4 IS" ^ MAP S . (IN POCKET ATTACHEb TO COVER.) Vol. I. Map No. I.— Position of Union and Confederate armies on morning of July i, i£63. Vol. I. Map No. II.— Battle of Gettysburg; first day; position of troops. / Vol II. Map No. III.— Battle of Gettysburg, second day; position of troops. /. Vol. II. Map No. IV.— Battle of Gettysburg; third day; position of troops. Vol. III. Map No. v.— Battle of Gettysburg; third day; Cavalry engagement ■■■^■^■■i Union. |n|iiii|i|iiii ArtUIery. BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG, JULY i, 1863. FIRST DAY. GENERAL POSITION OF TROOPS, 2 TO 3.30 P.M. Contour lines at 20 feet Scale, 1950 feet to the inch. Tiie jilaiie of reference for the horizontal cur\'es is talffin 500 ftbeiow a bench mark on Cemetery Hill . ^^^^■^^^* Confederate T'l"l"l"l"i' Artillery. Armv Corps — Union. Cavalrx Division* — Union. Bnford'a CaTalry, June ISth. Bnford— Middletown to G^ttTSbnrg. BoadB used by Union Army, Virginia to Gettysbnig. POSITION OF UNION AND CONFEDERATE ARMIES ON THE MOENING OF JULY 1, 1863. Scale. 10 Miles to 1 inch. ■^^a Aimj Diriglong— Oonfederste. ^-4 Cavftlir — Confedeiate. 1 I ZTreU's Corps, June SOtlL Boads used by Confederate Aimy, Virginia to Cbambersbnrg. Bonte followed by Stoart'i Csraliy. U. LongBtreet'8 Corps. Ei Ewell's Corps. Hi Hill's Coipa. (BornpU Ham iriinol ICibrata Cornell University Library E 475.53.N53 Final report of the battlefield of Gettv 3 1924 024 857 280 The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924024857280 NEW YORK MONUMENTS COMMISSION FOR THE BATTLEFIELDS OF GETTYSBURG AND CHATTANOOGA. FINAL REPORT ON THE BATTLEFIELD OF GETTYSBURG. COMMISSIONERS. Maj.-Gen. Daniel E. Sickles, U. S. A. Maj.-Gen. Daniel Butterfield. BvT. Maj.-Gen. Alex. S. Weeb. Bvt. Brig.-Gen. Anson G. McCook. Col. Lewis R. Stegman. Col. Clinton Beckwith. Major Charles A. Richardson. The Adjutant-General of the State, Ex-Officio. Chairman, Maj.-Gen. Daniel E. Sickles, U. S. A. Engineer and Secy., A. J. Zabriskie. Vol. I. ALBANY: J. B. LYON COMPANY, PRINTERS. 1902. )JV/V^3 To his Excellency, the Governor of the State of New York : Sir : — Pursuant to the provisions of chapter 932, Laws of 1895, the New York Monuments Commission for the Battlefields of Gettys- burg and Chattanooga has the honor to submit herewith its final report on that part of the work relating to the Battlefield of Gettysburg. Yours obediently, DANIEL E. SICKLES, Chairman. New York, Dec. i, 1899 AUTHORIZATION. CHAP. 466, LAWS OF 1886. AN ACT to provide for designating the positions and movements of the troops of the State of New York on the battlefield of Gettysburg. Section i. Daniel E. Sickles, Henry W. Slocum, Joseph B. Carr, Charles A. Richardson, and the adjutant-general of this State are hereby appointed com- missioners for the State of New York to determine the positions and move- ments, at the battle of Gettysburg, of the several military organizations of this State that took part in that battle, and to do such other acts relating thereto as may be hereafter required. § 2. Said commissioners shall determine such positions and movements by means of such records, reports, maps and surveys as may be had, and by such other aids and means as they may judge necessary therefor; and they shall report their proceedings to the legislature at its next session, with such recom- mendations as they shall judge proper to secure the permanent marking of the movements and positions of such troops. § 3. The sum of five thousand dollars, or so much thereof as may be neces- sary, is hereby appropriated out of any money in the treasury, not otherwise appropriated, to defray the expenses of said commissioners in carrying out the provisions of this act. § 4. In case of the resignation, refusal to serve, death or inability of either of said commissioners to perform the duties required, the Governor shall fill the vacancy by appointment. CHAP. 932, LAWS OF 1895. * * * For defraying the expenses of the final report of the commis- sioners appointed by and pursuant to chapter four hundred and sixty-six. Laws of one thousand eight hundred and eighty-six, of their proceedings under said act, and all acts supplementary thereto, the sum of six thousand dollars, which report shall ccmtain a representation of each monument erected by them, with a statement of its location and cost, and the dedication ceremonies, and also a brief history of each New York regiment and battery that took part in tlie battle of Gettysburg as authenticated by official reports and records. * * * 2 NEW YORK AT GETTYSBURG BY WILLIAM F. FOX, Lieut.-CoL loyth N. Y. Vols. 3 AUTHOR'S PREFACE. The following chronicle of events at the battle of Gettysburg is inserted here as introductory to the main body of the report. Something of the kind seemed necessary in recounting the services of the New York troops on that historic field, to show not only their participation in the fighting, but, also, the relation which their action bore to other and more general events as to time, order, and place. The movements of each New York regiment and battery during the bat- tle are fully described elsewhere in the historical sketches and addresses pub- lished in this report ; but the bearing which their action had on other movements can be explained only in some connected narrative reciting the entire story of the battle, and in which the services of each command is told in its due connection. Another history of Gettysburg may seem superfluous and presumptious. But there were New York regiments and batteries in every corps, in every division except one, and in forty-six brigades of the Union army. They fought and fell on every portion of the field. Any fair statement of their participation in the general action involves a story of the entire battle. At the request of the Board, the author, who had already undertaken the work of editing the final report, reluctantly assumed this addi- tional task. This history of the battle — if it may be called a history — does not purport ;o be the story of an eye-witness, but is based on the official reports made at the time, together with some other authentic accounts which have passed unchal- lenged during the many years that have elapsed. But the official reports are not infallible. They are somewhat conflicting at tim.es, and on each side there is a noticeable tendency to make scant mention of any misfortune or reverse that may have occurred ; and, although a full record of such event may be found in the report of the other side, it is apt to be accom- panied by exaggerations that make it worthless for historical purposes. This is especially the case in statements as to losses inflicted on an enemy or the number of prisoners captured. With a hope of reconciling discrepancies, and obtaining information where it was needed, the author has read carefully all of the voluminous literature, written on both sides, relating to the battle and its accompanying campaigns. Considerable difficulty was experienced in determining the order in which events occurred; for the reports show a surprising variation in this respect. Some officers differ three hours or more in their statements as to when certain incidents happened, — when troops arrived on the ground, the hour when they went into action, or, when some position was carried or abandoned. But by harmonizing so far as practicable the contradictory statements, and retaining all that agreed, a schedule was finally evolved by which the various movements were accounted for, as to time and succession, without inconsistencies or con- 5 Author's Preface. tradictions. Fortunately, in some of the reports the officer, instead of using the word " about " in stating when the event took place, gives both the hour and the minute with exactness, which shows that he looked at his watch and noted it precisely. Such statements were accepted in preference to others. Reference is made to this matter here, because the various movements during the battle cannot be understood until the exact order in which the events occurred is definitely determined. In the course of his work the author has made frequent and protracted visits to the battlefield, where all the various movements, together with the official reports, have been carefully studied on the ground, a task which became difficult at times owing to the erroneous location of regimental monuments and inaccu- rate inscriptions. It has been his good fortune, also, to meet on the field, from year to year, participants in the battle from each army, men whose rank and connection with important events on the field enabled them to explain clearly much that hitherto was doubtful or misunderstood. Through the liberality of the Board of New York Commissioners, substantial assistance was rendered by furnishing everything available in the way of maps, histories, official documents, and transcripts from the records of the War Departments at Wash- ington and Albany. It may seem to some that the following narrative contains matter that does not necessarily pertain to the story of New York at Gettysburg. But when a State furnishes nearly one^third of an army, some discussion of the total strength becomes necessary to establish the proportion of troops thus furnished. When almost one-third of the killed are from that State, this heroic record will be better appreciated after an examination of the entire casualty lists. And when one-third or more of the corps, division, and brigade generals are from one State, their participation, responsibility, and achievements can be fully under- stood and recognized only when the story is told in full, together with its legiti- mate deductions and conclusions. There is an unwritten law of literature that contemporaneous history must not be accepted as conclusive. Recognizing the justice of this decree the story has been conscientiously told, with no thought or care for the approbation of tlie present, but with a hope that the historian of the future may find something in its pages that will hghten his labors, and receive the indorsement of his pen. W. F. F. NEW YORK AT GETTYSBURG. This is the story of New York at Gettysburg ; it is the story of what the men of New York did there. If, in the telling, there is little mention of other regi- ments, it is because such mention is outside the province of this narrative. Their gallant deeds will be better told by their own historians. Of the many States represented on this historic field, the Empire State, in proud fulfillment of its duty, furnished the most men and filled the most graves. More than one-fourth of the Union army marched there under the iiags of the State of New York ; more than one-fourth of those who fell there followed those colors to their graves. The battle of Gettysburg has long been a fruitful theme in history. There yet remains the epic story of each State whose gallant sons fought on that field, not only for the perpetuity of the Nation, but for the honor and glory of their Commonwealth. THE FIRST DAY, Wednesday, July i, 1863. On June 30th the armies of Meade and Lee, each unaware of the other's movements, were moving towards Gettysburg. The Northern army was ap- proaching from the South ; the Southern army, from the North. The collision at Gettysburg was unexpected. Lee had no cavalry in front of his leading division. Part of his mounted troops were absent on a raid ; and part had been assigned to other portions of his army. Cavalry squads are the antennae of an army. Scattered along the line of advance, they are the feelers through which the body of the army perceives obstacles. About 10 o'clock, on the day before the battle, some Confederate infantry — Pettigrew's Brigade of Heth's Division — made their appearance near the Lutheran Theological Seminary in the western suburbs of the town and halted, their pickets advancing close to the residences along the outskirts. This brigade had been ordered to Gettysburg with instructions to search the town for army supplies, shoes especially, and return the same day. These troops did not enter the place, the officers contenting themselves with examining it through field glasses and conversing with such citizens as they could find. Learning that the advance guard of Meade's army was approaching, they withdrew towards Cashtown, leaving their pickets about four miles from Gettysburg. At II a. m., two brigades of Buford's Division of Union cavalry entered the town. The citizens, already in a state of excitement and terror over the great invasion, gazed with interest and satisfaction as the long column of veteran troopers, with trampling horses and fluttering guidons, moved through their 8 AlEW York at Gettysburg. streets. It was the opening scene in the grand pageant which was to make the name of Gettysburg known throughout the world. Buford's column had left Emmitsburg that morning. Passing through the town it moved out upon the Chambersburg Pike, or Cashtown Road as some- times called, and halted there. Buford brought with him two brigades, Gam- ble's and Devin's, leaving the reserve brigade, Merritt's, at Mechanicsburg to guard his trains. Scouting parties were immediately sent out in various directions, and the information thus obtained throughout the night apprised Buford of the proximity of the enemy and the rapid convergence of their hostile columns on Gettysburg. Knowing that General Reynolds, who was in command of the left wing of the Union army^ was in supporting distance with the First and Eleventh Corps, he decided to resist the Confederate advance. On the eve of the approaching battle it will be instructive to note the posi- tion of the two armies. Neither has been moving with closely connected col- umns. In each, the various corps or divisions are widely separated, and a concentration is yet to be effected. Lee's army is under orders to concentrate at Gettysburg. Meade has directed two of his corps to go there also as a cov- ering movement, but follows up his instructions the next morning with orders for a concentration on the line of Pipe Creek, fourteen miles south of Gettys- burg, in case the enemy assumes the offensive. On the evening of June 30th, the day before the battle opens, the three corps composing the Confederate Army are many miles apart. The First Corps, under General Longstreet, is resting at Chambersburg, where General Lee has his headquarters, twenty-four miles west of Gettysburg. The Second Corps, Gen- eral Ewell, returning from its advance on Carlisle, York, and the Susquehanna, is halted for the night near Heidlersburg, eleven miles north of Gettysburg, with one division, Johnson's, at Fayetteville, twenty-one miles west of Gettysburg. The Third Corps, General A. P. Hill, is extended along the Chambersburg Pike, with Heth's and Pender's divisions near Cashtown, seven miles west of Gettys- burg, and Anderson's Division at Fayetteville. Lee's right and left wings are twenty-eight miles apart. His cavalry is still more widely scattered. Three brigades, under General Stuart, have been absent on a raid, and are now making a wide detour around the right of the Union Army in order to rejoin Lee; three other brigades have been left near the Potomac to guard the rear; and the remaining brigade — Jenkins' — is with Ewell's Corps. There is no cavalry with Hill's column, the one which has the advance on Gettysburg. The seven corps of the Union Army also occupied positions covering a wide extent of territory. The First Corps, under General Reynolds, bivouacked along the road, leading from Emmitsburg, Md., to Gettysburg, with its advance division at Marsh Creek, five miles from the battlefield, and with one division at Emmitsburg. The Eleventh Corps, General Howard, was at Emmitsburg, ten miles south of Gettysburg. The Third Corps, General Sickles, lay at Bridgeport, on the road from Taneytown to Emmitsburg. The Fifth, Gen- eral Sykes, was at Union Mills, Md., seventeen miles southeast of Gettys- burg. The Twelfth, General Slocum, bivouacked near Littlestown, Penn., eleven miles southeast of Gettysburg. The Sixth Corps, General Sedgwick, New York at Gettysburg. 9 occupied Manchester, thirty miles southeast of the battlefield. The Second, General Hancock, was resting at Uniontown, Md., sixteen miles south of Gettysburg. The cavalry, General Pleasanton, was covering the right and rear of the army, with two brigades of Buford's Division, already at Gettys- burg. Kilpatrick's cavalry division was at Hanover, Penn., fourteen miles east of Gettysburg, where it had encountered, earlier in the day, a part of Stuart's cavalry. The right wing of the Union Army was at Manchester ; the left wing was at Emmitsburg, over thirty miles distant. General Meade's headquarters were at Taneytown, ten miles south of Gettysburg. The left wing, composed of the First, Third and Eleventh Corps, was under command of General Rey- nolds. The Fifth and Twelfth Corps, of the right wing, were under General Slocum. A signal officer attached to Buford's Division states* that on the night of the 30th, General Buford spent some hours with Colonel Devin, of the Sixth New York Cavalry, who was in command of the Second Brigade. While commenting on the information brought in by Devin's scouts, Buford re- marked that " the battle would be fought at that point/' and " he was afraid that it would be commenced in the mornmg before the infantry would get up." Devin, who did not believe in so early an advance of the enemy, said that he would " take cai'e of all that would attack his front during the ensuing twenty-four hours." Buford answered, " No, you won't. They will attack you in the morning; and they will come 'booming' — skirmishers three deep. You will have to fight like the devil to hold your own until supports arrive. The enemy must know the importance of this position, and will strain every nerve to secure it, and if we are able to hold it we will do well." It is interest- ing to note how accurately Buford's prediction was fulfilled on the morrow. In Gamble's Brigade there was a New York regiment, the Eighth Cavalry, under command of Lieut. Col. William L. Markell; in Devin's Brigade there were two New York regiments, — the Sixth Cavalry, Maj. William E. Beards- ley, and the Ninth Cavalry, Col. William Sackett. Thus it was that New York participated in the first operations on that field. During the night the brigade picket line, made up of details from each regi- ment in Devin's Brigade (Sixth New York, Ninth New York, Seventeenth Pennsylvania, and Third West Virginia), was pushed forward on the Chambers- burg Pike to Willoughby Run, from whence the line extended northerly and easterly across the Mummasburg, Carlisle, and Harrisburg Roads. The line was in charge of Colonel Sackett, Ninth New York, who was brigade officer of the day. At daylight the advanced picket post on the Chambersburg Pike was held by Corp. Alphonse Hodges, of Company F, Ninth New York Cav- alry, and three other cavalrymen. Men were seen approaching on the road, beyond Willoughby Run, and nearly a mile away. Acting under orders Hodges immediately sent his comrades to notify the line and the reserve, while he advanced across the Run till near enough to see that the approaching men belonged to the enemy; then he turned back, and as he did so they fired at him. He retired to the Run where, from behind the abutments of the bridge, he fired several shots at the enemy. This occurred about 5 :^o a. m., and this * From Decisive Conflicts of the War; by J. Watts de Peyster, Brev. Maj. Gen., N. G., S. N. Y. JO New York at Gettysburg. exchange of shots between the Confederate videttes and a New York trooper are believed to be the first fired at Gettysburg.* In the skirmishing which ensued later in the morning Cyrus W. James, of Company G, Ninth New York Cavalry, was killed, and he is said to have been the first Union soldier killed in the battle. Between 8 and 9 a. m., the pickets in front of Gamble's Brigade, gave notice that the infantry columns of the enemy, accompanied by artillery, were ap- proaching from the direction of Cashtown. The Confederate advance consisted of Archer's and Davis's Brigades, of Heth's Division, of A. P. Hill's Third Corps. No cavalry preceded them, for General Lee's mounted troops, as has been explained, were on duty elsewhere or had become separated from his army, and he was thus deprived of their services at this critical time. Archer and Davis brought forward eight regiments in their two commands. Gamble confronted them with his small brigade, which he reported officially as 1,600 strong. As his men fought dismounted their effective strength was still less, every fourth man holding the " led horses " in the rear. Unequal as their numbers were, Buford's men marched out boldly and " proudly " to the position assigned them. Moving out beyond the Seminary about one mile. Gamble formed his brigade with its right resting on the line of an unfinished railroad and its left near the Fairfield Road, the Chambersburg Pike passing through his line a little to the right of the centre and at right angles with it. Devin, with the Second Brigade, formed to the right, his line extending from the railroad to the Mummasburg Road. The opening gun of the battle was fired by the Confederates, the shot coming from a cannon in Marye's Virginia Battery, posted on the Chambersburg Pike on the first ridge west of Willoughby Run. Calef's Horse Battery — A, Second United States Artillery, — which was attached to Buford's Division, replied promptly from its position near the Chambersburg Pike, and the battle of Gettysburg began. The Confederate artillery answered the fire of Calef's Bat- tery with twelve guns, while Heth's infantry pressed Gamble's men with a strong skirmish line. The cavalrymen responded with a rapid carbine fire from behind the trees, rocks, and stone walls along their advantageous position on the ridge, their sturdy resistance giving Heth the impression that he had infantry before him, and causing him to advance slowly and cautiously. Buford, though hard pressed, held his own stoutly, knowing that reinforcements must soon arrive. The fight had raged fiercely for over an hour, when the signal officer in the belfry of the Seminary turning his anxious eyes towards the Emmitsburg Road, saw in the distance the corps flag of General Reynolds' troops, the First Corps. Buford, on receiving the welcome news, climbed hurriedly into the tower, and, looking through the telescope of the signal lieutenant, said, " Now, we can hold the place." Reynolds came galloping up with his staff, and, seeing Buford in the tower, cried out, " What's the matter, John? " " The devil's to pay," said Buford. f The two generals rode out to the field, encouraging by their presence * From a paper prepared for the Gettysburg Battlefield Memorial Association, by Capt. Newel Cheney, Ninth New York Cavalry, t De Peyster, ^ g 3 & New York at Gettysburg. h Gamble's hard-pressed men. Reynolds exposed himself boldly to the fire of the enemy despite Buford's entreaties to be more careful, to all of which Rey- nolds only laughed and moved nearer to the front Having made a brief survey of the field Reynolds rode back to meet his corps and hurry the troops forward to Buford's relief. Instructing Wadsworth, whose division was in advance, to press forward with all speed, he sent an aide to order the two other divisions of the First Corps, which were some distance in the rear, to come on without delay. He sent word, also, to How- ard to bring up the Eleventh Corps from Emmitsburg, where it was resting. Before meeting the head of Wadsworth's column, Reynolds, glancing at Cemetery Hill, expressed the opinion that if he formed his troops there the town might be destroyed; and that he did not know whether there was time enough to get his troops into position on the other side of the town. When Wadsworth rode up Reynolds had a momentary consultation with himf as to whether the troops should go into Gettysburg or take a position in front of it. Reynolds decided that if they occupied the town the enemy might shell and destroy it, and that they had better form their lines outside. Marching to the sound of the cannon, Wadsworth's Division, of the First Corps, approaches the town; but, leaving the Emmitsburg Road at the Codori House for a shorter route to the scene of the conflict, the division, composed of Cutler's and Meredith's brigades, moves across the fields. As the column comes in sight, — the first infantry on that field, — it is seen that the blue flag carried by the leading regiment bears the coat of arms of the Empire State. It is the Seventy-sixth New York, a gallant regiment worthy of the historic numerals that form its designation. The leading brigade, Cutler's, containing four New York regiments, is formed across the Chambersburg Pike, deploying under artillery fire, with the Seventy-sixth New York, Fifty-sixth Pennsylvania, and One hundred and forty-seventh New York along a ridge on the right of a deep cut in the rail- road, and at a right angle with it; the Fourteenth Brooklyn (Eighty-fourth New York Volunteers) and Ninety-fifth New York on the left. The first infantry volley, as is meet and proper on this field, rings out immediately from the rifles of the Fifty-sixth Pennsylvania. With an echoing crash the Seventy-sixth New York follows with its fire. Hall's Second Maine Battery relieves Calef's guns, and takes positio,n on the right of the road. Meredith's " Iron " Brigade enters the McPherson woods, on Cutler's left and south of the Chambersburg Pike, being placed in position by General Doubleday, who is now in command of the First Corps, General Reynolds having been placed in command of the left wing of the Union army. Gamble's cavalry brigade having fallen back from its advanced position was now relieved. While leading forward the Nineteenth Indiana, of Meredith's Brigade, Gen- eral Reynolds receives a fatal wound and falls from his horse, expiring without t See Wadsworth's testimony before the Committee on the Conduct of the War. 12 New York at Gettysburg. a word. By this most unfortunate event, which occurred about 10:15 a. m.. General Doubleday succeeded to the command. To his able generalship in that trying hour is due much of the glory that the First Corps won on this bloody field. On the right, Davis' Brigade, composed of Mississippi and North Carolina troops, moving along the north side of the Chambersburg Pike, attacked the three regiments of Cutler's Brigade, which had gone into position there. The Seventy-sixth New York, which held the right, was outflanked by the more extended line of the enemy, but held its ground bravely, though suffering a terrible loss. In order to check the force — Fifty-fifth North CaroHna — that was pressing their flank and theatening their rear, Major Grover, the com- mandant of the Seventy-sixth, ordered his five right companies to change front to rear, forming thus a line at a right angle to that of his left companies. He had just given the order when he fell mortally wounded, and Capt. John E. Cook succeeded to the command. General Wadsworth, seeing the perilous situation of Cutler's three regiments on the right of the railroad, ordered them v,'ithdravv-n to a position in the woods on Seminary Ridge. The Seventy-sixth New York and Fifty-sixth Pennsylvania, although under a severe musketry fire, withdrew in good order and with well-closed ranks to the new position assigned them. But the One hundred and forty-seventh New York did not fall back as ordered. Lieutenant Colonel Miller, who was in command, was wounded in the head immediately after receiving the order, and failed to give the command to fall back. i\iaj. George Harney, the next in command, held the regiment in its exposed position, unaware that an order had been given for the regiment to withdraw. In face of the musketry that was rapidly thinning its ranks the One hundred and forty-seventh held its ground manfully, until the enemy were in possession of the railroad cut on its left and the ground on its right. Just then Capt. T. E. Ellsworth, of Wadsworth's stafic, rode out to the regiment, and finding :\Iajor Harney repeated the order to withdraw. The regiment then retreated, barely escaping capture. In this aft'air of Cutler's, lasting about half an hour, the Seventy-sixth New York lost 169, killed or wounded, out of 27 officers and 348 men taken into action. Maj. Andrew J. Grover, Capt. Robert B. Everett, Capt. Robert Story, Lieut. Philip Keeler, and Lieut. Robert G. Noxon were killed, and thirteen other ofiicers were wounded. Sergeant Hubbard, of the One hundred and forty-seventh New York, was in command of the provost guard of the brio-ade that morning. He formed the guard, consisting of eighteen men, on the right of the Seventy-sixth New York and fought there, losing twelve of his men. The One hundred and forty-seventh New York, by reason of its prolonged resistance, sustained a still greater loss, losing 207 in killed and wounded out of 380 present with the colors. Lieutenants Mace, Taylor, Van Dusen Schenck, and McAssy lost their lives, while seven other officers were wounded. Color Sergeant Hinchcliff was shot through the heart, and fell on the colors. But the blood-stained flag was rescued by Sergeant Wybourn, who brought it off the field, though seriously wounded himself. While this fight was going on between Davis' Brigade and Cutler's three regiments, the two other regiments of Cutler's Brigade — the Fourteenth New York at Gettysburg. ij Brooklyn and Ninety-fifth New York — which had been detached by order of General Reynolds, to support Hall's Battery, remained on the left or south sfde of the Chambersburg Pike. They deployed, with the Ninety-fifth New York on the left. The two regiments, now detached from the rest of the brigade, were under command of Col. Edward B. Fowler, of the Fourteenth. They became engaged immediately with the enemy's skirmishers, posted in their front, and in the McPherson woods on the left. Assisted by the advance of the Iron Brigade — Meredith's — they drove the opposing line back, but soon found that the enemy, having overpowered the rest of the brigade on the right of the railroad, was advancing.^ Some of Davis' Mississippians passed be- tween the right of the Fourteenth and the railroad cut, forcing Hall's Battery to retire with the temporary loss of one of its guns. Fowler immediately or- dered his two regiments to about face and march to the rear. His line marched thus until abreast of the Confederate advance, when he gave the order to change front forward, thus bringing his line at right angles with the former one. His two regiments were now formed parallel with and facing the Chambers- burg Pike, and the railroad to the north of it. The enemy, halting in his ad- vance, changed front also to meet this unexpected and threatening manoeuvre. In the meantime the Sixth Wisconsin, of Meredith's Brigade, had been placed in reserve near the Seminary. It was under command of Lieut. Col. Rufus R. Dawes. General Doubleday, seeing the retreat of Cutler's three regiments, ordered the Sixth Wisconsin forward to their assistance. Dawes filed to the right and rear, and then facing to the left came up at a double-quick in line with Fowler's two New York regiments. This new Hne opened fire on the enemy, who returned it with deadly effect, the Confederates having taken posses- sion of the railroad cut. Fowler and Dawes ordered their men over the turn- pike fence, and then gave the command to charge. When the line reached the cut some of the Confederates threw down their rifles as evidence of sur- render, while others, more desperate, continued to fire. But a detachment of the Sixth Wisconsin moved across the east end of the cut, from which position they could enfilade its entire length with their fire. The Confederates then surrendered. The troops thus captured, about 300 in number, belonged to Davis' Brigade. Most of them were from the Second Mississippi, Maj. John A. Blair, commander of the regiment, together with the colors, being captured with the rest. A large number of Davis' men, who were opposite Fowler's left, made their way out of the west end of the cut and thus escaped. By this daring and brilliant movement of Fowler and his New York men, the lost gun of Hall's Battery was recaptured. Col. George H. Biddle, of the Ninety-fifth New York, was wounded here, the command then devolving on Maj. Edward Pye. While Cutler's Brigade was making this gallant fight along both sides of the railroad grading, the Iron Brigade, under Meredith, was achieving honor and success farther to the left. Following Cutler closely on the field, it had been ordered by General Reynolds to seize and hold the McPherson woods on Fowler's left. Meredith's four regiments, advancing en echelon, relieved the cavalrymen of Gamble's Brigade, and entered the woods, where they encountered Archer's 14 New York at Gettysburg. Brigade. Their spirited attack forced Archer's line back and across Willoughby Run, the Union troops occupying the ground on the farther side. In this successful advance the Iron Brigade suffered terribly in men and officers, but at the same time inflicted a severe loss on the enemy. Several hundred prisoners were captured, including General Archer himself. Doubleday soon ordered Meredith to withdraw his brigade to the east side of the stream, and form line in the woods from which he had driven the enemy. In the meanwhile such of Davis' men as had escaped capture retreated from the field, and Cutler's troops advanced to their old position. It was now about 1 1 o'clock. The fighting ceased, and for three hours there was a lull in the conflict. This opening contest between the infantry of Wads- worth and Heth formed a distinct, separate period in the battle of the first day. The fighting thus far, aside from that of Buford's Cavalry, was between Cutler's and Meredith's brigades on the one side, and Davis' and Archer's on the other. The success of the Union troops in repelling this opening attack made Heth cautious, and he occupied the ensuing interval in bringing up his two other brigades, Pettigrew's and Brockenbrough's. During the two hours or more succeeding the repulse of Heth there was no infantry fighting. Each side was preparing for a renewal of the contest, Doubleday and his men disdaining to avail themselves of this opportunity to effect a safe and honorable retreat. The skirmishers exchanged shots, and at times there was a heavy artillery fire, principally from the Confederate batteries. But during this cessation in the battle important movements were being made. Gen. A. P. Hill, commanding the Confederate Third Corps, placed Heth's Division again in the advance. Pender's Division was placed in support of Heth. Hill's remaining division — R. H. Anderson's — did not arrive on the field in time to participate in the fighting of the first day. At the same time, on Hill's left, the advance of Ewell's Second Corps could be seen coming from the north to his support, Rodes' Division on the Carlisle, and Early's on the Heidlersburg roads. Ewell's remaining division — Johnson's — was several miles away, and did not reach the field until night, having marched twenty-five miles that day. Ewell, whose troops were at Carlisle and York the day before, had received orders to concentrate at Cashtown, but being notified that Hill was marching towards Gettysburg he turned his columns in that direction also. On the Union side, in the meanwhile, the two other divisions of the First Corps — Robinson's and Rowley's — came up, arriving on the field about 12 o'clock. As Robinson's troops came on the ground, one of his brigades — Baxter's — made a short halt at the Seminary, and then moved to the front, where it went into position on Seminary Ridge, with its right resting op the Mummasburg Road. Baxter's left connected with Wadsworth's Division. Robinson's other brigade, under command of Gen. Gabriel R. Paul, was placed in reserve at the Seminary, where it threw up a line of intrenchments, by General Doubleday's order, to aid in holding that point in case the line was driven back. These works were of slight construction, but Doubleday's pre- caution proved a wise one in the course of subsequent events. New York at Gettysburg. 15 Rowley's Division was divided. One brigade, under command of Col. Roy Stone, was placed on Meredith's right, occupying the open fields on the ridg:e at the McPherson House, its line extending to the Chambersburg Pike. The other brigade — Col. Chapman Biddle's — was posted on the left and rear of the Iron Brigade. The Eleventh Corps, marching by the Emmitsburg and Taneytown roads, came through the town soon after this. These troops arrived on the field about 1 130 p. m.,* fatigued with a forced march of ten miles or more, made without a halt under a hot July sun, from where they were encamped that morn- ing near Emmitsburg. General Howard retained Steinwehr's Division and Wiedrich's New York Battery to hold and fortify Cemetery Hill, sending for- ward the two divisions of Schurz and Barlow to Doubleday's assistance. General Schurz was given the immediate command of the corps, Howard, by right of seniority, having assumed command of the entire field. General Schimmelfennig succeeded to the command of Schurz's Division. Schurz pushed his skirmishers forward rapidly, intending to seize Oak Ridge and make connection with the right of the First Corps, thereby prolonging the line northerly along the ridge, part of which was already occupied by Robinson's Division of that corps. This would have been a strong position, provided the attack came from the west only. But before Schurz's troops could reach the ridge, this commanding position was occupied by the advance of Rodes' Division of Ewell's Corps, whose movement had hitherto been con- cealed by the woods. Carter's (Confederate) Artillery took a position on the ridge immediately, and opened a fire that enfiladed the entire line of the First Corps. Finding it impossible to form on Oak Ridge in prolongation of the lino of the First Corps, Schurz was obliged to occupy the lower ground in the rear, and so his two divisions — Barlow's and Schimmelfennig's — deployed on the level fields and lowlands situated between Oak Ridge and Rock Creek. Instead of prolonging Doubleday's right, Schurz was forced to face the Eleventh Corps to the north to meet Ewell's advance, his line thus forming a right angle to that of Doubleday's, but failing to connect with it closely. Schimmelfennig, who was nearest the First Corps, and whose troops arrived first, deployed his two brigades in double lines, his own brigade, under Colonel von Amsberg, forming his left, and Krzyzanowski's Brigade holding the right of his line. General Barlow's Division held the extreme right of the line of battle, occupying the ground between the Carlisle and Heidlersburg roads, his right brigade — Von Gilsa's — reaching to Rock Creek. The troops that are to take part in the battle of the first day are all up now and in position. It is well to note here the comparative strength of the oppos- ing forces. The two Confederate corps of Hill and Ewellf confront respectively ' The Forty-fifth New York, Schimmelfennig's Brigade, arrived in Gettysburg at 11:15 a. m., by the town clock, and four companies of this regiment, under Capt. Francis Irsch, were deployed as skirmishers, not long after, on the Mummasburg Road. Schurz's and Steinwehr's Divisions marched thirteen miles, having taken the circuitous route by Horner's Mills. t In each of these two corps — Hill's and Ewell's — there was one division absent, nd having arrived on the field at this time. 1 5 J>Je\v York at Gettysbueg. the two corps of Doubleday and Schurz. But in the Army of the Potomac the corps organization is smaller than that of the Army of Northern Virginia. Hill's two divisions which are present contain eight brigades or thirty-five regiments, while Doubleday's entire corps of six brigades contains only twenty- eight regiments.* The two divisions of Ewell's corps which are present con- tain eight brigades,! with thirty-six regiments, as opposed to Schurz's five brigades, with twenty-two regiments, including Coster's Brigade, of Steinwehr's Division, which was subsequently sent to Schurz's assistance. To the Union strength must be added the two small cavalry brigades of Buford. The Con- federates numbered about 27,300 infantry and artillery.J The Union troops opposing them numbered only 18,400, infantry, cavalry, and artillery.§ The Union line of battle forms a semi-circle. The First Corps is on the left of the Mummasburg Road, facing west and northwest; the Eleventh Corps is on the right of the road, and is faced north. It is now 2 o'clock, and the Confederates advance to the attack. The second contest of the day is about to commence. Rodes' Division, of Ewell's Corps, is the first to move, its advance being preceded by a heavy cannonade from Carter's Artillery, sixteen guns of which are posted on Oak Ridge, from where they enfilade Wadsworth's line. As Rodes' five brigades advance from the north their attack falls on the flank of the First Corps. Gen. A. P. Hill, seeing Ewell's troops engaged, gives the order for the divisions of Heth and Pender to advance. Closely succeeding these movements, Early's Division, of Ewell's Corps, from its position on the Confederate left, moves forward against the Eleventh Corps. The whole line becomes engaged, and the semi-circular lines of fire, over two miles long, mark the positions of the contending forces. Over 45,000 troops are engaged in the deadly struggle for the possession of this field. Through woods and orchards, over meadows and through fields of waving grain, the veterans of Rodes' Division moved steadily along the ridge toward the right flank of the First Corps. Cutler withdrew his brigade from its ad- vanced position and formed again on Seminary Ridge, with Baxter on his right. As Rodes advanced, his left flank became engaged first; but his right * There was one regiment on each side — nth Mississippi and 7th Indiana — absent witli the trains. t Not including Smith's Brigade, of Early's Division, which was left on the York Road, and did not arrive on the field. t General Heth states, in the Southern Historical Society Papers, that his division at Gettysburg " numbered some seven thousand muskets." This would indicate that he carried about 7,688 officers and men into action. General Rodes reported officially the strength of his division as 8,052 officers and men. General Early, in the So. Hist. Soc. Papers, states that his three brigades reported on June 20lh, 4,756 officers and men present for duty. There is no official statement of the strength of Pender's Division; its four brigades, in the aggregate, probably numbered about 6,000. In addition to the infantry the Confederates had 63 pieces of artillery in action during the first day's battle. § General Doubleday, in his official report, states that the First Corps numbered 8,200 at the beginning of the fight. Part of the Eleventh Corps was not on the field, on ^ brigade and one battery having been left on Cemetery Hill. Colonel Gamble, of Buford' ; Division, reports officially that his brigade was " about 1,600 strong." New York at Gettysburg. 17 swung forward until most of his line conformed with that of Robinson and Wadsworth. The opening attack, made by O'Neal's Alabama Brigade and Iverson's North Carolina Brigade, was repulsed by Baxter's regiments, the Confederates suffering a severe loss. Iverson lost here about 1,000 prisoners. The brigades of O'Neal and Iverson did not attack simultaneously, nor with a proper concert of action; if they had, Baxter's regin^ents would not have fared so well. General Robinson, to whose division Baxter's Brigade belonged, directed its movements so skillfully, changing front repeatedly to face the different directions in which O'Neal and Iverson successively approached, that Baxter and his men won a good share of the honors of the day. Baxter was materially assisted at this time by Cutler's Brigade, which, from its position on Baxter's left, delivered an effective fire against the flank of Iverson's line. In Baxter's Brigade there were two New York regiments which were con- spicuous for their dashing gallantry in this brilliant affair — the Eighty-third, under command of Lieut. Col. Joseph A. Moesch, and the Ninety-seventh, Col. Charles Wheelock. These two commands, in company with the Eighty- eighth Pennsylvania, made a charge on Iverson's Brigade, in which the Ninety- seventh New York captured the colors of the Twentieth North Carolina, to- gether with 213 officers and men. In a second charge this gallant regiment succeeded in capturing eighty more men, the Ninety-seventh thus taking more prisoners than there were men in that regiment. In this battle of the first day, Lieutenants Morrin, Stiles and Cady, of the Ninety-seventh, were killed or mortally wounded. In the Eighty-third New York, Capt. Thomas W. Quirk and Lieut. Charles A. Clark were killed. Reinforced by Ramseur's Brigade the Confederates renewed the contest at this point, whereupon Robinson ordered up his only reserve, that of Paul's Brigade, relieving a part of Baxter's regiments and supporting the others. In Paul's Brigade were the Ninety-fourth New York, Colonel Adrian R. Root, and the One hundred and fourth New York, Col. Gilbert G. Prey. The latter regiment distinguished itself in a charge made by its three left companies on a stone wall, from which they dislodged the enemy, capturing sixty prisoners or more. Lieut. Thomas Johnson, of the One hundred and fourth, was mortally wounded. General Paul was seriously wounded, losing both eyes. Colonel Root succeeded to the command of the brigade, holding it until wounded himself. As the crashing sound of O'Neal's opening volleys announced that Ewell's troops were engaged. Gen. A. P. Hill ordered the Confederate divisions of Heth and Pender to advance. They moved forward against Doubleday with Heth in front, and Pender closely following in support. The centre of Heth's line was formed by the large brigades of Pettigrew and Brockenbrough, and moving across Willoughby Run they attacked the position from which Archer's Tennesseeans were so disastrously repulsed in the morning. The Iron Brigade still held its former position in the McPherson Woods, while Stone's Brigade of three Pennsylvania regiments, joining on Meredith's right, extended to the Chambersburg Pike. These Pennsylvanians are the ones who went into posi- tion shouting, " We have come to stay," and so many of whom are there still. 1 8 New York at Gettysburg. Stone, who had been hard pressed on his right flank by Daniel's North Caro- hnians. of Rodes' Division, placed his two right regiments on the Pike facing north, leaving only one facing west towards Brockenbrough's advance. His line formed two sides of a right angle, with no connection on his right. It was a salient angle, at the farthest advanced position on the Union hne. And yet his men held it with a tenacity and courage deserving of better success than fate awarded them. Unable to cope longer with overpowering numbers, Meredith and Stone fell back, slowly and in good order, to a position on Seminary Ridge. At the beginning of the second period in the day's fighting. Battery L, First New York Light Artillery, Capt. Gilbert H. Reynolds, went into action with its six three-inch rifles in the field between the Chambersburg Pike and the railroad cut, the same position that was occupied by Hall's Battery in the open- ing fight of the morning. The battery was exposed here to a severe cross-fire from the enemy's artillery, during which Captain Reynolds was seriously wounded in the eye. The command devolved then upon Lieut. George Breck, although Captain Reynolds still remained with his guns, refusing to leave the field. The position of the battery at the railroad cut becoming untenable, Breck withdrew his pieces to the field south of the Chambersburg Pike, and went into action again in the rear of the McPherson Woods. Facing his battery to the north he delivered an effective fire on Rodes' Division. As Heth's Division advanced, Brockenbrough's Brigade was held in check for some time by the determined resistance of a part of Stone's and ^Meredith's troops. But Pettigrew's large brigade overlapping the left of the Iron Brigade, forced that part of Meredith's line back, and sweeping on encountered Biddle's Brigade of Robinson's Division, which was posted in the rear of Meredith's left regiments. This brigade of four regiments, included the Eightieth New York,— known also as the Ulster Guard or Twentieth N. Y. S. ^lilitia. This veteran regiment was commanded by Col. Theodore B. Gates, an able officer, whose efficient services in this action elicited praise in the official reports of his superiors. Soon after arriving on the field, a company of the Eightieth New York, under Captain Baldwin, was sent out by Colonel Gates as skirmishers. This company moved forward across Willoughby Run, and took possession of a house and some outbuildings opposite Doubleday's left. Being hard pressed, another company, under Captain Cunningham, was sent as a reinforcement. These two companies held this house until surrounded on three' sides by the enemy, whose men fired the outbuildings. The two New York companies then with- drew to avoid capture, and assisted by some of Buford's cavalry effected their escape, rejoining their command that evening on Cemetery HiU. As Pettigrew pushed on over the ridge east of Willoughby Run, forcing- back the flank of the Iron Brigade, his left regiment, the Twenty-sixth North Carolina, encountered the right regiment of Biddle's Brigade, the One hundred and fifty-first Pennsylvania. A hot musketry fire at close distance ensued between these two regiments, resulting in losses the most remarkable in the annals of the war. The phenomenal loss in the Twenty-sixth North Carohna was not all inflicted, however, by the One hundred and fifty-first Pennsylvania. The Twenty-sixth New York at Gettysburg. 19 received, previously, a deadly fire from the Nineteenth Indiana, of the Iron Brigade, and, subsequently, heavy charges of canister from Cooper's Battery, which was posted in the centre of Biddle's Brigade. The brigades of Meredith, Stone, and Biddle withdrew to the hastily constructed barricades near the Seminary where, in connection with four batteries of the corps artillery, an- other determined stand was made. The brigades of Pettigrew and Brocken- brough did not follow any further, being relieved at this juncture by Pender's Division, which had followed them as a second supporting line. During all this time the Eleventh Corps was battling manfully on the right of the Union line. When Early's Division arrived on the Heidlersburg Road, it found Rodes' Division already moving forward to the attack. Early's skirmishers encountered the cavalry pickets and skirmishers of Devin's cav- alry brigade. Devin's troopers, in the morning, held the right of the line as far southward as the Chambersburg Pike, with skirmishers and videttes ex- tending northerly and easterly across the Carlisle and York roads. When Cutler's and Baxter's brigades of the First Corps went into position, Devin's skirmishers moved off to the right, still holding a close watch on the roads ap- proaching from the north. As Rodes' and Early's divisions successively ar- rived, Devin retired gradually, effecting this movement to the rear by success- ive formations in line by regiment. In executing these movements in the face of the enemy his troops behaved well, and formed each time with perfect coolness and order, the small losses in the Sixth and Ninth New York Cavalry being due lai'gely to the admirable manner in which they were handled. About this time Devin's skirmishers on the extreme right were forced back by the advance of Early's Hne of battle coming from the direction of Heidlersburg; but seeing the necessity of holding the ground until an infantry force could arrive, Devin ordered the Ninth New York Cavalry to support the skirmish line, and forming the rest of the brigade as dismounted carbineers he delayed Rodes and Early until relieved by the arrival of the Eleventh Corps. Devin then massed his brigade on the right of the York Road, where he guarded that approach during the ensuing action. Early having pushed Devin's skirmishers back, moved forward against *^--: Eleventh Corps with three of his four brigades, — Gordon's, Hays', and Hoke's. He was joined on his right by Doles' Georgia Brigade, which held the left of Rodes' advance, but which, extending beyond Doubleday's line, struck the Eleventh Corps. A battalion of sharpshooters from O'Neal's Brigade — the Fifth Alabama — was also on this portion of the field. Confronting these four Confederate brigades were Devin's cavalry brigade, and five infantry brigades of the Eleventh Corps, — von Gilsa's, Ames's, von Amsberg's, Krzyzanowski's, and Coster's. The Confederate brigades, how- ever, were somewhat larger than those of the Eleventh Corps, and so the contending forces were about equal in numerical strength.