branch of the ]\IacGowans 
 from which James Smith sprang changed their name to 
 "Smith." It is known also that Sir William Johnson, 
 Governor of the Indians from the Hudson to the Mis- 
 sissippi River, was descended from the Irish family of 
 MacShane. This name means literally "the son of 
 John," from "Mac" and "Shane," Irish for "John." 
 
 "^Rot. Pad. ca. 16. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 125 
 
 Sir William Johnson was also a native of County Meath, 
 Ireland. 
 
 Some very strange name transformations were 
 brought about in this way, and a striking instance of this 
 is the name Whitcbmb. This is an English name, but 
 there is also an Irish family of Whitcombs, descended 
 from the Kirwans or MacKirwans, a branch of this 
 family, under compulsion, having translated the name 
 into what the Irish words from which Kirwan was de- 
 rived mean in English. The name Kirwan is derived 
 from the two Gaelic words, dor bhan (pronounced 
 keer waun) meaning literally a "white comb," i.e.^ a 
 man with a white tuft of hair on his head. But the name 
 "Whitecomb" was not euphonious, so at some period or 
 other they dropped the "e" and called themselves "Whit- 
 comb." On the other hand, MacTiernan, which means 
 "the son of the master," became "Masterson"; some 
 of the O'Neills and MacNeills became "Neilson"; the 
 O'Donnells and MacDonnells, "Donelson"; INIacFer- 
 gus, "Ferguson," and so on, these changes being but 
 literal translations from the originals. We can also see 
 how simple it was for the ancient O'Heas to change their 
 name to "Hayes"; the O'CuUiens or O'Culanes, to "Col- 
 hns"; the O'Neachtan or O'Naghten family, to "Nor- 
 ton"; the O'Creehans, to "Creighton," and the 
 O'Clerys, to "Clarke," for in the Irish language O'Clery 
 means literally "the grandson of a clerk" or of some per- 
 son who occupied the position of secretary or amanuen- 
 sis. Likewise, the Irish name, O'Knavin, meaning liter- 
 ally a "small bone," in some instances became "Bowen"; 
 O'Muloghery, signifying in Gaelic "early rising," be- 
 
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126 
 
 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 came "Early"; MacRory became "Rogers," because 
 "Roger" was assumed to be the English Christian name 
 corresponding to the Irish "Rory." The Irish family 
 of Ford derived their name from the original Mac- 
 Connava, on the erroneous assumption that "ava," the 
 final syllable of the name, meant a "ford," and in the 
 same way the Irish family of "King" formed their 
 name from the original MacConry, on the assumption 
 that the "ry" is derived from "righ," a king. 
 
 Numerous similar instances can be quoted, and those 
 who may be interested further in the subject are referred 
 to the Topographical Index in Dr. Geoffrey Keat- 
 ing's History of Ireland (written in 1618), as trans- 
 lated from the original Gaelic manuscripts by John 
 O'Mahony, and to such genealogical works as John 
 O 'Hart's Irish Pedigrees and Dr. John O 'Donovan's 
 well-known work. Tribes and Customs of Hy Fiach- 
 rach, published by the Irish Archasological Society. 
 
 An illustration of the difficulty in determining the 
 number of Irish soldiers listed on the rolls, in those cases 
 where the "nativity" of the recruits was not taken down, 
 is the following company muster-roll from Colonel Will- 
 iam Thompson's regiment of South Carolina Rangers 
 in 1775. Among the names of the enlisted men, besides 
 a number bearing obvious Irish names, who were re- 
 corded by the recruiting officers as having been "born in 
 Ireland," I find: 
 
 James Brown 
 John Bell 
 William Boyd 
 James Buchanan 
 
 Richard Brown 
 Peter Burns 
 James Davin 
 Hugh Gaston 
 
 Alexander Gaston 
 John Hunter 
 Andrew Hannah 
 William Harbison 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 
 
 127 
 
 Thomas Jackson 
 Robert Martin 
 John Montgomery 
 Thomas Miller 
 James McElwee 
 Dennis McCarty 
 
 John McLain 
 William McGraw 
 Andrew McElvene 
 John Russell 
 Jeremiah Simmons 
 John Steel 
 John Surginer 
 
 John Warnock 
 Michael Warnock 
 William Wilson 
 Thomas Wood 
 Robert White 
 Henry Wyley 
 
 There are several on this roster whom one would never 
 suppose from their names were natives of Ireland, if 
 the fact were not so stated. In addition to these there 
 were in the regiment, some in the same company as the 
 above, enlisted men named Burke, Boyle, McGuire, 
 Farrell, Gill, Cochran, Welch, Lynch, Laferty, Mon- 
 aghan, Hogan, McGlahan, Sexton, Duggin, two Con- 
 ners, two Murphys, three McDaniels, three McGraws, 
 three McMahons, and four McKinneys, the places of 
 whose nativity were not taken down, and a pay-roll of 
 the same regiment in 1779 contained such names as Con- 
 nors, Demsey, Gillen, McCafFerty, McCune, McCabe, 
 Hayes, Crowley, Mulherrin, McDowall, McCormack, 
 Powers, McGee, Dogherty, McRoy, Kelley, O'Harra, 
 and O'Neal. 
 
 Another illustration of the same point is the follow- 
 ing roll from Colonel Thomas Proctor's regiment of 
 Pennsylvania artillery as it stood in 1779. Among 
 those recorded as "born in Ireland" were: 
 
 Thomas Proctor, Colonel 
 Nathaniel Maguire, Major 
 Patrick Duffey, Captain 
 Isaac Craig, Captain 
 
 Officers : 
 
 William Adams, Surgeon 
 Thomas Douglass, Lieutenant 
 Robert McConnell, Lieutenant 
 
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128 
 
 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 Gi> 
 
 James Fitzsimmons 
 Patrick Smith 
 Thomas Jennings 
 William Hayes 
 William Hannah 
 
 Daniel Fennell 
 Michael McNulty 
 Thomas Mayberry 
 Thomas Tweedy 
 John Cooney 
 
 James Barns 
 Thomas Dunlap 
 Timothy Lane 
 Vi'illiam Blair 
 Barry Cunningham 
 "Patt" Crawford 
 David Reed 
 Thomas Mullen 
 William McCoombs 
 William Crowley 
 William Mooney, 
 John Moloney 
 
 Matrasses ; 
 
 John Nugent 
 Michael Joyce 
 Robert McNeal 
 James Gill 
 John Redmond 
 John Carter 
 "Patt" Gough 
 William Mayberry 
 Michael Bowers 
 Robert Young 
 Edward Toole 
 William Talbott 
 
 William McMuUen 
 Hugh McDonald 
 Henry Lose 
 Edward Callahan 
 John Dunn 
 Christopher McDonald 
 William McMahon 
 Thomas Johnson 
 Thomas McCook 
 "Patt" Dever 
 Thomas Lane 
 "Archey" Hannah 
 
 Richard McEvitt^ Sergeant 
 F. Donnelly, Sergeant 
 James Patterson, Q.M. Sergeant 
 George Henderson, Sergeant 
 William Clark, Corporal 
 Robert Davidson, Corporal 
 William McMuUen, Corporal 
 
 James Grimes, Corporal 
 John Molony, Clerk 
 Michael Thurston, Musician 
 William Norton, D. M. 
 John Stafford, Bombardier 
 Henrjf Gavan, Bombardier 
 George Chase, Drummer. 
 
 Of these sixty-seven officers and men, only twenty- 
 two of them named the parts of Ireland whence they 
 came, and among the counties represented are Armagh, 
 Antrim, Cork, Dublin, Down, Derry, Fermanagh, Gal- 
 way, Kerry, Limerick, Longford, Meath, Tyrone, 
 and Waterford. So we may assume that Ireland 
 
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fifpffooucsj;} 3y a/vna FffA/vcfS ^^t^//ys 
 
 GEORGE READ 
 
 SIGNER OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE.SONOFJOHN READ OF DUBLIN, IRELAND; 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 129 
 
 as a whole was fairly well represented among 
 Proctor's artillerymen, for the colonel was from 
 Longford, the major from Fermanagh, the sur- 
 geon from Dublin, one captain was from Munster 
 and another from Ulster. Other enlisted men 
 in the regiment at this time were named Farrell, Fegan, 
 Gibbons, Daly, McCoy, Murphy, Connelly, and Ma- 
 hony, recorded as "born in America," and before the 
 close of the war several other natives of Ireland appear 
 on the rolls. Of the entire regiment, forty per cent, 
 were Irish, forty per cent, native Americans, eleven per 
 cent. Germans, five per cent. English, two per cent. 
 Scotch, arid one per cent, each Welsh and Canadians.^ 
 In the State Archives, especially those of Pennsyl- 
 vania and the Southern States, may be found lists of 
 men recruited for the various regiments, also pay-rolls, 
 company rosters, bounty warrants, and various "re- 
 turns" by company commanders, and these lists in some 
 
 ^ Proctor's Artillery was one of the most effective units of the 
 Continental army and had the distinction of being the first artillery 
 regiment raised in Pennsylvania. It distinguished itself in several 
 engagements, especially at Fort Washington, New York, November 
 16, 1776. It was here that the Irishwoman Margaret Corbin (nee 
 Cockran) immortalized herself by taking her fallen husband's place 
 and serving the gun until severely wounded. This Irishwoman 
 had the distinction of being the first of her sex to receive a pension 
 from the government of the United States for services in the War 
 of the Revolution. See description of this heroine's career in 
 Journal of the American Irish Historical Society, Vol. XIV, and 
 in the publications of the American Scenic and Historic Preservation 
 Society. Next to General Knox, Colonel Proctor was the most dis- 
 
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130 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 cases refer to the "country of nativity" of the men. Foj 
 example, in the Delaware Archives ^ there are copies 
 of thirty-eight returns made in 1780 by recruiting offi- 
 cers for Colonel Henry Neill's Delaware Regiment. In 
 all these cases the nativity of the men was recorded, and 
 of these exactly one-half are down as "Irishmen." 
 From the names of some of these men, which follow, one 
 would never suppose them to have been Irish: 
 
 Edward Delany Patrick Connelly 
 
 John Ryrns Andrew Crawson 
 
 Robert Kennedy John Rodgers 
 
 John Gass Angus Martin 
 
 John Devan Mark Lego 
 
 John Russell Andrew Cunningham 
 
 Alexander Patten James Lilley 
 
 Cornelius Lary Robert Caskey 
 
 Joseph McDowell Samuel Mclntire 
 James Musgrove 
 
 In a "Muster-Roll of Men raised in Orange and 
 Ulster Counties, New York, in July, 1775, for the Com- 
 panies commanded by Captains Denton, Johnston, and 
 Hasbrouck of the Third Regiment of the Continental 
 
 tinguished artillery ofBcer in the Revolution. In 1 790 he became a 
 member of the Hibernian Society and of the Society of the Friendly 
 Sons of Saint Patrick of Philadelphia. He was satirized by Major 
 Andre in his famous poem, "The Cow Chace": 
 "Sons of distant Delaware 
 And still remoter Shannon, 
 And Major Lee with honor rare, 
 And Proctor with his cannon." 
 ' Vol. 1 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 
 
 131 
 
 Army," * the following soldiers are recorded as "born 
 in Ireland" : 
 
 Stephen Dunn 
 Connelly Ferran^ 
 Cain Maliony 
 Samuel Early 
 Richard Dean 
 James Howard^ 
 William Little 
 John Hickey 
 Daniel Clansy 
 Alexander Richardson 
 William Anderson 
 Samuel Reed 
 James Gillaspy 
 John King 
 John Harden 
 John Hennessee 
 
 John McVay 
 Edward Cone 
 Edward Warren 
 David Condun 
 John Steurt 
 Thomas Alver 
 Thomas Hart^ 
 Owen Madden^ 
 Alexander Lemmon 
 Thomas Sharkey 
 John McOwen 
 James McDonald 
 John Cilly 
 James Foran 
 Barney Fitsammons 
 
 Among the troops enlisted for the Rhode Island regi- 
 ments of the Continental Line similar instances are 
 found, such as the following list of soldiers recruited 
 at Providence and Newport, all of whom are recorded 
 as natives of Ireland: 
 
 Name 
 James Bishop 
 
 William Parker 
 John Wilson 
 Dennis Hogan 
 Tobias Burk 
 
 Place of Birth 
 Dublin, Ireland 
 
 Waterford, Ireland 
 Kilkenny, Ireland 
 Limerick, Ireland 
 Limerick, Ireland 
 
 Recruited for 
 Col. Thomas Church's 
 Regiment 
 ditto 
 ditto 
 ditto 
 ditto 
 
 * New York State Archives, compiled by Berthold Fernow, Vol. 
 I, pp. 166-167 and 170-171. 
 
 ^ It is of interest to note that these men, Ferran, Hart, Howard, 
 and Madden, were schoolmasters in Orange County. 
 
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132 
 
 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 Name 
 
 Place of Birth 
 
 
 Recruited for 
 
 William Crou 
 
 Waterford, Ireland 
 
 Col. 
 
 Thomas Church's 
 Regiment 
 
 Philip Doolinty 
 
 Kileaney, Ireland 
 
 
 ditto 
 
 Peter Morrison 
 
 Ireland 
 
 Co] 
 
 [. Israel Angell's 
 PLCgiment 
 
 uames Madden 
 
 Ireland 
 
 
 ditto 
 
 John Mahony 
 
 Ireland 
 
 
 ditto 
 
 John Burk 
 
 Ireland 
 
 
 ditto 
 
 John McClanen 
 
 Ireland 
 
 
 ditto 
 
 Peter Nagle 
 
 Ireland 
 
 
 ditto 
 
 Edward Murfey 
 
 Ireland 
 
 
 ditto 
 
 James McCase 
 
 Ireland 
 
 Col. 
 
 Crary's Regiment 
 
 Charles McAfFerty 
 
 Londonderry, Ireland Col. 
 
 Greene's Regiment 
 
 Daniel Monks 
 
 Ireland 
 
 Newport Company 
 
 Edward Fitzgerald 
 
 Tipperary, Ireland 
 
 
 ditto 
 
 Michael Killey 
 
 Limerick, Ireland 
 
 
 ditto 
 
 Lawrence McLouth 
 
 Ireland 
 
 Col. 
 
 Crary's Regiment 
 
 Daniel Miller 
 
 Ireland 
 
 Providence Company 
 
 John Smith 
 
 Ireland 
 
 
 ditto 
 
 Charles Watson 
 
 Ireland 
 
 
 ditto 
 
 James Foster 
 
 Dublin, Ireland 
 
 
 ditto 
 
 John Huzzy 
 
 Armagh, Ireland 
 
 
 ditto 
 
 Michael Wright 
 
 Mountmellick, Ireland 
 
 I 
 
 ditto 
 
 Mark Barns 
 
 Waterford, Ireland 
 
 
 ditto 
 
 Andrew Boyd 
 
 Antrim, Ireland 
 
 
 ditto 
 
 James Hayes 
 
 Cork, Ireland 
 
 
 ditto 
 
 Cornelius Di-iskell 
 
 Kinsale, Ireland 
 
 
 ditto 
 
 James King 
 
 Dublin, Ireland 
 
 
 ditto 
 
 Matthew Hendley 
 
 IJrnerick, Ireland 
 
 
 ditto 
 
 Peter Burns 
 
 Ireland 
 
 
 ditto 
 
 Michael Doharty 
 
 Donegal, Ireland 
 
 
 ditto 
 
 These examples are similar to many others I have 
 found, and they will probably help to make clear my 
 previous statement as to the difficulties encountered in 
 any effort to determine the exact number of Irishmen 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 133 
 
 or their sons whose names appear on the muster-rolls of 
 the Revolutionary army. Among a vast number of 
 names of "immigrants from Ireland" during the Colo- 
 nial period that I have collected from various original 
 sources, I have noted many names which were derived 
 in the manner just described; in fact, the Colonial Rec- 
 ords contain some of the strangest "Irish" names imag- 
 inable, and there cannot be the slightest question that 
 a number of those Irish immigrants or their sons joined 
 the Revolutionary forces ; but where the country of their 
 nativity was not taken down, it is obviously impossible 
 now to say what proportion of them were Irish. 
 
 In this connection, an important fact that cannot be 
 overlooked is that much of the warfare in the frontier 
 States was of the guerrilla order, in which the patriots 
 had to contend not only with the British regulars, but 
 with organized bands of Tories and their savage allies. 
 In the border States, especially in Pennsylvania and 
 the Carolinas, bodies of so-called "partisans" were 
 formed who held themselves in readiness for any emer- 
 gency, and who divided their time between battling with 
 the country's enemies, defending their homes and fami- 
 lies, tilling the soil, or reaping the harvest, but whose 
 rifles were at all times at the service of the country. I 
 have noticed numerous cases where the names of these 
 partisan fighters do not appear among the "enlisted 
 men" of their localities ; and as we have unquestionable 
 proof that many of the Irish who came over a few years 
 before the outbreak of the war settled on the frontiers, 
 we can safely conclude that a good percentage of these 
 partisan bodies were composed of Irishmen and their 
 
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134 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 sons. There appears to be nothing left for us, there- 
 fore, but to determine what percentage the soldiers who 
 were recorded as natives of Ireland, and those who, 
 while not so recorded, had unmistakably Irish names, 
 bear to the total number of enlistments. 
 
 Even in this apparently simple proposition we eii' 
 counter some difficulty. Many of the men — that is, 
 those who reenlisted — are recorded more than once; 
 and as this applies to native Americans as well as to 
 Europeans of racial origins other than Irish, I have 
 not made any calculation as to the ratio of Irish names 
 or those of other races so recorded. In the absence 
 of exact figures under this head, I have assumed that 
 these ratios were about the same, although in doing so 
 I know I am not giving full credit to the Irish element, 
 for there is plenty of evidence to show that the Irish 
 were among the most eager of all to enter the fight. 
 
 I have not examined all of the muster-rolls, but have 
 selected a number indiscriminately from each of the 
 original Thirteen Colonies. On the basis before ex- 
 plained, I have made a careful calculation, ( 1 ) by count- 
 ing the total number of soldiers in each unit, and (2) 
 by a separate count of those of undoubted Irish birth 
 or descent. In some companies I find the extraordinar- 
 ily high percentage of seventy-five per cent. Irish, while, 
 on the other hand, it must be said that in other companies 
 the percentage runs as low as ten, and in some New Eng- 
 land regiments and some of those raised in the old Dutch 
 districts of New York and the German settlements in 
 Pennsylvania, no Irish names at all appear. But, 
 on averaging them all up, I have determined that 35.83 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 135 
 
 per cent, of the soldiers of the Revolutionary army were 
 Irish. To this must be added some small percentage 
 for those of non-Irish names, and not recorded as Irish ; 
 and it is proper also to consider the Irish proportion of 
 those scattering bodies not attached to the regiments 
 of the Line. If we take the conservatively low figure 
 of two per cent, as representing these elements, we ar- 
 rive at a total of 37.83 per cent., or substantially thirty- 
 eight per cent. 
 
 If I have erred at all in this method of computation, it 
 is on the side of conservatism alone. But if thirty-eight 
 per cent, be accepted as the correct proportion, we can 
 at once understand how our three witnesses, Galloway, 
 Robertson, and Lee, thought that "one-half" of the 
 American army were Irish. For thirty-eight per cent, 
 of enthusiastic sons of Ireland, enlisted in a fight against 
 their hereditary enemy, assuredly would be enough to 
 make any observer believe that easily "one-half" of the 
 army were of the same class ! And although historians 
 of the time not only fail to give credit to the contribution 
 of the Irish, but claim, some by positive assertion and 
 others by imphcation, that the patriots of the Revolution 
 were mainly of English descent, it must be admitted by 
 all impartial readers that the percentage arrived at was 
 extraordinarily large for a little country like Ireland. 
 I cannot find where any of the historians have shown 
 that they made a computation such as I have, and there- 
 fore I present these figures in partial support of the 
 testimony given before the Parliamentary committee in 
 1779 by contemporary and unbiased witnesses. 
 
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136 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 As an illustration of the racial character of some of the 
 regiments of the Pennsylvania Line, one has only to con- 
 sult the names of the 506 non-commissioned officers 
 and privates on the muster-rolls of the Seventh 
 Regiment. " The commanding officer of the regiment 
 was Colonel William Irvine, a native of Enniskillen, 
 County Fermanagh, Ireland, and its lieutenant-colonel 
 in 1779 was Morgan Connor, — or O'Connor, as the name 
 is sometimes spelled in the records, — who was a native 
 of Kerry. This regiment took part in several bloody 
 battles of the Revolution and on account of its losses 
 in killed, wounded, and prisoners, it was much reduced 
 in numbers toward the close of the war, and at the time 
 these returns were made the total strength of the regi- 
 ment was 802 enlisted men. Some few of the names on 
 the official muster-rolls are more common among the 
 Scotch than the Irish, and doubtless, these men were 
 Irish-born descendants of Scotch settlers; but I have 
 not excluded these names from the count, since the regi- 
 ment was recruited in districts of Pennsylvania where 
 the vast majority of the settlers were from Ireland, 
 so there can be no doubt that the regiment as a whole 
 v/as preponderatingly Irish. That this is a perfectly 
 reasonable conclusion is seen from the numbers of Irish- 
 men who are shown on some of the company rolls of 
 the regiment. In only a few of the companies is the 
 nativity of the men stated, and the following examples 
 indicate the proportion of Irishmen in those companies: 
 
 8 See Fenna. Archives, 5th Ser., Vol. Ill, pp. 205-301. 
 
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/iBPffODUCSD By .^jV/VA fffANCSS LEV//VS 
 
 GENERAL WILLIAM IRVINE 
 
 OF THE CONTINENTAL ARMY, BORN IN COUNTY FERMANAGH, IRELAND. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 137 
 
 In Company commanded by Percentage of natives 
 
 of Ireland 
 
 Captain John McDowell 76% 
 
 Captain Jeremiah Talbot 70% 
 
 Captain Samuel Montgomery 69% 
 
 Captain William Alexander 64% 
 
 In four companies of the Eleventh Regiment of the 
 Pennsylvania Line the nativity of some of the men was 
 recorded, and among the Europeans the proportions of 
 men "born in Ireland," exclusive of several bearing Irish 
 names who probably were native Americans, were : 
 
 Company commanded by Proportion of Irishmen 
 
 Captain Andrew Walker 65% 
 
 Captain Isaac Sweeny 58% 
 
 Captain Henry Carberry . . . ., 55% 
 
 Captain Jeremiah Jackson 40% 
 
 In other Pennsylvania companies, where the nativ- 
 ity of the men was not recorded, the following are the 
 proportions of Irish names on the muster-rolls : 
 
 Percentage 
 Regiment Company Commander of Irish 
 
 names 
 Fifth Captain Benjamin Bartholomew 56% 
 
 Fourth Penna. 
 
 Battalion in 1776 Captain Persifor Frazer 45% 
 
 Fourth Penna. Captain Thomas Church 46% 
 
 Battalion in 1776 
 Magaw's Penna. 
 
 Battalion in 1776 Captain John Richardson 53% 
 
 Sixth Penna. 
 
 Battalion in 1776 Captain Samuel Hay 56% 
 
 Sixth Penna. 
 
 Battalion in 1776 Captain McClane 50% 
 
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138 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 Percentage 
 Regiment Company Commander of Irisji 
 
 „..,■„ names 
 
 Sixth Penna. 
 
 Battalion in 1776 Captain James Wilson 40% 
 
 Sixth Penna. 
 
 Battalion in 1776 Captain Robert Adams 50% 
 
 Sixth Penna. 
 
 Battalion in 1776 Captain Abraham Smith 43% 
 
 Sixth Penna. 
 
 Battalion in 1776 Captain Talbot 40% 
 
 Farmer's Penna. State 
 
 Regiment in 1777 Captain Robert Gray 43% 
 
 Seventh Captain Robert Wilson 68% 
 
 Seventh Captain John Alexander 52% 
 
 Seventh Captain Moses McLean . ., 44% 
 
 St. Clair's Battalion Captain Stephen Bayard 52% 
 
 Ninth Captain Thomas B. Bowen .... 50% 
 
 Ninth Captain John Erwin 43% 
 
 Tenth Captain Robert Patton ,. . . 40% 
 
 Eleventh Captain Lawrence Keene 45% 
 
 Eleventh Captain Edward Burke SSVsfo 
 
 Thirteenth Captain Matthew Scott 56% 
 
 No doubt the majority of the men bearing Irish names 
 listed in the rosters of these companies were native Irish- 
 men, so that, when we keep in mind the fact that there 
 must have been a number of others bearing non-Irish 
 names, we can readily conclude that the proportions of 
 Irish in these companies were higher than the figures 
 above shown. These companies belonged to the regular 
 army of the Revolution, i.e., the Continental Line, but 
 similarly high percentages are found in some of the 
 muster-rolls of the militia. For instance, in the Penrir 
 sylvania Archives' there are copies of the "enlistment 
 
 ' 5th Series, Vol. VU, pp. 658-682. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 139 
 
 papers" of seventy of the enlisted men of Captain John 
 Boyd's regiment of militia raised in Lancaster County, 
 Pennsylvania, in 1777. The following is an example of 
 these "enlistment papers": 
 
 "I Patrick Connally, aged twenty-eight years, five feet seven 
 inches high, sandy hair, fair complexion, born in Ireland, do volun- 
 tarily agree, to serve as a Substitute in the Room and Stead of 
 Andrew Bird in the First Class of Captain John Slaymaker's Com- 
 pany of Colonel John Boyd's Regiment of Militia, in the County 
 
 of Lancaster, for and in consideration of during the 
 
 space of two months, as agreed' with 
 
 "James Crawford, 
 "Sub-Lieutenant for the County of Lancaster. 
 "Witness my Hand, this Third day of September, 1777 
 
 his 
 "Patrick X Connally.'" 
 mark 
 
 Of the seventy men thus recorded, forty-eight were 
 certified in the enlistment papers as having been "born 
 in Ireland" ; eighteen, "born in America" ; three, "born 
 in Germany" ; and one, "born in Scotland," so that the 
 Irish proportion of this entire roll was sixty-nine per 
 cent. The chief significance of this is found in the fact 
 that the majority of the residents of Lancaster County 
 were Germans and that the muster-rolls of its militia 
 regiments show a preponderance of Teutonic names, al- 
 though it is probable that this particular regiment was 
 raised in a section of the county where Irish settlements 
 were established. 
 
 An illustration of the racial composition of the regi- 
 ments of the Line is the following from a "Size Roll of 
 
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140 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 the First Pennsylvania Regiment of Foot," covering 
 eight companies of the regiment; 
 
 Born in Ireland i. . .1 315 
 
 " America ,. . ., 1 218 
 
 " England 66 
 
 " Germany 51 
 
 " Scotland 1. 18 
 
 " France 3 
 
 " Holland 2 
 
 " Wales , 2 
 
 Canada . ,. . . . 1 
 
 at sea 1 4 
 
 Total 680 
 
 In the Eighth Company of Foot of Colonel David 
 Hall's regiment, of the Delaware Line, twenty-eight 
 men are recorded, of whom thirteen are down as "born 
 in America," thirteen "born in Ireland," and two "born 
 in England," or an Irish proportion of forty-six per 
 cent. ^ 
 
 In the Pennsylvania Archives there are also copies 
 of the rosters of the men who served on the ships of 
 the Navy of the Revolution, and the following list 
 shows the percentages of Irish names included in the 
 year 1776: 
 
 Name of Vessel Percentages of Irish names 
 
 Terror , 69% 
 
 Brimstone 64% 
 
 Burke 55% 
 
 Ranger Galley . . 54% 
 
 Effingham 50% 
 
 ^Delaware Archives, Vol. II. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 141 
 
 Name of Vessel Percentages of Irish names 
 
 Tormentor ,. ., 50% 
 
 Experiment 40% 
 
 Bull Dog 1 40% 
 
 Montgomery 40% 
 
 Camden 40% 
 
 Colonel Daniel Morgan's Regiment of Riflemen at 
 all times had a goodly proportion of Irishmen in its 
 ranks. This was, perhaps, the most famous regiment of 
 the Continental Line and it distinguished itself on 
 many of the Revolutionary battlefields. No complete 
 muster of the regiment seems to be obtainable, but the 
 following list shows its numerical strength and the Irish 
 percentage of each company, as of November 30, 1778, 
 at a time when it was much depleted in numbers : 
 
 Total Irishmen Irish Percentage 
 
 Company No. 1 ...... . 33 
 
 Company No. 2 60 
 
 Company No. 3 44 
 
 Company No. 4 57 
 
 Company No. 5 25 
 
 Company No. 6 38 
 
 Company No. 7 52 
 
 Company No. 8 46 
 
 Company No. 9- -i- • • • 60 
 
 Total 415 162 S9% 
 
 In the "Charleston, South Carolina, Volunteer Com- 
 pany of Rangers," organized in September, 1775, and 
 in "Captain Heatley's Company of South Carolina 
 Rangers," organized about the same time, exactly one- 
 half the names were Irish; in "Captain William 
 
 14 
 
 43% 
 
 16 
 
 27% 
 
 38 
 
 87% 
 
 24 
 
 42% 
 
 7 
 
 28% 
 
 11 
 
 30% 
 
 23 
 
 44% 
 
 12 
 
 26% 
 
 17 
 
 28% 
 
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142 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 McClaughlin's Company of the Colleton (S. C.) Regi- 
 ment of Foot," in 1775, forty-three per cent, were Irish; 
 in the second "Charleston Company of Foot," also re- 
 cruited in 1775, the Irish proportion was forty per cent., 
 and between June and November, 1775, the Irish pro- 
 portion of the entire "First Regiment of Provincial 
 Troops of South Carolina" was forty per cent. In 
 Captain Purvis' Company of South Carolina Rangers, 
 organized in 1775, fifty per cent, of the men were Irish. 
 To some units of the Maryland Artillery the Irish 
 also furnished respectable proportions, as the following 
 examples taken from the Maryland Archives ^ will 
 show : 
 
 Company Roster Total Enlisted Born in Proportion of 
 
 in 1776 strength Ireland Irishmen 
 
 Captain Furnwall 46 26 57% 
 
 Captain Nathaniel Smith . 98 45 46% 
 
 Captain Nathan Smith ... 102 42 42% 
 
 In only very few cases, comparatively, the places in 
 Ireland whence the men came are recorded, but in those 
 cases it is seen that various parts of Ireland were rep- 
 resented. For instance, the birthplaces of the forty-five 
 Irishmen who enlisted in Captain Nathaniel Smith's 
 company of Maryland Artillery were thus recorded: 
 
 Dublin 12 
 
 Cork 8 
 
 Ireland 8 
 
 North Ireland . 5 
 
 Kerry 3 
 
 Armagh 2 
 
 » Vol. XVIII. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 143 
 
 West Ireland, Limerick, 
 Munster, Athlone, Down, 
 Leinster and Waterford 
 one each ,. ., 7 
 
 Total 45 
 
 In a similar "Enrollment of a Company of Matrosses 
 for the Maryland Artillery," raised in the City of Balti- 
 more in February, 1776, there was a total of 101 men. 
 Of these, forty-seven were born in Ireland, thirty-seven 
 in America, eight in England, five in Canada and two 
 each in Germany and Scotland. The places of nativity 
 of the forty-seven Irishmen are thus recorded in the 
 muster-rolls : 
 
 Dublin 12 
 
 Ireland 9 
 
 Cork 7 
 
 Kerry 3 
 
 North of Ireland 3 
 
 Armagh 3 
 
 Antrim, Athlone, Tyrone, 
 Limerick, Donegal, Wa- 
 terford, Newry, Munster, 
 Leinster and West of 
 Ireland, one each 10 
 
 Total 47 
 
 It should not be assumed that these examples repre- 
 sent all of the data that are available as to the places of 
 nativity of Irish soldiers of the Revolution; the records 
 contain other similar examples, but it is not thought 
 necessary to give all the details and in any event the 
 repetition of statistical data does not usually appeal to 
 
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144 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 the average reader. In many cases the rolls which I have 
 examined contain only the names of the men surviving 
 at the close of the war, so that the names and places of 
 nativity of those who were killed, wounded and taken 
 prisoners and those mustered out during the war are 
 not obtainable from these rolls. But in some of these 
 instances, the remnants that are left of the company 
 rosters contain the names of a number of soldiers who 
 were Irish either by birth or descent, and it may also be 
 remarked that where the men are recorded as "born in 
 Ireland" the surnames plainly indicate a large repre- 
 sentation of the old native stock. However, the fact 
 should not be lost sight of that this does not apply to all 
 of the muster-rolls, since several of them contain no 
 Irish names at all. 
 
 In Captain William Dorsey's company of Maryland 
 Artillery in 1778, the proportion of Irish names is fifty 
 per cent. ; in Captain Thomas Ewing's battalion of the 
 Maryland "Flying Camp" in 1776, there were eighty 
 men, of whom thirty-six are recorded as "born in Ire- 
 land," or an Irish proportion of forty-five per cent.; in 
 "A representative List of Non-commissioned Officers 
 and Soldiers" of the Sixth Maryland Regiment of the 
 Line in 1778, the Irish names are seventy-five per cent.^ 
 of the total ; in a similar list of men raised for the Fifth 
 Maryland Regiment in the same year, the Irish propor- 
 tion is forty-five per cent., and in a later list of men of 
 the same regiment they are sixty per cent. In a "Pay- 
 roll of Captain Robert Harris' Company of the Sixth 
 Maryland Regiment in 1776," the Irish names are sixty 
 per cent, of the whole; in a "List of Voluntary Enhst- 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 145 
 
 ments for the Seventh Maryland Regiment on December 
 3, 1776," sixty-seven per cent, of the names are Irish, 
 and in "A Return of Recruits raised in Harford 
 County in 1780," exactly one-half of the names are Irish. 
 Among "Enlistments in Baltimore, Cecil, and Har- 
 ford Counties in July, 1776," I find 
 
 Enrolled by Proportions of Irish Names 
 
 Captain William Eeily 75% 
 
 Lieutenant Edward Tillard , 75% 
 
 Lieutenant Andrew Porter . .,. .,. 70% 
 
 Lieutenant Miles 60% 
 
 Captam Robert Morrow ,. . 50% 
 
 Ensign Lewis ■ ,. . . . 47% 
 
 Lieutenant Hall .; 45% 
 
 Lieutenant HoUyday . .u . . .■ i 44% 
 
 With many of the regiments it is not possible to de- 
 termine the Irish proportion, because of the fact that 
 the rolls are missing or incomplete, and this is true as 
 much of regiments which were raised in those parts 
 of the country where the Irish settled in large num- 
 bers as it is of those sections where they were compara- 
 tively few. It is known, for example, that Colonel 
 Smallwood, of Maryland, recruited many Irishmen for 
 his regiment, but, of its entire strength of twelve com- 
 panies, a record of only five remains. On the rolls of 
 these five companies there are 210 Irish names, or an 
 average of forty-two to a company, and if this propor- 
 tion prevailed throughout, we may assume that at least 
 one-half of Smallwood's men were Irish or of Irish de- 
 scent. "This famed regiment, composed of the flower of 
 JMaryland youth, both Catholic and Protestant, was 
 
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146 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 recruited principally in the Lower Counties and the 
 Eastern Shore. It was the Tenth Legion of the Amer- 
 ican army, marched into Philadelphia in 1776 eleven 
 hundred strong, was cut to pieces at the battle of Long 
 Island, gallantly struggling for victory against an over- 
 Avhelming foe, and at the close of the memorable cam- 
 paign of 1776, at the battle of Princeton, mustered sixty 
 men, commanded by Governor Stone, then a Captain; 
 the prison ship and the grave had all the rest !" So wrote 
 George Washington Parke Custis, the adopted son of 
 General Washington. ^" 
 
 These illuminating facts, furnished to us by the offi- 
 cial records, at once afford the impartial reader unim- 
 peachable evidence that the Irish proportion of the 
 American army of liberty was far greater than historians 
 have been willing to admit, and enable him to understand 
 why observers like Galloway, Robertson, and Lee con- 
 cluded that "one-half" the army was Irish. If the 
 complete muster-rolls were available, it is entirely prob- 
 able that the percentage would prove to have been even 
 higher than thirty-eight, because the States where their 
 incompleteness is most apparent are Pennsylvania and 
 the Southern States, — in other words, those sections 
 of the country which attracted the greatest number of 
 Irish immigrants, and where, naturally, the recruiting 
 officers had a more extensive field from which to draw 
 for the kind of fighting material most desirable for the 
 warfare of the time. That this is not merely the per- 
 sonal opinion of the author is shown by the fact that 
 
 "Letter dated June 10, 1855, to Revd. Charles White; in Shea 
 Collection, Riggs Library, Georgetown College. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 147 
 
 "although Pennsylvania furnished 4,500 troops for the 
 so-called 'Flying Camp,' it has been impossible to find 
 the names of more than 500 officers and men," ^^ and by 
 the subjoined remarks by the compilers of Ihe Pennsyl- 
 vania Archives, in referring to the incompleteness of 
 the rolls : 
 
 "This roll of the Pennsylvania Line falls far short of doing 
 justice to the patriotism of Pennsylvania. It is, in fact, a mere 
 roll of the Line as discharged in January, 1781. The hundreds 
 who fell in all the battles of the Revolution, from Quebec to Charles- 
 ton, are not here ; the wounded, who dragged their torn limbs home 
 to die in their native valleys, are not here. The heaths of New 
 Jersey, from Paramus to Freehold, by a line encircling Morristown 
 and Bound Brook, were, in the summer of 17*^7, dotted with the 
 graves of the Eighth and Twelfth Pennsylvania. These regiments, 
 from the frontier counties of the State, Westmoreland and Northum- 
 berland, were the first of the Line in the field, though they had to 
 come from the banks of the Monongahela and the head-waters of 
 the Susquehanna. At Brandywine the Pennsylvania troops lost 
 heavily, the Eighth and Twelfth and Colonel Hartley's additional 
 regiment, in particular, in officers and men, and Colonel Patton's 
 additional regiment, after the battle of Germantown, could not 
 maintain its regimental organization. We have no regimental re- 
 turns of the regiments after they were reduced to six, January 1, 
 1781, and re-enlisted. These, with the rest of the records of the 
 Pennsylvania Line, were placed beyond the reach of historical 
 research by the fire ^^ before alluded to, and the torch of the 
 British in 1814."" 
 
 ^^ Pennsylvania Archives, 5th Ser., Vol. VII, p. 17. 
 ^^ A fire which consumed the records of the War Department in 
 the year 1800. 
 
 ^^Pennsylvania Archives, 5th Ser., Vol. II, p. 562. 
 
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CHAPTER IX 
 
 THE FRIENDLY SONS OF SAINT PATRICK 
 
 Irishmen who sowed the seeds of Revolution. An Irishman saved 
 General Washington from capture or assassination. The Irish 
 schoolmasters mingled their teaching of the rudiments of learn- 
 ing with a sound American patriotism. Remarkable tribute 
 to the Irish in the Revolution by Marquis de Chastellux, Major- 
 General of Rochambeau's army. Lord Mountjoy declared 
 "America was lost by Irish emigrants." Paul Jones and Ethan 
 Allen mistaken for "Irishmen." Extracts from American 
 newspapers. Annual celebrations of Saint Patrick's Day by 
 the American troops. General Washington and other dis- 
 tinguished officers attended the banquets of the Society of the 
 Friendly Sons of Saint Patrick. 
 
 THE idea prevails, and is much dwelt upon by 
 New England historians, that the men who were 
 most prominently identified with the outbreak of hos- 
 tilities in 1775 were the instigators of the Revolution, 
 or, at any rate, that its beginning was the destruction 
 of the tea in Boston harbor the year before. To a large 
 extent this is true, yet these men only gave concrete 
 expression to the dream of independence which was cher- 
 ished in the popular mind long before its national exist- 
 ence was clearly apparent. For revolutions are not born 
 over night, and it is manifest that the sentiment of lib- 
 erty was not a sudden inspiration of individual leaders, 
 for it was already deep-seated and had vigorous roots in 
 the minds of many of the Colonists who were opposed 
 
 148 
 
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A HIDDEN PHASE OF HISTORY 149 
 
 to the political control and regulation of their affairs by 
 a government three thousand miles away, whose inter- 
 est in their welfare was measured only by the amount 
 of revenue obtainable from its foreign possessions to 
 support an oligarchy. 
 
 The pages that follow, on the subject of emigration 
 from Ireland before the Revolution, prove beyond ques- 
 tion that the Irish were here in large numbers, and local 
 records show that in many places they formed little 
 communities of their own, so that, before the country 
 was in the throes of actual revolution, it is not surpris- 
 ing that their voices were heard amid the storm of discon- 
 tent. It was natural for the Irish, already "rebels" at 
 heart, to sympathize with their fellow Colonists, and in 
 Pennsylvania especially they were in no way fearful of 
 incurring the penalties of treason by proclaiming their 
 opposition to the government. They were used to being 
 called "rebels," and they gloried in the title. They had 
 struggled for the freedom of their native land, and in 
 the process of transplantation to America they lost none 
 of their devotion to the eternal principles of liberty. 
 They required no urging, and from the beginning there 
 were no more ardent supporters of the "rebel" cause 
 than the Irish and their American-born sons, for nothing 
 could better stimulate theil- ardor or activity than the 
 promise that a successful revolt in America would have 
 a like result in Ireland. 
 
 The Stamp Act may be said to have been the first 
 disturbing factor in the^relations between England and 
 her Colonies, and the agitation which sprang up after 
 its passage intensified the feeling against England, and 
 
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150 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 we may be sure that in these circumstances the Irish 
 element were not slow to add fuel to the smoldering 
 fire, which may be the explanation for Mr, Xodge's 
 statement that "the occupants of the jails of Pennsyl- 
 vania were mainly the disorderly Irish" ! The Irishmen 
 who championed the Colonists in the English Parliament 
 had their prototypes in America, and they were effective 
 propagandists. In voicing the complaints of the Colo- 
 nists, they were in their natural element from the be- 
 ginning, and this is shown by the individual instances of 
 Irishmen throughout the country who were active in 
 the agitation which preceded the Revolutionary conflict. 
 In New York we have the example of Hercules Mulli- 
 gan, the man who prevailed upon Alexander Hamilton 
 to join the organization of the "Sons of Liberty," and 
 who, with William Mooney, Isaac Sears, and other citi- 
 zens of New York, led in that famous act of disenthrall- 
 ment, the destruction of the statue of the English King 
 on the 9th of July, 1776. Throughout the Revolution, 
 with a faithfulness and zeal unequalled by any other 
 American patriot, Hercules Mulligan served the im- 
 mortal Washington in the city of New York as his chief 
 source of information concerning the movements and 
 intentions of the enemy forces, and on one occasion, at 
 least, he saved the beloved patriot leader from capture 
 and possible assassination by the enemy. ^ In Pennsyl- 
 
 ^ It was with Hercules Mulligan's family that Alexander Hamilton 
 first made his home when he came to New York in 1772. After 
 the British army took possession of the city in 1776, Hamilton 
 induced Washington to appoint Mulligan "confidential correspondent 
 to the Commander-in-chief," and he is known to have furnished 
 Washington at various times with "most important military intelu- 
 
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flEP/fODUCeO B>^ /^/wvA P/fwro^o /-£>r///S 
 
 GEOROE BRYAN 
 
 iPATRIOT OF THE REVOLUTION AND GOVERNOR OF PENNSYLVANIA, 
 BORN IN DUBLIN, IRELAND. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 151 
 
 vania, the Irishman Charles Thomson was an active 
 patriot long before opposition to Great Britain became 
 popular in America, and his historic reply to the letter 
 which Franklin wrote him from London on the very 
 night the Stamp Act was passed, is to-day incorporated 
 in American annals as one of the prophetic utterances 
 of that historic time.^ His countryman, George Bryan,^ 
 "was among the earliest and most active and uniform 
 
 gence.". Mulligan became a member of the Committee of One 
 Hundred of the City of New York in 1775, and was also a member 
 of the New York Revolutionary Committees of Correspondence and 
 Observation, and in this work he was associated with the leading 
 patriots of the city. On the morning of Evacuation Day, November 
 25, 1783, when the American army triumphantly entered the city, 
 it is related that "Washington showed his approbation and respect 
 for Mr. Mulligan by taking his first breakfast there with him." 
 There are several excellent authorities for these statements, among 
 them: History of the Republic of the United States of America, as 
 traced in the Writings of Alexander Hamilton, by John C. Hamilton; 
 Life of Alexander Hamilton, by the same author; Life and Epoch 
 of Alexander Hamilton, by Chief Justice Shea of the New York 
 Marine Court ; Narrative of Hercules Mulligan, the original ^of 
 which is among the Papers of Major-General Alexander Hamilton 
 at the Library of Congress ; Recollections and Private Memoirs of 
 Washington, by George Washington Parke Custis; Life of Major 
 John Andre, by Winthrop Sargent, and the New York newspapers 
 of the Revolutionary period. 
 
 ^ Franklin, in despair, wrote Thomson : "The sun of liberty is 
 set, the Americans must now light up the candles of industry and 
 economy," and Thomson replied that he "was apprehensive that 
 other lights would be the consequence." Thomson was Secretary 
 of the Continental Congress, and he occupied that post for so 
 many years that he became known as "the perennial Secretary of 
 Congress." 
 
 ^ Bryan was born in Dublin in 1731. In 1788 he became Gov- 
 ernor of Pennsylvania. 
 
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152 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 friends of the rights of man before the Revolutionary 
 War. As a member of the Assembly of Pennsylvania 
 and of the Congress of New York in 1765, and as a 
 citizen he was conspicuous in opposition to the Stamp 
 Act and other acts of British tyranny in America." * 
 
 It is well known that there was no more fearless advo- 
 cate of the cause of the Colonists than Charles Carroll 
 of Carrollton, whose letters over the nom de plume, "The 
 First Citizen," spread like wildfire through the country 
 and prepared the people for the Revolution which was 
 to follow; and we have the authority of a Pennsylvania 
 historian for the statement that John Dickinson of Dela- 
 ware, famous as "the Penman of the Revolution," caught 
 his argumentative and convincing style of writing from 
 his Irish tutor, William Killen. ^ Matthew Lyon, "the 
 Hampden of Congress," was an unflinching champion 
 of the rights of the Colonists ; " and in Connecticut we 
 have the example of John McCurdy, the Irishman be- 
 fore mentioned, who, at great personal risk, published 
 in New England the Virginia Resolutions of 1765 and 
 the famous speech of Barre on the Stamp Act. In 
 
 ^ From the inscription on George Bryan's tombstone in the burial- 
 ground of the Second Presbyterian Church at Philadelphia. 
 
 ^William Killen emigrated from Ireland in 1737- He taught 
 schools in Delaware and Pennsylvania for several years, and in 
 course of time became first Chancellor and Chief Justice of Dela- 
 ware. (See Biography of John DicMnson in Pennsylvania Maga- 
 zine of History and Biography.) 
 
 " Lyon was a native of Wicklow, Ireland, and emigrated to the 
 Colonies in 1765. (See Life of Matthew Lyon, by J. Fairfax 
 McLaughlin.) 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 153 
 
 South Carolina, William Thomson, "^ afterward general 
 in the Continental army, and brother of Charles Thom- 
 son, openly espoused the patriot cause; and the Rut- 
 ledge brothers, John and Edward, were among the most 
 intelligent exponents of the rights of the people in the 
 days when the Revolution was only aborning. In Mas- 
 sachusetts, Thaddeus McCarty, of Worcester, for sev- 
 eral years before the outbreak of the Revolution," was a 
 powerful factor in moulding public opinion in the right 
 direction ; ^ and no man of the time exercised a greater 
 influence over the minds of New England youth, in 
 inculcating the doctrine that "resistance to tyrants is 
 obedience to God," than John Sullivan, the schoolmas- 
 ter of Maine and New Hampshire. At a period when 
 it required more than ordinary courage openly to op- 
 pose British interests in America, we find an Irishman, 
 Captain Daniel Malcom of Boston, occupying a promi- 
 nent position in the business and political life of that 
 town and taking an active part in the agitation over the 
 Stamp Act. Malcom was a trader and importer, and 
 his store on Fleet Street, Boston, became "the resort 
 of many of the more energetic of the patriots and a con- 
 stant menace to the peace of the King's officers." ^ Here 
 the questions of the hour, which culminated in 1775 in 
 the resort to arms, were discussed by Hancock, Adams, 
 
 '' Thomson was a native of Maghera, Ireland. 
 
 ' Thaddeus McCarty was a native of Boston and was a grandson 
 of an Irish immigrant of the same name. 
 
 ® The Story of the Irish in Boston, by James B. CuUen; Boston, 
 I859. 
 
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154 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 Ward, Otis and other leading citizens, and that Malconi 
 took part in these historic deliberations is indicated by 
 the inscription on his tombstone in Copp's HiU burial- 
 ground at Boston, which says: "He was a true son of 
 Liberty, a Friend to the Publick, an Enemy to Oppres- 
 sion and one of the foremost in opposing the Revenue 
 Acts of America." The statement of Drake, ^° the New 
 England antiquarian, that Malcom was an Irishman" 
 is confirmed by the membership list of the Charitable 
 Irish Society of Boston, of which he became a member 
 in 1766 and during the next three years was its vice- 
 president. ^^ 
 
 James Duane of New York, William O'Bryan ^^ of 
 Georgia, and Cornelius Harnett ^* of North Carolina, 
 
 ^° Samuel Gardner Drake, The History and Antiquities of Bos- 
 ton, p. 737; Boston, 1856. 
 
 ^^ A new England historian, ignorant of the origin of the name, 
 but supposing that Daniel Malcom was of Scotch descent, refers 
 to him as "a Scotch-Irishman." As a baptismal name, Malcom is 
 popular among the Scotch, but, as all Irish scholars know, the name 
 had its origin in that of the celebrated Irish saint, Columbkill, being 
 derived from the Gaelic words, Maol and coluim, literally 
 "the disciple, or servant, or devotee of Saint Columbkill." See 
 "Celtic Surnames" in The Tongue of the Gael, by Tomas O'Flann- 
 ghaile, Dublin, 1007; also O'Hart's Irish Pedigrees, Vol. I, p. S91- 
 
 ^2 The membership of the Charitable Irish Society was comprised 
 of "gentlemen of the Irish Nation residing in Boston." The so- 
 ciety was founded on Saint Patrick's Day in the year 1737. 
 
 ^3 William O'Bryan was known to the British as "the Rebel 
 Treasurer of Georgia." He was one 6f the first patriots in that 
 section of the country to suffer imprisonment for his pre-Eevolu- 
 tionary activities. 
 
 ^* Cornelius Harnett was a native of Dublin, Ireland. He was 
 a wealthy merchant at Cape Fear, took a prominent part in political 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 155 
 
 were all active patriots long before the shot was fired that 
 was "heard around the world"; and while other Irish- 
 men or sons of Irishmen may also be included in this 
 galaxy of American patriots, the fact must not be 
 overlooked that some of their countrymen, occupying 
 more humble positions in society, were also active in 
 preparing the way for the conflict with English power 
 and arrogance which they knew was inevitable. As a 
 plant is trained by expert hands to grow, so also the 
 Irish schoolmasters in various parts of the Colonies 
 trained the American youth under their care; and as 
 many of these teachers had been driven out of Ireland 
 and consequently had no love for England, they lost 
 no opportunity of inculcating in the minds of their 
 pupils a spirit of antagonism to the British government. 
 The seeds of revolution planted in the minds of Ameri- 
 can youth by their Irish tutors fructified in time, and 
 it is a notable fact that Dr. Francis Allison of Donegal, 
 Ireland, master of an academy at New London, Penna., 
 had in his school at one time three boys who became dis- 
 tinguished as Signers of the Declaration of Independ- 
 ence. ^^ And Lossing declares that "Allison's chief claim 
 to honor among men is that he was the tutor of a large 
 number of Americans who were conspicuous actors in 
 the events of the Revolution that accomplished the inde- 
 pendence of the United States." In county records, 
 town histories, and the like may be found references to 
 Irish schoolmasters against whom complaints were made 
 
 affairs in North Carolina, and was one of tlie representatives of 
 that province in the Continental Congress. 
 
 ^^ James Smith, George Read, and Thomas McKean. 
 
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156 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 in town meetings that they were "teaching sedition to 
 the children," and it must be said also that during the 
 decade of years between 1774 and 1784, many rural com- 
 munities served by Irish schoolmasters were entirely 
 without the services of a tutor, for the "master" had 
 dropped the ferule for the rifle and marched forth with 
 his neighbors to fight in the cause of independence, and 
 thenceforward it is on the rosters of the patriot fofces 
 that one must look for their names. ^^ 
 
 I have said that the Irish exhibited an uncommon 
 eagerness to enter the fight, and I hardly think this 
 assertion can be successfully contradicted. For the Irish 
 had a double incentive in joining the American army, 
 one being the opportunity it gave them to avenge the 
 wrongs their country had suffered at the hands of the 
 British government, the other the inherent love of lib- 
 erty which ever dwells in an Irishman's heart and his 
 sympathy for all people struggling for that inestimable 
 privilege. On this point we have many contemporary 
 witnesses, and an instance referred to by the noted 
 Frenchman, Marquis de Chastellux, major-general of 
 Roohambeau's army in America, in the account of his 
 American travels in the years 1780-1782, furnishes 
 one of the most interesting examples. In referring to a 
 traveler whom the Marquis and his companions had 
 overtaken on their journey through the Blue Ridge 
 Mountains in Virginia, he says: "He was an Irishman 
 who, though but lately arrived in America, had made 
 
 ^^ Ample proof of this assertion may be found in the rosters of 
 the military companies where the occupations of the enlisted men 
 were taken down. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 157 
 
 several campaigns and received a considerable wound in 
 his thigh by a musket ball, which, though it could not 
 be extracted, had not in the least affected either his 
 health or gaiety. He related his military exploits and 
 we enquired immediately about the country which he 
 then inhabited. He acquainted us that he was settled 
 in North Carolina, upwards of eighty miles from Ca- 
 tawba and . . . three hundred from the sea." This 
 incident gave rise to the following observations by one 
 of the Marquis' party, an Englishman named Kent, 
 who also translated the American Travels: 
 
 "An Irishman, the instant he sets foot on American ground, be- 
 comes ipso facto an American; this was uniformly the case during 
 the whole of the late war. Whilst Englishmen and Scotsmen were 
 regarded with jealousy and distrust, even with the best recom- 
 mendation of zeal and attachment to their cause, a native of Ireland 
 stood in need of no other certificate than his dialect; his sincerity 
 was never called in question; he was supposed to have a sympathy 
 of suffering, and every voice decided, as if it were intuitively, in 
 his favour. Indeed, their conduct in the late Revolution amply 
 justified this favourable opinion, for whilst the Irish emigrant was 
 fighting the battles of America by sea and land, the Irish merchants, 
 particularly at Charles-Town, Baltimore and Philadelphia, laboured 
 with indefatigable zeal, and at all hazards, to promote the spirit 
 of enterprise, to increase the wealth and maintain the credit of 
 the country; their purses were always open, and their persons de- 
 voted to the common cause. On more than one imminent occasion. 
 Congress owed their existence, and America possibly her preserva- 
 tion, to the fidelity and firmness of the Irish. I had the honour 
 of dining with The Irish Society,^^ composed of the steadiest Whigs 
 upon the continent, at the City Tavern in Philadelphia, on Saint 
 Patrick's Day; the members wear a medallion suspended by a 
 
 " This doubtless refers to the Society of the Friendly Sons of 
 Saint Patrick, organized at Philadelphia in the year 1771. 
 
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158 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 riband, with a very magnificent device, -which has escaped my 
 memory, but was so applicable to the American Revolution, that 
 until I was assured that it subsisted prior to that event, and had a 
 reference only to the oppressed in Ireland, by her powerful sister 
 I concluded it to be a temporary illusion. General Washington 
 Mr. Dickinson and other leading characters are adopted members 
 of this Society, having been initiated by the ceremony of an exterior 
 application of a whole bottle of claret poured upon the head, and 
 a generous libation to liberty and good living, of as many as the 
 votary could carry off." ^* 
 
 So much for the observations of the French travellers. 
 Let us now consult an Englishman of letters, Samuel 
 Smiles. In commenting on the patriotism of the Irish 
 during the Revolution, Smiles says: "Of the Irish Colo- 
 nists in America, a large proportion everywhere stood 
 foremost on the side of the patriots. It seemed as if 
 Providence had mysteriously used the victims of Brit- 
 ain's cruelty to Ireland, the men whom her persecution 
 had banished from the bosom of their own land, as the 
 means of her final punishment and humiliation on a for- 
 eign soil. As the Irish Brigade struck down the British 
 power at Landen and Fontenoy, so did the refugee Irish 
 in the ranks of the American patriot army contribute to 
 pluck from the haughty brow of Britain the palm of. 
 empire. 
 
 Certain it is that in England itself the impression 
 prevailed throughout the war that the exiled Irish were 
 
 ^' Voyages de M. le Marquis de Chastellux dans L'Amerique 
 Septentrionale dans les Annees 1780, 1781 et 1782, Vol. II, p. 36; 
 Paris, 1786 (English translation, London, 1787). 
 
 ^° Samuel Smiles, History of Ireland and the Irish People, p. 331 ; 
 London, 1811. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 159 
 
 chiefly at the bottom of her misfortunes. For these were 
 portentous days for England, and the united Irish had 
 everywhere shown evidence of their strength. The walls 
 of Parliament vibrated as never before with the thun- 
 derous eloquence and ominous prophecies of Burke, 
 Barre, Conolly, and Sheridan; from across the Channel 
 the tremendous philippics of Grattan sounded like the 
 death-knell of the empire; the Irish Volunteers were 
 arming and drilling, and in the American Colonies Irish- 
 men had been in the forefront of the agitation over the 
 Stamp Act and now were fighting by the side of their 
 fellow Colonists to emancipate themselves from foreign 
 rule. And in confirmation of that we have the historic 
 remark made in Parliament by the Honorable Luke 
 Gardiner, afterward Lord Mount joy, "America was 
 lost by Irish emigrants," an outburst analogous to that 
 of George II on another occasion, when he said, in re- 
 ferring to the victories' achieved by the Irish Brigade in 
 the service of France : "Cursed be the laws that deprived 
 me of such subjects!" 
 
 In the published Parliamentary Debates Gardiner's 
 speech is recorded under date of April 2, 1784, and reads 
 in part as follows: "America was lost by Irish emigrants. 
 These emigrations are fresh in the recollection of every 
 gentleman in this House. I am assured, from the best 
 authority, the major part of the American army was 
 composed of Irish, and that the Irish language was as 
 commonly spoken in the American ranks as English. 
 I am also informed it was their valour determined the 
 contest so that England had America detached from her 
 .by force of Irish emigrants." I imagine that Gardiner's 
 
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160 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 "authority" for the statement as to the extensive use of 
 the Irish language among American soldiers must have 
 been an English officer who came in contact with the 
 Pennsylvania or Maryland regiments only, for, with the 
 exception of some of the regiments raised in those two 
 States, there is no evidence of any sort to justify its 
 application to the American army as a whole. A large 
 proportion of the Irish emigrants to the Colonies spoke 
 the Irish language, and doubtless many of them knew 
 no other tongue. In American newspapers, for sev- 
 eral years prior to the Revolution, may be seen adver- 
 tisements offering rewards for "runaway" Irish redemp- 
 tioners, and one of the several means of identifying the 
 Irish "runaways" was stated in some of these advertise- 
 ments to be the fact that "they speak Enghsh," a clear 
 indication that the Irish language was the ordinary 
 means of intercourse between many of the Irish immi- 
 grants of those times. ^^ 
 
 Indeed, so widespread was the belief in England, even 
 among government officials, that "the rebel army" was 
 comprised very largely of Irish, that the mere name of 
 "Irishman" became a sort of bogy in English minds, 
 and it is amusing to find Hutchinson writing in his 
 Diary, under date of October 27, 1779, about "an ac- 
 count from Lewes that Paul Jones, an Irishman in 
 the French service, had taken a 40 gun and a 20 gun 
 
 ^" See statement at page 259, quoted from John D. Rupp, the 
 Pennsylvania historian, that in the settlements in the counties west 
 of the Delaware River the Irish language was used so extensively 
 that it was necessary for the Catholic priests to officiate in that 
 language. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 161 
 
 ship off the Humber with a number of colliers."^' 
 While we recognize in this incident the celebrated fight 
 between the English war-ship Serapis and the Bon 
 Homme Richard under the command of the gallant 
 Scotchman, Paul Jones, the curious thing about Hutch- 
 inson's remark is that a former English governor of 
 Massachusetts assumed that Jones was an "Irishman." 
 Colonel Ethan Allen told a similar story in the narra- 
 tive of his captivity. When a prisoner in England in 
 1776, Allen said that the people of Falmouth accused 
 him of being "an Irishman," and he related this incident 
 as if it were a perfectly natural thing that in England 
 an American soldier should have been mistaken for an 
 Irishman ! 
 
 Among the people of Ireland, too, it was generally 
 believed that the American army was comprised largely 
 of emigrants from that country, as will be seen from 
 the following despatch dated "Dublin, April 11, 1783," 
 which was published in Loudon's Neta York Packet of 
 June 19, 1783: 
 
 "The next parliament will have the happiness of meeting what 
 has never been experienced by their ancestors, a free constitution 
 and a liberated trade. The great object which we have to look up 
 to for our commerce, is America ; and this will not appear improbable, 
 when it is considered that three parts of the American army were 
 absolutely Irish, that the Congress contains many of the same 
 nation, and that a predilection for our country prevails through all 
 America from the familiarity we lately bore to their constitution. 
 
 ^^ Diary and Letters of Governor Thomas Hutchinson, Vol. II, 
 pp. 286-287. Governor Hutchinson's grandson, ,who edited and 
 published the Diary, says: "By association, Jones was sometimes 
 accounted an Irishman." 
 
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162 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 Add to this, our being the nearest part of the old world to the 
 new, and no doubt remains but we must be the greatest gainers 
 by their independence." 
 
 Of course it was not correct to say that "three parts 
 of the American army were absolutely Irish," and the 
 only value that can be attached to such a statement is 
 that, having been written while the Revolutionary War 
 was still being waged and published in one of the organs 
 of the American patriots, it serves as an indication of 
 the idea which then prevailed in Ireland that a very high 
 percentage of America's fighting forces was Irish. At 
 that time people living in Irish seaports had unusual 
 opportunities for acquainting themselves with the prog- 
 ress of the Revolution, and indeed there are many 
 evidences that in Ireland there was very close familiarity 
 with American affairs of the period. The New York 
 and Philadelphia newspapers throughout the Revolu- 
 tion, and for many years prior thereto, regularly 
 published news despatches from Ireland, and they also 
 show that there was constant communication between 
 Irish and American ports. So there can be no doubt 
 that the news that "three parts of the American army 
 were absolutely Irish," exaggerated though it was, was 
 brought to Ireland by the masters or officers of these 
 vessels, who, while in American ports, formed the notion 
 that the Irish were a preponderating element among 
 the American "rebels." 
 
 The publication of the Packet, in which the Dublin 
 despatch was printed, was begun in the city of New 
 York on January 4, 1776, by Samuel Loudon, a native 
 of Belfast, Ireland. Like John Holt's famous paper. 
 
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The next parli.tment will have the happinefl 
 of meeting what has never been experienced by 
 ttieir anceftors, a fret: cosftHuiion and a libera* 
 ted trade. The great objed which wc have -to 
 look up to for our commerce, is America; and 
 ih'ii w/ili not appear iinprojinble, when it is confi- 
 dered ch it -three p«'t» of chcAmtrican army were 
 sbfoi'.j'(.iy lufir, tlui ihe C^ogrcfb contains ma- 
 ny of the fame naticn, and ihat a prcdileiEtion 
 fur cur coun+ry, pfevails through ail America 
 from ilie fi:nila.iry v*e Laly bore to their cou- 
 Uitution : Ar.d lo this, cur being the ncarett of 
 part ot the old woiid lo the new : And no doubt 
 icnaiui but we mull be the gre-tell gaincis by 
 their independence. 
 
 The volunteers of Ireland are preparing ; 
 cont^ratulator) addrefs to his Excellency Gcnc- 
 r;il WaMngton, on the glorious einancipatioa 
 of A mcrica, from Briiifh tyranny. To that re- 
 nowned Chief, and the viituous flrugglcs of the 
 Aineiican army, they, in a great mcalure. 
 alcribe their own happin^fs and indcpcnder.ee, 
 and arc theiefore determined to pay their tiibuie 
 of gratitude. 
 
 REPRODUCED BY ANNA FRANCES LEVINS 
 
 FACSIMILES OF DESPATCHES FROM DUBLIN AND PHILADELPHIA 
 IN NEW YORK PACKET, JUNE 19,1783. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 163 
 
 it was the mouthpiece of the patriots; but when the 
 British army took possession of the city in 1776, Loudon 
 was compelled to leave, and thereafter he continued the 
 publication of his paper at Fishkill-on-the-Hudson until 
 Evacuation Day, November 25, 1783. Loudon was an 
 ardent Irishman and he published regularly in the 
 Packet despatches from Ireland containing accounts of 
 "Grattan's Volunteers," and printed many editorial 
 comments encouraging the Volunteer movement. It is 
 with considerable interest that we read in the same is- 
 sue of the Packet which contained the despatch from 
 Dublin above quoted, the following news from Ireland, 
 forwarded from Philadelphia: 
 
 "The Volnnteers of Ireland are preparing a congratulatory 
 address to his Excellency, General Washington, on the emancipation 
 of America from British tyranny. To that renowned Chief and 
 the virtuous struggles of- the American Army, they, in great measure, 
 ascribe their own happiness and independence, and are therefore 
 determined to pay their tribute of gratitude.'' 
 
 That American newspapers of the time recognized 
 the fact that the Irish actively espoused the patriot 
 cause, is seen from occasional references in their columns 
 to the struggle for independence in Ireland, and an 
 example of this is the following extract from an article 
 in the New Jersey Journal of March 8, 1780 : ^^ 
 
 "It is impossible not to admire the spirit which animates the 
 speakers in the Irish Parliament, so daringly pointed and so ex- 
 pressive of Liberty and Independence; or not to wish Ireland a 
 similar station among the Nations as that we enjoy. And it is not 
 now to be doubted, but that a people so long oppress ed, and so 
 
 22 See also Archives of New Jersey, 2d Ser., Vol. IV, p. 237. 
 
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164 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 ardent in their love of Liberty, will use the present moment to 
 recover their freedom, especially as they can have from the most 
 powerful confederacy ever formed against England (as her King 
 expresses it), every assistance they may want." 
 
 The same paper, in its issue of March 15, 1780, 
 published an account of a celebration held in the Ameri- 
 can camp at Morristown over some news just received 
 from Ireland, in which not only the Irish soldiers took 
 part, but also many of the native-born officers. This 
 account reads : 
 
 "A number of our last papers, containing an account of the late 
 proceedings in Ireland, being sent to the army by his Excellency 
 [General Washington], gave them the greatest satisfaction and 
 fanned the glorious flame of Liberty in their breasts. As elegant 
 a collation as the shortness of the time would permit was provided 
 by the officers of Colonel Jackson's regiment. A number of toasts 
 were drank and the night concluded with music, and a new cotillon 
 called the Duke of Leinster. The following toasts were drank; 
 
 "1 — Saint Patrick. 2 — The Duke of Leinster. 3 — Lord Shan- 
 non. 4 — Mr. Grattan. 5 — Mr. Ogle. 6 — Mr. Edward Newenham. 
 7 — The Recorder. 8 — Mr. Flood. 9 — The Memory of Dr. Lucas. 
 10 — The Volunteers of Ireland. 11 — May the cannon of Ireland 
 bellow till the Nation is free! 12 — The King of France. 13— 
 General Was*hington and the Army." 
 
 Two days later, the annual celebration of Saint Pat- 
 rick's Day was to be held in the American camp, and in 
 anticipation of the event, Washington, on March 16, 
 1780, issued the following "General Orders": 
 
 "Headquarters, Morristown, l6th March, 1780. 
 "The General congratulates the Army on the very interesting 
 Proceedings of the Parliament of Ireland, and the Inhabitants of 
 that Country, which have been lately communicated, not only as 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 165 
 
 they appeal^ calculated to remove those heavy and tyrannical op- 
 pressions on their Trade, but to restore to a brave and generous 
 People their ancient Rights and Freedom, and by their operation 
 to promote the Cause of America. Desirous of impressing on the 
 minds of the Army Transactions so important in their Nature, the 
 General directs that all Fatigue and Working Parties cease for 
 to-morrow, the 17th, a day held in particular Regard by the People 
 of that Nation. At the same time he orders, that as a mark of the 
 Pleasure he feels on the occasion, he persuades himself that the 
 Celebration of the Day will not be attended with the least Rioting 
 or Disorder. The Officers to be at their Quarters in Camp, and 
 the Troops of each State Line, are to be kept within their own 
 encampment." ^^ 
 
 The following order, which has been attributed to 
 Colonel Francis Johnston of the Pennsylvania Line, was 
 issued on the same day : 
 
 "The commanding officer desires that the celebration of the Day 
 should not pass by without having a little rum issued to the troops, 
 and has thought proper to direct the commissary to send for the 
 hogshead which the Colonel has purchased already in the vicinity 
 of the camp. While the troops are celebrating the bravery of Saint 
 Patrick in innocent mirth and pastime, he hopes they will not 
 forget their worthy friends in the Kingdom of Ireland, who, with 
 the greatest unanimity, have stepped forward in opposition to the 
 tyrant Great Britain, and who, like us, are determined to die or 
 be free. The troops will conduct themselves with the greatest 
 sobriety and good order." 
 
 The camp parole on the 17th of March, 1780, was 
 "Saint" and the countersign, "Patrick" and "Shelah." ^* 
 
 ^^ Published in the New York Gazette and Weekly Mercury of 
 April 24, 1780. The original order is among the records of the 
 War Department at Washington. 
 
 ^* One of the historic personifications of Ireland. 
 
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166 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 It is said that "the day was ushered in with music and 
 hoisting of colors exhibiting the thirteen stripes, the 
 favorite harp, and an inscription, 'The Independence of 
 Ireland.' " ^' 
 
 The national festival of Ireland was celebrated by 
 the American army before and after this time. On 
 March 17, 1776, the day the British evacuated Boston 
 and the Americans marched in and took possession, 
 General Washington, in the camp at Cambridge, author- 
 ized as the parole for the day, "Boston," and the counter- 
 sign, "Saint Patrick," and he appropriately appointed 
 General Sullivan "the Brigadier of the day." ^® And 
 according to an account given by Colonel McLane of 
 the Continental army. Saint Patrick's Day in 1778 was 
 celebrated by the American troops. ^^ In the Diary of 
 
 "° Gaine's New York Gazette and Weelely Mercury, April 24, 
 1780. Gaine's correspondent, who sent this account to the paper, 
 evidently was a Tory because he expressed the thought that "the 
 Sons of Saint Patrick who had been seduced into the service of the 
 Congress would go off in a body on Saint Patrick's Day" as a protest 
 against their sufferings. He sought to ridicule the celebration by 
 saying: "The simple hearted Teagues, charmed with the sight of 
 the Harp, forgot their sufferings and dropped their complaints, and 
 seemed perfectly happy for the Moment, though not a Drop of 
 Whiskey or Taffe was to be seen in the Camp, unless in the Tents 
 of~the Contrivers of this dry and unusual Way of celebrating the 
 tutelar Divinity of England's fair and jolly Sister, the Kingdom 
 of Ireland." 
 
 ^° Force's American Archives, 4th Ser., Vol. V, p. 421. 
 
 ^' Colonel McLane's account was reproduced in the Collections 
 of the Pennsylvania Historical Society (Vol. I, p. 141), and is 
 as follows : 
 
 "When Washington and his army lay at Valley Forge in 1778, 
 some of the Pennsylvania Germans made a Paddy, and displayed 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 167 
 
 Colonel Israel Angell of the Second Rhode Island Regi- 
 ment may be read the following interesting entry under 
 date of March 17, 1781 : "Good weather ; a great parade 
 this day with the Irish, it being Saint Patrick's. I 
 spent the day on the Point "* and tarried with the offi- 
 cers." And in the Journal of Lieutenant William Felt- 
 man ^® of the First Regiment of the Pennsylvania Line, 
 under date of March 16, 1782, is found a similarly inter- 
 esting entry reading : "This morning received an invita- 
 tion from Lt. Smith to spend Saint Patrick's Day with 
 him tomorrow in company with Lt. North, Lt. McCol- 
 1am, Lt. Reed, Dr. McDowell, Ensigns Van Court and 
 Cunningham. We rode to a Mr. Kennedy's about 15 
 miles from camp at a place called Rantholes on Stoneo 
 River, about twelve miles from Charleston, and spent 
 the day and greater part of the night very agreeably." 
 The celebration, according to Lieutenant Feltman, 
 continued through the next day, for he describes in his 
 
 it on Saint Patrick's Day to the great indignation of the Irish 
 in the camp. They assembled in large bodies under arms, swearing 
 for vengeance against the New England troops, saying they had 
 got up the insult. The affair threatened a very serious issue; none 
 of the officers could appease them. At this, Washington, having 
 ascertained the entire innocence of the New England troops, rode 
 up to the Irish and kindly and feelingly argued with them, and 
 then requested the Irish to show the oifenders and he would see 
 them punished. They could not designate anyone. 'Well,' said 
 Washington with great promptness, 'I, too, am a lover of Saint 
 Patrick's Day and must settle the affair by making all the army 
 keep the day.' He therefore ordered extra drink to every man of 
 his command and thus all made merry and were good friends." 
 
 =« West Point, New York. 
 
 ^^ Published by the Pennsylvania Historical Society in 1853, 
 
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168 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 Journal, under date of the 17th, how the officers 
 "dined very sumptuously upon codfish, Irish potatoes, 
 asparagus, fowls, etc., and after dinner we surrounded a 
 large table which was decked with good Nantes brandy, 
 excellent spirits. We then went to work in form, chose 
 a President and proceeded to business, spending the 
 afternoon and greater part of the night very agreeably." 
 In the language of the Minutes of the Society of the 
 Friendly Sons of Saint Patrick of Philadelphia, Wash- 
 ington himself was "unanimously adopted a member of 
 the Society" on December 18, 1781, and his reply .to a 
 letter from the President tendering him the badge of 
 the Society is still preserved among its papers. ^^ It 
 reads : 
 
 "I accept with singular pleasure the Ensign of so worthy a 
 fraternity as that of the Sons of St. Patrick in this City, a society 
 distinguished for the firm adherence of its members to the glorious 
 cause in which we are embarked. Give me leave to assure you, Sir, 
 that I shall never cast my eyes upon the badge with which I am 
 honoured but with a grateful remembrance of the polite and affec- 
 tionate manner in which it was presented." 
 
 On the 1st of January, 1782, Washington attended 
 a dinner of the Society, and on the 18th of March of the 
 same year he was present at the Saint Patrick's Day 
 banquet of the Friendly Sons, accompanied by some of 
 the most distinguished officers of the American and 
 French armies. On the membership roll of this famous 
 Irish society at this time are found the names of Generals 
 
 ^'' See A Brief Account of the Society of the Friendly Sons of 
 Saint Patrick, by Samuel Hood; Philadelphia, 184)4. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 169 
 
 Wayne, Butler, Hand, Irvine, and Moylan, and a num- 
 ber of other officers of the army and navy, as well as 
 some of the leading merchants of the city of Phila- 
 delphia. Indeed, the Society was "composed for the 
 most part of men of fortune, who were associated on 
 terms of familiarity, friendship, and equality with the 
 first men of the Province; many of them occupied the 
 highest and most responsible stations in the army, navy, 
 cabinet, and in Congress," and they supported the cause 
 of the country "with a zeal, ardour, and ability unsur- 
 passed in those days of intense patriotism." ^^ 
 
 When the historians who have denied to the Irish a 
 place in American Revolutionary history read of such 
 incidents as these, we can imagine that the facts must 
 be rather disturbing to their consciences, for we cannot 
 for a moment suppose that such celebrations would be 
 permitted were it not for the fact that the Irish element 
 wielded considerable influence and that the native Amer- 
 ican officers and soldiers fully recognized the aid re- 
 ceived from Ireland's sons in their struggle for liberty. 
 But it was not the native Americans alone who sym- 
 pathized with Ireland at that time, for it was the great 
 Frenchman, Lafayette, who proposed the toast, "May 
 the Kingdom of Ireland merit a stripe in the American 
 standard !" at a banquet given by the officers of General 
 Sullivan's forces in the Wyoming Valley on September 
 25, 1779, celebrating the announcement that Spain had 
 joined the Franco- American alliance. *^ 
 
 ^^ Brief Account, etc., by Samuel Hood; Philadelphia, 1844. 
 '^A strong sentiment in favor of Ireland prevaired in America, 
 especially in the army, at the time of the Revolution, doubtless 
 
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170 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 American military officers watched with considerable 
 interest the course of events in Ireland, as far as they 
 could be learned from the Irish newspapers brought 
 into the American camps. General Henry Knox se- 
 lected an appropriate date, March 17, 1780, to write 
 General William Heath from Morristown to the effect 
 that "the affairs of Ireland will be a pretty addition to 
 the embarrassment of England, and will, I hope, pro- 
 duce a speedy peace for America." General Robert 
 Howe also mentioned affairs in Ireland in a letter to 
 Heath from the Highlands on April 9, 1780; and again, 
 in a letter from Heath to Howe, dated Roxbury, April 
 25, 1780, England's difficulties in Ireland were the sub- 
 ject of discussion between these American officers of 
 high rank. ^^ 
 
 It is also with considerable interest that we read in 
 The Correspondence of George Washington several 
 
 because of the help which it was known the sons of Ireland had 
 given the American cause. For example, one of thirteen toasts 
 drunk at a celebration of the "Sons of Saint Tammany" of Phila- 
 delphia on May 1, 1783, was: "The Friends of Liberty in Ireland: 
 May the Harp be tuned to Independence and be touched by skilful 
 hands," and in the report of the celebration in the Philadelphia 
 Freeman's Journal of May 7, 1783, it said, "at the giving of each 
 toast cannon were fired and the whole company gave three cheers, 
 but when 'General Washington and the Army' was named, they 
 swelled spontaneously into thirteen, and upon naming 'The Friends 
 of Liberty in Ireland' and the 'tuning of the Harp to Independence,' 
 the Sons of Saint Tammany, anticipating the day in which the brave 
 sons of Saint Patrick shall be free and happy as ourselves, burst 
 into thirteen shouts of joy and the band struck up 'Saint Patricks 
 Day in the Morning.' " 
 
 ^^ These letters are among the Heath Letters reproduced in the 
 Massachusetts Historical Society Collections, 7th Ser., Vol. V. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 171 
 
 letters in which the affairs of Ireland were discussed. 
 For example, a possible "insurrection in Ireland" was 
 commented upon in General Sullivan's letter to General 
 Washington of August 7, 1777; '-^ to Count de Rocham- 
 beau, Washington wrote on August 26, 1780, expressing 
 his satisfaction at "the intelligence respecting the Irish 
 JMilitia's driving the Enghsh out of the forts," saying 
 "it must be embarrassing to the British Ministry;" '^'^ 
 and two days later, in a letter to John Mercereau of 
 Woodbridge, N. J., he referred to "the disturbances 
 in Ireland." '"' In a letter of October 5, 1780, to Gen- 
 eral John Cadwalader, Washington referred to the fa- 
 vorable aspect of affairs in Europe, among which were 
 the continuance of "the Irish claims and English dis- 
 turbances," which "formed an opinion in his breast that 
 the hour of deliverance was not far distant, for that 
 however unwilling Great Britain might be to yield the 
 point, it would not be in her power to continue the con- 
 test"; " and in a letter from General Heath to Wash- 
 ington on January 25, 1783, he also spoke of "a ru- 
 moured revolt in Ireland." These letters indicate that 
 American army officers must have had instructions to ob- 
 tain all available information with regard to Irish affairs 
 and that the Commander-in-Chief himself considered it 
 a matter of sufficient importance to be kept informed 
 
 ^* Correspondence of George Washington, p. 39 1; Library of 
 Congress, 1915. 
 
 ^^ The Writings of George Washington, collected and edited by 
 Worthington C. Ford; Vol. VIII, p. 408; New York, 1890. 
 
 ^* Correspondence of George Washington, p. 1 379. 
 
 ^' The Writings of George Washington; Vol. VIII, p. 467- 
 
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CHAPTER X 
 
 "THE LINE OF IRELAND" 
 
 Lossing's description of Morgan's celebrated Rifle Corps. Four 
 regiments of the Pennsylvania Line, commanded by Irish 
 officers, covered the retreat from Long Island. General Henry 
 Lee described the Pennsylvania Line as "the Line of Ireland." 
 Gallantry of Irish soldiers. The New England soldiers. Their 
 quality as fighting men. Washington's characterization of 
 them. The "mutiny" of the Pennsylvania Line. Its causes. 
 
 WHEN we study the testimony of Galloway and 
 Robertson and compare it with the many other 
 evidences that are furnished to us by American records 
 of the large nimaber of Irishmen and their sons who, 
 early in the contest, eagerly flocked to the standard of 
 Washington, we need not wonder at Lossing's de- 
 scription of Morgan's celebrated rifle corps. In allud- 
 ing to General Washington's organization of the army 
 at Cambridge, Massachusetts, in July, 1775, Lossing 
 says: "Some riflemen from Maryland, Virginia, and 
 Western Pennsylvania enlisted under the order of Con- 
 gress, and led by Daniel Morgan,^ a man of powerful 
 
 ^ In biographical sketches of Colonel Daniel Morgan it is stated 
 that he was born in New Jersey and that his father was a Welsh- 
 man. However, the late "Richelieu" Robinson, editor of the Irish 
 World, claimed that Morgan was born in County Derry, Ireland, 
 and that his father, Peter Morgan, also a native of Ireland, emi- 
 grated to America in 1742 with his seven sons, one of whom was 
 Daniel. In the Catholic Encyclopcedia it is also claimed that Morgan 
 
 173 
 
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174 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 frame and sterling courage, soon joined the camp. 
 Upon their breasts they wore the motto 'Liberty or 
 Death.' A large proportion of them were Irishmen 
 and were not very agreeable to the New Englanders. 
 These men attracted much attention, and on account of 
 their sure and deadly aim they became a terror to the 
 British. Wonderful stories of their exploits went to 
 England, and one of the riflemen, who was carried 
 there a prisoner, was gazed at as a great curiosity." ^ 
 
 The esteem in which Morgan's Rifle Corps was held 
 by General Washington is shown by his letter to Gov- 
 ernor Clinton on August 16, 1777, informing Clinton 
 that he had ordered Morgan to join the army under 
 General Gates, then operating in the vicinity of Albany. 
 In that letter Washington said: "They are all chosen 
 men, selected from the army at large, well acquainted 
 with the use of rifles and with the mode of fighting 
 which is necessary to make them a good counterpoise 
 to the Indians, and they have distinguished themselves 
 on a variety of occasions since the formation of the Corps 
 in skirmishes with the enemy. I expect the most eminent 
 services from them, and I shall be mistaken if their 
 presence does not go far towards producing a general 
 deserting among the savages."* 
 
 Of all the provinces by far the greatest number of 
 
 was an Irishman, but no authority for this statement is given. While 
 the question is in doubt, it is certain that Daniel Morgan exhibited 
 many of the well-known characteristics of an Irishman. 
 
 ^Pictorial Field Booh of the Revolution, Vol. I, p. 565; New 
 York, 1851. 
 
 ^ Sparks' Writings of Washington, Vol. V, p. 30. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 175 
 
 Irishmen enlisted in Pennsylvania, which was to be 
 expected in view of the large settlements of Irish people 
 in that province, which continued for half a century- 
 prior to the Revolution. In referring to the racial 
 elements in America at the time of the outbreak of the 
 war, Dr. David Ramsay, himself a participant, says: 
 "The Irish in America, with few exceptions, were 
 attracted to independence, for they had fled from 
 oppression in their native country and could not brook 
 the idea that it should follow them."* And in his chap- 
 ter on the Pennsylvania Line, Ramsay says: "The 
 common soldiers enlisted in that State were for the 
 most part natives of Ireland, but though not bound to 
 America by the accidental tie of birth, they were inferior 
 to none in discipline, courage, or attachment to the cause 
 of independence."^ 
 
 The Pennsylvania Line comprised approximately 
 twenty thousand men and is generally admitted to have 
 been one of the most effective fighting arms of the Rev- 
 olutionary forces, and, as an admiring officer once said 
 of them, "they served everywhere and surrendered no- 
 where." What finer compliment could be bestowed on 
 the prowess of any body of troops than their selection 
 by Washington to cover the retreat of the American 
 army after the disastrous defeat at Long Island on 
 August 28, 1776? For we are told that "the Pennsyl- 
 
 * History of the American Revolution, by Dr. David Ramsay, 
 Vol. Ill, p. 6; Trenton, 1811. 
 
 ^ Ibid., Vol. II, p. 280. This statement is also made in History 
 of America from the Earliest Discovery to the Present Day, edited 
 by Samuel Lorenzo Knapp (Library of American History Series, 
 Vol. II, p. 28; New Yo1rk, 1856). 
 
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176 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 vania troops were done great honour by being chosen the 
 corps de reserve to cover the retreat. The regiments 
 of Colonels Hand, Magaw, Shea, and Haslett were de- 
 tailed for that purpose."® And it is a remarkable fact 
 that all four of the commanding officers of these regi- 
 ments were natives of Ireland. 
 
 General Henry Lee, afterward Governor of Virginia, 
 in his Memoirs of the War in the Southern Depart- 
 ment,'' makes the following reference to General Wayne 
 and the Pennsylvania Line : "Wayne had a constitu- 
 tional attachment to the decision of the sword, and this 
 cast of character had acquired strength from indulgence, 
 as well as from the native temper of the troops he 
 commanded. They were known by the designation of 
 the Line of Pennsylvania, whereas they might have 
 been, with more propriety, called the Line of Ireland. 
 Bold and daring, they were impatient and refractory, 
 and would always prefer an appeal to the bayonet to a 
 toilsome march. . . . The General and his soldiers 
 were singularly fitted for close and stubborn action, hand 
 to hand in the centre of the army." 
 
 Throughout the Revolution the soldiers of the Penn- 
 sylvania Line maintained on many a battle-field that 
 reputation for gallantry which Ireland's martial sons 
 
 ^ Account of the Retreat from Long Island, by Lieutenant-Colonel 
 James Chambers, in Pennsylvania Archives, 5th Ser., Vol. IIjP- 612. 
 See also letter from Lieutenant-Colonel Chambers to his wife, dated 
 September S, 1776, quoted in Chambersburg in the Colony and the 
 Revolution, by Lewis H. Garrard, published by the Historical 
 Society of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, 1856. 
 
 ^Vol. II, p. 203; New York, 1808. (See also Pennsylvania 
 Archives, 5th Ser., Vol. II, p. 566.) 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 177 
 
 have ever enjoyed, and they furnished to the military 
 annals of America a chapter as glorious as that which 
 the famous Irish Brigade contributed to the arms of 
 France. While the heroism, devotion, and fidelity of 
 that renowned corps, in supporting and defending the 
 cause they espoused, constitute for it imperishable claims 
 to the respect and admiration of posterity, their story is 
 comparatively little known to the American people, for 
 no literary trumpet has sounded their praises. What 
 a field has existed for a romantic writer in the traditions 
 that have lived, but are gradually becoming dimmed by 
 time, among the descendants of those gallant men in 
 the mountains and valleys of Pennsylvania! But, alas 
 for the Irish in America, in this, as well as in many other 
 phases of American history, they have neglected their 
 opportunities and no writer has sought to keep alive their 
 memory, and their story is now found only in the prosaic 
 official records of the Revolution. What more gallant 
 spirits figure in American military annals than Cap- 
 tain John Brady, the Revolutionary scout and frontiers- 
 man; or Timothy Murphy, the hero of Saratoga; or 
 Major John Kelly, who destroyed the bridge at Stony 
 Brook on the retreat from Trenton, thereby saving the 
 American troops from capture; or Lieutenant James 
 Gibbons, who led the forlorn hope at the storming of 
 Stony Point; or Captain William O'Neill and his gal- 
 lant band, who held in check a British force at the battle 
 of the Brandywine? These and many other equally 
 gallant soldiers were attached to regiments of the "Line 
 of Ireland," but no one except the student of history 
 now recalls their services to their country. 
 
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178 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 Much stress has been laid upon the part played by 
 the New England States m the Revolutionary conflict, 
 — so much, indeed, that one would be compelled to con- 
 clude, in the absence of other evidence, that to New Eng- 
 land is due the independence of the United States. Some 
 few years ago, I received from Mr. Henry Cabot Lodge 
 a copy of a pamphlet prepared by hun containing com- 
 parative statistics of the number of soldiers who enlisted 
 from each province or State, and purporting to show 
 that by far the greatest number enlisted from Massa- 
 chusetts, and that New England furnished more men 
 to the Revolutionary army than all the other Colonies 
 combined. Mr. Lodge pointed to this as "proof" of 
 the statements of the historians that the New England- 
 ers were a preponderating element in the Revolution. 
 
 Now, without questioning the authenticity of Mr. 
 Lodge's figures, a thought that naturally arises is that 
 in making such comparisons the quality of the soldiers 
 as fighting material is a very important factor, — indeed, 
 just as important as their relative numbers. For we 
 know that in every sphere of human activity the quality 
 and capacity of men in the particular calling in which 
 they may be engaged varies in a greater or lesser degree 
 according to circumstances and conditions, and to no 
 class more than to soldiers does this apply. Bruce at 
 Bannockburn, with ten thousand men, decisively de- 
 feated an English army of thirty thousand ; which proves 
 that it is not numbers alone that conquer in battle, but 
 the quality and determination of "the men behind tlje 
 guns." 
 
 When we compare the New England troops with 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 179 
 
 those who came from other sections of the country, what 
 do we find? On the one hand, General Richard Mont- 
 gomery, writing to General Washington on October 5, 
 1775, of the personnel of his command dm-ing the 
 Canadian campaign, said: "The New Englanders are 
 the worst stuff imaginable for soldiers. They are home- 
 sick. Their regiments are melted away, and yet not 
 a man dead of any distemper. There is such an equality 
 among them, that the officers have no authority, and 
 there are very few among them in whose spirit I have 
 any confidence. The privates are all generals, but not 
 soldiers, and so jealous that it is impossible, though a 
 man risque his person, to escape the imputation of 
 treachery. I don't see amongst them that zealous attach- 
 ment to the cause I flattered myself with, but indeed 
 they are homesick." * And Washington himself wrote 
 on January 31, 1776, on receiving Montgomery's letter: 
 "The account given of the behaviour of the men under 
 General Montgomery is exactly consonant to the opinion 
 I have formed of these people, and such as they will 
 exhibit abundant proof of in similar cases whenever 
 called upon. Place them behind a parapet, a breast- 
 work, stone waU, or anything that will aff'ord shelter, 
 and from their knowledge of a firelock, they will give 
 a good account of the enemy ; but I am as well convinced 
 as if I had seen it that they will not march boldly up 
 to a work, nor stand exposed in a plain." " 
 
 Bancroft informs us that "Montgomery's troops de- 
 
 ^ Robert R. Livingston MS. Letters, fol. 57, at New York Public 
 Library. 
 
 "Washington's Works, Vol. Ill, pp. 277, 285. 
 
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180 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 serted in such numbers [in Canada] that only eight 
 hundred remained"; and Lecky says, in referring to the 
 soldiers engaged in Montgomery's operations in Quebec 
 in 1775 : "They were turbulent, insubordinate, and half 
 trained, and they had enlisted for so short a period and 
 were so unwilling to renew their contract that it was 
 necessary to press on operations as quickly as possi- 
 ble." " In fact, we find Washington's letters full of 
 complaints of the conduct of the New England troops. 
 In a letter to General Joseph Reed, dated Cambridge, 
 November 28, 1775, he complained about their "dearth 
 of public spirit, and such want of virtue, such stock- 
 jobbing and fertility in all the low arts to obtain ad- 
 vantages of one kind or another, that I never before saw, 
 and pray God's mercy that I may never be witness to 
 again." "Such a mercenary spirit," wrote Washington 
 in another place, "pervades the whole, that I should not 
 at all be surprised at any disaster that may happen. . . . 
 Could I have foreseen what I have experienced, and am 
 likely to experience, no consideration upon earth should 
 have induced me to accept this command." ^^ "No 
 troops," he wrote in another letter, "were ever better 
 provided or higher paid, yet their backwardness to enlist 
 for another year is amazing. It grieves me to see so 
 little of that patriotic spirit which I was taught to 
 believe was characteristic of this people." ^^ Washing- 
 ton's opinion of the New England troops is further 
 
 " W. E. H. Lecky, History of the American Revolution, pp. 
 215-216. 
 
 " Washington's Works, Vol. Ill, p. 179- 
 ^Ubid.,p. 181. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 181 
 
 shown by his letter of August 20, 1775, from Cambridge, 
 Mass., to Lund Washington, in which he said: "The 
 People of this Government have obtained a character 
 which they by no means deserved ; their officers generalh^ 
 speaking are the most indifferent kind of people I ever 
 saw. I have already broke one Colonel and five Cap- 
 tains for Cowardice, or for drawing more Pay and Pro- 
 visions than they had Men in their Companies; there 
 is two more Colonels now under arrest and to be tried 
 for the same offences; in short, they are by no means 
 such Troops, in any respect, as you are led to believe of 
 them from the accounts which are published, but I need 
 not make myself enemies among them by this declara- 
 tion, although it is consistent with truth. I dare say the 
 men would fight very well (if properly officered), al- 
 though they are exceeding dirty and nasty people." 
 
 General Philip Schuyler also made considerable com- 
 plaint against the Connecticut and Massachusetts mili- 
 tia,^ ^ and General Trumbull, in a letter to Washington 
 in December, 1775, spoke of his "grief, surprise, and 
 indignation" at the conduct of the New England troops. 
 Lecky states: "The term of enlistment of the Connecticut 
 troops expired in December, 1775, and the whole body, 
 amounting to some five thousand men, positively refused 
 to re-enlist," and " it was vainly represented to them 
 that their desertion threatened to bring absolute ruin 
 to the American cause." ^* Neither Mr. Lodge nor any 
 
 " Letter from General Schuyler to Congress, August 10, 1777, in 
 Schuyler MSS. at New York Public Library. 
 
 ^* History of the American Revolution, p. 228. 
 
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182 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 other New England historian takes any of these facts 
 into consideration. 
 
 Contrast all this with the statement of Lee, that the 
 soldiers of the famous corps whom he called "the Line 
 of Ireland" were the type of men who were always ready 
 to meet the enemy under any conditions. They were 
 "singularly fitted," says Lee, "for close and stubborn 
 action, hand to hand in the centre of the army," and 
 "always preferred an appeal to the bayonet to a toil- 
 some march," — the kind of soldiers best qualified for 
 the warfare of that time. Men of that calibre were 
 immeasurably superior to the type whom Montgomery 
 and Washington described, for they required the pro- 
 tection of neither "parapet, breastwork, nor stone wall" 
 to prop up their courage, and their most cheerful mo- 
 ments were when grappling with the enemy "hand to 
 hand in the centre of the army." For individual initia- 
 tive, physical endurance, grim determination, dash and 
 courage, and all those qualities that were necessary to 
 the efficient soldier of that time, no single aggregation 
 of men in the Revolutionary army equalled the soldiers 
 of the Pennsylvania Line ; for they were "born soldiers," 
 their lives having been spent largely in savage warfare 
 against the Indians or in conquering the forces of nature 
 in the wild country which they or their fathers had 
 settled. 
 
