Qlatmll Itiitterattg Sttbtarij Jtlrara, Nnn fork BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF HENRY W. SAGE u 1891 CJ 3532.886"' ""'"'*"" '""'"^^ ^''^iii'iSiliiiiiiniiiiiilSiiIi"*'^''''''^''^'' s'"es of In 3 1924 022 932 374 The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/cletails/cu31924022932374 CATALOGUE INDIAN COINS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM. THE MUHAMMADAN STATES. LONDON : PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES. Longmans & Co., Paternoster Row; B. M. Pickering, 66, Haymarket ; B. Quaritch, 15, Piccadilly ; A. Asher & Co. 13, Bedford Street, Covent Garden, and at Berlin ; , Trubner & Co, 57 & 59 Ludgate Hill; Allen & Co., 13, Waterloo Place. Paris : MM. C. Rollin & Feuardent, 4, Rue de Louvois. 1885. LONDON : PEIOTED BT GILBERT & KIVINGTON (LIMITED), ST. JOHN'S SQUARE, OLERKENWELL ROAD. THE COINS OF THE MUHAMMADAN STATES OF INDIA IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM. STANLEY LANE-POOLE, B.A., OXON., M.R.A.S. EDITED BY REGINALD STUART POOLE, LL.D. CORRESPONDENT OF THE INSTITUTE OF FRANCE. LONDON : PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES, 1885.. ^,w MiMVt .l^i^^i I V %:iniU\UT Ks\t|662, EDITOR'S PREFACE. The present volume of the Catalogue of Indian Coins contains the description of the issues of the Kings of Bengal, Jaun- pur, Gujardt, and the other Muhammadan States that arose, f&r the most part, on the decay of the power of Dehli under the successors of Muhammad Ibn Taghlak, and generally came to an end in the struggles that resulted in the empire of Akbar. The transliteration of Arabic and Indian names of persons and places in this volume is in accordance with the latest oflScial system of the Indian Government. The metal of each specimen is stated, and its size in inches and tenths of inches. The weight of the gold and silver examples is given in English grains. Tables for con- verting grains into grammes, and inches into millimetres as well as into the measures of Mionnet's scale, are given at the end of the volume. A comparative table of the years of the Hijrah and of the Christian Era has been added with a view to facilitating reference to the standard works on Indian history where the European computation is adopted. Typical specimens are figured in the twelve plates, which vi editoe's preface. are executed by the autotype mechanical process from casts in plaster. The work has been written by Mr. Stanley Lane-Poole, and I have carefully revised it throughout, save in the ease of the Nagari inscriptions, which have been collated by Mr. Gardner. REGINALD STUAET POOLE. INTRODUCTION. An Indian historian records that Muhammad Ibn Taghlak reigned over Hindustan, Gujarat, Malwah, the Mahratta country, Telingana, Kampila, Dwara-Samundra, Ma'bar, Lakhnauti, Satgaon, Son4rgaon, and Tirhut. When the emperor Babar arrived in India, two centuries later, he found, as he states in his Memoirs, five Muhammadan and two Hindu dynasties contending over the fragments of that vast empire. The five Muslim powers were the Afghans of Dehli, the kings of Gujarat and Malwah, Nasrat Shah of Bengal, and the Eahmanis of the Dekhan ; while the Hindu princes were the R&jah of Bijanagar, and the Rana Sanka of Chitor. It is with the coinages of the Muhammadan dynasties that thus arose on the decay of the empire of Muhammad ibn Taghlak that the present volume is concerned. It includes the coinage of all the Muhammadan dynasties that became independent during the domination of the Sultans of Dehli, and came to an end either at the hands of those Sultdns, or more generally in the great consolidation of India under Akbar. Thus the early rulers of Sind, Kubachah and the like, are included, as being contemporary with the Dehli sovereigns ; but the major part of the volume is occupied with those dynasties which arose in the feebleness of Dehli about the middle of the 14th century of our Era, and terminated, either under Sher Shah or Akbar, in the 1 6th century. A table of these dynasties is given on the following page. It will be seen that the number of important dynasties in the period referred to is thirteen ; — Vlil INTEODTICTION. In Hindustan — 1. Kings of Mewar, a.h. 674—934. a. Kings of Gujarat, 778—980. 3. Kings of Jaunpur, 796-879. 4. Kings of Malwah, 804—937. 5. Governors and Kings of Bengal, 599 — 984. 6. Kings of Kashmir, 735—995. In the Dekhan — 7. Bahmani Kings of Kulbarga, 748—932. 8. 'Adil-Shdhis of Bijapur, 895—1071. 9. Nizam-Shahis of Ahmadnagar, 896—1016. 10. Kutb-Shahis of Golconda, 919—1082. 11. Isma'il-ShahisofEliehpur, 894—976. 12. Barid-ShahisofBidar, 898—1080. 13. Faruki kings of Kandaish, 782—799. Of the first seven of these dynasties, the British Museum possesses numerous coins : of the last six, only a few specimens o£ the Golconda coinage, and the imitations of the old Lar hook- money which the 'Adil-Shahls of Bijapur stamped with their titles. I. BENGAL. The issues of the Bengal governors and kings come first, as being at once the earliest and the most numerous and im- portant of these several series. The chronology of the governors and independent kings of Bengal offers many diflBculties, The history of the rulers of Dehli is recorded by several annalists, who, if they do not always agree in their statements, and do not always give all the information we require, yet present on the whole a detailed and fairly accurate account of the dynasties whose annals the INTRODUCTION. IX preserve. But for the history of the Bengal kingdom we have only secondary sources and incidental remarks, "Nizam-ad- din Ahmad, who served Akbar as Bakshi, the. friend and protector of the historian Badaonlj is the first writer that gives, in his Tabakat-i-Aklari, which were completed in 1590, a short connected account of the independent kings of Bengal from 1338 to 1538. For the time between 1203 and 1338 we depend on incidental remarks made by Dehli writers, as Minhaj-i-Siraj , B^rani, and Afif. Ferishtah, who flourished in the beginning of the 17th century, has a chapter on the same period as Nizam : but, though he gives a little more, it seems that he used the same at present unknown source as the author of the Tabakdt-i-Akbari. But there can be no doubt that this source was a work defective in chronology and meagre in details. Ferishtah also cites a historical compo- sition by one Hajji Muhammad of Kandah&r, of which no copy is at present known to exist. The latest writer on Bengal history is Ghuldm Husain of Zaidptir, poetically styled Salim, who composed his Bi^dz-as-Saldtin, or the " Gardens of Kings," at the request of Mr. George Udney of Maldah. This work, the title of which contains in the numerical value of the letters the date of its completion (a.h. 1202 or a.d. 1787-8) is rare, but is much prized as being the fullest account in Persian of the Muhammadan history of Bengal, which the author brings down to his own time. From a comparison of his work with that of Ferishtah it is evident that for the early portion he has used books which are likewise unknown at present, and it is unfortunate that his preface gives no informa- tion on this point. His additional source, it is true, cannot have been a work of considerable size : yet he gives valuable dates, which are often confirmed by collateral evidence." The series of essays.* from which the foregoing account of » Contributions to the Geography and History of Bengal {Muhammadan period), bv H Blochmann, M.A., Calcutta Madrasah : in the Journal of the Asiatie ^ ' h INTllODUCTION. the historical materials for the chronology of the kings of Bengal is taken, supplies the best corrective to the meagre and contradictory data of the histories. The late Dr. Bloclimann was a keen collector of inscriptions, and the manner in which he has brought the evidence of mural and numismatic records to bear upon many obscure points in Bengal chro- nology is masterly. Now and then we may be compelled to differ from his readings of the coins, but it is seldom indeed that we shall have reason to differ from his historical conclusions. A comparison of the following table of the ascertained dates of the various rulers of Bengal, derived from inscriptions and coins, (which is compiled from Dr. Blochmann's papers, with a few additions from the British Museum and other cabinets,) will show how faulty is the dynastic list given in Marsden's (original) Numismata Orientalia, which has hitherto been the standard authority, and which was even adopted in so careful a work as Mr. Thomas's edition of Prinsep's Useful Tables. It is not necessary to begin the table witb the earliest names in the list of Bengal governors, for up to the time of the Balbani Kai-Kaus we are almost wholly dependent upon the notices of the historians, and principally of Ibn-Batutah ; whose statementsj however, when at a later period they can be tested by coins and inscriptions, prove much more trust- worthy than those of other narrators of Bengal events. Coins of Ghiyas-ad-din 'Iwaz, of a.h. 616,. 617, and 620 exist, and then ensues a long interval till the time of Firoz Shdh I. The only inscription previous to the time of Kai- Kaus noticed by Dr. Blochmann is one of Tughril of a.h. 640. Suoiety of Bengal, toI. xlii. pp. 209—310 j xliii. pp. 280—309 ; xliv. pp. 275— 306. ' Oil a )j«!ii King of Bengal, by the same. Ib'ul., vol. xli. pp. 331 — 340. IffTRODFCTION. GOYERNORS OF BENGAL. Governor or King. Kai Kaiis .... Firoz Bughrah, or Baghdah Bahddur .... Coin Dates. 697 709,713,715 691, 693, 695, 696 702, 706,715, [7.22?] 718 711, 712, 720, 721, 722 DIVIDED GOVERNMENT. Inscription Dates. Probable Reign. Lakhnauti. Nasir-ad-din . . . Kadar Klian . . . East Bengal. Bahadur, restored (with Bahrain) Bahram, alone . Sdtgdon. A'zam-al-mulk . . 728, 730 691— f. 700 c. 700—718 - West Bengal, 718 East Bengal, 711 All Bengal, c. 719 —723 723-726 726—740 725—731 731—739 724—740 INDEPENDENT KINGS OF BENGAL. East Bengal. Mubarak .... 739, 741-760 Ikhtiydr-ad-din . . 753 West Bengal. 'Ali 742, 744, 745, 74 739-750 750—753 740—746 xu INTEODUCTION. HOUSE OF ILYAS SHAH. King. Ilyas ( West Bengal, contending with and succeeding 'All) . {East Bengal, suc- ceeding Ikhtiyar- ad-din) . . . . Sikandar . . . . Coin Dates. Inscription Dates. A'zam Hamzah . . Shams-ad-din Rdjah Kans Bdyazid Muhammad Ahmad Mahmud I. Barbak Ydsuf . . 740,744, 746 -75S 753—758 As Prince, 750-54 As Sultan, 759-61, 763-66, 770-73, 776, 779-92 [Rebel 772, 775, 776 ?1* Sultan, 790— 799 799, [80]4 770 Proloaljle Eeign. 740—759 1—759 / HOUSE OF EAJAH KANS. 812, 815, 816 818-824, 826, 827, 831, 834 836 HOUSE OF ILYAS SHAH EESTORED, 859,861—863 Sikandar ii. (2^ daj's) Fath 846, 852, 858, 859, 861—863 873 883, 884 886 860 (as 4JUl« only); 865, 868, 876, 878? 8797 882,884, 885 886—889, 892 753—759 759-792 792—799 799-809 809—812 812-817 817—835 835-846 846—864 864—879 879—886 886 886—892 * The ^eiv- on the coins of A'zam Shah is easily confounded -with ia5«-j', and it is not safe to accept the dates 772 — 776 without examining the coins. No specimen in the British Museum gives anv date before 790. INTEODUCTION. HABSHI KINGS. King. Coin Dates. InBoription Dales. Probable Keign. Shahzadah Barbak 892 Firdz 11 893, 895 894 892-895 Mahmud ii. . . . 00 895—896 Muzaffar .... 896 896, 898 896—899 Husain . . Nasrat . Firoz III. . . Mahmud iii. HOUSE OP HUSAIN SHAH. 899, 900, 907, 912, 913, 914, 919 [922?] 925, 927, 930 939 933, 934, 939, 943 899, 900, 903, 899-925 906,907—911, 914-916,918, 919, 922, 923, 925 929, 930,' 933, 925—939 935—938 939 939 941 (Partial) 933—939 (K ing) 939—944 HOUSE OF MUHAMMAD Sl'jR. Muhammad Sur . . 962 965, 966, 967, 968 BaMdur ii Jaldl . . A son . . 964 (Rebel) 960 Sulaiman . B4yazid ii. Daud . . • HOUSE OF SULAIMAN KAEAEANI 976, 977 960-962 962—968 968—971 971 971—980 980 980—984 XIV INTRODUCTION. The foregoing table of the lapidary and numismatic evidence for the dates of the kings of Bengal establishes most of the chronology within very narrow limits of error. Although cases are known of coin-dates which cannot be reconciled with established facts of history, and notably instances of misleading posthumous issues, the presumption is always in favour of numismatic evidence. There is seldom a motive for falsifying the date of a coin, and the name of a king who existed only in the future would not lead to the acceptance of a coin in the market. Coins as against MSS. may perhaps always be trusted ; and when, as in the present case, they are uni- formly confirmied by the mural inscriptions of the rulers, which can hardly be accused of false dates, the combined numismatic and mural evidence is overwhelming. There are, however, some points of obscurity even in the detailed records thus supplied. An examination of the ascertained coin-dates shows that in several instances two kings were issu- ing coins at the same time, though no such parallelism is observable in the inscriptions. Examples of this coincidence in dates are seen in the contemporary issues of 'Ali and Ilyas Shahs on the one hand, and Mubdrak Shah on the other. Here the mints recorded on the coins show that the cause of this apparent overlapping of dates was the division of the government of Bengal into the two rival sovereignties of Eastern and Western Bengal, in the former of which Mubarak Shah seems to have held sway, while 'AH and Ilyds held the west, until the latter united both divisions in 753. Sikandar Shdh, again, issued coins in 750 — 754, during his father Ilyas's life ; and A'zam Shah, who is known to have been in continual rebellion against his father Sikaudar, is said to have issued numerous coins in his own name durino- a great part of the latter's reign : but here it must be repeated that it is difl5cult to distinguish between ^>***w and O-t"^ on INTRODUCTION. XV the badly executed coins of Bengal, and no example in the British Museum can be definitely attributed to any of the seventies. After the death of A'zam Sh4h in 799, or rather after the last known issue of coins in his name, in that year, there follows a somewhat uncertain period in Bengal chronology. Coins of his son Hamzah give the date 799 and also the unit 4, which may indeed stand for 804, as Dr. Blochmann assumed, but might equally well be another example of contemporaneous issues, (of which we have seen so many instances,) and have been struck in 794. The Biydz says that A'zam Shah reigned sixteen years, five months, and three days. If this be taken from the last coin date of Sikandar Shah, 792, we have A'zam Shah reigning till 808 or 809. A coin bearing his name, which Dr. Blochmann assumed to be a posthumous issue, has the date 812. Except that this gives an abnormally long reign to A'zam Shah, there is no reason for treating it as posthumous. He might have struck coins during forty years, from 772 to 812. Still the long break in his coinage between 779 and 812 is suspicious, when we note the regularity of his issues from 790 to 799; and the 799 coin of Hamzah, if it be not a contemporaneous issue, is also, in the way of so long a reign. It is of course possible that A'zam Shah continued to reign till 812, and that his son Hamzah struck the 799 contem- poraneously with him, and the xsc^ coin in 814, contem- poraneously with the issues of Bayazid -Shah, which range from 812 to 816 ; but all that can be safely advanced is that some time between 799 and 812 A'zam Shah died, Hamzah reigned (ten or three years, according to different historians), and Shams-ad-din, son of Hamzah, sat on the throne for some months over three years. All these statements in the histories about the length of reigns, however, must be XVI INTRODUCTION. treated with reserve, inasmuch as they are frequently dis- crepantj and the authority that gives the length of Shams- ad-din's reign says that he died in the impossible year 788. It should be added that Dr. Blochmann's assumption of the posthumous character of the A'zam Shdh coin of 812 is supported by the fact that such coins are common in the Dehli kingdom at this time, when India was in a state of great confusion in consequence of Timur's invasion. If we base our chronology on the 799 coin of Hamzah, we must suppose A'zam Shah to have died in 799; and allowing Hamzah to have reigned ten years, 799 — 809, we shall have room for Shams-ad-din's supposed three years' reign before Bdyazld's coin of 812. With Rajah Kans, zamindar of Bhaturiah, who is stated to have dethroned and killed Shams-ad-din, we come upon another difficulty. He was a Hindu : and this disposes of the hypothesis that the coins bearing the name of Bayazid Shah, which coincide with the dates at which Kans may be supposed to have reigned, were his issues under a new throne-name, for they contain Muhammadan formulas which could not have been adopted by a Hindu. Nor is it likely that a Rajah whom the historians report to have been all powerful would, have suffered a rival to strike coins in his neighbourhood. We must therefore agree with Dr. Blochmann in assuming that Bayazid Shah was a puppet king set up by the great Edjah. The last date on the coins of Bayazid Shah is 816; the first coin of Jalal-ad-din Muhammad Shdh, the converted son of Rajah Kans, bears the date 818 j so there is not much room left for error in the succession. After this, the dates become more satisfactory. Muhammad Shah's 834 coin and his son Ahmad's issue of 836 leave little scope for mistakes; and though the histories say that Ahmad reigned INTEODUCTIOlf. XVU sixteen or eighteen years, which would bring him into the ascertained dates of Mahmiid Shah I., there is no reason for supposing that the annalists, who have so often been proved wrong, should be right in this instance. The coins and inscriptions fill up the dates of the restored House of Ilyas Shah satisfactorily. One inscription of Barbab Shah is indeed dated within Mahmud's reign, but, as he is styled Malik and not Sultdn, it is clearly no assertion of independence. Sikandar Shah II. is recorded to have sat on the throne for but a day or two, so it is not surprising that there should be no monuments of his ephemeral rule. The Abyssinian or Habshi House (derived from the Abys- sinian guard imported by Barbak Sh^h), with the exception of the first ruler, the eunuch Sultan Shahzadah Barbak, is also satisfactory in its numismatic and lapidary data, with the exception that the brief reign of Mahmiid Shah II. is im- perfectly represented. As, however, the last date of his pre- decessor Firoz Shah II. is 895, and the first of his successor Muzaffar Shah is 896, there can be but a small margin for error. The.monuments of the Husaini dynasty are numerous, and provide all the necessary chronological data, with the exception of the year of accession of Nasrat Shah. The historians, who generally call this king Nasib Shah, give as usual various periods of duration to his reign, from eleven to sixteen years. The dates on the coins of Nasrat Shah are peculiarly liable to misreading. In Dr. Blochmann's engraved examples I read certainly 925 where he reads 924, and what he reads 923 1 can only make 932. One coin described by Dr. Bloehmann has the date 922 : but it may possibly be really 932, as the f and ^ are- often diflScult to distinguish on these ill-executed coins. Disreo-arding this piece, the earliest coius of Nasrat Shah in the British Museum and in Dr. Blochmann's papers are dated XVIU INTEODUCTION. 926 ; and the latest inscription of Husain Shah bears the same date. It seems reasonable, therefore, to assume that this year, marks the decease of Husain and the succession of Nasrat Sh^h. Dr. Blochmann, basing his opinion on the statements of historians that Husain died in 927, inclines to that date or 929 for the accession of Nasrat; but the testimony of the historians is so generally untrustworthy in Bengal aflPairs, that it may safely be set aside in this instance. Provisionally, and in the absence of later dates of Husain Shah, the accession of Nasrat Shah may be placed in the year 925. The evidence of coins and inscriptions shows that he did not reign beyond 939, when the accession of Firoz Shah III. is definitely established. The coins of Mahmud III. begin, in the British Museum, at the year 933, when Nasrat Shah was still reigning. This is only another instance of the existence of two or more contem- porary sovereigns in Bengal. Ferishtah says that Nasrat (or as he calls him Nasib) Shah died in 943 (which is clearly a mistake), and was succeeded by "Mahmiid, a Bengali noble- man ; " and the Riyaz-es-Saldtin states that when Firoz (III.) had reigned three (?) years, "Sultdn Mahmud of Bengal, one of the eighteen sons of Husain Shdh, who had been raised by Nasrat Shah to the position of an Amir, and who during the life of Nasrat Shah had been treated as such, found an oppor- tunity and killed Firoz Sh^h, and ascended the throne of royalty among the heirs of his father." * This seems to indicate that Mahmud enjoyed some sort of authority during the reign of Nasrat Sh4h ; and the coins of 933 are probably the symbols of such authority. His real reign began in 939 ;■ but his partial sovereignty may be dated from 933. With respect to the Afghan period, i.e. that following Sher Shah's conquest of Bengal in 944, reference must in the * Bloohmann, J. B. A. S., xli., p. 339. INTllODUCTION. xix first place be fflade to the Catalogue of the Coins of the Sultans of Dehli, p. 105 ff, where the Bengal issues of Sher Shah and Islam Shah will be found described. Of the minor rulers of Bengal belonging to this race, the present volume contains a dated specimen of Muhammad Sur, of 962, apparently struck at Arakan and four dated coins of Bahadur Shah, ranging from 965 to 967, and thus con- firming the statements of the historians. The coins of Daud Shah of the Kararani dyflasty unfortunately offer no date. The following chronological table, abridged from Dr. Bloch- mann's third paper, will be useful in studying this complicated period : — 944 Conquest of Bengal by Sher Shah^s generals. 941-46 Humayun in Gaur at intervals. 946 Humayun defeated by Sher Shah at the battle of Chaunsa. „ Khizr Khan appointed govenor of Bengal by Sher Shah : deposed 948. 952 Islam Shah succeeds on death of Sher Shah. Muhammad Khan'Siir appointed governor of Bengal. 960 Muhammad 'Adil Shah succeeds at death of Islam Shah. „ Muhammad Siir rebels, and proclaims himself king .of Bengal, under the title of Shams-ad-din Muhammad Grhazi Shah ; and invades Jaunpur. 962 Bahadur Shah succeeds on death of Muhammad Siir, his father. 964 Muhammad 'Adil defeated and killed by Bahadur Shah. 968 Ghiyas-ad-din Jalal Shah succeeds on death of his ■ brother Bahadur. XX INTKODUCTXON. 971 Jalal Sliah dies, and is succeeded by a son (name unknown), who is killed, and the sovereignty is usurped by one Gliiyas-ad-din. 971-80 Sulaiman KMn Kararani rules Bengal and Bihar, and appoints his brother Taj Khan, as governor of Bengal 971-2. 980 Bayazid II. succeeds his father Sulaiman. „ Daud Shah, son of Sulaiman, succeeds his brother. 982 Akbar conquers Bihar ; Daud, defeated, acknow- ledges Akbar, and is appointed king of Orissa ; but invades Bengal 983, and is defeated and beheaded in 984. Akbar supreme. While the coins may almost be said to create the chronology of the rulers of Bengal, their bearing on geography is also important, for they preserve the names of many cities which ■ have since disappeared. The geography of Bengal has been investigated with great learning and patience by the late Dr. Blochmann, and what is to be said here is mainly based upon his researches,* together with the dates supplied by Sir Henry Elliot's invaluable History of India as told hy its own Historians, edited by Professor Dowson, and the works of Mr. Thomas, notably the Initial Coinage of Bengal. The original posses- sions of the Muhammadans in Bengal were confined within comparatively narrow limits. Muhammad Bakhtiyar con- quered but a portion of the province, chiefly that part which lay around his capital Lakhnauti (Gaur). In the early part of the eighth century of the Hijrah (724,) under Taghlak Shah, Sonargdon~ and Satgaon became seats of Muhammadan * Contributions to the, Qeography and History of Bengal (Muhammadan Period). No. I. Journal of the Bengal Asiatic Society, xlii., pp. 209 310. No. II. IJ., xliii. pp. 280—309. No. III. Id., xUv. pp. 275—306. INTIIODUCTION. XXI governors, and the name "Bangalah" was applied to the three divisions of Lakhnauti, Sonargaon, and Satgaon, Firozabad, which is identified with Pandiiah, north of Maldah, now became the capital of the triple province. In A.H. 850 Mahmiid Shah transferred the seat of government back to Lakhnauti, which was now first called Gaur. Gaur remained the capital until Sulaiman Kararani transferred the seal of authority to Tandah after the death of Taj Khan in 972, a change which is confirmed in an interesting manner hy the coin no. 160. The invaluable rent-roll of Todar Mall in 990 (1582) divides Bengal into nineteen Sirkars and 682 Mahalls ; and this division probably represents a system that had been established long before that date. The following is a list of the nineteen Sirkars :— A. Sirkars North and East of the Ganges. 