* General Barlow, who held the right of the Eleventh Corps and, also, the extreme right of the line of battle, had advanced his division soon after its arrival on the field, taking possession of a small hill situated between the * General John B. Gordon, commanding the Georgia Brigade in Early's Division, re- ported officially that he " carried into action about 1,200 men, one regiment having been detached." 20 New York at Gettysburg. Carlisle and Heidlersburg roads. Rock Creek flows along the base of this knoll on its northeasterly side. Barlow placed von Gilsa's Brigade in some woods along Rock Creek at the farther base of this knoll.* One regiment of this brigade — the Forty-first New York — under Lieutenant Colonel von Ein- siedel, was absent on detached duty and did not arrive at Gettysburg until evening. So, von Gilsa had only three regiments with which to hold this position. Two of these regiments were from New York, the Fifty-fourth, under Maj. Stephen Kovacs, and the Sixty-eighth, Col. Gotthilf Bourry. General Barlow placed his Second Brigade — under command of Gen. Adelbert Ames — on the opposite side of the knoll, with its Hne facing northwest and con- necting with Schimmelfennig's Division. While in this position the division was attacked by Gordon's Georgia Brigade, Gordon being assisted by a strong artillery fire from twelve guns of Jones' Battalion, posted in a commanding position on his left, where these batteries enfiladed the entire line of the Eleventh Corps. The Georgians attacked von Gilsa's three regiments first, crossing Rock Creek in the face of a hot fire. Having effected a crossing, Gordon's regiments encountered an obstinate re- sistance in the woods on the knoll, the colors on the two hues being part of the time only fifty paces apart. Von Gilsa's three regiments were forced back over the hill, and after a prolonged resistance by Ames' Brigade the division retreated to a second position near the Almshouse, where it formed again. Gen- eral Barlow, who had been promoted from the colonelcy of the Sixty-first New York for meritorious conduct, exerted himself fearlessly to hold the ground. While " directing the movements of his troops with the most praiseworthy coolness and intrepidity, unmindful of the shower of bullets around "f he was severely wounded, and was carried to the rear where he soon after fell into the hands of the enemy. Barlow, in occupying this knoll, placed Battery G, Fourth U. S. Artillery, in position there, where it withstood, for half an hour, the fire from sixteen guns of the enemy's artillery. This battery was under command of Lieut. Bayard Wilkeson, a young officer only nineteen years old, who had been ap- pointed to the regular army from the State of New York. He was fatally wounded early in the action by a shot from the enemy's artillery, and was carried to the Almshouse, where he died that night within the Confederate lines. At his death an incident occurred which was a worthy counterpart of that of Sir Philip Sidney, at Zutphen. Just before Wilkeson died he asked for water, and a canteen was handed to him. " As he took it a wounded soldier lying next to him begged ' for God's sake give me some.' He passed the can- teen untouched to the man, who drank every drop it contained. Wilkeson smiled on the man, turned slightly and died."t While General Ames, who succeeded Barlow, was contending with Gordon and anxiously watching the brigades of Hays and Hoke, which, unopposed, were sweeping past his right, Schimmelfennig's two brigades were fighting * These woods have been cut off since the battle. t Official report of Gen. Carl Schurz, commanding the Eleventh Corps. t Battles and Leaders of the Civil War; Century Company, New York. New York at Gettysburg. 21 with Doles' Georgia Brigade of Rodes' Division. Schimmelfennig's left was held by his First Brigade, under command of Col. George von Amsberg, of the Forty-fifth New York. This regiment, Lieut. Col. Adolphus Dobke, ar- riving on the field at a double-quick, was deployed as skirmishers, under fire of Early's batteries on the York Road. Going into position afterwards near the right of the First Corps, the left wing of the Forty-fifth was enabled to deliver an effective fire into the flank of Rodes' troops as they advanced to the attack on Robinson's Division. The One hundred and fifty-seventh New York, of von Amsberg's Brigade, was posted on the left of the Eleventh Corps. This regiment, led by Col. Philip P. Brown, Jr., encountered a severe fire from both infantry and artillery, which told with fearful effect upon its ranks. Over 200 of its men were struck down here, and six officers, including Lieut. Col. George Arrowsmith, were killed. In its encounter with Doles' Georgia Brigade, the One hundred and fifty-seventh fought its way forward to the farthest point reached by any regi- m.ent on the Eleventh Corps line. When it became evident that Barlow's Division would have to yield its ground, Schimmelfennig's Second Brigade, under Col. W. Krzyzanowski, was ordered forward to its support and placed on its left. The One hundred and nineteenth New York, of this brigade, was hotly engaged here. This regi- ment, commanded by Col. John T. Lockman, held its ground for a long time, receiving volleys of musketry in swift succession and suffering severely from shot and shell. Colonel Lockman fell wounded, and the command devolved on Lieut. Col. Edward F. Lloyd. Lieutenants Raseman and Trost were killed, and Captain Trumpleman was mortally wounded. In addition to its infantry, the Eleventh Corps took four of its batteries into this action, one of them being the Thirteenth New York Battery, Lieut. Wil- liam Wheeler commanding. Wheeler went into action with his four three- inch rifles near the left of the Eleventh Corps, and well to the front, where he replied spiritedly for some time to the enemy's artihery. As Gordon's in- fantry advanced, he turned his right section on them and fired into their ad- vancing column with canister, but was unable to check them. He did not leave this position until the enemy was almost in the rear of his battery. Retiring to a second position near the town he held it until his infantry supports were withdrawn. While moving across the field to this point a shot dismounted one of his pieces. Slinging the gun under the limber with the prolonge rope, he carried it some distance until the prolonge broke, when he was obliged to abandon the piece. This gun was recovered on the 5th, the enemy evidently having no use for it in its unserviceable condition. At this stage of the battle the strong pressure of superior numbers, exerted all along the line, forced the Union troops to yield ground at places. There was a lack of concerted action in the movements of the two corps, and, in some instances, between divisions and brigades. General Buford, in his de- spatch, dated 3 :20 p. m., said : "At the present moment the battle is raging on the road to Cashtown, and within short cannon-range of this town. Gen- eral Reynolds was killed early this morning. In my opinion there seems to be no directing person." 22 Ke\\- York at Gettysburg. Seeing the troops of the Eleventh Corps falling back before the impetuous attack of Doles and Gordon, General Scliurz sent an aide to General Howard with a request for reinforcements, asking that one of von Steinwehr's brigades be sent to his assistance. Howard replied that he could not spare any troops, but did afterwards permit von Steinwehr to push out Colonel Coster's brigade beyond the town. When this fine body of troops reached the ground, the Eleventh Corps was retiring rapidly and in some confusion, having received orders from General Howard to withdraw to Cemetery Hill, on the opposite side of the town. Coster's four regiments, having arrived too late to- be of any assistance in checking the advance of the enemy, could do nothing except to cover the retreat of the corps. Three regiments of the brigade deployed just outside the town, near the railroad station, where, assisted by a battery, they succeeded in checking the enemy long enough to permit Barlow's Division to enter the town without being seriously molested on its retreat. Coster's Brigade was confronted here by the two brigades of Elays and Hoke, which, relieving Gordon, had advanced thus far without encountering any opposition, having passed around the right flank of the Eleventh Corps. In company with the retiring regiments of Schimmelfennig's (Third) Division, a part of Coster's command made a gal- lant fight, the officers and men displaying the highest courage and determina- tion. Coster's own regiment — the One hundred and thirty-fourth New York — which under his care had grown to be a model of drill and discipline, was com- manded in this action by Lieut. Col. Allan H. Jackson, an officer of well-known courage and ability. This regiment held the right of Coster's line, where it was exposed on both front and flank to the fire of Hoke's North Carolina Brigade, leaving here over 200 men, killed and wounded. The One hundred and fifty-fourth New York, a Chautauqua County regi- ment, under Lieut. Col. D. B. Allen, was next in line, and though suffering less from the enemy's fire, it lost 178 men, captured in its retreat through the out- skirts of Gettysburg. A dead soldier of this regiment, who was killed in the first day's fighting, was found on the field after the battle was over, and in his hand was an ambrotype picture of three children upon whose faces his last look had been fixed, and on which his sightless eyes were still directed. He was buried without being identified; but copies of the picture were made and widely circulated throughout the North, one of which reached Cattaraugus County, N. Y., where the faces were recognized as the children of Amos Humis- ton, an orderly sergeant in the One hundred and fifty-fourth New York. This man was a typical American soldier. In battle, daring and brave; in death, tender and true. When Heth's Division gained the ground on which the brigades of Stone, Meredith, and Biddle had made their prolonged and gallant resistance, it halted and allowed Pender's Division to take the advance. The right of Pender's Division, held then by Lane's North Carolina Brigade, extended far beyond Doubleday's left, and threatened to envelop that flank with disastrous effect. But Buford's watchful eyes detected the presence of the enemy at this critical juncture, and, ordering Gamble's cavalry forward at a trot, he reached the point in time to dismount and deploy half the brigade behind a stone wall New York at Gettysburg. 23 under cover of some trees. From this position their fire, delivered at short carbine range, was so deadly that Lane's regiments hesitated and made no farther advance. But Pender's two other brigades — Perrin's and Scales' — pushed on towards the Seminary where, protected by its slight barricade of rails, the left wing of the First Corps was making its final stand. As these two Confederate brigades with their long front and well-aligned ranks moved over the ridge and down the slope opposite the Seminary, they were met by a deadly infantry fire from the troops of Wadsworth's and Rowley's divisions, which had fallen back to this last position. Doubleday's chief of artillery, Col. Charles J. Wainwright, had posted several batteries here. At one point in the line Doubleday and Wainwright had con- centrated twelve guns in so small a space that the pieces were hardly five yards apart. Stewart's famous battery — B, Fourth U. S. — was placed farther to the right, at the railroad cut, with three guns on either side of it, from which position it threw double canister into the enemy's line, at ' seventy-five yards distance, with terrible effect. Stewart's cannoneers made a wonderful fight here, their losses at this point being, with one exception, the greatest sustained by any battery during the three days' fighting at Gettysburg. He was supported by the Sixth Wisconsin and Eleventh Pennsylvania, the latter regiment forming then the left of Robinson's Division, which had also fallen , back to the Seminary ridge. Stewart's guns at one time enfiladed Scales' line with such effect that this brigade halted for a time in its advance. General Scales was wounded here, and every field of&cer in his brigade, except one, was killed or wounded. Colonel Perrin says, in his official report, that while cross- ing the last fence, about 200 yards from the Seminary, his brigade received "the most destructive fire of musketry" he had ever been exposed to; and Per."in and the South Carolina Brigade were good judges of what constituted a hct musketry fire. The last stand made by Doubleday and his men was marked by the same soldierly action that had characterized the First Corps throughout this remark- able battle of the first day. But Pender's men were American soldiers too; and Doubleday, beaten in the unequal contest, reluctantly gave the order for his corps to fall back through the town to Cemetery Hill. The Confederates followed in close pursuit. The streets were already occupied by the regiments of the Eleventh Corps on their way to the same position, and it was with difficulty that the First Corps batteries made their way through Gettysburg without losing their guns. One piece belonging to Reynolds' Battery was lost just before entering the town, four of its horses being shot down while the piece was being hauled off the field. Colonel Wainwright reports officially that not the slightest blame can be attributed to the battery for the loss of this gun. The Eleventh Corps lost two brass guns belonging to Heckman's Battery, which was assisting Coster's Brigade in covering the retreat. The retreat through the town did not degenerate into a rout or panic, and the fifty-eight pieces of artillery that had been in action with the two corps were withdrawn to Cemetery Hill, with no loss except that mentioned. About 24 New York at Gettysburg. eighty artillery horses were killed, the most of them hit while hauling the guns over the short open space between Seminary Ridge and the town, the Con- federates pouring in a fire at that time from three sides, while the retreating infantry were unable to make anything more than a feeble reply. While passing through the streets some of the batteries retired their last section by fixed prolonge — a rope used to connect the gun with the limber — and by firing occasionally made the enemy cautious and hesitating in his pursuit. In many instances, also, infantry regiments, finding their way ob- structed by other troops, formed across the street and by their fire held the enemy at bay. A regiment of the Iron Brigade moved slowly and in good order through a side street, halting and facing about at times to fire a volley at their pursuers and give " three cheers for the Old Flag and the Sixth Wisconsin." Still, the pursuing Confederates kept up a steady fire, and the bullets whistled through the streets in all directions. The roadways and sidewalks were soon strewn with dead or wounded men. Chaplain Howell, of the Ninetieth Penn- sylvania, who was among the killed, fell on the steps of the Lutheran Church on Chambersburg Street, where he was engaged in hospital work.* Doubleday, in his official report, says of the First Corps, that the whole re- treat from the commencement was most creditable to the troops engaged. There was no hurry and but little confusion, the regiments falling back coolly, and turning, from time to time, to check the enemy's advance by volleys of musketry. From the admixture of so many regiments at the Seminary, it became impossible to reorganize each command in good order without causing * The tablet, erected at the Lutheran Church, in memory of Chaplain Howell, states that he was " cruelly shot," a phrase liable to create a wrong impression as to the facts. An eye witness of the affair, Capt. Arch. B. Snow, of Boonville, N. Y., gives in a recent letter the following version of the shooting: Snow was then a sergeant in the Ninety-seventh New York, and knew Chaplain Howell by sight, as both belonged to the same brigade. Snow was shot through the jaw, and went to the Lutheran Church Hospital, where his wound was dressed. He then started to leave the hospital, and passed through the front door of the church just behind Chap- lain Howell, at the time when the advance skirmishers of the Confederates were coming up the street on a run. Howell, in addition to his shoulder straps and uniform, wore the straight dress sword prescribed in Army Regulations for chaplains, but which was very seldom worn by them. The first skirmisher arrived at the foot of the church steps just as the chaplain and Snow came out. Placing one foot on the first step the soldier called on the chaplain to surrender; but Howell, instead of throwing up his hands promptly and uttering the usual " I surrender," attempted some dignified explanation to the effect that he was a non-combatant, and as such was exempt from capture, when a shot from the skirmisher's rifle ended the controversy. A Confederate lieutenant, who came up at this time, placed a guard at the church door, and, to the protests of the surgeons against shooting a chaplain, replied that the dead officer was armed, in proof of which he pointed to the chaplain's sash, and light, rapier-like sword belted around the chaplain's body. The man who fired the shot stood on the exact spot where the memorial tablet has since been erected, and Chaplain Howell fell upon the landing at the top of the steps. New York at Gettysburg. 25 a delay which would have exposed the men to certain destruction. Double- day states further that he saw no running or undue haste; that all the troops passed steadily on, although the enemy was firing into them from the side streets; and that all re-formed promptly on their arrival at Cemetery Hill, and in a very short time were again ready for sei-vice. The One hundred and nineteenth New York, of Schurz's Division, halted at the foot of Washington Street, where it held the enemy in check until the wagons and ambulances had passed safely to the rear, assisted by a section of Dilger's Battery which unlimbered at the Diamond, a public square near the centre of the town. Having held the position as long as possible, the regi- ment resumed its march to the hill in excellent order. In retreating, the Eleventh Corps entered the town on its north side, while the First Corps came in on the west, a fortunate occurrence; still, there was some confusion and consequent demoralization in places. Some regiments were broken into detachments, and nearly all were ignorant of the direction they were to take in order to reach Cemetery Hill. They had never heard of it before, and the men of the First Corps had not even seen it, having reached the battlefield that morning without going through the town. Detachments, and sometimes regiments, were trapped in cross streets or alleys, where many of their number were captured. About 2,500 men, including 145 officers, were made prisoners during the retreat to the town and the passage through the place. The Forty-fifth New York finding the public square in the centre of the town densely crowded with disorganized troops, striving to enter the street leading to Cemetery Hill, turned into a side street to avoid this crowd. Here it encountered shots from the enemy's skirmishers, to escape which the regi- ment turned into an alley that proved to have no exit, and the men found themselves entrapped. Part escaped over fences and through houses, but 14 officers and 164 men were captured. Colonel Wheelock, of the Ninety-seventh New York was taken prisoner while passing through the town, but escaping he returned to his regiment, where he was received by his men with enthusiastic cheers. General Schimmelfennig, closely pursued by the enemy's skirmishers, ran through gardens, climbed over fences, and when almost caught eluded his pursuers by dodging suddenly into a woodshed attached to a house on Balti- more Street, where he hastily covered himself with sticks of firewood, under which he lay concealed for three days, emerging only when he was informed by the people of the house that the Confederates had left the place. The good woman who assisted, sheltered and fed the unlucky general at that critical time takes delight in showing the battlefield tourists the scene of this incident, and relating its details. Many families in Gettysburg were represented in the Union Army by a father, son or brother; and so when the blue coats came by on their way to Cemetery Hill, many doors and windows were open, where hungry, thirsty soldiers received food and cool, refreshing drinks from kindly hands. The safe retreat through the town, accomplished without serious disaster, forms the most remarkable event in this day of remarkable events. 26 New York at Gettysburg. It will be remembered that General Howard had placed von Steinwehr's Division on Cemetery Hill, where one brigade of this division remained dur- ing the battle, the other having been sent forward into action in response to the call for reinforcements. Von Steinwehr, appreciating the strategic importance and commanding position of the ground assigned to him, placed his remain- ing infantry — the brigade of Col. Orland Smith — around the base of the hill, the main line being posted behind stone walls and fences, with skirmishers occupying the houses along the outskirts of the town. He placed Wiedrich's New York Battery, with its six three-inch rifles, on the hill overlooking the town and opposite the cemetery gates, all of the corps artillery except this battery having been sent into the fight in reply to the repeated calls for as- sistance. Wiedrich's pieces were engaged at long range at intervals during the battle, and when Early's troops pressed too near Cemetery Hill in their pursuit he used shell and afterwards canister on them with good effect, which com- bined with the fire of von Steinwehr's sharpshooters posted in the brick houses near the Cemetery effectually checked their advance and kept them at a safe distance. As the retreating soldiers, exhausted with their long hours of marching and fighting, streamed up the slopes of Cemetery Hill their eyes were gladdened and their hearts encouraged by the sight of Wiedrich's cannon and the waving flags of Smith's regiments, all in readiness to repel any attack that might be made. They were met here by General Hancock and his staff officers, who directed them to the various positions which had been assigned to their re- spective commands. General Howard states that the retreating column reached Cemetery Hill at 4 :30 p. m. ; Colonel Gates of the Eightieth New York — Biddle's Brigade — made a note in his diary that his regiment arrived there at 5:30 p. m. These two hours may indicate the first and last arrivals. The Eleventh Corps as it arrived was placed in position around von Stein- wehr. Wadsworth's Division — First Corps — under orders from General Hancock, occupied Gulp's Hill, or that part of it on the right of the Eleventh Corps, and commenced throwing up earthworks. Robinson's and Double day's divisions were sent to the left, Robinson forming line on Cemetery Ridge, facing the Emmitsburg Road, while Doubleday was posted in the rear of the Cemetery and the Eleventh Corps. Buford, having reunited his two cavalry brigades, formed his division in front of Cemetery Ridge, southwest of the town, near the low ground east of Stevens' Run, where he occupied an ad- vanced but firm position. The Seventh Indiana Infantry, of Cutler's Brigade, Wadsworth's Division, had been guarding a wagon train during the day, but joined its command at Gulp's Hill on the evening of July ist. As this regiment had not been engaged during the battle and was comparatively fresh, it was detailed for picket duty and ordered to guard the approaches tO' Gulp's Hill. During the night it re- pelled a reconnoitring party of the enemy which had been sent out from John- son's Division. Johnson reported to Ewell that the hill was held in force, and so its contemplated occupation was abandoned. The presence of the Seventh Indiana on this part of the line was a fortunate occurrence, and had an im- portant influence in determining events on that part of the field. New York at Gettysburg. 27 Order and quiet quickly followed the arrival of the retreating troops at Cemeteiy Hill, and the men, actuated by a calm determination, awaited another attack. But the attack did not come. Heth, Pender, and Rodes had lost over 5,000 men in their fight with the First Corps, and bivouacking at the Seminary, or in the streets of the town, they evinced no disposition for any more fighting that day. Early's three brigades, together with Doles' Brigade, lost 765 men in their fight with the Eleventh Corps, this comparatively small loss being officially reported, in detail, by regiments. Early and Doles having lost but few men, pushed into the town in pursuit. Early was disposed to attack Ceme- tery Hill without delay, but his reserve brigade — Smith's — remained outside the town beyond Rock Creek, Smith reporting that Union troops were ap- proaching that part of the field.* Early was obliged to send Gordon's Brigade to Smith's support, although Early, as he expressed it, had no faith in Smith's alarming reports. Early sent word to General Hill that if he would send up a division they would carry the heights; but Anderson's Division was still on the road, and Hill's two other divisions were in no condition then to make an assault. Ewell informed Early that Johnson's Division was coming up, and it was decided to await the coming of these troops before resuming operations. Gen- eral Lee, who had arrived in time to witness Hill's final attack at the Seminary, instructed Ewell to carry Cemetery Hill if he found it practicable, but at the same time restricted Ewell with the further instruction that he should avoid a general engagement until the arrival of the other divisions of the army. But Longstreet's entire corps was miles away; and the absent divisions belonging to the corps of Hill and Ewell — Anderson's and Johnson's — did not arrive until nightfall had terminated the operations of the day. In the meantime, within the Union lines important events were occurring which justified the cautious hesitation of Lee and the Confederate chieftains. While the retreating troops of the First and Eleventh Corps were filing into their positions, the Twelfth Corps — the corps that never lost a color or a gun — was arriving on the Baltimore Pike ; and, soon after. Sickles' veterans of the Third Corps, the men with the Kearny patch upon their caps, were seen com- ing up from the Emmitsburg Road. About the same time, three regiments of Stannard's Vermont Brigade, a strong, efficient body of troops, arrived on the field and went into position on Cemetery Hill. It would be useless for Lee to attack now, and confidence took the place of doubt along the entire Union line. Maj. Gen. George G. Meade was in command of the Army of the Potomac, having been appointed only three days before. General Hooker, the previous commander, was relieved, June 28th, at his own request. Although a battle was imminent he felt constrained to take this action on account of the un- friendly attitude of the War Department. General Meade, who was immediately appointed in Hooker's place, was at this time in command of the Fifth Corps, although not the senior general in rank. He was a man of experience and acknowledged ability, having served from the beginning of the war with * Williams' Division of the Twelfth Corps. 28 New York at Gettysburg. meritorious distinction as a brigade, division, and corps commander.* His ap- pointment as commander was accepted by the army without criticism or com- plaint, and, in many quarters, with outspoken satisfaction. A change of com- mander in the Army of the Potomac had occurred so often that it failed to occasion anything more than a passing comment. On July 1st, Meade's headquarters were at Taneytown, thirteen miles south of Gettysburg. In his orders issued that day to the various corps commanders he outlined a plan for a withdrawal of the army to the line of Pipe Creek, a small stream about three miles south of Taneytown ; but he stated, also, that developments might cause him to assume the offensive from their present positions. The instructions relating to Pipe Creek were sent to the corps commanders to direct their movements in case a concentration was not di- rected elsewhere. t Meade was promptly informed of the encounter at Gettysburg, and at one o'clock received the news that Reynolds had been killed. On the advice of General Butterfield, his chief of staff, he directed General Hancock to go to the front and assume command of the corps assembled there, viz., the First and Eleventh; and the Third, also, at Emmitsburg. He further instructed Hancock, that if he thought the ground and position there a suitable one on which to fight a battle, to report accordingly, upon which all the troops would then be ordered there. At i :io p. m., Hancock was on the road, riding in an ambulance part of the way, so that he might study some maps which he took with him. Hancock arrived at Gettysburg while the First and Eleventh Corps were retiring through the town. He at once gave orders for establishing a line of battle on Cemetery Ridge, with skirmishers occupying that part of the town in the immediate front. In forming the line he was assisted by Generals Howard, Warren, and Buford. As the Twelfth Corps arrived, Williams' Division, under orders from General Slocum, left the Baltimore Pike before reaching Rock Creek, with the intention of occupying Wolf Hill, which was found to be in * George Gordon Meade was born December 30, 1815, and so was forty-seven years old at Gettysburg. Graduated from West Point in 1835, he served in the Seminole War, and on General Taylor's staff in the Mexican War, during which he participated in the fighting at Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma, and Monterey. At the outbreak of the Rebellion he was a captin of topographical engineers; but in August, 1861, he was commissioned as brigadier general, and in November, 1862, as major general of volun- teers. Prior to Gettysburg he was actively engaged at the battles of Dranesville, Mechanicsville, Glendale (Seven Days' Battle), and Manassas, as a general of brigade; at South Mountain, Antietam, and Fredericksburg, as a division general; and at Chan- cellorsville, as a corps commander. He was wounded at Glendale, and at Antietam- He commanded the Army of the Potomac from Gettysburg until the end of the war, after which he was made a major general of the regular army. f For General Meade's order of June 30th, directing the movements of the various corps, see Official Records, vol. XXVU, part HI, p. 416; and for the order of July ist, relating to the Pipe Creek line, see same volume, p. 458. New York at Gettysburg. 29 possession of the enemy. Preparations were immediately made for attacking this position, but when it was found that the Union troops had fallen back through the town, the attack was abandoned. The division then returned to the Baltimore Pike, where it bivouacked for the night. Geary's Division of the Twelfth Corps was ordered by General Hancock to occupy the ground to the right of and near Round Top. Hancock then sent word to General Meade that the position was a very strong one, but with the disadvantage that it might be easily turned. He left to General Meade the responsibility of deciding whether the battle should be fought at Gettysburg, or at the place first selected by General Meade. Gen- eral Slocum, who had been superintending the movements of Williams' Divi- sion at Rock Creek, having now arrived at Cemetery Hill, Hancock transferred the command to him about six o'clock, and then returned to Taneytown where he reported in person to the general commanding. The Twelfth Corps was encamped on the morning of July ist, at a point one mile from Littlestown, on the road leading to Hanover, having reached this spot the previous night. It was about twelve miles from Gettysburg. On the morning of the battle the corps, in accordance with instructions from General Meade, moved to Two Taverns to await further orders there. This place is five miles southeast of Gettysburg. In the afternoon, while the troops were resting in the fields along the roadside, a citizen came down the road from Gettysburg and reported that a battle was being fought there. General Slocum immediately sent Major Guindon, of his staff, with an escort of mounted order- lies, to Gettysburg to learn the truth of the story. The report of this citizen was the first intimation Slocum received that there was any fighting " at the place called Gettysburg." He had heard no can- nonading, for the wind that day was blowing to the north.* The distant sound of artillery was noticed, however, by some who were at the head of the column or in quiet places on high ground; but it attracted little attention from the veterans who were accustomed to regard such sounds as among the usual preliminaries on each campaign. The citizen's story was confirmed immediately after by a despatch from General Howard. On hearing the important news, fjocum promptly issued a command for the corps to push forward without de- lay, although he had received orders from General Meade that day to proceed to Two Taverns only, his orders stating further that if the enemy assumed the offensive he was to withdraw to a specified line of battle on Pipe Creek. But Slocum exercised the discretion allowable in such cases, and, instead of with- drawing, started with his men to Gettysburg. General Geary, whose division had the lead, states in his official report that his column started at 2 p. m., and advanced rapidly on the road to the town; and General Williams, in his report. * The same acoustic phenomenon occurred on the next day when the Sixth Corps traversed this road. Sergt. A. T. Brewer, in his oration at the dedication of the Sixty- first Pennsylvania monument, says: " Miles ahead, on the side of the mountain which had long been in sight, shells were seen bursting high in the air, with red, angry flashes. SoOn, smoke was observed curling along above the trees and floating away to the north, and yet up to this time not a cmtnon had been heard. Directly the familiar roar of battle began to be heard indistinctly.'' (Pennsylvania at Gettysburg; vol. I, p. 350.) 30 New York at Gettysburg. says that when the information of the engagement was received his division moved rapidly up the Pike. Colonel Crane, of the One hundred and seventh New York, a careful, observant officer, states officially that his regiment — in Williams' Division — arrived on the field about 4 p. m., after a hard march. While on the road to the front Slocum met his staff officer, who was re- turning. Major Guindon confirmed the citizen's story, and informed Slocum that he had met Generals Hancock and Howard, both of whom sent an urgent request that the Twelfth Corps push forward as fast as possible. Before reach- ing Rock Creek, General Slocum sent the following despatch: July I, 1863,-3:35 p. m. General Hancock or General Howard: I am moving the Twelfth Corps so as to come in about one mile to the right of Gettysburg. H. W. SLOCUM, Major General. On arriving at Rock Creek, Williams' Division turned off to the right and moved against Wolf Hill. Colonel Colgrove, of the Twenty-seventh Indiana, who had the advance, says in his report that this movement was made "' ap- parently with the intention of flanking the enemy's left." But on learning that the army had withdrawn to the east side of the town Slocum ordered Williams back to the Baltimore Pike, and, going to Cemetery Hill himself, £issumed com- ,.-,p,-,ri r^f the field by right of seniority, Geary's Division, in the meantime, hav- ing been ordered to Little Round Top by General Hancock. Both Slocum and Sickles marched to Gettysburg, without orders, in response to Howard's appeal. The Third Corps, under General Sickles, was in position at Emmitsburg on the morning of July ist. During the day General Sickles, in company with General Humphreys, was busily engaged pursuant to orders in examining the ground in front of Emmitsburg with reference to its selection for a battlefield. At 3:10 p. m.. Sickles received a despatch from Howard informing him of the fight at Gettysburg and the death of Reynolds, and requesting him to come to his assistance with the Third Corps. Now Sickles was under orders from General Meade to hold Emmitsburg on account of its strategic importance in case of a withdrawal of the army to the fine of Pipe Creek. But Sickles, prompted by soldierly motives, decided without hesitation to go to Howard's aid, and sent a return message dated 3:15 p. m., saying that he would " move to Gettysburg immediately." At the same time he sent a despatch to General Meade informing him of his intention to move forward on the two parallel roads, and notifying him that he (Sickles) could be " found on the direct turn- pike road " to Gettysburg. Sickles sent this message so that General Meade could order the corps back to Emmitsburg, if necessary. Realizing the im- portance of still holding Emmitsburg, Sickles ordered De Trobriand's and Burling's brigades — one from each division — also Smith's and Winslow's batteries of his corps, left there in certain commanding positions designated by him. Then, at 3:25 p. m. he sent another courier to General Meade i:-;- New Yoek at Gettysburg. 31 forming him of the latter arrangement. Meade subsequently approved of Sickles' action and ordered these troops forward also. Taking the two remaining brigades of Birney's Division with him, Sickles started for the field, arriving there at 6:30 p. m., the troops making a forced march of ten miles in less than three hours, over a rough, muddy road that was already much cut up by wagon trains. On reaching the front, General Sickles sent another despatch to General Meade, at 9:30 p. m., stating what he had done, and adding that "this is a good battlefield;" also, the suggestion that " our left and rear are not sufficiently guarded." General Humphreys, who commanded the other division of the Third Corps, started soon after Birney moved, taking a parallel road about two miles west. Humphreys' Division arrived at Gettysburg in the night at i a. m., having taken the wrong road at one point through an error of the guide, a physi- cian from Emmitsburg, who was presumed to be familiar with the desired route. As a result of this mistake Humphreys narrowly escaped a collision with the enemy near the Black Horse Tavern, on the Fairfield Road. The two absent brigades and batteries rejoined their corps the next morning. As Sickles, with his veterans, some of them bare-footed, were hurrying to the field, they passed a wagon train, which was guarded by the Fifteenth Vermont, a large, fine regiment, under command of Col. Redfield Proctor. Sickles, who was full of enthusiasm, made a patriotic speech to the Vermonters, telling them that they were needed at the front; that the battlefield was the place where they could best protect their wagon train, and ordered them to follow him. The Green Mountain Boys greeted this speech with cheers, and falling in with the Third Corps followed Sickles to the field, where they bivouacked that night with his men. But, unfortunately for the commendable ardor displayed by Sickles and his Vermont recruits, this regiment had been assigned to Doubleday's Division, and the next day Doubleday sent them back to their inglorious duty with the wagon-train. General Meade, without waiting for Hancock's return, acted on the informa- tion already sent to him and decided to fight at Gettysburg. He sent orders to the commanders of the absent corps that as the battle would probably be fought there, they must put their troops in motion and by forced marches reach that place as soon as possible. Having issued the necessary orders for a concentra- tion of the entire Army of the Potomac at Gettysburg, Meade, accompanied by his stafif, left Taneytown that night, and arrived at Gettysburg at i o'clock in the morning. While General Hancock was busy with the important duties intrusted to him by his commander, the Second Corps, under the temporary command of General Gibbon, was pressing on to Gettysburg, along the Taneytown road. Hancock halted it about three miles in rear of the town, where it encamped for the night, posted as a reserve, but in protection of the flank and within supporting distance of the front. And, so, at nightfall, the seven infantry corps of the Army of the Potomac were all at Gettysburg except the Fifth and Sixth. The Fifth Corps, General Sykes, was at Union Mills on the morning of the 1st, seventeen miles away.* It was under orders to march to Hanover that * Seventeen miles by the nearest road. But the route by Hanover was circuitous and much longer. 32 New York at Gettysburg. day. Reaching Hanover, it resumed its march at 7 p. m., and arrived at Bon- aughtown, six miles from Gettysburg, at midnight. Resuming the march early in the morning it reached the field about 8 a. m., in time to participate in the battle of the second day. General Sedgwick with the Sixth Corps, on the morning of July ist, was at Manchester, thirty miles distant. At evening orders were received to move to Taneytown, and the corps started at 9 p. m. During the night Sedgwick was instructed to continue the march to Gettysburg. Without halting, except for a few moments each hour to rest the men, and one halt for coffee, the corps arrived at Gettysburg about 3 p. m., on July 2d, after a continuous march of over thirty-three miles.* The additional distance marched was due to the fact that the order changing the destination was not received until some time after crossing the Baltimore and Gettysburg Turnpike. The moon that night was at the full, and, flooding the landscape with its mellow light, assisted the belated columns of both armies, which were hurrying to the battle ground. All night the regiments moved on in stillness, the men too tired for talk, or song, or jest. With polished arms glimmering in the haze the dusky, silent legions moved like the spectral armies that are said to march at midnight when the skeleton drummer leaps from his grave and beats the roll. The now quiet farms on Seminar)' Ridge revealed that saddest of all scenes, the battlefield at night, where, lying on the damp and trampled ground, the upturned faces of the dead took on a ghastlier pallor, as the moon with waning light sank behind the dark ridges of the South Mountain. And all this time between the sleeping armies the watchful sentries paced their rounds, awaiting with anxious hearts the dawn which was to usher in the greater and more terrible battle of the morrow. THE SECOND DAY, Thursday, July 2, 1863. A sun like that of Austerlitz greeted the awakened soldiers, but neither army moved forward to the attack. The pickets maintained a slow, deliberate fire, all the more deadly because of its deliberation. The morning hours wore away in anxious expectation. Afternoon came, and still the fluttering flags waved listlessly along the battle front where the regiments were resting behind the long line of gun stacks. It was 3 o'clock when the roar ot artillery on the Union left announced the renewal of the conflict. But up to this time neither army had been entirely idle. There had been busy preparations on both sides. Divisions had been moving into position. The lines had been rectified and strengthened. The Fifth Corps, under General Sykes, arrived on the field at 8 a. m., from Hanover, and was posted in reserve on the right, near the bridge over Rock Creek, and in supporting distance of the Twelfth Corps. * Some of the official reports state that the corps marched thirty-five miles. New York at Gettysburg. 33 The Second Corps — General Hancock's — having bivouacked on the Taneytown Road, about three miles in the rear, moved up and went into posi- tion at 7 a. m., on Cemetery Ridge, connecting on the right with the Eleventh Corps. This relieved Robinson's Division, which was then ordered to support Howard. The two brigades and batteries of the Third Corps, which had been left at Emmitsburg the day before, rejoined their command about 9 130 a. m. General Sickles, who occupied the ground on the left of the Second Corps, prolonged his line southward in the direction of the Round Tops. By deploying liberally he extended his front until his left flank reached nearly to Little Round Top. Geary's Division, of the Twelfth Corps, had passed the night near Little Round Top, two of his regiments occupying that elevation. On the morning of the 2d, General Slocum ordered this division to Gulp's Hill, and, so, leaving Little Round Top at 5 a. m., Geary, with his two brigades, went into position on Gulp's Hill, connecting with Wadsworth's right. Here the other brigade of Geary's Division — Kane's — which had been placed in reserve the night before on the Baltimore Pike, rejoined the division. Williams' Division, of the Twelfth Corps, then formed line connecting with Geary's right and extending to Rock Creek, where it held the extreme right of the Union position. The Twelfth Corps line was covered for the most part by woods. Slocum ordered breastworks thrown up, and his troops, who had experience in this kind of work at Chancellorsville, soon constructed a substantial line of works out of the fallen timber, trees, and rocks which were conveniently near. The Reserve Artillery, under General Tyler, also arrived during the morn- ing, and was parked mainly in rear of the Third Corps. The artillerymen on East Cemetery Hill busied themselves in completing the lunettes which had been thrown up in front of each gun to protect the men from the fire of the Confederate sharpshooters, some of these earthworks having been commenced the previous evening at dusk. Here and there at various places in the line, during the battle which followed, detached regiments or battalions were posted at points that separated them from their commands, and at times a brigade or demi-brigade was withdrawn from its division at some critical juncture ; but mention of all these minor posi- tions and movements would involve such a mass of tedious detail that they are necessarily omitted. The Union line, as finally adjusted by noon of the second day, was as fol- lows : The Twelfth Corps, on Gulp's Hill, held the right ; next, on Gulp's Hill also, came Wadsworth's Division of the First Corps ; then the Eleventh Corps, under General Howard, on Cemetery Hill, with its front conforming to the sharp curvature at that point ; then the Second Corps on Cemetery Ridge, with its right at Ziegler's Grove ; and, last, the Third Corps, holding the extreme left and occupying the long interval between the Second Corps and the foot of Little Round Top. Buford's Division, the only cavalry on the field, occu- pied a position in front of the Round Tops, protecting the left flank of the army and observing the line of the Emmitsburg Road, on which some of Meade's troops were still arriving. The Fifth Corps was massed in reserve on the right, while in the rear of Howard's position, as a further reserve, were 34 New York at Gettysburg. posted Doubleday's and Robinson's divisions of the First Corps. The Sixth Corps had not arrived. The First Corps was now under command of Maj. Gen. John Newton, a division commander of the Sixth Corps, who had been thus assigned by General Meade on hearing the news of Reynolds' death. By this appointment General Doubleday was superseded on the field, a poor requital for the valuable services rendered by him on the previous day. In view of the signal ability displayed then he might have been allowed, at least, to retain command of his corps until the close of the battle. The Army of the Potomac now occupied a position, the line of which has been aptly described as resembling a fish-hook, the straight part reaching from the northerly base of Little Round Top to Cemetery Hill, from which point it curved along the ridge of Gulp's Hill to Rock Creek, where the point or barb was located. Some have compared it to a horseshoe, — with the toe- calk at Cemetery Hill, one heel-calk at McAllister's Hill, and the other at Little Round Top. The line resembled the letter J as much as anything else. The general position had the advantage that any part could be quickly reinforced along the short interior lines, and by the roads which connected the flanks. It embraced the commanding elevations of Gulp's Hill on the right. Cemetery Hill in the centre, and, subsequently, the Round Tops on the left. It should be noted that at this time, the forenoon of July 2, the Round Tops were not occu- pied, there being no troops on that part of the field to include these positions ; and, that these points were not occupied until late in the afternoon, after the battle of the second day had commenced. From Cemetery Hill a ridge extends south in the direction of Round Top for part of the distance, which is known as Cemetery Ridge. From the sum- mit of Round Top on the left, the distance along the Union line to the top of McAllister's Hill, on the extreme right at Rock Creek, is just four miles ; from Round Top to the point on East Cemetery Hill, where the curve in the line commences, the distance is two and three-fifths miles.* General Sedgwick, with the leading division of the Sixth Corps, arrived about 3 p. m. after its long march of thirty-three miles. The other divisions arrived during the next two hours, f coming in on the Baltimore Pike and re- lieving the Fifth Corps, which was ordered soon after to the extreme left. The Sixth Corps, except Neill's Brigade, moved to the same part of the line soon after, Neill's Brigade being left on Powers' Hill near Slocum's headquarters. With the arrival of the Sixth Corps the entire infantry force of the Army of the Potomac was on the field, the rapid concentration of the widely-scattered forces being highly creditable to General Butterfield, the efficient chief of staff, on whom devolved the drawing up of the orders and arrangement of the many important details necessary to the successful planning and execution of these movements. *The usual topographical description of the battlefield, so wearisome, and often un- intelligible, to the reader is omitted here, reference being made to the accompanying map instead. •)■ In the official reports General Wright states that his division arrived " about 4 p. m.;" General Howe, whose division marched at the rear of the Sixth Corps that day, says that his troops reached the field at 5 p. m,; General Neill, of Howe's Division, reports that his brigade arrived at 6 p. m. (Official Records, vol. XXVII, part III.) New York at Gettysburg. 