 Nothing better illustrates the character of these men 
 than the outbreak which occurred in their ranks in the 
 winter of 1780-81, the result of the "nakedness and 
 famine which were their daily compani ons." ^° T his 
 
 ^^ Lossing, Pictorial Field Book of the Revolution, Vol. I, p- 312. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 183 
 
 outbreak is known in history as "the Mutiny of the 
 Pennsylvania Line." The celebrated Matthew Carey 
 gave a graphic account of this movement and of the 
 sufferings and fidelity of the "mutineers": 
 
 "During the American Revolution a band of Irishmen were em- 
 bodied to avenge, in the country of their adoption, the injuries of 
 the country of their birth. They formed the major part of the 
 celebrated Pennsylvania Line. They fought and bled for the 
 United States. Many of them sealed their attachment with their 
 lives. Their adopted country was shamefully ungrateful. The 
 wealthy, the indolent, and the luxurious, for whom they fought, 
 were rioting in all the comforts and superfluities of life. Their 
 defenders were literally half-starved and half-naked. Their 
 shoeless feet marked with blood their tracks on the highway. They 
 bore their grievances patiently. They at length murmured. They 
 remonstrated. They implored a supply of the necessities of life, 
 but in vain. A deaf ear was turned to their complaints. They felt 
 indignant at the cold neglect, at the ingratitude, of that country for 
 which so many of their companions in arms had expired on the 
 crimsoned field of battle. They held arms in their hands. They 
 had reached the boundary line beyond which forbearance and sub- 
 mission became meanness and pusillanimity. As all appeals to the 
 gratitude, the justice and generosity of the country had proved un- 
 availing, they determined to try another course. They appealed to 
 its fears. They mutinied. They demanded with energy that redress 
 for which they had before supplicated. It was a noble deed; I 
 hope in all similar cases similar measures will be pursued. 
 
 "The intelligence was carried to the British camp. It there 
 spread joy and gladness. Lord Howe hoped that a period had 
 arrived to the "rebellion,' as it would have been termed. There 
 was a glorious opportunity of crushing the half-formed embryo of 
 the Republic. He counted largely on the indignation and on the 
 resentment of the natives of the Emerald Isle. He knew the iras- 
 cibility of their tempers. He calculated on the diminution of the 
 strength of 'the rebels,' and the accession to the numbers of the 
 royal army. Messengers were despatched to the mutineers. They 
 had carte blanche. They were to allure the poor Hibernians to 
 
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184 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 return, like prodigal children, from feeding on husks to the plen- 
 tiful fold of their royal master. Liberality itself presided over his 
 offers. Abundant supplies of provisions, comfortable clothing to 
 their hearts' desire,' all arrears of pay, bounties, and pardon for 
 past offences were offered. There was, however, no hesitation 
 among those poor, neglected warriors. They refused to renounce 
 poverty, nakedness, suffering and ingratitude. 
 
 "The splendid temptations were held out in vain. There was 
 no Judas, no Arnol^ there. They seized the tempters. They tram- 
 pled on their shining ore. They sent them to their General's tent. 
 The miserable wretches paid their forfeited lives for attempting 
 to seduce a band of ragged, forlorn, and deserted, but . illustrious 
 heroes. We prate about Roman, about Grecian patriotism. One- 
 half of it is false. In the other half there is nothing that excels 
 this noble trait, which is worthy the pencil of a West or a Trum- 
 bull!"" 
 
 Washington, writing to Rochambeau on January 20, 
 1781, relative to "the late disturbances in the Pennsyl- 
 vania Line," said: "The causes of complaint of this Line, 
 mostly composed of foreigners, and having even some 
 British deserters, must in great part be known to your 
 Excellency. The absolute want of pay and clothing, 
 the great scarcity of provisions, were too severe a trial 
 for the men, a great proportion of whom could not be 
 deeply impressed with the feelings of citizens. It is 
 somewhat extraordinary that these men, however lost 
 to a sense of duty, had so far retained that of honour, 
 as to reject the most advantageous propositions from 
 the enemy"; ^'^ and Lafayette, in a letter to Vergennes, 
 French Minister of Foreign Affairs, said: "Some 
 Pennsylvania troops, almost wholly composed of for- 
 
 " The Olive Branch, 10th edition; Philadelphia, Pa. 
 " Ford's Writings of Washington, Vol. IX, p. 115. 
 
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fi£PP/aDUC£0 BY A A/ ^ A FfiAA/C£S £/:V/A/S 
 
 COLONEL WALTER STEWART 
 
 OF THE PENNSYLVANIA LINE, CONTINENTAL ARMY. 
 BORN IN DONEGAL, IRELAND. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 185 
 
 eigners, and stationed at Morristown, had revolted." ^^ 
 As further illustrating the character of the men of 
 the Pennsylvania Line, after the mutiny was settled 
 Wayne wrote to Washington in January, 1781, that 
 "the disbanded soldiers were as importunate to be re- 
 enlisted as they had been to be discharged; a reclaimed 
 and formidable Line was the result in the spring." ^® 
 General Rochambeau also touches upon this incident 
 in his Memoirs, where, referring to the march of the 
 "mutineers" to Philadelphia to appeal to Congress for 
 redress of their grievances, he says : "I should here men- 
 tion a most extraordinary trait of patriotism in these 
 times of rebellion. General Clinton, the Commandant 
 at New York, within whose reach these men had to pass, 
 sent off emissaries to beg them to join the American 
 refugees who were serving in his army, offering at the 
 same time to pay the arrears which were due to them. 
 The sergeant who commanded them exclaimed: 'Com- 
 rades, he takes us for traitors; but we are brave men, 
 who demand justice of our country.' He hanged the 
 spies sent by Clinton and proceeded on." ^^ 
 
 ^'Document No. 1632 in Stevens' Facsimiles. 
 
 ^^ Border Wars of the American Revolution, by William L. Stone, 
 Vol. II, p. 135; New York, 1900. 
 
 ^° Memoirs of the Marshal Count de Rochambea.u relative to the 
 War of Independence in the United States, p. 30; Paris, 1838. 
 
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CHAPTER XI 
 
 MORE HISTORY BY SUPPRESSION 
 
 The "Volunteers of Ireland" and the "Roman Catholic Volunteers" 
 in the English service. How organized, and their composition. 
 Bancroft suppresses the facts. Desertions to the American 
 Army and disintegration of the Volunteers. The Irish Vol- 
 unteers in the American service. The Virginia regiments. 
 "The Irish vcill enlist in crowds." Irish recruits in the Caro- 
 linas. Lord Cornwallis' letter to General Clinton. 
 
 TN an attempt to show that the Irish in America did 
 ■*■ not favor the Revolutionary cause, Bancroft says: 
 "While it was no longer possible for the Americans to 
 keep up their army enhstments, the British gained 
 numerous recruits from immigrants. In Philadelphia, 
 Howe had formed a regiment of Roman Catholics. 
 With better success, Clinton courted the Irish. They 
 had fled from the persecution of inexorable landlords 
 to a country which off'ered them freeholds. By flatter- 
 ing their nationality and their sense of importance at- 
 tached to their numbers, Clinton allured them to a com- 
 bination directly averse to their own interests and raised 
 for Lord Rawdon a large regiment in which officers and 
 men were exclusively Irish. Among them were nearly 
 flve hundred deserters from the American Army." ^ 
 This statement is true only in its barest essential, 
 
 ^ History of the United States, Vol. X, p 175. 
 
 186 
 
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A HIDDEN PHASE OF HISTORY 187 
 
 namely, in the fact that the two "regiments" referred to 
 were actually organized; and it serves as another instance 
 of the "writing of history by suppression" before alluded 
 to. The first-mentioned "regiment" was known as the 
 "Roman Catholic Volunteers" and was formed in 1777 
 while the British were in possession of Philadelphia; 
 and the second, known as the "Volunteers of Ireland," 
 was formed in the year 1778. In thus attempting to 
 seduce the Irish Catholics from the American cause, 
 England was only following the same tactics which had 
 failed in Ireland, where, by the relaxation of the penal 
 laws and the granting of certain measures of relief to 
 the Catholics, she sought to arouse religious animosities 
 against the Americans to promote her own interests; 
 but the extent to which they succeeded in America will 
 be shown by a brief narration of the facts on record. 
 
 According to an account printed in Rivington's Royal 
 Gazette, the "Roman Catholic Volunteers" were com- 
 manded by Colonel Alfred Clifton, "an English Catholic 
 gentleman," ^ and the "Volunteers of Ireland" were 
 under the command of Lord Rawdon, who, although a 
 native of Ireland, was "British to the core." As to 
 how much faith we may place in Bancroft's assertion 
 that "the officers were exclusively Irish," we have a 
 fairly safe guide in the following official list of the officers 
 of these regiments : * 
 
 ^ Statement of Rev. Ferdinand Farmer in Woodstock Letters, 
 Vol. XIV, p. 196. 
 
 ' From A List of General and Staff Officers of the British Army 
 in America, p. 64. 
 
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188 
 
 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 ROMAN CATHOLIC VOLUNTEERS 
 
 Colonel 
 Alfred Clifton 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel 
 
 Majors 
 John Lynch 
 
 Captains 
 Kenneth McCulloch 
 Matthias Hanely 
 Martin McEvoy 
 Nicholas Wiergan 
 John McKinnon 
 
 Lieutenants 
 Peter Eck 
 John Connell 
 James Hanrahan 
 Edward Holland 
 John Neill 
 Ebenezer Wilson 
 Harman Elack 
 John Jewell 
 
 Surgeon 
 
 Chaplain 
 Rev. Ferdinand Farmer 
 
 Ensigns 
 John Grashune 
 Arthur Bailie 
 Thomas Quinn 
 Edward Goodwin 
 H. P. Sergeant 
 Mark Ransford 
 
 Quartermaster 
 John Holland 
 
 VOLUNTEERS OF IRELAND 
 
 Colonel 
 Right Hon. Lord Rawdon 
 Lieutenant-Colonel 
 Welborne Ellis Boyle 
 
 Majors 
 John Despard 
 Henry Rugely 
 
 Captains 
 John Campbell 
 John Doyle 
 James King 
 William Barry 
 Thomas Silverton 
 
 Lieutenants 
 David Dalton 
 Charles Vallency 
 Charles Bingham 
 Thomas Proctor 
 Samuel Bradstreets 
 Hugh Gillespie 
 Henry Munro 
 James Moffat 
 
 Surgeon 
 Dr. Armstrong 
 
 Chaplain 
 
 Ensigns 
 Edward Gilbourne 
 Thomas Hyn 
 George Cunningham 
 John Thompson 
 Davies Whitely 
 John Wilson 
 
 Quartermaster 
 Hugh Sturat 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 189 
 
 That there are some Irish Catholic names in these 
 lists is not at all surprising, for of course it is just as 
 natural that Cathohcs should be divided on political 
 questions as those of other religious persuasions ; but in 
 any event there is proof that all of these officers were 
 drawn from other English regiments and assigned 
 especially to these new formations in order to give them 
 the appearance of being "Irish" regiments.* It is en- 
 tirely probable that if the names of the enlisted men were 
 obtainable, the list would show the same mixed racial 
 complexion as is illustrated by the above. But, apart 
 from this, the importance of Bancroft's statement is 
 that it creates the impression, inasmuch as a regiment 
 usually consists of one thousand men, that that number 
 of Irish Catholic recruits was obtained for each of these 
 regiments. What are the actual facts in regard to 
 this? 
 
 Besides various tricks and cajoleries which were used 
 in the efforts to raise recruits, offers of bounties and 
 large pay were made to the men, many of whom were 
 in privation and out of employment, and one of the 
 recruiting officers promised every recruit after the war 
 "fifty acres of land to which every gallant hero may 
 retire to enjoy his bottle and his lass." ® Yet the at- 
 tempt to organize a "regiment of Roman Catholic 
 Volunteers" proved "an utter failure," " and we find 
 
 * Letter from General Sir Henry Clinton to Lord George Ger- 
 main, dated October 23, 1778, in Stevens' Facsimile Documents in 
 the European Archives relating to America, 1773-178S, Document 
 No. 1190. 
 
 ^ F. 894, Ridgway Library, Philadelphia. 
 
 ° Shea, History of the Catholic Church in the United States. 
 
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190 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 General Howe stating in his Narrative that "on taking 
 possession of Philadelphia I appointed William Allen, 
 Mr. Chambers, and Mr. Clifton, the chief of the Roman 
 Catholic persuasion, of whom there were said to be many 
 in Philadelphia as well as in the Rebel army serving 
 against their inclinations, to receive and form for service 
 all the well affected that could be obtained. And what 
 was the result? In May, when I left America, Colonel 
 Clifton had raised only one hundred and eighty." '' And 
 so we find'that this "regiment," which Bancroft speaks 
 of, was comprised of only one hundred and eighty Cath- 
 olic Tories of mixed nationalities ; and in October, 1778, 
 five months after its formation, it had dwindled to "near 
 eighty men." ® It was then evident that the "Roman 
 Catholic Volunteer" regiment was a failure,^ so the 
 "regiment" was disbanded and its sorry remnant was 
 transferred to the "Volunteers of Ireland." There is 
 nothing on record to indicate what became of the other 
 one hundred men who joined this "regiment," although 
 it is certain that many of them "deserted to the rebels." " 
 The "Volunteers of Ireland" were also organized in 
 
 ' Narrative of General Sir William Howe, appended to his Obser- 
 vations on a Pamphlet of Joseph Galloway, pp. 51-53; London, 
 1779. 
 
 * Letter from Sir Henry Clinton to Lord George Germain. 
 
 " In June, 1 778, its strength was one hundred and seventy-seven, 
 and on August 24, 1778, only one hundred and seventy-three men. 
 
 ^^ References to "desertions to the rebels" from this "regiment" 
 may be seen in the Kemble Papers in New York Historical Society 
 Collections, Vol. I; in the Orderly Book of Captain Robert Clayton 
 of the 17th Foot Regiment of the British Army, now at the Penn- 
 sylvania Historical Society ; in the Philadelphia newspapers of the 
 year 1778, and in the Pennsylvania Archives for 1779- 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 191 
 
 Philadelphia during the British occupancy, and after 
 the battle of Monmouth (June, 1778) they proceeded to 
 New York, where extraordinary efforts were made to 
 get recruits. Clinton, when informing the English 
 Secretary of War of his intention to raise this regiment, 
 expressed the hope that it would be recruited "from the 
 emigrants from Ireland," who, he explained, "kept up 
 their national customs"; and "to work upon this latent 
 seed of national attachment" appeared to him "the only 
 means of inciting these refugees to a measure contrary 
 perhaps to the particular interests of most of them." On 
 the 17th of March, 1779, an advertisement appeared in 
 the Royal Gazette of New York, in which Lord Rawdon 
 offered each recruit "thirty shillings sterling and equip- 
 ment in the most complete manner," and on the same 
 day the men were paraded through the streets with great 
 noise and ceremony and "the Anniversary of Saint 
 Patrick, Tutelar Saint of Ireland, was celebrated with 
 accustomed hilarity." "The officers of the garrison ac- 
 companied them to the Bowery, where dinner was pro- 
 vided, consisting of five hundred covers ;"^^ and after 
 the men were seated and had proceeded to the enjoyment 
 of the noble Banquet, the Officers returned to town and 
 dined with his lordship." The account in the Gazette 
 goes on to describe "the soldierly appearance of the 
 men," what "fine, strapping fellows" they were, "nei- 
 ther influenced by Yankee nor Ague," and their country- 
 
 ^^ It is probable that this is Bancroft's "authority" as to the 
 "nearly five hundred deserters from the American army" who, he 
 alleges, joined the "Volunteers of Ireland." 
 
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192 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 men were told that "however long they may have re- 
 mained in the Haunts of Hypocrasy, Cunning, and 
 Disaffection, being naturally gallant and loyal, such 
 men crowd with Ardour to stand forth in the Cause of 
 their King, of their Country, and of real, honest, general 
 liberty whenever an opportunity offers." And after the 
 next Saint Patrick's Day the same paper also gave an 
 account of "A Munificent entertainment given by Lord 
 Rawdon to the Volunteers of Ireland" at Jamaica, Long 
 Island. 
 
 It may be supposed that the "Volunteers of Ir.eland" 
 secured some recruits on these occasions, for "noble ban- 
 quets" and "munificent entertainments" must have 
 proven powerful appeals to hungry stomachs ; but while 
 it cannot be shown what the strength of the "regiment" 
 then was, there is evidence that in August, 1780, at which 
 time they were stationed at Camden, South Carolina, it 
 numbered only "two hundred and fifty- three rank and 
 file." ^^ In June, 1780, Cornwallis sent Rawdon and 
 his "Volunteers of Ireland" to the Irish settlement at 
 Waxhaw, North Carolina, "thinking," wrote he to Corn- 
 wallis, that "as it was an Irish Corps it would be received 
 with a better temper by the settlers of that district, who 
 were universally Irish and universally disaffected" ; but 
 "I had the fullest proof that the people who daily visited 
 my camp not only held constant correspondence with the 
 rebel militia, but used every artifice to debauch the minds 
 of my soldiers and persuade them to desert from their 
 
 ^^ Beatson's Naval and Military Memoirs, Vol. VIj App. 211 ; Lon- 
 don, 1790-1804. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 193 
 
 colours." In fact, so many were the deserters from 
 Rawdon's "Irish Corps" at this time that on July 1, 1780, 
 he directed Major Rugely to deal severely with all who 
 harbored deserters and to "use invariable severity 
 towards every one who shall show so criminal neglect 
 of the public interests." And this atrocious offer was 
 made by the British commander: "I will give the in- 
 habitants ten guineas for the head of any deserter be- 
 longing to the Volunteers of Ireland and five guineas 
 only if they bring him in alive. They shall likewise be 
 rewarded, though not to that amount, for such deserters 
 as they may secure belonging to any other Regiment." ^® 
 In the summer of 1781, Lord Rawdon, on orders from 
 Cornwallis, took his "Volunteers of Ireland" from Cam- 
 den to the Savannah River, and on the march they 
 passed through the Irish settlements in the Chester and 
 Newberry districts, where he lost more than half of 
 his effectives through desertion. This incident is re- 
 ferred to by Joseph Jones, a Virginia member of the 
 Continental Congress, in a letter to General Washing- 
 ton on August 6, 1781, in which he said: "Rawdon's 
 troops had been reduced about half by the march to 
 Ninety-six." ^* And his remark that "Lord Rawdon is 
 in Charleston, much indisposed and bound for England," 
 
 " A full copy of this letter may be seen in Hartley's Life of Gen- 
 eral Francis Marion, p. 130. It must be said, to the eternal credit 
 of the Irish of this vicinity, that not one deserter from Rawdon's 
 "corps" was betrayed by them, notwithstanding these alluring re- 
 wards. 
 
 ^* The town of Ninety-six, South Carolina. 
 
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194 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 now reads like the funebrial of the "Volunteers of Ire- 
 land" l^^ 
 
 Before the close of the war, the desertions from the 
 "Volunteers of Ireland" reduced the "corps" to a mere 
 fragment; and indeed from 1781 forward there is no 
 mention of it in any of the reports from either side. And 
 so Bancroft's assertion as to this "large regiment," which 
 included "nearly five hundred deserters from the Amer- 
 ican army," is effectually disposed of by the indisputable 
 evidence of the records of the time! Yet Bancroft 
 wrote: '^ History is the high court of humanity ^ where 
 truth must be heard and justice must be pronounced" 
 and I doubt not that Bancroft himself would agree that 
 the wilful assertion of what is false is less reprehensible 
 than the suppression of facts! 
 
 It is rather strange that when Bancroft was writing 
 on the "Irish Volunteers" in the English service it did 
 not occur to him to give some credit to the "Irish Volun- 
 teers" in the American service. Several references to 
 Lhis last-mentioned body of men may be found in New 
 England Revolutionary records. They were part of 
 a regiment commanded by Colonel John Allan and 
 under the immediate command of Captain John Preble, 
 and are recorded officially as "a Detachment of Irish 
 Volunteers." In January, 1777, Colonel Allan was 
 commissioned by Congress "Colonel of Infantry and 
 Superintendent of Eastern Indians," and in March of 
 that year he proceeded to the district of Maine, where 
 
 ^^ Letters of Joseph Jones of Virginia, 1777-1787, edited by 
 Worthington C. Ford and published by the Department of State; 
 Washington, D. C, li 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 195 
 
 he raised a body of troojjs, of which the Irish Volunteers 
 were a part, for defence of the frontier against the 
 hostile Indians and the English of New Brunswick and 
 Nova Scotia. Between 1777 and 1783 the Volunteers 
 were stationed in the vicinity of Machias and took part 
 in the repulse of the British troops in the attack on 
 that town in August, 1777. Very little information is 
 obtainable as to the strength or record of the Irish 
 Volunteers and only comparatively few of their names 
 are on record, yet they seem to have been important 
 enough to secure recognition in official records. They 
 are supposed to have been raised in the vicinity of 
 Machias, the home of the famous O'Brien brothers, six 
 of whom fought in the Revolutionary navy, and it is 
 probable that the O'Brien family had a hand in the 
 raising of this detachment and naming them the "Irish* 
 Volunteers." ^® 
 
 In the southern provinces large numbers of Irishmen 
 and their sons joined the patriot forces. They are 
 generally described as "a rough and ready element," 
 whose lives were spent between the hard tasks of cul- 
 tivating the soil and defending their homes against the 
 Indians. In the beginning they were not always wel- 
 comed to the ranks by the "upper classes," but when 
 it came to hard fighting and the sort of guerrilla warfare 
 which the conditions often necessitated, they were the 
 types of men whom the officers invariably trusted to 
 stand against unfavorable odds. So many of this class 
 joined the Virginia regiments, and so eager were they 
 
 ^^ For further references to the Irish Volunteers, see Massachu- 
 setts Soldiers and Sailors in the Revolutionary War. 
 
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196 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 for contact with the enemy, that at times the officers 
 could with diflficulty restrain them, and we find General 
 Lee writing to Edmund Pendleton, a Virginia member 
 of the Congress, on May 24, 1776, that "the old country- 
 men, particularly the Irish, whom the officers injudi- 
 ciously enlisted in order to fill up their companies, have 
 much contaminated the troops." ^^ And in another 
 letter to Pendleton on May 25, 1776, relating to the 
 difficulties in raising recruits in certain parts of Virginia, 
 Lee said: "I do not beheve that many of the native 
 Virginians will offer themselves; the Irish, I am per- 
 suaded, will enlist in crowds." ^* 
 
 Virginia historians infoi-m us that "in the Revolu- 
 tionary War the choicest troops from Virginia were 
 from Augusta, Rockbridge, and Fincastle " Counties 
 and the Shenandoah Valley, for not only were they the 
 best-armed men in the State, but their training for many 
 years had been a never-ending warfare with the In- 
 dians." Washington was personally well known in that 
 section, having been employed there as a surveyor, and 
 the regiment which he commanded in the Colonial War 
 was raised largely in the Valley of the Shenandoah. 
 "Place me in Rockbridge County," said the Comman- 
 der-in-chief on one occasion when hard pressed by his 
 foes, "and I will get men enough to save the Revolu- 
 tion!" How significant was this remark and. what a 
 fine compliment to the Irish was thus implied, we may 
 
 ^^ Lee Papers, in Collections of the New York Historical Society, 
 Vol. for 1872, p. S8. 
 " Ibid. 
 ^° Now in Kentucky. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 197 
 
 judge from the fact that Rockbridge and the neighbor- 
 ing counties were largely settled by immigrants from 
 Ireland who began to come there about thirty years 
 before the Revolution.^" And Lossing informs us that 
 at the battle of Guilford Court House,^^ the militia, 
 under Generals Stevens and Lawson, "were chiefly from 
 Augusta and Rockbridge Counties and were de- 
 scendants of the Scotch-Irish who first settled that por- 
 tion of Virginia." As to the "Scotch-Irish," that racial 
 misnomer is discounted by the Irish names that crowd 
 themselves upon the records, and as a matter of fact these 
 men were generally known as "the Irish Line." Testi- 
 mony of their prowess is found in a letter from Captain 
 "Dugald Stuart, who commanded a company of Scotch 
 Highlanders in the British service. Writing to a rela- 
 tive in Guilford County, North Carolina, on October 
 25, 1825, in reference to the battle of Guilford Court 
 House, Captain Stuart said: "In the advance we re- 
 ceived a very deadly fire from the Irish Line of the 
 American army, composed of their marksmen, lying on 
 the ground behind a rail fence. One-half the High- 
 landers dropped on that spot. There ought to be a 
 very large tumulus on that spot where our men were 
 buried." ^^ 
 
 ^^ The names of many of the Irish settlers in this section may 
 be found in the county records of Virginia and in the county his- 
 tories. 
 
 "March 15, 1781. 
 
 ^^ Letter quoted in Schenck's History of the Invasion of the Caro- 
 linas by Cornwallis. Schenck, in referring to this statement, says : 
 "The militia were called 'the Irish Line' on account of the large 
 
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198 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 A large proportion of Morgan's riflemen were enlisted 
 in Virginia. "I expect much of them," wrote Alexan- 
 der Hamilton on one occasion, for "they are a picked 
 corps, well used to rifles and to wood fights, commanded 
 by officers of distinguished bravery, and have been very 
 serviceable in frequent skirmishes with the enemy. I 
 dare say these people will soon chastise the forwardness 
 of the Indians, and I should not be surprised if, after 
 a little time, they make them desert their British friends. 
 Their known inconstancy and want of perseverance 
 give great reasons to hope a few drubbings will exceed- 
 ingly discourage them and send the greatest part of 
 them home. From every account, I am led to believe 
 our misfortunes are greatly owing to a panic dread of 
 the Indians. If this is so, the presence of Morgan's 
 Corps will not fail to have the most happy eff'ect. It 
 would be well to propagate through the country and 
 army such ideas of this corps as will tend to revive the 
 spirits of both inhabitants and soldiers." ^^ 
 
 "The Irish were generally good Whigs, almost from 
 necessity," writes Judge John Belton CNeall, historian 
 
 number of Irish in the State who joined the American forces." 
 When some regiments of the Pennsylvania Line reached Guil- 
 ford in 1781, it is related that they received large accessions 
 from the Irish of that neighborhood. Lieutenant William Feltman 
 of the First Regiment of the Line, in his Journal under date of 
 December 8, 1781, says of Guilford Court House: "This place is 
 called the Irish Settlement." {Journal of Lieutenant William Felt- 
 man relating to the march into Virginia and the Carolinas, published 
 by the Historical Society of Pennsylvania in 1853.) 
 
 ^^ Letter from Alexander Hamilton to Robert R. Livingston, Au- 
 gust 18, 1777, in Livingston MSS. at New York Public Library. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 199 
 
 of Newberry, South Carolina. "They had left oppres- 
 sion in their own country and therefore knew the value 
 of liberty. They had long known our enemies, the Brit- 
 ish, and entertained for them a hereditary hatred, — a 
 hatred arising out of long political oppression, and made 
 more intense by differences of disposition, manners, race, 
 and religion. An Irishman could not be a bloody Tory 
 without doing violence to the generous, merciful impulses 
 of his own nature and all his political antecedents, associ- 
 ations, and prejudices, — in other words, without ceasing 
 to be an Irishman." ^* And Alexander Graydon, colonel 
 in the Continental army, in referring to the spirit which 
 prevailed among the Irish in America, says in his Me- 
 moirs: "As to the genuine sons of Hibernia, it was 
 enough for them to know that England was the antago- 
 nist. Stimulants here were wholly superfluous, and the 
 sequel has constantly shown that in a contest with 
 Englishmen, Irishmen, like the mettlesome coursers of 
 Phaethon, only required reining in." ^^ 
 
 ^'^ History of Newberry, S. C, by Judge John Belton O'Neall; 
 Charleston, 1859. 
 
 ^^ Colonel Alexander Graydon, Memoirs of His Own Time, p. 122 ; 
 Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, 1811. 
 
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CHAPTER XII 
 
 MARION, LACEY, AND McCLURE 
 
 The Irish of South Carolina. Their historic antipathy to the Eng- 
 lish made them "excellent patriots and daring soldiers." The 
 Franco-Irish Brigade. Franklin sought the aid of Irish officers 
 in the French service. General Sumter recruited his shattered 
 forces among the South Carolina Irish. Numerous Irish fam- 
 ilies in South Carolina. 
 
 LOSSING informs us that "between 1730 and 1740 
 an Irish settlement was planted between the San- 
 tee and Pedee Rivers in South Carolina, to which was 
 given the name of Williamsburg Township." . . . 
 "Far removed from the political power they had been 
 taught to reverence, they soon became alienated. They 
 felt neither the favors nor the oppressions of Govern- 
 ment, and in the free wilderness their minds and hearts 
 became schooled in that sturdy independence which de- 
 veloped bold and energetic action when the Revolution 
 broke out." ^ "It was while in the camp of Gates that 
 Governor Rutledge commissioned Francis Marion a 
 Brigadier, and he sped to the district of Williamsburg 
 to lead its rising patriots to the field of active military 
 duties." ^ So we can understand why Lossing calls the 
 Williamsburg district "a hotbed of rebellion," and why 
 Lord Cornwallis wrote Sir Henry Clinton on December 
 
 ^ Pictorial Field Book of the Revolution, Vol. II, pp. T'iG-lil- 
 Ubid., pp. 769-771. 
 
 200 
 
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A HIDDEN PHASE OF HISTORY 201 
 
 3, 1780: "There is scarcely an inhabitant between the 
 Pedee and the Santee that is not in arms against us." ^ 
 These statements are verified by Simms in his Life of 
 General Francis Marion. "The people of Williams- 
 burg," says Simms, "by whom Marion was summoned 
 from the camp of Gates, were sprung generally from 
 Irish parentage. They inherited, in common with all 
 the descendants of the Irish in America, a hearty detes- 
 tation of the English name and authority. This feeUng 
 rendered them excellent patriots and daring soldiers 
 wherever the British lion was the object of hostility." * 
 In the Georgetown, Black River, and Great Pedee dis- 
 tricts of South Carolina, Marion recruited his famous 
 Second South Carolina Regiment in 1775. "Here Mar- 
 ion was already a favorite, and he succeeded beyond his 
 expectations and was soon enabled to complete the full 
 number of his companies. Another circumstance, apart 
 from his personal popularity, facilitated his object. Some 
 of the settlements into which they penetrated were origi- 
 nally founded by the Irish. The bitter heritage of hate 
 to the English which they brought with them to America 
 was transmitted with undiminished fervor to their de- 
 scendants. It was easy to show that the power which had 
 trampled upon the affections of their fathers and tyran- 
 nized over their rights in the old world, was aiming at 
 the same object in the case of their children in the new. 
 At one remove only from the exiled and suffering gen- 
 
 ^ Sir Henry Clinton's Observations on Earl Cornrvallis' Answer to 
 Clinton's Narrative; London, 1783. 
 
 ^Life of General Francis Marion, by W. Gilmore Simms, p. 
 60; New York, 1844.. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 203 
 
 the troops sent to America from that country were the 
 regiments of the historic Irish Brigade, commanded re- 
 spectively by Dillon and Walsh, and that the officers 
 of these regiments actually demanded the right and the 
 privilege to be the first to be selected to meet the British 
 forces on the American battle-ground. * General Count 
 Dillon, in his narrative of the services rendered to the 
 American Revolutionary cause by these Franco-Irish 
 soldiers, says: "On a vu que les regimens Irlandois ont 
 ete constannent employes dans toutes les guerres pre- 
 cedentes; Us ont tou jours reclame le privilege de marcher 
 les premiers contre les Anglais dans tous les climats oil 
 la France leur ferait la guerre." ("Thus we see that the 
 Irish regiments have been constantly employed in all 
 the preceding wars ; they have always claimed the privi- 
 lege of being the first to march against the English in 
 all countries where France has been at war against 
 them.") 
 
 Long before our alliance with France was a fait ac- 
 compli, the French government watched with no little 
 interest the development of affairs in Ireland, and there 
 is an interesting letter ^ from Marquis de Noailles to 
 Count de Vergennes, French Minister of Foreign Af- 
 fairs, dated London, December 26, 1777, in which he 
 related with evident satisfaction "the discouragement of 
 the government because of its difficulties in raising six 
 
 * A third regiment of the Irish Brigade — that commanded by 
 Colonel O'Brien — was also sent to America, but was detained in the 
 West Indies. 
 
 * Stevens' Facsimiles of Documents in European Archives relating 
 to America, Document No. 1803, 
 
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204 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 thousand troops for the American service," the Irish 
 demanding, as a first consideration, the repeal of cer- 
 tain obnoxious laws. And even if they decided to ac- 
 cede to the Irish demands, the Marquis de Noailles stated 
 as his opinion that their efforts to obtain recruits among 
 the Irish would not succeed. NoaiUes also transmitted 
 to Vergennes translations of certain speeches of mem- 
 bers of the Irish Parliament, as showing the drift of 
 opinion in that body as it related to the American war. 
 At this time Franklin was in France, and there is 
 evidence of his activity in securing Franco-Irish sup- 
 port for the American cause in a letter dated Paris, Jan- 
 uary 4, 1778, from Lord Stormont, the English Min- 
 ister, to Lord Weymouth, in which he said: "I am 
 informed that Doctor Franklin, with the secret appro- 
 bation of this Court, has engaged between thirty and 
 forty of the Irish officers in this service to go and serve 
 in the Rebel Army. Several of these are Captains, but 
 there are more above that Rank. They are to assemble 
 in the Isle of Rhe, where Dillon's regiment is garrisoned 
 at present, and embark there for North America."^" 
 But that the affair was of a more serious nature, Stor- 
 mont discovered during the next month, as his letter to 
 Lord Dartmouth of February 25, 1778, indicates. 
 "There is reason to suspect," he wrote, "that the Irish 
 Regiments in this service are designed for some expedi- 
 tion, and that it is with that view that they are quartered 
 in the He de Rhe and along the coast of Brittany." They 
 were mobilized, he thought, "either for a descent on Ire- 
 
 ^^ Stevens' Facsimiles of Documents in European Archives relating 
 to America. Document No. 1836. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 205 
 
 land or to the West Indies and thence to North Amer- 
 ica." " 
 
 The York and Chester districts of South Carolina, 
 which were largely settled by Irish families, are also 
 noted for having furnished to the patriot forces numbers 
 of volunteers of the best sort, among whom were some 
 frontiersmen and trappers, who, local historians tell us, 
 were "famous for their accuracy with the rifle." Moore, 
 in his Life of General Edward Lacey of South Caro- 
 lina, pays the following tribute to the Irish: "In the 
 Chester District of South Carolina, Lacey organized 
 companies and battalions as the fortunes of war de- 
 manded and after the manner of partisan leaders, with 
 which he annoyed the Tories greatly, taking many of 
 them prisoners. Of these there were a few in his neigh- 
 borhood, but not among the Irish. To their eternal 
 honor let it be spoken, none of the New York or Ches-. 
 ter Irish were Tories, and but few of them took British 
 protection." General Lacey is described as "one of the 
 most resolute and sturdy patriots of South Carolina," 
 and one of his most noted officers was Captain John 
 McClure, the story of whose gallantry at the battle of 
 Rocky Mount, South Carolina, in 1780 is still handed 
 down in the old families of that part of the State. Loss- 
 ing thus refers to McClure: "He was one of the master 
 spirits of South Carolina. He was a native of the Ches- 
 ter District, and his men were known as the Chester 
 Rocky Creek Irish." ^^ 
 
 ^^ Stevens' Facsimiles of Documents in European Archives relating 
 to America. Document No. 1872. 
 
 '^'^ Lossing, Pictorial Field Boole of the Revolution, Vol. II, p. 6QS. 
 
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206 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 Moore relates an incident which well illustrates the 
 eagerness of the Irish of that district to aid the patriot 
 cause. When General Sumter's camp at Fishing Creek, 
 South Carolina, was attacked by Tarleton on the night 
 of August 18, 1780, the Americans were completely sur- 
 prised, many being killed and wounded and about three 
 hundred made prisoners. Simiter and Lacey made their 
 escape with a few men into Mecklenburg County, JNTorth 
 Carolina. "Here Lacey was ordered by General Sum- 
 ter to take what men he had who had escaped with him, 
 to go into the York and Chester Districts, collect his 
 straggling soldiers, beat up for more men among the 
 Irish, and reorganize his regunent with mounted infan- 
 try. All of which he accomplished in a short time and 
 rejoined Sumter at Clem's Branch." " In November 
 following, General Sumter again called on Lacey to re- 
 cruit one hundred and fifty men in the York and Chester 
 Districts to fill up some depleted Georgia regiments. 
 "Lacey, leaving Major Charles Mills in command of 
 his regiment, took with him several men, all from the 
 Emera,ld Isle, — a more brave and truer set of men never 
 lived, — and in less than three days Lacey came dashing 
 into camp with one hundred and fifty mounted men." " 
 When Sumter later encamped in the York District, 
 "many of the patriots flocked to his standard and en- 
 rolled themselves under his banner." ^^ 
 
 Incidents like these prove the mettle of the people, 
 especially when it is borne in mind that at this very time 
 
 ^^ Moore, Life of General Edward Lacey of South Carolina. 
 " Ibid. 
 ^' Ibid. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 
 
 207 
 
 the English had the upper hand and the South was 
 overrun by the troops of Cornwallis. As showing that 
 General Sumter's lieutenants had good fighting material 
 to draw from in these districts, I have taken the follow- 
 ing surnames from the Census Returns of the York 
 and Chester Districts, as recorded in the First Census 
 of the United States (1790). The census having been 
 taken only seven years after the close of the Revolu- 
 tionary War, there can be no doubt that these families 
 lived there at that period. Large as this list is, it gives 
 no adequate idea of the number of Irish people who 
 lived in these districts at that time (1) because "Heads 
 of Families" only are included, and (2) because some 
 of the same surnames appear several times, indicating 
 separate families of the same name. To select, for in- 
 stance, only a few of the distinctive Irish names, there 
 are enumerated in the census returns of these districts 
 twenty different families named Kelly ; nineteen named 
 Murphy; thirteen Rileys; eleven McCoys; ten Dunns 
 and Higgins ; nine McDowells, Duggins, and O'Neills ; 
 eight Connors and Hogans ; seven Logans, Caseys, and 
 Regans; six Powers; five McCartys, McMahons, Mc- 
 Graws, McConnells, Drenans, Conwells, Gillespies, 
 Kearns, Nolands, Malones, McBrides, and Walshes; 
 and so on down the line. 
 
 Surnames of Heads of Families. in York and Chester Districts of 
 South Carolina, in 1790 
 
 Adair 
 
 Brandon 
 
 Barron 
 
 Branhan 
 
 Bannon 
 
 Bradley 
 
 Barry 
 
 Brawnin 
 
 Branon 
 
 Brady 
 
 Burke 
 
 Butler 
 
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208 
 
 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 Began 
 
 Dunphy 
 
 Kelley 
 
 McKenny 
 
 Boland 
 
 Duggins 
 
 Kelah 
 
 McKee 
 
 Barrett 
 
 Dunn 
 
 Kern 
 
 McNeal 
 
 Caheen 
 
 Drenan 
 
 Kernaghan 
 
 McGuire 
 
 Connery 
 
 Donaly 
 
 Kearns 
 
 McQuire 
 
 Coffey 
 
 Dunagan 
 
 Kennedy 
 
 McElwean 
 
 Corbett 
 
 Dunahoo 
 
 Kenneley 
 
 McFadden 
 
 Carrell 
 
 Donadon 
 
 Kinsaloe 
 
 Mahon 
 
 Carroll 
 
 Dempsey 
 
 Kilpatrick 
 
 McHaghy 
 
 Cotrill 
 
 Doyle 
 
 Kain 
 
 McGee 
 
 Collins 
 
 Eager 
 
 Leonard 
 
 McNees 
 
 Conner 
 
 Foley 
 
 Looney 
 
 McKelvey 
 
 Connor 
 
 Farrell 
 
 Logan 
 
 McLaughlin 
 
 Cunningham 
 
 Fagan 
 
 Laughlin 
 
 MeConarthy 
 
 Cotter 
 
 Flannegan 
 
 Linn 
 
 McGinn 
 
 Currey 
 
 Fitzpatrick 
 
 Laney 
 
 Miles 
 
 Cummins 
 
 Flin 
 
 Lyons 
 
 McComb 
 
 Cochran 
 
 Fitzgerrel 
 
 Leaverty 
 
 McGriff 
 
 Cassity 
 
 Ford 
 
 Lynch 
 
 McTyre 
 
 Courtney 
 
 Gill 
 
 Madden 
 
 McGowen 
 
 Coleman 
 
 Geralds 
 
 Malone 
 
 McGarrow 
 
 Cantey 
 
 Given 
 
 Murphy 
 
 McFaul 
 
 Casey 
 
 Gaston 
 
 McRory 
 
 McGlamory 
 
 Clenighan 
 
 Gilaspy 
 
 McKerley 
 
 McMain 
 
 Clary 
 
 Gillespie 
 
 McFall 
 
 McMorris 
 
 Cleary 
 
 Gilmore 
 
 McCarter 
 
 McLemore 
 
 Connoly 
 
 Garrett 
 
 McCaffrey 
 
 McCawly 
 
 Connelly 
 
 Garvin 
 
 Mehaffey 
 
 McCauley 
 
 Connel 
 
 Garrey 
 
 Melone 
 
 McCortey 
 
 Cain 
 
 Goggins 
 
 MuUins 
 
 Moore 
 
 Cane 
 
 Gilliland 
 
 McClaren 
 
 Murrow 
 
 Callahan 
 
 Higgins 
 
 ■ McCarty 
 
 McGuara^ 
 
 Conway 
 
 Hagin 
 
 McCoy 
 
 McDowell 
 
 Conwell 
 
 Hogan 
 
 McCarley 
 
 McWilliams 
 
 Dougherty 
 
 Hayes 
 
 McDonald 
 
 McClure 
 
 Dohertie 
 
 Hughey 
 
 McCaharty 
 
 McClennihan 
 
 Dorety 
 
 Herron 
 
 McCafferty 
 
 McMahon 
 
 Donovan 
 
 Harty 
 
 McGaughy 
 
 McDaniel 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 
 
 209 
 
 Mitchel 
 
 McLoney 
 
 McDonneh 
 
 Eeily 
 
 McMurray 
 
 McKenna 
 
 Neil 
 
 Riley 
 
 McDurnan 
 
 McBride 
 
 Nealey 
 
 Rylie 
 
 McComon 
 
 McClendon 
 
 Neely 
 
 Royley 
 
 McConor 
 
 McGinnis 
 
 Noland 
 
 Reynolds 
 
 McKee 
 
 McKain 
 
 O'Neal 
 
 Redmond 
 
 McClennon 
 
 McGomery 
 
 Orneal 
 
 Regan 
 
 McCaw 
 
 HcDormand 
 
 Onail 
 
 Re gin 
 
 McManus 
 
 McMullan 
 
 O'Neil 
 
 Raygan 
 
 McCrivan 
 
 McConorico 
 
 Ownail 
 
 Ragen 
 
 McCool 
 
 McCartney 
 
 O'Conner 
 
 Rowan 
 
 McNeil 
 
 Mcllveen 
 
 O'Brien 
 
 Roney 
 
 McCredy 
 
 McGraw 
 
 O'Bryant 
 
 Roach 
 
 McGee 
 
 McGarrity 
 
 O'Quin 
 
 Rutledge 
 
 McCroy 
 
 McCan 
 
 Odair 
 
 Shehaun 
 
 Mc]\Iullin 
 
 McClenaghan 
 
 Odonald 
 
 Shields 
 
 McCowen 
 
 Mildoon 
 
 O'Shields 
 
 Sheal 
 
 McClarkin 
 
 McElmore 
 
 O'Berry 
 
 Sullivan 
 
 McConnel 
 
 McCormack 
 
 Prendergrass 
 
 Sweeney 
 
 McAlily 
 
 McClees 
 
 Phlyn 
 
 Sullivant 
 
 McCalla 
 
 McKonnell 
 
 Patten 
 
 Timmons 
 
 Manning 
 
 McCart 
 
 Powers 
 
 Ward 
 
 McCally 
 
 McMehael 
 
 Quinlin 
 
 Walsh 
 
 McHory 
 
 McClarey 
 
 Rion 
 
 
 It is possible that some of the "Macs" on this list may- 
 have been Scotch, for while I have omitted such names 
 as are known to be exclusively Scotch, I have included 
 those that are common to both Ireland and Scotland. 
 
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CHAPTER XIII 
 
 IRISHMEN FLOCK TO THE STANDARD 
 OF WASHINGTON 
 
 The assertions of an English historian and of a Harvard professor 
 that "there were not three hundred real Celts in the whole 
 Continental Line" absolutely refuted. Where the evidence is 
 to be found. An Irish company at Bunker Hill. Washington's 
 esteem for Irish officers. The "Volunteer" rising in Ireland 
 aided the American cause. Letters of John Adams. Irish im- 
 migrants brought much specie to America. 
 
 MUCH similar testimony from authoritative sources 
 can be quoted for a more lengthy review of the 
 subject, but this will be sufficient to show that the Irish 
 took no mean part in the achievement of American lib- 
 erty. I find those Irish soldiers of the Revolution among 
 the contingents that came from nearly every section of 
 the Colonies. From the pine forests of Maine, the 
 granite hills of New Hampshire, and down the green 
 mountain slopes of Vermont, Irish soldiers flocked to 
 the standard of Washington. Even little Rhode Island 
 furnished a large quota of Irish soldiers, and, strange 
 to say, so also did Massachusetts of the Puritans and 
 Connecticut of the "Blue Laws." From the staid old 
 Dutch provinces of New York and New Jersey came 
 many "Dutchmen" bearing such significant names as 
 "Kelly, Burke, and Shea." Maryland furnished sev- 
 eral thousand Irish soldiers, and from the valleys of 
 
 210 
 
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A HIDDEN PHASE OF HISTORY 211 
 
 Virginia, the mountains of the Carolinas, and from far 
 out on the frontiers of Pennsylvania, Georgia, and Ten- 
 nessee, Irishmen and their sons, at the very outset of the 
 struggle, answered the clarion call of patriotism and 
 came to fight, as Irishmen know how to fight, to make 
 this country a free and independent nation. Yet some 
 of the historians of the time have suppressed their story, 
 and have led the world to believe that the Irish had an 
 insignificant part in this glorious work! 
 
 As an example of the way the facts of history have 
 been distorted. Sir George Otto Trevelyan states that 
 "Irish Catholics, whether in or out of Ireland, had no 
 love for the American Revolution, and those of them' 
 who emigrated to America showed little inclination to 
 enlist in the Republican army";^ and he seeks to sup- 
 port this view by quoting from an alleged "high author- 
 ity" who says : "It is probable that there were not three 
 hundred real Celts in the whole Continental Line. The 
 rest of the so-called 'Irish' were emigrants, or the chil- 
 dren of emigrants, from Ulster, and were of Scotch de- 
 scent." 
 
 Trevelyan was a member of the British cabinet in the 
 administration of the great Gladstone, and had the 
 reputation of being a man of unbiased mind, but his 
 willingness to accept such a wild statement without con- 
 firmation reflects very little credit upon him. His His- 
 tory of the American Revolution is a voluminous work 
 which must have involved many years of labor, but an 
 historian who would undertake to write upon the racial 
 or religious elements in the Revolutionary army with- 
 
 ^ History of the American Revolution, Vol. II, p. 32. 
 
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212 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 out examining the muster-rolls is entirely unworthy of 
 belief. As an instance of Trevelyan's inconsistency, he 
 admits earlier in his work ^ — quite unconsciously, no 
 doubt — that recruiting in Ireland for the American ser- 
 vice was "a failure." 
 
 Trevelyan's work has had a wide circulation and is 
 found on the shelves of the leading libraries, historical 
 societies, and institutions of learning, where it is re- 
 garded as an authority. As in the case of Bancroft's 
 history, it has been an influential factor in moulding 
 public opinion upon matters relating to the American 
 Revolution ; so that, when we consider the true facts of 
 the case, it is not surprising that the Irish should feel 
 the serious injustice that has been done to them and to 
 the national reputation of the race. 
 
 The "high authority" to whom Trevelyan refers is 
 Mr. Louis Clinton Hatch, a professor at Harvard Uni- 
 versity, author of a book entitled The Administration of 
 the American Revolutionary Army. With the view of 
 determining what possible basis there could be for the 
 statement quoted by Trevelyan, I asked Mr. Hatch if 
 he would care to explain his reasons for making an as- 
 sertion that is so obviously contrary to the facts. He 
 informs me that he did not make this statement upon 
 his own responsibility, but "upon that of Charles J. 
 Stille, a Pennsylvania historian.'* Furthermore, Mr. 
 Hatch new says he "did not intend to convey the impres- 
 sion that there were less than three hundred Irishmen 
 in the whole Continental Line, but only in the Pennsyl- 
 
 ^ History of the American Revolution, Vol. I. 
 
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/>cpfiC£).^-C£0 By ^,V/VA F/^Af\/C£S l£V//VS 
 
 GENERAL JOHN SHEE 
 
 OF THE CONTINENTAL ARMY 
 BORN IN COUNTY MEATH,, IRELAND. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 213 
 
 vania Line." * He "regrets" that his statement was 
 "misquoted by Trevelyan," who "changed the reference 
 to the Pennsylvania Line to make it appear that in the 
 whole Continental Line there were less than three hun- 
 dred Irish soldiers." On inquiring of Mr. Hatch if a 
 list which I submitted to him of more than five thousand 
 Revolutionary soldiers of ancient Irish surnames would 
 have any influence on his mind, all he is willing to say 
 is that "the information is very interesting," but that, 
 when compiling his work, he "did not consider the ques- 
 tion of sufficient importance to make any special study 
 of the Irish proportion"! Thus he admits that he has 
 no knowledge of what the Irish proportion of the sol- 
 diers of the Revolution may have been, yet he was will- 
 ing enough to use without question a defamatory state- 
 ment concerning them! He seems entirely unconscious 
 
 ' If "there were not three hundred real Celts in the Pennsylvania 
 Line,'' it is most surprising to find Mr. Hatch admitting that "the 
 British had thought it worth while to make a special appeal to 
 Irish feeling" ; for he quotes a paper distributed by order of Sir 
 Henry Clinton among the soldiers of the Line, urging them to desert, 
 which contains this sentence: "I am happy in acquainting the old 
 countrymen [a name given to the Irish] that the affairs of Ireland 
 are fully settled," etc. The Revolutionary armies are usually 
 spoken of as "the Continental Line," and whether Professor Hatch 
 meant to convey the impression that the Irish representation was 
 less than three hundred in the entire Continental Line or in the 
 Pennsylvania Line alone, is of little consequence, since the in- 
 ference that has been drawn from this statement is the same in 
 either case. Throughout his book this "high authority" refers to 
 several prominent Irishmen like Sullivan, Duane, Governor Burke 
 of North Carolina, and others who rendered valuable services to 
 the American cause, yet has not a good word to say for any one 
 of them ! 
 
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214 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 of having been a party to disseminating an outrageous 
 libel upon a people who contributed so much to the 
 success of the Revolution; and while in that respect his 
 work is only on a par with that of other historians, I 
 think we can confidently leave such rash statements to 
 those American lovers of fair play who examine the 
 counter-evidence here presented. 
 
 On following the matter up further, I find that Stille 
 also did not make the assertion as to the Pennsylvania 
 Line having had less than "three hundred real Celts" 
 solely on his own responsibility, but upon the authority 
 of William H. Egle, at one time librarian of the Penn- 
 sylvania Historical Society. Egle was the compiler of 
 the original series of the Pennsylvania Archives, and 
 as an example of his worth and credibility as an his- 
 torian it is necessary only to point to the fact. that the 
 work proved so unreliable, and certain statements of 
 "fact" in it were so obviously in conflict, that the Legisla- 
 ture ordered the Revolutionary records of the State to 
 be examined again by a competent archivist, and the 
 Archives had to be reissued in their present form! 
 
 It is amusing to note how historical writers contradict 
 each other on this point. Bancroft thought that the 
 men who comprised the Pennsylvania Line were a "law- 
 less and disaffected element," and in an effort to give 
 color to that opinion he says : "The Pennsylvania Line 
 were composed in a large degree of new-comers from 
 Ireland," but General Henry Lee, who personally ob- 
 served their behavior in camp and field, thought they 
 were such an extraordinarily brilliant corps that he at- 
 tributed this to the fact that they were so largely Irish. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 215 
 
 Stille tries to contradict this by saying: "Two-thirds of 
 his [Wayne's] force were Scotch-Irish, a race with 
 whose fighting qualities we are all familiar, but which 
 are quite opposite to those which characterise the true 
 Irish Celt. Most of them were descendants of the 
 Scotch-Irish immigrants of 17l7-'30, and very few of 
 them were new-comers." * From this we can see clearly 
 the animus of Stille, for by implication he asserts that 
 "the true Irish Celt" comes of a race of cowards, and 
 this statement alone is enough to condemn him as an 
 historian. He quotes a letter from Egle which says: 
 "With the exception of the Scotch-Irish, who formed 
 about two-thirds of Wayne's force, the remainder were 
 almost wholly of German parentage," adding that "few 
 Irish came until after the War of the Revolution"! 
 And so we have, in succession, Egle, Stille, Hatch, 
 and Trevelyan, the first a discredited historian; the 
 second prejudiced beyond question; the third admitting 
 he knows nothing of the subject, and the last, accused 
 of the grave charge of deliberately altering an historical 
 statement, which, although grossly in error, affords no 
 palliation of his offence. In this mixture of falsehood, 
 what is the residuum of truth? Bancroft describes the 
 majority of the men of the Pennsylvania Line as "Irish" 
 so as to explain what he calls their "lawlessness and dis- 
 affection," but Stille and Egle insist they could not have 
 been "Irish" because they were so brave and true! Im- 
 partial readers, in a quandary as to which statement to 
 accept, will assuredly be inclined to cast them all aside 
 
 "Life of Wayne, pp. 248-250, 
 
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216 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 and decide from the facts themselves, and we may await 
 the verdict in perfect confidence that justice will be 
 done to a people who have been so much maligned. 
 
 Ordinarily no attention should be paid to such ob- 
 viously false statements as those just quoted, but it 
 may be remarked that, in order to determine what ought 
 to be a fairly accurate multiple of three hundred to use 
 in computing the total number of "real Celts" who 
 fought for American independence, a reference by these 
 historians to some real source of information, such as 
 the muster-rolls of the Revolutionary army, would have 
 been advisable. The records themselves furnish the most 
 eloquent refutation of such statements, and probably no 
 more effective rejoinder can be made than the list of 
 characteristic Irish names selected from the vast num- 
 ber of such names appearing on the Revolutionary mus- 
 ter-rolls, which will be found at pages 443-526, and of 
 which the following is a summary by surnames : 
 
 Surnames of 
 
 Number 
 
 Surnames of 
 
 Number 
 
 Revolutionary 
 
 on 
 
 Revolutionary 
 
 on 
 
 Soldiers 
 
 Record 
 
 Soldiers 
 
 Record 
 
 Burke 
 
 221 
 
 O'Brien 
 
 231 
 
 Connolly 
 
 24.3 
 
 O'Neill 
 
 178 
 
 Connor, O'Connor 
 
 327 
 
 Reilly 
 
 285 
 
 Dougherty 
 
 248 
 
 Ryan 
 
 322 
 
 Kelly 
 
 695 
 
 Sullivan 
 
 266 
 
 McCarthy 
 
 S31 
 
 
 
 Murphy 
 
 494, 
 
 Total 
 
 3841 
 
 Each man's full name, with a reference to the regi- 
 mental unit to which he belonged, will be found in the 
 list at page 443, and it will be noted that a large per- 
 centage of them belonged to the Pennsylvania Line. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 
 
 217 
 
 By way of further illustration, I have drawn off the 
 names in the cases of ninety other selected Irish sur- 
 names, and a summary of these is as follows: 
 
 Surnames of 
 
 Number 
 
 Surnames of 
 
 Number 
 
 Revolutionary 
 
 on 
 
 Revolutionary 
 
 on 
 
 Soldiers 
 
 Record 
 
 Soldiers 
 
 Record 
 
 Barry 
 
 99 
 
 Flynn, Flinn 
 
 138 
 
 Brady 
 
 127 
 
 Gallagher 
 
 108 
 
 Brannon, Brennan 
 
 93 
 
 Gorman 
 
 54 
 
 Byrne, Byrnes, Burns 
 
 187 
 
 Grady, McGrady 
 
 45 
 
 Callaghan 
 
 150 
 
 Haggerty 
 
 62 
 
 Cassidy 
 
 62 
 
 Healy, Haley 
 
 86 
 
 Carroll 
 
 183 
 
 Hennessy 
 
 44 
 
 Casey 
 
 104 
 
 Hogan 
 
 115 
 
 Cavanaugh 
 
 69 
 
 Hurley 
 
 53 
 
 Cain, Cane, Kane, McK 
 
 ean. 
 
 Kearney, Carney 
 
 92 
 
 O'Cane 
 
 155 
 
 Keating 
 
 64 
 
 Clancy 
 
 37 
 
 Kenny, McKenny 
 
 164 
 
 Crowley 
 
 54 
 
 Keeffe 
 
 '44 
 
 Daly, Dailey, Dayley 
 
 205 
 
 LaiFerty 
 
 61 
 
 Delaney 
 
 71 
 
 Leary 
 
 94 
 
 Dempsey 
 
 72 
 
 Lynch 
 
 128 
 
 Donohoe 
 
 73 
 
 Madden 
 
 81 
 
 Donnelly 
 
 155 
 
 Malone 
 
 76 
 
 Doran 
 
 38 
 
 Mahony 
 
 89 
 
 Donovan 
 
 72 
 
 Maloney 
 
 97 
 
 Dowling 
 
 53 
 
 Magee, McGee 
 
 165 
 
 Doyle 
 
 125 
 
 Magrath, McGrath, McGraw 97 
 
 Driscoll, Driskell 
 
 42 
 
 Moran 
 
 44 
 
 DufFy 
 
 78 
 
 Mulholland 
 
 40 
 
 Dugan, Duggan 
 
 90 
 
 McBride 
 
 108 
 
 Dwyer, Dwire 
 
 57 
 
 Malloy 
 
 89 
 
 Farrell, Ferrell 
 
 142 
 
 McConnell, Connell 
 
 180 
 
 Fitzgerald 
 
 184 
 
 Mooney 
 
 74 
 
 Fitzpatrick 
 
 67 
 
 McCann 
 
 88 
 
 Fitzsimmons 
 
 36 
 
 McCaffrey, McCafferty 39 
 
 Flanagan 
 
 59 
 
 McCormack 
 
 154 
 
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218 
 
 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 Surnames of 
 
 Number 
 
 Surnames of 
 
 Number 
 
 Revolutionary 
 
 on 
 
 Revolutionary 
 
 on 
 
 Soldiers 
 
 Record 
 
 Soldiers 
 
 Record 
 
 McCloskey 
 
 45 
 
 Nolan, Noland 
 
 90 
 
 McDermott 
 
 47 
 
 O'Donnell 
 
 86 
 
 McDonough 
 
 34 
 
 O'Hara 
 
 58 
 
 McDonnellj McDaniel 
 
 139 
 
 P render gast 
 
 40 
 
 McGahy, McGahan 
 
 72 
 
 Quigley 
 
 48 
 
 McGinnis 
 
 112 
 
 Quinn 
 
 122 
 
 McGowan 
 
 69 
 
 Regan 
 
 44 
 
 McGuire 
 
 168 
 
 Roche, Roach 
 
 69 
 
 McLaughlin 
 
 223 
 
 Rourke 
 
 38 
 
 McMahon 
 
 143 
 
 Shea, Shay 
 
 73 
 
 McManus 
 
 72 
 
 Sheehan 
 
 66 
 
 McMullen, Mullen, Mullins 231 
 
 Sheridan 
 
 41 
 
 McNally 
 
 90 
 
 Sweeney, McSweeney 
 
 115 
 
 McNamara 
 
 47 
 
 Walsh, Welsh 
 
 201 
 
 Total for ninety surnames 8352 
 
 If the learned historians responsible for the statement 
 that "there were not three hundred real Celts" in the 
 Revolutionary army desire to do so they may eliminate 
 all the non-Irish names from these lists, but there will 
 probably be enough "real Celts" left over to suggest the 
 reflection that they have committed a gross libel upon 
 the Irish who were in America during the struggle 
 for independence, which their American descendants of 
 the present day have every reason to resent. 
 
 Cases will be noted where certain names appear more 
 than once on the list at pages 443-526, but an analysis 
 will show that no individual name has been repeated. For 
 example, the name of John Kelly appears on the list 
 eighty-eight times, because there are eighty-eight sep- 
 arate and distinct soldiers of that name entered on the 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 219 
 
 rolls, and the same remark applies to all other cases 
 where the same name may appear to be listed more than 
 once. The well-known fondness of Irish families for 
 certain baptismal names will help to explain this, and a 
 comparison of the numerical designations of the various 
 regiments in which these men enlisted will also serve 
 to make it clear. One of the interesting features noted 
 in examining the Revolutionary rolls is the large num- 
 ber of men bearing the prenomen "Patrick" or "Patt." 
 Not that it is claimed that all such were native Irish- 
 men, because in those days the patrician name Patrick 
 was popular among some of the Highland Scotch fami- 
 lies ; and while it is probable that some of these men were 
 Scotch, their number must have been very inconsider- 
 able, because in the majority of these cases the surnames 
 are those which are strictly indigenous to Ireland. One 
 cannot be mistaken, for example, as to the racial origin 
 of the forty-two Patrick Kellys, the thirty-four Patrick 
 Murphys, the thirty-five Patrick Sullivans and Patrick 
 Ryafis, or the forty -three Patrick Reillys, and so on, that 
 are listed on the muster-rolls ; while, on the other hand, it 
 is not at all improbable that some of the Patrick McDon- 
 alds or the Patrick Browns, whose names appear on the 
 rolls, may have been Scotch. The total number of "Pat- 
 ricks" and "Patts" on the Revolutionary rolls is approxi- 
 mately two thousand. 
 
 These lists contain only a percentage of the Irish 
 names that are found on the muster-rolls and other rec- 
 ords of the Revolution, for there is hardly a single family 
 name in Irish nomenclature that does not appear in one 
 form or another in the records. As already indicated. 
 
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220 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 only one hundred Irish surnames, ahout which there 
 can be no question of their racial origin, have been se- 
 lected as examples; and even of the particular names 
 selected, the list is far from being complete because of 
 the number of missing rolls. But the answer which these 
 lists contain is sufficient for present purposes. Undoubt- 
 edly many well-meaning people have been influenced by 
 statements similar to those made by Trevelyan, Hatch, 
 Stille, and others, which partly explains why, when the 
 claim is made that the Irish had a hand in the fight for 
 American independence, it is sometimes questioned and 
 not infrequently derided altogether. The original mus- 
 ter-rolls containing the names here given are filed, some 
 in the State Archives and some at the War Department 
 in Washington, while others are in the custody of his- 
 torical societies. All have been published by official 
 authority, and these publications have been fully authen- 
 ticated, so that any one desirous of verifying the correct- 
 ness of these lists may readily do so by consulting the 
 published records, such as the following, which are to 
 be found generally at the leading public libraries and 
 historical societies, and copies of all of which are on file 
 at the Library of Congress : 
 
 Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors rvho served in the War of the 
 Revolution, compiled and published by the Secretary of 
 State; Boston, 1891. 
 
 Nerv York in the Revolution, compiled by James Roberts, State 
 Comptroller, from the Archives of the Secretary of State; 
 Albany, 1898. 
 
 New York State Archives, compiled by Berthold Fernow and pub- 
 lished by authority of the State Legislature. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 221 
 
 Calendar of Historical Manuscripts relating to the War of the 
 Revolution in the office of the Secretary of State; Albany, 1868. 
 
 Archives of Pennsylvania, published under the direction of the 
 Secretary of the Commonwealth; Harrisburg, 1906. 
 
 Delaware Archives, published by the Public Archives Commission 
 of Delaware; Wilmington, IQll- 
 
 Records of Service of Connecticut Men in the War of the Revolu- 
 tion, compiled by authority of the General Assembly; Hart- 
 ford, 1889. 
 
 State Records of Georgia, official State publication in twenty-five 
 volumes. 
 
 State Records of Nerv Hampshire, published by authority of the 
 Legislature; Manchester, New Hampshire, 1889. 
 
 Archives of Maryland, published by authority of the State, under 
 the direction of the Maryland Historical Society; Baltimore, 
 1898. 
 
 The publications of the State Library of Virginia, Vols. VIII and 
 IX. 
 
 Official Register of the Officers and Men of Nerv Jersey in the 
 Revolutionary War, by William S. Stryker, Adjutant-General; 
 Trenton, 1872. 
 
 Historical Register of the Officers of the Continental Army during 
 the War of the Revolution, by Francis B. Heitman; Washing- 
 ton, D. C, 1894. 
 
 Records of the Revolutionary War, containing the Military and 
 Financial Correspondence of the Distinguished Officers, by W. 
 T. R. Salfell, Counsellor and Agent for Revolutionary Claims; 
 New York, 1858. 
 
 The Collections of the various historical societies. 
 
 These are suggested merely as examples of numerous 
 similar and reliable sources of information that are 
 accessible to every one desirous of examining into the 
 subject. In the publications named may be found verba- 
 tim copies of many of the muster-rolls of the Revolution- 
 ary regiments credited -to each province and State, which 
 were copied in all cases from the originals ; and for one 
 
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222 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 who has any doubts or lacks information about the ra- 
 cial composition of the army of the Revolution, a glance 
 at some of these official lists will prove a veritable sur- 
 prise. 
 
 In so far as New England is concerned, two of its 
 leading historians are especially bad offenders in this 
 respect. Mr. Lodge asserts that the population of Mas- 
 sachusetts at the time of the Revolution was "of almost 
 pure English blood, with a small infusion of Scotch- 
 Irish from Londonderry." ^ And Palfrey ghbly in- 
 forms us that "the people of New England are a singu- 
 larly unmixed race," adding that "there is probably not 
 a County in England occupied by a population of purer 
 English blood than they." Both imply by these state- 
 ments that if there were any Irish in New England 
 before or during the Revolution, they were such a negli- 
 gible quantity as not to be worth considering. Yet' the 
 Records of the Selectmen of the Town of Boston, the 
 Vital Records of every New England town, the Church, 
 Land, and Probate Records, the old Town Books, the 
 Registers of the New England Historic and Genealogi- 
 cal Society, and almost every record and publication 
 covering the Colonial and Revolutionary periods in New 
 England, contain, in the aggregate, thousands of names 
 which no intelligent person, much less a learned his- 
 torian, could possibly mistake for anything but of old 
 Irish origin. On the Revolutionary muster-rolls of 
 Massachusetts there are approximately three thousand 
 Irish names, but while there were plenty of Lodges in 
 
 ° I have a letter from Mr. Lodge in which he gravely informs me 
 that "General John Sullivan was a Scotch-Irishman"! 
 
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/f£P/rOOOCED By Af//VA FRA/^C£S LEVWS 
 
 CtENERAL RICHARD MONTGOMERT 
 
 OFTHE CONTINENTAL ARMY, BORN IN COUNTY DONEGAL, IRELAND. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 223 
 
 Massachusetts, one searches in vain for one soldier of 
 the name on the Revolutionary rolls! 
 
 In the Revolutionary records alone of their native 
 State, these historians could have found more than suffi- 
 cient data to correct any erroneous impressions which 
 they may have had concerning the racial composition of 
 the inhabitants of New England. They would find such 
 a constant recurrence of names of unmistakably Celtic 
 origin as to suggest the possibility, if they were at all 
 governed by the dictates of conscience, that in the as- 
 pect in which their work was presented to the public 
 they were doing a gross injustice to the Irish who helped 
 in achieving the independence of their country. But the 
 conclusion inevitably forces itself upon the mind of any 
 person acquainted with the facts that it was far from the 
 intention of these gentlemen to do justice to any but the 
 Puritanical element, and that their paramount object 
 was to create in the minds of their readers the impres- 
 sion that everything worth relating in New England 
 history had a common Anglo-Saxon origin. Fifty char- 
 acteristic Irish surnames alone show a total of two thou- 
 sand two hundred on the Massachusetts muster-rolls, 
 and when we keep in mind the fact that nearly every 
 well-known Irish family name is represented on these 
 rolls, and consider that there must have been a num- 
 ber of soldiers of Irish birth or descent bearing non-Irish 
 names, we can readily see that the number on the Massa- 
 chusetts rolls which should be credited to the Irish must 
 have been far greater than three thousand. 
 
 Mr. Lodge has been accused of racial prejudice, and 
 those who have brought this charge against him believe 
 
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224 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 they are fully justified, because he deliberately denies 
 to Ireland any credit for the part taken by her sons 
 in the war for American liberty. As a student and 
 writer of history, it is scarcely possible that he does not 
 know that one of the most heroic incidents of the Revo- 
 lution, which took place in his own State, stands out in 
 the records to the imperishable glory of Ireland's sons. 
 For the men who stood behind "the rail fence" at Bun- 
 ker Hill on that memorable seventeenth of June, 1775, 
 and held in check two battalions of English soldiers, thus 
 saving the devoted Continentals from annihilation, were 
 Irish almost to a man and were commanded by Irish 
 officers. ^ 
 
 The eighth and ninth annual reports of the State Li- 
 brary Board of Virginia and Volume XVIII of the 
 Archives of Maryland are devoted exclusively to tabu- 
 lations of the Revolutionary soldiers from those States, 
 and in these volumes may be seen the names of more 
 
 * The breastwork at Bunker Hill known as "the rail fence" was 
 defended by a company of soldiers from Bedford, New Hampshire, 
 whose officers were Colonel Daniel Moore, Major John Goffe, Cap- 
 tain Thomas McLaughlin, and Lieutenant John Patten, all natives 
 of Ireland; and in published historical sketches of the town of 
 Bedford and in the Collections of the New Hampshire Historical 
 Society (Vol. I, p. 291) may be seen the names of the men of the 
 company, the majority of whom were Irish born or sons of Irish 
 immigrants. Among the Americans killed and mortally wounded 
 at Bunker Hill are recorded Majors Andrew McClary and William 
 Moore and soldiers named Daniel McGrath, John Barrett, Thomas 
 Collins, George Shannon, Caleb Dalton, William McCrillis, Joseph 
 Broderick, John Dillon, William Mitchell, Roger Cox, Matthew 
 Cummings, Daniel Evens, Timothy Evins, Peter Poor, Thomas 
 Doyle, and Daniel Callahan, some of whom are known to have 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 225 
 
 than 3000. soldiers from Virginia and 4600 from Mary- 
 land, all of Irish names. In New York in the Revolution 
 there are 2083 such names, with entire rosters of the en- 
 listed men missing in several instances. 
 
 Heitman's work is a compilation of the names of the 
 officers of the Continental army, with concise references 
 to their services, and in this noted book there are listed 
 upward of six hundred officers of Irish names in the 
 Continental Line alone. As a matter of fact, Heitman's 
 list is incomplete, for in the Revolutionary records may 
 be found references to a large number of officers of 
 Irish birth or descent who are not mentioned by Heit- 
 man, and a complete list of their names, with references 
 to the regiments to which they were attached, will be 
 found in the Appendix. This list contains one thousand 
 five hundred names, all told, and, as will be noted there- 
 from, it furnishes an absolute refutation of the state- 
 ments made by such historians as Trevelyan, Stille, 
 Hatch, and others. A very limited number of the char- 
 acteristic Irish surnames among the officers furnish the 
 most damning proof of the apparently deliberate 
 attempts of these historians to hide the truth concerning 
 the extent to which the Irish and their descendants par- 
 ticipated in the Revolutionary struggle. A summary 
 of fifty of the most prominent Irish surnames shows 
 more than five hundred officers of various ranks. 
 
 been natives of Ireland; and among the prisoners was Lawrence 
 Sullivan. The names of these men, with the exception of Sullivan, 
 are inscribed on the Bunker Hill memorial tablet on Winthrop 
 Square, Charlestown, Massachusetts. 
 
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226 
 
 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 Surnames of Officers of 
 the Army and Navy of 
 
 the Revolution Number 
 
 Surnames of Oncers of 
 the Army and Navy of 
 
 the Revolution Number 
 
 Barry 
 
 8 
 
 Lynch 
 
 10 
 
 Boyle 
 
 8 
 
 Magee, McGee 
 
 17 
 
 Brady 
 
 10 
 
 MoUoy 
 
 7 
 
 Burke 
 
 18 
 
 Murphy 
 
 14 
 
 Butler 
 
 26 
 
 McBride 
 
 11 
 
 Byrne 
 
 6 
 
 McConnell 
 
 13 
 
 Casey 
 
 6 
 
 McCarthy 
 
 15 
 
 Connell, Connelly 
 
 11 
 
 McCormick 
 
 12 
 
 Carroll 
 
 5 
 
 McCleary 
 
 6 
 
 Connor 
 
 17 
 
 McFadden 
 
 5 
 
 Conway 
 
 8 
 
 McGinnis 
 
 4 
 
 Dillon 
 
 6 
 
 McGowan 
 
 6 
 
 Daly 
 
 4 
 
 McGuire 
 
 14 
 
 Dougherty 
 
 12 
 
 McLaughlin 
 
 10 
 
 Dooley 
 
 5 
 
 McMullen, Mullen 
 
 14 
 
 Donnelly 
 
 4 
 
 O'Brien 
 
 7 
 
 Dugan 
 
 7 
 
 O'Hara 
 
 7 
 
 Fitzgerald 
 
 11 
 
 O'Neill 
 
 6 
 
 Flynn 
 
 6 
 
 Powers 
 
 12 
 
 Gallagher 
 
 4 
 
 Quigley 
 
 8 
 
 Hogan 
 
 12 
 
 Quinn 
 
 5 
 
 Gillespie 
 
 6 
 
 EeiUy 
 
 13 
 
 Higgins 
 
 16 
 
 Roche 
 
 7 
 
 Kearney^ Carney 
 
 7 
 
 Eyan 
 
 15 
 
 Kelly 
 
 SO 
 
 Sullivan 
 
 13 
 
 Kenny, McKenny 
 
 14 
 
 Walsh, Welsh 
 
 21 
 
 Leary 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 544 
 
 Masters of vessels engaged in privateering are in- 
 cluded among the officers, for the reason that they were 
 as much a part of the fighting forces of the Revolution 
 as any of the officers of the army or navy, and many are 
 the stories of daring and adventure that are told of the 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 227 
 
 "Yankee privateersmen" who preyed on British com- 
 merce and brought into American ports numerous prizes 
 of war, the cargoes of which furnished important and 
 seasonable supplies for the Continental army. Much of 
 the naval history of Revolutionary times centers round 
 the privateersmen, and, as an American historian has 
 said, "our privateers during the Revolutionary war 
 were a most important, if not predominant, feature of 
 our early sea power." Not a few of the hardy command- 
 ers of American privateers during our two wars with 
 England were Irishmen, and in the fugitive references 
 I have found to the personnel of their crews it is also 
 seen that they had in their command many a patriot son 
 of "the fighting race." Indeed, those Irish mariners 
 of the two wars for independence have left a record 
 in American history that is well worthy of preservation, 
 and it will stand as an imperishable monument to the 
 gallant part they played in the defence of their adopted 
 country. 
 
 The complete list of officers at pages 393-440 contains 
 many other names of ancient Irish origin, but the fore- 
 going fifty names are selected merely to show how read- 
 ily and effectively the statements of the anti-Irish his- 
 torians can be refuted. It is a grievous injustice that 
 these statements should have had currency as "his- 
 tory" for so many years without challenge. Possibly it 
 may be claimed that some of the names listed are Scotch, 
 and that assumption may be correct to some extent, al- 
 though in such cases I have been careful to include only 
 those names that are common among both the Irish and 
 
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228 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 the Scotch. ^ But even if we give this point of view the 
 widest latitude and eliminate all names of whose Irish 
 origin there may be the slightest doubt, there will still 
 be left not less than a thousand unquestionably Irish 
 names among the officers of the American army and 
 navy of the Revolution. 
 
 That some of these Irish officers were important men 
 may be assmned from the warm regard which Washing- 
 ton manifested toward them. For his aides-de-camp he 
 chose, in succession, Joseph Reed, the son of an Irish 
 immigrant ; Joseph Carey, Stephen Moylan, John Fitz- 
 gerald, and James McHenry ; * and his esteem for Sul- 
 
 ^ I have no doubt that some will object to the inclusion of such 
 names as Generals Knox, Wayne, and Thomson, Colonels John 
 Nixon, Francis and John Barber, Andrew Lewis, Ephraim Blaine, 
 Walter and Charles Stewart, Major John Caldwell and Captain 
 John Dunlap, and possibly others. Knox was descended from a 
 Scotch family which settled in Ireland in the early part of the 
 eighteenth century. But his father and grandfather were both na- 
 tives of Ireland, and so also were the father and grandfather of 
 General Wayne, and it is said that the first of the Waynes in Ire- 
 land came from England. Thomson, Lewis, Blaine, the Stewarts, 
 Dunlap, and Caldwell were natives of Ireland; Nixon was the son 
 of a Wexford Irishman, and the Barbers were the sons of Patrick 
 Barber, an immigrant from County Longford, Ireland, to Oraiige 
 County, New York, in 1729. These men considered themselves 
 Irish, and all of them, with the exception of the Barbers, were 
 members of the Society of the Friendly Sons of Saint Patrick 
 of Philadelphia, and that Society had no more active member than 
 General Anthony Wayne. General Wayne was also a member of 
 the Hibernian Society of Philadelphia, and General Knox was a 
 member of the Charitable Irish Society of Boston. These state- 
 ments can be verified by the published records of the societies. 
 
 " Moylan was a native of Cork; Fitzgerald, of Wicklow; and 
 McHenry, of Antrim. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 229 
 
 Kvan, Montgomery, Hand, Butler, Irvine, Thomson, 
 Barry, and other Irish commanders was displayed on 
 many occasions. The loss of no officer who fell in battle 
 was so much regretted by Washington and the Congress 
 as that of General Montgomery,^ for his many amiable 
 qualities had procured him an uncommon share of pri- 
 vate affection, and his great abilities an equal propor- 
 tion of public esteem. "Being a sincere lover of liberty, 
 he had engaged in the American cause from principle, 
 and quitted the enjoyment of an easy fortune and the 
 highest domestic felicity to take an active share in the 
 fatigues and dangers of a war instituted for the de- 
 fence of a community of which he was an adopted mem- 
 ber. His well-known character was almost equally 
 esteemed by the friends and foes of the side which he 
 had espoused. In America he was celebrated as a mar- 
 tyr to the liberties of mankind, in Great Britain as a 
 misguided man, sacrificing to what he supposed to be 
 the rights of his country." So wrote the historian Ram- 
 say, ^° who knew him well. 
 
 Washington's friendship for one of his Irish officers. 
 General Andrew Lewis, is one of the traditions of the 
 Valley of Virginia. Lewis was a native of County 
 Donegal, Ireland, and was an early settler in Augusta 
 County, Virginia. Four of his brothers, two of whom 
 were also born in Donegal, were officers of the Colonial 
 and afterwards of the Revolutionary forces, and one of 
 them. Colonel Charles Lewis, was called "the idol of the 
 
 ° General Montgomery was a native of Raphoe, County Donegal, 
 Ireland. 
 
 ^"History of the American Revolution, Vol. I, p. 312. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 231 
 
 and to the publications of the Virginia and West Vir- 
 ginia Historical Societies. 
 
 From some of the publications referred to there may 
 also be obtained an idea of the personnel of the differ- 
 ent regimental companies, and indeed some of the com- 
 pany rosters look more like the parish registers of a 
 country town in a Gaelic-speaking district of Ireland 
 than the rolls of a body of soldiers who fought for the 
 liberties of a land three thousand miles away from their 
 ancestral homes. In examining the muster-rolls, one 
 is struck by the frequency with which certain very old 
 Irish names appear, and the manner in which such names 
 crowd themselves upon the record makes it an intensely 
 interesting feature of the subject. I think it would serve 
 an estimable purpose, and would clear the air very much, 
 if some one with the time and the taste for such work 
 would publish a complete list of the Irish names and 
 group them so as to show how many of each are repre- 
 sented on the Revolutionary records. Two very good 
 examples of this are the names Kelly and Murphy, of 
 which I have found 1189, all told, on the muster-rolls; 
 and in searching for material for a sketch of the McCar- 
 thy family in the United States, I found on the rolls 331 
 persons of that ancient Irish name, and in all the Thir- 
 teen Colonies I could find only two McCarthys classi- 
 fied as "loyalists." One was Isaac and the other Dennis 
 McCarty, both residents of Massachusetts. We can 
 understand how Isaac may have "gone wrong," but that 
 Dennis should have had "the bad drop" in him, so for- 
 eign to men of his name in Revolutionary times, is truly 
 shocking! It is like the story told of the New York poli- 
 
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232 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 tician who never failed to poll in his district a one hun- 
 dred per cent, vote for "the party." But once a lone 
 Republican vote was cast, and although they ransacked 
 the district high and low to locate "the rascal," it al- 
 ways remained a mystery how "a black Repubhcan" 
 was ever allowed to come into that district! 
 
 Apart altogether from the question as to what the 
 numerical strength of the Irish in the Revolutionary 
 army may have been, there is one important circum- 
 stance which contributed, although indirectly, to the 
 success of the Revolution, but with which writers on 
 American history do not seem to have been impressed, 
 or perhaps have not noticed. I refer to the political agi- 
 tation in Ireland which culminated in the revolt of the 
 Irish Volunteers. In the Diplomatic Correspondence of 
 the American Revolution may be read many accounts 
 sent to Washington and the Continental Congress, by 
 John Adams and Arthur Lee, of the agitation for inde- 
 pendence in Ireland, of the raising of volunteers, the 
 debates in Parliament, and of the generally disaffected 
 state of the country, which kept England in constant 
 alarm. 
 
 The revolt of the Irish Volunteers was the concomi- 
 tant of the American Revolution. The voice of Liberty 
 in America overleaped the seas and awakened the people 
 of Ireland to a sense of their political thraldom. "They 
 asked one another," writes an Irish historian, "whence 
 that thraldom, and why should they submit to it any 
 longer. Armed men arose everywhere. The Govern- 
 ment stood astounded; to disarm the Volunteers was 
 beyond their power. . . . Contending terrors agitated 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 233 
 
 the English administration. America in revolt, Ireland 
 about to revolt, and the threatened French invasion as- 
 suming formidable proportions!" The ministers ap- 
 pealed to Ireland, but in vain, for the Volunteers could 
 neither be seduced by false promises nor alarmed by 
 threats. "Within one year," wrote Adams to the Presi- 
 dent of Congress from Paris on April 25, 1780, "up- 
 wards of forty-six thousand Volunteers have been raised 
 in Ireland and are arming and drilling." ^^ On May 21, 
 1779, Lee wrote from Paris to the Committee of For- 
 eign Affairs : "Ireland is nearly in the state we were in 
 six years ago. The people are supplying themselves 
 with arms, meeting and exercising, and the govern- 
 ment not venturing to interpose. They have entered 
 into a non-importation agreement, and this spirit is in 
 a train towards independency, which nothing but the 
 most wise and healing measures will stop." ^^ 
 
 On April 25, 1780, Adams wrote Congress on affairs 
 in Ireland, rejoicing in the help which the political 
 situation in Ireland was giving to the American cause. 
 He quoted a letter from one of his correspondents in 
 Dublin, relating to a proposition made in the Irish Par- 
 liament "that four war-ships be built which shall con- 
 stantly cruise on the coasts of Ireland," the object be- 
 ing to protect the merchant vessels trading with Amer- 
 ica, "thus showing plainly Ireland's design," wrote 
 Adams' correspondent, "to separate herself from Eng- 
 land and to owe her safety only to herself." Two weeks 
 later, Adams wrote the President of Congress about 
 
 ^^ Diplomatic Correspondence, Vol. V, pp. 18-24. 
 «Z6R, Vol. II, p. 243. 
 
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234 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 "the political shackles which the people of Ireland are 
 endeavouring to shake off," and gave a complete de- 
 scription of Grattan's historic resolution in the House on 
 the 19th of April, declaring for independence. " 
 
 On June 1, 1780, Adams sent to Congress a long ac- 
 count of meetings of citizens in Dublin asserting their 
 right to independence, quoting in full their resolutions, 
 and showing that there was every hope for their suc- 
 cess "if the war in America continues." In transmit- 
 ting this news, Adams said: "The slightest circumstance 
 may blow up the flames of war between the two King- 
 doms, which would have been done some weeks ago if the 
 regular offlcers of the King's troops had not given way 
 to the Dublin Volunteers"; and so important did Adams 
 consider information of this character that he again 
 v/rote the President of Congress describing fully a clash 
 between the Volunteers and the King's troops in the 
 streets of Dublin, in which, he said, "the people declared 
 themselves in favour of the Volunteers." 
 
 Harassed on every side, taunted in Parliament 
 not only with the failure of the Irish to enhst, but with 
 the daring of the Volunteers in openly drilling and 
 preparing for war, England's pride was humbled, and, 
 as Adams said in one of his letters to Congress, " "the 
 British Empire is crumbling to pieces like a rope of 
 sand." The importance of apprising Congress of the 
 situation in Ireland is plainly evident. It was joyous 
 news to the Americans and it heartened the leaders to 
 
 ^^ Diplomatic Correspondence, Vol. V, p. 86. 
 ^* Dated March 24, 1780. Diplomatic Correspondence, Vol. 
 IV, p. 435. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 235 
 
 learn that England had other formidable troubles to 
 contend with right at her own doors, and that she would 
 be compelled to maintain in Ireland large bodies of 
 troops which otherwise could be utilized in America. ^^ 
 The debt which America owes to Ireland for this one 
 circumstance alone is not possible to estimate, and now 
 that we review the true story of these historic events, we 
 can understand what a tremendous tactical error Ire- 
 land made when she failed to take advantage of the 
 opportunity at the close of the American war. Dur- 
 ing the peace negotiations between England and Amer- 
 ica at Paris, and the later negotiations for a treaty of 
 commerce between the two countries, no mention was 
 made of the situation in Ireland, and the Irish Parlia- 
 ment did not demand representation, notwithstanding 
 the great desire in Ireland for a separate treaty of com- 
 merce with America. But the Parliament which thus 
 blasted Ireland's future was largely comprised of the 
 same political corruptionists who, seventeen years later, 
 sold their country for British gold. 
 
 Another circumstance of some importance which 
 American historians generally have not noticed is men- 
 
 *° The English historian Green thus describes how the demands 
 of the Irish Volunteers aided America: "So real was the danger 
 that England was forced to give way. The first demands, in ef- 
 fect, were claims for national independence. But there was no 
 means of resisting them [the Volunteers]. In the face of such a 
 rising close at hand, it became plain to even the most dogged of 
 Tories that it was impossible to continue a strife across three thou- 
 sand miles of sea; and to deal with the attitude of Ireland became 
 even a more pressing need of the Ministry which followed Lord 
 North than the need of dealing with America." (Green's History of 
 the English People, Vol. IV, p. 266.) 
 
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236 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 tioned by the Irish historian Marmion, and verified by 
 Spencer in his History of the United States, namely, 
 the financial aid which Irish immigrants brought with 
 them to the Colonies a few years prior to the outbreak 
 of the Revolution. The Marquis of Donegal, an ab- 
 sentee nobleman, was one of the largest landowners in 
 Ireland, and in 1771, upon the expiration of the lease- 
 holds on his estate, he decided to increase the rentals 
 to such a degree that the tenants rebelled, and on their 
 refusal to accede to the exactions of the landlord, the 
 latter ordered wholesale clearances to be carried out on 
 his estate. The tenants organized themselves into a 
 body known as "The Hearts of Steel" for the purpose 
 of fighting the evictors, but on the arrival of a large 
 body of soldiers they determined to offer only passive 
 resistance.- Meetings were called in various places, and 
 on the advice of their leaders the farmers determined 
 to sell out their belongings and emigrate to America. 
 During the three ensuing years every ship that sailed 
 from Irish ports for the Western Continent carried 
 large numbers of those self-expatriated Irish families. 
 "The effect of this agrarian insurrection," says Mar- 
 mion, "which extended to adjoining Counties, seriously 
 affected the welfare of the Province of Ulster and was 
 instrumental in extending liberty to the whole human 
 race. Thousands of men, driven from their holdings, 
 dissatisfied with the country and expressing the deep- 
 est resentment against the Irish landlords, emigrated to 
 America. Arriving there at a critical moment, and actu- 
 ated by their wrongs, they joined the armies of Wash- 
 ington, then contending for independence, and contrib- 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 237 
 
 uted by their numbers, as well as by their courage and 
 conduct, to separate the United States from the Brit- 
 ish Crown." Marmion shows that in 1771, 1772, and 
 1773, eighty-eight passenger-carrying ships sailed for 
 America from the ports of Belfast, Derry, and Newry, 
 and he estimates the number of souls on board at not 
 less than twenty-five thousand. 
 
 "These emigrants," says Marmion, "were chiefly 
 farmers and manufacturers, who, it was calculated, by 
 converting their property into specie, which they took 
 with them abroad, deprived Ulster of one-fourth of its 
 circulating medium, which consisted altogether of specie, 
 and also a portion equal thereto of the most valuable 
 part of the population." ^^ While Young does not agree 
 with Marmion in the essential details, he says that the 
 Irish emigrants "took with them to America consider- 
 able sums of money received from the sale of their lease- 
 holds, the hardship of which was supposed to have driven 
 them to America." ^^ Spencer, in referring to the ex- 
 odus from Ireland at this period, says: "In the years 
 1771 and 1772, the number of emigrants to America 
 from Ireland alone amounted to seventeen thousand 
 three hundred and fifty. Almost all of them emigrated 
 at their own charge; a great majority of them consisted 
 of persons employed in the linen manufacture, or farm- 
 ers possessed of some property which they converted 
 into money and carried with them. As most of the 
 emigrants, and particularly those from Ireland and 
 
 ^^ Anthony Marmion, Ancient and Modern History of the Mari- 
 time Ports of Ireland, p. 333. 
 
 ^^ Tour in Ireland, Part II, p. 30. 
 
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238 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 Scotland, were personally discontented with their treat- 
 ment in Europe, their accession to the Colonial popu- 
 lation, it might reasonably be supposed, had no ten- 
 dency to diminish or counteract the hostile sentiments 
 towards Britain which were daily gathering force in 
 America." ^* 
 
 Young says that when Lord Donegal's tenants sold 
 their leaseholds they received an average of "from thirty 
 to forty pounds for them," and as there were at least 
 four thousand leases sold, " it is probable that those 
 Irish immigrants brought with them to America not less 
 than £200,000 in specie. -" The learned historian Dr. 
 Thomas Addis Emmet, commenting on this, says: 
 "Could Robert JMorris, the financier of the Revolution, 
 enlighten us as to the effect from bringing this amount 
 of specie into the country, we would realize that the 
 benefit was an incalculable one. What credit we had in 
 the country after the paper money had depreciated was 
 based upon this specie throughout the greater part of 
 the Revolution. Among many instances to this purpose 
 was its use in moving the army to Virginia with such 
 expedition as to ensure the capture of Cornwallis, which 
 
 event contributed more to the termination of the war 
 
 <# 
 
 ^' Dr. James A. Spencer, History of the United States, Vol. I. 
 
 ^° Walpole's Last Journals, Vol. VIII. 
 
 '^° A despatch from Ireland on this subj ect printed in the New 
 York Journal or General Advertiser of July 15, 1773, said that 
 the amount of money paid for their passage by sixteen thousand 
 emigrants who left Ireland for America in the years 1771 and 1772 
 was £66,725, and that "most of these people carried money with 
 them, in evidence of which it was computed that one ship last year 
 had no less than £4000 in specie on board." 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 239 
 
 than any other, and without the credit based on this 
 specie the struggle would have terminated long before 
 the alliance was made with France." ^^ 
 
 It is conceded by all historians that as the war con- 
 tinued the value of Continental paper money was con- 
 stantly depreciating, and, as Dr. David Ramsay 
 states:"^ "Many of those who were disaffected to the 
 Revolution absolutely refused to take the bills of Con- 
 gress, even in the first stage of the war, when the real 
 and nominal value was the same." Moreover, the meas- 
 ures adopted by Congress to enforce acceptance of 
 paper money "only operated on the patriotic few, who 
 were disposed to sacrifice everything in the cause of 
 their country and who implicitly obeyed every mandate 
 of their rulers. Others disregarded them, and either 
 refused to part with their commodities, or demanded 
 and obtained their own prices." ^^ 
 
 In war a healthy treasury is no less essential than an 
 abundance of men, for in the long run the deepest purse 
 decides the contest as often as the largest army. It 
 would have been impossible for Congress to have con- 
 
 ^^ Journal of the American Irish Historical Society, Vol. II. 
 
 ^^ History of the American Revolution, Vol. 11^ pp. 12-22. 
 
 ^^ Ibid. Some of Washington's letters show that the greatest 
 embarrassment he suffered during the war arose from the dearth 
 of gold and silver coin, because the troops had on various occasions 
 declined to accfept Continental paper money, on account of its de- 
 preciated value. In a letter from Washington to the President of 
 Congress, dated May 27, 1780, he said that the men had refused 
 the paper money, claiming that "it was of little value at all," which 
 was the chief cause of the mutinies among the Pennsylvania and 
 Connecticut troops in 1780 and of the New Jersey troops in the 
 next year. (The Writings of Washington, Vol. VIII, p. 288.) 
 
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240 A HIDDEN PHASE OF HISTORY 
 
 tinued the war without a sufficiency of money, for with- 
 out the wherewithal to purchase supplies and meet their 
 obligations to the soldiers, the most patriotic and self- 
 sacrificing army must in time have succumbed. There- 
 fore, in estimating the part played by Ireland's sons in 
 the achievement of American liberty, it is not alone the 
 number or quality of the fighting men that must be 
 considered, but the financial aid which those Irish immi- 
 grants contributed almost at the beginning of the con- 
 test. 
 
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CHAPTER XIV 
 
 IRISH IMMIGRATION PRIOR TO THE REVOLUTION 
 
 Erroneous impressions received from historical works. Irish Sign- 
 ers of the Declaration of Independence. Irish Framers of 
 the Constitution. Irish Members of the Continental Congress. 
 Irish Commanding Officers of the Army and Navy. Irish 
 Governors. John Sullivan, the Limerick Schoolmaster. Ship- 
 ping between Irish and American ports. 
 
 ONE great reason for the dearth of information 
 upon the subject of the Irish in the American 
 Revolution may be attributed to the failure of the 
 leading historians to relate the facts concerning immigra- 
 tion from Irelaijd in Colonial times. From the stand- 
 point of numbers alone, the records indicate that the 
 Irish were one of the important elements comprising 
 the population of America about the time of the Revo- 
 lution, and some historians have been deservedly crit- 
 icized for their evidently premeditated suppression of 
 the facts concerning them. But, after all, the historians 
 are not alone to blame for this, for the descendants of 
 the Irish immigrants themselves have displayed a lam- 
 entable lack of interest in the subject; and while they 
 have neglected the story of their race in the Western 
 Hemisphere, the descendants of the English Colonists 
 have had historians who have made it their business to 
 supply the world with histories of their own making. 
 Hence it is evident that the "Anglo-Saxon" has re- 
 
 241 
 
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242 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 ceived more than his proper share of attention in Amer- 
 ican history, while the contributions of the Irish to the 
 upbuilding of the country have been so scantily treated 
 as to create the impression that they were an entirely 
 negligible factor. 
 
 No claim is made that the Irish should be singled out 
 for special treatment by historians, any more than any 
 other of the racial elements comprising the population 
 of the Colonies; but where there is such a vast amount 
 of data concerning the Colonial Irish available from the 
 records, nearly all of which has been ignored by those 
 leading historians upon whom the reading public place 
 so much dependence, it must be assumed that the facts 
 were suppressed for some ulterior purpose. On the 
 other hand, some historians, while not entirely disre- 
 garding the facts as to their numbers, characterize the 
 Irish as an entirely unimportant element who contrib- 
 uted nothing to the making of the nation. It is true 
 that, in the aggi'egate, a great number of Irish pioneers 
 are mentioned in local town and county histories and 
 genealogies, and that credit has been given to them un- 
 grudgingly for the part they played in building up those 
 local communities. Writers of local history have not 
 usually been so susceptible as the general historians to 
 the teachings of the Anglo-Saxon cult, and being honest 
 men, as a rule they wrote down what they found in the 
 records and candidly related the local traditions, with- 
 out drawing invidious distinctions as to races and 
 creeds. Consequently we find in some of the local his- 
 tories and genealogies a great deal of reliable data relat- 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 243 
 
 ing to the pioneer settlers. This also applies in a large 
 measure to the work of historical societies, many of 
 which have published the early records of the country, 
 and in doing so have given the public verbatim copies 
 of the originals. As a rule, the text is printed in these 
 Copies exactly as it is written in the originals, with all 
 the errors, irregularities of spelling, contractions, ec- 
 centricities of phraseology, etc., faithfully reproduced, 
 thereby placing students and investigators in as favor- 
 able a position as is enjoyed by those who have access 
 to the original documents. 
 