1. S. Lakhnauti, or Jannatabad, (66 mahalls,) extending i'rom Taliargarhi (Colgong) along the northern banks of the River Ganges, and including a few mahalls belonging to Bhagalpiir and Purniah, and nearly all the Maldah district. 2. S. Purniah (9) — the greater and chiefly westerly portion of the present district of Purniah, as far as the R. Mahananda. 3. S. Tdjpur (29)— Eastern Purniah, E. of the R. Mahan- anda, and Western Dinajpur. 4. S. Panjrah (21) — the greater part of the Dinajpur district. 5. S. Ghorag-hdt (88) — portions of Dinajpur, Rangpur, and Bagura (Boghrah) districts, as far as the R. Brahmaputra. 6. S. Bdrhakabdd (38) — from S. Lakhnauti along the R. Podda to Bagura, comprising portions of Maldah, Dinajpiir, and a large part of Rajshahi and Bagura. 7. »^ij, and it is not easy to see any better interpretation than jc^-aj^j, Rhotaspur, thouo-h it seems clear that the town is not the Rhotas or Rhotasgarh on the River Son. XXVI INTRODUCTION. This mint Arakan, ^;,l^jt,is apparently clear on No. 152, but I advance it with the utmost diffidence. It is indeed possible that the rulers of Bengal still maintained the occasional suzerainty over Arakan and Chittagons^ which Husain Shah undoubtedly exercised ; but it is just possible that the word is only a badly writtenylSsjUw, Sonargaon. I cannot however find the necessary space between the first alif and the rim of the coin for the initial sin and nun, of which there is no trace. Tiindah, ajJU, is quite clear on the coins of Daiid Shah, and on one specimen the O and i^j are both accurately pointed. Before concluding this notice of the Bengal mints, it should be stated that the earlier rulers of Dehli issued coins in Bengal : Riziyeh, for examplCj struck at Lakhnauti (see the Catalogue of the Coins of Dehli). Muhammad ibn Taghlak also struck at Lakhnauti and Satgaon ; while Sher Shah and Islam Shah issued many coins in Bengal, and their mints include Satgaon, and Sharifabad (the position of which is indicated in the list of Sirkars, 1 7, though it may stand for the chief town in the Sirkar, perhaps Bharkhundah). Shergarh (which has been supposed to be on the western frontier near Raniganj, or the small place near Rhotas) is stated by Dr. Blochmanu to be, not a Bengal mint, but a name for Kanauj. * Subjoined is a table illustrating the geographical extent of the Bengal dominion, by the mints occurring on the British Museum coins (augmented by those recorded by Mr. Thomas, in italics), and by the places where inscriptions of each king have been found, as described by Dr. Bloch- mann. Mr. Thomas's data are derived mainly from the celebrated find of 13,500 silver pieces in Kuch Bihar in 1863, which afforded an unrivalled opportunity for generalisation. * Uhi supra : xliv. 297. Cf. BadaiSni, ii. 94. INTEODUC TIO N. Gov. OE King. A.H. Mints on Coins in B.M. Kai-Ka6s . . 691—700 Lakhnauti Fir6z . . . . 700—718 Lakhuauti, Sondrgdon Bah<1dur . Mubarak . . 710—731 . 739—7.50 Lakhnauti, Ghiydspur, Sondrgdon SonArgion Ghdzi . . . 750—753 Sondrgdon 'AH . . . . 740—746 Fir6zabad Ilyas. . . Sikandar . A'zam . . Hamzah . . 740— 7!)9 . 759—792 . 792—799 . 799—809 Soii&r^don, Shahr-i-nau, Fir6zabad Satgaon, Shahr-i-nau, FirdzAbad.Mu'azzam- abAd, Sonargiiou SatgAon. Fir6zabdd, Jan- uatAb&d, Mu'azzanidbdd Fir6z4b4d BAyazId . . . 812—817 Fir6zib4d Muhammad Mahmtid 1. . . . 817—8.35 . 846—864 Fir6ziib.id, Rhotaspir ? ChatsAon ■ Malmmddbdd Barbak . . . . 864—879 Yfisuf . . . 879—886 Siin&rgaon Fath . . . . 8ti6— 892 Fathabad FirfizII. . . . 892—895 Fath4bad, Mahmidabad Malimlid II. . 895—896 MuzaS'ar . . 896—899 Husaia . . . 899—925 Husainibad, FathSbad, Muhamm4dab-«~'»y" Os'^ — applied to liusain Shah himself. Nor are the histories silent on the subject of this conquest of INTRODUCTION. XXIX K;imrup and other outlying provinces. The Rii/az-as- Saldtln, after relating the incidents of Husain Shah's expedi- tion into Orisa, states that " After having reduced the Kajahs of the districts as far as Oiisa, Husain took tribute from them. After this he resolved to invade the kingdom of Assam, in the north-east of Bengal, and he set out with a large army of foot and a numerous fleet and entered the kingdom and subdued it as far as Kamrup and Kamtah, and other districts, which were under powerful Rajahs . . . Sultan Husain left his son with a strong army in Assam to complete the settlement of the country, and returned victoriously to Bengal. After the return of the Sultan, the prince pacific the country ; but, when the rains set in and the roads were closed, the Rajah issued with his men from the hills, sur- rounded the prince, and cut off his supplies. In a short time they [the Bengal troops] were all killed."* This expedition is placed by another authority at the year 1498, or A.ii. 904. Husain Shah was apparently not deterred by this extermination of his force in Assam from asserting his conquest on the coinage and on his mural tablets. The inscription in the Madrasah is dated 907, and the coins present the certain dates 913 and 917, as well as the imper- fect or ligatured ciphers a*) and HP. The former can, however, only be 899, since Husain Shah began to reign in that year ; and I have no doubt that » LP is a rapid cursive mode of writing 919. The expedition would seem, therefore, to have taken place in the year 899, or five years earlier than the date ascribed by the A'sdm Burangi; and Husain's suzerainty over the conquered provinces, if one may argue from the victorious titles retained on the coinage so late as 919, can hardly have been entirely abolished by the destruction of his son's sway. * Journal of the Bengal Asiatic Soeiety, vol. xli. pp. 335, 336. XXX INTRODUCTION. Kamrup, also called Kamrud, Kamru, and Kaonru (or Kanwru), is a district on both sides of the Brahmaputra, between Ghawalpara and Gawahatti. This part of the east border of Bengal was constantly invaded and occupied by the Assamese. " During the reigns of Eajah Kans and his son, the Assamese under Chudangpha (a.d. 1414-1425) conquered north-eastern Bengal as far as the Karataya, . . . and the Eajahs of Tiparah made likewise invasions/'* The restored House of Ilyas Shah, however, again extended the boundaries of Bengal, and Husain Shah made various neighbouring states pay him tribute. Kamrup was one of these annexa- tions, though only a temporary one, for it was not permanently annexed till 1637 ; another, close to it, was Kamtah (the chief town of which, Kamtah, was on the Darla river, south of Koch Bihar) ; Chittagong belonged to him for a time ; while Orisa was in some degree also tributary to this prince, whose memory is devoutly cherished in Bengal, as "the good Husain Shah." Inscriptions prove that he was acknowledged in 9U3 at Hunger, and in 908 and 909 at Bonhara and Cheran (near Sarau), or in other words that he held in some sense south- west Bihdr, bordering on Orisa, while it is especially recorded that he made a victorious expedition as far as Orisa. He seems indeed to have ceded most of his western conquests to the Afghans, but his son Nasrat Shah reconquered them for awhile. t The name Orisa on Husain's coinage is thus explained; and the name that precedes it, Jajnagar, is equally intelligible. It is true that there has been some diversity of opinion as to where Jajnagar was situated. Some authorities, including Prof. Dowson and Mr. Thomas, identify it with Tiparah, on the strength of the statement of Barani that * See Dr. Bloohmann, J. A. S. B., vol. xlii. pp. 235, 23G, 239, 240 ; and Prinsep, Useful Tables, p. 273. t J.A.S.B., xlii., pp. 222, 234. INTRODUCTION. XXXI Sultan Balban marched from Sonargaon sixty or seventy hos to the confines of Jajaagar. This would agree well with Tiparah, but it is the only evidence in favour of such a position, and the name Sonargaon may be a misreading. All the other notices point to a district in or near Orisa ; as, for example, the records of Badaoni and Barani of the invasion of Talinga, Jajnagar, and Bidar by Ulugh Khdn in 1323, and Firoz Shah's journey in 1360 from Jaunpur over Bihar to Jajnagar and Teling. Prof. Dowson allows two Jajnagars, which is not an impossible hypothesis : but whatever evidence may be pro- duced hereafter to prove the existence ofa district of that name corresponding more or less to Tiparah, it is certain that the name was ordinarily applied to a district near south-western Bengal, in Chutiya Nagpur, or thereabout, and this is doubtless the meaning of the name that occurs in conjunction with Orisa on the remarkable coins of Husain Shah under review. If, as Dr. Blochmann suggests, Son^rg^on of Balban's journey is a mistake for Satgaon (yi^jUw for ^l^w), the eastern attribution is disposed of, and the Jajnagar in Chutiya Nagpur alone remains.* The interpretation of the names occurring in the singular inscription on the coins of Husain Shdh has involved a some- what detailed notice ; but it may be urged in excuse that no coins in the whole range of Indian Muhammadan numismatics present so curious a testimony to the historical truth of an invasion, or contain names of so much importance to the student of the mediaeval geography of India, No other Muhammadan sovereign in India ever adopted so novel (and, grammatically, indefensible) a title as j^^l^U ^U)l ^^UaX«.)| A-.jjlj jjCi«».l».j -««-, the Presence or Seat of Majesty. Satgaon has the word i-o/c tract, prefixed, or sometimes, according to Mr. Thomas, *^.a5, capital or large town, but no example of this second form occurs in the British Museum collection. FirozabM is styled SjJLj or Sj^XJI, the city, or 3^3ja..»)l S^AJI, the fortified city, or simply Sj-i». (and O^-ii*.). Mu'azzamabad has the prefix j^\, district, and later, according to Mr. Thomas, enjoys the same title as Sonargaon, J'i^.*. «;-a^; but in the series described in the present volume we find only^*A.II, ejJU, and •ZijjJaa.. Shahr-i-nau is sometimes called *-«;*, and Mr. Thomas finds examples of S;^«s«JI ^j£, the cultivated or flourishing trad. Ch^tg^on (Chittagong) is also styled "Lajs^. All these titles disappear after Ahmad Shah, a.h. 846, when a change took place in the form and arrangement of the coins. Marginal inscriptions were then abolished (with rare exceptions, which, however, only present the names of the four "orthodox" khalifahs), and the mint-name being placed beneath the area there was no room for the insertion of titles or epithets. Even when the Afghan Muhammad Siir restored marginal in- scriptions on the fine large coins formed upon Sher Shah's model, the margins were reserved for titles of the king and the .orthodox khalifahs, and the mint-prefixes were not revived. The only addition to the name of a mint, after Ahmad Sh£h, is the form j,.aJI jli or abode of victory, which occurs on coins struck by Nasrat Shah at Pathabad in 925. This may be merely an Arabic translation of Fathabad (which itself means conquest-tow rC), or may refer to one of Nasrat Shah's successful raids into the neighbouring provinces. One prefix is not a little obscure : it occurs on the early coins of the INTRODUCTION. XXXltl Bahadur, all struck at Lakhnauti, and appears to be the Persian word -^j^-, " a plain," corresponding to the Arabic S-o/c. Lakhnauti is also styled jyij on coins of the same period. The ordinary arrangement of the inscriptions on the coinage of the independent kings of Bengal is somewhat similar to that on the issues of their contemporaries at Dehli. The areas are separated from the margins by borders, single or double, of various forms, circles, squares, lozenges, octagons, hexa- grams, and many-foiled or scolloped edges. The obverse area is generally reserved for the expression of the king's religious position as supporter of the Khalifate, for which, like the SultAns of Dehli (see the Introduction to the Catalogue of their coinage), the rulers of Bengal professed devout respects The usual formulas are ^>*i.oj Right-hand of the Khalifate, and augmented by ^>-c, Succourer of Al- Isldm and the Muslims. This* last formula is usually written in the manner of a tughra, by weaving the -t) of 't>^ and the — "l^l of vot^*^! into a species of arabesque. Another variety, introduced by A'zam Sh4h, is ^>-o.l~<,ll_s j!%>'^}\ ^-«15. Jalal ad-din Muhammad Shah revived the time-hououred Kalimah aJLM J^-j J^^a-* a^JI "i)! <0I '^, which had not been engraved on Bengal coins for two centuries ; and the obverse area of some of his later issues is entirely filled with this famous Muhammadan profession of faith. From this time the Kalimah usually occupies the obverse, and the mint and date (in ciphers) are commonly written beneath it, until Husain Shah found his titles too long to be compressed into a isingle face of the coin, and accordingly spread them over obverse and reverse, — a practice in which he was imitated by his successors, until Muhammad Sur restored the Kalimah and XXXIV INTRODUCTION. the Khalifahs to their proper places, the obverse area and margin. The titles of the kings of Bengal, which always occupy the reverse, and otten extend over the ohverse also, are constructed on much the same method as those of the Sultans of Dehli. They usually begin with^lic^) I ^^jUai-JI (rarely JiUll, and once JjLC"^l), but this is sometimes omitted, or i>o.».jJI J-5UJ ^J^t The strengthened hy the support of the Compassionate, is sub- stituted for it, or, as on the coins of Fath Shah and the sons and grandson of Husain Shah, ^^jUaJUJI ^>jI (jUaJUJt tabes its place. Then follows the JuMs name, Shams-ad-dunya wa-d- din, or Nasir-ad-dunya wa-d-din, or whatever it may be, and then the pseudo-patronymic, which is always ^aJsl^II ^t or jjkla^l ^\, except in the case of MuzafiFer Shah, who adopted the form j.«aJt jjI. The proper name of the king, Muhammad, Mahmudj, etc., follows, and then the titles Shah and AsSultan ; after which, if there is space, especially on the later coins of the series, the names of the father and sometimes the grand- father of the king are inserted. Among exceptional titles may be noted those of Sikandar Shah I,, who appears to have arrogated to himself the style of Imam, in the formula and who also employed the titles ,j.<«.jJI J»j*-( ^ jJbU..^I The warrior on the path of the Compassionate, and j..^UI aX)I ^_j^jJkU)l " ^^t^^^. tpl>"» The Truster in the support of the Compassionate, besides more ordinary formulas. Mah- mud II. has the curious (and not very legible) inscription ^^jU^II^ C-a»sfc.)lj aJJI iiJ,6., Vicegerent of God in deed and 'proof , which apparently is applied to himself. Husain ShAh intro- duced several new titles, JiUI J^l^l ^IkJUl, the Just, Gene- INTEODUCTION. XXXV rous Sulidn, *««' **'j. Ilyds Shah was clearly borrowing a Dehli type when he styled himself ,^lill j ji.0C-,f, T/ie Second Alexander : 'Ali ShSh adopted the form c-jUay ,_^yaa^\ ^J\^Ji\ jjuJw 0-o»»>", Alexander of the World, the distinguished by the grace of the Compassionate. The titles, both when referring to the Khalifah, and when to the Sultan, are commonly followed by the benedictory formula A^Lc aWI jJ.»., or one of its variants. The date formula presents little that is remarkable: it runs:— (iiiJI, ajUJt a.ai)|, A£sjUjj.~* cU-i^^*^! ft*jjJI j,^.i ^y^ ^^lsi\ ?-ij^l ^ a51oX«;j. In 899, under Saif-ad-din Hamzah,the full numerals are abandoned in favour of ciphers, the so-called Arabic numerals, which are henceforward exclusively employed. A peculiar word occurs for the first time on the coinage of Barbak Shah, and is afterwards not infrequently repeated, beneath the obverse area. Dr. Blochmann has read it variously «-!/»■, land-tax, ani 2Li\ja., treasury-\ issue'], hvit there can be little doubt, either on the score of the form of the letters, or of the meaning, that the latter is the correct interpretation. Treasure/ is undoubtedly a new expression on Muhammadan coins, and it is difficult to see why it should be used instead of the name of the city where the coin was struck : for with two doubtful exceptions the word *i\}a- and the name of a mint never occur together on the same coin. Possibly the word may indicate the issue of coins during a campaign, when money was needed, and no mint-city was near at hand. It might perhaps be suggested XXXVl INTRODUCTION. that it represents an attempt to substitute a single metropolitan mint in place of the various local mints ; but this hypothesis is refuted by the fact that Firoz II. and Husain Shah issued coins marked iJlj,i. and also others with mint-names in the same year. There is no indication that the Treasury coins were any better struck or of finer metal or fuller weight than others of the same time ; and in the absence of historical comment the purport of the name must remain problematical.* The attribution of Nos. 153 and 154 to Muhammad Sur may perhaps be disputed. Hitherto these coins have been ascribed to his son Jalal Shah, and the attribution has been supported by the coin engraved in Mr. Thomas's Chronicles, p. 417. Without personally examining the original of that engraving, I am unwilling to accept the reading either of the date or of the Nagarf inscription; and am disposed to regard it as a coin of Muhammad Sur. The British Museum coins have no Nagarl inscription, and the Arabic runs J^^,a,~o |J>JjJI J'^»> O^^ There is a large shaddah (") over >«a>^ which has been sometimes mistaken for (J>j : but a comparison with the shaddah on Muhammad Sur's undoubted issues, and with the ^^l on the immediately succeeding coins of Bahadur Shah, shows unmistakeably that it is a shaddah. There is therefore no ^jj, which would have been necessary if the coin had been struck by Jalal Shah ibn Muhammad Shah Ghazi. Again, Jalal Shah was not called Jalal-ad-din, nor Muhammad; his title was GUyas-ad-din Jalal Shah. On the other hand Badaoni (i. 430) states that Muhammad Sur " made himself king under the title of Jalal-ad-din." Thus far the conclusion is in favour of the attribution to Muhammad. The only difficulty is the occurrence on his other coin, No. 156, of the * The word ^\^j^. , ' FuU-moou shahi,' on coins of Mahmiid III. probably refers to the coins and not to the prince. INTKODUCTION. XXXVU lakab 8/iams-ad-din. It is not, however, impossible that he should have changed his title, or that a coin struck in so remote a region as Arakan should give him an erroneous appellation. The coinage of Bengal, which is of silver, with a few gold pieces, but no copper, is notable for exceedingly careless work- manship. The die engravers not only show their ignorance of Arabic grammar, like the calligraphists who inscribed the mural tablets and friezes of the Bengal monuments; but, unlike these, evince a complete indifference as to the legibility of the inscriptions. The originally careless work is rendered eveu more unsightly and illegible by the addition of numerous counter-stamps and cuts scored across the coins, which, with fatal precision, too often obliterate the date or mint. These grooves have been taken to represent the avaricious tendencies of the money-changers ; but Dr. Blochmann gives their true explanation. " The object of these marks," he writes, " which are common on early Bengal coins, was to depreciate the coins. The real commerce of the country was carried on in cowries, as no copper was issued ; and it suited the bankers and money-changers, when coins bearing the new year were issued, arbitrarily to declare that the coins of the past year, and those of all previous years, were no longer fa^Wa/(jljJ&, from the Arabic iull, all), i.e., all-having, of full value. Hence they disfigured the coins, to the great loss of the public, by small circular stamps, or longitudinal notches, so that it is a wonder that so many coins have come down to us with clear dates. Coins of former years, or coins thus marked with shroffs (uil/«9), were often called sandt, pi. of sanah, a year."* The following extract from Mr. Thomas's Initial Coinage • Journal of the Royal Askiik Society of Bengal, vol. xliv. p. 288. XXXVlll INTRODUCTION. of Bengal, Part I., pp. 10-13; will complete this notice of the Bengal coinage : — " The artistic merits of the produce of the southern [or Bengal] mints, though superior in the early copies to the crude introductory issues of Altamsh, seldom compete with the contemporary design or execution of the Dehli die-cutters, and soon merge into their own provincialisms which are progressively exaggerated in the repetition, until at last, what with the imperfection of the model, the progressive conventionalism of the designers, and the ignorance and crude mechanical imitation of the engravers, their legends become mere semblances of intelligible writing, and, like Persian sJiikastah, easy to read, when one can divine what is intended, but for anything like precision in obscure and nearly obliterated margins, a very untrustworthy basis for the search after exact results. " The different mints each followed its own traditions, and the school of art stood generally at a higher level in the eastern section of the kingdom, especially when Sonargdoa was held by its own independent rulers. The lowest scale of die execution, exemplified in the present series, was reserved for the capital of the united provinces under the kingship of Sikandar, The numismatic innovations of Muhammad ibn Taghlak were felt and copied in the south, especially in the reproduction of the titular legends ; but his own coins, struck at the ' city ' — he would not call it capital— of Lakhnauti, evince the haste and carelessness of a temporary sojourn, and still worse, the hand of a local artist, all of which short- comings may be forgiven to a monarch, who, in his own imperial metropolis, had raised the standard of the beauties of Arabic writing, as applied to coin legends, to a position that it had never before attained, and which later improved appliances have seldom succeeded in equalling. " The Bengal Sultans, mere imitators at first, were original INTKODUCTION. XXXIX in their later developments of coin illumination^ and the issues of the fully independent kings exhibit a commendable variety of patterns in the die devices, damaged and restricted, how- ever, in the general effect by the prevailing coarseness and imperfection of the forms of the letters. Then, again, the tenor of the inscriptions is usually of independent conception, especially in the refusal to adopt the ever-recurring Kalimah, and in the suggestive mutations of titles assigned to the lieu- tenants of the prophet on earth, whose names they did not care to learn* So also was their elaboration of the titular adjuncts of the four [orthodox] Imams uninfluenced by northern formulte ; many of which conventionalisms survived for centuries, till Sher Shah, in the chances of conquest, incor- porated them into the coinage of Hindustan, during the temporary exile of the vanquished Humayun. " The standard of the Bengal coinage was necessarily, like the pieces themselves, a mere imitation of imperial mint quantities, and the early issues will be seen to follow closely upon the proper amount in weight contemplated in the Dehli prototypes : but one of the curious results the Kuch Bihar collective find determines is that, though the first kings on the list clearly put forth money of full measure, their pieces were, in most cases, subjected to a well understood Indian process of boring-out, or reduction to the exact weight to which we must suppose subsequent kings lowered the legal standard of their money, so that, although some of the silver pieces of Kai-Kaus and Firoz have escaped the debaser's eye, and preserve the completeness of their original issue-denomination, the great majority of the older coins have been brought down to the subsequent local standard of 166 grains, at which figure, in Troy grains, the bulk of the hoard ranges, or, in more marked terms, 166 grains is the precise weight of the very latest and best preserved specimens, which must have been consigned to xl IKTRODUCTION. their recent place of concealment when very fresh from mints but little removed from the residence of the accumulator of the treasure, and be held to represent coin which could scarcely, have changed hands. "The intrinsic value of the money of these sovereigns follows next in the order of the inquiry. This department of fiscal administration might naturally have been expected to have been subjected to but limited check or control when regulated by the uncertain processes of oriental metrology; but, in practice, it will be seen that some of the native mint- masters were able to secure a very high standard of purity, and, what is more remarkable, to maintain a singularly uniform scale in the rate of alloy. In the case of theimperial coins subjected, to assay in Calcutta, specimens spreading over, and, in so far, representing a sequent eighty years of the issues of the northern metropolis, vary only to the extent of six grains in the thousand, or 0"6 per cent. As the Dehli coinage proves superior in point of weight to the southern standard, so also does it retain a higher degree of purity : the 990 and 996 of silver to the test total of 1000 grains sinks, in the earliest examples of the Bengal mintages, to 989, from which figure it experiences a temporary rise in possibly exceptional cases, under Bahadur Shah, who may be supposed to have brought down, with his reinstituted honours and the coined treasure so lavishly bestowed upon him by .Muhammed ibn Taghlak on his restoration to the government of Sonargaon, certain implied responsibilities for the equity and fullness of his currency ; while in the subsequent irregularly descending scale, A'zam Shah's ofiicials arrived at the most unblushino- effort of debasement, in the reduction of silver to 962 o-rains. Among other unexpected items, for which the aid of modern science may be credited, is the support which the intrinsic contfents of the erroneously-classed coins of 'Adil Shah, under INTRODfCTIOU. Xli native interpretation, led to the correctness of the revised attribution of the piecea then^selves suggested by the critical terms of their own legends, in thp nqanifest identity of their assay touch with the assopiate coiiis of the Jqwer pmp}re of India." Mr. Thomas adds the following table qf fvssays :-s Shams>ad-din Ffros!, 989 silver in the IQOQ. Bahddur Sheth . . , 988 and 893, Mubarak Shdh , , . 