35 While General Meade had all his forces in hand, and every corps of his army on the field, except the Sixth Corps, General Lee went into the second day's fight with one of his divisions absent, Pickett's Division, of Longstreet's Corps, having been left at Chambersburg to guard the rear. These troops did not ar- rive at Gettysburg until the morning of the 3d. It should be remembered here, however, that of Meade's Army, the Sixth Corps did not arrive until after 3 p. m., and that prior to this hour the preponderance of forces was slightly in Lee's favor. The Army of Virginia was composed of three corps, commanded by Long- street, Ewell, and A. P. Hill, each of whom held the rank of lieutenant general. These corps were numbered respectively the First, Second, and Third, and con- tained nine divisions in all, — three in each corps. Each division, except Pickett's, contained four brigades at least, the divisions of Rodes and Anderson containing five. General Lee's line of battle conformed necessarily to that of his opponent, and, occupying an outer circle, was longer and more attenuated. His line was over six miles long. Longstreet held the right, with the two divisions of Hood and McLaws, which had arrived during the night. The centre was held by Hill with the Confederate Third Corps, posted in the woods on Seminary Ridge, a slightly elevated piece of land running north and south, parallel with and about one mile in front of Cemetery Ridge. Ewell's Corps — the Second — was posted on the left, with Rodes' Division occupying the town, Early's east of the town, and Johnson's on Benner's Hill, opposite Slocum's position. The divisions of Johnson, Anderson (Hill's Corps), Llood, and McLaws had not been in action as yet. Early's Division was in the engagement of the previous day, but aside from Gordon's Brigade its casualties were slight. General Lee had nineteen brigades of infantry present at the opening of the second day's battle, which up to that hour had not been engaged. General Meade, after examining a part of the field on the morning of the 2d, seemed to be impressed with the idea that the enemy would attack his right, and accordingly massed his reserves — the Fifth and First Corps — on that part of his line. Having decided to take the offensive himself, he issued an order at 9:30 a. m., directing General Slocum, who was in command of the Twelfth and Fifth Corps, to make arrangements to move forward with these troops and attack the enemy on his front. Meade's directions were that this attack should be made by the Twelfth, supported by the Fifth ; and that he (Meade) would give the order to move as soon as he received definite information of the approach of the Sixth Corps, which would be ordered " to co-operate in this attack." But the topography of the field in Slocum's front, with its rocky, uneven surface, woods, hills, and streams, was such that there was very little promise of success for an assault in that quarter. General Slocum, after a careful examination of the ground, reported unfavorably, an opinion in which General Warren, the chief engineer of the army, concurred. It would be five hours or more before the Sixth Corps could arrive, and so the attack was abandoned. The centre afforded no opportunity for an offensive rnovement, except through the streets of Gettysburg or to the south of it, the town in either case offering a serious obstacle. 36 New York at Gettysburg. The left of the Union line, as already shown, was held by the Third Corps, under General Sickles, whose right connected with the left of the Second Corps, General Hancock. Now Hancock, with 12,000 men, had selected 1,300 yards of the front Hne as the proper portion to be defended by his corps, leaving- Sickles with his smaller force to protect a front, of the same length, extending to the base of Little Round Top. But it was nearly a mile and one- half from Hancock's left to the summit of Big Round Top, and hence Sickles' front could not include these elevations. Any contemplated occupation of Little Round Top was restricted by General Meade's instructions, " if it was practicable to occupy it."* Big Round Top has an elevation of 300 feet above the valley at its base, while Little Round Top is 113 feet lower. Both hills were steep, partly wooded, and covered thickly with large rocks. Geary's Division, which had bivouacked near there on the night o the ist, with two of its regiments on Lit- tle Round Top, left its position early on the morning of the 2d, having been ordered to Gulp's Hill. If it was intended that these summits should be occu- pied, more troops should have been sent to the left for that purpose. The Fifth Corps and two divisions of the First were massed in reserve near the Baltimore Pike, either of which could have been spared; in fact, both were ordered to the left later in the day; But General Meade was expecting to make an attack on his right, and paid little attention to the disposition of his left, or to the information that the enemy was about to attack that flank. To the surprise and embarrassment of General Sickles, Buford's Division of cavalry, which was posted on his left flank, moved off the field about ten o'clock. General Meade having authorized General Pleasanton to send this division to Westminster, thirty miles distant. Meade supposed that Gregg's Division of cavalry had relieve Buford. But he had been incorrectly in- formed. As soon as Meade was aware of his mistake he instructed Pleasan- ton that Sickles' flank should not be left unprotected by cavalry. But it was too late, and Sickles had to go into the fight with no other protection to his flank than what he obtained by a disposition of his infantry. In accordance with orders Sickles formed his two divisions — Humphreys' and Birney's — along a southerly line extending from Hancock's left, on Ceme- tery Ridge, to a point near the base of Little Round Top. A picket Hne was established along the Emmitsburg Road, with some of Berdan's Sharpshooters still farther advanced. Cemetery Ridge, along Hancock's front, has consider- able elevation, and affords good ground for resisting an attack. But this ridge does not extend all the way to Little Round Top. It sinks gradually into a low swale before reaching there, and hence the left of the Third Corps was placed in a very unsatisfactory position. There was no opportunity to use artillery or manoeuvre troops. The chief of artillery for the Third Corps, Captain Randolph, says in his official report that the positions of his batteries while here " were low, unprotected, and commanded by the ridge along which runs the road from Emmitsburg," and that " there were no desirable positions on our part of the line." On the left front there was a screen of woods which ♦General Meade; Testimony before Committee on Conduct of the War. 1865, Vol. I, p. 331- •: ?.-'Twx'& '- New York at Gettysburg. 37 would effectually conceal the movements of the enemy, if attacking from that direction, the direction from which the attack eventually came. The experi- ence of the Union troops at Chancellorsville made these woods a source of serious apprehension. By reference to the map it will be seen that the Emmitsburg Road, after leaving Cemetery Hill, diverges from the line of Cemetery Ridge and runs southwesterly and diagonally towards Seminary Ridge. This road follows a crest also for most of the distance opposite the west front of the Union line. While it touches the Union line at the base of Cemetery Hill, it is nearly one mile distant when opposite Little Round Top, at which point there is a peach orchard. From this peach orchard a road runs directly east at a right angle with the Emmitsburg Road, passing just north of Little Round Top. This last piece of road is crossed, in front of Little Round Top, by the small stream called Plum Run, which runs through a narrow, open valley. The land south of this cross road, extending from Little Round Top and the Devil's Den to the Peach Orchard, is covered for most of the distance by a wide belt of woods, and is broken up into steep ravines and knolls. The Devil's Den is a wild, rocky, partly wooded eminence which, owing to its weird and impressive appearance, had been known by "this name for many generations before the battle. Around its base huge boulders, some of them as large as a small house, rest in an irregular, confused mass, forming nooks and cavernous recesses suggestive of its uncanny name.* Its summit is about eighty feet above the valley of Plum Run, which separates it on the east from the rocky slopes of Little Round Top. At the time of the battle its southern slope was bare of trees, affording a clear view of the open fields and farms, which stretch away below it in that direction. At its southern base, also, amid the rocks and clumps of dwarf cedar, a small tributary of Plum Run flows to the east, joining the main stream not far away. To the right and west a heavily wooded ridge extends nearly to the Peach Orchard on the Emmits- burg Road. It was a strong tactical position. In its rear lay a wheatfield and other large areas of open ground which, in connection with the roads near by, furnished the necessary ground for manoeuvring troops. On the front and south, its elevation, crowned with artillery, commanded the long approaches and open fields over which the enemy must move in attacking either the Round Tops or the position itself. During the forenoon the pressure on the picket lines of the Third Corps became so strong, and the movements of the enemy so active, that Sickles was convinced an attack would be made on his flank. He then went to head- quarters and asked General Meade to accompany him to the left and examine the field, but the general commanding excused himself on the plea that other engagements would not permit; neither would he accede to Sickles' request that General Warren be sent, as that officer was engaged also. Sickles then asked that General Hunt, chief of artillery, be sent, to which General Meade assented, *At the time of the battle the names Devil's Den, Round Top, Gulp's Hill, Cemetery Ridge, and Seminary Ridge were unknown to the soldiers in either army, and were not used by them until a long time after. 38 New York at Gettysburg. and these two generals then made a careful examination of the field on the left flank. Sickles, after showing General Hunt the disadvantages of his position on the low ground north of Little Round Top, proposed to wheel Birney's Divis- ion into position to cover the left flank in advance of Little Round Top and the Devil's Den, to the ridge at the Emmitsburg Road; and to post artillery on the high ridge along the Emmitsburg Road, so as to hold the ground, which commanded the position held by the Third Corps. General Hunt declined to assume any responsibility for changing the line from the one indicated by General Meade. Such instructions as had been given by the latter were somewhat indefinite and allowed some latitude, owing to his purpose to attack elsewhere. General Meade had not been on that part of the field, his attention being occupied with affairs on his right. Hunt rode away, saying that he would report the situation to headquarters, and obtain the necessary orders. The fire of the Confederate picket line was so strong and persistent that, soon after General Hunt departed. Sickles ordered a reconnoissance to ascer- tain the strength and position of the enemy in his front. The force sent out for this purpose was composed of four companies of the First United States Sharpshooters, supported by the Third Maine Infantry, numbering in all 310 officers and men, under command of Colonel Berdan. This detachment ad- vanced about 1 1 :30 a. m., and entered the woods situated some distance west of the Emmitsburg Road. Berdan soon encountered a portion of Wilcox's Alabama Brigade, of Anderson's Division, and drove them far enough to discover three columns of infantry in motion on the farther side of the woods. Berdan was attacked sharply in return, and forced to retire with a severe loss ; but not until the object of the reconnoissance had been accomplished, and im- portant information acquired. General Sickles was confronted here with questions of the gravest character ; on his decision the fate of the battle might depend. His corps comprised the only troops on that part of the field, and the enemy was massing on his im- mediate front and flank. If he occupied the Round Tops he could not hold the ground between him and Hancock. If he remained where he was, the Round Tops would be occupied by the enemy, and his position become im- mediately untenable. The withdrawal of Buford's Division left his flank un- protected, and he could no longer observe properly the movements of the enemy beyond the screen of woods on his left. To recall his skirmish line from the Emmitsburg Road would abandon the route by which not only his own corps, but half the army had reached the field, and lose communication with the strategic position at Emmitsburg wh^ch he and Humphreys on the previous day had examined, by order of General Meade, to determine its adv-an- ^ages as a battle ground. He would have lost possession, also, of the Millers- town Road, leading to Little, Round Top. The general commanding was un- able to assist him with his presence and a personal examination of the situation. The Fifth and Sixth Corps and other divisions, which later in the day supported him, were not at hand ; some of them were miles away. Was it to be Chancel- lorsville again ? The impending attack on his flank was imminent, and the at- tackine forces outnumbered him two to one. General Sickles hardly hoped to Mr- New York at Gettysburg. 39 withstand the onset where he was; but he could modify his position. Even then he might not be able to successfully repulse every assault, but he knew the fighting quality of his corps well enough to feel assured that he could hold such position until the general commanding could bring up the necessary reserves to secure the position and achieve a victory. General Sickles, receiving no reply from headquarters in response to the important information conveyed by his staff officers to General Meade, and his repeated requests for instruction, exercised the discretion customary in such cases. He decided to occupy the strong line from the base of Little Round Top to the Ridge at the Peach Orchard, along the Emmitsburg Road, and meet the impending attack there, instead of awaiting it on the lower ground which the corps then occupied. It was after 2 p. m. when he gave the orders for this movement. Birney's Division, holding the left of the Third Corps, wheeled to the left, and advanced 500 yards to the front of Little Round Top, where they occupied the high ground from the Devil's Den to the Peach Orchard, the troops facing south. At the same time General Sickles sent a message to headquarters asking that some troops be sent to the left to occupy the Round Tops. Humphreys' Division took position along the Em- mitsburg Road, its left connecting with Graham's Brigade, of Birney's Division. Graham's troops held the Peach Orchard, at which point there was an obtuse angle in the general line. This movement of the Third Corps is often described as an advance to the Emmitsburg Road, creating thereby an erroneous impression. The real move- ment consisted in the left wheel of Birney's Division to the south. The occu- pation of the Emmitsburg Road was a refused line incidental to the other. Two-thirds of the corps faced southward to meet a flank attack which soon came from that direction. Chancellorsville was lost through a failure to make just such a move in just such a contingency. The left of Birney's line was held by Ward's Brigade and Smith's Fourth New York Battery, posted at the Devil's Den on elevated ground, separated from the Round Tops by the valley of Plum Run. Ward's left regiment — the Fourth Maine — was extended across this valley until its left rested on the western slope of Little Round Top. To the right and west of Ward lay De Trobriand's Brigade, and then Graham's, the latter holding the angle at the Peach Orchard. Ward and De Trobriand formed their lines near the south edge of the woods, on high ground commanding the open fields beyond. It was a strong position, and if held by a proper number of troops, properly supported, would be an impreg- nable one. In a wheatfield in their rear, Winslow's New York Battery (D, First Artillery), with its six Napoleons, — twelve pounders — was posted where it did effective work at short range, in the course of the ensuing action. Graham formed in the open country, at the angle of the two roads near the Peach Orchard, with most of his brigade on the Emmitsburg Road, facing west. He was supported by three additional regiments from other brigades. A strong artillery force of thirty-four guns was stationed at or near the angle, Ames' New York Battery (G, First Artillery) was posted at the inter- section of the roads ; and, later on, Hart's Fifteenth New York Battery went into action on the south line of the Peach Orchard. This orchard was on high ground, commanding the approaches from the south and west. Had it 40 New York at Gettysburg. been occupied sooner and been well intrenched, it would have proved a still more serious obstacle to the enemy, despite the saHent angle in the line at that point. Humphreys' position on the road was in open fields, with descending ground in front and rear. During the forenoon his skirmishers leveled the fences opposite his front, leaving no obstructions to hinder the movements of troops or artillery. His division occupied a shorter line than Birney's, having only one brigade — Carr's — deployed on the Emmitsburg Road, with two addi- tional regiments between Carr and Graham. The Excelsior Brigade — Brew- ster's — formed in rear of Carr's line. His Third Brigade — BurHng's — was sent to Birney's support. The regiments of Burling's Brigade were detached from time to time and sent to various points on the field during the ensuing battle, where each fought in connection with some other command. The Second New Hampshire and Seventh New Jersey were ordered to report to General Graham; the Fifth New Jersey was detailed for skirmish duty on Humphreys' front ; the Sixth, and then the Eighth, New Jersey, were sent to the support of Ward; while the One hundred and fifteenth Pennsylvania remained in the vicinity of the Wheatfield. As Humphreys' Division moved forward across the fields to take position a spectacular pageant ensued which arrested the attention of all within view. The sun shone brightly on their waving colors, and flashed in scintillating rays from their burnished arms, as with well-aligned ranks and even steps they moved proudly across the field. Away to the right, along Cemetery Ridge, the soldiers of the Second Corps, leaving their coffee and their cards, crowded to the front, where they gazed with soldierly pride and quickened pulse on the stirring scene. Conspicuous among the moving columns of this division was the old Excelsior Brigade, each one of its five regiments carrying the blue flag of New York. It was a force of Sickles' own creation, and one can fancy how the corps commander's eye kindled with pride as he saw his old brigade again deploy along the battle line. It was a grand parade that these men of New York made, as they moved bravely out to meet their old-time foe. They marched with no other music than tUe rattle of the rifles on the picket line ; they were inspired only with the determination to acquit themselves worthy of the State motto, which the brigade had adopted as its name. The battle on the left was now about to open. On the Union side were the six brigades of the Third Corps, numbering 9,800 men. In their immediate front, awaiting the order to move forward, were the eight brigades of Hood and McLaws and two brigades (Wilcox's and Perry's) of Anderson's Division, numbering about 17,000.* On the Confederate line, Generals Lee and Long- * The monthly return of the Army of Northern Virginia shows that Hood and McLaws left Fredericksburg for the Pennsylvania invasion with an " aggregate present " of 17,884 in their two divisions, and with 15,031 officers and men " present for duty." (Official records, vol. XXV, part II, p. 845.) General Wilcox states in his official report that after losing 577 killed, wounded and missing on the second day, he went into action on the third day with " about i,20o;'' total, 1,777. Colonel Lang, commanding Perry's Brigade, reports officially that " the brigade went into action near 700 strong." General Hood states in his history, "Advance and Retreat," p. 54, that his division at Gettysburg numbered " approximately 8,000 effectives." New York at Gettysburg. 41 street were personally superintending the preparations for an advance. On their front, General Sickles, in the absence of the general commanding, was making suitable disposition of his forces to meet this flank attack. Before this, as the hours passed by without the Confederates making any offensive movement, their seeming inaction suggested the reasonable idea that General Lee, seeing that the Army of the Potoipac had now arrived, might content himself with the victory of the previous day, and, instead of assaulting the strong position of the Union forces, make some flank movement which would force them to abandon their chosen position. Meade had received im- perative orders to keep his army between the enemy and Washington. If Lee were to pass around his left, the position at Gettysburg would have to be evacuated promptly. At 3 o'clock, before the fighting commenced. General Meade sent the following despatch to Washington : Headquarters near Gettysburg, Pa., July 2, 1863 — 3 p. M. Maj. Gen. H. W. Halleck, General-in-Chief : I have concentrated my army at this place to-day. The Sixth Corps is just coming in, very much worn out, having been marching since 9 p. m., last night. The army is fatigued. I have to-day, up to this hour, awaited the attack of the enemy, I having a strong position for defensive. I am not determined, as yet, on attacking him^ till his position is more developed. He has been moving on both my flanks, apparently, but it is difficult to tell exactly his movements. I have delayed attacking, to allow the Sixth Corps and parts of other corps to reach this place and to rest the men. Expecting a battle, I ordered all my trains to the rear. If not attacked, and I can get any positive information of the position of the enemy which will justify me in so doing, I shall attack. If I find it hazardous to do so, or am satisfied the enemy is endeavoring to move to my rear and interpose between me and Washington, I shall fall back to my sup- plies at Westminster. I will endeavor to advise you as often as possible. In the engagement yesterday the enemy concentrated more rapidly than we could, and toward evening, owing to the superiority of numbers, compelled the Eleventh and First Corps to fall back from the town to the heights this side, on which I am now posted. I feel fully the responsibility resting upon me, but will endeavor to act with caution. GEO. G. MEADE, Major General. General Meade had previously ordered a council of war to assemble at 3 o'clock, a consultation of the corps commanders, as he termed it, a very un- usual thing in the Army of the Potomac. As nothing had occurred during the day, the reason for calling this conference is not apparent, unless it be found in the telegram to Halleck which was sent at the same hour. This council had hardly convened when the roar of Sickles' artillery announced the opening of the battle on the left, " and every corps commander there rode immediately to his command."* * Butterfield's testimony; Report on Conduct of the War. 42 New York at Gettysburg. About 3 o'clockf Longstreet's batteries opened along his entire line with an energy and volume plainly indicating that the main attack was soon to follow. Just before this, Sickles, while still busy with the disposition of his forces, received orders to attend the consultation of corps commanders at headquarters. As the enemy were evidently moving against his flank he sent back a request that he be excused for that reason, but received in reply a second and peremptory order to report in person at headquarters immediately. Placing General Birney in temporary command. Sickles hastened away. But the sound of the opening artillery preceded him. On arriving, Gen- eral Meade excused him from dismounting, and Sickles returned to the front, whither General Meade speedily followed. In a hurried conversation with Sickles, Meade exhibited some surprise at the disposition of the troops, and expressed doubt as to the ability of the Third Corps to sustain an attack in that position. Sickles replied that the line was a strong one, and the best one available; and, that it should be held until reserves could be brought up. At the same time he expressed a willingness to take any other position that the general commanding would indicate. General Meade remarked that it was too late to change the line then, and directed Sickles to hold his position. He said he would order the Fifth Corps up as a support on the left, and instructed Sickles to call on General Hancock for reinforcements on his right. On the Confederate side. General Lee had been reconnoitring the field since daylight. He decided to take the offensive, and make the main attack from his right. He accordingly ordered Longstreet's two divisions — Hood's and McLaws' — which had bivouacked at Marsh Creek, about four miles from Get- tysburg, to take position on the right. Longstreet formed his two divisions on a prolongation of Hill's line, McLaws connecting with Anderson's Division of Hill's Corps. Longstreet's right division — Hood's — formed some distance south of the Peach Orchard, along the Emmitsburg Pike, which crossed the lines of both armies in a diagonal direction. These two divisions consumed several hours in reaching this position, because they were ordered to proceed by a back road through the woods to avoid attracting the attention of Meade's signal officers on Little Round Top, and the skirmishers of the Third Corps which were established along the line in advance of the Emmitsburg Road and the Peach Orchard. The intention was, having moved by a concealed route, to attack Sickles' position at the Peach Orchard which the Confederate generals then supposed formed the left of his corps. This effort at concealment, which was only partially successful, caused much of the delay in the commencement of the battle. That the Confederate generals should attach importance to a disguised march was natural, in view of Jackson's success at Chancellorsville through a similar manoeuvre. The ground opposite the Union left offered desirable positions from which to make the Confederate attack. The roads on that portion of the field af- forded important tactical advantages for the movement of troops. An attack- * In their official reports, Captains Randolph, Clark, and Ames, of the artillery, fix the time of the opening of this preliminary cannonade at 3 o'clock. Captain Manly, of Hood's Division, says he opened at 2:30, and Lieutenant Motes, same division, say's Carlton's Battery commenced firing at 3 p. m. New York at Gettysburg. 43 ing force would find it desirable to seize them, while the defence would deem it equally important to hold them. These roads led not only through important military positions, offensive and defensive ones, but formed, also, lines of com- munication with distant strategical points — lines over which supply trains were moving, and routes on which troops were coming and going. The ground on the Confederate right was not only densely wooded, but was traversed its entire length by parallel ridges, features which afforded facilties for moving large bodies of troops unobserved by the enemy. As the objective point of the Confederate attack was the Peach Orchard, Lee availed himself of these topographical advantages. Could Longstreet's forces, unobserved, reach some point near the orchard, from where they could make a sudden attack, they might seize the Round Tops, also, or turn the Union position. Longstreet had already delayed the movement until noon, waiting for Law's Brigade to rejoin his command, a pardonable delay, because two divisions were hardly an adequate force for the work intrusted to him. Law's troops were at New Guilford, twenty-four miles from Gettysburg. Starting at daybreak they marched this distance, and three additional miles while going into position, after which they went into action without any opportunity to rest. It was the best display of marching and endurance made by either army at Gettysburg. It was past noon when the two divisions. Law having arrived, left their halt- ing place beyond Willoughby Run, between the Chambersburg and Hagerstown Roads, and started for the position designated as the place for formation prepar- atory to the attack. But in passing through the woods west of the Emmitsburg Road, the better to enable them to reach the Union left flank unobserved, an open place was reached which they could not cross without being seen from the Union lines. In order to comply with the orders directing that this flank movement must be a masked one, McLaws, whose division has the lead, halts and waits for orders. He then turns back and continues his march by a mora remote and longer route. General Lee was becoming sharply impatient over the inexplicable delay. Longstreet seems to have shared his impatience, for when Hood's Division arrived at this opening in the woods, he abandoned any further attempt at concealment, and ordered these troops to move to their place on the Emmitsburg Road by the direct route, passing behind Warfield'^s woods. This brought Hood in advance of McLaws, and so the former went into line on the extreme right, about three-quarters of a mile south of Sherfy's Peach Orchard, leaving McLaws to fill the space between him and Anderson of Hill's Corps. Longstreet placed fifty-seven pieces of artillery along the edge of the woods west of the Emmitsburg Road and southwest of the Peach Orchard. These batteries contained several guns of heavier calibre than any in Sickles' artillery, and, for some time after the opening of the battle, out- numbered largely the pieces in position on the Third Corps lines. General Lee, in his official report, alludes to that part of the line held by the Third Corps at the Peach Orchard, saying : " In front of General Longstreet the enemy held a position from which, if he could be driven, it was thought our artillery could be used to advantage." Longstreet was accordingly ordered to attack this position, and " envelop " the left of the Union line. But when they arrived at the position from which they intended to attack the Union flank 44 New York at Gettysburg. the Confederates discovered that Sickles' line, instead of ending at the Peach Orchard, was sharply refused for nearly a mile, and extended from the orchard to Plum Run. General Hood's orders were not only to envelop Sickles' left, but, also, to attack " up the Emmitsburg Road." His instructions were, to place his division across the Emmitsburg Road, form line of battle, and attack. But this order was not executed. After Hood arrived at the position assigned him, he saw that there had been a serious misconception as to the true location of Sickles' line, the left of which was concealed by the dense woods in which it rested ; and that an attack up the Emmitsburg Road, even if successful, would expose his right and rear to the fire of these troops. Instead of attacking at the place and in the manner designated in his instructions, he delivered his attack at a point nearly a mile away. There being no Union cavalry to prevent him. Hood sent some infantry scouts or " runners " forward, who ascended Big Round Top and returned with the information that both Round Tops were unoccupied; that some of the Union wagon trains were parked behind these hills ; and that he could march through open woodlands andlevelfields around Big Round Top to Vv^here he could attack the enemy in flank and rear. Hood was loath to assault the strong positions held by Ward and De Trobriand, knowing that success could be achieved only by a terrible sacrifice of his men. He accordingly despatched a staff officer to Longstreet with a message stating that, in his opinion, it was unwise to attack up the Emmitsburg Road, and urgently requesting permission to pass to the south of Big Round Top and thereby turn the position. Longstreet sent back word immediately that General Lee's orders were to attack up the Emmitsburg Road. A second, and a third time, Hood renewed his request to turn Round Top so that he could attack the opposing forces in flank and rear, but each time he received quickly the same reply. Longstreet did not forward Hood's request to General Lee, because he had already urged upon the general commanding the advisability of the same movement, but without success. He could not reopen the argument, even at Hood's request, without appearing insubordinate or con- tumacious. As a result, General Lee was left in ignorance of the true position of the enemy's flank.* Hood, finding his protestsf unavailing, ordered his * Referring to Sickles' line, Gen. Fitzhugh Lee says: " Lee was deceived by it, and gave general orders to attack up the Emmitsburg Road, partially enveloping the enemy's left, which Longstreet 'was to drive in.' There was much behind Sickles, and Longstreet was attacking the Marye Hill of the position only." [Life of General Lee. By Fitzhugh Lee. p. 281. Great Commanders Series: Appleton & Co. New York, 1894.] f " After this urgent protest against entering into battle at Gettysburg according to instructions — which protest is the first and only one I ever made during my entire military career — I ordered my line to advance and make the assault." (" Advance and Retreat," by Gen. John B. Hood; p. 59.) New York at Gettysburg. 45 division forward in accordance with the somewhat indefinite order to " envelop the enemy's left." The Confederate attack was preceded by a desultory fire from Cabell's Ar- tillery, stationed on the Emmitsburg Road, about one-half mile south of the Peach Orchard. This fire was promptly responded to by Ames's (New York) and Clark's (New Jersey) batteries. Longstreet's infantry moved forward un- der a distinct, definite order of battle, which required that the right brigade — Law's, of Hood's Division — should attack first, after which the movement should be taken up by brigades successively to the left, en ecfielon, and striking the enemy's flank obHquely, thereby forming, as some military writers term it, an oblique order of battle. This order for a successive attack by bri- gades, included also Anderson's Division, of Hill's Corps, which connected with the left of McLaws' Division. But this plan was based on a supposition that the left of the enemy's line extended along the Emmitsburg Road only, and terminated at the Peach Orchard.* It was about 3:30 p. m. when Hood's Division, emerging from the narrow belt of woods near the Emmitsburg Road, moved down the sloping fields and forward to the attack. Leaving the Emmitsburg Road at a place south of the Peach Orchard, and directly west of Big Round Top, Law's and Robertson's brigades, preceded by a strong skirmish line, swept rapidly across the interven- ing farms, with Benning's and Anderson's Brigades following in a second line at an interval of 400 yards. Forcing back the Union skirmish line, which was held by the Second United States Sharpshooters, Law pressed on, and his two right regiments ascended the western slope of Big Round Top. Arriving near the summit these two regiments wheeled to the north and descended into the valley between the two Round Tops. During this time the re- mainder of Law's Brigade, together with the brigades of Robertson, Benning, and Anderson attacked the Union line at the Devil's Den and the valley of Plum Run, the gorge which lies between the Devil's Den and Little Round Top. This position at the Devil's Den was held by Ward's Brigade, of Birney's Division, and these troops sustained the full force of the attack made by three of Hood's four brigades. It was the extreme left of Sickles' line, and here the first infantry attack in the battle of the second day was made. Ward, assisted by De Trobriand, made a firm resistance, and for more than two hours the tide of battle rose and fell along their front. In Ward's Brigade were two New York regiments, — the Eighty-sixth and One hundred and twenty-fourth — both of which distinguished themselves for efficiency on this hard-fought field, where, as in many other battles, they fought side by side with connecting ranks. They were posted in the woods near the Devil's Den. The Eighty-sixth carried 268 men into action, one- fourth of whom were killed or wounded. Lieut. Col. Benjamin L. Higgins, the commandant of the Eighty-sixth, was severely wounded, after which Maj. Jacob H. Lansing took charge of the regiment. Capt. John H. Warner was Filled. *" He (Longstreet) was very much disconcerted and annoyed, principally because it was evident at a glance that the plan of battle could not be carried out. Instead of attack- ing down the Emmitsburg Road, his lines perpendicular to it, * * * the whole of our attack was against the front of the enemy, in position, prepared to receive us." [Gettys- burg. By Maj. Gen. Lafayette McLaws. So. Hist. Soc. Papers. Vol. VII, p. 75. 1879.] 46 New York at Gettysburg. The One hundred and twenty-fourth New York, an Orange County regi- ment known as the " Orange Blossoms," was commanded by Col. A. V. H. Ellis, and numbered about 240, officers and men. It lost ninety in killed and wounded. Colonel Ellis and Major Cromwell both fell from their horses, killed in a spirited charge made during the course of the action, in which the brigade advanced its line to a stone wall, the possession of which was gained and lost repeatedly during the fight. Lieutenant Colonel Cummins having been wounded, the command devolved on Capt. Charles H. Weygant, who directed the movements of the thinned ranks until the brigade was relieved and the regiment withdrawn. In addition to its colonel and major, Capt. Isaac Nichols and Lieut. Milnor Brown were among the killed. The attack on Ward's Brigade at the Devil's Den was made by the greater part of Hood's entire division, and the need of reinforcements at this point soon became pressing. General Birney sent Ward two regiments, one of them the Fortieth New York, of De Trobriand's Brigade. This fine regiment was under command of Col. Thomas W. Egan, an officer of rare ability and courage, who subsequently made a still further brilliant reputation as a division general. Egan moved his regiment promptly to the left, in rear of Ward, and went into action at the head of Plum Run Valley just in time to prevent the enemy from turning Ward's left and passing through the gorge which separates the Devil's Den from Little Round Top. The Fortieth held this position until the entire line was forced back, after which it retired with a loss of 154 officers and men, Adjutant Johnson being among the killed, and Lieutenant Colonel Warner with the wounded. Colonel Egan's horse was killed under him. Of the artillery on this field no battery occupied a more important and ex- posed position than that assigned to the Fourth New York Battery, Capt. James E. Smith, with its six ten-pounder Parrotts. In accordance with orders Smith placed, after considerable exertion, four of his guns on the summit at the Devil's Den, the rocky eminence selected being too small in area to afford room for all his pieces. The two remaining guns, with the caissons and horses, were left 500 yards in the rear, where they commanded the gorge of Plum Run. This battery took an active part in the artillery duel preceding the in- fantry attack, the accuracy of its fire telling severely on the Confederate artil- lery posted along the Emmitsburg Road south of the Peach Orchard. As Flood's infantry advanced to the attack they sufifered terribly from Smith's guns, the loss inflicted by this battery being repeatedly mentioned in the official reports of Hood's officers. When the left of Ward's Brigade was forced back, Smith was obliged to leave three of his guns on the hill, its steep, rocky surface preventing their removal in time. One of these pieces, which was disabled during the fight, had been withdrawn. In view of possible contingencies Smith ordered his cannoneers to remove all implements and ammunition which might enable the enemy to use the pieces. When his infantry supports withdrew from their position near his four guns. Smith hastened with all speed to the section which he had placed at the head of Plum Run Valley, and from these two pieces opened a rapid fire of canister on the enemy, who were trying to force a passage through the gorge. General Benning, of Hood's Division, speaks in his official report of the " terrible fire of the two pieces which swept the gorge." Smith New York at Gettysburg. 47 could have saved the three guns on the hill and withdrawn from the field with his battery without censure; but he preferred to trade the pieces for time, and worked them to the last moment, using canister " without sponging." When the battle opened on Sickles' front, the Fifth Corps, under General Sykes, was resting quietly on the Baltimore Pike, nearly two miles from the Devil's Den by the nearest road. Sykes, who was then in consultation with General Meade at headquarters, at the latter's request, was ordered to put his corps in motion, and hasten to the locality of the fighting. The three divisions moved off, with their brigades in the inverse order of their numerical designa- tion, Vincent's (Third) Brigade, of Barnes' Division leading. Generals Sykes and Barnes rode rapidly forward in advance of the column in order to examine the field before putting their troops into action. Before their arrival, General Warren, who accompanied Meade to the field, had gone to Little Round Top, from the summit of which he obtained a view of the situation. He not only found the hill unoccupied, but saw with alarm that from the direction of the Confederate advance Hood's right brigade would soon attain undisputed possession of this important position. Ordering the signal men to continue making a show of occupation by waving their flags, Warren hastened down the hill and rode rapidly to where General Sykes was reconnoitring the ground near the Wheatfield. Pointing to Little Round Top he urged the importance of sending troops there immediately to prevent the enemy from seizing that commanding point. When Sykes' leading brigade — Vincent's — arrived,* he sent orders for it to occupy the hill. This brigade, numbering about 1,000 rifles, turned and recross- ing Plum Run climbed Little Round Top, where they encountered an artillery fire which the enemy directed against them as soon as they came into view on the rocky declivity of its western slope. Vincent posted his four regiments in line midway between the summit and base of the ridge, and sent out skirmishers. But the line had scarcely been formed when it was attacked fiercely by the brigades of Law and Robertson which, passing by Ward's left, had rushed forward to seize this same position. Never did troops arrive more opportunely or fight better than the men of Vincent's Brigade. From their strong position they delivered a deadly fire at close range, from which Hood's veterans recoiled and abandoned the attack, but not until both sides had suffered severely. The left of the brigade, held by the Twentieth Maine, extended around the south side of the hill into the valley separating the Round Tops, where it encountered two of Law's regi- ments that had passed over Great Round Top. After a well fought, des- perate contest, in which other regiments of Law's and Robertson's brigades were engaged, the Twentieth Maine, assisted by the Eighty-third Pennsyl- vania on its right, repulsed this attack also. Among the regiments in this celebrated fight of Vincent's was the Forty- fourth New York, or the Ellsworth Regiment, as it was sometimes called. It was a remarkable organization, composed of the very best material, most of the men having been selected at large throughout the State, in conformity to a high standard of physical perfection and intelligence. It was led by ♦This brigade arrived about 4.4s p. m. See official reports. 48 New York at Gettysburg. Col. James C. Rice, who took command of the brigade during the action. Vincent having fallen with a mortal wound. The Forty-fourth lost, during its short action in defense of Little Round Top, iii in killed and wounded. Capt. Lucius S. Larrabee, Lieut. Eugene L. Dunham, and Lieut. Benjamin N. Thomas were among the killed. Colonel Rice, having succeeded to the command of the brigade, the command of the regiment devolved on Lieut. Col. Freeman Conner. On the Confederate side, General Hood was wounded early in the engage- ment, and General Law was placed in charge of his division. Seeing the successful resistance made by the regiments holding the centre of Vincent's Brigade — the Forty-fourth New York and Eighty-third Pennsylvania — Law pushed his forces farther up the ravine and along the base of Little Round Top in an attempt to flank the Sixteenth Michigan, which held the right of the brigade. This attempt would have succeeded had it not been for the watchful care and energy of General Warren, who, seeing the need of reinforcements, detached the leading regiment of Weed's (Third) Brigade of Ayres' Division, together with Hazlett's Battery — D, Fifth U. S. Artillery — and hurried these troops into position in time to protect the threatened point. It was only by the greatest exertion that Hazlett's teams, plunging under the lashing of the drivers, succeeded in dragging the heavy cannon up the steep and rocky hillside, the battery ascending the hill in rear of the infantry. This regiment was the One hundred and fortieth New York, a Rochester regiment, led by Col. Patrick H. O'Rorke, an officer of the regular army and a recent graduate of West Point, who had been assigned to its command. On reaching the summit, the men of the One hundred and fortieth encountered a storm of bullets, while to their eyes was suddenly revealed the grand pano- rama of the battlefield. But there was no halting or delay, not even to load. Hastily dismounting, and throwing the reins of his horse to the nearest man, O'Rorke drew his sabre, and shouting to his men to follow led the way down the rocky slope. The regiment formed on the right of Vincent's Brigade, protecting the right of the Sixteenth Michigan, which otherwise would have been outflanked and forced to yield. It only took a moment for the One hundred and fortieth to load, after which it delivered an effective fire that checked the advance of Robertson's Texans, and forced the enemy to retire and remain under cover of the opposite woods, while Hazlett's guns thundered from the summit and sent their shrapnel into the crowded ranks of Hood's Division. But the One hundred and fortieth Nev/ York did not accomplish its success without a terrible loss of men and officers, its gallant and gifted young colonel having fallen dead during the fight. The One hundred and fortieth belonged to the Third-Brigade — Weed's — of Ayres' Division, and after it had left the column in response to Warren's impetuous demand for aid, the three other regiments of the brigade continued their march to Plum Run, where they formed line in support of Watson's Battery, then severely pressed by the enemy. This brigade, led by Captain Moore of the Third Corps staff, had reported to General Sickles in compliance with his previous request that a brigade be sent to Ward's support. General Weed occupied this position but a few minutes when he was ordered to take New York at Gettysburg. 49 these three regiments back to Little Round Top at double-quick, whither they went and formed on O'Rorke's right. Little Round Top was now held by two brigades — eight regiments — and the danger was passed. As soon as Weed's Brigade was in position, skirmishers were sent down the slope in front where they secured places among the rocks, while the brigade from its higher position on the hill delivered its fire also. General Weed had barely completed the disposition of his troops when he was mortally wounded while standing on the summit near the battery. Lieutenant Hazlett, the artillery commandant, while bending over the fallen general to render assistance, fell dead beside his chief. The summit and western slope of Little Round Top — where Weed and Hazlett were killed — was exposed to a deadly fire from the Confederate sharpshooters posted on the opposite side of Plum Run Valley among the rocky vantage grounds of the Devil's Den. It was a long distance for the ordinary weapons of those days ; but some of the Confederate riflemen were provided with heavy target rifles to which telescopic sights were affixed. They kept up an effective fire that drove the Union troops on Little Round Top to the cover of the large rocks thickly strewn there. A detachment of Berdan's United States Sharpshooters from the Third Corps were brought up on Little Round Top, who, in turn, aided by their breech-loading, long-range Sharpe's rifles, soon forced the Confederate sharpshooters to seek shelter, and effectually checked their activity. This detachment belonged to the Second U. S. Sharpshooters (Birney's Division), which in skirmishing with Law's Brigade had fallen back, passed over Big Round Top, only to appear again on Law's right flank, and subsequently, as shown, on the front slope of Little Round Top. The two brigades — Vincent's and Weed's, with Hazlett's Battery — which occupied Little Round Top, lost 565 there in killed and wounded, the killed including the two brigade commanders, Vincent and Weed, together with Colonel O'Rorke and Lieutenant Hazlett. Of the casualties mentioned, 486 of them occurred in the four regiments of Vincent's Brigade and in the One hundred and fortieth New York. There was another New York regiment in Weed's Brigade, the One hun- dred and forty-sixth, Col. Kenner Garrard, who succeeded to the command of the brigade when General Weed was killed. Garrard was also an officer of the regular army and a graduate of the Military Academy at West Point, under whose tuition and discipline the One hundred and forty-sixth became worthy of the place which it held as part of the famous Regular Division. During the action on Little Round Top, it held the right centre of Weed's Brigade, where, owing to its sheltered position among the rocks, its casualties were less than those of the troops farther to the left. The fighting at the Devil's Den was confined to three brigades of Hood's Division on the one side and Ward's Brigade on the other, the latter receiving material assistance from De Trobriand. Ward's regiments held their ground with such tenacity that General Law, now in command of Hood's Division, sent an urgent appeal to McLaws, whose division joined his left, to advance. General Law's account of the movements on this part of the field indicates that the adjoining brigade of McLaws' Division did not move to the attack CO New York at Gettysburg. until the fighting at the Devil's Den and its vicinity had been going on for over an hour. This delay was due to the Confederate order of battle requir- ing the brigades to attack in succession from right to left, with the intention of breaking and doubling up the enemy's Hne by a continuous flank attack. Hence, McLaws was waiting for Law's (Hood's) Division to crush in the Union left before taking up the movement himself. But Law was unable to make any headway for a long time, and so he urged an advance by McLaws to pre- vent the enemy from sending reinforcements against his (Law's) front. In the meanwhile General Lee, whose headquarters were near the Con- federate centre, on Seminary Ridge, had been awaiting anxiously the sound of the conflict which would, as it approached, announce that the enemy's flank had been driven in the same as at Chancellorsville. But the noise of the battle came from a different direction than where it was expected ; and, for an hour or more the sullen, steady roar told of a stubborn, well-contested fight. As Gen- eral Lee listened attentively to the distant sound of the steady, prolonged musketry he became impatient and nervous. Some who were near him noted that in place of the calm self-possession, so characteristic of his usual de- meanJor, his manner was marked with signs of uneasiness and great anxiety. And well it might be. The sun was getting low, and yet the Confederate battle line west of the Emmitsburg Road were motionless. It was half-past six before the first Confederate brigade — Barksdale's — crossed the Emmits- burg Road. In response to General Law's request, made by that officer in person, Ker- shaw's South Carolina Brigade, which had been waiting for orders, then moved forward to attack De Trobriand, who with two regiments held a strong position on a rocky, wooded knoll, between the Wheatfield and the Peach Orchard. Kershaw's left wing — three regiments — moved against the south front of the Peach Orchard, while two of his regiments attacked the rocky knoll. Kershaw was supported on his right rear by Semmes' Georgia Brigade. De Trobriand having sent three of his five regiments to the support of Ward and Graham, was in great need of reinforcements. Just then Barnes' Division, of the Fifth Corps, one brigade of which — Vincent's — had been ordered to Little Round Top, pressed forward with its two remaining brigades — Tilton's and Sweitzer's — and went into position in support of De Trobriand. Tilton occupied the wooded knoll referred to, west of the Wheatfield, and Sweitzer formed on his left. Between Tilton's right and the Peach Orchard was a large field in which no troops had been placed, this vacancy in the line being covered by PhilHps' and Bigelow's batteries, posted 250 yards to the rear and along the road. Tilton refused five companies of his right regiment to further cover this open space and protect his flank. When Kershaw advanced he directed two of his regiments — Third and Seventh South Carolina — against this rocky knoll and piece of woods. These two regiments, advancing from the direction of the Rose house and barn, crossed the low, intervening ravine, and seized the knoll after a brief contest; but his three left regiments suffered so severely by the fire from the Peach Orchard and from the batteries on the road that their advance was checked. That Kershaw should be able to occupy the important position on the knoll with so little opposition was due to an unfortunate and unnecessary order from General Barnes by which the two fine brigades of Tilton and Sweitzer were New York at Gettysburg. 