 The general impression among people whose informa- 
 tion on this subject is obtained only from the "stand- 
 ard" histories of the United States is that the Irish did 
 not begin to come to this country until the early years 
 of the last century, and that, therefore, they could have 
 had no part in the War of the Revolution. Indeed, some 
 historical writers have dated the beginning of Irish 
 immigration to America from "the digging of the Erie 
 Canal," or about the year 1820; but it is very evident 
 that they did not examine the records or consult any 
 authoritative sources of information, for otherwise they 
 would never venture upon such an assertion. Not only 
 have these historians miscalculated the period as well 
 as the extent of early Irish immigration to America, 
 but even a publication brought out in 1909 by the De- 
 partment of Commerce and Labor of the United States 
 Government, entitled A Century of Population Growth, 
 displays a woeful lack of knowledge on the subject 
 when it credits the Irish with only one and six -tenths 
 
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244 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 per cent, of the population of the United States in the 
 year 1790! To one who has examined the early Ameri- 
 can records it is a great mystery as to what possible 
 method of computation the government statisticians 
 could have used in arriving at that conclusion. Even if 
 the^ had no other guide to follow but the ordinarily 
 well known Irish names appearing upon the records, I 
 cannot conceive how they could conscientiously say that 
 the Irish element constituted only that meager propor- 
 tion. Furthermore, we may safely assume that these 
 statisticians, in all probability having no knowledge of 
 the vast changes made in Irish family names both at 
 home and abroad, excluded from the term "Irish" all 
 persons bearing apparently non-Irish names who were 
 residents of the United States at the time the first cen- 
 sus was taken, and, doubtless, placed them under the 
 head of "English" and "Scotch." 
 
 There are many people who cannot or will not believe 
 that any but English, Dutch, and Huguenots colonized 
 this country in the early days, although in late years the 
 unflagging industry of the "Scotch- Irish" historians has 
 resulted in creating the impression that this class, in 
 contradistinction to the plain "Irish," also had a large 
 part in the laying of the foundations. They cannot re- 
 alize the fact that the "Irish" or their descendants could 
 have had a hand in this work; that many Irishmen of 
 education and good social breeding came to the Colonies 
 and entered upon the pioneer work of construction with 
 an intelligence and zeal equalling that of their fellow 
 Colonists; that there are numbered among America's 
 
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ffEPffOOUCSO BY A/V/VA f^ffAf>/C£S L£yWS 
 
 . xJAMES SMITH 
 
 SIGNER OF THE DECLARATIONOFINDEPENDENCE, BORN IN DUBLIN, IRELAND. 
 
 ,J 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 245 
 
 leading statesmen, soldiers, and scholars of the early 
 days and among her pioneer merchants and builders 
 many of the old Gaelic stock, the same class of Irish- 
 men who won fame and renown on the continent of 
 Europe. It is riot the fault of the American people 
 that this false idea has been propagated as "history," 
 for Americans as a rule are a fair-minded and truth- 
 loving people ; but from their very school days they have 
 absorbed it from historians whose special mission on 
 earth seems to have been to laud to the skies all things 
 "English" and to decry or suppress any other elevating 
 influences in American life that may have had their 
 origin with other peoples ! <r 
 
 Irishmen were Signers of the Declaration of Inde- 
 pendence;*^ Irishmen were members of the first Ameri- 
 can Congress which began in 1774 and continued down 
 to the year of the framing of the Constitution ; ^ Irish- 
 
 ^ Smith, Taylor, Rutledge, and Thornton were natives of Ireland, 
 and Carroll, McKean, Read, and Lynch were descendants of 
 Irish immigrants. O'Hart {Irish Pedigrees, Vol. I, p. 726) says 
 that "Robert Treat Paine, the Signer, was a descendant of the 
 O'Neills of Ulster; that Robert O'Neill, son of Teige O'Neill 
 hereditary prince of Ulster, emigrated to America with his family, 
 where he changed his name to Paine so as to preserve his life from 
 assassins. It was one of his descendants who signed the American 
 Declaration of Independence on July 4th, 1776." The name was 
 adopted from one of his maternal ancestors named Payne who mar- 
 ried an O'Neill in Ireland. 
 
 " Pierse Long, Mathew Thornton and Thomas FitzSimmons were 
 natives of Limerick, and John Sullivan's father came from the same 
 Irish city ; James Duane was a son of Anthony Duane from County 
 Galway; Edward Hand was a native of Kings County; William 
 
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246 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 men were among the Framers of the Constitution*/ 
 Irishmen commanded brigades and regiments in the 
 struggle for independence,* and an Irishman stands in 
 the unique position of "Father of the American Navy." ^ 
 Irishmen were Governors of American provinces and 
 States prior to the opening of the nineteenth century. 
 An Irishman was Governor of the Province of New 
 York," and another was Governor of the Indians from 
 
 Irvine was a native of Fermanagh; Charles and Daniel Carroll 
 came from the Carrolls of Tipperary and Kings counties; Edward 
 Carrington was of a Mayo family; Thomas Burke was a native 
 of Galway; John Armstrong, of Donegal; James McHenry, of 
 Antrim; Pierce Butler, of Kilkenny; Cornelius Harnett, of Dublin; 
 Thomas Lynch was of the noted Galway family of the name, and 
 John and Edward Rutledge were also natives of Ireland. Kean, 
 Read, Heney, and Kearney were also of Irish descent. 
 
 ^ Four natives of Ireland, namely, Thomas FitzSimmons, James 
 McHenry, John Rutledge, and Pierce Butler, as well as George 
 Read and the Carrolls, Charles and Daniel, of Irish descent, were 
 members of the Federal Convention of 1787- (See Journal of the 
 Federal Convention, by John Quincy Adams, 1819; Elliott's De- 
 bates, and Farrand's Framing of the Constitution.) 
 
 *-Among the Irish-born officers were Generals James Hogan, 
 John Greaton, Richard Butler, Richard Montgomery, William 
 Irvine, Edward Hand, William Thomson, William Maxwell, and 
 Andrew Lewis, and Colonels Robert Magaw, John Kelley, John 
 Dooley, John Patton, Walter Stewart, John Shee, John Haslet, 
 Thomas Proctor, John Fitzgerald, Hercules Mooney, Pierse Long, 
 and Stephen Moylan. Generals James Moore, James and George 
 Clinton, Joseph Reed, John Sullivan, and several other officers of 
 high command, were sons of Irish immigrants. 
 
 ^ Commodore John Barry, a native of Wexford. 
 
 " Thomas Dongan, a native of County Kildare, who became Gov- 
 ernor in 1683. 
 
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OF AIMERICAN HISTORY 247 
 
 the Hudson to the Mississippi River.^ Irishmen were 
 Governors of the Carolinas ; ^ an Irishman governed the 
 Province of Maryland ; ^ an Irishman was the first 
 Governor of Delaware/" and another Irishman was one 
 of the earliest Governors of the State of Pennsylvania.^^ 
 The son of an Irishman was the first Governor of the 
 State of New York,^^ and the son of an Irishman was 
 the first Mayor of the City of New York after the Revo- 
 lution.^^ Irishmen and their sons of the ancient Gaelic 
 stock are recorded among the earliest Judges of the 
 courts of many of the present States of the Union ; they 
 are found not only in the profession of the law, but in 
 medicine, science, and literature, and as pioneers in all 
 walks of life they held their own with their "Anglo- 
 Saxon" compeers. 
 
 What other example stands on a level with that of 
 John Sullivan, the Limerick schoolmaster, who taught 
 the children of New England Puritans for upward of 
 
 ' Sir William Johnson of County Meath, a descendant of the 
 family of McShane. 
 
 * James Moore, who became Governor of Carolina in 1700, was 
 a grandson of Rory O'More, the Irish chieftain; Arthur Dobbs, 
 who became Governor of North Carolina in 1754!, and Matthew 
 Rowan, Governor in 1764, were natives of Carrickf ergus ; John 
 Rutledge, Governor of South Carolina in 1776, Thomas Burke, 
 Governor in 1781, and Edward Rutledge, Governor in 1788, were 
 natives of Ireland. 
 
 ° John Hart, a native of County Cavan, became Governor in 1714. 
 
 '" John McKinley, a native of Ireland, was elected Governor in 
 1776. 
 
 *^ George Bryan, from Dublin, was Governor of Pennsylvania 
 in 1788. 
 
 ^^ George Clinton, whose father emigrated from Longford in 1729- 
 
 ^' James Duane. 
 
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248 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 sixty years?" As an historical writer ^^ has so aptly 
 described him, he was the father of a Governor of New 
 Hampshire and of a Governor of Massachusetts, of 
 the first Judge appointed in New Hampshire, of an 
 Attorney-General of New Hampshire, of a Major-Gen- 
 eral in the Revolutionary army, and of four sons who 
 were officers in that army; he was the grandfather of a 
 Governor of Maine and of a United States Senator from 
 New Hampshire and an Attorney-General of that 
 State; the great-grandfather of an Attorney-General 
 of New Hampshire and of a Judge of its courts, and 
 the great-great-grandfather of a distinguished Amer- 
 ican officer in the Civil War! These Irishmen, and 
 many others who might be mentioned in the same cate- 
 gory, were of the ancient race which stood the brunt 
 of English persecutions in Ireland; yet they have been 
 denied a place in American history by those historical 
 writers whose work alone is found in American schools 
 and colleges. 
 
 It is only when we consult such records as those of 
 the Colonial land offices, of the offices of the Secretaries 
 
 ^* John Sullivan was of a noted family of Cork and Kerry, dis- 
 tinguished in Irish history. He was born in Limerick in 1696 
 and emigrated to New England in 1723. It is related of him 
 that when he applied to Rev. Dr. Moody of Scotland Parish, 
 Maine, in that year for employment as a teacher, in order to show 
 that he was competent to teach he wrote his application in seven 
 languages ! He exerted a remarkable influence among the people, 
 and many of the "Revolutionary worthies" of New England were 
 numbered among his pupils. See Amory's work on the Sullivans 
 for interesting data concerning this famous Irish schoolmaster. 
 
 ^^ John C. Linehan, in Journals of the American Irish Historical 
 Society. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 249 
 
 of State, the Council Journals, the Parish Registers of 
 the Colonial churches wherein are recorded the mar- 
 riages and deaths of the early settlers and the births 
 of their children, the records of the Surrogates' and 
 County Courts and of the Registrars of Wills and 
 Deeds, the early newspapers, the muster-rolls of the 
 Colonial and Revolutionary armies, the Custom House 
 Records, the State Archives, the early Town Books and 
 Minutes of the Selectmen, the Journals of the Genealog- 
 ical and Historical Societies, the town and county his- 
 tories, and the numerous other publications wherein the 
 names of the early settlers are copied from the original 
 records, that we are in a position to form any idea of 
 the enormous immigration of Irish people to these shores 
 during the Colonial period. And when we read the 
 tens of thousands of old Gaelic names that appear in 
 these records with the most astonishing regularity, we 
 begin to wonder what the reason could have been for 
 the almost total omission of any reference to these peo- 
 ple from our standard American histories ! 
 
 The system of landlord tyranny and the political 
 and economic oppression to which the people of Ireland 
 were subject evidently received no consideration what- 
 ever from some American historians in determining 
 whether such conditions may have had any influence on 
 
 , the destinies of this country. During the first half of 
 the eighteenth century, so wide-spread was the discon- 
 
 ; tent of the Irish with the rapacity of the landlords, who 
 in many cases were the descendants of the Cromwellian 
 
 ' settlers planted in Ireland about one hundred years 
 before, and so difficult was it for the laboring and artisan 
 
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250 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 class to make a living at home, that for many years prior 
 to the Revolution there was a continuous stream of 
 Irish immigration flowing to the American Colonies. 
 While some historical writers candidly admit that large 
 numbers of Irish settled in America during that period, 
 they assert that these Colonists came from the province 
 of Ulster only, and that they were the so-called "Scotch- 
 Irish" element. But that idea is altogether erroneous, 
 as is readily seen by the names of the immigrants, which 
 indicate to any person acquainted with the habitat of 
 the old Irish families in Ireland the sections of the 
 island whence they came. The "Scotch-Irish" theorists 
 have been very industrious in putting forward their 
 claims in this respect, and credulous persons, reading 
 the output of these people, conclude that all immi- 
 grants from Ireland prior to the Revolution, especially 
 those who may have in any way contributed to the up- 
 building of the country, were the descendants of the 
 Scotch planters who settled in Ireland in the seventeenth 
 century. 
 
 There is unquestionable proof that every part of Ire- 
 land contributed to the enormous emigi-ation of its 
 people, and while there are no official statistics now avail- 
 able — for none were kept — to indicate the numerical 
 strength of those Irish immigrations, abundant proof 
 of this assertion is found in authentic records, such as 
 those already alluded to. In the newspapers published 
 in the cities of the Atlantic seaboard are enumerated 
 the arrivals and sailings of vessels between Irish and 
 American ports during the half century which preceded 
 the Revolution. From the ports of Cork, Waterford, 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 251 
 
 Wexford, Kinsale, Dublin, Limerick, Galway, Sligo, 
 Killala, Coleraine, Newry, Belfast, Letterkenny, and 
 Derry ships were constantly arriving. These vessels 
 were not only freight-carriers, but in many of the public 
 announcements in American newspapers by the masters 
 and agents of the vessels, they advertised that they had 
 "ample" and, in some cases, "extraordinary accommo- 
 dations for passengers"; and in the news columns may 
 be seen hundreds of references containing accounts of 
 immigrants arriving from all parts of Ireland. ^^ In 
 a short review of the subject it is not possible to present 
 all this evidence, and I shall refer to a few examples 
 only. In single issues of the New York newspapers, 
 between the years 1767 and 1773, I find as many as ten 
 to fifteen vessels "up" at one time, advertised to sail 
 for their home ports in Ireland ; ^^ and as far back as 
 
 ^' Froude (The English in Ireland, Vol. II, p. 125; London, 
 1874), in referring to the large emigrations to America following 
 the Antrim evictions in 1772, says: "The South and West of 
 Ireland were caught by the same movement, and ships could not 
 be found to carry the crowds who were eager to go. The emigra- 
 tion was not only depriving Ireland of its manufactures, but of 
 the sinews of its trade." 
 
 " John F. Watson, the New York historian, in his Annals and 
 Occurrences of New York City and State in the Olden Times 
 (Philadelphia, 1846), expresses surprise at finding in the records 
 and newspapers so many references to vessels sailing between Irish 
 and American ports in the eighteenth century. Barrett (Old 
 Merchants of New York, Vol. Ill, p. 59), in referring to the large 
 trade between Ireland and America in the year 1768, calls attention 
 to "the regular liners between New York and Irish ports," and 
 states that "twelve or fifteen regular traders to Ireland were in 
 
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252 A HIDDEN PHASE OF HISTORY 
 
 1716 and for many years after that time the New York 
 and Philadelphia newspapers continued to publish ac- 
 counts of the arrival of Irish immigrants. 
 
 A great many examples like the following can be 
 pointed out of ships arriving at Philadelphia from Ire- 
 land: "The Ship Cezer from Waterford, Ireland," which 
 arrived in July, 1716, with "seventy passengers"; the 
 same ship "from Dublin" in September, 1717, with 
 "about one hundred passengers"; "the Dove from Ire- 
 land" in August, 1716, "with passengers"; an unnamed 
 ship "from Cork" with "fifty passengers" in March, 
 1718; and "the Elizabeth and Margaret from Dublin" 
 in August of the same year with "one hundred and fifty 
 passengers." Pages could be filled with such items, 
 but these are selected merely to show that Irish immi- 
 gration to this country began at a very early period and 
 that it was large and continuous, although, as already 
 stated, it was during the half century preceding the 
 Revolution that the greatest number came over and set- 
 tled permanently in the Colonies. 
 
 port at one time, when there was but one vessel up for London." 
 He says also that some of these vessels were "'owned by three Irish 
 firms" in New York. 
 
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CHAPTER XV 
 
 VAST IRISH IMMIGRATIONS TO PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 Their principal settlements. Mistaken assumption that no Irish 
 Catholics settled in America prior to the Revolution. The Irish 
 traders. Shipping between Philadelphia and Irish ports, 1727 
 to 1737. Extracts from the Philadelphia newspapers. 
 
 THE "footsteps of the Celt" can be traced through 
 every one of the original Thirteen Colonies. In 
 Pennsylvania, for example, the Irish began to settle 
 as early as the last quarter of the seventeenth century, 
 and there is evidence to show that an important Irish 
 colony came over vi^ith William Penn in the year 1682. 
 Penn was well acquainted with the sturdy character of 
 the Irish peasantry, for he had lived many years at Kin- 
 sale, in the county of Cork, managing his father's es- 
 tate; and when he first came to America he brought 
 with him a number of Irish people, principally from 
 Cork and Wexford, some of whom are referred to as 
 "people of property" and "people of consequence." ^ 
 Seventeen years later, on one of his return voyages to 
 Philadelphia, he brought with him a brilliant young 
 Irishman, James Logan of Lurgan, County Armagh, a 
 son of Patrick Logan, a man well known in Ireland 
 in those days for his great learning. For nearly half 
 a century James Logan occupied leading positions in 
 
 ^ Scharf-Westcott, History of Philadelphia, 1609-1884; Phila- 
 delphia, 1884. 
 
 253 
 
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254 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 the province, among them Chief Justice of the Courts, 
 Provincial Secretary, and President of the Council. 
 
 About this time, we are told, "there were many Irish 
 Papists in Pennsylvania who turn Quakers and get 
 into places, as w^U as Germans" ; ^ and, indeed, the ar- 
 rival of "Irish Papists and convicts" at the port of 
 Philadelphia was so constant as to be viewed with con- 
 siderable alarm by the provincial authorities. In the 
 Fisher Collection at the American Philosophical Society 
 there is an interesting document, "A Message from the 
 Lieutenant- Go vernour to the Representatives of the 
 Freemen of the Province of Pennsylvania," dated De- 
 cember 17, 1728, which reads in part: "I have now 
 positive orders from Britain to provide proper law 
 against these crowds of foreigners who are yearly pour'd 
 upon us. It may also require thoughts to prevent the 
 importation of Irish Papists and convicts, ^ of whom 
 some of the most notorious, I am creditably informed, 
 have of late been landed in this river." On December 
 28, the "Representatives" replied to this letter, saying: 
 "We do likewise perceive it to be of the greatest conse- 
 quence to the preservation both of the religious and 
 civil rights of the people of this Province to prevent 
 the importation of Irish Papists and convicts, in which 
 no endeavour of ours shall be wanting, and we earnestly 
 request the Governour to recommend the same to the 
 
 ^ Letter from Rev. Colin Campbell to the London Society for 
 the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, quoted in Hills 
 History of the Episcopal Church of Burlington, Nerv Jersey. 
 
 ^ The Irish "convicts" were the political refugees who fled from 
 the persecutions of the British government. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 255 
 
 consideration of the Assembly of the Three Lower 
 Counties to make like provision against the growth of 
 so pernicious an evil in that Government, which, if 
 not timely prevented, wiU sensibly affect the people of 
 this Province." A committee was appointed to draw 
 up a bill "levying a duty on foreigners, Irish servants 
 and persons of redemption"; and although future Irish 
 immigrants were thus taxed on their landing in Phila- 
 delphia, the operation of the statute proved "unsatis- 
 factory," for the law was evaded by the captains of ves- 
 sels arriving in the Delaware landing their passengers 
 at Newcastle, Delaware, or Burlington, New Jersey. 
 
 The most important of the early Irish immigrations 
 to Pennsylvania, from the standpoint of numbers, be- 
 gan about the opening of the eighteenth century. These 
 Irish settled generally in or near Philadelphia and in 
 Bucks, Chester, and Lancaster counties, and large num- 
 bers flocked to the Cumberland Valley. As they were 
 generally tillers of the soil in Ireland, they preferred 
 agricultural to other pursuits, and within a very few 
 years several little farming communities composed en- 
 tirely of Irish families were flourishing in the beautiful 
 Cumberland Valley on lands opened to them by the 
 province or acquired by purchase from the Indians. 
 Down to the time of the Revolution, nearly all the set- 
 tlers of the valley were from Ireland or of the first gen- 
 eration of American-born descendants of Irish immi- 
 grants. "No district of our broad, beautiful, and blessed 
 country," says a local historian, "has furnished more rep- 
 resentative men, men distinguished for their ability, in- 
 
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256 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 telligence, and influence, than Cumberland Valley."* 
 The influx into the province of substantial Irish settlers 
 was great after this period, and continued with little 
 abatement for many years. In 1734 there are said to 
 have been in the Kittochtinny Valley "about one thou- 
 sand families," while in 1750 the population was "be- 
 tween five and six thousand." It had "about one thou- 
 sand taxables, nine-tenths of whom," according to a 
 local historian, "were Irish and Scotch." The same 
 authority states that for some years previous to the 
 Indian wars, "the Irish and Scotch immigrants consti- 
 tuted the great mass of the eff'ective population of the 
 Province. They settled in great numbers in various 
 parts of Lancaster, York, and Northampton Counties 
 and formed the entire population of the Kittochtinny 
 VaUey." ^ 
 
 Irish settlements were made in 1717 on the Octoraro 
 Creek in Lancaster County. Rupp, an impartial his- 
 torian, thus refers to them: "They and their descend- 
 ants have always been justly regarded as among the 
 most intelligent people of the county, and their prog- 
 ress will be found to be but little behind the boasted 
 eff'orts of the Colony of Plymouth." ® Among the Irish- 
 men who came to Bucks County in the year 1720 were 
 the Tennent family from County Armagh, one of whom, 
 
 * Dr. Alfred Nevin, Men of Mark in the Cumberland Valley; 
 Philadelphia, 1876. 
 
 '' George C. Chambers, A Tribute to the Virtues, Habits, and 
 Usefulness of the Early Irish and Scotch Settlers of Pennsylvania; 
 Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, 1856. 
 
 * History of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, p. 439. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 257 
 
 Rev. William Tennent, was celebrated for his profound 
 learning. He established the famous wilderness school 
 known as the "Log College" at Neshaminy, Pennsyl- 
 vania, which he conducted with much success, and in it 
 were educated men who achieved great reputations in 
 after years. The "Log College" has been called "the 
 first literary institution above the common schools in 
 Pennsylvania" and "the germ from which proceeded 
 the flourishing college of New Jersey, at Princeton." 
 
 In 1722, a number of people from County Donegal, 
 Ireland, located in Westmoreland County, which be- 
 came an extensive settlement and embraced a large dis- 
 trict of fertile and choice lands. In 1723 a considerable 
 number of Irish people located in Dauphin and Cum- 
 berland counties, '^ and in the next year Irish settlements 
 were established west of the Susquehanna River in what 
 is now York County. This section had been inhabited 
 chiefly by Germans who had arrived a short time before. 
 The relations between the two nationalities were never 
 friendly, and the racial rivalries resulted in such out- 
 breaks that after a quarter of a century of strife and ani- 
 mosity an enforced separation of the territory was 
 brought about by the provincial authorities which con- 
 fined the Germans to York and the Irish to Cumberland 
 County. * 
 
 Harley, in his Life of Charles Thomson, ^ states that 
 "before 1726 six thousand Irish had arrived, while the 
 
 ' Geiser, Redemptioners and Indentured Servants in the Colony 
 and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, New Haven, Connecticut, 1901. 
 * Provincial Records of Pennsylvania. 
 'Page 17. 
 
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258 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 failure of the crops of Ulster increased the volume of 
 immigration to twelve thousand a year until 1750"; 
 and Dr. Robert Baird, in his History of Religion in 
 Amenca,^° says: "From 1729 to 1750 about "twelve 
 thousand annually came from Ulster to America." This 
 last estimate would make an exodus from Ulster alone 
 during a period of tWenty-five years of the almost in- 
 credible total of 300,000, exclusive of the large emigra- 
 tions from the other provinces of Ireland. 
 
 The majority of the Ulster emigrants who came about 
 this time seem to have been Episcopalians and Presby- 
 terians, and the immediate cause of their enforced ex- 
 patriation, besides the unsatisfactory economic condi- 
 tions in their native land, was the passage of the "Test 
 Act," which deprived a large number of Irish Protes- 
 tants of the privileges of the franchise. James Anthony 
 Froude, in the lugubrious tone that characterizes his 
 historical work wherever a question of religion is con- 
 cerned, thus comments upon the exodus from Ireland 
 which set in after the passage of the Test Act: "The 
 young, the courageous, the energetic, the earnest, these 
 alone among the colonists, who, if ever Ireland was to 
 be a Protestant country, could be effective missionaries, 
 were torn up by the roots, flung out anobid find a home 
 elsewhere, and they found a home to which England, 
 fifty years later, had to regret that she had allowed them 
 to be driven." " 
 
 But that it is evident the early emigrations from 
 
 "New York, 1844. 
 
 ^^ The English in Ireland in the Eighteenth Century, Vol. I, 
 p. 394. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 259 
 
 Ireland to Pennsylvania were a mixed class, in so far 
 as religion is concerned, we may judge from the state- 
 ments of historians like John D. Rupp and DeCourcey 
 and Shea. Rupp, in his History of Northamptorij Le- 
 high, Monroe, Schuylkill, and Carbon Counties, Penn- 
 sylvania, shows that many of these people selected this 
 region for their homes, and in referring to their de- 
 scendants he says: "The greater proportion of them are 
 Catholics and have priests officiating in the Irish lan- 
 guage." The same historian, in his History of North- 
 ampton, Huntingdon, Mifflin, Centre, Union, Columbia, 
 Juniata, and Clinton Counties, says: "Previous to the 
 Revolution of 1776, the immigration of the Irish was 
 not only extensive but of the better sort." He calls 
 the Irish of Dauphin and Cumberland counties "a gen- 
 erous and hospitable people," and quotes the Lord's 
 Prayer from a Gaelic Bible which he discovered in the 
 possession of one of the Irish Catholic families, adding 
 that "the descendants of the Irish no longer speak the 
 language of their valorous fathers." Shea, in his His- 
 tory of the Catholic Church in the United States, says 
 that "in 1729 a Catholic chapel existed near Philadel- 
 phia on the road between Nicetown and Frankford, 
 which was erected by Miss Elizabeth McGawley, a 
 young Irish lady who had settled in that part with a 
 number of tenants whom she had brought from Ireland." 
 In 1742 another Catholic church was erected for the 
 Irish settlers at Lancaster, and in the lists of its trustees 
 and the members of its congregation nearly all the 
 names are Irish. In 1753, St. Mary's Catholic church 
 
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260 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 was erected at Philadelphia, which Griffin ^^ gays was 
 known as "the Irish church," a most appropriate des- 
 ignation, if we are to judge from the rosters of its 
 congregation. 
 
 "Evidence is at hand," says Rev. Howard Ganss, one 
 of the historians of Carlisle, "that before 1745 a number 
 of Irish Catholic families settled in Tuscarora Path and 
 formed the nucleus of a settlement still in existence, and 
 in which we not only find lineal descendants of the orig- 
 inal settlers, but a community in which, in spite of the 
 vicissitudes of time, the frequent depredations of the 
 Indians, the great distance from a church and the sadly 
 few visits of priests, the Catholic faith is still found 
 as firm and intact as was that of their ancestors who 
 planted it there more than one hundred and fifty years 
 ago. ^* This settlement was not only the one that lay 
 further west than any hitherto attempted on' this side 
 of the Alleghenies, but even antedates Conewago, as 
 far as documentary evidence goes." 
 
 Some historical narrators insist upon placing the early 
 Irish in America in two opposing camps, namely, "Cath- 
 olic" and "Protestant," and, in fact, some assert that 
 the Irish who came over previous to the Revolution were 
 "almost wholly Presbyterians" and that "there was no 
 Catholic emigration from Ireland to America at all 
 until after that time." Usually this claim is made by 
 people who seem to be unable to conceive otherwise than 
 that "Irish" and "Catholic" are synonymous terms, and 
 
 ^"American Catholic Historical Researches; Philadelphia, Pa. 
 ^^ This was written in 1845. 
 
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I STEPHEN MOYT.AN 
 
 COLONEL OF CAVALRY, CONTINENTAL ARMY, AND 
 
 AIDE-DE-CAMP TO GENERAL WASHINGTON. 
 
 BORN IN CORK, IRELAND. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTOilY 261 
 
 this thought has led them into the most ridiculous as- 
 sumptions with regard to the Irish in the Revolution. 
 That their opinions on this question, and especially in 
 relation to the Catholic Irish, are altogether at variance 
 with the facts is shown by many reputable authorities, 
 the following being submitted as examples : 
 
 "It is a fact most undoubtedly true that great ntim- 
 bers of Irish and German Papists have, of late years, 
 gone into our Colonies." ^* 
 
 "Before the Revolution, Pennsylvania harboured five 
 Catholic churches with about double the number of 
 priests and several thousand communicants, mostly Irish 
 and Germans." ^^ 
 
 Pehr Kalm, the Swedish historian, who was in Phila- 
 delphia in 1748, states that "the Roman Catholics have 
 a Church here," which, he remarked, "is well adorned 
 within and has an organ," ^® from which it must be as- 
 sumed that the church had a considerable congregation 
 even for that early day. "There is one Romish Chapel 
 in Philadelphia." ^'^ The church here referred to was 
 Saint Joseph's Catholic Church, which Griffin ^® states 
 was erected in the year 1733; and if we are to judge 
 from the names of its worshipers, registers of burials, 
 baptisms, etc., it is quite apparent that the Irish were 
 
 " Extract "from a late English paper," in Pennsylvania Gazette 
 of July 15, 1755. 
 
 ^^ Berthold Fernow, Middle Colonies Critical and Narrative His- 
 tory of America, Vol. I, p. 160. 
 
 " Voyage de Kalm en Amerique, Vol. I, p. 43. 
 
 *' Eev. Andrew Burnaby's Travels in North America, 1759-60, 
 p. 77. 
 
 ^^ American Catholic Historical Researches, Vol. X, No. 1. 
 
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262 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 largely represented among its parishioners about the 
 period of the Revolution. 
 
 "As to religion [in Pennsylvania] there is none prop- 
 erly established, but Protestants of all denominations, 
 Papists, Jews, and all other sects whatsoever are univer- 
 sally tolerated." "The estabHshed religion [in Mary- 
 land] is that of the Church of England, but there are 
 as many Roman Catholics as Protestants." The numer- 
 ous Irish Catholic names that appear in Maryland rec- 
 ords of the period referred to justify the conclusion that 
 the Irish were a strong element among Maryland Cath- 
 olics. " 
 
 Achenwall, in his Observations on North America, 
 refers to the Irish settlers in Pennsylvania in such a 
 way as to indicate that he regarded them as a large 
 and important element of the population ; and he states 
 that "Catholic Churches are found in Pennsylvania as 
 well as in Maryland," but that "Roman Catholics are 
 excluded from all offices and from the Assembly be- 
 cause they cannot take the usual religious oath and sub- 
 scribe under the Test Act." 
 
 "Roman Catholics are very numerous in Berks Coun- 
 ty." ^° That the Irish were also "numerous in Berks 
 County" may readily be seen from the Pennsylvania 
 land records. 
 
 "If the Irish Catholics taken as prisoners to Canada 
 [from the Colony of New York] ask to remain there, 
 
 ^^ Burnaby's Travels, pp. 69 and 84. 
 
 2° Petition of the Justices of Berks County to Governor Morris, 
 dated July 23, 1755. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 263 
 
 see no difficulty about their being allowed to do so. The 
 manner in which the English treat their nation ought 
 not to cause them to regret such a change. The same 
 could be done with respect to the Scotch Catho- 
 lics." '^ 
 
 "Great numbers of Irish Papists are being brought 
 continually into Maryland, and many Irish priests are 
 suspected of coming incognito^ as having no better place 
 of refuge in the King's dominions upon their being ban- 
 ished from Ireland." ^^ 
 
 "A very great number of Gentlemen of good and 
 Ancient Families and other Roman Catholicks of the 
 Kingdoms of England and Ireland, being vexed and 
 persecuted by the several paenal Statutes made against 
 them in their native Countries, . . . transported them- 
 selves into this Province," ^^ etc. 
 
 In 1764, one Thomas Shea conveyed by deed to Rev. 
 Bennett Neale a farm of land at Priests' Ford in Har- 
 ford County, Maryland, on which a Catholic chapel was 
 erected. "* That this chapel was for the use of Irish 
 Catholics of the vicinity is clearly shown by the names 
 of the early settjers in that part of the county which ap- 
 
 ^^ Letter from the President of the Navy Board to the Depart- 
 ment of Marine Provinces, Paris, dated January 23, 1748, relative 
 to the exchange of prisoners in America; in Canadian Archives, 
 Vol. I, p. 101. 
 
 '^ Letter of the Episcopal Clergy of Maryland to the Bishop of 
 London, dated "jNIaryland, Port Annapolis, May 1, 1696"; in Daw- 
 son's Historical Magazine for 1868, pp. 151-3. 
 
 '^ The humble Petition and Remonstrance of Charles Carroll, on 
 behalf of himself and all the other Roman Catholics of the Province 
 of Maryland; in Library of Congress, Bi\L Add. MSS. No. 15489. 
 
 ^^ Land Records of Maryland. 
 
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264 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 pear in the records of the Land Commissioner's office 
 at Annapolis. 
 
 "By far the greatest number of Roman Catholics 
 [in Maryland] are on the Western Shore, and, what is 
 very surprising, it was also the most violently rebellious 
 and disaffected in the Revolution." ^^ How very sug- 
 gestive of the presence of the Irish ! 
 
 In a letter from Rev. John Carroll in the year 1779, ^^ 
 he said: "I have care of a very large congregation" [at 
 Rock Creek, Maryland], and another congregation in 
 Virginia to which I go sixty or seventy miles once a 
 month." Rock Creek is near Washington, D. C, in 
 Montgomery County, Maryland, and in the immediate 
 vicinity I have found a number of old Irish names 
 recorded prior to the year 1779. The Virginia congre- 
 gation was in Stafford Coimty, whose early records also 
 contain numbers of old Irish names. 
 
 A book entitled The Catholic Christian Instructor 
 was published by Robert Bell at Philadelphia in 1774, 
 the original subscribers to which were people named 
 O'Neill, Willcox, CuUen, Hogan, and Gallagher, from 
 which it may be assumed that its supporters were Irish; 
 and the fact that the publisher undertook to print such 
 a book makes it appear that there must have been some 
 demand for it. 
 
 Rev. John Carroll, Bishop of Baltimore, writing to 
 Matthew Carey of Philadelphia on January 30, 1789, 
 in reference to "the illiberal treatment of Roman 
 
 25 A Tour in the United States, by J. F. Smith, Vol. II, London, 
 1784.. 
 
 28 Among the Woodstock Letters, Vol. IV, No. 1, p. 128. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 265 
 
 Catholics in the United States," said: "They contrib- 
 uted in proportion to their numbers, equally at least 
 with every other denomination, to the establishment 
 of independence and ran every risk in common with 
 them." (Matthew Carey's MS. Correspondence, Vol. 
 IV.) 
 
 In a contribution on the same subject, printed in 
 the Columbian Magazine of Philadelphia for December, 
 1787, Bishop Carroll said: "The American army 
 swarmed with Roman Catholic soldiers, and the world 
 would have held them justified had they withdrawn 
 themselves from the defence of a State which treated 
 them with so much cruelty and injustice, and which 
 they then covered from the depredations of the British 
 army. But their patriotism was too disinterested to 
 hearken to the first impulse of even just resentment." 
 Bishop Carroll was a witness to the events of the Rev- 
 olution and his standing and that of all of the Carroll 
 family among the people need not be referred to 
 here. It is needless to say, that when he wrote the above 
 he had in mind the Irish Catholics, and the statement 
 of so responsible a witness can hardly be called into 
 question. 
 
 Finally, we have the evidence of the historic address 
 "on behalf of the Roman Catholics of the United States" 
 to President Washington, on March 15, 1790, and from 
 the fact that this document was signed by Rev. John 
 Carroll, Charles Carroll, Daniel Carroll, Dominick 
 Lynch, and Thomas FitzSimmons, it is clear that it 
 was at the instance of the Irish Catholics, above all 
 others, that this address was presented. Many more 
 
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266 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 such authorities can be quoted, but these are probably 
 sufficient to illustrate the point. It is perfectly obvious 
 that multitudes of Catholics emigrated from Ireland to 
 America before the Revolution, and the long succession 
 of names representative of the ancient Catholic families 
 of Ireland w^hich appear in the early records here re- 
 ferred to is sufficient proof of that fact. On the other 
 hand, it is just as obvious that the majority of these 
 Irish Catholics did not practise their religion in Amer- 
 ica, and that their children became associated with other 
 religious denominations, which explains why so many 
 thousands of present-day Americans who have sprung 
 from the ancient stock of the Clan-na-Gaedhal, and who 
 still bear old Irish names, are non-Catholic and seldom 
 have any knowledge of or interest in their Irish fore- 
 bears or the history of their race in the Western Hemi- 
 sphere. 
 
 But the fact that many of the Colonial Irish were 
 not practical Catholics did not de-Irishize them, for re- 
 ligion does not make nationality, however much it may 
 change certain racial ideals. In the case of the Irish 
 Catholic immigrants, however, the change in rehgion, 
 or the want of it, had a far-reaching and deleterious ef- 
 fect. As knowledge strengthens the mind and ignorance 
 weakens it, so undoubtedly many of the poor Irish 
 Catholics in the Colonies, finding no church of their own 
 faith to commune with, in despair abandoned their 
 faith because of their ignorance of its fundamentals, 
 which were not taught in those days to the extent that 
 they are now. In most cases, even those who abhorred 
 the idea of apostasy, had no chance of practising their 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 267 
 
 religion, for the open profession of the Catholic faith 
 was not tolerated ; they had neither priests nor churches, 
 and there was no encouragement to bring over priests 
 even secretly. Compelled by local laws to have their 
 children baptized by the Protestant clergy so as to le- 
 galize their birth, and compelled by similar laws to send 
 their children to churches and schools where "Papists" 
 were ridiculed and the cry of "No Popery!" was con- 
 stantly in their ears, it is no wonder the parents weak- 
 ened and that when the children grew up they either had 
 no religion at all or became absorbed by the different 
 Protestant sects. Thus, in course of time, they lost 
 their faith, and with it, in many cases, the distinctive 
 characteristics of the Celtic race! 
 
 Many of the Irish immigrants to Pennsylvania are 
 found to have located in the most far-away parts of 
 the province. Some pushed out beyond the regions 
 where the first settlements were established. There 
 were among them many young men of energy and re- 
 source who had no fear of the contiguity of the Indian 
 tribes. Their occupations were diversified; some of 
 them had not the patience to settle down and carve out 
 an existence from the boundless forest; consequently 
 we find many of them leading a nomadic life, carrying 
 packs upon their backs and trading with the Indians. 
 Several Indian traders of Irish names are mentioned in 
 Pennsylvania official records, and one of the many inter- 
 esting references to them is contained in the Journal 
 of Christian Post, quoted by Rupp in his History of 
 Western Pennsylvania. In 1758, Christian Post was 
 sent from Philadelphia to the Ohio with a message from 
 
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268 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 the Governor of Pennsylvania to the Indians, urging 
 them to withdraw from their alliance with the French. 
 On September 1, 1758, in a conference with the Indian 
 chiefs, Post told them: "There are a great many Pap- 
 ists in the country who have sent many runaway Irish 
 servants among you, who have put bad notions into your 
 heads and strengthened you against your brothers, the 
 English." He then exhorted them "not to beheve these 
 ill-designing Irishmen," and adds by way of memoran- 
 dum in his Journal: "There are a great number of Irish 
 traders now among the Indians who have always en- 
 deavoured to split up the Indians against the Enghsh." 
 Similar references to "the Irish Papists" are'found in 
 the Manuscripts of Sir William Johnson, Colonial Gov- 
 ernor of New York. In a report to Governor Johnson 
 on the fighting along the northwestern frontier of New 
 York during the French-English War, the commander 
 of an English regiment, under date of May 28, 1756, 
 referred to "the great number of Irish Papists and trans- 
 ports who were enlisted from Pennsylvania and Mary- 
 land and who deserted at Oswego and other garrisons," 
 and stated that "there are a great number of these Irish 
 Papists amongst the Delaware and Susquehanna Indi- 
 ans who have done a world of prejudice to English 
 interests." 
 
 Probably the correct explanation of these wholesale 
 desertions of "Irish Papists" from the English service 
 is that which I find in the Journal of the Marquis of 
 Montcalm, commander of the French troops, wherein 
 reference is made to "the Irish Brigade in the service 
 of France." In August, 1756, the French laid siege to 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 269 
 
 a fort known as Chouaguen on Lake Ontario, opposite 
 what is now Oswego. After a fierce engagement, the 
 EngUsh surrendered, and among the prisoners Mont- 
 cahn mentioned "two EngHsh regiments who were at 
 the battle of Fontenoy." It so happened that the regi- 
 ment which compelled their surrender was commanded 
 by a Colonel Beam, or Byrne, and was one of. those that 
 composed the Irish Brigade which inflicted the historic 
 defeat on the English army at Fontenoy only eleven 
 years before. This regiment receives special mention 
 from Montcalm for its bravery at Oswego, and, to quote 
 the words of a deserter from a French regiment, ^^ "the 
 leaders in the attack on the fort were the French sol- 
 diers who were cloathed in Red, faced with Green, which 
 I imagine, belong to the Irish Brigade." ^^ Doubtless 
 "the Irish Papists from Pennsylvania and Maryland" 
 had been impressed into the English service and took 
 advantage of the contiguity of the French to make their 
 escape in large bodies and join their countrymen who 
 were fighting in the ranks of Ireland's historic friend. 
 In the Philadelphia newspapers may be read accounts 
 of the numbers of yearly arrivals at that port. For 
 example, in 1727, 1155 Irish people landed in the Dela- 
 ware River, and in the following year they reached 
 the high total of 5600. The American Weekly Mercury 
 of August 14, 1729, stated that during the previous week 
 "about 2000 Irish arrived at Newcastle, Del., and an 
 
 " See Edmund B. O'Callaghan's Documentary History of New 
 York, Vol. I, p. 504. 
 
 ^* This description corresponds exactly with published descrip- 
 tions of the uniform worn by the Irish Brigade in the service of 
 France. 
 
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270 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 abundance more are daily expected"; and according to 
 a report published in the New England Weekly Jour- 
 nal of March 30, 1730, the number of Irish people who 
 entered the port of Philadelphia during the year 1729 
 was 5655 and only 553 from all other European coun- 
 tries; so that the Irish element represented over ninety 
 per cent, of the total number of immigrants to Amer- 
 ica via Philadelphia in that year ! ^^ Philadelphia was 
 then the chief port of entry, but we may safely assume 
 that the numbers of Irish entering at New York, Balti- 
 more, and Charleston also constituted a large propor- 
 tion of the immigrants from Europe. So extensive was 
 Irish immigration to Pennsylvania about this period, 
 that we find Lieutenant-Governor Logan writing in 
 
 ^^ In Extracts from the Itineraries and other Miscellanies of 
 Ezra Stiles, D.D., LL.D., edited under the authority of the Cor- 
 poration of Yale University, by Franklin B. Dexter (New Haven, 
 1916), the details of these figures are given in "An Account of 
 Passengers and Servants landed in Pennsylvania from Christmas, 
 1728, to Christmas, 1729": 
 
 English and Welsh Passengers 199 
 
 Servants , 68 
 
 Irish Passengers 925 
 
 Servants 230 
 
 Scots Passengers 00 
 
 Servants 43 
 
 Palatine Passengers 243 
 
 Servants 00 
 
 In Newcastle Government have been landed 
 about 4500 Passengers and Servants, chiefly 
 
 from Ireland . . . ., 4500 
 
 Total 6208 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 271 
 
 1729, in reference to "a ship from Dublin with one hun- 
 dred Catholics and convicts" which had just arrived 
 in the Delaware: "It looks as if Ireland is to send all 
 her inhabitants hither, for last week not less than six 
 ships arrived, and every day two or three also arrive. 
 The common fear is that if they continue to come, they 
 will make themselves proprietors of the Province. It 
 is strange that they thus crowd where they are not 
 wanted. The Indians themselves are alarmed at the 
 swarm of strangers, and we are afraid of a breach be- 
 tween them, for the Irish are very rough to them." ^^ 
 From that time forward down to the beginning of the 
 agitation which culminated in the Revolutionary War, 
 Irish immigrants continued to come to Pennsylvania. 
 Various issues of the Pennsylvania Gazette and the 
 American Weekly Mercury during the years 1735 and 
 1736 gave accounts of Irish immigrants coming in via 
 the Delaware River, and the following examples, out 
 of many, are quoted from the Philadelphia newspapers 
 as indicating the constant arrival of people of this class. 
 From March, 1735, to March, 1737, ninety-nine passen- 
 ger-carrying vessels were entered at the Philadelphia 
 Custom House as arriving from Ireland or returning 
 thereto, and the extent of the immigrations which came 
 in these vessels may be fairly estimated from the news- 
 paper comments of the time. The American Weekly 
 Mercury. oi August 28, 1735, reported that "on Mon- 
 
 ^" This letter is in the Logan MS. Collection in the Loganian 
 Library at Philadelphia. These manuscripts contain other ref- 
 erences to the Irish in Pennsylvania in the early part of the eight- 
 eenth century. 
 
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272 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 day last Captain Blair arrived from Carrickfergus in 
 Ireland with 168 Irish passengers and servants," and 
 the same paper on September 11, 1735, gave "an ac- 
 count of the nmnber of passengers and servants im- 
 ported hither since the first of May," and of the 557 
 passengers and 320 servants, 195 passengers and 177 
 servants were "from Ireland." During the next week 
 "Captain Lowes arrived with 204 passengers and ser- 
 vants from Ireland." The Mercury of September 9, 
 1736, said, "The number of passengers and servants 
 arrived at this place from Ireland since our last amounts 
 to 345, and we hear from Newcastle that in the space 
 of twenty-four hours in the last week there arrived near 
 one thousand souls from the same place." On August 
 28, 1737, "Captain George Spafford arrived in the ship 
 Hope from the North of Ireland with about one hun- 
 dred passengers"; and in December, 1740, the arrival 
 of "Captain Richard McCarthy in the Diana with a 
 number of people from Dublin" was announced in the 
 Philadelphia papers. According to the Minutes of the 
 Selectmen of the Town of Boston of August 16, 1736, 
 Captain Benedict Arnold of the ship Prudent Hannah 
 appeared at a town meeting on that date and "gave in- 
 formation that he came from Ireland about twelve weeks 
 ago and that he is bound for Philadelphia with his pas- 
 sengers, who are in all one hundred and twenty." 
 
 It will be noted that in some of these accounts the 
 Irish immigrants were classified either as "passengers," 
 "servants," or "redemptioners." The "passengers" were 
 those who were able to meet the expenses of the voyage 
 and were otherwise equipped to make their own way in 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 273 
 
 the world without becoming a charge upon the country ; 
 but it would be a mistake to assume that by "servants" 
 were meaat domestic servants only, or that all of these 
 were the poor and the lowly. In those days all labor- 
 ers, artisans, farmers, tradesmen, mechanics — in fact, 
 every one who labored with his hands — were classed as 
 "servants," and I find instances where even "manufac- 
 turers" and schoolmasters were so designated; and in- 
 deed it is a sad commentary upon the conditions then 
 prevailing that the "time" of some of these schoolmas- 
 ters brought no higher price than that of the common 
 laborer! The term "servants," therefore, was intended 
 and used in its broadest sense, and those recorded under 
 this head were among the most useful class that settled 
 in the Colonies; for it is hardly necessary to say that 
 what America needed most at that time were men and 
 women to populate the country, to till the soil and ad- 
 vance her industries. 
 
 The "redemptioners" were those who, being unable 
 to pay their own passage, bargained with the masters 
 or owners of vessels to dispose of their "time" to the 
 planters and manufacturers, and when they had "re- 
 deemed" themselves — that is, when their terms of ser- 
 vice had expired — they were free to go as they chose and 
 work out their own destinies. The provincial records 
 show that it was customary for the Colonial governments 
 to grant the planters one hundred acres of land for each 
 "redemptioner" whose "time" they purchased, and in 
 some Colonies fifty acres were awarded for each woman 
 and child; and when the "redemptioner" had completed 
 his part of the contract he also was allowed fifty acres 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 275 
 
 graphic reproduction of the page of the Gazette in which 
 this account appeared is hereto annexed, and it is also 
 worthy of note that on the same date the paper an- 
 nounced the arrival at Philadelphia of two ships from 
 Ireland with more than one thousand passengers. 
 
 There is no exact means of verifying this statement as 
 to this extraordinary influx of Irish immigrants within 
 the space of six months, but when we note the large num- 
 ber of Irish vessels trading with American ports at this 
 period, it is not, after all, so very surprising. The news- 
 paper announcements of the arrival of these vessels show 
 that in some cases they brought as many as 500 passen- 
 gers on one trip ; and if we place them at the low average 
 of 250 on each westward voyage, we see that the 18,000 
 Irish immigrants referred to by Captain OlifFe could 
 have arrived in seventy-two trips. The New York and 
 Philadelphia newspapers alone, without taking into con- 
 sideration ships from Ireland entered at the ports of 
 Boston, Baltimore, and Charleston, listed the arrival of 
 162 vessels from various Irish ports in the years 1771, 
 1772, and 1773, approximately one-half of which arrived 
 in the last-mentioned year. In partial support of the 
 statement of Captain OlifFe, I quote the following letter 
 from Charles Lee *^ to an Englishman named Con- 
 stantine John Phipps at London, dated "1773-'74," in 
 reference to the policy then pursued by the British gov- 
 ernment toward America : 
 
 ^^ Lee Papers in Collections of the New York Historical Society, 
 Vol. for 1871. See also Life and Memoirs of the Late Major- 
 General Lee, by Edward Langworthy; New York, 1813. 
 
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276 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 "Twelve thousand fresh colonists, half German, half Irish, were 
 imported this year into Philadelphia alone, and not a much less 
 number in the Colonies of Virginia and New York." 
 
 As a result, he said: 
 
 "The banks of Hudson's River, of the Mohawk, Susqiiehannah, 
 Juniata, and the Ohio, from the Monongahela downwards thirty 
 miles, which were totally a desert, are become one continued chain 
 of villages. I leave you to judge, whether it will be easy to dragoon 
 so numerous a people for any length of time. Ships of war, it is 
 true, may insult and put to inconvenience some of their capital 
 ports, but these teasings and insults will only serve to shew the 
 absurdity of your Ministers' policy in a more striking light, by 
 giving an unanimity to these people equal to their effective strength, 
 when they may set at defiance the machinations, not only of an 
 earthly, but of the infernal potentate himself, and his Ministry." 
 
 To a certain extent, the statements of Captain Ohife 
 and Charles Lee are verified by newspaper accounts, as 
 the following which appeared in the Pennsylvania 
 Packet in a despatch dated "New York, July 19, 1773," 
 will show: 
 
 "On Thursday arrived at the Hook in eight weeks and three 
 days from Newry, in Ireland, the ship Robert, Captain Matthew 
 Russell, having on board upwards of 300 souls, including children, 
 passengers from that port, who are come over to settle in America. 
 We hear about half of them are to be landed at Amboy and the 
 ship to come here with the rest; four other ships, the Captains 
 of which were Montgomery, Pharis, McCutcheon, and Cheevers, 
 full of passengers, lately sailed from the same port for Philadelphia, 
 where two of them are arrived. Another ship of 300 tons. Captain 
 Cunningham, for Philadelphia, and the brig Elliott, Captain War- 
 ing, for South Carolina, both full of passengers, were expected to 
 sail from Newry about the 25th of May. From the same place 
 also, other vessels are going with settlers for the banks of the Mis' 
 sissippi. We hear also that great numbers of vessels from Dublin, 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 277 
 
 Londonderry, Belfast, Larne, Cork, and other Irish ports have 
 lately sailed or are soon expected to sail, full of passengers, for 
 different parts of America." 
 
 The following are examples of numerous announce- 
 ments, printed in the New York and Philadelphia news- 
 papers, of arrivals of vessels from and sailings for Irish 
 ports : 
 
 New York Gazette and Weekly Mercury, Year 1771 
 
 July 29. — The arrival at Philadelphia of "the New 
 Speedwell from Cork with passengers" was announced 
 on this date. 
 
 As examples of the shipping comments in this paper, 
 lacking information as to the number of passengers, I 
 find in its issue of August 5th: "Captain Caine from 
 Waterford the 23rd of July last, in Lat. 39 :27, Long. 
 70, spoke the brig Conolly, Robert Miller, Master, of 
 Dublin six days out." The same paper, in its London 
 news of October 21, said: "The Eleanor, Captain Brins- 
 ley, from Dublin to New England, was totally lost 
 about 300 leagues to the West of Ireland," and a news 
 despatch from Philadelphia in the same issue referred 
 to the arrival of "Captain Guitton from Cork," "Cap- 
 tain Dysart from Londonderry," and "Captain Woolsey 
 from Dublin," and stated that "the ship Diana, Captain 
 Montgomery," had "cleared for departure for Dublin." 
 
 Under the head of "Cleared for Departure" from 
 New York, for, or "Arrivals out" at, Irish ports in the 
 year 1771, this paper announced: on January 7, nine 
 vessels ; January 14, three.; January 28, three; February 
 4, five; April 22, seven; May 6, six; May 20, nine; De- 
 
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278 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 cember 16, four; December 30, five; or a total of fifty- 
 one sailings during a period of five months. 
 
 Pennsylvania Gazette^ Year 1771 
 
 Under the head of "Arrivals out" from Philadelphia 
 at various Irish ports, ten ships were listed by this paper 
 on May 2d; also, on May 9th, "Arrivals out from Bal- 
 timore, Captain Cain at Killala, Captain Patterson at 
 Cork and Captain Pim at Dublin" ; on May 16th, "the 
 brig Globe, Captain Garrigues, at Cork" ; on May 23d, 
 "Captains Miller and Smith at Dublin, Curtis at Water- 
 ford, Ferguson at Belfast, and McGowan at London- 
 derry"; and on May 30th "the brig Hibernia, Captain 
 Hayman, at Dublin." This made twenty vessels in all 
 in five successive issues of the paper'during the month 
 of May, 1771. 
 
 June 13. — "Captain Fullerton from Dublin spoke the 
 ship Newry Packet, Captain Robeson, from Newry for 
 this place." Cleared for departure: "Ship Friendship, 
 Captain McCuUough; sloop Hannah, Captain May; 
 ship George, Captain Martin; all for Cork." 
 
 July 11. — "Captain Malcom from Belfast spoke Cap- 
 tain Williams from Cork for Maryland." 
 
 July 25. — "Arrived : the brig New Speedwell, Captain 
 Gamble, from Cork, who reported he had spoke a brig 
 from Dublin for Maryland, out fifty-two days." 
 
 August 15. — Cleared for departure: "Ship Philadel- 
 phia, Captain Malcom, and ship Walworth, Captain 
 McCausland, for Cork; ship Newry Packet, Captain 
 Robinson, for Dublin; snow Charlotte, Captain Curtis, 
 for Waterford." 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 279 
 
 September 19. — "Arrived out from Philadelphia: 
 Captains Garrigues and Matthews at Cork, Rankin at 
 Newry, Towns at Dublin, and McCutcheon at Bel- 
 fast." 
 
 November 14. — "Arrived out" or "Cleared for de- 
 parture" from Philadelphia: Ship Hercules, Captain 
 Linsey, at Cork ; ship Kitty and Peggy, Ferguson, and 
 brig Polly, McCutcheon, for Belfast; ship Charming 
 Sally, Cooper, for Newry; brig James, McCuUoh, for 
 Cork; brig Greenock, Scott, for Dublin." 
 
 Pennsylvania Gazette, Year 1772 
 
 March 5. — "By Captain Pym from Dublin, arrived 
 at New York, we learn that a brig from Waterford 
 bound for Baltimore with servants, was cast away in 
 Dublin Bay the beginning of December and it was 
 feared would be lost." 
 
 April 30. — Captain Hardie, who arrived in "the brig 
 Patty from Cork," advertised having on board "one 
 hundred servants and redemptioners. Men, Women, 
 Boys and Girls, among them are sundry Tradesmen, 
 such as Smiths, Nail-workers, Shoe-makers, Taylors, 
 Skinners, Carpenters, Gardiners, Grooms, and Farm- 
 ers, whose Times are to be disposed of by the Master 
 on board said brig." 
 
 September 9. — In announcing the arrival from Ire- 
 land of the ship Walworth, Captain McCausland, the 
 paper stated that "with Captain McCausland came 300 
 Passengers," and that "the ship General Wolfe, Cap- 
 tain Hunter, sailed for this port eight days before Cap- 
 tain McCausland, and the brig Boscawen, Captain 
 
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280 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 Marshall, was expected to sail soon after him, also for 
 this port." 
 
 Pennsylvania Gazette, Year 1773 
 
 May 5. — "On Sunday arrived here the ship Friend- 
 ship, Captain McCulloch, from Belfast, with 250 pas- 
 sengers." 
 
 May 12. — "Captain Slacomb, from Dublin, on the 
 21st of last month, in Lat, 30:19, Long. 67, spoke the 
 ship Hope, Captain Casey, from Cork, with Passengers 
 on board for Augustine." 
 
 August 4. — Sunday last the ship Newry's Assistance, 
 Captain Cunningham, arrived here from Newry with 
 270 Passengers, all very healthy." 
 
 August 11. — "Since our last, the ship Hannah, Cap- 
 tain Mitchell, arrived here from Londonderry with up- 
 wards of 500 Passengers." Also "Captain Hunter, 
 from Londonderry, with 546 Passengers." 
 
 November 3. — "The ship Prince of Wales, Captain 
 Morrison, is arrived at Baltimore from Londonderry 
 with about 200 Passengers, which makes no less than 
 3500 that have left that Port only, within one year." 
 
 New York Journal or General Advertiser, Year 1772 
 
 January 23. — In announcing the arrival of "the brig, 
 Connolly, which sailed from Dublin the beginning of 
 October with 70 Passengers for America," it said: "The 
 despatches say that two other vessels sailed the same 
 day from Dublin with passengers for America and one 
 from Cork." 
 
 February 27. — "A brig belonging to Waterford, 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 281 
 
 bound for Baltimore with servants, was cast away in 
 Dublin Bay." This news was brought by the Captain 
 of the ship Countess of Donegal, which arrived in New 
 York that day from Dublin. 
 
 June 25. — A despatch from Philadelphia said that 
 the Captain of the ship Jupiter, from Ireland, had ar- 
 rived there and "brought with him and landed at New- 
 castle and this place 430 passengers, all in good health. 
 It is said the high price of lands and provisions will 
 induce great numbers to leave Ireland for Anfierica 
 this year." 
 
 August 29. — The arrival at Philadelphia of "Captain 
 Malcom from Belfast, Ireland, with 380 passengers," 
 was announced. 
 
 . September 10. — "Captain McCuUoch from Newry, 
 arrived at Philadelphia, has brought 400 passengers." 
 
 October 29. — "The General Wolfe, from Ireland, 
 with 250 people on board for this port," was reported 
 in a letter from Baltimore dated October 16, 1772. 
 
 December 3. — A despatch from Charleston, South 
 Carolina, gave an account of "250 passengers who are 
 just arrived here from Ireland in order to settle in 
 this Province." 
 
 New York Gazette and Weekly Mercury, Year 1773 
 
 January 4. — This issue annpunced the arrival at New 
 York of eight ships from Irish ports, and in the same 
 paper of December 20, 1773, there are advertisements 
 of the sailing of seven vessels from New York for 
 Ireland, which had previously arrived from Irish ports. 
 
 June 14. — "Just arrived from Cork in the Brigantine 
 
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282 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 Galway Packet, Hugh Fallon, Master, a number of 
 healthy men and women servants and redemptioners, 
 whose freights are payable to Mrs. Catherine Lynch in 
 Broad Street or the Captain on board said Brigantine, 
 Among said servants are smiths, taylors, weavers, shoe- 
 makers, wool-combers, dyers, labourers, cutlers, a buckle- 
 maker, and a bleacher; and several women that can 
 cook, use the needle," etc. 
 
 July 12. — A long account from Belfast relating to 
 "the number of ships and their tonnage that sailed with 
 passengers for North America in the last two years," 
 taken from the News Letter. Then followed a list of 
 the ships which sailed from four Irish ports in 1771 
 and 1772. The total was sixty- two of an aggregate 
 tonnage of 17,350. The despatch further said: "It 
 may be supposed, on a moderate computation, that the 
 number of passengers were equal to the tonnage," or 
 an average of 280 passengers per ship. 
 
 July 19. — A despatch from Philadelphia said: "Tues- 
 day last. Captain Cheevers arrived here from Ireland 
 with about 200 passengers, having landed a like number 
 at New Castle, Del." The arrival of "Captain McCad- 
 don from Cork" was announced this day and, under 
 the head of "arrivals out," "the Jane from New York 
 is arrived at Dublin." Also, "on Tuesday arrived here 
 in eight weeks from Newry the ship Robert, Captain 
 Russell, with 250 passengers, part of which he has disem- 
 barked at Amboy on their way to the lands in New 
 Jersey and Pennsylvania where they propose to fix ; the 
 rest are destined for settlements in this Province. Most 
 of these people being well skilled in the Linen Manu- 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 283 
 
 factory, if proper Encouragement is given to them will 
 be an important acquisition to the British Colonies." 
 
 October 11. — ^" Advices from North Carolina mention 
 that in August last 500 settlers arrived there from 
 Ireland." 
 
 New York Gazette and Weekly Mercury, Year 1774- 
 
 May 16. — Under the head of 'Arrivals out from New 
 York," the paper announced on this day: "The Countess 
 of Donegal, th^ Hercules, and the Liberty at Dublin ; 
 the Jupiter and the Hill at Londonderry; the Badger 
 at Cork; the Needham, Peggy, William, Renown, and 
 Hannah at Newry ; the Peace and Plenty at Belfast, and 
 the Charlotte at Waterford, or thirteen vessels in all 
 which sailed for Ireland from the port of New York. 
 All of these were engaged in passenger traffic and re- 
 turned at regular intervals to America with their human 
 freight. 
 
 June 13. — Among the vessels "Spoken by Cap- 
 tain Craig" on his outward voyage was "the ship 
 Hercules, Captain Norwood, from Dublin for Balti- 
 more, with 150 passengers on board, all well." "The 
 Needham, from Ireland, with about 300 Passengers," 
 was announced in the same paper of August 8, 1774, 
 and the arrival "at South Carolina" of the Jupiter, from 
 Ireland, "with 150 passengers as settlers in that Prov- 
 ince," was announced on September 12, 1774. And I 
 find Rev. Ezra Stiles writing at Newport, R. I., on 
 August 9, 1774, that "last month arrived at New Castle, 
 Delaware, the snow Charlotte, Captain Gaffney, from 
 
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284 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 Water ford, with 100 passengers, and the ship IJo^, 
 Captain McClenaban, from Newry, with 200." ^'^ 
 
 Sonae historical writers say that European immigra- 
 tion to America "ceased altogether some time before the 
 Revolution." While this is correct to some extent, it 
 does not appear probable that all Irish immigration 
 stopped, and in this connection I quote the following 
 items which appeared in the Pefinsylvania Gazette, 
 January 4, 1775: "Saturday l^st Captain Cheevers ar- 
 rived here from Cork with about forty passengers. The 
 snow Betty Greg and a ship, Montgomery, MasteV) 
 sailed from this place [Cork] three days before Ca.ptain 
 Cheevers." Among some news brought by a Captain 
 Lawrence from Boston, published in the G(izette of 
 May 31, 1775, was this : "Ships left at Newry, Ireland, 
 up with passengers for America, viz. Ship I^eno'fvn, 
 Keith;- Britannia, Souder; Minerva, Forest; Liberty, 
 Loudon; the Peter, Eager; Illustrious-Five, Smith; 
 Lord-Dunluce, Souter ; Sally, Kii'by ; and the Monomia, 
 Morrison" ; or nine vessels in all about to sail from one 
 Irish port with passengers for America. 
 
 In the absence of official statistics, these accounts from 
 the newspapers of the time and the numerous similar 
 items that are obtained from the same source are the 
 best proof that can now be presented as to the extent 
 of Irish emigration, but I think they prove beyond ques- 
 tion that the Irish settlements in America a few years 
 before the Revolution were large and contiuiious. A 
 striking statement in this connection is that quoted from 
 the Belfast News Letter in the New York Gazette and 
 
 ^^ Diary of Ezra Stiles, President of Yale College. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 285 
 
 Weekly Mercury of July 12, 1773. If we assume that 
 the estimate of this newspaper was approximately cor- 
 rect, it would mean that 17,350 passengers — exclusive 
 of "servants" and "tedemptioners" — sailed for America 
 from four Irish ports in the years 1771 and 1772. If 
 we assume further that the number of "servants" and 
 "redemptioners" equalled the number of "passengers," 
 we arrive at a total of 34,700 immigrants to America 
 from only four Irish ports during these two years ; and 
 since it is already shown by the statement of Captain 
 Oliffe that eighteen thousand people left Ireland for 
 America during the first six months of 1773, the con- 
 clusion is justified that the total number of Irish immi- 
 grants to America during the years 1771, 1772 and 1773 
 was not fat short of one hundred thousand ! And when 
 we consider that the main cause why so many of these 
 people left their native land was the harsh treatment 
 which they received from government and landlords, is 
 it any wonder that large numbers of Irishmen are found 
 fighting under the standard of Washington? 
 
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CHAPTER XVI 
 
 THE "SCOTCH-IRISH" MYTH 
 
 Extensive trade between Ireland and America. Statistics showing 
 that the majority of the vessels from Ireland were from Cork 
 and Dublin. Eighteen thousand immigrants left Ireland for 
 America during the first half of the year 1773. The "Scotch- 
 Irish" myth exploded. Irish soldiers in the Colonial Wars. 
 Composition of the Pennsylvania Regiment. 
 
 ly /f UCH has been said about "non-Irish" emigration 
 ■^^-'- from Ireland to America. If we accept for the 
 moment the statements of some historical writers that 
 the immigrants from Ireland previous to 1775 mainly 
 comprised the "Scotch-Irish," or, as some describe them, 
 "the Ulster Scots," it would be natural to suppose, con- 
 sidering the primitive traveling facilities of that period, 
 that these people came in ships plying from northern 
 ports. So far as I can find, there is nothing on record 
 to inform us of the exact numbers of people who came 
 to America from the different parts of Ireland, and on 
 that point the only practical guide is to be found, first 
 in the nomenclature of the Irish settlers, and, second, 
 in the number of passenger ships which are recorded as 
 trading between Irish and American ports. As to the 
 first-mentioned, while a vast number of old Irish names 
 appear in early American records, it is now impossible 
 to arrive at any satisfactory conclusion as to how their 
 numbers compared with those Irish immigrants bearing 
 
 286 
 
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/R£Pfi00i/C£O BV AA/A/A FffANCSS i.£V//VS 
 
 THOMAS LYNCH, J^ 
 
 SIGNER OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, 
 GRANDSON OF THOMAS LYNCH OF GALWAYj IRELAND, 
 
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A HIDDEN PHASE OF HISTORY 287 
 
 non-Irish names. In an effort to arrive at some con- 
 servative basis of calculation, I have made a list of all 
 vessels from Ireland registered at the New York and 
 Philadelphia Custom Houses, as announced in the news- 
 papers of the years 1771-1774, — that is, the period 
 of the largest Irish emigrations, — and find that the total 
 "Arrivals" from Ireland and "Cleared for Departure" 
 for Ireland during that period were 576. This number 
 was distributed as follows : 
 
 From and For Number of From and For Number of 
 
 Irish Ports Vessels Irish Ports Vessels 
 
 Cork 135 Larne 10 
 
 Dublin 124 Killala 3 
 
 Londonderry 96 Sligo, Dingle, and Kinsale, 
 
 Newry 87 two each . 6 
 
 Belfast 39 Limerick, Drogheda, Kil- 
 
 Waterford 29 lybegs, and Letterkenny, 
 
 Galway 25 one each ,..,.... 4 
 
 Coleraine ,. . . , 14 "Ireland" 4 
 
 Total 576 
 
 Thus we see that of 576 sailings by vessels which plied 
 between New York and Philadelphia and Irish ports 
 during these four years, only 247, or about forty-three 
 per cent., were to and from those northern ports where 
 the "Scotch-Irish" emigrants would naturally embark, 
 and 329, or fifty-seven per cent., were to and from 
 those parts of Ireland where the "old Irish" are admit- 
 tedly the predominant element. As showing that these 
 figures were not unusual and that the same proportions 
 prevailed for several years previously, I find that dur- 
 ing the years 1767-1769 the number of vessels registered 
 
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288 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 at the New York and Philadelphia Custom Houses was 
 318, of which 131, or about forty per cent., sailed to and 
 from northern ports. This number was distributed as 
 follows : 
 
 From and For Number of From and For Number of 
 
 Irish Ports Vessels Irish Ports Vessels 
 
 Dublin ,. . . 87 Coleraine 6 
 
 Cork 73 Larne , 5 
 
 Londonderry . 51 Killybegs ,. . . 4 
 
 Newry 49 Killala 3 
 
 Belfast ,. . 18 Sligo ,. . . 3 
 
 Waterford 10 Portaferry, Carrickfergus, 
 
 Galway 6 and Limerick, one each . . 3 
 
 1 
 
 Total 318 
 
 Evidence of this character has never been presented 
 before, and I submit that such figures are indisputable. 
 If we should assume from them, as did the writer in the 
 Belfast News-Letter of July 12, 1773, that "on a moder- 
 ate computation the number of passengers were equal to 
 the tonnage," we can say that the "Scotch-Irish" his- 
 torians have not reckoned on a true basis of fact, and 
 the logical inference is that they merely guessed at the 
 proportionate numbers. Even in the absence of such 
 evidence as that of the shipping lists, if these historians 
 had only searched for some traces of the names in the 
 State archives or the county histories, they would be 
 quickly disillusioned of the notion that the emigrants 
 
 ^ The total was even greater than this; 318 is the number men- 
 tioned in one newspaper alone, namely, the Nem York Gazette and 
 Weekly Mercury of the years 1767-1769, with several issues of the 
 paper missing from the files in the New York Public Library. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 289 
 
 from Ireland before the Revolution were "mainly the 
 Scotch-Irish." 
 
 It is shown by the authorities already quoted that 
 Irish immigrations to America during the period re- 
 ferred to averaged 12,000 per year, and it is also shown 
 that the percentage of those who probably came from 
 Ulster was forty-one per cent., and from all the rest 
 df Ireland fifty-eight per cent, of the whole. From 
 the first-mentioned proportion some deduction must be 
 made to allow for those of unquestioned Irish blood in 
 the north; for not even the most enthusiastic advocate 
 of the "Scotch-Irish" theory can claim that the entire 
 population of Ulster was of Scotch descent. For in- 
 stance, it cannot for a moment be thought that a 
 passenger ship sailing from Letterkenny or London- 
 derry carried only those who are called "Scotch-Irish^'; 
 for it is natural to assume that a certain proportion of 
 the passengers must have been from Donegal, one of 
 the most "Irish" counties of Ireland. In fact, a strik- 
 ing feature of the town and county histories of Penn- 
 sylvania is the frequent repetition of the statement, in 
 relation to some certain individual or family referred 
 to by the local historian, that he or they "came from 
 Donegal"! If we deduct one-fifth of the forty-two 
 per cent, as representing this element, we have only 
 thirty-four per cent, of the total Irish immigration left 
 to the "Scotch-Irish," or an estimate, for the period 
 1767 to 1774, of 32,640 "Scotch-Irish" immigrants and 
 63,360 plain Irish immigrants. 
 
 In view of these figures, what possible justification can 
 there be for the persistent claim that Irish immigration 
 
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290 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 to America, outside of the "Scotch-Irish," was an un- 
 important and negligible factor? Of course, the real 
 fact of the matter is that every Irish immigrant whose 
 name began with "Mac," or whose name apparently 
 was not of Irish origin, or who was not of the Catholic 
 faith, was placed in the "Scotch-Irish" category. 
 
 In the Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biog- 
 raphy and in the voluminous Pennsylvania Archives, 
 compiled and published by authority of the State Legis- 
 lature, may be seen such lists as taxables, tithables, 
 jurors, election returns, grantees of land, county and 
 district officers, muster-rolls of the "Associators and 
 Militia," Colonial and Revolutionary soldiers, etc., in 
 all of which Irish names stand side by side with those 
 of Teutonic, English, and other origins. As a rule, 
 copies of these records are available at the leading 
 libraries, and even a casual examination of them by those 
 who have had to rely on the work of the general his- 
 torians for information on this subject would be a 
 revelation indeed. There is no history of any town, city, 
 or county of Pennsylvania that does not contain a cer- 
 tain proportion of Irish names among those who are 
 enumerated as "the pioneer settlers," and in some sec- 
 tions of the province it is seen that, until the great 
 influx of Germans set in, the Irish were in a vast 
 majority. They were a hardy and resolute element; an 
 undaunted spirit of adventure seems to have led them 
 to the furthest outposts of western Pennsylvania and 
 the Ohio, whence they spread up and down the Alle- 
 gheny and Shenandoah valleys ; they built the highways, 
 bridged the streams, and cut down the virgin forests; 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 291 
 
 and despite the difficulties which confronted them, their 
 log cabins were reared and their clearings tilled in every 
 valley and forest from the Delaware River to the very 
 frontiers of civilization. 
 
 In these wilderness settlements they established 
 churches and schools, and I venture the prediction here, 
 that when a more impartial age shall have expunged 
 from the record the aspersions that have been cast upon 
 the Irish pioneers, the greatest credit that history will 
 bestow upon them will be their furnishing a larger pro- 
 portion of the schoolmasters of the province than any 
 other European people ! 
 
 The spirit of patriotism strongly manifested itself 
 among those Pennsylvania Irishmen. Their names are 
 listed conspicuously among the provincial troops in the 
 Colonial wars, and throughout the struggles with the 
 Indians they bravely sustained their share of the bur- 
 den of defending the frontiers. When, in later years, 
 the alarm of the American Revolution was sounded in 
 the hills and valleys of Pennsylvania, it awakened a 
 congenial thrill among the inhabitants, especially in the 
 blood of that race which had for so many years resisted 
 the arbitrary power of England in the land of their 
 fathers. 
 
 There is nothing that so strikingly illustrates this point 
 as a glance at the personnel of some of the fighting 
 units organized in Pennsylvania at various times during 
 the Colonial wars. The muster-rolls of the soldiers who 
 served in the early wars of the province are preserved 
 by the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, and have 
 been reproduced in their original form in the State Ar- 
 
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292 A HIDDEN PHASE OF HISTORY 
 
 chives, and an examination of these rolls opens up some 
 very interesting speculations as to how much the Com- 
 monwealth of Pennsylvania owes to its pioneer Irish 
 settlers. In 1746, Governor Thomas ordered that four 
 hundred men be raised for service in an intended ex- 
 pedition to Canada, and of the 327 men recruited in the 
 "Lower Counties" ^ in August of that year by Captains 
 John Shannon, William Trent, and Samuel Perry, fifty- 
 five per cent, were recorded as "born in Ireland." The 
 following summary shows the countries of nativity of 
 the men of these companies; and when we consider the 
 fact that all were young men and that they were occupied 
 in manual toil, we can readily conclude that they were 
 eJccellent fighting material and, doubtless, rendered good 
 service to the State : 
 
 Sorn in Born in 
 
 Ireland 180 West Indies 2 
 
 America 47 Wales 1 
 
 England . . 39 Denmark ,. :. . . 1 
 
 Germany 27 Sweden 1 
 
 Scotland 11 Not stated !. 18 
 
 Total 327 
 
 In 1758 a body of men known as "The Pennsylva- 
 nia Regiment" was organized for service in the wars 
 with the French and Indians, and the composition of 
 the various companies of this regiment furnishes another 
 example of the presence of the Irish in large numbers 
 and of their eagerness to fight for their adopted country; 
 The following table shows a comparison of the various 
 natio nalities comprising this regiment: ___^ 
 
 ^ Now Delaware. 
 
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294 A HIDDEN PHASE OF HISTORY. 
 
 Such figures need little comment. They stand out 
 as eloquent tributes to the patriotism of those American 
 Irishmen of Colonial days who accepted a certain part of 
 the responsibility in the laying of the foundations of 
 our country's future greatness. Comparatively few 
 among them rose above the rank of enlisted men; 
 they were mostly the simple folk from the so-called 
 "lower ranks of society," honest, hard-working "sons 
 of toil" who contributed an important share to the hard 
 tasks that confronted the pioneers in a new and un- 
 developed country. 
 
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CHAPTER XVII 
 
 EARLY IRISH SETTLEMENTS IN NEW YORK 
 
 The Colonial Land Records. Vast numbers of old Irish names 
 recorded. Extracts from New York newspapers of the Colonial 
 period. Annual celebrations of Saint Patrick's Day. Irish 
 merchants and landowners of the city of New York. Irish 
 soldiers in the Colonial Army. 
 
 IN New York records may also be found many similar 
 data testifying to the presence of Irish people dur- 
 ing the Colonial period. They were here, in fact, be- 
 fore the opening of the eighteenth century, and it is a 
 matter of record that an Irishman, Thomas Lewis, was 
 "one of the richest inhabitants of New York" in the 
 year 1674.^ In a report to the "Lord President of the 
 Council" dated September 8, 1687, we find Governor 
 Thomas Dongan ^ recommending "that natives of Ire- 
 land be sent here to colonize, where they may live and 
 be very happy" f and that some accepted the invitation 
 may be assumed from the number of Irish names that 
 appear a few years later in public documents of the 
 province. These names are found chiefly in records of 
 Suffolk, Albany, Columbia, Ulster, and Westchester 
 counties, and especially in the lists of persons to whom 
 
 ^Records of New Amsterdam. 
 
 ' Governor Dongan was of the ancient Irish family of that name 
 and was born at Castletown, in County Kildare. 
 ^ Documentary History of Nerv York, by Edmund B. O'Callaghan, 
 
 Vol. I, p. 256. 
 
 295 
 
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296 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 marriage licenses were issued or who were married at 
 the Dutch Reformed Church of the city of New York. 
 In Jonathan Pearson's work, Genealogies of the First 
 Settlers of the Ancient County of Albany from 1636 
 to 1800, and also in a similar compilation from the rec- 
 ords of Schenectady County, are mentioned 435 Irish- 
 men and Irishwomen who were residents of that section 
 in the eighteenth century, and the manner in which 
 certain of the names are spelled at once explains how 
 some of the descendants of these Irish settlers formed 
 the impression that they are of old English or Dutch 
 stock ! 
 
 Among the important material sources from which 
 information on this subject is obtained are the Land 
 Papers at the office of the Secretary of State, which con- 
 tain 250 entries, all told, covering warrants for tracts of 
 land from the Colonial government to Irish immigrants 
 or former Colonial soldiers at various times during the 
 eighteenth century.* This does not mean that only 250 
 Irishmen received warrants for land during that period, 
 for some of the individual land grants represented 
 several separate families. As an example of this, the 
 Petition of Robert Harper of New York represented 
 an immigration of "no less than 200 or 300 families" 
 who were about to sail from Ireland to settle in the 
 province of New York in the year 1763.^ According 
 
 * See Calendar of New York Colonial MSS., endorsed Land 
 Papers, 1643 to 1803, compiled by the Secretary of State; Albany, 
 1864. 
 
 ^ See Petitions of Robert Harper dated January 19, March 14, 
 and April 12, 1763, in the Colonial Land Records of Nerv York, 
 Vpl. XVI. 
 
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/fEpffODUCEO BY ANNA /^ffA/^CES L£y///S 
 
 EDWARD RUTLEDGE 
 
 SIGNER GFTHE DECLARATION QF INDEPENDENCE, A NATIVE OF IRELAND. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 297 
 
 to histories of Washington County, the Irish Colonists 
 referred to in the petitions of Robert Harper sailed for 
 New York on the 10th of May, 1764, and during the 
 next year they located on a tract of 40,000 acres in the 
 vicinity of what is now Salem, White Creek, and Still- 
 water, Washington County. We are told "they were 
 mostly from the district of Ballybay in the County of 
 Monaghan," and in various public records of that sec- 
 tion of the State their descendants are mentioned for 
 several generations, showing them to have been among 
 the prominent and prosperous people of the county. 
 
 Another large Irish colony located on the west side 
 of Lake Champlain, in what is now Essex County, New 
 York, in the year 1765. This settlement was founded 
 by William Gilliland, a native of Ireland, a man of 
 extraordinary energy and intellectual powers, whose 
 name is writ large in the pre-Revolutionary history of 
 the Champlain Valley." In 1764 he purchased several 
 thousand acres of land near Lake Champlain from Brit- 
 ish officers and soldiers who had received grants of these 
 lands for military services, and in the Land Papers of 
 New York ^ may be seen several petitions by William 
 Gilliland between 1763 and 1771 praying for additional 
 grants of land in the same neighborhood and showing 
 that they were "intended for settlement by a number 
 of families from Ireland." The names of these settlers 
 
 ° See Pioneer History of the Champlain Valley, by Winslow G. 
 Watson; Albany, 1863. Also Three Centuries in the Champlain 
 Valley, published by the Saranac Chapter of the Daughters of the 
 American Revolution. 
 
 'Vols. XVII and XL, 
 
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298 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 which have been preserved indicate that they came from 
 various parts of Ireland. Gilhland left a remarkably 
 interesting Journal, from which much of the early his- 
 tory of this region is obtainable.* It embraces the 
 period from May 10, 1765, down to the year of his 
 death (1796), and from it we obtain many interesting 
 data concerning this Irish settlement. In an appendix 
 to the Orderly Book of the Northern Army at Ticon- 
 deroga and Mount Independence from October 17, 
 1776, to January 8, 1777," there is an historical sketch by 
 Winslow G. Watson on "The Fortresses of Crown 
 Point and Ticonderoga," which relates the following 
 singular and impressive incident of the establishment 
 of a local government by this backwoods settlement: 
 
 "An Event occurred in 1775, which forcibly illustrates the 
 Tendency at that Time, of publick Sentiment to democratick 
 Institutions and exhibits its Bias towards the Doctrines of Self- 
 Government. This Settlement, it has been stated, was in the ideal 
 Limits of Charlotte County, but it possessed no tangible and prac- 
 tical political or social Organization. It was too remote to be reached 
 by the protecting Arm of Government and too unimportant to receive 
 any specific legislative Action. The Presence and Ascendancy of 
 some civil or political Power were demanded in the changed Condi- 
 tions and increased Population of the Colony by their common 
 Interests and for their mutual Protection and Safety. Under these 
 Circumstances, they convened on the 17th of March, 1775, by 
 common Approbation, an Assembly of the Colonists and constituted 
 themselves in Effect a pure Democracy. (They were chiefly Irish 
 arid Saint Patrick's Festival was no doubt designedly adopted for 
 the occasion.) At this popular Convention, it was determined to 
 
 * Gilliland's Journal shows that it was he who laid the plan for 
 the seizure of Fort Ticonderoga by Colonel Ethan Allen. 
 ^Published at Albany, New York, 1859. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 299 
 
 institute, for many practical Purposes, a local Government. A 
 System of Police and social Regulations were matured, formally 
 adopted and ratified by the individual signatures of the Citizens. It 
 was made imperative upon all, and each was pledged to abide by 
 its Provisions 'by every Tie of Honour and Honesty.' In con 
 templating this singular and most interesting Incident, the Mind 
 instinctively reverts to the Cabin of the May Flower, where a 
 similar Scene was enacted under the Guidance of the same Spirit 
 and resting upon the same eternal Principles." 
 
 The Colonial manuscripts of New York, published by 
 the State and edited by the distinguished historian, Ed- 
 mund B. O'Callaghan; ^'^ the voluminous publications of 
 the New York Historical Society ; and the probate rec- 
 ords of the earliest settled counties of the State con- 
 tain a vast number of names of Irish people who came 
 to settle in the province of New York during the Colo- 
 nial period. It is rather curious also to find in the 
 marriage and birth records of the Dutch Reformed 
 Church and of the Presbyterian churches of the city of 
 New York a very large number of old Irish Catholic 
 names, some of them dating back to the first quarter of 
 the eighteenth century. These records have been care- 
 fully investigated by the New York Genealogical and 
 Biographical Society, and in the publications of that 
 society may be seen verbatim copies of the entries in the 
 original parish registers, showing in numerous cases 
 such curious spellings of Irish names as to render them 
 unrecognizable to the ordinary reader unacquainted with 
 Irish nomenclature. In a list of "Names of Persons 
 for whom Marriage Licenses were issued by the Secre- 
 
 ^° Calendar of Historical Manuscripts in the Office of the Secre- 
 tary of State, by Edmund B. O'Callaghan; Albany, 1866. 
 
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300 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 taiy of State of the Province of New York, previous to 
 1784," " I find 1049 Irish names. The material con- 
 tained in these pubhcations is unquestionable and 
 authentic, for it was copied with the most scrupulous 
 care from the original records. 
 
 As early as 1700, Ireland exported much linen, raw 
 and manufactured, to the Colonies, and it is a fact that 
 all of the linen used by the inhabitants for many years 
 came from Ireland. In course of time the Colonists 
 established Ikien factories for themselves, for which 
 purpose they brought over a large nimiber of Irish 
 weavers. In a "Report from Governor William Tryon 
 on the State of the Province of New York," dated June 
 11, 1774," he said that "more than eleven-twelfths of 
 the inhabitants are cloathed in linen imported from Ire- 
 land," and that "there is every year a great Quantity of 
 Flax seed, lumber and Iron sent to Ireland in ships gen- 
 erally belonging to that Kingdom, which come out an- 
 nually with passengers and Servants, as also with Linen, 
 Beef, and Butter." In the New York newspapers from 
 1750 down to the end of the century, there were printed 
 regularly every week advertisements announcing the im- 
 portation and sale of all kinds of Irish manufactured 
 goods, and during that period I estimate that, all told, 
 the newspapers published not less than twenty-five 
 
 ^1 Published at Albany in I860 by Gideon T. Tucker, Secretary 
 of State. For numerous Irish names see also Abstracts of Wills, 
 published in fourteen volumes by the New York Historical Society. 
 
 ^^ Document No. XLIV, quoted in O'Callaghan's Documentary 
 History of New York, Vol. I, pp. 739-769 ; London, 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 301 
 
 thousand advertisements covering the sale of Irish 
 goods/^ 
 
 In the issue of Bradford's New York Gazette of the 
 week April 7-14, 1735, there is "an account of vessels 
 entered and cleared in the Custom Houses from Decem^ 
 ber 31, 1733, to JMarch 28, 1734," and of these vessels 
 fifty-four tradexl between Ireland and New York and 
 Philadelphia, twenty-eight of which were from Dublin, 
 nine from Belfast, four from Cork, two each from Wa- 
 terford and Londonderry, and nine from "Ireland." If 
 we assume that this traiSc was maintained at the same 
 rate during the remainder of the year, it is seen that the 
 total number of ships sailing for and arriving at these 
 two ports from Ireland, was approximately 224 for the 
 year. In the same paper of the years 1736 to 1738 I 
 find forty-two vessels trading between Ireland and New 
 York, and in the New York Evening Post of the year 
 1747 thirty-three such vessels are listed; and as only 
 comparatively few copies of these newspapers are on file 
 at the New York Public Library, where I examined 
 them, we may assume that the number of vessels which 
 arrived from Ireland at the port of New York during 
 this period was quite large. 
 
 In the New York Gazette and Weekly Post-Boy of 
 the years 1753 to 1758, under the head of "Ships Reg- 
 istered at the Custom House," there are enumerated 
 
 '^ In AchenwaH's Observations on North America, first printed 
 in the Hanoverian Magazine in 1767, and republished in the 
 Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography (Vol. XXVII), 
 it is stated that two million pounds sterling of Ireland's products 
 were sold yearly in America. 
 
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302 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 132 vessels, all told, trading between the port of New 
 York and various Irish ports; and according to the 
 Custom House lists printed in the New York Gaiette 
 and Weekly Mercury ^* of the years 1766 to 1770, 127 
 ships "arrived from Ireland" and 242 "cleared for de- 
 parture for Ireland," or a yearly average of seventy- 
 four sailings between Irish ports and the port of New 
 York alone. When we consider that the advertisements 
 in the newspapers announcing the return of some of 
 these vessels to Ireland said they had "ample accommo- 
 dations for passengers," we may conjecture the large 
 number of Irish people who were brought to New York 
 during the various periods referred to. In one issue of 
 the Mercury, namely, that of December 12, 1768, may 
 be seen sixteen separate advertisements by the masters 
 or agents of vessels about to return to their home ports 
 in Ireland, and it is a singular fact that the same paper 
 contains only two advertisements of vessels sailing to 
 other European countries ! Occasionally this paper also 
 published accounts of the arrival of immigrants destined 
 to other parts of the country; as, for instance, the fol- 
 lowing despatch from Pensacola, Florida, which ap- 
 peared in its issue of March 3, 1766: "Lieutenant- 
 Governor Brown has arrived at this place with two 
 hundred settlers from Ireland." And on May 21, 1763, 
 the Mercury printed an account of the arrival at Boston 
 of Captain Daniel McCarthy in the Sally, with a ship- 
 load of passengers "from Kingsale in Ireland." 
 
 ^* The founder and editor of this paper was Hugh Gaine, a native 
 of Belfast, Ireland. It was established as The Mercury in the 
 year 1752. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 303 
 
 From the news columns of the New York newspapers 
 between the years 1762 and 1766 are also obtainable 
 some very interesting data. A regular item of news 
 appearing each year in these papers was the account of 
 the celebrations held by the Irish residents of the city 
 on "the Anniversary of Saint Patrick, Tutelar Saint of 
 Ireland," which, it was frequently stated, "were attended 
 by many gentlemen of that nation and others." As an 
 example of the character of the entertainments on these 
 annual feast days, the New York Gazette and Weekly 
 Mercury of March 20, 1766, published a report of a 
 celebration held on the previous 17th of March, "ushered 
 in at dawn with fifes and drums," which produced "a 
 very agreeable harmony among the inhabitants." Among 
 the toasts drunk on that occasion we find: "May the 
 enemies of America be branded with infamy and dis- 
 dain" ; "Success to American manufacturers" ; "The Day 
 and Prosperity to Ireland," and others of the same tenor. 
 And the fact that one of the toasts was, "Success to the 
 Sons of Liberty," shows that the New York Irish kept 
 abreast of the politics of the time and swept along with 
 the rising tide of republicanism to which the passage of 
 the Stamp Act the year before had given considerable 
 impetus. 
 
 That this feeling was mutual may be seen from an 
 account of "an elegant entertainment" on the evening of 
 March 17, 1771, held by the New York Sons of Liberty, 
 pubhshed in Gaine's paper of March 25, 1771. The 
 entertainment, we are told, was attended by "a great 
 number of the principal inhabitants of the City, Friends 
 to Liberty and Trade," and among the toasts drunk on 
 
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304 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 this occasion was : "Prosperity to Ireland and the worthy 
 Sons and Daughters of Saint Patrick." On the same 
 evening, New York Irishmen were holding their annual 
 celebration of Saint Patrick's Day, and the report in 
 Gaine's paper of the dinner of the Sons of Liberty said: 
 "Messages of Civil Compliment were exchanged by 
 those Gentlemen and the Friendly Brothers of Saint 
 Patrick, who dined at the Queen's Head Tavern."^^ The 
 Mercury on March 16, 1775, contained an announce- 
 ment that "to-morrow, being the anniversary of Saint 
 Patrick, Tutelar Saint of Ireland, will be observed with 
 the usual respect and attention by his generous sons and 
 their descendants." It is rather significant that very 
 few of such announcements appeared during the period 
 of the war, but, on the next recurring Saint Patrick's 
 Day after the evacuation of the city by the British, an 
 especially joyous feast was held, and the present body, 
 The Society of the Friendly Sons of Saint Patrick, was 
 organized by Irish residents of the City of New York."^" 
 Among the sources from which I have collected much 
 material concerning the early Irish of the City of New 
 York, may be mentioned the Records of New Amster- 
 dam,^'' containing the Minutes of the Court of Burgo- 
 masters and Schepens, the Minutes of the Meetings of 
 
 I * 
 
 '^^ Now Fraunces' Tavern, at Broad and Pearl Streets. 
 
 ^° Many interesting extracts from New York and other news- 
 papers of this period, containing accounts of these annual celebra- 
 tions in various parts of the Colonies, may be found in John D. 
 Crimmins' Early Celebrations of S<iint Patrick's Day, published 
 in New York in 1902. 
 
 ^^ Edited by Berthold Fernow and published by the city in seven 
 volumes in 1897. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 305 
 
 the Common Council of the City of New York/* Lists 
 of Freemen and the Poll Lists of the City,^^ the original 
 Tax and Assessment RoUs of the City,^" the original 
 records of the Surrogate's office,^^ and the Records of 
 Conveyances at the office of the Register for the City 
 and County of New York.^^ From the latter source 
 alone I have collected the details of 750 legal instru- 
 ments, all executed prior to the year 1800, chiefly cover- 
 ing transactions in real estate in which men and women 
 of the most distinctive Irish names appear as the princi- 
 pals. When we find in these early records such names 
 as O'Farrell, O'Brien, Mooney, McGrath, McGowan, 
 Duane, Lynch, Mulligan, Daly, Ryan, Sullivan, Mur- 
 phy, Flanagan, McGuire, Hogan, McCormick, McDa- 
 vitt, Kelly, Burke, and Shea, and so on, among the 
 prosperous business men of the city and consider the 
 number of legal instruments recorded at the Register's 
 office, we may safely assume that Irishmen occupied a 
 place of importance in the business and social life of 
 the community. 
 
 That large numbers of Irishmen settled throughout 
 the Colony of New York twenty years or more before 
 the Revolution, is strikingly illustrated by the rosters 
 of the soldiers who joined the armed forces raised in 
 defence of the colony during the French-English War. 
 The names of these men may be found in the publications 
 of the New York Historical Society. 
 
 ^' Published by the city in 1905 in eight volumes. 
 ^' For copies of these lists, see James Grant Wilson's History 
 of the City of New York. 
 
 ^^ On file at the Comptroller's office. 
 ^^ At the Hall of Records. 
 ^Uhid. 
 
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CHAPTER XVIII 
 
 THE "IRISH DONATION" 
 
 How Ireland succored the famishing Colonists in 1676. Irish 
 immigration to New England. The town of Cork, Maine. 
 Massachusetts records. Shipping between Boston and Irish 
 ports. The Charitable Irish Society of Boston founded in 
 1737. The Town Books of Boston a wealth of historic data 
 concerning the Irish pioneers. 
 
 rFlHE fact that in Ireland there was a certain famili- 
 -■- arity with Colonial aifairs even as early as the 
 seventeenth century is proven in many ways, but none 
 more so than by the action taken by the citizens of 
 Dublin when the news reached that city of the distressed 
 condition of the New England Colonists resulting from 
 "King Philip's War." No more striking instance of 
 practical sympathy toward the suffering Colonists is 
 related in American history than this incident. The 
 Indian war of 1675-1676 was bloody and devastating 
 in the extreme. Large numbers of the inhabitants of 
 Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island fell in 
 battle or were murdered by the savage foe and many 
 towns were destroyed, and it is worthy of note that more 
 than one hundred Irish names are enumerated among 
 the Colonial militia who fought the Indian hordes. ^ In 
 these times of distress and misery it is recorded that Ire- 
 
 ^ See list of Irish soldiers who fought in King Philip's war, in 
 Journal of the American Irish Historical Society, Vol. XIII. 
 
 308 
 
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/?£P>f?0£>C/C£^D By^ ^A//v'A F/PAJVC^S L£V//VS 
 
 MAJOR CHARLES MCHENRY 
 
 PRIVATE SECRETARY TQ GENERAL WASHINGTON. 
 BORN IN ANTRIM, IRELAND. 
 