98?. Ilyas Sh4h . . , . , 989, 982, 988. A'zam Sh&h , . . . 981, 989, 962, 97?, 98^, In concluding the Bengal section of the Introdqctjon i^ may be remarked that the British Museum series is unugually complete. Of thirty-^one independent lyings only njne a:pe un- represented, and the collective reigns qf eight of tl^e^e only amount to twenty years out of a tot^l dynastic uule of two hundred and forty »five years, The ninth is Mahmud I., whose reign of eighteen years is the only large lacuna in the series. Appended are genealogical trees of the various Bengal Houses, xlii INTEODUCTION. GENEALOGICAL TREES OP THE GOVERNORS AND KINGS OF BENGAL. I. HOUSE OF BALE AN. Muhammad Kai- Khusru Mu'izz-ad-din Kai-Kubad (ofDehli) 20. Shihdb- ad-diii Bughra Shah (of West Bengal) Sultdn Balban {of DeJdi) 17. Nasir-ad-din Bughra Khan 18. Eukn-ad-din Kai-Kaus 19. Shams-ad-din Firoz ShSh 22. Nasir- 21. Ghiyas- Kutlii ad-diu ad-diQ Khdu {of Lalchnauti) Bahadur Shdh {King of East Bengal, and afterwards all Bengal) Muhammad. Hatim Khan {of Bihar) INTRODUCTION. sliii II. HOUSE OF ILYAS SHAH. 29. 8hams-ad-din Ilyas Shdh I 30. Sikandar Shdh I. 31. Ghi'yds-ad-din A'zam Shah 32. Saif-ad-din Hamzah Shah I 33. Shams-ad'-din 37. Nasir-ad-din Mahmud Shah I. I 38. Eukn-ad-din B£rhak Shih 41. JalAl-ad-din Path Shah 39. Sliams-ad-din Yusuf Shah 44. Nasir-ad-din Mahmud Shah U. 40. Sikandar Shah II. Ml. HOUSE OF RAJAH KANS. S4jah E4ns H 35. Jalal-ad-din Muhammad Shah 34. BayazidShah | 36. Shams-ad-din Ahmad Shah xliv INTRODtlCTlOIj; tV. HOUSE OF HUSAIN SHAH. Sayyid Ashraf Al-Husainii 46. 'Ala-ad-diii Husain SMh. Daniyai 47. Nasir^ad-dia 49. Ghiyds-ad-din [invades Assam, Nasrat Shah Mahmud Shah III. A.H. 904, and dies] | | 4§. 'Ala-ad-dln Two sons Krog Shah (killed by Jaldl Shah). V. HOUSE OF MUHAMMAD SUR. 50. Sharas'ad-din Muhammad Sur Ghazi Shdh 51. Bahadur Shah Khizr 52. Ghiyas-ad^din Jaldl Shah I 53> Son. VI. HOUSE OF SULAIMAN KARARANf. 54. Sulaiman Kardrdni 55. Bdyazid Shdh 56. Ddiid Shah. INTEODUCTION. xlv II. SIND. The coins 6f three governors of Sind are included in this volume. Nasir-ad-dia Kubachah was appointed to the government of tJchh by Muhammad ibn SAm in a.h. 600, and took possession of the eoUntry from Multan and Sirsuti to the seaj and presently proclaimed himself independent. Seven Ranas in Sind Were tributary to Multduj and paid homage to Kubachah j but the extent of his territory varied at different epochs of his reign. He was defeated by Yildiz in 613, and again by Uzbeg Pai, the general of Jalal-ad-df n Mankbarnin, in 618 ; and, after £lttacks from the Mughals and the Khaljis in 621 and 623, he was at last besieged in Bhakar by Altamsh, and drowned himself on the capture of that fort dnd of Uchh in A.H. 625i* Kub^chah's coins closely resemble the DehliwSIs of the period. They are of billonj and the proportions of silver and copper vary greatly in different e±amples. Dehliwd,lS seem to have been the only coins issued by Kubachah, and that they were coined in large quantities is evident from thd statement that his son 'Ala-ad-din Muhammad presented Altamsh with ten million Dehliwals, and thelt Kub^chah's treasury when examined by his victor was reported to contain no fewer than fifty millions, or five hundred laks, of thesS coins.f Saif ad-din Al-Hasan Karlagh^ or Karlugh, the next in- dependent governor of Sind after the death of Kubachah, was * See Elliot's History oflndid, as told by its own Historians; ii., p. 155, &o. j and E.Thomas, Chronicles of the Patlian Kings ofDeliH, p. 99, £f. + E. Thomas, Chronicles, pp. 101, 102, where some interesting remarks will be found on the paleeographioal peculiarities of Kubaohah's coins, connecting them -with the -writings of Sind and the Lower Panjab, and showing a marked difference from the character of the inscriptions of Dehli and Ajmir, xlvi INTRODTJCTIONi one of the generals of Jal^l-ad-din Mankbarnin, and was appointed viceroy of Gh6r and Ghazni when his master set forth in 620 on his westward march into Persia. For some time Karlagh withstood the inroads of the advancing Mughals whom Jenghiz Khan and his sons were then leading to their career of universal conquest, but in a.h. 636 he was forced to retreat into India. He had established himself in some parts of Sind, when he was slain at the siege ot Multaa in the same year. His son Nasir-ad^din Muhammad succeeded to his father's dominions, and was still reigning when Hulagu's ambassadors arrived in Sind in A.H. 658; but how much longer he survived is uncertain.* The British Museum preserves a fine series of Karlagh's silver coins, from the India Office Collection. f These pieces resemble in appearance and weight the new Tankah coinage of Dehli, and bear dates a.h. 633, 634, and 636(?), which confirm the notices of the historians collected by Mr. Thomas in his OAronicles. None of them presents a mint, and it has therefore been suggested with probability that they were camp-issues» The copper or rather billon coins of this ruler are not at present found in the collection, but those that Mr. Thomas has published (No. 80, 81, 82, Chronicles) are of the ordinary Dehliwal stamp, with the Horseman, or Bull and Horseman, and the Nagari' inscription Sri Hamirah, or the name, Sri Hasan Karla. Of his son Muhammad, however, there are eight specimens of the billon coinage (here headed "Copper" for convenience of classification), some of which present the name of the striker in the Nagari form Sri Mukamad Karalui, with a horse (not horseman) on the obverse. These coins are not included in the notices which * Tabahdt-i-Ndsiri, pp. 316—321 j E. Thomas, CKronides, pp. 92—99. t Coins from this ooUootion, now transferred to tho British Museum, are distinguished in this and the other volumes of tho Catalogue by the letters I.O.C. INTRODUCTION. xlvii Mr. Thomas has devoted to the alien contemporaries of Altamsh. III. KASHMIR. The coins of Kashmir are of silver and copper. The silver coins are square in shape, with an average weight of 94 grs., and a breadth of from '6 to '65 in. The obverse presents the inscription j^^A^ *ri/'^> enclosed within a lozenge-shaped border of wavy lines, and the date (written in full and preceded by the words jy^ ^) is inscribed in the segments outside the lozenge. The reverse contains the name of the king, with usually the title ^Jie'i)! ij^JaXJ\, and sometimes the date beneath in ciphers. The copper issues are round, thin, of the average diameter of '8 in., and with much obliterated inscriptions. A characteristic of the copper is the line across the middle of the coin, with the loop or knot of arabesque design in its midst. The forty-two Kashmir coins, of which half are silver, in the British Museum form an important contribution to the obscure chro- nology of the dynasty of Shams Shah Mir. The chrono- logical list of kings given on page 68 is taken from General (then Lieutenant) Cunningham's valuable paper in the Numismatic Chronicle, 1st series, vol. vi., which is based on the authority of the Bajah Tarangiri ; but one or two modifications have been introduced on the warrant of the coins. It must be stated, however, that this list agrees in very few points with the chronology of other histories of Kashmir, such as the Waki'at-i-Kashmir of Muhammad A'zam, the Navadir Al-Akhbar of Rafi'- ad-din Ahmad, and the Namah-i-Shahan-i-Kashmir, &c,, of which there are copies in the Department of Oriental MSS, in the British Museum. The dates of these authorities differ xlviii INTEODTJCTION. very seriously not only from those of General Cunningham'is list, but also from one another. In the presence of such divergences among the historians, the testimony of the coins becomes especially valuable, and until a large number of coin- dates has been collected any attempt at a definitive dynastic table must be unsatisfactory. So far as it relates to the coins here published. General Cunningham's list seems to be the most accurate of those that have been consulted ; indeed the coins repeatedly confute the statements of the manuscript histories referred to above. But in several important parti- culars General Cunningham's list fails to elucidate the coinage. For instance, the Sultan Mahmiid, whose name appears upon a Kashmir coin of. 961, is not represented. General Cunningham mentions Humayun's governor, Haidar Doghlat, but does not explain how he retained the alle- giance of Kashmir at a time when Humayun was in retreat. The single coin in the national collection bearing the name of Jlumdydn has the date 953 A.H., which would seem to show that Kashmir paid him homa,ge upon his conquest of Kabul in 4..H. 952 (a.d. 1545). The later history of the kings of Kashmir is wrapped in obscurity. The Namah-i-Sb^hdn-i- • Kashmir gives the names of 'Ali Shah, Mubarak Shdh, Yusuf Sh4;h, and Ya'kub Shah, between the years 986 and 994 — the last being the date (according to this authority) of Akbar's an- nexation of Kashmir. 'All Shah, stated there to have reigned during the year 986, may be the Muhammad 'Ali of the coin, but the coinrdate is 980. The Waki'^t-i-Kashmir inserts a Shams-ad-dIn between Muhammad and Isma'il, in 944 ; places IbrShIm after Isma'il and before Ndzak; omits all reference to Habib and Husain ; and introduces a Ghazi Shah and 'Ali Shah in 962 and 968, before Yiisuf. These examples of the bewildering uncertainty of the chronology and succession are enough to show that any final list of the INTRODUCTION. xlix kings of Kashmir is unattainable until the numismatie evidence is more complete. Meanwhile General Cunning- ham's table may be adopted as a temporary guide, although it is manifestly imperfect. With regard to the Nazak Shah of the historians, it must be noticed that on the two coins, Nos, 206, 207, in the National Collection, the name closely resembles Nadir Shdh, but no such king ajjpears in the dynastic lists. IV, JAUNPtJR. The chronology of the " Kings of the East," or Mulu/i-t- Sharh, of Jaunpur, is fortunately established for the greater part of their rule by the coins, which in this instance are almost in complete accordance with the historians. No coins have yet been discovered of the first two sovereigns, but from the accession of Ibrahim Sharki, in 803 (as a coin in the British Museum proves, not 804, as the histories state), to the end of the dynasty the numismatic evidence is abundant. The coin-dates of Ibrahim in the National Collection include, besides the important year 803, a fairly representative series from 819 to 843; and other published coins, of which a summary may be read in Mr. Thomas's Chronicles* fill up some of the gaps, and add the last year of the reign, 844. Of Mahmiid Shah, the coins in the present Catalogue supply the dates of every year of the reign, save two, and one of these two is found in the Chronicles and Marsden's Numismata Orientalia. Mr. Thomas states, on the authority of General Cunningham, that coins of Mahmud are extant in continuous series from 844 to 863, and that during the * pp. 321, 322. 1 INTKODTJCTION. eoncluSing three years of his reign he associated his eldest son Muhammad in the sovereignty. We should expect^ therefore, to find the names of both father and son on the coins ; but on the British Museum examples, and those collected in Mr. Thomas's Chronicles, the dates of Mahmiid end at a.h. 861, and the three years 861-863 are , occupied by coins of Muhammad with no mention of his father. An inscription at Dhaka,* however, bears the name of Mahmiid, with the date 863, in confirmation of General Cunningham's state- ment j and we must conclude, therefore, that Mahmiid per- mitted his son to issue coins on his sole responsibility while he himself was still reigning. Muhammad's brief reign is fully established by his coins, and his brother Husain Shah's coin-dates begin with his year of accession, 863, and run on with slight breaks to 889 ; then begin again in 896, and continue to the year 909. Husain Shah, accord- ing to the testimony of some histories, was conquered by Sikandar ibn Buhlol of Delhi in 881, fled to Bengal, and died there in 905 ; according to others, Buhlol himself con- quered Jaunpur in 879.t Barbak Shah, son of Buhlol, was then appointed to rule the Jaunpur kingdom, in face of numerous insurrections, until 899. Coins of Barbak of 892 and 898 are published in this volume. The post- regnal, and posthumous, coins bearing the name of Husain must have been issued by the deposed monarch's partisans during their many rebellions against Barbak and the Dehli lordship. The coinage of Jaunpur is chiefly in copper, or billon. There are a few gold coins of the Tankah weight and style, or some- times heavier, but no silver. The copper or billon coins resemble the thick heavy pieces of Buhlol and Sher Shah of Dehli, but, * H. Bloclimann, in Journal of Bengal Asiatio Sociay, vol. xlii., pp. 107-8. t Ni'mat-Allah places Husaln's flight in the year 893. Elliot, vol. v., p. 96. INTRODUCTION. like the gold, are of unusually good weight. Mr. Thomas gives the following table* of assays of Jaunpur billon coins : — No. melted. Ibrahim, 10 Mean weight. Grs. 140-2 Maximum ■Vfeight. Gra. 145 Total silver. Grs. 130 Average silver. Grs. 13-0 Mahmfid, 9 142-66 113 11-3 Husain (a) 4 149-0 152 13-5 ^■* -^ Average 3-125 C in the (b) 96 2990 (c) 10 35-0 C no. 3-5 } 3-34 grs. The copper coinage of Jaunpur was struck in three sizes the particulars of which will be found described in a foot-note to p. 89. There is little that calls for notice in the inscriptions of the Jaunpur mintage. The formulas of both gold and copper are of the common Dehli type, with the usual reference to the Khalifah on the obverse, and the Sultan's name, followed by the epithet j^jiUaLj, Sultdni, on the reverse of the copper, and similar but more expanded titles on the gold. The grammatical mistake of using the feminine verb and pronoun »JkA c-jj^-* with the masculine noun jUji on the gold coins may be noticed. The date is expressed in ciphers on the copper, and in words on the gold. Only one coin of the regular series presents a mint, — no. 264, which has Jamijpur be- neath the reverse inscription. The three coins of Barbak ibn Buhldl, however, all give mints — one showing unmistakeably Jaunpur, and the other two showing the letters j5*>, which may stand for Bitur, or more probably be the end of Jaunpur, of which the first two letters may be obliterated. Bitur or Bhitor, if that be the correct reading, is near Cawnpur. The absence of mints is much to be regretted, for the dominions of the * Mr. Thomas's comments on the variations exhibited in this table should be consulted. Chronicles, pp, 323, 324. lii INTRODUCTION. Jaunpur sovereigns varied considerably in extent at different periods, and at the epoch of their first and greatest prosperity included BihSr, Kanauj, Oudh, Karrah, Dalamau, Sandela, and Bahraich. The names of these cities and provinces on the coinage would have possessed high geographical importance. The following genealogical tree of the Shark! Kings of Jaunpur completes this section. GENEALOGICAL TREE OF THE SHARKI KINGS OF JAUNPUR. I. Khwdjah-i-Jahan II. Mubarak Shah III. Ibrahim Shah IV. . Mahmud Shah V. Muhammad Shah. VI. Husain Shah. V. MA.LWAH. Malwah was among the old kingdoms of India that longest withstood the Muhammadan invasion. It had boasted one of the most illustrious of the ancient Hindu dynasties, who made their capital, Ujain, a seat of learning and science. Three hun- dred years of contest were needed to subdue the kingdom, and it was only under Sultan Balban of Dehli that the Muslims at length obtained possession of this fertile territory. The natural boundaries of Malwah were the Nerbudda on the south. INTRODUCTION. liii the Chambal on the north, "and Gujarat and Bandalkhaind on the west and east. Under Muhammad Khalji, however, the sway of the king of Malwah was even more extended, and included Hushang^bad and Kirlah; his son Mahmud con- quered Ajmir, Rantambhor, and Elichpur; and tribute was sometimes exacted from Chitor. The coins unfortunately throw no additional light on the geographical limits of the kingdom at different epochs ; the only mint that occurs on them is Dar-al-Mulk Shadiabad, the later name of Mandu^ which was the capital of the Muslim kings. An obscure word on No. 365 may be a mint, but without a second specimen it is impossible to determine what city it represents. The dynastic list of the kings of Malwah divides into two distinct houses. The first was founded by the governor appointed by the Court of Dehli, Dilawar Kh£n Ghori, and consisted of himself, his son Hushang, and grandson Muhammad. Of these three Sultans, Hushang alone is known to have struck coins, and these are too often undated. The second house of Malwah was established by Mahmud Khalji, the vizir of Muhammad, and consisted of four sovereigns, whose reigns are fairly marked out by their coins. Mr. Thomas has published a list of General Cunningham's Mdlwah coins,* and these, with the British Museum examples, give the following dates of the Khalji kings, in confirmation of the historical notices :-^ Historical Reign. 839—880. Mahmud Shdh I, Khalji. 84-5, 847, 848, 850, 85], 854,856,857,870,873. 880—906. Ghiyds Sh£h. 880, 881, 883, 884, 887, 890, 894, 895, 896, 898, 899, 902—905. 906—916. Neisir Sh£h. 906—912, 914, 915. 916-937. Mahmud II. 917, 918, 921—924, 926—931. * Chronicles, pp. 348, 349. liv INTRODUCTION. The coin-dates do bot run as late as the annexation of M^lwah by Bahadur Sh&h of Gujarat in 937, but that event is clearly established by tbe historians. The date of the sub- mission of the usurper Baz Bahadur, after a reign of sixteen years, to Akbar, however, is disputed. The TabakSt-i- Akbari is followed in the list on page 114, but Ferishtah gives 978, and other authorities 976. Thus it appears that the coins support the historical account so far as they go, but do not add any fresh data. They give no indication, for example, of the confusion that ensued on the deposition, shortly after his accession, of Hiishang by Muzaffar Shdh of Gujarat when Nasrat Kh£n, brother of Muzaffar, was placed on the throne of Malwah, only to abandon it immediately; and the MSlwah nobles set up Musd Khan until Hushang was restored. No record of these rulers, Nasrat and Musa, is found on the coinage, which is extremely scanty during the earlier part of the dynasty. The coinage of Malwah is of gold, silver, and copper. The gold is square, well engraved, of two sizes, with an average weight of 1.68-5 grs., and width of -775 in. One specimen weighs 207 grs., and has the width of "9 in. The silver is struck in three square sizes, like the copper of Jaun- piir, and the sizes (as represented in the British Museum, where only silver of Ghiyas Shah is found) are 7 or -75, -65, and -55, with the respective weights of 84, 77 and 43 grs. The copper, or billon, (for it is issued in one metal or mixed,) is round at first, and then adopts the characteristic Malwah square shape, though the round continues to be issued side by side with the favourite form. The three sizes which are noticed in the case of Jauhpur are also to be distinguished in the Malwah copper, and average '7 or -76, '6 or 65, and -55 ; but the second and third sizes often approach one another in diameter and are chiefly distinguished by the difference in INTRODUCTION. Iv thickness. The metrological system indicated by the weights of these various pieces will be considered in connection with the other minor dynastic coinages of India further on. The inscriptions of the kings of Malwah are at first somewhat irregular, but under Ghiyds Shah the copper issues acquire the formulas which henceforth characterise the coinage: on the obverse ^^^kUI ^ cJ^aXJS, with the date in ciphers ; on the reverse, the Sultan's name with the epithet Al-Khalji, and his parentage, e. g. «U, 3>o*-<> O^ ,^s>-AaJI «U, ^jU. On the gold pieces, several titles new to Indian numismatics are introduced, such as ^aJJlJI .iUJU JjI^I, The Truster in tie King, Protector; ^_^Cj,«)l j^^-aJL) JJl^l, The Truster in the Eternal, the Supporter ; and the early copper has the form Mjf^^ >o*^s>^' i^UaX-JI, The clement, the generous Sultan. It should be noticed that the date, always in ciphers, is. on the obverse of the copper, but on the reverse of the gold and silver. A remarkable feature of the coins of Malwah is the ornamen- tation. All the later coins, with very few exceptions, have some ornament, a star, a swastika, or some arabesque interlacement which probably represents an early symbol. The most notable example of the survival of an ancient symbol, besides the swastika, is the ornament ^ which occurs on many of the coins of Mahmud II., and closely resembles the magical symbol engraved by Mr. Thomas in his Indian Weights.^ * fnternationoil Num'umciia Orientalia, Part I., Plate, No. 16.' Ivi INTKODUCTIOir. GENEALOGICAL TREES OF THE KINGS OF MALWAH. A. GHORIS. I. Dildwar KhAn Ghori II. Hushang (Alp Khan) \ I I III. Muhammad (Ghazni Khan). 