51 withdrawn while Kershaw was making his attack.* These troops withdrew to a position in rear of the road, Til ton taking position there in support of Bige- low's Battery. Tilton was ordered to withdraw because one of Kershaw's left regiments, which was advancing towards the open space between the knoll and the Peach Orchard, threatened Tilton's right flank. But any withdrawal on this account proved unnecessary, as this regiment of Kershaw's was driven back, with terrible loss, by a canister fire from Bigelow and Phillips. This narra- tion of details becomes necessary here in view of the important fact that the first break in Sickles' hne occurred at this particular point. But this did not occur until about 6 o'clock and the position was soon retaken. This ground was regained during the course of the engagement by some troops from Caldwell's Division of the Second Corps, Kershaw's two regi- ments, together with one from Semmes' Brigade, being driven from the knoll and out of the woods, and forced to retreat in disorder to the cover of the Rose buildings. Sweitzer's Brigade, re-entering the fight, took part in this counter movement, in which they were conspicuous for gallantry and heroism. But the recapture came too late, and the troops which effected it could have been utilized better at other points on the line, if this position had only been held at the start. For over an hour the contest had raged in the woods around the Wheat- field with varying success, when Caldwell's Division, of the Second Corps, then massed on Cemetery Ridge, about one mile distant, was ordered at 5:15 p. m. to Birney's further support. This division — formerly Hancock's — con- tained four brigades, — Cross's, Zook's, Kelly's, and Brooke's. One of these — Kelly's — was the famous Irish Brigade with its green flags, — men from the land across the sea, the land whose sons have fought successfully the battles of every country but their own. The Sixty-third, Sixty-ninth, and Eighty-eighth New York were in this brigade. But it was only the remnants of the^e gallant regiments that fol- lowed their riven colors into the historic Wheatfield that day. The casualties of many hard-fought fields had reduced their numbers so that each regi- ment had been consolidated into a battalion of two companies. The men were armed with the same old buck-and-ball muskets, calibre 69, which they had carried from the beginning of the war. When the order was given for the Irish Brigade to " Fall in," it was formed in close column by regiments. There was a short delay in moving during which the regiments stood at " Order arms." Father Corby, the brigade chaplain, stepped upon a large rock in front of the men, and calling their attention announced his willingness to give them, one and all, the bene- fit of absolution before entering the fight. The sun-browned and war-worn veterans knelt upon the ground with bowed and uncovered heads while the holy man with outstretched hand pronounced the solemn words of the gen- eral absolution: " Dominus noster Jesus Christus vos ahsolvat, et ego, aiictoritate ipsius, JOS absolve ab omni vinculo excommunicationis et inter dicti in quantum possum et vos indigetis, deinde ego absolvo vos a peccatis vestris in nomine Patris, et * See official reports of Birney, De Trobriand, and Sweitzer; also, Smith's History One hundred and eighteenth Pennsylvania. C2 New York at Gettysburg. Filii, et Spiritus Sancti. Amen! " Encouraged by these words the men moved forward, many of them to their death.* Before receiving the order to reinforce Sickles, Caldwell's brigades were in columns of regiments closed in mass, facing west, towards the Emmitsburg Road. To reach the Wheatfield they faced south, and moved off leftinfront. It was after 5 o'clock when this division started. Descending the low ground at Plum Run, and crossing the road running from Little Round Top to the Peach Orchard, the division deployed on the double-quick and entered the Wheat- field. It should be noted that while Sickles was promised that supports would be sent to his assistance, these reinforcements as they arrived, with the excep- tion of Weed's Brigade, were not placed under his command, but each acted independently of the Third Corps. Sickles outranked both Sykes and Han- cock ; but Sykes interpreted his instructions as relieving his " troops from any call from the commander of the Third Corps." and Meade's orders were that Caldwell's Division should " report to General Sykes. "f The reserves are now up, and in hand. The left is now properly held. The exigency is passed for the Third Corps to hold the enemy on its front, except as it might be deemed best to fight it out there. But the Third Corps, through lack of orders from the general commanding, continued to fight after this exigency had passed. Of Caldwell's four brigades. Cross fought in the woods on the south of the Wheatfield; Kelly and Zook — the latter directed by Major Tremain of Sickles' staft — ^ entered the woods on the west side of the Wheatfield, and, driving Kershaw's troops from the rocky knoll, recaptured that position, forcing this part of Kershaw's command back across the morass to the shelter of the Rose buildings ; Brooke, advancing through the Wheatfield, drove Sem- mes' Georgianas back, through the woods, across a tributary of Plum Run, up the steep, wooded slope on the farther side, and out into the open fields on the south, Brooke's regiments attaining in this gallant charge the farthest advanced point held at any part of the line. As Colonel Cross passed the road General Hancock told him that he could wear a star in his next battle. Cross repHed that the promise came too late, for this was his last fight. The gallant veteran fell dead a few minutes later while leading a charge of his brigade. General Zook, whose brigade went into action on the right of the Wheatfield, was killed. There were some fine regijjients in Caldwell's Division. The Sixty-first New York, whose colonelcy had been held successively by Generals Barlow and Miles, acquitted itself on this bloody field in a manner that reflected credit on its former commanders. Under Lieut. Col. Broady it sustained for half an hour a severe fire without yielding ground until relieved by some troops of the Fifth Corps. Eight previous battles had reduced its ranks to go men, of whom 62 fell dead or wounded in that " maelstrom of death " at the Wheatfield. The Fifty-second New York, a German regiment, under Lieut. Col. Charles C. Freudenberg, was in Zook's Brigade. The major of this regiment, Edward ♦ "He explained, Baying that each one could receive the benefit of the absolution by making a sincere act of contrition and firmly resolving to embrace the first opportunity of confessing their sins, urging them to do tVieir duty well, and reminding them of the high and sacred nature of their trust as soldiers and the noble object for which they fought, ending by saying that the Catholic church refuses Christian burial to the soldier who turns his back upon the foe or deiierts his flag." (Gen. St. Clair A. Mulholland, coloned of the One Imndred and sixteenth Pennsylvania, Irish Brigade, at Gettysburg.) + See offlcial reports of Sykes and Hancock. New York at Gettysburg. t:-> .JO Venuti, was killed. The Fifty-seventh New Yorlx-, Lieut. Col. Alford B. Chap- man, was Zook's old regiment, and was fighting gallanty near the general when he fell. The Sixty-sixth New York, of the same brigade, made a des- perate fight in which Col. O. H. Morris and Lieut. Col. John S. Hammell were wounded. Capt. E. F. Munn, of this regiment, was killed by a shell before the division left Cemetery Ridge, and Capt. George H. Ince fell in the fighting near the Wheatfield. The Sixty-fourth New York, Brooke's Brigade, took 185 enhsted men and 19 officers into the fight, losing 98 in killed, wounded and missing. Colonel Bingham was wounded, after which Maj. L. W. Bradley was in command. One captain and four lieutenants were among the killed. It was after six o'clock when the troops of Ward's and De Trobriand's brigades were relieved by the Fifth Corps and Caldwell's Division of the Second Corps ; but Graham and Humphreys were left to hold on without help. One of two things should have been done at this juncture. Their line should have been reinforced, or, else, withdrawn after the arrival of the reserves on the left. Up to this time Birney's remaining brigade — Graham's — which held the angle at the Peach Orchard, had been comparatively inactive, the Confederate attack on that point having been delayed while awaiting the result of Hood's efifort to turn Sickles' left. Already two brigades of McLaws' Division had be- come engaged in the attack on Birney, and now McLaws orders his two re- maining brigades — Wofford's and Barksdale's — to assault the angle at the Peach Orchard. Part of Kershaw's Brigade attacked the south front of the angle, while Barksdale, supported by Wofford, advanced against the west. It was three brigades against ine ; and after a desperate resistance, in which one of Graham's regiments* held its ground until 76 per cent, of its men were cut down, the Confederates sprang forward and seized the position. The angle was crushed in, not so much because the position was tactically weak as on account of a lack of troops. Many writers have dwelt long and learnedly on the weakness of salient angles in explaining the loss of this position. But the troops in the Peach Orchard were fighting long after the two brigades of Barnes' Division had withdrawn from the rocky knoll on their left.f Moreover, the first break in Graham's ranks occurred at a point on the Emmitsburg Road instead of at the angle ; and, under the circumstances, Barksdale and his supports would have broken through at this point on the road just the same if the line had extended a mile in either direction. The much talked of cross fire and enfilade of the Confederate artillery did not drive one infantryman from his place, and, as indicated by the official reports, inflicted but few casualties. The fighting on the south front of the Third Corps line had been more than two hours in duration. Flushed with success the veterans of Barksdale and Wofford poured through the gap, and, driving all before them, the charging yell of the Confederates rang out above the roar of battle. Kershaw's troops, no longer forced to *One hundred and forty-first Pennsylvania. ■\ This position was retaken promptly by Zook's and Kelly's brigades of Caldwell's Division. 54 New York at Gettysburg. protect their left flank, swept forward, and the Union line at the Wheatfield was outflanked. Alexander's Battalion of Confederate artillery followed Barks- dale promptly, and galloping forward across the Emmitsburg Road planted 17 guns in a commanding position on the high ground just vacated by *the Union troops and batteries. The Massachusetts batteries of Phillips and B'igelow, posted along the crossroad north of the Wheatfield, which hitherto had held Kershaw in check, were driven back by Barksdale's advance, Bige- low losing four of his guns temporarily, and both sustaining severe losses in men and horses. The Tenth New York Independent Battery had been temporarily attached to Phillips' command prior to the battle, and part of his losses occurred among these New York artillerymen. But these batteries did not yield their ground until they had exacted a fearful price in blood and life from their assailants. General Graham, while striving vainly to rally the fragments of his broken line, was wounded and made a prisoner. General Sickles, who had exposed himself fearlessly at every threatened point during the past three hours, fell severely wounded while near the Trostle House, and was carried to a hospital where he suffered amputation of a leg. Upon General Sickles removal from the field the command of the Third Corps devolved on General Birney. When Barksdale broke tbrough Graham's line on the Emmitsburg Road his brigade of Mississippians veered to the left, following some of Graham's regiments which retreated in that direction. Wofford's Brigade, which sup- ported Barksdale, and which had not been engaged, now moved forward in " fine style " down the road towards the Wheatfield, some of Kershaw's troops joining in the movement. At the same time, Anderson's and Benning's brigades, of Hood's Division, which had been attacking Ward, pressed forward in a. last and successful effort. Caldwell's Division found itself not only hard pressed in front, but strongly outflanked on its right by Wofford and Kershaw. It was at this desperate juncture that Caldwell appealed to Sweitzer for help. Sweitzer's three regiments, responding promptly, re-entered the fight, and advanced to the farther edge of the Wheatfield. But it was all too late, and useless. Caldwell's retreating brigades soon left Sweitzer hemmed in on three sides by a destructive fire. Before his men could extricate themselves the fighting became close, desperate, and, at places, hand to hand. Col. Har- rison Jeffords, of the Fourth Michigan, was killed here by a bayonet thrust while gallantly defending his colors. Jeffords shot a soldier with his revolver, but was bayonetted by another, who in turn fell by a shot from Major Hall's revolver. But the Michigan men saved their colors. At the same time that Caldwell's Division of the Second Corps was moving to Birney's relief, two brigades of regulars, of Ayres' Division, Fifth Corps, were hurrying forward to the same spot. They were the brigades of Day and Burbank, the flower of the army. Formed in two lines, Burbank's in front, they advanced across Plum Run from Little Round Top, and ascended the opposite slope. They halted at the eastern edge of the Wheatfield, because Caldwell's lines were sweeping forward across their immediate front and perpendicular to it. The regulars awaited the issue of Caldwell's fight, and then, swinging to tne left towards the Devil's Den, faced the advancing ranks of the Confederates. Again its was too late. Like the other reinforcements that had been whipped in detail, the regulars, finding themselves outflanked both left and right, were ^ n New York at Gettysburg. 55 forced to retreat. But they moved off the field in admirable style, with well- aligned ranks, facing about at times to deliver their fire and check pursuit. Re- crossing Plum Run Valley, under a storm of bullets that told fearfully on their ranks, they returned to their original position. In this action the regulars sus- tained severe losses, but gave ample evidence of the fighting qualities, discipline, and steadiness under fire which made them the pattern and admiration of the entire army. In Burbank's Brigade, out of the 80 officers who went into action, 40 were killed or wounded; and of less than 900 enlisted men there were 408 casualties. It was 6 :30 p. m.* when Barksdale's Brigade, followed by Wofford's, broke through the line on the Emmitsburg Road at the Sherfy House. It was not until now that General Lee was able to open his attack " up the Emmitsburg Road," as he had originally planned and directed. His " oblique order of battle " now, and for the first time, became feasible. During the previous hours of fighting on Birney's front no infantry attack had been made on Humphreys' Division, which lay along the Emmitsburg Road. But as Gra- ham's Brigade was forced back, the left of Humphreys' Division became exposed and unprotected. Humphreys had now only two brigades, Burling's New Jersey Brigade having been sent, at the beginning of the action, to Birney's support. In accordance with the Confederate order of battle, as soon as Mc- Laws became well engaged, Wilcox's Alabama Brigade, the right brigade of R. H. Anderson's.f Division, Hill's Corps, moved forward to the road and attacked Humphreys. Wilcox, having advanced and become engaged, the Confederate brigades on his left — Perry's and Wright's, also of Hill's Corps — took up the movement in succession. The position at the Peach Orchard having been lost, General Birney or- dered Humphreys to swing back his left so as to connect with the line at the Wheatfield. Humphreys' two brigades — Carr's and Brewster's — formed a line accordingly; but, with the Confederate rush through the Peach Orchard the line at the Wheatfield, now held by troops from the Fifth and Second Corps, was outflanked, and instead of connecting with Humphreys' left it fell back slowly across Plum Run. Longstreet's two divisions were now in pos- session of the field as far as Plum Run, including the Peach Orchard, the Wheatfield, and Devil's Den, on the south front; while Anderson's Division, of Hill's Corps, was slowly forcing Humphreys back from the west front of the line. When Humphreys' Division went into position along the Emmitsburg Road it made no close connection with the Second Corps on Cemetery Ridge, Humphreys' right being about 500 yards in advance of Hancock's left. To cover this interval. General Gibbon, of the Second Corps, placed there two regiments of Harrow's Brigade — the Eighty-second New York and Fifteenth Massachusetts — which rendered excellent service in protecting the right flank of Humphreys' Division. These two regiments threw up a hastily con- * General Wilcox, whose brigade adjoined Barksdale's, says, in his official report, that it was 6:20 p. m., when McLaws' (Barksdale's) troops advanced to the attack. t There were two generals of this name on the field — Major General Richard H. Anderson, who commanded a division in Hill's Corps, and Brigadier General George T. Anderson, who commanded a brigade in Hood's Division of Longstreet's Corps. Both were engaged in the attacks on Sickles, during which General George T. Anderson was severely wounded. c6 New York at Gettysburg. structed breastwork of fence rails on the Emmitsburg Road to the right and north of the Codori House. They held this point as long as any troops on that line remained, yielding ground only when the entire line fell back. Lieut. Col. James Huston, who commanded the Eighty-second New York, was killed in this action. But Humphreys' Division was forced steadily back by the impetuous onset of Anderson's brigades, and retreated to Cemetery Ridge, where it formed on the same ground that Caldwell had occupied at the opening of the fight, the pursuing enemy being checked by a well-directed flank fire from the Nine- teenth Maine, of Harrow's Brigade. When Humphreys' troops reformed on this line, the division had the appearance of a single brigade, — but with many colors. The six New York flags of the Excelsior Brigade were still there, although 778 of the men who marched with them that day had been struck down by the bullets of the enemy. The brigade numbered only 1,837, all told, that morning. While the Excelsior Brigade was slowly falling back. Col. William R. Brew- ster, its commander, noticed that the enemy were in possession of three guns be- longing to Turnbull's Battery, — F. & K., Third U. S. " Detachments including about 150 men, from various regiments of the brigade, led by Colonels Potter of the Second, Leonard of the Third, and Burns of the Fourth Excelsior, charged and recaptured the guns,* after a short but desperate fight, in which they encountered a portion of Perry's Florida Brigade. Sergt. Thomas Horan, of the Third Excelsior, captured the colors of the Eighth Florida, while the major of the Florida regiment, and thirty of his men, were made prisoners by the gallant Excelsiors. In the One hundred and twentieth New York, a regiment belonging to the Excelsior Brigade, seventeen officers were killed or wounded during the battle, eight of whom lost their lives. This loss in officers killed was not exceeded in any other Union regiment at Gettysburg. The Fourth Excelsior lost fifteen officers, five of whom were killed. Col. John S. Austin, of the Third Excel- sior, was wounded, and his horse was killed. Lieutenant Colonel Leonard succeeded to the command of the regiment. General Sickles having been wounded and carried from the field, General Meade directed Hancock to assume command of the Third Corps in addition to his own, by which arrangement the immediate command of the Second Corps devolved on General Gibbon. The absence of Caldwell's Division made it necessary to establish a line along this portion of Cemetery Ridge. Gibbon extended his front by putting in his reserve brigade — Harrow's — on his left. A part of the First Corps — Doubleday's and Robinson's Divisions — then formed on Gibbon's left. WiUiams' Division, of the Twelfth Corps, having vacated its works on Gulp's Hill, took position farther to the left, while the Sixth Corps, the advance of whch arrived at Rock Creek about 3 o'clock, was massed near Little Round Top in support of the Fifth Corps. General Hancock ordered Willard's New York Brigade, of Hays' Division, Second Corps, to the support of the Third Corps, conducting it in person from ♦Assisted by the One hundred and fifth Pennsylvania, of Graham's Brigade, -z m > H o m < r CD D m z New York at Gettysburg. 57 its position on the south slope of Cemetery Hill, under a heavy artillery fire, alDOut three-fourths of a mile to the place on the slope of Cemetery Ridge to which Birney's right had fallen back. In front of this position, which was as- signed to Willard by General Birney, was a thicket along Plum Run, north of the Trostle buildings. It was now half-past 7 o'clock, and the sun had disappeared behind Seminary Ridge.* Willard formed line promptly, and gave the order to advance. The brigade charged with fixed bayonets into the thicket, where it received a deadly volley, at close quarters, from Barksdale's Brigade — the enemy being screened from view by the bushes until the Union troops were within a few feet. Willard's line staggered for an instant, but rallying with a shout, drove the enemy to the farther edge of the thicket. Here Barksdale, by his energy and violent language, became very conspicuous while trying to rally his men, and drew upon himself the fire from several rifles. He fell mortally wounded, and died that night within the Union lines. Willard's Brigade captured a large number of Confederates here. Emerg- ing from the farther side of the thicket, it advanced up the slope towards the Emmitsburg Road, under a concentrated fire of the enemy's batteries along that road, but finding no support on either flank, Willard ordered his brigade to retire. When it had reached the eastern edge of the thicket Willard was instantly killed by a cannon shot which carried away a part of his head and face. The command then devolved on Col. Eliakim Sherrill, of the One hundred and twenty-sixth New York, who subsequently conducted the brigade to its former position in the Second Corps. This brigade consisted of four New York regiments, — the Thirty-ninth, One hundred and eleventh. One hundred and twenty-fifth, and One hundred and twenty-sixth New York. It was com- manded by Col. George L. Willard, an officer of the regular army, who had been assigned to the command of the One hundred and twenty-fifth New York. In this charge the One hundred and eleventh New York suffered severely, losing 185 men in less than twenty minutes, out of about 390 engaged. The Thirty-ninth New York — " Garibaldi Guard " — did not accompany the brigade on this charge, it having been detached by order of Colonel Wil- lard and placed farther to the left to protect his flank. In the meanwhile one of Barksdale's regiments — the Twenty-first Mississippi — leaving its brigade behind, had pushed on past Willard's left flank without engagement, and in the smoke and confusion crossed Plum Run, where it succeeded in capturing Wat- son's Battery — I, Fifth United States Artillery. The " Garibaldis," accom- panied by Lieut. Peeples of the battery, and led by Captain Fassett of the Third Corps staff, attacked the Mississippians fiercely, drove them back, and recap- tured the guns. This regiment — Thirty-ninth New York — was small in numbers, having' been consolidated into a battalion of four companies. It was commanded by Maj. Hugo Hildebrandt, who was wounded in this action. The sun had gone down. The field between Cemetery Ridge and the Em- mitsburg Road was a scene of various counter movements. While some portions of the Union line were falling back with shattered ranks, others were making countercharges, or holding isolated positions with a ♦Sunset, July 2, 1863, was at 7:23, almanac time. 58 New York at Gettysburg. sullen, obstinate resistance. The Confederate yell, evoked by tem- porary success, was answered by defiant, angry shouts. The view was thickly veiled at times by the smoke of the batteries, and all concert of action had ceased. The Confederate advance had lost its con- tinuity. The battle had degenerated into a series of independent conflicts be- tween brigades or regiments. On the Union side the action was stubbornly continued by general officers, who sent in their commands wherever and when- ever opportunity occurred, in order to check the advance of the enemy until the fast approaching nightfall would end the battle and enable them to re- arrange the line. Through this confused mass of contesting forces, Wilcox's Alabama Brigade had forced its way to the line of the Union Army on Cemetery Ridge, striking a point where it had been divested of troops through calls for rein- forcements. Passing through a fringe of trees and bushes it reached this point on Cemetery Ridge imopposed and unnoticed, until Hancock, who was busy in " patching up " his line, saw the dangerous proximity of the Con- federate colors. He ordered the First Minnesota, of Gibbon's Division, to attack them, and this regiment drove Wilcox back, capturing the colors of £he leading regiment; but only after a desperate fight in which it sustained the greatest percentage of loss of any Union regiment at Gettysburg, or during the war. In this affair Wilcox's left regiments were driven back by the fire from some troops belonging to Humphreys' Division, which had fallen back to this point About the same time a regiment in Doubleday's Division — the Thirteenth Vermont — charged forward to the Rogers House on the Emmitsburg Road, recapturing the guns of a Union battery — Weir's, Fifth United States — from which the cannoneers had been driven by Perry's Florida Brigade. On the left, at Plum Run, General Meade ordered forward two regiments of Lockwood's Brigade, of the Twelfth Corps, — the First Maryland* and One hundred and fiftieth New York — and these troops drove the opposing Con- federates back nearly to the Peach Orchard. The One hundred and fiftieth New York, Col. John H. Ketcham, was about 600 strong, and as its long line rushed forward with loud cheers, the scattered forces of the enemy fell back without making any serious resistance. In its advance, this regiment regained possession of the four brass guns that Bigelow's Battery lost in the previous fighting near the Trostle House, and as the One hundred and fiftieth returned to the main line, its men, tired as they were, dragged the heavy guns back to a place of safety. After Wilcox's and Perry's Brigades, of Anderson's (Confederate) Division, had successively advanced, Wright's Georgia Brigade, the third in fine from the right, took up the movement, and achieved the most remarkable success of the Confederate forces on that part of the field. Moving forward in brigade front Wright encountered first, at the Codori House, the two regimentsf of the Second Corps, which had been posted on Humphreys' flank. Forcing these troops from their slight breastworks, Wright's Georgians pushed on steadily, driving back the scattered forces that opposed them, until they * First Maryland, Potomac Home Brigade. t Eighty-second New York and Fifteenth Massachusetts. j.,ir .1 New York at Gettysburg. 59 reached Brown's Rhode Island Battery, which was posted in front of the angle in the stone wall on Cemetery Ridge. Charging gallantly up to and through the flaming guns of this artillery, some of these troops crossed the stone wall and reached the summit of Cemetery Ridge where, as General Wright states in his official report, they could look down on the farther side of the slope. But this part of the Union line was defended by the infantry of Hall's and Webb's Brigades, of the Second Corps, and the desperate valor of the Confederates availed them nothing. Wright made this advance without support on either flank. Perry's Brigade, on his right, had been checked half way across the field by the rally of the Excelsior Brigade, while on his left Posey's Brigade failed to move forward. Wright was unable to withstand the fierce onslaught of Hall and Webb, and with a despairing look for the assistance which was nowhere at hand, he ordered a retreat. It was another one of the many lost opportunities which made Confederate success impossible at Gettys- burg. Wright captured and had temporary possession of eighteen cannon, but was obliged to abandon them. Attacked on front and flank and in danger of being surrounded, the Georgians turned their faces to the rear, and in the gloom of the twilight cut their way out, and fought their way back to the Emmitsburg Road. So closely were they pressed that the brigade not only sustained a severe loss in falling back, but a large number of the men and several officers were taken prisoners. In this affair the Fifty-ninth New York, of Hall's Brigade, took an active part, capturing the flag of the Forty-eighth Georgia, but losing its com- mander, Lieut. Col. Max A. Thoman, who was killed. The captured flag was taken by Sergt. James Wiley. Prior to Gettysburg this regiment had been consolidated into a battalion of four companies, and it carried only 120 men into this action. On the left of the Union line, Crawford's Division, — Pennsylvania Reserves, Fifth Corps, — had gone into position on the northern slope of Little Round Top. Just before dark, McCandless' Brigade, of this division,, charged down the slope with cheers that were heard even in the distant streets of Gettys- burg, and drove the Confederates out of the valley of Plum Run and across into the woods around the Devil's Den and the Wheatfield. Fisher's Brigade, of the Reserves, moving to the left, ascended Big Round Top in support of the Twentieth Maine and Eighty-third Pennsylvania, which had already seized this point and driven out some of the enemy's skirmishers that occupied it. The Sixth Corps was massed, as a reserve, in rear of Crawford's Division, Fifth Corps. When McCandless' Brigade, of the latter division, made its advance at dusk it was supported by the heavy masses of the Sixth Corps in its immediate rear. Nevin's Brigade, of Wheaton's Division, Sixth Corps, formed on McCandless' right, where it became actively engaged and ren- dered efficient service at the close of the fighting on that ground. This brigade was commanded by Col. David J. Nevin, of the Sixty-second New York, a regiment which was in this brigade and was prominently engaged in this action. The Confederate attack had failed. The divisions of Hood, McLaws, and Anderson, with their powerful artillery support, had exhausted themselves in carrying an outer position, and were unable to make any farther advance. The line of the Union Army was still intact. The Third Corps, by interposing 6o New York at Gettysburg. itself in a strong position, had resisted an attack made by twice its numbers until the distant corps and divisions could march to that part of the field. But could it, alone and unassisted, have resisted a flank attack in its original posi- tion ? Longstreet says it could not. Without a change of front no efifective resistance would have been possible. The statement is frequently made that at the close of the battle on the second day the Union line on the left was established as Meade desired Sickles should occupy it in the morning, ignoring the fact that when the fighting ended that day the left was held by the Fifth and Sixth Corps, with two divisions of the First Corps — that is, by eight additional divisions as compared with two of the Third Corps — and that they remained there, occupying a much more extended front. When the fighting ended on the second day, the Union line included the two Round Tops and the Wheatfield, and ran thence through the woods in front of the J. Weikert House, to Cemetery Ridge, with a strong picket line on the Emmitsburg Road. All of the Union artillery which was lost during this fighting on the second day had been recaptured, except the three guns of Smith's Battery at the Devil's Den, and one of Thompson's Battery at the Peach Orchard. Bigelow's, Watson's, Turnbull's, and Weir's batteries were retaken, and that portion of the field between the Emmitsburg Road and Cemetery Ridge was held as at the beginning by the Union troops.* The Confederate brigades of Anderson's Division — Wilcox,s, Perry's, and Wright's — after their repulse retired to their original positions in the woods west of the Emmitsburg Road, from which they had started when they went into action. Some of Longstreet's troops clung to their lodgment at the Devil's Den, and held the line of the Emmitsburg Road at the Peach Orchard. But Lee would have occupied all this ground without resistance if the Third Corps had not seized these positions, compelling Longstreet to fight for hours to gain these points. And to the New York regiments in the Third Corps belongs a full share of the laurels won by that famous command on this bloody field. From 4 o'clock, when the attack commenced on Ward's Brigade, until nearly 8, when Hum- phreys' right was still fighting on the Emmitsburg Road, some part of the Third Corps, with New York regiments present, was still holding its line. In the prolonged, desperate resistance made by Ward's Brigade on the left, the regi- ments and batteries from the Empire State fought with a gallantry that was a fitting counterpart to the historic contest waged by the New York Brigade Vvfhich, on Culp's Hill, so nobly saved the right. General Lee's plan of battle provided for a general attack at all points of the line. His entire army was to engage in it, except Heth's Division, of Hill's Corps, — ^ which was massed in reserve, west of Willoughby Run, near the ground where it fought on the previous day, — and Pickett's Division, of Long- *" The brigade was rallied and moved forward, driving the enemy and capturing many prisoners. I continued to advance until I again occupied the field I had but a few moments previous vacated. Here my command remained until morning, the officers and men assisting in removing from the field as many of the wounded as the time and facilities would admit of." [From the official report of General Carr. Official Records, Vol. XXVII, Part I, p. 543. See also reports of Generals Anderson, Wilcox, and Wright, and Colonel Lang. Vol. XXVII, Part II.] New York at Gettysburg. 6i street's Corps, which was still on its way to Gettysburg. Commencing on the Confederate right the various brigades of Longstreet's and Hill's corps were to have moved forward to the attack in succession; but when this movement reached Posey's Brigade, of Anderson's Division, these troops made only a partial advance, while the next brigade — Mahone's — made no movement whatever. Pender's entire division, which was next in line, remained in place awaiting the order to advance, during which Genei-al Pender was mortally wounded by a fragment of a shell. The failure of Posey and Mahone to ad- vance, together with the inaction of Pender's Division, was an important in- cident in the battle. General Lane, who succeeded Pender, states that in assuming the command, he received orders from the fallen general to attack if a favorable opportunity presented. As Generals Lee, Hill, and Anderson were on that part of the field it may be assumed that, night having arrived with- out any definite success achieved, they declined to give the orders for a pro- longation of the doubtful conflict. Still, the Confederate line along the front of Pender's Division was not wholly inactive, for this interval was occupied by the artillery battalions of Lane, Pegram, Garnett, and Mcintosh, with fifty- three cannon in position and engaged. The shadows of evening were fast hiding the field from sight when the fight- ing on the left ceased. But away to the right the roar of artillery and crashing of musketry told that the great battle of the second day was not yet over. General Ewell who, with the Confederate Second Corps, held the left of Lee's army, had received orders trom the commanding general to delay his attack until he heard Longstreet's guns on his right. These orders were somewhat modified by subsequent instructions informing Ewell that the main attack was to be made by Longstreet's (First) Corps, and that when the opening guns of that fight were heard he should make a diversion in Longstreet's favor, " to be converted into a real attack if an opportunity offered." General Ewell accord- ingly placed his three divisions in readiness for an assault on the Union right and centre. He assigned to Johnson's Division, hitherto not engaged, the task of starming Gulp's Hill; to Early's Division the assault of East Cemetery Hill; and to Rodes' Division a co-operative attack on the west slope of Cemetery Hill, or centre of the Union line. At 4 o'clock General Johnson, hearing Longstreet's guns, ordered Major Latimer to open fire with his battalion of artillery. Latimer had posted fourteen guns on Benner's Hill, together with six twenty-pounder Parrotts, of Graham's and Raines' batteries, twenty guns in all. This elevation is opposite to and northeast of Gulp's Hill, from which it is separated by the narrow valley of Rock Creek. Latimer's fire was repHed to effectively by the Union batteries on Cemetery Hill. The Confederate artillery was silenced, but not until it had sustained a severe loss in men and material, Latimer, " the boy major," falling mortally wounded at the close of the affair. On the Union side. Cooper's Pennsylvania Battery suffered severely from its exposed position, and a concen- trated fire from other batteries besides its opponents on Benner's Hill. Reynolds' and Wiedrich's New York batteries, also, took a prominent and efficient part in this artillery duel. During this action Taft's Fifth New York Battery was stationed in the Cemetery, from whence four of its six guns were turned on Benner's Hill. This battery was equipped with twenty-pounder 62 IsIew York at Gettysburg. Parrotts, the heaviest guns and only ones of that pattern in Meade's artillery at Gettysburg. Some of the Twelfth Corps artillery took an active and eflective part in this affair also. A section from each of Knap's and Muhlenberg's Batteries went into position on Gulp's Hill during the contest. Their guns were posted at the angle in the Hne on the left of the Twelfth Corps, from which point they enfiladed the line of Confederate batteries on Benner's Hill, and contributed materially to silencing their fire. The sun had gone down when Johnson gave the order for his infantry to move to the attack of Cujp's Hill. He had with him the three brigades of Jones, Nicholls, and Steuart. His remaining brigade — Walker's — was detamea on the north side of Rock creek by the threatening presence of the Union cavalry, which had arrived on the field at noon. With the three brigades mentioned Johnson moved out from his resting place behind Benner's Hill and the Hanover Road, and at dusk crossed Rock Creek. Driving the skirmishers of the Twelfth Corps through the forest, his troops pressed forward eagerly to the assault of the wooded height before them. Within the breastworks which outlined the summit of Gulp's Hill there was just at this time a peculiar state of affairs. The entire Twelfth Corps, except one brigade, had gone, leaving their breastworks empty and undefended, except the portion held by this one brigade. When General Longstreet opened his attack on the Union left. General Meade ordered the Fifth and Sixth Corps thither, together with two divisions of the First Cbrps. In addition to these large reinforcements he ordered Gen- eral Slocum to take the Twelfth Corps also to the left. General Meade's extreme solicitude for the safety of his right flank, as evinced by his orders in the morning, contrasted strongly with his haste to strip it almost entirely of troops in the evening, especially as the enemy had not moved a regiment from that front during the day. Slocum protested so vigorously against abandoning Gulp's Hill that General Meade consented that one brigade of Geary's Division might remain, an extremely fortunate concession. This movement of the Twelfth Corps to the left was a grave error, as will appear later; especially, as the Sixth Corps, which had not been engaged, was already on the ground, in reserve, and was available for the same purpose. General Ruger's Division,* obedient to orders, filed out of its works about 7 o'clock and marched to the scene of the fighting on the left. Geary, with two of his brigades, followed, but mistaking the road marched in the direction of Two Taverns instead of Round Tops, and halted just beyond Rock Creek Bridge. These troops had scarcely vacated their works on Gulp's Hill when Johnson's Division moved forward to the attack. The one brigade of the Twelfth Corps which had been left was a New York brigade commanded by Gen. George S. Greene, and was composed of the Sixtieth, Seventy-eighth, One hundred and second. One hundred and thirty- seventh, and One hundred and forty-ninth New York Infantry. Upon them devolved the task hitherto assigned to a corps. The left of their line connected with Cutler's Brigade, of Wadsworth's Division, First Corps, which held the intrenchments on the western slope of the hill. On Greene's right were the empty breastworks which had been vacated by the Twelfth Corps. Greene had * Williams' Division. General Williams was in command of the Twelfth Corps, General Slocum being in command of the right wing. New York at GEXTYsmjRG. 63 received orders to reoccupy these entire works with his brigade, by thinning and lengthening his line. The One hundred and thirty-seventh New York, Col. David Ireland, moved accordingly into the adjoining works, which had been vacated by Kane's Brigade of Geary's Division, and formed in single line, " one man deep ; " but before any further movement could be made, Johnson's attack commenced along the entire front. From behind their works Greene's men delivered a deadly fire that forced their assailants to seek safety in the woods at the base of the hill. The Con- federates made repeated efforts to carry the works, but without success. Night- fall added to the gloom of the thick forest that covered the hill from its base to the breastworks on its summit, in which the blazing lines of musketry marked the position of the combatants. Jones' Virginia Brigade, on the right of Johnson's line, sufifered some, also, from an oblique fire which was delivered by a regiment of Cutler's Brigade from its position on Greene's left. The left of Johnson's line was held by Steuart's Brigade, which, overlapping Greene's right, entered the empty breastworks of Ruger's Division and occupied them without Qpposition. From this vantage ground Steuart delivered a flank fire that, combined with his attack in front, forced the One hundred and thirty- seventh New York to vacate the intrenchments of Kane's Brigade. But this regiment withdrew its right to the rear, and, in the darkness, formed a line perpendicular to the breastworks which it had been occupying. When Johnson's attack commenced, Greene sem for reinforcements. In re- sponse to his call for aid three regiments from Cutler's Brigade, numbering in all about 350 men, and four from von Amsberg's Brigade (Eleventh Corps), about 475 men, reported and rendered good service in assisting his command. Among these regiments that came to Greene's support were the Fourteenth Brooklyn and One hundred and forty-seventh New York, of which but a mere remnant remained from their desperate fighting on the first day; also, the Forty-fifth and One hundred and fifty-seventh New York, which marched for half a mile through the complete darkness of the woods guided by the sound of the musketry. Neither side could use artillery in this contest. The sturdy defence of Gulp's Hill by Greene's New York Brigade, after the rest of the corps had gone, forms one of the most remarkable achievements of the day. The Sixtieth New York, Col. Abel Godard, captured two stands of colors ; and some of the men, leaping the breastworks, took several of the enemy prisoners with their flags. Colonel Lane of the One hundred and second was wounded, after which the command devolved on Capt. Lewis R. Stegman. The heaviest loss fell on the One hundred and thirty-seventh, which, owing to its exposed flank, suffered severely, losing 137 of its number, including four officers who were killed. The flag of the One hundred and forty-ninth received eighty-one bullets through its folds, and seven in its staff, the color sergeant splicing it and replacing it on the works as fast as it fell. A Confederate soldier who attempted to seize it fell riddled with bullets. The Seventy-eighth, under Lieutenant Colonel von Hammerstein, was deployed on the skirmish line at the foot of the hill, where its sturdy resistance to Johnson's advance gave General Greene time to prepare for the impending assault. The five regiments of the brigade numbered only 1,350, total strength. 64 New York at Gettysburg. It was after midnight when Johnson's troops, wearied with their repeated assaults in the darkness, abandoned their task until daylight. When the fight- ing ceased Greene still held his original line, while on his right the Confederates were in possession of the intrenchments thrown up by Kane's Brigade and, farther on, the works of Ruger's Division. There was nothing to prevent Steuart's Confederate Brigade marching straight ahead through the woods to the Baltimore Pike, about 400 yards distant, where it would have been in the rear of the Union Army, in possession of its supply trains and reserve artillery, and on its proper line of retreat. While this fighting was in progress at Gulp's Hill, a desperate conflict was occurring on the eastern slope of Cemetery Hill. Early's Division, of Ewell's Corps, had been in position all day on the east side of the town, on the left of the main street and near the foot of the hill. It comprised the two brigades of Hays and Hoke. Gordon's Brigade, which during the day had been posted on the York Road, moved into town and took a position in support. Early's remain- ing brigade — Smith's — was held on the York Road, under Gen. J. E. B. Stuart, to protect that flank against the threatened advance of the Union cavalry. General Ewell directed Rodes to form his division on the south side of the town, facing the west front of Cemetery Hill, and instructed him to co-operate with Early in the assault as soon as an opportunity to do so with good effect was offered. It was just before dusk when the sound of Johnson's musketry announced that the attack on Gulp's Hill had commenced. Early then gave the order for his two brigades to advance. Hays' Brigade was composed of five Louisiana regiments which v,^ore a semi- zouave uniform and flourished under the appalling synonym of the Louisiana Tigers. Hoke's Brigade, composed of North Carolinians, had only three of its regiments at Gettysburg. It was commanded by Col. I. E. Avery, General Hoke having been wounded at Chancellorsville. The official reports indicate that it was about 8 o'clock when these two brigades advanced. They had but a short distance to go — about 500 yards — to reach the Union intrenchments at the base of East Cemetery Hill. Their line of advance took them up the valley between Cemetery Hill and Gulp's Hill. Both brigades were deployed in one long line of regimental fronts, and as soon as they moved forward the Union batteries opened on them. The artillery fire did not check them, and they soon reached the base of the hill, the opposing skirmishers retreating rapidly before them. A fine of stone walls and fences that ran around the base of the hill was occupied by Ames' Division of the Eleventh Corps, which delivered a musketry fire at short range as soon as Early's line came in sight. The Confederates dis- lodged most of these troops, and rushing over their works scaled the summit of East Cemetery Hill. As they swept rapidly up the slope with loud yells of triumph, the batteries on the crest of the hill opened on them with canister; but, owing to the darkness and smoke, or inability to depress the guns suffi- ciently, the assaulting column suffered but little from this fire. The left flank of Hoke's Brigade was exposed for a short time to a severe canister fire from Stevens' (Fifth Maine) Battery, which was posted on the west slope of Gulp's Hill, at the head of the valley up which the Confederates advanced. Still, the right of the assaulting column, protected by the contour of the hill, pushed New York at Gettysburg. 