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'A HIDDEN PHASE OF HISTORY 307 
 
 land was the only European country which sent relief 
 to the Colonists, and so large was the consignment that 
 the Lord Mayor of Dublin sent three Commissioners to 
 Boston to take charge of the distribution of the "Irish 
 Donation," as it is called in the official records of the 
 Colony of Massachusetts Bay. It is not known what 
 the "Irish Donation" actually consisted of, but that, with 
 traditional Irish generosity, it was liberal in the extreme 
 we may judge from the fact that the cost of the freight 
 alone was the very large sum for those days of £475 
 sterling. The relief came in the ship Katherine, which 
 sailed from Dublin for Boston on August 28, 1676. In 
 Massachusetts alone 47 towns and 2351 persons were 
 succored by this timely Irish relief. ^ 
 
 The popular legend propagated by New England 
 historians, that all of the early settlers in that region 
 were of English stock, is quickly dissipated by consult- 
 ing the records. At the port of Boston, as early as the 
 third decade of the seventeenth century, merchant ves- 
 sels from Ireland are numbered among the arrivals, and 
 between 1714 and 1720, fifty-three ships, mostly "with 
 passengers," were registered at Boston from various 
 Irish ports, ^ and in the year 1733 twenty-nine vessels 
 
 ^ At the time of the Irish famine of 1847 this incident was 
 gratefully recalled by the New England Historic and Genealogical 
 Society, and in that society's Annual Register (for the year 1848), 
 as well as in George Madison Bodge's History of King Philip's 
 War and in Rev. Mr. Watterson's Voyage of the Jamestown, au- 
 thentic accounts of the "Irish Donation" may be found. 
 
 ^ Boston Town Records, containing tax lists, deeds, wills, mort- 
 gages. Custom House records, notarial and court records, births, 
 baptisms, marriages, and deaths, including Roxbury, Dorchester, 
 Charlestown, and other districts. 
 
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308 
 
 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 were "entered outwards for Ireland" at the Boston Cus- 
 tom House. * In such ancient records as have been re- 
 produced by New England historical societies and in the 
 reprints of various official documents of the colony, 
 such as probate entries, land grants, and court files, as 
 well as birth and marriage lists, family papers, etc., may 
 be found a vast number of Irish names, some as far back 
 as the middle of the seventeenth century. While it is 
 probable that the majority of the Irish who found asy- 
 lum in New England at that early period were of the 
 "redemptioner" or "indentured servant" class, it is 
 known that Irishmen of substance and good social stand- 
 ing also came and settled permanently in the colony.° 
 
 * From an incomplete list in Bradford's New York Gazette in 
 1735. 
 
 ° In Suffolk Deeds (Libers 1 to 14), prepared from the originals 
 by William Blake Trask, the eminent antiquary, and published by 
 the county, 1883 to 1906, among the "Grantors" and "Grantees" 
 between 1655 and 1697 may be seen the following names, indicating 
 that these persons were property-owners in Boston at 'that early 
 period : 
 
 David Kelly 
 Arthur Gill 
 Arthur Garey 
 John Cogan 
 Roger Corbett 
 Daniel Cushin 
 John Cosgrove 
 Thomas Foley 
 Ambrose Gibbons 
 Thomas Griffin 
 William Healy 
 Elizabeth Kelley 
 Ferdinand Gilligan 
 
 Edward Collins 
 John Cushen 
 Matthew Cushen 
 John Collins 
 John Corbett 
 John Keene 
 John Macgoune 
 Fergus McDowell 
 Thomas Killen 
 Florence Mac Carty 
 Thaddeus MacKarty 
 Samuel Sexton 
 Peter Butler 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 
 
 309 
 
 In the records of the town of Boston of the last years of 
 the seventeenth and the early years of the eighteenth cen- 
 tury hardly any names are mentioned more frequently 
 than those of Florence and Thaddeus McCarthy, and 
 in other towns Irish names of ancient origin appear 
 with strange frequency among those of the Puritans and 
 their descendants, as merchants, mechanics, and tillers 
 of the soil. 
 
 In 1720 five ships, arrived at Boston from Ireland 
 with about 1500 passengers, most of whom located in 
 the settlements along the coast of Maine, and one large 
 colony which planted itself in that year at the junction 
 of the Kennebec and Eastern rivers in Lincoln County 
 established the town of Cork, " which, however, was de- 
 stroyed by the Indians six years later. A bend of the 
 Eastern River near the present town of Dresden in Lin- 
 coln County is still known as the "Cove of Cork," and 
 
 And among the witnesses to these deeds, or persons mentioned 
 therein, are: 
 
 John Mackenny 
 Henry Larkin 
 Robert Keane 
 Brian Murphey 
 Thomas Murfey 
 James Barrett 
 William Dempsey 
 Thomas Gill 
 Anna MuUins 
 
 John Casey 
 Michael Martin 
 William Gibbons 
 James Barree 
 Nicholas Lynch 
 Thomas Barrett 
 William Caiman 
 William Gill 
 Patrick Ohogen 
 
 Edward Barrett 
 John Kelley 
 David Fitzgerald 
 Teague Crehore 
 Dermot Mahoone 
 Thomas Sexton 
 Anthony Griffin 
 James Butler 
 Darby Maguire 
 
 ® For interesting and authentic accounts of the enterprise of 
 Robert Temple and of the ill-fated town of Cork, see Collections 
 of the Maine Historical Society and Journal of the American Irish 
 ' Historical Society, Vol. XII, 
 
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310 
 
 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 the district for several miles along the river for more 
 than a century vt^as known locally by the familiar name 
 of "Ireland." Some New England historians, in re- 
 ferring to this extraordinarily large immigration, say 
 that it was comprised solely of "the Scotch-Irish from 
 the North of Ireland," but that theory is refuted by the 
 facts furnished us from local records of various Maine 
 •towns in the vicinity where they settled, and by the fur- 
 ther fact that these people were brought over by Robert 
 Temple of the city of Cork, and that three of the vessels 
 sailed from that port. Of course there were many from 
 the northern counties of Ireland, as there have been in 
 all Irish immigrations, but the names, which are the 
 surest guide in the absence of positive information as to 
 the parts of Ireland whence they came, plainly indicate 
 that a large proportion of them were families from the 
 south and west of Ireland. ^ 
 
 ^ The following examples of some surnames taken from various 
 eighteenth century records of Lincoln County, Maine, where the 
 main body of the Irish immigrants located, serve as an indication 
 of the class of people who settled in that territory: 
 
 Noonan 
 
 O'Neill 
 
 Hayley 
 
 Ryan 
 
 Fitzgerald 
 
 McBride 
 
 Fogerty 
 
 Prendergast 
 
 Walsh 
 
 Sullivan 
 
 Daly 
 
 Foley 
 
 Kenny 
 
 Donnell 
 
 Lynch 
 
 Hurley 
 
 McKenny 
 
 Corbett 
 
 Carney 
 
 Tobin 
 
 McMahon 
 
 McKeown 
 
 Gahan 
 
 Clancy 
 
 McFadden 
 
 McGuire 
 
 Cassidy 
 
 Costagan 
 
 McGowan 
 
 McCarthy 
 
 Dunn 
 
 Quinn 
 
 McCaffrey 
 
 McGra 
 
 Connelly 
 
 Whalen 
 
 Madden 
 
 Quinnan 
 
 Kelley 
 
 Riley 
 
 Condon 
 
 Hickey 
 
 Leary 
 
 Connell 
 
 Kelliher 
 
 Tynan 
 
 Meloney 
 
 Higgins 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 
 
 311 
 
 Robert Temple was of the Tipperary family of that 
 name which intermarried into the Emmet family, and 
 I am informed by Dr. Thomas Addis Emmet that the 
 story of Robert Temple's settlement in Maine has been" 
 well known in both families for generations, and that 
 the tradition is that the immigrants of 1720 were "mostly 
 from the counties of Cork and Kerry." On account 
 of the continued raids of the Indians and the lack of 
 protection by the Colonial government, these Irish 
 Colonists in course of time scattered all over the 
 provinces of Maine and New Hampshire, while some 
 emigrated to Pennsylvania; and the land, church, pro- 
 bate, and other records of various towns and settle- 
 ments in Lincoln, Cumberland, and York counties, 
 Maine, contain the names of a very large number of 
 Irish people who resided in those districts during the 
 first half of the eighteenth century. This great Irish 
 immigration to New England is remarkable when we 
 consider the hostility shown there to persons of 
 Irish birth. For example, a news item dated "Dublin, 
 October 28, 1728," published in the American Weekly 
 
 Cooney 
 
 O'Brien 
 
 Carroll 
 
 Corcoran 
 
 Doyle 
 
 O'Murphy 
 
 McLaughlin 
 
 Crowley 
 
 Barry 
 
 Maher 
 
 Mooney 
 
 Mulligan 
 
 Murphy 
 
 Flynn 
 
 McDonal 
 
 McNamara 
 
 Phelan 
 
 Hogan 
 
 Haggerty 
 
 Haley 
 
 Riordan 
 
 Roche 
 
 Connery 
 
 Kavanagh 
 
 Rourke 
 
 Butler 
 
 McQuillan 
 
 McSweeney 
 
 Cleary 
 
 Mahoney 
 
 McManus 
 
 Powers 
 
 Farrell 
 
 O'Dee 
 
 Bourke 
 
 Flanagan 
 
 Conners 
 
 Shea 
 
 Duggan 
 
 
 Malloy 
 
 Connor 
 
 Macgraw 
 
 
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312 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 Mercury of Philadelphia of February 18, 1729, said that 
 "above nineteen hundred families had already sailed 
 from Ireland to New England," and that "many more 
 are daily setting out for that place, the rents of land 
 being risen so high that tillers of it say they can hardly 
 get bread." 
 
 There is hardly a town or city in any of the New Eng- 
 land States, whose vital statistics are now available, 
 where one cannot find Irish names scattered through 
 the lists of the early settlers; and in some towns these 
 names occur so frequently that, when examining the 
 records, the thought at once arises as to why the de- 
 scendants of these people seem to have exerted so little 
 influence in proportion to their numbers. In most cases, 
 little more than the mere mention of the names can 
 now be found, yet, on the whole, the number of Irish 
 families and their descendants of the first and second 
 generations who are enumerated among the well-to-do 
 is remarkable. For the convenience of those who may 
 wish to verify these statements, I append hereto a hst 
 of various official records, verbatim copies of which have 
 been published and are usually available at the large 
 public libraries and historical societies. 
 
 In such records as the Minutes of the Meetings of 
 the Selectmen of the Town of Boston,* the Suffolk 
 Court Files,® the Probate Records of Suffolk 
 
 ^ Vols. XIII to XXVII of the Town Boohs, published by the 
 Board of Record Commissioners at Boston. 
 
 ^ Records of the Supreme Judicial Court, compiled and published 
 by the Massachusetts Historical Society; Boston, 1897. Also 
 Records of the Court of General Sessions of Suffolk County; New 
 York, 1887. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 313 
 
 County/" the Lincoln County Wills," the State Rec- 
 ords of New I-Iampshire, '- the Town Registers of vari- 
 ous Maine and New Hampshire towns, ^^ the Vital Rec- 
 ords of Massachusetts towns, ** the voluminous collec- 
 tions of the New England Historic and Genealogical 
 Society,^ ^ the numerous local histories of New England 
 towns, which in most cases contain verbatim copies of 
 the entries in the original Town Books, and the many 
 other sources of information that have been published 
 by historical societies, genealogists, and searchers into 
 the original records, may be seen a long succession of 
 familiar Irish names, showing that at an early period 
 of its existence as an English colony New England at- 
 tracted thither large numbers of Irish immigrants. 
 
 In the Minutes of the Meetings of the Selectmen of 
 the Town of Boston the arrival of vessels from Europe 
 is recorded at various times. "The Glohe from Ireland" 
 arrived at that port on June 25, 1716, with twenty-nine 
 passengers ; the ships Patience and Judith arrived from 
 London on June 30, 1716, with passengers, several of 
 whom were Irish, and "the America from Lisburn in 
 Ireland" arrived on July 3, 17.16. A meeting of the se- 
 lectmen was held on August 12, 1718, for the purpose of 
 
 V " Compiled by Elijah George, Register of Probate; Boston, 1896. 
 M " Registered in the District Probate Register at Lincoln, Maine. 
 ^, "Published by the State; Concord, New Hampshire. 
 '• " Many of the New England towns have published official Reg- 
 isters containing extracts from the Town Clerks' records and the 
 !; names of the pioneer settlers. 
 
 " The Birth, Baptismal, Marriage, and Death Records of many 
 f\ Massachusetts towns and cities have been published. 
 
 ** Seventy-one volumes; Boston, 1847 to 1917. 
 
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314 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 *, 
 
 determining the disposition of "the Passengers Lately 
 Arrived here from Ireland and elsewhere"; and at a 
 meeting of the same body held on September 12, 1724, 
 Captain Philip Bass appeared and reported upon the 
 condition of "the Passengers in his vessel lately arrived 
 from Ireland into this Harbom-." At a meeting on 
 August 9, 1736, mention was made of "nineteen Trans- 
 ports ^* just imported from Cork in Ireland," and in 
 the next month Captain John Carroll reported to the 
 selectmen that he had brought a number of people from 
 Ireland, and on September 22, 1736, they were all "ad- 
 mitted as inhabitants." At a meeting on November 10, 
 1736, "Captain George Beard executed a Bond of the 
 Penalty of One Thousand Pounds to Indemnify the 
 Town from Charges on account of Thirty-seven Pas- 
 sengers imported by him from Ireland in the sloop Han- 
 nah" and two weeks later Captain James Williams of 
 the sloop Two Mollys gave a similar bond in the sum 
 of eleven hundred pounds "on account of forty- three 
 Passengers by the said Williams imported from Ire- 
 land." On September 7, 1737, "Captain Daniel Gibbs, 
 Commander of the ship Sagamore from Ireland," was 
 called before the meeting "to report upon the condition 
 of his Passengers." 
 
 Among the entries in the Town Books of Boston cov- 
 ering bonds of indemnity on account of "passengers 
 imported from Ireland," given by the masters of vessels 
 or other persons interested, are found the following: 
 September 15, 1737, bond of £500 by Samuel Todd "for 
 Passengers from Ireland in the Brigantine Elizabeth"; 
 
 ^^ Political exiles. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 315 
 
 November 8, 1737, bond of £600 by Captain James 
 Finney and others "on account of 162 Passengers im- 
 ported by the said Finney in the snow Charming Molly 
 "from Ireland"; December 3, 1738, bond of £500 by 
 Captain Nathaniel Montgomery "on account of 82 Pas- 
 sengers imported in the ship Eagle from Ireland" ; May 
 29, 1739, bond of £250 by Captain Ephraim Jackson 
 "on account of 42 Passengers imported in the ship Bar- 
 wick from Ireland," and on October 7, 1741, Captains 
 John Seymour and William Palmer were notified "to 
 appear and give Bonds to the Town Treasurer for the 
 Passengers they have imported from Ireland." In view 
 of these constant Irish immigrations to Massachusetts, 
 we can understand why "several Gentlemen, Merchants 
 and others of the Irish Nation residing in Boston" met 
 on Saint Patrick's Day, 1737, and founded the Chari- 
 table Irish Society, "from an Affectionate and Compas- 
 sionate Concern for their Countrymen in these parts 
 who may be reduced by Sickness, Shipwrack, Old Age, 
 and other Infirmities and unforeseen Accidents," ^^ etc. 
 Under the head of "Port Arrivals — Immigrants" in 
 the Town Books, a large number of Irish names are re- 
 corded between the years 1762 and 1769. "Captain 
 Daniel McCarthy, Master of the ship Sally from Kin- 
 sale in Ireland," appeared before the selectmen on May 
 21, 1763, and "reported on his passengers" before they 
 were allowed to land, and on May 30, 1764, the record 
 says that "Captain William Clouston of the Brigantine 
 Hound appeared and reported that he has been from 
 Cork in Ireland in 34 day s." Among the "Port Ar- 
 
 " See published records of the society, Boston^ 1876. 
 
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316 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 rivals" at Boston in the year 1762, sixty-nine Irish names 
 are recorded; in 1764, twenty-three Irish names; in 
 1765, eighty-four; in 1766, 195; and in 1767, 102 Irish 
 names. These represent the arrivals in seven vessels 
 only, and the lists of the names embrace some of the 
 most prominent family names in Irish nomenclature, 
 and indicate that these immigrants came from all parts 
 of Ireland. Where these people located, or what were 
 their fortunes in the new country, there is no indication 
 whatever; the Town Books simply recorded the fact 
 of their arrival at Boston. It is my belief that all did 
 not settle at Boston or in the province of Massachusetts, 
 because I have noticed many instances of Irish names 
 in the town records of places in Maine and New Hamp- 
 shire which bear a remarkable resemblance to the names 
 of some of the passengers who arrived at Boston about 
 that time. ^* 
 
 In the Town Books of Boston alone there are approxi- 
 mately two thousand Irish names of people whose mar- 
 riages were solemnized in Suffolk County, Massachu: 
 setts, during the eighteenth century, and an examination 
 of the ancient records reproduced in the New England 
 Historic and Genealogical Register would prove a veri- 
 
 ^^ Arthur Young, in his Tour in Ireland (Vol. I, p. 406; London 
 ed., 1892), says about the emigrants whom he witnessed departing 
 from Waterf ord : "The number of people who go as passengers in 
 the Newfoundland ships is amazing. From sixty to eighty ships 
 and from 8,000 to 5,000 annually. They come from most parts of 
 Ireland, from Corke, Kerry, etc." New England records, especially 
 those of the District of Maine, show that many of these people 
 eventually found their way to that territory, where they settled per- 
 manently. 
 
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/iEPfiOOUCED BrANf/A fflANCES LEV/NS 
 
 JOHN BARR^ 
 
 FATHER OF THE AMERICAN NAVY, BORN IN COUNTY WEXFORD, IRELAND. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 
 
 317 
 
 table surprise to those who assume that this section of 
 the country was settled solely by English Colonists. The 
 Massachusetts Probate and Land Records are also re- 
 plete with Irish names, showing that many of the Irish 
 immigrants and their descendants were numbered among 
 the substantial business men of various New England 
 communities. 
 
 Readers will probably obtain a better idea of the 
 class of Irish people who settled in New England from 
 a list of prominent Irish surnames which appear in the 
 eighteenth century records published in the Annual Reg- 
 ister of the New England Historic and Genealogical 
 Society. Among these names, with the number of times 
 each is mentioned in the indices to these records, are the 
 following: ^^ 
 
 Barry . 138 
 
 Boyle 53 
 
 Brady 17 
 
 Brien, Brian, 
 
 Bryan 64 
 
 Burke, Bourke . 138 
 
 Carroll 88 
 
 Casey 29 
 
 Cogan, Coggan 110 
 Conner, Connor, 
 
 Conners .... 92 
 
 Corbett ,. 63 
 
 Corcoran 25 
 
 Crehore 85 
 
 Crowley 18 
 
 Cummings .... 292 
 
 Dalton 110 
 
 Daly 26 
 
 Delany 6 
 
 Dillon 9 
 
 Donohue ...... 7 
 
 Donovan 6 
 
 Duane 53 
 
 Duley. 10 
 
 Dunn I 73 
 
 Dwyer ...... ... 5 
 
 Farrell, Farrelly 14 
 
 Fitzgerald ..... 64 
 
 Gerrald ...... l6 
 
 Fitzpatrick ... 9 
 
 Flaherty 4 
 
 Flynn, Flyng . 20 
 
 Foley 24 
 
 Gallagher ..... 5 
 
 Gilmore ....... 68 
 
 Gilpatrick 18 
 
 Gleason 114 
 
 Glynn 11 
 
 Gorman 7 
 
 Healy, Haley . 240 
 
 Higgins ...... 160 
 
 Hogan ... .1. .:. 8 
 
 Hurley 5 
 
 Joyce 42 
 
 " Besides the "O" names listed, there were persons named 
 O'Cahan, O'Doherty, O'Byrne, O'Callaghan, O'Donoghue, O'Dono- 
 van, O'Dwyer, O'Grady, O'Keeffe, O'Leary, O'Riordan, O'Shaw, 
 and O'Shaughnessy. 
 
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318 
 
 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 Kane, Kaine, 
 
 
 McFadden .... 
 
 18 
 
 O'CarroU 
 
 . 4 
 
 Cane, McKane 
 
 153 
 
 McGinnis ,. 
 
 11 
 
 O'Connell . .,. 
 
 . 12 
 
 Kearney, Carney 
 
 19 
 
 McGowan . . . .| 
 
 15 
 
 O'Connor ..,.., 
 
 . 23 
 
 Keating 
 
 16 
 
 McGrath, 
 
 
 O'Donnell ..., 
 
 . 26 
 
 Keiley, Keeley . 
 
 10 
 
 McGraw .... 
 
 21 
 
 O'Flaherty 
 
 , 3 
 
 Kelly, Keiley . 
 
 202 
 
 McKenna^ 
 
 
 O'Hanlon , 
 
 . 3 
 
 Kennedy 
 
 110 
 
 McKenny. . . . 
 
 50 
 
 O'Hara 
 
 8 
 
 Kenney i. 
 
 86 
 
 McLaughlin . . . 
 
 20 
 
 O'Kelley 
 
 7 
 
 Larkin 
 
 157 
 
 McMahon 
 
 17 
 
 O'Neill . ., 
 
 32 
 
 Leary, Lary, 
 
 
 McNeill 
 
 58 
 
 O'Reilly 
 
 14 
 
 Larey 
 
 38 
 
 McSweeney . ... 
 
 10 
 
 O'Rourke ...... 
 
 5 
 
 Lawler, Lawless 
 
 17 
 
 Madden . 
 
 29 
 
 O'SuUivan . . . . 
 
 . 43 
 
 Logan ....,...■. 
 
 86 
 
 Mahon, Mahony, 
 
 
 O'Toole 
 
 5 
 
 Lynch ........ 
 
 48 
 
 Mahoone ... 
 
 23 
 
 Power, Powers. 
 
 150 
 
 McBride 
 
 13 
 
 Malone 
 
 67 
 
 Prendergast . . 
 
 22 
 
 McCarthy .... 
 
 85 
 
 Maloney - . ., — 
 
 10 
 
 Quigley 
 
 7 
 
 McClary 
 
 40 
 
 Mooney 
 
 10 
 
 Quinn 
 
 7 
 
 McConnehe . . . 
 
 20 
 
 Mullins ..... . 
 
 45 
 
 Reilly, Riley .. 
 
 226 
 
 McCormack . ... 
 
 8 
 
 Murphy 
 
 82 
 
 Ryan ........ 
 
 - 19 
 
 McDonnell .... 
 
 19 
 
 Nolen , 
 
 10 
 
 Sullivan 
 
 280 
 
 McDonald .... 
 
 52 
 
 O'Brien 
 
 48 
 
 Walsh 
 
 , 36 
 
 McDaniel . . . . 
 
 31 
 
 O'Bryne 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 These names furnish a striking exhibit of the racial 
 character of the Irish who settled in New England, and 
 yet this list is far from being complete, for it would al- 
 most seem that there is hardly an Irish name of any 
 prominence that does not appear at some time or other 
 in New England records, as well as a great many Irish 
 people with non-Irish names, such as those alluded to in 
 Chapter VIII. Besides, I have excluded from this cate- 
 gory many of the "Mac" names and also such as Blake, 
 Barrett, Boyce, Butler, Buckley, Carey, Clarke, Coch- 
 ran, Collins, Cunningham, Dexter, Field, Ford, Fox, 
 Gill, Garrett, Gibbons, Greeiley, GrifEn, Harrington, 
 Hart, Hayes, Holland, Hughes, Jennings, Moore, Man- 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 319 
 
 ning, Mitchell, Neale, Reynolds, and many similar 
 names; for although these names have been very com- 
 mon among the Irish for centuries and most of them are 
 from Gaelic derivatives, yet it is also possible that some 
 of these people may have been of English, Welsh, or 
 Scotch descent. At the same time, however, I may say 
 that I have determined positively that some of those I 
 have omitted were Irish, The name Butler, for ex- 
 ample, is listed 876 times in the records from which I 
 am quoting, and I have found family histories showing 
 that many of the New England Butlers were descend- 
 ants from Irish immigrants who came from Waterford 
 and Kilkenny. Most of the Dexter families in Massa- 
 chusetts are descended from Richard Dexter, who came 
 from Ireland to Boston in 1642, and he was a descend- 
 ant of a de Exeter who migrated to Ireland from France 
 in the Norman invasion of 1172 ; so that we see the Dex- 
 ters were in Ireland for 470 years before the first of the 
 family came to America. Some of the Massachusetts 
 Fields were descendants of Darby Field, an Irishman 
 and a noted personage in New England history; some 
 of the Massachusetts Blakes, I find, are of the old Gal- 
 way family of that name, and some of the Neales were 
 descended from an Irishman named Neale, who accom- 
 panied Darby Field in his discovery of the White Moun- 
 tains in New Hampshire in the year 1643. ^° So that, 
 while there may be a partial offset in some of the names 
 that possibly should not be listed under the head of 
 "Irish," I would be justified in including as "Irish" a 
 
 ""Journal of Governor John Winthrop. 
 
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320 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 certain proportion of those omitted, who, in the aggre- 
 gate, numbered many thousands. 
 
 Readers should not understand that the numbers 
 shown in this list constitute the total number of people 
 so named and mentioned in New England records, and 
 in considering the list they should keep in mind the fact 
 that I am now quoting from records brought out by only 
 one of the historical societies. For instance, in the fore- 
 going list will be noted forty-eight O'Briens, this num- 
 ber being all of the name who are mentioned in the par- 
 ticular records referred to; but as there are eighty-five 
 O'Briens listed among the Massachusetts Soldiers and 
 Sailors in the Revolutionary War, we can well imagine 
 that there must have been several hundred of the name 
 from which this number of soldiers was drawn; and it 
 is probable that the New England progeny of one Irish- 
 man of the name alone, Morris O'Brien of Machias, 
 who had six sons and three daughters, all of whom mar- 
 ried, numbered not less than 250 persons at the close 
 of the eighteenth century. Opposite Kearney or Car- 
 ney will be noted the figure 19, as representing all of 
 that name mentioned in the particular records referred 
 to. Now, one Irishman alone, Mark Carney, who, ac- 
 cording to the inscription on his tombstone at Dresden, 
 Maine, "Died [in 1782] defending his country for lib- 
 erty," ^^ was the father of thirteen children, and his eld- 
 est son, Daniel Carney of Boston, was the father of 
 
 ^^ Mark Carney emigrated from Ireland (probably from Kil- 
 kenny) to Pownalborough, Maine, about the year 1759- He was 
 a brave soldier of the Revolution. For an account of his career, 
 see Journal of the American Irish Historical Society, Vol. XIV. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 321 
 
 twenty-two children, and the genealogy of the Carney 
 family indicates that at the close of the eighteenth cen- 
 tury there were several hundred descendants of Mark 
 Carney in New England. So that the foregoing list ob- 
 viously is far short of the total number of such names 
 that are mentioned in the records. ^^ 
 
 ^^ This list of approximately one hundred Irish names shows 
 that the average number of times each is mentioned in the records 
 from which they are taken is fifty. It must be said^ however, that 
 it is very difficult, and in some instances impossible, to determine, 
 in the case of a certain given name appearing more than once, 
 whether the same or different persons are referred to, and there 
 can be no doubt that in some cases, when making up the foregoing 
 tabulation, the same person's name was counted several times. But 
 the illustrations of the cases of the names O'Brien and Carney 
 and the many similar ones that can be pointed out show that these 
 repetitions are more than offset by the omissions, and it is clear 
 that the list falls far short of the total number of people of the 
 names selected who were in New England prior to the opening of 
 the nineteenth century. 
 
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CHAPTER XIX 
 
 EARLY IRISH SETTLERS IN VIRGINIA 
 
 Irish in Virginia before the arrival of the Mayflower. Their names 
 from Hotten's "Original Lists.'' The Shenandoah Valley first 
 settled by Irish immigrants. Numerous Gaelic names on the 
 rosters of the Virginia Militia. The Colonial Records a vast 
 storehouse of information. Prominent Irish families in 
 Virginia. Daniel Carroll's letter to Washington on Irish im- 
 migration. 
 
 THE records of the Southern States are a mine of 
 historical wealth concerning the pioneer settlers, 
 and while they appear to have been carefully scanned 
 by writers of general history and much of their con- 
 tents has been given to the public, none have interested 
 themselves particularly in the story of the Irish pioneers 
 of that territory which lies buried in these musty vol- 
 umes. In Virginia, for instance, much of the material 
 for this story can be found in the County Records, ^ the 
 Land and Probate Records, and the Parish Registers of 
 the old churches, especially in the counties bordering on 
 the James, York, Potomac, and Rappahannock rivers, 
 copies of all of which are accessible, some at the State 
 Library and the various offices of the Commonwealth 
 at Richmond, others in the possession of the county 
 clerks and the registrars of wills and deeds, while still 
 
 ^ The County Records of Virginia, collected by Crozier, have 
 been published by the Virginia Historical Society. 
 
 322 
 
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A HIDDEN PHASE OF HISTORY 323 
 
 others are under the care of the churchwardens and other 
 custodians of old records. Nothing is left to the imagi- 
 nation, and there is such an abundance of material at 
 hand on the subject that there does not seem to be a par- 
 ticle of excuse for the complaint that "the Irish have 
 been kept out of history," for there has been every op- 
 portunity to fill the void. 
 
 The fact that Virginia received a large inftision of 
 Irish blood from a very early period is indisputable, and, 
 according to the most dependable records, approxi- 
 mately three hundred years have elapsed since the first 
 Irishman appeared in Virginia, which was before the 
 arrival of the Pilgrims of the Mayflower. Neill ^ re- 
 fers to a book presented "at a Court held for Virginia 
 on December 19, 1621," by an English Puritan minis- 
 ter named John Brinsley, which the author explained 
 was "adapted for all functions and places, and more 
 particularly to every ruder place, and more especially 
 to that poor Irish nation with our loving countrymen 
 in Virginia." In the same work, Neill quotes a sermon 
 delivered in London in the year 1622 by Rev. Patrick 
 Copland of Barbadoes Island, afterward the first Presi- 
 dent of the College of Virginia, in which he referred to 
 "eight hundred persons who had been transported out 
 of England and Ireland for the plantations of Vir- 
 ginia," and in an explanatory note Neill remarks that 
 "Ireland has always been a hive from which America 
 has derived sturdy hewers of wood to subdue the for- 
 ests." 
 
 '^History of the English Colonization in America. 
 
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324 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 The Virginia records show that an Irish colony was 
 brought from Cork in the Flying Ilarte in the year 1621 
 by Sir WilHam Newc.e and located at what is now New- 
 port News, and some few years later "Daniel Gookin 
 of Carrigoline, County Cork," transported to Virginia 
 "great multitudes of people and cattle from Ireland 
 and England." In Hotten's Original Lists ^ are enu- 
 merated the names of many persons, the ships in which 
 they sailed, the dates of their arrival in the colony, and 
 other data, and among the names we find such as Murfie, 
 MacBrian, Riley, Cassedy, Carroll, Connor, Dunn, 
 Earley, Higgins, Moore, Hayes, Mortagh, Burke, Bar- 
 rett, Barron, Mallon, Garrett, McConry, Plunkett, Con- 
 way, Piggot, INIcCarty, Sexton, Collins, Straughan, 
 Daly, Hickey, Courtney, Gill, Dermot, JNIaddin, O'Mul- 
 lin, Coggin, Haly, Creede, Lennon, Farrell, Manning, 
 Butler, Connelly, Flynn, Cullen, Hoban, Gibbons, 
 Welsh, and Joyce ; and when we find in these lists such 
 names as Desmond O 'Bryan, Dennis and Owen McCar- 
 tie, Patrick Conly, Patrick Connyer, Patrick Breddy, 
 Patrick Ward, Darby Hurlie, Bryan McGawyn, Den- 
 nis Hogin, Brian Kelly, Michael Foley, Teague Nacton 
 or Naughton, Teague Quillin, Donough Garvie, and the 
 like, it needs no stretch of the imagination to conclude 
 what was the country of their nativity. AH of these came 
 
 ^ The Original Lists of Persons of Quality, Emigrants, Religious 
 Exiles, Political Rebels, serving men sold for a term of years, 
 apprentices, children stolen, maidens pressed, and others who went 
 from Great Britain to the American Plantations between 1600 and 
 1700; copied from manuscripts preserved in the State Paper De- 
 partment of the Public Record Office of England, by John Camden 
 Hotten; New York, 1874- 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 325 
 
 to Virginia between 1634 and 1636. Hotten also quotes 
 from "A List of the Livinge and the Dead in Virginia 
 on February 16, 1623," and from "A Booke of Entrie 
 for Passengers passing beyond the Seas" in the years 
 1631 and 1632, and in these lists appear several Irish 
 names. There is also a "List of what Tiequetts have 
 been granted out of the Secretary's Office of the Island 
 of Barbadoes for departure off this Island, beginning 
 in January, 1678, and ending in December following," 
 and among those who left Barbadoes for Virginia and 
 Carolina in that year are ninety Irish names. 
 
 In a partial list of "Early Immigrants to Virginia 
 (1623 to 1666) " collected by George Cabell Greer from 
 the Land Office Records at Richmond, * there are in- 
 cluded more than three hundred old Irish names; while 
 in the marriage and baptismal records and the will books 
 of the different counties and the many historical extracts 
 from various Virginia records reproduced in the quar- 
 terly publications of V^illiam and Mary College and in 
 the Virgirda Magazine of History and Biography, nu- 
 merous Irish names appear, dating back to the early 
 years of the eighteenth century and down to and beyond 
 the period of the War of the Revolution. In the Colo- 
 nial Papers of Virginia references are made to the trans- 
 portation of Irish "Tories" and "comacts." For exam- 
 ple, under date of September 24, 1653, we find the 
 Council of State granting a license to Sir Richard 
 Nethersole "to transport one hundred Irish Tories to 
 
 * Richmond^ Virginia, 1912. 
 
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326 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 Virginia," and Prendergast ^ gives instances from the 
 State Papers in Dublin Castle showing the extent to 
 which this human traffic was carried on by the English 
 planters and adventurers. 
 
 Many of the Irish who are shown to have arrived via 
 the Delaware River during the first half of the eight- 
 eenth century found their way to the remote settlements 
 of western Pennsylvania and Virginia, especially in the 
 region of the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Valley of 
 Virginia. Between 1740 and 1770 a very large number 
 of Irish immigrants came to Virginia, and evidently it 
 was in the Shenandoah Valley that the bulk of them lo- 
 cated ; for in the early records of Frederick, Shenandoah, 
 Rockingham, Albemarle, Augusta, and Rockbridge 
 counties are to be found a great number of representa- 
 tive Gaelic names. ^ A local historian says that "pre- 
 vious to 1744 several immigrants from Pennsylvania, 
 chiefly Irish, settled on the South Branch" of the Shen- 
 andoah River, and that "the earliest settlers on the upper 
 waters of the Opequon were a mixture of Irish and 
 Germans." ^ In 1763 another Irish contingent came 
 to the same neighborhood, who, he intimates, were Cath- 
 
 ^ John P. Prendergast, The Cromwellian S-ettlement of Ireland, 
 pp. 244-6; New York, 1868. 
 
 ® These names, as well as interesting accounts of many of the 
 individual settlers, written by people acquainted with local history 
 and traditions, may be found in such works as the History of the 
 Lower Shenandoah Valley, by J. E. Norris; the History of Albe- 
 marle County, by Rev. Edgar Woods; the Virginia Magazine of 
 History and Biography, and the West Virginia Magazine of History. 
 
 '' Samuel Kercheval, History of the Valley of Virginia, p. 46; 
 Woodstock, Va., 1850. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 327 
 
 olics; for he says that "the Irish, like the Germans, 
 brought with them the religion, customs, and habits of 
 their ancestors, and the Irish wedding was always the 
 occasion of great hilarity, jollity, and mirth." ^ While 
 the local historian fails to give the names of all these 
 settlers, he mentions enough of them to indicate that 
 they must have come from all parts of Ireland. William 
 McMahon he mentions as a "Justice of the first Court 
 which sat in Frederick County in 1743," and among the 
 pioneer lawyers of the county in 1745 were Michael 
 Quinn and John Ryan. There were so many Irish at 
 Winchester a short time before the Revolution that they 
 used to celebrate regularly the national festival of Ire- 
 land, and some amusing incidents are related in local 
 history of the "disorders" that occurred "when the 
 Dutch exhibited effigies of Saint Patrick and ridiculed 
 the feast." » 
 
 We are told that "the foremost man in Augusta 
 County during its early settlement was James Patton, 
 who was a native of Newton-Limavaddy, Ireland, where 
 he was born in 1692. As a master and owner of a mer- 
 chant vessel, he brought many settlers to Virginia" ; ^° 
 and in the Official Records of Robert Dinwiddle, Lieu- 
 tenant-Governor of the Colony of Virginia, ^^ he is thus 
 referred to: "Colonel James Patton entered into the 
 American trade to Hobbes's Hole, Virginia, on the Rap- 
 pahannock River. Said to have crossed the Atlantic 
 
 ^ Samuel Kercheval, History of the Valley of Virginia, p. 46. 
 
 ^Ihid.,^. 157. 
 
 '" County Records of Virginia, Vols. XIII and XVI. 
 
 ^' Vol. I, published by the Virginia Historical Society. 
 
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328 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 twenty-five times to bring Irish emigrants [redemption- 
 ers] who served a given time to pay the cost of their 
 transportation. Augusta County, in which he received 
 a grant of 120,000 acres of land, was largely settled 
 through his agency." 
 
 On the roster of Augusta County militia in 1742 there 
 are seventy-two Irish names, and among the officers of 
 the Virginia Regiment commanded by Colonel George 
 Washington in 1754 I note such names as Gorman, Bar- 
 rett, McCarty, Doran, McRoy, Conway, McAnnulty, 
 Hogan, and Murphy, and on the roster of its enlisted 
 men there are sixty-nine Irish names. ^^ In a body of 
 "Militia from Augusta County who fought in the 
 French and Indian Wars" there are 115 Irish names, 
 and, as an illustration of its racial composition, I find 
 one company — the only one where the nationality of the. 
 men is given — comprising a total of twenty-nine men, 
 fourteen of whom are recorded as born in Ireland, seven 
 in England, three in Virginia, two each in Scotland and 
 Pennsylvania, and one in Maryland. The captain of 
 the company was Andrew Lewis, a native of County 
 Donegal, who afterward achieved fame as commander 
 of Virginia troops at the battle of Point Pleasant in 
 1774, In Augusta County companies commanded by 
 Captains William Cocke, Christopher Gist, and Henry 
 Woodward, in 1756, twenty-five per cent, of the men 
 were natives of Ireland, and in "Colonel Washington's 
 own Company" twenty-eight per cent, gave Ireland as 
 their birthplace. In all, ninety-five of the enlisted men 
 
 ^^ Miscellaneous Records of Virginia, Vol. II. 
 
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/^£.^ffO£>UC£i:> Sy AATA/A ^/^A^/CJES L£W/yS 
 
 GENERAL ANDREW LEWIS 
 
 OFTHE CONTINENTAL ARMY. BORN IN DONEGAL, IRELAND. 
 FROM A STATUE AT RICHMOND, VIRGINIA. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 329 
 
 from Augusta County in that year are recorded as na- 
 tives of Ireland, in addition to a number of others bear- 
 ing Irish names, mostly natives of Pennsylvania and 
 Virginia. ^* 
 
 In the muster-rolls of Virginia militia defending the 
 frontier during "Lord Dunmore's War" in 1774 there 
 are 159 Irish names. In the Land Bounty Certificates 
 a large number of "militiamen who received land grants 
 for participation in the wars of the Colony of Virginia" 
 are mentioned, and among them there are, in all, 239 
 Irish names. In miscellaneous lists, such as land owners, 
 testators, legatees, witnesses, court files, etc., which ap- 
 pear in William and Mary College Quarterly, there are 
 155 Irish names. In lists of marriages solemnized in 
 Norfolk and Princess Ann counties, of "slave owners 
 in Princess Ann County," and of tithables and property 
 owners between 1751 and 1800, there are 138 Irish 
 names; ^* in lists of persons who obtained "head rights" 
 to lands in Orange County between 1735 and 1756, 
 taken from the records of the County and Circuit Courts, 
 there are 85 Irish names. In all, there are 340 persons 
 included in these Orange County lists, almost all stated 
 to be "from Great Britain and Ireland," though in some 
 cases "Ireland" alone is given as the country whence 
 they emigrated. ^® To Albemarle County the Irish 
 came early, and one of the first recorded surveys of a 
 tract of land in that vicinity was made in 1745 for one 
 
 ^^Miscellaneous Records of Virginia, Vol. II. 
 
 ^* Vital Records reproduced in Lower Norfolk County Anti- 
 quarian. 
 
 ^' See W. W. Scott's History of Orange County, Virginia. 
 
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330 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 Dennis Doyle, in a rich and beautiful valley on Moor- 
 man's River at a place now known as Doylesville. Here 
 we find families named Murphy, Lynch, Kelly, Duna- 
 ven, McCann, McCue, and McClahahan ; and when the 
 citizens of Albemarle signed their "Declaration of In- 
 dependence" * " on the 21st of April, 1779, among its 
 signatories were men named Flanagan, MuUins, Hayes, 
 Carroll, Tandy, Collins, Fitzpatrick, McGhee, Me- 
 Manus, and Sullivan. ^^ Attention is called to these 
 stray facts merely to show what a vast amount of in- 
 formation is contained in the Colonial Records that have 
 been published, either by the State or by the Virginia 
 Historical Society, from which the material necessary 
 for the compilation of the story of Irish endeavor in 
 that section of the country may be readily obtained. 
 
 That the people of Virginia are a very much mixed 
 race may be seen from Bishop Meade's references to the 
 character of the population at the time of the outbreak 
 of the Revolution, where he remarks that "numbers 
 of Virginia families have their genealogical trees or 
 traditionary records by which they can trace their line 
 to the most ancient families in England, Ireland, Scot- 
 land, and the Huguenots of France." " Among the 
 prominent Virginia families of Irish descent are included 
 the McCartys, Lynches, Meades, Prestons, Lewises, 
 
 ^° The original document is still preserved by the Virginia His- 
 torical Society at Richmond. 
 
 ^^ Rev. Edgar Woods, History of Albemarle County, Virginia. 
 
 ^' Old Churches and Families in Virginia, by Bishop Wilham 
 H. Meade. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 331 
 
 Sullivans, McCormicks, McElroys, O'Neills, McGuires, 
 McDonnells, and Fai-rells, who "held their own" with 
 their Anglo-Saxon neighbors, and some of whom are 
 mentioned in Virginia history with almost the same 
 prominence as the descendants of the "Cavaliers," 
 
 It is with considerable interest that we read of the 
 relationships which have existed for generations between 
 descendants of Irish settlers and the "Cavalier" fami- 
 lies. For instance, the McCartys of Virginia were on 
 very intimate social relations with the Washington fam- 
 ily, and were intermarried into such leading families as 
 the Balls, Fitzhughs, Lees, and others of equal promi- 
 nence in Virginia; and Ann McCarty, daughter of Den- 
 nis McCarty, of Westmoreland County, Virginia, was a 
 cousin of Mary Ball, the mother of George Wash- 
 ington. A record of the marriage of Dennis Mc- 
 Carty and Sarah Ball, under date of September 
 22, 1724, appears in the parish register of Cople 
 Parish, Westmoreland County. Sarah Ball was the 
 daughter of Colonel William Ball, brother of Joseph, 
 the father of Mary Ball. The latter married Augustine 
 Washington, father of George Washington, so that the 
 exact relationship between Mary Ball Washington 
 and Ann McCarty was that of second cousin. ^* Dennis 
 McCarty was a son of Daniel McCarty, who, with his 
 brother Dennis, was exiled from Ireland in 1690 after 
 
 ^° See Ball Genealogy ; also Virginia Genealogies, by Rev. Horace 
 Edwin Hayden. For further particulars of the McCartys see 
 Journal of the American Irish Historical Society for April, 191 6, 
 pp. 118-121. 
 
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332 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 their estates had been confiscated by the crown. They 
 settled at Kinsale, Westmoreland County. ^^ 
 
 Bishop Meade enumerates several Irishmen among 
 the early Episcopal clergy in Virginia, and according to 
 the names of the members of their congregations it is 
 very evident that many Irish Catholic families joined 
 the Protestant Episcopal Church, and their descendants 
 have since remained firm adherents of the various Prot- 
 estant denominations. It is chiefly for this reason that 
 so many American historians have fallen into the error 
 of saying that these people could not have been of the 
 old Gaelic race, and because they were Protestants and 
 Presbyterians they are usually designated by the racial 
 misnomer, "Scotch-Irish." ^^ 
 
 In a "Catalogue of Revolutionary Soldiers and Sail- 
 ors of the Commonwealth of Virginia to whom Land 
 
 '" One of the ancestral seats of the McCarthys was at Kinsale, 
 Ireland. 
 
 ^^ On a recent occasion, in the genealogical department of the 
 New York Public Library, I was asked by a gentleman named 
 Meade "as to how he could trace his line," and was told by him 
 that he is "descended from a Scotch-Irishman named Andrew Meade 
 who emigrated from the North of Ireland sometime in the eighteenth 
 century." I was happy in being able to inform him where to find 
 the information, but he was astonished to learn that Andrew Meade 
 was a Catholic Irishman from County Kerry, whom Bishop Meade 
 (one of his descendants) says in his Old Churches and Families in 
 Virginia, came over in the year 1745. Another instance is that of 
 a newspaper article I wrote on the McCartys of Virginia, descend- 
 ants of Charles and Owen McCarty, who came to the colony in 
 1635. A copy of it reached a lady of that name in West Virginia, 
 and she wrote me saying that she is a descendant of one of the 
 McCartys whom I mentioned, but that she "had always understood 
 the family was Scotch-Irish" ! 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 333 
 
 Bounty warrants were granted by Virginia for Military 
 Services in the War for Independence," ^^ 388 Irish 
 names are included. All of these were attached to Vir- 
 ginia regiments of the Line, and, as showing that the 
 services rendered by some of the officers were important, 
 I find that 10,753 acres were allotted to Major William 
 Croghan, 5333 to Major John Fitzgerald, 5000 to Ma- 
 jor Charles Magill, 4666 to Captain John Fitzgerald, 
 4000 each to Captains Benjamin Casey, Martin Haley, 
 "Thadey" Kelly, John Kearney, John Kennon, John 
 Mcllehany, William Barrett, Robert Higgins, Charles 
 Gallahue, John Larty, John Kilty, Richard McCarty, 
 Ferdinand O'Neil, John Shields, and Patrick Wright, 
 and 2666 acres each to Lieutenants Christopher Brady, 
 Joseph Conway, Robert Power, Luke Cannon, Edward 
 Conner, Peter Higgins, Timothy Feeley, Pierce Now- 
 lan, and William INIcGuire. 
 
 Much of the immigration that came in via Philadel- 
 phia a short time before the Revolution was intended for 
 other parts of the Colonies besides Pennsylvania, and 
 many Irish immigrants found their way to the Valley of 
 Virginia and some passed on to the settlements on the 
 Ohio and through the Carolinas. Among the Letters to 
 Washington now in the Archives of the State Depart- 
 ment there is an interesting letter to him from Daniel 
 Carroll, brother of the Bishop of Baltimore, dated Sep- 
 tember 1, 1773, in relation to a number of Irish families 
 who had arrived about that time and who later located 
 
 ^^ Compiled from official records in the State Land OiKce at 
 Frankfort, Kentucky, and published by the Virginia Historical 
 Society. 
 
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334 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 in Frederick County, Virginia, and in the present State 
 of West Virginia. This letter indicates that these peo- 
 ple came from the province of Connacht and were of 
 the farming class, able to pay their own way, and that 
 they brought with them some necessary equipment to 
 enable them to begin the cultivation of land. The letter 
 is as follows : 
 
 "|n the Winter 1771 I received a letter from a Mercht of my ac- 
 quaintance in Galway in Ireland, strongly recommending some Irish 
 families who had embarked for America. These poor people, finding 
 they cou'd not live under the exactions of their landlord, on their 
 leases falling resolved to venture into this part of the world, were able 
 to pay their passages, and bring with them some family goods and 
 working utensils. Besides the particular and strong recommendation 
 I received, they will shew you the testimony given in their favor 
 by the Mayor and principal inhabitants of Galway. They have 
 had house room and firing on my land since their arrival. The 
 men have worked abroad and by their Conduct justified the recom- 
 mendations given of them, and I am certain will be of Singular 
 Service wherever they settle, particularly in working meadows, to 
 which they have been chiefly accustom'd. 
 
 "This much in justice to these poor people, I have thought proper 
 to say, as they have an intention of treating with you about some 
 of your back land. Three of these men have been as far back 
 as BuiFaloe land over the Monongahela. Upon their report, they 
 had all concluded to move with their families and occupy lands, as 
 many others have done, in expectation of having the refusal, when 
 the property is ascertained; but on seeing your advertisement, I 
 adviz'd them to wait on you, and know your terms. I have reason 
 to expect, if these people settle themselves to their Satisfaction, a 
 very considerable number of their relations will be soon with them, 
 who are now only waiting to hear from them. It would not, I 
 apprehend, be bad policy in those who may possess large bodys or 
 tracts of land to lay out a Glebe for a Clergyman. This would 
 have considerable weight with many Irish Roman Catholicks,who 
 would probably bring their own Clergyman with them. I intended 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 335 
 
 myself taking a trip into these new Countries, as they are call'd, 
 and purchasing some land if the terms and title were agreeable, in 
 hopes of making it turn to advantage, as my connections in Ireland 
 enable me to procure a number of very industrious settlers, and 
 among them some of property with whom I correspond. I have 
 lately received a letter dated New York, July 26th, from Mr. Fox- 
 croft, one of the 72 intended proprietors, by which I find the Charter 
 was not then obtained. Shou'd matters be settled time enough this 
 fall, I shall putt my resolution into execution, and if you intend to 
 make an excursion that way, shall be glad to attend you; and am. 
 Sir, with esteem 
 
 "yr most Obt. Servt. 
 "Daniel Carroll." ^^ 
 
 Daniel Carroll, like other wealthy men of that day, 
 was a large holder of uncultivated lands in Virginia, 
 and this letter, indicates that he was interested in the 
 colonization of Irish people on these lands, as was his 
 more famous cousin, Charles Carroll of Carrollton. In 
 Burton's Life of Bishop Challoner of London,^* the 
 author says: "There had been many thousand handbills 
 distributed in Ireland at the instigation of a Mr. Charles 
 Carroll, a Roman Catholic, of the Congress of America, 
 promising every individual that would emigrate to 
 America a proportional quantity of land according to 
 his birth and station in life, with full toleration ; and that 
 no religious tenets should be any hindrance to any 
 preferment." 
 
 ^' See Letters to Washington, edited by Stanislaus M. Hamilton 
 and published by the Society of Colonial Dames in America, Vol. 
 IV, pp. 256-257; Boston and New York, 1901. 
 
 ^^Vol. II, p. 193. 
 
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CHAPTER XX 
 
 MORE LIGHT ON THE "SCOTCH-IRISH" MYTH 
 
 The Diaries of the Moravian Missionaries. No mention of "Scotch- 
 Irish" in official records. The Land Records of Maryland. 
 The early settlements of New Munster, New Leinster, and New 
 Connaught. The County of New Ireland. Irish immigrants 
 to Maryland immediately before the outbreak of the Revolu- 
 tion. The Maryland Archives. 
 
 FROM various authentic sources we obtain ideas of 
 the extent of these Irish settlements. For ex- 
 ample, in the archives of the Moravian Church at Beth- 
 lehem, Pennsylvania, there are preserved the original 
 diaries of two Moravian missionaries named Revs. Leon- 
 hard Schnell and Robert Husse, who made a journey 
 from Virginia to Georgia, beginning in November, 1743, 
 and ending in April, 1744. In their travels they 
 "preached the Gospel to the German settlers of what- 
 ever denomination," and in their accounts of meetings 
 with the settlers they mention Irish people. One of 
 them wrote: "I asked Jost Hite for the way to Caro- 
 lina. He told me of one which runs for one hundred 
 and fifty miles through Irish settlements, the district 
 being known as the Irish Tract." In 1753, they again 
 journeyed through the South, and we find these entries 
 in their Diaries: "October 13, 1753, we passed a little 
 Town called Carl Isles,^ consisting of about sixty houses 
 
 ' Carlisle, Pennsylvania. 
 
 336 
 
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A HIDDEN PHASE OF HISTORY 337 
 
 and inhabited mostly by Irishmen. On October 16, 
 about four o'clock, we continued on our journey. On 
 the way we bought ten bushels of oats from an Irish- 
 man, and after we travelled three miles farther we break- 
 fasted at a little creek where Irish people have settled. 
 . . . October 24, 1753, three miles farther we came to 
 Augusta Court House [Virginia], a little town of about 
 twenty houses surrounded by mountains on all sides. 
 This whole district is settled by Irish and English peo- 
 ple." And in referring to what is now Lexington, Vir- 
 ginia, they said: "It is settled mostly by English and 
 Irish people." ~ All through their Diaries they mention 
 individual Irishmen whom they met on their journey, 
 but not once is any reference made to that rara avis in 
 terris, a "Scotch-Irishman." 
 
 Nor can we find in the official records any reference 
 to the "Scotch-Irish," for in all written documents of 
 the Colonial period, where the immigrants from Ire- 
 land are mentioned at all, they are referred to invariably 
 by their proper racial designation. In this matter of the 
 so-called "Scotch-Irish" race, the position assumed by 
 some of our historians is absolutely untenable, as a con- 
 cise resume of the historic facts readily demonstrates. 
 In the year 1611, or thereabouts, the "Plantation of 
 Ulster" began by the peopling of a large section of that 
 province with Scotch and English colonists. Although 
 we are told, chiefly by American historians, who, imfor- 
 tunately for their reputations, have relied upon histor- 
 
 ^ From the English translation of the Diaries of Rev. Leonhard 
 Schnell and Rev. Robert Husse, by Rev. William J. Hinke, a noted 
 historian of the Germans of Pennsylvania and Virginia. 
 
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338 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 ical myths for their "facts," that "by the middle of the 
 seventeenth century there were three hundred thousand 
 of them in Ulster," ^ the well-known and far more reli- 
 able English statistician, Sir William Petty, estimated 
 that in 1659 the population of Ulster was: "Irish, 63,- 
 350; English, Scotch, and other aliens, 40,571; a total 
 of 103,921"; from which we see the utter falsity of the 
 statement above quoted. The same historian (Fiske) 
 who is responsible for this egregious assertion states that 
 "between 1730 and 1770 it is probable that at least half 
 a million [meaning the "Scotch-Irish"] were transferred 
 from Ulster to the American colonies," evidently with- 
 out investigating the facts or ascertaining the points of 
 departure or the racial composition of the emigrants 
 who left Ireland during that period. It would be ridicu- 
 lous to assume that the forty thousand "English, Scotch, 
 and other aliens" of Ulster in the middle of the seven- 
 teenth century could have produced such a racial change 
 in the predominant element in that province, within the 
 space of a century, that the entire population became 
 "Scotch-Irish"; that the strong, virile, old Irish families 
 of Ulster had all vanished before the exodus to America 
 had begun ! Yet that is what such historians practically 
 claim. 
 
 It requires some more tangible historic evidence than 
 the prejudices of certain self-styled ethnologists to make 
 these people other than what they were; for although it 
 is true that several thousand Scotchmen settled in Ire- 
 land in the seventeenth century, they were far too few 
 
 ^ John Fiske, Old Virginia, and Her Neighbors, Vol. II, p. 301. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 339 
 
 to effect such a racial change. Lecky says: "No fea- 
 ture of Irish history is more conspicuous than the rapid- 
 ity with which intermarriages had altered the character 
 of successive generations of English colonists. . . . The 
 conquest of Ireland by the Puritan soldiers of Crom- 
 well was hardly more signal than the conquest of these 
 soldiers by the invincible Catholicism of the Irish 
 women." The Scotch were not more immune than the 
 English colonists to the charms of the Irish maidens, 
 for responsible antiquarians have shown that many of 
 the descendants of the Scotch colonists intermarried with 
 the native Irish. In Ireland the term "Ulsterman" is 
 commonly used in referring to a native of the northern 
 counties, just as "Munsterman" is used to describe a na- 
 tive of the southern counties, but the term "Scotch- 
 Irish" is altogether unknown there. There is no more 
 reason for calling the Irish-born descendants of these 
 people "Scotch-Irish" than there would be for naming 
 the American descendants of the Huguenots "French- 
 Americans," or the descendants of the Hollanders 
 "Dutch-Americans." Yet we never hear of these hy- 
 phenated racial designations, for the good reason that 
 the American descendants of the French and Dutch 
 immigrants are plain, every-day "Americans." And, 
 by the same logic, the Irish-born descendants of the 
 Scotchmen who came into Ireland are plain, every-day 
 "Irishmen." 
 
 So feverish have been the efforts to discredit the plain 
 "Irish" and to deny them the slightest credit for what 
 they may have contributed to America in the pioneer 
 days, that we find historians describing as "Scotch- 
 
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340 
 
 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 Irish" persons bearing such names as Sullivan, Murphy, 
 McCarthy, O'Kaiie, Molloy, McGuire, FitzGerald, 
 Donovan, ISIcGinnis, JMcKeown, McMahon, McSherry,^ 
 and numerous others so named. And all because these 
 people reached prominent places in American life or 
 because their American descendants were of the Protes- 
 tant faith. ^ The "Scotch- Irish" boast of their patriot- 
 ism in the Revolutionary War, but on that point they 
 should acquaint themselves with the expressed opinions 
 of Washington and other officers of the Revolutionary 
 forces, for the record of the Scotch in the Revolution 
 shows them to have been practically unanimous against 
 the Colonists. If, then, the "Scotch-Irish" did not get 
 their devotion to the principles of liberty, as exemplified 
 in the Revolution, from the Scotch, where else did they 
 get it but from the Irish part of the hyphen? We know 
 
 * These are actual cases of surnames of Irish settlers who became 
 prominent in various American communities and whom historians 
 describe as "Scotcli-Irish." 
 
 ^ One of these historians furnishes "the names of the following 
 Scotch-Irishmen, taken from a list of the non-commissioned officers 
 and soldiers of the Illinois Regiment and the Western Army under 
 the command of General George Eogers Clark in 1778." (From The 
 Scotch-Irish, by Charles A. Hanna, Vol. I, p. 53; New York, 1902.) 
 Among these names he includes: 
 
 Patrick Conroy 
 William Barry 
 Thomas Connolly 
 George Burke 
 John Murphy 
 William Munroney 
 Sylvester Munroney 
 Edward Cockran 
 George Cockran 
 
 Dennis Coheron 
 John Doyle 
 Patrick Maher 
 John McGann 
 Richard McCarty 
 Barney Higgins 
 Peter Loughlin 
 John Lyons 
 Andrew Ryan 
 
 Lazarus Ryan 
 Patrick Riley 
 Hugh Logan 
 John McGuire 
 Francis McDermot 
 Patrick McClure 
 James McMullen 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 341 
 
 that Jefferson's original draft of the Declaration of 
 Independence arraigned the British government for 
 sending "Scotch mercenaries" amon^ us, but that this 
 was eliminated out of respect for John Witherspoon. 
 The Scotch in the Mohawk Valley were Tories, and 
 their countrymen who settled along the Cape Fear 
 River were nearly all active Tory partisans; the de- 
 scendants of those who came over after the defeat of Cul- 
 loden were Tories, and the "Scotch Regulators" who fol- 
 lowed Ferguson to death at King's Mountain and in the 
 border warfare in the Virginia valleys were of the same 
 race. When will the Scotch element in American his- 
 tory stand on their own record, and not lean so heavily 
 for support on the Irish ? 
 
 The phrase, "Scotch-Irish," has been a favorite lo- 
 cution with some American historians, unwilling, because 
 of their inborn prejudices, to accept the true facts, eth- 
 nological or historical, with regard to the Irish immi- 
 grants and their descendants. They divide them in two 
 parts and have sought to picture the mere "Irish" part 
 of them as a common type of inferior origin and the 
 "Scotch-Irish" as so far above them in intellect and 
 importance as to necessitate placing them in a class by 
 themselves. The attempt has not been quite as success- 
 ful as they wished for, because the names entered in the 
 American records stand out as too obvious a refutation 
 of the slander to be effectually concealed, but their para- 
 mount desire is, by a series of spurious arguments, to 
 create the impression that if any of the early immigrants 
 from Ireland exhibited the slightest traces of those qual- 
 ities that are usually regarded as commendable in a 
 
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342 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 human being, they reL'ei\'ed them as a matter of course 
 from the "Scotch" end of the hyphen! They are unable 
 to explain the "Scotch"-Irishism of the CarroUs, Sulli- 
 vans, Fitzgeralds, Moylans and others of that stamp, 
 but, being obsessed with the idea that such men could not 
 be of the Irish race, from the very fact that they achieved 
 prominence in American life, they simply go ahead and 
 claim them as "Scotch-Irish" anyway, regardless alto- 
 gether of what intelligent people may believe ! 
 
 This anti-Irish propaganda is in evidence even to the 
 present day and a striking instance of this is the case 
 of the lately deceased Mayor of the City of New York, 
 John Purroy Mitchel, who has been described in the 
 newspapers as "descended from a long line of rigid 
 Scotch-Irish Presbyterians," and to this one writer at- 
 tributes "Mr. IMitchfel's great success and fine, manly 
 qualities." They don't know — or, if they do, they prefer 
 to ignore it — that the Mitchels are descended from the 
 Irish family of O'Mulvihill, or, as it is spelled in Irish, 
 O'MaolmicheilJe, old as the rocks surrounding the harbor 
 of their native Newry. '" And for that fact we have no 
 less an authority than the grandfather of the late Mayoi', 
 John Mitchel, the famous Irish patriot of the last cen- 
 tury, who gloried in his descent from so ancient a family. 
 
 "Scotch-Irish," therefore, in the minds of these his- 
 torians, connotes the racial superiority of the aristoc- 
 racy, but by "Irish" is implied the inferiority of the 
 bourgeois! The bogus race distinction that has been 
 
 " See Irish Pedigrees by John O'Hart, Vol. I, p. 586. Also 
 Geoffry Keating's History of Ireland (Topographical Index in John 
 O'Mahony's translation), p. 727. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 343 
 
 manufactured for the Irish immigrants, especially those 
 from the Province of Ulster, is a field that has been occu- 
 pied by many American writers. Each self-styled 
 "authority" simply repeats what his predecessors have 
 had to say on the subject, to be echoed in turn by his 
 successors. It is difficult to determine who it was that 
 discovered the "Scotch-Irish race." As already stated, 
 the term is altogether unknown in Ireland and its earli- 
 est use in this country seems to have been about thirty- 
 five years before the Revolution and then only as a term 
 of opprobrium and contempt! The late Martin I. J. 
 Griffin, the Philadelphia historian, than whom there was 
 no better authority, informed me that according to a 
 newspaper account the term was first used in Phila- 
 delphia in 1740 by an Irish merchant of that City. Ac- 
 cording to Griffin, it appears that at a merchants' club 
 in the "Quaker City" an Irish member was taunted by 
 a fellow-member by a sarcastic reference to the fact 
 that "an Irish Paddy" was the first person to be con- 
 victed under a then recent Pennsylvania statute. The 
 Irishman could not deny it, but, mortified at the taunt, 
 he petulantly e::^claimed: "Yes, but he was only a Scotch 
 Irishman," laying particular emphasis on the prefix and 
 showing by the tone of his voice the utter scorn and 
 contempt in which the criminal was held by his country- 
 men! In 1757, we find the term again used in Penn- 
 sylvania, when an alleged "Popish plot" was reported 
 in England as existing in that province. Little credence 
 was given to the information and, in attempting to dis- 
 cover who gave it, it was suspected that it was "some 
 pne of no account, some Scotch Irishman"! When the 
 
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344 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 Charitable Irish Society was founded at Boston in 1737 
 a "Scots Charitable Society" had been in existence there 
 for several years, and when the Society of the Friendly 
 Sons of Saint Patrick was organized at Philadelphia in 
 1771 there was then in existence "The Thistle Society," 
 whose members were Scotchmen and were publicly 
 known as such. Strange, the "Scotch-Irishmen" joined 
 neither of these Scotch societies but preferred to asso- 
 ciate themselves with their own countrymen! 
 
 The preceding remarks upon the early records of Vir- 
 ginia are applicable also to Maryland. At the office 
 of the Land Commissioner for the State of Maryland at 
 Annapolis there are on file some records of extraor- 
 dinary interest to students of early American history. 
 These records include several bound manuscript volumes 
 entitled The Early Settlers, 1633-1680, containing the 
 names of the immigrants and the years of their arrival 
 in the province; the Certificates and Patents issued to 
 these settlers covering their allotments of lands from 
 the Proprietary Government, the ancient Rent Rolls of 
 the province, and entries covering land transactions of 
 various sorts, as well as numerous wills and deeds, some 
 dating back to the earliest settlements of Maryland. 
 Although the entries in these old records are now difficult 
 to read and the paper is faded with age, yet, all things 
 considered, they are in an excellent state of preservation. 
 
 From time to time, for some years past, I have exam- 
 ined these records and have extracted from them the 
 names of several thousand Irish people who came to 
 Maryland during the seventeenth and eighteenth cen- 
 turies. Words fail me in expressing my astonishment 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 345 
 
 at the amount of data that is here available for a com- 
 prehensive account of the early Irish in Maryland, if 
 some one with the time and the taste for such work would 
 only set himself to the task of collecting and arranging 
 this material and giving the information to the public. 
 It is true that American historians have disregarded the 
 mass of evidence which these records disclose relating to 
 those Irishmen who helped to bear "the white man's 
 burden" in Maryland in the earliest times, but it is 
 more astonishing that the Irish themselves have so ut- 
 terly ignored the importance of these valuable data, 
 which contain the proof, beyond any question or doubt, 
 that the Celtic element in Maryland had a hand in laying 
 the foundations of the future State. The very existence 
 of these records is in itself an indictment of the Irish 
 in America, some of whom spend their time criticizing 
 the historians who "kept us out of history," while they 
 themselves have right in their own hands, if they would 
 but avail themselves of it, evidence of the most irrefu- 
 table character to demolish the glorifiers of "the Anglo- 
 Saxon founders of the Republic" ! 
 
 In many cases, by the aid of the Certificates and Pat- 
 ents, the Rent Rolls and the Will Books, the fortunes 
 of these people and their descendants can be traced 
 through the successive generations; for these records 
 show the location and extent of the land grants, the 
 dates of the patents, the names given to these tracts, 
 sales, .mortgages, assignments, leases, and other data 
 that are usually obtainable from land records. The 
 nomenclature of the land'grants is not the least interest- 
 ing feature of these records, for it is found in numerous 
 
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346 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 instances that the Irish settlers named their plantations 
 after the provinces, counties, cities, towns, and baronies 
 of Ireland, and often by their family names. In Cecil 
 and Harford counties, for example, as early as 1680 
 there was a tract of land one hundred miles long and 
 eighty miles broad, called "New Ireland," and in April, 
 1684, I find that a proclamation was issued by Lord 
 Baltimore giving the name of "the County of New Ire- 
 land" ^ to this extensive section. Moreover, New Ire- 
 land was subdivided into three parts; (1) "New Con- 
 naught," a manor or plantation of eighty thousand acres, 
 owned and patented by George Talbot, formerly of 
 Castle Rooney, County Roscommon, who was Surveyor- 
 General of Maryland; (2) "New Leinster," a tract of 
 unknoM'n extent patented by Bryan O'Daly, from Wick- 
 low; and (3) "New Munster," patented by Edmund 
 O'Dwyer, from Tippei'ary, "and other Irishmen." It 
 is significant that there was no "New Ulster" in New 
 Ireland ! 
 
 These tracts were subdivided and sold or leased to 
 other settlers who came over later, and among these are 
 found many names representative of the most ancient 
 Irish families of the provinces of Connacht, Munster, 
 and Leinster. In New Munster and vicinity, between 
 1680 and 1696, there were farms of land patented and re- 
 corded under such names as Bandon, Fethard, Clonmel, 
 Bantry, Cork, Youghal, Galway, Waterford, Birr, Lim- 
 erick, Clare, Mallow, Kilkenny, Wexford, Belfast, An- 
 trim, Dublin, Tralee, Raphoe, Cavan, Donegal, Letter- 
 
 ' Council Journals of Maryland. 
 
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CHARLES CARROLL 
 
 SIGNER OF THE DECLARATION OF IISDEPENDENCE,GRANDSONOF 
 CHARLES O'CARROLL, A NATIVE OF KINGS COUNTY, IRELAND. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 347 
 
 kenny, Sligo, and so on, owned for the most part by peo- 
 ple bearing names at once indicative of their racial 
 origin. Some of these people also followed the old 
 Irish system of name-making; Clouncous, ® Crossayle, 
 and Kappagh in New Munster being examples. I am 
 referring to these particular instances merely to show 
 the character and reliability of the information that is 
 available from the Land Records of Maryland. Vol- 
 umes could be written upon similar facts. 
 
 That the Irish were coming to Maryland a short time 
 before the Revolution we learn from an incident referred 
 to in the Memoirs of Commodore Joshua Barney, the 
 celebrated naval officer. It is related that in January, 
 1772, "Barney embarked on his first sea voyage on a 
 vessel trading between Baltimore and Cork. From 
 Cork he went to Liverpool, where the vessel and the 
 cargo were disposed of; and in order that he might 
 secure passage back to Baltimore he was sent to Dublin, 
 where he was charmed with the kindness and hospitality 
 of the inhabitants. The vessel in which Barney and 
 his captain had taken passage from Dublin was in every 
 part stuffed almost to suifocation with Irish redemp- 
 tioners, men and women, who were his compagnons du 
 
 ^ Clouncous was a tract patented by Charles O'Carroll, grand- 
 father of Charles Carroll of Carrollton. The name was later 
 changed to, and is still known as, "The Caves," the original name 
 having been derived from the Gaelic words cluan cuas, meaning 
 "the meadow of the caves." Kappagh was patented by Edmund 
 O'Dwyer, and in his petition to the Council he stated that he in- 
 tended to put the land under tillage. In the Irish language the word 
 cappeach (pronounced "kappa") means "a plot under tillage." 
 
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348 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 voyage" ® The Irish immigrants seem to have been 
 arriving in extraordinarily large numbers at this period, 
 if we are to judge from an announcement in the Mary- 
 land Journal and Baltimore Advertiser of August 20, 
 1773, which said: "Within this fortnight three thousand 
 five hundred emigrants have arrived from Ireland." 
 And from the fact that so many Irish names appear 
 in the muster-roll of the Maryland troops, we may well 
 assume that numbers of the exiles of 1772 and 1773 en- 
 rolled themselves under the banner of Washington when 
 the call came for "all good men and true" to stand by 
 the patriot cause. 
 
 Besides those who came to the colony direct from Ire- 
 land, many are known to have come to America in ships 
 sailing out of English ports, and some very interesting 
 instances are found among lists of "Emigrants from 
 England" compiled from manuscript records discovered 
 by George Fothergill of London in the Public Record 
 Office of England. These lists may be seen in the pub- 
 lications of the New England Historic and Genealogical 
 Society, ^^ and therein are given the names of the emi- 
 grants, their ages, occupations, the countries whence 
 they came, and their destinations in the American prov- 
 inces. Among those who came via London, Bristol, 
 Plymouth, and Liverpool between December, 1773, and 
 August, 1775, were 296 people from various parts of 
 Ireland. Of this number, 177 were destined for Mary- 
 land, fifty-one for Pennsylvania, fifty for Virginia, nine 
 
 ® Biographical Memoirs of Commodore Joshua Barney, by Mary 
 Barney; Boston, 1832. 
 
 " Annual Register, Vols. LXII to LXVI. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 349 
 
 for New York, two for Carolina, and seven for the West 
 Indies. In addition to the 296 recorded as from Ireland, 
 there is listed as coming from English towns a far 
 greater number who bore old Irish names or names that 
 are common among the Irish for centuries, and I am 
 fully convinced that many of these people were also 
 natives of Ireland. Before embarking, all emigrants 
 were required to furnish certain information to the port 
 officials, including the places whence they came; and 
 while some named their original home places in Ire- 
 land, others are known to have given their last places 
 of residence or employment in England, and were thus 
 recorded as "from England," from which fact some 
 historians assume that all such people were English. 
 An interesting item among Fothergill's lists is one show- 
 ing that "forty emigrants from Baltimore in Ireland" 
 sailed from London in the ship Adventure on April 26, 
 1774, "for Baltimore in Maryland." The lists also show 
 that the ages of most of the Irish immigrants ranged 
 from sixteen to thirty-six, and that among them were 
 artisans, husbandmen, tradesmen, and laborers, as well 
 as two surgeons and six schoolmasters, the class of peo- 
 ple then most needed in the American Colonies. Some 
 of the most familiar Irish names are represented in these 
 lists. 
 
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CHAPTER XXI 
 
 EARLY IRISH SETTLERS IN THE CAROLINAS 
 
 Irish in the Carolinas as early as 1669. "Lymerick Plantation." 
 The early marriage and other records of South Carolina. An 
 important Irish colony at Williamsburg. Testimony of the 
 Landj Court, and Church Records. Vast numbers of Irish 
 settlers. "Of all countries none have furnished the Province 
 with so many inhabitants as Ireland." Irishmen prominent in 
 the politics of the Carolinas. 
 
 ACCORDING to the Transcripts of the Shaftes- 
 bury Papers, ^ a large colony left England in 
 August, 1669, for South Carolina, and on the way they 
 "stopped at Kinsayle in Ireland about first September," 
 where they took on hoard a number of people who were 
 willing to take venture in the enterprise. This is the 
 earliest known record of Irish people coming to South 
 Carolina. Very few of the members of this expedition 
 are mentioned by name in South Carolina records, but 
 among them is found Florence O'SuUivan, who in time 
 became one of the leading men of the colony and was 
 appointed its surveyor-general. During the troubles 
 between the colonists and the Indians in the year 1671, 
 O'SuUivan was in command of a body of men on Sulh- 
 van's Island in Charleston Harbor. He is mentioned 
 prominently in Hewatt's Historical Account of the Rise 
 
 ^ Published by the City Council of Charleston, South Carolina. 
 
 350 
 
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A HIDDEN PHASE OF HISTORY 351 
 
 and Progress of the Colonies of South Carolina and 
 Georgia. ^ 
 
 An Irish settlement began sometime toward the end 
 of the seventeenth century in Berkeley County, South 
 Carolina, and in the Coimdl Journals ^ of the period ap- 
 pear such names as O'Neill, Donnoho, Lynch, Brady, 
 Carty, Sullivan, Donovan, Croney, Mallagan, Logan, 
 McKeown, McLoughlin, and Fitzgerald, mostly in con- 
 nection with transactions relating to lands on the Cooper 
 and Ashley rivers. Curiously enough, I find "Peter 
 O'KeUey, his wife and six children," mentioned among 
 a number of people who went from Dorchester, Massa- 
 chusetts, in November, 1696, to found a settlement at 
 a place since called Dorchester, about thirty miles from 
 Charleston, * and here Peter O'KeUey and his descend- 
 ants appear as members of the local Methodist congre- 
 gation. A Patrick O'KeUey from this district was a 
 soldier of the Revolution. To this district also came 
 from Barbadoes in the year 1672 an Irishman named 
 Teague Cantey, the progenitor of several widely sepa- 
 rated families of Canteys, some of whom were famous in 
 South Carolina and much of whose history is related in 
 records published by the Historical Commission of Co- 
 lumbia ^ and in the county histories. 
 
 In the records of the office of the Secretary of State ® 
 
 ^Published at London in 1776. 
 
 'Published by the South Carolina Historical and Genealogical 
 Society. 
 
 *NetB England Historic and Genealogical Register, Vol. II, 
 p. 128. 
 
 ^Book, 1672-1692. 
 
 ° Vol. XXXIX. 
 
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352 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 there is an entry of an important conveyance of a tract 
 of land on July 18, 1707, from Thomas Colleton to 
 "three Irishmen, John Gough, Dominick Arthur, and 
 Michael Mahon." This tract was "situate on the East- 
 ern branch of the Cooper River in Berkeley County," 
 contained twelve thousand acres, and was known as "ye 
 Middle Settlement or Lymerick Plantation." It is 
 stated '^ that "Limerick, Ireland, was the native home of 
 Michael Mahon," and doubtless, also, of Gough and 
 Arthur, and in all subsequent transfers of these lands 
 they are referred to in the deeds as "part of ye Lymer- 
 ick Plantation." The descendants of these people are 
 mentioned in the records for several generations, and in 
 1747 John Gough's portion passed under his will to his 
 sons, John, Richard, Francis, and Edward O'Neale 
 Gough, and finally into the possession of a family named 
 Ball. Mahon's widow sold her holdings, and Dominick 
 Arthur's share fell to his nephew, Christopher Arthur, 
 who by will, dated October 24, 1724, devised "one- 
 half to his beloved kinsman, Patrick Roche, of the City 
 of Limerick, Merchant." Patrick Roche evidently came 
 to take possession of his inheritance, and in 1739 the 
 property passed to his son Francis, and in 1784 the last 
 of the Roches sold it to persons named Quash and Irving. 
 These individual instances are quoted merely to show 
 that Irishmen of worth and standing came to the Caro- 
 linas in the earliest days of their settlement by white men. 
 In various published marriage records of South Caro- 
 lina for half a century after the above-mentioned set- 
 
 ^ In South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine, 
 Vol. II. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 353 
 
 tlements were established, numerous Irish names ap- 
 pear. In 1737 a colony of immigrants came from Ire- 
 land to South Carolina and located near Newberry and 
 Camden, where they formed "the bulk of the entire pop- 
 ulation of that section," and are mentioned as "by far 
 the most notable body of early settlers in that part of 
 the State." About 1752 another body of Irish immi- 
 grants came to this neighborhood, and in official abstracts 
 of the original grants and deeds covering lands in that 
 section are noted such names as O'Cain, O'Neill, 
 O'Quinn, Kelly, McGowan, McCormack, McGraw, / 
 McNeill, McConnell, B ready, Rork, Hanahan, Casey, 
 Regan, Drennan, Flannagan, Dugan, Malloy, Malone, 
 Madigan, Brannon, Cassity, Dunn, Downey, Murphy, 
 Fitzpatrick, and Lynch. Indeed, so many Irish names 
 are mentioned in the Annals of Newberry, compiled by 
 Judge John Belton O'Neall, ® that without much depar- 
 ture from the truth the volume could be described as a 
 story of Irish endeavor in the pioneer days of that part 
 of the "Pahnetto State" ; and in the ranks of the Revo- 
 lutionary soldiers raised in that section are found many 
 of the descendants of those Irish settlers. Irish families 
 also came early to other parts of the colony, and glimpses 
 of their story are obtained from the various records 
 published by the South Carolina Historical and Genea- 
 logical Society. 
 
 Ramsay, in his History of the Revolution of South 
 Carolina from a British Province to an Independent 
 State, says that in the year 1719 an act was passed in 
 
 " Grandson of Hugh O'Neall, who came to Newberry from 
 Ireland in 1752. 
 
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354 • A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 the English Parliament appropriating certain Indian 
 lands in the Carolinas "for the use and encouragement 
 of such of His Majesty's subjects as should come over 
 and settle upon them." Extracts from this act having 
 been published in Ireland, "five hundred persons from 
 Ireland transported themselves to Carolina to take the 
 benefit of them. But the whole project w^as frustrated 
 by the Proprietory, vpho claimed these lands as their 
 property and insisted upon the right of disposing of 
 them as they thought fit. Not long afterward, to the 
 utter ruin of the Irish emigrants and in breach of the 
 provincial faith, these Indian lands were surveyed by 
 order of the Proprietors for their own use and laid out in 
 large baronies. By this harsh usage the old settlers, 
 having lost the protection of the new-comers, de- 
 serted their plantations and left the frontier open to 
 the enemy. Many of the unfortunate Irish emigrants, 
 having spent the little money they brought with them, 
 were reduced to misery and perished. The remainder 
 removed to the Northern Colonies." 
 
 In referring to an important Irish colony which set- 
 tled in what is now Williamsburg County, South Caro- 
 lina, about the year 1734, Ramsay says: "By this time 
 [1730] accounts of the great privileges granted by the 
 crown for the encouragement of settlers in the Province 
 had been published through Britain and Ireland and 
 many industrious people had resolved to take the bene- 
 fit of the royal bounty. Multitudes of labourers and 
 husbandmen in Ireland, oppressed by landlords and 
 bishops and unable to procure a comfortable subsistence 
 for their families, embarked for Carolina. The first" 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 355 
 
 colony of Irish people had lands granted to them, and 
 about the year 1734 formed a settlement called Will- 
 iamsburg Township. As this township received frequent 
 supplies from the same quarter, the Irish settlers, amidst 
 every hardship, increased in number. Having obtained 
 credit with the merchants for negroes, they were relieved 
 from the severest part of their labour. By this aid and 
 their own industry, spots of land were cleared which in 
 a short period yielded them plenty of provisions and in 
 time became fruitful estates." The plan adopted for 
 the settling of townships proved beneficial in many re- 
 spects, and "it encouraged multitudes of poor, oppressed 
 people in Ireland, Holland and Germany to emigrate, 
 by which means the province received a number of use- 
 ful settlers." 
 
 About 1755 new emigrants from Ireland, Germany, 
 and the northern colonies obtained grants in the interior 
 parts of South Carolina and introduced the cultivation 
 of wheat, hemp, flax, and tobacco. They had a vast 
 extent of country to range over and the settlers pros- 
 pered. Eight years later, the provincial government 
 offered money bounties and exemption from taxes for 
 ten years, as well as payment of their passages, to in- 
 duce Europeans to come to South Carolina, and, as re- 
 lated by Ramsay, "many Irish accepted these offers." 
 When these inmiigrants arrived they received one hun- 
 dred acres of land for each man and fifty acres for each 
 woman and child, and, in all, two townships, compris- 
 ing forty-eight thousand acres of exceedingly fertile 
 soil, were allotted to the Irish settlers. In describing the 
 settlements made in South Carolina by immigrants from 
 
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356 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 various European countries, Ramsay says: "But of all 
 countries none have furnished the province with so many 
 inhabitants as Ireland. Scarce a ship sailed from any of 
 its ports for Charleston that was not crowded with men, 
 women, and children. The bounty allowed to the new 
 settlers induced numbers of these people to resort to 
 Carolina. The merchants, finding this bounty equiva- 
 lent to the expense of the passage, persuaded the peo- 
 ple to embark. Many causes may be assigned for this 
 spirit of emigration from Ireland, but domestic oppres- 
 sion was the most powerful and prevalent." 
 
 Williamson, in his History of North Carolina, says 
 that the most numerous settlers in the northwestern part 
 of the province during the first half of the eighteenth 
 century were from Ireland. "Lands being cheap in 
 Carolina," he says, "immigrants from the North of Ire- 
 land, by way of Pennsylvania, flocked to that country, 
 and a considerable part of North Carolina is inhabited 
 by these people or their descendants. . . . The Irish 
 reached the places of their settlement in North Carolina 
 by two different avenues of approach ; one portion came 
 in by the Delaware River, landing at Philadelphia or 
 Newcastle, the other at Charleston. The former gen- 
 erally occupied at first desirable localities in Pennsyl- 
 vania, east of the AUeghenies, until finding need of in- 
 creased room for their numbers, they passed down first 
 into Virginia and thence into Carolina to meet the wave 
 of immigration from the South." 
 
 The number of places in this section of the State bear- 
 ing names of a decidedly Celtic flavor are striking evi- 
 dence of the settlement of Irish people in these parts. 
 
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/^ePffODUC^O BYAMM FRANCES /.£y//VS 
 
 O E OROE TAYL OR 
 
 SIGNER OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, BORN IN IRELAND. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 357 
 
 The line of their settlements across the whole State may 
 readily be traced on the highroads leading from Virginia 
 into North Carolina, especially from the northwestern 
 boundary line of Carolina on and through the State as 
 far as the Roanoke. On maps of North Carolina, in the 
 section referred to by Williamson, appear such places 
 as Fitzgerald, Cody, Courtney, Malloy, Riley, Corbett, 
 Murphy, Murfreesboro, Hogan's Creek, Lyons, Me- 
 bane, Mullen, Gorman, Donnoha, Dalton, Mooresville, 
 Manning, Oneal, Connover, Connollys, Callahan, Gro- 
 gansville, GafFney, McGrady, McConnellsville, Neely, 
 Powers, Lynch Station, Limerick, Belfast, Mayo, 
 Muckross, Mount Mourne, Claremont, and so on. 
 
 None of these places have reached any importance 
 from the standpoint of population or commerce, and 
 there is no likelihood that any of them will ever set the 
 world aglow by their fame. But they are set down here 
 so as to show that at the time these places were estab- 
 lished there must have been some local Irish influence 
 by which the names were selected ; and while I have not 
 stopped to inquire as to the origin of the names of these 
 towns and villages, I believe I am safe in concluding 
 that they were selected in memory of the pioneers of 
 the respective places. 
 
 Although Williamson says that the early Irish immi- 
 grants to the Carolinas came from the north of Ireland, 
 thus intimating that the settlers comprised the so-called 
 "Scotch-Irish" element only, it is perfectly clear from 
 the names of the settlers that they flocked from all parts 
 of Ireland, and that the ancient stock of the Clan-na- 
 Gaedhal was largely represented. 
 
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358 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 In the manuscript records in the office of the Secre- 
 tary of State there is an affidavit dated March 30, 1761, 
 taken by one Joseph Willcocks, who is described as "of 
 the City of Dublin in the Kingdom of Ireland." The 
 document is "signed, sealed, and delivered in the pres- 
 ence of Patt. Hamilton, Lord Mayor of the City of 
 Dublin," and relates to "a shipload of immigrants" who 
 at that time were about to depart for the Colonies from 
 Dublin Bay. Willcocks, with one Henry McCulloh, 
 was engaged in the transportation of immigrants to 
 North Carolina. They received patents for large grants 
 of lands and then induced people to come and settle on 
 them. These lands they sold to the settlers at the rate 
 of four pounds for every hundred acres, and at one- 
 half that price in thp less favored sections of the colony. 
 The records do not indicate in what particular places 
 these settlers located, but I have no doubt that some of 
 those whose names appear in the records after this period 
 were among the immigrants who sailed from the Liff ey 
 in the year 1761. 
 
 From another official account ^ we learn that "the 
 immigrants from Ireland, in companies sufficient to form 
 settlements, sought the wilds of America by two ave- 
 nues: the one by Delaware River at Philadelphia, the 
 other through Charleston. Those landing at the South- 
 ern port immediately sought the fertile forests of the 
 upper country, approaching North Carolina and Geor- 
 gia on the other, and not being particular about boun- 
 daries, extended southward at pleasure; while on the 
 north they were checked by a counter tide of i mmigra- 
 
 ^ Colonial Records of North Carolina, Vol. V. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 359 
 
 tion. Those who landed on the Delaware, after the 
 desirable lands east of the Alleghenies in Pennsylvania 
 were occupied, turned their course southward and were 
 speedily on the Catawba. Passing on, they met the 
 southern tide, and the stream turned westward to the 
 wilderness long known as 'beyond the mountains' [now 
 Tennessee] . These two streams from the same original 
 fountain, Ireland, meeting and intermingling in this 
 new soil, preserve their characteristic differences, the 
 one possessing some of the air and manner of Pennsyl- 
 vania, the other of Charleston. 
 
 "These enterprising settlers, inured to toil, were hardy 
 and long-lived. The constitutions that grew up in Ire- 
 land and Pennsylvania seemed to gather strength and 
 suppleness from the warm climate and fertile soil of 
 their new abodes. Most of the settlers lived long enough 
 to witness the dawning of that prosperity that awaited 
 their children." 
 
 We also learn from the same source that "the Irish 
 were the first to settle in the Yadkin River District." 
 That was in 1746. "Soon the districts between the Yad- 
 kin and Catawba were laid out in tracts of cultivated 
 lands, the wild brush and shrub growths cleared, immense 
 grazing farms were established, houses grew up, children 
 came, and the settlements populated." 
 
 And again, quoting from these official records: 
 "Nearly all were from the same original stock in Ire- 
 land." "Scotch-Irish" they are usually called by the 
 historians, although what the justification for this racial 
 designation could have been is beyond our comprehen- 
 
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360 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 sion. When we scan the lists of "the Macs and the O's," 
 and the many others whose names are found in the rec- 
 ords, we know that there was a very generous infusion of 
 Irish hlood in the composition of the earhest inhabitants 
 of this portion of the South. 
 
 The most striking proof that Irish immigrants settled 
 in large numbers in the Carolinas is found in the constant 
 recurrence of Irish names in Colonial documents cover- 
 ing only four counties of North Carolina, and one has 
 only to scan the names published in the North Carolina 
 Genealogical Records to verify the truth of this asser- 
 tion. In the Abstracts of Wills probated prior to 1760, 
 taken from the Secretary's office at Raleigh and the of- 
 fices of the clerks of the Superior Courts of Chowan 
 and Bertie counties, there are 429 Irish names, and in 
 similar eighteenth century records of other counties I 
 find 211 such names. In the Abstracts of Conveyances, 
 compiled from the office of the Register of Deeds for 
 Chowan County at Edenton, North Carolina, and in the 
 entries relating to petitions for land grants, all prior to 
 the Revolutionary period, there are 430 Irish names ; in 
 the Marriage Bonds of Bertie, Chowan, and Tyrrell 
 counties previous to 1800, there are 444 Irish names, and 
 in various miscellaneous records, such as court files, rent 
 rolls, etc., there are, in all, 174 names of the most dis- 
 tinctively Irish origin. 
 
 Ireland fui'nished to the Carolinas not only tillers of 
 the soil and willing hands to rear their buildings, but gov- 
 ernors and other leading men. James Moore, a descend- 
 ant of the Irish chieftain Rory O'More, became Gover- 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 361 
 
 nor of the Colony in 1719. Of him Ramsay^" says: 
 "He was a man excellently qualified for being a popular 
 leader in perilous adventures. He had been removed by 
 the previous Governor from the command of the mili- 
 tia for warmly espousing the cause of the people. In 
 every new enterprise he had been a volunteer, and in all 
 his undertakings was resolute, steady, and inflexible." 
 Arthur Dobbs, from Carrickfergus, was Governor of 
 North Carolina from 1754 to 1764, and Matthew Rowan, 
 a native of the same Irish city, was Surveyor- General 
 and later President of the Council. Cornelius Harnett, 
 a native of Dublin, Ireland, was a member of the Coun- 
 cil, and for several years he is mentioned in the Council 
 Journals more often than any other man in the prov- 
 ince, and in 1778 was one of North Carolina's represen- 
 tatives in the Continental Congress. Hugh Waddell, a 
 native of Lisburn, Ireland, was "Commander of the 
 Militia"; Barney McKinney was a member of the As- 
 sembly, and Terence Sweeney was a "Member of the 
 Court for Pasquotank County." John Connor became 
 Attorney-General of North Carolina in 1730, and his 
 successor in office was David O'Sheal. In 1760, Thomas 
 McGuire was appointed "Judge of the Admiralty" ; and 
 six years later he was made "Captain-General of the 
 Province," and in 1767 was appointed Attorney-Gen- 
 eral. Among the Justices of the Peace in various parts 
 of North Carolina between 1734 and 1760, I find such 
 names as Moore, Leary, Ryan, Rutledge, Bourke, Lo- 
 gan, Rowan, Foyle, Clifford, MacLendon, Brian, 
 Qbryan, C onner, McLewean, Malone, and Kearney; 
 " History of South Carolina, 
 
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362 A HIDDEN PHASE OF HISTORY 
 
 and among the members of the General Assembly be- 
 tween 1754 and 1760 were men named McNeill, McGee, 
 Kenan, McGuire, Walsh, Jordan, Fanning, Murphee, 
 and others whose names indicate an Irish origin. 
 
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CHAPTER XXII 
 
 PRE-REVOLUTIONARY IRISH IN GEORGIA 
 
 Irishmen recorded among the first white men in Georgia. Towns, 
 cities, and counties named by them. The Colonial Records of 
 Georgia. The Irish settlements in Queensborough Township. 
 Characteristic Irish names from the records of land grants. 
 The wandering Irish schoolmaster. 
 
 WHILE the State of Georgia is not as rich a field 
 for the historical searcher as other Southern 
 States, some valuable material relating to the pre-Revo- 
 lutionary settlers is found in the records of the Provin- 
 cial Council. When Georgia became a State all original 
 records relating to the Colonial period were transferred 
 to the custody of the Secretary of State, but by an act 
 of the Legislature some years ago a committee was ap- 
 pointed to exarnine these records and to tabulate and 
 index them for the purpose of preserving them for future 
 generations. The original records, or such of them 
 as are extant, are on file at the office of the Secretary of 
 State, but verbatim copies were published under the title 
 of Colonial Records of Georgia ^ and are now accessible 
 to all historical students. 
 
 These records indicate that from a very early date 
 men of Irish blood settled in Georgia and contributed 
 a share to the building of its foundations. Their names 
 
 ' Twenty-five volumes, published by the State at Atlanta, Georgia, 
 1904-1915. 
 
 363 
 
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364 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 are found chiefly in the records of land grants, of the 
 conveyances of lots and holdings in the first towns and 
 settlements established in the colony, in the Council 
 Journals and the court files, on the muster-rolls of the 
 Colonial militia, and in sundry records and documents 
 that have been preserved by historical societies. It is 
 of unusual interest to find Irish names in a list of "per- 
 sons who composed the first jury empanelled in Geor- 
 gia" (1733). Oglethorpe, the first English Governor, 
 came to Georgia in that year, and among the Colonists 
 who received grants of town lots at Savannah in 1735 
 are found some bearing unmistakably Irish names, and 
 the Savannah town records for many years after that 
 period contain a goodly number of such names.^ 
 
 Some important cities of Georgia owe their origin to 
 Irishmen. One, Kennedy O'Brien, is recorded as the 
 founder of the city of Augusta* (1735) ; an Irishman 
 named Mitchell was the first to lay out the site of the 
 city of Atlanta ;* an Irishman named McCormack, from 
 Dublin, Ireland, was the founder of the city of Dublin, 
 Georgia; ^ the town of Fitzgerald took its name from 
 Washington's friend, Colonel John Fitzgerald, cele- 
 brated as "the finest horseman in the Revolutionary 
 
 ^ See also Colonial Records of Georgia. 
 
 ^ Charles C. Jones, History of Georgia, Vol. I, pp. 217-18. Also, 
 History of Augusta, by the same author, pp. 27-29, and Charles 
 Edgeworth Jones' History of Georgia. 
 
 * Smith, The Siory of Georgia and the Georgian People; also, 
 Rev. George White, Historical Collections of Georgia; New York, 
 1855. 
 
 ° White, Historical Collections of Georgia. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 365 
 
 Army" ; * the city of JNIcDonough, Georgia, perpetuates 
 the name of the victor at the battle of Lake Champlain, 
 while the town of Jasper was named for the Irish soldier, 
 Sergeant William Jasper, whose conduct at the siege 
 of Savannah in 1780 is written in American history as 
 one of the heroic incidents of the Revolutionary War. 
 Twenty-two counties of Georgia were named in honor 
 of Irishmen or of Americans of Irish descent who dis- 
 tinguished themselves in one capacity or another in the 
 civil or political life of that State. On an old map of 
 the State, chiefly in the sections where the early Irish 
 settlers are known to have located, I find places named 
 Limerick, Clare, Ennis, Killarney, Tyrone, Dublin, 
 Blarney, Cork, Belfast, Newry, and Donegal, as well as 
 forty-five places called by Irish family names. With 
 few exceptions, these places have not risen beyond the 
 importance of back-country villages, yet it is evident that 
 those who selected these localities for their permanent 
 settlement sought to perpetuate their native homes in ' 
 Ireland or the names of the pioneer families.'^ 
 
 " Lossing, Field Book of the Revolution, Vol. II, p. 239. Griffin, 
 in American Catholic Historical Researches, Vol. V, No. 1, says 
 that Fitzgerald was born in Ireland and settled at Alexandria, Va., 
 in 1769 or 1770. In 1776 he was appointed aide-de-camp to General 
 Washington at Cambridge, Massachusetts. 
 