'ZTsmdn. B. KHALJIS. IV. Mahmudi. Khalji V. Ghiyds Shah VI. Nasir Shah 'Ald-ad-ddn. I I i ShiMh-ad-din. VII. Mahmud ii. INTEODUCTION. Ivii VI. GUJARAT. Gujarat owed its long immunity from Mubammadan sub- jection to its inaccessible position, wbich rendered it difficult to invade except by sea. It was not until tbe time of the celebrated 'AM-ad-din Muhammad of Dehll, in the beginning of the 14th century of our era, that Gujarat became a Muhammadan province. At the end of the same century it acquired its independence again, but its rulers were now Muslims instead of Hindus. Zafar Khan was appointed to the government of Gujarat in a.h. 794, when there were fears of a Rajput occupation ; and after establishing his authority over the province, he, like other Muhammadan viceroys of the period, assumed independence in 799 at his capital Anhalwara. His son Ahmad founded the new capital of Ahmadabad, and extended the dominion of Gujarat, (which at first consisted of but a narrow strip of the plain between the hills and the sea, hemmed in by the Rajahs of Sirohi, Jhalor, Idar, and the mountain tribes of Bhils and Kulis,) over Kattiwar, which had before been held in very nominal subjection, and the Hindu tribes of which peninsula may have paid tribute, but rendered little obedience. Mahmud I. reduced the Rajputs, and carried his arms into Kachh (Cutch) and Sind, reduced Ghampanir, and engaged the Portuguese fleet under Almeida. The kingdom of Gujarat retained its power and prosperity until the invasion of the Mughals under Babar, and did not submit to Akbar until the year 980. Between the first irruption of the Mughals, however, and the final annexation of the kiiigdom by Akbar a long period of confusion occurred in which at one time a neighbouring prince of Kandaish, Miran Muhammad, a kinsman of the Gujarat family, was set on the throne for a few months in 943-944. h Iviii INTEODUCTION. It was probably during a second time of confusion tbat the Sultan Muhammad, whose coins are described on page 141, asserted his pretensions to the crown, and issued his numismatic proofs in 963. There is no historical confirmation of this pretender's existence, but the style of his coins is similar to that of Gujarat, and there is no a priori improbability in his having temporarily usurped the throne. The coins map out the chronology of the dynasty only with respect to a few of the kings. Of Ahmad Shah I., who is recorded to have reigned from 814 to 846, coins in the British Museum and in the collections examined by Mr. Thomas present the dates, 828, 830, 831, 837, 839, 840, 842—846. Of the next king, Muhammad Karim Shah, the two specimens in the British Museum have unfortunately no date, but Mr. Thomas records the years 849, 850, and a doubtful 856^ which would carry his reign one year further than the 855 stated by the historians. The next two sovereigns, Kutb-ad-din and Daud Shah only ruled eight years together, and of these no coin-evidence is at present forthcoming. The sixth king, Mahmud Baikarah, the most famous of the line, is, however, well represented on the coins. His reign lasted from a.h. 863 to 917, and the coins give the years 869, 870, 886—888, 891, 893, 900, 903, 909, 911, 914, 917. Of Mahmiid's successor, Muzaffar II. (917— 932), we have the coin-dates 920, 922—924, 928,929. Sikandar and Nasir Khan then succeed and disappear within the year, leaving so far as is known no numismatic records of their ephemeral sway j and then Bahadur Shah, the conqueror of Malwah, occupies the throne for eleven years, (932 — 943,) during which the only coin-dates published are 937, 938, 940. Miran Muhammad Shah Faruki held the government only for a few months, and of him no coins appear in the collection or in Mr. Thomas's list. Mahmud III. (944—961) has coins of 946, 947, 949, 950, 956, 960, 961; INTEOD0CTION. lix Ahmad Shdh II. (961—969) has the coin-dates 961, 968 j and Muzaffar III. (968-980) has 969, 971, 977—980. With one exception^ the coinage of Gujarat, unlike that of Malwah, is round in shape. It consists of gold, silver, and copper, but as is usual with the lesser dynasties of India, and also with the later sovereigns of Dehli, the copper or Lillon money formed the staple of the currency. The gold coinage has an average diameter of '75, and weight 179 grs. ; the silver, which is rare, a diameter of "7, and weight 112 ; and the copper is coined in three sizes, like the copper of Jaunpur and Mdlwah, of the respective diameters "75, "65, "5. The inscriptions of the copper are extremely modest. On the obverse is the Sultan's lakab or julus name, such as Nasir- ad-dunya-wa-d-din, with sometimes^iac';^! ^;,UaLJI prefixed, and with the date in ciphers beneath ; and on the reverse is the Sultan's proper name, e.g. Ahmad, in the form (jliaX-.)! »li ji«».l, occasionally with his father's name added, or the benedictory formula aULo aU\ jiX».. The gold coinage presents the forms i>«»-jJI <>ti^ >^s^^. The supported hy the aid of the Compassionate, and o^' ^^ \Si\^\, The Truster in God the Gracious, on the obverse, and the Sultan's julus name; while the reverse contains his proper name with his father's, and titles, thus olw «-%jJaJ ^j^ o\i, i^^r^^ ^;)UxUJI. The silver coins follow the style of the gold. The Persian inscriptions of Nos. 416, 417 and 446 should be noticed. The first two have the following distich (read by Dr, Eieu) : No. 448 presents the only mint in the series (except the Muhammadabad mentioned by Mr. Thomas), if the reading Mustafabad be correct. Mustafabad was built by Mahmud Baikarah after his final reduction of the fortress of Girnar Ix INTRODUCTION. or Junagarh, in the peninsula of Kattiwar, and was the favourite residence of this king. It is known that Muzaffar Shah III., who struck the coin No. 448, took refuge, after his final overthrow, with Rajah Rai Singh of Kattiwar. The coin was evidently issued during an earlier residence with the Rajah. Muzaffar III. seems to have been held in high esteem in Kattiwar ; for the prin"ces of Bhuj in Kachh retained his name in Arabic on their coins in combination with their own Nagari inscriptions, for centuries after his death. INTRODUCTION. 1X1 < O LL O (0 o z lU I I- li. o UJ UJ q: < O o o -J < UJ z UJ o B e c M (4 03 13,. s - ca cs T3 _ sJ ■ •* ^I3 -a ca 05 T3 S 02 Ixii INTRODUCTION. VII. THE DEKHAN. BAHMANfs, KINGS OF KULBARGA. The Dekhan first felt the touch of Muhammadan conquest in A.D. 1294, when 'Ala-ad-din Muhammad, of Dehli, seized Deogir and Elichpur, These acquisitions were shortly after- wards increased by Juna Khan, better known as Muhammad ibn Taghlak, who invaded Telingana in 1322, and was so much enamoured of his Dekhan possessions, that when he became Sultan in the room of his father Taghlak Shah, he selected Deogir, or as he re-named it Daulatabad, for his capital, and even attempted to transfer the population of Dehli to the new metropolis. Soon he changed his mind, and returned to Dehli, finding the position of Deogfr incon- venient for the suppression of various rebellions, which were encouraged by his southerly movement ; and on his return he endeavoured to re-transplant the inhabitants, with the result that the majority died on the journey. The Dekhan was among the provinces of Muhammad ibn Taghlak's empire that seized the opportunity of his weakness to throw ofi" a yoke, that in this instance had but lately been imposed. Most of these risings were temporarily repressed, only to claim a complete independence from the feeble rule of Muhammad ibn Taghlak's successors forty years later; but the Dekhan succeeded in maintaining the independence which it asserted in the close of the great Sultan's reign. From 1347, for nearly two centuries, the Bahmani kings of Kulbarga held sway over the northern half of the Dekhan. The founder of the dynasty was Hasan Gangii, a servant in the employ of a Brahmin of Dehli.* * The history of the Bahmanis has been succinctly related by Mr. James Gibba, in a paper on " Gold and Silver Coins of the BahmanI Dynasty " published in the Numisimtic Chronicle, 3rd series, yol. i,, pp. 91 — 115. INTRODUCTION. Ixiii His successful career opened with a numismatic discovery. His honesty in delivering to his master a pot of coins, which he had ploughed up in a field, was the origin of his fortunes. He entered the service of the Sultan of Dehli^ rose to high honour, and received the title of Zafar Khan. His allegiance to Muhammad ibn Taghlak was not, however, deep- rooted, for when the rebellion in the Dekhan gained ground, and the Sultan was called away to suppress a rising in Gujarat, Zafar Kh^n placed himself at the head of the southern insurgents, and defeated the royal troops, who immediately retired from the country. Hasan Gangu thereupon ascended the throne of the Dekhan under the style of 'Ald-ad-din Hasan G^ngu Bahmani. His dominions marched on the north with Berar, on the east with Telingana, and on the south and west the boundary was drawn by the river Kistna and the sea. They included the greater part of the present Bombay Presidency, south of Surat, and most of the Nizam's dominions. Besides the territory actually under his rule, he exacted submission in a greater or less degree from the neighbouring Rajahs of Warangol (Telingana) and Bijanagar, with whom he and his successors were continually at war, and from whom the Bahmanis at various epochs drew tribute. The reign of the tenth Sultan, 'Ala-ad-din Ahmad II., was marked by a further extension of the Bahmani dominions. Kankan was reduced, and the kings of Kandaish and Gujarat defeated. Muhammad Shah II. in 147 1 carried his arms into Orisa and captured Conjevoram, and on the south made war upon the Rdjah of Belgaon; and the Bahmani territory now reached from sea to sea, and included practically the whole of the Dekhan north of Mysore. This was, however, the last successful appearance of the Bahmanis in the field of conquest. The state was now Ixiv INTRODUCTION. re-divided, and instead of the four provinces of Muhammad Shdh I. — Kulbarga, Daulatabad, Telingana, and Berar — the new districts of Bijapiir and Ahsanabad, Daulatabad and Junair, Rajamundri and Warangol, Gawel and Mahiir, were instituted. This partition of the kingdom bore the usual fruit of disintegration, and the separate provinces gradually became independent. "Yusuf 'Adil Khan, who had com- manded with great success for Muhammad Shah II., declared the independence of Bajapur, and Nizam-al-Mulk plotted with his son Malik Ahmad a rebellion in Junair. The death, by the hand of an asssasin, of Nizam-al-Mulk frustrated his designs, but his son shortly afterwards carried [them] out, and Junair threw off the yoke of the Bahmani House. In Berdr also 'Imad-al-Mulk was proclaimed king. Thus were lost to the successors of Hasan Gangu the finest provinces in the north, west, and south-west ; and only the districts round the capital, with Telingana, remained ; but Telingana soon followed the example of the other dependencies and declared itself free in 1512." * Thus from the breaking up of the Bahmani kingdom rose the five dynasties of the Dekhan : — the 'Adil-Shdhis of Bijapiir, the Nizam-Shahis of Junair and Ahmadnagar, the Isma'il- Shahis of Elichpur, the Kutb-Shahis of Golconda, and (taking their origin from Barid, the minister of Mahmud II. Bah- mani) the Barid-Shahis of Bidar. The Bahmani coinage consists of gold, silver, and copper. The National Collection does not possess any examples of the gold currency, but specimens are described and photographed in Mr. Gibbs' paper in the Numismatic Chronicle, already referred to, which is the first detailed account of the Bahmani gold and siver coinage. The silver, of which the Museum • J. Gibbs, NumUmatic Chronicle, 3rd series, vol. 1, pp. 101, 102. INTRODUCTION. IxV contains various specimens, resembles the large tankas of Bengal. The copper is of three sizes, the largest being of remarkably heavy weight. All the Bahmani coins are round. The gold (according to Mr. Gibbs' paper) and the silver seem to have originally weighed about 170 grs., but many examples fa^ as low as 164 grs., and on the other hand one gold coin weighs as much as 195 grs. The copper falls into three series, — the largest, with a diameter of "85, weighs from 230 to 250 grs.; the next, diameter "75, from 121 to 163 grs., varying in different epochs; and the third, with a diameter of "65, weighs from 76 to 80 grs. See the table on page Ixix. The silver coins bear usually the mint AhsanSbad, the new name of Kulbarga, but the copper are mintless. Histori- cally the coins — especially the fine series belonging to Mr. Gibbs — confirm the dates of the annalists very satisfactorily, though more dated specimens are required to establish the en- tire chronology. The inscriptions present several peculiarities. Various new titles of a religious character are introduced on the obverse, such as i>*ov'l «*!ri^ j>il^t ^J^Pb •***" O^^-'t Sultan of the epoch and the age, the truster in the assistance of the Compassionate; ^_5-^v•* Ol^j ,^^!jj The hoper for protecting favour; O*^' aAII j.«ai; j3,^l«)t or ju^l. The victorious or the aided by the help of God ; «-9i>J' ^oJ>^'>c*^=^" j^io^j^^l ^iai\ aXJI iUft 1.^, The gracious, the generous, the benevolent to the servants of God, the Rich, the Protector ; ^>o.».jJ( J-JU. ,^^*«. o^l )l, The truster in the help of God the King ; ^^ L?>*", or ls^' '^^ ^ J^>^Jt, The confider in God, the Rich, or the Powerful j besides the form ^>*io^t j-*t «i.5U, common on Dehli coins. The reverse bears the name and lakab of the Sultan, Ixvi INTKODUCTION. with the pseudo-patronymic jAk<>)l^jl or ^^j^i»JI >^t, andthe titles «tA and sj\iaX^, generally ending with the epithet ^iov^ or (^jiovfJI . The father's name is sometimes added ^ and Ahmad II. and Humayiin styled themselves ^^^^ , the Saint. GENEALOGICAL TREE OF THE BAHMANI KINGS. 1. Hasan Gdngu _| 1 ' i I 2. Muhammad i. 4. Ddud 5. Mahmud i. 3. Mnjahid. 8. Firdz. 9. Ahmad i. 6. Ghiyas- 7. Shams- ad-din. ad-din. 10. 'Ala-ad-din Ahmad ii. Muhammad. I 11. Humayun 12. Nizam. 13. Muhammad ir. 14. Mahmdd ii. i I ^1 I 15. Ahmad m. 16. 'Ala-ad-din. 17. Wali-AUah. 18. Kalim-AUah. rNTEODUCTiON. Ixvii VIII. LOCAL ISSUES. An eighth section of this volume is occupied by local quasi- autonomous issues. These are copper pieces bearing dates which connect them with Babar's invasion, and they were doubtless issued with his and Humayun's sanction, as they disappear with the triumph of Sher Shah in 945. Their weight is about 140 grs., diameter "7 in. ; and the inscriptions are very brief: — on the obv. ii-i i-JjU (^jS, and the date in ciphers ; on the rev. the name of the city, qualified by some prefix. Agrah is styled wJ>.iJI jlj, aJll and AxiS, Si'i^siJI jlj ; Jaunpur is iki. " district," and wJj-a)ljb; Lahore, . II.) 162, 158, 163. 79. Humayun . iLarge] 242, 244. Muhammad ii. ILarge] 230, 233, 245. Mahmdd ii. 135, 140, 131. IxX- INTRODUCTION. The Table of Indian Muhammadan dynasties is intended to give an outline of the chief changes that took place in the government of the Indian provinces between the time of Muhammad ibn Sam and the conquest of Akbar. It is of course incomplete, for we possess very partial knowledge of the numerous independent rulers who held single cities or districts, but did not succeed in founding a dynasty j and it also sets on one side the Hindu dynasties, who even when they submitted to the power of Dehli or Gujarat or the Bahmanis, still retained a considerable degree of independence and authority. As a sketch of the relative positions of the Muhammadan states, however, it will be found of some service to the student. In the Plates, the difficult and often obscure coinage of Bengal has been very fully illustrated. The copper issues of Gujarat and the Bahmanis, being of a semi-effaced character, which is with difficulty reproduced by photography, have been more scantily represented than might be wished, but the miscellaneous coins included in the Appendix have been amply illustrated, in the hope that further light may be thrown upon them by the researches of other students of Indian history. In conclusion, I must express my thanks to Mr. Thomas for his kind advice, and the loan of his annotated copy of the Chronicles of the Pathan Kings of Dehli ; and to the Keeper of Coins, who has referred in some cases to the authority of Professor Rieu, I am indebted for much assistance in the Persian matters presented by the coins. STANLEY LANE-P00L15. Richmond, March 13, 1885. SiarJir-d^ G^og'- Xatab* SCHEME OF THE MUHAMMADAN DYNASTIES OF INDIA: TO AKBAR, A.H. 1000. KASHMIR. GUJARAT. MALWAH. 600 700 ' 735 736 Shams Sh£h. 738 Jamshid. 740 'AU Bli«r. 763 Bhih&b-ad-dfn. KINGS OF KASHMIR 772 Eutb-ad-rUn. 788 Sikandar. rSind.] [600 Kubiohah.] [636 Hasan Earlaf^h.] [637 Muhammad, to eSSff.] 800 799 DEHLl, Etc. JAUNPUR, BENGAL. DBKHAN, North of Kittna River. I. TURKS I Muhammad ibn Sim. [Ghaznt, 669 ; Ldhdr, 671 ; Dehli, 689 ; and the rest of Hiudustdn, save M&l- wah, by 690.] 602 Eutb-ad-din Aibak. 607 Ardm Sh&b. 607 Shams-ad-din Altamah, 633 Eulm-ad-din Ffrda I. 634 Riziyah. 637 Mu'izz-ad-din Bahr&m. 639 'A14-ad-dln Mas'iid. 644 Nisir-ad-din Mahmiid t. SULTANS OF DEHLI 664 Ghiy4s-ad-din Balban. 686 Mu'ize-ad-diu Eai-Eubid. II. KHAUIS 689 Jaldl-ad-dfu FMz II. 696 Rnkn-ad-dln Ibrihim I. 686 'Ald-ad-dfn Muhammad I. 716 Shihib-ad-dln 'Umar. 716 Kutb-ad-diu Mubdrak I. 720 Ndsir-ad-dfa KhusriS. III. TAGHLAKSHAHIS 720 Ghiydsad-din Taghlak I. 726 Muhammad ibn J'aghlak. 60($ 700 722 739 762 FinSa ni. 790 Taghlak n. 791 Abi-Bakr. 792 Muhammad III. 796 Sikandar I. 795 Mahmiid II. 797 Nasrat. 796 78S Muzafibr I. 796 Kbwdjah-i-Jahdn. 740 'All. 739 Mubdrak. (West) (East) 740 Hyds. 760 Ikhtiydr-ad-dfn. (West) 763 Ilyds (all BenRal). 769 Sikandar I. KINGS OF BENGAL 772 A'zam. 799 Hamzah. 748 772 lUiiah Fanik!. KINGS OF KAN- DAI SH 748 Hasan Gdngii. 769 Muhammad I. BAHMANIS 776 Mujdhid. 790 Ddiid. 780 Mahmiid. 799 Ghiyds-ad-din, 799 Shams-ad-din. 800 Tdj-ad-din Flriz. 800 800 900 788 Sikandar. 813 'All. 820 Zain-al-'Abidln. 872 Haidar. 874 Hasan. 886 Mnhammad. K88 Path. (contending together UU 834). 934 Ndzak. 948 Haidar Doghlat. 960 Ibr&him. 963 IsmA'Il. 964 Habib. 970 Hnsain. 988 Yiisuf. 799 798 Muzaimr I. 814 Ahmad I. KINGS OF GUJARAT 846 Muhammad Karlm. 866 Entb-ad-din. 863 Ddud. 863 Mahmi^d I. 917 MuzaShr II. 832 Sikandar. 932 Mahmtid II. 932 Bah&dur. 943 Mfrdn Muhammad. 944 Mahmud III. 0131 Ahmad II 860 MuzaSlar III. 1000 804 I- GHORIS 804 Dil4war. 805 Hiishang. KINGS OF MALWAH 838 Muhammnd. II. KHALJIS 839 Mahmud I. 880 Ghiyis Sh&h. 006 msir Shdh. 016 Mahmiid II. 837 977 790 Taghlak II. 791 Abii-Bakr. 792 Muhammad m. 796 Sikandar I. 796 Mahmud II. 707 Nasrat. 802 Mahmiid II. rettored. 706 816 Daulat Khfa L<5dl. IV. SAYYIDS 817 Khizr Khiln. 824 Mubirak U. 837 Muhammad IV. 847 'Alim. V. AFGHANS 866 BuhWl Lidi. 706 KhwdJah-i-Jab«lu. 802 Mub&rak. 803 IbrAhlm. KINGS OF JAUNPUR 844 Mahmud. 861 Muhammad. 8tJ3 HuBain. 894 Sikandar II. 923 Ibrihim II. 830 BAbar. MUGHAL EMPERORS 938 Hum&juu. 946 VI. AFGHANS 946 Sh^r Sh4h. 962 Islam Shdh. 060 Muhammad 'Adil, 961 Ibrahim Siir. 902 Sikandar III. 790 Hamzah. 809 Shnme-ad-dlii. 812 Bdyazid. 817 Muhammad. 836 Ahmad. 816 Mahmud I. 804 Bdrbnk. 870 Yiisuf. es6 Sikandar II. 886 Fath. 892 ShdhzAdah Bdi'bak. 892 Plr<5z II. 896 Mahmud U. 808 Muzafflir. 890 Huaaiu. 826 Nasrat. 939 FIr6z III. 030 Mahmud III. 044 (044 Sh( Q < 88E 0) X < X (0 < (A X < X V) < N NOMINAI KiNQB. 924 Ahmad III. 927 'Ald-ad-rtfu. 920 Walf-AUab. 832 Kalim-Alliih. 898 918 CO X < X en < CO (0 X < X (0 CO I- 900 1000 ( Ixxi ) TABLE OF THE METHOD OF TEA.NSL1TERATI0N ADOPTED IN THIS CATALOGUE. I p o t o s ^ J ^ ch t h C kh > d 3 z J r J z i^ s A sh t/o s u^ z h t a z t » t gh ^ f (i k i) k ^ 9 J I jt> m o n a h i w lS y a 11 i has been misprinted Jk^SIJo in several places. The reader is requested to make the necessary coiTec- tion on pp. xxxiv, 20, 24, 29, 30, 36, 42. P. viii, Fdruki Kings of Kandaish, for 799 read 1008. P. 35, nos. 86, 87, prefix i>»«j to Dates uncertain. XV. Amin Khan i XVI. Mughis-ad-din Tughril . A.H. A.D. 659 ? 1260 677 1278 HOUSE OF BALBAN. XVII. Nasir-ad-din Bughra or Baghdah Khan . 681 1282 XVIII. Eukn-ad-din Kai-KaTis 691 1291 XIX. Shams-ad-din Firoz Shah . . . .702 1302 XX. Shihab-ad-din Bughra Shah (West Beng.) 718 1318 XXI. GhlyAs-ad-din Bahddur Shah (East Beng.) 710 1310 (All Bengal) 719 1319 XXII. Nasir-ad-din . . . (Lathnauti) 723-6 1323-5 Bahadur Sh4h, restored (with Bahram Khdn) in East Bengal . . . 725-31 1324-30 XXIII. Bahram Shah, alone . XXIV. Kadar khdn . XXV. 'Izz-ad-din A'zam-al-Mulk (East Beng.) 731-9 1330-8 (Lakhnauti) 726-40 1325-39 . (Satgdon) 724-40 1323-39 ( 5 ) II. INDEPENDENT KINGS. A.H. A.D. XXYI. Fakhr-ad-din Mubarak Shdh (East Bang.) 739-50 1338-49 XXVII. Ikhtiydr-ad-din Ghdzi Shah (East Beng.) 750-3 1849-52 XXVIII. 'Ala-ad-din 'Ali Shah . (West Beng:) 740-6 1339-45 HOUSE OF ILYAS SHAH. XXIX Shams-ad-din Ilyas Shah (Contending in West Bengal) 740-6 1339-45 (West Bengal) 746 1345' (All Bengal) 753-9 1352-8 XXX. Sikandar Shah 1 759-92 1358-89 XXXI. Ghiyds-ad-din A'zam Shah . (rebels) 772 1370 (reigns) 792 1389 XXXII. Saif-ad-din Hamzah Shah . . .799 1396 XXXIII. Shams-ad-din 809 1406 HOUSE OF EAJAH KANS. XXXIV. Shihab-ad-din Bayazid Shah (with Rajah Kins) 812 1409 XXXV. Jalal-ad-din Muhammad Shah . . 817 1414 XXXVI. Shams-ad-dio Ahmad Shah - . . . 835 1431 ( 6 ) HOUSE OF ILYAS SHAH restored. A.H. A.D. XXXVII. Nasir-ad-din Mahmud Shah I. . . 84lG 1442 XXXVIII. Eukn-ad-din Barbak Shah . . . 864 1459 XXXIX. Shams-ad-din Ytisuf Shdh . . .879 1474 XL. Sikandar Shah II 886 1481 XLI. Jalal-ad-din Fath Shah . . .886 1481 HABSHI KINGS. XLII. Sultan Shahzddah Barbak . . .892 148G XLIII. Saif-ad-din Firoz Shah . . . . 892 1486 XLIV. Nasii-ad-din Mahmud Shah II. (of the House of llyas) . . 895 1489 XLV. Shams-ad-din Abu-n-Nasr Muzaffar Shah 896 1490 HOUSE OF UUSAIN SHAH. XLVr. 'Ala-ad-din Husain Shdh . . .899 1498 XLVir. Nasir-ad-din Nasrat Shah . . . 925 1518 XLVIII. 'Ala-ad-diu Fir6z Shah . . .939 1532 XLIX. Gbiyas-ad-din Mahmud Shah III. (par- tial rule 933) . . . . 939 1532 Conquest by Sher Shah* 944 1537 See Catalogue of the Coins of the Sultdns of Dehli, p. 105 ff. ( 7 ) HOUSE OF MUHAMMAD SUR. A.H. A.D. L. Shams-ad-din Muhammad Stir Ghazi Shah 960 15.2 LI. Bahadur Shdh (Khizr) . . . . 962 1554 LII. Ghiyas-ad-din Jalal Sh&h . . .968 15G0 LIII. .... (Son) 971 1563 HOUSE OP SULAIMAN KARARANI. LIV. Sulaiman Khan Kardrani, of Bihar and Bengal 971 1563 LV. Bayazid Shah . . ^ . .980 1572 LVI. Baud Shah 980 1572 Final annexation by Akbar, 98J. 1576 ( 9 ) M No. Mint; Date, 620 I. GOVERNOES OF BENGAL. IV.-GHIYAS-AD-DIN MWAZ. A.H. 608—624 = A.D. 1211—1226. SILVER. Obv. Area, within circle, Margin, ^~f >»-'i)l ^«iP' >i~' k>* OO^*" ?-^J^' i^* Rev. Jl «t>L ^1 jj^ — \\s jL.] > A . O-t ' ''■? » * * >*•' AJOo ait Pi. I. M 1-2, Wt. 163 Same : but margin partly obliterated, and ^ in second line and \ja in third of reverse. m, 1-2, wt. 167 10 GOVEENOES OF BENGAIi. M No. 3 Mint: Date, Lakh- nauti, [70]2 XIX.-SHAMS-AD-DIN FIROZ SHAH. A.H. 702—718 = A.D. 1302—1318. SILVER. Obv. Area, within double square enclosed in circle, Margin, ^i^^l a.m ^^y^ ■^j^-^ 3, 11 Pi. I. .at 1'16, Wt. 167 M No. 4 Mint: Date. Lakh- nauti 711 Lakh- nauti [7J]2 ?■ Lakh- nauti [7^3 Lakh- nauti . [7J]4 720 Lakh- nauti 728 bahIdue shAh. 11 XXI.-BAHADUR SHAH. A.H. 710—731 = A.D. 1310—1330. SILVER Obv. Area, within double square inclosed in circle, Margin, (sic) ).*».l SJ^ ,^r^ >v^ A-oa)! "JA wJ>-r Eev., within square, Pl. I. m. VVa, Wt. 187 Same : but margin (?) ^^\ iu, ^^^ S. 1'06, Wt. 160 Same : but margin, .... aS^ SlLj ^^^ JvL^ M 1'06, Wt. 168 Same: but margin, %jj\ Su^ ^^^ M 105, Wt. 166 Same: but margin, . . loJtw} ^J^j-^ Ai^ M VI, Wt. 168 Same : but margin, ^^U3 iw \^y^'^ -^y^. A-^aJI » JA '■r'y^ Pl. I. M VO, Wt. 163 12 GOVEEIfOES OF BENGAL. M No. 9fl Mint: Date. Lakh- nauti 7xx COIN STRUCK IN THE NAME OF MUHAMMAD IBN TAGHLAK, SULTAN OF DEHU. (Subdued Bengal a.h. 733 = a.d. 1332.)* SILVER Obv. Area, -within circle, •^1 * It '^ Margin, Rev. •v Pi. I. Ja -9, Wt. 169 * Cf. nos. 274, 275, Caia[ogue of the Coins of the Stiltdns of Dehli for Satgaon issues. ( 13 ) M No. 10 II. INDEPENDENT KINGS OF BENGAL. XXVI-FAKHR-AD-dTn MUBARAK SHAH. A.H. 739—750 = A.D. 1338—1349. Mint : Date. Sonirgaon 743 8 I L V E E. 11 12 18 Sonargdon 744 SonargaoD 748 Sonargaon 750 Obv. Area, within circle, Margin, SJm ^l^jlw ^^l^ if^ca^ S,CJI\ »Ja >->yb Eev. OUaJU[l m, 1-0, Wt. 167 Same : but »J)I ; and obv. area begins 4a*L>JI ^>*«j, omitting — Wl 5J« Pi. n. ai I'l, Wt. 167 Same : but margin, jk»t ii^ Jl [»] J* M 1'05, Wt. 166 Same : but margin *^ iWlji.