65 rapidly on and arriving at the first, or lower, line of batteries, rushed in among Wiedrich's and Ricketts' guns. Colonel Wainwright, chief or artillery, First Corps, had instructed his bat- tery officers that in case of an assault they must not stop to limber up, but must serve their pieces to the last moment. As the yeUing Confederates rushed into these batteries the cannoneers, assisted by the drivers, defended their guns in a desperate hand-to-hand conflict, in which rammers, handspikes, and every weapon at hand were used. The attack was so sudden and the view so much obscured by darkness and smoke, that for awhile the batterymen fought among their guns with but little assistance from the infantry. From out the darkness could be heard the fitful shots of pistols and rifles mingled with the desperate cries and curses of the combatants. A Confederate lieutenant seized the guidon of Ricketts' Battery, but the color bearer drawing his revolver shot the lieutenant dead and then fell lifeless beside him. A line officer of the Tigers, laying his hand on a cannon, demanded its surrender, when one of the gunners in reply crushed his skull with a blow from a handspike. One of Ricketts' lieutenants saved the life of a sergeant by felling his assailant to the ground with a stone which he picked up, without waiting to draw his sabre. A regimental commandant in Hoke's Brigad'e states in his official report that the fight was made with " bayonet, clubbed musket, sword, and pistol, and rocks from the wall ; "and that among the cannon the dead were lying " most all with bayonet wounds, and many with skulls broken with the breeches of our guns." Wiedrich's Battery, on Ricketts' left, was reached by the enemy first. As one of the Tigers planted his regimental colors on a lunette at the first section he was knocked down with a handspike and his flag captured. For a while this battery was in possession of Hays' Brigade. There was close fighting also by the infantry on the extreme left of Ames' line, at the point held by the One hundred and seventh Ohio, where with sabres and revolvers regimental colors were captured and recaptured on both sides. But this state of afifairs could not last long. In the rear of the batteries lay the infantry of the Eleventh Corps, with three divisions of the First and Second Corps near at hand. Early's two brigades on reaching their goal found them- selves alone and unsupported. The troops that, moving with them, were to have scaled the western slope and joined them on the crest of Cemetery Hill were nowhere to be seen or found. The heavy tread of approaching regiments could be heard in the darkness, and General Hays, thinking that the converg- ing column of Confederates was about to join him, ordered his brigade to with- hold their fire. But the approaching troops were enemies, not friends. From all sides the infantry of the Eleventh Corps rushed impetuously to the assistance of the artillery. Coster's Brigade, of Steinwehr's Division, regained possession of Wiedrich's guns. The Fifty-eighth and One hundred and nine- teenth New York, of Schurz's Division, accompanied by General Schurz per- sonally, left their place in the Cemetery and hastened to Wiedrich's relief. In the meantime. General Flancock had been listening attentively to the sound of the " heavy engagement on General Howard's front ; " and noticing that the firing was coming " nearer and nearer,"* directed Carroll's Brigade to hasten to that point and report to General Howard at once. Carroll's Brigade was in * General Hancock's report 66 New York at Gettysburg. position in front of the Taneytown Road, less than half a mile from the Balti- more Pike where the fight was going on. Taking three regiments of his brigade — the Fourth Ohio, Seventh West Virginia, and Fourteenth Indiana — Carroll moved through the Cemetery and advancing on Hays' Louisiana Brig- ade with fixed bayonets drove it out of the batteries, down the hill, and over the stone wall. Hoke's North Carolina Brigade, which had suffered severely from the artillery fire of Reynolds' (New York) Battery, fell back also. Colonel Avery, of the Sixth North Carolina, who commanded this brigade, was mortally wounded. While dying he wrote on a blood stained sHp of paper a request that someone would tell his father that he died with his face to the enemy. The Confederates halted near the foot of the hill and exchanged a few volleys with Carroll's men, after which they withdrew under cover of the darkness. The eight regiments of Hays' and Hoke's brigades carried about 2,400 officers and men into the assault. They sustained a loss of 39 killed, 246 wounded, and 149 missing; total, 434.* Most of the missing were either killed or wounded. General Hays states in his official report that on arriving at the summit, in addi- tion to the temporary possession of several cannon, his men captured four stands of colors. But the Confederates lost some flags also. The attack commenced at 8 p. m.; the firing ceased at 10:20 p. m. During this assault by Early's two brigades, his remaining brigade — Gordon's — was deployed within rifle shot of Cemetery Hill. On the opposite side of the hill, in the fields near its base, Rodes' Division was also in line, under orders to co-operate with Early and Johnson. Biit neither Gordon or Rodes gave the order to advance. Gordon's instructions did not require him to move forward with Hays and Avery, as he was to support them; and when it became evident that Rodes' Division would not move Early " halted " Gordon, because any further attempt would only add to the useless sacrifice of life. General Rodes' delay seems harder to understand; for, as he states, he first " sought General Early, with a view of making an attack in concert with hira.'"f Rodes then informed General Lane — commanding Pender's Division — of the plan, and that he, Rodes, would attack " just at dark." General Lane sent for- ward two brigades accordingly to protect the flank of Rodes' Division. Rodes states that he had to move his troops out of the town by the flank, change direction of the line of battle, and then traverse a distance of 1,200 yards, while * Mr. S. P. Bates, in his " Battle of Gettysburg,'' says of the Louisiana Brigade: " They came forward 1,700 strong, maddened with liquor, and confident of crushing in our line, and holding this commanding position. They went back barely 600, and the Tigers were never afterwards known as an organization." This statement has been so widely quoted, that it may be well to note here that the losses in Hays' Louisiana Brigade were 26 killed, 153 wounded, and 55 missing; total, 234. Its " organization '' was not destroyed; this brigade, under its old designation, fought in every succeeding battle, and was included in the roster of Lee's army at Appomattox. There should be no question as to the figures for its losses at Gettysburg. Its casualties are given, in General Early's official report, for each day separately, and for each regi- ment by itself, with an evident attention to detail that implies accuracy. The intimation that the gallantry of the Confederates was due to whiskey is as absurd as the gross exaggeration of the casualties. t Rodes' report. 'J\Ew York at Gettysburg. 67 Early had to move only half that distance without change of front; and that, as z result, before he could drive in the opposing skirmish line Early had attacked and withdrawn. The tactical movements at Gettysburg will always furnish a fruitful theme for speculation. Possibilities and probabilities will suggest themselves. The ques- tion will always arise, — what if the converging columns of Rodes and Early had met at the Baltimore Pike on Cemetery Hill when at the same time Johnson, close at hand, was filing into the vacant breastworks of the Twelfth Corps? But, too much stress cannot well be laid upon this matter of a lost opportunity without doing injustice to the men who so gallantly and successfully defended Cemetery Hill at this critical juncture. Soon after the battle on the left had ceased the Twelfth Corps was ordered to return to its position on Gulp's Hill. It was past midnight when the tired and wearied troops had all returned. Ruger's Division arrived first. With creditable caution General Ruger ordered skirmishers thrown forward to ascer- tain whether the enemy held any part of the breastworks. The presence of the Confederates in the works was soon discovered. At Spangler's Spring some of Ruger's men, under cover of the darkness, filled their canteens in company with the Confederates who thronged that spot for water and answered unsuspectingly the customary questions as to their respective regiments. The works on the extreme right of the line, which were separated from the southeast base of Gulp's Hill by an open swale, were unoccupied by the enemy, and so a part of Ruger's troops resumed possession of that part of the line. Geary's two brigades — Kane's and Candy's — returned, also, soon after Ruger's arrival. On entering the woods Kane's advance encountered a brisk fire which was, at first, supposed to come from Greene's command. Without returning the fire Geary formed his line in silence and secrecy at right angles to Greene's and extending from Greene's right to the Baltimore Pike. Kane's Brigade connected with Greene and relieved the One hundred and thirty-seventh New York which had been holding the refused part of the line. Ruger formed his three brigades in two lines, in the open fields between the Baltimore Pike and his breastworks. By midnight safety was restored, and Johnson's oppor- tunity to seize the Baltimore Pike was gone. General Williams placed twenty- six cannon in position behind his infantry, within 600 to 800 yards of the woods which Johnson's troops were occupying, and tlien gave orders to attack at day- break. During the day three brigades of Stuart's Cavalry rejoined Lee's Army. They had been absent on a raid, and General Lee had been without their ser- vices during all the time that he was north of the Potomac. Stuart arrived at Carlisle, Pa., with his troops, only to find that Ewell had gone to Gettysburg. Pushing on to the latter place his advance brigade, under General Hampton, reached the battlefield on the second day and took position on the Confeder- ate, left, near Hunterstown, about four miles northeast of Gettysburg. At evening Hampton had a spirited engagement here with Custer's Michigan Brigade, of Kilpatrick's cavalry. The afifair was of short duration, with com- paratively few casualties, after which Kilpatrick's Division resumed its march to Two Taverns. Late in the evening of the second day and before the night fighting had 68 New York at Gettysburg entirely ceased, General Meade summoned his corps commanders to attend a council of war at his headquarters on the Taneytown Road. The written ques- tion was then submitted whether the army should remain in its position at Gettysburg, or retire to some line nearer its base of supplies. The council decided unanimously to hold the position and, as expressed by General Slocum, to " Stay and fight it out." The question whether the army should act on the ofifensive or defensive was also submitted; and the verdict was to await the attack of the enemy. The result of the day's fighting was satisfactory. The Army of the Potomac had been "hammered into a good position."* In the opposite camp the Confederate commander was making plans and issuing orders for the morrow. While he had not won a victory on the second day he deemed that some important advantages had been gained. On his left he was in possession of a part of the works on Gulp's Hill. On his right he held the Peach Orchard, which, in connection with Seminary Ridge, would give his artillery desirable and commanding positions. He had efifected a lodgment at the Devil's Den, in close proximity to the main line of his opponent His advance had at one time pierced the enemy's centre on Cemetery Ridge, while two unsupported brigades had with little difficulty overrun Cemetery Hill itself He, too, would stay and fight it out, and before laying himself down for the short sleep of the chieftain he gave his orders accordingly THE THIRD DAY. Friday, July 3, 1863, Promptly at daybreak,! before the gray light of early mornine had fairlv d splaced the shadows of the night, the artillery of the Twelfth cfrpsooened fheV°"ari.°s SnS"-"^' '"' ^'^ ^\^^P'"^ ^^^^^^ ^^ ^oth armies 'sprang o teitilt^^^^^^^^^^ unable to bring any with him owing to the hSs v.lt^« I ^" ^^ "^^^ streams over which he oassed R, ffi,! .-fi I' ^^"^y^' woods, rocks and the infantry atTack of th'e Twelfth Corn. wJ ^'' I^^' ^^'^ ^ preliminary to opened fir J and advanced aTtl^^samTZe'^'l^" '°"°"^^- J^^^^^^ simultaneously. ^ ^™^' ^°^^ ^'^^^ assuming the ofifensive lin?"oftL'HaltVtTanTr"^^^^^^^ of Virginians, had been oiially Tsio-nated asX Sto'^'^fr'^; ^°"^P°^^^ of " Stonewall " Jackson its original com n?."! ?^°"^wall Brigade in honor division in hand. He w^s furthf^reinforH i ^°^"'°" "°^ ^'^^ ^is entire and O'Neal's brigaderof Rod/s' Di!Sion an'J^''' 'l' '"^'""'"^' ^^ Daniel's Division. The StLewall BrigadUas Xe'd on .^ , , ? ^"^'^" °^ Early's Smith's Brigade formed on tfe lef7al?o Tn n " ^ ^ ' '1 'u^PP^''* °^ Steuart. *Maj..Gen. John Newton; North American Review + General Geary says that the artillery opened at 3:30 a. m. New York at Gettysburg. 69 it from the Union troops of Colgrove's Brigade. Daniel and O'Neal were placed further to the right in support of Jones and Nicholls. The front line consisted of three deployed brigades. Johnson now had seven brigades, two of which — Walker's and Smith's — had not been engaged hitherto. Opposed to him were the six brigades of thp Twelfth' Corps, and Shaler's Brigade, of the Sixth Corps, which reinforced Geary at 8:45 a. m. Also, the seven small regiments from the First and Eleventh Corps, which remained during the night and rendered efficient aid in the morning. They were relieved by Lockwood's Brigade of Ruger's Division, upon which they returned to their respective commands. Johnson's combined forces numbered about 9,600; those opposed to him about 11,200, all told. This infantry attack of the Twelfth Corps to regain possession of its in- trenchments commenced at daylight, soon after the artillery opened, and was made by the three brigades of Geary's Division, supported by a strong demon- stration on the part of Ruger's artillery and infantry. One of Geary's brigades — Greene's — as has been shown, had not lost possession of its works, and joined in the fierce musketry fire that ensued. Johnson made a counter- attack at the same time, with the intention of driving his assailants back and gaining possession of the Baltimore Pike. The firing was close and deadly, while the echoing of the woods increased the appalling roar. At 7 a. m., Lockwood's Brigade, of Ruger's Division, was sent to Geary's support. The One hundred and fiftieth New York of this brigade fired 150 rounds per man, the large number of dead in their front attesting the accuracy of their fire. Johnson's troops, unable to gain ground, redoubled their efforts, upon which, in answer to Geary's call for aid, Shaler's Brigade, of the Sixth Corps, came to his assistance. Shaler formed in column by regiments with the One hundred and twenty-second New York, Col. Silas Titus, at the head. This regiment relieved one of Kane's, and immediately became engaged. Two other New York regiments of Shaler's Brigade — the Sixty-fifth and Sixty- seventh — rendered valuable support during the action. At the same time, Ruger's Division, on the right of the Twelfth Corps, was pressing Johnson's troops actively and preventing them from turning Geary's right. Ruger's artillery, firing over the heads of his own men, forced the enerny to keep well within the cover of the stolen intrenchments, while every attempt to advance was checked by the effective musketry of some regiments of McDougall's Brigade. There were two New York regiments in the latter command — the One hundred and twenty-third, Lieut. Col. James C. Rogers, and the One hundred and forty-fifth. Col. E. L. Price, both of which partici- pated in the fight for the recovery of their works. In the former, Capt. Nor- man Fox Weer fell mortally wounded by a bullet from a sharpshooter. Colgrove's Brigade, of Ruger's Division, held the extreme right of the Union line, occupying the works, beyond the swale, which Johnson's troops, in the darkness of the previous night, failed to occupy. The One hundred and seventh New York, Col. N. M. Crane, was placed by General Ruger at the head of the swale where its fire would prevent Johnson from extending his flank in that direction, while Colgrove's other regiments formed a line on the south side of this narrow valley and opposite Johnson's left flank. During the course of the fighting Colgrove made an attempt with two regiments to effect a lodgment on 70 New York at Gettysburg. the opposite side of the valley, and ordered the Second Massachusetts and Twenty-seventh Indiana to advance for that purpose. These two veteran regi- ments moved forward on a double-quick in face of a terrible musketry. The Second Massachusetts secured a position in the opposite woods where for awhile it delivered an effective fire; but the Twenty-seventh Indiana, advancing ob- liquely across the swale in accordance with orders, encountered a strong force, posted in the captured breastworks, which hitherto had remained concealed in the woods. The Twenty-seventh was obliged to fall back. Both regiments suffered severely, while crossing, and Colgrove recalled the Second Massa- chusetts also. The Confederates attempted to follow, but met such a hot fire from the remainder of the brigade that they fell back to cover. These two regiments together carried 659 officers and men into this action, of whom 246 were killed or wounded within a few minutes. They encountered troops belonging to Walker's and Smith's Virginia brigades, the Forty-ninth \"irginia losing two-fifths of its numbers in the affair. Before making the charge it was apparent to every officer and man in the two Union regiments that some one had blundered, and that there was some error or misunderstanding in the transmission of the order. Still, both regiments moved forward with cheers as promptly as if they were certain of success. When Colonel Mudge, of the Second Massachusetts, received the word he remarked to some of his officers, " It is murder; but it is the order." He fell dead before he had gone ten rods. The Second lost five color bearers in the charge. During the morning Colgrove's regiments were annoyed by some Con- federate sharpshooters who occupied the Taney house, on the opposite side of Rock Creek. Battery M, First New York Light Artillery, which was in action near the Baltimore Pike, trained one of its rifled guns on the house. With a few well-aimed /percussion shells it soon made the building untenable, killing and W'Ounding some of the videttes who occupied it. About 10 o'clock Johnson made a strong, determined attack, led by Steuart's Brigade. It was repulsed, mainly by Kane's Brigade, under Col. George A. Cobham, a small command numbering about 690, all told, but advantageously placed. The Stonewall Brigade recoiled also from the sheets of deadly flame that blazed from Greene's breastworks, many of the men displaying signals of surrender and crawling into the works to escape the terrible, pitiless fire. The Sixtieth New York captured two flags from this brigade. Greene's intrench- ments at this time were occupied by Candy's (Union) Brigade, and in front of the Seventh Ohio, seventy-eight of the enemy, including seven officers, ad- vanced and surrendered. Maj. B. W. Leigh, General Johnson's chief of staff and adjutant general, endeavored gallantly to stop this surrender and to rally his men, but he fell dead a short distance in front of the rifles of the Seventh Ohio. The men of Geary's Division, who, during all these hours, had been bravely fighting and watching for the proper opportunity, noted eagerly the failure of this last assault, and springing forward with loud cheers followed up their ad- vantage. The whole line pushed ahead and drove the Confederates out of the lost works. The " red stars "* of Ruger's Division swept forward at the same time, and McDougall's Brigade recovered the line of intrenchments in its front * The badge of the Twelfth Corps was a flannel star worn on the men's caps — red for the First Division and white for the Second. %4-^^^^a\ New York at Gettysburg. 71 which its men had labored so industriously to build, but which had sheltered the enemy instead of themselves. At 11 a. m., the Twelfth Corps was in full posses- sion of its original line. Johnson's troops withdrew to Rock Creek, leaving a strong picket line in their front. It was a remarkable fight. For seven hours the unremitting roar of the rifles continued along the front of the Twelfth Corps, varied at times by heavier crashes where some fresh regiment relieving another opened with a full volley. As fast as regiments expended their ammunition they were relieved, went to the rear, cleaned their rifles, refilled their cartridge boxes, and then with loud cheers resumed their place in line. It was the longest continuous fight of any made at Gettysburg. General Meade after listening to the incessant musketry around Gulp's Hill thought that Geary was expending ammunition unnecessarily, and notified General Slocum to that eflfect. Meade, however, expressed satisfaction when Slocum explained the situation. Some of Geary's regiments fired 160 rounds. There were 3,702 enlisted men of this division present on the field; they expended in the fight of July 3d, 277,000 rounds of ammunition. But the best evidence that there was no waste of ammtmition was the ground itself when the fight was over. At no place on the field of Gettysburg did the dead lie thicker than on the ground in front of Geary's Division. Johnson sustained a loss of 2,015, not including the casualties in Daniel's and O'Neal's brigades. These two commands lost 1,612 at Gettysburg; but they were en- gaged in the battle of the first day, also, and the casualties are not reported separately. In rem.arkable contrast are the comparatively small losses of the Twelfth Corps, whose casualties are reported at 1,156, of which seventy-four occurred in Shaler's Brigade. And the Twelfth Corps was the attacking line, aside from Greene's position. But this corps had in previous battles — at Cedar Mountain, Antietam, and Chancellorsville — gone on record as inflicting a greater loss than it received. The effect of the musketry on the forest was visible for many years in the dead and dying trees, few of which survived the countless scars received during this storm of bullets and cannon shots. In this fight on Gulp's Hill the First Maryland Infantry of Steuart's Brigade fought with the First Maryland of Lockwood's Brigade. Kinsmen and neigh- bors were arrayed against each other, and their mingled dead strewed the ground thickly where this bloody scene of civil war was enacted. While the battle was progressing on the right, during the morning of the 3d, Neill's Brigade, of the Sixth Corps, was ordered by General Slocum to cross Rock Creek and drive back Johnson's skirmishers who had extended his flank in that direction. General Neill's regiments, passing around the extreme right of the Union army, crossed the creek, and forming line pushed through the woods, driving the enemy's pickets before them. In this affair Capt. William H. Gilfillan, of the Forty-third New York, was killed. The Forty-ninth and Thirty- third New York* were also engaged, but with comparatively slight loss. The * The Thirty-third New York was a two-years' regiment which was mustered out June 2, 1863 — before the battle of Gettysburg. A small detachment of three-years' men that remained in the field were attached to the Forty-ninth New York, and on October I, 1863, were permanently transferred to that regiment. 72 New York at Gettysburg. Seventy-seventh New York, of this brigade, was stationed in the meanwhile near Slocum's Headquarters on Powers' Hill, in support of the Twelfth Corps Artillery, part of which under Colonel Best, chief of artillery, was massed on that elevation. During the morning and forenoon of the 3d everything was quiet on the left and centre of the Union line. The soldiers rested idly in their places listening to the sullen roar of the determined and persistent conflict at Culp's Hill. A few troops moved into postion, but the front remained about the same as when the fighting ceased on the evening of the day before. Caldwell's Division re- sumed its place on the left of the Second Corps, a little to the left of its original line, and busied itself during the forenoon in throwing up intrenchments. The three divisions of the First Corps occupied disconnected positions : Wads- worth remained on the west front of Culp's Hill ; Robinson was placed between the Eleventh and Second Corps ; while Doubleday held an advanced position in the line of the Second Corps between Gibbon and Caldwell. The Fifth Corps held an intrenched line connecting both Round Tops, which rendered the left impregnable. The Third Corps had reformed its thinned ranks and was massed in columns of regiments in rear of Hancock's left. The Sixth Corps occupied various places in reserve on the left and in rear of Round Top. The Confederates held the Peach Orchard and Devil's Den, the brigades of Law and Robertson occupying an advanced position beyond Plum Run and near the base of Big Round Top. As the morning wore away there was some firing at times on the skirmish line, and the batteries on either side fired occasional shots to ascertain the range at various points. During the forenoon an affair occurred in- front of Hays' Division, of the Second Corps, in which some troops from Smyth's Brigade advanced to the buildings on the Bliss farm, situated midway be- tween the lines, drove out the sharpshooters, who occupied the house and barn in force, set fire to the buildings, and then returned to their place in line. This sudden and successful sortie provoked a heavy artillery fire on that part of the field; but it soon died out and all was quiet again. Whatever plan General Lee may have formed for the third, day, it was impossible now to make any combined attack in which his left and right could co-operate. General Slocum's attack at daybreak had already determined the course of affairs on that part of the field. In fact, Ewell had received orders to resume the offensive at the same time. If Lee wished to continue the battle he must attack the Union left or centre. The Round Tops offered no induce- ments for an assault. Encouraged by the success of Wright's Brigade in piercing the Union line on Cemetery Ridge the evening before, Lee selected the same point as the place for an attack to be made by a strong column with ample supports. ^ General Longstreet, to whom this movement was intrusted, endeavored to dissuade his chief from any further offensive operations. He again uro-ed that Lee should move his army around Meade's left flank, and by passin<^to the south of Round Top force him to vacate his strong position at Gettysburg. Such a movement would threaten Meade's communications with Washino-ton and Baltimore, and he would be forced to either fall back to Pipe Creek or as Longstreet argued, attack Lee in a position of his own choosing. But the New York at Gettysburg. 73 Confederate general listened to his lieutenant only with impatience and irrita- tion. He was bent on making another attack, and would listen to no sug- gestion to the contrary. Considerable time was consumed in the preparations; but as it was impos- sible for Longstreet to organize any important movement in co-operation with Ewell, whose troops had already been engaged since daylight, nothing was lost by the delay. Moreover, Pickett's Division, whose troops had not been engaged and were necessary to the plan, did not arrive on the field until after 8 in the morning. They made a forced march from Chambersburg on the 2d, and had bivouacked some distance from Gettysburg. The troops selected by General Lee for the assault were Pickett's Division of Virginians, of Longstreet's Corps, and Heth's Division, of Hill's Corps. Heth having been wounded on the ist, his division was under the command of General Pettigrew. In support of these two divisions, Wilcox's and Perry's brigades, of Anderson's Division, were to advance in support of Pickett's right, while the left of Pettigrew's Division was to be supported by the brigades of Lane and Scales, of Pender's Division; under command of General Trimble. The attackingforce, as thus constituted, contained eleven brigades, numbering about 14,300 men, most of these brigades having been reduced in strength greatly by the fighting of the two previous days. Of these eleven brigades, eight be- longed to Hill's Corps; and it does not appear why the movement was put in charge of Longstreet, unless it was on account of the confidence which Gen- eral Lee had in his ability. The first plan was to have McLaws and Hood support Pickett; but the position in their front could not be attacked with success, and to have drawn them away to the left in support of Pickett would have necessitated the abandonment of the ground which had cost them so dearly the day before. Longstreet had no confidence in the success of the assault, and while dis- cussing the plan with General Lee expressed an opinion " that the 15,000 men who could make a successful assault over that field had never been arrayed for battle."* As it was ordered that a strong cannonade should precede the infantry move- ment, Longstreet formed the line of the attacking forces behind his artillery, Pickett's Division, on the right, in the depression behind the Emmitsburg Road, and the others in the woods in rear of Seminary Ridge, where they were con- cealed from view and were well protected from artillery fire. Pickett's Division was designated as the column of direction, and Pettigrew was instructed that the movement of his division must conform to that of Pickett. The place on Cemetery Ridge selected by General Lee for delivering the assault embraced that part of the Union line held by the Second Corps, a small copse of trees in front of Gibbon's Division being pointed out to Pickett as the object of direction. General Lee ordered a strong cannonade from his entire line as a preliminary to the attack, hoping to demoralize the opposing infantry, and to so exhaust the ammunition and batteries of the enemy that the Confederate infantry could cross the open space of 1,500 yards or more without suffering too much * Longstreet's Memoirs; Lippincott Co. Philadelphia. 1896. 74 New York at Gettysburg. from artillery. In accordance with this plan Colonel Alexander,* of Longstrect's Corps, placed a line of batteries along or near the Emmitsburg Road, forming one grand battery of seventy-five guns, all placed so as to command the ridge from Cemetery Hill to Round Top. On Alexander's left and along Seminary Ridge a line of batteries was formed, containing sixty-three guns, belonging to Hill's Corps, under command of Colonel Walker. On Walker's extreme left, at Oak Hill, were two Whitworth guns with a range exceeding any other piece of artillery on the field. This long line of batteries contained 138 guns of field artillery, of various patterns and calibres, but mostly three-inch rifles and twelve-pounder Napoleons. The latter were brass, smooth bores, with a calibre of four and one-half inches. The line included also six twenty-pounder rifled Parrotts, two Whitworths, and four twenty-four-pounder howitzers. To meet this impending storm General Hunt disposed his artillery along Cemetery Ridge as best he could in view of his much shorter line. Being on an inner concentric line it would be impossible to place as many pieces of artillery in position as his opponent had posted along the outer circle. In front of Cald- well's Division, Second Corps, forty-one guns of the Reserve Artillery, under Colonel McGilvery, were closely arranged. In this line were placed Ames' and Hart's New York batteries, both of which belonged to the Reserve Artillery. Each of these batteries had won distinction in the fighting on the previous day at the Peach Orchard. Farther to the right, in front of Gibbon and Hays, was the artillery of the Second Corps, under command of Captain Hazzard, chief of the corps artil- lery. On Cemetery Hill some of the batteries of the Eleventh and First Corps were brought to bear on the fields along the Emmitsburg Road, while from the summit of Little Round Top Hazlett's three-inch rifles could enfilade the entire field in front of Cemetery Ridge. Cowan's First New York Battery, and Rorty's New York Battery (B, First Light Artillery) were placed near the centre of the Second Corps. Along Cemetery Ridge, within one mile. Gen- eral Hunt had thus placed seventy-seven pieces of artillery, not including those on Cemetery Hill and Little Round Top. The Confederate cannon were all in position by noon, and the imposing display of artillery, covering the entire front of the Army of Northern Vir- ginia, was plainly visible from the Union line, only 1,600 yards distant. An- other hour was consumed in minor preparations, during which no sound of conflict broke the portentous silence. The smoky air was hot with noontide heat, while over the intervening valley hung a murky haze like that of Indian summer. No sounds were heard except some distant picket shot, some sharp word of command, the clank of harness, or clucking noise of artillery wheels as some battery took position. Through the still air came the sound of insect life, and the farmer boys lying along the lines heard, with homesick ears, the hum of bees. On either side the soldiers awaited the outburst with calm determination, gripping tighter the trusty rifles on whose work the issue must finally depend. At exactly i o'clock a stream of white smoke shot out from a cannon on the Emmitsburg Road near the Rogers House, followed quickly by a second one. * Colonel Alexander's duties on this occasion were of a special character; Col. J. B. Walton was chief of artillery for Longstrect's Corps. New York at Gettysbukg. 75 They were the two signal guns fired by the Washington Artillery for which all the batteries were waiting. The signal was followed instantly by the open- ing of the entire line of Confederate artillery of 138 pieces, and Seminary Ridge was soon hidden by the dense clouds of smoke, through which the flashes of the guns marked their position. Some of the batteries, in accordance with their instructions, fired by volley. The eighty guns or more on Cemetery Ridge withheld their fire a few minutes, and then opened with a fierce reply. Over 220 guns were soon in action. Since the battle of Cressy so many cannon had never been engaged at once on any battlefield of the world. It was an epoch in the annals of war. The sound was terrific. No soldier had heard its like before. In addition to the roar of the guns there was the sharp detonation of bursting shell and shrill scream of conical shot. The thunder of the conflict was heard plainly forty miles away. In addition to the appalling sound there were the terrible scenes caused by the plunging and exploding missiles. Cannon were dismounted and caissons blown up, while men and horses were mangled and torn in every con- ceivable shape. Above the tumult could be heard at times that most horrible of all sounds, the cry of a wounded horse. From its position on the outer curve the fire of the Confederate artillery was convergent, while that of the Union batteries was necessarily divergent. Still, the Confederate artillerists did not concentrate their fire wholly on the point selected for the infantry assault. At times their shots were dispersed in an effort to keep down the fire of certain batteries which were especially har- assing. General Hunt had instructed his battery commanders to concentrate their fire with accuracy on the batteries which proved most destructive, but to fire slowly, so that when the cannonade was over they would have ammuni- tion left to meet the infantry assault which he felt sure would follow. The Confederate batteries directed their fire largely on that part of Ceme- tery Ridge which was held by Hancock's Corps, the point selected by General Lee for the ensuing infantry assault being situated on that line. While this terrible, convergent fire was at its hottest, and every infantryman was lying prone upon the ground, General Hancock, accompanied by some of his staff and an orderly carrying the corps flag, rode slowly along the line of the Second Corps through the storm of plunging shot and exploding shell, his gallant, soldierly bearing doing much to reassure his men and nerve them for the more deadly fighting which was soon to follow. The aim of the Confederate gunners was too high at times. Many of the shots passed over Cemetery Ridge high in air, and, owing to the sharp curve in the Union position, struck the Twelfth Corps line in reverse. The most exposed and dangerous places were not alone on the crest of Cemetery Ridge, but also in the low ground behind it. The field around General Meade's head- quarters, on the Taneytown Road, was strewn with the bodies of the dead horses picketed there, while the shells wJiich were bursting in the house and door-yard forced the general and his staff to seek temporary quarters with General Slocum on Powers' Hill. And, yet, amid all this dire tumult the infantry of both armies lay on the ground with their rifles beside them and not a man left his place. The veterans had lain under artillery fire too often to become demoralized by the cannonade. ^ New York at Gettysburg. V o TT.A nffiriai reoorts of both armies indicate that the infantry rn^t ^Llriny^c'asutS fXthis artillery fire in any way proportionate ^°Sl:/rngSe\t'h"rin£^^^ Colonel Alexander to observe closely General i^ongstreei ^^^.^^ ^^^ ^^^^ infantry to d^ancrtrnoS; Genetfp'ket^ 'The cannonade had continued for an hour and thirty minutes.when the Union batteries.under orders from General Hunt traduallv Teased faring in order to save their ammunition, to replace disabled funs anVto be in 'readiness for any -^-f >^,^"-^,te' aTsf "" Succeeding this the Confederate artillery soon slackened its hre also. When Alexander noticed that the Union batteries had ceased firing he sent written word to Pickett that an opportune time had come ^f^/o advance im- mediately. Pickett showed the note to Longstreet, who read it, but said noth- ing Sckett then asked whether he should advance. Longstreet, burdened by his gloomy forebodings of defeat, could answer only by bowmg his head affirmatively. The long line of gray-clad infantry then moved forward past the batteries, which ceased firing to let them pass. . ti • j u^ Before the infantry started. General Wright, of the Georgia Brigade,_who was discussing with Colonel Alexander the proposed assault, and examining through his field-glass the point selected for attack, said : It is not so hard to go there as it looks ; I was nearly there with my brigade yesterday, ihe trouble is to stay there."* The nature of the task could not have been de- scribed better. , j r- Pickett had formed his division in two lines, with Kemper s and Garnett s brigades in the first, and Armistead's in the second. The four brigades of Pettigrew's Division were in Hne on Pickett's left. In Pettigrew's rear was a second line composed of Trimble's two brigades. The supporting column on Pickett's right waited for the main column to clear its front, and then moved forward en echelon. Aside from Longstreet, the Confederate generals seemed confident of suc- cess, although fully comprehending the magnitude of the task. Repeated victories had led them to believe that they could execute successfully what- ever their general might plan. Each saluted proudly as he rode past the corps commander. Pickett, who was a superb horseman, rode by as if on parade, his cap set jauntily on one side over his brown, curling hair, which was neatly dressed and reached nearly to his shoulders. Trimble sprang into his saddle, and adjusted his seat and reins with the graceful air of a man starting on a pleasant ride. Gen. " Dick " Garnett left his sick couch in an ambulance, and wrapping himself in an old blue overcoat rode forward for his last charge. The men in the ranks understood clearly the desperate character of the move- ment, and along the line many of them were heard in subdued voices, calling good-bye to comrades and friends. f Yet, with their rifles carried jauntily at a right-shoulder-shift, they moved onward with a light elastic step as steadily * Southern Historical Society Papers: 1877, vol. IV, p. 105. Also, Battles and Leaders of the Civil War: Century Co., New York. f The Confederate officers were directed to take a careful view of the field, and " to tell their men of it, to prepare them for the sight that was to burst upon them as they mounted the crest.'' (Longstreet's Memoirs, p. 390.) New York at Gettysburg. 'j'j as if on a grand review. As Scales' Brigade passed General Lee he noticed that some of the men wore bloody bandages on account of wounds received in the first day's fighting, and he expressed himself feelingly in their behaff. Along the Union position on Cemetery Ridge the soldiers were watching eagerly. The long Hne of the enemy's infantry, as it emerged from the woods on Seniinary Ridge, presented one of the grandest sights ever seen on a field of battle. Its front was nearly one mile in length. There were no gaudy uniforms ; but there was a precision of movement and air of discipline that evoked in the highest degree the admiration of each soldier who awaited their coming. And over each section of the gray and glittering line waved in blue and red the " meteor flag " of the Confederacy. The intervening valley across which the Confederate advance was made is over 1, 600 yards, or about one mile, wide. The surface of the ground is rolhng, with occasional depressions, in which the advancing troops were hidden from view at times and protected from the artillery fire in front. As the advance commenced the Confederate batteries ceased firing, but resumed their work as soon as they were able to fire over the heads of the moving troops. The Union battery on Little Round Top, distant a mile or more, reopened with an enfilad- ing fire that inflicted considerable loss, but without delaying the advance in the least. Wherever a gap was made in the lines, the men closed up promptly and m.oved steadily forward. The main line of the Union artillery reserved its fire until the enemy were within 700 yards. The clump of trees on Cemetery Ridge, which had been pointed out to Pickett as the place of assault, was not opposite the position from which his division started, but was situated a thousand yards or more to the left. Con- sequently, his troops marched diagonally across the fields, and after crossing the Emmitsburg Road moved by the left flank some distance, after which they faced to the front again. On Pickett's left, Pettigrew's four brigades were advancing in one line, with Trimble's two brigades following closely in their rear. The two brigades of Perry and Wilcox, which were to support Pickett's right, started soon after, but moved straight across the fields, the smoke and confusion conceahng Pickett's divergent inarch to the left. The advance of Perry and Wilcox thus became an isolated movement without con- nection right or left. Before reaching the Emmitsburg Road, Pickett and Pettigrew halted their troops for a few minutes during which a general ahgnment was obtained. Soon after they resumed their march every battery in the Union line that could reach them opened fire, but without retarding their steady advance. On reach- ing the road the skirmishers on both sides fell back to their respective lines, and here the Confederates encountered their first serious obstacle. The road was not parallel with their line, and in climbing over the two fences their ranks were broken up successively from right to left. Here Gibbon's Division opened on them with musketry while the batteries poured in a destructive fire of canister. But Kemper's a^d Garnett's brigades re-formed under fire, and pressing steadily on entered the one remaining field which lay between them and the Union line. Here they encountered the fire from the infantry of Hall's and Harrow's brigades and an oblique fire from two regiments of Stannard's Vermont Brigade, which had been posted in a salient position. Without halt- ^8 New York at Gettysburg. ing to return this fire, Kemper's and Garnett's brigades faced to the left and moved in that direction until opposite Webb's position, where they faced to the front and, joined by Armistead's Brigade of their second line, delivered their fire. Then raising the charging yell, the remnant of this assaulting column rushed forward to the stone wall behind which lay Webb's Philadelphia Brigade and Cushing's United States Battery. When the troops which formed the right of Pickett's line faced to the left and moved off towards Webb, as just described, they uncovered the front of the \''ermont Brigade. Hancock, quick to see his advantage, directed Stan- nard to throw two of his regiments forward and attack Pickett's right flank. I'he Thirteenth Vermont immediately changed front forward on its right com- pany, and the Sixteenth Vermont formed on its left, thus making a line of battle at right angles to the Union front. From this position the Vermonters poured a flank fire into Pickett's lines that raked the entire division, and as the Confederates kept moving to the left these two regiments followed at short range, delivering a deadly fire as fast as they could load and discharge their pieces. Several hundred of the Virginians, unable to withstand this flank at- tack, threw down their arms, and rushed within the ranks of the Vermonters for protection as prisoners. Joining Pickett on his left, Pettigrew's and Trimble's forces charged gallantly forward at tlie same time, and, passing the angle in the wall at Webb's position, attacked Hays' Division. By the time Pickett's advance had reached the stone wall in front of Webb and Gushing, the three brigades of Kemper, Garnett and Armistead, or what was left of them, were in one confused mass of desperate assailants. General Garnett was killed, falling from his horse within twenty- five paces of the wall. General Kemper was severely wounded. General Armis- tead, whose brigade was in the rear of the assaulting column at the Emmitsburg Road, pushed forward with his men through the disorganized mass of assailants and, placing his hat on the point of his uplifted sword, sprang over the low wall at the opening in front of Cushing's guns, where he was shot down, mortally (vounded. He was followed by several hundred Virginians belonging to Pickett's three brigades and some of Pettigrew's troops. For a few minutes the Confederate flags were waving on the wall and within the Union lines. It seemed as though the assault would be successful. The regiments of Hall's and Harrow's brigades, now freed from the attack on their direct front, moved promptly to the right, and swarmed around the clump of trees in support of Webb until the men were massed four deep around the hapless party of Confederates who had crossed the wall. A Confederate battery, near the Peach Orchard, seeing this movement of Union troops against Pickett's flank at the clump of trees, sent several shots that ploughed through the mass with terrible efl'ect, but failed to disperse the crowd of gallant men who were bent on driving back their assailants. In swift succession the Southern flags went down, and those of the assaulting column who had not fallen, despairing of success, threw up their hands in surrender, while those who had not crossed the wall turned in swift retreat. While Pickett's men were engaged in this aesperate contest at the Angle, on their left Pettigrew's and Trimble's forces were facing a terrible infantry fire at short range which came from the rifles of Smyth's and Willard's brigades of Kays' Division. Pettigrew's line after crossing the Emmitsburg Road delivered New York at Gettysburg. 79 its fire and then cliarged forward, Trimble's two brigades of North Carolinii.ns, who were in the second line, crowding closely upon and mingling with the troops in front of them. Rushing past the angle in the wall held by Webb's Brigade these Confederates pushed forward to the line held by Webb's right regiment and Smyth's Brigade. Here the Confederate brigades of Archer, Pettigrew, Scales, and Lane, encountered a close fire before which no troops could stand, and the field in front of Hays' line was thickly strewn with dead, many of whom fell close to the works. The Confederate line wavered for a moment and then broke and fled, while the men of Hays' Division sprang over the wall and captured a large number of prisoners and many flags. Archer's Tennessee Brigade, which held the right of Pettigrew's Division and connected with Pickett's line, lost here every flag in the brigade except one. The divisions of Gibbon and Hays captured twenty-seven flags that were sent to headquarters and receipts taken, fully half of which were taken from Pettigrew and Trimble. The two brigades on the left of Pettigrew's line — Davis' and Brocken- brough's — while moving forward across the fields received a destructive flank fire before reaching the Emmitsburg Road from the Eighth Ohio, which had been posted in an advance position for picket duty. Without halting to reply, these brigades on the left pushed for\/ard; but on reaching the road they again encountered a flank fire from the skirmishers of Willard's Brigade, under command of Captain Armstrong,* of the One hundred and twenty-fifth New York, whose men withdrew to the right and formed quickly there. Pettigrew's troops, having crossed the road, received a further and more disastrous enfilade from the One hundred and twenty-sixth New York, of Willard's Brigade, which General Hays had hurried into position for this purpose. Broken and disorganized by this strong flank attack, but few of the men on Pettigrew's left succeeded in nearing the main Union line. The assault was a failure, and as the Northern cheer rang out along the Union line the defeated columns, broken, demoraHzed, without the semblance of a regiment left, fell back in haste across the fields over which they had just advanced in proud array. In retreating, Pickett's men fell back with Pettigrew's troops instead of along the line of their own advance, thereby gaining the cover of the woods on Seminary Ridge more quickly. The losses in Pettigrew's and Trimble's commands in this action are not known, for their casualty returns in- clude their losses in the first day's battle as well. But Pickett's three brigades lost during the brief time of the assault 2,888 in killed, wounded and prisoners, out of 4,900 engaged. While Longstreet's infantry was moving to the assault, the Third Corps, which had been massed in rear of Hancock's left, during the cannonade, moved quickly to the threatened position where it formed in support of the Second Corps. It was about twenty minutes after Pickett's Division had started on its ad- vance, when Anderson sent the order to Perry and Wilcox to move forward with their brigades in support. They advanced promptly. Perry's small brigade * Gen. Samuel C. Armstrong, LL. D., President of the Hampton Institute, Hamp- ton, Va. 8o New York at Gettysburg. of three Florida regiments, under Col. David Lang, forming the left of the line. As they crossed the ridge and moved down the slope they could see but little of the troops which they were ordered to support. They advanced steadily, but straight across the valley towards a point far to the right of the ground where Pickett made his assault and where the repulse had already occurred. But Pickett's men in retreating fell back to the nearest woods on Seminary Ridge and not along the line of their advance. Thus, the full extent of the disaster was not so readily apparent to Lang and Wilcox. Stannard's Vermonters, having assisted in repelling Pickett's charge, now saw from their advanced position these two brigades of Anderson's Division coming forward on their left. The Sixteenth Vermont changed front promptly and, supported by the Fourteenth, moved out to where it could fire inito the left flank of the Florida Brigade. In the meantime the Union batteries had been firings at this Confederate line from the time it crossed the Emmitsburg Road, which on this part of the field was much farther from the Union line than where Pickett crossed it. The two Confederate brigades, harassed by the musketry fire of the Vermonters on their flank and Caldwell's Division on their front, halted at the western edge of the bushy swale. Anderson, seeing the hopelessness of further effort, sent word for them to return, and at the same time ordered Wright and Posey, who were waiting to advance also, to resume their positions in the main Hne. In this affair Wilcox's five regiments, numbering "about" 1,200 men, sustained a loss of 204. Lang's three regi- ments carried about 400 men altogether into this action, of whom they lost about 155. Both brigades had sustained severe losses in the battle of the previous day, and entered this charge with depleted ranks. The firm, determined resistance with which Webb's Brigade met Pickett's men at the critical moment of the assault was largely due to the gallant de- meanor and soldierly ability of the New York officer, Gen. Alexander S. Webb, who was in command at this important point. The story of the " Bloody Angle " and " High Water Mark " at Gettysburg would be incomplete without mention of his name. Yet, it is doubtful if Webb, despite his personal exertion and the unsurpassed bravery of his brigade, could have checked the onslaught of Pickett's men without assistance. The prompt rally of Hall's and Harrow's brigades to his relief did much to save the day. Two of the regiments to first hurry to this threatened point were the Forty-second New York, under the gallant Mallon, and the Nineteenth Massachusetts, under Colonel Devereux.. The Forty- second, known as the "Tammany Regiment," had suffered severely in the lighting of the previous day ; but when the Confederate flags were seen coming over the wall the brave remnant of the Forty-second rushed to the scene and shared in the honors of victory. In this closing fight. Sergeant Cuddy, the color bearer, fell mortally wounded; but, raising himself erect, with one last effort of his strength he waved his flag defiantly before the muzzles of the enemy's rifles which were not ten yards away. Private Michael McDonouo-h of this regiment, captured the flag of the. Twenty-second North Carolina,''of Scales' Brigade, whose troops were commingled with Pickett's at the Angle. The Fifty-ninth New York, also of Hall's Brigade, took a most gallant part in repelling Pickett's attack. Lieutenant Hunt capturing the colors of the Eighteenth Virginia. New York at Gettysburg. 