 ' On this point, an historical writer asks with a very "wise" air : 
 "Assuming that the Irish settled in this country in such large 
 numbers as is claimed, how is it that so very few American place-/ 
 names originated with the Irish pioneers, after the manner by which" 
 the English and Dutch settlers named their towns and settlements ?" 
 In asking this question, he only displays his ignorance of American 
 geography, for with very little difficulty he could have ascertained 
 that not less than 7000 American place-names recorded in geo- 
 
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366 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 The land records of Georgia after 1754 contain many 
 references to Irish immigrants who petitioned the Colo- 
 nial government for grants of land, most of whom came 
 in by way of Charleston, although it is known that some 
 actually "trekked" overland with their families from as 
 far east as Baltimore and Philadelphia. While these 
 Irish people settled principally in the vicinity of Savan- 
 nah, the various places mentioned in the petitions in- 
 dicate that in course of time many of them spread out 
 along the banks of the Savannah and Altamaha rivers 
 and their tributaries in the southeastern section of the 
 province, where they established settlements in a wilder- 
 ness that had been hitherto known only to the traders 
 and Indian tribes. In 1766 the General Assembly of 
 Georgia passed an Act "to encourage settlers to come in- 
 to the Province," and as a result of the sending of copies 
 of this act to Ireland we learn that in December, 1768, 
 "the most numerous single colony which, up to that time, 
 had come to Georgia from any European country" ar- 
 rived from Ireland.® They numbered in all one hun- 
 dred and seven persons. These people, as well as some 
 of those who came over later, located on lands which had 
 been already reserved for them along the Great Ogee- 
 chee River, chiefly in what are now Chatham, Screven, 
 and Burke counties ; and De Brahm, one of the historians 
 of Georgia, describes one of these settlements as "in- 
 habited by about seventy, and its environs by about two 
 
 graphical treatises and 253 counties of the various States of the 
 Union were named after towns, cities, and counties in Ireland, or 
 by Irish family names. 
 
 ° Colonial Records of Georgia. 
 
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R£PJ>0DUC£O BY /)/\f/^A F/fAf/C£S i£V//i/S 
 
 MATTHEW THORNTON 
 
 SIGNER OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, BORN IN LIMERICK, IRELAND. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 367 
 
 hundred families, mostly Irish, from which it is generally 
 called the Irish Settlement." " 
 
 In 1769 another Irish contingent arrived at Savannah, 
 and in the Colonial Records ^^ may be seen a report of 
 a meeting of the Provincial Council, held on October 2, 
 1770, at which a petition was read "from sundry per- 
 sons who arrived from Ireland in the ship Hopewell in 
 December, 1769, who had lands ordered them in Queens- 
 borough Township." The petition presented to the 
 Council by these people stated "that they were chiefly 
 farmers; that being of late years greatly oppressed by 
 rents in Ireland, so that the niost exerted industry 
 scarcely afforded a comfortable subsistence to their 
 families, they determined to seek relief by moving to the 
 American colonies. That being informed by sundry let- 
 ters from their friends, who came to settle in this 
 Province from Ireland last year in the ship Prince 
 George, that a certain portion of land was laid out and 
 appropriated for the purpose of settling a township in 
 this Province, the consideration of the great privileges 
 and advantages aflPorded them by the Governor and 
 General Assembly were powerful inducements to their 
 immediately resolving to leave their native country, to 
 part with their little substance and thereby enable them 
 to come over and settle in this flourishing Province, hop- 
 ing to entitle themselves to its protection, encourage- 
 ment, and assistance, and of being found in return to 
 the utmost of their ability equally useful in forwarding 
 
 'John G. W. De Brahm, History of the Province of Georgia; 
 Wormsloe, North Carolina, 1849. 
 " Vol. XI. 
 
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368 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 your generous intentions in the further settling and in- 
 creasing the same. That although some of your peti- 
 tioners have come over upon Redemption, yet the far 
 greater part have paid their passage, in the doing of 
 which, many having large families, they have much re- 
 duced their substance." They asked, therefore, "that 
 they may be partakers with their fellow-countrymen in 
 the lands yet ungranted in the Township of Queens- 
 borough, and to grant them such other relief as in your 
 great wisdom and generous disposition you shall judge 
 necessary to their melancholy circumstances." 
 
 From all of which we can judge that the Irish im- 
 migrants were among the most useful settlers that the 
 Colonists could wish to have among them, and that they 
 were a splendid acquisition to the new country. The 
 minutes of the meeting of the Council at which this 
 petition was presented say: "It was ordered that the 
 said petition be postponed until the lands reserved for 
 the Irish settlers be ascertained." 
 
 In the Colonial Records of Georgia,^^ under date of 
 February 4, 1772, there is a report of another petition to 
 the Governor and Council "on behalf of the Irish settlers 
 of Queensborough Township and others who are ex- 
 pected from Ireland in a short time." In the same 
 month these Irish settlers to the number of two hundred 
 arrived, and "the Board, taking the said memorial into 
 consideration, resolved that 25,000 acres of land near 
 to or adjoining Queensborough Township be reserved 
 for the use of the Irish settlers.^" Later in the same 
 
 "Vol. XII. ' 
 
 " Ibid. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 369 
 
 year, still another Irish contingent arrived at Savannah 
 and located near the Ogeechee River at what is now 
 Louisville, in Jefferson County, and, according to 
 Smith,^^ "it was known as 'The Irish Colony,' " 
 
 We also learn that from time to time other immigrants 
 came from Ireland and located near the same region. 
 Some of them suffered much hardship during the Revo- 
 lutionary War, not only from their immediate neighbors, 
 the Indians, but from the English soldiers and their 
 Tory allies. It must not be forgotten also that the 
 information as to these continual Irish arrivals is gleaned 
 mainly from the land records, where only a fraction of 
 the Irish names necessarily appear, for it is known that 
 many Irish "indentured servants" or "redemptioners" 
 also made their way to Georgia. from Baltimore and 
 Charleston. That there was a constant flow of Irish im- 
 migrants, or descendants of Irish settlers from other 
 provinces, into Georgia after the settlements in Queens- 
 borough Township were established, is undeniable, as a 
 glance at the records will show. Many of the petitions 
 filed with the Provincial Council asked for grants of 
 land, "in or near the Irish settlements at Queens- 
 borough," and in some cases the petitioners mentioned 
 the names of other settlers already located, with a re- 
 quest that they be allotted lands as near them as possible, 
 thus indicating a natural desire to be in an Irish atmos- 
 phere. They were not all poor immigrants by any 
 means, nor were they all new-comers at the time of their 
 appearance before the Council, for some stated in their 
 petitions that they already were in p ossession of slaves 
 '^ The Story of Georgia and the Georgian People, 
 
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370 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 and lands and had been "for some time in the Province" 
 with their famihes. 
 
 Thus we see that for several years before the Revolu- 
 tion there was a constant influx of Irish settlers to 
 Georgia. They are referred to as "Irish" in the official 
 documents of the province, without any qualifying pre- 
 fix or affix; they described themselves as "Irish," as they 
 were in fact, and the best possible proof that can be 
 adduced in support of this statement is contained in the 
 names of the petitioners, which show that a large propor- 
 tion of them were of the old Celtic race and that they 
 came from every part of Ireland. In fact, it is quite 
 . apparent from the names that the greatest number were 
 from the provinces of Munster and Connacht." Yet 
 more than one historian of Georgia refers to these people 
 as "Scotch-Irish from the Province of Ulster," thus in- 
 timating, in common with other historians having the 
 same ulterior object in view, that if history is to give 
 them any credit as American pioneers, the honor is to 
 be accorded to them chiefly because of their alleged 
 "Scotch" descent! 
 
 From published historical sketches of the counties of 
 Georgia and the town histories we obtain a glimpse of 
 the status of the Celtic element that settled at various 
 
 ■'-^ Among the petitioners for land grants appear such character- 
 istic Irish names as O'Berry, O'Cain, O'Daniel, O'Friel, O'Neill, 
 O'Sheals, and no less than twelve O'Bryans ; McCartys, McGuires, 
 McMahons, McKelveys, McKennans, McLaughlins, McGowans, 
 McMurphys, McCormacks, McGarrys ; Burke and Barry, Clancy 
 and Callahan, Casey and Carroll, Devany and Daly, Donnelly and 
 Doyle, Doolin and Dooley, Flanagan and Farrell, Fitzgerald and 
 Fitzpatrick, Garvey and Grady, Gillespie and Geary, Hurley and 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 871 
 
 places throughout the province. Here and there 
 through these sketches are scattered a goodly number 
 of Irish names, and in several instances these Irish peo- 
 ple are mentioned as among "the first settlers." The 
 Records of Land Grants of Wilkes County, copied from 
 the manuscript folios on file at the clerk's office at Wash- 
 ington, Greorgia, indicate that a large number of Irish 
 people located in that county. In most cases, the names 
 are spelled phonetically, and while the exact locations 
 of the grants are not given, it is assumed that they 
 settled in that particular section of the State north and 
 west of Augusta, for it is in records relating to this 
 vicinity that most of the Irish names are mentioned. 
 We are told that "Wayne County was largely settled 
 by people who came from the north of Ireland," ^^ and 
 in Dooly County "the earliest families were Doolys and 
 Clarkes," and the county was named after Colonel John 
 Dooly, who, as commander of Georgia militia in the War 
 of the Revolution, made a brilliant record against Tar- 
 leton and Cornwallis. Colonel Dooly served through^ 
 out the whole war, and after its close became a Judge of 
 the Superior Court. According to White," "the Doolys 
 originally came from Ireland to North Carolina, but 
 about the beginning of the Revolution settled in Lincoln 
 County, Georgia. Colonel Dooly was conspicuous for 
 
 Hogan, Kelly and Keating, Lynch and Logan, Murphy and Mul- 
 ligan, Moran and Malone, Maroney and Madden, Nolan and Nugent, 
 Powers and Phelan, Quinn and Quinlan, Ryan and Reilly, Sullivan 
 and Sweeney, Toole and Tobin, Ward and Walsh, and a host of 
 similar names. 
 
 ^^ Smith, Siory of Georgia, and the Georgian People. 
 
 ^^ Historical Collections of Georgia. 
 
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372 A HIDDEN PHASE OF HISTORY 
 
 his services on both sides of the Savannah River above 
 and below Petersburg, and at Kettle Creek he com- 
 manded the right wing of the American forces and 
 largely contributed to the victory of the Americans." 
 
 It is a remarkable fact that there was hardly a meet- 
 ing of the Provincial Council of Georgia, between the 
 years 1767 and 1772, at which petitioners for land grants 
 bearing the most ancient Irish names did not appear, and 
 it is not less remarkable to find an historian of Georgia 
 saying, in reference to the general colonization of the 
 province: "As a general thing, these colonists had no 
 one to preach to them and no one to teach their children, 
 save now and then a wandering Irishman who taught a 
 subscription school for a few months of the year" ! " In 
 poring over these records and noting the extraordinary 
 regularity with which Irish nanies appear therein, one 
 is impelled to wonder, and the searcher finds himself 
 asking. Where now are the descendants of those Irish 
 pioneers of Georgia, some of whom came in the days 
 when that now flourishing State was a howling wilder- 
 ness? Like the host of Irish-blooded Americans of 
 Colonial stock scattered throughout this great country, 
 many of them have lost their ancient names and some -be- 
 lieve that they are of "Scotch-Irish" or "Anglo-Saxon" 
 descent; the story of their Irish forebears is lost for all 
 time, and they are led to believe, perhaps, from their 
 reading of history, that the Irish had no hand in laying 
 the foundations on which the great American Republic 
 was erected! 
 
 ^' Smith, The Story of Georgia and the Georgian People, p. 70. 
 
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CHAPTER XXIII 
 
 THE FIRST CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 The Government publication, A Century of Population Growth. An 
 analysis proves this work to be utterly unreliable. The com- 
 pilers failed to take into consideration the changes in Irish 
 names. Comparison with the Revolutionary muster-rolls shows 
 numerous Irish names omitted from the Census Returns. Con- 
 clusion. 
 
 AS for the United States Government publication, 
 A Century of Population Growth, if we accept the 
 figures furnished by this compilation we are compelled 
 to believe that the white population of the United States 
 in 1790 was divided as follows : 
 
 English 2,345,844 
 
 Scotch 188,589 
 
 German 156,457 
 
 Dutch 56,623 
 
 Irish 44,273 
 
 French 1 3,38'4 
 
 Hebrew and all others .... 5,078 
 
 or 
 or 
 or 
 or 
 
 83.5% 
 
 6.7% 
 
 5.6% 
 
 2% 
 
 1.6% 
 .5% 
 .1% 
 
 of the whole 
 of the whole 
 of the whole 
 of the whole 
 of the whole 
 of the whole 
 of the whole 
 
 Total 2,810,248 100% 
 
 The 44,273 Irish are thus distributed by States : 
 
 1,334 New York 2,525 
 
 1,346 Pennsylvania-.. 8,614 
 
 579 Maryland 5,008 
 
 3,732 Virginia 8,842 
 
 459 North Carolina . 6,631 
 
 1,589 South Carolina . 3,576 
 
 Maine 
 
 New Hampshire 
 
 Vermont 
 
 Massachusetts . 
 Rhode Island . . 
 Connecticut .... 
 
 Total 44,273 
 
 373 
 
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874 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 Government statisticians are supposed to be a cold- 
 blooded class of men, entirely free from racial, religious, 
 or political prejudice, whose fo7-te is the collection of in- 
 controvertible facts; yet when we analyze the figures 
 now before us, we find that they are anything but cor- 
 rect. In fact, the most patient critic of these figures, 
 acquainted with the actual historic facts, cannot help 
 characterizing them as nothing short of a joke! 
 
 If it be true that there were only 3732 persons of 
 Irish descent of both sexes in the State of Massachusetts 
 in the year 1790, it seems strange that according to the 
 marriage records of the city of Boston alone nearly 2000 
 persons bearing Irish names were married there during 
 the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and that the 
 published Vital Records of only fifty -three other Massa- 
 chusetts towns and cities, which I have examined, con- 
 tain 1700 entries covering marriages and births of people 
 of Irish name, all prior to the year 1790 ! When we add 
 to these approximately 10,000 Irish names which appear 
 in the seventy-one volumes of Colonial Records pub- 
 lished by the New England Historic and Genealogical 
 Society, in the Probate and Land Records of Massa- 
 chusetts, the town and county histories and authentic 
 historical collections like those of the Essex Institute, 
 the mystery deepens beyond possible understanding. 
 
 If it be true that the same class of people in the State 
 of Pennsylvania in 1790 numbered only 8614, what could 
 have become of the descendants of the "crowds of 
 foreigners [Irish] who are yearly poured upon us," as 
 stated by the Lieutenant-Governor of Pennsylvania in 
 1728; of the descendants of "the great numbers of Irish 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 375 
 
 Papists and convicts" who were in Pennsylvania in 1756 ; 
 of the descendants of the Irish immigrants, numbering 
 "12,000 per year," who came to the province between 
 1726 and 1750, or of the 18,000 Irish immigrants who 
 came to America during the first half of the year 1773 
 alone, not to speak of the thousands of others of the 
 same class who came to Pennsylvania at other times? 
 
 If the male and female population of Maryland of 
 Irish birth or descent in 1790 was only 5008, how could 
 it be possible that upward of 4600 Revolutionary soldiers 
 of Irish name enlisted in Maryland? An exact count of 
 the Irish names in the Land Records of Maryland alone 
 of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries brings the 
 total number to 2100, and must it be said that the de- 
 scendants of these people had all disappeared by the time 
 the fir^t census was taken, more than half a century 
 later? 
 
 If it be true that only 2525 persons of Irish descent 
 were in the State of New York in the year 1790, what 
 explanation have the government statisticians to offer 
 when we point to the several thousand Irish names listed 
 m the marriage, land, military, and court records, and in 
 other Colonial records published by the New York His- 
 torical Society and the New York Biographical and 
 Genealogical Society, not to speak of the vast numbers 
 whose names appear in other similar publications? 
 
 When we take up individual names, the absurdity of 
 the government figures is still more amazing. At page 
 255 of this monumental work it is shown there were 73 
 "heads of families" named O'Brien, under the various 
 renderings of that name, in the United States in 1790; 
 
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376 - A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 and as the "average size of each family" of O'Briens is 
 given as 5.2, the total number of O'Briens in the entire 
 country, males and females of all ages, is given as 376. 
 Yet there are approximately 250 O'Briens on the Revo- 
 lutionary muster-rolls alone ! Of the McCarthys there 
 is shown to have been a total of 625 in the United States 
 in 1790, yet the number of soldiers named McCarthy 
 recorded on the Revolutionary muster-rolls is 335, and 
 in other records a much greater number is given! A 
 further analysis of the total number of persons of these 
 two names shows them thus distributed in A Century of 
 Population Growth: 
 
 O'Briens McCarthys 
 
 Maine 26 15 
 
 New Hampshire 5 None 
 
 Vermont 16 15 
 
 Massachusetts 37 72 
 
 Rhode Island None 5 
 
 New York 73 116 
 
 Pennsylvania ........ 26 125 
 
 Maryland 52 S6 
 
 Virginia . ., 16 140 
 
 North Carolina 57 34 
 
 South Carolina 52 67 
 
 Connecticut . 16 None 
 
 Total 376 625 
 
 According to this, there were only 37 persons named 
 O'Brien, males and females of all ages and conditions, 
 in Massachusetts in 1790, and if that were so we can only 
 wonder where the 83 Revolutionary soldiers named 
 O'Brien, whose names are found in the Muster-Rolls of 
 
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ff£Pf>0D(JC£O By /t/\'/\'A F/fA/VC£S LCWAIS 
 
 THOMAS MC KEAN | 
 
 SIGNER OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. , 
 SON OF WILLIAM AND LETITIA M?. KEAN OF COUNTY DERRY^IRELANQ 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 377 
 
 the Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors of the Revolu- 
 tionary War, as officially published by that State, could 
 have sprung from ! Neither in Connecticut nor in New 
 Hampshire could the veracious government statisticians 
 find a single individual of the name McCarthy in 1790, 
 yet the Connecticut and New Hampshire muster-rolls 
 contain 27 Revolutionary soldiers named McCarthy, and 
 in the vital statistics of both States are found a goodly 
 number of people of that name ! 
 
 In Pennsylvania it is shown there were 125 
 McCarthys, male and female; so that, if it be true that 
 110 McCarthys served in the Revolutionary army and 
 navy of Pennsylvania, as the muster-rolls plainly show, 
 some of them must have been the ghosts of the 
 McCarthys who died before the outbreak of the Revolu- 
 tionary war! 
 
 The same remarks apply to nimierous other Irish 
 names. For example, in A Century of Population '^ 
 Growth, there are shown to have been only eight persons 
 named Murphy in Massachusetts in 1790, yet the 
 muster-rolls of the Revolutionary soldiers and sailors of 
 Massachusetts contain the names of seventy-eight Mur- 
 phys and eight McMurphys. In Maryland a total of ' 
 forty-seven Murphys of both sexes is shown, but the 
 Revolutionary records of that State contain the names 
 of eighty -five Murphys. Similar discrepancies are shown 
 in the case of the Kellys, only to a much greater extent, 
 for among the Irish names appearing in early American 
 records the Kellys far outnumber any other family. 
 
 In a table entitled "Nomenclature, dealing with 
 names represented by at least 100 white persons, by 
 
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378 
 
 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 States and Territories, at the First Census, 1790," in 
 A Century of Population Growth, numerous surnames 
 are listed and opposite each are given statistics showing 
 the number of "Heads of Famihes" and the number of 
 persons of each name in the various States represented 
 in the First Census. As a further aid in determining 
 the reliability of these statistics, the following twenty- 
 Irish surnames have been selected with the number of 
 people of each name supposed to have been in the United 
 States in the year 1790, and in a parallel column is shown 
 the number of soldiers and sailors of the same surnames 
 that are recorded in the Revolutionary muster-rolls : 
 
 e 
 
 d 
 
 a 
 
 u 
 
 3 
 
 m 
 
 ■"CO.. 
 
 as o to 
 
 2;.S<!u 
 
 O Qi 
 
 Wo . 
 
 u u^ 
 
 ^ .5 
 
 rO 0) tl 3 
 
 Pa o w 
 S" " c 
 
 O 0^ 
 
 a) d'2 
 Co" 
 
 ^2g 
 
 Callaghan 
 Crowley . , 
 Dempsey . 
 Donohue . 
 
 164 140 Mahony 110 89 
 
 none" 
 141 
 125 
 
 54 
 73 
 
 73 
 
 Duffy 133 78 
 
 Dwyer i. none* 57 
 
 Flynn 188 108 
 
 Gallagher . ., 177 86 
 
 Haggerty . none* 62 
 
 Lafferty 129 6l 
 
 Maloney 127 97 
 
 Malloy 127 89 
 
 McGahy, INIcGahan. none* 72 
 
 McMabon 207 143 
 
 McManus none* 72 
 
 O'Hara none* 122 
 
 Quinn 191 122 
 
 Shea 134 73 
 
 Sheehan none* && 
 
 Totals 2055 1669 
 
 Now, the total of 2055 includes adult men and women, 
 the "lame, the blind and the halt," boys and girls and 
 
 *Number said to have been less than 100. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 379 
 
 babes in arms, and if we add an average of 75 persons 
 for each of the seven surnames where the number is 
 said to have been less than one hundred, we have a 
 total of 2580 persons of these twenty surnames in the 
 United States in 1790. If we assume that there were 
 an equal number of persons so named in the Colonies in 
 1775 and that seventy per cent, of them were non-com- 
 batants — ^which, according to all known statistics, is a 
 low average — that would leave approximately 775 men 
 of these twenty surnames capable of bearing arms. But, 
 as it is shown there are at least 1669 soldiers and sailors 
 so named on the Revolutionary muster-rolls, we can 
 understand at once how reliable are the figures furnished 
 to us through A Century of Population Growth. Of 
 such surnames as O'Neill, Sullivan, McCarthy, Reilly, 
 Ryan, Kelly, O'Brien, Murphy, Connor, Burke, 
 Doherty and Connelly, there are shown to have been 
 9044 of both sexes and of all ages in the United States in 
 1790, included in which number there could hardly have 
 been more than 3000 fit fighting men when the Revolu- 
 tionary war broke out, and even some of these must 
 necessarily have remained at home to provide a living for 
 their dependents. But, as the total nimiber of soldiers 
 and sailors of these nine names was 3841, we have a 
 further insight into the truth and logic of the Govern- 
 ment figures. 
 
 The name of Donnelly is a striking illustration of this. 
 Of persons of this name of both sexes there are said to 
 have been a total of one hundred and eighty- seven in the 
 United States in 1790, yet there were one hundred and 
 fifty-five Revolutionary soldiers so named. On the basis 
 
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380 
 
 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 of the one hundred and fifty-five Donnellys who joined 
 the Revolutionary army, I estimate there must have been 
 nearly six hundred persons of that name in America dur- 
 ing the period of the war, and since the census of 1790 
 gives a total of only one hiindred and eighty-seven, it is 
 perfectly plain that all of the Donnellys were not 
 counted. To consider the question from another stand- 
 point, the following data are submitted as showing a 
 comparison between the number of soldiers and sailors 
 of the Revolution and the number of persons on the 
 Census Returns of 1790 in the States of Pennsylvania 
 and INIassachusetts, these two being selected because it 
 is admitted that it was in Pennsylvania the greatest 
 number of Irish immigrants settled and the population 
 of Massachusetts is claimed to have been the most 
 English of any part of the Colonies. 
 
 (D 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 tn 
 
 .Eg 
 
 3 (D O 
 
 <v m 
 
 ID 
 
 s 
 
 OS 
 
 c 
 
 u 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 .So 
 <0 3 
 
 sis 
 
 3 0) O 
 
 aZ 
 
 •u m 
 
 .D3 
 
 Brannan "1 
 Brennan j 
 
 In Penna. 
 
 41 
 
 none 
 
 ■ Doyle . . . 
 Dugan . . 
 
 In 
 In 
 
 Mass. 
 Mass. 
 
 38 
 14 
 
 15 
 10 
 
 Casey . . . 
 
 In Mass. 
 
 28 
 
 11 
 
 Dwyer . . 
 
 In 
 
 Mass. 
 
 . 17 
 
 noiie 
 
 
 In Penna. 
 
 18 
 
 15 
 
 Farrell . . 
 
 In 
 
 Mass. 
 
 , 20 
 
 none 
 
 Cassidy . 
 
 .In Mass. 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 • 
 
 In 
 
 Penna. 
 
 28 
 
 30 
 
 Cavanagh 
 
 . In Mass. 
 
 . 22 
 
 none 
 
 Fitzgerald 
 
 In 
 
 Penna. 
 
 , 42 
 
 none 
 
 
 In Penna. 
 
 23 
 
 none 
 
 Fitzpatrick 
 
 In 
 
 Mass. 
 
 , 6 
 
 none 
 
 Crowley . 
 
 In Penna. 
 
 , 22 
 
 none 
 
 Flynn . . . 
 
 .In 
 
 Penna. 
 
 31 
 
 21 
 
 
 In Mass. 
 
 11 
 
 none 
 
 
 In 
 
 Mass. 
 
 34 
 
 13 
 
 Donohue . 
 
 In Mass. 
 
 11 
 
 none 
 
 Keating . 
 
 In Penna. 
 
 26 
 
 none 
 
 
 In Penna. 
 
 38 
 
 11 
 
 
 In 
 
 Mass. 
 
 10 
 
 none 
 
 Donovan . 
 
 In Penna. 
 
 17 
 
 14 
 
 Leary . . . 
 
 In 
 
 Mass. 
 
 17 
 
 5 
 
 
 In Mass. 
 
 8 
 
 none 
 
 Mahony . . 
 
 In 
 
 Mass. 
 
 , 20 
 
 none 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 
 
 381 
 
 g 
 
 3 
 
 
 u 
 ca 
 
 en 
 ■"2 
 
 sis 
 
 3 QJ O 
 
 03 
 
 a M 
 
 8 
 a 
 
 u 
 3 
 
 to 
 
 J 
 
 sgS 
 
 3 o O 
 
 I> 
 
 t-t 
 
 .S<H 
 
 o 
 
 u 
 
 .03 
 3 5 
 
 Mahony . . . 
 
 In Penna. 19 
 
 12 
 
 McNamara 
 
 In Mass. 11 
 
 none 
 
 Malone . . 
 
 In 
 
 Mass. 17 
 
 none 
 
 O'Donnell. 
 
 In Mass. 19 
 
 none 
 
 Maloney . 
 
 In 
 
 Mass. 32 
 
 10 
 
 O'Neill ..^ 
 
 In Penna. 104 
 
 47 
 
 McCaffrey 
 
 In 
 
 Mass. 11 
 
 none 
 
 Quinn . . . 
 
 In Mass. 20 
 
 10 
 
 McCormick In 
 
 Mass. 11 
 
 none 
 
 Ryan .... 
 
 InPenna.118 
 
 115 
 
 McGuire . 
 
 In 
 
 Mass. 21 
 
 none 
 
 
 In Mass. 76 
 
 60 
 
 McLaughlin In 
 
 Mass. 22 
 
 none 
 
 Sullivan . . 
 
 In Penna. 90 
 
 80 
 
 McMahon . 
 
 In 
 
 Mass. 23 
 
 none 
 
 
 In Mass. 49 
 
 15 
 
 McManus . 
 
 In 
 
 Mass. 11 
 
 none 
 
 
 
 
 Of the forty-one names all told, selected for the pur- 
 pose of this inquiry, there were 6770 Revolutionary sol- 
 diers and sailors, so that, when we consider the fact that 
 there must be added to this number the vast number of 
 persons of the same names appearing in the land and 
 court records, in the baptismal, marriage and death rec- 
 ords and in the various other classes of vital records of 
 colonial times, we are in a position to say that the 
 Government publication here under review 'is utterly 
 inconsistent with truth or reason. If the same inquiry 
 were made in the case of each Irish name, with an 
 analysis of the number in each of the original Thirteen 
 Colonies, I am satisfied the same identical result could 
 be shown, with greater or lesser variations, and the ab- 
 surdity of the Government figures would then appear in 
 a more glaring light. The statistics as to Irish emigra- 
 tion to the Colonies previous to the Revolution, gathered 
 from a thousand sources, supported by official records 
 and newspapers of the time, prove how idle it would be 
 
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382 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 to give any further consideration to the Government 
 figures and impartial readers may safely be left to form 
 their own judgment of the value of the compilation in 
 view of the irrefutable facts here presented. 
 
 And yet, this publication is the basis upon which is 
 built the theory that the Irish constituted only one and 
 six-tenths per cent, of the population of the United 
 States in 1790 and, as a logical inference, that the Irish 
 contributed very little to the achievement of American 
 independence! It is the "authority" usually quoted by 
 learned college professors and "near historians" in their 
 disquisitions upon the racial elements from which the 
 great American people have sprung and for the asser- 
 tion, made by more than one historical writer, that the 
 Colonies which now form the United States should be 
 considered as "England transplanted"! The Pharisees 
 of history may have withheld from Ireland the credit 
 that is her due, but, thanks to the never-failing guidance 
 of the records, we are able to show that Irish blood, 
 brain and brawn have been a valuable acquisition to the 
 building of the fabric of American institutions and that 
 the sons of Ireland merit more prominent recognition 
 than has been accorded them in the pages of American 
 history. The testimony presented in this volume has 
 been adduced from sources which can hardly be called 
 into question and its perusal by those who so amusingly 
 glorify the Anglo-Saxon as the sole founder of the 
 American race and American institutions would have a 
 chastening influence on their ignorance of early Ameri- 
 can history, and would reopen the long vista of the years 
 at the very beginning of which they would see Celt and 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 383 
 
 Saxon, Teuton and Gaul, working side by side solidify- 
 ing the foundations upon which this great nation of 
 freemen rests. 
 
 In reviewing this subject, there is an almost uncon- 
 trollable desire to go into the facts at greater length, 
 so vast is the wealth of material from which to draw. 
 But I have thought that too much detail would only 
 result in confusing the salient features, and, in any event, 
 the story of the early Irish settlements in any one section 
 of the country seems to be almost a repetition of the 
 story of the Irish pioneers in other sections of our land. 
 With this in mind, I have not done more than touch 
 the surface, and have dealt only with concrete facts ob- 
 tained from unquestionable sources. In case there 
 should be a desire to verify any statement made in this 
 book, it can be done readily by reference to the records 
 and historical works already alluded to, and by exam- 
 ination of the records preserved at such offices as those 
 of the Secretaries of State, Land Commissioners, and 
 other custodians of public records of the various States. 
 For the convenience of those who cannot consult the 
 originals, authentic copies of many of these records are 
 available at the leading public libraries, the Library of 
 Congress and the historical societies, but those men- 
 tioned in the text and in the footnotes of this work con- 
 stitute only a fraction of the great number of authori- 
 ties I have examined during a period of nearly twenty 
 years tracing "the footsteps of the Celt" in America. 
 
 When we bear all these historic facts in mind, and 
 when we consider the further fact that the Irish immi- 
 grants, for the most part, were driven into exile by the 
 
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384 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 oppressions of an alien government and of rack-renting 
 landlords, we need not wonder that large numbers of 
 Irishmen and their sons are found enrolled in the army 
 of the Revolution, and that they were so eager to offer 
 their hands and hearts to the service of their adopted 
 country. And I think that impartial readers will recog- 
 nize, even from this short review of the evidence afforded 
 by the records, that the testimony given before the 
 English Parliament in 1779 by disinterested witnesses 
 could not have been very far short of the truth, and that 
 the descendants of the Irish in America are fully justi- 
 fied in claiming that were it not for the numbers and 
 influence of the Irish and their participation in the con- 
 flict, the emancipation of the American people from 
 English rule would have been postponed for many years. 
 
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CHAPTER XXIV 
 
 AMERICA'S DEBT TO IRELAND 
 
 End of the World War. France repaid for her aid to the struggling 
 Colonies. America's contribution to the Allied cause. What 
 will be England's response .'' Self-determination by all nations, 
 great and small, the only means by which permanent peace can 
 be secured. Ireland's claims to nationhood and to the gratitude 
 of America. 
 
 THE preceding chapters deal with Ireland's part 
 in America's struggle for liberty. This, the con- 
 cluding chapter, will be devoted to a brief survey of the 
 influence exerted by the achievement of American in- 
 dependence upon the establishment of liberty through- 
 out the world. 
 
 Now that the terrible struggle in Europe has drawn 
 to a close, and America has triumphantly vindicated the 
 justice of the cause which impelled her to war on Ger- 
 man autocracy, it is pertinent to recall the situation at 
 present existing in Ireland. Much has been said, and 
 properly said, since the outbreak of the war, of the debt 
 of gratitude which we owed to France because of the 
 services rendered by that nation in the struggle for 
 American liberty. America has well disproved the as- 
 sertion that "republics are ungrateful"; the American 
 people have not forgotten the favors that were done for 
 them by the gallant French nation; and in this, her 
 hour of strength, America has well repaid the debt. At 
 
 385 
 
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386 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 the outset of the Revolution, America appealed to Ire- 
 land, and not in vain, for Ireland's sons answered the 
 call with the same cheerful readiness that they have 
 responded to all similar appeals in the wars in which 
 America has been engaged, and the words of Lord 
 Chatham in the House of Commons in 1775, that "the 
 Irish are with the Americans to a man," are just as 
 applicable to-day. 
 
 Irishmen and their descendants, in every land under 
 the sun, rejoice that the light of liberty is to shine once 
 again for the oppressed nations of Europe, and espe- 
 cially that this happy result has been achieved through 
 America's participation in the war. But what of Ire- 
 land itself, one of the "small nations" of Europe? She 
 contributed more fighting men to the Revolution than 
 even the gallant French, and America owes more to Ire- 
 land for the success of that Revolution than to any 
 other European country, for in the days when it was 
 unfashionable and dangerous to speak of American 
 Independence the Irish immigrants and their sons were 
 planting the seeds of liberty on this continent. Ireland 
 has waged the longest and most bitter struggle in his- 
 tory for human freedom, and her people still cry out to 
 the generosity of their American friends. Will the call 
 be heard in America, as the call of the Americans was 
 heard in Ireland one hundred and forty-three years 
 ago? There is every reason to hope that it will; that 
 the great-hearted American people will pay the debt 
 their country owes to Ireland for the part played by her 
 sons in the achievement of our liberties; and that the 
 American doctrine of human freedom will be consist- 
 
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R£PffOOUC£D BY AJVA/A F'ffAA/CES L£W///S \ 
 
 GENERAL RICHARD BUTLER 
 
 OF THE CONTINENTAL ARMY, BORN IN DUBLIN, IRELAND. 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 387 
 
 ently applied to all, including the "Island of Sorrows." 
 And how may that debt be paid? Our great Presi- 
 dent has solemnly declared that after this war "the small 
 nationalities shall have the right to self-determination," 
 and that this question shall be settled at the Peace Con- 
 ference ; and Ireland has every reason to expect that her 
 inalienable right to self-determination shall not be ex- 
 cluded from the great subjects to be discussed at this 
 historic convention. A well-laiown American jurist, a 
 serious student of this question, thus expresses himself 
 on the present relations between England and Ireland, 
 especially as they apply to the forthcoming Peace Con- 
 ference, and the timeliness of his views justifies their 
 citation here: 
 
 "Surely every American, and every lover of liberty 
 and humanity throughout the world, is anxious that this 
 should be the last great war and that peace and good 
 will among the various races of mankind shall per- 
 manently take the place of the rule of force and of the 
 horrors of war. How can this end be attained until and 
 unless all peoples and all nations are permitted to enjoy 
 the right of self-determination and to select for them- 
 selves the form of government under which they are to 
 hve? We entered this war to put an end to autocracy 
 and to bring into existence the rule of democracy. That 
 does not mean merely the end of German autocracy, or 
 British autocracy, or Russian autocracy, but of all au- 
 tocracy. It does not mean to bring freedom to the 
 Poles alone, nor to restore freedom to the Serbians 
 alone, but to bring freedom to all the oppressed peoples 
 and to all the down-trodden nations. 
 
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388 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 "And what people deserve such consideration at our 
 hands as do the Irish? What other land has sent us 
 sons who have been so numerous and so constant in 
 our behalf in every hour of our existence and in every 
 battle for our honor and our flag? Not alone were 
 they in great numbers in the Revolutionary armies, not 
 alone did they make certain the success of the Revolu- 
 tion and since then render decisive aid in every war in 
 which we have engaged, but their services in times of 
 peace, in every walk in life, in the development of our 
 great country have been well-nigh priceless to us. And 
 this not alone in the material things, the building of our 
 railroads and bridges and roads and cities and the 
 clearing of our forests, but even more in the develop- 
 ment of our ideals and of the spiritual side of our 
 nature — that side which made us enter this gigantic war 
 in order to bring to others that liberty which we value 
 above all other riches. Think of their contributions to 
 our national character; their indomitable perseverance; 
 their indestructible optimism ; the charm and vivacity of 
 their manner even in dark hours of gloom and storm ; 
 their inexhaustible humor and their brilliant wit; and, 
 above all, their belief in the invisible world around us 
 that makes for the certain triimiph of the moral forces 
 in every great contest among men! We have shown the 
 world that we are not ungrateful to France, that great 
 country whose service to us we have now many times 
 repaid. Can we afford to let history record that it was 
 only to the strong that we were grateful, and that in our 
 hour of victory and triumph, when the whole world ac- 
 claimed our power and our strength, we turned a deaf 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 389 
 
 ear to the call of the people whose blood has helped so 
 greatly to make us what we are to-day, and refused to 
 pay to Ireland the debt so long owed? Let it not be 
 so, for in that direction lies not alone ingratitude— 
 'basest of vices' — but danger for the future of all man- 
 kind! 
 
 "While Ireland, in its present condition, stands fes- 
 tering like a great sore in the side of England, there can 
 be no security or peace for England or for Europe. 
 English statesmen have tried through the centuries 
 every method suggested by ingenuity or force or craft 
 to settle this question, — except the method of leaving 
 Ireland to the Irish; and the Premier of England was 
 forced to confess recently that the people of Ireland 
 are now as dissatisfied with English rule as they were 
 in the time of Cromwell. 
 
 "It is entirely within the bounds of propriety for 
 America to remind England of the situation as it existed 
 in the spring of 1917, when England, with her back 
 to the Wall, according to the admissions of her own 
 generals and statesmen, found herself beaten and prac- 
 tically at the end of her resources, in which crucial 
 moment America entered the war and brought victory 
 and triumph to the Allied cause. The former enemies 
 became the co-belligerents of the great World War! 
 The despised and derided Colonies became, through 
 liberty and the opportunity to develop their resources, 
 the saviours in the great hour of fate ! Had Washing- 
 ton failed, who can say that America to-day would have 
 been much more powerful than Canada or Australia, 
 
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390 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 and under such conditions what would have been the 
 fate of the Alhes? 
 
 "Justice demands that Ireland should have the same 
 right accorded to her as that which is to be given to 
 the other small nations of Europe. Experience, dearly 
 bought by England, suggests the wisdom of turning 
 an age-long enemy into a friendly neighbor. Gratitude 
 and consistency call on America to help Ireland to 
 liberty, now that we have it in our power to do so. The 
 history of mankind, and the cry of humanity which calls 
 out for permanent peace to end all wars, both urge that 
 only by self-determination can tyranny and war be ban- 
 ished from the earth. A thousand selfish interests prob- 
 ably will call out in England, now that her hour of peril 
 has passed, to make no concessions to America on this 
 question. But that extraordinary genius which has 
 watched over England's destinies for the last three cen- 
 turies, and which has made her survive trials and outlive 
 storms that seemed certain to engulf -her, may raise up 
 among her sons one who will remind her that it will be 
 well to listen to the voice of that great country but for 
 which she would have gone to inevitable destruction, and 
 to do now in her hour of triumph that act of justice 
 which she has so long deferred. 
 
 "And that act may result in building up another 
 great and prosperous country near her shores, whose 
 commerce would be with all mankind, instead of with 
 her alone, but the portion of that commerce which she 
 would secure would be greater than the whole of that 
 which she now monopolizes. It may result in bringing 
 into existence a government in Ireland which would 
 
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OF AMERICAN HISTORY 391 
 
 mean the creation of a hundred ties that would make 
 for friendhness and neighborly kindliness, and of con- 
 tributions to mankind, in the benefits of which England 
 would necessarily share, that would outweigh many 
 times any losses she would sustain. It may, indeed, re- 
 sult in loosening her control of the seas, but it would 
 remove the enmity and hostility of England's governing 
 classes that have gone wherever the Irish or their de- 
 scendants are to be found on earth, — and where is it 
 that they are not to be found ? And such an act will do 
 more to remove the differences that have existed be- 
 tween America and England than all other things that 
 she can do, in that it will satisfy the vast body of 
 Americans of the sincerity of England in talking of self- 
 determination for the small nations. 
 
 "Possibly, England may be told by her zealous 
 friends here that America has been won so completely 
 from her old ideas that, to all intents and purposes, the 
 separation of the two countries is a thing of the past. 
 But let her make no such mistake. Never, underneath 
 the surface, was the spirit of American nationality so 
 vibrant and so strong; never was there such pride in 
 what our country has been able to do and is determined 
 to do for the cause of liberty and mankind; never se 
 certain the reaction which will come against any failure 
 unselfishly to keep promises and professions made in 
 the hour of danger and distress. America has awakened 
 for the first time to a realization of her wonderful 
 strength, not merely in material resources, but in the 
 moral leadership of the progressive forces of the world, 
 which will remain with her so long, and only so long, as 
 
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392 A HIDDEN PHASE 
 
 she is faithful to the eternal truths contained in that 
 immortal document — in the common language, it is well 
 to remember, of America and England — the Declara- 
 tion of Independence, which startled the tyrants of man- 
 kind and started that procession of peoples toward 
 liberty, which should not and will not end until all gov- 
 ernments on earth derive their powers from the consent 
 of those whom they govern. 
 
 "In that path lie safety and security for mankind; 
 peace and good will among men, and freedom from war, 
 with its attendant horrors ; an end to the colossal arma- 
 ments and preparations for war which bring in their 
 train the over-taxation which breeds anarchy and hatred 
 of all authority ; the League of Nations and the rule of 
 justice of which idealists all over the world are dream- 
 ing, and the permanent peace which will secure to Eng- 
 land, as to all the rest of the world, the exemption which 
 she needs from another test of her strength in arms. 
 May her statesmen have the courage to rise to the occa- 
 sion and by their devotion to justice and the fulfilment 
 of their pledges help our great President, at the Peace 
 Conference, to make that permanent, because just, 
 peace which will be a lasting blessing to all mankind!" 
 
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APPENDIX 
 
 OFFICERS OF THE AMERICAN ARMY AND NAVY 
 OF THE REVOLUTION OF IRISH BIRTH OR 
 DESCENT 
 
 Note — Those marked with an asterisk (*) were born in Ireland. 
 There can be no doubt that many of the others were also native 
 Irishmen, but the place of birth is not given in the records from 
 which these names are obtained. 
 
 *Armstrong, John, Brigadier-General, Continental Army 
 *Armstrong, James, Captain, Virginia Light Horse 
 *Adams, William, Surgeon, Proctor's Pennsylvania Artillery 
 Adair, John, Major, South Carolina Militia 
 *Aiken, John, Lieutenant, Bedford, N. H., Militia 
 
 Barry, David, Sub-Lieutenant, Regiment de Walsh, French- 
 Irish Brigade 
 Barry, Richard, Lieutenant, Regiment de Walsh, French- 
 Irish Brigade 
 *Barry, Andrew, Captain, South Carolina Partisan Rangers 
 Barry, James, Lieutenant-Colonel, Philadelphia County Mili- 
 tia 
 *Barry, Michael, Privateer Captain, Mass. Naval Service 
 Barry, John, Captain, South Carolina Militia 
 *Barry, Michael, Surgeon, 3d Continental Dragoons, Va. 
 *Barry, John, Captain, Continental Navy 
 *Barry, Patrick, Captain, Pennsylvania Navy 
 Barry, Theodore, Lieutenant, Pennsylvania Navy 
 Baldwin, Cornelius, Lieutenant, Colonel WiUiam Malcom's 
 
 Regiment of New York Levies 
 Baldwin, Cornelius, Surgeon, 8th Regiment, Virginia Line 
 Banning, John, Captain, Virginia Militia 
 Barnwell, John, Brigadier-General, South Carolina Militia 
 
 393 
 
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394 APPENDIX 
 
 Barrett, Bartholomew, Captain, 9th Regiment, Albany Coun- 
 ty, N. Y., Militia 
 Barrett, James, Lieutenant, 4th Regiment, New York Line 
 Barrett, James, Lieutenant-Colonel, Mass. Militia 
 Barrett, James, Captain, Massachusetts Militia 
 Barrett, Joseph, Captain, Nichols' N. H. Regiment, Conti- 
 nental Line 
 Barrett, Richard, Captain, Philadelphia City Guards 
 Barrett, Oliver, Ensign, Warner's N. H. Regiment, Conti- 
 nental Line 
 Barrett, William, Captain, Virginia Continental Line 
 Barrett, Robert, Captain, Virginia Convention Guards 
 Barrett, Thomas, Captain, New York Militia 
 Barrett, William, Captain, Baylor's N. C. Dragoons 
 Barron, James, Brigadier-General, Virginia State Troops 
 Barron, James, Lieutenant, Virginia Militia 
 Barron, John, Lieutenant, Massachusetts Militia 
 Barron, Oliver, Captain, Massachusetts Militia 
 Barron, Timothy, Captain, Bedell's Regiment, Vermont Mili- 
 tia 
 Barron, William, Captain, Col. Isaac Wyman's N. H. 
 
 Regiment 
 Barron, Richard, Captain, Virginia State Navy 
 Barber, Francis, Colonel, 2d Regiment, N. J. Line 
 Barber, John, Colonel, New York Line 
 
 Bennett, Patrick, Quartermaster, 4th Continental Dragoons 
 *Bla:ine, Ephraim, Commissary-General of Purchases, Penna. 
 Line 
 Bohannon, Ambrose, Captain, 1st Va. Continental Artillery 
 Bolan, Thomas, Adjutant, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
 Bowen, Daniel, Lieutenant, Chester County, Pa., Militia 
 *Boylan, James, Lieutenant, Philadelphia City Artillery 
 Boylan, James, Captain, Penna. Battalion of the Flying Camp 
 Boyle, Alexander, Adjutant, Philadelphia City Militia 
 Boyle, James, Lieutenant, Chester County, Pa., Militia 
 Boyle, James, Lieutenant, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
 Boyle, John, Officer, First City Troop of Philadelphia 
 *Boyle, Peter, Lieutenant, 13th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 Boyle, Peter, Ensign, Penna. State Regiment of Foot 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
APPENDIX 395^ 
 
 Boyle, Philip, Lieutenant, York County, Pa., Militia 
 *Bradigan, Daniel, Lieutenant, Philadelphia City Militia 
 Brady, Christopher, Lieutenant, Stephenson's Va. Rifle Regi- 
 ment 
 Brady, David, Surgeon, Georgia Continental Brigade 
 Brady, John, Captain, 12th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 Brady, John, Major, Northumberland County, Pa., Militia 
 Brady, James, Captain, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
 Brady, Joseph, Captain, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
 Brady, Samuel, Captain, 8th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 Brady, William, Captain, Stephenson's Va. Rifle Regiment 
 Bradey, William, Lieutenant, Georgia Continental Brigade 
 
 Brady, , Captain, Morgan's Rifle Corps 
 
 Brannon, Benjamin, Lieutenant-Colonel, Chester County, Pa., 
 
 Militia 
 Brannon, B., Lieutenant, Georgia Brigade, Continental Line 
 Bohan, Joseph, Captain, Pulaski Legion (Ga.) 
 Breslin, Thomas, Lieutenant, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
 Bradley, Daniel, Lieutenant, 5th Regiment, Connecticut Line 
 Bradley, Daniel, Captain, Lancaster County, Pa., Militia 
 Broderick, James, Captain, Spencer's Regiment, N. J. Line 
 
 Broderick, , Captain, Sussex County, N. J., Militia 
 
 Brandon, John, Major, Rowan County, N. C, Troops 
 Brandon, Thomas, Lieutenant, 12th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 Brandon, Thomas, Captain, South Carolina Militia 
 Brandon, William, Lieutenant, 1st Regiment, N. C. Line 
 Bulger, Edward, Major, Kentucky troops 
 Bulger, John, Captain, Kentucky troops 
 *Baurke, James, Captain, Privateer Neptune, Mass. Naval 
 
 Service 
 *Bourke, Thomas, Captain, 4<th Maryland Battalion of the 
 
 Flying Camp 
 Burke, Adam, Lieutenant, South Carolina troops 
 Burke, Edward, Captain, Patton's Regiment, Penna. Line 
 Burke, Edward, Captain, 1st Regiment, Penna. Line 
 Burke, Edward, Captain, 11th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 Burke, Edward, Lieutenant, ship Columbus, Continental Navy 
 Burke, Henry, Captain, Virginia Militia 
 Burke, Jacob, Captain, Bucks County, Penna., MiHtia, 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
396 APPENDIX 
 
 Burke, John, Captain, brigantine Good Hope, Mass. Navy 
 Burke, John, Captain, Georgia Brigade, Continental Line 
 Burke, John, Lieutenant, Lancaster County, Pa., MiHtia 
 Burke, Lewis, Captain, Shee's Regiment, Penna. Line 
 
 *Burke, Thomas, Colonel, North Carolina Line 
 
 *Burke, William, Captain, Penna. State Navy 
 Burke, William, Captain, ship Warner, Continental Navy 
 Burke, John, Captain, schooner Constitution, Mass. Navy 
 Burke, William, Captain, ship Skyrocket, Mass. Navy 
 
 *Brown, Andrew, Muster-Master General, Continental Army 
 Browne, John, Lieutenant, Regiment de Dillon, French-Irish 
 
 Brigade 
 Browne, Thomas, Lieutenant, Regiment de Dillon, French- 
 Irish Brigade 
 Butler, Charles, Lieutenant, 22d Continental Infantry, Conn, 
 
 *Butler, Edward, Captain, 9th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 Butler, Edward, Adjutant, 3d Regiment, Penna Line 
 Butler, Edward, Lieutenant, 5th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 Butler, Edmond, Lieutenant, Georgia Brigade, Continental 
 
 Line 
 Butler, Henry, Captain, N. H. Militia 
 Butler, James, Captain, South Carolina Militia 
 Butler, James, Captain, Goshen, N. Y., Regiment 
 Butler, John, Adjutant, Brewer's Massachusetts Regiment 
 Butler, John, Brigadier-General, North Carolina Militia 
 Butler, John, Captain, Marion's South Carolina Brigade 
 Butler, John, Lieutenant-Colonel, North Carolina troops 
 Butler, Joseph, Lieutenant, Smallwood's Md. Regiment of 
 
 the Line 
 Butler, Joseph, Captain, 4th Mass. Continental Infantry 
 Butler, Lawrence, Captain, 14th Regiment, Virginia Line 
 
 *Butler, Pierce, Major, South Carolina Militia 
 
 *Butler, Percival, Lieutenant, 2d Regiment, Penna. Line 
 
 *Butler, Richard, Major-General, Continental Line 
 Butler, Samuel, Lieutenant, 15th Regiment, Virginia Line 
 Butler, Thomas, Lieutenant, Scammon's Mass. Regiment 
 
 *Butler, Thomas, Captain, 3d Regiment, Penna. Line 
 Butler, William, Lieutenant, Georgia Brigade, Continental 
 Line 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
APPENDIX 397 
 
 *Butler, William, Colonel, 4<th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 Butler, William, Colonel, South Carolina Militia 
 Byrne, CliflFord, Captain, brigantine Greyhound, Continental 
 Navy 
 
 *Byrne, James, Captain, privateer Two Esthers, Penna. Naval 
 Service 
 
 *Byrne, John, Captain, Philadelphia City Militia 
 Byrne, John, Captain, Thurston's Va. Regiment of the Line 
 Byrne, Joseph, Ensign, Philadelphia City Militia 
 
 *Byrne, Simon, Privateer Captain, Mass. Naval Service 
 
 Cain, Morris, Lieutenant, Bedford County, Pa., Militia 
 Callaghan, Charles, Captain, sloop Polly, Mass. Naval Service 
 
 *Callaghan, William, Captain, sloop Ranger, Mass. Naval 
 Service 
 
 *Callahan, John, Lieutenant, North Carolina Militia 
 Callahan, John, Privateer Captain, Mass. Naval Service 
 Calanan, John, Lieutenant, Philadelphia City Artillery 
 Callan, William, Lieutenant, Westmoreland County, Pa., ' 
 
 Mihtia 
 Calhoun, Mark, Ensign, Delaware Battalion of the Flying 
 
 Camp 
 Calhoun, George, Captain, 10th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 
 *Calhoun, Patrick, Ensign, South Carolina Militia 
 Calhoun, William, Lieutenant, 4!th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 Cannon, Luke, Lieutenant, 15th Regiment, Va. Line 
 Cannon, Daniel, Captain, South Carolina Militia 
 Cannon, John, Lieutenant, 2d Regiment, Penna. Line 
 Cannon, John, Lieutenant, 2d Regiment, Va. Line 
 Cannon, William, Captain, Massachusetts Militia 
 
 *Cargill, Henry, Captain, New Hampshire troops 
 Carberry, Henry, Captain, 11th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 Carberry, Henry, Captain, Hartley's Maryland Regiment 
 Carragen, Joseph, Captain, 8th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 
 *Cavender, Garret, Lieutenant, Bucks County, Pa., Militia 
 
 Carrell, , Captain, Chester County, Pa., Militia 
 
 Carroll, Butler, Ensign, 10th Regiment, N. C. Line 
 Carroll, John, Lieutenant, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
 Carroll, John, Ensign, York County, Pa., Militia 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
398 APPENDIX 
 
 Carroll, Jonathan, Lieutenant, Learned's IMass. Regiment 
 
 Carnes, Patrick, Surgeon, Virginia troops 
 
 Carnes, Patrick, Lieutenant, Lee's Battalion of Light 
 
 Dragoons 
 Carney, Arthur, Captain, 4th Battalion, Georgia Troops 
 Carney, Arthur, Quartermaster, 8th Regiment, A'^a. Line 
 Carney, Martin, Lieutenant, 4th Regiment, Virginia Line 
 Carney, Richard, Lieutenant, Vermont State Line 
 Carthy, Daniel, Assistant Deputy Quartermaster-General, 
 
 Continental Army 
 Carty, A., Lieutenant, 5th Regiment, Penna Line 
 *Casey, John, Captain, ship Thomas, IMass. Naval Service 
 Casey, John, Lieutenant, 2d Regiment, Maryland Line 
 Casey, John, Major, Pasquotank County, N. C., troops 
 Casey, Benjamin, Captain, 12th Regiment, Va. State Line 
 Casey, Gideon, Lieutenant, 1st Rhode Island Regiment 
 *Casey, Thomas, Colonel, Kentucky troops 
 *Carr, Patrick, Major, Georgia Brigade, Continental Line 
 Carleton, Patrick, Lieutenant, Georgia Brigade, Continental 
 Line 
 
 Cantey, , Lieutenant, Thompson's S. C. Rangers 
 
 Carley, Peter, Ensign, 3d Regiment, N. Y. Militia 
 Clinton, George, Brigadier-General, New York troops 
 Clinton, James, Brigadier-General, Continental Army 
 Carnaghan, James, Lieutenant, Miles' Penna. Rifle Regiment 
 Cranaghan, John, Ensign, Morehead's Penna. Guards 
 Carnahan, William, Captain, Massachusetts Militia 
 Coleman, Nicholas, Lieutenant, 9th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 Coleman, Robert, Lieutenant, Lancaster County, Pa., Line 
 Coleman, Timothy, Lieutenant, Pavs'ling's Regiment, N. Y. 
 Levies 
 *Cogan, Patrick, Lieutenant, 5th N. H. Continental Regiment 
 *Collins, Cornelius, Lieutenant, 2d Regiment, Georgia Line 
 Collins, Daniel, Lieutenant, 12th Connecticut Infantry 
 Collins, Daniel, Lieutenant, Little's Mass. Regiment 
 Collins, Daniel,' Captain, Connecticut Militia 
 Collins, Francis, Captain, New York Militia 
 Collins, John, Deputy Commissary of Military Stores 
 Collins, James, Major, Little's Mass. Regiment 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
APPENDIX 399 
 
 Collins, Joseph, Captain, New Jersey Militia 
 Collins, Joseph, Lieutenant, 1st Regiment, Penna. Line 
 Collins, Mark, Captain, Privateer, Penna. State Navy 
 Collins, Robert, Captain, Privateer, Penna. State Navy 
 Collins, Thomas, Colonel, Delaware Militia 
 Collins, Williams, Privateer Commander, ]\Iass. Naval Service 
 Comerford, Joseph, Lieutenant, Regiment de Dillon, French- 
 Irish Brigade 
 Condry, Dennis, Privateer Commander, Mass. Naval Service 
 Connell, Daniel, Lieutenant, Delaware Battalion of the Fly- 
 ing Camp 
 Connell, Samuel, Lieutenant, Delaware Battalion of the Fly- 
 ing Camp 
 Connelly, John, Captain, Northampton County, Pa., Militia 
 *Connelly, John, Captain, Philadelphia- City Artillery 
 ConneUy, John, Lieutenant, Philadelphia Militia 
 Connelly, Michael, Lieutenant, 5th Regiment, N. Y. Line 
 *Connelly, Patrick, Captain, Georgia Brigade, Continental 
 
 Line 
 Connelly, Robert, Captain, 4th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 *Connolly, Michael, Captain, 2d Regiment, N. Y. Line 
 *Connolly, Robert, Lieutenant, Shee's Regiment, Penna. Line 
 *Connolly, Thomas, Captain, privateer Nancy, Mass. Naval 
 
 Service 
 Connor, Conrad, Lieutenant, Penna. Battalion of the Flying 
 
 Camp 
 Connor, Daniel, Lieutenant of a Georgia Regiment 
 Connor, Edward, Captain, Willett's Regiment, N. Y. Levies 
 Connor, Edward, Cornet, 3d Regiment Dragoons, Conti- 
 nental Line 
 Connor, Edward, Quartermaster, Wessenfels' N. Y. Regiment 
 Connor, Edward, Lieutenant, 3d Continental Dragoons 
 
 Connor, John, Lieutenant, Washington County, Pa., Militia 
 Connor, James, Captain, privateer Providence, Penna. Naval 
 
 Service 
 *Connor, Morgan, Lieutenant-Colonel, 11th Regiment, Penna. 
 Line and Adjutant-General to General Washington 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
400 APPENDIX 
 
 Connor, Walter, Captain, privateer St. John, Penna. Naval 
 
 Service 
 Connors, Benjamin, Captain, privateer Hyder Ally, Mass. 
 
 Naval Service 
 Connors, Samuel, Lieutenant-Colonel, Wingate's N. H. Regi- 
 ment 
 Connor, William, Ensign, 7th Regiment, Virginia Line 
 *Connors, Timothy, Quartermaster, Lancaster County, Pa., 
 Militia 
 Conners, John, Captain, Georgia Brigade, Continental Line 
 Conner, William, Captain, Washington County, Pa., Militia 
 Conway, Charles, Lieutenant, York County, Penna., Militia 
 Conway, Francis, Lieutenant, King George County, Va., 
 
 Militia 
 Conway, Henry, Captain, 14th Regiment, Virginia Line 
 Conway, James, Lieutenant, 2d Regiment, Virginia Line 
 Conway, John, Captain, 1st Battalion 1st Establishment, 
 
 N. J. State troops 
 Conway, John, Captain, American brigantine Terrible 
 Conway, John, Major, 4th Battalion 2d Establishment, N. J. 
 
 State troops 
 Conway, John, Lieutenant-Colonel, 1st Regiment, N. J. Line 
 Conway, Joseph, Captain, 15th Regiment, Va., Continental 
 Line 
 *Conway, Thomas, Brigadier-General, Continental Army 
 Conville, Andrew, Captain, Virginia Militia 
 Conwell, Daniel, Lieutenant, Delaware Battalion of the Fly- 
 ing Camp 
 Conwell, Samuel, Lieutenant, Hall's Delaware Regiment 
 Conwell, William, Colonel, Newcastle County, Del., Militia 
 Conwell, William, Captain, Westmoreland County, Pa., Militia 
 Conyers, Daniel, Captain, Marion's S. C. Brigade 
 Conyers, James, Captain, South Carolina Militia 
 Coburn, Peter, Captain, Bridge's Massachusetts Regiment 
 Coghlan, Terence, Captain, Regiment de Dillon, French-Irish 
 
 Brigade 
 Cotter, John, Lieutenant, 10th Regiment, Virginia Line 
 Coughlan, Richard, Quartermaster, Reed's N. H. Regiment 
 Coughlin, Richard, Lieutenant, 2d Continental Artillery 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
APPENDIX 401 
 
 Coughran, John, Lieutenant, Penna. Battalion of the Flying 
 
 Camp 
 Convey, Peter, Lieutenant, Monmouth County, N. J., Militia 
 *Cosgrove, Joseph, Lieutenant, Monmouth County, N. J., 
 
 Militia 
 *Costigan, Francis, Lieutenant, 1st Battalion 1st Establish- 
 ment, N. J. State troops 
 Costigan, Lewis J., Lieutenant, 1st Battalion 2d Establish- 
 ment, N. J. State troops 
 *Cronan, Patrick, Lieutenant, Malcom's Regim.ent, N. Y. 
 
 Levies 
 *Crowley, Florence, Lieutenant, 3d Massachusetts Artillery 
 *Constable, William, Aide-de-Camp to General Lafayette 
 *Cox, Paul, Captain, Pennsylvania Navy 
 Coyle, Samuel, Ensign, Bedford County, Pa., Militia 
 Coyle, Thomas, Lieutenant, 5th South Carolina Regiment 
 *Croghan, William, Major, Virginia Continental Line 
 Cruise, Walter, Captain, 6th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 *Craig, Isaac, Captain, Proctor's Pennsylvania Artillery 
 *Cross, William, Lieutenant (regiment unknown — served in 
 invasion of Canada in 1775) 
 Cruise, James, Sub-Lieutenant, Regiment de Walsh, French- 
 Irish Brigade 
 *Courtenay, Hercules, Captain, Proctor's Pennsylvania Artil- 
 lery 
 Cullen, Charles, Lieutenant, 7th Regiment, Dutchess County, 
 
 N. Y., Militia 
 Cummins, Daniel, Lieutenant, Newcastle County, Del., Militia 
 Cummins, John, Lieutenant, Chester County, Penna., Militia 
 Cummins, John, Lieutenant, Westmoreland County, Pa., 
 
 Militia 
 Cummins, Robert, Surgeon, Sussex County, N. J., Militia 
 Cummins, William, Lieutenant, Heard's New Jersey Brigade 
 Cummings, John, Captain, Privateer, Penna. State Navy 
 Cunningham, Arthur, Ensign, Chester County, Penna., Militia 
 Cunningham, Andrew, Lieutenant, Lancaster County, Penna., 
 
 Militia 
 *Conyngham, Cornelius, Lieutenant, 2d N. Y. Continental 
 Artillery 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
402 APPENDIX 
 
 *Conyngham, Gustavus, Captain, Penna. State Navy 
 Cunningham, Henry, Lieutenant, Lamb's Artillery 
 Cunningham, James, Coldnel, Lancaster County, Pa., Militia 
 Cunningham, John, Major, Georgia Brigade, Continental Line 
 Cunningham, John, Lieutenant, Lancaster County, Pa., 
 
 Militia 
 Cunningham, Paul, Ensign, North Carolina troops 
 Cunningham, Peter, Ensign, 3d Regiment, Penna. Line 
 Cunningham, Robert, Lieutenant, 1st Regiment, Penna. Line 
 Cunningham, William, Major, Virginia Line 
 
 Daley, Daniel, Captain, 1st South Carolina Regiment 
 Daley, Joshua, Lieutenant, 7th North Carolina Regiment 
 *Dayley, Dennis, Lieutenant, Bucks County, Penna., Militia 
 Dalton, Jeremiah, Privateer Commander, Mass. Naval Service 
 Dalton, Joseph, Captain, 3d Continental Artillery (N. J.) 
 Dalton, Michael, Privateer Commander, Mass. Naval Service 
 Dalton, Thomas V., Captain, 4th Maryland Battalion of the 
 
 Flying Camp 
 Dalton, Valentine, Lieutenant, Clark's Illinois Regiment 
 Dealey, John, Lieutenant, Brigantine Sturdy Beggar, Mass. 
 Davin, Richard, Ensign, York County, Penna., Militia 
 D'Arcy, James, Captain, Regiment de Walsh, French-Irish 
 
 Brigade 
 D'Arcy, John, Surgeon's Mate, 2d Regiment, N. J. Line 
 D'Arcy, Lewis, Lieutenant, Regiment de Dillon, French-Irish 
 
 Brigade 
 Darrah, Henry, Captain, Bucks County, Penna., Militia 
 *Darragh, Daniel, Ensign, 9th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 Darragh, Charles, Lieutenant, 2d Regiment, Penna. Line 
 Darragh, Henry, Lieutenant, Penna. Battalion of the Fly- 
 ing Camp 
 Demsey, Joseph, Lieutenant, Philadelphia City Militia 
 Dempsey, William, Ensign, Chester County, Penna., Militia 
 Dempsey, William, Ensign, Penna. Battalion of the Flying 
 
 Camp 
 DeCourcy, Edward, Lieutenant, Veazey's Independent Mary- 
 land Company 
 Deevy, Thomas, Lieutenant, Bedford County, Penna., Militia 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
APPENDIX 403 
 
 *Delany, Sharp, Colonel, 2d Pennsylvania Regiment 
 Dennis, Daniel, Lieutenant, 10th Regiment, Penna, Line 
 Dennis, Patrick, Lieutenant, Rutgers' N. Y. Artillery 
 *Denny, James, Captain, Chester County, Penna., Line 
 Denny, Robert, Lieutenant, Bedford County, Penna., ]\Iilitia 
 Denny, Walter, Captain, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
 Denny, William, Lieutenant, Chester County, Penna., Militia 
 Devinny, Andrew, Major, Bedford County, Penna., Militia 
 Devinny, William, Lieutenant, Bedford County, Penna., 
 
 Militia 
 Dennison, Daniel, Lieutenant, 1st Regiment, N. Y. Line 
 *Dennison, James, Captain, 4th Regiment, Albany County, 
 
 N. Y., Militia 
 *Dillon, Count Arthur, Colonel, Regiment de Dillon, French- 
 Irish Brigade 
 *Dillon, Bartholomew, Lieutenant-Colonel, Regiment de Dil- 
 lon, French-Irish Brigade 
 Dillon, Benjamin, Lieutenant, 7th Regiment, N. C. Line 
 Dillon, James, Lieutenant, 7th Regiment, N. C. Line 
 Dillon, James, Lieutenant, 2d Regiment, N. C. Line 
 Dillon, James, Captain, 2d Battalion, 2d Establishment, N. J. 
 
 State troops 
 Dillon, John, Lieutenant, 10th Regiment, N. C. Line 
 Dillon, Morris, Lieutenant, Regiment de Dillon, French-Irish 
 
 Brigade 
 *Dillon, Theobald, Colonel-en^seconde, Regiment de Dillon, 
 
 French-Irish Brigade 
 *Divver, Anthony, Captain, ship Cicero, Mass. Navy 
 Dobbins, Hugh, Lieutenant, 9th Regiment, N. C. Line 
 *Donaldson, John, Captain, brigantine Captain, Mass. Navy 
 Doherty, George, Major, Georgia Brigade, Continental Line 
 Doherty, George, Major, 6th Regiment, N. C. Line' 
 Doherty, James, Major, South Carolina Militia 
 *Dougherty, Bernard, Lieutenant-Colonel, Bedford County, 
 
 Pa., Militia 
 Dougherty, Charles, Lieutenant, 6th Continental Infantry 
 
 (Mass.) 
 Dougherty, Henry, Captain, Pennsylvania Navy 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
404 APPENDIX 
 
 *Dougherty, John, Lieutenant, Magaw's Penna. Rifle Regi- 
 ment 
 Dougherty, John, Captain, 1st Regiment, Penna. Line 
 Dougherty, John, Ensign, Cumberland County, Pa., Mihtia 
 
 *Dougherty, Michael, Lieutenant, 6th Regiment, Maryland 
 Line 
 Dougherty, Michael, Lieutenant, 13th Mass. Regiment 
 Donohoe, Thomas, Major, 6th Regiment, N. C. Line 
 Dongan, Thomas, Colonel, Randolph County, Va., Militia 
 Dongan, Thomas, Lieutenant, 6th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 Donovan, Richard, Lieutenant, 6th Regiment, Md. Line 
 
 *Donovan, Matthew, Major, 9th Regiment, Virginia Line 
 Dooley, George, Lieutenant, 3d Regiment, Georgia Line 
 Donlevy, James, Ensign, 1st Regiment, Virginia State Line 
 
 *Dooley, John, Colonel, Georgia Continental Brigade 
 Dooley, Thomas, Captain, 3d Regiment, Georgia Line 
 Dooley, John, Captain, 1st Regiment, Georgia Line 
 Dulin, Henry, Lieutenant, Georgia Continental Brigade 
 Dooley, Thomas, Captain, Virginia Militia 
 Dugan, James, Ensign, Penna. State Regiment of Foot 
 Dugan, John, Lieutenant, Philadelphia City Guards 
 Dugan, Thomas, Captain, Georgia Continental Brigade 
 Dugan, Thomas, Paymaster, Bedford County, Pa., Militia 
 Dugan, Thomas, Ensign, 6th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 
 *Dugan, Jeremiah, Major, Battalion of Rangers 
 Dugan, James, Ensign, 13th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 Duggan, John, Lieutenant, Regiment de Dillon, French-Irish 
 
 Brigade 
 Duffy, Hugh, Ensign, Lancaster County, Penna., Militia 
 
 *DufFy, Timothy, Surgeon's Mate, Hazen's Continental Regi- 
 ment 
 
 *Duffy, Patrick, Captain, Proctor's Pennsylvania Artillery 
 Dorrance, David, Captain, 5th Regiment, Connecticut Line 
 Dorrance, George, Lieutenant-Colonel, Connecticut Militia 
 Dorrance, George, Lieutenant, Hitchcock's R. I. Regiment 
 Dowling, David, Captain, Philadelphia County Militia 
 
 *Dunning, Michael, Lieutenant, Warner's N. H. Continental 
 Regiment 
 Doyle, John, Captain, 6th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
APPENDIX 405 
 
 *Doyle, Thomas, Lieutenant, 6th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 Doyle, Wilham, Commander of Pennsylvania Frontier troops 
 Downey, Daniel, Lieutenant of a South Carolina Regiment 
 Downey, John, Captain, Philadelphia City Militia 
 Downey, John, Captain, 11th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 Downey, Sylvester, Surgeon's Mate, 9th Regiment, Penna. 
 
 Line 
 Downey, Thomas, Quartermaster, 6th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 Downey, Thomas, Lieutenant, 2d Regiment, Penna. Line 
 Doran, Morris, Captain, sloop Polly, Mass. Naval Service 
 Donnahou, George, Ensign, Philadelphia City Militia 
 Donnell, James, Captain, 12th Massachusetts Regiment 
 Donnell, Nathaniel, Captain, Stevens' N. Y. Artillery 
 Donnell, Timothy, Ensign, 1st Massachusetts Regiment 
 Danelly, Patrick, Lieutenant, 1st Regiment, Maryland Line 
 
 *Donnally, Andrew, Colonel, Botetourt County, Va., Militia 
 Donnelly, Patrick, Lieutenant, 7th Regiment, Maryland Line 
 Donley, Moses, Lieutenant, Bedford County, Penna., Militia 
 
 *Driscoll, Darby, Lieutenant, brigantine Ciml Usage, Mass. 
 
 Navy 
 Driskell, Joseph, Lieutenant, Stevens' N. Y. Artillery 
 Driskill, John, Lieutenant, 3d Mass. Artillery 
 
 *Drennan, William, Captain, Cumberland, County, Pa., Militia 
 Downing, Timothy, Captain, Washington County, Pa., Militia 
 Doudel, Michael, Captain, Thompson's Battalion of Penna. 
 
 Riflemen 
 Dungan, Garrett, Captain, Bucks County, Penna., Militia 
 Dungan, John, Lieutenant, Miles' Penna. Rifle Regiment 
 Dungan, Thomas, Paymaster, 12th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 Dungan, Thomas, Jr., Lieutenant, Bucks County, Pa., Militia 
 Dunn, Jeremiah, Lieutenant, Thompson's New Jersey Bat- 
 talion 
 Dunn, James, Captain, Middlesex County, N. J., Militia 
 Dunn, James, Captain, Chester County, Penna., Militia 
 Dunn, James, Captain, Patterson's Battalion of the Dela- 
 ware Flying Camp 
 Dunn, John, Lieutenant, Wynkoop's Regiment, N. Y. Militia 
 Dunn, John, Major, Essex County, N. J., Militia 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
406 APPENDIX 
 
 Dunn, John, Quartermaster, Northampton County, Pa., 
 Militia 
 *Dunn, Peter, Lieutenant, 6th Regiment, Virginia Line 
 Dunn, Samuel, Captain, Phinney's Massachusetts Regiment 
 Dunn, Thomas, Captain, Charming Molly, Mass. Naval Serv- 
 ice 
 Dunwoody, Hugh, Lieutenant, York County, Penna., Militia 
 Dunwoody, David, Lieutenant, Chester County, Pa., Militia 
 Dunwoody, Robert, Lieutenant, Chester County, Pa., Militia 
 Dunwoody, Thomas, Lieutenant, Chester County, Pa., Militia 
 Dunlevy, Francis, Lieutenant, Penna. troops under command 
 
 of Colonel William Crawford - 
 Dorsey, Daniel, Ensign, 3d Battalion Maryland Flying Camp 
 Dorsey, John, Surgeon's Mate, 3d Battalion Md. Flying 
 
 Camp 
 Dorsey, John W., Lieutenant, 3d Battalion Maryland Flying 
 
 Camp 
 Dorsey, Nicholas, Lieutenant, 4th Regiment, Maryland Line 
 Dorsey, Richard, Lieutenant, Moylan's 4ith Dragoons 
 Dorsey, Thomas, Captain, Moylan's 4th Dragoons 
 
 Ennis, Daniel, Ensign, Sussex County, N. J., Militia 
 Ennis, William, Lieutenant, Olney's R. I. Battalion 
 
 Farley, Joseph, Lieutenant, 5th Regiment, Va. Line 
 Fanning, Charles, Lieutenant, 4th Connecticut Regiment 
 Fanning, John, Captain, ship Trojan, Penna. State Navy 
 Fanning, John, Surgeon's Mate, Conn. Hospital Department 
 Fanning, Thomas, Quartermaster, 17th Continental Infantry 
 
 Farrell, , Adjutant, Virginia troops 
 
 Farrell, John, Conductor of Military Stores, Penna. Line 
 Ferrall, M., Ensign, 9th Regiment, N. C. Line 
 Ferrell, Luke M., Lieutenant, 10th Regiment, N. C. Line 
 Ferrell, William, Lieutenant, 2d Regiment, N. G. Line 
 Ferrell, Simon, Lieutenant, Cumberland County, N. Y., 
 
 Militia 
 Ferrell, Thomas, Captain, Georgia Continental Brigade 
 Farris, John, Commander of Privateers, Mass. Naval Service 
 Farley, Andrew, Captain, Washington County, Pa., MilitiJt 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
APPENDIX 407 
 
 Fay, Joseph, Lieutenant, 3d Regiment, N. H. Line 
 Feeley, Timothy, Lieutenant, 3d Regiment, Va. Line 
 
 *Fegan, Lawrence, Quartermaster, 9th Regiment, Pa. Line 
 Fennell, John, Lieutenant, Regiment de Dillon, French-Irish 
 
 Brigade 
 Fergus, James, Surgeon, 1st Regiment, N. C. Line 
 Finney, Thomas, Lieutenant, 1st Regiment, N. C. Line 
 Finn, John, Captain, South Carolina Artillery 
 "Finn, Thomas, Lieutenant, 1st Virginia Artillery 
 Finley, Andrew, Lieutenant, 8th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 
 *Finley, John, Lieutenant, 8th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 Finley, John H., Lieutenant, 8th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 Finley, Joseph I., Captain, 13th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 
 *Finley, Sam; el, Lieutenant, Proctor's Penna. Artillery 
 Finley, Samuel, Surgeon, l^th Massachusetts Regiment 
 Finley, Samuel, Major, 7th Regiment, Virginia Line 
 Finley, Thomas, Captain, Pennsylvania Navy 
 Fitzgerald, Benjamin, Lieutenant, 9th Regiment, Pa. Line 
 Fitzgerald, Bartley, Ensign, Westmoreland County, Pa., 
 
 Mihtia 
 Fitzgerald, Edward, Sub-Lieutenant, Regiment de Dillon, 
 French-Irish Brigade 
 
 *Fitzgerald, John, Captain, South Carolina Militia 
 Fitzgerald, John, Captain, 2d Regiment, Virginia Line 
 
 *Fitzgerald, John, Major, 9th Regiment, Virginia Line 
 Fitzgerald, John Henry, Captain, 3d Regiment, Va. Line 
 Fitzgerald, Thomas, Midshipman, Continental Frigate Trum- 
 bull 
 Fitzgerald, William, Lieutenant, Florida and Warwick, 
 
 N. Y., Regiment 
 Fitzgerald, Wilham, Captain, Virginia Militia 
 Fitzgerald, , Captain, Sussex County, N. J., Militia 
 
 *Fitzpatrick, Patrick, Captain, Georgia Continental Brigade 
 Fitzpatrick, William, Lieutenant, Thompson's S. C. Rangers 
 
 *FitzSimmons, Nicholas, Lieutenant, Pennsylvania Navy 
 
 *FitzSimmons, Thomas, Captain, Philadelphia City Militia 
 Flahavan, John, Lieutenant, 1st Battalion 1st Establish- 
 ment, N. J. State Troopg 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
108 APPENDIX 
 
 Flahavan, John, Captain, 1st Regiment, N. J. Continental 
 
 Line 
 Flanagan, Samuel, Captain, 3d Battalion 1st Establishment 
 
 N. J. Staie Troops 
 *Flanagan, William, Lieutenant, Cumberland County, Pa., 
 
 Militia 
 Flinn, James, Quartermaster, Colonel Foster's Mass. Regi- 
 ment 
 Flinn, John, Ensign, Colonel Malcom's N. Y. Regiment of 
 
 the Line 
 *Flinn, John, Captain, Philadelphia City Militia 
 Fling, Lemuel, Lieutenant, 'Sd Regiment, Connecticut Line 
 Flood, Daniel, Captain, Stickney's N. H. Regiment 
 *Fogarty, Joseph, Lieutenant, South Carolina Militia 
 Foley, Mason, Captain, South Carolina Militia 
 Fox, Jeremiah, Lieutenant, Proctor's Penna. Artillery 
 Fox, Michael, Ensign, Bedford County, Penna., Militia 
 Forrester, James, Captain, Hartley's Regiment, Penna. Line 
 *Forrester, Simon, Captain, Ship Rover, Mass. Navy 
 *Fullerton, Patrick, Lieutenant, Penna. State Regiment of 
 
 Foot 
 Fullerton, Edward, Surgeon, Penna. Battalion of the Flying 
 
 Camp 
 Fullerton, Richard, Captain, 3d Regiment, Penna. Line 
 Frailey, Peter, Captain, Philadelphia County, Pa., Militia 
 Ford, Peter, Captain, York County, Penna., Militia 
 
 *GaIlagher, Bernard, Privateer Captain, Virginia Navy 
 Gallagher, Bernard, Captain, ship Batchelor, Penna. State 
 
 Navy 
 Gallagher, Charles, Captain, Frederick County, Va., Militia 
 Gallahue, Charles, Captain, Morgan's Rifle Corps 
 Garvan, Edward, Lieutenant, Georgia Continental Brigade 
 Garvin, James, Lieutenant, Colonel Wingate's N. H. Regi- 
 ment 
 
 Gallagher, , Lieutenant, Philadelphia County, Pa., 
 
 Militia 
 Garrett, Andrew, Lieutenant, 6th Regiment, Mass. Line 
 Garrett, John, Captain, Delaware Militia 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
APPENDIX 409 
 
 Garrett, Joseph, Ensign, Washington County, Pa., Militia 
 Garrett, Nicholas, Lieutenant, 6th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 *Geary, James, Ensign, York County, Penna., Militia 
 Geary, John, Ensign, 1st Regiment, N. J. Line 
 Geary, William, Lieutenant, 8th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 Gaston, Hugh, Lieutenant, Northampton County, Pa., 
 
 Militia 
 Gaston, Alexander, Lieutenant, Georgia Continental Brigade 
 Gaston, William, Lieutenant, Northampton County, Pa., 
 
 Militia 
 *Geoghegan, John, Ensign, 6th Regiment, Maryland Line 
 Gillespie, Christopher, Captain, Northumberland County, 
 
 Pa., Militia 
 Gillespie, Henry, Ensign, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
 Gillespie, Charles, Lieutenant, 6th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 Gillespie, Robert, Lieutenant, 4th Regiment, N. C. Line 
 Gillespie, William, Lieutenant-Colonel, Georgia Continental 
 
 Brigade 
 GiUespy, Samuel, Lieutenant, 4th Regiment, Ulster County, 
 
 N. Y., Militia 
 Gilliland, David, Lieutenant, Middlesex County, N. J., Militia 
 Gilliland, James, Lieutenant, Chester County, Penna., Militia 
 *Gilliland, James, Captain, N. Y. Regiment of Sappers and 
 Miners 
 Gilliland, William, Lieutenant-Colonel, York County, Pa., 
 Mihtia 
 *Gilliland, Wilham, Lieutenant, 1st Regiment, New York Line 
 Gillelan, Samuel, Lieutenant, York County, Penna., Militia 
 Gibbons, John, Surgeon, Chester County, Penna., Militia 
 Gibbons, James, Lieutenant, Shee's Regiment, Penna. Line 
 Gibbons, James, Lieutenant, 4th Pennsylvania Battalion 
 Gibbons, James, Lieutenant, 6th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 Gibbons, Philip, Lieutenant, 6th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 Gibbons, William, Colonel, Chester County, Penna., Mihtia 
 Gill, Thomas, Captain, South Carolina Mihtia 
 Gill, William, Lieutenant, Northumberland County, Pa., 
 
 Militia 
 Gllmore, George, Captain, 16th Regiment, N. Y. Militia 
 Gilmore, James, Captain, South CaroHna Militia 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
410 APPENDIX 
 
 Gilmore, William, Lieutenant, Brewer's Massachusetts Regi- 
 ment 
 Gilmore, Hugh, Lieutenant, Westmoreland County, Pa., 
 
 Militia 
 Glahan, James, Captain, 7th Regiment, N. C Line 
 Gillon, Alexander, Captain, South Carolina Militia 
 Gleason, Timothy, Quartermaster, Colonel Mooney's N. H. 
 
 Regiment 
 Gilmore, Roger, Captain, Heald's N. H. Battalion 
 Gilmore, James, Captain, Hale's New Hampshire Volunteers 
 *GofFe, John, Major, Colonel Daniel Moore's N. H. Regiment 
 Grady, Elisha, Ensign, York County, Penna., Militia 
 Gorman, Joseph, Ensign, New Jersey Militia 
 Gorman, Joseph, Ensign, 13th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 Grattan, John, Lieutenant, 8th Regiment, Virginia Line 
 Griffin, Daniel, Captain, 3d Regiment, New York Line 
 Griffin, John, Lieutenant, 7th Regiment, N. H. Line 
 *Greaton, John, Colonel, Heath's Mass. Regiment and Briga- 
 dier-General Continental Line 
 Gurney, Francis, Captain, Philadelphia City Militia 
 Griffin, Stephen, Ensign, 2d Regiment, New York Line 
 
 Hafferty, Edward, Lieutenant, Westmoreland County, Pa., 
 
 Mihtia 
 Haggerty, John, Captain, Venango County, Pa., Rangers 
 *Haley, Martin, Captain, Virginia Continental Line 
 *Hainey, Patrick, Captain, Bedford County, Penna., Militia 
 
 Hand, Daniel, Captain, Connecticut Militia 
 *Hand, Edward, Brigadier-General, Continental Army 
 Handy, Henry, Lieutenant-Colonel, New Jersey Militia 
 Hand, John, Major, New Jersey Militia 
 Handy, George, Lieutenant, Lee's Battalion of Light 
 
 Dragoons 
 Handy, John, Quartermaster, Richmond's and Tallman's 
 
 R. I. Regiment 
 Hannon, Matthew, Lieutenant, Washington County, Pa., 
 Mihtia 
 *Hare, Patrick, Privateer Captain, Mass. Naval Service 
 *Haslett, John, Colonel, Delaware Regiment of the Lipe 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
APPENDIX 411 
 
 Hart, Daniel, Lieutenant, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
 Hart, John, Lieutenant, 6th Regiment, N. C. Line 
 Haviland, John, Lieutenant, Essex County, N. J., Militia 
 Harney, Stephen, Lieutenant-Colonel, 2d Regiment, N. C. 
 
 Line 
 Hayes, Arthur, Lieutenant, 3d Regiment, Georgia Line 
 Hayes, Christopher, Lieutenant, Westmoreland County, Pa., 
 
 Mihtia 
 Hayes, George, Captain, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
 Hayes, James, Lieutenant, 7th Regiment, N. C. Line 
 Hayes, Hugh, Lieutenant, Gloucester County, Va., Militia 
 *Hayes, John, Lieutenant, Northampton County, Pa., Militia 
 Hayes, John, Ensign, Gloucester County, Va., Militia 
 Hayes, Joseph, Colonel, South Carolina Militia 
 Hayes, Robert, Lieutenant, 1st Regiment, N. C. Line 
 Hayes, Robert, Lieutenant, 10th Regiment, -^. C. Line 
 Hayes, Robert, Lieutenant, Northampton County, Pa., 
 
 Mihtia 
 Hayes, Samuel, Major, Essex County, N. J., Militia 
 Hayes, Thomas, Lieutenant, New Jersey Line 
 Hayes, Thomas, Lieutenant, Maryland Battalion Flying 
 
 Camp 
 Hayes, Thomas, Lieutenant, 2d Regiment, Virginia Line 
 Hayes, Patrick, Captain, Lancaster County, Penna., Militia 
 *Healey, Martin, Captain of a Virginia State Regiment 
 Healey, Nathaniel, Captain, Learned's Massachusetts Regi- 
 ment 
 *Heggarty, Jeremiah, Captain, privateer Languedoc, Mass. 
 
 Navy 
 Hennion, Cornelius, Captain, 3d Battalion 2d Establishment, 
 
 N. J. State troops 
 Herron, James, Captain, Congress' Own Regiment (N. J.) 
 Hallanan, John, Lieutenant, Phila. City Artillery 
 Higgins, Cornelius, Lieutenant, 5th Regiment, Conn. Line 
 *Higgins, Cornelius, Captain, 5th Battalion, Wadsworth's 
 
 Brigade 
 Higgins, Cornelius, Jr., Lieutenant, 1st Regiment, Conn. Line 
 Higgins, Gabriel, Lieutenant, 2d Regiment, Ulster County, 
 
 N. Y., Militia 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
412 APPENDIX 
 
 Higgins, James, Captain, 8th Regiment, Virginia Line 
 Higgins, John, Lieutenant, 2d Regiment, N. J. Line 
 Higgins, Joseph, Surgeon's Mate, 5th Regiment, Conn. Line 
 Higgins, Peter, Lieutenant, 4th Regiment, Va. Line 
 Higgins, Robert, Captain, 8th Regiment, Virginia Line 
 
 Higgins, , Lieutenant, Bedford County, Pa., Militia 
 
 Higgins, Sylvanus, Ensign, 1st Regiment, Conn. Line 
 Higgins, William, Lieutenant, 1st Regiment, Conn. Line 
 Higgins, William, Midshipman, Oliver Cromwell, Conn. Navy 
 Higgins, William, Quartermaster, 3d Regiment, Conn. Line 
 Hines, Ambrose, Lieutenant, Douglas' Conn. State Regiment 
 
 *Hynes, Andrew, Captain, 6th Regiment, Maryland Line 
 Hynes, William, Lieutenant, Bucks County, Penna., Militia 
 Hynes, William, Ensign, Hart's Penna. Battalion Flying 
 
 Camp 
 Hines, Thomas, Major, Wake County, N. C, Troops 
 Hynes, , Captain, Philadelphia County, Pa., Militia 
 
 *Hill, Hugh, Captain, privateer Pilgrim, Mass. Navy 
 Hoey, Benjamin, Lieutenant, Penna. Artillery Artificers 
 
 *Huey, Martin, Captain, Lancaster County, Penna., Militia 
 
 *Heard, Stephen, Captain, Georgia Continental Brigade 
 Holland, Thomas, Ensign, Haslett's Delaware Regiment 
 Hurley, James, Lieutenant, N. J. Continental Line 
 
 *Hurley, Martin, Ensign, 1st Battalion 2d Establishment, 
 N. J. State Troops 
 Hogan, Francis, Ensign, 14th Regiment, N. Y. Militia 
 Hogan, George, Lieutenant, 13th Regiment, Albany County, 
 
 N. Y., Militia 
 Hogan, Henry, Lieutenant, 1st Regiment, Orange County, 
 
 N. Y., Militia 
 Hogan, Henry, Ensign, 1st Regiment, Albany County, N. Y. 
 Hogan, James, Colonel, 7th Regiment, N. C. Line and Briga- 
 dier-General Continental Army 
 
 *Hogan, Lawrence, Captain, sloop Success, Mass. Naval Serv- 
 ice 
 
 Hogan, Dr., Surgeon-in-Chief, Sullivan's Expedition 
 
 of 1779 
 
 *Hogan, James, Paymaster, 3d Regiment, N. C. Line 
 Hogan, John, Colonel, Orange County, N. C, Troops 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
APPENDIX 413 
 
 Hogan, Jurian, Captain, 5th Regiment, Albany County, 
 
 N. Y., Militia 
 Hogan, Philip, Hospital Physician and Surgeon, S. C. 
 
 Hogan, , Captain, 5th Regiment, S. C. Line 
 
 Hogan, , Captain, 5th Regiment, Georgia Line 
 
 Hughes, Timothy, Captain, Livingston's Regiment, N. Y. 
 
 Line 
 Hunter, Patrick, Captain, Westmoreland County, Pa., 
 
 Militia 
 Hussey, John, Lieutenant, Regiment de Dillon, French-Irish 
 
 Brigade 
 Hyland, John, Lieutenant, Maryland Militia 
 
 Irvine, Matthew, Captain, Malcom's Regiment, N. Y. Line 
 *Irvine, Mathew, Surgeon, Lee's Rattalion of Light Dragoons 
 *Irvine, James, Lieutenant-Colonel, 9th Regiment, Pa. Line 
 *Irvine, William, Colonel, 7th Regiment, Penna. Line and 
 Brigadier-General Continental Line 
 
 Jordan, John, Captain, Penna. Artillery Artificers 
 Jordan, William, Lieutenant, Georgia Continental Brigade 
 *Johnston, Francis, Lieutenant-Colonel, 4th Penna. Battalion 
 
 *Kean, John, Captain, Dauphin County, Penna., Militia 
 Keating, William, Lieutenant, Regiment de Walsh, French- 
 Irish Brigade • 
 Kelley, Aaron, Captain, 17th Regiment, N. Y. Militia 
 Kelley, David, Lieutenant, 3d Regiment, Worcester County, 
 
 Mass. 
 Kelley, David, Lieutenant, Colonel Rand's Mass. Regiment 
 Kelley, Daniel, Lieutenant, Georgia Continental Brigade 
 Kelley, David, Lieutenant, 2d New Hampshire Regiment 
 *Kelley, Dennis, Lieutenant and Adjutant, 4th Regiment, 
 
 Va. Line 
 Kelley, John, Lieutenant, Florida and Warwick, N. Y., Regi- 
 ment 
 Kelley, John, Captain, Salem County, N. J., Mihtia 
 Kelley, Moses, Colonel, New Hampshire Militia 
 Kelley, Samuel, Lieutenant, New Hampshire Militia 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
414 APPENDIX 
 
 Kelley, William, Lieutenant, Shepard's Battalion of Va. 
 