^ [»]^l L^'] *^l ai 1-06, wt. 168 16 M No. 20, 21 KINGS OF BEKGAIi. Mint : Date Firdzabad 754 22 Firozabad 758 23 24 25, 26 Sonargaon 753 Sonargaon 754 Sonargaon 757 Same : but obv. area within circle, and ji-oli inserted *. after Ss^i^dOl; and margin, [SjjkJLJI ^^ a5UI !!^ Syaa^ ^UuJI »jA >->^ Pl. n. M \% wt. 167 Same as 17 : but obv. area within circle ; and rev. margin, aJ'iJj ai«. ^LS;li-, J'i>J». »j«.aa-j AJ»L-Jt «Ju)i >_J>-o PL. n. 51 1-0, wt. 167 Same as 23: but jijjI Same as 23 : but jimi Eev., within double square. .Si. 1-0, wt. 163 jR 1-06, wt. 164 m, 1-06, wt. 167 * It IB clearly omitted merely by carelessness on the preceding coins. SIKANDAB SHAh I. 17 No. 27 Mint : Date. Fii-6zabdd 759 XXX.-SIKANDAR SHAH A.H. 759— 792 = A.D. 1358—1389. SILVER. A. Obv. Area, within circle, 28 Fir6zdbad 763 Margin, ^lji>i>t^$ x.»<3 «^ Eev., within circle, jj< i C-. »< »\^ . . . tuoalt «jjk Pl. n. ^ 1-06, Wt. 164 Same : but margin, v>-l«( A3^ Si-i iai-os 18 M No. 29 KINGS or BENGAL. 30 31 Mint : Date. Sonargaon 760 B. Obv. Area, within circle, Mu'azza xnabdd 764? Margin, O'jmw ^Um ^ju^Umi J!^ «><0 Be v., within circle, ^^J Lf *■' -: o " 0]V ia Ut ob * Pi. n. 51 •!, Wt. 16S Same as 29 : but margin, tulgJUwj ^ ^LloJaM ^o«JLIt [^] 4£JI «Jjk ^J^ M 1-1, Wt. 181 Obv. Area, within circle, =\ ; II « M No. SIKANDAE SHAh I. 19 32 33 34 35, 36 Mint : Date. Rev. Firdzabad 771 Fir6z^bdd [7]a;2 716 .U_Ja_jL Jl .at. -DS, Wt. 166 Obv. Area, withiu circle, ji-e^el ^usLi <*.XJI d ;: »^IL<>. aJUI Margin, t^j^Ji*^^ i^J-^^ *^ i^\j3^ <>«^Lai^ . [4j]IoAmiIJ Rev. 3_j| ^o—Ja—ft-^l jJkJLjuw aJkLa.^1 ^JUiJUI »Ui Pl. II. .31 1-05, Wt. 166 Same as 32 : but margin, ... .--31 ^- >^M^'\ «H*»J I.O.C «Jjb . j_j- .SI 1-16 Same as 32: but in margin, . . • • 4 SS^ eUrf i^\jSJi^ S^a-J iiLJ\ »JA . . M 1-16 Similar : but dates obliterated. M 11 51 1-6 20 KINGS OF BENGAI,. M No. 37 Hint: Date. Firdzabad 780 38, 39 40 Pirdzdbad 783 Firdzabad 784 Obv. Area, within eightfoil, ij.— .« e I III 1 1 Margin, i^\j5jifi A^$ja^\ SjUIj ^J S£oj\^\ SJuJt «JJb *j>j^ Rev. Area, within circle, ju_JL to )l a-ftt M i all >-jl ^«a>^)t c^—ia — » — II »i a Margin, aftjiaJI^ T-^) -^r^"^' (^ j;') »^'^' '^ ) >»li*.JI Pl. n. M 1-2, Wt. 166 Same as 37 : but date in obv. margin, ift 1-2 ^ 1-2 Same: but date *jjl M 1-2 M No. 41, 42 43 Mint : Date. Firdzdbdd 785 Firozabad 786 44 45 SIKAHDAE SHAh I. Same : but year ^^-.^a. Same : but year 21 M 1-2 .91 1-25 M 1-26 Shahr-i- Nau 782 Shahr-i- Nau 783 Obv. Area, within ornamented lozenge, JL t^ i - III t > - " 't^- O J. ili ^ Margin, in segments. Rev. Area, within octagon, O' la Ul Margin, j^l O**^^' ( -'** ) "^-e^^^ {-^ s^' ) li-Sl^^t => I jlaU«»)I ( c)l-^ .SI 1-25, Wt. 166 Same as 44 : but obv. area arranged in four lines ; and margin, PL. U. M 1-2, Wt. 166 22 KINGS or BENGAL. M No. 46 Mint: Date. Satgaon 783 Obv. Area, within sixfoil, Margin, in segments, Kev. Area, within quatrefoil, dl^^MMf Ji* -Ml ^llf «Lw i^Ul ^^J^i\ O' fc" ^ II Margin, .. U)l (.ro^j • • ^^ (j^ y"^) ys'-'^l ^ j ^la^l L,u/) Pi. II. .ai l-l, Wt. 166 M No. 47 Mint : Date. Firdzdbdd 783 48 49 50 51 „ 784 „ 785 „ 78(5 „ 788? SIKANDAE SHAH I. H. 23 Obv. Area, within hexagon, Margin, in segments, Eev. Area, within circle, o< ia lUt c\ i, Margin, jSl^l ( -r** ) ^o^i*':^! (/•* j^') ^sU-^t Pl. II. M 1-26, Wt. 166 Same as 46 : but »jjI J^J' Same: but Same: but Same : but (JUj (?) .at 1-1 .ai 1-2 51 1-2 .ai 1-1 24 KraGS or BENGAL. M No. 52 53 Mint : Date. Jannatar bad 790 Jannata- bad 790 XXXI.-GHIYAS-AD-DIN AZAM SHAH. A.H. 792*— 799 = A.I). 1389—1396. SILVER. Obv. Area, within circle, ^'5U,'^t j-oV — > Margin, . . IoA*~' vI>«**~* ***' iW'^'E^J • Rev. Area, within square, ^Ja.cl j..a.ln » II ^t OV— ia LJt ol i> Margin, in segments outside square, . . . | .Jk >>J)-0 >^l .ffi. 1-1, Wt. 16B Same : but ibi Aia. ; and ,jA* | 0^«** legible in rev. margin. PL. m. M 11, wt. 166 * See Introduction on the difficulties presented by the dates. ghitAs-ad-din a'zam shAh. 25 M Ko. 54 Mint; Date, Mu'azzam- ab4d 7[9]7 55 56 57 „ 799? bufc^ of obv. area in second line, and obv. margin {sic) jUjjJI «JiA «r>^ Obv. area enclosed in eightfoil ; rev. area enclosed in square, with loops, in which ^^>t \ (jl«I!c | >o* | j^ >^l Pi. ni. m, 1-15, wt. 166 Similar : Obv. margin, Rev. margin, traces of names of the four Khalifahs. M V2, wt. 1C4 Similar to 55 : but obv. margin obliterated. M ri, wt. 165 Similar to 52 : but obv. area enclosed in eightfoil. Obv. margin, iw (?) iWlo^*** *>** "^>^ B^V«<>'5)t worked into an arabesque). Margin, ftjjl S-iw iW'jijisS Sj-is*. ^ aCJI ajuk wj^ Rev. Area, within lozenge, L«JjL II ^L c fll i__«_Ji_cl OUaJUl Margin, in segments, Pi. m. .» 1'15, Wt. 166 No. 61 62 63 Mint: Date Firozabdd 795 „ 796 790 6i Satgdon 795 QHITis-AD-Dfs- a'zAM SHAH. Similar : but ^^-^^ instead of «jj) Similar : but cuw instead of «.j,I Similar : but Eev. Area, 27 A i-is ^ 1-26, Wt. 165 Jl tl bJUt m, i-i Similar to 60 : but 0-:!'*^^ \j^ii»- **^ ^[^^ S.^j£ ^ J M 1-2, Wt. 166 28 KINGS OF BENGAL. M No. 65 Mint: Date. Firdzttad 00 „ 799 XXXII.-SAIF-AD-DIN HAMZAH SHAH. A.H. 799—809 = A.D. 1396—1406. SILVER Obv. Area, within square, -■ ^ ' - Margin, in segments, 1 *W!ji>s* I C>a». j^ aCJI I [«]Jkfc »_>;•[-» Eev. i>.i«w j^i.i C rt ^^j fll. t . q K cI ^^ Pi. ni. jR 1-26, Wt. 166 Same : but margin, A^ ^ iw I iWL)i>!>9 «^ I [>-««»■ ^9 aCJI I 4]Jk& w>« I. 0. 0. M 1-16, wt. 142 SHIHAB-AD-DIN BATAZID. 29 M No. 67 Mint: Bate. Fir6zabacl 816 HOUSE OP RAJAH KANS. xxxiv.-shihab-ad-dTn bayazTd. A.H. 812—817 = A.D. 1409—1414. S I L V E E. Obv. Area, within circle, J 4 a L^ H> »>^ Jl? Margin, iV!ji>«9 Rev., within circle, >> a ^' * " ■' »*r!>«J' ^^l]k.J — II »[U. PL. III. I. O, C. M 1-2, Wt. 161 30 M Ko. 68 KIIT&S OP BENGAL. Mint: Date. 816 69 81a; 70 71 Obv. Area, within looped octagon, similar, omitting aHa Margin, in segments, Ani^|....|...|....I...| |.... Rev., within border of many foils, Pi. in. M 1-2, Wt. 145 Same as 68 : but margin, A |aj I ... [ ...il I . . I . .>«» I [O]>.ao. i ^J ^j^ I. O. C. M 1-2, Wt. 16e Same : margin obliterated, except <^j'^ Obv. same : margin obliterated. Eev. •t'W-' OUaJ — )t «1 ^ i (*r or f) M 1-2 32 KINGS OP BENGAIi. M No. 74 Mint; Date. Firdzdbad 75 76 Same : margin as 73, but date obliterated. 1 1 after ^ 834 77 M 1-25 Same : margin as 73, but only partly legible. M 1-16 B. Obv. Area, within square. Margin, in segments, ArP| I Kev. as 72. I [«jL]ft «->;->d .ai i-is Chdt- gaon Same as 76 : but margin, IO>5l^ Pl. III. .51 1-26, Wt. 166 JALllrAD-DfN MrHAMMAB. 33 M Mint: Date, Firdzabad Obv. Area, withjn circle, Margin, (?) iW!jj»9 Sj^aom ^ SSiJ\ tJA >^yo Rey. as 72. I. o. 0. B. I'a D. Obv. Area, within eightfoil, as 76, partly obliterated. Margin, in segments, obliterated. Rev., within border of many foils, UjJI J-ilLa. JiUJI . J.. O. 0. ^ 1'2 Obv. Area, within square, Margin, in segments, obliterated. Rev. as 72, but third and fourth lines put together. 21 1-26 I. O. 0. B. 1-2 34 KINGS OF BENGAL. No. 81 Mint: Date, TYPE II. (Tughra coinage.) GOLD. Obv., in tughra form, (^)^oJi6'^l oUaJUl Eev., in tughra form, jAJsmJI ^I v>iJJb W^JJI JL"^ Pi,. IV. iV 1-0, Wt. 168 .51 82 Firdzabad 827 83 Ehotas- pijr 827 Obv. Area, within circle. S I L V E E. ■Njl 4 11 -s) J^ai~« li«JI >jl CHJJI3 IsijJI J'i^<»- Al 1-26, Wt. 164 Same as 82 : but margin, APV a^ ^ J>$'^jj [^ -nis MUHAMMAD. 35 M No. 84, 85 Mmt: Date. Chdt- gaon* 86, 87 but margin, Obv. as 82 : Kev., in tughra fonn, ai 12 PL. IV. M 1-2 Obv., in tughra form. Beneath, V^^^ iLo;* ^J Rev., in tughra form, M 1'2 Pl. IV. M 1-26 * The initial letter of jjUC:» is clearly », and cannot be interpreted as the ... of jiK—.. The date in ciphers which some have discovered on the reverse of coins similar to 85 and 86 is really the beginning of the word J5U.. 36 KINGS OF BENGAL. M No. 89 Mint: D^te, 836 XXXVI -SHAMS-AD-DfN AHMAD SHAH. A.H. 834—846 = A.D. 1480—1442. S I L V E E. Obv. Area, within circle, Nil d )l "^ Margin, ATI ^ Rev., within border of many foils, S L_._ia — I- PL. IV. M 1-16, Wt. 166 Obv., within circle, Margin ioj* ^^s ebUl oJ^A wJ^ Kev., within circle, ol__i .^«a.^ ^J^ all ' OlJaJUl I. o. 0. .ai i-i bIbbak shIh. 37 M No. 90 91 Mint: Date. Jannat- dbdd? 873 HOUSE OF ILYAS SHAH {BE STORED). XXXVIII. -BARBAK SHAH A.H. 864—879 = A.D. 1459—1474. SILVER. Obv. Area, within circle, aJJI -^l d )l -N) Avr *J!j-» Margin, ^t | J^jUJI >o* | 0^*-*^' O^*^ I (.j-^-j] j. O' la— A-JI ij ;.» "j t«J>^l ^;,UaJUt «l A Pi. V. M VO 40 M No. 98 Mint: Date. Obv. KINGS OF BENOAIi. Rev. M No. 99 Mint: Date, 893 100 101 102 ( 41 ) HABSHI KINGS. XLIII-SAIF-AD-DIN PfROZ SHAH. A.H. 893— 896=A.D. 1487—1490 SILVER. Fathabad 893 Mahmud- abad 895? Obv., within ornamented border, ■^1 4)1 '^ d \ )l J5-~>J Rev., within ornamented border, J .>! (>i j . » M 3 Same : but A^ T iWl=«^ Pn. V. M, 1-1, Wt. 166 Pi.T. M 1-1, "Wt. 161 Same: but TA'lg aL.li^«.a...« Same : mint and date illegible. M 1-1, Wt. 163 M VZ, Wt. 168 G 42 KINGB OF BENGAL. M No. 103, 104 Mint: Date. XLIV-NASIR-AD-ofN MAHMUD SHAH II. A.H. 895—896 = A.D. 1489—1490. SILVEE. Obv.j within zigzag border, 4JUI ft fi j^ V !>■ Eev., within border of many foils, Ql h I, ..11 »l i m 1-1, Wt. 166 Pl.V. ill06 * The pseudo-patronym Abn-l-Miij&hid identifies this Mahmtid as the second of the name ; for the first and tUrd were styled Abu-1-Muzaffar. SHAMS-AD-Dfir MFZAFFAB SHIh. 43 JR No. 105 Mint : Date, 896 XLV.-SHAMS-AD-DIN MUZAFFAR SHAH. A.H. 896—899 = A.D. 1490—1493, SILVEE. Obv. Area, within circle, aUI -^I 4 It -^ (r for 1 ) Margin, Eev. 106 107 89a! 896* divided by arabesques. ^UaJUJt «lw jaIm 45]UklL.;3 PL. V. I. O. 0. M 106, Wt. 141 Same : but unit of date obliterated. Same : but A ^ 1 «U M 1-1, wt. 163 I. O. C. M 1-0, wt 160 * In a paper in the Journal 'of the Bengal Asiatic Society, xlii. 312, the late Sir E. C. Bailey describes and engraves a gold coin of this king, but fails to decipher the lowest line of the obv., which, however, is clearly legible in the cut as a 1 1 2i1j>.. ( 44 ) No. 108 Mint: Date, 899 HOUSE OF HUSAIN SHAH. XLVL-'ALA-AD-dTn* HUSAIN SHAH. A.H. 899— 925=A.D. 1493—1518. GOLD. Obv., within double eightfoil, surrounded by border of small quatrefoils, aJOI "^I a )) "^ Eev. ^j[laX^\ JiU-JI Jjl » 11 AJUaJL..<3 Uc, The hemzeh is written like a curved alif. 'Al/X-AD-DiBT HTTSATN SHIh. 45 M No. 109- 112 113, 114 115 Mint : Date. Husain- abad 899 Fatbabad 899 SILVER. Obv., within border, as 108, aJUI -^t aJI -^ A^^ j(^Lu»4fc. (fully pointed) Rev. as 108 Pi,. V. M VI, Wt. 166 .31 I'l, Wt. 164 .at 1-15, Wt. 163 I. 0. 0, M 1-1 •i) 899 Obv., within ornamented border. aUI Nil Rev., within ornamented border, ^L— JaJL>5 aSXt M 1-0, wt. 163 M 1-06, Wt. 162 Obv. Same as 113 : mint illegible. Rev. *i[UaJL,^ .m I'o, Wt. 1S9 KINGS OF BENGAL. Mint; Date. 899 Obv., within ornamented border, Al^ ail Rev. as 108. Pi. V. M 116, Wt. 166 [9]12 Obv. as 109, but different border, and last line | f lj« Rev. tJjJI jy^ ^ 1-1, wt. IM Obv. Area, within double wavy circle, j^ofc..o aJUI Mai'gin, in ornamented border, ^^JLe | \i^Si^ Rev. jLj^l ^lULJI J II o^^ Pl. V. .ia 1-1, wt. 169 M No. 119, 120 121 AT 122 Mint: Date. Husain- dbdd 89[9] Husain- dbdd [90]7 919 'AlA-AD-Dilf HUSAIN SHIh. Obv., within ornamented border, JilaJI oUaJl-JI 47 Eev., within ornamented border, 4jDt J ^ ». *i\, .1 hi 1.13 -* ^ ' - Same : but last line of rev. V dW^»*~a> Obv. GOLD. duitSss j^uai ^\ii\ Eev. jt^ ^j^ ij\ h t ..[JI t>l (s!c)* ^ LP M 1-2, Wt. 163 .31 1-1 M 1% Wt. 168 Pi. VI. Jf •86, Wt. 169 * Thia peonliar monogram appears to be merely the result of writing I and 1 in a single stroke, by connecting the bases. 48 M No. 123- 125 126, 127 128 129, 130 ISl Mint: Date. PathSbad 89[93 913 Muham- madabad 917 Husain- dbad 919 KINGS OF BENGAL. S I L f E E. Same as 122 ; but last two lines of rev., «ulkJL,[5] aOoaJUI (sic) A^ ^OIaJLs PI. VI. M -9, Wt. 162 Pi. VI. M ro5 .ai i-i Same : but last line of rev. ^ | \" cuUaAw C^t;>3 aCILo jJU. PL. Vr. M I-IB, wt. 160 M 116 Obv. same as 122, omitting ^aIs^J I ^A. Eev., within border of dots, (szc) j, and last thi:ee lines of rev., (^) jJUkJLij .a 1-16, Wt. 162 'AlA-AD-Biir HtJSAIN SHIh. 49 No. 132, 133 Mint: Date. Obv. Rev. OUaJUt UijJI ."Sift JiUlt I. o, c. ^ 1-0 A 1-2 H 50 KINGS OP BENGAIi. M No. 134- 136 137 Mint : Date, Husain- dbad 925 Nasrat- abad 927 XLVII.-NASIR-AD-DIN NASRAT SHAH. A.H. 925— 939 = A.D. 1518—1532. SILVEE. Obv., within ornamented border, I S i Eev., within ornamented border, „.)l J j Eev., within dotted border. PL. VI. M -9 M No. 138- 141 wAaiB-AD-Dfir NASEAT ShIh. 51 142 143 Mint : Date. Fathabdd 925 Pathabdd [98]8 Obv. Rev. ji la— <^l 3 jl (t 1 V I i I o JkX^ ij«|i«i» a »JI 1 1 E j-aiJIjb M 1-05 Pi. VI. ai 1-06 (Very coarse.) .31 '96 M 1-06 Same as 138 : but no mint on obv. ; rev. ends I. O. 0. A 1-0 Same as 138 : but no mint on obv. ; v>!JJIj ^iJJI j-e^ in one line, and lowest line of rev. obscure. A 116 52 EIKGS OF BEXQAL. M No. 144 Mint I Date. Nasrat- ihii? 145 Nasrat- XLVIII.-'ALA-AD-DIN FIROZ SHAH. A.H. 939 =A.D. 1532. Obv. Kev. SILVER. PL, Vn, M 10, Wt. 160 Obv. Same, within dotted border j ^^ in first line. Rev., within dotted border, ^•x^ y^ yjli,....hViii)l .ai -86 M No. 146 Mint : Date. Fathdbdd Obv, 'ai/X-ad-dIn FfBdz shAh. O' — JaJUt o^ oUaJUl CHJi — Itj U3j^ It J*^ 53 Eev. I. 0. G. .31 -96 54 SlSaa OF BEKQAL. M No. 147 Mist : Date. Nasrat- dbdd 933 XLIX.-GHIYAS-AD-DIN MAHMUD SHAH III. (Partial rnle, a.h. 938— 939=a.d. 1S26— 1532.) A.H. 939— 944=A.D. 1532—1537. Obv. S I L V E K. In centre, in a small circle, ^J' Eev. oI^^WMT ^^^^.jMM^ ^a^J irr In centre, in small circle, t^ Pi. VII. JB, 106, Wt. 166 GHiTAs-AD-Disr mahmtJd shAh hi. 65 M No. 148 149 150, 151 Mint: Date. 933 Muham- madabdd 934 Husain- dbdd 939 Same : mint obliterated. M -gs Same: but oVw transposed from beginning of rev. to end of obv. ; inscription diflferently arranged, and mint and date, Pi. VIL I. 0.0. M 1'06 Same : inscription differently arranged, and mint and date. M -96 I. O. 0. M I'l ( 56 ) M No. 152 Mint: Date. Arakdn 962 HOUSE OF MUHAMMAD SUE. L.-MUHAMMAD SHAH GHAZl. A.H. 960—962 = A.D. 1552—1554. SILVEE. I^Jk!J^)b W^ JJI w-o-^ Pi. VII., .a 1'3, Wt. 180 MlirHAMMAI) SHXh GHAzf. 67 Mint: Date. Obv. Same': but margin turned round. Eev. Area, within square, l>iJJt JtJlLa. ^JUaJU. - <' '' ^ | | \jiiaL^\^\ at top. PL. VII. m, 1-25, Wt. 179 Similar : rev. margin illegible, except «^U. m, 1' II. SIND. GOVERNORS OF SIND. A.H. A.D. I. Ndsir-ad-din Kubdchah — Multan, Sind, and Uchh . . .600 1203 to 625 1228 II. Saif-ad-din al-Hasan Karlagh — Ghor aud Ghazni .... 620 1223 Sind 636 1238 III. Ndsir-ad-din Muhammad ibn al-Hasan Karlagh 637 1239 to at least 658 1259 ( 63 ) M Ko. 163, 164 Mint: Date. i.-nasir-ad-dTn kubachah. A.H. 600— 625=A.D. 1203—1228. C P P E E. Ohv. Chohan Horseman ; above, Sri Mamirah. Rev. 0< ia-l )t PL. vni. GOTBENOBS OF SINI). M No. 165 166 167 Mint: Date, 633 634 [63]4 M.-SAIF-AD-DIN AL-HASAN KARLAGH. A.H. 620-637=A.D. 1223—1239. SILVER. Obv. aJI -^1 a I) -^ AU\i j.n! TuiqII Area, within circle, 1 * Margin, Jt^ ^>e «^Ull ^. j lil>X.»3 »±r>X4 ^.Utf Pl.Vni. I.O. C. ^l'06,Wt. 16 Margin, mjI AS5 1.0.0. at roe, wt. 170 Margin, ^ ^ji ^ vj** ^ /Nj' ^^^ Jt^v^ I. O. C. ^ 1-06, Wt. 170 saif-ad-dIn al-hasan kaelagh. 65 M No. 1G8 m 169 170 Mint: Date. 634 [63]6 ? Gxx Obv. Same as 165. Rev. Same as 165. Margin, j^ LO.C. JS. 1-05, Wt. 170 Margin, j^ ij9>f j^*«. J.*«iak..« 2 — ^J — » ^ ^ >?^ Sri Maha- teS^ raluk. Pi. vm. .«! -a iB ■ M ■ Pi. VIII. M ■ M ■ * On Nos. 1 75—177 IT for j{ in first line. III. KASHMIR. KINGS OF KASHMIR A.a. A.D. 1. Shams ShSh Mir 735 1334 II. Jatushid ...... 738 1337 III. 'Ala-ad-din 'Ali Sher . . . . 740 1339 IV. Shihdb-ad-din ..... 753 1352 V. Kutb-ad-din . . . . . . 772 1370 VI. Sikandar Shah 788 1386 VII. Atnir Khan 'All Shah . . 813 1410 VIII. Zaiu-al-'Abidin ..... 820 1417 IX. Haidar Shah Hajji Khan . . . . 872 1467 X. Hasan Shah ...... 874 1469 XI. Muhammad Shdh 886 1481 XII. Fath Shdh 888 1483 Muhammad (2nd reign) . . . , 898 1492 Fath Shdh (2nd reign) .... 919 1513 Muhammad (3rd reign) . . . > 920 1514 Fath Shdh (3rd reign) .... 923 1517 Muhammad (4th reign) .... 926 1520 XIII. NdzakBhdh 934 1527 Muhammad (5th reign) . . . . 937 1530 Ndzak Shah (2nd reign) 944 1537 XIV. Mirza Haidar Doghlat {HumayurCs governor) . . . . . . 948 1541 XV. Ibrahim ...... 960 1552 XVI. Isma'il ....... 963 1555 XVII Habib 964 1556 XVIII Husain Shdh Chakk 970 1562 XIX. YAsuf Shdh Chakk . . . . 986 1578 Akbar annexes Kashmir, 995 1586 ( 69 ) No. 179 Mint: Date. Kashmir l.-S HAMS SHAH A.H. 735— 738=AD. 1334— 1337; SILVER. Squaee. Obv. Within lozenge, In segments outside, inscrip- tion illegible. Bev. pl. vin. M -es, wt 9i 70 KINGS OP KASHMIe. M No. 180 181 Mint: Date. Kashmir 792 Kashmir 810 VI.-SIKANDAR SHAH A.H. 788— 813=A.D. 1386—1410. SILVER. Sqtjabe. Olv. Bev. Within lozenge, ^^kc-^l o^xUl V>— e »L_i, jj^ — O >**^-^ pt. vm. M -6 Outside, 1 ^l 3^ 1 j^ ^ 1 k>««~5 COPPER.* ROTTND. -3^ j^t«j ...-^1 oUaJUl ^ -76 * The copper pieces of Kashmir have generally a bar across the middle of the reverse, with a sort of knot or arabesque in its middle. M No. 182 183 Mint: Date. Kashmir 842 84a; ZAIN-AIi-'i.BIDiN. VIII.-ZAI N-AL-'AB ID I N A.H. 820— 872=A.D. 1417—1467. 71 S I L V E E. Sqttaee. Obv. Within lozenge, >«-»- Outside, ^pl iS"* I j^v-* ^5* Rev. At«r Pl. Vni. M -66, Wt. 06 tTnit obliterated. M -a, wt. 72 KINGS OF KASHMfE. M No. 184, 185 186, 187 188 Mint: Date. Kashmir 841 851. Kashmir COPPE E, EOTJND. Obv. but ^^>j>M<«a.3 ^Jk^t Within quatrefoil, with a stroke through the middle of the word. Bev. Same as 182. Without ciphers. ^ '86 With a bar and arabesque across the middle. Pi. thi. .a! -as M -86 -E -8 JR No. 189 190 Mint: Date. Kashmir 874 Kashmir 874 HAIDAE SHAh. IX.-HAIDAR SHAH. A.H. 872— 874=A.D. 1467—1469. 73 SILVER. Square. Obv. Within lozenge, Outside, JiJj[l] AiM I j^^ j_j9 (Eead in alternate order.) Hev. PL. VIII. .a -as, wt. 95 C P P E E. EOTJND. u — *- ™.'S" Outside , 1 tr*6. 3^ 1 SjI^JjUj^I Cw*-^' (Read in alternate segments.) Within square, Jtrt' Outside, inscr. illegible, except Bev. jer- Nil O^JaJU' APOJ (?) Pl. Vm.- B. -66, Wt. 94 S. -6, Wt. I MTTHAMMAB SHAh. 77 M No. Mint! Date. 197 Kashmir 898? 198 'v. 199 200 201 Kashmir » COPPEE. EOXTND. Ohv. ' .B«l>. >«^&->i ..olift'^l 0^-J»J^I ijjWiUs • v^-^ .J? ... j^i .... ^ .?> differently arranged. . . . ^j-^ ... j>v-i j» ta^_«0 jB -9 ^ -8 ^ -78 .ffil -7 ^ -7 78 EINGS OV KASHMIE. M No. 202 203 204, 205 Mint : Date. Kashmir 896 89a! XII. -PATH SHAH. A.H. 888—898, 919—920, 923—926. = A.D. 1483—1492, 1513—1514, 1517—1520. SILVER. Squaee. # Obv. Bev. Within lozenge, »L_w .to.;!) u.„ lf,.._r J^^r^^ ■^1 O^^aJ^I Outside, 1 Cft«-3s Pi. Vni. M -7, Wt. 93 COPPER. EOTIND. O-s — « — -^3 Similar ; unit illegible. ^^iacC-^l o]U»J^t »( i] Pi. VIII. .ffl 76 .ai -8 v« 7 nAzak shAh. 79 M No. 206 XIII.-NAZAK SHAH A.H. 934—937, 944—948. =A.D. 1527-1530, 1537—1541. Mini: Sate. Kashmir xxG 207 Obv. Withiu lozenge, SIL) Sqtta 7'EB,. EE. Bev. 1 Pi. VIII, M, -65, Wt. 96 COP" EOT] PEE. ND. «l i i>il 5 PL. vui. .ai 7 80 KISBS OF EASHMiB. M No. 208 209 Mint: Date. Kashmir 953? H U M A Y U N. [MUGHAL EMPEROR.] SILVER. Sqttaee. Obv. Within square, J*o* Outside, I (?).£-JL3 I j^ Unit illegible. Mev. Lfij Pl. viii. m -e, wt. 91 M '6, wt. 91 islIm suXh. 81 M No. 210 211 Mint; Date. Kashmir 957 Kashmir 961 ISLAM SHAH [OF DEHLI], SILVEE. Obv. Within square, t^ Outside, [ a]««i 3>i-i \ j>v^ ^ Rev. Pi. vni. M -e, wt. 91 MAHMUD SHAH. A.H. 961. SILVER. Sqtiabe. Within square, >*•*■ Outside, I [j>-]^ [i^] ^.kc-^i oU»JU[i i5- ^1 Pi. VIII. S, -65, wt. 91 M 82 KINGS OF KASHMIE. M 212 213 214 XV. - I B R A H I M. A.H. 960—963 = A.D. 1552—1555. Mint: Date. Kashmir SILVER. Obv. Within lozenge, ^«*« Outside, I .... I ... \j^ ^ Rev. yr-^ ^ vu vm. ja -6, wt. M COPPER. Round. t^Wk*MkH^9 ^^J lw^9 J5*- 0]l tuJ [Jl M 66 HTSAIN SHAh. 83 M No. 215 216 217 Mint: Date. Kashmir 970 Kashmir 972 970 XVIII-HUSAIN SHAH CHAKK. A.H. 970— 986=A.D. 1562—1578. SILVEE. Sqtjaee. Obv. Bev. Within square, ^j\e. oliiU .«*^^ ^;>5!jJI j-aJ Outside, 1 Ai-» J 1 jyw [l5^] PL. vni. ia-es,wt. 94 j» but 1^ V r ; and margin, | ^^\ i.U*-J[5] .... ^ .... »]tAiL[i -KINGS 01' KASHMIR. M No. 218 Mint ; Date. KasLmir 980 219, 220 Kashmir 987 MUHAMMAD 'A LI A.H. 980=A,D. 1572. SILVER. Sqitaee. Outside, I >t -«..j I 9-jji> Rev. PL. vm. s. •», wt. XIX.-YUSUF SHAH CHAKK. A.H. 986— 995=A.D. 1578—1586. SILVER. Sqtjaee. Within square, Outside, I _3 J-^ { <0 Pi. vm. m, -65, wt. 97 I. O. 0. & -66, wt. 96 AKBAB. 85 M No. 221 222 Mint; Date, Kashmir 987* Kaslinnir 9]a!4? AKBAR [OF D E H L ID. SILVEE. Squaee. Ohv. Bev. Same as 219. ^jlc »l iil ^AV J^\ J. Q, a < Outside, [5] juo 1 AiiU-« >^-J^ 1 PL. VIII. M -e No ciphers. Outside, (S) j[o'] ^ I 0]>v^ .31 -6, Wt. 94 * The marginal inscription reads 97x, and the 987 of the area was probably a later insertion in the die. IV. JAUNPUR. ( 88 ) KINGS OP JAUNPUR (KIIfGS OF THE EAST.) A.H. A.B. I. Khwajah-i-Jahan, governor of Kanauj, Oudh, Karra, and Jaunpdr, assumes independence, 796 1394 II. Mubarak Shah, his adopted son . . . 802 1399 III. Shams-ad-din Ibrdhim Shah Shark! . . 803 1400 IV. Mahmud Sh4h ibn Ibrdhim, . . .844 1440 V. Muhammad Shah ibn Mahmud (joint-king with preceding) 861 1456 VI. Husain Shah ibn Mahmud . . .863 1458 fled to Bengal,* 881 1476 died there . . 905 1500 Barbak Shah ibu Buhl6l of Dehli, ap- pointed governor of Jaunpur . . 892 1486 removed 899 1493 * His coins, howeTer, run on to 909. iBHAnfM shIh. 89 J}- No. 223 IJint ■ Date. 831? 1 1 1. -I brahIm shah. A.H. 803— 844=A.D. 1400—1440. GOLD. Obv. Area, within circle, >»l— •'ill i>«J ^J Margin, (S) 0^3 l5«*»-' '^ t5* J^""^' '-^ (««'«') Rev. ,oJa — c-sjl pLJaJUl OjuLa. ^1 LJLJI PL. IX. .AT. 86, Wt. 166 COPPER* FIRST SIZE. 224 820- Obv. ATo :5U. -Bew. ^ 75 * Three sizes of copper or billon coins of Jaunpur may be roughly dis- tinguished by size and thickness. The Jirst size is about -75 in. fn diameter, and -15 in. thick, and weighs about 144 grs.; the second, -GSx-lO, wt. 70 grs. ; and the third, which is of rare occurrence, -5 x -08, wt. 38 grs. N 90 KINGS OP JATJNP^E. M No. Minti Date. 225 821 226 825 227 826 228 827 229 828 230 830 231 833 232 834 Obv. Same as 224. An Are A-n Arv ArA Aro A]rr AP-JJ Bev. Same as 224. M 7 Pi. IS. M-1 M -7 M -7 M -7 ^ -7 M NO. 23^ 234i 235 236 Mint: Date. 836 837 840 843 237 238 239 819 820 82 L IBBlHiM SHIh. 91 Olv. Same as 224. Arv Afo A^r Bev. Same as 224. m. 76 M -7 ^ -7 iS -7 SECOND SIZE. All ATo An Pl. IX. ^ '6 92 KINGS OF JAtrNPtJE. No. 240 241 242 243 Mint; Date, 822 823 824 825 244 826 245 827 246 828 247 829 Obv. Same as 237. Arr Arr Aff Art/ An ATv ArA Ar^ Bev. Same as 237. M -6 .Si -e .SI "6 .M -8 iB -6 M '65 .ffl -66 M No. 248 249 Hint: Date. '830 831 250 251 832 252 253 25di 255 833 834 835 836 837 IBEiHIM SHAh. Obv. Rev. Same as 237. Same as 237 Ar° 93 An Arr Arr Ar-p Art, An Arv ^ -6 .S '6 M -6 .^ -66 .01 ■ S 94 KINGS OP JAUHPliE. M Ko. Mint: Date. 256 838 257 839 258 840 259 841 260 842 261 843 262 803 Obv. Same as 237. aTa Ar^ A^O Afl A^r A«pr Mev, Same as 237. THIRD SrZE. A»r .ffl' S -6 ^ ' .S ' M '6 Pi. IX. .a: -6 No. 263 Mint; Date. 846? M 264 MAHMlJD SHAh. IV.-MAHMUD SHAH. A.H. 844— 863=A.D. 1440—1458. 95 GOLD, Obv. Area, within circle, Ojdtk. -A— Jt 5*1 Jaanpur 847 Margin, ^^-a^' (?) "^^^ *-^ ^^ j^JJI »J^ (sic) Cvj-3 Bev., >>»a>.i o^^:^^) >r>«» Pi. IX. ^ -BB, Wt. 176 C O P P E E. TYPE I. FIRST SIZE. Obv. Sev. »i^ .Li. jj_o., Pi. IX. ^ -8^ 96 m No. 265 266 267 268 Mint: Date. 84.4 845 848 851 2li9 852 270 853 KINGS OP JATJNPliR. Obv. Same as 264. Af£ AfA A£l Agr Asr Bev. rt^biXaX ^«o M -76 Pi. IX. >R -75 iE 7, .a! -7 M No. 271 Mint: Date. 853 . 272 856 273 844 274 845 275, 275a 846 MAHMt^D BHIh. 97 Obv. Same as 264 AEr AEI Rev. Same as 265. M -TS ^ 76 SECOND SIZE. Afco Afl «U_A Pi. IX. ^ -6 M -6 276 847 Afv ^ -6 277 848 A-^^A >B -a 98 K M No. Mint: Date. Ohv. 278 850 Same as 273 : KINGS OF JAtJNP^n. Rev. Same as 273. 279 851 AEI 280 852 281 853 Agr 282 854 Agr AEf 283 859 A]E^ M No. 284 285 286 287 Mint: Sate 861 857? 