8i The Eighty-second New York,— Second N. Y. State Militia — of Harrow's Brigade, was also among the regiments which, facing to the right, double- quicked to the scene of the close fighting at the copse of trees. This small regiment, which had already lost 153 men in the second day's battle, lost 69 more in this action on the third day. It took 305 officers and men on the field, losing 192, or 63 per cent. Colonel Huston, Captain Hoyt, Lieutenant McDonald, and Lieutenant Cranston were killed. In the repulse of Pickett's charge the men of the Eighty-second captured the flags of the First and Seventli Virginia, of Kemper's Brigade. On the left of Gibbon's Division two regiments of the First Corps occupied a place in the front line, the Eightieth New York and One hundred and fifty- first Pennsylvania, both under command of Colonel Gates of the Eightieth. The latter, known also as the Ulster County Guard (or Twentieth N. Y. S. M.), in company with the One hundred and fifty-first took an active part in the work of repelling the grand attack on the 3d. When Kemper's and Gar- nett's brigades, after nearing the Union line, faced to the left and moved parallel with it, the Eightieth followed up this movement of the enemy, the men firing as they marched until they reached the clump of trees where they participated in the final encounter. The Eightieth went into action on the first day with 28 officers and 259 men, losing in the three days' fighting 19 officers and 151 men. Of this number 3 officers were killed, and 24 men were taken prisoners. As already stated, the attack of Pettigrew's line received a severe check from the deadly flank fire delivered by skirmishers and troops belonging to Willard's New York Brigade. When the charging Hne of Confederates halted and wavered under the effect of this fire, the men of the New York Brigade sprang forward in a counter attack, during which they captured a large number of prisoners and battle flags. Col. Eliakim Sherrill, who succeeded to the com- mand of this brigade after Colonel Willard's death on the second day, was killed in this action. The One hundred and twenty-sixth New York was actively engaged in the flank attack on Pettigrew, and captured three stands of colors. During the cannonade the One hundred and eleventh New York of this same brigade occupied an exposed position near the right of Smyth's Brigade, where it lost several men from artillery fire, among them Lieut. John H. Drake, who was killed by a shell. The regiment participated also in the fight with Pettigrew's and Trimble's forces. The One hundred and eleventh took 390 officers and men into action at Gettysburg. During the two days' fighting it lost 249, of whom 95 men were killed or mortally wounded. With one exception it sustained the greatest numerical loss of any Union regiment at Gettysburg. Col. Clinton D. MacDougall, who commanded the regiment both days, was severely wounded in the action of July 3d. The One hundred and eighth New York, of Smyth's Brigade, supported Woodruff's Battery — I, First U. S. Artillery, — which was posted at Ziegler's Grove, on the right of the Second Corps, during the second and third days. While engaged in this trying duty the regiment lost 102 killed and wounded. The men assisted in manoeuvring the battery, which was seriously crippled by its own losses in men and horses. The Tenth New York Battalion, also attached to Smyth's Brigade, rendered efficient service as a provost-guard during the battle, being deployed in rear 6 82 New York at Gettysburg. of Hays' Division, where it was under fire. After the repulse of Longstreefs assault, about i,8oo Confederate prisoners, who had been captured by the Second Corps, were turned over to the battalion for safe-keeping. Among the artillery commands that assisted in the repulse of Longstreet's assault on the third day, none rendered more efficient service than Cowan's and Rorty's New York batteries. During the grand cannonade Cowan — First New York Independent Battery — went into action with his six three-inch rifles at a point on General Doubleday's' front; but when the Confederate infantry advanced he was ordered to relieve Brown's (R. I.) Battery, which had been in action farther to his right, at the clump of trees on the left of Webb's Brigade. Cowan moved on a gallop up to this latter position, from where he commenced firing canister at 200 yards. The enemy, still advancing, crossed the low wall in his front and charged forward to within ten yards of one of his pieces. The lieutenant was down, shot through the body; one of the men thrust a double charge of canister into the muzzle and fell dead with three bullets in his face; the gunner rammed the charge home and went reeling to the ground shot through both thighs; the corporal of the piece raised his hand in the signal to fire and fell with his body across the trail piece. The lanyard was pulled when the yelling Confederates were within ten paces. They never reached the battery. It was thus that the men of New York stood to their guns at Gettysburg. Just on Cowan's left were the four three-inch rifles of Battery B, First New York Light Artillery, better known as " Pettit's Battery." To this command had been attached the Fourteenth New York Independent Battery. Capt. James j\I. Rorty, of the latter, was in command of both, having been thus assigned the day before. The battery was engaged in the grand artillery contest on the 3d, its deliberate, accurate fire proving very effective. During the succeeding infantry assault it threw canister in double charges at short range. It sustained a severe loss in killed, among whom was Captain Rorty. Lieutenant Sheldon, the senior officer of Company B, was among the wounded. The number killed in this New York battery exceeded that in any other battery at Gettysburg. Fitzhugh's (K, First N. Y. L. A.) and Wheeler's (Thirteenth Independent) New York Batteries came to the help of Gibbon's Division at an opportune time, relieving some batteries which had expended their ammunition and were more or less disabled. Fitzhugh and Wheeler arrived while Lon"-street's infantry lines were moving to the assault, and in time to dehver an effective fire of canister. Of the nineteen New York batteries in the Army of the Potomac at Gettys- burg, all except three were actively engaged and suffered losses more or less severe. The three exceptions were Barnes' (C, First N. Y. L. A.) Battery of the Fifth Corps, Harn's Third New York, of the Sixth Corps, and Martin's Sixth New York, of the horse artillery. Each of them, however, were in posi- tion near the front line and under fire, although sustaining no loss. Barnes occupied an important point on Little Round Top; Hart and Martin went into position near the Taneytown Road in rear of the Second Corps. Of the sixty-eight New York regiments or battalions of infantry present, all were actively engaged except the Ninety-third Regiment and Twelfth New York at Gettysburg. 83 Battalion. The former was a splendid body of men, attached to the provost- guard of the Army of the Potomac and assigned to duty at general head- quarters. The Twelfth Battalion contained two companies only, both of which were detailed on duty at General Sykes' headquarters, Fifth Corps. Throughout ah the fighting of the second and third days. Col. Orland Smith's Brigade of Steinwehr's Division held its position along the western base of Cemetery Hill, at the intersection of the Taneytown and Emmitsburg roads, the same position to which it was assigned on the first day. This brigade aid not participate in any particular action, but was engaged the entire time in skirmish and picket duty. And yet its losses were very severe, the men suffer- ing constantly from the fire of artillery or the deadly rifles of the sharpshooters who filled the houses near their line. The One hundred and thirty-sixth New York, Colonel James Wood, Jr., of this brigade, lost 108 men killed or wounded, nearly all of them hit by the sharpshooters with whom they were constantly engaged. The regiment was posted behind a stone wall on the Taneytown Road, its left company connecting with the right of the Second Corps. On the afternoon of the third day the Union cavalry held the ground on the right and left flanks of the army, where they also were engaged in some severe fighting, the action on the right being confined to mounted troops of each army with no infantry whatever present on that part of the field. These contests were distinct, isolated affairs; but they had a relation to the general movements on the main battlefield, and, to some extent, an influence. While the great struggle was being waged for the possession of Cemetery Ridge a battle between parts of the cavalry corps of both armies occurred on the Rummel Farm, situated three miles east of Gettysburg, between the York and Hanover roads. This field is on an elevated plateau, with a commanding view of Gettysburg and the battlefield. The mounted troops of Gregg and Stuart were guarding, respectively, the right and left flanks of the two great armies. Stuart, the famous cavalry leader of the Confederacy, had with him the four brigades of Hampton, Jenkins, Fitz Hugh Lee, and W. F. H. Lee, numbering in all about 6,000 men. Gregg's force was composed of three brigades, — Mcintosh's and Irvin Gregg's, of his own division, and Custer's Michigan Brigade of Kilpatrick's Division, the three num- bering about 5,000 sabres. While Stuart had a preponderance in numbers, his men and horses were weakened by the exhaustion consequent upon his long raid, and his troops were to some extent inferior in arms and equipments. While Custer's Brigade was armed with breech-loading carbines, Jenkins' men carried long infantry rifles, and, through some blunder, entered this fight with only ten rounds of ammunition per man. But Irvin Gregg's Brigade was held in reserve to protect communication with General Meade's right, and hence Stuart's four brigades had to contend with only the two brigades of Mcintosh and Custer, numbering about 3,500 in all. Stuart brought seven pieces of horse artillery into action, while Gregg used ten of the guns attached to his command. Acting under Lee's orders, Stuart occupied this ground in order to secure the left of Ewell's Corps. At the same time the position was an advantageous one from which to strike Meade's flank and rear in case the Union army was de- 84 New York at Gettysburg. feated and obliged to retreat. To guard against the latter contingency Irvin Gregg's Brigade was posted so as to connect with the Union infantry on Wolf Hill while the remaining force confronted Stuart, whose presence became evi- dent through the failure of Hampton and Fitzhugh Lee to conceal their line of march. The ground on which this battle occurred was favorable for cavalry fighting. The fields were level, or slightly rolling, and free from woods, but crossed at frequent intervals by fences. The brigades of Fitz Lee and Hampton reached the field about ii o'clock, at which time their artillery opened fire on Custer's position on the Hanover Road; but it was 2 o'clock before the forces were seriously engaged. Part of the fighting was done dismounted, Jenkins' Brigade thus serving as infantrv, their Enfield rifles being very serviceable in this work. But much ot the fighting was done mounted, during which brilliant dashes were made by regiments from each side. There were many hand-to-hand contests and mounted charges in which the sabres were used freely. General Wade Hampton receiving a serious wound in the head from a sword cut. During the course of the battle a spirited charge was made by two regiments of Chambliss' (W. H. F. Lee's) Brigade, which had a successful encounter with the Seventh Michigan. Reinforcements were added on each side until the en- gagement became general, the artillery taking an active part. In order to support the attack made by Chambhss, the Confederate brigades of Hampton and Fitz Lee moved forward. Charging in close column by squadrons, their advance was one of the finest cavalry displays of the war. There was a long array of well-aligned horses in whose saddles rode Stuart's veteran troopers with firm seats and steady reins, while along the whole front their sabres gleamed and flashed in the sunlight. As the Confederate columns moved rapidly for- ward Pennington's and Randol's batteries opened on them, first with shell and then with canister, but without retarding their advance. They swept forward, flushed with success, nearly to the batteries, and the Union forces were almost driven from the field. The Confederate cavalry had well-nigh achieved a signal victory. This charge was met by a counter one led by the First j\Iichigan Cavalry \\ith Custer riding at its head, while Mcintosh with the Third Pennsylvania and other detachments struck the advancing forces on their flank. As the swiftiv moving columns encountered each other there was a resounding crash in which scores of horses went down, falling upon and crushing their riders. There was a clash of sabres and rattle of carbines and revolvers, mingled with the hoarse cries and imprecations of the contestants, and then the Confederates, yielding slowly, retreated past the Rummel Farm buildings to the woods from where they had started on their charge. On the Union side the First New Jersey, Third Pennsylvania, and First Michigan were conspicuous for the dash and gallantrv with which they success- fully charged the opposing lines, while the severest loss was sustained by the Seventh Michigan. The Fifth Michigan, Col. Russell A. Alger fought dis- mounted, and from their position on the left delivered a rapid and effective car- ^I^ '^^-fci&iJJIg ^ - Fifth Third First. , Reserve Artillery. Eleventh Reserve Artillery. First Twelfth Sixth Sixth Third Reserve Artillery. Cavalry Corps. . . Reserve Artillery. Reserve Artillery. Eleventh , . . Second Reserve Artillery. Regular Army . 456 526 245 534 380 319 609 274 431 210 264 234 623 395 392 117 62 116 44 84 141 49 89 97 III 119 135 146 III 98 96 118 70 27,692 40 26 I 4 60 6 7 I 27 I 2 2 2 10 87 89 9 24 144 46 23 21 166 5 t 4 22 2 4 16 7 10 7 15 10 2 I 3 13 4,023 10 18 92 3 15 178 114 16 7 3 1,761 137 133 IQ 28 296 55 45 200 307 6 6 13 40 II 9 26 7 13 7 17 13 3 I 5 16 II 5 6,773 ITINERARIES, ROSTERS CASUALTY LISTS OF The Army of the Potomac The Army of Northern Virginia FOR THE BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG ITINERARY OF THE ARMY OF THE POTOMAC GETTYSBURG CAMPAIGN. June 5. — The Army of the Potomac, commanded by Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker, with headquarters near Falmouth, Va., was posted on the north bank of the Rappahannock River, confronting the Confederate Army of Northern Vir- ginia, under Gen. Robert E. Lee, mainly concentrated about the town of Fredericksburg, on the south bank of the river. The several commands of the Army of the Potomac were distributed as follows: First Corps, in the vicinity of White Oak Church; Second Corps, near Falmouth; Third Corps, at Bos- cobel, near Falmouth; Fifth Corps, in the vicinity of Banks', United States, and adjacent fords on the Rappahannock; Sixth Corps, near White Oak Church, with the Second Division thrown forward to Franklin's Crossing of the Rappa- hannock, a little below Fredericksburg, near the mouth of Deep Run; Eleventh Corps, near Brooke's Station, on the Aquia Creek Railroad; and the Twelfth Corps, near Stafford Court House and Aquia Landing. The Cavalry Corps, with headquarters at Manassas Junction, had two divisions (Duffie's and Gregg^s) and the Cavalry Reserve Brigade, all under Buford, in tlie vicinity of Warrenton Junction, and one division (B. F. Davis') in the neighborhood of Brooke'3 Station. The Artillery Reserve was near Falmouth. June 6. — Howe's Division, Sixth Army Corps, crossed the Rappahannock at Franklin's Crossing, and, after a skirmish, occupied the enemy's rifle pits. Wright's and Newton's Divisions of the same corps moved to the same point Irom White Oak Church, taking position on the north bank of the river. June 7. — Wright's Division, Sixth Corps, was sent across the Rappahan- nock at Franklin's Crossing, relieving Howe's Division, which returned to the north side. June 8. — The Cavalry Corps (Pleasanton's), consisting of Buford's, D. McM. Gregg's, and Duffie's Divisions, and the Regular Reserve Brigade, supported by detachments of infantry, under Gens. Adelbert Ames and David A. Rus- sell, moved to Kelly's and Beverly Fords, preparatory to crossing the Rappa- hannock on a reconnoissance towards Culpeper. June 9. — Newton's Division, Sixth Corps, relieved Wright's Division on the south bank of the Rappahannock at Franklin's Crossing. The Cavalry Corps, supported by Generals Ames' and Russell's infantry, crossed the Rappahan- nock at Kelly's and Beverly Fords, fought the enemy at or near Beverly Ford, Brandy Station, and Stevensburg, and recrossed the river at Rappahannock Station and Beverly Ford. (Battle of Beverly Ford.) June 10. — The Cavalry Corps took position in the neighborhood of Warren- ton Junction. Its infantry supports in the reconnoissance of the day previous rejoined their respective commands. Howe's Division, Sixth Corps, moved from Franklin's Crossing to Aquia Creek. June II. — The Third Corps marched from Boscobel, near Falmouth, to Ilartwood Church. 8 114 Mew York at Gettysburg. June 12. — The First Corps marched from Fitzhugh's Plantation and White Oak Church to Deep Run; the Third Corps from Hartwood Church to Beale- ton, with Humphreys' Division, advanced to the Rappahannock; the Eleventh Corps from the vicinity of Brooke's Station to Hartwood Church; and head- quarters Cavalry Corps from Manassas Junction to Warrenton Junction. The advance of the Confederate army skirmished with the Union troops at Newtown, Cedarville, and Middletown, in the Shenandoah Valley. June 13. — The First Corps marched from Deep Run to Bealeton; the Fifth Corps from the vicinity of Banks' Ford, via Grove Church, towards Morris- ville; Wright's and Newton's Divisions, Sixth Corps, from Franklin's Crossing to Potomac Creek; the Eleventh Corps from Hartwood Church to Catlett's Station; the Twelfth Corps from near Stafiford Court House and Aquia Creek Landing en route to Dumfries ; Wyndham's Brigade of Gregg's Cavalry Division from Warrenton Junction to Warrenton; and the Artillery Reserve from near Falmouth to Stafiford Court House. McReynold's Brigade, of Milroy's Divis- ion, Eighth Army Corps, marched from Berryville to Winchester. (Cavalry fighting at Opequon Creek, and at Bunker Hill; battle of Winchester, Va.) June 14. — Headquarters Army of the Potomac moved from near Falmouth to Dumfries; the First and Third Corps marched from Bealeton to Manassas Junction; the Fifth Corps arrived at Morrisville, and marched thence, via Bristersburg, to Catlett's Station; Wright's and Newton's Divisions, Sixth Corps, moved from Potomac Creek to Stafiford Court House; the Eleventh Corps from Catlett's Station to Manassas Junction, and thence towards Centre- ville; the Twelfth Corps reached Dumfries; and the Artillery Reserve moved from Stafiford Court House to Wolf Run Shoals. Daniel Tyler's command, of the Eighth Army Corps, fell back from Martinsburg to Maryland Heights. (Cavalry lighting at Martinsburg, and battle [second day'] at Winchester, Va.) June 15. — Headquarters Army of the Potomac moved from Dumfries to Fairfax Station; the Second Corps moved from Falmouth to near Aquia; the Fifth Corps from Catlett's Station, via Bristoe Station, to Manassas Junction; the Sixth Corps from Aquia Creek and Stafiford Court House to Dumfries; the Twelfth Corps from Dumfries to Fairfax Court House; the Cavalry Corps (except Wyndham's Brigade, which marched from Warrenton to Manassas Junction, and thence on the i6th to Union Mills) from Warrenton Junction to Union Mills and Bristoe Station; the Artillery Reserve from Wolf Run Shoals to Fairfax Court House; and the Eleventh Corps arrived at Centreville. Mil- roy's Division, of the Eighth Army Corps, evacuated Winchester, and fell back to Maryland Heights and Hancock, Md. (Battle [third day] at Winchester, Va) June 16. — The Second Corps marched from near Aquia, via Dumfries, to Wolf Run Shoals, on the Occoquan; the Sixth Corps from Dumfries to Fairfax Station; and the Cavalry Corps from Union Mills and Bristoe Station to Manassas Junction and Bull Run. June 17. — The First Corps marched from Manassas Junction to Herndon Station; the Second Corps from Wolf Run Shoals to Sangster's Station; the Third Corps from Manassas Junction to Centreville; the Fifth Corps from Manassas Junction to Gum Springs; the Eleventh Corps from Centreville to Cow Horn Ford, or Trappe Rock, on Goose Creek; and the Twelfth Corps New York at Gettysburg. 115 from Fairfax Court House to near Dranesville. The Cavalry Corps moved from Manassas Junction and Bull Run to Aldie. {Cavalry battle at Aldie, Va.) June 18. — Headquarters Army of the Potomac moved from Fairfax Station to Fairfax Court House; the Sixth Corps from Fairfax Station to German- town; and the Twelfth Corps from near Dranesville to Leesburg. J. I. Gregg's Cavalry Brigade advanced from Aldie to Middleburg, and returned to a point midway between the two places. (Cavalry fighting at Middleburg, Va.) June 19. — The First Corps marched from Hemdon Station to Guilford Station ; the Third Corps from Centreville to Gum Springs ; and the Fifth Corps from Gum Springs to Aldie. Gregg's Cavalry Division, except Mcintosh's (late Wyndham's) Brigade, advanced to Middleburg. Mcintosh's Brigade moved from Aldie to Hay Market. (Cavalry engagement at Middleburg, Va.) June 20. — The Second Corps moved from Sangster's Station to Centreville, and thence towards Thoroughfare Gap; the Second Division (Howe's), Sixth Corps, from Germantown to Bristoe Station. June 21. — The Second Corps arrived at Gainesville and Thoroughfare Gap. The Cavalry Corps (except Mcintosh's Brigade, of Gregg's Division), sup- ported by Barnes' Division, Fifth Corps, marched from Aldie and Middleburg to Upperville. Mcintosh's Cavalry Brigade marched from Hay Market to Aldie, and thence to Upperville. Stahel's Division of Cavalry, from the de- fences of Washington, moved from Fairfax Court House, via Centreville and Gainesville, to Buckland Mills. (Cavalry Ught at Upperville, Va.) June 22. — The Cavalry Corps and Barnes' Division, of the Fifth Corps, re- turned from Upperville to Aldie. Stahel's Cavalry Division moved from Buck- land Mills, via New Baltimore, to Warrenton. (Skirmishing at Aldie, Va., and Greencastle, Pa.) June 23. — Stahel's Cavalry Division moved from Warrenton, via Gainesville, to Fairfax Court House. June 24. — Newton's Division, Sixth Corps, moved from Germantown to Centreville, and the Eleventh Corps from Cow Horn Ford, or Trappe Rock, on Goose Creek, to the south bank of the Potomac, at Edwards Ferry. Stahel's Cavalry Division moved from Fairfax Court House to near Dranesville. June 25. — The First Corps marched from Guilford Station, Va., to Barnes- ville, Md.; the Third Corps from Gum Springs, Va., to the north side of the Potomac, at Edwards Ferry and the mouth of the Monocacy; the Eleventh Corps from Edwards Ferry, Va., to Jefferson, Md. ; and the Artillery Reserve from Fairfax Court House, Va., to near Poolesville, Md. These commands crossed the Potomac at Edwards Ferry. The Second Corps marched from Thoroughfare Gap and Gainesville to Gum Springs. Howe's Division, Sixth Corps, moved from Bristoe Station to Centreville; Crawford's Division (two brigades) of Pennsylvania Reserves, from the defences of Washington, marched from Fairfax Station and Upton's Hill to Vienna. Stannard's Vermont Brio-- ade, from the defences of Washington, left the mouth of the Occoquan en route to join the Army of the Potomac. Stahel's Cavalry Division moved from near Dranesville, Va., via Young's Island Ford, on the Potomac, en route to Frederick, Md. ii6 New York at Gettysburg. June 26. — Headquarters Army of the Potomac moved from Fairfax Court House, Va., via Dranesville and Edwards Ferry, to Poolesville, Md.; the First Corps from Barnesville to Jefferson, Md.; the Second Corps from Gum Springs, Va., to the north side of the Potomac, at Edwards Ferry ; the Third Corps from the mouth of the Monocacy to Point of Rocks, Md.; the Fifth Corps from Aldie, Va., via Carter's Mills, Leesburg, and Edwards Ferry, to within four miles of the mouth of the Monocacy, Md. ; the Sixth Corps from Germantown and Centreville to Dranesville, Va.; the Eleventh Corps from Jefferson to Mid- dletown, Md.; the Twelfth Corps from Leesburg, Va., via Edwards Ferry, to the mouth of the Monocacy, Md.; and the Cavalry Corps (Buford's and Gregg's Divisions) from Aldie to Leesburg, Va. Stahel's Cavalry Division was en route between the Potomac and Frederick, Md. Crawford's Pennsylvania Reserves moved from Vienna to Goose Creek, Va. {Pennsylvania militia engaged in skir- mish near Gettysburg, Pa.) June 27. — Headquarters Army of the Potomac moved from Poolesville to Frederick, Md.; the First Corps from Jefferson to Middletown, Md. ; the Second Corps from near Edwards Ferry, via Poolesville, to Barnesville, Md. ; the Third Corps from Point of Rocks, via Jefferson, to Middletown, Md. ; the Fifth Corps from a point between Edwards Ferry and the mouth of the Monocacy to Bal- linger's Creek, near Frederick, Md. ; the Sixth Corps from Dranesville, Va., via Edwards Ferry, to near Poolesville, Md. ; the Twelfth Corps from near the mouth of the Monocacy, via Point of Rocks, to Knoxville, Md. ; Buford's Cavalry Division from Leesburg, Va., via Edwards Ferry, to near Jefferson, Md. ; Gregg's Cavalry Division from Leesburg, Va., via Edwards Ferry, to- wards Frederick, Md. ; and the Artillery Reserve from Poolesville to Frederick, Md. Stahel's Cavalry Division reached Frederick, Md. Crawford's Pennsyl- vania Reserves moved from Goose Creek, Va., via Edwards Ferry, to the mouth of the Monocacy, Md. June 28. — The First Corps marched from Middletown to Frederick; the Second Corps from Barnesville to Monocacy Junction; the Third Corps from Middletown to near Woodsborough ; the Sixth Corps from near Poolesville to Hyattstown; the Eleventh Corps from Middletown to near Frederick, and the Twelfth Corps from Knoxville to Frederick. Buford's Cavalry Division moved from near Jefferson to Middletown; Gregg's Cavalry Division reached Fred- erick, and marched thence to New Market and PJdgeville. Crawford's Pennsyl- vania Reserves marched from the mouth of the Monocacy, and joined tlie Fifth Corps at Ballinger's Creek. Stahel's Cavalry Division was assigned to the Cavalry Corps, as the Third Division, under Brig. Gen. Judson Kilpatrick, with Brig. Gen. Elon J. Farnsworth commanding the First Brigade and Brig. Gen. George A. Custer commanding the Second Brigade. {Skirmishing near Rock- ville, Md., and at Wrightsvillc, Pa.) June 29. — Headquarters Army of the Potomac moved from Frederick to Middleburg; the First and Eleventh Corps from Frederick to Emmitsburg; the Second Corps from Monocacy Junction, via Liberty and Johnsville, to Union- town; the Third Corps from near Woodsborough to Taneytown; the Fifth Corps from Ballinger's Creek, via Frederick and Mount Pleasant, to Liberty; the Sixth Corps from Hyattstown, via New J\Iarket and Ridgeville, to New New York at Gettysburg. ji-? Windsor; the Twelfth Corps from Frederick to Taneytown and Bruceville; Gamble's and Devin's Brigades, of Buford's Cavalry Division, from Middle- town, via Boonsborough, Cavetown, and Monterey Springs, to near Fairfield; Merritt's Reserve Cavalry Brigade, of the same division, from Middletown to Mechanicstown ; Gregg's Cavalry Division from New Market and Ridgeville to New Windsor; Kilpatrick's Cavalry Division from Frederick to Littlestown; and the Artillery Reserve from Frederick to Bruceville. (Skirmishing at West- minister, Md.) June 30. — Headquarters Army of the Potomac moved from Middleburg to Taneytown; the First Corps from Emmitsburg to Marsh Run; the Third Corps from Taneytown to Bridgeport; the Fifth Corps from Liberty, via Johnsville, Union Bridge, and Union, to Union Mills; the Sixth Corps from New Windsor to Manchester; the Twelfth Corps from Taneytown and Bruceville tO' Littles- town; Gamble's and Devin's Brigades, of Buford's Cavalry Division, from near Fairfield, via Emmitsburg, to Gettysburg; Gregg's Cavalry Division from New Windsor to Westminster, and thence to Manchester; Kilpatrick's Cavalry Divis- ion, from Littlestown to Hanover; and the Artillery Reserve from Bruceville to Taneytown. Kenly's and Morris's Brigades, of French's Division, left Maryland Heights for Frederick, and EUiott's and Smith's Brigades, of the same division, moved from the Heights, by way of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, for Washington. {Cavalry fight at Hanover, Pa., and skirmish near Har- rishurg, Pa.) July I. — The First Corps moved from Marsh Run, and the Eleventh Corps from Emmitsburg to Gettysburg; the Second Corps, from Uniontown, via Ta- neytown, to near Gettysburg; the Third Corps from Bridgeport, via Emmits- burg, to the field of Gettysburg; the Fifth Corps from Union Mills, via Hanover and McSherrystown, to Bonaughtown; the Sixth Corps from Manchester en route to Gettysburg; and the Twelfth Corps from Littlestown, via Two^ Taverns, to the field of Gettysburg. Gregg's Cavalry Division marched from Manchester to Hanover Junction, whence Mcintosh's and J. I. Gregg's Brigades proceeded to Hanover, while Huey's Brigade returned to Manchester. Kilpatrick's Cavalry Division moved from Hanover, via Abbottsville, to Berlin; and the Artillery Reserve (Ransom's and Fitzhugh's Brigades) from Taneytown to near Gettysburg. Stannard's Vermont Brigade, from the defences of Washington, joined the First Corps on the field of Gettysburg. W. F. Smith's Division, of the Department of the Susquehanna, marched from the vicinity of Harris- burg to Carlisle. Kenly's and Morris' Brigades of French's Division reached Frederick. {Battle of Gettysburg [first day'], and skirmish at Carlisle, Pa.) July 2. — ^The Second, Fifth, and Sixth Corps, Lockwood's Brigade, from the Middle Department, Mcintosh's and J. I. Gregg's Brigades, of D. McM. Gregg's Cavalry Division, Kilpatrick's Cavalry Division, and the Artillery Reserve, reached the field of Gettysburg. Gamble's and Devin's Brigades, of Buford's Cavalry Division, marched from Gettysburg to Taneytown, and Mer- ritt's Reserve Brigade from Mechanicstown to Emmitsburg. {Battle of Gettys- burg [second day~\.) July 3. — Gamble's and Devin's Brigades, of Buford's Cavalry Division, moved from Taneytown to Westminster; Merritt's Reserve Brigade from Em- ii8 New York at Gettysburg. mitsburg to the field of Gettysburg; and Huey's Brigade, of Gregg's Cavalry Division, from Manchester to Westminster. (Battle of Gettysburg [third day'], and cavalry affair at Fairfield, Pa.) July 4. — Gamble's and Devin's Brigades, of Buford's Cavalry Division, marched from Westminster, and Merritt's Reserve Brigade from Gettysburg, en route to Frederick; Huey's Brigade, of Gregg's Cavalry Division, from West- minster, via Emmitsburg, to Monterey; J. I. Gregg's Cavalry Brigade from Gettysburg to Hunterstown; and Kilpatrick's Cavalry Division from Gettys- burg, via Emmitsburg, to Monterey. Smith's Division, of Couch's command, moved from Carlisle, via Mount Holly, to Pine Grove, and the remainder of Couch's troops from the vicinity of Harrisburg towards Shippensburg and Chambersburg. Elliott's and Smith's Brigades, of French's Division, arrived at Washington from Maryland Heights, and moved to Tennallytown. Morris' Brigade, of French's Division, marched from Frederick to Turner's Gap, in South Mountain. (Cavalry action at Monterey Gap, Pa., and skirmishes at Fair- field Gap, Pa., and near Emmitsburg, Md.) July 5. — Leaving Gettysburg, the Second Corps marched to Two Taverns; the Fifth Corps to Marsh Run; the Sixth Corps to Fairfield; the Eleventh Corps to Rock Creek; the Twelfth Corps to Littlestown; Mcintosh's Brigade, of Gregg's Cavalry Division, to Emmitsburg; and the Artillery Reserve to Littles- town. Buford's Cavalry Division reached Frederick. J. I. Gregg's Cavalry Brigade moved from Hunterstown to Greenwood. Kilpatrick's Cavalry Division and Huey's Brigade, of Gregg's Cavalry Division, marched from Monterey, via Smithsburg, to Boonsborough. (Cavalry affairs at Smithsburg, Md., Fairfield, and Greencastle, Pa.) July 6. — The First Corps marched from Gettysburg to Emmitsburg; the Fifth Corps from Marsh Run to Moritz's Cross Roads; the Sixth Corps from Fairfield to Emmitsburg, except Neill's Brigade, of Howe's Division, which, in conjunction with Mcintosh's Brigade of cavalry, was left at Fairfield to pursue the enemy; the Eleventh Corps from Rock Creek to Emmitsburg; Bu- ford's Cavalry Division from Frederick to Williamsport and thence back to Jones' Cross Roads; Kilpatrick's Cavalry Division and Huey's Brigade, of Gregg's Cavalry Division, from Boonsborough, via Hagerstown and Williams- port, to Jones' Cross Roads ; Mcintosh's Brigade, of Gregg's Cavalry Division, from Emmitsburg to Fairfield; and J. I. Gregg's Brigade, of Gregg's Cavalry Division, from Greenwood to Marion. Smith's Division, of Couch's command, moved from Pine Grove to Newman's Pass. Kenly's Brigade, of French's Division, marched from Frederick en route to Maryland Heights. Elliott's and Smith's Brigades, of French's Division, left Tennallytown, via Washington and the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, en route to Frederick. (Cavalry fighting at Hagerstown, and Williamsport, Md.) July 7. — Headquarters Army of the Potomac moved from Gettysburg to Frederick; the First Corps from Emmitsburg to Hamburg; the Second Corps from Two Taverns to Taneytown; the Third Corps from Gettysburg, via Em- mitsburg, to Mechanicstown; the Fifth Corps from Moritz's Cross Roads, via Emmitsburg, to Utica; the Sixth Corps from Emmitsburg to Mountain Pass, near Hamburg; the Eleventh Corps from Emmitsburg to Middletown; the New York at Gettysburg. 119 Twelfth Corps from Littlestown to Walkersville; and the Artillery Reserve from Littlestown to Woodsborough. Buford's and Kilpatrick's Cavalry Divis- ions and Huey's Brigade, of Gregg's Cavalry Division, moved from Jones' Cross Roads to Boonsborough. J. I. Gregg's Cavalry Brigade was moving en route from Chambersburg to Middletown. Mcintosh's Brigade of cavalry and Neill's Brigade, of the Sixth Corps, moved from Fairfield to Waynes- borough. Smith's Division, of Couch's command, marched from Newman's Pass to Altodale. Kenly's Brigade, of French's Division, with other troops forwarded by Schenck from Baltimore, reoccupied Maryland Heights. Elliott's and Smith's Brigades of French's Division, reached Frederick from Washing- ton. {Skirmishes at Downsville and Funkstown, Md.) July 8. — Headquarters Army of the Potomac moved from Frederick to Middletown ; the First Corps from Hamburg to Turner's Gap, in South Moun- tain; the Second Corps from Taneytown to Frederick; the Third Corps from Mechanicstown to a point three miles southwest of Frederick; the Fifth Corps from Utica to Middletovm; the Eleventh Corps from Middletown to Turner's Gap, in South Mountain, Schurz's Division being advanced to Boonsborough ; the Twelfth Corps from Walkersville to Jefferson; and the Artillery Reserve from Woodsborough to Frederick. J. I. Gregg's Cavalry Brigade was moving en route from Chambersburg to Middletown. Smith's Division, of Couch's command, moved from Altodale to Waynesborough. Campbell's and Mul- ligan's Brigades, of Kelley's command. Department of West Virginia, were concentrated at Hancock, whence they moved to Fairview, on North Mountain. (Cavalry action at Boonsborough, Md.) July 9. — Headquarters Army of the Potomac moved from Middletown to Turner's Gap; the Second Corps from Frederick to Rohrersville; the Third Corps from near Frederick to Fox's Gap, in South Mountain; the Fifth Corps from Middletown, via Fox's Gap, to near Boonsborough ; the Sixth Corps from Middletown to Boonsborough; the Twelfth Corps from Jefferson to Rohrers- ville; and the Artillery Reserve from Frederick to Boonsborough. J. I. Gregg's Cavalry Brigade reached Middletown from Chambersburg. Elliott's and Smith's Brigades, of French's Division, marched from Frederick to Middletown. {Skirmish at Benez'ola, Md.) July 10. — Headquarters Army of the Potomac moved from Turner's Gap to Beaver Creek, beyond Boonsborough; the First Corps from Turner's Gap to Beaver Creek, where it was joined by Kenly's Brigade, of French's Division, from Maryland Heights; the Second Corps from Rohrersville to near Tilgh- manton; the Third Corps from Fox's Gap through Boonsborough, to Antietam Creek, in the vicinity of Jones' Cross Roads, where it was joined by Elliott's and Smith's Brigades, of French's Division, which marched from Middletown, and Morris' Brigade, of the same division, which marched from Turner's Gap; the Fifth Corps from near Boonsborough to Delaware Mills, on Antietam Creek; the Sixth Corps from Boonsborough to Beaver Creek; the Eleventh Corps from Turner's Gap to Beaver Creek; and the Twelfth Corps from Rohrersville to Bakersville. Buford's and Kilpatrick's Cavalry Divisions moved from Boonsborough to Funkstown; Huey's Brigade, of Gregg's Cavalry Divis- ion, from Boonsborough to Jones' Cross Roads, and Mcintosh's Cavaliy Brig- 120 'New York at Gettysburg. ade from Waynesborough, via Smithsburg and Leitersburg, to Old Antietam Forge, and back to Waynesborough. (Skirmishes at Hagerstown, Jones' Cross Roads, and Funkstown, Md.) July II. — The Second Corps moved from near Tilghmanton to the neighbor- hood of Jones' Cross Roads ; the Twelfth Corps from Bakersville to Fair Play and Jones' Cross Roads; Gamble's and Devin's Brigades, of Buford's Cavalry Division, from Funkstown to Bakersville; J. I. Gregg's Cavalry Brigade from Middletown to Boonsborough; Kilpatrick's Cavalry Division from Funkstovv'n to near Hagerstown; the Artillery Reserve from Boonsborough to Benevola; Neill's Brigade, of the Sixth Corps, and Smith's Division, of Couch's command, from Waynesborough to Leitersburg. {Skirmishes at Hagerstown, Jones' Cross Roads, and Funkstown, Md.) July 12. — The First, Sixth, and Eleventh Corps moved from Beaver Creek to Funkstown; Mcintosh's Cavalry Brigade from Waynesborough, via Leiters- burg, to Boonsborough; Kilpatrick's Cavalry Division and Ames' Division, Eleventh Corps, occupied Hagerstown; Neill's Brigade, of the Sixth Corps, moved from Leitersburg to Funkstown, where it rejoined its corps; Smith's Division (except one brigade, left at Waynesborough) from Leitersburg to Cavetown; Dana's Division, of Couch's command, from Chambersburg to Greencastle; and Averell's Cavalry Brigade, Department of West Virginia, from Cumberland en route to Fairview. {Skirmishes at Hagerstown, Jones' Cross Roads, and Funkstown, Md.) July 13. — The Sixth Corps moved from Funkstown to the vicinity of Hagers- town; the Artillery Reserve from Benevola to Jones' Cross Roads, two brigades remaining at the latter place and the others returning to Benevola; Smith's Division, of Couch's command, from Waynesborough and Cavetown to Hagers- town and Beaver Creek. Averell's Cavalry Brigade joined Kelley's Infantry at Fairview. {Skirmishes at Hagerstown, Jones' Cross Roads, and Fnnkstozvn, Md.) July 14. — The First Corps marched from Funkstown to Williamsport ; the Second Corps from near Jones' Cross Roads to near Falling Waters; the Third Corps from Antietam Creek, near Jones' Cross Roads, across Marsh Creek; the Fifth Corps from the vicinity of Roxbury Mills, on Antietam Creek, to near Williamsport; the Sixth Corps from the neighborhood of Hagerstown to Williamsport; the Eleventh Corps from Funkstown, via Hagerstown, to Wil- liamsport; and Williams' Division, of the Twelfth Corps, from Jones' Cross Roads to near Falling Waters, and thence to near WilHamsport. Buford's Cavalry Division moved from Bakersville to Falling ^\'aters; Mcintosh's and J. I. Gregg's Brigades, of D. McM. Gregg's Cavalry Division, from Boons- borough to Harper's Ferry; Huey's Brigade, of the same division, from Jones' Cross Roads, via Williamsport, to Falling Waters; and Kilpatrick's Cavalry Division from Hagerstown, via Williamsport, to Falling Waters. Kelley's command. Department of West Virginia, marched from Fairview to Williams- port. {Cavalry fight at Falling Waters, Md., and skirmishing at Williamsport, Md., and Harper's Ferry, W. Va.) July 15. — Headquarters Army of the Potomac moved from Beaver Creek to Berlin; the First Corps from Williamsport to Rohrersville; the Second Corps from near Falling Waters to near Sandy Hook; the Third Corps from Marsh New York at Gettysburg. 121 Creek to near Burnside's Bridge, on the Antietam; the Fifth Corps from near Williamsport to Burldttsville; the Sixth Corps from Williamsport to Boons- borough; the Eleventh Corps from WilHamsport, via Hagerstown, to Middle- town; and the Twelfth Corps from Fair Play and near Williamsport to Sandy Hook. Two brigades of the Artillery Reserve moved from Jones' Cross Roads, and, joining the remainder of the reserve at Benevola, the whole command marched thence, via Middletown, to BerHn. Buford's Cavalry Division moved from Falling Waters to Berlin; Mclnto.sh's and J. I. Gregg's Brigades, of D. McM. Gregg's Cavalry Division, from Harper's Ferry, via Halltown, to Shep- herdstown; Huey's Brigade, of same division, from Falling Waters to Boons- borough; and Kilpatrick's Cavalry Division from Falling Waters, via Williams- port and Hagerstown, to Boonsborough. Kelley's command. Department of West Virginia, marched from Williamsport to Indian Springs. July 16. — The First Corps marched from Rohrersville to near Berlin; the Third Corps from Burnside's Bridge to Pleasant Valley, near Sandy Hook; the Fifth Corps from Burkittsville, via Petersville, to near Berlin; the Sixth Corps from Boonsborough to near Berlin; the Eleventh Corps from Middle- town, via Jefferson, to Berlin; and the Twelfth Corps from Sandy Hook to Pleasant Valley. Buford's Cavalry Division moved from Berlin to Petersville; Huey's Brigade, of Gregg's Cavalry Division, from Boonsborough, via Har- per's Ferry, to Shepherdstown; and Kilpatrick's Division from Boonsborough to Berlin, whence De Forest's Brigade proceeded to Harper's Ferry. (Fight- ing at Shepherdstown, W. Va.) July 17. — The Third Corps moved from near Sandy Hook, crossed the Po- tomac at Harper's Ferry, and proceeded to a point three miles south of the Ferry; the Fifth Corps moved from near Berlin to Lovettsville, crossing the Potomac at Berlin. Gregg's Cavalry Division marched from Shepherdstown to Harper's Ferry; Kilpatrick's Cavalry Division from Berlin and Harper's Ferry to Purcellville, Custer's Brigade crossing the Potomac at Berlin, and De Forest's Brigade the Shenandoah at Harper's Ferry. Kelley's command. De- partment of West Virginia, moved from Indian Springs, Md., to Hedgesville, W. Va., crossing the Potomac at Cherry Run. July 18. — Headquarters Army of the Potomac moved from Berlin, Md., to Lovettsville, Va. ; the First Corps from near Berlin to Waterford, crossing the Potomac at Berlin; the Second Corps from near Sandy Hook to Hillsborough, crossing the Potomac and Shenandoah Rivers at Harper's Ferry; the Third Corps from near Harper's Ferry to Hillsborough; the Fifth Corps from Lovetts- ville to near Purcellville; the Artillery Reserve from Berlin to Wheatland; and Buford's Cavalry Division from Petersville to Purcellville, crossing the Potomac at Berlin. July 19. — Headquarters Army of the Potomac moved from Lovettsville to Wheatland; the First Corps from Waterford to Hamilton; the Second and Third Corps from Hillsborough to Wood Grove; the Fifth Corps from near Purcellville to a point on the road to Philomont; the Sixth Corps from near Berlin to Wheatland, and the Eleventh Corps from BerHn to near Hamilton, both corps crossing the Potomac at BerHn; the Artillery Reserve from Wheat- 122 JMew Yoek at Gettysburg. land to Purcellville ; and the Twelfth Corps from Pleasant Valley to near Hills- borough, crossing the Potomac and Shenandoah Rivers at Harper's Ferry. Buford's Cavalry Division moved from Purcellville, via Philomont, to near Rector's Cross Roads. Mcintosh's Brigade, of Gregg's Cavalry Division, moved from Harper's Ferry towards Hillsborough, and Huey's and J. I. Gregg's Brigades, of the same division, from Harper's Ferry to Lovettsville. Kilpatrick's Division of cavalry marched from Purcellville to Upperville. Kel- ley's command. Department of West Virginia, fell back from Hcdgesville to the Maryland side of the Potomac at Cherry Run. New York at Gettysburg. 123 NEW YORK OFFICERS ON DUTY AT HEADQUARTERS, ARMY OF THE POTOMAC, AT THE BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG, AS SHOWN BY RETURN OF JUNE 30, 1863. *Maj. Gen. Daniel Butterfield, U. S. V Chief of Staff. *Brig. Gen. Gouverneur K. Warren, U. S. V. . . Engineer Department. Brig. Gen. Marsena R. Patrick, U. S. V Provost-Marshal's General. Col. George H. Sharpe, 120th N. Y. Vols..., Provost-Marshal's Department. Col. Edmund Schriver, U. S. V Inspector-General. Lt. Col. Edward R. Warner, ist N. Y. Arty., Artillery Staff. Major Bennet A. Clements, U. S. A Assistant Medical Director. Capt. Daniel Flagler, U. S. A Ordnance Department Capt. Valerian Razderichin, I02d N. Y. Vols., Headquarters Stafi. Capt. Charles E. Pease, U. S. V Assistant Adjutant-General. Capt. John B. Howard, U. S. V Assistant Quartermaster. Capt. Henry P. Clinton, U. S. V Assistant Quartermaster. Capt. John H. Woodward, U. S. V Commissary Subsistence. Capt. James P. Kimball, U. S. V Provost-Marshal's Department. Capt. Lafayette Lyttle, 94th N. Y. Vols Provost-Marshal's Department. Capt. William W. Beckwith, 20th N. Y. S. M. Provost-Marshal's Department Lieut. John V. Bouvier, 20th N. Y. S. M Provost-Marshal's Department Lieut. Frederick Rosencrantz, 20th N. Y. Vols Headquarters Staflf. Lieut. Henry W. Perkins, Soth N. Y. Vols. . Headquarters Stafl. Lieut. Paul A. Oliver, 12th N. Y. Vols Headquarters StafiE. Lieut. Frederick B. Manning, 148th N. Y. Vols Headquarters Staflf. Lieut. Charles W. Woolsey, 164th N. Y. Vols. Adjutant-General's Department Lieut. Jonathan A. Smith, 14th N. Y. S. M., Quartermaster's Department. Lieut Frank M. Kelley, 44th N. Y. Vols Quartermaster's Department *'Wounded. 124 Mew York at Gettysburg. ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY OF THE POTOMAC AT THE BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG, PA, JULY 1-3, 1S63, MAJ.-GEN. GEORGE G. MEADE, U. S. A., COMMANDING. GENERAL HEADQUARTERS. COMMAND OF THE PROVOST-MARSHAL GENERAL. Brig. Gen. Marsena R. Patrick. 93d New York Infantry=^ Col. John S. Crocker. Sth United States Infantry* (eight cos.) . . . Capt. Edwin W. H. Read. 2d Pennsylvania Cavalry Col. R. Butler Price. 6th Pennsylvania Cavalry Company E, Capt. Emlen N. Carpenter. Company I, Capt. James Starr. ENGINEER BRIGADE. Brig. Gen. Henry W. Benham. 15th New York (BattaHon)* Maj. Walter L. Cassin. 50th New York* Col. William H. Pettes. Battalion United States* Capt. George H. Mendell. GUARDS AND ORDERLIES. Oneida (New York) Cavalry Capt. Daniel P. Mann. FIRST ARMY CORPS. Maj. Gen. John F. Reynolds. t Maj. Gen. Abner Doubleday. Maj. Gen. John Newton. GENERAL HEADQUARTERS. 1st Maine Cavalry, Company L Capt. Constantine Taylor. FIRST DIVISION. Brig. Gen. James S. Wadsworth. First Brigade. (i) Brig. Gen. Solomon Meredith.t (2) Col. William W. Robinson. 19th Indiana Col. Samuel J. Williams. 24th Michigan Col. Henry A. Morrow. Capt. Albert M. Edwards. 2d Wisconsin Col. Lucius Fairchild. Maj. John Mansfield. Capt. George H. Otis. 6th Wisconsin Lieut. Col. Rufus R. Dawes. 7th Wisconsin Col. William W. Robinson. Maj. Mark Finnicum. * Not engaged With the exception ot the regular battalion, the Engineer Brigade, while at Beaver Dam Creelt, six miles north of Liberty, Md., on July 1st, was ordered to Washington, District of Columbia where it arrived July Sd. ' • General Reynolds was killed July 1st, while in command of the left wing of the armv • Mai Oen Abn3r Doubleday commanded the corps July 1st, and Maj. Gen. John Newton on the 8d and 3d ' iWounded. New York at Gettysburg. j2c Second Brigade. Brig. Gen. Lysander Cutler. 7th Indiana Col. Ira G. Grover. 76th New York Maj. Andrew J. Grover. Capt. John E. Cook. 84th New York (14th Militia) Col. Edward B. Fowler. 95th New York Col. George H. Biddle. Maj. Edward Pye. 147th New York Lieut. Col. Francis C. Miller, Maj. George Harney. S6th Pennsylvania (nine companies) Col. J. W. Hofmann. SECOND DIVISION. Brig. Gen. John C. Robinson. First Brigade. (i) Brig. Gen. Gabriel R. Paul.* (2) Col. Samuel H. Leonard.* (3) Col. Adrian R. Root.* (4) Col. Richard Coulter.* (5) Col. Peter Lyle. i6th Maine Col. Charles W. Tilden. Maj. Archibald D. Leavitt. 13th Massachusetts Col. Samuel H. Leonard. Lieut. Col. N. Walter Batchelder. 