 Riflemen 
 Kelley, William, Captain, Hartley's Regiment, Penna. Line 
 
 *Kelley, William, Lieutenant, Lancaster County, Pa., Militia 
 Kelly, Abram, Captain, Boykin's South Carolina Rangers 
 Kelly, Daniel, Lieutenant, South Carolina Militia 
 Kelly, James, Lieutenant, South Carolina Militia 
 Kelly, John, Sub-Lieutenant Regiment de Walsh, French- 
 Irish Brigade 
 Kelly, John, Colonel, Pennsylvania Militia 
 Kelly, Joseph, Major, Colonel Sargent's Mass. Regiment 
 
 *Kelly, Matthew, Lieutenant, Bedford County, Penna., Militia 
 
 *Kelly, Michael, Ensign, Chester County, Penna., Militia 
 Kelly, Moses, Lieutenant, Bucks County, Penna., Militia 
 Kelly, Moses, Muster-Master, Wyman's N. H. Regiment 
 Kelly, John, Captain, Morris County, N. J., Militia 
 Kelly, Robert, Lieutenant, Colonel Dike's Mass. Regiment 
 Kelly, Samuel, Lieutenant, Colonel Oilman's N. H. Regiment 
 Kelly, Samuel, Lieutenant, Colonel Mooney's N. H. Regiment 
 
 *Kelly, Thady, Captain, Virginia State Line 
 Kelly, William, Lieutenant, Bedford County, Penna., Militia 
 Kelly, William, Ensign, Northampton County, Pa., Militia 
 Kelly, William, Captain, Regiment de Dillon, French-Irish 
 
 Brigade 
 Kaley, Robert, Lieutenant, 5th Regiment, Worcester County, 
 
 Mass. 
 Kenna, A., Ensign, Stanton's Rhode Island Regiment 
 Kenrick, Daniel, Captain, New Hampshire Militia 
 Keane, Roger, Privateer Captain, Pennsylvania Navy 
 Keane, Thomas, Captain, Colonel Neill's Delaware Regiment 
 Keene, Lawrence, Captain, 11th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 Keene, Samuel, Surgeon's Mate, Maryland Line 
 Kain, Thomas, Lieutenant, Chester County, Penna., Militia 
 
 *Keams, Daniel, Ensign, Westmoreland County, Pa., Militia 
 Kerns, William, Lieutenant, Westmoreland County, Pa., 
 
 Militia 
 Kerns, William, Ensign, Northampton County, Pa., Militia 
 Keeley, Mathias, Lieutenant, Philadelphia City Militia 
 
 *Kehoe, John, Captain, privateer Centipede, Mass. Navy 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
APPENDIX 415 
 
 Keeler, Thaddeus, Lieutenant, 5th Regiment, Conn. Line 
 Kellinan, John, Lieutenant, Philadelphia City Artillery 
 Kearney, James, Lieutenant, Hartley's Additional Regiment 
 
 (Pa.) 
 Kearney, John, Lieutenant, Northampton County, Pa., 
 
 Militia 
 Kerney, John, Captain, Virginia State Line 
 Kenney, Abraham, Lieutenant, New Jersey Militia 
 Kenney, James, Lieutenant, 5th Regiment, S. C. Line 
 Kenney, Peter, Lieutenant, Sussex County, N. J., Militia 
 Kenney, Samuel, Lieutenant, Penna. State Regiment of Foot 
 Kenny, James, Captain, Hartley's Regiment, Penna. Line 
 Kenan, James, Colonel, Duplin County, N. C, Militia 
 Kennon, John, Lieutenant, 6th Regiment, N. C. Line 
 Kennon, John, Lieutenant, 2d Regiment, Virginia Line 
 Kennon, Richard, Lieutenant, 5th Regiment, Virginia Line 
 Kennon, William, Lieutenant, 1st Regiment, N. C. Line 
 Kennessey, John, Captain, Privateer, Penna. Navy 
 Keran, Edward, Lieutenant, 13th Regiment, N. C. Line 
 Kernaghan, John, Lieutenant, 2d Regiment, Ulster County, 
 
 N. Y., Militia 
 Kennedy, Andrew, Lieutenant, Philadelphia City Militia 
 Kennedy, Daniel, Adjutant, 6th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 Kennedy, James, Lieutenant, 1st South Carolina Regiment 
 Kennedy, James, Adjutant, Virginia Militia 
 Kennedy, John, Lieutenant, Florida and Warwick, N. Y., 
 
 Regiment 
 Kennedy, John, Lieutenant, 15th Massachusetts Regiment 
 Kennedy, Joseph, Ensign of a Virginia Regiment 
 Kennedy, Ljbert, Captain, South Carolina Militia 
 Kennedy, Samuel, Captain, Tth Regiment, Penna. Line 
 Kennedy, Samuel, Surgeon, 4th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 Kennedy, Thomas, Captain, North Carolina Militia 
 Kennedy, Thomas, Captain, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
 Kennedy, William, Major, Bucks County, Penna., Militia 
 Killen, Mark, Lieutenant, Newcastle County, Del., Militia 
 Kilty, John, Captain, Virginia Continental Line 
 Kilty, John, Captain, '3d Continental Dragoons (Md.) 
 Kilty, William, Surgeon, 4th Regiment, Maryland Line 
 
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416 APPENDIX 
 
 Kilpatrick, William, Ensign, 24th Continental Infantry 
 (Mass.) 
 *Knox, James, Captain, Clark's Illinois Regiment 
 Kurtan, Peter, Ensign, Nicholson's Conn. Regiment 
 Kyle, John, Captain, Westmoreland County, Pa., Militia 
 Kyle, Robert, Ensign, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
 Kyle, William, Lieutenant, 7th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 
 *Lawler, Matthew, Privateer Captain, Penna. Navy 
 Lawler, Thomas, Quartermaster, 3d Regiment, Va. Line 
 Lawless, William, Lieutenant, Tallman's R. I. Regiment 
 Lacey, Daniel, Captain, Connecticut Guards 
 Lane, Cornelius, Captain, Hunterdon County, N. J., Militia 
 Larty, John, Captain, Virginia Line 
 *Lawrie, James, Captain, 1st Regiment, N. J. Line 
 Laughery, Jeremiah, Captain, 6th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 Laughlin, John, Ensign, Cumberland Coun,ty, Penna., Militia 
 Laughlin, James, Ensign, Gloucester County, Va., Militia 
 Lavery, Henry, Ensign, Bedford Countj"^, Penna., Militia 
 *Lewis, Andrew, Brigadier-General, Continental Army 
 
 Lewis, Andrew, Lieutenant, 9th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 *Lewis, Charles, Colonel, Virginia Troops 
 *Lewis, John, Lieutenant, 9th Regiment, Virginia Line 
 ^Lewis, Thomas, Lieutenant, 11th Regiment, Va. Line 
 *Lewis, William, Major, 10th Regiment, Va. Line 
 Leamy, John, Captain, ship Adventure, Penna. Navy 
 Leary, James, Lieutenant, Colonel Brooks' Mass. Regiment 
 Leary, James, Lieutenant, 8th Regiment Continental Line 
 
 (Mass.) 
 Leary, William, Lieutenant, New Jersey Militia 
 *Leary, William, Town Maj or of New York and Lieutenant of 
 Militia 
 Larey, John, Lieutenant, 7th Massachusetts Regiment 
 
 Lary, , Captain, Bradley's N. H. Militia 
 
 Logue, James, Lieutenant, York County, Penna., Militin 
 Lowney, Thomas, Lieutenant-Colonel, Hunterdon County, 
 
 N. J., Militia 
 Lochry, Jeremiah, Captain, Westmoreland County, Pa., 
 Militia 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
APPENDIX 417 
 
 Logan, Benjamin, Colonel, Kentucky Troops 
 Logan, David, Lieutenant, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
 Logan, George, Captain, South Carolina troops 
 Logan, Francis, Captain, South Carolina Militia 
 *Logan, Samuel, Major, 5th Regiment, New York Line 
 Logan, Samuel, Captain, South Carolina Militia 
 Logan, Thomas, Ensign, Nicholson's Conn. Regiment 
 Logan, Thomas, Ensign, Lancaster County, Pa., Militia 
 Logan, William, Captain, Somerset County, N. J., Militia 
 Long, Andrew, Lieutenant, Cumberland County, Pa., Militiai 
 Long, Gabriel, Captain, 11th Regiment, Virginia Line 
 Long, Hugh, Captain, Hart's Penna. Battalion of the Fly^ 
 
 ing Camp 
 Long, John, Captain, Northampton County, Pa., Militia 
 Long, Edward, Captain, Dorset, N. Y., Militia 
 Long, Nicholas, Colonel, North Carolina Militia 
 Long, Nicholas, Lieutenant of a Virginia Regiment 
 *Long, Pierse, Colonel, New Hampshire Militia 
 Long, William, Lieutenant, 2d Regiment, Va. Line 
 Long, Thomas, Major, Bucks County, Pa., Militia 
 Long, William, Captain, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
 Looney, William, Captain, Clark's Illinois Regiment 
 *Lyon, Mathew, Lieutenant, "Green Mountain Boys" (N. H.) 
 Lynch, Charles, Colonel of a Virginia Rifle Regiment 
 Lynch, Cornelius, Ensign, Elmore's Conn. State Regiment 
 Lynch, Isidore, Captain, Regiment de Dillon, French-Irish 
 
 Brigade 
 Lynch, James, Surgeon, Pulaski's Legion and S. C. State 
 
 troops 
 Lynch, John, Major, 5th Regiment, Maryland Line 
 Lynch, John, Lieutenant, 7th Regiment, N. C. Line 
 Lynch, John, Lieutenant, Md. Battalion of the Flying Camp 
 Lynch, John, Captain, 4th Regiment, Maryland Line 
 Lynch, Thomas, Captain, 1st Regiment, S. C. Line 
 ■*Lynch, Thomas, Captain, Thompson's S. C. Rangers 
 Linch, James, Lieutenant, Philadelphia City Militia 
 Lyons, John, Captain, Georgia Continental Brigade 
 Lyons, John, Surgeon, Va. Continental Line 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
418 APPENDIX 
 
 Lyons, Matliias, Captain, Essex County, N. J., Militia 
 Lyons, Samuel, Lieutenant, Pennsylvania Navy 
 
 Madden, Matthew, Captain, Commodore de Galvez, Pa. Navy 
 Madden, Michael, Ensign, Colonel Smith's Mass. Regiment 
 *Magee, Bernard, First Officer, ship Jefferson, Mass. Navy 
 Magee, James, Captain, Colonel Graham's Regiment, N. Y. 
 
 Levies 
 Magee, James, Lieutenant, 4th Regiment, Albany County, 
 
 N. Y., Militia 
 *Magee, James, Captain, brig General Arnold, Mass. Navy 
 Magee, John, Privateer Captain, Penna. Navy 
 Magee, Peter, Lieutenant, Dutchess County, N. Y., Militia 
 Magee, Peter, Lieutenant, 3d Regiment, New York Line 
 Magee, Thomas, Captain, Colonel Malcom's Regiment of 
 
 N. Y. Levies 
 Magee, William, Ensign, 5th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 Magee, William, Ensign, 4th Penna. Battalion 
 McGee, Hugh, Captain, Georgia Continental Brigade 
 McGee, James, Captain, Colonel Dubois' Regiment, N. Y. 
 
 Line 
 McGee, James, Captain, Cumberland County, N. J., Militia 
 McGee, John, Ensign, Cumberland County, Penna., Militia 
 McGee, John, Ensign, 8th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 McGee, Robert, Lieutenant, Pennsylvania Militia 
 McGee, William, Lieutenant, 8th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 *Magill, Charles, Colonel of a Virginia Regiment 
 
 Magill, James, Lieutenant, 1st Regiment, Penna. Line 
 *Magaw, Robert, Colonel, 6th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 *Magaw, William, Colonel, Penna. Rifle Regiment 
 Magaw, William, Surgeon, 4th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 Mahon, John, Lieutenant, 8th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 Mahon, John, Captain, 11th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 Mahon, John, Lieutenant, 2d Regiment, Penna. Line 
 Mahoney, John, Ensign, 13th Regiment, Albany County, 
 
 N. Y., Militia 
 Mahony, Dennis, Sub-Lieutenant, Regiment de Dillon, 
 
 French-Irish Brigade 
 Malone, William, Captain, privateer Harbinger, R. I. Navy 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
APPENDIX 419 
 
 Mallone, James, Captain, Colonel Putnam's Mass. Regiment 
 Malon, James, Lieutenant, General Michael Farley's Mass. 
 
 Brigade 
 Malloon, John, Lieutenant, 4<th Regiment, Essex County, 
 
 Mass. 
 Maloney, Thomas, Lieutenant, Lancaster County, Pa., Militia 
 Malony, , Captain, privateer Buekram, Mass. Naval 
 
 Service 
 *MulIowney, John, Captain, Penna. State Navy 
 Maroney, Philip, Captain, 1st Battalion Maryland Flying 
 
 Camp 
 Maroney, Thomas, Lieutenant, Lancaster County, Pa., 
 
 Militia 
 *Maxwell, William, Brigadier-General, Continental Army 
 Maney, William, Lieutenant, 6th Regiment, Va. Line 
 Manley, John, Lieutenant, 8d Regiment, Georgia Line 
 Manning, Jeremiah, Captain, Middlesex County, N. J., Militia 
 Manning, James, Lieutenant, Middlesex County, N. J., Militia 
 Manning, Lawrence, Ensign, Hazen's Regiment, Penna. Line 
 Manning, Lawrence, Lieutenant, Lee's Battalion of Light 
 
 Dragoons 
 Manning, Richard, Captain, Lancaster County, Pa., Militia 
 Manning, William, Captain, Middlesex County, N. J., Militia 
 Manning, William, Lieutenant, Ward's Conn. State Regiment 
 *Mease, James, Commissary, Penna. Troops 
 *Mease, John, Captain, 4th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 *Mease, James, Paymaster and Treasurer, Continental Army 
 *Mease, Matthew, Purser, Bon Homme Richard, Continental 
 
 Navy 
 Mebane, Robert, Lieutenant-Colonel, 7th Regiment, N. C. 
 
 Militia 
 Menema, Daniel, Surgeon, 2d Regiment, N. Y. Line 
 Manghan, John, Lieutenant, Hartley's Regiment, Penna. Line 
 *Meade, George, Officer, Philadelphia City Militia 
 Meighan, George, Lieutenant, Regiment de Walsh, French- 
 Irish Brigade 
 Meleaney, Robert, Lieutenant-Colonel, 7th Regiment, N. C. 
 
 Line 
 MeUin, John, Captain, Colonel Enoch Hale's N. H. Regiment 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
420 APPENDIX 
 
 Mellagan, James, Ensign, Philadelphia City Militia 
 Marney, Thomas, Lieutenant, Georgia Continental Brigade 
 
 *Melally, Michael, C^aptain, Oliver CromweU, Conn. Navy 
 Maley, William, Captain, privateer Rambler, Mass. Navy 
 Maloy, James, Ensign, 5th Penna. Battalion 
 Meloy, John, Lieutenant, 3d Regiment, South Carolina Line 
 Molloy, Edward, Quartermaster, Continental Frigate Deane 
 Molloy, James, Ensign, 6tli Regiment, Penna. Line 
 MuUoy, Hugh, Lieutenant, Colonel Tupper's Mass. Regiment 
 Mulloy, James, Lieutenant, Shee's Regiment, Penna. Line 
 Miles, James, Ensign, Chester County, Penna., Militia 
 Miles, John, Lieutenant, Lamb's Artillery 
 
 *Mitchell, Anthony, Officer of Penna. Troops (Regiment un- 
 known) 
 Monaghan, David, Lieutenant, Thompson's S. C. Rangers 
 Mooney, Benjamin, Lieutenant, Wyman's N. H. Militia Regi- 
 ment 
 
 *Mooney, Llerculcs, Colonel, New Hampshire Militia 
 Moore, Gerard, Captain, Regiment de Dillon, French-Irish 
 
 Brigade 
 Moore, William, Captain, Regiment de Dillon, French-Irish 
 Brigade 
 
 *Moore, Daniel, Colonel, New Hampshire Militia 
 Morgan, John Baptist, Sub-Lieutenant, Regiment de Dillon, 
 
 French-Irish Brigade 
 Moneanelly, Bartholomew, Quartermaster, Regiment de Dil- 
 lon, French-Irish Brigade 
 
 ^Montgomery, , Captain, Clark's Illinois Regiment 
 
 Moran, Edward, Lieutenant, 6th Regiment, Maryland Line 
 Moriarty, Thomas, Privateer Captain, Mssachusetts Navy 
 Mulligan, Francis, Captain, Privateer Chance, R. I. Navy 
 
 *Moylan, Jasper, Lieutenant, Philadelphia City Militia 
 
 *Moylan, Stephen, Colonel, 4th Penna. Dragoons and Quarter- 
 master-General Continental Army 
 
 *Moylan, John, Quartermaster-General, Penna. Line 
 Mullens, Thomas, Lieutenant-Colonel, Continental Army 
 Murley, William, Ensign, Westmoreland County, Pa., Militia 
 Murran, William, Lieutenant, 2d Regiment, Penna. Line 
 Mulhollen, William, Lieutenant, 3d Regiment, Maryland Line 
 
 « 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
APPENDIX 421 
 
 • Murphy, Archibald, Colonel, Caswell County, N. C, Militia 
 Murphy, Daniel, Lieutenant, New Hampshire Militia 
 *Murphy, Daniel, Captain, Pennsylvania Navy 
 *Murphy, John, Captain, privateer Swallow, R. I. Naval 
 
 Service 
 Murphy, John, Ensign, Henry County, Va., Militia 
 *Murphy, John, Captain, privateer Speedwell, Mass. Navy 
 Murphy, John, Jr., Ensign, York County, Penna., Militia 
 *Murphy, Maurice, Captain, Hicks' South Carolina Regiment 
 Murphy, Patrick, Sub-Lieutenant, Regiment de Dillon, 
 
 French-Irish Brigade 
 Murphy, Zachariah, Captain, privateer Recusett, Mass. 
 Naval Service 
 
 Murphy, , Lieutenant, Cumberland County, Pa., 
 
 Militia 
 Murfree, Hardy, Lieutenant-Colonel, 1st Regiment, N. C. 
 
 Line 
 McMurphy, Daniel, Lieutenant, Hobart's N. H. Regiment 
 *McMurphy, Daniel, Lieutenant, Stark's N. H. Regiment 
 McMurphy, Robert, Lieutenant, Peabody's N. H. Regiment 
 McAfee, Robert, Captain, Chester County, Pa., Militia 
 McAUen, James, Ensign, 6th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 McAteer, John, Captain, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
 McAuley, Cornelius, Lieutenant, Cumberland County, Pa., 
 
 Militia 
 *McAlevy, William, Colonel, Bedford County, Penna., Militia 
 McAllister, Hugh, Captain, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
 McAllister, Neil, Lieutenant, 1st Regiment, N. C. Line 
 McAvoy, George, Captain, Perseverance, Penna. Navy 
 McBride, Archibald, Ensign, 2d Regiment, Ulster County, 
 
 N. Y., Militia 
 McBride, James, Captain, Orange County, N. Y., Militia 
 *McBride, James, Major, Kentucky troops 
 McBride, John, Lieutenant, Colonel Pawling's Regiment, 
 
 N. Y. Levies 
 McBride, John, Captain, York County, Penna., Militia 
 McBride, John, Jr., Ensign, York County, Penna., Militia 
 McBride, John, Ensign, Hartley's Penna. Regiment of the 
 Line 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
422 APPENDIX 
 
 McBride, John, Captain, Colonel Dubois's Regiment, N. Y. 
 
 Levies 
 McBride, Robert, Lieutenant, 9th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 McBride, William, Lieutenant, Bucks County, Penna., Militia 
 McCalla, Daniel, Lieutenant, Philadelphia City Militia 
 McCalla, John, Captain, Philadelphia City Militia 
 McCalla, Thomas, Lieutenant, Moylan's 4th Penna. Dragoons 
 McCalla, Thomas, Lieutenant, Philadelphia City Militia 
 McCarter, Charles, Surgeon, Morgan's Rifle Corps 
 *McCauley, Matthew, Lieutenant, 10th Regiment, N. C. Line 
 McCauley, John, Lieutenant, Stickney's N. H. Regiment 
 McCabe, Edward, Lieutenant, 12th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 *McCabe, James, Lieutenant, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
 McCabe, John, Lieutenant, Maryland Battalion of the Flying 
 
 Camp 
 McCall, George, Lieutenant, Haslett's Delaware Regiment 
 McCall, Hugh, Major, South Carolina Militia 
 McCall, James, Captain, South Carolina Rangers 
 McCall, John, Lieutenant, South Carolina Militia 
 McCall, William, Lieutenant, Spencer's N. J. Regiment of the 
 
 Line 
 McCall, William, Captain, Bedford County, Penna., Militia 
 *McCarthy, Florence, Ensign, 4th Regiment, N. C. Line 
 *McCarthy, John, Privateer Captain, Penna. Navy 
 McCarthy, John, Privateer Captain, Mass. Navy 
 McCarthy, John, Captain, privateer Black. Princess, Conn. 
 
 Naval Service 
 MacCarthy, Eugene, Lieutenant, Regiment de Walsh, French- 
 Irish Brigade 
 McCarthy, Timothy, Ensign, 2d Regiment, R. I. Line 
 McCarty, Benjamin, Ensign, Northampton County, Pa., 
 
 Militia 
 McCarty, Charles, Captain, Richmond County, Va., Militia 
 McCarty, Daniel, Lieutenant, Grayson's Va. Continental 
 
 Regiment 
 McCarty, Richard, Captain, Clark's Illinois Regiment 
 *McCarty, Richard, Privateer Captain, Conn. Naval Service 
 McCarty, Richard, Captain, Virginia State Line 
 McCarty, William, Quartermaster, 15th Mass. Regiment 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
APPENDIX 423 
 
 McCartney, John, Captain, Philadelphia City Militia 
 McCann, Andrew, Major, Bedford County, Penna., Militia 
 McCann, John, Lieutenant, 6th Regiment, N. C. Line 
 McCausland, Wilham, Major, Lancaster County, Pa., Militia 
 *McClary, Andrew, Major, 1st New Hampshire Regiment 
 McClary, David, Lieutenant, Stickney's N. H. Regiment 
 McClary, John, Colonel, New Hampshire Militia 
 *McClary, Michael, Captain, 3d New Hampshire Regiment 
 McCleary, Daniel, Lieutenant, Charlotte County, N. Y., 
 
 Mihtia 
 McCleery, William, Colonel, Washington County, Pa., Militia 
 McClanin, William, Lieutenant, Sussex County, N. J., Militia 
 McClannen, William, Lieutenant, 18th Mass. Continental In- 
 fantry 
 McClenaghan, Thomas, Lieutenant, Lancaster County, Pa., 
 
 Militia 
 McClenahan, John F., Lieutenant, Chester County, Penna., 
 
 Militia 
 McClenahan, William, Ensign, Philadelphia City Mihtia 
 McClaughry, John, Lieutenant, M Regiment, N. Y. Line 
 McClees, Peter, Lieutenant, Dutchess County, N. Y., Militia 
 McCauley, James, Lieutenant, 5th New Hampshire Regiment 
 McCauley, James, Captain, Marion's S. C. Brigade 
 McCauley, Matthew, Lieutenant, 10th Regiment, N. C. Line 
 McCauley, Thomas, Surgeon's Mate, 4th Continental 
 
 Dragoons 
 McClellan, Daniel, Captain, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
 McClellan, Thomas, Lieutenant, 3d Regiment, N. Y. Line 
 McCloskey, Alexander, Colonel, New Hampshire Militia 
 *McCloskey, John, Captain, Chester County, Penna., Militia 
 McCloskey, James, Sub-Lieutenant, Regiment de Dillon, 
 
 French-Irish Brigade 
 McConan, John, Captain, 6th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 McConaughey, Robert, Lieutenant, York County, Pa., Militia 
 McClellan, Thomas, Lieutenant, 3d Regiment, N. Y. Line 
 *McCollum, Cornelius, Lieutenant, Gloucester County, N. J., 
 
 Mihtia 
 McConnel, Charles, Lieutenant, Cumberland County, Pa., 
 
 Militia 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
424 APPENDIX 
 
 McConnel, James, Captain, Cumberland County, Pa., Mi] 
 McConnell, James, Captain, Lancaster County, Pa., Mil 
 McConnell, John, Captain, Cumberland County, Pa., Mil 
 *McConnell, Hugh, Ensign, 4th Regiment, New York Lin 
 McConnell, Matthew, Captain, Hazen's Regiment, Pa. I 
 ■*McConnell, Matthew, Lieutenant, 1st Regiment, Penna. I 
 McConnell, Robert, Captain, Proctor's Penna. Artillery 
 McConnell, Robert, Lieutenant, Cumberland County, Pen 
 
 Militia 
 McConnell, Samuel, Captain, Colonel Daniel Moore's N. 
 
 Regiment 
 
 McConnell, , Captain, Bartlett's N. H. Militia 
 
 McConnell, Hugh, Adjutant, Dubois' New York Regimen! 
 
 the Line 
 McCormack, D., Colonel, Georgia Continental Brigade 
 McCormick, Alexander, Lieutenant, Bedford County, Peni 
 
 Militia 
 McCormick, Alexander, Lieutenant, 1st Regiment, Pen 
 
 Line 
 McCormick, George, Captain, 13th Regiment, Virginia I 
 McCormick, Henry, Adjutant, 1st Regiment, Penna. Li 
 McCormick, Heni'y, Brigade Major, 1st Penna. Brigade 
 McCormick, Henry, Lieutenant, Lancaster County, ] 
 
 Militia 
 McCormick, John, Ensign, Northumberland County, ] 
 
 Militia 
 *McCormick, John, Ensign, lOth Regiment, Penna. Line 
 McCormick, John, Captain, Cumberland County, Pa., Mil 
 *McCormick, Thomas, Ensign, Cumberland County, 1 
 
 Militia 
 McCormick, William, Lieutenant, Cumberland County, 1 
 
 Militia 
 McClune, William, Lieutenant, 2d Regiment, New York I 
 McClure, David, Lieutenant, Mott's Conn. State Regiraeii 
 McClure, James, Adjutant, I,ong's N. H. Regiment 
 McClure, James, Lieutenant, 2d Connecticut Artillery 
 McClure, James, Ensign, North Carolina Militia 
 McClure, James, Captain, Montgomery's Penna. Batta 
 
 Flying Camp 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
APPENDIX 425 
 
 M^Clure, James, Captain, Proctor's Penna. Artillery 
 McClure, James, Captain, Chester County, Penna., Militia 
 McClure, James, Lieutenant, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
 McClure, John, Ensign, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
 McClure, John, Major, Georgia Continental Brigade 
 McClure, John, Captain, South Carolina Rangers 
 McClure, Neil, Colonel, South Carolina Militia 
 McClure, William, Surgeon, 6th Regiment, N. C. Line 
 McClure, William, Captain, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
 McClure, Joseph, Captain, Lancaster County, Penna., Militia 
 McCrellis, Henry, Ensign, Stickney's N. H. Regiment 
 McConkey, William, Captain, Bucks County, Penna., Militia 
 McCrory, Thomas, Captain, 9th Regiment, N. C. Line 
 McCoy, Charles, Lieutenant, Monmouth County, N. J., Militia 
 McCoy, Daniel, Captain, Chester County, Penna., Militia 
 McCoy, James, Lieutenant, Pennsylvania Navy 
 McCoy, James, Adjutant, Northumberland County, Pa., 
 
 Militia 
 McCoy, John, Lieutenant, 4th Regiment, Maryland Line 
 McCoy, Joseph, Ensign, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
 McCoy, Matthew, Captain, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
 McCoy, Neal, Lieutenant, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
 McCoy, Thomas, Ensign, 6th Penna. Battalion 
 McCoy, Thomas, Lieutenant, Cumberland County, Pa., 
 
 Mihtia 
 McCoy, Thomas, Captain, 9th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 McCoy, William, Lieutenant, Malcom's N. Y. Regiment of 
 
 the Line 
 McCoy, Robert, Lieutenant, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
 McCullen, James, Captain, N. Y. Artificers, Continental Army 
 McDuiFee, Daniel, Captain, Colonel Stephen Evans' N. H. 
 
 Regiment 
 McDufFee, William, Captain, 2d N. H. Continental Regiment 
 McDuffie, John, Lieutenant-Colonel, Stark's N. H. Regiment 
 McDaniel, Timothy, Major, 3d Cumberland County, Me., 
 
 Regiment 
 McDonnol, John, Captain, Shee's Penna. Regiment 
 *McDonald, Barney, Lieutenant, 4th Regiment, Virginia Line 
 McDonald, Daniel, Captain, Somerset County, N, J., Militia 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
426 APPENDIX 
 
 McDonald, Daniel, Major, Essex County, N. J., Militia 
 McDonald, James, Captain, 1st Regiment, S. C. Line 
 McDonald, John, Lieutenant, 6th Penna. Battalion 
 McDonald, John, Captain, York County, Penna., Militia 
 McDonald, John, Captain, 1st Regiment, S. C. Line 
 McDonald, John Baptist, Lieutenant, Regiment de Dillon, 
 
 French-Irish Brigade 
 McDonald, Richard, Captain, Somerset County, N. J., Militia 
 McDonald, William, Lieutenant, 4th Regiment, Georgia Line 
 McDonough, James, Lieutenant, Haslett's Delaware Regi- 
 ment 
 McDonough, Thomas, Major, Haslett's Delaware Regiment 
 McDermott, David, Ensign, Pennsylvania Militia 
 McDermott, Bernard, Lieutenant, Regiment de Dillon, 
 
 French-Irish Brigade 
 McDermott, Thomas, Captain, Regiment de Dillon, French- 
 Irish Brigade 
 MqDermond, Daniel, Ensign, Lancaster County, Pa., Militia 
 McDowell, Andrew, Lieutenant, Middlesex County, N. J., 
 
 Militia 
 McDowell, Bernard, Ensign, 4!th Regiment, Virginia Line 
 McDowell, Charles, Lieutenant^Colonel, Rowan County, 
 
 N. C, troops 
 McDowell, Edward, Lieutenant, Westmoreland County, Pa., 
 
 Militia 
 McDowell, James, Captain, Chester County, Pa., Regiment 
 McDowell, James, Lieutenant, Cumberland County, Pa., 
 
 Militia 
 McDowell, James, Lieutenant, Philadelphia City Artillery 
 McDowell, John, Surgeon, 6th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 McDowell, John, Lieutenant, Bucks County, Penna., Militia 
 McDowell, John, Lieutenant-Colonel, Chester County, Pa., 
 
 Militia 
 McDowell, John, Captain, 7th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 McDowell, John, Lieutenant, Virginia Continental Line 
 McDowell, Joseph, Brigadier-General, North Carolina Militia 
 McDowell, Joseph, Captain, North Carolina Militia 
 McDowell, Thomas, Lieutenant, Georgia Continental Brigade 
 McDowell, Thomas, Captain, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
APPENDIX 427 
 
 McDowell, William, Captain, 1st Regiment, Penna. Line 
 McDowell, William, Lieutenant, 2d Regiment, Penna. Line 
 McElderry, John, Lieutenant, 11th Regiment, Penna Line 
 
 *McElhatton, William, Lieutenant, 12th Regiment, Pa. Line 
 McElhinney, Robert, Lieutenant, York County, Pa., Militia 
 McElhaney, John, Captain, Virginia State Line 
 McElheney, James, Captain, 2d South Carolina Dragoons 
 Mcllhaney, James, Lieutenant, 10th Regiment, Virginia Line 
 McFadden, James, Captain, North Carolina Mihtia 
 McFadden, James, Captain, 2d Regiment, Virginia Line 
 McFadden, James, Lieutenant, Maryland Artillery 
 McFadden, Samuel, Lieutenant, Bedford County, Pa., Militia 
 McFadden, William, Captain, Pennsylvania Navy 
 McGra, John, Captain, Privateer Ranger, Mass. Navy 
 McFall, Patrick, Lieutenant, Penna. State Regiment of Foot 
 McFall, John, Lieutenant, Bucks County, Penna., Militia 
 McFall, Patrick, Lieutenant, 13th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 McGafFey, Andrew, Lieutenant, Wingate's N. H. Regiment 
 McGaffey, Neal, Lieutenant, Stark's N. H. Regiment 
 
 *McGahey, James, Ensign, North Carolina troops 
 McGaughey, Thomas, Lieutenant, Bedford County, Penna., 
 Militia 
 
 *McGannon, Michael, Lieutenant, Philadelphia City Militia 
 McGeary, William, Lieutenant, 8th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 
 *McGarry, Hugh, Captain, Kentucky troops 
 McGarrough, James, Major, Westmoreland County, Pa., 
 Militia 
 
 *McGibbony, Patrick, Lieutenant, 4th Regiment, N. C. Line 
 McGinley, John, Captain, Philadelphia City Artillery 
 McGinley, John, Superintendent, Penna. Artillery Artificers 
 
 *McGinms, John, Lieutenant, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
 
 McGinnis, , Lieutenant, Thompson's S. C. Rangers 
 
 McGinness, Samuel, Ensign, Penna. Battalion of the Flying 
 
 Camp 
 Maginess, James, Ensign, Bedford County, Pa., Militia 
 McGlauhan, John, Captain, 7th Regiment, N. C. Line 
 
 *McGowan, John, Brigade Inspector, Penna. Line 
 McGowan, John, Captain, Miles' Penna. Rifle Regiment 
 McGowan, John, Captain, 4th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
428 APPENDIX 
 
 McGowan, James, Lieutenant, Lancaster County, Pa., Militia 
 
 *McGowan, Thomas, Captain, York County, Penna., Militia 
 
 McGowan, , Lieutenant of a Georgia Battalion 
 
 McGufFey, Robert, Captain, Westmoreland County, Pa., 
 
 Militia 
 McGuire, Archibald, Lieutenant, Malcom's Regiment, N. Y. 
 
 Levies 
 McGuire, Archibald, Lieutenant, 11th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 
 *McGuire, James, Ensign, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
 McGuire, James, Captain, Grayson's Virginia Regiment 
 McGuire, John, Captain, Grayson's Virginia Regiment 
 McGuire, John, Ensign, 3d Regiment, Maryland Line 
 McGuire, "Merry," Lieutenant, 2d Regiment, S. C. Line 
 
 *McGuire, Matthew, Captain, 4th Continental Artillery 
 McGuire, Mathew, Captain, 1st Penna. Artillery 
 McGuire, Philip, Captain, Regiment de Dillon, French-Irish 
 
 Brigade 
 McGuire, William, Captain, 1st Continental Artillery (Va.) 
 McGuire, William, Lieutenant, 1st Regiment, Virginia Line 
 Maguire, John, Lieutenant, Maryland Line 
 
 *Ma^ire, Nathaniel, Major, Proctor's Penna. Artillery 
 McGrady, Samuel, Lieutenant, Northumberland County, Pa., 
 
 MiHtia 
 McHenry, William, Captain, Bucks County, Penna., MiHtia 
 
 *McHenry, Charles, Captain, 5th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 McHenry, Daniel, Ensign, York County, Penna., Militia 
 
 *McHenry, James, Surgeon, 5th Penna. Battalion 
 McHaney, James, Lieutenant, 5th Regiment, Va. Line 
 Mclllroy, George, Lieutenant, Bucks County, Penna., Militia 
 McKall, John, Captain, Norwich, Conn., Company 
 McKee, David, Lieutenant, Westmoreland County, Pa., 
 
 Militia 
 McKee, Hugh, Lieutenant, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
 McKee, Robert, Captain, Westmoreland County, Pa., Militia 
 
 *McKee, William, Captain, Clark's Illinois Regiment 
 
 *McKean, Robert, Captain, 1st Regiment, N. Y. Line 
 McKean, Thomas, Captain, Philadelphia City Militia 
 McKee, John, Captain, Chester County, Penna., Militia 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
APPENDIX 429 
 
 *McKelvey, James, Lieutenant, Northumberland County, Pa., 
 
 Militia 
 McKenney, John, Lieutenant, 9th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 McKenny, James, Captain Bedford County, Penna., Militia 
 McKenny, John, Lieutenant, 3d Regiment, Penna. Line 
 McKenny, Robert, Captain, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
 McKenny, William, Lieutenant, 10th Massachusetts Regi- 
 ment 
 McKinney, Harry, Captain, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
 *McKarraghan, William, Captain, 24ith Regiment, Hanover, 
 
 Pa., Militia 
 *McKinley, Henry, Captain, 12th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 McKinnie, Walter, Captain, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
 McKennan, William, Captain, Hall's Delaware Regiment 
 McKeown, John, Captain, Lancaster County, Pa., Militia 
 McQuown, David, Captain, Lancaster County, Pa., Militia 
 McQuown, Richard, Captain, Lancaster County, Pa., Militia 
 McQuown, Robert, Lieutenant, Lancaster County, Pa., 
 
 MiHtia 
 McLane, Daniel, Lieutenant, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
 McLane, Daniel, Lieutenant, 8d Continental Artillery 
 McLane, John, Lieutenant, Delaware Battalion of the Flying 
 
 Camp 
 McLane, John, Captain, 4th Regiment, N. C. Line 
 McLane, William, Surgeon's Mate, North Carolina Line 
 McLarey, James, Lieutenant-Colonel, New York Militia 
 McClaughlin, William, Captain, Colleton County, S. C, Foot 
 
 Regiment 
 McLaughlin, James, Lieutenant, 1st Regiment, N. C. Line 
 McLaughlin, John, Captain, Philadelphia City Militia 
 McLaughlin, Thomas, Captain, South Carolina troops 
 *McLaughlin, Thomas, Captain, Stark's New Hampshire 
 
 Regiment 
 *McLaughlin, Thomas, Captain, Colonel Daniel Moore's N. H. 
 
 Regiment 
 McLaughlin, John, Lieutenant, Frederick County, Va., 
 
 Mihtia 
 McGlaughlan, John, Captain, 7th Regiment, N. C. Line 
 McKelwaine, Samuel, Lieutenant, 2d Regiment, N. C. Line 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
430 APPENDIX 
 
 McManus, Hugh, Lieutenant, Rensselaer County, N. Y., 
 Militia 
 
 *McMahon, John, Lieutenant, Cunjberland County, Pa., 
 Militia 
 IMcManus, , Lieutenant, 6th Regiment, Albany Coun- 
 ty, N. Y., Militia 
 McMahon, William, Surgeon, Virginia Line 
 
 *McMahon, ; Major, Frontier troops of Georgia 
 
 McMurran, John, Ensign, Wolcott's Conn. State Regiment 
 McMullen, John, Lieutenant, Bedford County, Pa., Militia 
 McMullan, John, Lieutenant, Thurston's Continental Regi- 
 ment 
 McMullen, Robert, Lieutenant, Philadelphia City Artillery 
 McMullan, Nathaniel, Lieutenant, 3d Regiment, Penna. Line 
 McMullin, Samuel, Ensign, York County, Penna., Militia 
 McMullen, Thomas, Ensign, Lancaster County, Pa., Militia 
 McMullen, William, Ensign, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
 
 *McMullen, William, Captain, Philadelphia City Guards 
 Mulan, Robert, Captain, Philadelphia City Marines 
 Mullen, James, Ensign, Philadelphia City Militia 
 Mullen, John, Lieutenant, York County, Penna., Militia 
 MuUin, Charles, Ensign, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
 Mullin, Michael, Major, Bucks County, Penna., Militia 
 McMurray, Joseph, Captain, Berks County, Penna., Militia 
 McMurray, William, Lieutenant, Doyle's Penna. Independent 
 
 Rifle Company 
 McMurray, William, Captain, 10th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 McNamara, James, Ensign, Lancaster County, Pa., Militia 
 
 *McNamara, Michael, Lieutenant, 1st Continental Artillery 
 McNaughton, John, Lieutenant, 8th Regiment, N. C. Line 
 McNeal, Loughlin, Lieutenant, ship Effingham, Penna. State 
 
 Navy 
 McNees, John, Lieutenant, 3d Regiment, N. C. Line 
 McNeill, Daniel, Lieutenant, Clark's Illinois Regiment 
 McRenolds, Robert, Ensign, 10th Regiment, N. C. Line 
 
 *McSheehy, Miles, Adjutant, 9th Regiment, N. C. Line 
 McSheehy, Patrick, Sub-Lieutenant, Regiment de Dillon, 
 French-Irish Brigade 
 
 *McShane, Barnabas, Captain, Philadelphia City Militia 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
APPENDIX 431 
 
 McSheery, Barnabas, Ensign, York County, Penna., Militia 
 *McSweeney, James, Lieutenant, Hartley's Additional Regi- 
 ment 
 
 Newlan, Edward, Captain, Phoenix, Penna. Navy 
 
 Nugent, Anselm, Captain, Regiment de Dillon, French-Irish 
 
 Brigade 
 Nagle, James, Captain, Regiment de Dillon, French-Irish 
 
 Brigade 
 Nagle, Charles, Adjutant, 10th Regiment, Virginia Line 
 Nagle, Peter, Lieutenant, Bedford County, Penna., Militia 
 Nealey, Samuel, Ensign, York County, Penna., Militia 
 Nealley, William, Lieutenant, York County, Penna., Militia 
 Neeley, Henry, Captain, Bucks County, Penna., Militia 
 Neeley, Matthew, Lieutenant, 2d Regiment, Ulster County, 
 
 N. Y., Militia 
 Neeley, William, Captain, Bucks County, Penna., Militia 
 *Neill, Daniel, Captain-Lieutenant, N. J. State Artillery 
 Neill, Henry, Colonel, Delaware Line Regiment 
 Neill, John, Lieutenant, South Carolina Militia 
 Neill, Robert, Captain, Essex County, N. J., Militia 
 Neill, Thomas, Lieutenant, Lancaster County, Penna., Militia 
 *Neilson, John, Colonel, Middlesex County, N. J., Militia 
 *Nesbitt, John, Paymaster, Penna. State Navy 
 *Nichols, Francis, Major, 9th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 Nevins, Daniel, Captain, 6th Connecticut Regiment 
 Nevins, William, Lieutenant, 7th Connecticut Infantry 
 *Noland, Pierce, Lieutenant, Virginia Continental Line 
 Nowlan, Thomas, Lieutenant, 1st Maryland Battalion Fly- 
 ing Camp 
 Norris, George, Lieutenant, Burlington County, N. J., Militia 
 Norris, James, Captain, Col. Nathan Hale's N. H. Regiment 
 Norton, Miles, Lieutenant, Connecticut Provisional Regiment 
 
 O'Brien, Michael, Captain, Regiment de Dillon, French-Irish 
 
 Brigade 
 *0'Brian, Thomas, Lieutenant, Connecticut Provisional Regi- 
 ment 
 
 O'Brien, Jeremiah, Captain, Machias Liberty, Mass. Navy 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
432 APPENDIX 
 
 O'Brien, John, Captain, Ship Adventure, Mass. Navy 
 
 O'Brien, John, Captain, Regiment de Walsh, French-Irish 
 Brigade 
 
 O'Brien, Thaddeus, Major, Regiment de Walsh, French-Irish 
 Brigade 
 
 O'Brien, Richard, Lieutenant, Ship Jeferson, Continental 
 Navy 
 
 O'Brien, William, Lieutenant, Ship Hiberma, Massachusetts 
 Navy 
 
 O'Brien, William, Lieutenant, Machias Liberty, Massachu- 
 setts Navy 
 
 O'Bryan, William, Captain, Georgia troops and Treasurer 
 Georgia Revolutionary Committees 
 
 O'Brien, Joseph, Privateer Captain, Massachusetts Navy 
 
 O'Cahill, Louis, Sub-Lieutenant, Regiment de Walsh, French- 
 Irish Brigade 
 
 O'Connor, Chevalier Armand, Captain, Regiment de Walsh, 
 French-Irish Brigade 
 *0'Connor, Morgan, Lieutenant-Colonel, 11th Regiment, Pa. 
 Line 
 
 O'Crowley, Felix, Sub-Lieutenant, Regiment de Walsh, 
 French-Irish Brigade 
 
 O'Croly, Charles, Captain, Regiment de Walsh, French-Irish 
 Brigade 
 
 O'Donnell, John, Ensign, Washington County, Pa., Militia 
 
 O'Doyer, Dennis, Captain, Regiment de Dillon, French-Irish 
 Brigade 
 
 O'DriscoU, James, Captain, Regiment de Walsh, French-Irish 
 Brigade 
 
 O'Bannon, John, Colonel, Fauquier County, Virginia, Militia 
 
 O'Farrell, Emanuel, Lieutenant, Regiment de Dillon, French- 
 Irish Brigade 
 
 O'Farrell, Claude, Lieutenant, Regiment de Dillon, French- 
 Irish Brigade 
 
 O'Farrell, James, Lieutenant, Regiment de Dillon, French- 
 Irish Brigade 
 
 O'Flynn, James, Lieutenant, Regiment de Walsh, French- 
 Irish Brigade 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
APPENDIX 433 
 
 O'Flynn, Patrick, Captain, Neill's Delaware Regiment of 
 
 the Line 
 O'Gprman, Charles, Lieutenant, Regiment de Walsh, French- 
 Irish Brigade 
 O'Hara, Henry, Captain, 13th Regiment, N. Y. Militia 
 O'Hara, Henry, Captain, Hazen's Continental Regiment 
 O'Hara, James, Captain (regiment not stated, served at 
 
 Fort Pitt, Pa., in 1776) 
 O'Hara, James, Brigadier-General, Penna. Militia and 
 Quartermaster-General, Continental Army 
 
 O'Hara, , Captain, New Jersey Militia 
 
 O'Hara, , Captain, Connecticut troops (regiment not 
 
 stated) 
 O'Keefe, Patrick, Lieutenant, Regiment de Dillon, French- 
 Irish Brigade 
 Oakley, Miles, Lieutenant, 4th Regiment, N. Y. Line 
 O'Mara, Henry, Captain, Wynkoop's Regiment of New York 
 
 Militia 
 O'Meara, Daniel, Sub-Lieutenant, Regiment de Dillon, 
 
 French-Irish Brigade 
 O'Meara, John Baptist, Lieutenant,. Regiment de Walsh, 
 
 French-Irish Brigade 
 O'Moran, Charles, Lieutenant, Regiment de Dillon, French- 
 Irish Brigade 
 O'Moran, James, Major, Regiment de Dillon, French-Irish 
 
 Brigade 
 O'Neill, Bernard, Captain, Regiment de Dillon, French-Irish 
 
 Brigade 
 O'Neill, John, Captain, Regiment de Dillon, French-Irish 
 
 Brigade 
 O'Neill, Charles, Lieutenant, 3d Regiment, N. C. Line 
 O'Neill, Francis, Surgeon, 10th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 O'Neill, Ferdinand, Captain, Virginia Cavalry 
 O'Neill, Henry, Ensign, 9th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 O'Neal, John, Adjutant, Col. Daniel Moore's N. H. Regiment 
 O'Neal, Ferdinand, Captain, Lee's Battalion S. C. Light 
 
 Dragoons 
 O'Reilly, Charles, Lieutenant, Regiment de Dillon, French- 
 Irish Brigade 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
434 APPENDIX 
 
 O'Reilly, John, Captain, Regiment de Dillon, French-Irish 
 
 Brigade 
 O'Riordan, James, Lieutenant, Regiment de Walsh, French- 
 Irish Brigade 
 O'Sheil, James, Sub-Lieutenant, Regiment de Walsh, French- 
 Irish Brigade 
 Owens, Barney, Lieutenant, 8th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 Owens, Barney, Lieutenant, 2d Regiment, New York Line 
 Owens, Henry, Sub-Lieutenant, Regiment de Dillon, French- 
 Irish Brigade 
 
 Purdon, Henry, Sub-Lieutenant, Regiment de Dillon, French- 
 Irish Brigade 
 Purdon, Simon, Captain, Regiment de Dillon, French-Irish 
 
 Brigade 
 Patton, James, Captain, Cumberland County, Penna., Militia 
 Patton, James, Lieutenant, 2d Continental Dragoons 
 
 *Patton, John, Colonel, Pennsylvania Line 
 Patton, John, Colonel, 2d Regiment, N. C. Line 
 Patton, John, Lieutenant, Chester County, Penna., Militia 
 
 *Patton, John, Quartermaster, 1st Regiment, N. H. Line 
 Patton, Robert, Lieutenant, Klotz's Penna. Battalion Fly- 
 ing Camp 
 Patton, Robert, Captain, 10th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 Patton, William, Captain, Patton's Regiment, Penna. Line 
 Phelon, Edward, Aide-de-Camp to General Putnam 
 Phelon, Edward, Captain, 4th Regiment, Mass. Line 
 Phelon, John, Lieutenant, 3d Regiment, Mass. Line 
 
 *Phelan, Patrick, Lieutenant, 3d Regiment, Mass. Line 
 Phelon, Patrick, Captain, Jackson's Mass. Continental Regi- - 
 
 ment 
 Piggott, James, Captain, 8th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 Piggott, John, Captain, General Clark's Illinois Regiment 
 Pickens, Andrew, Colonel, S. C, Militia and Brigadier-Gen- 
 eral, State troops 
 Pickett, Martin, Colonel, Virginia Militia 
 Pickett, Thomas, Ensign, 1st Regiment, N. C. Line 
 Pickett, William, Captain, 1st Regiment, N. C. Line 
 Pickett, William, Major, Virginia Militia 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
APPENDIX 435 
 
 *Plunkett, David, Captain, Moylan's 4th Dragoons 
 Plunkett, Francis, Lieutenant, Regiment de Walsh, French- 
 Irish Brigade 
 Prendergast, John, Lieutenant, 3d Regiment, Maryland Line 
 Prendergast, William, Lieutenant, 3d Regiment, Maryland 
 
 Line 
 *Preston, William, Captain, Virginia Rangers 
 Power, Augustine, Major, Philadelphia City Militia 
 Power, Nicholas, Lieutenant, 10th Regiment, Albany County, 
 
 N. Y., Militia 
 Power, Robert, Lieutenant, Lee's Battalion S. C. Light 
 
 Dragoons 
 Power, John, Captain, ship William, Massachusetts Navy 
 Power, William, Captain, 4th Continental Artillery 
 Power, William, Lieutenant, 6th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 Powers, Alexander, Quartermaster, Miles' Penna. Line Regi- 
 ment 
 Powers, James, Lieutenant, 3d Regiment, N. C. Line 
 Powers, James, Lieutenant," 7th Regiment, N. C. Line 
 Powers, John, Lieutenant, 6th Regiment, Hampshire County, 
 
 Mass., Militia 
 Powers, Thomas, Lieutenant, 4th Regiment, Hampshire 
 
 County, Mass'., Militia 
 Powers, Thomas, Captain, Privateer Dauphin, Massachusetts 
 
 Navy 
 Powers, William, Lieutenant, Gregory's Virginia Scouts 
 *Proctor, Francis, Lieutenant, 1st Penna. Artillery 
 *Proctor, Thomas, Colonel, 1st Penna. Artillery 
 
 Quigley, Christopher, Lieutenant, Cumberland County, Pa., 
 
 Militia 
 Quigley, James, Lieutenant, York County, Penna., Militia 
 Quigley, Joseph, Captain, Burlington County, N. J., Militia 
 
 *Quigley, Philip, Ensign, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
 Quigley, Robert, Captain, Burlington County, N. J., Militia 
 Quigley, Robert, Captain, Pennsylvania Militia 
 
 *Quigley, Thomas, Commander, schooner General Putnam, 
 
 N. Y. Navy 
 Quigley, Thomas, Captain, Burlington County, N. J., Militia 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
436 APPENDIX 
 
 Quinlan, Joseph, Surgeon, 3d Regiment, Virginia Line 
 *Quinn, John, Captain, Chester County, Penna., Militia 
 
 Quinn, John, Surgeon, 3d Regiment, N. H. Line 
 *Quinn, Michael, Captain, '3d Regiment, N. C. Line 
 
 Quin, Michael, Captain, 8th Regiment, N. C. Line 
 
 Quin, Samuel, Lieutenant, 12th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 *Quirk, Thomas, Major, Virginia State Line 
 
 Quirk, , Lieutenant, 7th Regiment, Virginia Conti- 
 nental Line 
 
 Ragan, Daniel, Lieutenant, 11th Regiment, Virginia Line 
 Reagan, Richard, Captain, Rockingham County, Virginia, 
 
 Militia 
 Redmond, Andrew, Military Storekeeper, South Carolina 
 
 troops 
 *Redmond, Andrew, Officer, 1st Regiment, N. C. Line 
 Redmond, John, Captain, 6th Regiment, S. C. Militia 
 Rice, John, Captain, North Carolina troops 
 Rice, John, Captain, Pennsylvania Navy 
 *Reynolds, Daniel, Major, Mooneyes N. H. Regiment 
 Reynolds, Thomas, Lieutenant-Colonel, Burlington County, 
 
 N. J., Militia 
 Reiley, John, Captain, 12th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 Reiley, John, Captain, 1st Regiment, Maryland Line 
 Reiley, John, Captain, New York Rangers 
 Reiley, John, Captain, 3d Regiment, Penna. Line 
 Reilley, John, Captain, Webb's Connecticut Regiment 
 Reilly, James, Lieutenant, Burrall's Connecticut Regiment 
 Riley, A., Captain, Brig Ranger, Connecticut Navy 
 Riley, John, Captain, Sloop Hero, Connecticut Navy 
 Riley, John, Lieutenant, 6th Regiment, Albany County, 
 
 N. Y., Militia 
 Riley, Roger, Captain, New Jersey Militia 
 Reiley, William, Captain, 1st Regiment, Maryland Line 
 *Roach, Francis, Captain, ship Master, Mass. Navy 
 Roach, John, Captain, ship Ranger, Continental service 
 Roach, Nicholas, Surgeon, Essex County, N. J., Militia 
 Roche, Edward, Lieutenant, Hall's Delaware Regiment 
 Roche, Thomas, Captain, Sloop Polly, Mass. Naval Service 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
APPENDIX 437 
 
 Koche, William, Lieutenant, Georgia Continental Brigade 
 Roane, Christopher, Captain, Virginia Artillery 
 Rowan, James, Lieutenant, Philadelphia City Artillery 
 Rowan, John, Captain, Salem County, N. J., Militia 
 Rowan, Robert, Lieutenant, York County, Penna., Militia 
 Rowan, Robert, Captain, 1st Regiment, N. C. Line 
 
 *Rogers, Patrick, Lieutenant, 1st Regiment, N. C. Line 
 Roney, James, Lieutenant, Philadelphia County, Pa, Militia 
 Roney, John, Captain, Virginia Continental Line 
 Russell, Cornelius, Lieutenant, 2d Regiment, Conn. Line 
 
 *Rutherford, Griffith, Brigadier-General, N. C. Militia 
 
 *Rutledge, Edward, Captain, S. C. Artillery 
 Rutledge, Thomas, Major, Duplin County, N. C, Militia 
 Rutledge, William, Lieutenant, 4th Regiment, N. C. Line 
 
 *Ryan, James, Captain, 1st Regiment, S. C. Militia 
 Ryan, John, Lieutenant, Lancaster County, Penna., Militia 
 Ryan, Michael, Captain, 5th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 Ryan, Michael, Lieutenant, 1st Regiment, New York Line 
 Ryan, Michael, Lieutenant-Colonel, Fairfax County, Va., 
 
 Mihtia 
 Ryan, Michael, Lieutenant, 14th Regiment, New York Militia 
 
 *Ryan, Michael, Brigade Major, Wheelock's Mass. Regiment 
 
 *Ryan, Michael, Inspector-General, Penna. Militia 
 Ryan, Matthew, Lieutenant, Wheelock's Mass. Regiment 
 
 *Ryan, Philip, Captain, Philadelphia City Militia 
 Ryan, Robert, Major, Georgia Continental Brigade 
 Ryan, William, Lieutenant, Nixon's Mass. Regiment 
 Ryan, William, Captain, Henry County, Va., Militia 
 Rhyne, John, Lieutenant, 14th Regiment, N. Y. Militia 
 
 Shaw, Daniel, Lieutenant, 6th Regiment, N. C. Line 
 
 *Shaw, , Commodore, Continental Navy 
 
 *Shaw, Michael, Lieutenant, Philadelphia City Artillery 
 
 Shaw, Patrick, Lieutenant, Bucks County, Penna., Militia 
 *Shahan, Darby, Lieutenant, Washington County, Pa., 
 Militia 
 
 Shay, Daniel, Captain, 5th Regiment, Mass. Line 
 *Shea, John, Colonel, 3d Regiment, Penna. Line 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
438 APPENDIX 
 
 Shee^ Robert, Captaan, Regiment de Dillon, French-Irish 
 
 Brigade 
 Shee, William, Lieutenant, Regiment de Dillon, French-Irish 
 
 Brigade 
 Sexton, Samuel, Lieutenant, Monmouth County, N. J., Militia 
 Shields, David, Lieutenant, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
 Shields, George, Ensign, Westmoreland County, Pa., Militia 
 Shields, John, Captain, Virginia State Line 
 Shields, John, Lieutenant-Colonel, Westmoreland County, 
 
 Penna., Militia 
 Shields, Joseph, Lieutenant, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
 Shields, John, Captain, 1st Regiment, Virginia Line 
 Shields, R., Lieutenant, 8th Regiment, Virginia Line 
 *Shields, Peter, Lieutenant, 10th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 Shannon, John, Lieutenant, Lancaster County, Pa., Militia 
 Shannon, Robert, Captain, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
 *Smith, James, Colonel, Pennsylvania Militia 
 *Smith, Patrick, Lieutenant-Colonel, Dorset, N. Y., Militia 
 Strahan, William, Lieutenant, Lamb's N. Y. Artillery 
 Sullivan, Daniel, Captain, 6th Regiment, Lincoln County, 
 
 Maine 
 Sullivan, Eben, Captain, 30th Regiment, Lincoln County, 
 
 Maine 
 Sullivan, Ebenezer, Captain, 15th Continental Infantry 
 Sullivan, Jacob, Lieutenant, 2d Regiment, Albany County, 
 
 N. Y., Mihtia 
 Sullivan, James, Quartermaster, Lancaster County, Pa., 
 
 Militia 
 Sullivan, James, Commissary, Massachusetts troops 
 Sullivan, James, Captain, 13th Regiment, Virginia Line 
 Sullivan, John, Major-General, Continental Army 
 Sullivan, John, Lieutenant, Moylan's 4th Dragoons 
 Sullivan, Patrick, Quartermaster, York County, Pa., Militia 
 Sullivan, Samuel, Captain, Pulaski Legion 
 
 Sullivan, , Captain, Privateer Willing Maid 
 
 Stack, Edward, Captain, Regiment de Walsh, French-Irish 
 
 Brigade 
 *Stack, Edward, Ensign, Bon Homme Richard, Continental 
 
 Navy 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
APPENDIX 439 
 
 *Stewart, John, Colonel, Corps of Light Infantry 
 *Stewart, Walter, Colonel, Penna. State Regiment of Foot 
 Strange, Patrick, Sub-Lieutenant, Regiment de Dillon 
 French-Irish Brigade 
 
 Sweany, , Captain, Commander-in-Chief's Guard 
 
 Sweeney, Isaac, Captain, 11th Regiment, Penna, Line 
 Sweeney, James, Lieutenant, Penna. Artillery 
 Sweeney, Robert, Captain, Washington County, Pa., Militia 
 Sweeney, , Lieutenant, Hartley's Pa. Additional Regi- 
 ment 
 Swigny, Edmond, Lieutenant, Regiment de Dillon, French- 
 Irish Brigade 
 Swigny, Paul, Captain, Regiment de Dillon, French-Irish 
 Brigade 
 
 Taggart, Charles, Captain, Bedford County, Penna., Militia 
 Taggart, James, Lieutenant, 1st Regiment, N. H. Line 
 Taggart, John, Lieutenant, Wyman's N. H. Regiment 
 Taggart, William, Quartermaster, Long's N. H. Regiment 
 Taggart, William, Lieutenant, 2d Regiment, S. C. Line 
 Taggart, William, Lieutenant, 2d Regiment, N. H. Line 
 Talbot, Jeremiah, Major, 6th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 *Thompson, William, Colonel, Penna. Rifle Regiment and 
 
 Brigadier-General, Continental Army 
 Tobin, James, Sub-Lieutenant, Regiment de Walsh, French- 
 Irish Brigade 
 Tobin, Thomas, Lieutenant, Hunterdon County, N. J., 
 
 Militia 
 *Thornton, Matthew, Colonel, New Hampshire Militia 
 TaaiFe, Christopher, Lieutenant, Regiment de Dillon, French- 
 Irish Brigade 
 Taaffe, Lawrence, Captain, Regiment de Dillon, French-Irish 
 
 Brigade 
 Toole, Henry, Captain, 2d Regiment, N. C. Line 
 Toole, James, Lieutenant, Maryland Battalion Flying Camp 
 Toomy, John, Lieutenant, 2d Regiment, Maryland Line 
 Torrence, Joseph, Lieutenant, 7th Regiment, Penna. Line 
 Torrence, Robert, Lieutenant, Warner's Continental Regi- 
 ment 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
44a APPENDIX 
 
 Tracy, Andrew H., Lieutenant, Stevens' N. Y. Artillery 
 Tracy, James, Captain, Yankee Hero,'Mass. Navy 
 Tracy, John, Aide-de-Camp to General Glover 
 *Tracy, John, Captain, Privateer, Mass. Navy 
 *Tracy, Michael, Captain, Privateer, Mass. Navy 
 *Tracy, Nicholas, Captain, Privateer, Mass. Navy 
 *Tracy, Patrick, Builder of Privateers, Mass. Navy 
 Tracy, Nathaniel, Captain, Privateer, Mass. Navy 
 Turney, Daniel, Lieutenant, Northumberland County, Pa., 
 Militia 
 
 Walsh, Chevalier Charles, Captain, Regiment de Walsh, 
 French-Irish Brigade 
 
 *Walsh, David, Privateer Captain, Penna. Navy 
 Walsh, James, Superintendent of Arms, Penna. troops 
 
 *Walsh, James, Lieutenant, Pennsylvania Militia 
 Walsh, John, Captain, Dolphin, Penna. Navy 
 Walsh, John, Captain, 8th Regiment, N. C. Line 
 Walsh, Enoch, Lieutenant, Pulaski Legion 
 Walsh, Joseph, Lieutenant, Patterson's Mass. Regiment 
 
 *Ward, Edward, Major, Pennsylvania Line 
 
 *Ward, James, Captain, Clark's Illinois Regiment 
 Welch, John, Lieutenant, 3d Regiment, New York Line 
 Welsh, Edward, Captain, 5th Regiment, S. C. Line 
 Welsh, John, Lieutenant, Cumberland County, Pa., Militia 
 Welsh, Michael, Lieutenant, Regiment de Dillon, French- 
 Irish Brigade 
 Welsh, John, Lieutenant, 1st Regiment, R. I. Line 
 Welsh, Joseph, Lieutenant, York County, Penna., Militia 
 Welsh, Joseph, Lieutenant, 15th Continental Infantry 
 Welsh, Nathaniel, Lieutenant, 2d Regiment, Virginia State 
 Line 
 
 *Welsh, Patrick, Major, South Carolina Dragoons 
 Welsh, Peter, Quartermaster, Wessenfels' Regiment of N. Y. 
 
 Levies 
 Welsh, Peter, Lieutenant, 5th Regiment, Mass. Line 
 Welsh, Richard, Lieutenant, 9th Regiment, Mass. Line 
 Welsh, Joseph, Lieutenant-Colonel, Trask's N. H. Regiment 
 Whalen, James, Lieutenant, Somerset County, N. J., Militia 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
APPENDIX 441 
 
 Whelan, John, Captain, Chester County, Penna., Mihtia 
 Wayne, Anthony, Brigadier-General, Continental Army 
 
 •Wright, Patrick, Captain, Virginia Continental Line 
 
 ♦Wright, John, Quartermaster, N. J. troops 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
APPENDIX 
 
 NON-COMMISSIONED OfFICEKS AND EnLISTED MeN, Nam^ 
 
 Burke, Connolly, Connor, Doheuty, Kelly, Murphy, 
 McCarthy, O'Brien, O'Neill, Reilly, Ryan, and Sullivan, 
 IN THE American Army and Navy of the Revolution. 
 
 Burke, Alexander, Pennsylvania State Regiment of Foot. 
 
 Burke, Alexander, Second Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Burke, Charles, Georgia Continental Line, (regiment unknown). 
 
 Burke, Charles, Eighth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 
 
 Burke, Cornelius, Chester County, Penna., Militia. 
 
 Burke, David, North Carolina Continental Line. 
 
 Burke, David, Thompson's South Carolina Rangers. 
 
 Burke, David, Georgia Continental Line, (regiment unknown). 
 
 Burke, Edward, Georgia Continental Line, (regiment unknown). 
 
 Burke, Edward, Ship Columbus, Continental Navy. 
 
 Burke, Edward, Fifth Regiment, Suffolk County, Mass. 
 
 Burke, Edward, Crane's Massachusetts Artillery. 
 
 Burke, Edward, Colonel Little's Mass. Regiment. 
 
 Burke, Edward, Third Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Burke, Edward, Eleventh Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Burke, Edward, North Carolina Continental Line. 
 
 Burke, Edmund, First Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Burke, Francis, First Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Burke, Garret, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Burke, Henry, Miles' Penna. Bjfle Regiment. 
 
 Burke, James, Hartley's Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Burke, James, First Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Burke, James, Eleventh Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Burke, James, Miles' Penna. Rifle Regiment. 
 
 Burke, James, Lancaster County, Penna., Militia. 
 
 Burke, James, Penna. State Regiment of Foot. 
 
 Burke, James, Colonel Hall's Delaware Regiment. 
 
 Burke, James, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Burke, James, Virginia Navy. 
 
 Burke, Joseph, Colonel Hale"s New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 Burke, Joseph, Colonel Topham's Rhode Island Regiment. 
 
 Burke, Joseph, Colonel Cilley's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 Burke, Joseph, Colonel Brooks' Mass. Regiment. 
 
 44» 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
U4> APPENDIX 
 
 Burke, Jacob, Seventh Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Burke, John, Miles' Penna. Rifle Regiment. 
 
 Burke, John, First Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Burke, John, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Burke, John, First Regiment, Provincial Troops, S. C. 
 
 Burke, John, Third Battalion, Maryland Line. 
 
 Burke, John, Virginia Continental Line. 
 
 Burke, John, Patterson's Massachusetts Battalion. 
 
 Burhi, John, Second Regiment, Nevi^ York Line. 
 
 Barke, John, Third Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Burke, John, Virginia Navy. 
 
 Burke, John, Colonel Daniel Morgan's Rifle Corps. 
 
 Burke, John, Vermont troops, (regiment unknown). 
 
 Burke, John, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Burke, John, Penna. State Regiment of Foot. 
 
 Burke, John, Tenth Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Burke, John, Third Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Burke, Levy, Second Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Burke, Michael, Sixth Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Burke, Michael, Seventh Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Burke, Michael, Salem, Massachusetts, Company. 
 
 Burke, Michael, Colonel Nixon's Mass. Regiment. 
 
 Burke, Michael, Miles' Penna. Rifle Regiment. 
 
 Burke, Matthew, Virginia Continental Line. 
 
 Burke, Philip, Philadelphia City Militia. 
 
 Burke, Peter, Colonel Haslet's Delaware Regiment. 
 
 Burke, Patrick, Colonel Hall's Delaware Regiment. 
 
 Burke, Patrick, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Burke, Patrick, Fourth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Burke, Patrick, Pennsylvania Navy. 
 
 Burke, Robert, Colonel John Stark's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 Burke, Richard, Colonel Henley's Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Burke, Samuel, Colonel Baldwin's Mass. Regiment. 
 
 Burke, Sylvanus, Colonel Vose's Mass. Regiment. 
 
 Burke, Sylvanus, Seventh Mass. Regiment of the Line. 
 
 Burke, Simeon, Vermont troops, (regiment unknown). 
 
 Burke, Thomas, Proctor's Pennsylvania Artillery. 
 
 Burke, Thomas, Tenth Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Burke, Thomas, Maryland Line, (regiment unknown). 
 
 Burke, Thomas, Queen Anne's County, Maryland troops. 
 
 Burke, Thomas, Frederick County, Maryland, troops. 
 
 Burke, Thomas, Fourth Maryland Battalion. 
 
 Burke, Thomas, Captain John Evans' Mass. Company. 
 
 Burke, Thomas, Virginia Continental Line. 
 
 Burke, Thomas, Fourth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Burke, Thomas, Secona Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
APPENDIX 445 
 
 Burke, Thomas, Tenth Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Burke, Tobias, Colonel Church's Rhode Island Regiment. 
 
 Burke, Timothy, Colonel Smith's Rhode Island Regiment. 
 
 Burke, Theophilus, Georgia troops, (regiment unknown). 
 
 Burke, Tilley, Colonel Fellows' Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Burke, William, Bucks County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Burke, William, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Burke, William, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Burke, Walter, Colonel Hartley's Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Burke, William, Colonel Craft's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Burke, William, Schooner Warren, Massachusetts Navy. 
 
 Burke, WiUiam, Ship Skyrocket, Massachusetts Navy. 
 
 Burke, Walter, Frederick County, Maryland, troops. 
 
 Burke, William, Sixth Pennsylvania Battalion. 
 
 Burke, William, Pennsylvania Navy. 
 
 Burke, William, Sixth Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Burke, Walter, New Eleventh Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Burke, William, Virginia Continental Line. 
 
 Burk, Anthony, Colonel Freeman's Mass. Regiment. 
 
 Burk, Anthony, Colonel Greaton's Mass. Regiment. 
 
 Burk, Andrew, Colonel Greene's Rhode Island Regiment. 
 
 Burk, David, Colonel Smith's Rhode Island Regiment. 
 
 Burk, Daniel, Massachusetts troops, (regiment unknown). 
 
 Burk, Edward, Philadelphia County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Burk, Edward, York County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Burk, Elihu, Tenth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 
 
 Burk, Francis, Colonel Chapin's Massachusetts Piegimenl. 
 
 Burk, George, Colonel Willett's Regiment of New York Levies. 
 
 Burk, Garret, Sixth Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Burk, Henry, Colonel WiUett's Regiment of New York Levies. 
 
 Burk, Hubert, First Battalion, Second Establishment, N. J. Line. 
 
 Burk, Henry, Second Regiment, N. J. Continental Line. 
 
 Burk, Henry, Colonel Smith's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Burk, James, Sixth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Burk, James, Frederick County, Maryland, troops. 
 
 Burk, James, Fourth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Burk, Jacob, Fifth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 
 
 Burk, Jeremiah, Colonel Marshall's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Burk, Jeremiah, Colonel Shepard's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Burk, Jesse, Fourteenth Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Burk, John, Colonel Angell's Rhode Island Regiment. 
 
 Burk, John, Fourth Regiment, Orange County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 Burk, John, Colonel Brewer's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Burk, John, Captain James Lemont's Mass. Seacaast Company. 
 
 Burk, John, Fourth Worcester County, Mass., Company. 
 
 Burk, John, Brigantine Freedom, MassacIiusettS Na^-y. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
446 APPENDIX 
 
 Burk, John, Framingham, Mass., Company. 
 
 Burk, John, Colonel Porter's Massachusetts Regiment. ( 
 
 Burk, John, Colonel Greaton's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Burk, John, Colonel Vose's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Burk, John, Colonel Learned's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Burk, John, Sloop Despatch, Massachusetts Navy. 
 
 Burk, John, Colonel Jackson's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Burk, John, Rockingham County, Virginia, troops. 
 
 Burk, John, Colonel Rawlings' Maryland Regiment. 
 
 Burk, John, German Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Burk, John, Captain Thomas Beall's Maryland Corps. 
 
 Burk, John, Philadelphia County, Penna., Militia. 
 
 Burk, John, First Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Burk, John, York County, Penna., Militia. 
 
 Burk, Jonah, Colonel Williams' Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Burk, Joseph, Colonel Alden's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Burk, Joseph, Ship Tartar, Massachusetts Navj;-. 
 
 Burk, Josiah, Colonel Brooks' Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Burk, Joseph, Colonel Little's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Burk, Justus, Colonel Bradford's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Burk, Justin, Colonel Chapin's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Burk, Moses, Colonel Wesson's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Burk, Michael, Berkeley County, Virginia, troops. 
 
 Burk, Michael, Miles' Pennsylvania Rifle Regiment. 
 
 Burk, Nicholas, Virginia State Line. 
 
 Burk, Patrick, Colonel Metcalf's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Burk, Patrick, Crane's Massachusetts Artillery. 
 
 Burk, Patrick, First Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Burk, Patrick, Colonel Haslet's Delaware Regiment. 
 
 Burk, Patrick, Lancaster County, Penna., Militia. 
 
 Burk, Patrick, Colonel Haven's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Burk, Patrick, Delaware Line, (regiment unknown). 
 
 Burk, Peter, Second Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Burk, Richard, Invalid Regiment, (Pennsylvania troops). 
 
 Burk, Richard, Colonel Howe's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Burk, Richard, Colonel Henley's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Burk, Richard, Colonel Jackson's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Burk, Richard, Webster, Mass., Company of Minute Men. 
 
 Burk, Richard, Colonel Fellows' Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Burk, Richard, Chesterfield, Massachusetts, Company. 
 
 Burk, Richard, Colonel Whitcomb's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Burk, Richard, Colonel Wells' Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Burk, Richard, Colonel Dickinson Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Burk, Richard, Colonel Woodbridge's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Burk, Richard, Middletown, Mass., Company. 
 
 Burk, Stephen, Washington County, Penna., Militia. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
APPENDIX 447 
 
 Burk, Samuel, Virginia Continental Line. 
 
 Burk, Sylvanus, Colonel Alden's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Burk, Thomas, Virginia Continental Line. 
 
 Burk, Thomas, York County, Penna., Militia. 
 
 Burk, Thomas, Fourth Regiment, Virginia State Line. 
 
 Burk, William, Colonel Daniel Morgan's Rifle Corps. 
 
 Burk, William, Philadelphia County, Penna., Militia. 
 
 Burk, William, Virginia Continental Line. 
 
 Burk, William, Colonel Patterson's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Burk, William, Colonel Vose's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Burk, William, Crane's Massachusetts Artillery. 
 
 Burk, William, Colonel Prescott's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Burk, William, Colonel Reed's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Burk, William, Colonel Scammon's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Burk, William, Colonel Jackson's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Burck, James, Fourth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Burck, John, Tenth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Burck, Michael, Thirteenth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line, 
 
 Burck, Michael, Pennsylvania State Regiment of Foot. 
 
 Biirck, Richard, Fourth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Bourke, Edmund, Third Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Bourke, George, Proctor's Pennsylvania Artillery. 
 
 Bourke, Herbert, Spencer's Regiment, New Jersey Line. 
 
 Bourke, Henry, Miles' Pennsylvania Rifle Regiment. 
 
 Bourke, John, Third Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Bourke, John, First Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Bourke, John, Tenth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Bourke, John, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Bourke, John, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Bourke, John, Twelfth Regiment, Albany County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 Bourke, John, Colonel Patterson's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Bourke, John, Colonel Lee's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Bourke, Michael, Sixth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Bourke, Michael, Colonel Eddy's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Bourke, Patrick, Colonel Hall's Delaware Regiment. 
 
 Bourke, Peter, New York Line, (regiment unknown). 
 
 Bourke, Thomas, Tenth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Bourke, Tobias, Colonel Daniel Morgan's Rifle Corps. 
 
 Bourke, William, Invalid Regiment, (Pennsylvania troops). 
 
 Bourke, William, Captain Lithgow's Company of Mass. Coast Artillery. 
 
 Bourke, William, McFarland's Invalid Corps. 
 
 Bourke, William, Massachusetts Artillery. 
 
 Bourke, Walter, Brigantine Tyrannicide, Mass. Navy. 
 
 Canely, Patrick, New York Line (regiment unknown). 
 Coneley, John, Eighth Regiment, Connecticut Line. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
448 APPENDIX 
 
 Conely, Dennis, Col. Livingston's Battalion, New York Line. 
 
 Conely, John, Col. Greaton's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Conely, Patrick, First Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Conely, Thomas, Col. Putnam's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Conely, Thomas, 1st. Regiment, Provincial troops of S. C. 
 
 Conely, William, Medfield, Mass. Militia. 
 
 Conlee, William, Newburg, Mass. Company. 
 
 Conlee, William, Col. Sergeant's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Conley, Charles, 6th. Regiment, Dutchess County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 C'onley, H., Prince George County, Md. troops. 
 
 Conley, Jacob, Georgia Continental Brigade. 
 
 Conley, Neal, N. J. Continental Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Conley, Timothy, Va. Continental Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Conley, William, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Conley, John, Capt. Abijah Rowlee's Mass. Company. 
 
 Conley, John, Sheldon's Connecticut Light Dragoons. 
 
 Conley, .John, Capt. Lewis' Rhode Island Continental Company, 
 
 Conley, Thomas, Cal. Wessons' Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Conley, William, Col. Jackson's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Conley, William, Col. Cogswell's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Conly, John, Capt. Hauchett's Connecticut Company. 
 
 Conly, John, 2nd. Regiment, Connecticut Line. 
 
 Conly, William, Capt. Lincoln's Co. of Matrosses, Mass. Artillery. 
 
 Connally, Edward, Col. Holman's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Connally, Francis, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Connally, James, New Jersey, Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Connally, James, Seventh Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Connally, James, Col. Hall's Delaware Regiment. 
 
 Connally, John, First Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Connally, John, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Connally, John, Sixth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Connally, John, Fourth Maryland Battalion. 
 
 Connally, John, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Connally, John, Maryland Artillery. 
 
 Connally, John, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Connally, Lawrence, Seventh Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Connally, Michael, Second Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Connally, Michael, Sixth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Connally, Patrick, Georgia Continental Brigade. 
 
 Connally, Patrick, Seventh Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Connally, Patrick, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Connally, Patrick, Eleventh Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Connally, Philip, Rawlings' Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Connally, Thomas, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Connally, Thomas, Dighton, Mass. Volunteers. 
 
 Connally, William, Rawlings' Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
APPENDIX 449 
 
 Connally, William, Va. Continental Line (regiment unknowp). 
 
 Conneley, Jeremiah, Privateer Oato, Massachusetts Navy. '- 
 
 Conneley, James, Ship General Mifjlin, Massachusetts Navy. 
 
 Conneley, John, Col. Putnam's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Conneley, John, Col. Grea ton's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Conneley, Michael, Fellows' Berkshire, Mass. Brigade. 
 
 Conneley, Patrick, Lincoln Galley, Massachusetts Navy. 
 
 Conneley, Patrick, Col. Webb's Massachusetts Regimeut. 
 
 Conneley, Patrick, Gridley's Massachusetts Artillery. 
 
 Connelley, John, Col. Mcintosh's Boston, Mass. Regiment. 
 
 Connelly, Bryan, Bergen County, N. J. Militia. 
 
 Connelly, Charles, Col. Hall's Delaware Regiment. 
 
 Connelly, Daniel, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Connelly, Edward, Frederick County, Md. troops. 
 
 Connelly, George, Philadelphia City Militia. 
 
 Coilnelly, George, Col. Hall's Delaware Regiment. 
 
 Connelly, Henry, Third Maryland Battalion. 
 
 Connelly, Henry, Fifth Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Connelly, Hugh, 3rd. Regiment, Tryon County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 Connelly, Hugh, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Connelly, Hugh, Col. Hazen's Continental Regiment. 
 
 Connelly, Jacob, Col. Graham's New York Levies. 
 
 Connelly, James, Second Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Connelly, James, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Connelly, James, Second Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Connelly, John, Ninth Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Connelly, John, Invalid Regiment (Penna.). 
 
 Connelly, John 3rd. Batt. 1st. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 
 
 Connelly, John, 1st. Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 
 
 Connelly, John, Middlesex County, N. J. Militia. 
 
 Connelly, John, Monmouth County, N. J. Militia. 
 
 Connelly, John, Georgia Continental Brigade. 
 
 Connelly, John, First Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Connelly, John, Prince George County, Md. troops. 
 
 Connelly, John, Fourth Maryland Battalion. 
 
 Connelly, John, Fourth Maryland Battalion. 
 
 Connelly, John, First Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Connelly, John, Second Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Connelly, John, Additional Corps, N. Y. Line — "Green Mountain Boys." 
 
 Connelly, John, Fifth Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Connelly, John, Col. Wessenfels' New York Levies. 
 
 Connelly, John, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Connelly, John, Philadelphia City Militia. 
 
 Connelly, John, First Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Connelly, John, Sixth Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Connelly, John, Eleventh Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
450 APPENDIX 
 
 Connelly, John, Seventh Regiment Penna. Line. 
 
 Connelly, John, 3rd. Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 
 
 Connelly, John, Col. Bond's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Connelly, John, Col. Putnam's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Connelly, John, Col. Francis' Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Connelly, John, Vermont troops. 
 
 Connelly, John, Capt. William Brown's Maryland Artillery. 
 
 Connelly, Joseph, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Connelly, Lawrence, Second Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Connelly, Lawrence, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Connelly, Lawrence, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Connelly, Michael, Col. Williams' Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Connelly, Michael, Col. Simonds' Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Connelly, Neil, Middlesex County, N. J. Militia. 
 
 Connelly, "Patt," First Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Connelly, Patrick, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Connelly, Patrick, Seventh, Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Connelly, Patrick, Third Regiment, Ulster County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 Connelly, Patrick, Philadelphia City Militia. 
 
 Connelly, Patrick, Philadelphia City Militia. 
 
 Connelly, Patrick, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Connelly, Patrick, First Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Connelly, Patrick, Col. Fellows' Massachusetts Militia. 
 
 Connelly, Patrick, Col. Hall's Delaware Regiment. 
 
 Connelly, Patrick, Massachusetts Navy. 
 
 Connelly, Patrick, Montgomery County, Md. troops. 
 
 Connelly Patrick, Col. Proctor's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Connelly, Robert, Fourth Regiment, Dutchess County N. Y. Militia. 
 
 Connelly, Robert, Philadelphia County Militia. 
 
 Connelly, Robert, Fourth Pennsylvania Battalion. 
 
 Connelly, Roger, Caroline County, Md. troops. 
 
 Connelly, Simon, Invalid Regiment (Penna). 
 
 Connelly, Thomas, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Connelly, Thomas, Northampton County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Connelly, Thomas, Proctor's Pennsylvania Artillery. 
 
 Connelly, Thomas, First Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Connelly, Thomas, Col. Walker's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Connelly, William, Seventh Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Connelly, William. Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Connelly, William, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Connelly, William, Philadelphia City Militia. 
 
 Connelly, William, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Connelly, William, Northampton County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Connelly, William, Massachusetts Artillery. 
 
 Connelly, William, First Regiment, Virginia Line. 
 
 Connerly, Dennis, Fourth Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
APPENDIX 451 
 
 Connerly, Patrick, Dorchester County, Md. Militia. 
 
 Connerly, Williara, Col. Poor's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 Colnely, Robert, Col. Wyman's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 Coonley, John, Fourth Regiment, Dutchess County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 KanalUe, John, Hazen's Additional Corps, N. Y. Line. 
 
 Kanallie, Patrick, Hazen's Additional Corps, N. Y. Line. 
 
 McC'onely, Nicholas, Philadelphia County Militia. 
 
 McConeley, Philip, Third Regiment, Orange County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 McConnally, James, Second Regiment, Ulster County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 McConnally, Patrick, Hunterdon County, N. J. Militia. 
 
 McConnely, Daniel, Dutchess County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 McConnely, Edward, Col. Hall's Delaware Regiment. 
 
 McConnely, Hugh, First Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 McConnoly, Hugh, Philadelphia City Militia. 
 
 McConnoly, Patrick, 4th. Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 
 
 McConnoUey, Hugh, Third Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 O'ConnoUy, James, Third Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Connolly, Andrew, Fourth Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Connolly, Darby, Randolph County, W. Va. Militia. 
 
 Connolly, Edward, German Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Connolly, Edward, Col. Alden's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Connolly, George, First Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Connolly, George, Col. Haslet's Delaware Regiment. 
 
 Connolly, Henry, Maryland State Regiment. 
 
 Connolly, Israel, Second Pennsylvania Battalion. 
 
 Connolly, James, Sheldon's Connecticut Light Dragoons. 
 
 Connolly, James, Fourth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Connolly, John, Maryland Militia. 
 
 Connolly, John, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 ConnoUy, John, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Connolly, John, Third Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Connolly, John, Second Regiment, Westchester County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 ConnoUy, John, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Connolly, John, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Connolly, John, Northampton County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Connolly, John, York County, Penna, Militia. 
 
 Connolly, John, Thompson's Penna, Rifle Battalion. 
 
 Connolly, John, Fourth Penna. Battalion. 
 
 Connolly, John, Sixth Penna. Battalion. 
 
 Connolly, John, Sloop Providence, Massachusetts Navy. 
 
 Connolly, John, Morgan's Rifle Corps. 
 
 Connolly, John, First Regiment, North Carolina Line. 
 
 Connolly, John, First Regiment, Connecticut Line. 
 
 Connolly, John, North Carolina Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 ConnoUy, Lawrence, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Connolly, Lawrence, Fourth Penna. Battalion. 
 
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452 APPENDIX 
 
 Connolly, Michael, Anne Arundel County, Md. Militia. 
 
 ConnoUy, Michael, Baltimore County, Md. Militia. 
 
 Connolly, Michael, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Connolly, Michael, Fifth Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Connolly, Maurice, Pennsylvania Navy. 
 
 Connolly, Patrick, Bucks County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Connolly, Patrick, New Eleventh Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Connolly, Patrick, Col. Hall's Delaware Regiment. 
 
 Connolly, Patrick, Col. Neill's Delaware Regiment. 
 
 Connolly, Patrick, Col. Malcom's New York Levies. 
 
 Connolly, Patrick, Brigantine Tyranncide, Massachusetts Navy. 
 
 Connolly, Philip, York County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Connolly, Philip, Virginia Continental Line. 
 
 Connolly, Roger, Maryland Militia. 
 
 Connolly, Patrick, Capt. Bradley's Company of Connecticut Guards. 
 
 Connolly, Thomas, Brigantine Franklin, Massachusetts Navy. 
 
 Connolly, Thomas, Col. Wesson's Massachusetts Kegiment. 
 
 Connolly, Thomas, First Regiment, N. J. Continental Line. 
 
 Connolly, Thomas, 3rd. Batt. 1st. Establishment N. J^ State Line. 
 
 Connolly, Timothy, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Connolly, Timothy, Capt. Wm. Brown's Maryland Artillery. 
 
 Connolly, William, Col. Jackson's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Connolly, William, Newbury, Massachusetts Company. 
 
 Connolly, William, Capt. Wm. Brown's Maryland Artillery. 
 
 Connoly, Jacob, Col. Graham's New York Regiment. 
 
 Connoly, James, Fourth Regiment, New York I^ine. 
 
 Connoly, John, Col. Francis' Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Connoly, John, West Virginia tro'ops. 
 
 Connoly, Michael, Sixth Regiment, Dutchess County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 Coimoly, Michael, Delaware Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Connoly, William, Massachusetts Artillery. 
 
 Connoly, William, Middlesex County, N. J. Militia. 
 
 Connoly, William, Northampton County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Connoly, WiUiam, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Comior, Alexander, Fourth Regiment, Albany County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 Connor, Aaron, Colonel Wesson's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Connor, Ambrose, Fifth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Connor, Ambrose, Ninth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Connor, Ambrose, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Connor, Benjamin, New Jersey State troops. 
 
 Connor, Benjamin, "Colonel Tash's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 Connor, Bryan, Eighth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Connor, Connor, Seventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Connor, Cornelius, Invalid Regiment (Pennsylvania). 
 
 Connor, Cornelius, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Connor, Charles, Fourth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
APPENDIX 453 
 
 Connor, Charles, Seventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Connor, Charles, Sixth Maryland Battalion. 
 
 Connor, Charles, Capt. Stephenson's Company, W. Va. Riflemen. 
 
 Connor, Charles, First Regiment, North Carolina Line. 
 
 Connor, Daniel, Colonel Bailey's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Connor, Daniel, Colonel Pawling's Regiment, N. Y. Levies. 
 
 Connor, Daniel, Second Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Connor, Daniel, Third Regiment, Dutchess Co., N. Y. Militia. 
 
 Connor, Daniel, Seventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Connor, Daniel, Maryland Militia. 
 
 Connor, Daniel, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Connor, Daniel, Georgia Continental Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Connor, David, Fourth Maryland Battalion. 
 
 Connor, David, Georgia Continental Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Connor, Dennis, Invalid Regiment (Pennsylvania). ' 
 
 Connor, Dennis, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Connor, Edward, Sixth Regiment, Dutchess Co., N. Y. Militia. 
 
 Connor, Edward, Second Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Connor, Edward, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Connor, Edward, First Batt. First Establishment, N. J. State Line. 
 
 Connor, Edward, Hunterdon County, N. J. Militia. 
 
 Connor, Edward, Colonel Nixon's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Connor, Eliphalet, Colonel Wingate's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 Connor, Felix, Pennsylvania Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Connor, Francis, Colonel Tuppef's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Connor, George, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Connor, George, Middlesex County, N. J. Militia. 
 
 Connor, Henry, Pennsylvania Navy. 
 
 Connor, Henry, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Connor, Henry, Colonel Jackson's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Connor, Hugh, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Connor, Isaac, Essex County, N. J. Militia. 
 
 Connor, Jacob, Pennsylvania Navy. 
 
 Connor, Jacob, Northumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Connor, James, First Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Connor, James, Second Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Connor, James, Fourth Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Connor, James, Col. Harper's Regiment, N. Y. Levies. 
 
 Connor, James, Col. Pawling's Regiment, N. Y. Levies. 
 
 Connor, James, Second Regiment, Dutchess Co., N. Y. Militia. 
 
 Connor, James, Tryon County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 Connor, James (1st.), Maryland Flying Camp Militia. 
 
 Connor, James (2nd.), Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Connor, James, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Connor, James, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Connor, James, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 
 
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454 APPENDIX 
 
 Connor, James, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Connor, James, First Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Connor, James, Fifth Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Connor, James, Fourth Penna. Battalion. 
 
 Connor, James, Benton's South Carolina Rangers. 
 
 Connor, James, Tenth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 
 
 Connor, Jacob, Seventh Regiment, North Carolina Line. 
 
 Connor, Jeremiah, Colonel Stark's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 Connor, John, Second Regiment, Dutchess Co., N. Y. Militia. 
 
 Connor, John, Sixth Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Connor, John, Philadelphia City Militia. 
 
 Connor, John, Col. Doolittle's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Connor, John, Frederick County, Va. troops. 
 
 Connor, John, Jr., Third Regiment, Ulster Co., N. Y. Militia. 
 
 Connor, John, Col. Arnold's Detachment, Massachusetts troops. 
 
 Connor, John, Sixth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 
 
 Connor, John, Fourth Regiment, New YorkJLine. 
 
 Connor, John, Col. Bartlett's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 Connor, John, Tenth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 
 
 Connor, John, Continental ship Cabot. 
 
 Connor, John, Georgia Continental Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Connor, John, ^Fourth Maryland Battalion. 
 
 Connor, John, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Connor, John, Second Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Connor, John, Miles' Penna. Rifle Regiment. 
 
 Connor, John, Third Regiment, Ulster Co., N. Y. Militia. 
 
 Connor, John, Second Regiment, Ulster Co., N. Y. Militia. 
 
 Connor, John, Twelfth Regiment, Albany Co., N. Y. Militia. 
 
 Connor, John, Fourth Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Connor, John, Philadelphia City Militia. 
 
 Connor, John, York County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Connor, John, Westmoreland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Connor, John, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Connor, John, First Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Connor, John, Eighth Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Connor, John, Ninth Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Connor, John, Pennsylvania Navy. 
 
 Connor, John, Sr., First Partisan Legion, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Connor, John, Jr., First Partisan Legion, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Connor, John, Lamb's New York Artillery. 
 
 Connor, Joseph, Fourth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Connor, Joseph, Fourth Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Connor, Joseph, Col. Smith's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Connor, Joseph, Col. Baldwin's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 Connor, Joseph, Major William Rogers' Rhode Island Company. 
 
 Connor, Joseph, Col. Evans' New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
APPENDIX 455 
 
 Connor, Lewis, Thompson's South Carolina Rangers. 
 
 Connor, Littleton, Col. Hutchinson's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Connor, Michael, Philadelphia City Militia. 
 
 Connor, Michael, Dorchester County, Maryland Militia. 
 
 Connor, Michael, Brig Hazard, Massachusetts Navy. 
 
 Connor, Matthew, Fifth Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Connor, Matthew, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Connor, Matthew, Second Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Connor, Matthew, Morris County, New Jersey Militia. 
 
 Connor, Matthew, Fourth Pennsylvania Battalion. 
 
 Connor, Martin, P'ourth Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Connor, Moses, Colonel Stark's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 Connor, Maurice, Col. Marshall's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Connor, Patrick, Capt. McDowell's Co., 7th Reg't. Penna. Line. 
 
 Connor, Patrick, Capt. Miller's Co., 7th. Reg't. Penna. Line. 
 
 Connor, Patrick, Capt. Lusk's Co., 7th. Reg't. Penna. Line. 
 
 Connor, Patrick, Sixth Pennsylvania Battalion. 
 
 Connor, Patrick, Fourth Pennsylvania Battalion. 
 
 Connor, Patrick, Fourth Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Connor, Patrick, Third Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Connor, Patrick, Hartley's Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Connor, Patrick, Salem County, N. J. Militia. 
 
 Connor, Patrick, Fourth Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Connor, Patrick, Sixth Reg't., Dutchess Co., N. Y. Militia. 
 
 Connor, Patrick, Continental frigate, Boston. 
 
 Connor, Philip, First Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Connor, Philip, Thompson's Batt., Penna. Riflemen. 
 
 Connor, Phihp, Virginia Continental Line. 
 
 Connor, Philip, Virginia State Line. 
 
 Connor, Samuel, InvaHd Regiment (Pennsylvania). 
 
 Connor, Samuel, Colonel Tash's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 Connor, Samuel, Second Regiment, N. H. Continental Line. 
 
 Connor, Simon, Second Regiment, Albany Co., N. Y. Militia. 
 
 Connor, Simon, Capt. Atkinson's New Hampshire Company. 
 
 Connor, Thomas, Fifth Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Connor, Thomas, Eleventh Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Connor, Thomas, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Connor, Thomas, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Connor, Thomas, Berks County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Connor, Thomas, Monmouth County, N. J. Militia. 
 
 Connor, Thomas, Thompson's South Carolina Rangers. 
 
 Connor, Thomas, Charleston, S. C. Regiment of Foot. 
 
 Connor, Thomas, Col. Marshall's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Connor, Thomas, Brig Deane, Blassachusetts Navy. 
 
 Connor, Timothy, Fourth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Connor, Timothy, Invalid Regiment (Pennsylvania). 
 
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456 APPENDIX 
 
 Connor, Timothy, Queen Anne's County, Md. troops. 
 
 Connor, Timothy, Second Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Connor, Timothy, First Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Connor, Timothy, Second Regiment, New Jersey Line. 
 
 Connor, Timothy, Salem County, New Jersey Militia. 
 
 Connor, Timothy, Sloop Pox, Massachusetts Navy. 
 
 Connor, Timothy, First Maryland Battalion. 
 
 Connor, Timothy, Thompson's Penna. Riile Regiment. 
 
 Connor, William, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Connor, William, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Connor, William, Twelfth Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Connor, William, Col. Pawling's Regiment, N. Y. Levies. 
 
 Connor, William, Col. Greaton's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Connor, William, Col. Little's Massa<!husetts Regiment. 
 
 Connor, William, Second Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Connor, William, Col. Allen's Massachusetts Artillery. 
 
 Connor, William, Seventh Regiment, North Carolina Line. 
 
 Connor, William, Eighth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 
 
 Conner, Barney, First Partisan Legion, Penna. 
 
 Conner, Cornelius, Philadelphia City Militia. 
 
 Conner, Cornelius, Westmoreland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Conner, Cornelius, Sixth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Conner, Cornelius, West Virginia troops. 
 
 Conner, Charles, First Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Conner, Charles, Seventh Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Conner, Charles, Col. McCobb's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Conner, Daniel, Northumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Conner, Daniel, Philadelphia City Militia. 
 
 Conner, Daniel, Col. Fellows' Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Conner, Daniel, Caroline County, Md. troops. 
 
 Conner, Daniel, Col. Knowlton's Connecticut troops. 
 
 Conner, David, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Conner, David, Second Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Conner, Darby, Colonel Neill's Delaware Regiment. 
 
 Conner, Dennis, Fourth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Conner, Edward, Pennsylvania Navy. 
 
 Conner, Edward, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Conner, Edward, Fourth Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N. J. State Line, 
 
 Conner, Edward, Col. Hall's Delaware Regiment. 
 
 Conner, Edward, Col. Haslet's Delaware Regiment. 
 
 Conner, Edward, Virginia Continental Line. 
 
 Conner," Edward, Arnold's Detachment, Mass. troops. 
 
 Conner, Edmund, Ship Skyrocket, Mass. Navy. 
 
 Conner, E., Vermont troops. 
 
 Conner, Francis, Major Heath's Massachusetts Guards. 
 
 Conner, George, Second Pennsylvania Battalion. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
APPENDIX 457 
 
 Conner, George, Sixth Pennsylvania Battalion. 
 
 Conner, Hugh, Sixth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Conner, Hugh, Dutchess County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 Conner, James, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Conner, James, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Conner, James, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Conner, James, Col. Mansfield's Mass. Regiment. 
 
 Conner, James, Ship Oeneral Putnam, Mass. Navy. 
 
 Conner, James, Col. Hall's Delaware Regiment. 
 
 Conner, James, Third Reg't. Dutchess Co., N. Y. Militia. 
 
 Conner, James, Virginia Continental Line. 
 
 Conner, John, Albany County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 Conner, John, Philadelphia City Militia. 
 
 Conner, John, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Conner, John, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Conner, John, Sr., Fifth Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Conner, John, Jr., Fifth Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Conner, John, Pennsylvania Navy. 
 
 Conner, John, Eighth Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Conner, John, Eleventh Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Conner, John, Second Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Conner, John, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Conner, John, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Conner, John, Col. Fellows' Mass. Regiment 
 
 Conner, John, Col. Shepard's Mass. Regiment. 
 
 Conner, John, Gen'l. Patterson's Mass? Battalion. 
 
 Conner, John, Col. Hall's Delaware Regiment. 
 
 Conner, John, Col. Haslet's Delaware Regiment. 
 
 Conner, John, West Virginia troops. 
 
 Conner, John, First Regiment, Virginia Line. 
 
 Conner, John, Virginia State Line. 
 
 Conner, John, Third Regiment, Conn. Line. 
 
 Conner, John, St. Clair's Penna. Battalion. 
 
 Conner, John, Col. Doolittle's Mass. Regiment. 
 
 Conner, Joseph, Capt. Hancock's Newbury, Mass. Company. 
 
 Conner, Joseph, Sheldon's Conn. Light Dragoons. 
 
 Conner, Joseph, Col. Stark's New Hampshire Reg't. 
 
 Conner, Lewis, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Conner, Mark, Philadelphia City Militia. 
 
 Conner, Matthew, 2nd. Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 
 
 Conner, Matthew, First Regiment, Conn. Line. 
 
 Conner, Michael, Second Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Conner, Michael, Ship Oeneral Putnam, Mass. Navy. 
 
 Conner, Owen, Col. Patterson's Mass. Regiment. 
 
 Conner, Owen, Col. Preston's Mass. Regiment. 
 
 Conner, Patrick, Second Regiment, New York Line. 
 
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458 APPENDIX 
 
 Conner, Patrick, Second Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Conner, Peter, Fifth Penna. Battalion. 
 
 Conner, Richard, Morgan's Virginia Riflemen. 
 
 Conner, Robert, Ship Defence, Marj'land Navy. 
 
 Conner, Samuel, Col. Scammel's N. H. Regiment. 
 
 Conner, Simon, Philadelphia City Militia. 
 
 Conner, Terrance, Company No. 3, Morgan's Riflemen. 
 
 Conner, Terrence, Co. No. 9, Morgan's Riflemen. 
 
 Conner, Thomas, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Conner, Thomas, York County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Conner, Thomas, First Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Conner, Thomas, Elliott's Rhode Island Artillery. 
 
 Cornier, Timothy, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Conner, Timothy, Kent County, Maryland troops. 
 
 Conner, Timothy, 2nd. Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 
 
 Conner, Timothy, 4th. Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N. .1. State Line. 
 
 Conner, Timothy, Arnold's Detachment, Mass. troops. 
 
 Conner, Timothy, Fourth Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Conner, William, Col. Malcolm's Reg't. New York Levies. 
 
 Conner, William, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Conner, William, Second Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Conner, William, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Conner, William, Fourth Regiment, Maryland Line 
 
 Conner, William, Sixth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Conner, William, Lieut. Col. Baldwin's Mass. Guards. 
 