853 858 MAHMtJD SHAH. 99 Ohv. Same as 273 : All Arv (?) Same as 273. THIRD SIZE. Aour AU)A M -6 M ■ JE -66 M '6 100 KINGS OF JATJITPtrB. No, 288 Mint: Date, 844 289 290 845 850 291 292 851 852 TYPE II. FIRST SIZE Ohv. Ai^e ACUo AEI Agr Rev. In centre, within circle, Around, M -7 M 7 •76 PL. IX. M -7 M No. 293 Mint: Date. 858 294 295 860 MAHMl^D ShXh. 101 Ohv. Same as 288 : but AOUA Rev. Same as 288. •76 Al, SECOND* SIZE .3! -7 Same as 288. Pl. IX. iB * Somewhat out down : anomalous weight, 53 grs. 102 KINGS OF JATTNPdB. M No. 296 297 298 299 Mint: Date. 862 861 862 863 v.- MUHAMMAD SHAH. {JOINT-KING WITH MAHMUD) A.H. 861— 863=A.D. 1456—1458. COPPEE. FIRST SIZE Ohv. Air *; All Air » Air PL. IX. .ffi "7 Within circle, Around, «U.^«Alj^l ^ ali, ji^.oa^ ^, Pl. IX. JK 7 iB -7 iB '7 MUHAMMAD SHAh. 103 M No. 300 301, 302 Mint : Date ,861 862 SECOND SIZE. Obv. All Air Rev. M -6 FL.IX. ^ -6 104: KUfGS OF JAVUfStS,. No. 303 304 305 306 Mint: Date, 865 868 869 870 VI.-HUSAIN SHAH. A.H. 868— 881=A.D. 1458—1476. COPPER. TYPE I. FIRST SIZE. Ohv. j^\ A gill -fc.!! A 18 dt -Ji%^ AfA Ar^ AVo i£ -76 Pi. IX. ^ -7 M -76 ^ 7 M No. 307 Mint: Bate. 872 874 877 879 881 HUSAIIT SHAh. 105 Obv. Same as 303. A]vr AV"H AW A A| Sev. Same as 303. JE -7 JE -7 M -9 M -78 883 AAr M -8 106 KINGS OF JAnrFtE. M No. 313 314, Mint: Date. 886 887 315 889 Obv. Same as 303. AAV AA"^ Rev. Same as 303. M -76 M -76 m -76 316 896 A*^! M -76 317 897 a'^v M ^S 318 899 Al^ M -76 HUSAIN SHAH. 107 M No. 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 Mint: Date. 900 901 903 904 905 90G 909 Obv. Same as 303. \o\ lof ^°e ^o1 ^o^ Bev, Same as 303. ^ -76 JE 76 Ai "76 M -7 ^ -76 M -76 JE -7 108 KINGS OP JWSStB. JE No. Mint: Date 326 863 327 864 328 329 865 «66 SECOND SIZE. Obv. ATf AlE All Sev. au£i ^Jm Pi. IX. iE '6 .ffi!-6 aso 867 aIv .a! -6 HUSAIN SH^H. 109 M No. 331 832 333 334 335 Mint! Date 868 884 885 887 8605 Obv. Same as 326. AA^J aa£ AAV Mev. Same as 326. THIRD SIZE. A1« M -65 JE -65 M '66 J& -66 PL.IX. M 110 KINBS OF JAUNP^E. M No. 336 337 338 339 Mint: Date, 864 869 87* 885 TYPE II. FIRST SIZE. Obv. Alp AV' AAE In centre, within circle, »t i, jjj ^ III r» Around, inscription illegible. Pi. IX. X -76 In centre, as 336. Around, Pl. IX. .ai 76 JS -75 ^\ * i_JU ia generally written thus ^Jj on Jaiinpfir coins. The curved line represents hamzah c . HUSAIN SHAh. HI No. 340 Mint: Date X TYPE III. SECOND SIZE. Ohv. JRev. Similar to Type I., but only partly legible. Pt. IX. ^ -es 112 KINGS OF JATTITPiSB. No. 341 342 343 Mint: Date, [Jau]n- pur ? 892? [Jau]n- pur? 898 Jaunplir BARBAK SHAH IBN BUHLOL. Governor of Jaunpur, a.h. 892—899 = a.d. 1486—1493. Ohv. *]<3^[) JL COPPER. SECOND* SIZE. Rev. Within circle, ct Date obscure. Around, inscription illegible. M -ai Pi.IX. M M * The weight of BSrbak's coins, 112, 112, and 120 grs., does not agree with the Jaunpfir standa,rd, nor with the similar standard of contemporary Dehli coins. V. MALWAH. I 114 ) KINGS OP MALWAH. I.-GHOKIS. A.H. A.D. I. Dildwar Khdn Ghdri assumes title of SliAh, 804 1401 II. Hushang (Alp Khdn) . . . .808 1405 III. Muhammad Ghazni Khan . . . . 838 1434 II.— KHALjfS. IV. Mahmud Shah I. Khalji . .839 1435 V. Ghiyds Shah Khalji 880 1475 VI. Nasir Shah Khalji 906 1500 VII. Mahmud II 916 1510 Mdlwah annexed by Bahadur Sh4h of Gujarat, 937 1530 „ Akbar, 977 1509 ntisHAiro. 115 No. 344- 346 Mint: Date. Shddi- abad [Mandd] ll.-HUSHANG GHORI. A.H. 808— 838=A.D. 1405—1434. Ohv. ^ — U-Jl jb i\ — ;l^il — ^ COPPER. SECOND SIZE.* Rev. Ol— Ja J II Pl. X. M -6 M '66 M -65 * The sizes aro distinguished on the same principle as those of Jaunpdr : see note, p. 89. 116 KmaS OF MAtWAH. No. 347 348 349 Mint; Date. 856 870 848 IV.-MAHMUD SHAH I A.H. 839— 880=A.D. 1435—1475. Obv. COPPER. SQUARE. FiBST Size. Beo. Within double square, «t *i .1j •" -* In segmenta outside, .... I I .... I asL, Pt. X. X -8 a]vc Segments obliterated. M -8 ROUND. FiEST Size. aj. n-> i J >_);«0 .ai '76 mahm6d shIh I. 117 No. 350 351 352 353, 354 355 Mint: Date 856 Shddl- abdd Ohv. Same as 349. A]g1 Date obscure. Eev. Same as 349. Pl. X. M -75 ^ -76 Second Size. .a; -7 Pl. X. ^ -6 ^ -6 Thied Size. jG -ss 118 KINGS OP MALWAU. No. 356, 357 358 359 860 361 Mlnti: Date. 880 881 883 884 V.-GHIYAS SHAH. A.H. 880— 906=A.D. 1475—1500. GOLD. SQUARE. Obv. Above, star. Above, swastika. Above, ornament. Above, 72r Ben. j' I- ' II - * •'■ " oAA (lOLe jJLai AT -85, Wt. 167 Pt. X. ^ -8, Wt. 170 \]A| Jf -7, Wt. 207 AAr Jf -9, Wt. 171 AA«J> (Arranged, oUaU)[i] I ^=adj[i) iV -7, Wt. 167 No date. I. o. c. jr -75, Wt. 161 GHItAs SHi-H. 119 M No. 362 Mint: Date. 898 3G3 364 899 899or894 365 SILVER. SQUARE. FiBST Size. Ohv. Bev. Same as 856. Same as 360 ; Above, "^ A^A Pi. X. m. 7, wt. A«^ M '76, Wt. 84 Second Size. Above, star. \^ or n M -es, wt. 77 Third Size. Pl. X. B, -66, Wt. 43 120 KINGS OF mAlWAH. M No. 366 Mint : Date. 884 367 368 369 890 895 902 370 904 COPPEE. SQUARE. FiEST Size. Ohv. 0]UaJU[JI O I Ornament, ' TQC Ornament, Jgi />, A^g Ornament, star. Ornament, T9C Bev. .ffi '85 Ornament, star. Pi. X. .ffl 7 No ornament. jE -7 JE -7 GHirAs shAh. 121 No. 371 372 Mint : Date, 904 373 874 90ie Ohv. Same as 366. Ornament, ^ Ornament, " 7^ Rev. Same as 366. Ornament, ^^j- M '6S No ornament. Date obliterated. Ornament, ^ J& -7 Second* Size. O i Ornament, star. o\ i Ornament, star. M. -65 Weight 70 grs. 122 KINGS or MALWAH. No. 375 37(i Mint: Date. 907 .377 910 VI. NAS I R SHAH. A.H. 906—916 = A.D. 1500—1510. GOLD. SQUARE. Obv. ^ — JJ — , — )[1 Ornament, star. Mev. OUaJl~JI I. O. 0. J/' -75, Wt. 170 ^ -75, Wt. 170 Pl. X. JV -7, Wt. nIsie shAh. 123 No. 378 Mint: Date, 906 379 380 907 908 381 909 COPPER. SQUARE. FiEBT Size. Ohv. Ql hi , t[l O :• 0]UaJU[l Ornament, star. ^ ov over 2nd ^\isS^\ Va ^o^ Eev. oLSi ^\ , fc ^J-t (Last Une reversed.) Ornament, ^ interwoven with ^ of •75 ■ (Last line not reversed.) Mi -7 ^ -7 M-7i 124 KINGS OP MAIWAH. M No. 382 383 384 ■885 386, 387 Mint : Date, 910 910 911 912 915 Obv. Same as 378. ^ lo Ornament, ^ I n ^ ir Ornament, lis Ornament, Sev. Same as 378. Pi. X iE -7 ^•75 S -7 X -75 ^ '76 nIsie shIh. 125 No. 388 389, 390 Mint: Date. X Ohv. Same as 378. Date obscure. Ornament, /\ Rev. Same as 378. No ornament. X 7 Second* Size. No date. Ornament, star. but ^^jS^a. M -65 M -65 * The thioknesB of nos. 389 and 390 balances the small diameter ; and the weights, 84 grs. and 78 grs. correspond to the second size. 126 Xmas OF MlliWAH. No. 391 Mint : Date. 917 392 921 393 922 VII.-MAHMUD SHAH II A.H. 9J6— 937=A.D. 1510—1530, COPPEE. SQUARE. FiBST Size, Olv. JRev. O' la-J^l 0]UJaJU[l Ornament, ^ Ornament, »•• ^11 Ornament, 5^ ,nr JS-7 Omitting l> and rose. HH ^ -7 .S! -6 MAHMtTD SHAh II. 127 M No. 394 Mint: Date. 923 395 924 896 397 398 399 926 927 928 930 Obv. Same as 891. Ornaments, ($b and aS Ornament, ^ Ornaments, *f and f+i » Ornaments, X and m Eev. Same as 392. Ornament, swastika. ^ -65 Ornament uncertain. X -7 No ornament. M -7 ^ -66 M. -65 Pi. X. .a; 7 128 M No. 400 401 402 403' Mint: Date. 931 931 93a! 404' KINGS OP mAlWAD. Olv. Same as 391. Ornaments, x and ^ S'^l '\'n Ornaments, ^ and ffi Date obliterated. Ornament, ^ Date obliterated. Bev. Same as 391. M -66 .,£ -65 JE -6 Ornament, swastika. M * Nob. 403 and 404, though small, are very thick, and have the same ■weight as the larger coins preceding them. mahmAd shIh II, 129 No. 405 406 407 Mint: Date. Second* Size. Ohv. Similar to 391. No date. Ornament, XJ Ornaments, . A, t, $ Ornament, .$ Sev. SimUar to 392, but ^yifJA. instead of _aJlaJt Ornament, V Pl. X. ^ -66 ^^jsjj,*. [^LSi i]3-()-[o Ornament, {VJ * Though of small diameter, these three coins are so thick that they attain the normal weight of the second size, 72 grs. S VI. GUJARAT. ( 132 ) KINGS OF GUJARAT. A.B.. A.B. I. MuzaflPar Sh^h I. assumes independence . 799 1396 II. Ahmad Shdh 1 814 1411 III. Muhammad Karim Shah . . . .846 1443 IV. Kuth-ad-din 855 1451 V. Daiid Shdh 863 1458 VI. MahmM Shah I. Baikarah . . .863 1458 VII. Muzaffar Shah II. , . . . . 917 1511 VIII. Sikandar Shah 932 1525 IX. Nasir Khan Mahmud II. ... 932 1525 X. Bahddur Shah 932 1526 XI. Miran Muhammad Shah Fdriiki (of Kan- daish) , 943 1536 XII. MahmM Shah III. ibn Latif . . . 944 1537 XIII. Ahmad Shah II 961 1553 XIV. Muzaffar Shah III. Habib . . . . 969 1561 Submits to Akbar .... 980 1572 Gujarat a Mughal province, 991 1583 AHMAD SHIh I. 133 M ■No. Mint: Date' 408. 839 409 842! 410 8ib4 411, 412 II. -AHMAD SHAH I. A.H. 814— 846 = A.B. Ull— 1443. COPPER. FiEST Size. » Bev. Within square, 0< iaJUl Margin illegible. A^srr ^If'i^ .ffl -8 Pl. XI. M -75 .3! '8 Ornament, ^ .^ '66 * Nob. 411 and 412, though their diameter is that of the second eizfe, are yery thick, and weigh respectively 134 and 127 grs. 134 KINGS or GXTJAKAT. Mint : Date. 845 Second Size. Obv. Rev. Same as 41.1. Same as 408. '^n Pl. XI. M -65 No date. Pl, XI. M -6* M -5 lll.-GHIYAS-AD-DIN MUHAMMAD KARIM SHAH. A.H. 846— 855=A.D. 1443—1451. C P P E E. ROUND. »L >^«a»« i^JjJt ^Iji^l i Traces of date beneathi ; j Pl. XT. M 86 M -85 * In spite of their smallness, nos. 414 and 415 have the normal weight of the Bfioond bizOj- 70 grs. ! MAnMtJD SHIh I. 135 No. 418 419- 421 422 423 Mint: Date. 886 VI.-MAHMUD SHAH I A.H. 863— 917=A.D. 1458-1511. 887 424 888 909 xx9 COPPEE. Laboe* Size Obv. Within square, Margin, Rev. AAV AAA ^]o^ ^O^j^JI Second Size. M -85 M -75 M -75 JE -rs M -St * The weight of these coins (220 grs.) is so much above that of the 'ordinary first size that a new class must be distinguished. ~^ t Here the tendency noted in the preceding page, to reduce the diameter and increase the thickness, results in the weight of 67 grs. 136 KINGS or QITJAEAT. No. 425 426 Mint: Date. 920 929 VM.-MUZAFFAR SHAH N A.H. 917— 932=A.D. 1511—1525. GOLD. Obv. Differently arranged. (sic) (^UaA-J PL. XI. M -75, Wt. 170 DiflFerently arranged ; and I. O. C. IT -K, Wt. 177 bahAdttb shIh. 137 M No. 427 Mint : Date. 940 X. -BAHADUR SHAH. A.H. 932— 943=A.i). 1526—1536. COPPER. FiEST * Size. Ohv. Ornaments, e^, + Bev. t\ tt j^L^J .a: -66 * In spite of the narrow diameter, the weight of this coin, 146 grs., assigns it to the first size. 138 EINOS OF GrjARAT. N No. 428 Mint t Date 946 429 947 430 431 949 950 XI l.-MAHMUD SHAH III A.H. 944— 961=A.D. 1537—1553, GOLD. Obv. Sev. Within double square, o' tuj_a_ — )i In lowest segment,* Pl. XT. t O. 0. A' -8, Wt. 186 I. o. c. jr -8, wt. 186 I. O. C. Jf -76, wt. 186 but 1£° above A>fra»« in- stead of outside square. I. O. 0. AT -8, wt. 185 * On these ooms the ciphev for 4 has the ordinary form of modern type, P, instead of the more ancient T. MAHMliD SHAH III. 139 No. 432 433 Mint: Date. 956 960 M 434 Obv. Same as 428. Rev. Same as 423 : but ^ ffl 1 in lowest segment. I. O. 0. Jf -76, Wt. 186 but ^ 1 o above I. O. C. iV -8, wt. 186 SILVER, FiBST Size. iL J I <*JUL. 1^1 JLJ[I Pl. XI. M 7, wt. 112 140 No. 435, 436 Mint : Date. XI I l.-AHMAD SHAH II A.H. 961— 969=A.D. 1553—1561. COPPER. FiEST Size. Oiv. Sev. J II «\-Jj M -76 M -75 MUHAMMAD SHAh. 141 M No. 437 438 Mint: Date. 963 439 MUHAMMAD SHAH PRETENDER {-i) A.H, 963 = A.D. 1555. Ohv. OUaJU[l C O P P E E. FiEST Size. Rev. . . . O . . Several ornaments. Pl. XI. M -IS JS -7 SQUARE. Date obliterated. M 6 142 KINGS OP GTTJAEAT. M No. 440 441 442 443 444 977 978 979 980 XIV.-MUZAFFAR SHAH III A.H. 969— 980=A.B. 1561—1572. Obv. ij.i,»-ji\ jujU^j >f^^V ^i SILVER. FiEST Size. Sev. Within border, AJCJU aJJI jJLa. PL. XI. M -76, Wt. 106 Second Size. 51 -65, Wt. 73 ^VA .a, -66, wt. 74 Traces of marginal inscr. AJUoLtrJ Pl.XI. .ai-6,Wt. 74 "^Ab .S, -66, Wt. 7S MuzATfAK shIh in. 143 M No. 445 Mint: Date 977 446 Shadi- abad % 971 447, 448 Mustaf- 971 COPPER. FiEST Size. 05«. '1 vv Margin obscure. VI 1 fl f^ f Traces of margiiu Bev. Same as 440 ; Partly obliterated. M '66 (9) jUUJav4 .ai -65 JS, -66 THE DEKHAN. VII.-BAHMAN IS OF KULBARGA. u «. 14B ; BAHMANIS. KINGS OF KULBARGA. A.H. A.B. I. Hasan Gangii 748 1347 II. Muhammad Shah I, . ... 759 1358 III. MujahidShah 776 1375 IV. Daud Shdh 780 1378 V. Mahmud [or Muhammad] Shah I. . . 780 1378 VI. Ghiyas-ad-din 799 1397 VII. Shams-ad-din 799 1397 VIII. Taj-ad-din Firoz Shah .... 800 1397 IX. Ahmad Shah 1 825 1421 X. 'Ala-ad-din Ahmad'Shah II. . . . 838 1435 XI. 'Ala-ad-din Humay4n Shdh . .862 1457 XII. Nizam Shah 865 1461 XIII. Muhammad Shah II 867 1463 XIV. Mahmud Shdh II 887 1482 XV. Ahmad Shah III 924 1518 XVI. 'Ala-ad-din Shah 927 1520 XVII. Wali-AlMh Shah 929 1522 XVIII. Kalim-Allah Shah 932 1525 died* 933 1526 • The last four princes exercised only nominaJ authority. TAj-AD-Dilf FIEOZ SHAh. 147 M No. 449 Mint: Date. Ahsan- dbad 807 450 VMI-TAJ-AD-OrN fTrOZ SHAH. A.H. 800— 825=A.D, 1397—1421. Obv. SILVEE. 0'-«> — "j >H-« — 'L' 811 452 Rev. Area, within square, LJjL_Jt Margin, in segments, VoA I i^.L[i-^l] Pi. XI. M 1-05, Wt. Same : margin, a I I «r>^ M 1-05, Wt. 168 451 Ahsan- Same: margin, aTT | iljU«-a.[l | abad 822 Ahsan- fibad Same: margin, ^xx | iLjlj»«».t | Cj^-a^ \ B, 1-1, wt. 167 M 11, Wt. 167 148 BAHMANf KINGS OF KULBAEGA. M No. 463 Mint: Date. COPPEE. Second Size. Obv. Bev. t5- *-'j k^-i-0-«-!f «^- (jio-j^-e Traces of margin M -65- AHMAD SHAH I. 149 M No. 454 455, 456 457 Mint: Date. 828 IX. -A HMAD SHAH I A.H. 825— 838=A.D. 1421—1435. COPPEE. First Size. Obv. Bev. J'—i^^ Within square, AjUt >tfUJ ^jLi_<^ )l I Outside square, «-j^j »U( ji**.! (>J'*["j ^^,1 kA-JI »l i >Ji*)l [^1 . £ r (?) PL. XI. ^ -85 TiEST Size. *^\ Rev. Area, within square, Margin, in segments, ^ir I (S)iWU«o.l I .... I - .. Pl. XI. M 10, Wt. 171 C P P E E. Laege Size. Same : but only '^12 legible in margin. M -9 M -9 154 BAHMAiri KINaS OF ETJLBAE&A. 2E No. 474 475, 476 Mint: Date, 884 XIII -MUHAMMAD SHAH II A.H. 867— 887=A.D. 1463—1482. COPPER. Labge Size. Obv. Beo. aU[^ «1 1, JL<,a^* oL-iJ^jUA ^Jj UjjkJI ,,;»_o-~^ OUaM-^l CH^'i (sic) Aq> Same : but date obliterated. M '8 PL. XI. JB ■ MAHMto SHAh II. 155 No. 477, 478 479 Mint! Date, XIV.-MAHMUD SHAH II. A.n. 887— 924=A.D. 1482—1518. C P P E E. FmsT Size. Obv. Inscription obscure. Bev. Pd. si. ^ 7 M -65 iE VIM. LOCAL ISSUES. ( 159 ) No. 480 481 482, 483 484 Mint: Date. 936 937 938 LOCAL ISSUES. A G R A H COPPEE. FiEST Size. Ohv. in ^O^L5* Pleuron above and beneath. ^rv ^TA Bev. wJ^_&l wfj-o \fx Outside, illegible inscription. Pl. XII. M -6 JAUNPdE. 161 M No. 491, 492 493 Mint: Date. 939 940 J A U N P U R. C O P P E E. Olv. Pleuron above and beneath. ^?^c <_j>«a)t jl> Pi. Xir. M. -7 M -7 162 LOCAL ISSUES. M No. 494 Mint: Date. 942 495 938 CHAMPANIR C P P E E. Ohv. J 1- (^L«j™.![t Sev. J " V V Pi. xn. X -66 LAHORE, COPPEE, Obv. ^ - Fleuron above and beneath. Sev. S.] i Pl. xn. .ffi -7 mAnb*. 163 2E No. 496, 497 Mint : Date. 942 M A N D U C P P E E . Ohv. ^ij^^ If r <^ Sen. ^. .J. — -fi Pl. XII. M -7 M -7 APPENDIX. MUGHAL INVADEE. UNIDENTIFIED PEINCES. SUPPLEMENTAEY BENGAL. SUPPLEMENTAEY DEHLI. ( 167 ) No. 498 499 Mint: Date. Ghazni KUTLUGH KHWAJAH. (MUQSAL INVABEB.) Besieged Dehli, a.h. 697— 698=a.d. 1297—1298. COPPEE. Obv. ^)- aj Within circle, Around, . . . .>)! OJ** Rev. In centre, within circle, gg Around, isfS^ i.iJSj>\Xj <0C. PL. xn. M '6 Pl. XII. ^ 168 APPENDIX. FATH-AD-DIN JALAL SHAH. A.H. 840 ff= A.D. 1436 ff. M No. 500 501 Mint: Date. 84? 847- C O P P E E. Mev. Afv Pi. XII. .a! jE -6 * The style of these two coins is precisely similar to that of the issues of Ahmad I. of Gujarat of the same period ; and it is reasonable to suppose that they were struck by some prince who made himself temporarily inde- pendent during the absence of Sult&n Ahmad in his wars with M£lwah and the Bahmanis. The coins of Shams-ad-din resemble closely the Gujarat issues of about A.H. 860, and ■were probably struck by the successor of Fath-ad-din JaUl-Sh4h. SHAMS-AD-DIN SHIh. 169 No. 502, 503 504 Mint: Date SHAMS-AD-DI N SHAH. C O P P E E. Ohv. Eev. PL. XII. M -55 ■5S SULTAN MUHAMMAD. COPPER. OUaJU[)t . . It ....^^J[l jj .Xi -ol U4JJIJI . . . 0-i]^"[-5 170 APPENDIX. M No. 505 Mint: Date, 506 SULTAN MUHAMMAD. O P P E E. Obv. UjJI J. . . Sev. J' 1^ , " X -6 UNCERTAIN KING. C O P P E E. Sqttaee. {Mdlwah style.) 0[l]laJU[l OL]JaJUI pl. xn. .ai -s ■ft'^^-r- ( 171 ) M No. 507 Mint : Date. 8]79 SUPPLEMENT. A. BENGAL. BARBAK SHAH.* A.H. 864—879 = A.B. 1459—1474-. SILVER Obv. within circle, and ornamented border, Vl Eev. (as obv.) Pi. XII. M 1-15, Wt. 165 * The name «llS5;lj is so oarelesaly engraved that it is only after much consideration that the attribution is hazarded. 172 SIJPPIiEMENT. UNCERTAIN KING OF BENGAL* SILVER. Olv. Eev. A JCJL« » 6 11 [7^4 )» ■)) >> >j 7 11 718 J) X Pretend., Dehli Mahmud 509 172 720 )j X Govs, of Bengal Ghiyds-ad-din Baha- dur 8 11 728 J) Lakhnauti J? ?> 9 11 743 i> Sonargaon Kings of Bengal Fakhr-ad-din Mu- barak 10 13 744 M jj »j )» 11 13 745 tj Firozabad )) 'Ald-ad-din 'Ali 15 14 747 tt Shahr-i-Nau jj Shains-ad-din Ilyas 17 15 748 tt Sonargaon >) Fakhr-ad-din Mu- barak 12 13 750 t) J) jj j> 13 13 751 tf a; )j Shams-ad-dinllj'as 18 15 753 it Sonargaon )) »» 23 16 754 Jt )) )» )) 24 16 )) )) Firdzabad )) »> 20,21 16 757 JJ Son^rtidon )' >> 25,26 16 758 Firdzabad J' )) 22 16 759 )) )5 Sikaridar 27 17 760 )) Sonargaon )» >) 29 18 763 Firozabad )) ?> 28 17 764 X J» )> 31 18 7t]6 }f Firozabad J) 5) 34 19 '771 )j )> }9 J» 32 19 780 jj )J J» )) 37 20 782 Shahr-i-Nau J) ?J 44 21 783 )j >J 5' JJ 45 21 jj ji Fiiozabdd )J >» 38-9,47 20,23 jj ji Satgaon )J :J 46 22 784 )» Firozabad >) )7 40,48 20,23 A A 178 INDEX OF YEAHS. *». Metal M JE M JE M it 7t M M a M Jt if )j M iE JE M MINT. Firozabad Jannatfibdd Satgaon Kashmir Fiidzabad J) Satgaon Fiidzabad Mu'azzamabad ») Fii'ozabad Ahsanabad Kashmir Ahsanabad Fli'ozabad x Firozabad X X X Ahsanabad X a; Firozabad X X X X Firozabdd Rhotaspur X X X X X X X X X X DYNASTY. Kings of Bens Kashmir Bengal PEINCE. ,, Jaunpur Bahmanis Kings of Kashmir Bahmanis Kintrs of Bengal Jaunpur >' }> >» i) Bahmanis Kings of Jaunpiii )j „ Bengal „ Jaunpur n J) a J? a )) Bengal '» jj Bahmanis Kings of Jaunpur Sikandar Ghiyas-ad-dinA'zam » Sikandar Ghiy as-ad-din A'zam Saif-ad-din Hamzah Ibrahim Taj-ad-din Firoz Sikandar Taj-ad-din Firoz Shih4b-ad-din Baya- zid )» Jalal-ad-din Muham mad Ibrahim NO. Bengal Taj-ad-din Firoz Ibrahim Jalal-ad-din Muham- mad Ibrahim Jaldl-ad-din Muham- mad »» Ahmad i. Ibrahim 41-2,49 43,50 51 52,53 59 180 60 61 64 62,63 54 57 66 262 449 181 450 67 68 72 237 224, 238 225,23990,91 Page. 451 240 241 73 242 226, 243 227,244 228,24590,92 82 83 455, 456 229,24690,92 247 230,24890,92 Jalal-ad-din Muham- mad 249 223 250 231,251 232, 252 76 21,23 21,23 23 24 26 70 26 27 27 27 25 25 28 94 147 70 147 29 30 31 91 89,91 147 92 92 31 92 90,92 90,92 34 34 149 92 93 89 93 90,93 90,93 32 INDEX or TEARS. 179 A.H. 835 Metal. MINT. DTNASTT. PEINCE. NO. Page. .E se Kings of Jaunpur Ibrahim 253 93 836 M a; „ Bengal 8hams-ad-din Ahmad 88 36 „ M a; „ Jaunpur Ibrahim 233, 254 91,93 837 )J X J) 9> )i 234, 255 91,93 ! 838 / 839 X X » >> tt J) 11 11 256 257 94 94 >J X „ Gujarat Ahmad i. 408 133 840 yf X Bahmanis Alii-ad-din Ahmad II. 462-66 151 )) U X Kings of Jaunpur Ibrahim 235, 258 91,93 841 tf X jj J, )j , 259 93 jj J) Kashmir „ Kashmir Zain-al-'Abidin 184, 185 72 842 M ,, It it *j 182 71 }) M X „ Jaunpur Ibrahim 260 94 )* » X „ Gujardt Ahmad i. 409 133 84S X Unidentified Fath-ad-din Jalal 500 168 843 ,, X Kings of Jaunpur Ibrdhira 236, 261 91,94 844 >7 X )» It Mahmud 265,273, 288 96,97, 100 )9 ,) X „ Gujarat Ahmad i. 410 133 1 845 » X X „ Jaunpur Mahmiid 413 266,274, 134 96,97, I 846 289 100 X It 1} JJ 275, 97 275a 847 X Jaunpiir X II II II II Ji 263 264 276 95 95 97 J» JJ X Unidentified Fath-ad-din Jalal 501 168 848 X Kings of Jaunpur Mahmud 267, 277 96,97 X „ Malwah Mahmud i. 352 116 849 X „ Jaunpur Mahmiid 295 101 84a; Jr, Kashmir „ Kashmir Zain-al-'Abidin 183 71 ^ X Bahmanis 'Ala-ad-din Ahmad II. 470 152 850 .iR X It 458 150 M X Kings of Jaunpur Mahmud 278, 290 98,100 851 Kashmir ,, Kashmir Zain-al-'Abidin 186, 187 72 » if if X „ Jaunpur Mahmud 268,279, 291 96,98, 100 852 >* X » >i 11 269,280, 292 96,98, 100 852? X Bahmanis 'Ala-ad-din Ahmad II. 461 151 853 J) ti X Kings of Jaunpur Mahmud 270,271, 281,286 96-99 854 856 n X X X 11 )) 11 11 Malwah 11 Mahmud i. 282 272 350,353 98 97 116,117 857? 858 ji X „ Jaunpur Mahmud 285 99 X 11 11 11 287, 293 99,101 180 INDEX OF YEARS. A.H. Metal. MINT. DTNASTT. PRINCJS. NO. Page. 859 M X Kings of Jaunpiii Mahmud 283 98 860 >) X 33 )J JI 294 101 861 >J X )J ») II 284 99 )) »* X It tt Muhammad 297, 300 102-3 862 l» X tt tt II 296,298, 301,302 102-3 863 >J X >> » II 299 102" ti » X tt It Husain 326 108 !J M Ahsaiiabad Bahmaiiis Ala-ad-dinHumayun 471 153 864 M ' X Kings of Jaunpiii Husain 827, 339 108, 110 865 »J X )) » II 303, 328 104, 108 jj )l X Bahmanis !!^la-ad-dinHumdyun 472-3 153 866 it X Kings of Jaunpur Husain 329 108 867 i) X tt tt II 330 108 868 tj X tt It II 304, 331 104, 109 869 ty X It )) II 305, 337 104, 110 86a; }) X >i ij II 335 109 870 a X I) » IJ 306 104 >) ») X „ Mdlwah . Mahmud i. 348 • 116 872 » X „ Jaunpur Husain 307 105 873 ^ Jannatabad ? Bengar , Barbak 90 37 874 »j Kashmir „ Kashmir Haidar 189 73 H M i) )> ^> IJ 190 73 9} . J) x „ Jaunpur Husain 308 105 876 ^ Kashmir „ Kashmir Hasan 191 74 »> ^ L] )) « II 192 74 877 )} X „ Jaunpur Husain 309 105 879 M (C Kings of Bengal Barbak 507 171 » M X ,, Jaunpur Husain 310 105 870? )} X tt tt I, 338 110 >» )1 Kashmir „ Kashmir Hasan 193 75 880 ^ X ,, Malwali Ghiyas 356, 357 118 881 >» X. tt tt jj 358 118 j> ^ X „ Jaunpur Husain 311 105 883 ^ X „ Mdlwah Ghiyas 359 118 JJ JE X „ Jaunpur Husain 312 105 884 ^ X „ Mdlwah Ghiyas 360 118 J» M X tt tt II 366 120 JJ » ^ „ Jaunpur Husain 332 109 885 ft X ji » IJ 333, 339 109, 110 886 JR Fathabfid „ Bengal Jal^l-ad-din Fath 94-96 39 )) M X „ Jaunpdr Husain 313 106 JJ » X „ Gujarat Mahmud i. 418 135 887 9i X „ Jaunpur Husain 314, 334 106, 109 )» it X „ Gujarat Mahmud i. 419-421 135 888 7t X II II IJ 422 135 889 ,, X „ Jaunpur Husain 315 106 890 J) X „ Malwah Ghiyas 367 120 INDEX or YEAES. 181 A.H. Metal. MINT. DTNASTT. PRINCE. NO. Page. 892? m X Gov. of Jaunpur Barbak 341 112 893 M. ] ?athabad ] iings of Bengal 1 Saif-ad-din Firoz 100 41 JJ » ( Khazanah) >) a )) 99 41 895 M Mahmudabdd }f a 9, 101 41 }} 99 Kashmir ,, Kashmir . Muhammad 195 76 }) M X ,, Malwah Ghiyas 368 120 896 M (Khazanah) j> Bengal Shams-ad-din Mu- zaffar Fath 105, 107 43 896 if Kashmir ,, Kashmir 202 78 )} M X jj Jaunpur Husain 316 106 897 t1 !» >» >» It 317 106 898 if Jaunptir or Bitrir Gov. of ti Barbak 342 112 1 jf Kashmir Kings of Kashmir Muhammad 197 77 JR X >j Malwah Ghiyas 362 119 89a; it (Khazanah) » Bengal Shams-ad-din Mu- zaffar 106 43 JE Kashmir )t Kashmir Fath 203-205 78 899 N (Khazanah) tt Bengal 'Ala-ad-din Husain 108 44 j; M }) t1 it » 116 46 ;» )> Husainabad >» it j> 109-112, 119, 120 45,47 J> » Fathabad ») it JJ 113,114, 123-125 45,48 ,, X ft ti J) 115 45 M X it Jaunpur Husain 318 106 M X it Malwah Ghiyas 363 119 ik n X It )) >» 364 119 900 M X )j Jaunpur Husain 319 107 901 }} X H ti J) 320 107 902 yy X tt Malwah Ghiyas 369 120 903 X )» Jaunpur Husain 321 107 904 X it it )j 322 107 X )j Malwah Ghiyas 370, 371 120-1 905 }J X }) Jaunpur Husain 323 107 906 X )) a n 324 107 90a; " X if Malwai Ghiyas 372 121 906 X a a Nasir 378 123 90] 7 M Husaindbad if Bengal 'Ala-ad-din Husain 121 47 J^ X Malwah Nasir 375, 377 122 » M X It it J) 379 123 908 X it a )) 380 123 909 X jt Jaunpui Husain 325 107 X Malwah Nasir 381 123 )) ti X Gujardt Mahmud i. 423 135 910 N X it j> )? 377 122 M X it ti ,, 382, 38E ( 124 J5 911 » X it j> tf 1 384 124 182 INDEX OF YEARS. A.H. Metal. MINT. DYNASTY. PRINCE. NO. Page. 9]12 M (Khazanah) Kings of Bengal 'Ala-ad-din Husain 117 46 )j M X „ Malwah Nasir 385 124 913 M X „ Bengal 'Ala-ad-din Husain 126, 127 48 915 JE X „ Malwah Nasir 386, 387 124 917 M Muhammad- abad „ Bengal 'Ala-ad-din Husain 128 48 )j M a; „ Malwah Nasir 391 126 919 M Husainahad „ Bengal 'Ala-ad-din Husain 129, 130 48 920 Jf a; „ ' Gujarat MuzafFar ii. 425 136 921 M a; „ Milwah Mahmud ii. 392 126 922 1i a: » J> tt 393 126 923 it X >» JJ ti 394 127 924 ti a; 1} fi tt 395 127 925 M Husainabad „ Bengal Nasir-ad-din Nasrat 134-136 50 )> M Fathabad ]} ij It 138-141 51 926 M ss „ Malwah Mahmud ii. 396 127 927 JR Nasralabad „ Bengal Nasir-ad-din Nasrat 137 50 »J M X „ Mdlwah Mahmud ii. 397 127 928 >» X }i t) ») 398 127 929 AT X „ Gujarat Muzaffar ii. 426 136 )) M X „ Malwah Mahmud ii. 403 128 930 ti X >j )j tt 399 127 931 » X J) »j )} 400 -128 933 M Tathabdd „ Bengal Nasir-ad-din Nasrat 142 51 fi t1 Nasratabad »» ft Ghiyas-ad-din Mah- mud III. 147 54 )J n a J) i> J) 148 55 934 ti Muhammad- abad tr J) tt 149 55 93a; M at „ Malwah Mahmud ii. 401, 402 128 936 it Agrah Local Issues 480, 481 159 937 ft ») 3) 482 159 938 H >t ;j 483 159 939 M Husainabad Kings of Bengal Ghiyas-ad-din Mah- mM III. 150, 151 55 » M Agrah Local Issues 485-487 160 » n Jaunpiir jj 491, 492 161 940 jj ' f Kings of Gujardt Bahadur 427 137 » » Agrah Local Issues 488 160 )j j» Jaunpiir ;) 493 161 942 a Champanir t> 494 162 » )t Mandu It 496, 497 163 „t »5 Agrah )> 489 160 946 Jf x Kings of Gujarat Mahmud iii. 428 138 947 « a; tt jf 429 138 948 M Labor Local Issues 495 162 949 Jf Agrah Kings of Gujardt Mahmud iii. 430 - 138 94* M Local Issues 490 160 INDEX OF YEARS. 