94th New York Col. Adrian R. Root. Maj. Samuel A. Moffett. 104th New York Col. Gilbert G. Prey. 107th Pennsylvania Lieut. Col. James MacThomson. Capt. Emanuel D. Roath. Second Brigade. Brig. Gen. Henry Baxter. I2th Massachusetts Col. James L. Bates. Lieut. Col. David Allen, Jr. 83d New York (9th Militia) Lieut. Col. Joseph A. Moesch 97th New York Col. Charles Wheelock. Maj. Charles Northrup. nth Pennsylvaniat ' Col. Richard Coulter. Capt. Benjamin F. Haines. Capt. John B. Overmyer. 8Sth Pennsylvania Maj. Benezet F. Foust. Capt. Henry Whiteside, goth Pennsylvania Col. Peter Lyle. Maj. Alfred J. Sellers. Col. Peter Lyle. THIRD DIVISION. Maj. Gen. Abner Doubleday.:]: First Brigade. Brig. Gen. Thomas A. Rowley. 8oth New York (20th Militia) Col. Theodore B. Gates. 12lst Pennsylvania Maj. Alexander Biddle. Col. Chapman Biddle. I42d Pennsylvania Col. Robert P. Cummins. Lieut. Col. Alfred B. McCalmont. 151st Pennsylvania Lieut. Col. George F. McFarland. Capt. Walter L. Owens. Col. Harrison Allen. * Wounded. + Transferred on afternoon of July 1st to First Brigade. } General Doubleday commanded the corps on July 1st, Gen. Thomas A. Rowley being in command of the division and Col. Chapman Biddle of the First Brigade. On July 3d Rowley was wounded, and Biddle assumed command of the brigade. 126 New York at Gettysburg. Second Brigade. (i) Col. Roy Stone.* (2) Col. Langhorne Wister.* (3) Col. Edmund L. Dana. 143d Pennsylvania Col. Edmund L. Dana. Lieut. Col. John D. Musser, 149th Pennsylvania Lieut. Col. Walton Dwight Capt. James Glenn. iSoth Pennsylvania Col. Langhorne Wister. Lieut. Col. Henry S. Huidekoper. Capt. Cornelius C. Widdis. Third Brigade. (i) Brig. Gen. George J. Stannard.* (2) Col. Francis V. Randall. 12th Vermontf Col. Asa P. Blunt. 13th Vermont Col. Francis V. Randall. Maj. Joseph J. Boynton. , ,, Lieut. Col. William D. Munsoa. 14th Vermont Col. William T. Nichols. 15th Vermont! Col. Redfield Proctor. l6th Vermont Col. Wheelock G. Veazey. Artillery Brigade. Col. Charles S. Wainright. 2d Maine Light, Battery Capt. James A. Hall. 5th Maine Light, Battery Capt. Greenleaf T. Stevens. Lieut. Edward N. Whittier. 1st New York Light, Battery Lt Capt. Gilbert H. Reynolds. Lieut. George Breck. 1st Pennsylvania Light, Battery B Capt. James H. Cooper. 4th United States, Battery B Lieut. Tames Stewart SECOND ARMY CORPS. Maj. Gen. Winfield S. Hancock. § GENERAL HEADQUARTERS. 6th New York Cavalry, Cos. D and K. ,. .. . Capt. Riley Johnson. FIRST DIVISION. Brig. Gen. John C. Caldwell. First Brigade. (i) Col. Edward E. Cross. | (2) Col. H. Boyd McKeen. 5th New Hampshire Lieut. Col. Charles E. Hapgood. 6ist New York Lieut. Col. K. Oscar Broady. 8ist Pennsylvania Col. H. Boyd McKeen. Lieut. Col. Amos Stroh. 148th Pennsylvania Lieut. Col. Robert McFarlane. Second Brigade. Col. Patrick Kelly. 28th Massachusetts Col. Richard Byrnes. 63d New York (two companies) Lieut. Col. Richard C. Bentley, Capt. Thomas Touhy. 69th New York (two companies) Capt. Richard Moroney. Lieut. James J. Smith. 88th New York (two companies) Capt. Denis F. Burke. I i6th Pennsylvania (four companies) Maj. St. Clair A. MulhoUand. » Wounded, t Not engaged; guarding trains, t Company E, First New York Light Artillery, attached. §KiUed. New York at Gettysburg. 127 Third Brigade. (i) Brig. Gen. Samuel K. Zook.* (2) Lieut. Col. John Fraser. 52d New York Lieut. Col. Charles G. Freudenberg. ' Capt. William Scherrer. S7th New York Lieut. Col. Alfred B. Chapman. 66th New York Col. Orlando H. Morris. Lieut. Col. John S. Hammell. Maj. Peter Nelson. 140th Pennsylvania Col. Richard P. Roberts. Lieut. Col. John Fraser. Fourth Brigade. Col. John R. Brooke.t 27th Connecticut (two companies) Lieut. Col. Henry C. Merwin. Maj. James H. Coburn. 2d Delaware Col. William P. Baily. 64th New York Col. Daniel G. Bingham. Maj. Leman W. Bradley. 53d Pennsylvania Lieut. Col. Richards McMichael. 145th Pennsylvania (seven companies) Col. Hiram L. Brown. Capt. John W. Reynolds. Capt. Moses W. Oliver. SECOND DIVISION. (1) Brig. Gen. John Gibbon.t (2) Brig. Gen. William Harrow. First Brigade. (1) Brig. Gen. William Harrow. (2) Col. Francis E. Heath. 19th Maine Col. Francis E. Heath. Lieut. Col. Henry W. Cunningham. iSth Massachusetts Col. George H. Ward. Lieut. Col. George C. Joslin. 1st Minnesota Col. William Colvill, Jr. Capt. Nathan S. Messick. Capt. Henry C. Coates. 82d New York (2d Militia) Lieut. Col. James Huston. Capt. John Darrow. Second Brigade. Brig. Gen. Alexander S. Webb.t 69th Pennsylvania Col. Dennis O'Kane. Capt. William Davis. 71st Pennsylvania Col. Richard Penn Smith. 72d Pennsylvania Col. DeWitt C. Baxter. Lieut. Col. Theodore Hesser. io6th Pennsylvania Lieut. Col. William L. Curry. Third Brigade. Col. Norman J. Hall. 19th Massachusetts Col. Arthur F. Devereuxj 20th Massachusetts Col. Paul J. Revere. Lieut. Col. George N. Macy. Capt. Henry L. Abbott. 7th Michigan Lieut. Col. Amos E. Steele, Jr. Maj. Sylvanus W. Curtis. 42d New York Col. James E. Mallon. S9th New York (four companies) Lieut. Col. Max A. Thoman. Capt. William McFadden. •Killed. + Wounded. 128 New York at Gettysburg. Unattached. 1st Company (Mass.) Sharpshooters Capt. William Plumer. Lieut. Emerson L. BicknelL THIRD DIVISION. Brig. Gen. Alexander Hays. First Brigade. Col. Samuel S. Carroll. 14th Indiana Col. John Coons. 4th Ohio Lieut. Col. Leonard W. Carpenter. 8th Ohio Lieut. Col. Franklin Sawyer. 7th West Virginia Lieut. Col. Jonathan H. Lockwood. Second Brigade. (i) Col. Thomas A. Smyth.* (2) Lieut. Col. Francis E. Pierce. 14th Connecticut Maj. Theodore G. Ellis. 1st Delaware Lieut. Col. Edward P. Harris. Capt. Thomas B. Hizar. Lieut. William Smith. Lieut. John T. Dent. 12th New Jersey ]\Iaj. John T. Hill. loth New York (Battalion) Maj. George F. Hopper. loSth New York Lieut. Col. Francis E. Pierce. Third Brigade. (1) Col. George L. Willard.t (2) Col. Eliakim Sherrill.t (3) Lieut. Col. James M. Bull. 39th New York (four companies) Maj. Hugo Hildebrandt. iiith New York Col. Clinton D. MacDougall. Lieut. Col. Isaac M. Lusk. Capt. Aaron P. Seeley. l2Sth New York Lieut. Col. Levin Crandell. 126th New York Col. Eliakim Sherrill. Lieut. Col. James M. Bull. Artillery Brigade. Capt. John G. Hazard. 1st New York Light, Battery B Lieut. Albert S. Shelden. Capt. James McK. Rorty. Lieut. Robert E. Rogers. 1st Rhode Island Light, Battery A Capt. William A. Arnold. 1st Rhode Island Light, Battery B Lieut. T. Fred. Brown. Lieut. Walter S. Perrin. 1st United States Battery I Lieut. George A. WoodruflF. Lieut. Tully McCrea. 4th United States Battery A Lieut. Alonzo H. Gushing. Sergt. Frederick Fuger. THIRD ARMY CORPS, (i) jNIaj. Gen. Daniel E. Sickles.* (2) Maj. Gen. David B. Birney. FIRST DIVISION. (i) Maj. Gen. David B. Birney. (2) Brig. Gen. J. H. Hobart Ward. ' Wounded. + Killed. New York at Gettysburg. 129 First Brigade. (i) Brig. Gen. Charles K. Graham.* (2) Col. Andrew H. Tippin. S7th Pennsylvania (eight companies) Col. Peter Sides. Capt. Alanson H. Nelson. 63d Pennsylvania Maj. John A. Danks. 68th Pennsylvania Col. Andrew H. Tippin. losth Pennsylvania Col. Calvin A. Craig. 114th Pennsylvania Lieut. Col. Frederick F. Cavada. Capt. Edward R. Bowen. 141st Pennsylvania Col. Henry J. Madill. Second Brigade. (i) Brig. Gen. J. H. Hobart Ward. (2) Col. Hiram Berdan. 20th Indiana Col. John Wheeler. Lieut. Col. William C Taylor. 3d Maine Col. Moses B. Lakeman. 4th Maine Col. Elijah Walker. Capt. Edwin Libby. 86th New York Lieut. Col. Benjamin L. Higgins. 124th New York Col. A. Van Home Ellis. Lieut. Col. Francis M. Cummins. 99th Pennsylvania Maj. John W. Moore. 1st United States Sharpshooters Col. Hiram Berdan. Lieut. Col. Casper Trepp. 2d United States Sharpshooters Maj. Homer R. Stoughton. Third Brigade. Col. P. R. de Trobriand. 17th Maine Lieut. Col. Charles B. Merrill. 3d Michigan ,. Col. Byron R. Pierce. Lieut. Col. Edwin S. Pierce. 5th Michigan Lieut. Col. John Pulford. 40th New York Col. Thomas W. Egan. I loth Pennsylvania (six companies) Lieut. Col. David M. Jones. Maj. Isaac Rogers. SECOND DIVISION. Brig. Gm. Andrew A. Humphreys. First Brigade. Brig. Gen. Joseph B. Carr. 1st Massachusetts Lieut. Col. Clark B. Baldwin, nth Massachusetts Lieut. Col. Porter D. Tripp. i6th Massachusetts Lieut. Col. Waldo Merriam. Capt. Matthew Donovan. I2th New Hampshire Capt. John F. Langley. nth New Jersey Col. Robert McAllister. Capt. William H. Lloyd. Capt. Samuel T. Sleeper. Lieut. John Schoonover. 26th Pennsylvania Maj. Robert L. Bodine. 84th Pennsylvaniat Lieut. Col. Milton Opp. Second Brigade. Col. William R. Brewster. 70th New York Col. J. E. Farnum. 71st New York Col. Henry L. Potter. 72d New York Col. John S. Austin. Lieut. Col. John Leonard. 73d New York Maj. Michael W. Burns. 74th New York Lieut. Col. Thomas Holt. I20tli New York Lieut. Col. Cornelius D. Westbrook. Maj. John R. Tappen. * Wounded. tNot engaged ; guarding trains. 130 JNew York at Gettysburg. Third Brigade. Col. George C. Burling. 2d New Hampshire Col. Edward L. Bailey. Sth New Jersey Col. William J. Sewell. Capt. Thomas C. Godfrey. Capt. Henry H. Woolsey. 6th New Jersey Lieut. Col. Stephen R. Gilkyson. 7th New Jersey Col. Louis R. Francine. Maj. Frederick Cooper. Sth New Jersey Col. John Ramsey. Capt. John G. Langston. liSth Pennsylvania Maj. John P. Dunne. Artillery Brigade. (i) Capt. George E. Randolph.* (2) Capt. A. Judson Clark. 2d New Jersey Light, Battery Capt. A. J. Clark. Lieut. Robert Sims. 1st New York Light, Battery D Capt. George B. Winslow. 4th New York Light, Battery G&pt. James E. Smith. 1st Rhode Island, Battery E Lieut. John K. Bucklyn. Lieut. Benjamin Freeborn. 4th United States, Battery K Lieut. Francis W. Seeley. Lieut. Robert James. FIFTH ARMY CORPS. Maj. Gen. George Sykes. PROVOST GUARD. l2thNew York, Companies D and E Capt. Henry W. Rider. FIRST DIVISION. Brig. Gen. James Barnes. First Brigade. Col. William S. Tilton. i8th Massachusetts Col. Joseph Hayes. 22d Massachusetts Lieut. Col. Thomas Sherwin, Jr. 1st Michigan Col. Ira C. Abbott. Lieut. Col. William A. Throop. 118th Pennsylvania Lieut. Col. James Gvvryn. Second Brigade. Col. Jacob B. Sweitzer. Qth Massachusetts Col. Patrick R. Guiney. 32d Massachusetts Col. George L. Prescott. 4th Michigan Col. Harrison H. Jeffords. Lieut. Col. George W. Lumbard. 62d Pennsylvania Lieut. Col. James C. Hull. Third Brigade. (i) Col. Strong Vincent, f (2) Col James C. Rice. 20th Maine Col. Joshua L. Chamberlain. i6th Michigan Lieut. Col. Norval E. Welch. 44th New York Col. James C. Rice. Lieut. Col. Freeman Conner. 83d Pennsylvania Capt. Orpheus S. Woodward. • Wounded. t Mortally wounded. Mew York at Gettysburg. 131 SECOND DIVISION. Brig. Gen. Romeyn B. Ayres. First Brigade. Col. Hannibal Day. 3d United States (six companies) Capt. Henry W. Freedley. Capt. Richard G. Lay. 4th United States (four companies) Capt. Julius W. Adams. 6th United States (five companies) Capt. Levi C. Bootes. I2th United States (eight companies) Capt.Thomas S. Dunn. 14th United States (eight companies) Maj. Grotius R. Giddings. Second Brigade. Col. Sidney Burbank. 2d United States (six companies) Maj. Arthur T. Lee. Capt. Samuel A. McKee. 7th United States (four companies) Capt. David P. Hancock. loth United States (three companies) Capt. William Clinton. nth United States (six companies) Maj. Delancey Floyd- Jones. 17th United States (seven companies) Lieut. Col. J. D. Greene. Third Brigade. (i) Brig. Gen. Stephen H. Weed.* (2) Col. Kenner Garrard. 140th New York Col. Patrick H. O'Rorke. Lieut. Col. Louis Ernst. 146th New York Col. Kenner Garrard. Lieut. Col. David T. Jenkins. 91st Pennsylvania Lieut. Col. Joseph H. Sinex. iSSth Pennsylvania Lieut. Col. John H. Cain. THIRD DIVISION.t Brig. Gen. Samuel W. Crawford. First Brigade. Col. William McCandless. 1st Pennsylvania Reserves (nine companies) Col. William C. Talley. 2d Pennsylvania Reserves Lieut. Col. George A. Woodward. 6th Pennsylvania Reserves Lieut. Col. Wellington H. Ent. 13th Pennsylvania Reserves Col. Charles F. Taylor. Maj. William R. Hartshorne. Third Brigade. Col. Joseph W. Fisher. 5th Pennsylvania Reserves Lieut. Col. George Dare. pth Pennsylvania Reserves Lieut. Col. James McK. Snodgrass. loth Pennsylvania Reserves Col. Adoniram J. Warner. I Ith Pennsylvania Reserves _. .. Col. Samuel M. Jackson. I2th Pennsylvania Reserves (nine companies) Col. Martin D. Hardin. Artillery Brigade. Capt. Augustus P. Martin. 3d Massachusetts Light, Battery Lieut. Aaron F. Walcott. 1st New York Light, Battery C Capt. Almont Barnes. 1st Ohio Light, Battery L Capt. Frank C. Jibbs. 5th United States, Battery D Lieut. Charles E. Hazlett Lieut. Benjamin F. Rittenhouse. Sth United States, Battery I Lieut. Malbone F. Watson. Lieut. Charles C. MacConnell. * Killed. t Joined corps June 28. The Second Brigade was left in the Department of 'Washington. 132 ~ Mew York at Gettysburg. SIXTH ARMY CORPS. Maj. Gen. John Sedgwick. GENERAL HEADQUARTERS. 1st New Jersey Cavalry, Company L )„ wn- o r- r^ 1st Pennsylvania Cavalry, Company H.... j Capt. W illiam S. Craft. FIRST DIVISION. Brig Gen. Horatio G. Wright Provost Guard. 4th New Jersey (three companies) Capt. William R. MaxwelL First Brigade. Brig. Gen. Alfred T. A. Torbert. 1st New Jersey Lieut. Col. William Henry, Jr. 2d New Jersey Lieut. Col. Charles Wiebecke. 3d New Jersey Lieut. Col. Edward L. CarapbelL iSth New Jersey Col. William H. Penrose. Second Brigade. Brig. Gen. Joseph J. Bartlett. 5th Maine Col. Clark S. Edwards. I2ist New York Col. Emory Upton. 95th Pennsylvania Lieut. Col. Edward CarrolL 96th Pennsylvania Maj. William H. Lessig. Third Brigade. Brig. Gen. David A. Russell. 6th Maine Col. Hiram Burnham. 49th Pennsylvania (four companies) Lieut. Col. Thomas M. Hulings. 119th Pennsylvania Col. Peter C. Ellmaker. Sth Wisconsin Col. Thomas S. Allen. SECOND DIVISION. Brig. Gen. Albion P. Howe. Second Brigade. Col. Lewis A. Grant. 2d Vermont Col. James H. Walbridge. 3d Vermont Col. Thomas O. Seaver. 4th Vermont Col. Charles B. Stoughton. Sth Vermont Lieut. Col. John R. Lewis. 6th Vermont Col. Elisha L. Barney. Third Brigade. Brig. Gen. Thomas H. Neill. 7th Maine (six companies) Lieut. Col. Selden Connor. 33d New York (detachment) Capt. Henry J. Gifford. 43d New York Lieut. Col. John Wilson. 49th New York Col. Daniel D. Bidwell. 77th New York Lieut. Col. Winsor B. French. 6ist Pennsylvania Lieut. Col. George F. Smith. Nkw York at Gettysburg. 133 THIRD DIVISION. (1) Maj. Gen. John Newton.* (2) Brig. Gen. Frank Wheaton. First Brigade. Brig. Gen. Alexander Shaler. 6sth New York Col. Joseph E. Hamblin. 67th New York Col. Nelson Cross. I22d New York Col. Silas Titus. 23d Pennsylvania Lieut. Col. John F. Glenn. 82d Pennsylvania Col. Isaac C. Bassett. Second Brigade. Col. Henry L. Eustis. 7th Massachusetts Lieut. Col. Franklin P. Harlow. loth Massachusetts Lieut. Col. Joseph B. Parsons. 37th Massachusetts Col. Oliver Edwards. 2d Rhode Island Col. Horatio Rogers, Jr. Third Brigade. (i) Brig. Gen. Frank Wheaton. (2) Col. David J. Nevin. 62d New York Lieut. Col. Theodore B. Hamilton. 93d Pennsylvania Maj. John I. Nevin. 98th Pennsylvania Maj. John B. Kohler. 102d Pennsylvania-f Col. John W. Patterson. 139th Pennsylvania Col. Frederick H. Collier. Lieut. Col. William H. Moody. Artillery Brigade. Col. Charles H. Tompkins. 1st Massachusetts Light, Battery Capt. William H. McCartney. 1st New York Light, Battery Capt. Andrew Cowan. 3d New York Light, Battery Capt. William A. Ham. 1st Rhode Island, Battery C Capt. Richard Waterman. 1st Rhode Island, Battery G Capt. George W. Adams. 2d United States, Battery D Lieut. Edward B. Williston. 2d United States, Battery G Lieut. John H. Butler. Sth United States, Battery F Lieut. Leonard Martin. ELEVENTH ARMY CORPS. Maj. Gen. Oliver O. Howard. J GENERAL HEADQUARTERS. 1st Indiana Cavalry, Companies I and K. . Capt. Abram Sharra. 8th New York Infantry (one company).... Lieut. Hermann Foerster. FIRST DIVISION. (1) Brig. Gen. Francis C. Barlow.§ (2) Brig. Gen. Adelbert Ames. First Brigade. Col. Leopold von Gilsa. 41st New York (nine companies) Lieut. Col. Detleo von Einsiedel. 54th New York Maj. Stephen Kovacs. 68th New York Col. Gotthilf Bourry. lS3d Pennsylvania Maj. John F. FrueaufF. • Assumed command of First Army Corps July 2d. t Not engaged ; guarding wagon train. X During the interval between the death of General Reynolds and the arrival of General Hancock on the afternoon of July 1st, all the troops on the field of battle were commanded by General Howard, General Schurz taking command of the Eleventh Corps and General Schimmelfennig of the Third Division, § Wounded. 134 New York at Gettysburg. Second Brigade. (1) Brig. Gen. Adelbert Ames. (2) Col. Andrew L. Harris. 17th Connecticut Lieut. Col. Douglas Fowler. Maj. Allen G. Brady. 2Sth Ohio Lieut. Col. Jeremiah Williams. Capt. Nathaniel J. Manning. Lieut. William Maloney. Lieut. Israel White. 7Sth Ohio Col. Andrew L. Harris. Capt. George B. Fox. 107th Ohio Col. Seraphim Meyer, Capt. John M. Lutz. SECOND DIVISION. Brig. Gen. Adolph von Steinwehr. First Brigade. Col. Charles R. Coster. 134th New York Lieut. Col. Allen H. Jackson. iS4th New York Lieut. Col. Daniel B. Allen. 27th Pennsylvania Lieut. Col. Lorenz Cantador. 73d Pennsylvania Capt. Daniel F. Kelley. Second Brigade. Col. Orland Smith. 33d Massachusetts Col. Adin B. Underwood. 136th New York Col. James Wood, Jr. SSth Ohio Col. Charles B. Gambee. 73d Ohio Lieut. Col. Richard Long. THIRD DIVISION. Maj. Gen. Carl Schurz. First Brigade. (i) Brig. Gen. A. Schimmelfennig.* (2) Col. George von Amsberg. 82d Illinois Lieut. Col. Edward S. Salomon. 4Sth New York '. . Col. George von Amsberg. I Lieut. Col. Adolphus Bobke. 157th New York Col. Philip P. Brown, Jr. 6ist Ohio Col. Stephen J. McGroarty. 74th Pennsylvania . . . .• Col. Adolph von Hartung. Lieut. Col. Alexander von Mitzel. Capt. Gustav Schleiter. Capt. Henry Krauseneck. Second Brigade. Col. W. Krzyzanowski. 58th New York : Lieut. Col. August Otto. Capt. Emil Koenig. 119th New York Col. John T. Lockman. Lieut. Col. Edward F. Lloyd. 82d Ohio Col. James S. Robinson. Lieut. Col. David Thomson. 7Sth Pennsylvania Col. Francis Mahler. Maj. August Ledig. 26th Wisconsin Lieut. Col. Hans Boebel. Capt. John W. Fuchs. • Captured. New York at Gettysburg. 135 Artillery Brigade. Maj. Thomas W. Osborn. 1st New York Light, Battery I Capt. Michael Wiedrich* 13th New York Light, Battery Lieut. William Wheeler. 1st Ohio Light, Battery I Capt. Hubert Dilger. 1st Ohio Light, Battery K Capt. Lewis Heckman. 4th United States, Battery G Lieut. Bayard Wilkeson. Lieut. Eugene A. Bancroft. TWELFTH ARMY CORPS. Brig. Gen. Alpheus S. Williams.* GENERAL HEADQUARTERS. loth Maine (Battalion) Capt. John D. Beardsley. FIRST DIVISION. Brig. Gen. Thomas H. Ruger. First Brigade. Col. Archibald L. McDougall. Sth Connecticut . . » Col. Warren W. Packer. 20th Connecticut Lieut. Col. William B. Wooster, 3d Maryland Col. Joseph M. Sudsburg. 123d New York Lieut. Col. Jaraes C. Rogers. Capt. Adolphus H. Tanner. l4Sth New York Col. E. Livingston Price. 46th Pennsylvania Col. James L. Selfridge. Second Brigade.^ Brig. Gen. Henry H. Lockwood. 1st Maryland, Potomac Home Brigade.... Col. William P. Maulsby. 1st Maryland, Eastern Shore Col. James Wallace. 150th New York Col. John H. Ketcham. Third origade. Col. Silas Colgrove. 27th Indiana . . v Lieut. Col. John R. Fesler. 2d Massachusetts Lieut. Col. Charles R. Mudge. Maj. Charles F. Morse. 13th New Jersey Col. Ezra A. Carman. 107th New York Col. Nirom M. Crane. 3d Wisconsin Col. William Hawley. SECOND DIVISION. Brig. Gen. John W. Geary. First Brigade. Col. Charles Candy. Sth Ohio .. .. , Col. John H. Patrick. 7th Ohio Col. William R. Creighton. 29th Ohio Capt. Wilbur F. Stevens. Capt. Edward Hayes. 66th Ohio Lieut. Col. Eugene Powell. 28th Pennsylvania Capt. John Flynn. 147th Pennsylvania (eight companies) Lieut. Col. Ario Pardee, Jr. • During the battle Maj. Gen. Henry W. Slocum, the proper commander of this corps, held temporary command of the right wing of the army. t Unsssigned during progress of battle; afterward attached to First Division as Second Brigade. 136 New York at Gettysburg. Second Brigade. (i) Col. George A. Cobham, Jr. (2) Brig. Gen. Thomas L. Kane. (3) Col. George A. Cobham, Jr. 29th Pennsylvania Col. William Richards, Jr. 109th Pennsylvania Capt. Frederick L. Gimber. I nth Pennsylvania Lieut. Col. Thomas M. Walker. Col. George A. Cobham, Jr. Lieut. Col. Thomas M. Walker. Third Brigade. Brig. Gen. George S. Greene. 6othNew York Col. Abel Godard. 78th New York Lieut. Col. Herbert Hammerstem. I02d New York Col. James C. Lane. Capt. Lewis R. Stegman. 137th New York Col. David Ireland. lAOthNewYork Col. Henry A. Barnum. Lieut. Col. Charles B. Randall. Artillery Brigade. Lieut. Edward D. Muhlenberg. 1st New York Light, Battery M Lieut. Charles E. Winegar. Pennsylvania Light, Battery E Lieut. Charles A. Atwell. 4th United States, Battery F Lieut. Sylvanus T. Rugg. Sth United States, Battery K Lieut. David H. Kinzie. CAVALRY CORPS. Maj. Gen. Alfred Pleasanton. FIRST DIVISION. Brig. Gen. John Buford. First Brigade. Col. William. Gamble. Sth Illinois Maj. John L. Beveridge. I2th Illinois (four companies) Col. George H. Chapman. 3d Indiana (six companies) Col. George H. Chapman. Sth New York Lieut. Col. William L. MarkelL Second Brigade. Col. Thomas C. Devin. 6th New York Maj. William E. Beardsley. pth New York Col. William Sackett. 17th Pennsylvania Col. Josiah H. Kellogg. 3d West Virginia (two companies) Capt. Seymour B. Conger. Reserve Brigade. Brig. Gen. Wesley Merritt. 6th Pennsylvania Maj. James H. Haseltine. 1st United States Capt. Robert S. Lord. 2d United States Capt. T. F. Rodenbough. ■ Sth United States Capt. Julius W. Mason. 6th United States Maj. Samuel H. Starr. ' Lieut. Louis H. Carpenter. Lieut. Nicholas Nolan. : Capt. Ira W. Claflin. New York at Gettysburg. 137 SECOND DIVISION. Brig. Gen. David McM. Gregg. Headquarters Gtiard. 1st Ohio, Company A Capt. Noah Jones. First Brigade. Col. John B. Mcintosh. 1st Maryland (eleven companies) Lieut. Col. James M. Deems. Purnell Legion, MarylaHd, Company A, Capt. Robert E, Duvall. 1st Massachusetts* Lieut. Col. Greely S. Curtis. 1st New Jersey Maj. Myron H. BeaumonL 1st Pennsylvania Col. John P. Taylor. 3d Pennsylvania Lieut. Col. Edward S. Jones. 3d Pennsylvania Heavy Artillery, Section Battery Ht Capt. William D. Rank. Second Brigade, i^ Col. Pennock Huey. 2d New York Lieut. Col. Otto Harhaus. 4th New York Lieut. Col. Augustus Pruyn. 6th Ohio (ten companies) Maj. William Stedraan. 8th Pennsylvania . . . . Capt. William A. Corrie. Third Brigade. Col. J. Irvin Gregg. 1st Maine Lieut. Col. Charles H. Smith. loth New York Maj. M. H. Avery. 4th Pennsylvania Lieut. Col. William E. Doster. l6th Pennsylvania Lieut. Col. John K. Robison. THIRD DIVISION. Brig. Gen. Judson Kilpatrick. Headquarters Guard. 1st Ohio, Company C Capt. Samuel N. Stanford. First Brigade. (i) Brig. Gen. Elon J. Farnsworth.g (2) Col. Nathaniel P. Richmond. 5th New York Maj. John Hammond. 18th Pennsylvania Lieut. Col. William P. Brinton. 1st Vermont Lieut. Col. Addison W. Preston. 1st West Virginia (ten companies) Col. Nathaniel P. Richmond. Maj. Charles E. Capehart. Second Brigade. Brig. Gen. George A. Custer. 1st Michigan Col. Charles H. Town. Sth Michigan Col. Russell A. Alger. 6th Michigan Col. George Gray. 7th Michigan (ten companies) Col. William D. Mann. HORSE ARTILLERY. First Brigade. Capt. James M. Robertson. 9th Michigan, Battery Capt. Jabez J. Daniels. 6th New York, Battery Capt. Joseph W. Martin. 2d United States, Batteries B and L Lieut. Edward Heaton. 2d United States, Battery M Lieut. A. C. Pennington. 4th United States, Battery E Lieut. Samuel S. Elder. • Detached from brigade. t Serving as light artillery. } Not engaged ; was at Westminster durine the battle. % Killed. 138 New York at Gettysburg. Second Brigade. Capt. John C. Tidball. 1st United States, Batteries E and G Capt. Alanson M. Randol. 1st United States, Battery K Capt. William M. Graham. 2d United States, Battery A Lieut. John H. Calef. 3d United States, Battery C Lieut. William D. Fuller. ARTILLERY.* Brig. Gen. Henry J. Hunt. ARTILLERY RESERVE. (i) Brig. Gen. Robert O. Tyler.t (2) Capt. James M. Robertson. First Regular Brigade. Capt. Dunbar R. Ransom. 1st United States, Battery H Lieut. Chandler P. Eakin. Lieut. Philip D. Mason. 3d United States, Batteries F and K Lieut John G. TurnbuU. 4th United States, Battery C Lieut. Evan Thomas. Sth United States, Battery C Lieut. Gulian V. Weir. First Volunteer Brigade. Lieut. Col. Freeman McGilvery. 5th Massachusetts Light, Batteryt Capt. Charles A. Phillips. 9th Massachusetts Light, Battery Capt. John Bigelow. Lieut. Richard S. Milton. iSth New York Light, Battery Capt. Patrick Hart. Pennsylvania Light, Batteries C and F, Capt. James Thompson. Second Volunteer Brigade. Capt. Elijah D. Taft 1st Connecticut Heavy, Battery B8 Capt. Albert F. Brooker. 1st Connecticut Heavy, Battery M5 Capt. Franklin A. Pratt. 2d Connecticut Light, Battery Capt. John W. Sterling. Sth New York Light, Battery Capt. Elijah D. Taft Third Volunteer Brigade. Capt. James F. Huntington. 1st New Hampshire Light, Battery Capt Frederick M. EdgelL 1st Ohio Light, Battery H Lieut. George W. Norton. 1st Pennsylvania Light, Batteries F and G. . Capt. R. B. Ricketts. West Virginia Light, Battery C Capt Wallace HilL Fourth Volunteer Brigade. Capt. Robert H. Fitzhugh. 6th Maine Light, Battery Lieut Edwin B. Dow. Maryland Light, Battery A Capt. James H. Rigby. 1st New Jersey Light, Battery Lieut Augustin N. Parsons. 1st New York Light, Battery G Capt Nelson Ames. 1st New York Light, Battery K|| Capt Robert H. Fitzhugh. Train Guard. 4th New Jersey Infantry (seven companies), Maj. Charles Ewing. Headquarters Guard. 32d Massachusetts, Company C Capt. Josiah C. Fuller. • All organizations of arttlliry except the Reserve will be found In the rosters of the commanda with which they serTed . + Disabled. t Tenth New Yorli Battery attached. § Not engaged. I Eleventh New York Battery attached. New York at Gettysburg. 139 CASUALTIES IN THE ARMY OF THE POTOMAC, AT THE BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG, PA., JULY 1-3, 1863.* Mem. — The following casualty returns are the ones which were made out at the close of the battle; hence, the figures for the killed do not include the mortally wounded. The latter are included with the wounded. Many of the missing were killed or wounded. In the aggregate the number of the killed is generally increased over 60 per cent, by deaths from wounds and information as to the fate of the missing. For the correct num- ber of killed and mortally wounded in New York regiments, see Roll of Honor. — [Ed. TTtt.t.tch Wounded. Captured OR Missing. COMMAND. li 1^ i (D a ■a H a a S GENERAL HEADQUARTERS. Staff .... t2 2 — — 4 FIRST ARMY CORPS. Maj. Gen. John F. Reynolds. Maj. Gen. Abner Doubleday. Maj. Gen. John Newton. CORPS HEADQUARTERS. Staff I .... I 2 . . . ■ 2 1st Maine Cavalry, Company L 3 FIRST DIVISION. Brig. Gen. James S. Wadsworth. First Brigade. Brig. Gen. Solomon Meredith. Col. William W. Robinson. Staflf '25 59 25 28 21 I 12 13 II 7 10 121 197 144 109 95 4 3 5 I ■■46 83 47 22 SI I 2 8 I 2 210 24th Michigan 363 233 168 178 Tn+al T7ir =30 Wounded. e o Captubed OR MlSSINQ. B o =39 Third Brigade. Brig. Gen. Samuel K. Zook. Lieut. Col. John Fraser. Staff S2d New York 57th New York 66th New York 140th Pennsylvania Total Third Brigade 27th Connecticut 2d Delaware . . . 64th New York . . 53d Pennsylvania 145th Pennsylvania Fourth Brigade. Col. John R. Brooke. Total Fourth Brigade Total First Division . . Staff SECOND DIVISION. Brig. Gen. John Gibbon. Brig. Gien. William Harrow. First Brigade. Brig. Gen. William Harrow. Col. Francis E. Heath. Staff 19th Maine 15th Massachusetts 1st Minnesota 82d New York (2d Militia) Total First Brigade Second Brigade. Brig. Gen. Alexander S. Webb. 69th Pennsylvania 71st Pennsylvania 72d Pennsylvania Io6th Pennsylvania Total Second Brigade 18 I 4 3 34 42 9 II 7 II 46 169 23 26 24 136 18 209 4 7 7 II 9 38 82 19 54 57 56 60 246 798 10 2 9 57 78 4 12 19 6 51 I 38 34 44 241 358 37 84 98 80 90 389 1,275 I "28 I II 159 ■■■; I 203 3 20 8 «9 28 148 3 47 14 159 I 224 3 42 12 120 I 14 192 10 137 * 527 1 4, 768 4 36 8 72 2 IS 137 2 19 3 55 3 16 08 2 42 7 139 2 192 I 8 9 45 I 64 9 los 27 311 5 34 491 New York at Gettysburg. 143 Casualties in the Army of the Potomac, Etc. — Continmd. COMMAND. Killed. .2 m •3a WOUHDBD. Captured OB Missing. Third Brigade. Col. Norman J. Hall. 19th Massachusetts 20th Massachusetts 7th Michigan 42d New York 59th New York Total Third Brigade Unattached. 1st Company (Mass.) Sharpshooters Total Second Division THIRD DIVISION. Brig. Gen. Alexander Hays, First Brigade. Col. Samuel S. Carroll. 14th Indiana 4th Ohio 8th Ohio 7th West Virginia Total First Brigade Second Brigade. Col. Thomas A. Smyth. Lieut. Col. Francis E. Pierce. 14th Connecticut 1st Delaware I2th New Jersey loth New York (Battalion) foSth New York Total Second Brigade Third Brigade. Col. George L. Willard. Col. Eliakim Sherrill. Lieut. Col. James M. Bull. 39th New York -. . . Iiith New York i2Sth New York 126th New York Total Third Brigade . Total Third Division 25 7 28 19 15 75 319 6 7 17 S 35 52 86 41 49 25 29 253 105 1,097 3 I 10 I 15 22 16 73 40 151 10 10 42 . • . . 4 66 t 9 10 44 12 77 " 21 2 4 79 4 . 9 "5 6 3 13 10 70 .... 102 6 55 34 245 25 366 I 14 3 77 95 3 55 8 m 14 249 2 24 6 9S 9 130 5 35 9 172 10 231 II 128 26 S16 .... 33 714 20 218 75 912 I 65 1,291 14 95 77 127 65 74 34 377 1,647 31 31 102 47 211 144 New York at Gettysburg. Casualties in the Army of the Potomac, Etc. — Continued. Killed. Wounded. CAPTTniKD OB MlSSDJO. Co:*IMAND. 2 1 Is i h 1 ■36 1 S Artillery Brigade. Capt. John G. Hazard. 1st New York Lisht Batterv B* 9 3 6 I 5 IS 27 18 23 31 .... I 2 26 1st Rhode Island Light, Battery A 1st Rhode Island Light Battery B 32 28 1st United States, Battery I 4th United States Batterv A 25 38 Total Artillery Brigade 3 24 S 114 3 149 Total Second Army Corps 66 731 270 2,924 13 36s 4,369 THIRD ARMY CORPS. Maj. Gen. Daniel E. Sickles. Maj. Gen. David B. Birney. Staff 2 I .... 1 2 FIRST DIVISION. Maj. Gen. David B. Birney. Brig. Gen. J. H. Hobart Ward. First Brigade. Brig. Gen. Charles K. Graham. Col. Andrew H. Tippin. Staff 3 9 3 9 14 I 6 57th Pennsylvania 2 9 I 10 7 9 25 37 26 117 lOI 8S 97 3 55 4 13 9 57 21 3 63d Pennsylvania 115 68th Pennsylvania 3 I 34 105th Pennsylvania 152 1 14th Pennsylvania 132 141st Pennsylvania 155 149 Total First Brigade 6 61 45 463 6 .59 .40 Second Brigade. Brig Gen. J. H. Hobart Ward. Col. Hiram Berdan. Staff 20th Indiana !.!!'!! 3d Maine 12 30 17 9 ID 24 17 5 5 9 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 105 57 S6 48 54 77 33 19 4 10 45 70 3 5 II 6 14 156 4th Maine 86th New York 144 66 124th New York 99th Pennsylvania 90 1st United States Sharpshooters 2d United States Sharpshooters 49 43 Total Second Brigade 117 33 449 6 164 78l • Hth New York Battery attached. New York at Gettysburg. 145 Casualties in the Army of the Potomac, Etc. — Continued. COMMAUD, Killed. to ij WonNDED. =39 Captured OB MissiNa. to =3a bo Third Brigade. Col. P. Regis de Trobriand. 17th Maine 3d Michigan 5th Michigan 40th New York Iiotli Pennsylvania Total Third Brigade Total First Division . SECOND DIVISION. Brig. Gen. Andrew A. Humphreys. Staff First Brigade. Brig. Gen. Joseph B. Carr. Staff 1st Massachusetts I ith Massachusetts i6th Massachusetts i2th New Hampshire nth New Jersey 26th Pennsylvania Total First Brigade Second Brigade. Col. William R. Brewster. Staff 70th New York 71st New York 72d New York 73d New York 74th New York i20th New York Total Second Brigade Third Brigade. Col. George C. Burling. 2d New Hampshire Sth New Jersey 6th New Jersey 7th New Jersey Sth New Jersey llSth Pennsylvania Total Third Brigade . . . Total Second Division 17 7 17 22 8 71 249 20 9 7 47 12 25 lOS 28 78 116 39 28 366 106 1,278 I 2| a| 6 7 II 6 10 SO 8S 62 72 92 68 144 523 12 1 344 4 13 28 8 3 17 73 133 45 109 150 53 490 2,011 II • • > ■ 2 IS 8 75 21 22 7 89 2 8 12 4 49 .... 13 19 5 65 .... 2 14 9 IIS 12 29 10 166 7 III 45 559 2 63 2 120 129 81 92 153 213 790 2 117 91 114 162 89 203 778 3 17 18 119 36 2 II 5 60 16 I 3 29 8 I 14 10 76 13 . , 7 7 31 2 3 18 3 6 53 43 333 78 28 286 140 1,422 2 214 193 94 41 114 47 24 S13 2,092 10 146 New York at Gettysburg. Casualties in the Army of the Potomac, Etc. — Continued. COMMAND. •sa WotTHDED. Captured OR Missing. o <1 Artillery Brigade. Capt. George E. Randolph. Capt A. Judson Clark. 2d New Jersey Light, Battery 1st New York Light, Battery D 4th New York Light, Battery 1st Rhode Island Light, Battery E. . 4th United States, Battery K Total Artillery Brigade . . Total Third Army Corps FIFTH ARMY CORPS, Maj. Gen. George Sykes. FIRST DIVISION. Brig. Gen. James Barnes. First Brigade. Col. William C. Tilton. i8th Massachusetts 22d Massachusetts ■ 1st Michigan ■ I i8th Pennsylvania Total First Brigade Second Brigade. Col. Jacob B. Sweitzer. pth Massachusetts 32d Massachusetts 4th Michigan .. 62d Pennsylvania Total Second Brigade Third Brigade. Col. Strong Vincent. Col. James C. Rice. Staff 20th Maine l6th Michigan 44th New York 83d Pennsylvania Total Third Brigade Total First Division . SO 14 543 29 20 24 9 82 IS3 16 ID 10 24 18 78 251 2,778 1 .... 23 .... 3 27 3 3 24 .... I 31 I 4 6 27 .... 4 42 I 2 3 16 3 25 2 10 12 90 .... II 125 17 55 8S 32 77 42 236 539 17 14 575 142 20 18 13 30 25 106 4,211 I ■ • • • 6 .... 12 7 55 5 24 9 55 I 75 24 10 97 40 61 26 213 I 120 7 80 165 I7S 427 I 125 60 III 55 352 904 New York at Gettysburg. Casualties in the Army of the Potomac, Etc. — Continued. 147 COMMAND. Killed. Wounded. Captured OB Missing. SECOND DIVISION. Brig. Gen. Romeyn B. Ayres. First Brigade. Col. Hannibal Day. Staff 3d United States 4th United States 6th United States I2th United States 14th United States Total First Brigade Second Brigade. Col. Sidney Burbank. 2d United States 7th United States loth United States nth United States 17th United States Total Second Brigade Third Brigade. Brig. Gen. Stephen H. Weed. Col. Kenner Garrard. Staff 140th New York 146th New York 91 St Pennsylvania 155th Pennsylvania Total Third Brigade Total Second Division THIRD DIVISION. Brig. Gen. Samuel W. Crawford. First Brigade. Col. William McCandless. 1st Pennsylvania Reserves , 2d Pennsylvania Reserves , 6th Pennsylvania Reserves , 13th Pennsylvania Reserves (ist Rifles) Total First Brigade 6 10 4 7 18 45 25 4 3 6 38 154 I 62 28 39 67 io8 13 305 56 84 22 14 II 131 746 8 3 35 .... 46 3 2 31 I 37 2 I 21 .... 24 2 5 8 31 2 48 2 18 14 118 3 '" 13 4 18 5 4 51 6 II 3 42 2 15 5 27 3 16 7 85 9 24 13 los 7 71 32 310 27 18 18 63 I 73 40 44 92 132 382 67 59 51 120 150 447 I 133 28 19 19 200 1,029 j^S New York at Gettysburg. Casualties in the Army of the Potomac, Etc. — Continued. COMJIANC Third Brigade. Col. Joseph W. Fisher. Sth Pennsylvania Reserves pth Pennsylvania Reserves'".. ... loth Pennsylvania Reserves . . . . . nth Pennsylvania Reserves .. .. I2th Pennsylvania Reserves . . . . Total Third Brigade . Total Third Division Artillery Brigade. Capt Augustus P. Martin. 3d Massachusetts Light, Battery (C). 1st Ohio Light, Battery L 5th United States, Battery D 5th United States, Battery I Total Artillery Brigade Ambulance Corps Total Fifth Array Corps SIXTH ARMY CORPS. Maj. Gen. John Sedgwick. FIRST DIVISION. Brig. Gen. Horatio G. Wright First Brigade. Brig. Gen. Alfred T. A. Torbert. 2d New Jersey ■ 3d New Jersey iSth New Jersey Total First Brigade Second Brigade. Brig. Gen. Joseph J. Bart'ctt. I2ist New York 95th Pennsylvania 96th Pennsylvania Total Second Brigade Third Brigade. Brig. Gen. David A. Russell. 119th Pennsylvania Total Third Brigade Total First Division Killed. at 3 =39 28 23 Wounded. S o 337 tD ■ *^ £3 39 17 2 S 3 35 I Captured OB MlSSINO. 46 164 129 1,482 17 (13 . is 2 5 5 41 2 55 6 .... .... I ■ > > • .... 2 .... 6 6 .... I I 18 .... 2 7 I 32 .... 2 6 2 13 22 43 210 I 2,187 .... .... 6 .... .... .... 2 . • • . .... .... 3 .... II .... .... 2 I I I I .... 4 18 New York at Gettysburg. 149 Casualties in the Army of the Potomac, Etc. — Continmd. COMMAND. Killed. Captubbd OB Missing. « ■0 !H ■HH B •3S ^ H SECOND DIVISION. Brig. Gen. Albion P. Howe. Second Brigade. Col. Lewis A. Grant. 4th Vermont Total Second Brigade Third Brigade. Brig. Gen. Thomas H. Neill. 7th Maine 43d New York 49th New York 6ist Pennsylvania Total Third Brigade . . Total Second Division THIRD DIVISION. Maj. Gen. John Newton. Brig. Gen. Frank Wheaton. First Brigade. Brig. Gen. Alexander Shaler. 65th New York 67th New York I22d New York 23d Pennsylvania 82d Pennsylvania Total First Brigade Second Brigade. Col. Henry L. Eustis. 7th Massachusetts loth Massachusetts 37th Massachusetts 2d Rhode Island Total Second Brigade Third Brigade. Brig. Gen. Frank Wheaton. Col. David J. Nevin. New York Pennsylvania 98th Pennsylvania 139th Pennsylvania 62d 93d Total Third Brigade Total Third Division 4 10 14 19 30 12 6 53 6 3 25 5 39 10 9 9 16 44 136 S 19 I 25 15 16 9 1 44 14 6 74 6 9 47 7 69 12 10 11 20 53 196 150 New York at Gettysburg. Casualties in the Army of the Potomac, Etc. — Continued. Killed. WoiraDKD. Captuked OB Missing. COMMAND i •a ■2d 1^ e •0 •as 1 s ■ If 1 1 Artillery Brigade. CoL Charles H. Tompkins. 1st New York Light, Battery 4 2 6 12 Total Artillerv Brisrade 4 2 6 12 Total Sixth Army Corns 2 25 14 171 .... 30 242 T7T T7T7-T7-MTTT A-DTV/TV rriXIVXi Staff Maj. Gen. Oliver O. Howard. 1st Indiana Cavalry, Companies I and K. Staff FIRST DIVISION. Brig. Gen. Francis C. Barlow. Brig. Gen. Adelbert Ames. First Brigade. Col. Leopold von Gilsa. Staff 41st New York 54th New York 68th New York iS3d Pennsylvania Total First Brigade Second Brigade. Brig. Gen. Adelbert Ames. Col. Andrew L. Harris. 17th Connecticut 25th Ohio 75th Ohio 107th Ohio Total Second Brigade Total First Division . . Staff SECOND DIVISION. Brig. Gen. Adolph von Steinwehr. First Brigade. Col. Charles R. Coster. 134th New York 154th New York 27th Pennsylvania 73d Pennsylvania Total First Brigade .... • • > ■ .... 14 8 SO .... 2 7 2 4S 4 44 7 4 59 2 65 22 7 135 46 50 21 289 6 157 r 75 102 138 211 527 18 4 77 2 94 8 S 95 3 72 14 7 b7 4 92 23 8 103 77 62 24 342 9 335 113 46 631 '' 492 197 184 186 211 778 1,306 41 4 147 2 57 I 1 20 9 i6q 4 3 26 I 75 7 27 53 8 220 12 301 252 200 III 34 597 New York at Gettysburg. 151 Casualties in the Army of the Potomac, Etc. — Continued. COMMAND. Killed. =3a Captured OE Missing. -d ■9 € 'p a e ^a w » t>0 Second Brigade. Col. Orland Smith. 33d Massachusetts 136th New York SSthOhio 73d Ohio Total Second Brigade . Total Second Division THIRD DIVISION. Maj. Gen. Carl Schurz. First Brigade. Brig. Gen. A. Schimmelfennig. Col. George von Amsberg. 82d Illinois 45th New York -. . . . iS7th New York 6ist Ohio 74th Pennsylvania Total First Brigade Second Brigade. Col. W. Krzyzanowskl S8th New York 119th New York 82d Ohio 7Sth Pennsylvania 26th Wisconsin Total Second Brigade Total Third Division Artillery Brigade. Maj. Thomas W. Osborn. 1st New York Light, Battery I. .. 13th New York Light, Battery 1st Ohio Light, Battery I 1st Ohio Light, Battery K 4th United States, Battery G Total Artillery Brigade Total Eleventh Army Corps 33 7 17 6 21 SI 104 336 14 38 88 30 117 273 493 14 I I 2 13 • • ■ ■ 3 20 2 9 4 66 I 58 140 4 13 14 71 2 77 181 3 16 S 84 .... 3 III 2 24 II 118 2 60 217 12 63 36 352 s 201 669 20 113 S6 628 33 626 1,476 13 10 II 50 1,802 2 II 4 17 318 4 I 18 4 8S 11 I 34 1 164 23 8 i.=i8 108 4 6 30 2 10 8 4 36 2 58 SO 20 276 28 42s 62 1,448 45 109 49 145 348 946 112 224 307 54 no 807 13 II 13 13 17 3.801 152 New York at Gettysburg. Casualties in the Army of the Potomac, Etc. — Continued. COMMAND. KlU^SD. ■38 Wounded. o •32 CAPrnRED OB MiSSIHG. M 5 ■sa ^ TWELFTH ARMY CORPS. Brig. Gen. Alpheus S. Williams. FIRST DIVISION. Brig. Gen. Thomas H. Ruger. First Brigade. Col. Archibald L. McDougall. 5th Connecticut , 20th Connecticut 3d Maryland 123d New York l4Sth New York 46th Pennsylvania Total First Brigade Second Brigade. Brig. Gen. Henry H. Lockwood. 1st Maryland, Potomac Home Brigade... 1st Maryland, Eastern Shore iSOth New York Total Second Brigade Third Brigade. Col. Silas Colgrove. 27th Indiana 2d Massachusetts 13th New Jersey 107th New York 3d Wisconsin Total Third Brigade Total First Division SECOND DIVISION. Brig. Gen. John W. Geary. First Brigade. Col. Charles Candy. 5th Ohio 7th Ohio , 29th Ohio 66th Ohio 28th Pennsylvania 147th Pennsylvania Total First Brigade 2 22 6 9 56 20 S 7 32 77 18 23 118 23 § 78 I no 2 21 8 lOI 4 136 I 3 17 2 21 2 2 I 7 10 2 47 20 20s S 279 6 C,0 27 379 I 30 533 I I IS .... I 17 5 3 31 14 3 I 22 4 15 14 5 114 .... I 2 IS 18 7 28 14 10 13 80 104 2S 45 174 18 18 38 17 28 139 New York at Gettysburg. 153 Casualties in the Army of the Potomac, Etc. — Continued. ElLLBD. WomniBD. Captuked OR Missing. COMMAI^D. i ■a 0) • If S h £ 8 e Id 1^ S he Second Brigade. Brig. Gen. Thomas L. Kane. Col. George A. Cobham, Jr. 29th Pennsyl'^nia 2 13 3 5 I 43 6 16 .... 8 I 66 1 1 ith Pennsylvania 2 21 I 65 .... 9 98 Third Brigade. Brig. Gen. George S. Greene. 60th New York II 6 2 36 6 2 I I 3 3 39 20 16 84 43 52 30 29 137 55 78th New York I 2 8 10 3 I02d New York 2 4 137th New York lAQth New York Total Third Brigade 6 61 10 202 I 23 303 Total Second. Division 12 96 16 381 I 34 540 ArttUery Brigade. Lieut. Edward D. Muhlenberg. Pennsylvania Light, Battery E 4th United States, Battery F .... .... 3 I 5 .... 3 r 5 5th United States, Battery K Total Artillery Brigade ...., .... 9 9 Total Twelfth Army Corps 18 186 43 769 2 64 I,0S2 CAVALRY CORPS. Maj. Gen. Alfred Pleasonton. FIRST DIVISION. Brig. Gen. John Buford. First Brigade. Col. William Gamble. 8th Illinois I I 4 S 2 I 3 I I 4 7 20 21 .... I 6 5 16 7 I2th Illinois (four companies) 3d Indiana (six companies) 20 32 8th Ne-w York 40 Total First Brigade I 12 6 52 28 99 Second Brigade. CoL Thomas C. Devin. 6th New York 2 .... I 8 9 II oth New York 2 • * ■ * 7 4 4 4 4 3d West Virginia (two companies) Total Second Brigade 2 3 .... 23 28 154 JSJew York at Gettysburg. Casualties in the Army of the Potomac, Etc. — Continued. irn.T.iiTi WOUKDKD. CAPTtTRED oa Missing. COMMAND. t 1 Id i B •0 2 s h a a 1 Reserve Brigade. , Brig. Gen. Wesley Alerritt. 6th Pennsvlvania 3 I 3 "'6 I 5 7 I 4 23 I .... s 2 s 6 I 203 12 15 17 s 242 2d United States 5th United States 6th United States* Total Reserve Brigade 13 6 49 6 217 291 Total First Division I 27 12 104 6 268 418 SECOND DIVISION. Brig. Gen. David McM. Gregg. First Brigade. Col. John B. Mcintosh. 1st Maryland 2 's 2 I 3 9 2 1st New Jersey 7 10 .'.■.■.■ 2 6 1st Pennsylvania 3d Pennsylvania Total First Brigade 7 19 .... 9 35 Third Brigade. Col. J. Irvin Gregg. 1st Maine J 4 4 S 9 loth New York 2 I 2 I 2 4th Pennsylvania i6th Pennsylvania 5 Total Third Brigade 6 .... 12 I 2 Total Second Division 6 7 31 I II 56 THIRD DIVISION. Brig. Gen. Judson Kilpatrick. First Brigade. Brig. Gen. Elon J. Farnsworth. Col. Nathaniel P. Richmond. Staff I '■■3 3 I Sth New York I 2 13 2 I 4 22 I 27 I 3 6 12 1st Vermont 1st West Virginia 2 Total First Brigade 3 18 6 28 I 42 98 Second Brigade- Brig. Gen. George A. Custer. 1st Michigan 6 I 2 4 37 29 24 44 '\ 5th Michigan I 7 I 13 .... 18 I 39 6th Michigan 28 7th Michigan 100 Total Second Brigade I 31 13 134 78 257 Total Third Division A An 19 162 I 120 3SS • Loss occurred at Fairfleld, Pa., July 3d New York at Gettysburg. 155 Casualties in the Army of the Potomac, Etc. — Continued. COMMAND. KiLLBID. WOUITDBD. CAPTtTRED OR MiSSKO. 1 ii 1 = 1 a a H w List No New York, ,1893- lr< The Railroad Company will please ^ furnish , late of tJ transportation for himself from to ^ Gettysburg, Pa., and return, on the occasion of " New York Day." hi D. E. SICKLES, Chairman. ^ £0 SPECIAL NOTICE.— This order must be exchanged in person at the ticket g office for a ticket on any day from June 26th to July 2d, 1893, inclusive, and the ticket g o which will be issued hereon will be good to return until July 8th, 1893, inclusive. . This order will not be accepted for passage on train. |^ Received this day of , 1893, t^ transportation as per above order. S M Late of 00 CO CERTIFICATES AND TICKETS NOT TRANSFERABLE. General Sickles, Chairman of this Board, directs that any veteran who trans- fers his certificate or ticket will forfeit his medal of honor and badge. MUSTER FOR MEDALS. Executive officers of each organization are requested immediately after their arrival at Gettysburg to assemble the members of their commands, ascertain the names of those present, and make such further inquiry and investigation as may be necessary to enable them to fill out a roll of those entitled to receive a medal for services at Gettysburg with their commands, July i, 2, 3, 1863. It is expected that all officers will assure themselves positively that no name appears on these "Rolls of Honor " not entitled to be placed there. 200 New York at Gettysburg. A certified copy of these rolls showing those who are present, or absent and accounted for, together with such other remarks as may be deemed per- tinent, must be filed at this office by the 15th of July, 1893. Blank forms will be furnished at Headquarters of the Commissioners, Gettysburg, July ist. UNIFORMS. „ It is the wish of the Board that all veterans appear in the uniform usually worn on Memorial Day. PARADE, JULY 2d. Gen. Daniel Butterfield, late Chief of Staff of the Army of the Potomac, has accepted the appointment of Grand Marshal, and enters upon the work of arranging for a suitable parade for the occasion. Commanding officers of organizations, on their arrival at Gettysburg, are requested to report to General Butterfield at his Headquarters. SPECIAL REPORT ON TRANSPORTATION, ETC. The senior officer of each organization will report in person at this office to designate to the Secretary those on his list who are entitled to go to Gettys- burg, and who will go. He will, at the same time, correct all errors in his fist, and report by what routes and from what stations the men of his command will leave. The State will pay necessary railway fare incurred in the per- formance of this duty. Due notice will be given when to report at this office. A. J. ZABRISKIE, Secretary. " NEW YORK DAY." Circular No. 10. June 21, 1893. The following correspondence as to the arrangements approved and in preparation by General Butterfield, Chief of StafT of the Army of the Potomac at Gettysburg, who is to be in command of the parade, is published for informa- tion of veterans attending. The chief of each organization should promptly distribute them to his comrades. A. T. ZABRISKIE, Secretary. June 12, 1893. Major-General Daniel Butterfield: General. — This Board, at its last meeting, directed me to invite you to take command of the New York veterans who will assemble at Gettysburg on " New York Day," and organize and direct a parade of the veterans on July New York at Gettysburg. 201 2cl. It is desired that the column march from the rendezvous in the town to the site of the State Monument in the National Cemetery, where the cere- monies of dedication will take place at 2 o'clock in the afternoon of the second of July. As soon as you advise me of the appointments you have made for staff duty, and of the orders you wish promulgated, they will be embodied in a circular from these Headquarters and transmitted to the chiefs of the ninety- two organizations which represented the State of New York on the battlefield. Reports already received from these organizations give the names of nearly eight thousand veterans, present in the battle, who have applied for the free transportation given by the State to participants in the battle, belonging to New York commands. It is expected besides, that a considerable number of the survivors of New York regiments and batteries, not present at Gettysburg, attracted by this interesting occasion, will avail themselves of the reduced rates of fare for this excursion, and join their comrades in dedicating the eighty-six monu- ments erected on the battlefield by the State of New York to the memory of her heroic soldiers. It is desired that all veterans will, as far as practicable, appear in the uni- form worn usually on " Memorial Day." The several commands have already been so instructed. This Board of Commissioners will cheerfully afford any facilities in their power to make the occasion a success, and to this end invite your suggestions. Sincerely yours, (Signed.) DANIEL E. SICKLES, Chairman. June 16, 1893. Major-General Daniel E. Sickles, Chairman, etc.: General. — I have the honor to acknowledge your kind telegrams and let- ter bj which I am advised that your Board have designated me to take com- mand of the veterans yet living from New York State who fought in the battle of Gettysburg, and who will assemble on July ist, 2d and 3d next, at the dedication ceremonies, July 2d, of the monument erected for the State of New York on that field. It is a great pleasure to show by any act or duty gratitude for the splendid work that has been so efficiently carried out by your Board. Every soldier from New York State who participated in that battle will ever remember and appreciate it, and thank you gentlemen for it. Fully appreciating the high honor conferred upon me by this compliment from your Board, I accept the duty assigned me. Availing myself of the courtesy conveyed in your invitation for suggestions, and your offer to pro- mulgate any appointments, orders, etc., I respectfully suggest that the vet- erans be formed in columns near their camp ground and opposite the Cemetery and along both sides of the road to Gettysburg, with their flanks resting close to the entrance to the dedication ground, thus avoiding necessity for any long or fatiguing march in possible heat, dust or storm, also enabling them to be 202 New York at Gettysburg. properly placed for the ceremonies of the occasion. Formation in four ranks of actual veterans of the battle, with their visiting comrades who accompany them forming a fifth or sixth rank on their left flank in marching, and in their rear, while standing in line for the column of Commissioners, Governor, Head- quarters, Orator, etc., to pass in to the grounds where the ceremony takes place. By this program, the veterans will be enabled to see the head of the column, officials and dignitaries, without fatigue, and, also, to see each other. Their places of formation will be indicated by their brigade flags, which will be prepared for the purpose in advance, bearing their corps badges and division colors ; also, by signs upon the formation ground. The senior officer in each brigade on duty in the battle who may be present on that day will be designated by me as assistant marshal, in charge of the men present from the brigade, with those of their comrades who accompany them. Should he be only a brevet corporal, he will be found entirely capable, by reason of his services and experience thirty years ago (if in health) to thoroughly discharge his duty in a satisfactory manner. He will have posted near him his brigade flag. In the same manner, taking the rank of July 2, 1863, the senior officer present from each division, and the senior officer present from each corps will be designated marshal for his corps, — the officers thus designated to report their names and rank promptly by letter to Col. C. W. Gibbs, in care of your Headquarters, No. 23 Fifth Avenue, New York City, so that they may be announced in orders with the aides and additional staff the occasion may demand. The column will be organized as follows: First. Honorary Grand Marshal and Leader, Gen. George S. Greene, 92 years of age, the oldest living participant in the battle, who commanded the Third Brigade, Second Division, Twelfth Corps, July i, 2 and 3, 1863. Second. Column of flags. One flag for each New York general off.cer, regimental or battery commander killed on that field, and any New York offi- cer not now living, who held and exercised the command of a general officer in the battle. The flags to be uniform in size, of silk, attached to each a white satin streamer, inscribed " Borne at Gettysburg, July 2, 1893, New York Dedication Day, in memory of [officer's rank and name];" no distinction in flags of any kind or nature, except the name, and where the flag bears an inscription for a general killed on the field of battle, to bear a wide red satin streamer, with the name and battle at the peak of the standard. Third. Marshal and Staff. Fourth. Board of Commissioners. Fifth. Escort and Governors of New York and Pennsylvania, Orator of the Day, Bishop Henry C. Potter, DeW. C. Sprague, Esq., poet, and the Rev. Dr. Derrick. Sixth. Invited guests of honor. The veterans being formed on both sides of the route in the following order: Veterans of Engineers, Artillery, Cavalry, First Corps, Second Corps, Third Corps, Fifth Corps, Sixth Corps, Eleventh Corps, Twelfth Corps. Your Board New York at Gettysburg. 