 Cohner, William, Col. Little's Mass. Regiment. 
 
 Conner, William, Col. Brewer's Mass. Regiment. 
 
 Conner, William, Ship General Putnam, Mass. Navy. 
 
 Conner, William, Col. Haslet's Delaware Regiment. 
 
 Conner, William, Fourth Maryland Battalion. 
 
 Conner, William, Worcester County, Md. troops. 
 
 Conners, Edmund, Col. Sergeant's Mass. Regiment. 
 
 Conners, John, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 C6nnors, Benjamin, Galley Hyder Ally, Mass. Navy. 
 
 Connors, Benjamin, Tenth Regiment, N. C. Line. 
 
 Connors, James, Col. Mansfield's Mass. Regiment. 
 
 Connors, John, Col. Nixon's Mass. Regiment. 
 
 Connors, John, Tenth Regiment, N. C. Line. 
 
 Connors, John, Tenth Regiment, N. C. Line. 
 
 Connors, Joseph, Col. Greene's Maes. Regiment. 
 
 Connors, Nathaniel, Third Regiment, S. C. Line. 
 
 Connors, AVilliam, Tenth Regiment, N. C. Line. 
 
 Connors, William, Tenth Regiment, N. C. Line. 
 
 Connyrs, Dennis, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Connyrs, James, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Conyers, Dennis, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
APPENDIX 459 
 
 Conyers, John, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Conyers, John, Georgia Continental Brigade. 
 
 Conyers. William, George Continental Brigade. 
 
 McConner, James, Col. Prescott's Mass. Regiment. 
 
 McConner, James, Col. Jackson's Mass. Regiment. 
 
 McConnor, James, Second Mass. Regiment. 
 
 McConner, Joseph, Hingham, Mass. Company. 
 
 McConnor, James, Hollis, N. H. Company of Minute Men. 
 
 O'Conner, Bryan, Philadelphia City Militia. 
 
 O'Connor, Cornelius, Invalid Regiment (Pennsylvania). 
 
 O'Connor, Dennis, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 O'Connor, Edvi^ard, New York troops (regiment unknown). 
 
 O'Connor, Eliphalet, Col. Senter's New Hampshire Regiment 
 
 OConnor, John, Seventh Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 O'Connor, John, Fourth Maryland Battalion. 
 
 O'Connor, John, Tenth Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 O'Connor, John, Eighth Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 O'Connor, John, Delaware troops (regiment unknown). 
 
 O'Connor, John, Philadelphia City Artillery. 
 
 O'Connor, Michael, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 O'Connor, Morgan, Seventh Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 O'Connor, Timothy, Virginia Continental Line. 
 
 O'Connor, William, Col. Hazen's Continental Regiment. 
 
 Doherty, Andrew, Pennsylvania State Reg't. of Foot. 
 Doherty, Archibald, Pennsylvania State Reg't. of Foot. 
 Doherty, Anthony, Pennsylvania State Reg't. of Foot. 
 Doherty, Anthony, Atlee's Penna. Musketry Battalion. 
 Doherty, Barnabas, Pennsylvania State Reg't. of Foot. 
 Doherty, Barneby, Third Penna. Battalion. 
 Doherty, Benjamin, Col. Neill's Delaware Regiment. 
 Doherty, George, Sixth Reg't., North Carolina Line. 
 Doherty, James, Second Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 Doherty, John, York County, Penna. Militia. 
 Doherty, John, Ninth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 
 Doherty, Michael, Georgia Continental Brigade. 
 Doherty, Michael, Sr., Washington County, Penna. Militia. 
 Doherty, Michael, Jr., Washington County, Penna. Militia. 
 Doherty, Michael, Col. Greene's Rhode Island Regiment. 
 Doherty, Patrick, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 Doherty, Richard, Tenth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 
 Doherty, Thomas, Fourth Regiment, Orange Co., N. Y. Militia. 
 Doherty, Thomas, Third Regiment, New York Line. 
 Doharty, Charles, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 Doharty, John, Essex County, N. J. Militia. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
460 APPENDIX 
 
 Doharty, Peter, South Carolina Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Doharty, Arthur, Fourth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Doharty, Barney, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Doharty, Francis, First Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Doharty, Jesse, First Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Dougherty, Archibald, Fifth Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Dougherty, Anthony, First Regiment, N. J., Continental Line. 
 
 Dougherty, Anthony, Spencer's Regiment, N. J., Continent-.! I.; :-■. 
 
 Dougherty, Anthony, Berks County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Dougherty, Anthony, Philadelphia City Militia. 
 
 Dougherty, Anthony, 1st Batt. 2nd Establishment, N. J. State L.' c, 
 
 Dougherty, Barnaby, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line, 
 
 Dougherty, Barney, Miles' Penna. Rifle Regiment. 
 
 Dougherty, Barney, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Dougherty, Bernard, Third Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Dougherty, Bernard, Fifth Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Dougherty, Charles, Col. Brewer's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Dougherty, Charles, Col. Whitcomb's Mass. Regiment. 
 
 Dougherty, Charles, Col. Wigglesworth's Mass. Regiment. 
 
 Dougherty, Charles, Vermont troops. 
 
 Dougherty, Charles, 1st. Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N. J. State L'.m: 
 
 Dougherty, Charles, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Dougherty, Charles, Sixth Pennsylvania Battalion. 
 
 Dougherty, Charles, Col. Learned's Mass. Regiment. 
 
 Dougherty, Cornelius, First Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Dougherty, Cornelius, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Dougherty, Cornelius, Thompson's Penna. Rifle Battalion. 
 
 Dougherty, Cornelius, 10th Regiment, Albany Co., N. Y. Slililia. 
 
 Dougherty, Cornelius, First Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Dougherty, Cornelius, "West Virginia troops. 
 
 Dougherty, Daniel, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Dougherty, Daniel, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Dougherty, Daniel, First Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Dougherty, Daniel, York County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Dougherty, Dempsey, Second Regiment, North Carolina Line. 
 
 Dougherty, Dennis, Frigate Deane, Mass. Navy. 
 
 Dougherty, Dennis, Seventh Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Dougherty, Dennis, Fourth Pennsylvania Battalion. 
 
 Dougherty, Dennis, Lancaster Co., Pa. Militia, Gilchrist's Company. 
 
 Dougherty, Dennis, Lancaster Co., Pa. Malitia, Rutherford's Company. 
 
 Dougherty, Dennis, Philadelphia City Militia. 
 
 Dougherty, Dennis, Sloop Defence, Maryland Navy. 
 
 Dougherty, Dudley, Westmoreland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Dougherty, Edward, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Dougherty, Edward, York County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Dougherty, Edward, Hazen's Continental Regiment (Penna.). 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
APPENDIX 461 
 
 Dougherty, Edward, Hazen's Continental Regiment (N. H.). 
 
 Dougherty, Edward, Gloucester County, N. J. Militia. 
 
 Dougherty, Edmund, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Dougherty, Frederick, Cumberland, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Dougherty, George, First Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Dougherty, George, Third Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Dougherty, George, Ninth Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Dougherty, George, Cumberland County, Penna. Line. 
 
 Dougherty, George, Second Penna. Battalion. 
 
 Dougherty, George, Philadelphia City Militia. 
 
 Dougherty, George, Thompson's Penna. Rifle Regiment. 
 
 Dougherty, Henry, Pennsylvania Navy. 
 
 Dougherty, Henry, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Dougherty, Henry, Northumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Dougherty, Henry, Philadelphia City Militia. 
 
 Dougherty, Henry, 1st. Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 
 
 Dougherty, Henry, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Dougherty, Hugh, Pennsylvania Navy. 
 
 Dougherty, Hugh, Westmoreland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Dougherty, Hugh, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Dougherty, Hugh, York County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Dougherty, Hugh, Miles' Penna. Rifle Regiment. 
 
 Dougherty, James, Third Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Dougherty, James, Ninth Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Dougherty, James, Northumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Dougherty, James, Colonel Hall's Delaware Regiment. 
 
 Dougherty, James, Connecticut Artillery Artificers. 
 
 Dougherty, James, St., First Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Dougherty, James, Jr., First Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Dougherty, James, Fifth Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Dougherty, James, Eighth Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Dougherty, James, Twelfth Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Dougherty, James, Pennsylvania Navy. 
 
 Dougherty, James, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Dougherty, James, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Dougherty, James, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. ' 
 
 Dougherty, James, Lancaster, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Dougherty, James, Robinson's Penna. Rangers. 
 
 Dougherty, James, Hartley's Penna. Regiment. 
 
 Dougherty, James, Thompson's Penna. Rifle Battalion. 
 
 Dougherty, James, 3rd. Batt. 1st. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 
 
 Dougherty, James, 3nd. Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 
 
 Dougherty, James, Charleston, S. C. Volunteer Horse. 
 
 Dougherty, James, York County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Dougherty, James, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Dougherty, James, Philadelphia City Militia. 
 
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462 APPENDIX 
 
 Dougherty, James, Middlesex County, N. J. Militia. 
 
 Dougherty, James, First Penna. Battalion. 
 
 Dougherty, John, Fourth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Dougherty, John, Fourth Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Dougherty, John, First Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Dougherty, John, Second Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Dougherty, John, 1st. Batt. 2nd Establishment, N. J. State Line. 
 
 Dougherty, John, First Regiment, N. J. Continental Line. 
 
 Dougherty, John, Lee's Legion, N. J. Line. . 
 
 Dougherty, John, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Dougherty, John, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Dougherty, John, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Douglierty, John, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Dougherty, John, Lancaster . County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Dougherty, John, Northumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Dougherty, John, Phila. County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Dougherty, John, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Dougherty, John, York County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Dougherty, John, Second Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Dougherty, John, First Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Dougherty, John, Miles' Penna. Rifle Regiment. 
 
 Dougherty, John, Thompson's Penna. Rifle Battalion. 
 
 Dougherty, John, Sixth Penna. Battalion. 
 
 Dougherty, John, Pennsylvania Navy. 
 
 Dougherty, John, Somerset Company, N. J. Militia. 
 
 Dougherty, John, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Dougherty, John, Col. Brewer's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Dougherty, John, Col. Whitcomb's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Dougherty, John, Crane's Massachusetts Artillery. 
 
 Dougherty, John, Col. Putnam's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Dougherty, John, Ritchie County, W. Va. troops. 
 
 Dougherty, John, New Castle County, Del. Militia. 
 
 Dougherty, John, First Regiment, Virginia Cont. Line. 
 
 Dougherty, Mark, Fourth Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Dougherty, Mathias, First Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Dougherty, Matthew, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Dougherty, Mathew, York County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Dougherty, Matthew, Thompson's Penna. Rifle Battalion. 
 
 Dougherty, Michael, Harford County, Maryland troops. 
 
 Dougherty, Michael, Fourtli Maryland Battalion. 
 
 Dougherty, Michael, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Dougherty, Michael, Sixth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Dougherty, Michael, Capt. Harris' Company, Md. Flying Camp. 
 
 Dougherty, Michael, Courtenay's Penna. Artillery. 
 
 Dougherty, Michael, Col. Brewer's Mass. Regiment. 
 
 Dougherty, Michael, Col. Whitcomb's Mass. Regiment. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
APPENDIX 463 
 
 Dougherty, Michael, Pennsylvania Navy. 
 
 Dougherty, Michael, Colonel Neill's Delaware Reg't. 
 
 Dougherty, Michael, Delaware Militia. 
 
 Dougherty, Michael, Providence, R. I. Company. 
 
 Dougherty, Michael, Col. Marshall's Mass. Regiment. 
 
 Dougherty, Mordecai, Eighth Reg't., Penna. Line. 
 
 Dougherty, Moses, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Dougherty, Nathaniel, Col. Hall's Delaware Regiment. 
 
 Dougherty, Neil, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Dougherty, Patrick, Charleston, S. C. Volunteer Horse. 
 
 Dougherty, Patrick, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Dougherty, Patrick, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Dougherty, Patrick, Virginia Continental Line. 
 
 Dougherty, Peter, 1st. Reg't., N. J. Continental Line. 
 
 Dougherty, Peter, 1st. Batt. 3nd. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 
 
 Dougherty, Peter, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Dougherty, Peter, Cumberland, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Dougherty, Philip, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Dougherty, Robert, York County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Dougherty, Roger, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Dougherty, Roger, Maryland Line (regiment unlinown). 
 
 Dougherty, Samuel, Capt. Cooper's Barre, Mass. Company. 
 
 Dougherty, Thomas, Col. Craft's Massachusetts Artillery. 
 
 Dougherty, Thomas, Col. Brewer's Masachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Dougherty, Thomas, Bucks Count}', Penna. Militia. 
 
 Dougherty, Thomas, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Dougherty, Thomas, Capt. Ward's Westerly, R. I. Company. 
 
 Dougherty, William, Second Pennsylvania Battalion. 
 
 Dougherty, William, Fourth Pennsylvania Battalion. 
 
 Dougherty, William, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Dougherty, William, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Dougherty, William, Northumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Dougherty, William, Northumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Dougherty, William, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Dougherty, William, York County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Dougherty, WiUiam, Fifth Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Dougherty, William, Robinson's Penna. Rangers. 
 
 Dougherty, William, Col. Brewer's Mass. Regiment. 
 
 Dougherty, William, First Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Dougherty, William, Fifth Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Dougherty, William, 4th. Reg't., Orange County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 Daugharty, John, Col. Brewer's Mass. Regiment. 
 
 Daugharty, John, Stevens' Mass. Artillery. 
 
 Daugharty, Patrick, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Daugharty, Michael, Col. Marshall's Mass. Regiment. 
 
 Daugherty, Edmund, Capt. Robert Harris' Co., Md. Flying Camp. 
 
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464 APPENDIX 
 
 Daugherty, Patrick, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Daugherty, William, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Daugherty, William, Third Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Daugherty, Benjamin, Col. Haslet's Delaware Regiment. 
 
 Daugherty, James, Col. Haslet's Delaware Regiment. 
 
 Daugherty, John, Frederick County, Md. troops. 
 
 Daugherty, Patrick, New Castle County, Del. Militia. 
 
 Docherty, Cornelius, 3rd. Reg't., Ulster County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 Docherty, George, Sixth Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Docherty, George, St. Clair's Penna. Battalion. 
 
 Docherty, James, Sixth Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Docherty, John, Virginia Continental Line. 
 
 Docherty, John, Charleston, S. C. Volunteer Horse. 
 
 Docherty, John, New 11th Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Docherty, Joseph, Arnold's Detachment, Mass. troops. 
 
 Docherty, Michael, Colonel Hall's Delaware Regiment. 
 
 Docherty, William, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Douchertjr, William, Sixth Penna. Battalion. 
 
 Docherty, John, 1st. Reg't., N. J. Continental Line. 
 
 Dogharty, Charles, Bergen County, N. J. Militia. 
 
 Dogharty, James, Third Regiment, S. C. Line. 
 
 Dogharty, Neil, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Dogharty, John, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Doherda, John, Hunterdon County, N. J. Militia. 
 
 Doherda, William, 4th. Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 
 
 Doherdy, John, 4th. Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 
 
 Dorety, Jesse, Dorset County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 Dority, Francis, First Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Dority, Charles, Col. Cilley's New Hampshire Reg't. 
 
 Dorrity, William, First Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Dority, William, Second Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Doghorthy, Mark, First Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Droharty, William, Col. Bradford's Mass. Regiment. 
 
 Dorathy, Charles, Col. Bedell's New Hampshire Reg't. 
 
 Dorothy, Michael, Col. Elliott's Rhode Island Artillery. 
 
 Doughaty, John, First Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Kelley, Andrew, New Eleventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 Kelley, Andrew, Virginia Continental Line. 
 Kelley, Andrew, Colonel Little's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 Kelley, Andrew, Colonel Wheelock's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 Kelley, Abraham, Additional Corps of New York Levies. 
 Kelley, Abraham, Vermont troops — "Green Mountain Boys." 
 Kelley, Abraham, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 Kelley, Abner, Harwich, Massachusetts Company. 
 Kelley, Abner, Frigate Boston, Massachusetts Navy. 
 
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APPENDIX 465 
 
 Kelley, Aaron, Captain Langdon's Company of Boothbay, Maine. 
 
 Kelley, Aaron, Lieut. John Jones' Volunteer Scouts. 
 
 Kelley, Alexander, Colonel Bullard's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Kelley, Alexander, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelley, Alexander, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelley, Alexander, Colonel Reed's New Hampshire Militia. 
 
 Kelley, Anthony, Colonel Merrill's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Kelley, Alexander, Vermont troops. 
 
 Kelley, Bartholomew, Colonel Hall's Delaware Regiment. 
 
 Kelley, Benjamin, Sixth Regiment, Connecticut Line. 
 
 Kelley, Beriah, Seventh Regiment, Connecticut Line. 
 
 Kelley, Charles, Seventh Pennsylvania Battalion. 
 
 Kelley, Charles, Knowlton's Connecticut Rangers. 
 
 Kelley, Charles, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelley, Cornelius, Third Massachusetts Artillery. 
 
 Kelley, Conrad, Second Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Kelley, Christopher, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelley, Christopher, Colonel Jackson's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Kelley, Daniel, Captain Ormsbee's Warren, R. I. Company. 
 
 Kelley, Daniel, Eighth Regiment, Albany County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 Kelley, Daniel, Cumberland County, Penna, Militia. 
 
 Kelley, Daniel, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelley, Daniel, Northumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelley, Daniel, Fifth Pennsylvania Battalion. 
 
 Kelley, Daniel, Captain Jonathan Drown's Massachusetts Company. 
 
 Kelley, David, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Kelley, David, Colonel Sprout's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Kelley, David, Colonel Brewer's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Kelley, David, Colonel Wheelock's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Kelley, David, Third Regiment, Worcester County, Mass. 
 
 Kelley, David, Tenth Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Kelley, David, Capt. Joshua Gray's Massachusetts Company. 
 
 Kelley, David, Captain Smith Emerson's New Hampshire Company. 
 
 Kelley, David, Colonel Hazen's Continental Regiment. 
 
 Kelley, David, Third Regiment, Dutchess County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 Kelley, Dennis, Fourth Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Kelley, Dennis, Fifth Pennsylvania Battalion. 
 
 Kelley, Dennis, First Maryland Battalion. 
 
 Kelley, Dennis, Thompson's Pennsylvania Riflemen. 
 
 Kelley, Dennis, Sloop Winihrop, Massachusetts Navy. 
 
 Kelley, Dennis, New Castle County, Delaware MiUtia. 
 
 Kelley, Dennis, Colonel Arnold's Detachment of Massachusetts troops. 
 
 Kelley, Edward, Colonel Smith's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 KeUey, Edward, Third Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Kelley, Edward, Captain Thomas Whipple's Company of Mass. Guards. 
 
 Kelley, Edward, Captain David Copp's New Hampshire Companv- 
 
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466 APPENDIX 
 
 Kelley, Edward, Georgia Continental Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Kelley, Edward, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelley, Edward, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelley, Edward, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelley, Edward, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelley, Edward, York County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelley, Edward, Eighth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Kelley, Edward, Sixth Pennsylvania Battalion. 
 
 Kelley, Edward, Sixth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Kelley, Elias, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelley, Elijah, Essex County, Massachusetts troops. 
 
 Kelley, Eleazar, Colonel Vose's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Kelley, Elias, Vermont troops. 
 
 Kelley, E., Colonel Stark's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 Kelley, Francis, Seventh Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Kelley, George, Second Regiment, Tryon County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 Kelley, George, Colonel Howe's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Kelley, George, Suffolk Count}', Massachusetts troops. 
 
 Kelley, Giles, Colonel Cilley's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 Kelley, Henry, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelley, Henry, Philadelphia County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelley, Isaac, Philadelphia County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelley, Isaac, Fourth Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Kelley, Jeremiah, Sixth Regiment, Connecticut Line. 
 
 Kelley, Jacob, Georgia Continental Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Kelley, James. Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelley, James, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelley, James, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelley, James, Northampton County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelley, James, First Pennsylvania Battalion. 
 
 Kelley, James, Atlee's Pennsylvania Musketry Battalion. 
 
 Kelley, James, First Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Kelley, James, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Kelley, James, Second Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Kelley, James, Colonel Patterson's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Kelley, James, Colonel Gridley's Massachusetts Artillery. 
 
 Kelley, James, Connecticut Artillery Artificers. 
 
 Kelley, James, Second Philadelphia Regiment of Foot. 
 
 Kelley, James, Fourth Regiment, New Hampshire Line. 
 
 Kelley, James, Second Regiment, New Hampshire Line. 
 
 Kelley, James, Fifth Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Kelley, Jonathan, Sixth Regiment, Dutchess County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 Kelley, Jonathan, Colonel Cilley's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 Kelley, Jonathan, First Regiment, New Hampshire Line. 
 
 Kelley, Johnston, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelley, Joshua, Fifth Regiment, New York Line. 
 
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APPENDIX 467 
 
 Kelley, John, Additional Corps of the New York Line. 
 
 Kelley, John, Fourth Regiment, Orange County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 Kelley, John, Seventh Regiment, Dutchess County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 Kelley, John, Sixth Regiment, Albany County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 Kelley, John, Third Regiment, Ulster County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 Kelley, John, Captain William Reiley's Maryland troops. 
 
 Kelley, John, Georgia Continental Brigade. 
 
 Kelley, John, Sixth Regiment, Dutchess County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 Kelley, John, Bucks County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelley, John, Bucks County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelley, John, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelley, John, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelley, John, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelley, John, Northampton County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelley, John, Northampton County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelley, John, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelley, John, Northumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelley, John, Northumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelley, John, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelley, John, York County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelley, John, Thompson's Pennsylvania Riflemen. 
 
 Kelley, John, Second Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Kelley, John, Moylan's Fourth Pennsylvania Dragoons. 
 
 Kelley, John, Colonel Patterson's Masaschusetts Regiment. 
 
 Kelley, John, Colonel Jackson's Massachusetts. Regiment. 
 
 Kelley, John, Third Massachusetts Artillery. 
 
 Kelley, John, Colonel Scammon's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Kelley, John, Colonel Phinney's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Kelley, John, Colonel Glover's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Kelley, John, Colonel Woodbridge's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Kelley, John, General Ward's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Kelley, John, Tenth Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Kelley, John, Colonel Dudley's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Kelley, John, Colonel Whitcomb's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Kelley, John, Colonel Danielson's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Kelley, John, Colonel Rice's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Kelley, John, Colonel Vase's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Kelley, John, Colonel Wesson's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Kelley, John, Ship Putnam, Massachusetts Navy. 
 
 Kelley, John, Colonel Arnold's Detachment of Massachusetts troops, 
 
 Kelley, John, Shirley, Massachusetts Company. 
 
 Kelley, John, Vermont troops. 
 
 Kelley, John, Henry County, Virginia Militia. 
 
 Kelley, John, Third Regiment, Connecticut Line. 
 
 Kelley, John, Ship Cromwell, Connecticut Navy. 
 
 Kelley, John, Virginia State Line. 
 
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468 APPENDIX 
 
 Kelley, Joseph, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 KeUey, Joseph, Northampton County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelley, Joseph, Jr., Northampton County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelley, Joseph, Northampton County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelley, Joseph, Third Regiment, Lincoln County, Maine. 
 
 Kelley, Joseph, Captain Ormsbee's Company, Warren, R. I. Militia. 
 
 Kelley, Joshua, Twenty-sixth Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Kelley, Joshua, Sixth Regiment, Connecticut Line. 
 
 Kelley, Lawrence, Northumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelley, Lawrence, Third Battalion, Wadsworth's Connecticut Brigade. 
 
 Kelley, Levi, Colonel Freeman's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Kelley, Longley, Colonel Johnson's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Kelley, Luke, Colonel Mitchell's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Kelley, Mathias, Miles' Pennsylvania Rifle Regiment. 
 
 Kelley, Matthew, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelley, Matthew, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelley, Matthew, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Kelley, Matthew, Colonel Henley's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Kelley, Matthew, Colonel Sherburne's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Kelley, Matthew, Colonel Jackson's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Kelley, Matthew, Miles' Pennsylvania Rifle Regiment. 
 
 Kelley, Michael, Fourth Regiment, Orange County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 KeUey, Michael, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Kelley, Michael, Fifth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Kelley, Michael, Sixth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Kelley, Michael, Colonel Greene's Rhode Island Foot Regiment. 
 
 Kelley, Michael, Colonel Mooney's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 Kelley, Mitchell, Fifth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Kelley, Mordecai, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelley, Morris, Colonel Bigelow's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Kelley, Moses, Colonel Porter's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Kelley, Moses, Colonel Brewer's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Kelley, Moses, Third Battalion, Wadsworth's Connecticut Brigade. 
 
 Kelley, Nathan, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelley, Nathaniel, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelley, Nathaniel, Lancaster. County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelley, Nathaniel, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelley, Nathaniel, Colonel Mooney's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 Kelley, Patrick, First Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Kelley, Patrick, Third Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Kelley, Patrick, Colonel Pawling's Regiment of New York Levies. 
 
 Kelley, Patrick, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelley, Patrick, Northampton County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelley, Patrick, German Regiment of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Kelley, Patrick, Miles' Pennsylvania Rifle Regiment. 
 
 Kelley, Patrick, Pennsylvania State Regiment of Foot. 
 
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APPENDIX 469 
 
 Kelley, Patrick, Saint Mary's County, Maryland troops. 
 
 Kelley, Patrick, Colonel Patterson's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Kelley, Patrick, Colonel Greaton's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Kelley, Patrick, Colonel Hatch's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Kelley, Patrick, Suffolk County, Massacliusetts troops. 
 
 Kelley, Patrick, Colonel Arnold's Detachment of Massachusetts troops. 
 
 Kelley, Peter, Fourth Regiment, Orange County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 Kelley, Peter, Colonel Putnam's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Kelley, Peter, Colonel Mitchell's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Kelley, Peter, Colonel Phinney's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Kelley, Reuben, Third Regiment, Dutchess County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 Kelley, Richard, Captain Jacob Webster's New Hampshire Company. 
 
 Kelley, Robert, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelley, Robert, Colonel Holman's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Kelley, Robert, Colonel Dike's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Kelley, Robert, New York Naval Service. 
 
 Kelley, Robert, Third Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Kelley, Robert, Fourth Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Kelley, Samuel, Delaware Militia. 
 
 Kelley, Samuel, Colonel Stark's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 Kelley, Samuel, Vermont troops. 
 
 Kelley, Samuel, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelley, Samuel, Third Regiment, South Carolina Line. 
 
 Kelley, Samuel, Colonel Mooney's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 Kelley, Seymour, Hampshire County, Mass. troops. 
 
 Kelley, Silvanus, Fourth Regiment, Dutchess County, N. Y. troops. 
 
 Kelley, Stephen, Craft's Massachusetts Artillery. 
 
 Kelley, Stephen, Colonel Daggit's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Kelley, Thomas, Georgia Continental Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Kelley, Thomas, Third Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Kelley, Thomas, Second Regiment, Tryon County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 Kelley, Thomas, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelley, Thomas, "Washington County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelley, Thomas, Jr., Washington County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 KeUey, Thomas, Miles' Pennsylvania Rifle Regiment. 
 
 Kelley, Thomas, Second Pennsylvania Battalion. 
 
 Kelley, Thomas, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 KeUey, Thomas, Seventh Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Kelley, Thomas, Lanesborough, Massachusetts, Company. 
 
 Kelley, Thomas, Colonel Gerrish's Massachusetts Guards. 
 
 Kelley, Thomas, Tender, General Hospital. . 
 
 Kelley, Timothy, Colonel Eno's Connecticut Militia Regiment. 
 
 Kelley, Timothy, Colonel Hazen's Continental Regiment. 
 
 Kelley, "Verny," Yarmouth, Massachusetts Company. 
 
 Kelley, William, Georgia Continental Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Kelley, William, Second Regiment, Dutchess County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
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470 APPENDIX 
 
 Kelley, William, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelley, William, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelley, William, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelley, William, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelley, WilUam, Sixth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 KeUey, William, Seventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Kelley, William, Ninth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Kelley, W^illiam, Pennsylvania Artillery Artificers. 
 
 Kelley, William, Third Regiment, Lincoln County, Maine. 
 
 Kelley, William, Colonel Gerrish's Massachusetts Guards. 
 
 Kelley, William, Twenty-fifth Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Kelley, William, Colonel Jackson's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Kelley, William, Colonel Sprout's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Kelley, William, Colonel Vose's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Kelley, William, Colonel Senter's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 Kelley, William, Colonel Ward's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 KeUey, WiUiam, Brigantine Freedom, Massachusetts Navy. 
 
 Kelley, William, Sloop Providence, Massachusetts Navy. 
 
 Kelley, William, Frigate Boston, Continental Navy. 
 
 Kelley, William, Captain Morgan's Company, Hampshire and Worcester 
 
 Counties, Massachusetts troops. 
 KeUcy, William, Colonel McCobb's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 Kelley, William, Colonel Hall's Delaware Regiment. 
 Kelley, William, Captain Hugh Stephenson's West Virginia Riflemen. 
 Kelley, William, Vermont troops. 
 Kelley, William, Dutchess County, New York Militia. 
 Kelley, William, Colonel Long's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 Kelley, William, Barrington, Rhode Island Militia Guards. 
 Kelly, Andrew, Virginia Continental Line (regiment unknown). 
 KeUy, Andrew, Colonel Thayer's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 Kelly, Andrew, Colonel Francis' Massachusetts Regiment. 
 Kelly, Andrew, Colonel Reed's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 Kelly, Andrew, Crane's Massachusetts Artillery. 
 KeUy, Anthony, Stevens' New York Artillery. 
 Kelly, Aaron, Schooner General Putnam, Massachusetts Navy. 
 Kelly, Abijah, Colonel Johnson's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 Kelly, Abner, Colonel Cushing's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 Kelly, Abner, Colonel Wells' Massachusetts Regiment. 
 Kelly, Abner, Colonel Samuel Carr's Springfield, Mass. Company. 
 Kelly, Andrew, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 
 Kelly, Abel, Philadelphia County, Penna. Militia. 
 Kelly, Abram, Fourth Regiment, Orange County, N. Y. Militia. 
 Kelly, Abram, Middlesex County, New Jersey Militia. 
 Kelly, Abram, Captain Boykin's South Carolina Rangers. 
 Kelly, Alexander, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 Kelly, Barney, Atlee's Pennsylvania Musketry Battalion. 
 
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APPENDIX 471 
 
 Kelly, Barney, Second Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Kelly, Barney, Captain Bradt's New York Rangers. 
 
 Kelly, Barnabas, Henry County, Virginia Militia. 
 
 Kelly, Barnabas, Fourth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Kelly, Barnaby, Frederick County, Maryland troops. 
 
 Kelly, Bartholomew, 4th. Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 
 
 Kelly, Benjamin, Seventh Regiment, Connecticut Line. 
 
 Kelly, Benjamin, Virginia State Line. 
 
 Kelly, Benjamin, Virginia Continental Line. 
 
 Kelly, Benjamin, Sixth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Kelly, Benjamin, Bucks County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelly, Charles, Fourth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Kelly, Charles, Sixth Pennsylvania Battalion. 
 
 Kelly, Charles, Sixth Regiment, Connecticut Line. 
 
 Kelly, Charles, Tenth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 
 
 Kelly, Charles, Richmond, Rhode Island Company. 
 
 Kelly, "Carpenter," Bergen County, New Jersey Militia. 
 
 Kelly, "Carpenter," Second Regiment, Orange County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 Kelly, Christopher, Pliiladelphia City, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelly, Daniel, Second Regiment, Orange County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 Kelly, Daniel, 3rd. Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 
 
 Kelly, Daniel, 3rd. Batt. 1st. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 
 
 Kelly, Daniel, Sixteenth Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Kelly, David, Colonel Tyler's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Kelly, David, Colonel Greaton's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Kelly, David, Colonel Reed's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 Kelly, Davidj Colonel Poor's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 Kelly, David, Rhode Island Continental Line. 
 
 Kelly, David, Hazen's Continental Regiment. 
 
 Kelly, David, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Kelly, David, First Regiment New York Line. 
 
 Kelly, David, Seventeenth Regiment, Albany County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 Kelly, David, Somerset County, New Jersey Militia. 
 
 Kelly, David, Burlington County, New Jersey Militia. 
 
 Kelly, David, Pennsylvania Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Kelly, David, Colonel Wyman's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 Kelly, David, Colonel Spencer's Regiment, New Jersey Line. 
 
 Kelly, Dennis, Sixth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Kelly, Dennis, Invalid Regiment (Pennsylvania). 
 
 Kelly, Dennis, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelly, Dennis, First Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Kelly, Dennis, Seventh Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Kelly, Dennis, Livingston's Battalion, New York Line. 
 
 Kelly, Dennis, Second Regiment, Orange County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 Kelly, Dennis, Colonel Wessenfels' New York Levies. 
 
 Kelly, Pejinis, Colonel Neill's Delaware Reginient, 
 
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472 APPENDIX 
 
 Kelly, Dennis, Jr., Orange County, N. Y. Associators. 
 
 Kelly, Duncan, Barrington, Rhode Island Company. 
 
 Kelly, Edward, Colonel Webster's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 Kelly, Edward, First Regiment, Pennsylvania I,ine. 
 
 Kelly, Edward, Westmoreland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelly, Ed^^■ard, Fourth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Kelly, Edward, Rawlings' Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Kelly, Edward, Kent County, Maryland troojis. 
 
 Kelly, Edward, Colonel Harper's Regiment, New York Levies. 
 
 Kelly, Edward, Colonel Greaton's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Kelly, Edward, Sixth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 
 
 Kelly, Edmund, Second Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Kelly, Edmund, Colonel Henley'.s Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Kelly, Elijah, Colonel Bradford's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Kelly, Ephraim, Colonel Stark's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 Kelly, Francis, Fourth Pennsylvania Battalion. 
 
 Kelly, George, Third Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Kelly, George, Proctor's Pennsylvania Artillery. 
 
 Kelly, George, Sixth Pennsylvania Battalion. 
 
 Kelly, George, Fourth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Kelly, George, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelly, George, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Kelly, George, Seventh Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Kelly, George, Morris County, New Jersey Militia. 
 
 Kelly, George, Danvers, Massachusetts Company. 
 
 Kelly, George, Colonel Spaulding's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Kelly, George, Colonel Jackson's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Kelly, Gordon, Virginia Continental Line.y 
 
 Kelly, Henry, Colonel Willett's Regiment, New York Levies. 
 
 Kelly, Henry, Colonel Harper's Regiment, New York Levies. 
 
 Kelly, Henry, Colonel Hall's Delaware Regiment. 
 
 Kelly, Henry, Lieut. Colonel Park's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Kelly, Hugh, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Kelly, Hugh, Dorchester County, Maryland Militia. 
 
 Kelly, Hugh, First Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Kelly, Hugh, Colonel Vose's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Kelly, Hugh, Colonel Hall's Delaware Regiment. 
 
 Kelly, Hugh, North Carolina Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Kelly, Hugh, Second Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Kelly, Hugh, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Kelly, Hugh, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Kelly, Isaac, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelly, Isaac, Fourth Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Kelly Jacob, Fourth Maryland Battalion. 
 
 Kelly, Jacob, 1st. Batt. 1st. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 
 
 Kelly, Jared, New Jersey Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
APPENDIX 4i73 
 
 Kelly, James, Colonel Hall's Delaware Regiment. 
 
 Kelly, James, Preston County, West Virginia troops. 
 
 Kelly, James, Third Regiment, Ulster County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 Kelly, James, Seventh Regiment, Connecticut Line. 
 
 Kelly, James, Dutchess County, New York Militia. 
 
 Kelly, James, Rockland County, New York Associators. 
 
 Kelly, James, Sixth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 
 
 Kelly, James, Tenth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 
 
 Kelly, James, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line, 
 
 Kelly, James, Second Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Kelly, James, Pennsylvania State Regiment of Foot. 
 
 Kelly, James, Miles' Pennsylvania Rifle Regiment. 
 
 Kelly, James, Proctor's Pennsylvania Artillery. 
 
 Kelly, James, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelly, James, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelly, James, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelly, James, Philadelphia County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelly, James, York County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelly, James, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelly, James, Pennsylvania Navy. 
 
 Kelly, James, Harford County, Maryland troops. 
 
 Kelly, James, Captain Samuel Smith's Company, Maryland Militia. 
 
 KeUy, James, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Kelly, James, Colonel DeHaas' Pennsylvania Riflemen. 
 
 Kelly, James, Rawlings' Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Kelly, James, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Kelly, James, Seventh Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Kelly, James, Prince George County, Maryland troops, 
 
 Kelly, James, Kent County, Maryland troops. 
 
 Kelly, James, First Maryland Battalion. 
 
 Kelly, James, Fourth Maryland Battalion. 
 
 KeUy, James, Ship Viper, Massachusetts Navy. 
 
 Kelly, James, Gridley's Massachusetts Artillery. 
 
 Kelly, James, Colonel Greaton's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Kelly, James, Colonel Spaulding's Massachusetts Regimunt. 
 
 Kelly, James, Colonel Glover's, Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 KeUy, James, Methuen, Massachusetts Company. 
 
 Kelly, James, Colonel Ashley's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Kelly, James, Smith's Company, Massachusetts Coast Artillery. 
 
 KeUy, James, Colonel Stark's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 Kelly, James, Second South Carolina Regiment of Foot. 
 
 Kelly, Jeremiah, Essex County, New Jersey Militia. 
 
 Kelly, Jesse, Virginia Continental Line. 
 
 Kelly, John, First Regiment, North Carolina Line. 
 
 Kelly, John, Tenth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 
 
 Kelly, John, Moore's Corps of Pennsylvania Infantry. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
474 APPENDIX 
 
 Kelly, John, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Kelly, John, Seventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Kelly, John, Ninth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Kelly, John, Eleventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Kelly, John, Fifth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Kelly, John, Proctor's Pennsylvania Artillery. 
 
 Kelly, John, Independent Artillery Regiment (Penna.). 
 
 Kelly, John, Sixth Pennsylvania Battalion. 
 
 Kelly, John, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelly, John, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelly, John, Philadelphia County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelly, John, Philadelphia County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelly, John, York County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelly, John, Bucks County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelly, John, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelly, John, Pennsylvania Navy. 
 
 Kelly, John, Colonel Haslet's Delaware Regiment. 
 
 Kelly, John, Vermont troops. 
 
 Kelly, John, First Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Kelly, John, Fourth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Kelly, John, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Kelly, John, Kent County, Maryland troops. 
 
 Kelly, John, Second Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Kelly, John, Third Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Kelly, John, Lamb's New York Artillery. 
 
 Kelly, John, Somerset County, New Jersey Militia. 
 
 Kelly, John, Salem County, New Jersey, Militia. 
 
 Kelly, John, Morris County, New Jersey Militia. 
 
 Kelly, John, Preston County, West Virginia troops. 
 
 Kelly, John, Frederick County, W. Va. troops. 
 
 Kelly, John, Company No. 4, Morgan's Riflemen. 
 
 Kelly, John, Company No. 8, Morgan's Riflemen. 
 
 Kelly, John, Second Regiment, Connecticut Line. 
 
 Kelly, John, Fifth Regiment, Connecticut Line. 
 
 Kelly, John, Seventh Regiment, Connecticut Line. 
 
 Kelly, John, Colonel Graham's New York Regiment. 
 
 KeDy, John, Colonel Schuyler's New York Regiment. 
 
 Kelly, John, Virginia Continental Line. 
 
 Kelly, Jonathan, Colonel Wyman's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 Kelly, Joshua, Ipswich, Massachusetts, Company. 
 
 Kelly, Joseph, Second Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Kelly, Joseph, Jr., Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelly, Joseph, Second Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Kelly, Joseph, Third Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Kelly, Joseph, North Carolina Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Kelly, Kern, Sixth Penna. Battalion, 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
APPENDIX 475 
 
 Kelly, Killian, First Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Kelly, Killen, Sixth Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Kelly, Lawrence, Nortiiuraberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelly, Levi, Killingworth, Connecticut Company. 
 
 Kelly, Luke, Capt Morton's Company, Mass. Coast Artillery. 
 
 Kelly, Mathias, Philadelphia City Militia. 
 
 Kelly, Matthew, Second Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Kelly, Matthew, Seventh Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Kelly, Matthew, Pennsylvania State Regiment of Foot. 
 
 Kelly, Matthew, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelly, Matthew, Philadelphia City Militia. 
 
 Kelly, Matthew, Fourth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Kelly, Matthew, Fourth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Kelly, Matthew, Third Regiment, Maryland Line, 
 
 Kelly, Matthew, New Jersey Continental Line. 
 
 Kelly, Matthew, Colonel Henley's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Kelly, Matthew, Colonel Jackson's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Kelly, Matthew, Continental Frigate Boston. 
 
 Kelly, Matthew, Fourth Maryland Battalion. 
 
 Kelly, Maurice, Fourth Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Kelly, Michael, Fifth Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Kelly, Michael, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelly, Michael, York County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelly, Michael, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Kelly, Michael, Colonel Greene's Rhode Island Regiment. 
 
 Kelly, Moses, Third Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Kelly, Moses, Bucks County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelly, Moses, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelly, Moses, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelly, Moses, Vermont troops. 
 
 Kelly, Morris, Second Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Kelly, Nathaniel, Colonel Bartlett's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 Kelly, Nehemiah, Colonel Drake's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 Kelly, Oliver, Neill's New Jersey Artillery. 
 
 Kelly, Oliver, North Carolina Artillery. 
 
 Kelly, Oliver, Barrington, Rhode Island Company. 
 
 Kelly, Patrick, Gloucester County, N. J. Militia. 
 
 Kelly, Patrick, First Regiment, Provincial troops of S. C. 
 
 Kelly, Patrick, Capt. Dibbell's Company, Mass. Minute Men. 
 
 Kelly, Patrick, Colonel Greaton's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Kelly, Patrick, Colonel Van Schaick's First N. Y. Battalion. 
 
 Kelly, Patrick, Colonel Vase's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Kelly, Patrick, Eighth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 
 
 Kelly, Patrick, Second Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Kelly, Patrick, Second Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Kelly, Patrick, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
476 APPENDIX 
 
 Kelly, 
 Kelly, 
 Kelly, 
 Kelly, 
 Kelly, 
 Kelly 
 Kelly, 
 Kelly 
 KeUy 
 Kelly, 
 Kelly: 
 KeUy, 
 Kelly, 
 Kelly, 
 KeUy, 
 Kelly, 
 Kelly, 
 Kelly 
 Kelly 
 Kelly 
 Kelly 
 Kelly, 
 Kelly 
 Kelly, 
 Kelly 
 Kelly, 
 Kelly 
 Kelly 
 Kelly, 
 Kelly, 
 Kelly 
 Kelly 
 Kelly 
 Kelly 
 Kelly, 
 Kelly 
 KeUy, 
 Kelly, 
 Kelly 
 Kelly 
 Kelly, 
 Kelly, 
 Kelly 
 Kelly, 
 Kelly 
 Kelly, 
 
 Patrick, Pennsylvania Artillery Artificers. 
 
 Patrick, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Patrick, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Patrick, Philadelphia City Militia. 
 
 Patrick, Philadelphia City Militia. 
 
 Patrick, Westnaoreland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Patrick, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Patrick, Sixth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Patrick, German Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Patrick, Third Maryland Battalion. 
 
 Patrick, First Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Patrick, 4th. Batt. 3nd. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 
 
 Patrick, New Jersey Militia. 
 
 Patrick, Second Regiment, N. J. Continental Line. 
 
 Patrick, 1st. Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N. .T. State Line. 
 
 Peter, Second Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Peter, Third Regiment, Tryon County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 Peter, Colonel Putnam's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Peter, North Carolina Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Philip, Moylan's Fourth Dragoons. 
 
 Philip, Miles' Pennsylvania Rifle Regiment. 
 
 Philip, First Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Philip, North Carolina Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Richard, Fourth Penna. Battalion. 
 
 Richard, Fourth Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Richard, Amesbury, Massachusetts Company. 
 
 Richard, Colonel Jackson's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Richard, Colonel Wingate's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 Richard, Jr., Colonel Wingate's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 Rodger, Philadelphia City Militia. 
 
 Robert, Hazen's Penna. Regiment. 
 
 Robert, Eighth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Robert, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Robert, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Robert, Second Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Robert, Fourth Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Robert, Third Regiment, Albany County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 Samuel, Eighth Regiment, Connecticut Line. 
 
 Samuel, Colonel Wingate's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 Samuel, Colonel Ward's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Samuel, Somerset County, N. J. Militia. 
 
 Shubel, Dutchess County, N. Y. Minute Men. 
 
 Shubael, Colonel Gray's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Silvinus, Second Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Stephen, Suffolk County, N. Y. Minute Men. 
 
 Stephen, Amesbury, Massachusetts Company. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
APPENDIX 477 
 
 Kelly, Stephen, Colonel Walker's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Kelly, Stephen, Kanawha County, W. Va. Militia. 
 
 Kelly, Stephen, Rhode Island Militia. 
 
 Kelly, Thomas, Thompson's Penna. Rifle Battalion. 
 
 Kelly, Thomas, First Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Kelly, Thomas, Second Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Kelly, Thomas, Third Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Kelly, Thomas, Fourth Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Kelly, Thomas, Fifth Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Kelly, Thomas, Eighth Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Kelly, Thomas, Sixth Pennsylvania Battalion. 
 
 Kelly, Thomas, Fourth Pennsylvania Battalion. 
 
 Kelly, Thomas, Proctor's Pennsylvania Artillery. 
 
 Kelly, Thomas, Philadelphia City Militia. 
 
 Kelly, Thomas, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelly, Thomas, Colonel DeHaas' Penna. Riflemen. 
 
 Kelly, Thomas, Second Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Kelly, Thomas, Sixth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Kelly, Thomas, Seventh Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Kelly, Thomas, Second Regiment, Orange County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 Kelly, Thomas, Suffolk County, N. Y. Minute Men. 
 
 Kelly, Thomas, Rockland County, N. Y. Associators. 
 
 Kelly, Thomas, Sixth Regiment, Lincoln County, Maine. 
 
 Kelly, Thomas, Plymouth, Massachusetts Company. 
 
 Kelly, Thomas, Colonel Haslet's Delaware Regiment. 
 
 Kelly, Thomas, Delaware Militia. 
 
 Kelly, Thomas, Second Regiment, Connecticut Line. 
 
 Kelly, Thomas, Tenth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 
 
 Kelly, Thadey, Virginia State Line. 
 
 Kelly, Timothy, Atlee's Penna. Musketry Battalion. 
 
 Kelly, Timothy, Hazen's Pennsylvania Regiment. 
 
 Kelly, Timothy, First Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Kelly, Timothy, Fifth Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Kelly, Timothy, Second Pennsylvania Battalion. 
 
 Kelly, Timothy, Fourth Pennsylvania Battalion. 
 
 Kelly, Timothy, Berks County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kelly, Timothy, Colonel Bullard's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Kelly, Timothy, Colonel Gerrish's Massachusetts Guards. 
 
 Kelly, Timothy, Colonel Wade's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Kelly, Timothy, Virginia Continental Line. 
 
 Kelly, Timothy, Capt. Benjamin West's Rhode Island Company. 
 
 Kelly, Uriah, Gloucester County, N. J. Militia. 
 
 Kelly, Walter, Virginia Line. 
 
 Kelly, William, First Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Kelly, William, First Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Kelly, William, Fourth Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
478 APPENDIX 
 
 Kelly, William, Seventh Regiment, Penna. Line 
 Kelly, William, Proctor's Penna. Artillery. 
 Kelly, William, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 
 Kelly, William, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 
 Kelly, William, Philadelphia County, Penna. Militia. 
 Kelly, William, York County, Penna. Militia. 
 Kelly, William, Moore's Company of Penna. Infantry. 
 Kelly, William, Sixth Penna. Battalion. 
 Kelly, William, First Maryland Battalion. 
 Kelly, William, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 Kelly, William, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 Kelly, William, Second Regiment, Dutchess County, N. Y. Militia. 
 Kelly, William, Fifth Regiment, Dutchess County, N. Y. Militia, 
 Kelly, William, Gloucester County, N. J. Militia. 
 Kelly, William, Colonel Haslet's Delaware Regiment. 
 Kelly, William, Second Regiment, New Hampshire Line. 
 Kelly, William, Colonel Bigelow's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 Kelly, William, Third Massachusetts Artillery. 
 Kelly, William, Colonel Greaton's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 Kelly, William, Colonel Hall's Delaware Regiment. 
 Kelly, William, Norfolk County, Virginia troops. 
 Kelly, William, Virginia Continental Line. 
 Kelly, William, Stevens' New York Artillery. 
 Kelly, William, Colonel Evans' New Hampshire Regiment. 
 Kelly, William, Colonel Peabody's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 Kelly, William, Colonel Mooney's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 Kelly, William, Tenth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 
 Kelly, William, PMrst Regiment, North Carolina Line. 
 Kelly, William, Rhode Island Naval forces. 
 Kelly, William, Crane's Massachusetts Artillery. 
 Kelly, William, Tenth Massachusetts Regiment. 
 Kelly, WilUam, Colonel Vose's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 Kelly, William, Colonel Tyler's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 Kelly, William, Colonel Spaulding's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 Kellee, Jeremiah, Sixth Regiment, Dutchess County, N. Y. Militia. 
 Kellee, Joseph, Prince George County, Md. troops. 
 Kaley, Robert, Fifth Regiment, Worcester County, Mass. 
 . Kalley, John, Colonel Sparhawk's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 Kalley, Robert, Colonel Dike's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 Kayle, James, Capt. Stephenson's Company, W. Va. Riflemen. 
 Kayle, William, Capt. Stephenson's Company, W. Va. Riflemen. 
 Killee, James, Colonel Sherburne's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 Killey, Daniel, Eighth Regiment, Albany County N. Y. Militia. 
 Killey, David, Colonel Pawling's New York Levies. 
 Killey, David, Capt. Ezra Wood's Massachusetts Company. 
 Killey, David, Colonel Freeman's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
APPENDIX 479 
 
 Killey, David, Crane's Massachusetts Artillery. 
 
 Killey, David, Colonel Wigglesworth's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 KiUey, David, Colonel Gerrish's Massachusetts Guards. 
 
 Killey, David, Colonel Smith's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Killey, Dennis, Colonel Pawling's New York Levies. 
 
 Killey, James, Baltimore County, Md. troops. 
 
 Killey, Jeremiah, Sixth Regiment, Dutchess County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 Killey, John, Colonel Miller's Rhode Island Regiment. 
 
 Killey, John, Gloucester County, N. J. Militia. 
 
 Killey, John, N. J. Continental Line (regiment unknovifn). 
 
 Killey, John, Fourth Regiment, Orange County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 Killey, Jonathan, Capt. John Russell's Massachusetts Company. 
 
 Killey, Luke, Ship Rhodes, Massachusetts Navy. 
 
 Killey, Matthew, Ship Rhodes, Massachusetts Navy. 
 
 Killey, Michael, Newport, Rhode Island Company. 
 
 Killey, Morris, Colonel Reed's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Killey, Patrick, First Regiment, N. J. Continental Line. 
 
 Killey, Philip, Colonel Wigglesworth's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Killey, Stephen, Colonel Fry's Rhode Island Regiment. 
 
 Killey, Samuel, Springfield, Massachusetts Company. 
 
 Killey, Thomas, Colonel Alden's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Killey, William, Sloop Machias Liberty, Massachusetts Navy. 
 
 Killey, William, Capt. Samuel Smith's Company, Lincoln Co., Me. 
 
 McKelly, William, Second Regiment, Dutchess County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 CyKeUy, Edward, New Jersey Militia. 
 
 O'Kelly, Ephraim, 4th. Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 
 
 O'Kelly, John, Warren, Rhode Island Militia Company. 
 
 O'Kelly, Patrick, Eighth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 
 
 O'Kelley, Patrick, South, Carolina Militia. 
 
 McCarthy, Bartholomew, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McCarthy, Bartholomew, Colonel Brooks' Regiment of Mass. Guards. 
 
 McCarthy, Charles, Philadelphia County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McCarthy, Charles, Philadelphia City, Penna. Artillery. 
 
 McCarthy, Daniel, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McCarthy, Daniel, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McCarthy, Daniel, Pennsylvania Navy. 
 
 McCarthy, Daniel, First Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 McCarthy, Daniel, Continental frigate Confederacy. 
 
 McCarthy, Daniel, Grayson's Maryland Continental Regiment. 
 
 McCarthy, Daniel, Colonel Greaton's Masachusetts Regiment. 
 
 McCarthy, Daniel, Colonel Mcintosh's Suffolk County, Mass. Regiment. 
 
 McCarthy, Daniel, Dutchess County, New York troops. 
 
 McCarthy, Daniel, Jr., Colonel Greaton's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 McCarthy, Daniel, Frigate Hague, Massachusetts Navy. 
 
 McCarthy, Dennis, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
480 APPENDIX 
 
 McCarthy, Dennis, Third Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 McCarthy, Dennis, First Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 McCarthy, Dennis, Colonel Gansevoort's New York Regiment. 
 
 McCarthy, Ewen, First Pennsylvania Artillery. 
 
 McCarthy, Felix, Berks County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McCarthy, Francis, Ship Mars, Massachusetts Navy. 
 
 McCarthy, Florence, Fourth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 
 
 McCarthy, Florence, North Carolina troops, (regiment unknown). 
 
 McCarthy, George, Colonel "Warner's Regiment, Connecticut Line. 
 
 McCarthy, Jeremiah, Frigate Boston, Massachusetts Navy. 
 
 McCarthy, James, Crane's Massachusetts Artillery. 
 
 McCarthy, James, Pennsylvania Navy. 
 
 McCarthy, James, Colonel Greaton's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 McCarthy, James, Tenth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 
 
 McCarthy, John, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McCarthy, John, Colonel Elliott's Rhode Island Regiment. 
 
 McCarthy, John, Colonel Ruggles' Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 McCarthy, John, Colonel Ruggles' Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 McCarthy, John, Thirteenth .Regiment, Albany County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 McCarthy, John, Philadelphia City Volunteers. 
 
 McCarthy, John, York County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McCarthy, John, Pennsylvania Navy. 
 
 McCarthy, John, Invalid Guards (Pennsy^ania). 
 
 McCarthy, John, Fourth Pennsylvania Battalion. 
 
 McCarthy, John, Proctor's Pennsylvania Artillery. 
 
 McCarthy, John, Fourth Pennsylvania Artillery. 
 
 McCarthy, Justin, Atlee's Pennsylvania Musketry Battalion. 
 
 McCarthy, Miles, North Carolina Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 McCarthy, Mathias, First Regiment, Provincial troops of S. C. 
 
 McCarthy, Moses, Thirteenth Regiment, Albany County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 McCarthy, Michael, Fifth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 McCarthy, Owen, Proctor's Pennsylvania Artillery. 
 
 McCarthy, Owen, Independent Pennsylvania Artillery Regiment. 
 
 McCarthy, Owen, Knox's Artillery Corps. 
 
 McCarthy, Peter, Virginia Continental Line. 
 
 McCarthy, Peter, Rawlings' Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 McCarthy, Richard, Virginia State Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 McCarthy, Roger, Georgia Continental Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 McCarthy, Stephen, North Carolina Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 McCarthy, Thomas, Philadelphia County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McCarthy, Timothy, Frederick County, Maryland troops. 
 
 McCarthy, Timothy, Atlee's Pennsylvania Musketry Battalion. 
 
 McCarthy, Thomas, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McCarthy, Timothy, Suffolk County, Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 McCarthy, Timothy, Ship Protector, Massachusetts Navy. 
 
 McCarthy, William, Fairfield, Connecticut Volunteers. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
APPENDIX 481 
 
 McCarthy, William, North Carolina Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 McCarty, Alexander, Third Regiment, South Carolina Line. 
 
 McCarty, Andrew, Hunterdon County, New Jersey Militia. 
 
 McCarty, Andrew, Frigate Hague, Massachusetts Navy. 
 
 McCarty, Andrew, Captain Stephenson's Company of ^Vest Va. Riflemen. 
 
 McCarty, Benjamin, Northampton County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McCarty, Charles, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McCarty, Charles, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McCarty, Charles, Yirginia State Line. 
 
 McCarty, Charles, Richmond County, Virginia Militia. 
 
 McCarty, Charles, Third Regiment, New Hampshire Line. 
 
 McCarty, Charles, Stark's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 McCarty, Charles, Stark's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 McCarty, Charles, Scammell's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 McCarty, Charles, Colonel Malcom's Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 McCarty, Cornelius, Second Regiment, South Carolina Line. 
 
 McCarty, Cornelius, Prince William Parish, S. C. Volunteer Company. 
 
 McCarty, Daniel, Second Regiment, New Hampshire Line. 
 
 McCarty, Daniel, Georgia Continental Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 McCarty, Daniel, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McCarty, Daniel, Northampton County, Penna. Militia 
 
 McCarty^ Daniel, York County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McCarty, Daniel, Thompson's Pennsylvania Rifle Battalion. 
 
 McCarty, Daniel, Moylan's Fourth Pennsylvania Dragoons. 
 
 McCarty, Daniel, Second Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 McCarty, Daniel, Seventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 McCarty, Darliel, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 McCarty, Daniel, Second Regiment, Virginia State Line. 
 
 McCarty, Daniel, Second Regiment, New Hampshire Line. 
 
 McCarty, Daniel, Kingston, New Hampshire, Company. 
 
 McCarty, Daniel, Second Regiment Lincoln County, Mass. 
 
 McCarty, Daniel, First Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 McCarty, Daniel, Second Regiment, Virginia Continental Line. 
 
 McCarty, Daniel, Captain Robert MuUan's Philadelphia Marines. 
 
 McCarty, Dennis, Third Regiment, South Carolina Line. 
 
 McCarty, Dennis, Charleston, S. C. Company of Rangers. 
 
 McCarty, Dennis, Thompson's South Carolina Rangers. 
 
 McCarty, Dennis, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McCarty, Dennis, Fourth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 McCarty, Dennis, Moylan's Fourth Penna. Dragoons. 
 
 McCarty, Dennis, Third Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 McCarty, Dennis, Philadelphia City Militia. 
 
 McCarty, Dennis, First Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 McCarty, Dennis, Fourth Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 McCarty, Dennis, 4th. Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 
 
 McCarty, Dennis, Sussex County, N. J. Militia. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
482 APPENDIX - 
 
 McCarty, Dennis, Third Regiment, South Carolina Line. 
 
 McCarty, Dennis, Heatly's South Carolina Rangers. 
 
 McCarty, Dennis, Colonel Whitney's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 McCarty, Dugal, Philadelphia City Militia. 
 
 McCarty, Dunkon, First Regiment, Tryon County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 McCarty, Eben, Savannah, Ga. Volunteers. 
 
 McCarty, Edward, Kanawha County, W. Va. Militia. 
 
 McCarty, Elias, Philadelphia City Militia. 
 
 McCarty, Felix, Tenth Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 McCarty, Florence, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 McCarty, Florence, Ship Defence, Maryland Navy. 
 
 McCarty, Francis, Sloop Defence, Massachusetts Navy. 
 
 McCarty, George, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 McCarty, George, Bigelow's Connecticut Artillery. 
 
 McCarty, George, Third Battalion, North Carolina Line. 
 
 McCarty, George, Colonel Warren's Connecticut Regiment. 
 
 McCarty, Henry, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McCarty, Hugh, Colonel Malcom's New York Regiment. 
 
 McCarty, Hugh, 3rd. Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 
 
 McCarty, Hugh, First Battalion, Hunterdon County, N. J. Militia. ' 
 
 McCarty, Hugh, Second Battalion, Hunterdon County, N. J. Militia. 
 
 McCarty, Hugh, Colonel Graham's New York Regiment. 
 
 McCarty, Isaac, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McCarty, Isaac, Northampton County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McCarty, Isaac, Second Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 McCarty, Jere, Fourth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 McCarty, Jeremiah, First Regiment, Provincial troops of S. C. 
 
 McCarty, Jeremiah, Fifth Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 McCarty, Jeremiah, Eighth Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 McCarty, James, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McCarty, James, Northampton County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McCarty, James, Second Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 McCarty, James, First Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 McCarty, James, Fourth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 McCarty, James, Harford County, Md. troops. 
 
 McCarty, James, Fourth Regiment, Connecticut Line. 
 
 McCarty, Jesse, First Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 McCarty, Jessy, Seventh Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 McCarty, Jonathan, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McCarty, John, Georgia Continental Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 McCarty, John, Georgia Continental Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 McCarty, John, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McCarty, John, Northampton County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McCarty, John, Northampton County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McCarty, John, Philadelphia County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McCarty, John, First Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
APPENDIX 483 
 
 McCarty, John, Second Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 llcCarty, John, Fifth Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 McCarty, John, Second Regiment, Albany County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 McCarty, John, Ninth Regiment, Albany County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 McCarty, John, Frederick County, Va. troops. 
 
 McCarty, John, Colonel Peabody's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 McCarty, John, Colonel Mooney's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 McCarty, John, Colonel Reed's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 McCarty, John, Kingston, New Hampshire Company. 
 
 McCarty, John, Capt. Kimball's Lunenburg, Mass. Company. 
 
 McCarty, John, Orange County, N. Y. Associators. 
 
 McCarty, John, Colonel Greaton's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 McCarty, John, Colonel Shepard's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 McCarty, John, Beverly, Massachusetts Company. 
 
 McCarty, John, Ship Mars, Massachusetts Navy. 
 
 McCarty, John, First Regiment, Tryon County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 McCarty, John, Bradford's Philadelphia Foot Regiment. 
 
 McCarty, John, Philadelphia City Militia. 
 
 McCarty Joseph, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McCarty, Justin, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McCarty, Justin, Ship General Mifflin, Massachusetts Navy. 
 
 McCarty, Michael, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McCarty, Michael, Fourth Pennsylvania Battalion. 
 
 McCarty, Michael, Ninth Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 McCarty, Moses, Thirteenth Regiment, Albany County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 McCarty, Neil, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McCarty, Nicklos, Bucks County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McCarty, Owen, Lamb's Artillery. 
 
 McCarty, Owen, Scott's Detachment, Lincoln County, Mass. 
 
 McCarty, Patrick, Bucks County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McCarty, Peter, Berks County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McCarty, Peter, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McCarty, Peter, Virginia State Line. 
 
 McCarty, Phelix, First Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 McCarty, Phelix, Tenth Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 McCarty, Philip, Northampton County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McCarty, Richard, Second Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 McCarty, Thomas, Bucks County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McCarty, Thomas, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McCarty, Thomas, Northampton County, Penna. Militia, 
 
 McCarty, Thomas, Fifth Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 McCarty, Thomas, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 McCarty, Thomas, Colonel Malcom's New York Levies. 
 
 McCarty, Thomas, Second Regiment, Connecticut Line. 
 
 McCarty Thomas, Philadelphia City Militia. 
 
 McCarty, Thomas, Elizabeth, N. J. Militia Company. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
484 APPENDIX 
 
 McCartf, Timothy, Seventh Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 McCarty, Timothy, Second Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 McCarty, Timothy, Colonel Price's Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 McCarty, Timothy, Ship Hazard, Massachusetts Navy. 
 
 McCarty, Timothy, Virginia State Line. 
 
 McCarty, William, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McCarty, William, Northampton County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McCarty, William, Penna. State Regiment of Foot. 
 
 McCarty, William, Ninth Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 McCarty, William, Moylan's Fourth Penna. Dragoons. 
 
 McCarty, William, Second Regiment, Albany County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 McCarty, William, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 McCarty, William, Salem County, N. J. Militia. 
 
 McCarty, William, Col. Wigglesworth's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 McCarty, William, Sullivan's Brigade, Rhode Island troops. 
 
 McCart, James, Third Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 McCart, John, Third Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 McCart, John, Morgan's Virginia Riflemen. 
 
 McCarte, Daniel, Second Regiment, New Hampshire Line. 
 
 McCarte, Jere, New Milford, Connecticut Company. 
 
 McCarte, John, Eleventh Regiment, Virginia Line. 
 
 McCarte, John, Fifteenth Regiment, Virginia Line. 
 
 McCarte, John, Colonel Greaton's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 McCarte, Paul, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McCartee, Jeremiah, Fourth Regiment, Connecticut Line. 
 
 McCartee, Thomas, Hartford, Connecticut Volunteers. 
 
 McCartee, Dennis, Colonel Eddy's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 McCartee, Felix, Second Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 McCartee, James, Virginia State Line. 
 
 McCartey, Daniel, Second Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 McCartey, Dunkon, Suffolk County, N. Y. Minute Men. 
 
 McCartey, Cornelius, South Carolina Militia. 
 
 McCartey, George, Second Regiment, Connecticut Line. 
 
 McCartey, Hugh, Vermont troops. 
 
 McCartey, James, Second Regiment, Plymouth County, Mass. 
 
 McCartey, James, Second Regiment, Connecticut Line. 
 
 McCartey, John, Third Regiment, Connecticut Line. 
 
 McCartey, John, Fourth Regiment, Connecticut Line. 
 
 McCartey, John, Suffolk County, N. Y. Minute Men. 
 
 McCartey, John, Philadelphia City Militia. 
 
 McCartey, John, Philadelphia County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McCartey, John, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McCartey, John, First Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 McCartey, John, Second Regiment, Albany County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 McCartey, Owen, Philadelphia City Militia. 
 
 McCartey, Philip, Northumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
APPENDIX 485 
 
 McCartie, Jeremiah, Seventh Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 McCartie, Sharrod, Georgia Continental Brigade. 
 
 McCartie, "Titan," Berks County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McArthey, William, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McCardy, Edward, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McCharty, James, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McClarty, John, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McCartey, Jeremiah, Rawlings' Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Macartie, Daniel, Colonel Hale's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 Maccarty, William Colonel Bigelow's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Mccarty, William, Atlee's Penna. Musketry Battalion. 
 
 McKarty, James, Ship Oeneral Mifflin, Massachusetts Navy. 
 
 McKart, John, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McKerty, Hugh, York County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McKarty, Tim., Second Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 McCartney, Andrew, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McCartney, Andrew, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McCartney, David, Northumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McCartney, Edward, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 McCartney, Henry, Stephenson's Company, W. Va. Riflemen. 
 
 McCartney, James, Northampton County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McCartney, James, Philadelphia County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McCartney, John, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McCartney, John, Northampton County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McCartney, John, Philadelphia County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McCartney, Joseph, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McCartney, Peter, West Virginia troops. 
 
 McCartney, Timothy, New Castle County, Delaware Militia. 
 
 Carty, Charles, Colonel Neill's Delaware Regiment. 
 
 Carty, Darby, Colonel Hall's Delaware Regiment. 
 
 Carty, Daniel, Maryland Flying Camp. 
 
 Carty, Daniel, Second Regiment, N. J. Continental Line. 
 
 Carty, Daniel, 2nd. Batt. 3nd. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 
 
 Carty, Dennis, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Carty, Francis, First Regiment, N. J. Continental Line. 
 
 Carty, James, Maryland Flying Camp. 
 
 Carty, John, 2nd. Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 
 
 Carty, John, Second Regiment, N. J. Continental Line. 
 
 Carty, Lawrence, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Carty, Matthew, Third Maryland Battalion. 
 
 Carty, Timothy, Maryland Flying Camp. 
 
 Carty, William, Colonel Hall's Delaware Regiment, Lieut. Col. Pope's Co. 
 
 Carty, William, Colonel Hall's Delaware Regiment, Capt. Jaquett's Co. 
 
 Carty, William,! New Jersey Militia. 
 
 Cartey, Benjamm, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Cartey, Daniel, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
486 APPENDIX 
 
 Cartey, Dennis, Capt. Thomas Beall's Maryland Corps. 
 
 Cartey, Henry, Second Regiment, Albany County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 Cartey, James, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Cartey, John, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Cartey, John, Pennsylvania Navy. 
 
 Cartey, John, Colonel Willett's New York Levies. 
 
 Cartey, Martin, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Cartey, Matthew, First Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Cartey, Silas, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Cartey, Solomon, Colonel Harper's New York Levies. 
 
 Cartey, Thomas, Northampton County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Cartey, Timothy, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Cartey, William, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Cartey, William, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Carte, Dennis, Fourth Maryland Battalion. 
 
 Carte, James, Seventh Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Carte, Thomas, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Carte, William, Colonel Pawlings' New York Levies. 
 
 Carthy, Daniel, Sixth Regiment, Connecticut Line. 
 
 Carthey, Isaac, Second Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Carthey, William, Frederick County, Md. troops. 
 
 Cartee, William, Vermont troops. 
 
 Murphy, Alexander, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murphy, Anthony, Capt. Richard Smith's Company, Maryland Flying Ca 
 
 Murphy, Anthony, Second Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Murphy, Anthony, Suifolk County, Virginia Militia. 
 
 Murphy, Andrew, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murphy, Andrew, Second Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Murphy, Andrew, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murphy, Andrew, Philadelphia County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murphy, Archibald, Miles' Pennsylvania Rifle Regiment. 
 
 Murphy, Archibald, Second Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Murphy, Archibald, Tenth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 
 
 Murphy, Archibald, Pennsylvania State Regiment of Foot. 
 
 Murphy, Archibald, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Murphy, Archibald, Henry Count}', Virginia Militia. 
 
 Murphy, Archibald, Caswell County, North Carolina troops. 
 
 Murphy, Arthur, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murphy, Arthur, Pennsylvania State Regiment of Foot. 
 
 Murphy, Arthur, First Pennsylvania Battalion. 
 
 Murphy, Arthur, Fifth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Murphy, Barney, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murphy, Barney, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murphy, Barney, Fifth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Murphy, Barney, Ninth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
APPENDIX 487 
 
 Murphy, Bryan, Colonel Hall's Delaware Regiment. 
 
 Murphy, Charles, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Murphy, Charles, Orange County, Virginia, troops. 
 
 Murphy, Charles, First Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Murphy, Charles, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Murphy, Charles, Tenth Regiment, Virginia Line. 
 
 Murphy, Cornelius, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murphy, Cornelius, Third Maryland Battalion. 
 
 Murphy, Cornelius, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murphy, Cornelius, Pennsylvania Navy. 
 
 Murphy, Cornelius, Fourth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Murphy, Cornelius, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murphy, Christian, Second Regiment, Pennsylvania Line 
 
 Murphy, Christian, Third Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Murphy, Christopher, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murphy, Daniel, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Murphy, Daniel, Fourth Maryland Battalion. 
 
 Murphy, Daniel, Delaware Militia. 
 
 Murphy, Daniel, Proctor's Pennsylvania Artillery. 
 
 Murphy, Daniel, Fourth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Murphy, Daniel, 3rd. Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 
 
 Murphy, Daniel, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murphy, Daniel, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murphy, Daniel, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murphy, Daniel, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murphy, Daniel, New Jersey Militia. 
 
 Murphy, Daniel, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murphy, Daniel, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murphy, Daniel, Third Pennsylvania Battalion. 
 
 Murphy, Daniel, Seventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Murphy, Daniel, Pennsylvania Navy. 
 
 Murphy, Daniel, Colonel Bradford's Philadelphia Foot Regiment. 
 
 Murphy, Daniel, Fourth Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Murphy, Daniel, Colonel Putnam's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Murphy, Daniel, Hampshire County, Massachusetts troops. 
 
 Murphy, Daniel, Tenth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 
 
 Murphy, David, Fourth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Murphy, David, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murphy, David, Northampton County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murphy, Dennis, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murphy, Dennis, York County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murphy, Dennis, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Murphy, Dennis, Sixth Pennsylvania Battalion. 
 
 Murphy, Dennis, Seventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Murphy, Dennis, New Eleventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Murphy, Dennis, Patton's Additional Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
488 Al'i'il^JNJJiA. 
 
 Murphy, Dennis, Captain Cooper's Company of Philadelphia Volunteers. 
 
 Murphy, Dennis, Sixth Pennsylvania Battalion. 
 
 Murphy, Dennis, Colonel Malcom's Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Murphy, Edward, Seventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Murphy, Edward, Atlee's Pennsylvania Musketry Battalion. 
 
 Murphy, Edward, Fifth Pennsylvania Battalion. 
 
 Murphy, Edward, Sixth Pennsylvania Battalion. 
 
 Murphy, Edward, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murphy, Edward, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Murphy, Edward, Fifth Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Murphy, Edward, First Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Murphy, Edward, Georgia Continental Brigade (regiment unknown). 
 
 Murphy, Edward, Georgia Continental Brigade (regiment unknown). 
 
 Murphy, Edward, Barnstable, Massachusetts Company. 
 
 Murphy, Edward, Third Regiment, Connecticut Line. 
 
 Murphy, Edward, Seventh Regiment, Connecticut Line. 
 
 Murphy, Edward, Second Regiment, South Carolina Foot, 
 
 Murphy, Elijah, Colonel Hall's Delaware Regiment. 
 
 Murphy, Francis, Second Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Murphy, George, York County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murphy, George, Seventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Murphy, George, Fifth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Murphy, George, Tenth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Murphy, George, Pennsylvania Artillery Artificers. 
 
 Murphy, Henry, Suffolk County, N. Y. Regiment of Minute Men. 
 
 Murphy, Henry, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murphy, Henry, New York troops (regiment unknown). 
 
 Murphy, Hugh, Sixth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Murphy, Hugh, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murphy, Hugh, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murphy, Isaac, Captain Pollock's troop of Delaware Horse. 
 
 Murphy, Israel, Third Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Murphy, James, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murphy, James, Thompson's South Carolina Rangers. 
 
 Murphy, James, First Pennsylvania Battalion. 
 
 Murphy, James, Moore's Corps of Pennsylvania Infantry. 
 
 Murphy, James, German Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Murphy, James, Proctor's Pennsylvania Artillery. 
 
 Murphy, James, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Murphy, James, Fourth Pennsylvania Battalion. 
 
 Murphy, James, 4th. Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 
 
 Murphy, James, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Murphy, James, Lancaster County Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murphy, James, Captain Rawlings' Company of Maryland Militia. 
 
 Murphy, James, Second Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Murphy, James, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
APPENDIX 489 
 
 Murphy, James, Seventh Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 Murphy, James, German Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 Murphy, 'James, Dorset County, Maryland troops. 
 Murphy, James, Fourth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 Murphy, James, Fourth Regiment, New York Line. 
 Murphy, James, Stevens' New York Artillery. 
 Murphy, James, Philadelphia County, Penna. Militia. 
 Murphy, James, Fourth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 Murphy, James, Third Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 Murphy, James, Shrawder's Pennsylvania Rangers. 
 ■ Murphy, James, Sturbridge, Massachusetts Company. 
 Murphy, James, Fourth Massachusetts Regiment. 
 Murphy, James, Colonel Hall's Delaware Regiment. 
 Murphy, James, Colonel Hall's Delaware Regiment. 
 
 Murphy, James, Colonel Patterson's Battalion, Delaware Flying Camp. 
 Murphy, James, Colonel Livingston's Battalion, New York Line. 
 Murphy, James, Colonel Malcom's Regiment, New York Line. 
 Murphy, James, Second Regiraentj Connecticut Line.' 
 Murphy, James, Sheldon's Connecticut Light Dragoons. 
 Murphy, James, Wolcott's Connecticut Brigade. 
 Murphy, James, Tenth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 
 Murphy, James, Crane's Massachusetts Artillery. 
 Murphy, Jacob,' Second Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 Murphy, Jones, 'Washington County, Penna. Militia. 
 Murphy, Jones, Colonel Bedell's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 Murphy, John, Pennsylvania State Regiment of Foot. 
 Murphy, John, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 Murphy, John, Pennsylvania Navy. 
 Murphy, John, Pennsylvania Navy. 
 Murphy, John, Second Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 Murphy, John, Fourth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 Murphy, John, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 Murphy, John, Dorset County, Maryland troops. 
 Murphy, John, 6th Independent Co., Dorchester Co., Md. Militia. 
 Murphy, John, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 
 Murphy, John, 3rd. Batt. 1st. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 
 Murphy, John, 3rd. Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 
 Murphy, John, Lamb's New York Artillery. 
 Murphy, John, Third Regiment, Albany County, N. Y. Militia. 
 Murphy, John, Second Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 Murphy, John, Miles' Pennsylvania Rifle Regiment. 
 Murphy, John, Miles' Pennsylvania Rifle Regiment. 
 Murphy, John, Thompson's Battalion of Pennsylvania Riflemen. 
 Murphy, John, Fifth Pennsylvania Battalion. 
 Murphy, John, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 
 Murphy, John, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
490 APPENDIX 
 
 Murphy, John, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murphy, John, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murphy, John, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murphy, John, Northampton County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murphy, John, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murphy, John, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murphy, John, York County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murphy, John, Jr., York County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murphy, John, Northumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murphy, John, Capt. Samuel Sloane's Co. of Mass. Minute Men. 
 
 Murphy, John, Hingham, Massachusetts Company. 
 
 Murphy, John, Ship Hazard, Massachusetts Navy. 
 
 Murphy, John, Ship Thorn, Massachusetts Navy. 
 
 Murphy, John, First Regiment, New Jersey Continental Line. 
 
 Murphy, John, Third Regiment, New Jersey Continental Line. 
 
 Murphy, John, Brigantine Speedwell, Massachusetts Navy. 
 
 Murphy, John, Continental frigate Deane. 
 
 Murphy, John, Continental frigate Hague. 
 
 Murphy, John, Henry County, Virginia, Militia. 
 
 Murphy, John, Second New York Artillery. 
 
 Jlurphy, John, Colonel Stark's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 Murphy, John, Colonel Wingate's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 Murphy, John, Colonel Scammel's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 Murphy, John, Rhode Island Naval forces. 
 
 Murphy, John, Virginia Continental Line. 
 
 Murphy, Joseph, Eleventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Murphy, Joseph, Colonel Neill's Delaware Regiment. 
 
 Murphy, Joseph, Eighth Regiment Connecticut Line. 
 
 Murphy, Labach, Second Regiment, New Hampshire Line. 
 
 Murphy, Leander, Morgan's Rifle Corps. 
 
 Murphy, Lambert, Brigantine Tyrannicide, Massachusetts Navy. 
 
 Murphy, Lawrence, Fifth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Murphy, Lawrence, Invalid Regiment (Penna.). 
 
 Murphy, Lawrence, Morgan's Virginia Riflemen. 
 
 Murphy, Levi, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murphy, Levy, Ninth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Murphy, Martin, Virginia Continental Line. 
 
 Murphy, Martin, Capt. William McMuUin's Co. of Phila. City Guar 
 
 Murphy, Martin, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Murphy, Martin, Rhode Island Militia. 
 
 Murphy, Martin, Pennsylvania Navy. 
 
 Murphy, Malachi, South Carolina Artillery Artificers. 
 
 Murphy, Matthew, Charleston, S. C. Regiment of Foot. 
 
 Murphy, Maurice, Colonel Hicks' South Carolina Regiment. 
 
 Murphy, Maurice, St. David's Parish, South Carolina Volunteers. 
 
 Murphy, Michael, Sixth Pennsylvania Battalion. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
APPENDIX 491 
 
 Murphy, Michael, Second Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Murphy, Michael, Rawlings' Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Murphy, Michael, Seventh Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Murphy, Michael, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murphy, Michael, First Regiment, Virginia Line. 
 
 Murphy, Michael, Capt. Moses Maxwell's Company, Mass. Coast Artillery. 
 
 Murphy, Michael, Continental frigate Deane. 
 
 Murphy, Michael, Continental frigate Boston. 
 
 Murphy, Michael, Morgan's Virginia Riflemen. 
 
 Murphy, Miles, Seventh Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Murphy, Miles, Georgia Continental Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Murphy, "Mill," Georgia Continental Brigade (regiment unknown). 
 
 Murphy, Morgan, Ship Defence, Maryland Navy. 
 
 Murphy, Mylon, Tenth Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Murphy, Owen, Virginia Continental Line. 
 
 Murphy, Owen, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murphy, Owen, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murphy, Patrick, North Carolina Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Murphy, Patrick, Fifth Pennsylvania Battalion. 
 
 Murphy, Patrick, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Murphy, Patrick, Fourth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Murphy, Patrick, Fourth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Murphy, Patrick, Fifth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Murphy, Patrick, Seventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Murphy, Patrick, Seventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Murphy, Patrick, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murphy, Patrick, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murphy, Patrick, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murphy, Patrick, Westmoreland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murphy, Patrick, North Carolina Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Murphy, Patrick, Colonel Hale's Battalion of New Hampshire troops. 
 
 Murphy, Patrick, Second Regiment, New Hampshire Continental Line. 
 
 Murphy, Patrick, Stockley's Pennsylvania Rangers. 
 
 Murphy, Patrick, Colonel Stark's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 Murphy, Patrick, Frigate Boston, Massachusetts Navy. 
 
 Murphy, Patrick, Colonel Prime's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Murphy, Patrick, Boston, Massachusetts, Company. 
 
 Murphy, Patrick, Ship Mars, Massachusetts Navy. 
 
 Murphy, Patrick, Massachusetts troops (regiment unknown). 
 
 Murphy, Patrick, Colonel Benedict Arnold's Canadian Detachment. 
 
 Murphy, Patrick, Capt. Hugh Stephenson's Company, West Va. Riflemen. 
 
 Murphy, Patrick, Virginia Continental Line. 
 
 Murphy, Patrick, Third Regiment, Connecticut Line. 
 
 Murphy, Patrick M., Colonel Henley's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Murphy, Peter, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murphy, Peter, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
492 APPENDIX 
 
 Murphy, Peter, Fourth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Murphy, Peter, Fifth Regiment, Suffolk County, Massachusetts. 
 
 Murphy, Peter, Colonel Patterson's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Murphy, Peter,' First Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Murphy, Peter, Colonel Livingston's Battalion, Nevi^ York Line. 
 
 Murphy, Philip, Pennsylvania Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Murphy, Philip, York County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murphy, Philip, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Murphy, Philip, Second Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Murphy, Pierce, Thirtieth Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Murphy, Pierce, Continental frigate Raleigh. 
 
 Murphy, Richard, Queen Anne's County, Maryland troops. 
 
 Murphy, Richard, Eighth Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Murphy, Richard, Colonel Hall's Delaware Regiment. 
 
 Murphy, Richard, Continental frigate Hague. 
 
 Murphy, Robert, Colonel Pawling's Regiment of New York Levies. 
 
 Murphy, Robert, Second Regiment, Lincoln County, Maine. 
 
 Murphy, Rpbert, Colonel Wigglesworth's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Murphy, Robert, New Jersey Continental Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Murphy, Robert, Second Regiment, Westchester County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 Murphy, Robert, Fourth Regiment, Westchester County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 Murphy, Robert, Thirteenth Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Murphy, Samuel, Ship Defence, Maryland Navy. 
 
 Murphy, Samuel, Eighth Battalion, Albany County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 Murphy, Seumas, York County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murphy, Solomon, Tenth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 
 
 Murphy, Stephen, Pennsylvania Navy. 
 
 Murphy, Sylvester, Colonel Cobb's Massachusetts Navy. 
 
 Murphy, ,Thomas, Fifth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 
 
 Murphy, Thomas, Colonel Poor's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 Murphy, Thomas, Second Pennsylvania Battalion. 
 
 Murphy, Thomas, Proctor's Pennsylvania Artillery. 
 
 Murphy, Thomas, Bucks County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murphy, Thomas, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murphy, Thomas, York County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murphy, Thomas, Third Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Murphy, Thomas, Capt. Robert MuUan's Company, Philadelphia Marines. 
 
 Murphy, Thomas, Colonel Delaney's Philadelphia Battalion of Foot. 
 
 Murphy, Thomas, Huntingdon County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murphy, Thomas, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Murphy, Thomas, Sixth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Murphy, Thomas, Baltimore County, Maryland troops. 
 
 Murphy, Thomas, Captain William Reiley's Maryland troops. 
 
 Murphy, Thomas, Third Maryland Battalion. 
 
 Murphy, Thomas, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Murphy, Thomas, Colonel Wessenfels' Regiment, New York Levies. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
APPENDIX 493 
 
 Murphy, Thomas, Colonel Malcom's Regiment, New York Levies. 
 
 Murphy, Thomas, Colonel Pawling's Regiment, New York Levies. 
 
 Murphy, Thomas, Suffolk County, N. Y. Regiment of Minute Men. 
 
 Murphy, Thomas, New York Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Murphy, Thomas, Ship Pilgrim, Massachusetts Navy. 
 
 Murphy, Thomas, Colonel North's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Murphy, Thomas, Crane's Massachusetts Artillery. 
 
 Murphy, Thomas, Continental frigate Decme. 
 
 Murphy, Thomas, Continental frigate Hague. 
 
 Murphy, Thomas, Continental frigate Baleigh. 
 
 Murphy, Thomas, First Regiment, Connecticut Line. 
 
 Murphy, Thomas, Second Regiment, Connecticut Line. 
 
 Murphy, Thomas, East Haddam, Connecticut Volunteers. 
 
 Murphy, Timothy, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. ^ 
 
 Murphy, Timothy, Third Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Murphy, Timothy, Seventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Murphy, Timothy, Thompson's Battalion of Pennsylvania Riflemen. 
 
 Murphy, Timothy, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murphy, Timothy, Hampshire, Massachusetts Militia. 
 
 Murphy, Timothy, Crane's Massachusetts Artillery. 
 
 Murphy, Timothy, Colonel Daniel Morgan's Rifle Corps. 
 
 Murphy, Timothy, Colonel Harper's Regiment of New York Levies, 
 
 Murphy, Timothy, Fifteenth Regiment, Albany County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 Murphy, William, Proctor's Pennsylvania Artillery. 
 
 Murphy, William, Proctor's Pennsylvania Artillery. 
 
 Murphy, William, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murphy, William, York County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murphy, William, Sixth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Murphy, William, Dorchester County, Maryland troops. 
 
 Murphy, William, Harford County, Maryland troops. 
 
 Murphy, William, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Murphy, William, 4th. Batt. 1st. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 
 
 Murphy, William, 4th. Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 
 
 Murphy, William, New Jersey Militia. 
 
 Murphy, William, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Murphy, William, Fifth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Murphy, William, Georgia Continental Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Murphy, William, Colonel Alden's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Murphy, William, Crane's Massachusetts Artillery. 
 
 Murphy, William, Fitchburg, Massachusetts Company. 
 
 Murphy, William, Colonel Fellows' Massachusetts Militia. 
 
 Murphy, William, Colonel Hall's Delaware Regiment. 
 
 Murphy, William, Berkeley County, Virginia troops. 
 
 Murphy, William, Fifth Regiment, Connecticut Line. 
 
 Murphy, William, Colonel Poor's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 Murphy, William, Tenth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
494 APPENDIX 
 
 Murphy, William, Taunton, Massachusetts, Company. 
 
 Murphy, William, Jr., Colonel Haslet's Delaware Regiment. 
 
 Murphey, Andrew, Delaware troops (regiment unknown). 
 
 Murphey, Barnabas, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murphey, Cornelius, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murphey, Cornelius, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murphey, Daniel, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murphey, Daniel, First Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Murphey, Daniel, Ninth Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Murphey, Daniel, New Castle County, Delaware Militia. 
 
 Murphey, Darby, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Murphey, David, Shrawder's Pennsylvania Rangers. 
 
 Murphey, Edward, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Murphey, Edward, Colonel Bradford's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Murphey, Edward, Capt. Jesse Rowe's Company, Knox's Artillery Corps. 
 
 Murphey, Hezekiah, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Murphey, James, Fourth Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Murphey, James, Third Massachusetts Artillery. 
 
 Murphey, James, Colonel Haslet's Delaware Regiment. 
 
 Murphey, James, Colonel Neill's Delaware Regiment. 
 
 Murphey, James, Second Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Murphey, James, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murphey, James, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murphey, Joab, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Murphey, John, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murphey, John, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murphey, John, Westmoreland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murphey, John, Fourth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Murphey, John, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Murphey, John, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Murphey, John, Virginia Continental Line. 
 
 Murphey, John, Colonel Simonds' Berkshire County, Mass. Regiment. 
 
 Murphey, John, Colonel Greaton's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Murphey, John, Continental frigate Deane. 
 
 Murphey, Joseph, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Murphey, Joseph, Colonel Neill's Delaware Regiment. 
 
 Murphey, Lemuel, Virginia Continental Line. 
 
 Murphey, Martin, Virginia Continental Line. 
 
 Murphey, Martin, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murphey, Matthew, St. David's Parish, South Carolina, Volunteers. 
 
 Murphey, Michael, Virginia Continental Line. 
 
 Murphey, Miland, Danvers, Massachusetts Company. 
 
 Murphey, Owen, Virginia Continental Line. 
 
 Murphey, Patrick, Kent County, Maryland troops. 
 
 Murphey, Patrick, Colonel Wingate's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 Murphey, Peter, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 
 
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APPENDIX 495 
 
 Murphey, Peter, Third Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Murphey, Philip, Thompson's South Carolina Rangers. 
 
 Murphey, Richard, Third Massachusetts Artillery. 
 
 Murphey, Thomas, Fourth Regiment, Maryland Lme. 
 
 Murphey, Thomas, Fourth Regiment, Maryland Lme. 
 
 Murphey, TOiomas, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Lme. 
 
 Murphey, Thomas, Third Massachusetts Artillery 
 
 Murphey, Timothy, Fourth Regiment,. Maryland Lme. 
 
 Murphey, Timothy, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Murphey, William, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Lme. 
 
 Murphey, William Colonel Thayer's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Murphey, William, Colonel Brooks' Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Murphey, William T., Colonel Haslet's Delaware Regiment. 
 
 Murpphey, John, Colonel Scammell's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 Murphe, John, Pennsylvania State Regiment of Foot. 
 
 Murphe, John Middlesex County, Massachusetts troops. 
 
 Murphe, Patrick, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murphee, Richard, Eighth Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Murphew, James, Moore's Corps of Pennsylvania Infantry. 
 
 Murfee, Edward, Colonel Lippitt's Rhode Island Regiment. 
 
 Murfee, James, Colonel Davis' Worcester County, Mass. Regiment. 
 
 Murfee, John, Montgomery, County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murfee, John, Fourth Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Murfee, John, Colonel Simond's Berkshire County, Mass. Regiment. 
 
 Murfee, Michael, Fourth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Murfee, Richard, Seventh Regiment, Worcester County, Mass. 
 
 Murfee, Thomas, Capt. Florence Crowley's Company of Mass Artillery. 
 
 Murfee, Thomas, First Regiment, Suffolk County, Massachusetts. 
 
 Murfee, William, Detachment of Massachusetts Guards. 
 
 Murfey, Daniel, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Murfey, Andrew, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murfey, Cornelius, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murfey, Daniel, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murfey, Edmund, Se'cond Regiment, Connecticut Line. 
 
 Murfey, Edward, Fifth Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Murfey, Edward, Colonel Bradford's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Murfey, Edward, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murfey, Edward, Colonel Angell's Rhode Island Regiment. 
 
 Murfey, George, Colonel Poor's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 Murfey, George, Colonel Prime's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Murfey, Israel, Colonel Phinney's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Murfey, John, Cambridge, Massachusetts Company. 
 
 Murfey, John, York County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murfey, John, Bedford County, Penna. MiUtia. 
 
 Murfey, Robert, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murfey, Thomas, Colonel Graham's Regiment, New York Levies. 
 
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496 APPENDIX 
 
 MurflFy, Thomas, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murfy, C, Berkshire County, Massachusetts troops. 
 
 Murfy, Daniel, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murfy, James, York County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murfy, John, York County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murfy, Patrick, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murfy, Peter, Ship Pilgrim, Massachusetts Navy. 
 
 Murfy, Peter, Third Massachusetts Artillery. 
 
 Murfy, Pierce, Capt. Tobias Lord's Massachusetts Coast Artillery. 
 
 Murfy, Willam, Nineteenth Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Murphie, Henderson, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murphue, Arthur, First Regiment, Provincial troops pf South Carolina. 
 
 Murpey, Henry, Suifolk County, N. Y. Regiment of Minute Men. 
 
 Murpey, Thomas, Fourteenth Regiment, Albany County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 Morphey, John, Fourth Regiment, Orange County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 Morphey, William, Second Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Murfit, Henry, Bucks County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murfit, John, Atlee's Pennsylvania Musketry Battalion. 
 
 Murfit, William, Bucks County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murfit, William, Atlee's Pennsylvania Musketry Battalion. 
 
 Murfit, WiUiam, Jr., Bucks County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Murfrey, John, Virginia Continental Line. 
 
 Murfrey, John, Eleventh Regiment, Virginia State Line. 
 
 Murfrey, Samuel, Eleventh Regiment, Virginia State Line. 
 
 Murfree, Patrick, North Carolina Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Murfree, Lemuel, Eleventh Regiment, Virginia State Line. 
 
 McMurfey, James, Colonel Cogswell's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 McMurfey, Patrick, Colonel Evans' New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 McMurfey, Peter, Colonel McCobb's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 McMurfy, George, First Regiment, New Hampshire Line. 
 
 McMurfy, William Colonel Cogswell's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 McMurphy, Alexander, Delaware troops (regiment unknown). 
 
 McMurphy, Daniel, Lieut. Col. Webster's New Hampshire Militia. 
 
 McMurphy, Daniel, Georgia Continental Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 McMurphy, George, Colonel Stark's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 McMurphy, George, Colonel Cilley's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 McMurphy, James, Colonel Gerrish's Regiment of Massachusetts Guards. 
 
 McMurphy, John, Philadelphia City, Penn. Militia. 
 
 McMurphy, John, Colonel Cilley's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 McMurphy, John, Colonel Stark's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 McMurphy, John, Colonel Thornton's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 McMurphy, John, North Carolina Line, (regiment unknown). 
 
 McMurphjr, Peter, Captain Caleb Turner's Massachusetts Company. 
 
 McMurphy, Peter, Colonel Prime's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 McMurphy, Robert, Delaware troops, (regiment unknown). 
 
 McMurphy, Robert, Colonel Stark's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
APPENDIX 497 
 
 McMurphy, William, Colonel Gerrish's Regiment of Massachusetts Guards. 
 McMurphy, William, Colonel Stark's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 McMurphy, William, Colonel Bedell's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 O'Brian, Charles, Tenth Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 O'Brian, Cornelius, Fourth Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 O'Brian, Cornelius, Seventh Regiment, Albany County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 O'Brian, Daniel, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 O'Brian, Daniel, Second Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 O'Brian, Daniel, St. Clair's Pennsylvania Battalion. 
 
 O'Brian, Dennis, Commander-in-Chief's Guard. 
 
 O'Brian, Dennis, Colonel Hazen's Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 O'Brian, Dennis, Thirty-sixth Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 O'Brian, Dennis, Schooner Diligent, Massachusetts Navy. 
 
 O'Brian, Dennis, York County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 O'Brian, Gideon, Sixth Regiment, Lincoln County, Maine. 
 
 O'Brian, James, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 
 
 O'Brian, James, Captain Jabe^; West's Company, Lincoln County, Me. troops. 
 
 O'Brian, James, Baltimore County, Maryland troops. 
 
 O'Brian, James, Virginia Continental Line. 
 
 O'Brian, Jeremy, Tenth Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 O'Brian, John, Philadelphia City Militia, Fourth Battalion. 
 
 O'Brian, John, Philadelphia City Militia, Fifth Battalion. 
 
 O'Brian, John, Invalid Regiment, Pennsylvania. 
 
 O'Brian, John, First Pennsylvania Battalion. 
 
 O'Brian, John, Colonel Sherburne's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 O'Brian, John, Colonel Lee's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 O'Brian, John, Sloop Machias Liberty, Massachusetts Navy. 
 
 O'Brian, John, Colonel McC'obb's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 O'Brian, John, Schooner Diligent, Massachusetts Navy. 
 
 O'Brian, John, Captain Farley's Massachusetts Company. 
 
 O'Brian, Joseph, Sixth Regiment, Lincoln County, Me. troops. 
 
 O'Brian, Joseph, Colonel Holman's Massachusetts" Regiment. 
 
 O'Brian, Joseph, Colonel Jackson's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 O'Brian, John, Lieutenant Andrew Gilman's Massachusetts Company. 
 
 O'Brian, John, Brigantine Tyrannicide, Massachusetts Navy. 
 
 O'Brian, John, Major Thomas' Massachusetts Artillery Company. 
 
 O'Brian, John, Essex County, Massachusetts, troops. 
 
 O'Brian, John, Suffolk County, Massachusetts troops. 
 
 O'Brian, John, First Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 O'Brian, John, Second Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 O'Brian, John, Vermont troops, (regiment unknown). 
 
 O'Brian, John, Sixth Regiment, Connecticut Line. 
 
 O'Brian, John, First Regiment, New Hampshire Line. 
 
 O'Brian, Lewis, Third Regiment, Albany County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 O'Brian, Ludovick, Third Regiment, Albany County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
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498 APPENDIX 
 
 O'Brian, Martin, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 O'Brian, Martin, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 O'Brian, Martin, Second Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 O'Brian, Matthew, First Regiment, Suffolk County, Massachusetts. 
 
 O'Brian, Matthew, Crane's Massachusetts Artillery. 
 