183 A.H. Metal. MINT. DYNASTY. PEINCE. NO. rage. 950 Jf X Kings of Gujarat Mahmud ill. 431 138 953? M Kashmir Mughal Emperor Humaytin 208 80 956 J^ a; Kings of Gujarat Mahmud iii. 432 139 957 M Kashmir King of Dehli Islam Shah 210 81 960 ^ N a; Kings of Gujardt Mahmud iii. 433 139 961 JR Kashmir „ Kashmir] Mahmud 211 81 962 1) Arakan „ Bengal Muhammad Ghazi 152 56 963 M X „ Gujardt? Muhammad 437, 438 141 965 M X Kings of Bengal Ghiyds-ad-din Ba- hddur 155 68 966 »> X )■) )> 157 58 967 Ji X 3J 3i ») 158 58 96^ )J — J) )> j» 156 58 970 jj Kashmir „ Kashmir Husain Chakk 215 83 » M [„] ji )j )) 217 83 971 J* MuzafFaidbad? „ Gujarat Muzaffar iii. 447, 448 143 972 M Kashmir „ Kashmir Husain Chakk 216 83 977 )7 X Gujardt Muzaffar in. 441 142 »» M X >> )j » 445 143 978 M X j» » » 442 142 979 )i X » » )j 443 142 980 J) X »> jj )i 444 142 SJ )j Kashmir „ Kashmir Muhammad 'Ali 218 84 987 It » )» j> Yiisuf Chakk 219, 220 84 -J» t) » Mughal EmperOr Akbar 221 85 Qxi ' ti j» )> » )j 222 85 ( 185 ) II. INDEX or MINTS. MINT. Metal. A.H. DTNASTT. PBLNCE. NO. Page. Alisandbail Arakan Oi'isa Agrah M Jix M 807 822 a;* 863 962 Bahmanis Kings of Bengal Tdj-ad-din Firoz » 'AlA^ad-din Huma- yun Muhammad Ghazi 449 451 452 471 152 See Index of Names, s.v. 936t ■ I 937§ 938§ 939§ 940§ 942?§ 94x Local Issues 147 147 147 153 56 480 159 481 159 482,3 159 484 159 485-7 160 488 160 489 160 490 160 * With prefix o,i». t With prefix his. t With prefix ^. § With prefix aiU'jl J. B B 186 IITDBX or MINTS. MINT. Metal. A.H. DYNASTY. PEINOB. NO. Page. Bithur? See j^J^ Jaunpur and ojJlJI, Salad, Al- JBalad, and Al-Baldat See Ajjs. Ohazm; zdhdd Tandah M X Kings of Bengal DSiid 160-2 59 Jdjnagar See Index of Names, «.». O'*-^ Jark Seeji^^ ioM«(jMii Jannatabad* ? 790 873 Kings of Bengal » >9 Ghiyas-ad-din A'zam Bdrbak 52,3 90 24 37 Jauripur M 847t 8921 898 1 X X 939§ 940§ r Kings of Jaunpiir Governor „ » » Local Issues Mahmud Barbak ibn Buhldl 264 341 342 343 491,2 493 95 112 112 112 161 161 * On no. 53, written ill 3i=.. f With prefix o,^. t With prefix^. Nos. 341, 342 only show the letters .y, which may stand for ,,i Bithur or BithcJr. -"^ § With prefix alii ^j^\j\i. INDEX OF MINTS. 187 MINT. Chatgaon {fihittagong) Champanir Husaindbad Metal, Hazrat Hazrat Jaldl (Treasury) JR. ^ M M M A.H. BINASTT. X Kings of Bengal 942 899 89r9] [90]7 919 925 939 873t X 893 896 89:e 899 9]12 925: Local Issues Kings of Bengal PRINCE. NO. JaMI-ad-din Muham- mad j(jLL.A.t Ahsand ibljj^ Fir 6 See y^Ssj\^ Kings of Bengal » !A.ld-ad-dm Husain Nasir-ad-din Nasrat Grhiyas-ad-din Mah- mud III. bad; j^fiy^, Jaunpur; zdbdd Sondrgdon ; Bai'bak Sh.ams-ad-din Yiisuf Saif-ad-din Firoz Shams-ad-din Muzaf- ,( „ [far illd-ad-din Husain Nasir-ad-din Nasrat 77 84-87 494 109-12 119, 20 121 129, 30 134-36 150,1 90 93 99 105,107 106 108 116 117 132-3 134-36 -* With prefix 1.^. t In combination with jl^ + In eombination with jLU^? and written iiljlji- (sic). 188 INDEX OP MINTS. MINT. Ddr-al-Khild- fah Ddr-ad-Zarb Khittah Ddr-al-Mulh Ddr-an-Nasr Rhotaspur Satgaon . Sonargaon M M M. A.H. 827 783* 790' 795' DYNASTY. See ij^\ Agrah; ^«« ii^i^ See iWl^ili See jbUtoZi Kings of Bengal Kings of Bengal 743t Kings of Bengal 744t 748t 750t 753+ 754+ 757+ 760+ 884+ PKINCE. j^"^ Ldhor Jauwpwr Shddiabdd Fathdbdd Jalal-ad-din Muhammad Sikandar i. Ghivds-ad-dln A'zam Fakhr-ad-din Mubarak Shams-ad-din Ilyas Sikandar i. Shams-ad-din Yusuf NO. 83 46 59 64 10 11 12 13 23 24 25,26 29 92 * With prefix i»jt. + With prefix J^ tji=: IJJDEX OP MINTS. 189 MINT. Shidiabdd (?) Shdhr Shahr-i-Nau 'Ar.iat Ghazni Metal, Fathabad M M A.H. DTNASTT. ^ M 971 747 782 783 X PKINCE. Kings of Malwah )) » „ Gujarat See ^jJ^ Mandu Seejj^yf. Jav/npur; Kings of Bengal 886 893 899 89[9j 925§ [93]3 See no. 89 ; and ^tiCXw Satgdon ; Governors of Sind Mughal Invader Kings of Bengal Hushang MahmM i. Muzaffar iii. _ji3^yiD Lalchnauti. Shams-ad-din Ilyas Sikandar i. ^jICLk Chatgdon ; jjjyw STiahr-i-Bau. Nasir-ad-din Muh''. Kutlugh Khwajdh Jaldl-ad-din Fath 8aif-ad-din Firoz 'Ala-ad-din Husain j> Nasir-ad-din Nasrat J) 'Ala-ad-din Firoz 344, 5 352-5 446 NO. 17 44 45 173 498,9 115 117 143 94-6 39 100 41 113,14 45 123-5 48 138-41 51 142 51 146 53 15 21 21 66 167 • With prefix islJiJIjlJ. X No. 498 hae prefix ^. t With prefix i^jc. § In combination with^«Jljlj. 190 INDEX OP MINTS. MINT. Metal. A.H. DYNASTY. PRIWCE. NO. Page. iWliiJ** m. 745* Kings of Bengal 'Ala-ad-din 'Ali 15 14 Firdzabad )j 754* )) JJ Shams -ad -din Ilyds 20,1 16' jj 758t >> 9) JJ 22 16 J? X* jy JJ ^j 19 15 )) 759 ft )J Sikandar i. 27 17 )i 763 n JJ JJ 28 ' 17 )j 771t ») JJ ^j 32 19 )) 780+ ?) JJ JJ 37 20 »j 783 + I) J» JJ 38,9 20 1) „ * )J JJ JJ 47 23 )j 784 + jj JJ JJ 40 20 » „ * j> JJ JJ 48 23 7? 785 + jj JJ JJ 41,2 21 » ,. • }r JJ JJ 49 23 JJ 786 + it JJ J) 43 21 >» ,. * n JJ JJ 50 23 )) 7|6t >j )J JJ 34 19 „ 788?* >> JJ JJ 51 23 >) [7]^2t j» J^ JJ 33 19 ?) 794t JJ JJ Ghiyds-ad-din A'zam 60 26 >J 795i ■ „ JJ JJ 61 27 1) 79^- • 3> JJ JJ 62,3 27 JJ 799 i • 1) t) Saif - ad - din 66 28 Hamzah )) a, t JJ JJ JJ 65 28 J) 816 JJ JJ Shihab-ad-din Bayazid 67 29 JJ 81.a;t JJ IJ )) 69 30 M 819 " J) Jalal - ad - din Muhammad 72 31 JJ 821 J) JJ >) 73 31 )J 827 JJ JJ 3) 82 34 JJ x JJ JJ >> 74,75, 78 32, 33 Aa^3 and S.JIS See 0^1 AgraJi Kal' and Kal'ah * With prefix SjJ; or Sjlll. f With prefix i^ or o;.a». J With prefix !-ij_,s»" tjjj. INDEX or MINTS. 191 MINT. Metal. Kashmir Kamru AijJ.^ M M J) M JR M M JE }) J) M M M M JR A.H, M M ' . Zain-al-'Abidin Haida,r Hasan Muhammad Fath Muhammad Fath Muhammad j» Ndzak Humaytin )> Islam Shdh Mahmud Ibrdhim ti Husain Chakk » Muhammad 'Ali Yusuf Chakk Akbar s.v, (^•>«»0 Ghiyas s.v. i^ffii^ NO. 179 180 181 184, 85 182 183 186, 87 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 202 197 203,4 196 201 206 208 209 210 211 212 213, 14 215 216 218 219, 20 221 222 Page 365 192 INDEX OF MINTS. MINT. Metal. A.H. M 948* M J) [70]2 1 711 1 J) [7^12? 7JJ3I L7^]4 728t 7a;a(!: JR 917" )J 934 M 895? M 971 J7 A 7xx )> '?A'p X BTNASTT. PEXNOE. NO. Page Lah6i' Lakhnauti Muhammad- abad Mahinudabad Mustafabad P Mu'azzarndbad Local Issues 495 162 Grovernors of Bengal Kings of Bengal Kings of Bengal Kings of Gujarat Kings of Bengal Shams-ad'din Firoz Ghiyas-ad-din Baha- dur In name of Muh, ibn Taghlak A.la-ad-dfn Husain Ghiyas-ad-din Mah- miid Saif'ad'din Fii'oz 3 4 5 6 7 9 9fl 128 149 101 10 11 11 11 11 11 12 48 55 41 Muzaffar iii. Sikandar i. Ghiyas-ad-dinA'zam 447, 448 30 54 57 65 143 18 25 25 25 With prefix s>iU!'_,b. t With prefix ^j=.. t With prefix j(-.. INDEX OF MIKTS. 193 MINT. Metal. A.H. DYNASTY. PEINCE. NO. Page. Mandu NasVatdbad 942 927 X 933 Local Issues See ibbiU, Kings of Bengal » » Shddidhdd Nasir-ad-din Nasrat 'Ald-ad-din Firoz Ghiyds-ad-din Mah- mlid III. 496, 497 137 144, 145 147 163 50 52 54 III. INDEX OF NAMES. [The initials after the names of the princes denote the province or kingdom they ruled : B. stands for Bengal, S. for Sind, K. for Kashmir, J. for Jaunpfir, M. for Mdlwah, G. for Gujarat, D. for the portion of the Dekhan goyemed by the Bahmanis.] I ftli^fctjjt (K.)— i\£i ^gt^\jj\ ^^'^\ oUaJUl 212 oU^maIj.^! o^iaJ^I 213, 214 «LSi^«Jk1jj| (J.) — ^UaJL.)! 223 ^iUaJL, »b^*!^^l 224—262 «li JL«*.I (B.)— ^UaJUJt «l£> JLoa^ O^ «Uli 88 4:,UaJUI »U JiJ>oJt 454 455—457 tfUi jk«(».l (II. D.)— ^ ^i»SV^I ,_yA)l 3JI 458-460 ti^ft ^;)UftXJI O'^ayJI J«Ai, (_yo.w ^[ii,}\ aJUL) ^^;3t»J| OUaA,JI ilii Ji«o.l O^ «IA a«a.l ^>JjJlj Uj^ll 461 jL^ft.! ^>j »li jk<^l >ftJio)l ^1 (?) aJUI uJUUJI jujUj JjI^II »U->i»vJ aU 462—466 ^i«»Jt 467—469 ^y«f.J 470 INDEX OF NAMES. 197 tjjJii\ (jUiw) see ^^«n.tt. oU. vo-jlL,! ^Jic*^! ^J\Lk^] 210 Jj*"^l see oiSiSJjh oia^ftt (B.)— OUaJUl 52—59 >jl chiJJtj UjJI ^U« O-o^' .£U«Jt JujIIi ju>»)l OUaX-M »li«Jiftt jAisLoJt 60—62 ^t On!*>^"i W'J^t >^^ t>»a>^' >^Jt J^U^ •'^:>>fr't 63, 64 «li>«Jael (^>^) see «j-«^ ^«Ja«'^)l passim. OJ«*" J'51^ ^t^' jL«a^* (JJjU »t.Sij(j 221 j,*A>l ^>jjJI J-iUft. jL«a^ ^lic 222 »u, u-yi (B.)— ^;,UaJUJI 0'«-'«>»'' >*■«' (j"«^)* **'i>>a-" 0«*i ij'^' jjX* l^jHaJL-M oli ^^yi jAJa«)l ^1 C>iJJIi liiJJ^'l u-oi JiUJI 17—26 * j-U carelessly omitted on nos. 17 — 19. 198 INDEX OF NAMES. ^U"^! see jJ^<^, ^«axZ~«Jt, ^Xii\ (^^l) ^J,^J^ ^ \ j^\ see ^mSii\ (^jI)' ^^^a^t^^^o^tj ^«aMM.«)t, ju.eUI j^yoUJ) j-^'>)l see fji^\ see ij-u^af SLiJOjb (B.)— 4U. ji>«A.« ^>j| o^^- «U^oW ^o^*^! JjkC^I O^JI--" OUxU 90, 91 »IA d^«a^ O^l ^jUaXJI ol-tJyjO jAJioJI ^) JJjJI^ 507 »ujCjjIj (J.)— OUaX-i eliJ:i,U o*^W >»-' -^IJ 341—343 «l,^Cjtj ((^j) see i_s>o^ olii jkjj^l^ (B.)— O^JaJUl 67—70 OUaA-JI »IA ^j>jIj j,aJsfco.)l ^1 ^;^jjlj 71 INDEX OP NAMES. 199 «U. jil^j (I. B.)— »U, jilyj (ii. B,)— j_Sjlfi 155—159 ^ ^t?T m'^^ Sri Vahddur Sdfd 155—159 »li, j>V/ (G.)- j_jio^ see .*«».l, J3>s9 j^^i«^l see j>«»-\, (J^jU* «l,^.;«^ see jk«»t al^ijU see j'f^U 0-!:*>'^7 l^> >y&^^, ^^''H j^jjt^ LijJI W.13 see j«j/-i jjMk.1^ see t>$~>^ ^jJI^ LJjJI J'iV*- see ^>-2i j^UaJL. jyir*. ^JjJIj U5JJt ^ 500, 501 200 INDEX OF NAMES. c ^jljjjt |j.jjJt ^^UJI see ,t^a>^ oli o-=- /o^"^' O^^aJ^I 191> 193. 194 eUuL^^oJac-N)! o^^aJ^t 192 i)j3 ^>~.3JI jAiaJI ^jt o^jJtj LJjJI w«*»< 165—170 OUaJUt ali ^>i«*.jAixoJI ^.1 108—112, 116 UjJI J-^IU 4-j,l3 jX;».U.j a:.»^j A^*^ »jU)) ^;jlJaJk-JI {^y--*. or) ^i*-.siJI 122—131 OUai«Jt aU, k>~-o. j,«ixoJt >jl O^JJI^ UJjJI J-iU 113—115 OUaJL«J) «U >ili«)l >wl CH>"5 y«^l J'il^ 117 OUaJUl i,\i, 118 ,_5i(— opt jij)-, ^>jt o^^*J*-J' 119—121 ,_jij«.3j| iJ>j,AI jL*w ^>j oUaJ^ 132, 133 (_gjU »lAib o-s*-*- >*«»>~« O-i***" J^ 215 — 217 INDEX or NAMES. 201 ^UaAw a\ii ^o«At^l ij4 «Ui iy^a,^ ^ «Ui ^m.» 303 — 339 A^, ^^),«»i.akJI see tl. ^ .a»Uc, j^«9k.4 , j-eli ^>4i«3«JI j-u>t aAJUJI 224-236, 264—272, 296—325, 340, 349-351 yj~„o.ji\ JsU. (,_y«i--) see j^».\ i »^ ii'i >iii«ft >^t . . . . 160—162 ^ ^T^? ^T?'t 'S''**' Ddud SdM 160 — 162 D D 202 INDEX OF NAMES. J ^jji\^ LJjJ) v>%) see .iXjjlj aJLJI jU* |_jJU o3>" *^^ ^■<>»-l i ^.j^UJI O'iJ.f^e'^l olJaJ^t (K.) 182, 183 ^^ jjjU)l jXSLj see ,^UI ^UjJI jjsSLi see 9l,^Xfi oU. jjuC (B.)— OUaJUl 27, 28 OUaJ^I »U, u-Ut ^>j| jjiiXL, »U, v>»f».jJt 29, 30 3JI ^^gJaC^)! ^eLs'^lt ^^^^.jwUi^t ^^.el ^^U dJJt ^Ul ^^t o[i, jJjSL, j^U^t 46 jjLiSw jkftl^^l ^\ Ok>»vJI >ft>lv (i-il^)l »^e^)l ^U"^! OUsJUl «li ^Ut j>j| »U 47—51 »li jjus:- ^oiie"^' o^J^' 180, (181) jjuSli ((j.j) see^oJict ^UaX^ see >^j^, }i\i, O'*-'^) 'Ui^JIJ, j^^, Jk«an«, tlJtJji^aJ, f^j^'%^\ ^UaJl«i see u^>c ^UdJLJt passim i^UaUl ^>j(l) y^jlktJI see OLc, jj^ji, d^s-a»'«, >-J!/l«, j-«li, ^UaJLi see ^^ailk[fj\ , J'j^, O**"*"; «*'»»~«i i^*a*-« ^^LojJtj Jk^l |jUaA*» ' 4;,l»*Vw (^) «ee ijli j^jJtj LJjJI tjjfw «ee ^;>-oJI, »>o*, J^^i^j >>*»«• 204 INDEX OF NAMES. filili passim M, t^«i^ftN)l oUaJUt (K.) 179 OlJaJUl »U, (S) j^Aa. O'dJJ'j yjJ' u~o^ 502, 503 ^^1^ LJkXM (j~o<^ see jgffi>\jj\, jL«»t, u^Ut, jsj^, ^pai.c, ^jh)t_} LojJt wily^ see J^^W ^jJtjit^ see ^_jXc Jjlfi see Ji.o^-4 Jjlx)l fee ^Ult, ,j,«M.», i^a^^ O-i'^^S Iftj"*" "i^* (<"" i*!!*"*) ««« Jk«a.t, C*!!*-^* *^->««^*> JiJt^y k».«A^, A^«A~«, ^5jl«A alJLJU (B.)— OUaJUl 14—16 oU-iL ^ (K.)- aliiU ,^ Jk«ai~o OiiJ^lt >-vJ» 218 ^Xft see (j«5* ui>e (B.)- >jl O-i'^-'b ^«^"^l (^) J*' C>i!^'^' O^-Ja-J^ 0*^>-oJt INDEX OF NAMES. 205 t yjiii\ see jk«n.l ,_jsjJLiJI JJaX^\ 356-364 »\it iy^a^to ^ ^aJla. «Uti «^Uc 365 »U. j>»a.« k>J »U ^IsC o^^-J' O-:* O^JaJ^I 366—373 ^jjt^ LjjJI wjUs see ^,,0^^ Ji\i > u^^, A>«a»>« ^jjJt ^Uc see jk«a>^ j^j^ll^ UjJI ^Jia see J'i^*. »U.a»;:9 (B.)— i^t^'t V>j| (JUslX-i iLlaJIs j,ilsu«JI ^1 i>J«*"i ^!H«*J' J'i'^ ^U, 4>!-oJI c>^hS^\ 4li 94—96 »li -» >^N)I oU*^' (K.) 202-205 206 INDEX OF NAMES. -.;i)l^jt OtU^\ j-^I^U-^l 223, 263 ^\ ^\ aiJLaJt 237—262, 273-287, 326—335 sJlaJt (^t) see u^^, <^l«^, i^,^a,^ ^jJlj U'jJI j.a^ see «l,£>£9jL« J«iii\ (^1) see jilyj OUaJUl (i. B.) 3 (JjUaX^Jt »Ui jjj.!«9 >AJa«JI 3jl (>JjJt_5 tojJI >-«»«< (ti. B.) 99—102 j_j~.~.aJI i^UaX-JI oU» k>~-<». (ill. B.) 144—146 flUi j^jJ (D.) — OlixU) oli jjj-s i>ijJtj Ujkl) 449—452 y_5*«W *'~' j3/t? (^♦sv* Ol?"*!; u^'j 453 J aAJI |_^ ^aUJI see jJjSL, OUxUJI 45.L9 t>jjJI^ UjJl j^\j (S.) 163, 164 i».l^ ilS 498, 499 Oi^b ^<*^^ wJaS see J^A.| ' t>e*^>»JI >>*l ^•(••s see l/«>* INDEX OP NAMES. 207 ***^J jj„clfl| see (>»~.o. ^yt;>& see jijli ^^jXll see Ji«tt-I, iy^,s»^ ^J^iCH) »l.i£»;U« (B.)— ^^ ^Jaft'>)t oUaA-Jt 0*^V .«*' J-slJ **•«>»'• >*«l ^-olJ ai*JldJI ^>j^ ijUai-JI «Life,L.« jAlioJt ^1 ^>jjOl3 UjJI 11—13 ^_jiiJI aJUI (_^ J£9^l see jlo»-I ^_yU3l ij^\ aDI ,_5i6 J£9>ioJI see OH^ t>-"*<'>i 208 INDEX OF NAMES. »li Ji«a>~o (B.) — oUaJUl «U, jL«s^.« 72-75, 78, 80 OlM-JI iU, JL**- >ii«JI ^^1 CWJ^''^ ^>*" J^ 82, 83 OUaJUl »li JL«.»-« 84, 85 O^M-.)l «U. 81 (_gjVc eli) .x«a>.« (B.) — ^jU «li J^a~6 j,iJsuJI ^1 i>!'*"3 ^4^''^' u*~*i 152 jjjU ali jL»3i«6 k>JjJI J'ilfj- O^^a^ 153, 154 iJjS !>-». i>j j^>»^ 0-:J«*"3 y**" J''*^ 171, 172 ^jJlj UjJI j,«sU 173—178 5ft mHr^ «li<^'* S?'8 Mahamad Karaluk 173, 174, 178 ?ft 5^>l^ ^F^^ Sri Muhamad Karaluk 175—177 INDEX OF NAMES. 209 »lw J^^fO,^ (K.) aU jL«a^ _Jafi':)\ JJaX^\ 195, 197—201 ^jU iU, j^a^* i^jj,)! j^U 196 ^_jjUaX«. ali ^o*4>t>jl ^>J (>U» J5«^« ^j »U Ji,«a»..« (J.) 296—302 »li. jL^sw. o-JJJI «^l«c ^J\kX^ (G.) 416, 417 >iii JLgdk^ CWJ^' "^^ (J^^^ O^"*" 0-i<*^^ »^"«^=*J' X*"^' Jilc 512 >***-• ((>^) «ee >«».l, jiV^ >^«a^ y^UaXJW ^LajJI^ ^lj »»■>) I JujI;::^ JS!^^^' oLi. J9,«a^ JUkla^t ^t i>JjJ'3 l«'>*" >olJ JjWl OUaJUl (II. B.) 103, 104 OUaX-JI »U o*~* C« O^^aJ^I e^ (m. B.) 147—151 »li i^«.a>.« ^e-N)! ^^UaX-Jt (K.) 211 a\ii j^«^-e (J.) — 263 j_jjUaJU» «li.^«Al;j| ^>j »U J3«a^4 265—295 ^j\a. i^«^^~« ojI 264 E E 210 INDEX OF NAMES. ^"sjJli. »li, i^«3--. jAJiJI j.t 349—355 j_jaJ.i. aU 347, 348 ^aai. *U. j>(>ai^.« (ll. M.)— alii ^^0 ^>J ^^a-Xai-ll ali d>e-a.>« (jUa£jl ^^J ^jlkX-JI 391_404 405—407 »U> J3<»ai-« (l. Gr.) — «li J5«ai~e j^lJaJUJt ^>JjJtj loJ^' J-«^ v*^*^' ^^jlkA.*)! 418—422 aU, i>»a^ o^JaJ^--" (JJJ^U ^JJ' >^^ 423, 424 ol.i j>« (ill. Gr.) — OlJaJUl CHJJI5 UjJt >«pU -JiJt ^1 ^jUoJI aJUL. Jil^l al.2, ^JsJ ^>j «Li 3^«a^.« 428—433 OUaJUt Uj^)l ^-oli 3J| O^' *J^W Jjy ali) ^JaJ ^ alii j^«a>.« 434 ali, i3«ai~< Cw*'«>*" .>«*' ^5U (D.) 477—479 «Ui Jk«».« i>J i3*'b WJ^" Lr-e^ ^lacN)t ^;JUaJl-.JI O^Mw 510 ij^jw.- (^>j) see aJ.^jb, OS-"-: «^lsc, *.:.», j^t^^ INDEX OF NAMES. 211 t>«»v" '^^ u«>«a«i«~oJI see »U*Xc c>**«>»" j«^l v*«a«X~«*^>^' >*«l *^W >-a,ii~«JI 165 — 170 OUaA-Jt oU, ^ik^ ^^.^adl ^jI ^JJ^b ^JJ' u-*-- (B.) 105-107 O^J*l-JI «Li> ji>.o.a..« o-^ (ii. G.) 425, 426 »li jiisLc (hi. G.) — OUaJUt «U, 440—444 »U,jaJsu> 445—448 J*'" (O-^) see jil^j >aJa«JI (>jl) passim aU\j ^,g,aXa^\ see Jk«,a^ ijl.;«Jt aU\^ ^.«lIs«}| see jk«»>t ^_j^«y^ aDI^ ^tfuat^H see j^».l i:? O^^aJ^I 506 (^UgJt <>-»yJ' •'srtl^ ^>.jj) JU«!I Jm-iUj ju^«)I see ^^\ , 212 INDEX OF NAMES. o\i. i)iU ^^-Njl o^^aJ^t (K,) 206, 207 lJ.JJiJlj UjJt j,.oU «ee Jk«^l, ^^5; Jh«».4, ^^«a>«e, al^j.^ tjia*-«>eJI >>^t jkoU «ee J^^t, ^.oisicl, c^Ut, j^JjIj, Sf«», 0*i«x>)' >**' *JUI cH>*' >«l^t 1, 2 »U« >ol3 (M.)— "i^We t>J oli j.-oU j.iJiJI ^1 (S) ^^jGj.,)) jL«-a)V JjI^)! OUaJUl j_5S^.JLiJl »U, 375—377 378-388 389—390 »U.5f«flj (B.) — ^i.«^)l ol^*-'l »l^ 0«-»- 04 O^J*^! 134—136, 138—143 IBDEX OP NAMES. 213 ijjjkJI jtoj see ^^...^, \Jl^^ j*aii\ (^1) see j^«a»« «Ui sj»cu see o\XijM ^>JJJtJ Ui^l (?)j>J see u»>« ^jU o>il«* •**»-• ^j^*^! O^^aJ^I 208, 209 471—473 oUSCii^s oUaJUl (M.) 344-346 ^^,,^^1 jLj-iU:. cP'^' *«« J>*^^J JJ^** aJUI JIJUJI Ju-jl;:/ JJiyt see a«o.l ^jOj^t jMi-aJW (Pl^^' seo-*^ i^jaJL^I -iUUJW (pl^l see i»U (^^l see j«ta.\, O^^ 214' INDEX OF NAMES. d«.JlaJt ^>«^ see u»>W> «li^&jU.« |^>$«-! see jjw^w, «UL&jU«, jLoi^..« OUaJL, »Ui i>fra-« i>^ oUaJt- (B.) 92, 93 l^jU aIAjIj w«->j« J^«.=i^ O-i-^" J-aJ (K.) 219, 220 IV. INDEX OF NAGARI INSCRIPTIONS. ^ ^?TgT: Sif'^ 155—169. ^ ^T-?? ^n?'t 160—162. ?ft ^JTtc: (traces) 163, 164, 509. V\ »Tf»i^ cR^^ 173, 174, 178. «*> 5?T? ^T^^ 175—177. ( 215 ) Y. INDEX OF ORNAMENTS. Arabesque, 60, 181 note, 186, 192 Ornament, 360, 395 Rose, 392 Star, 356—358, 364, 368, 374—382, 389, 390 Swastika, 359, 394, 404 Tughrd, 81—87 X 173, 399, 400, 401 X 405,406 ^ 406 -J2f 361, 366, 369, 372 -^ 362, 363 ,$> 395 CS 371,388,391,396,403 ^ 378 ;;. 391 «• 371 * 373 ^ 383, 384, 392, 393 ^ 367 216 INDEX OF OBNAMENTS. ^ 385 ^ 386, 387, 405, 407 HH 392 t 437 ^ 395, 397—402, 406, 407 «P 397 -f 406 X^ 402 VI. INDEX OF DENOMINATIONS, ETC. j_jftli, j^ 147—151 AJlj,*. 90, 93 (?), 99, 105—108, 132, 133 ijljlj*. {sic) 134—136 ^ji 167, 169 jUjjJI 54, 223, 263 aO 347, 416, 417, 499 j>\xj iSL, 498 aC-J) 10, 17, 19, 22—26, 29, 30, 33, 34, 69, 65, 66, 73, 78, 83—85 a%Uoll a£JI 37, (44,) 47 a.oA)l 3, 4, 9, 27 aCJI •* (id«*-» J^.' >:■' 90, 91 —154 Xc ^^Uift wJ^*" >«* Ji>*^ j^W 155 — 162 a::j'-U- aWI j^Jli. 32—36, 46 4;S^U. OjJlo. 37—45, 223—236, 263—272, 296, 303—325, 340, 349—351 aO^o .Oil j.JL Oj^Aa. 223—236, 265—272, 303-325 miscellanedc8 index. 219 Peefiies to Cities. ^JLSI (Mu'azzamabad) 30 jJb (Ghazni) 498 SjXi (Pirozabad) 47—61 „ (Mu'azzamabdd) 55 i^jja^\ ejJLj (Firdzabad) 37—43 SjJUt (Fii'6zdbad) 15, 19—21 Jj*. (Lakhnauti) 3, 9 Sj-ao, or Oj^a, (Pir6zabad) 22, 32—34, 60—03, 65, 66, 69, 78 ,, ,, (Mu'azzamabad) 54 ,, „ (Jaunpiir) 264 „ „ [Shadiabddf] 349 „ „ (Ahsanabad) 452, (454) J^ Sj-aa. (Sonargaon) 10—13, 23—26, 29 iLA. (Jaunpiir) 491—493 as^UJt jli (Agrah) 482—489 (Ldhdr) 495 wJj-flJIjti (Igrah) 480, 481 „ (Jaunpiir) 491—493 dUUI jli (Shadiabad) 352—355 j^ (Lakhnauti) 4, 6, 9a ^jlept ^i) (Champanir) 494 Sl^jC (Satgdon) 46, 59, 64 „ (Chatgaon) 84—87 jjds or »X9 (Agrah) 480, 481 220 MISCELLANEOUS INDEX. «jjl3 218, 480—489, 495-497 ijjLJI 490—493 >6.y t ^ji\ ^ cy Oi^^i ^jWi 1, 2 O-j 223, 263 j^yJi 166—169, 180—194, 196—200, 202—212, 214, 215, 222, 437—439 ib eUj j^ ^joj^ 03>J «ri>"*J' j'«V ^ etc. 416, 417 . . . Uj jYf 446 Persian numerals 217 — 221 ( 221 ) TABLE CONVERTINa ENGLISH INCHES INTO MILLIMJITEES AND THB MEASURES OF MIONNET'S SCALE. English Inches French Millimetres ~ as ^ as 3- 1-5 !• •9 •8 •7 •a t ■3 .2 •i D5 90 8S 80 75 70 6S 60 S5 50 4S 40 SS SO zs 20 15 10 5 llONNET'S Scale IT ^14 ■ 8 ■ — S _ ( 222 ) TABLE RELATIVE WEIGHTS OF ENGLISH GRAINS and FRENCH GRAMMES. Grains arammes. Grains. 41 SramineB. Graina. Grammes^ GraiDS. Grammes. 1 •064 2^656 81 5-248 121 7-840 2 ■129 42 2-720 82 5-312 122 7-905 3 •194 43 2-785 83 5-378 123 7-970 4 ■259 44 2-860 84 5-442 124 8-035 5 •324 45 2-915 86 5-508 125 8-100 6 •388 46 2-980 86 5-572 126 8-164 7 •463 47 3-046 87 5-637 127 8-229 8 •518 48 3-110 88 5-702 128 8-294 9 •583 49 3-176 89 5-767 129 8-359 10 •648 50 3240 90 5-832 130 8-424 11 •712 51 3-304 91 5-896 131 8-488 12 •777 52 3-368 92 5-961 132 8-553 13 •842 63 3-434 93 6026 133 8-618 14 •907 54 3-498 94 6091 134 8-682 15 •972 65 3-664 95 6-166 135 8-747 16 1036 56 3628 96 6-220 136 8-812 17 l-IOl 57 3-693 97 6-285 137 8-877 18 1166 58 3-758 98 6350 138 8-942 19 1-231 59 3-823 99 6-416 139 9-007 20 1-296 60 3-888 100 6-480 140 9-072 21 1-360 61 3962 101 6-544 141 9-136 22 1^425 62 4-017 102 6-609 142 9200 23 1-490 63 4082 103 6^674 143 9-266 24 1-555 64 4-146 104 6^739 144 9330 25 1^620 65 4-211 105 6804 145 9396 26 1-684 66 4-276 106 6-868 146 9-460 27 1749 67 4-341 107 6-933 147 9525 28 1^814 68 4-406 108 6-998 148 9-590 29 1-879 69 4-471 109 7063 149 9-655 30 1-944 70 4-536 110 7-128 150 9-720 31 2-008 71 4 600 111 7-192 161 9-784 32 2-073 72 4-665 112 7-257 162 9-848 33 2-138 73 4^729 113 7-3-22 153 9914 34 2-202 74 4^794 114 •7-387 154 9978 35 2267 75 4-859 116 7-462 155 10044 36 2332 76 4-924 116 7-516 166 10-108 37 2397 77 4-989 117 7-581 157 10-173 38 2^462 78 5064 118 7-646 158 10-238 39 2^527 79 5-119 119 7-711 159 10-303 40 2592 80 5-184 120 7-776 160 10-368 ( 223 ) TABLE OF THB EELATIVE WEIGHTS OF ENGLISH GRAINS and FRENCH GRAMMES. Grains. Grammes. Grains. 201 Grammes. Grains. Grammes. Grains. Grammes. 161 10-432 13024 241 15-616 290 18-79 162 10-497 202 13-089 242 15-680 300 19 44 163 10-562 203 13-154 243 15-745 310 20-08 164 10-626 204 13-219 244 15-810 320 20-73 165 10-691 205 13-284 245 15-875 330 21-38 166 10-756 206 13-348 246 15-940 340 22-02 167 10 821 207 13-413 247 16-005 350 22-67 168 10-886 208 13-478 248 16-070 360 23-32 169 10-951 209 13-543 249 16135 370 23 97 170 11-016 210 13-608 250 16-200 380 24-62 171 11-080 211 13-672 251 16-264 390 25-27 172 n-145 212 13-737 252 16-328 400 25-92 173 11-209 213 13-802 253 16394 410 26-56 174 11-274 214 13-867 254 16458 420 27-20 175 11-339 215 13-932 255 16-524 430 27-85 176 n-404 216 13996 256 16-588 440 28-60 177 11-469 217 14061 257 16653 450 29-15 178 11-534 218 14126 258 16-718 460 29-80 179 11-599 219 14-191 259 16-783 470 3045 180 11-664 220 14-256 260 16-848 480 31-10 181 11-728 221 14-320 261 16912 490 31-75 182 11-792 222 14-385 262 16-977 600 32-40 183 11-858 223 14-450 263 17-042 510 33-04 184 11-922 224 14-515 264 17-106 620 33-68 185 11-988 225 14-580 265 17-171 530 34-34 186 12-052 226 14-644 266 17-236 540 34-98 187 12117 227 14-709 267 17-301 550 35-64 188 12-182 228 14-774 268 17-366 560 36-28 189 12-247 229 14-839 269 17-431 570 36-93 190 12-312 230 14-904 270 17-496 680 37-58 191 12-376 231 14-968 271 17 560 690 38-23 192 12-441 232 15-033 272 17625 600 38 88 193 12-506 233 15-098 273 17-689 700 45-36 194 12-571 234 15162 274 17-754 800 51-84 195 12-636 235 15227 275 17-819 900 68-32 196 12-700 236 15292 276 17-884 1000 64-80 197 12-765 237 15-357 277 17-949 2000 129-60 198 12-830 238 15-422 278 18-014 3000 194-40 199 12-895 239 15-487 279 18079 4000 25920 200 12-960 240 15-552 280 18144 5000 324 00 COMPAEATIYE TABLE OF THE TEAES OF THE HIJEAH AND OF THE CHRISTIAN ERA. A.H. A.D. A.H. A.D. 1 622 . . July 16 51 671 . . Jan. 18 2 623 . . ,. 5 52 672 . . „ 8 3 624 . . June 24 53 672 . . Deo. 27 4 625 . . „ 13 54 673 . . „ 16 5 626 . . ,, 2 55 674 . . ., 6 6 627 . . May 23 66 675 . . Not. 25 7 628 . „ 11 57 676 . . „ 14 8 629 . . „ 1 68 677 . . „ 3 9 630 . . April 20 59 678 . . Oct. 23 10 631 . . ., 9 60 679 . . „ 13 11 632 . Mar. 29 61 680 . . „ 1 12 633 . „ 18 62 681 . . Sept. 20 13 634 . . ., 7 63 682 . . „ 10 : 14 635 . Feb. 25 64 683 . . Aug. 30 15 636 . ,. 14 65 684 . . „ 18 ■ 16 637 . ', 2 66 685 . . „ 8 ! 17 638 . Jan. 23 67 686 . . July 28 J 18 639 . „ 12 68 687 . . „ 18 i 19 640 . „ 2 69 688 . ., 6 ; i 20 640 . Dec. 21 70 689 . June 25 21 641 . „ 10 71 690 . „ 15 22 642 . Nov. 30 72 691 . , 4 ! 23 643 . „ 19 73 692 . May 23 ; 24 644 . „ 7 74 693 . „ 13 25 645 . Oct. 28 75 694 . „ 2 ! 26 646 . ., 17 76 695 . April 21 i 27 647 . ., 7 77 696 „ „ 10 28 648 . Sept. 25 78 697 . Mrt. 30 29 649 . . „ 14 79 698 . „ 20 : 30 650 . • ,. 4 80 699 . ,, 9 i 31 651 . . Aug. 24 81 700 . Feb. 26 32 652 . . „ 12 82 701 . „ 15 33 653 . • „ 2 83 702 . . „ 4 34 654 . . July 22 84 703 . Jan. 24 35 655 . . „ 11 85 704 . • " ^t 36 656 . . June 30 86 705 . . „ 2 37 657 . . „ 19 87 705 . . Dec. 23 38 658 . . ,. 9 88 706 . . ., 12 39 659 . . May 29 89 707 . ■ ,. 1 40 660 . . „ 17 90 708 . . Nov. 20 41 661 . . „ 7 91 709 . . „ 9 42 662 . . April 26 92 710 . . Oct. 29 43 663 . . ,, 15 93 711 . „ 19 44 664 . „ 4 94 712 . ■ " J 45 665 . . Mar. 24 95 713 . . Sept. 26 46 666 . . „ 13 96 714 . . „ 16 47 667 . . ,: 3 97 715 . . „ 5 48 668 . . Feb. 20 98 716 . . Aug. 25 49 669 . . „ 9 99 717 . . „ 14 50 670 . . Jan. 29 100 718 . • " ^ G G 226 COMPAEATIVE TABLE OP THE TEAES OE THE A.H. A.D. A.H. A.D. 101 719 102 720 103 721 104 722 105 723 106 724 107 725 108 726 109 727 110 728 111 729 112 730 113 731 114 732 115 733 116 734 117 735 118 736 119 737 120 737 121 738 122 739 123 740 124 741 125 742 126 743 127 744 128 745 129 746 130 747 131 748 132 749 133 750 134 751 185 752 136 753 137 754 138 755 139 756 140 757 141 758 142 759 143 760 144 761 145 762 146 763 147 764 148 765 149 766 150 767 July 24 „ 1 June 21 „ 10 May 29 „ 19 ,. 8 April 28 „ 16 ,. 5 Mar. 26 „ 15 » 3 Feb. 21 „ 10 Jan. 31 „ 20 ., 8 Dec. 29 „ 18 ., 7 Nov. 26 „ 15 4 Oct. 25 „ 13 ,. 3 Sept. 22 „ 11 Aug. 31 ,. 20 „ 9 July 30 „ 18 ., 7 June 27 ., 16 ,. 5 May 25 „ 14 4 April 22 ,, 11 „ 1 Mar. 21 „ 10 Feb. 27 „ 16 „ 6 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 768 769 770 770 771 772 773 774 775 776 777 778 779 780 781 782 783 784 785 786 787 788 789 790 791 792 793 794 795 796 797 798 799 800 801 802 802 803 804 805 806 807 808 809 810 811 812 813 814 815 Jan. 26 „ 14 „ 4 Dec. 24 « 13 „ 2 Nov. 21 „ 11 Oct. 31 „ 19 „ 9 Sept. 28 „ 17 ., 6 Aug. 26 „ 15 „ 5 July 24 „ 14 „ 3 June 22 ,, 11 May 31 „ 20 „ 10 April 28 „ 18 „ 7 Mar. 27 „ 16 „ 5 Feb. 22 ., 12 „ 1 Jan. 20 „ 10 Dec. 30 „ 20 „ 8 Nov. 27 ., 17 » 6 Oct. 25 „ 15 „ 4 Sept. 23 „ 12 „ 1 Aug. 22 „ 11 HIJBAH AND OP THE CHBI3TIAN EBA. 227 A.H. A.D. A.H. A.D. 201 816 . . July 30 251 865 . Feb. 2 202 817 . . „ 20 252 866 . Jan. 22 203 818 . . ,, 9 253 867 . „ 11 204 819 . . June 28 254 868 . „ 1 205 820 . . „ 17 255 868 . Dec. 20 206 821 . ,. 6 256 869 . „ 9 207 822 . May 27 257 870 . Nov. 29 208 823 . . „ 16 258 871 . .. 18 209 824 . ,, 4 259 872 . „ 7 210 825 . April 24 260 873 . Oct. 27 211 826 . ,, 13 261 874 . „ 16 212 827 . „ 2 262 875 . „ 6 213 828 . Mar. 22 263 876 . Sept. 24 214 829 . „ 11 264 877 . „ 13 215 830 . Feb. 28 265 878 . „ 3 216 831 . „ 18 266 879 . Aug. 23 217 832 . „ 7 267 880 . „ 12 218 833 . Jan. 27 268 881 . ., 1 219 834 . „ 16 269 882 . July 21 220 835 . „ 5 270 883 . „ 11 221 835 . . Dec. 26 271 884 . June 29 222 836 . . „ 14 272 885 . „ 18 223 837 . . „ 3 273 886 . ., 8 224 838 . . Nov. 23 274 887 . May 28 225 839 . . „ 12 275 888 . „ 16 226 840 . . Oct. 31 276 889 . „ 6 227 841 . ,, 21 277 890 . April 25 228 842 . . » 10 278 891 . „ 15 229 843 . Sept. 30 279 892 . „ 3 230 844 . . ,, 18 280 893 . . Mar. 23 231 845 . • „ 7 281 894 . „ 13 232 846 . . Aug. 28 282 895 . „ 2 233 847 . . „ 17 283 896 . Feb. 19 234 848 . . „ 5 284 897 . ,, 8 235 849 . . July 26 285 898 . Jan. 28 236 850 . „ 15 286 899 . ,. 17 237 851 . „ 5 287 900 . ,. 7 238 852 . . June 23 288 900 . . Dec. 26 239 853 . . „ 12 289 901 . . „ 16 240 854 . „ 2 290 902 . ., 5 241 855 . . May 22 291 903 . Nov. 24 242 856 . . „ 10 292 904 . „ 13 243 857 . . April 30 293 905 . „ 2 244 858 . . ,, 19 294 906 . Oct. 22 245 859 . . „ 8 295 907 . „ 12 246 860 . . Mar. 28 296 908 . . Sept. 30 247 861 . . „ 17 297 909 . . „ 20 248 862 . . „ 7 298 910 . . „ 9 249 863 . . Feb. 24 299 911 . . Aug. 29 250 864 . . „ 13 300 912 . . „ 18 228 COMPAEATITE TABIE OP THE TEAES OF THE A.H. A.D. A.H. A.D. 301 913 . Aug. 7 851 962 . . Feb. 9 302 914 . July 27 352 963 . Jan. 30 303 915 . ., 17 353 964 . „ 19 304 916 . . „ 5 354 965 . • „ 7 305 917 . . June 24 355 965 . . Deo. 28 306 918 . „ 14 356 966 . » 17 307 919 . . „ 3 357 967 . • .. 7 308 920 . . May 23 358 968 . . Nov. 25 309 921 . . „ 12 359 969 . • ., 14 310 922 . . „ 1 360 970 . . „ 4 311 923 . . April21 361 971 . . Oct. 24 312 924 . 9 362 972 . • ,> 12 313 925 . . Mar. 29 363 973 . • „ 2 314 926 . • ., 19 364 974 . . Sept. 21 315 927 . • „ 8 365 975 . ■ ., 10 316 928 . . Feb. 25 366 976 . . Aug. 30 317 929 . • „ 14 367 977 . ■ „ 19 318 930 . . „ 3 368 978 . • „ 9 319 931 . . Jan. 24 369 979 . . July 29 320 932 . • „ 13 370 980 . • „ 17 321 933 . • ,, 1 371 981 . • ., 7 322 933 . . Dec. 22 372 982 . . June 26 323 934 . . „ 11 373 983 . • » 15 324 935 . . Nov. 30 374 984 . ., 4 325 936 . • „ 19 375 985 . May 24 326 937 . • „ 8 376 986 . • „ 13 327 938 . . Oct. 29 377 987 , „ 3 328 939 . . „ 18 378 988 . Apr. 21 329 940 . . „ 6 379 989 . • ,. 11 330 941 . . Sept. 26 380 990 . Mar. 31 331 942 . . „ 15 381 991 . » 20 332 943 . . „ 4 382 992 . „ 9 333 944 . . Aug. 24 383 993 . Feb. 26 334 945 . . „ 13 384 994 . „ 15 335 946 . „ 2 385 995 . 5 336 947 . July 23 386 996 . Jan. 25 337 948 . „ 11 387 997 . .. 14 338 949 . „ 1 388 998 . „ 3 339 950 . June 20 389 998 . Dec. 23 340 951 . ,. 9 390 999 . „ 13 341 962 . May 29 391 1000 . .. 1 342 953 . ,, 18 392 1001 . Nov. 20 343 954 . . „ 7 393 1002 . .. 10 344 955 . April 27 394 1003 . . Oct. 30 345 956 . . „ 15 395 1004 . „ 18 346 957 . . „ 4 396 1005 . „ 8 347 348 958 . . 959 . . Mar. 25 „ 14 397 398 1006 . . 1007 . Sept. 27 „ 17 349 960 . . ,. 3 399 1008 . . >, 5 350 961 . . Feb. 20 4^0 1009 . . Aug. 25 HIJBAH AlfD OF THE CHEISTIAN EEA. 229 A.H. A.D. A.H. A.D. 401 1010 . . Aug. 15 451 1059 , . Feb. 17 402 1011 . . .. 4 462 1060 . . » 6 403 1012 . . July 23 453 1061 . . Jan. 26 404 1013 . . „ 13 454 1062 . . „ 15 405 1014 . . ,, 2 455 1063 . . ., 4 406 1015 . . June 21 456 1063 . . Dec. 25 407 1016 . . „ 10 457 1064 . . „ 13 408 1017 . . May 30 458 1065 . . „ 3 409 1018 . . „ 20 459 1066 . . Nov. 22 410 1019 . . „ 9 460 1067 . . „ 11 411 1020 . . April 27 461 1068 . . Oct. 31 412 1021 . . „ 17 462 1069 . . „ 20 413 1022 . . „ 6 463 1070 . . ,. 9 414 1023 . Mar. 26 464 1071 . Sept. 29 415 1024 . „ 15 465 1072 . „ 17 416 1025 . ., 4 466 1073 . „ 6 417 1026 . Feb. 22 467 1074 . Aug. 27 418 1027 . ,. 11 468 1075 . „ 16 419 1028 . Jan. 31 469 1076 . „ 5 420 1029 . ., 20 470 1077 . July 25 421 1030 . „ 9 471 1078 . „ 14 422 1030 . Dec. 29 472 1079 . „ 4 423 1031 . „ 19 473 1080 . June 22 424 1032 . ., 7 474 1081 . ,, 11 425 1033 . . Nov. 26 475 1082 . ., 1 426 1034 . . „ 16 476 1083 . May 21 427 1035 . . „ 5 477 1084 . . „ 10 428 1036 . . Oct. 25 478 1085 . . April 29 429 1037 . . „ 14 479 1086 , . „ 18 430 1038 . . „ 3 480 1087 . . ., 8 431 1039 . . Sept. 23 481 1088 . . Mar. 27 432 W40 . . „ 11 482 1089 . . „ 16 433 1041 . . Aug. 31 483 1090 . . „ 6 434 1042 . . „ 21 484 1091 . . Feb. 23 435 1043 . . „ 10 485 1092 . . „ 12 436 1044 . . July 29 486 1093 . • „ 1 437 1045 . . „ 19 487 1094 . . Jan. 21 438 1046 . . "8 488 1095 . . „ 11 439 1047 . . June 28 489 1095 . . Dec. 31 440 1048 . . „ 16 490 1096 . . ,. 19 441 1049 . . „ 5 491 1097 . . „ 9 442 1050 . . May 26 492 1098 . . Nov. 28 443 1051 . . „ 15 493 1099 . . „ 17 444 1052 . . „ 3 494 1100 . . „ 6 445 1053 . . AprU23 495 1101 . . Oct. 26 446 1054 . . .. 12 496 1102 . . „ 15 447 1055 . . „ 2 497 1103 . . „ 5 448 1056 . . Mar. 21 498 1104 . . Sept. 23 449 1057 . . „ 10 499 1105 . . „ 13 450 1058 . . Feb. 28 500 1106 . . „ 2 230 COMPABATIVE TABLE OP THE TEABS OE THE A.H. A.D. A.H. A.D. 501 1107 . . Aug. 22 551 1156 - . Peb. 25 502 1108 . . „ 11 552 1157 . • „ 13 , 503 1109 . . July 31 553 1158 . . „ 2 504 1110 . . ,,20 554 1159 . . Jan. 23 505 1111 . . „ 10 555 1160 . „ 12 506 1112 . June 28 556 1160 . Dee. 31 507 1113 . ■ .. 18 557 1161 . ■ „ 21 508 1114 . • „ 7 558 1162 • „ 10 509 1115 . . May 27 559 1163 ■ . Nov. 30 510 1116 . „ 16 560 -1164 . • „ 18 511 1117 . „ 5 561 1165 . • „ 7 - 512 1118 . April 24 562 1166 . Oct. 28 513 1119 . ,, u 563 1167 . „ 17 514 1120 . „ 2 564 1168 . ■ „ 5 515 1121 . . Mar. 22 565 1169 . Sept. 25 516 1122 . „ 12 566 1170 . „ 14 517 1123 . „ 1 567 1171 . ,. 4 518 1124 . Feb. 19 568 1172 . Aug. 23 519 1125 . „ 7 569 1173 . „ 12 520 1126 . . Jan. 27 570 1174 . „ 2 521 1127 . „ 17 571 1175 . July 22 522 1128 . „ 6 572 1176 . „ 10 523 1128 . Deo. 25 573 1177 . June 30 524 1129 . „ 15 574 1178 . „ 19 525 1130 . „ 4 575 1179 . „ 8 526 1131 . Nov. 23 576 1180 . May 28 527 1132 . „ 12 577 1181 . „ 17 528 1133 . . „ 1 578 1182 . „ 7 529 1134 . Oct. 22 579 1183 . April 26 530 1135 . „ 11 580 1184 . ,. 14 531 1136 . Sept. 29 581 1185 . „ 4 532 1137 . „ 19 582 1186 . . Mar. 24 533 1138 . „ 8 583 1187 . „ 13 534 1139 . Aug. 28 584 1188 . „ 2 535 1140 . „ 17 585 1189 . Feb. 19 536 1141 . „ 6 586 1190 . „ 8 537 1142 . July 27 587 1191 . Jan. 29 538 1143 . „ 16 588 1192 . . „ 18 539 1144 . „ 4 589 1193 . „ 7 540 1145 . June 24 590 1193 . . Dec. 27 541 1146 . „ 13 591 1194 . . „ 16 542 1147 . „ 2 592 1195 . „ 6 543 1148 . May 22 593 1196 . Nov. 24 544 1149 , „ 11 594 1197 . „ 13 545 1150 . April 30 595 1198 . . „ 3 546 1151 . . „ 20 596 1199 . . Oct. 23 547 1152 . . „ 8 597 1200 . . „ 12 548 1153 . . Mar. 29 598 1201 . . . „ 1 549 1154 . . „ 18 599 1202 . . Sept. 20 550 1155 . . „ 7 600 1203 . . „ 10 HIJHAH AND OP THE CHEISTtATT EEA. 231 A.H. A.D. A.H. A.D. 601 1204 . . Aug. 29 651 1253 . . Mar. 3 602 1205 . . „ 18 652 1254 . . Feb. 21 603 1206 . . „ 8 653 1255 . • ,, 10 604 1207 . . July 28 654 1256 . . Jan. 30 605 1208 . . ., 16 655 1257. . ■ ,, 19 606 1209 . . „ 6 656 1258 . . „ 8 607 1210 . . June 25 657 1258 . . Dec. 29 608 1211 . ■ „ 15 658 1259. . . ,, 18 609 1212 . . „ 3 659 1260 . , . „ 6 610 1213 . . May 23 660 1261 . . Nov. 26 611 1214 . . „ 13 661 1262 . • ,. 15 612 1215 . . „ 2 662 1263 . . „ 4 613 1216 . . April 20 663 1264 . . Oct. 24 614 1217 . . „ 10 664 1265 . . „ 13 615 1218 . . Mai-. 30 665 1266 . . „ 2 616 1219 . . ,, 19 666 1267 . . Sept. 22 617 1220 . ■ „ 8 667 1268 . . „ 10 618 1221 . . Feb. 36 668 1269 . . Aug. 31 619 1223 . . „ 15 669 1270 . . „ 20 620 1223 . . „ 4 670 1271 . . „ 9 621 1224 . . Jan. 24 671 1272 . . July 29 622 1225 . . „ 13 672 1273 . „ 18 623 1226 . >, 2 673 1274 . . ,, 7 624 1226 . . Dec. 22 674 1275 . June 27 625 1227 . „ 12 675 1276 . » 15 626 1228 . . Nov. 30 ' 676 1277 . ,. 4 627 1229 . . ,. 20 677 1278 . May 35 628 1230 . ,, 9 678 1279 . » 14 629 1231 . . Oct. 29 679 1280 . „ 3 630 1232' . „ 18 680 1281 . April22 631 1233 . „ 7 681 1282 . ,, 11 632 1234 . . Sept. 26 682 1283 . ,, 1 633 1235 . „ 16 683 1284 . Mar. 20 634 1236 . ,, 4 684 1285 . „ 9 635 1237 . Aug. 24 685 1286 . . Feb. 27 636 1238 . ,, 14 686 1287 . „ 16 637 1239 . „ 3 687 1288 . „ 6 638 1240 . July 23 688 1289 . . Jan. 25 639 1241 . „ 13 689 1290 . . ., 14 640 1242 . . „ 1 690 1291 . . „ 4 641 1243 . . June 21 691 1291 . . Dec. 24 642 1244 . . „ 9 692 1292 . . „ 12 643 1245 . . May 39 693 1293 . . „ 2 644 1246 . . „ 19 694 1294 . . Nov. 21 645 1247 . . „ 8 695 1295 . . „ 10 646 1248 . . April 26 696 1296 . . Oct. 30 647 1249 . . » 16 697 1297 . . .. 19 648 1250 . . ., 5 698 1298 . . » 9 649 1251 . . Mar. 26 699 1299 . . Sept. 28 650 1252 . . „ 14 700 1300 . . „ 16 232 COMPAEATIVE TAEXE OP THE TEAES Or THE A.H. A.D. A.H. A.D. 701 702 703 704 705 706 707 708 709 710 711 712 713 714 715 716 717 718 719 720 721 722 723 724 725 726 727 728 729 730 731 732 733 734 735 736 737 738 739 740 741 742 743 744 745 746 747 748 749 750 1301 1302 1303 1304 1305 1306 1307 1308 1309 1310 1311 1312 1313 1314 1315 1316 1317 1318 1319 1320 1321 1322 1323 1323 1324 1325 1326 1327 1328 1329 1330 1331 1332 1333 1334 1335 1336 1337 1338 1339 1340 1341 1342 1343 1344 1345 1346 1347 1348 1349 Sept. 6 Aug. 26 „ 15 4 July 24 „ 13 „ 3 June 21 „ 11 May 31 „ 20 ., 9 April 28 „ 17 „ 7 Mar. 26 „ 16 „ 5 Feb. 22 „ 12 Jan. 31 „ 20 „ 10 Dec. 30 „ 18 .. 8 Nov. 27 „ 17 „ 5 Oct. 25 „" 15 4 Sept. 22 „ 12 „ 1 Aug. 21 „ 10 July 30 „ 20 „ 9 June 27 „ 17 „ 6 May 26 „ 15 4 April 24 „ "13 ., 1 Mar. 22 751 1350 . . 752 1351 . . 753 1352 . . 754 1353 . . 755 1354 . . 756 1355 . . 757 1356 . . 758 1356 . . 759 1357 . . 760 1358 . , 761 1359 . . 762 1360 . . 763 1361 . . 764 1362 . . 765 1363 . . 766 1364 . . 767 1365 . . 768 1366 . . 769 1367 . . 770 1368 . . 771 1369 . . 772 1370 . . 773 1371 . . 774 1372 . . 775 1373 . . 776 1374 . . 777 1375 . . 778 1376 . . 779 1377 . . 780 1378 . . 781 1379 . . 782 1380 . . 783 1381 . . 784 1382 . . 785 1383 . . 786 1384 . . 787 1385 . . 788 1386 . . 789 1387 . . 790 1388 . . 791 1388 . . 792 1389 . . 793 1390 . . 794 1391 . . 795 1392 . . 796 1393 . . 797 1394 . . 798 1395 . . 799 1396 . . 800 1397 . . Mar. 11 Feb. 28 „ 18 „ 6 Jan. 26 „ 16 „ 5 ' Deo. 25 » W „ 3 Nov. 23 „ 11 Oct. 31 » 21 „ 10 Sept. 28 „ 18 „ 7 Aug. 28 „ 16 „ 5 July 26 „ 15 ,. 3 June 23 „ 12 » 2 May 21 „ 10 April 30 .. 19 „ 7 Mar. 28 » 17 „ 6 Feb. 24 „ 12 » 2 Jan. 22 „ 11 Deo. 31 „ 20 „ 9 Nov. 29 „ 17 „ 6 Oct. 27 „ 16 „ 5 Sept. 24 HIJEAH AND OF THE CnEISTIAN EEA. 233 A.H. A.D. A.H. A.D. 801 1398 . . Sept. 13 851 1447 . . Mar. 19 802 1399 . . „ 3 852 1448 . . ,, 7 803 1400 . . Aug. 22 853 1449 . . Feb. 24 804 1401 . . ., 11 854 1450 . . ., 14 805 1402 ,. . ., 1 855 1451 . . ,, 3 806 1403 .. '. July 21 856 1452 . . Jan. 23 807 , 1404 . . „ 10 857 1453 . . ,. 12 808 1405 . . June 29 858 1454 . . „ 1 809 1406 . . „ 18 859 1454 . . Dec. 22 810 1407 . . ., 8 860 1455 . . » 11 811 1408 . . May 27 861 1456 . . Nov. 29 812 1409 . . „ 16 862 1457 . . „ 19 813 1410 . . ,, 6 863 1458 . . ,, 8 814 1411 . . April 25 864 1459 . . Oct. 28 815 1412 . . ,, 13 865 1460 . . ., 17 816 1413 . „ 3 866 1461 . . „ 6 817 1414 . Mar. 23 867 1462 . . Sept. 26 818 1415 . „ 13 868 1463 . . ,. 15 819 1416 . „ 1 869 1464 . . „ 3 820 1417 . Feb. 18 870 1465 . . Aug. 24 821 1418 . ,. 8 871 1466 . . „ 13 822 1419 . Jan. 28 872 1467 . „ 2 823 1420 . » 17 873 1468 . . July 22 824 1421 . „ 6 874 1469 . „ 11 825 1421 . Deo. 26 875 1470 . . June 30 826 1422 . „ 15 876 1471 . „ 20 827 1423 . „ 5 877 1472 . „ 8 828 1424 . . Nov. 23 878 1473 . May 29 829 1425 . „ 13 879 1474 . ., 18 830 1426 . „ 2 880 - 1475 . „ 7 831 1427 . Oct. 22 881 1476 . April 26 832 1428 . ,. 11 882 1477 . „ 15 833 1429 . . Sept. 30 883 1478 . „ 4 ■ 834 1430 . „ 19 884 1479 . . Mar. 25 835 1431 . . „ 9 885 1480 , „ 13 836 1432 . . Aug. 28 886 1481 . „ 2 837 1433 . . „ 18 887 1482 . Feb. 20 838 1434 . • .. 7 888 1483 . ,. 9 839 1435 . . July 27 889 1484 . Jan. 30 840 1436 . . ,. 16 890 1485 . ., 18 841 1437 . . „ 5 891 1486 . ,. 7 842 1438 . . June 24 892 1486 . Dec. 28 843 1439 . . „ 14 893 1487 . ., 17 844 1440 . . „ 2 894 1488 . • . ,. 5 845 1441 . . May 22 895 1489 . . Nov. 25 846 1442 . . „ 12 896 1490 . . „ 14 847 1443 . . ,. 1 897 1491 . . „ 4 848 1444 . . April 20 898 1492 . . Oct. 23 849 1445 . . ,, 9 899 1493 . . „ 12 850 1446 , . Mar. 29 900 1494 . . „ 2 H H 234 COMPARATIVE TABLE OP THE XEAES OF THE A.H. A.D. A.H. A.D. 901 1495 . Sept. 21 951 1544 . Mar. 25 902 1496 . .; 9 952 1545 . „ 15 903 1497 . . Aug. 30 953 1546 . . „ 4 904 1498 . . „ 19 954 1547 . Feb. 21 905 1499 . ,. 8 955 1548 . • >. 11 906 1500 . July 28 956 1549 . Jan. 30 907 1501 . „ 17 957 1550 . . „ 20 908 1502 . „ 7 958 1551 . „ 9 909 1503 . . June 26 959 1551 . Dec. 29 910 1504 . „ 14 960 1552 . . „ 18 911 1505 . . „ 4 961 1553 . „ 7 912 1506 . May 24 962 1554 . Nov. 26 913 1507 . . „ 13 963 1555 . „ 16 914 1508 . . „ 2 964 1556 . „ 4 915 1509 . April 21 965 1557 . Oct. 24 916 1510 . „ 10 966 1558 . „ 14 917 1511 . Mar. 31 967 1559 . „ 3 918 1512 . „ 19 968 1560 . St^pt. 22 919 1513 . „ 9 969 1561 . ,: 11 920 1514 . Feb. 26 970 1562 . Aug. 31 921 1515 . „ 15 971 1563 . „ 21 922 1516 . ., 5 972 1564 . ,. 9 923 1517 Jan. 24 973 1565 . July 29 924 1518 . „ 13 974 1566 . / 19 925 1519 . „ 3 975 1567 . ,. 8 926 1519 Dec. 23 976 1568 . June 26 927 1520 . „ 12 977 1569 . „ 16 928 1521 . ., 1 978 1570 . „ 5 929 1522 . Nov. 20 979 1571 . May 26 930 1523 . „ 10 980 1572 . „ 14 931 1624 . Oct. 29 981 1573 . ,, 3 932 1525 . „ 18 982 1574 . April 23 933 1526 . „ 8 983 1575 . „ 12 934 1527 . Sept. 27 984 1576 . Mar.' 31 935 1528 . „ 15 985 1577 . ,, 21 936 1529 . „ 5 986 1578 . „ 10 937 1530 . Aug. 25 987 1579 . Feb. 28 938 1531 . „ 15 988 1580 . „ 17 939 1532 . „ 3 989 1581 . „ 5 940 1533 . July 23 990 1582 . Jan. 26 941 1534 . „ 13 991 1583 . „ 25* 942 1535 . „ 2 992 1584 . „ 14 943 1536 . June 20 993 1585 . >, 3 944 1537 . „ 10 994 1585 . Deo. 23 945 1538 . May 30 995 1586 . „ 12 946 1539 . „ 19 990 1587 .. O 947 1540 . „ 8 997 1588 . Nov. 20 948 1541 . April 27 998 1589 . „ 10 919 1542 . . ., 17 999 1590 . Oct. 30 950 1543 . „ 6 1000 1591 . „ 19 • Here the change to the Gregorian New Style occurs. HIJBAH AND OF THE CHEISTIAK EEA. 235 A.H. A.D. A.H. A.D. 1001 1592 . . Out. 8 1051 1641 . . April 12 1002 1593 . . Sept. 27 1052 1642 . . „ 1 1003 1594 . . „ 16 1053 1643 . . Mar. 22 1004 1595 . . ,. 6 1054 1644 . . „ 10 1005 1596 . . Aug. 25 1055 1645 . . Feb. 27 1006 1597 . . „ 14 1056 1646 . . „ 17 1007 1598 . . „ 4 1057 1647 . . „ 6 1008 1599 . . July 24 1058 1648 . . Jan. 27 1009 1600 . . „ 13 1059 1649 . . „ 15 1010 1601 . . „ 2 1060 1650 . . ., 4 1011 1602 . June 21 1061 1650 . Dec. 25 1012 1603 . „ 11 1062 1651 . „ 14 1013 1604 . May 30 1063 1652 . „ 2 1014 1605 . „ 19 1064 1653 . Nov. 22 1015 1606 . ., 9 1065 1654 . . „ 11 1016 1607 . April 28 1066 1655 . . Oct. 31 1017 1608 . ,, 17 1067 1656 . „ 20 1018 1609 . „ 6 1068 1657 . „ 9 1019 1610 . Mar. 26 1069 1658 . Sept. 29 1020 1611 . „ 16 1070 1659 . „ 18 1021 1612 . „ 4 1071 1660 . „ 6 1022 1613 . Feb. 21 1072 1661 . Aug. 27 1023 1614 . „ 11 1073 1662 . „ 16 1024 1615 . Jan. 31 1074 1663 . „ 5 1025 1616 . „ 20 1075 1664 . July 25 1026 1617 . „ 9 1076 1665 . „ 14 1027 1617 . Deo. 29 1077 1666 . „ 4 1028 1618 . „ 19 1078 1667 . June 23 1029 1619 . • „ 8 1079 1668 . „ 11 1030 1620 . Nov. 26 1080 1669 . „ 1 1031 1621 . . „ 16 1081 1670 . May 21 1032 1622 . ■ „ 5 1082 1671 . „ 10 1033 1623 . . Oct. 25 1083 1672 . April 29 1034 1624 . • „ 14 1084 1673 . „ 18 1035 1625 . . „ 3 1085 1674 . ,. 7 1036 1626 . . Sept. 22 1086 1675 . . Mar. 28 1037 1627 . • „ 12 1087 1676 . „ 16 1038 1628 . . Aug. 31 1088 1677 . - .. 6 1039 1629 . . „ 21 1089 1678 . Feb. 23 1040 1630 . . „ 10 1090 1679 . „ 12 1041 1631 . . July 30 1091 1680 . • „ 2 1042 1632 . . „ 19 1092 1681 . . Jan. 21 1043 1633 . . „ 8 1093 1682 . . „ 10 1044 1634 . . June 27 1094 1682 . . Dec. 31 1045 1635 . . ,. 17 1095 1683 . . „ 20 1046 1636 . • ,, 5 1096 1684 . . „ 8 1047 1637 . . May 26 1097 1685 . . Nov. 29- 1048 1638 . . „ 15 1098 1686 . . „ 17 1049 1639 . . „ 4 1099 1687 . . „ 7 1050 1640 . . April23 1100 1688 . . Oct. 26 236 COMPABATIVE TABLE OF THE TEAES OF THE A.H. A.D. 1101 1689 . . Oct. 15 1102 1690 . ■ „ 5 1103 1691 . . Sept. 24 1104 1692 . . „ 12 1105 1693 . ■ ., 2 1106 1694 . . Aug. 22 1107 1695 . • „ 12 1108 1696 . . July 31 1109 1697 . ■ „ 20 1110 1698 . • „ 10 1111 1699 . . June 29 1112 1700 . „ 18 1113 1701 . ■ ., 8 1114 1702 . . May 28 1115 1703 . „ 17 1116 1704 . „ 6 1117 1705 . ■ April 25 1118 1706 . • ,, 15 1119 1707 . ., 4 1120 1708 . Mar. 23 1121 1709 . • „ 13 1122 1710 . „ 2 1123 1711 . Feb. 19 1124 1712 . ,, 9 1125 1713 . Jan. 28 1126 1714 . „ 17 1127 1715 . „ 7 1128 1715 . Dec. 27 1129 1716 . „ 16 1130 1717 . „ 5 1131 1718 . Not. 24 1132 1719 . - „ 14 1133 1720 . ., 2 1134 1721 . Oct. 22 1135 1722 . „ 12 1136 1723 . ., 1 1137 1724 . Sept. 20 1138 1725 . ., 9 1139 1726 . Aug. 29 1140 1727 . „ 19 1141 1728 . „ 7 1142 1729 . . July 27 1143 1730 . .. 17 1144 1731 . >, 6 1145 1732 . . June 24 1146 1733 . . ,, 14 1147 1734 . . ,, 3 1148 1735 . . May 24 1149 1736 . . „ 12 1150 • 1737 . . „ 1 A.H. A.D. 1151 1152 1153 1154 1155 1156 1157 1158 1159 1160 1161 1162 1163 1164 1165 1166 1167 1168 1169 1170 1171 1172 1173 1174 1175 1176 1177 1178 1179 1180 1181 1182 1183 1184 1185 1186 1187 1188 1189 1190 1191 1192 1193 1194 1195 1196 1197 1198 1199 1200 1738 1739 1740 1741 1742 1743 1744 1745 1746 1747 1748 1748 1749 1750 1751 1752 1753 1754 1755 1756 1757 1758 1759 1760 1761 1762 1763 1764 1765 1766 1767 1768 1769 1770 1771 1772 1773 1774 1775 1776 1777 1778 1779 1780 1780 1781 1782 1783 1784 1785 April 21 „ 10 Mar. 29 „ 19 „ 8 Feb. 25 „ 15 ., 3 Jan. 24 „ 13 „ 2 Dec. 22 ., 11 „ 30 Nov. 20 „ 8 Oct. 29 ,, 18 „ 7 Sept. 26 „15 „ 4 Aug. 25 ., 13 „ 2 July 23 /l2 „ 1 June 20 » 9 May 30 „ 18 » 7 April 27 „ 16 4 Mai-. 25 „ 14 ,. 4 Feb. 21 „ 9 Jan. 30 „ 19 „ 8 Dec. 28 „ 17 ■■ 7 Nov. 26 „ 14 „ 4 SIJBAH AND OF THE CHEISTIAN EEA. 237 A.H. A.D. A.H. A.D. 1201 1786 . Oct. 24 1251 1835 . . AprU29 1202 1787 . „ 13 1253 1836 . „ 18 1203 1788 . ,, 2 1253 1837 . . ,, 7 1204 1789 . Sept. 21 1254 1838 . . Mar. 27 1205 1790 . „ 10 1255 1839 . . „ 17 1206 1791 . Aug. 31 1256 1840 . . » 5 1207 1792 . „ 19 1257 1841 . . Feb. 23 1208 1793 . ,, 9 1258 1842 . „ 12 1209 1794 . July 29 1259 1843 . . ,, 1 1210 1795 . ,, 18 1260 1844 . . Jan. 22 1211 1796 . ,. 7 1261 1845 . . „ 10 1212 1797 . . June 26 1262 1845 . . Dec. 80 1213 1798 . „ 15 1263 1846 . . „ 20 1214 1799 . ,. 5 1264 1847 . . „ 9 1215 1800 . May 25 1265 1848 . . Nov. 27 1216 1801 . . ,. 14 1266 1849 . ., 17 1217 1802 . „ 4 1267 1850 . . „ 6 1218 1803 . . April 23 1268 1851 , . Oct. 27 1219 1804 . . :, 12 1269 1852 . ,, 15 1220 1805 . ., 1 1270 1858 . ,, 4 1221 1806 . Mar. 21 1271 1854 . . Sept. 24 1222 1807 . . „ 11 1272 1855 . . „ 13 1223 1808 . Feb. 28 1273 1856 . . » 1 1224 1809 . „ 16 1274 1857 . , Aug. 22 1225 1810 . . „ 6 1275 1858 . . „ 11 1226 1811 . Jan. 26 1276 1859 . July 31 1227 1812 . „ 16 1277 1860 . ., 20 1228 1813 . . „ 4 1278 1861 , ., 9 1229 1813 . Dec. 24 1279 1862 . June 29 1230 1814 . „ 14 1280 1863 . » 18 1231 1815 . . „ 3 1281 1864 . .. 6 1232 1816 . Nov. 21 1282 1865 . May 27 1233 1817 . „ 11 1283 1866 . „ 16 1234 1818 . . Oct. 81 1284 1867 . ,, 5 1285 1819 . . „ 20 1285 1868 . April 24 1236 1820 . „ 9 1286 1869 , ' „ 13 1237 1821 . Sept. 28 1287 1870 . „ 3 1238 1822 . „ 18 1288 1871 . Mar. 23 1239 1828 . „ 7 1289 1872 , ,, 11 1240 1824 . Aug. 26 1290 1873 . „ 1 1241 1825 . „ 16 1291 1874 . Feb. 18 1242 1826 . „ 5 1292 1875 . „ 7 1243 1827 . July 25 1293 1876 . Jan. 28 1244 1828 . „ 14 1294 1877 . „ 16 1245 1829 . ., 3 1295 1878 . ,. 5 1246 1830 . June 22 1296 1878 . Dec. 26 1247 1831 . ., 12 1297 1879 . . „ 15 1248 1832 . . May 31 1298 1880 . . .. 4 1249 1833 . . „ 21 1299 1881 . . Nov. 23 1250 1834 . . „ 10 1300 1882 . . „ 12 238 TABLE 01' TEARS OF THE HIJEAH AND CHEISTIAN EEA. A.H. A.D. A.H. A.D. 1301 1883 . Nov. 2 1310 1892 . July 26 1302 1884 . Oct. 21 1311 1893 . „ 15 1303 1885 , . „ 10 1312 1894, . „ s 1304 1886 . Sept. 30 1313 1895 . June 24 1305 1887 . „ 19 1314 1896 . „ 12 1306 1888 . „ 7 1315 1897 . ,, 2 1307 1889 . Aug. 28 1316 1898 . May 22 1308 1890 . „ 17 1317 1899 . „ 12 1309 1891 . „ 7 1318 1900 . „ 1 ( 239 ) NOTE. The preceding table has been compiled from Professor F. Wiistenfeld's VergMcJiungs-Talellen der Muhammedanischen mid GhrisilicJien ZeUreohnung, Leipzig, 1854, which are identical with those given in Prinsep's Useful Tables, except that Prinsep adopts the English date of changing from the Old (Julian) to the New (Gregorian) style, and consequently omits 11 days on September i, 1752 ; while Dr. Wustenfeld makes the alteration of 9 days on the day when all Catholic Europe adopted the decision of the Bull of Pope Gregory XIII., viz. ^ October, 1582. As this is obviously the most general and proper date for the change of style, I have adopted Dr. Wiistenfeld's principle, and have not deferred a chronological change, which was adopted ip 1582 by the chief nations of Europe of the time, until the necessity of the reform had at last been understood in England. The second column gives the Christian day and month in which the Hijrah year begins. The Muhammadan year consists of 354 days, with an inter- calary day added to the last month eleven times in thirty years (on the 2nd, 5th, 7th, lObh, 13bh, 15th, 18th, 21st, 24th, 28th, and 29th years of every thirty years). To find whether the intercalary day is to be added to any given year, divide the year by 30, and if any of the above numbers — 2, 5, 7, 10, &c. — remain over, the year is one of 355 days. E.g. 80 divides 1303 forty-three times, with 13 over ; therefore the Muhammadan year 1303, corresponding to our 1885-6, will contain 355 days. To find the exact Christian day corresponding to any given Muhammadan day is a simple matter of calculation. After due regard to the year being Leap-year or not, the Muham- madan equivalent is obtained by reckoning up the days of the month, allowing 30 forMuharram the first month, 29 for Safar the second, and so alternately 30 and 29 to the end, when the intercalary day must be remembered. E.g. 21 November, 1884, is 31 days over the beginning of the Muhammadan year 1302, and would therefore be the 1st of Safar, 1302. GILBEBT AHD HITINGTOIT, LIMITED, 52, BT. JOHN'S SQUAHE, LOIfDOW, E.G. PL. I. .'^^^'. .^47,i BENGAL. PL. II. BENGAL. PL^ IT[ BENGA PL. IV BENGAL, PL V. R F Ki ri A I PL: VI, rfni;;al. PL. VII. 155 BEMG.AL. 63 "- " " <-H^'%>' PL.vni. n^^ ^Tlil z4 SI ND-KASH fvl I R. PL. IX lAUNPUR. PL X. 157 - gjftF ^ ,s^ .1^ 362 uti """■ 365 2/^ 39 9 K-l A i VV A H PL. XL %J- " ZjU^ ^^2, ^W ^ '-_ 1 -fi -r<'-i 4-6+ BAHMANIS OF .'f^ ■M"^ %&^^m + 77 THE DEKHAN ni I . I A R A T' - n F K H A N . PL. XII. /•*^<.,tfj ' i-y ?? -^ii.. A C R A H ^/P^^ /; *?^^ '1^ -^A-~^A r'j) 4fe J AU N PUR 1-94 CH AM PAN I R 96 M A N D U 495 L A H R ^*^iiC^49; KUTLUCH KHVyAJAH LL>CAL ISSUES-VARIOUS