 O'Brian, Matthew, Captain Micah Hamblin's Massachusetts Company. 
 
 O'Brian, Matthew, Colonel Freeman's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 O'Brian, Michael, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 
 
 O'Brian, Michael, Captain William Brown's Battery of Maryland Artillery. 
 
 O'Brian, Morgan, First Regiment, Westcliester County, N. Y. Mihtia. 
 
 O'Brian, Murty, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 O'Brian, Patrick, Colonel Sparhawk's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 O'Brian, Patrick, Ship Columbus, Continental Navy. 
 
 O'Brian, Paul, Sixth Regiment, Dutchess County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 O'Brian, Philip, Captain William Brown's Battery of Maryland Artillery. 
 
 O'Brian, Richard, Colonel Heath's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 O'Brian, Sylvester, Second Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 O'Brian, Thomas, Colonel Wynkoop's Regiment, New York Militia. 
 
 O'Brian, Thomas, Third Massachusetts Artillery. 
 
 O'Brian, Thomas, Sixth Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 O'Brian, Thomas, Fifth Company, First Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 O'Brian, Thomas, Sixth Company, First Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 O'Brian, Thomas, Weymouth, Massachusetts Company. 
 
 O'Brian, Thomas, Eighth Regiment, Connecticut Line. 
 
 O'Brian, William, Second Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 O'Brian, William, Sixth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 O'Brian, William, Schooner Hibernia, Massachusetts Navy. 
 
 O'Brian, William, Worcester County, Massachusetts troops. 
 
 O'Brian, William, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia, Fourth Battalion. 
 
 O'Brien, Andrew, Commander-in-Chief's Guard. 
 
 O'Brien, Daniel, Second Pennsylvania Battalion. 
 
 O'Brien, Daniel, Second Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 O'Brien, Dennis, Fifth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 O'Brien, Dennis, Hazen's Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 O'Brien, Francis, Eleventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 O'Brien, Francis, Invalid Regiment, Pennsylvania. 
 
 O'Brien, Hugh, Colonel Mcintosh's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 O'Brien, James, Fourth Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 O'Brien, James, Harford County, Maryland troops. 
 
 O'Brien, James, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 
 
 O'Brien, "Jerry" Colonel Marshall's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 O'Brien, Jeremiah, Massachusetts Rangers. 
 
 O'Brien, John, Second Regiment, Orange County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 O'Brien, John, Third Regiment, Ulster County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 O'Brien, John, Colonel Wynkoop's Regiment, New York Militia. 
 
 O'Brien, John, Pennsylvania Navy. 
 
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APPENDIX 499 
 
 O'Brien, John, First Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 O'Brien, John, Sixth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 O'Brien, John, Colonel Livingston's Battalion, New Yorlc Line. 
 
 O'Brien, John, Colonel Cilley's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 O'Brien, John, First Partisan Legion, Pennsylvania. 
 
 O'Brien, John, Jr., C-olonel Wynkoop's Regiment, New York Militia. 
 
 O'Brien, John Morris, Colonel Greene's Rhode Island Regiment. 
 
 O'Brien, Joseph, Colonel Jackson's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 O'Brien, Joseph, Continental frigate Boston. 
 
 O'Brien, Michael, New York troops (regiment unknown). 
 
 O'Brien, Patrick, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 O'Brien, Patrick, Ship Alfred, Continental Navy. 
 
 O'Brien, Peter, Fourth Pennsylvania Battalion. 
 
 O'Brien, William, Continental frigate Boston, 
 
 O'Brien, William, Sixth Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 O'Brien, William, Tenth Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 O'Brien, William, Colonel Miller's Rhode Island Regiment. 
 
 O'Bryan, Andrew, Provost Guard, Pennsylvania. 
 
 O'Bryan, Charles, Colonel Wentworth's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 O'Bryan, Daniel, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 O'Bryan, Daniel, Second Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 O'Bryan, Daniel, Capt. Titus Salter's Company, New Hampshire Artillery. 
 
 O'Bryan, Daniel, Colonel Wingate's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 O'Bryan, Darby, North Carolina Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 O'Bryan, Dennis, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 O'Bryan, Dennis, Hazen's Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 O'Bryan, Dennis Fourth Maryland Battalion. 
 
 O'Bryan, Dennis, York County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 O'Bryan, Dennis, Massachusetts troops (regiment unknown). 
 
 O'Bryan, Dennis, Tenth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 
 
 O'Brien, Duncan, Georgia Continental Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 O'Brien, Francis, Eleventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 O'Bryan, George, Major Eben Stevens' Battery of Mass. Artillery. 
 
 O'Bryan, Gregory, Third Massachusetts Artillery. 
 
 O'Bryan, Gregory, Colonel Webb's Connecticut Regiment. 
 
 O'Bryan, James, Georgia Continental Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 O'Bryan, James, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 O'Bryan, James, German Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 O'Bryan, James, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 
 
 O'Bryan, James, Morgan's Rifle Corps. 
 
 O'Bryan, John, First Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 O'Bryan, John, Third Regiment, New Jersey Continental Line. 
 
 O'Bryan, John, Second Regiment, New Jersey Continental Line. 
 
 O'Bryan, John, First Partisan Legion, Pennsylvania. 
 
 O'Bryan, John, First Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 O'Bryan, John, Second Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
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500 
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 O'Bryan 
 O'Bryan 
 O'Bryan 
 O'Bryan 
 O'Bryan 
 O'Bryan 
 O'Bryan 
 O'^Bryan 
 O'Bryan 
 O'Bryan 
 O'Bryan 
 O'Bryan 
 O'Bryan 
 O'Bryan 
 O'Bryan 
 O'Bryan 
 O'Bryan 
 O'Bryan 
 O'Bryan 
 O'Bryan 
 O'Bryan 
 O'Bryan 
 O'Bryan 
 O'Bryan 
 O'Bryan 
 O'Bryan, 
 O'Bryan 
 O'Bryan 
 O'Bryan 
 O'Bryan 
 O'Bryan 
 O'Bryan 
 O'Bryan 
 O'Bryan 
 O'Bryan 
 O'Bryan 
 O'Bryan 
 O'Bryan 
 O'Bryan 
 O'Bryan 
 O'Bryan 
 O'Bryan 
 O'Bryan 
 O'Bryan 
 O'Bryan 
 CBryen 
 
 John, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 
 
 John, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 
 
 John, York County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 John, Colonel Patterson's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 John, Colonel Vose's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 John, German Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 John, Colonel Hall's Delaware Regiment. 
 
 John, Third Regiment, Westchester County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 John, 1st. Batt. Second. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 
 
 John, Capt. Willing's Company of Philadelphia Marines. 
 
 John, Tenth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 
 
 Joseph, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Joseph, Charles County, Maryland troops. 
 
 Martin, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Martin, Second Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Martin, York County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Martin, Colonel Chambers' Pennsylvania Foot Regiment. 
 
 Matthew, Third Massachusetts Artillery. 
 
 Michael, Maryland Artillery. 
 
 Patrick, 1st. Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 
 
 Patrick, Massachusetts troops (regiment unknown). 
 
 Patrick, Rutland, Massachusetts Company, 
 
 Patrick, Colonel Sparhawk's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Patrick, Second Regiment, New Jersey Continental Line. 
 
 Paul, First Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Paul, Invalid Regiment, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Philip, Fourth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Philip, Sixth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Richard, Pennsylvania Artillery Artificers. 
 
 Rich'ard, Tenth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 
 
 Roger, New Eleventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Sylvester, Atlee's Pennsylvania Musketry Battalion. 
 
 Thomas, First Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Thomas, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Thomas, Colonel Vose's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Timothy, Pennsylvania Navy. 
 
 Timothy, Fifth Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 "Tim," Colonel Patterson's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 "Tide," North Carolina Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 William, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 William, New Eleventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 William, Second Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 William, Pennsylvania State Regiment of Foot. 
 
 William, Philadelphia City Militia, Sixth Battalion. 
 
 William, Warren, Rhode Island, Town Guards. 
 
 John, Colonel Lee's Massachusetts Regiment. • 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
APPENDIX 501 
 
 (yBrion, Daniel, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 
 
 O'Brion, Gregory, Capt. Caleb Turner's Massachusetts Company. 
 
 O'Brion, James, Philadelphia County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 O'Brion, Morgan, Pliiladelphia City Troop of Light Horse. 
 
 O'Brion, Paul, Fourth Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 O'Bryon, Edward, Colonel Whitcomb's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 O'Bryon, Thomas M., Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 O'Bryon, William, Tenth Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 O'Brine, Charles, Colonel Marshall's Blassachusetts Regiment. 
 
 O'Brine, CorneUus, First Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 O'Brine, Dennis, Ninth Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 O'Brine, Dennis, Colonel Greaton's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 O'Brine, Gregory, Second New York Artillery. 
 
 O'Brine, James, Seventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line.' 
 
 O'Brine, James, Colonel Henley's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 O'Brine, John, Capt. Tisdale's Spring-field, Mass. Company. 
 
 O'Brine, John, Second Regiment, Plymouth County, Mass. 
 
 O'Brine, John, Colonel Vose's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 O'Brine, Richard, First Regiment, Suffolk County, Mass. 
 
 O'Brine, Richard, Colonel Wigglesworth's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 O'Brine, William, Colonel Drury's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 O'Brine, William, Sixth Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 O'Bryne, John, Vermont troops (regiment unknown). 
 
 O'Brient, William, Colonel Angell's Rhode Island Regiment. 
 
 O'Briant, Cornelius, Colonel Willett's Regiment of New York Levies. 
 
 O'Briant, Gideon, Colonel Foster's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 O'Briant, Gregory, Sloop Machias Liberty, Massachusetts Navy. 
 
 O'Briant, James, Colonel Henley's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 O'Briant, James, Colonel Sherburne's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 O'Briant, Jeremiah, Colonel Foster's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 O'Briant, John, Ship Lion, Massachusetts Navy. — 
 
 O'Briant, John, First Regiment, Connecticut Line. 
 
 O'Briant, John, Sixth Regiment, Connecticut Line. 
 
 O'Briant, John, Third Regiment, New Jersey Continental Line. 
 
 O'Briant, John, Colonel Thornton's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 O'Briant, John, Springfield, Massachusetts Company. 
 
 O'Briant, John, Second Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 O'Briant, John, Sloop Defence, Maryland Navy. 
 
 O'Briant, Joseph, Colonel Foster's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 O'Briant, Joseph, Colonel Jackson's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 O'Briant, William, Continental frigate Deane. 
 
 O'Briant, William, Sloop Machias Liberty, Massachusetts Navy. 
 
 O'Bryant, Peter, Brigantine Defence, Massachusetts Navy. 
 
 O'brient, Dennis, Ninth Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 O'brient, James, Capt. Jabez West's Massachusetts Company. 
 
 O'brient, John, Third Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
502 APPENDIX 
 
 (ybrient, Patrick, Colonel Whitney's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Obriant, John, Fourth Regiment, Connecticut Line. 
 
 Obrian, John, Eighth Regiment, New Hampshire Militia. 
 
 Obrien, John, Second Regiment, New Yorlc Line. 
 
 Obrien, John, Westchester County, New York Militia. 
 
 Obrien, Morgan, Colonel Pawling's Regiment of New York Levies. 
 
 Obryon, John, Colonel Hazen's Continental Regiment (New Hampshire). 
 
 Obryan, James, Sixth Regiment, Dutchess County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 Obryan, John, First Regiment, New Hampshire Line. 
 
 Obryan, Thomas, Colonel Vose's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 O'Nail, Barry, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 
 
 O'Nail, Daniel, Philadelphia County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 O'Nail, Edward, York County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 O'Nail, Felix, Cecil County, Maryland troops. 
 
 O'Nail, James, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 O'Nail, John, Seventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 O'Nail, Michael, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 O'Nail, William, Hazen's Continental Regiment (New Hampshire). 
 
 O'Neal, Bernard, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 
 
 O'Neal, Benjamin, Tenth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 
 
 O'Neal, Bryan, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 O'Neal, Bryan, Westmoreland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 O'Neal, Charles, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 O'Neal, Charles, Third Regiment, North Carolina Line. 
 
 O'Neal, Christian, Second Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 O'Neal, Christopher, Second Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 O'Neal, Christopher, Pennsylvania Navy. 
 
 O'Neal, Conrad, New Jersey Continental Line. 
 
 O'Neal, Constantine, Westmoreland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 O'Neal, Constantine, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 
 
 O'Neal, Daniel, 3rd Batt. First Establishment, N. J. State Line. 
 
 O'Neal, Daniel, 3nd. Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 
 
 O'Neal, Daniel, Third Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 O'Neal, Daniel, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 O'Neal, Daniel, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 
 
 O'Neal, Daniel, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 
 
 O'Neal, Daniel, Sixth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 O'Neal, Dixon, Georgia Continental Brigade. 
 
 O'Neal, Douglas, Second South Carolina Regiment of Foot. 
 
 O'Neal, Edward, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 O'Neal, Edward, Second Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 O'Neal, Edward, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 
 
 O'Neal, Felix, Fourth Pennsylvania Battalion. 
 
 O'Neal, Felix, Fifth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 O'Neal, Felix, Seventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
APPENDIX 503 
 
 O'Neal, Ferdinand, Virginia Continental Line. 
 
 O'Neal, Farrel, Virginia Continental Line. 
 
 O'Neal, Hamilton, Colonel Hall's Delaware Regiment. 
 
 O'Neal, Henry, Monmouth County, New Jersey Militia. 
 
 O'Neal, Henry, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 O'Neal, Henry, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 O'Neal, Henry, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 
 
 O'Neal, Henry, Westmoreland County, Penna. Militia, 
 
 O'Neal, Henry, Colonel Neill's Delaware Regiment. 
 
 O'Neal, Hugh, Colonel Haslet's Delaware Regiment. 
 
 O'Neal, Hugh, Pennsylvania Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 O'Neal, James, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 O'Neal, James, Second Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 O'Neal, James, Third Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 O'Neal, James, Sixth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 O'Neal, James, New Eleventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 O'Neal, James, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 
 
 O'Neal, James, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 O'Neal, James, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 O'Neal, James, Benton's South Carolina Regiment. 
 
 O'Neal, James, Second Regiment, South Carolina Line. 
 
 O'Neal, James, Seventh Regiment, Albany . County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 O'Neal, James, Frigate Boston, Massachusetts Navy. 
 
 O'Neal, James, Colonel Hunter's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 O'Neal, James, Colonel Hall's Delaware Regiment. 
 
 O'Neal, James, Colonel Van Schaick's Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 O'Neal, James, Tenth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 
 
 O'Neal, John, First Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 O'Neal, John, First Regiment, Maryland lAne. 
 
 O'Neal, John, Third Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 O'Neal, John, Virginia Continental Line. 
 
 O'Neal, John, Colonel Elmore's Connecticut Line. 
 
 O'Neal, John, Capt. Ransom's Company, Wyoming Valley, Penna. troops. 
 
 O'Neal, John, Tenth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 
 
 O'Neal, John, Invalid Regiment (Rhode Island). 
 
 O'Neal, John, Seventh Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 O'Neal, John, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 O'Neal, John, Fourth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 O'Neal, John, Seventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 O'Neal, John, Ninth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 O'Neal, John, Monmouth County, New Jersey, Militia. 
 
 O'Neal, John, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 O'Neal, John, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 
 
 O'Neal, John, Philadelphia County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 O'Neal, John, York County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 O'Neal, John, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
504 APPENDIX 
 
 O'Neal, John, Thirteenth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 O'Neal, John, Harford County, Maryland troops. 
 
 O'Neal, John, Georgia Continental Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 O'Neal, John, 1st. Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 
 
 O'Neal, John, First Regiment, New Jersey Continental Line. 
 
 O'Neal, John, Third Regiment, South Carolina Line. 
 
 O'Neal, John, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 O'Neal, Michael, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 O'Neal, Nehemiah, Colonel Haslet's Delaware Regiment. 
 
 O'Neal, N., Georgia Continental Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 O'Neal, Nicholas, Third Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 O'Neal, Nicholas, New Eleventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 O'Neal, Patrick, Seventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 O'Neal, Patrick, Seventh Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 O'Neal, Peter, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 O'Neal, Peter, Colonel Livingston's Battalion, New York Line. 
 
 O'Neal, Richard, Fourth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 O'Neal, Richard, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 O'Neal, Richard, First Pennsylvania Battalion. 
 
 O'Neal, Richard, Atlee?s Pennsylvania Musketry Battalion. 
 
 O'Neal, Samuel, Colonel Cilley's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 ONeal, Seymour, Second South Carolina Regiment of Foot. 
 
 O'Neal, Thomas, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 
 
 O'Neal, Timothy,- Seventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 O'Neal, Timothy, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 O'Neal, Timothy, Sixth Pennsylvania Battalion. 
 
 O'Neal, William, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 O'Neal, William, Fourth Pennsylvania Battalion. 
 
 O'Neal, William, Virginia Continental Line. 
 
 O'Neal, William, Tenth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 
 
 O'Neale, Charles, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 O'Neale, George, Philadelphia County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 O'Neale, John, Charles County, Maryland troops. 
 
 O'Neale, John, Charles County, Maryland troops. 
 
 O'Neale, Richard, Pennsylvania State Regiment of Foot. 
 
 O'Neale, William, Colonel Neill's Delaware Regiment. 
 
 O'Niel, James, West Virginia troops. 
 
 O'Nele, John, First Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 O'Neil, Arthur, Sussex County, New Jersey, Militia. 
 
 O'Neil, Arthur, 4th. Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 
 
 O'Neil, Barney, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 
 
 ONeil, Charles, First Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 O'Neil, Charles, Fourth Regiment, Albany County, N. Y. Militia, 
 
 O'Neil, Charles, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 O'Neil, Darden, Fourth Maryland Battalion. 
 
 O'Neil, Henry, 4th. Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
APPENDIX 505 
 
 (yNeU, Henry, Ninth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 O'Neil, Henry, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 CVNeil, Henry, Northumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 O'Neil, Henry, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 O'Neil, Hugh, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 O'Neil, James, First Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 O'Neil, James, Colonel Hall's Delaware Regiment. 
 
 O'Neil, James, Colonel Neill's Delaware Regiment. 
 
 O'Neil, James, Colonel Malcom's Regiment of New York Levies. 
 
 O'Neil, John, Second Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 O'Neil, John, Second Regiment, New Jersey Continental Line. 
 
 O'Neil, John, Seventh Regiment, Albany County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 O'Neil, John, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 O'Neil, John, Third Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 O'Neil, John, Seventh Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 O'Neil, John, Fifth Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 O'Neil, John, Capt. Simon Spaulding's Co., Wyoming Valley, Penna. troops. 
 
 O'Neil, John, Colonel Moore's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 O'Neil, Michael, Colonel Malcom's Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 O'NeU, Neal, 1st. Batt. 1st Establishment, N. J. State Line. 
 
 O'Neil, Neil, 4th. Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 
 
 O'Neil, Neal, Colonel Wheelock's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 O'Neil, Peter, Sixth Pennsylvania Battalion. 
 
 O'Neil, Richard, Northumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 O'Neil, Thomas, Fourth Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 O'Neil, Thomas, Brigantine Tyrannicide, Massachusetts Navy. 
 
 O'Neil, , Colonel Hall's Delaware Regiment. 
 
 O'Neill, Arthur, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 O'Neill, Archibald, North Carolina Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 O'Neill, Bryan, Pennsylvania Militia (regiment unknown). 
 
 O'Neill, Charles, Pennsylvania Navy. 
 
 O'Neill, Charles, Miles' Pennsylvania Rifle Regiment. 
 
 O'Neill, Christopher, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 O'NeiU, Christopher, Pennsylvania Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 O'Neill, Constantine, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 O'Neill, Ferdinand, Capt. Lee's Battalion, South Carolina Light Dragoons. 
 
 O'Neill, Henry, Second Pennsylvania Battalion. 
 
 O'Neill, Henry, Pennsylvania Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 O'Neill, James, Fourth Pennsylvania Battalion. 
 
 O'Neill, James, Fifth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 O'Neill, James, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 O'Neill, John, Tenth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 O'Neill, John, Seventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 O'Neill, John, Sixth Pennsylvania Battalion. 
 
 O'Neill, John, Maryland Select Militia. 
 
 O'Neill, John, Colonel Stark's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
506 APPENDIX 
 
 O'Neill, Michael, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 O'Neill, Peter, Pennsylvania Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 O'Neill, Timothy, Seventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 O'Neile, John, Pennsylvania Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Kneal, Patrick, Georgia Continental Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Nail, Charles, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Nail, John, New York Artillery Artificers. 
 
 Naile, John, Eighth Regiment, Albany County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 Neill, Robert, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Neill, Thomas, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McNail, Robert, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McNeal, Andrew, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McNeal, Charles, Fourth Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 McNeal, Charles, Second Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 McNeal, Daniel, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 McNeal, Daniel, Sixth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 McNeal, Daniel, Eighth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 McNeal, Daniel, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McNeal, Dominick, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McNeal, Henry, Third Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 McNeal, Henry, Dutchess County, New York Militia. 
 
 McNeal, James, Pennsylvania Navy. 
 
 McNeal, James, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McNeal, James, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McNeal, John, Hazen's Continental Regiment (Pennsylvania). 
 
 McNeal, John, Third Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 McNeal, John, Fifth Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 McNeal, John, Fourth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 McNeal, John, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 McNeal, John, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McNeal, John, First Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 McNeal, John, Second Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 McNeal, John, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McNeal, Loughlin, Pennsylvania Navy. 
 
 McNeal, Laughlin, Miles' Pennsylvania Rifle Regiment. 
 
 McXeal, Patrick, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McNeal, Patrick, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McNeil, Paul, Sixth Pennsylvania Battalion. 
 
 McNeil, Robert, Proctor's Pennsylvania Artillery. 
 
 McNeal, Robert, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McNeal, Thomas, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McNeal, Thomas, Fourth Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 McNeal, William, Miles' Pennsylvania Rifle Regiment. 
 
 McNeal, William, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McNeal, William, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McNeill, Charles, Fourth Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
APPENDIX 507 
 
 McNeill, Charles, Continental frigate Boston. 
 
 McNeill, Daniel, Capt. Peter Clark's New Hampshire Company. 
 
 McNeill, Daniel, Pennsylvania State Regiment of Foot. 
 
 McNeill, Daniel, Georgia Continental Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 McNeill, Hector, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McNeill, Henry, Dutchess County, New York Militia. 
 
 McNeill, Hector, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McNeill, Hector, Continental frigate Boston. 
 
 McNeill, James, Bucks County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McNeill, James, Fifth Pennsylvania Battalion. 
 
 McNeill, John, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McNeill, John, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McNeill, John, Sixth Regiment, Dutchess County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 McNeill, John, Charlotte County, New York Militia. 
 
 McNeill, John, Third Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 McNeill, Michael, Georgia Continental Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 McNeill, Robert, Continental frigate Boston. 
 
 McNeill, Thomas, First Regiment, New Hampshire Line. 
 
 McNeill, Victor, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McNeill, William, Bucks County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 McNeiU, William, Twelfth Regiment, Albany County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 Reilly, Charles, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Reilly, Con., German Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Reilly, Christopher, Tenth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Reilly, Christopher, Moore's Corps of Pennsylvania Infantry. 
 
 Reilly, James, Fifth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Reilly, James, Pennsylvania Navy. 
 
 Reilly, James, Pennsylvania Navy. 
 
 Reilly, James, Miles' Pennsylvania Rifle Regiment. 
 
 Reilly, James, Moore's Corps of Pennsylvania Infantry. 
 
 Reilly, James, Seventh Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Reilly, James, West Virginia troops (regiment unknown). 
 
 Reilly, James, New York troops (regiment unknown). 
 
 Reilly, James, Colonel Brooks' Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Reilly, John, Eleventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Reilly, John, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Reilly, John, Colonel Turner's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Reilly, John, Continental frigate Hague. 
 
 Reilly, John, Colonel Burrall's Connecticut Regiment. 
 
 Reilly, John, Capt. Willing's Company of Philadelphia Marines. 
 
 Reilly, John, First Regiment, Virginia Line. 
 
 Reilly, Joseph, Fifth Pennsylvania Battalion. 
 
 Reilly, Martin, Colonel Mitchell's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Reilly, Michael, Ninth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Reilly, Patrick, Lamb's New York Artillery. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
508 APPENDIX 
 
 Reilly, Patrick, 2ncl., Fourth Maryland Battalion. 
 
 Reilly, Patrick, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 ReUly, Patrick, First Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Reilly, Philip, Colonel Hall's Delaware Regiment. 
 
 Reilly, Richard, First Regiment, Provincial Troops of S. C. 
 
 Reilly, Robert, Capt. Fullwood's S. C. Volunteer Militia. 
 
 Reilly, Robert, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Reilly, Thomas, Sixth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Reilly, Thomas, Seventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Reilly, Thomas, Henley's Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Reilly, Thomas, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Reilly, Thomas, Thompson's Penna. Rifle Battalion. 
 
 Reilly, Thomas, Fourth Pennsylvania Battalion. 
 
 Reilly, Thomas, Fifth Pennsylvania Battalion. 
 
 Reiley, Charles, Seventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Reiley, Charles, Fourth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Reiley, Charles, New Castle County, Delaware Militia. 
 
 Reiley, Christopher, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Reiley, Barney, York Count}^ Penna. Militia. 
 
 Reiley, Bernard, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Reiley, David, Sixth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Reiley, Edward, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Reiley, Edward, Fourth Maryland Battalion. 
 
 Reiley, Francis, York County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Reiley, Francis, Frigate Boston, Massachusetts Navy. 
 
 Reiley, George, South Carolina Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Reiley, George, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Reiley, James, Third Massachusetts Artillery. 
 
 Reiley, James, Bristol County, Massachusetts troops. 
 
 Reiley, James, Colonel Shepard's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Reiley, Job, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Reiley, John, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Reiley, John, Third Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Reiley, John, Colonel Smith's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Reiley, John, Colonel Wigglesworth's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Reiley, Martin, Sixth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Reiley, Martin, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Reiley, Matthew, New Castle County, Delaware Militia. 
 
 Reiley, Patrick, Pennsylvania Artillery. 
 
 Reiley, Patrick, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Reiley, Patrick, Seventh Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Reiley, Patrick, First Maryland Battalion. 
 
 Reiley, Peter, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Reiley, Philip, Pennsylvania Navy. 
 
 Reiley, Richard, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Reiley, Richard, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
APPENDIX 509 
 
 Keiley, Thomas, South Carolina Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Reiley, Thomas, Third Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Reiley, William, Third Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Eeiley, William, Commander-in-Chiefs Guard. 
 
 Eeily, Barney, Seventh Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Eeily, Bernard, German Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Reily, Charles, Third Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Eeily, Edward, Pennsylvania Artillery Artificers. 
 
 Eeily, Edward, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Reily, Edward, Pennsylvania Navy. 
 
 Eeily, George, Frigate Boston, Massachusetts Navy. 
 
 ReUy, Henry, Colonel Brooks' Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Reily, Hugh, Colonel Bridge's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Reily, James, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Reily, James, Rawlings' Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Reily, John, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Eeily, John, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia (1st. Batt.). 
 
 Reily, John, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia (4th. Batt.) 
 
 Reily, John, Pennsylvania State Regiment of Foot. 
 
 Reily, John, Eleventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Reily, John, Pennsylvania Navy. 
 
 Reily, John, Rowley, Massachusetts Company. 
 
 Reily, John, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Reily, John, Fourth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Reily, John, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Reily, John, Rawlings' Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Reily, John, Third Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Reily, Joseph, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Reily, Miles, Sixth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Reily, Patrick, Proctor's Pennsylvania Artillery. 
 
 Reily, Patrick, Craig's Detachment of Pennsylvania Artillery, 
 
 ReUy, Patrick, Pennsylvania Artillery Artificers. 
 
 Reily, Patrick, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Reily, Patrick, Sixth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Reily, Philip, West Virginia troops. 
 
 Reily, Terence, Second Infantry Company of Westerly, R. I. 
 
 Reily, Thomas, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Reily, Thomas, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Reily, Thomas, Pennsylvania Navy. 
 
 Reily, Thomas, First Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Reily, Thomas, Colonel Thayer's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Reily, William, First Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Reily, William, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Reily, William, Colonel Hall's Delaware Regiment. 
 
 Reily, William, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Riely, Bernard, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
510 APPENDIX 
 
 Riely, Barnabas, Pennsylvania Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Riely, Charles, First Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Riely, Edward, Pennsylvania Navy. 
 
 Riely, James, Richmond, Massachusetts Company. 
 
 Riely, John, First Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Riely, John, Pennsylvania Navy. 
 
 Riely, Jonathan, Second Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Riely, Patrick, First Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Riely, Thomas, Colonel Jackson's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Riely, Thomas, Colonel Henley's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Riely, William, Sixth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Riely, William, Fourth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Rieley, John, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Riley, A., Wethersfield, Connecticut Volunteers. 
 
 Riley, A., Brig Ranger, Connecticut Navy. 
 
 Riley, Charles, Sixth Pennsylvania Battalion. 
 
 Riley, Charles, Seventh Regiment, Connecticut Line. 
 
 Riley, Charles, Twenty-second Regiment, Connecticut Line. 
 
 Riley, Daniel, New Jersey State troops. 
 
 Riley, Daniel, Virginia Continental Line. 
 
 Riley, Dennis, Pennsylvania Artillery Artificers. 
 
 Riley, David, Colonel Canfield's Connecticut Militia Regiment. 
 
 Riley, Edward, Proctor's Pennsylvania Artillery. 
 
 Riley, Edward, Fourth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Riley, Edward, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Riley, Francis, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Riley, Hugh, Colonel Bridge's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Riley, Jonathan, Eighth Regiment, Connecticut Line. 
 
 Riley, James, Pennsylvania State Regiment of Foot. 
 
 Riley, James, First Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Riley, James, Second Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 RUey, James, Colonel Harper's Regiment of New York Levies. 
 
 Riley, James, First Regiment, New Jersey Continental Line. 
 
 Riley, James, 3rd. Batt. 1st. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 
 
 Riley, James, 3rd. Batt. 3nd. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 
 
 Riley, James, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Riley, James, Fifth Regiment, Middlesex County, Mass. 
 
 Riley, James, Third Massachusetts Artillery. 
 
 Riley, James, Seventh Massachusetts Artillery. 
 
 Riley, James, Brigantine Tyrannicide, Massachusetts Navy. 
 
 Riley, James, Colonel Jackson's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Riley, James, 1st. Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 
 
 Riley, Jacob, 1st. Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 
 
 Riley, Jacob, Gloucester County, New Jersey Militia. 
 
 Riley, John, Colonel Webb's Connecticut Regiment. 
 
 Riley, John, Sloop Hero, Connecticut Navy. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
APPENDIX 511 
 
 Riley, John, Philadelphia City Artillery. 
 
 Riley, John, Colonel Elliott's Rhode Island Artillery. 
 
 Riley, John, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Riley, John, York County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Riley, John, Third Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Riley, John, Kent County, Maryland troops. 
 
 Riley, John, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Riley, John, Sixth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Riley, John, Seventh Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Riley, John, Lee's Legion, Nevp Jersey Continental Line. 
 
 Riley, John, First Regiment, Provincial Troops of S. C. 
 
 Riley, John, Capt. Thomas Beall's Corps of Maryland troops. 
 
 Riley, John, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Riley, John, Third Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Riley, John, Third Regiment, New York Line." 
 
 Riley, John, Colonel Brewer's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Riley, John, Colonel Smith's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Riley, John, First Regiment, Virginia Line. 
 
 Riley, John, Virginia Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Riley, Jones, Ship Protector, Massachusetts Navy. 
 
 Riley, Job, Miles' Pennsylvania Rifle Regiment. 
 
 Riley, Joseph, Cumberland County, New Jersey Militia. 
 
 Riley, Joseph, New Jersey, Continental Line. 
 
 Riley, Joseph, Continental frigate Deane. 
 
 Riley, Lawrence, Ann Arundel County, Maryland troops. 
 
 Riley, Michael, Ship Defence, Maryland Navy. 
 
 Riley, Michael, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Riley, Michael, Colonel Daggett's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Riley, Michael, Attleborough, Massachusetts Company. 
 
 Riley, Michael, Captain Elisha May's Massachusetts Company. 
 
 Riley, Moses, Eighth Regiment, Connecticut Line. 
 
 Riley, Nathaniel, Ship Oliver Cromwell, Connecticut Navy. 
 
 Riley, Patrick, Frederick, Maryland troops. 
 
 Riley, Patrick, Montgomery County, Maryland Militia. 
 
 RUey, Patrick, Gloucester County, New Jersey Militia. 
 
 Riley, Patrick, Captain James Lee's Company, Knox's Artillery. 
 
 Riley, Patrick, Fourth Maryland Battalion. 
 
 Riley, Patrick, Captain Newman's Boston, Mass. Company. 
 
 Riley, Patrick, First Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Riley, Patrick, Third Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Riley, Peter, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Riley, Peter, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Riley, Peter, New Eleventh Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Riley, Peter, First Regiment, Tryon County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 Riley, Philip, Colonel Harper's New York Levies. 
 
 Riley, Richard, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
512 APPENDIX 
 
 Riley, Robert, York County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Riley, Robert, Captain Ferguson's Volunteer Company, Penna. troops. 
 
 Riley, Roger, New Jersey Militia. 
 
 Riley, Simeon, Colonel Cheever's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Riley, Sylvester, Second Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Riley, Thomas, Seventh Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Riley, Thomas, Third Massachusetts Artillery. 
 
 Riley, Thomas, Sixth Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Riley, Thomas, Sixteenth Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Riley, Timothy, Ship Defence, Maryland Navy. 
 
 Riley, Walter, Seventh Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Riley, William, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Riley, William, Georgia Continental Brigade. 
 
 Riley, William, Tenth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 
 
 Reyley, Daniel, Second Pennsylvania Battalion. 
 
 Reyley, Henry, Colonel Brooks' Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Reyley, Henry, Wolcott's Connecticut Brigade. 
 
 Reyley, Henry, Capt. Wm. McMulIins' Phila. City Guards. 
 
 Reyley, James, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Reyley, James, New York troops (regiment unknown). 
 
 Reyley, James, Colonel Craft's Massachusetts Artillery. 
 
 Reyley, James, Colonel Fellows' Massachusetts Brigade. 
 
 Reyley, James, Fifth Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Reyley, James, Second Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Reyley, James, Bucks County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Reyley, John, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Reyley, John, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Reyley, John, Third Massachusetts Artillery. 
 
 Reyley, John, New Castle County, Delaware Militia. 
 
 Reyley, John, Second Regiment, Connecticut Line. 
 
 Reyley, Julius, Sheldon's Connecticut Light Horse. 
 
 Reyley, Michael, Fourteenth Massachusetts Artillery. 
 
 Reyley, Philip, Boston, Massachusetts Company. 
 
 Reyley, Philip, Philadelphia City Militia. 
 
 Reyley, Sylvester, Fifth Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Reylie, John, Virginia Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Reylie, Matthew, Colonel Haslet's Delaware Regiment. 
 
 Rily, Luke, Delaware Militia. 
 
 Rioley, John, Essex County, Massachusetts troops. 
 
 Rihley, Jacob, First Regiment, Ulster County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 Righley, Joseph, Second Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Reiloy, Patrick, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Railey, Hugh, Sixth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Realley, Dennis, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Reyle, Denis, Fourth Regiment, Orange County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 Reyligh, James, Fourth Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
APPENDIX 513 
 
 Royley, James, Second Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Rylee, Philip, Colonel Warner's Connecticut Regiment. 
 
 Eyiey, George, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Ryley, John, Bucks County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Kyley, John, York County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Byley, Joseph, Georgia Continental Brigade. 
 
 Eyley, Michael, Ninth Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Ryley, Patrick, Third Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Ryley, Philip, Fifth Regiment, Dutchess County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 Ryley, Sylvester, Fourth Regiment, Albany County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 Ryley, Pat., Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Ryley, Phillip, Philadelphia City Militia. 
 
 Ryley, Philip, Jr., Philadelphia City Militia. 
 
 Ryley, Philip, 1st. Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 
 
 Ryley, Thomas, Third Massachusetts Artillery. 
 
 Ryley, William, Northumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 RyUe, John, Colonel Malcora's Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Rylie, Francis, Brigantine Hazard, Massachusetts i^nvy. 
 
 Rylie, James, Third Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Rylie, Jacob, Second Regiment, Albany County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 Rylie, Nicholas, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Rylie, Philip, Second Regiment, Albany County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 Reyly, John, Berks County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Reyly, Miles, Captain Mills' S. C. Volunteer Militia. 
 
 Ryly, Joseph, Colonel Simonds' Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Ryan, Andrew, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Ryan, Andrew, Second Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Ryan, Andrew, Atlee's Penna. Musketry Battalion. 
 
 Ryan, Andrew, Fifth Penna. Battalion. 
 
 Ryan, Andrew, Northumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Ryan, Anthony, First Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Ryan, Alexander, Continental frigate Deane. 
 
 Ryan, Albert, New York troops (regiment unknown). 
 
 Ryan, Augustus, Colonel Foster's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Ryan, Augustine, Falmouth, Massachusetts Company. 
 
 Ryan, Barney, Fifth Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Ryan, Bryan, Fifth Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Ryan, Benjamin, Colonel Wyman's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 Ryan, Cornelius, Fourth Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Ryan, Cornelius, Tenth Regiment, North Carolina Line (Doherty's Co.). 
 
 Ryan, Cornelius, Tenth Regiment, North Carolina Line (Hadley's Co.). 
 
 Ryan, Christopher, Thirteenth Regiment, Albany County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 Ryan, Christian, Miles' Penna. Rifle Regiment. 
 
 Ryan, Daniel, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Ryan, Daniel, Sixth Regiment, Albany County, N. Y. I^ilitia. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
514 APPENDIX 
 
 Ryan, Daniel, Georgia Continental Line (regiment unlinown). 
 
 Ryan, Daniel, Colonel Haslet's Delaware Regiment. 
 
 Ryan, Daniel, First Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Ryan, Dennis, First Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Ryan, Dennis, Georgia Continental Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Ryan, Dennis, Colonel Brewer's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Ryan, Dennis, Colonel Hazen's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Ryan, Derry, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Ryan, Duncan, Colonel Willett's New York Regiment. 
 
 Ryan, Darby, Leicester County, Massachusetts troops. 
 
 Ryan, Edward, Sixth Regiment, Orange County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 Ryan, Edward, Northumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Ryan, Edward, Brig Freedom, Massachusetts Navy. 
 
 Ryan, Edward, Colonel Thomas Poor's N. H. Regiment. 
 
 Ryan, Francis, First Regiment, Cumberland Countj', Maine. 
 
 Ryan, George, Prince George County, Maryland troops. 
 
 Ryan, George, Virginia Continental Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Ryan, George, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Ryan, Gilbert, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Ryan, Francis, Colonel Eben Francis' Mass. Regiment. 
 
 Ryan, Francis, East Sudbury, Mass. Company. 
 
 Ryan, Francis, Dorchester, Mass. Company. 
 
 Ryan, Hercules, Fourth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 
 
 Ryan, Hugh, Frederick County, Maryland troops. 
 
 Ryan, Hugh, Sixth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Ryan, Isaac, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Ryan, Jacob, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Ryan, James, Colonel Wentworth's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 Ryan, James, Nineteenth Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Ryan, James, Twenty-eighth Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Ryan, James, Colonel Daniel Morgan's Rifle Corps. 
 
 Ryan, James, Third Massachusetts Artillery. 
 
 Ryan, James, Parr's Company of New Hampshire Riflemen. 
 
 Ryan, James, Colonel Wyman's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 Ryan, James, Colonel Long's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 Ryan, James, Georgia Continental Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Ryan, James, Colonel Hazen's Additional Corps of the N. Y. Line. 
 
 Ryan, James, Colonel Rawlings' Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Ryan, James, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Ryan, James, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Ryan, James, Bucks County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Ryan, James, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Ryan, James, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Ryan, James, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Ryan, James, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Ryan, James, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
APPENDIX 515 
 
 Ryan, James, Pennsylvania Navy. 
 
 Ryan, James, First Penna. Battalion. 
 
 Ryan, James, First Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Ryan, James, Sr., Second Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Ryan, James, Jr., Second Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Ryan, James, Eleventh Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Ryan, "Jerry," Colonel Patterson's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Ryan, Jeremiah, Colonel Waterbury's Connecticut Militia. 
 
 Ryan, Jeremiah, Colonel Elmore's Connecticut Regiment. 
 
 Ryan, John, First Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Ryan, John, Second Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Ryan, John, Fourth Regiment, Tryon County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 Ryan, John, Fourteenth Regiment, Albany County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 Ryan, John, Colonel Pawling's Regiment of New York Levies. 
 
 Ryan, John, Sixth Penna. Battalion. 
 
 Ryan, John, First Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Ryan, John, Eleventh Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Ryan, John, Seventh Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Ryan, John, Seventh Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Eyan, John, Second Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Ryan, John, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Eyan, John, Colonel Daniel Morgan's Rifle Corps. 
 
 Ryan, John, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Eyan, John, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Eyan, John, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Ryan, John, Northumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Ryan, John, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Eyan, John, Westmoreland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Eyan, John, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Ryan, John, Philadelphia City Militia, Fourth Battalion. 
 
 Eyan, John, Philadelphia City Militia, Sixth Battalion. 
 
 Ryan, John, Philadelphia County Militia. 
 
 Eyan, John, Philadelphia County Militia. 
 
 Ryan, John, Pennsylvania Navy. 
 
 Eyan, John, First Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Ryan, John, First Maryland Battalion. 
 
 Eyan, John, Prince George County, Maryland troops. 
 
 Ryan, John, Baltimore County, Maryland troops. 
 
 Eyan, John, First Regiment, Provincial Troops of South Carolina. 
 
 Ryan, John, Hunterdon County, New Jersey Militia. 
 
 Eyan, John, Hazen's Regiment, Continental Line (N. J.). 
 
 Eyan, John, Hazen's Regiment, Continental Line (N. H.). 
 
 Eyan, John, Stevens' New York Artillery. 
 
 Eyan, John, Luzerne County, Penna. Volunteers. 
 
 Eyan, John, 4th. Batt. 2nd. Establishment, Nevi^ Jersey Line. 
 
 Ryan, John, Thompson's Battalion of Penna. Riflemen. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
516 APPENDIX 
 
 Ryan, John, Robinson's Pennsylvania Rangers. 
 
 Ryan, John, Colonel Mitchell's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Ryan, John, Colonel Bailey's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Ryan, John, Colonel Francis' Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Ryan, John, Colonel Turner's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Ryan, John, Colonel Wesson's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Ryan, John, Colonel Greaton's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Ryan, John, Maiden, Massachusetts Company. 
 
 Ryan, John, Fifth Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Ryan, John, Tenth Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Ryan, John, Fourth Regiment of Suffolk County, Mass. 
 
 Ryan, John, Waltham, Massachusetts Company. 
 
 Ryan, John, Colonel Hall's Delaware Regiment. 
 
 Ryan, John, Randolph County, Virginia Militia. 
 
 Ryan, John, First Regiment, Connecticut Line. 
 
 Ryan, John, -Fifth Regiment, Connecticut Line. 
 
 Ryan, John, Colonel Malcom's Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Ryan, John, Continental frigate Confederacy. 
 
 Ryan, John, Colonel Bradford's Battalion, Philadelphia Foot. 
 
 Ryan, John, Colonel Stark's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 Ryan, John, Colonel Bedell's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 Ryan, John, Captain Simeon Thayer's Providence, R. I. Company. 
 
 Ryan, Joseph, Washington County, Penna. Militia (3nd. Batt.). 
 
 Ryan, Joseph, Washington County, Penna. MiUtia (Eckley's Frontier Co. 
 
 Ryan, Lewis, Hamilton's New York Artillery. 
 
 Ryan, Matthew, Second Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Ryan, Matthew, First Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Ryan, Matthew, Colonel Wheelock's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Ryan, Michael, Fourth Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Ryan, Michael, Miles' Penna. Rifle Regiment. 
 
 Ryan, Michael, Penna. State Regiment of Foot. 
 
 Ryan, Michael, Wayne's Pennsylvania Battalion. 
 
 Ryan, Michael, First Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Ryan, Michael, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Ryan, Michael, First Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Ryan, Michael, Colonel Wheelock's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Ryan, Michael, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Ryan, Michael, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Ryan, Michael, Washington County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Ryan, Michael, Westmoreland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Ryan, Michael, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Ryan, Michael, Philadelphia County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Ryan, Michael, Second Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Ryan, Michael, Fourth Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Ryan, Michael, Fifth Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Kyan, Michael, Tenth Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
APPENDIX 517 
 
 Ryan, Michael, Captain Benjamin Plummer's Mass. Company. 
 
 Ryan, Michael, Continental frigate Boston. 
 
 Ryan, Michael, Continental frigate Confederacy. 
 
 Ryan, Michael, Capt. Thomas Salter's New Hampshire Artillery Company. 
 
 Ryan, Michael, Colonel Long's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 Ryan, Michael, Captain Simpson's Philadelphia City Guards. 
 
 Ryan, Miles, Second Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Ryan, Miles, Miles' Penna. Rifle Regiment. 
 
 Ryan, Nathan, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Ryan, Nathaniel, Henry County, Virginia Militia. 
 
 Ryan, Owen, Philadelphia City Militia. 
 
 Ryan, Patrick, Fourth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 
 
 Ryan, Patrick, Fourth Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Ryan, Patrick, Seventh Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Ryan, Patrick, Third Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Ryan, Patrick, Seventh Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Ryan, Patrick, Northampton County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Ryan, Patrick, 3nd. Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 
 
 Ryan, Patrick, 4th. Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 
 
 Ryan, Patrick, 3rd. Batt. 1st. Establishment, N. J. State Line. 
 
 Ryan, Patrick, First Regiment, New Jersey Continental Line. 
 
 Ryan, Patrick, First Regiment, New Jersey Continental Line. 
 
 Ryan, Patrick, First Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Ryan, Patrick, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Ryan, Patrick, York County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Ryan, Patrick, Colonel Hartley's Pennsylvania Regiment. 
 
 Ryan, Peter, Philadelphia City, Penna. MiUtia. 
 
 Ryan, Philip, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Ryan, Philip, Philadelphia County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Ryan, Philip, Henry County, Virginia Militia. 
 
 Ryan, Richard, Georgia Continental Line. 
 
 Ryan, Richard, Fourth Pennsylvania Battalion. 
 
 Ryan, Richard, Colonel Vose's Mass. Regiment. 
 
 Ryan, Robert, First Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Ryan, Robert, Third Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Ryan, Robert, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Ryan, Robert, Westmoreland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Ryan, Roger, Brig Hazard, Massachusetts Navy. 
 
 Ryan, Samuel, Capt. Loring Lincoln's Mass. Company. 
 
 Ryan, Samuel, Colonel Poor's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 Ryan, Samuel, Colonel Evans' New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 Ryan, Stephen, Ship Alfred, Massachusetts Navy. 
 
 Ryan, Thomas, Seventeenth Regiment, Connecticut Line. 
 
 Ryan, Thomas, Tenth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 
 
 Ryan, Thomas, Colonel Wesson's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Ryan, Thomas, Fifth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
518 APPENDIX 
 
 Ryan, Thomas, First Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Ryan, Thomas, Hamilton's New York Artillery Company. 
 
 Ryan, Thomas, Fourth Regiment, Westchester County, N. Y. Militia 
 
 Ryan, Thomas, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Ryan, Thomas, Fourth Regiment, Massachusetts Line. 
 
 Ryan, Thomas, Fifth Regiment, Massachusetts Line. 
 
 Ryan, Thomas, Tenth Regiment, Massachusetts Line. 
 
 Ryan, Thomas, Captain Jennings' Massachusetts Company. 
 
 Ryan, Thomas, Brookline, Massachusetts Company. 
 
 Ryan, Thomas, Baltimore County, Marj'land troops. 
 
 Ryan, Thomas, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Ryan, Thoinas, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Ryan, Thomas, York County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Ryan, Thomas, York County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Ryan, Thomas, Seventh Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Ryan, Timothy, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Ryan, Timothy, 4th. Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N. J. Line. 
 
 Ryan, Timothy, Fifth Pennsylvania Battalion. 
 
 Ryan, Timothy, First Regiment, Cumberland County, Maine. 
 
 Ryan, Timothy, Hunterdon County, New Jersey Militia. 
 
 Ryan, Timothy, Captain Abner Lowell's Company of Mass. Artillery. 
 
 Ryan, Timothy, Colonel Francis' Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Ryan, William, Philadelphia County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Ryan, William, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Ryan, William, Pennsylvania Navy. 
 
 Ryan, William, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Ryan, William, Sixth Regiment, Orange County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 Ryan, William, First Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Ryan, William, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Ryan, William, Colonel Wesson's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Ryan, William, Colonel Nixon's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Ryan, William, Tenth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 
 
 Ryan, William, Schooner Warren, Massachusetts Navy. 
 
 Ryan, William, Essex County, Massachusetts troops. 
 
 Ryan, William, Colonel Hutchinson's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Ryan, William, Marblehead, Massachusetts Company. 
 
 Ryan, William, Henry County, Virginia Militia. 
 
 Ryan, William, Washington County, Penn. Militia (Capt. Cissna's Co.). 
 
 Ryan, William, Washington Co., Penna. Militia (Capt. Cunningham's ( 
 
 Ryan, Walter, Middlesex County, New Jersey Militia. 
 
 Ryant, John, Third Regiment, New Hampshire Line. 
 
 Rian, Jacob, First Regiment, Provincial Troops of South Carolina. 
 
 Rian, James, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Rian, John, Bucks County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Rian, John, Fifth Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Rian, Michael, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
APPENDIX 519 
 
 Rion, James, Essex County, Massachusetts troops. 
 
 Rion, John, Fourth Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Rion, Michael, Tenth Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Rion, Owen, Ship Rhodes, Massachusetts Navy. 
 
 Rine, John, Lancaster County, Penna., Militia. 
 
 Rine, Michael, Philadelphia City, Penna., Militia. 
 
 Rine, Michael, Bedford County, Penna., Militia. 
 
 Rine) Michael, St., Lancaster County, Penna., Militia. 
 
 Rine, Michael, Jr., Lancaster County, Penna., Militia. 
 
 Rine, Patrick, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Rine, Peter, Lancaster County, Penna., Militia. 
 
 Rine, Stephen, Lancaster County, Penna., Militia. 
 
 Rhyne, Richard, Fourth Regiment, Orange County, N. Y., Militia. 
 
 Rhyne, Timothy, Seventh Regiment, Dutchess County, N. Y., Militia. 
 
 Ryne, Daniel, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Ryne, Lawrence, Eighth Regiment, Albany County, N. Y., Militia. 
 
 Ryne, Michael, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Royn, Samuel, Colonel Mitchell's Mass. Regiment. 
 
 Ruyan, Cornelius, Fifth Massachusetts Regiment; 
 
 Ruyan, Francis, Captain Tobias Lord's Massachusetts Coast Artillery. 
 
 Ruyan, Francis, Colonel Nixon's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Ruyan, John, Colonel Prime's Cumberland County, Me., Regiment. 
 
 Ruyan, Philip, Ninth Regiment, Albany County, N. Y., Militia. 
 
 Ryon, Augustine, Colonel McCobb's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Ryon, Augustus, Captain John Lane's Massachusetts Coast Artillery. 
 
 Ryon, Cornelius, First Regiment, Massachusetts Guards. 
 
 Ryon, Cornelius, Colonel Stearns' Massachusetts Guards. 
 
 Ryon, Dennis, Fourth Regiment, Worcester County, Mass. 
 
 Ryon, Dennis, Fifth Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Ryon, Dennis, Colonel Patterson's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Ryon, Edward, Colonel Mitchell's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Ryon, Francis, Tenth Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Ryon, George, Maryland State Regiment. 
 
 Ryon, George, Seventh Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Ryon, James, Tenth Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Ryon, James, Colonel Francis' Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Ryon, James, Montgomery County, Penna., Militia. 
 
 Ryon, James, Second Regiment, New Hampshire Line. 
 
 Ryon, James, Eighth Regiment, Connecticut Line. 
 
 Ryon, Jeremiah, Lamb's Artillery. 
 
 Ryon, John, Colonel Bailey's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Ryon, John, Vermont troops (regiment unknown). 
 
 Ryon, John, Philadelphia City, Penna., Militia. 
 
 Ryon, John, York County, Penna., Militia. 
 
 Ryon, John, Washington County Penna. Militia (Capt. Miller's Co.). 
 
 Ryon, John, Washington County, Penna., Militia (Capt. Van Meter's Co.). 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
518 APPENDIX 
 
 Ryan, Thomas, First Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Ryan, Thomas, Hamilton's New York Artillery Company. 
 
 Ryan, Thomas, Fourth Regiment, Westchester County, N. Y. Militis 
 
 Ryan, Thomas, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Ryan, Thomas, Fourth Regiment, Massachusetts Line. 
 
 Ryan, Thomas, Fifth Regiment, Massachusetts Line. 
 
 Ryan, Thomas, Tenth Regiment, Massachusetts Line. 
 
 Ryan, Thomas, Captain Jennings' Massachusetts Company. 
 
 Ryan, Thomas, Brookline, Massachusetts Company. 
 
 Ryan, Thomas, Baltimore County, Maryland troops. 
 
 Ryan, Thomas, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Ryan, Thomas, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Ryan, Thomas, York County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Ryan, Thomas, York County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Ryan, Thomas, Seventh Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Ryan, Timothy, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Ryan, Timothy, 4th. Batt. 2nd. Establishment, N. J. Ijne. 
 
 Ryan, Timothy, Fifth Pennsylvania Battalion. 
 
 Ryan, Timothy, First Regiment, Cumberland County, Maine. 
 
 Ryan, Timothy, Hunterdon County, New Jersey Militia. 
 
 Ryan, Timothy, Captain Abner Lowell's Company of Mass. Artillery. 
 
 Ryan, Timothy, Colonel Francis' Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Ryan, William, Philadelphia County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Ryan, William, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Ryan, William, Pennsylvania Navy. 
 
 Ryan, William, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Ryan, William, Sixth Regiment, Orange County, N. Y. Militia. 
 
 Ryan, William, First Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Ryan, William, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Ryan, William, Colonel Wesson's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Ryan, William, Colonel Nixon's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Ryan, William, Tenth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 
 
 Ryan, William, Schooner Warren, Massachusetts Navy. 
 
 Ryan, William, Essex County, Massachusetts troops. 
 
 Ryan, William, Colonel Hutchinson's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Ryan, William, Marblehead, Massachusetts Company. 
 
 Ryan, William, Henry County, Virginia Militia. 
 
 Ryan, William, Washington County, Penn. Militia (Capt. Cissna's Co.). 
 
 Ryan, William, Washington Co., Penna. Militia (Capt. Cunningham's ( 
 
 Ryan, Walter, Middlesex County, New Jersey Militia. 
 
 Ryant, John, Third Regiment, New Hampshire Line. 
 
 Rian, Jacob, First Regiment, Provincial Troops of South Carolina. 
 
 Rian, James, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Rian, John, Bucks County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Rian, John, Fifth Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Rian, Michael, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
APPENDIX 519 
 
 Rion, James, Essex County, Massachusetts troops. 
 
 Eion, John, Fourth Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Rion, Michael, Tenth Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Rion, Owen, Ship Rhodes, Massachusetts Navy. 
 
 Rine, John, Lancaster County, Penna., Militia. 
 
 Rine, Michael, Philadelphia City, Penna., Militia. 
 
 Rine, Michael, Bedford County, Penna., Militia. 
 
 Rine^ Michael, Sr., Lancaster County, Penna., Militia. ' 
 
 Rine, Michael, Jr., Lancaster County, Penna., Militia. 
 
 Rine, Patrick, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Rine, Peter, Lancaster County, Penna., Militia. 
 
 Rine, Stephen, Lancaster County, Penna., Militia. 
 
 Rhyne, Richard, Fourth Regiment, Orange County, N. Y., Militia. 
 
 Rhyne, Timothy, Seventh Regiment, Dutchess County, N. Y., Militia. 
 
 Ryne, Daniel, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Ryne, Lawrence, Eighth Regiment, Albany County, N. Y., Militia. 
 
 Ryne, Michael, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Royn, Samuel, Colonel Mitchell's Mass. Regiment. 
 
 Ruyan, Cornelius, Fifth Massachusetts Regiment-. 
 
 Ruyan, Francis, Captain Tobias Lord's Massachusetts Coast Artillery. 
 
 Ruyan, Francis, Colonel Nixon's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Ruyan, John, Colonel Prime's Cumberland County, Me., Regiment. 
 
 Ruyan, Philip, Ninth Regiment, Albany County, N. Y., Militia. 
 
 Ryon, Augustine, Colonel McCobb's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Ryon, Augustus, Captain John Lane's Massachusetts Coast Artillery. 
 
 Ryon, Cornelius, First Regiment, Massachusetts Guards. 
 
 Ryon, Cornelius, Colonel Stearns' Massachusetts Guards. 
 
 Ryon, Dennis, Fourth Regiment, Worcester County, Mass. 
 
 Ryon, Dennis, Fifth Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Ryon, Dennis, Colonel Patterson's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Ryon, Edward, Colonel Mitchell's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Ryon, Francis, Tenth Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Ryon, George, Maryland State Regiment. 
 
 Ryon, George, Seventh Regiment, Penna. Line. 
 
 Ryon, James, Tenth Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Ryon, James, Colonel Francis' Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Ryon, James, Montgomery County, Penna., Militia. 
 
 Ryon, James, Second Regiment, New Hampshire Line. 
 
 Ryon, James, Eighth Regiment, Connecticut Line. 
 
 Ryon, Jeremiah, Lamb's Artillery. 
 
 Ryon, John, Colonel Bailey's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Ryon, John, Vermont troops (regiment unknown). 
 
 Ryon, John, Philadelphia City, Penna., Militia. 
 
 Ryon, John, York County, Penna., Militia. 
 
 Ryon, John, Washington County Penna. Militia (Capt. MilleT's Co.). 
 
 Ryon, John, Washington County, Penna., Militia (Capt. Van Meter's Co.). 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
520 APPENDIX 
 
 Ryon, John, Colonel Brown's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Ryon, John, Colonel Parke's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Ryon, Joseph, Philadelphia County, Penna., Militia. 
 
 Ryon, Samuel, Second Regiment, New Hampshire Line. 
 
 Ryon, Samuel, Seventh Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Ryon, Thomas, York County, Penna., Militia. 
 
 Ryon, Timothy, Philadelphia County, Penna., Militia. 
 
 Ryon, Timothy, Tenth Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Ryon Timothy, Washington County, Penna., Militia. 
 
 Ryon, William, Third Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Ryon, William, Philadelphia County, Penna., Militia. 
 
 Ryon, William, Philadelphia City, Penna., Militia. 
 
 Ryon, William, Westmoreland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Rawn, Patrick, Second Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Wryon, Patrick, Frederick County, Maryland, troops. 
 
 McRian, John, Colonel Hale's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 O'Rian, John, Captain Briant Morton's Mass. Coast Artillery. 
 
 O'Rian, John, Colonel Mitchell's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 O'Rian, Timothy, Colonel Brewer's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 O'Ryan, James, Philadelphia City, Penna., Militia. 
 
 CRyan, John, Captain Noyes' Massachusetts Company. 
 
 O'Ryan, John, Colonel Bradford's Battalion, Philadelphia Foot. 
 
 O'Ryan, John, Cumberland County, Maine, troops. 
 
 O'Riant, Joseph, Third Regiment, New Hampshire Line. 
 
 Sulavan, Harry, Bedford County, Penna., Militia. 
 
 Sulavan, Jeremiah, Lancaster County, Penna., Militia. 
 
 Sulavan, John, Tenth Regiment Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Sulavan, John, Second Regiment, Cumberland County, Maine. 
 
 Sulavan, Patrick, York County, Penna., Militia. 
 
 SuUavan, Benjamin, Colonel Prime's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 SuUavan, Daniel, Second Regiment, New Hampshire Line. 
 
 Sullevan, Daniel, Massachusetts State Regiment of Artillery. 
 
 SuUevan, John, Invalid Regiment. 
 
 Sullevan, John, Colonel Pawling's Regiment of New York Lines. 
 
 Sullevan, Martin, Invalid Regiment. 
 
 Sullevan, Timothy, Colonel Whitcomb's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 SuUeven, John, Captain Tobias Lord's Company of Mass. Coast Ar1 
 
 Sullivan, Benjamin, Falmouth, Massachusetts, Company. 
 
 Sullivan, "Bright," Ship Defence, Maryland Navy. 
 
 Sullivan, Charles, Second Regiment, Albany County, New York, M 
 
 Sullivan, Cornelius, Colonel Elliott's Rhode Island Regiment. 
 
 Sullivan, Cornelius, Seventh Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Sullivan, Cornelius, First Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Sullivan, Cornelius, Montgomery County, Penna., troops. 
 
 Sullivan, Craven, Virginia State Line. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
APPENDIX 521 
 
 Sullivan, Darby, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Sullivan, Darby, Seventh Regiment, Connecticut Line. 
 
 Sullivan, David, New Castle County, Delaware, Militia. 
 
 Sullivan, David, Colonel Graham's New York Regiment. 
 
 Sullivan, David, Second Regiment, New Jersey Line. 
 
 Sullivan, David, Bucks County, Penna., Militia. 
 
 Sullivan, David, Bucks County, Penna., Militia. 
 
 Sullivan, David, Chester County Penna., Militia. 
 
 Sullivan, David, Fourth Regiment Albany County, N. Y., Militia. 
 
 Sullivan, David, New Jersey Militia (regiment unknown). 
 
 Sullivan, David, Third Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Sullivan, David, Fourth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Sullivan, Daniel, Sixth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Sullivan, Daniel, Eleventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Sullivan, Daniel, First Regiment, Provincial Troops of S. C. 
 
 Sullivan, Daniel, Colonel Putnam's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Sullivan, Daniel, Brigantine Addition, Massachusetts Navy. 
 
 Sullivan, Daniel, Third Massachusetts Artillery. 
 
 Sullivan, Daniel, Luzerne County, Penna., troops. 
 
 Sullivan, Daniel, Second Regiment, New Hampshire Line. 
 
 Sullivan, Daniel, Fourth Regiment, New Hampshire Line. 
 
 Sullivan, Daniel, Sixth Massachusetts Artillery. 
 
 Sullivan, Daniel, North Carolina Artillery. 
 
 Sullivan, Daniel, Colonel Olney's Rhode Island Regiment. 
 
 Sullivan, Daniel, Colonel Wentworth's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 Sullivan, Daniel, New Eleventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Sullivan, Daniel, Hunterdon County, New Jersey, Militia. 
 
 Sullivan, Daniel, First Regiment, New Jersey Continental Line. 
 
 Sullivan, Daniel, Third Regiment, New Jersey Continental Line. 
 
 Sullivan, Daniel, Sussex County, New Jersey, Militia. 
 
 Sullivan, Daniel, Bucks County, Penna., Militia. 
 
 Sullivan, Daniel, Chester County, Penna., Militia. 
 
 Sullivan, Daniel, Chester County Penna., Militia. 
 
 Sullivan, Daniel, Lancaster County, Penna., Militia. 
 
 Sullivan, Daniel, Pennsylvania Navy. 
 
 Sullivan, Daniel, New Levies, Pennsylvania troops. 
 
 SuIUvan, Daniel, First Battalion, Second Establishment, N. J. State Line. 
 
 Sullivan, Daniel, Third Battalion, Second Establishment, N. J. State Line. 
 
 Sullivan, Dennis, Pennsylvania Navy. 
 
 Sullivan, Dennis, Hartley's Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Sullivan, Dennis, Third Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Sullivan, Dennis, Second Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Sullivan, Dennis, Philadelphia City, Penna., Militia. 
 
 Sullivan, Dennis, Captain Thomas Perry's New Hampshire Company. 
 
 Sullivan, Dennis, Colonel Wyman's New Hampshire Regiment. 
 
 Sullivan, Eben, Colonel Scammon's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
522 APPENDIX 
 
 Sullivan, Elijah, Fourth Maryland Battalion. 
 
 Sullivan, Elisha, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Sullivan, Frederick, Virginia State Line. 
 
 Sullivan, George, Seventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Sullivan, Jacob, Second Regiment, Albany County, N. Y., Militia. 
 
 Sullivan, James, Pennsylvania Navy. 
 
 Sullivan, James, Pennsylvania Navy. 
 
 Sullivan, James, Independent Regiment of Penna. Artillery. 
 
 Sullivan, James, Fourth Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Sullivan, James, Thirteenth Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Sullivan, James, Newbury, Massachusetts, Company. 
 
 Sullivan, James, West Virginia troops. 
 
 Sullivan, James, Virginia Continental Line. 
 
 Sullivan, James, Pennsylvania Artillery Artificers. 
 
 Sullivan, James, Colonel Smith's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Sullivan, James, Colonel Greaton's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Sullivan, James, Continental frigate Raleigh. 
 
 Sullivan, James, Tenth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 
 
 Sullivan, James, Third Massachusetts Artillery. 
 
 Sullivan, James, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Sullivan, James, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Sullivan, James, First Maryland Battalion. 
 
 Sullivan, James, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Sullivan, James, Sixth Company, Dorchester County, Md., Militia. 
 
 Sullivan, James, Neil's Eastern Artillery Company of New Jersey. 
 
 Sullivan, James, Lancaster County, Penna., Militia. 
 
 Sullivan, James, Lancaster County, Penn., Militia. 
 
 Sullivan, James, Second Regiment, Peimsylvania Line. 
 
 Sullivan, James, Harford County, Maryland, troops. 
 
 Sullivan, James O., Brigantine Freedom, Massachusetts Navy. 
 
 Sullivan, Jeremiah, Sixth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Sullivan, Jeremiah, Third Maryland Battalion. 
 
 Sullivan, Jeremiah, Twentieth Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Sullivan, Jeremiah, Frigate Deane, Continental Navy. 
 
 Sullivan, Jeremiah, Frigate Hague, Continental Navy. 
 
 Sullivan, Jeremiah, Twenty-fourth Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Sullivan, Jeremiah, Brigantine Tyranmcide, Massachusetts Navy. 
 
 Sullivan, Jeremiah, Suffolk County, Massachusetts troops. 
 
 Sullivan, John, Eleventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Sullivan, John, Pennsylvania Navy. 
 
 Sullivan, John, Third Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Sullivan, John, Lamb's New York Artillery. 
 
 Sullivan, John, Twentieth Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Sullivan, John, Continental frigate Deane. 
 
 Sullivan, John, Continental frigate Hague. 
 
 Sullivan, John, Virginia State Line. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
APPENDIX 523 
 
 Sullivan, John, Colonel Malcom's Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Sullivan, John, Captain Thomas Perry's New Hampshire Company. 
 
 Sullivan, John, Second South Carolina Regiment of Foot. 
 
 Sullivan, John, Tenth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 
 
 Sullivan, John, Invalid Guards. 
 
 Sullivan John, New Eleventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Sullivan, John, First Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Sullivan, John, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Sullivan, John, Sixth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Sullivan, John, Seventh Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Sullivan, John, Dorset County, Maryland troops. 
 
 SulUvan, John, Harford County, Maryland troops. 
 
 Sullivan, John, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 SulUvan, John, Bucks County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Sullivan, John, York County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Sullivan, John, Moylan's Fourth Penna. Dragoons. 
 
 Sullivan, John, Second Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Sullivan, John, Tenth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Sullivan, Joshua, Montgomery County, Penna. troops. 
 
 Sullivan, Joshua, Forman's Regiment, New Jersey Line. 
 
 SulUvan, Joseph, Spencer's Regiment, New Jersey Line. 
 
 SulUvan, Lawrence, Sixth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 SulUvan, Lawrence, Tenth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 SulUvan, Lawrence, Albemarle County, Virginia troops. 
 
 SulUvan, Lawrence, Second Regiment, Connecticut Line. 
 
 Sullivan, Mark, Second Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 SulUvan, Mark, York County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 SulUvan, Martin, Tenth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 SuUivan, Maurice, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 SuUivan, Michael, Second Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 SulUvan, Michael, Colonel Wessenfels' Regiment, New York Levies. 
 
 SulUvan, Murly, Fourth Regment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 SulUvan, Mortough, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 SulUvan, Murty, Seventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Sullivan, Nathaniel, First Maryland Battalion of the Line. 
 
 SulUvan, Nathaniel, Harford County, Maryland troops. 
 
 SulUvan, Oliver, Colonel Greaton's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Sullivan, Owen, Third Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 SulUvan, Owen, Sixth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 SulUvan, Owen, Fourth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 SuUivan, Owen, Georgia Continental Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 Sullivan, Owen, Georgia Continental Brigade. 
 
 SulUvan, Patrick, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 SulUvan, Patrick, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 SulUvan, Patrick, Second Battalion, Second Establishment, N. J. State Line. 
 
 SulUvan, Patrick, Second Regiment, New Jersey Continental Line. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
524 AFFENDIX 
 
 Sullivan, Patrick, Bedford County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Sullivan, Patrick, Cumberland County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Sullivan, Patrick, York County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Sullivan, Patrick, Tenth Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Sullivan, Patrick, Middlesex County, New Jersey Militia. 
 
 Sullivan, Patrick, First Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Sullivan Patrick, Second Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Sullivan, Patrick, Thompson's Battalion pf Pennsylvania Riflemen. 
 
 Sullivan, Patrick, Pennsylvania Artillery Artificers. 
 
 Sullivan, Patrick, Pennsylvania Line, (regiment unknown). 
 
 Sullivan, Patrick, Colonel Tupper's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Sullivan, Perrigrine, Captain William Reiley's Company, Maryland troops. 
 
 Sullivan, Peter, Philadelphia City, Penn. Militia. 
 
 Sullivan, Peter, Colonel Gerrish's Regiment of Massachusetts Guards. 
 
 Sullivan, Peter, Ninth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Sullivan, Peter, Sixth Pennsylvania Battalion. 
 
 Sullivan, Peter, Virginia Line, (regiment unknown). 
 
 Sullivan, Peter, Colonel Malcom's Regiment of New York Levies. 
 
 Sullivan, Peter, "New Levies," Pennsylvania. 
 
 Sullivan, Philip, Captain Bernard Roman's Pennsylvania Artillery. 
 
 Sullivan, Philip, Sixth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Sullivan, Philip, Montgomery County, Maryland troops. 
 
 Sullivan, Philip, First Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Sullivan, Philip, Seventh Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Sullivan, Philip, First Maryland Battalion. 
 
 Sullivan, Perry, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Sullivan, Roger, Fifth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Sullivan, Roger, Ninth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Sullivan, Roger, Third Regiment, New York Line. 
 
 Sullivan, Samuel, Pennsylvania Navy. 
 
 Sullivan, Solomon, Fourth Maryland Battalion. 
 
 Sullivan, Teige, Tenth Regiment, North Carolina Line. 
 
 Sullivan, Thomas, Third Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Sullivan, Thomas, Sixth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Sullivan, Thomas, Seventh Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 Sullivan, Thomas, Atlee's Pennsylvania Musketry Battalion. 
 
 Sullivan, Thomas, Second Regiment, Pennsylvania LJne. 
 
 Sullivan, Thomas, Second Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Sullivan, Thomas, Fourth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Sullivan, Thomas, Pennsylvania State Regiment of Foot. 
 
 Sullivan, Thomas, Colonel Gill's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Sullivan, Thomas, Pennsylvania Line, (regiment unknown). 
 
 Sullivan, Thomas, Continental frigate Confederacy. 
 
 Sullivan, Thomas, Orange County, New York Militia. 
 
 Sullivan, Tliomas, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Sullivan, Thomas, Dorchester, Massachusetts Company. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
APPENDIX 525 
 
 Sullivan, Timothy, First Regiment, New Jersey Continental Line. 
 
 Sullivan, Timothy, Third Battalion, First Establishment, N. J. State Line. 
 
 Sullivan, Timothy, Tiiird Battalion, Second Establishment, N. J. State Line. 
 
 Sullivan, Timothy, First Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Sullivan, Timothy, Twenty-third Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Sullivan, Timothy, Colonel Patterson's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Sullivan, Timothy, Colonel Vose's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Sullivan, Timothy, Ship Rhodes, Massachusetts Navy. 
 
 Sullivan, Timothy, Ship Thorn, Massachusetts Navy. 
 
 Sullivan, Timothy, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 SuUivan, Timothy, Lancaster County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Sullivan, Timothy, Fifth Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Sullivan, Timothy, Colonel Patton's Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 Sullivan, Timothy, Philadelphia City, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Sullivan, William, First Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 SuUivan, William, Fifth Regiment, Maryland Line. 
 
 SulUvan, William, Maryland Line, (regiment unknown). 
 
 Sullivan, William, Hunterdon County, New Jersey Militia. 
 
 Sullivan, William, Sussex County, New Jersey Militia. 
 
 SulUvan, William, York County, Penna. MiUtia. 
 
 SuUivan, William, Second Regiment, Pennsylvania Line. 
 
 SuUivan, William, Georgia Continental Line, (regiment unknown). 
 
 SulUvan, William, Colonel Pawling's Regiment of New York Levies. 
 
 Sullivan, William, Third Massachusetts Artillery. 
 
 SuUivan, WiUiam, Continental frigate Deane. 
 
 Sullivan, WiUiam, Sloop Winthrop, Massachusetts Navy. 
 
 Sullivan, William, Colonel Hall's Delaware Regiment. 
 
 SuUivan, William, Colonel Hazen's Continental Regiment. 
 
 SuUivan, WiUiam, Colonel Greene's Rhode Island Regiment. 
 
 SuUvan, Daniel, Sixth Regiment, Lincoln County, Maine. 
 
 Sulivan, Daniel, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 SuUvan, James, Colonel Smith's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 SuUvan, James, Colonel Wigglesworth's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 SulUvan, James, Captain Rowe's Company, Knox's Artillery Corps. 
 
 SulUvan, James, Colonel Flower's Corps, Mass. Artillery Artificers. 
 
 Sulivan, John, Chester County, Penna. MiUtia. 
 
 Sulivan, Oliver, Fourth Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Sulivan, Timothy, First Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 Sillivan, John, Fifth Regiment, Connecticut Line. 
 
 SuUivjn, John, Maryland Line (regiment unknown). 
 
 SoUovin, Daniel, Chester County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 Soleven, John, Colonel Pawling's Regiment of New York Levies. 
 
 SulUvin, John, Bucks County, Penna. Militia. 
 
 SuUivin, Murty, Sixteenth Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 SuUifln, John, Colonel Read's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 
 SuUivant, Timothy, First Massachusetts Brigade. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
526 APPENDIX 
 
 SuUivant, William, Maryland Line, (regiment unknown). 
 Sullervan, Timothy, Colonel Patterson's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 Sullovan, Timothy, Colonel Vose's Massachusetts Regiment. 
 Sulavin, John, Colonel Haslet's Delaware Regiment. 
 Sulavant, John, Henry County, Virginia Militia. 
 Swillivan, Daniel, Henry County, Virginia Militia. 
 O'Sullivan, Valentine, Third Regiment, New Hampshire Line. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
INDEX 
 
 Adams, John, Letters of, 232-234 
 
 Allen, Colonel Ethan, 161 
 
 Allison, Dr. Francis, American Ed- 
 ucator, 155 
 
 American Officers in Hibernian So- 
 ciety and Society of the Friendly 
 Sons of Saint Patrick, 228 
 
 Archives of Maryland, 224 
 
 Armstrong, Colonel John, 246 
 
 Baltimore, County Cork, Irish 
 from, 349 
 
 Bancroft, George, 214 
 
 Barney, Commodore Joshua, Mem- 
 oirs of, 347 
 
 Barr^, Colonel Isaac, 159 
 
 Barry, Commodore John, 229, 246 ' 
 
 Barrys in the Revolutionary Army, 
 217 
 
 Boston, Mass., Records, 312-321 
 
 Brady, Captain John, 177 
 
 Bradys in the Revolutionary Army, 
 217 
 
 Brannons and Brennans in the Rev- 
 olutionary Army, 217 
 
 Bryan, George, Revolutionary pa- 
 triot, 151, 247 
 
 Burke, Edmund, 159 
 
 Burkes and Bourkes in the Revolu- 
 tionary Army, 217, App. 
 
 Burke, Governor Thomas, 246-247 
 
 Burns and Byrnes in the Revolu- 
 tionary Army, 317 
 
 Butler, Pierce, 246 
 
 Butler, General Richard, 229, 246 
 
 Callaghans in the Revolutionary 
 Army, 217 
 
 Canes, O'Canes and Kanes in the 
 
 Revolutionary Army, 217 
 Carey, Joseph, Aide-de-Camp to 
 
 General Washington, 228 
 Carney, Mark, 320-1 
 Carneys and Kearneys in the Revo- 
 lutionary Army, 217 
 Carroll, Charles, Signer of the Dec- 
 laration of Independence, 152, 
 
 245-6, 335, 348n. 
 Carroll, Daniel, 246, 333-335 
 Carroll, Daniel, proposes to settle 
 
 Irish on George Washington's 
 
 land, 334-5 
 CarroUs in the Revolutionary Army, 
 
 217 
 Carrington, Edward, 246 
 Caseys in the Revolutionary Army, 
 
 217 
 Cassidys in the Revolutionary 
 
 Army, 217 
 Cavanaghs in the Revolutionary 
 
 Army, 217 
 Census, First of the United States, 
 
 373-382 
 Century of Population Growth, 
 
 373-382 
 Charitable Irish Society of Boston, 
 
 315 
 Chastellux, Marquis de, 156 
 Clancys in the Revolutionary Army, 
 
 217 
 Clark, General George Rogers, 
 
 340m 
 Clinton, General George, 246-7 
 Colonial Records of Georgia, 363- 
 
 368 
 Conolly, Irish M. P., 159 
 
 527 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
528 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Connollys in the Revolutionary- 
 Army, 217 
 
 Connor, John, 361 
 
 Connors and O'Connors in the Rev- 
 olutionary Army, 217, App. 
 
 Copland, Rev. Patrick, 323 
 
 Corbin, Margaret, 129n 
 
 Cork, Maine, 310-311 
 
 Crowleys in the Revolutionary 
 Army, 217 
 
 Dalys in the Revolutionary Army, 217 
 Delaneys in the Revolutionary 
 
 Army, 217 
 Dempseys in the Revolutionary 
 
 Army, 217 
 Desertions to the "Rebels," 190-194 
 Diaries of the Moravian Mission- 
 aries, 336-7 
 Dillon, Count Arthur, 203-4 
 Dobbs, Governor Arthur, 247-361 
 Dohertys and Doughertys in the 
 
 Revolutionary Army, 216, App. 
 Dongan, Governor Thomas, 246 
 Donnellys in the Revolutionary 
 
 Army, 217 
 Donohoes in the Revolutionary 
 
 Army, 217 
 Donovans in the Revolutionary 
 
 Army, 217 
 Dooly, Colonel John, 246, 371 
 Dorans in the Revolutionary Army, 
 
 217 
 Dowlings in thfe Revolutionary 
 
 Army, 217 
 Doyles in the Revolutionary Army, 
 
 217 
 DriscoUs in the Revolutionary 
 
 Army, 217 
 Duane, James, 145, 245, 247 
 DuiFys in the Revolutionary Army, 
 
 217 
 Dugans in the Revolutionary Army, 
 
 217 
 Dwyers in the Revolutionary Army, 
 
 217 
 
 Egle, WiUiam H., 214 
 Emigrations from Ireland, 237 
 Emmet, Dr. Thomas Addis, 238 
 
 Farrells in the Revolutionary Army, 
 
 217 
 Father of the American Navy, 
 
 246_ 
 First Census of the United States, 
 
 207 
 Fitzgerald, Colonel John, 228, 246, 
 
 364 
 Fitzgeralds in the Revolutionary 
 
 Army, 217 
 Fitzpatricks in the Revolutionary 
 
 Army, 217 
 FitzSimmons, Colonel Thomas, 245 
 FitzSimmons' in the Revolutionary 
 
 Army, 217 
 Flanagans in the Revolutionary 
 
 Army, 217 
 Flynns in the Revolutionary Army, 
 
 217 
 Franco-Irish Soldiers, 203 
 Froude, Anthony, 251 
 
 Gallaghers in the Revolutionary 
 
 Army, 217 
 Galloway, Joseph, Examination of, 
 
 before Parliamentary Commission, 
 
 83-84 
 Gardiner, Hon. Luke, 159 
 Gibbons, Lieutenant James, Hero 
 
 of Stony Point, 177 
 Gilliland, William, Irish Colonizer, 
 
 297-299 
 Gormans in the Revolutionary 
 
 Army, 217 
 Gradys in the Revolutionary Army, 
 
 217 
 Grattan, Henry, 159 
 Graydon, Alexander, 199 
 Greaton, General John, 246 
 
 Haggertys in the Revolutionary 
 Army, 217 
 
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INDEX 
 
 529 
 
 Hand, General Edward, 176, 229, 
 
 245-6 
 Harnett, Cornelius, Revolutionary- 
 patriot, 154, 246, 361 
 Hart, Governor John, 247 
 Haslet, Colonel John, 176, 246 
 Hatch, Louis Clinton, 212-215 
 Healys and Haleys in the Revolu- 
 tionary Army, 217 
 Heath, General William, 170-1 
 Hennesseys in the Revolutionary 
 
 Army, 217 
 Hogan, General James, 246 
 Hogans in the Revolutionary Army, 
 
 217 
 "Hotbed of Rebellion," 200 
 Hotten's Original Li»ts of Immi- 
 grants, 324-5 
 Howe, General Robert, 170 
 Hurleys in the Revolutionary Army, 
 
 217 
 Hutchinson, Governor Thomas, 160 
 
 Irish at Bunker Hillf 224 
 Irish Brigade, 202-3, 269 
 Irish Catholic immigrants, 259-267 
 Irish Donation, 306-7 
 Irish flock from aU parts of the Col- 
 onies to the Revolutionary Army, 
 210-211 
 Irish Framers of the Constitution, 
 
 246 
 Irish Governors, 246-7 
 Irish Grantees of Land, 370 
 Irish in American Army, 194-5 
 Irish in Georgia, 363-372 
 Irish in King Philip's War, 306-7 
 Irish in Lord Dunmore's War, 329 
 Irish in Massachusetts, 306-321 
 Irish in Maine, 310-311 
 Irish in Maryland, 225, 344-349 
 Irish in New England, 222-3 
 Irish in New York Marriage Rec- 
 ords, 299-300 
 Irish in Pennsylvania Line, 214-S 
 Irish in Shenandoah Valley, 326-8 
 
 Irish in the Carolinas, 200-1, 205, 
 350-362 
 
 Irish in Virginia, 225, 322-343 
 
 Irish in Virginia Regiments, 196 
 
 Irish in York and Chester Districts, 
 S. C, 206-9 
 
 Irish Language, Use of, in Ameri- 
 can Army, 159-160 
 
 "Irish Line," The, 176, 177, 182, 197 
 
 "Irish Line" in North Carolina, 197 
 
 Irish Members of the Continental 
 Congress, 246 
 
 Irish Merchants of the City of New 
 York, 305 
 
 Irish-named plantations in Mary- 
 land, 346-7 
 
 Irish Names, Changes in, 124-126 
 
 Irish OfScers in Revolutionary Army 
 and Navy, 225, 226-231, 246, App. 
 
 Irish 0£Eicers in Virginia Regiments, 
 333 
 
 Irish OfScers in the French service, 
 204 
 
 Irish "Papists," 268 
 
 Irish Regiments in French service, 
 204 
 
 Irish Settlers in Pennsylvania, 253- 
 294 
 
 Irish Settlers in New York, 295-305 
 
 Irish Settlers in the Champlain Val- 
 ley, 297-8 
 
 Irish Shipping with America, 250-2, 
 272-285 
 
 Irish Signers of the Declaration of 
 Independence, 246 
 
 Irish Soldiers in Marion's Brigade, 
 201-2 
 
 Irish Soldiers in the Colonial Wars, 
 292-4, 305, 328-9 
 
 Irish Soldiers under General Lacey, 
 205 
 
 Irish Trade with the American Col- 
 onies, 300 
 
 Irish Traders, 267-8 
 
 Irish Volunteers in American serv- 
 ice, 194 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
530 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Irish Volunteers in Ireland, 159, 
 
 163, 232-4 
 Irish Volunteers In English service, 
 
 186-194 
 Irvine, Colonel William, 136 
 
 Jasper, Sergeant William, 365 
 Johnson, Sir William; 247, 268 
 Jones, Paul, 160 
 
 Kanes in the Revolutionary Army, 
 
 217 
 Kearneys in the Revolutionary 
 
 Army, 217 
 Keatings in the Revolutionary 
 
 Army, 217 
 Keefes in the Revolutionary Army, 
 
 217 
 Kelley, Colonel John, 246 
 Kelly, Major John, 177 
 Kellys in the Revolutionary Army, 
 
 216-8, 219, 231, App. 
 Kellys in the United States in 1790, 
 
 377 
 Kennys in the Revolutionary Army, 
 
 217 
 Kinsale, Virginia, 332 
 Knox, General Henry, 170 
 
 Lacey, General Edward, 205 
 Lafayette toasts Ireland, 169 
 Lafayette, Letter from, 184 
 Land Records of Maryland, 344-8 
 Land Records of New York, 295- 
 
 297 
 Land Records of North Carolina, 
 
 360 
 Learys in the Revolutionary Army, 
 
 217 
 Lee, General Arthur, Letters of, 
 
 232-3 
 Lee, General Charles, on Irish im- 
 migration, 275-6 
 Lee, General Charles, on the pro- 
 portion of Irishmen in the Revo- 
 lutionary Army, 104 
 
 Lee, General Henry, on "The Irish 
 
 Line," 176, 182 
 Lee, General Henry, on the Irish 
 
 in the Virginia Regiments, 196 
 Lewis, General Andrew, 229, 230, 
 
 246 
 "Line of Ireland," 176 
 Lodge, Henry Cabot, 178, 181, 222-3 
 Logan, Governor James, 253-4 
 Long, Colonel Pierse, 245-6 
 Loudon, Samuel, Revolutionary pa- 
 triot, 161, 3 
 Lymerick Plantation, 352 
 Lynch, Thomas, Signer, 245-6 
 Lyon, Matthev^ 162 
 
 Maddens in the Revolutionary Army, 
 217 
 
 Magaw, Colonel Robert, 176, 246 
 
 Magees and McGees in the Revolu- 
 tionary Army, 217 
 
 Magraths, McGraths and McGraws 
 in the Revolutionary Army, 217 
 
 Mahonys in the Revolutionary Army, 
 217 
 
 Malcom, Captain Daniel, Revolu- 
 tionary patriot, 153-4 
 
 Malones in the Revolutionary Army, 
 217 
 
 Maloneys in the Revolutionary 
 Army, 217 
 
 Marion, General Francis, 200-2 
 
 Marmion, Anthony, on Irish emigra- 
 tion, 236-7 
 
 Massachusetts, Irish in, 222 
 
 Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors 
 in the Revolutionary War, 320 
 
 Maxwell, General William, 246 
 
 McBrides in the Revolutionary 
 Army, 217 
 
 McCaffreys and McCaffertys in the 
 Revolutionary Army, 217 
 
 McCanns in the Revolutionary 
 Army, 217 
 
 McCarthys in the United States in 
 1790, 376-7 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
INDEX 
 
 531 
 
 McCarthys in the Revolutionary 
 
 Army, 216, 231, App. 
 McCarty, Ann, Cousin of Mary Ball 
 
 Washington, 331 
 McCarty Family in Virginia, 330-1 
 McCarty, Thaddeus, Revolutionary 
 
 patriot, 153 
 McCloskeys in the Revolutionary 
 
 Army, 217 
 McConnells in the Revolutionary 
 
 Army, 217 
 McClure, Captain John, 205 
 McCormack, Thomas, 364 
 McCormacks in the Revolutionary 
 
 Army, 217 
 McCurdy, John, Revolutionary pa- 
 triot, 152 
 McDermotts in the Revolutionary 
 
 Army, 217 
 McDonough, Commodore Thomas, 
 
 365 
 McDonoughs in the Revolutionary 
 
 Army, 217 
 McDonnells and McDaniels in the 
 
 Revolutionary Army, 217 
 McGahys and McGahans in the Rev- 
 olutionary Army, 217 
 McGlnnis' in the Revolutionary 
 
 Army, 217 
 McGowans in the Revolutionary 
 
 Army, 217 
 McGuire, Thomas, 361 
 McGuires in the Revolutionary 
 
 Army, 217 
 McHenry, Major James, 228, 246 
 McKean, Thomas, Signer, 245 
 McKennys in the Revolutionary 
 
 Army, 217 
 McKinley, Governor John, 247 
 McKinney, Barney, 361 
 McLaughlins in the Revolutionary 
 
 Army, 217 
 McMahons in the Revolutionary 
 
 Army, 217 
 McManus' in the Revolutionary 
 
 Army, 217 
 
 McMulUns, Mullins and Mullens in 
 
 the Revolutionary Army, 217 
 McNallys in the Revolutionary 
 
 Army, 217 
 McNamaras in the Revolutionary 
 
 Army, 217 
 McSweeneys in the Revolutionary 
 
 Army, 217 
 Meade, Bishop William H., 330, 333 
 Mitchel, John Purroy, 342 
 Montgomery, General Richard, 179, 
 
 180, 229, 246 
 Mooney, Colonel Hercules, 246 
 Moore, General James, 246 
 Moore, Governor James, 246, 360 
 Morans in the Revolutionary Army, 
 
 317 
 Morgan's Rifle Corps, 141, 173-4, 
 
 198 
 Mountjoy, Lord, 159 
 Moylan, Colonel Stephen, 228, 246 
 MulhoUands in the Revolutionary 
 
 Army, 217 
 Mulligan, Hercules, Confidential 
 
 Correspondent to General Wash- 
 ington, 150 
 Murphy, Timothy, 177 
 Murphys in the Revolutionary Army, 
 
 216-19, 231, App. 
 Murphys In the United States in 
 
 1790, 377 
 
 Newberry, S. C, Annals of, 353 
 New Connaught, Maryland, 346 
 New England Historical and Gen- 
 ealogical Society, 222, 316-17, 348 
 New England troops, 178-181 
 New Ireland, Maryland, 346 
 New Jersey Journal, 163 
 New Leinster, Maryland, 346 
 New Munster, Maryland, 346 
 Newspapers, extracts from, 277-285 
 New York Packet, 161-3 
 Nolans in Revolutionary Army, 217 
 North Carolina Genealogical Rec- 
 ords, 360 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
532 
 
 INDEX 
 
 O'Brien Brothers, 195 
 
 O'Brien, Morris, 3 
 
 O'Brien, Colonel, 203ji 
 
 O'Briens in the Revolutionary Army, 
 216, App. 
 
 O'Briens in the United States in 
 1790, 375-6 
 
 O'Bryan, William, Revolutionary 
 patriot, 154 
 
 O'Canes in the Revolutionary Army, 
 217 
 
 O'Connor, Lieutenant-Colonel Mor- 
 gan, 136 
 
 O'Connors and Connors in the Revo- 
 lutionary Army, 316, App. 
 
 O'Donnells in the Revolutionary 
 Army, 217 
 
 O'Haras in the Revolutionary Army, 
 217 
 
 O'Kelley, Patrick, 361 
 
 O'Kelly, Peter, 351 
 
 O'Kellys in the Revolutionary 
 Army, 231 
 
 O'Moore, Rory, 360 
 
 O'Neall, John Belton, 198, 353 
 
 O'Neill, Captain William, 177 
 
 O'Neills in the Revolutionary Army, 
 216 
 
 O'Sheal, David, 364 
 
 O'SuUivan, Florence, 350 
 
 Paine, Robert Treat, Signer, 245 
 Palfrey, New England historian, 222 
 "Patricks" and "Patts" in Revolu- 
 tionary Army, 219 
 Patton, Colonel John, 246 
 Pennsylvania Archives, 214, 290 
 Pennsylvania Line, 175, 182, 214-5 
 Pennsylvania Line, Mutiny of, 183- 
 
 185 
 Petty, Sir William, English Statis- 
 tician, 338 
 Population Growth, A Century of, 
 
 243 
 Prendergasts in the Revolutionary 
 Army, 217 
 
 Proctor, Colonel Thomas, 129n, 246 
 Prominent Irish Families in Vir- 
 ginia, 330-1 
 Proportion of Irish in the Revolu- 
 tionary Army, 135 
 
 Queensborough Township, Georgia, 
 
 367-9 
 Quigleys in the Revolutionary Army, 
 
 217 
 Quinns in the Revolutionary Army, 
 
 317 
 
 Ramsay, Dr. David, 175, 239 
 
 Read, George, Signer, 245 
 
 Reed, General Joseph, 180, 228, 246 
 
 Refutations of the statements of the 
 historians concerning the Irish in 
 America, 311-318 
 
 Regans in the Revolutionary Army, 
 218 
 
 Reillys in the Revolutionary Army, 
 216-19, App. 
 
 Revolutionary Soldiers and Sailors 
 of Virginia, 333-4 
 
 Roaches and Roches in the Revolu- 
 tionary Army, 218 
 
 Robertson, General James, on the 
 Irish in the Revolutionary Army, 
 104 
 
 Rochambeau, Count de, 171, 184-5 
 
 Rocky Creek Irish, 205 
 
 Roman Catholic Volunteers, 187-194 
 
 Rowan, Matthew, 247, 361 
 
 Rourkes in the Revolutionary Army, 
 218 
 
 Rupp's tribute to the Irish in Penn- 
 sylvania, 256-9 
 
 Rutledge, Edward, 245, 247 
 
 Rutledge, John, 246-7 
 
 Ryans in the Revolutionary Army, 
 216-19, App. 
 
 Saint Patrick's Day Celebrations in 
 the American Army, 164-9 
 
 Saint Patrick's Day Celebration in 
 Boston, 315 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
INDEX 
 
 533 
 
 Saint Patrick's Day Celebrations in 
 
 New York, 303-4 
 "Scotch-Irish," 21S, 250, 286-290, 
 
 336-345 
 "Scotch-Irish," Origin of the term, 
 
 343 
 Schuyler, General Philip, 181 
 Serle, Ambrose, Confidential Agent 
 of the British Cabinet, 107 
 
 Shea, or Shee, General John, 176, 
 246 
 
 Shays and Sheas in the Revolution- 
 ary Army, 218 
 
 Sheehans in the Revolutionary Army, 
 218 
 
 Sheridan, Richard Brinsley, 159 
 
 Sheridans in the Revolutionary 
 Army, 218 
 
 Shipping between Ireland and Amer- 
 ica, 287-8, 301-3, 307, 309, 313-6 
 
 Smiles, Dr. Samuel, 158 
 
 Smith, James, Signer, 124, 245 
 
 Society of the Friendly Sons of 
 Saint Patrick, 168, 344 
 
 Sons of Saint Tammany, 170ji 
 
 Sources of Information, 220-1, 304- 
 305, 308-313 
 
 Spencer, Dr. James, 236-8 
 
 Statistics of Irish in the United 
 States in 1790, 373-382 
 
 Statistics of Irish Immigration, 
 269-285, 286-291, 301-3 
 
 Stewart, Colonel Walter, 246 
 
 Stilly Charles J., 212-215 
 
 SuUivan, General John, 169, 171, 
 228, 246 
 
 Sullivan, John, the Limerick School- 
 master, 153, 247-8 
 
 SuUivans in the Revolutionary 
 Army, 216-19, App. 
 
 Sumter, General, 206 
 Sweeney, Terence, 261 
 Sweeneys in the Revolutionary 
 Army, 218 
 
 Taylor, George, Signer, 245 
 Tennent, Rev. William, 257 
 Thomson, Charles, Secretary to the 
 
 Continental Congress, 151 
 Thomson, General William, 153, 229, 
 
 246 
 Thornton, Matthew, Signer, 245 
 Trevelyan, Sir George Otto, his 
 
 statements refuted, 211-215 
 Trumbull, General, 181 
 
 Volunteers of Ireland, 188-194 
 
 Waddell, Hugh, 361 
 
 Walsh, Regiment of, 203 
 
 Walshes and Welshes in the Revo- 
 lutionary Army, 218 
 
 Washington, George, Address to, by 
 Irish Catholics, 265 
 
 Washington, George, A Member of 
 the Society of the Friendly Sons 
 of Saint Patrick, 168 
 
 Washington, George, Attends a 
 Saint Patrick's Day Celebration, 
 168 
 
 George, Correspond— 
 171, 179, 180, 181, 
 
 Washington, 
 ence of, 
 239 ji 
 
 Washington, 
 333-335 
 
 Washington's 
 
 George, Letters to. 
 
 his 
 
 Friendship for 
 Irish Officers, 228-9 
 Wayne, General Anthony, 215 
 Williamsburg, S. C, an Irish Settle- 
 ment, 354 
 
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