203 to provide guards to preserve the grand stand and space surrounding it for the officials, veterans and invited guests. After the passage of Commissioners, Governors, etc., veterans follow the column from the left, passing between the lines of veterans in their numerical order as mentioned, moving to positions in front of the stand, monument, and ceremonies, to be suitably designated for them, bringing forward corps and brigade flags to the speaker's stand or monument after their arrival, and plac- ing them as may be directed by proper indications. The close of the cere- mony, by a national salute from the artillery, to be the dismissal without further ceremony. Should your Board approve of this program, the necessary detailed orders will be made ready for distribution, etc., on July ist, at Gettysburg. The general staf? and marshals will be further announced in orders of the day at Gettysburg, and are requested to report to Brig. Gen. Paul A. Oliver, my Chief of Staff and principal assistant. Col. H. W. Rider, Twelfth New York; Col. Freeman Connor, Forty-fourth New York, and Col. C. W. Gibbs, Forty-fourth New York, Secretary, (to whom all communications may be addressed), will act as adjutants and aids in charge of the office at Headquarters. In order to avoid confusion and unnecessary trouble, it should be communi- cated to all veterans attending, that the distribution of the beautiful medals you have prepared for Gettysburg veterans, the muster records, seats on plat- form, etc., are all to be attended to at Headquarters of your Commission, and not at my Headquarters, which will be established in Carhsle Street, near the Centre square, in Gettysburg, and will be indicated by a United States flag, of silk, embroidered with names of battles, being a personal flag. Officers of the organization present at the battle are requested to forward immediately names of officers to be honored by flags, which include, as pro- posed, only those commanding officers from New York State who were killed in the battle, and also those who are dead who commanded brigades, or who had higher rank and command in that battle. The special escort for the Commissioners, the Governor, etc., will be an- nounced in future. I am. General, very respectfully yours, DANIEL BUTTERFIELD. June 24, 1S93. " NEW YORK DAY." Circular No. 11. The Commissioners deem it proper to advise New York veterans, who, under the rules adopted by this Board, will be entitled to medals, that not- withstanding all efforts on the part of the Board the full number will not be received in time for delivery at the reunion to be held at Gettysburg. Up to this date, the United States mint has been unable to supply but one thousand medals. 204 New York at Gettysburg. Medals not delivered at Gettysburg will be sent to the president of each regimental organization, to be delivered to those who are entitled to them. Attention is again invited to the paragraph in Circular No. 9, about the " Muster Roll of Honor " for medals, to be made out at Gettysburg by each organization immediately after arriving there, D. E. SICKLES, Chairman. A. J. Zabriskie, Secretary. June 24, 1893. " NEW YORK DAY." Circular No. 12. Rumors have reached the Commission, apparently well authenticated, indi- cating the purpose of certain veterans who will visit Gettysburg on " New York Day " to destroy the trolley railroad now being constructed over the battle- field. The Board, therefore, feel constrained by a proper sense of the decorum due to that occasion, to appeal most earnestly to all New York veterans to abstain from any act of violence against property of any description during their visit to Gettysburg, and to refrain from anything like discourtesy toward the persons identified with that undertaking, however obnoxious such persons may have made themselves. In making this appeal, the Commissioners are by no means insensible to the outrage committed by the vandals, who, for the mere sake of gain are desecrating and destroying the characteristic features of a battlefield which Lincoln said was consecrated ground. We ask you, veterans of New York, to let the trolley railroad alone; neither do anything to injure it, nor anything that will benefit it; do not put a penny in its treasury; do not ride on its cars. We are informed that the work of mutilation and destruction is now pushed recklessly, and in contempt of all remonstrances, whether emanating from the Government, or from veterans, or from the press of the country, so that the interested parties may reap their first harvest of profit from the large assem- blage of veterans who will be present on the approaching anniversary of the battle. Veterans! You owe it to your own self-respect to leave the property of the railroad company under the protection of the law, until the proper authorities shall put a stop to the acts which have justly provoked your indigna- tion. Meanwhile, you can not do less than to mark your disapprobation by withholding your patronage from an undertaking that defaces the battlefield where you fought. Don't ride in the rars! Advise your friends to keep aivay from them! Refuse free passes if these are offered to you! D. E. SICKLES, Chairman. A. J. Zabriskie, Secretary. New York at Gettysburg. 205 Bulletin No. i. Guests are advised to make arrangements promptly for hotel accommoda- tions at Gettysburg. This is necessary on account of the large numbers that will be present on this occasion. Invited guests will be entitled to the same reduction in railway fares as is allowed to the State in the transportation of veterans. Tickets are good from June 26th to July 2d, going, and from July 2d to July 8th, returning. Bulletin No. 2. Each holder of a certificate must present it at the railway station specified, and receipt for his ticket in the presence of the agent. Certificates are not transferable. If not used, they must be returned to A. J. Zabriskie, No. 23 Fifth Avenue. Any veteran attempting to transfer his certificate, or ticket, will forfeit his badge and medal. Exchange your certificate for a ticket immediately after the 26th instant, and thus avoid possible delays, which may occur if you wait until the time of starting. Headquarters Board of Commissioners, . Eagle Hotel, Gettysburg, Pa., July 1, 1893. j The following program of exercises during "New York Day," July i, 2, 3, 1893, at Gettysburg, is published for the information and guidance of New York veterans and their friends who may be present. First Day — July ist. Visiting battlefield and monuments by veterans and guests. Dedication of monuments by regiments and batteries. Evening. Illuminations and fireworks along intrenchments on Gulp's Hill. Organizations will announce on the bulletin board in front of Headquarters, any special ceremonies, all of which will be under the direction of the respective organizations interested. Second Day — July 2d, 9 a. m. Reception of Gen. George S. Greene by his brigade, on Gulp's Hill. Oration by Maj. Gen. Henry W. Slocum. During the morning, if not already done, veterans of each organization will please familiarize themselves with the position which it is to take for the parade. At 1 :30 p. M. every organization is expected to be formed in the position indicated by the orders of General Butterfield, which are printed on the next 2o6 New York at Gettysburg. page. At that hour the Headquarters column will move from the Central square to the Cemetery and Monument ground. Program of Exercises at the Cemetery, 3 p. m. 1. Music — "Star Spangled Banner." 2. Hyain by Kennicot Quartette. 3. Prayer — Rev. Dr. W. B. Derrick (Veteran Soldier). 4. Introductory Remarks by President of the Board of Commissioners, Gen. D. E. Sickles. 5. Dedication Address by the Rt. Rev. Bishop H. C. Potter. 6. Introduction of Governor Flower and Governor Pattison to Veterans. 7. Response by Governor Flower and Governor Pattison. 8. Poem by Mr. Dewitt C. Sprague. 9. Hymn by Kennicot Quartette. 10. Patriotic Song by Kennicot Quartette. 11. Benediction by Bishop of Pennsylvania and Virginia. 12. Salute by U. S. Battery. Immediately after the ceremonies at the State Monument are concluded, the monument erected to Sickles' Excelsior Brigade will be dedicated, on Sickles Avenue, near the Emmitsburg road. Third Day — July 3d. The completion of " Muster Rolls of Honor," and filing of returns for medals at Headquarters, Eagle Hotel, in compliance with Circular No. 9. Further dedication of monuments by regimental organizations and batteries, including Forty-fourth and Twelfth New York Infantry, on Little Round Top, at 10 A. M., and such others as may be announced on the bulletin board. The bulletin board at Commissioners' Headquarters will contain orders of the day, and all notices and orders not hitherto published. An extra bulletin board for publication of notices by regimental and battery organizations, of their meetings, ceremonies, etc., which they are invited to use, will be printed at Commissioners' Headquarters. By direction of the Board of Commissioners, Maj. Gen. D. E. SICKLIES, Chairman. June 28, 1893. Major General Daniel E. Sickles, Chairman Board of Commissioners: General. — Will you kindly cause the following to be published for the information of the New York veterans who are to assemble at Gettysburg, with regard to the movement and formation July 2d, viz. : For the purposes of the parade and review and moving to position in the ceremonies, the veterans present will be arranged, after they have formed them- New York at Gettysburg. 207 selves in regimental and brigade organizations, in four grand divisions, as f oWaws : First Grand Division. Bvt. Brig. Gen. Paul A. Oliver, Marshal. Headquarter Troops, Army of Potomac. Veterans of the following commands, viz.: Signal Corps — Oneida Cavalry. Detachment Ninety-third New York Infantry. Engineer Brigade. Fifteonith New York — Fiftieth New York Engineers. Cavalry Corps. First Division, First Brigade — Eighth New York. First Division, Second Brigade — Sixth New York, Ninth New York. Second Division, Second Brigade — Second New York, Fourth New York. Second Division, Third Brigade — Tenth New York. Third Division, First Brigade — Fifth New York. Horse Artillery. First Brigade — Sixth New York Independent Battery. Artillery Reserve. First Volunteer Brigade — New York Light Fifteenth Battery. Second Volunteer Brigade — New York Light Fifth Battery. Fourth Volunteer Brigade — Eleventh, Thirteenth and Fourteenth New York Batteries, First New York Light Artillery, Batteries G and K. First Army Corps. First Division, Second Brigade — Seventy-sixth New York, Eighty-fourth New York (Fourteenth Militia), Ninety-fifth New York, One Hundred and Forty-seventh New York. Second Division, First Brigade — Ninety-fourth New York, One Hundred and Fourth New York. Second Division, Second Brigade — Eighty-third New York (Ninth Militia). Ninety- seventh New York. Third Division, First Brigade — Eightieth New York (Twentieth Militia), Artillery Brigade — First New York Light Artillery, Battery L. Second Grand Division. Bvt. Brig. Gen. H. E. Tremain, Marshal. Second Army Corps. General Headquarters — Sixth New York Cavalry, Companies D and K. First Division, First Brigade — Sixty-first New York. First Division, Second Brigade — Sixty-third New York, Sixty-ninth New York. Eighty- eighth New York. 2o8 New York at Gettysburg. First Division, Third Brigade — Fifty-second New York, Fifty-seventh New York. Sixty-sixth New York. First Division, Fourth Brigade — Sixty-fourth New York. Second Division, First Brigade — Eight3'-second New York (Second Militia). Second Division, Third Brigade — Forty-second New York, Fifty-ninth New York. Third Division, Second Brigade — Tenth New York Battalion, One Hundred and Eighth New York. Third Division, Third Brigade — Thirty-ninth New York, One Hundred and Eleventli New York, One Hundred and Twenty-fifth New York, One Hundred and Twenty- sixth New York. Artillery Brigade — First New York Light Artillery, Battery B. Third Army Corps. First Division, Second Brigade — Eighty-sixth New York, One Hundred and Twenty- fourth New York. First Division, Third Brigade — Fortieth New York. Second Division, Second Brigade — Seventieth New York, Seventy-first New York, Seventy-second New York, Seventy-third New York, Seventy-fourth New York, One Hundred and Twentieth New York. Artillery Brigade — First New York Light Artillery, Battery D, Fourth New York Independent Battery. Third Grand Division. Maj. Gen. Alexander Shaler, MarshaL Fifth Army Corps. General Headquarters — Twelfth New York. First Division, Third Brigade — Forty-fourth New York. Second Division, Third Brigade — One Hundred and Fortieth New York. One Hundred and Forty-sixth New York. Artillery Brigade — First New York Light Artillery, Battery C. Sixth Army Corps. First Division, Second Brigade — One Hundred and Twenty-first New York. Second Division, Third Brigade — Thirty-third New York, Forty-third New York, Forty- ninth New York, Seventy-seventh New York. Third Division, First Brigade — Sixty-fifth New York, Sixty-seventh New York, One Hundred and Twenty-second New York. Artillery Brigade — First New York Independent Battery, Third New York Independ- ent Battery. New York at Gettysburg. 209 Fourth Grand Division. Brig. Gen. John A. Reynolds, MarshaL Eleventh Army Corps. General Headquarters, Eighth New York. First Division, First Brigade — Forty-first New York, Fifty-fourth New York, Sixty- eighth New York. Second Division, First Brigade — One Hundred and Thirty-fourth New York, One Hun- dred and Fifty-fourth New York. Second Division, Second Brigade — One Hundred and Thirty-sixth New York. Third Division, First Brigade — Forty-fifth New York, One Hundred and Fifty-seventh New York. Third Division, Second Brigade — Fifty-eighth New York, One Hundred and Nineteenth New York. Artillery Brigade — First New York Light Artillery, Battery I. Twelfth Army Corps. First Division, First Brigade — One Hundred and Twenty-third New YorK, First Division, Second Brigade — One Hundred and Fiftieth New York. First Division, Third Brigade — One Hundred and Seventh New York. Second Division, Third Brigade — Sixtieth New York, Seventy-eighth New York, One Hundred and Second New York, One Hundred and Thirty-seventh New York, One Hundred and Forty-ninth New York. Artillery Brigade — First New York Light Artillery, Battery M. Formation to be made by i :30 p. m. as follows, viz. : The Fourth Grand Division will be formed on Baltimore Street east side, its left opposite the entrance to and facing the Cemetery. The Third Grand Division will be formed on Baltimore Street, west side, its right near the entrance to the Cemetery, opposite to and facing that of the Fourth Grand Division. The Second Grand Division will be formed with its left on the right of the Fourth Grand Division, on east side Baltimore Street, facing west. The First Grand Division will be formed on the left of the Third Grand Division, its right resting on that of the Third Grand Division. After the Headquarters, Board of Commissioners, Governors, and invited guests have passed between the lines of veterans in review, the veterans will break into column and march past each other to the positions for the dedica- tion ceremonies in the following order: The Third Grand Division will then break into column in front, and pass between the Third and Fourth Grand Divisions into the Cemetery grounds. The Second Grand Division will then break from their right and march to the left, the Second Corps passing the Third Corps, and then between the Third and Fourth Grand Divisions, following the First Grand Division. The Third Corps in same manner. The Third Grand Division will then break into column in front, and pass before the Fourth Grand Division, following the Second Grand Division to position in the Cemetery grounds. 14 210 New York at Gettysburg. The Fourth Grand Division will then break from its right, the Eleventh Corps passing before the Twelfth Corps, and followed by the Twelfth Corps, pass to their positions in the Cemetery grounds. A diagram showing the formation and movement will be posted at both Headquarters of the Commissioners and of the Grand Marshal on Saturday before the ceremonies. Should the interference with the line by the trolley road necessitate any change, it will be announced on the bulletin boards, and the markers posted on the ground will indicate the necessary changes in formation. The senior officer of each brigade will send in the name of an officer from the brigade for special duty as aid. The Third Brigade, Second Division, Twelfth Corps — General Greene's — will designate and detail a special guard of honor of five men from each com- mand to accompany the Honorary Mjirshal, General Greene. These details will fall out at the entrance to the Cemetery, and rejoin their regiments in the Fourth Grand Division, Twelfth Corps. The position of each brigade will be indicated by cardboards placed near the place of their formation before the ceremony, and they will aid in fixing any change in position, if any, made necessary by the trolley railroad. Each regimental and brigade organization will detail a member of their com- mand for the purpose of carrying the flag of honor for any of their brigade commanders from New York State who were killed in battle or who have died since the battle. These details will report to the special aid, Maj. George W. Cooney, charged w.ith their organization. The method of designation of brigade, division and corps marshals will be indicated on the bulletin board, with their names and rank, if received in season therefor. The marshals of grand divisions, the honorary marshal and the chief marshal will be designated by a yellow sash worn across the shoulder. A list of special Marshal's aids with their duties, will be published on the bulletin boards at Gettysburg, July 1st. The further orders and dispositions that may be necessary will be pubHshed at Gettysburg. I am, very respectfully, DANIEL BUTTERFIELD, Grand Marshal. J. K. L.\OS PRINT. F. J. SEVEltRNCK, THOTO. NEW YORK STATE MONUMENT. In the National Cemetery, overlooking the burial plot of the New York soldiers. Heisht, 93 feet. Cost, S.59,(l',1.) 39. New York at Gettysburg 211 {INSCRIPTIONS.) NEW YORK. TO THE OFFICERS AND SOLDIERS OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK WHO FELL IN THE BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG JULY 1, 2, 3, 1863 MANY OF WHOM ARE HERE BURIED THIS MONUMENT IS ERECTED BY A GRATEFUL COMMONWEALTH Official Returns of Casualties in the New York Commands: Killed, 82 officers, 912 men Wounded,* 306 officers, 3763 men Captured or missing, 69 officers, 1685 men Group of Officers portrayed on Bronze Circular Alto Relievo: (Front) (Reverse) Maj. Gen. D. E. Sickles, (wounded) Maj. Gen. Henry W. Slocum Brig. Gen. Joseph B. Carr Maj. Gen. A. Pleasanton of D. C. Brig. Gen. J. H. H. Ward Brig. Gen. James S. Wadsworth BvT. Maj. Gen. S. K. Zook, (killed) Brig. Gen. George S. Greene Brig. Gen. C. K. Graham, (wounded) Brig. Gen. H. G. Hunt of Ohio Brig. Gen. Romeyn B. Ayres Brig. Gen. Joseph J. Bartlett Brig. Gen. S. H. Weed, (killed) Brig. Gen. David A. Russell Bvt. Brig. Gen. Henry E. Tremain Brig. Gen. Alex. Shaler Brig. Gen. Henry A. Barnum (Right) (Left) Maj. Gen. J. F. Reynolds of Pa. Maj. Gen. W^ S. Hancock of Pa. (killed) (wounded) Maj. Gen. A. Doubleday, (wounded) Maj. Gen. D. Butterfield (wounded) Brig. Gen. Adolph Von Steinwehr Maj. Gen. G. K. Warren, (wounded) Brig. Gen. John C. Robinson Brig. Gen. Judson Kilpatrick Brig. Gen. F. C. Barlow (wounded) Brig. Gen. Alex. S. Webb (wounded) Col. Thomas C. Devin * Includes the mortally wounded. 212 New York at Gettysburg. ( Tablet on Reverse Side") OFFICERS FROM THE STATE OF NEW YORK, IN UNITED STATES SERVICE, WHO WERE KILLED OR MORTALLY WOUNDED AT GETTYSBURG, JULY 1, 2, 3, 1863 General Officers BvT. Maj. Gen. Samuel K. Zook Brig. Gen. Stephen H. Weed 8th N. Y. Cavalry Capt. Charles D. Follett 2ND N. Y. Battery Lieut. F. J. T. Blume 14TH N. Y. Battery Capt. James McKay Rorty 3RD U. S. Artillery Lieut. Manning Livingston 4TH U. S. Artillery Lieut. Alonzo H. Gushing Lieut. Bayard Wilkeson 11th U. S. Infantry Lieut. Amaziah J. Barber 13th U. S. Infantry Lieut. Silas A. Miller 39TH N. Y. Infantry Lieut. Theodore Pausch Lieut. Adolph Wagner 40TH N. Y. Infantry Lieut. William H. H. Johnson 41 ST N. Y. Infantry Lieut. Reinhold Winzer 43RD N. Y. Infantry Capt. William H. Gilfillan 44TH N. Y. Infantry Capt. Lucius S. Larrabee Lieut. Eugene L. Dunham Lieut. Benjamin N. Thomas 52ND N. Y. Infantry Major Edward Venuti 58TH N. Y. Infantry Capt. Gustave Stoldt Capt. Edward Antonieski Lieut. Louis Deitrich 59TH N. Y. Infantry Lt. Colonel Max A. Thoman Lieut. William H. Pohlman 60TH N. Y. Infantry Lieut. Myron D. Stanley 61 ST N. Y, Infantry Lieut. Franklin K. Garland 64TH N. Y. Infantry. Capt. Henry V. Fuller Lieut. Alfred H. Lewis Lieut. Willis G. Babcock Lieut. Ira S. Thurber 66th N. Y. Infantry Capt. George H. Inge Capt. Elijah F. Munn 68th N. Y. Infantry Capt. Otto Friedrich 71ST N. Y. Infantry Lieut. Andrew W. Estes New York at Gettysburg. 213 72ND N. Y. Infantry Lieut. Charles A. Fobs 73RD N. Y. Infantry Capt. Eugene C. Shine Lieut. William L. Herbert Lieut. James Marksman Lieut. George P. Dennen Lieut. Martin E. Higgins 74TH N. Y. Infantry Capt. William H. Chester 104TH N. Y. Infantry Lieut. Thomas Johnston ioSth N. Y. Infantry Lieut. Carl V. Amiet Lieut. Dayton T. Card Lieut. Robert Evans iiith N. Y. Infantry Lieut. John H. Drake Lieut. Augustus W. Proseus Lieut. Erastus M. Granger 76TH N. Y. Infantry Major Andrew J. Grover Capt. Robert B. Everett Capt. Robert Story Lieut. Philip Keeler Lieut. Robert C. Noxon 80TH N. Y. Infantry Capt. Joseph S. Corbin Capt. Ambrose N. Baldwin Lieut. George W. Brankstoni 82ND N. Y. Infantry Lt. Colonel James Huston Capt. Jonah C. Hoyt Lieut. John H. McDonald Lieut. John Cranston 83RD N. Y. Infantry Capt. Thomas W. Quirk Lieut. Charles A. Clark 86th N. Y. Infantry Capt. John N. Warner 88th N. Y. Infantry Lieut. William McClelland 97TH N. Y. Infantry Lieut. Rush R. Cady Lieut. William J. Morrin Lieut. James H. Stiles I02ND N. Y. Infantry Capt. John Mead Lteut. Josiah V. Upham 119TH N. Y. Infantry Capt. Otto Trumpelman Lieut. Emil Trost Lieut. Matthias Rasemann 120TH N. Y. Infantry Capt. Ayres G. Barker Capt. Lansing Hollister Lieut. Michael E. Creighton Lieut. Jason Carle Lieut. William J. Cockburn Lieut. John R. Burhans Lieut. Frederick Freileweh Lieut. Edward H. Ketchum 123RD N. Y. Infantry Capt. Norman F. "V\^eer 124TH N. Y. Infantry Colonel A. Van Horne Ellis Major James Cromwell Capt. Isaac Nichols Lieut. Milnor Brown 125TH N. Y. Infantry Colonel George L. Willard Capt. Ephraim Wood 126th N. Y. Infantry Colonel Eliakim Sherrill Capt. Isaac Shimer Capt. Orin J. Herendeen Capt. Charles M. Wheeler Lieut. Jacob Sherman Lieut. Rufus P. Holmes 214 New York at Gettysburg. 134TH N. Y. Infantry Lieut. Henry I. Palmer Lieut. Lucius Mead 137TH N. Y. Infantry Capt. Oscar C. Williams Capt. Joseph H. Gregg Lieut. John H. Van Emburgh Lieut. Henry G. Hallett 140TH N. Y. Infantry Colonel Patrick H. O'Rorke Lieut. Charles P. Klein Lieut. Hugh McGraw 147TH N. Y. Infantry Lieut. William E. Schenck Lieut. David G. Van Dusen Lieut. Sylvester J. Taylor Lieut. Guilford D. Mace Lieut. Daniel McAssy 157TH N. Y. Infantry Lieut. Colonel George Arrowsmith Capt. Jason K. Backus Capt. Harrison Frank Capt. George A. Adams Lieut. Joseph F. Heeney Lieut. Randall D. Lower 1ST U. S. Sharpshooters Capt. Charles D. McLean ■ Nor shall their glory be forgot While Fame her record keeps'' ROLL OF HONOR. Names of Soldiers in New York Regiments and Batteries Who were Killed or Mortally Wounded at the Battle of Gettyshurg, July i, 2, 3, 1863. From the regimental pay-rolls in the office of the Second Auditor, Washington, D. C, THE MUSTER-OUT ROLLS IN THE AdJUTANT-GeNERAL's OFFICE, ALBANY, N. Y., AND THE LIST OF BURIALS IN THE GlTTYSBURG NATIONAL CEMETERY. GENERAL OFFICERS. ZooK, Samuel K., Brigadier 3D Brig., ist Div., 2D A. C. Weed, Stephen H., Brigadier 3D Brig., 2D Div., 5TH A. C. 10th battalion infantry. (4 Cos.) Name. Rank. Co. Name. Rank. Co. McCormick, John C Private D McGill, David Private A 39th battalion INFANTRY. (4 Cos.) Boni, Paolo Private C Reinbold, Peter Sergeant ... B Bonin, George Sergeant ... A Kauth, Gottleib Private A Doenecke, WiUiam Private B Schumacher, George ... .Private B Gessman, Frederick Private A Schultz, George CorporaL . . B Heimbrucher, Ignatz.. . .Private B Schwilzer, Conrad Private.... D Heinzen, Frederick. ...Private.... A Schaefer, George Private... A Hoegner, Heinrich Private ... A Van, Joseph Private A Kammerer, Clement Private B Wagner, Adolph Lieutenant . C Kern, Thomas Corporal ... C Werner, Michael Private B McCort, William Private C Witte, Bernhard Private D Metzler, Louis Private A Wuersch, Joseph Private D Muller, Emil Private C Yunkers, John Private C Pausb Theodor Lieutenant . G 2l6 New York at Gettysburg. 40th regiment infantry. Name. Rank. Angel, Charles H Private Atkins, Benjamin F Sergeant. . . Becker, George Private .... Cannilliard, Joseph Sergeant .. . Couillon, Henri Private Ernst, Charles Sergeant . . . Evers, John* Private . . . Fleming, George Private Freer, Simon Private .... Gardner, Henry C Private Germain, Jules Private .... Gladsor, Walter Sergeant . . . Gschwind, John Private .... Harding, Michael Private ■. . . . Henschel, Harris Private .... Horrigan, Timothy Private .... Hughes, Reese Private Johnson, William H. H. .Lieutenant. Co. Name. Rank. Co. B Kelly, Timothy Private D F Knappman, Andrew .... Private .... A A Lloyd, George Private E B Lobier, Frederick C Corporal ... I A Longworth, Julius Sergeant... B B Moffat, James A Private D I O'Brien, Thomas Private C B O'Harra, Daniel Private G F Perkins, Andrew Private .... K C Pfeiffer, Jacob Private E E Royal, Frank ...Private F K Sickerson, John Private E A Slattery, Jeremiah D , . . . Sergeant . . . C C Standinger, Otto Private E E Stahle, Frank Private ... A F Steltz, Samuel Corporal... F I Sweeny, Francis Private.... D G Walker, Augustus Private.... H 41sT REGIMENT INFANTRY. Banholzer, Constantin . . Private I Beerman, Rudolph Private .... E Blenksheim, Frederick . . Sergeant ... A Bohndorff, Herman Private I Bollinger, Henry S Corporal. . . E Capallo, Peter Private I Cohen, Isaac Private .... A Dehmel, Herman Private .... E Dierschow, John Private .... B Durm, John Sergeant ... B Engel, Otto Moritz Private I Holzrichter, Richard. . . . Private H Klebenspies, Joseph Private E Lesser, Solomon Private I Leute, John Private D Mutrack, Frederick Private I Muller, Henry Private B Spitz, Albert Private H Walde, Conrad Corporal. . . K Wentz, Frederick Private I Winzer, Reinhold Lieutenant . A Woell, Frederick Corporal . . . B 43d REGIMENT INFANTRY. Barrett, Daniel Private . . . , Barron, Thomas Private . . . . Brentzel, Peter Corporal . . , Byrne, William Corporal. . . Constant, Derby Corporal . . Cuddy, Michael Sergeant. . , Cullen, James Private . . . . Curley, Thomas Private . . . . Fent, Peter Private . . . Flynn, William Sergeant . . James, Thomas Private . . . . McGrann, Felix Private . McLear, Neal Private . . . . C McMara, Patrick Private E D Moore, Charles Sergeant . . . D I Murphy, Hugh Private G K O'Shea, Daniel Private E D Paine, Ambrose E Private F I Pepper, James Private F F Riley, Michael Private G C Shultz, Frederick Corporal... C E Smith, John Private D H Stone, Christopher Sergeant . . . G A Tibel, Frederick Private K F West, Peter Private . . . . K A Wooley, Henry C Corporal... B 43d regiment INFANTRY. Cotrell, Joseph Private A Post, Albert N. . Gilfillan, William H Captain ... A . Private ,. A * " Missing in action at Gettysburg ; no further record.' New York at Gettysburg. 217 44th regiment INFANTRY. Name, Rank. Beers, Peter Private . . . . Brackett, John A Corporal . . Brehle, Henry Private .... Burnham, Leander T. . . . Private .... Burns, Robert C Private Byrne, Theodore A Private . . . . Casey, Daniel Private .... Carpenter, Charles H. . . . Private . . . Chafee, Andrew J Private Doing, John Private . . . . Dunham, Eugene L lieutenant. Duryea, Webster S Private .... Gauley, Richard Private . . . . Goodman, William J ...Corporal... Griswold, Francis M Private Hurd, Allen J Sergeant . . . Hunt, Thomas H Private Irons, John M Private Kraft, Joseph ,...,. Corporal . . Co. Name. Rank. Co. B Lantz, John Private K H Larrabee, Lucius S Captain... B A Levoy, Francis G Private F E Look, John Private A A McElligott, Richard Corporal . . . C I McGee, James Private.. . F D Merchant, Edgar A Sergeant . . G I Munson, Scott Private E E Nash, David Private F B Norris, William N Private C D Simons, John Private .... A G Skinner, Sydney S Sergeant... D B Smith, Chester Private A H Story, Cornelius Private .... K C A A I A Thomas, Benjamin N Lieutenant. K Traver, Elbert Private E White, Jesse Corporal ... G Wolcott, George B , Private .... E 45th REGIMENT INFANTRY. Barthauer, William Corporal. Beck, John J Private . . Faist, Franz Private . . Fischer, Albert Corporal . D Roth, Ferdinand Private . . D Schraf er, Peter Private . . E Schwarz, Rudolph Corporal. C Schade, Christian Private . Langenecker, Valentine. Private D Schoch, August Private.. Link, Charles Sergeant ... C Weitzel, Friedrich Sergeant . May, Everhard Sergeant , . . E Weissensel, John C Corporal . Milde, Edward Sergeant ... D Zimbrich, Philip Private . . Ploghoft, John Private E E E B K K B E D 53d REGIMENT INFANTRY. Kreiss, William Private , Rampmeier, Frederick ..Private . Schraver, Charles Private. I Venuti, Edward Major. . . B Weil Sigmund Sergeant. K B 54th REGIMENT INFANTRY. Brandau, Carl Private . . . Michel, Henry Sergeant . . Poss, Peter Private . . , Schmidt, Conrad B Private . ,.c H Scherrer, Johan Private A D Walz, Henry Private H F Willmann, Henry ... Sergeant . . F C 57th REGIMENT INFANTRY. Ambler, William J Sergeant Schwartz, Henry .Private . , . . D Smith, John Private . . F Smith, David Private D I 58th REGIMENT INFANTRY. Antonieski, Edward Captain .. Deitfich, Louis Adjutant. A Krouse, Louis Private - Stoldt, Gustave Captain H H 2l8 New York at Gettysburg. 59th battalion INFANTRY. (4 Cos.) Name. Rank. Co. Name. Rank. Allen, Elisha Private A Martin, James M Sergeant . . Burns, John Private A Pohlman, William H Adjutant. . . Cush,'james P Sergeant ... C Read, David Private EUenberger, August Private B Steinwacher, Frederick .Serg. Major. Ennoscence', John Private A Thoman, Max A Lieut. Col . . Gallagher, Michael Private A Wood, Charles Sergeant .. . 60th REGIMENT INFANTRY. Co. B Ayres, Philetus Private Clark, William W Sergeant .. . Corbett, Daniel Sergeant . . . Downs, Hannibal Private . . . Gray, Charles Sergeant . . . Johnson, William Private Laselle, John A Corporal . . . McDonald, Peter Corporal .. . McDowell, Henry Corporal . . . H Mead, Hiram Private D Miller, William Corporal . . B Murphy, William Private .... F Norton, John Private . . . , I Stanley, Myron D Lieutenant , B Stephenson, Philo Corporal . . . C Shepard, Orin Private . . . I Townsend, Amasa R. . . .Corporal .. , G Van Tassell, Edward . . .Private . ■ . G G I C E A A I C 61sT REGIMENT INFANTRY. Carney, James Corporal Casper, Nicholas Private Cole, Franklin Private . Conners, Thomas Private . Cornwall, Leonard Private . Cross, William H , Private . Daley, Edward Private . H Garland, Franklin K. .. .Lieutenant . A I Lyons, Patrick Corporal ... K G Martin, Patrick Private H K Roberts, Adrian H Sergeant ... E I Scott, Stephen A Corporal... G G Slaven, John Private .... I E Tieckler, Henry Private .... G Deger, Franz 62d REGIMENT INFANTRY. . Private . . . = K Ralph, Alfred . . Private 63d BATTALION INFANTRY. (2 Cos.) Eagan, Edward Private B McGeehan, Patrick* Private A Hogan, Charles Private .... A O'Brien, John Private A Kenny, Patrick Private .... A Sheehan, Michael Private .... B Manley, Timothy Private ... A Walsh, Peter Private A 64th REGIMENT INFANTRY. Babcock, Willis G Lieutenant . Barnes, Orrin Private Burns, Charles H Private .... Cadwell, Chester A. , . . .Private Carpenter, Levi Private Dudley, Wentworth E . . . Corporal . . . Dumond, Horace K Corporal .. . Dye, Alfred W Private Fuller, Henry V Captain .... Gardner, Clayton A Private . . . . Howard, Francis W Private .... Kenno, Morris Private . . . . G Lane, Alfred Private B I Lewis, Alfred H Lieutenant . D G Marshall, George W Private G E Ormsby, Rowland L.... Private G D Owen, William E Private E E Ray, James, Jr Private D E Salisbury, John Private .... E K Shay, Oscar E Private . . . . G F Smith, George S Corporal ... I A Stone, Edmund, Jr Corporal... D D Thurber, Ira S Lieutenant. I K * '* Missing in action at Gettysburg; no further record." New York at Gettysburg. 219 65th regiment INFANTRY. Name. Rank. Co. Name. Rank. Burns, Lafayette Private I O'Brien, John Private Clark, John Corporal ... B Rowan, William Private Bonnet, Caspar Private . Hough, William Corporal Ince, George H Captain James, William Private 66th regiment INFANTRY. C Joloph, James F Private . F Munn, Elijah F Captain A Straus, Jacob Private . F 68th regiment INFANTRY. Anderholt, Paul Private . . . . H Bensel, Johann Private .... D Binder, Ferdinand Sergeant . . A Bickel, Gottlieb Private ... A Bredig, Eugene* Private . — F Friedrich, Otto Captain .... I Hoffman, John Private E Kendewater, David Private . . Knoeckel, Friedrich* . . .Private . . Moser, Mathias Private . . Muller, Carl Private . , Ritter, AVilliam Sergeant Schumacher, William . . . Corporal 69th battalion INFANTRY. (2 Cos.)t Doyle, Dennis Corporal ...A Mahoney Daniel Private .. Mahoney, Michael Private A 70th REGIMENT INFANTRY. Ackerman, William H. . . Private . . . . Buggins, George Private Brookmeyer, William . . .Private Campbell, Andrew Private . . . Carlin, Sylvin A Private . . . . Clegg, James Private . . . , Croft, Samuel W Sergeant .. . Crowley, Patrick Private . . . . Decker, Isaac L Sergeant . . . Douglas, George W. Private . . . . Dunnell, Henry C Private Ellison, Isaac Private Goulding, Sydney A Corporal .. , Higgins, John Private . . . . Jones, Thornton Private . . . , Joliff, John Private Kessler, John W Private Lambert, Samuel Corporal .. . McGraw, Matthew Corporal . . . McKenna, John Private . . . , I Miner, Charles W I Montgomery, James — E Massey, Joseph I Myers, Samuel C K Nolan, John I O'Connor, Robert E Piper, William H G Rickley, John E F Robb, John I Robinson, George D Ryan, Michael L A Senior, Thomas A Smith, Thomas G Solomon, Louis E Steinberg, Henry F Stowell, Francis M D Tommy, John F Townley, William H . . . E Ulch, August* C Van Vladderacken, H. P. Private . , Private . . Private . . Corporal Private . . Private . . Private . Private . . Private . . Captain .. Private . . Private . . Private . . Corporal , Private . . Private . . Corporal Sergeant . Private . . Sergeant 71sT REGIMENT INFANTRY. Arms, Alfred G Corporal . . . Bellenbeck, Phillip Private Battelle, Joseph Sergeant . . . Brady, James Private Canty, Daniel Private Cozine, Abraham Private .... Estes, Andrew W Lieutenant . Forsyth, George Corporal . . Gorman, Charles Private H Haddock, James C Private . . C Hardenburg, George Private . . Holland, David Private . . Kearns, Timothy Private . . King, Thomas Sergeant B Marion, William Private . . H Olvaney, Patrick Private .. Schuler, Conrad Corporal Thompson, Samuel Corporal . A A C A E Co. , H . I G G E I F B A B B B .. C ,. E .. H .. F ,. K .. C ,. H .. D .. K .. H .. C .. C .. K .. B .. B .. D .. D .. F .. D .. A H H F A E D A D H ♦ " Missing in action at Gettysburg ; no further record." t The report made by this battalion at the close of the battle gives the names of five men as killed (see casualty leturns, p. 141) ; but a memorandum on the next monthly return shows that this was an error. 220 New York at Gettysburg. 72d regiment infantry. Name. Rank. Co. Burke, Daniel L Sergeant ... E Colyer, John Private . . . . K Foss, Charles A Lieutenant . D Gormelly, Michael Private .... E Hampton, Joseph Private .... A Hankin, George F Private B Heishar, John Private H Hirsche, Gottlieb Private A Name. Rank. Holland, Thomas Private . . Homer, Elliott A Private . , Kennish, Peter Corporal Lovell, William H Private . , Platte, Frederick Private . . Strain, Isaac C Private . Schwiemer, Frederick. . .Private .. Co. , E . B . G , B . E G , E 73d REGIMENT INFANTRY. Anderson, George Corporal . . Blass, Adolph Sergeant . . Brown, William M Private Brown, John J Sergeant . Carello, Charles Corporal . . . Coniff, John J Sergeant .. Cowney, John Private Curran, John Private . . . . Davis, George* Private . . . . Dennen, George P Lieutenant Devlin, Edward Private . . . , Duane, Patrick Private . . . , Farrell, Hamilton Private . . . . Farewell, Peter Private . . . . Flanigan, Patrick Private . . . . Gallagher, Michael Private .... Harvey, Francis Corporal .. . Herbert, William L Lieutenant , Higgins, Martin E. . . . . .lieutenant , Hipp, Frederick Private . . . . Holmes, Edward Private . . . . Hollingsworth, SylvesterPrivate . . . . Keegan, Thomas F Private — . Ketchner, John Private . . . . Lacy, William Private Lally, Thomas Sergeant . . . Lynch, Patrick Private . . . . B Malloy, Wilson M Private . . . . C B Marksman, James Lieutenant . K G McAdam, John Private G C McAvoy, James Private G D McCormick, Andrew Private H K McGlare, George Sergeant ... F B Mclntyre, James D Private G K Menzer, Herman Private H K Murphy, John Sergeant... B C O'Neil, James Private... G A Pf eiffer, Valentine Sergeant . . . F C Renton, John Sergeant . . . C K Reynolds, Levi Private F D Salmon, John Private . . . . D B Sangerbusch, F. W Private C G Schoolhouse, Henry .... Private B G Secor, George Private F F Shine, Eugene C Captain F E Shondorf, Adam Private . . . , H C Smith, Daniel Private K F Sullivan, Patrick T Sergeant.... K F Titsworth, James Private D B Trainor, James Private D D Trainor, Peter Private D H Trihy, Edmund Private C K Weed, John C Private . . . . B D Wilson, Jacob Private I 74th REGIMENT INFANTRY. Burton, Florence Private . . Burke, Henry Corporal . Casey, John Private . . Chester, William H Captain . Falls, George F Private . . Gacon, Alexander Sergeant . Goodwin, William Private . . Harpell, Seth Private . . Hess, Edwin A Private . . Johnson, Robert Sergeant . B Knight, Washington Sergeant . B Knox, John Sergeant . H Lehman, Cyrus A Corporal , . G May wood, David Private . , . . D McLaughlin, John Corporal . B McMullen, John W Corporal . C Sevena, George Corporal . . C Slawson, Reuben Private ., . . F Smith, Charles D Private ., . . H Valentine, Oliver Corporal C K F E A A A E C C * " Missing in action at Gettysburg ; no further record," New York at Gettysburg. 221 76th regiment INFANTRY. Name, Rank, Blackman, Lewis Private Bosworth, George Private Bradley, Daniel Corporal . . . Brierly, John Private Bush, James B Private . . . . Carpenter, Benjamin F. .Corporal .. . Card, James J Private Chapman, Alfred Corporal . . , Chapman, Francis A. . . .Private Cogswell, Amos Corporal . . , Colvin, Thomas H Private ... Cranston, William H . . . .Private . . . , Dawson, John M Private Dunn, Thomas* .... — Corporal . . . Edwards, James Private Efner, Erastus J Sergeant . . . Everett, Robert B Captain . . . . Fox, William C Private . . . . Gay, Franklin L Sergeant , . . Gilbert, Hiram Private . . . . Greason, Edward Private . . . . Grover, Andrew J Major Hammond, James H . . . .Corporal . , , Holden, Benjamin F. . . .Corporal .. . Howell, Hannibal Private Hyde, Charles A Private . . . . Co. Name. Rank. H Johnston, Anson M. N . . Private B H Keeler, Philip Lieutenant.. G C Lamphier, George W Private E A Lynes, David Private I E Martin, Thomas Sergt. Major - A Merrick, Chapin W. ...Corporal... G F Noxon, Robert G Lieutenant. E K Persons, Charles E Private . . K Pooler, William L Private . . F Powell, William E Private . , D Pratt, Charles F Private . . A Scrivner, Lyman Corporal H Seeber, John W Private . . A Smith, Patrick Private . . A Smith, Herman D Corporal I Spencer, Samuel G . . . . .Private . . E Stewart, Horace G Private . A Story, Robert Captain . G Tompkins, William, . . . .Private . . F Torango, Louis , Private . . B Tousley, Lorenzo Private .. - Weaver, Henry D . . . . , Corporal . I Wood, Walter B Sergeant F Wood, John Private . C Young, Uriah Private . . B 78th REGIMENT INFANTRY. Bennett, Peter Private . . Clark, Frederick D Private . . Durbin, Frederick Sergeant Dawson, Thomas Private . . B Keyes, William H Private .. K Marsh, William C Private . . I Trudell, Alfred Private . . A 80th REGIMENT INFANTRY {20th N. Y. S. M.). Ackert, George A Private , . . . Angevine, James E Corporal . . . Arnold, Ethan A Private Babcock, George H Private Baldwin, Ambrose N Captain . , . , Brankstone, George W. .lieutenant , Bush, Duane S Private .... Cogan, Edward Private Collier, Albert Private Corbin, Joseph S Captain Craig, James Sergeant . . . Crooks, Thomas Private .... Decker, Minard Sergeant . . . Decker, Lucius H Sergeant . . , Decker, Isaiah Sergeant , , . DeGraff, Eli A Corporal . . , Flanders, Squire Private Halleck, James L Private .. . Hamlin, DeWitt C Private . . . Higgins, Ebbin Private C Hyatt, Thomas Private . . H Irwin, Henry O Private . . H Lee, Francis J Private . . E Leonard, Joseph ....... Corporal K Luft, John Private . , E McClellan, Luther W . , .Sergeant . A Pierce, Ansel S Private . . C Roosa, Ephraim Private . D Sleight, Franklin C Private .. F Southard, Nelson Private . . C Swart, Abram W Corporal F Tice, Alexander D Private . . K Tracy, John Private . . G Treat, Amos C Private . . E Tyler, Walter S Corporal H Van Gorder, Leonard. . .Private .. I Van Leuven, Reuben C. Private .. G Van Steenbergh, Cons'nePrivate . A Wheeler, Theodore Corporal . D E G K A G A F A D D B B E C C E B I G H A I E A I F D H B A K I E T D C E D C A • * " Missing in action at Gettysburg ; no further record." 222 New York at Gettysburg. 82d regiment infantry. Name. Rank. Ahearn, Thomas Sergeant . . . Armstrong, Robert Private Blanck, Ethan S Private Boyd, Thomas J Private Broudie, John Sergeant . . . Burton, John Private Byrnes, Matthew Private ... Clifford, Michael Private Conway, William Private Capper, John Private Corcoran, Michael Private Cranston, John Lieutenant . Dalgleish, George Corporal . . . Diemar, John H Private . . . Devine, Thomas Sergeant . . . Elliott, Benjamin F Sergeant .. . Elliott, Philip Private Farrington, Patrick Sergeant . . . Fore, Robert Private Gallagher, James Private .... Gray, James R Private Hoban, Thomas Private Hoyt, Jonah C Captain . . .. Hoykas, Nicholas Private Hurley, Thomas Corporal . . . Huston, James Lieut. Col .. Irving, Henry Private Irwin, James Sergeant . . . Johnston, Joseph Private Co. Name. Rank. Co. H Johnston, David R Corporal... I A Kelly, Luke Corporal ... F H King, John Private K H Lappin, Patrick Private H H Larkin, John Sergeant . . . K D Lee, Lyman H Sergeant ... B C Lockman, Isaac Private .... A I McClench, Edward Corporal... D K McDonald, John H Lieutenant . E E McDonald, Patrick Corporal .. . H G Meehan, James Private . . . . H F Miller, Harlan Private F K Murphy, Thomas Private .... F F Murray, Benjamin Corporal . . . K D O'Brien, John Corporal . . H F Pettingill, George A.... Private .... G K Schmidt, Conrad Private . . . . G G See, Isa^c S Sergeant . . B A Sharrott, Edward M Corporal ... A F Sheridan, Richard Corporal... E C Shuart, Christian A Private H E Sprague, George W Private .... G B Stewart, William M Private C C Stupp, Peter Private .... I G Tennison, John Private . . . . K - Titterington, Richard. .. Private .... G F Ward, James H Private .... I E Williams, Henry Private .... F F Wilson, John B Sergeant ... C 83d REGIMENT INFANTRY. Burns, Patrick Private H Clark, Charles A Lieutenant . B Curry, Henry J Sergeant ... L Quirk, Thomas W Captain A Robbins, William H Private C Westervelt, Francis Private .... I Zimmerman, Dominick .Private .... B 84th REGIMENT INFANTRY. Atkin, George H Private Carleton, Nathaniel E. ..Sergeant ... Chapin, Albert N Private Conklin, Charles E Sergeant . . Douglas, George A Private . . . Egolf, William A Corporal . . Farrell, Thomas Private . . . Forrester, George W . . Corporal .. Griffiths, Frederick H . . . Corporal . . . Isler, Ludwig Private . , . Ivers, James Private . . . Larkin, Washington .... Private . . McConnell, George ....Private ... D McLarty, John Private F E Millard, William S Private .... I C Morley, John Private B K Myers, John F., Jr Private H F Pendrell, Albert Corporal... C E Roberts, Erastus B Private .... B B Ten Eyck, David Private B C Thurston, Robert P Private .... E A Walton, Joseph Private . . . . H K Webber, Charles F Private A A Woods, Curtis H Private B B Wright, Frederick E Private B I New York at Gettysburg. 223 86th regiment INFANTRY. Name, Rank. Blackman, John M Private - , Bovee, Melvin B Corporal Brown, James E Corporal Carrigan, John Private . , Everett, Jeremiah Private . Fisk, Jabez B Private . Haseltine, Hyman Private . Keller, Francis Private . Lanning, Robert Private . Palmer, Archibald C. . . .Private . Co. Name. Rank. Co. . I Piatt, Legrand Private B . A Popple, John Private F . F Ross, Ira W Private B . I Stearns, Calvin F Private D , . H Stewart, William L Private K , . K Taylor, Jerome Private B , . K Thompson, Elbridge G.. Private G , . A Tremain, John A Corporal ... F , . K Warner, John N Captain . . . . K . . I Winship, Nehemiah W. . . Corporal . . . K 88th BATTALION INFANTRY. (3 Cos.) Ferry, John Private B McBride, James H Private A Green, John Private .... B McGauley, Owen* Corporal ... B McClelland, William Adjutant ... - Small, John Private B 94th regiment INFANTRY. Bastian, William* Private . . Cooney, James* Corporal. Dickson, Albert E Private . . Dolan, James Private . . Donohue, Michael* Private . . Fuller, Benzette Private . . Glaire, John, Jr Private . . Hennessy, Lawrence, . . .Sergeant . H Mclntyre, William L Private C H McKendry, William Private E B Miner, Lemon T.* Private . . . . H G Ratigan, James Private .... E D Saunders, Henry Sergeant ... C K Stratton, John Sergeant ... A D Wydner, William H Private K F 95th regiment INFANTRY. Ackerman, William E. . .Corporal Alexander, Henry Corporal Carter, John B Corporal Connolly, Patrick Private . , Jell, Frederick Sergeant Jones, Elihu Private . . F Lang, John Private .... I K McShean, Andrew Private .... C H Phillips, John H. Private F I Smith, William G Corporal ... F I Yores, Charles* Sergeant ... E F 97th REGIMENT INFANTRY. Aman, Jacob Private Avery, Alfred T Private Benhamer, Peter Private Brown, James Corporal . . , Cady, Edwin Private Cady, Rush P Lieutenant Darling, Francis Private ... Fical, Nathan Private . . . Kautch, John Corporal . . H Morrin, William J Lieutenant A E Munson, Frederick E. . .Sergeant. .. D H Reese, Lloyd Private .... A B Sherman, Alfred T Private E K Sherman, Charles ........ Corporal ... C K Stiles, James H Lieutenant . D F Townsend, Lyman Private .... F F Williams, Richard O. .. .Private ... . B H * " Missing in action at Gettysburg ; no further record." 224 New York at Gettysburg. io2d regiment infantry. Name. Rank. Bowie, James Private , . . Brush, Van Ran Private . . , Keogh, James Private . . , Co. Name. Rank. Co I Mead, John Captain E C Rand, William W Private E G Upham, Josiah V Adjutant... - 104th REGIMENT INFANTRY. Abbey, Henry L Private , . Barnes, Edwin C Private . . Buckingham, Maufice . . Sergeant . Burgess, Horace Private . . Curtis, Thomas J Sergeant . Davis, William L Private . Fisher, Charles Private . . Fuller, Peter F Private . . Galusha, Reuben C Private . . Giles, James Private . . Harrington, Truman .... Private . . Hill, John Private . . Husson, William Private . . Johnston, Thomas Lieutenant Lifflith, Jose Sergeant Lewis, Stephen W Private . C Lewis, Samuel S Private D C Lodwick, John Private B C Lohrnes, Atwater Private K D Mix, Alonzo F Private B A O'Keefe, Owen Sergeant . . . H A Pecktil, Alonzo M Private K I Pennock, Nelson Private .... E B Perry, Orville O Private . . . G K Roberts, John E Sergeant . . . G I Runyan, John Private D B Shea, William H Sergeant... I F Tighe, James Private H F Veazey, Warner Private C D Wells, John P Private E D Woodruff, William , Private .... A B 107th REGIMENT INFANTRY. Van Dyck, John Private , K 108th regiment INFANTRY. Amiet, Carl V Lieutenant Card, Dayton T Lieutenant Cassidy, John Private . . . , Comstock, Henry Private Prof t, Ralph Corporal . . , Deicenroth, Frank Private ... Englert, Marx Private . . . Evans, Robert Lieutenant Fairchildo William Corporal . . , Feary, George M Private I Fitzner, John Private F H Gomm, Thomas Sergeant... C D Hof er, John Private A F Le Clear, Charles P Private E C O'Halloran, Michael Private A A Rhoades, Henry Private B I Rinker, John Private A C Senger, John Corporal... I D Welch, Maurice Sergeant ... F B New York at Gettysburg. 225 111th regiment. Name. Rank. Co. Allen, James Private E Allen, Elisha Private A Ayers, Charles F Private .... E Bartholomew, D. D Private .... E Bailey, John E . . . ..... Private .... I Bemis, George W Private . . . K Bigelow, Jeremiah Corporal ... K Bothwell, William S . . . .Corporal ... I Brown, Bartlett Private .... E Brown, Elbert Private . . . . G Brown, Silas W Private . . . . H Brown, William E Private . . . . H Burch, Hiram Private . . . . K Burred, William G Corporal ... E Bump, James H Corporal ... A Claxton, George Private .... G Cooper, Simeon Corporal ... G Cripps, John Private .... E De Cou, Samuel B Private .... E Detrick, Henry Private . . . . K De Vos, Peter Private .... E Dean, Seward Private I Derby, Payson D Corporal . . . H Donahue, Bartholomew. .Private .... G Drake, John H Lieutenant . F Dunning, John J Private . . . . D Ferguson, Alexander .... Private .... G Flier, Abraham, Sr Private . . . . D Fritz, Samuel Private .... E Fulton, David Private . . . . G Godfrey, Merrill Private H Granger, Erastus M lieutenant . D Grinnell, Edgar Private . . . . K Griswold, James H Private .... E Gray, John G Private .... I Halstead, Samuel J Corporal ... K Harmon, Simeon Private .... E Hawkins, Thomas D. . . .Private .... E Hatfield, William Private F Herring, Luther Private G Heath, Andrew M Private H Hicks, Judson A Sergeant ... A Jaques, Irving P Sergt. Major - Jessup, Edwin L Private .... A Kearin, Michael , . .Private D Knapp, David Private .... I Lawrence, John E Sergeant . . . H Love, James H Private G Name. Rank. Co. McAfee, Archibald G. . . Corporal ... A McAlpine, Arthur Private . . . G McCleary, George Private A McGillora, Alexander. . .Private .... G Meach, Hugh Private . F Miller, Alfred P Sergeant ... A Morgan, Joseph Private H Myers, Ruf us S , Private K Nostrand, John B.* Private G Parnell, Edward Private . A Pease, David Private .... G Penoyar, Ira Sergeant . . . D Pickard, George Private .... E Proseus, Augustus W . . .Lieutenant . E Proseus, Edgar Private .... E Ritter, Gustave Private D Riley, Edward J Private . . , . K Roe, Martin V Private K Robinson, Charles H... Sergeant ... G Rose, Randolph Private F Roberts, Henry W Private .... E Silmser, Charles Private G Smith, Horace W Sergeant. .. K Smith, Lafayette Private G Soden, Stephen P Private ... A Strickland, Sherman D.. Private A Taylor, George Private G Thompson, Hudson Private .... I Tilden, William H Private A Toy, Thomas Private .... G Treat, Albert W Private H Van Valkenburgh, A. L. Corporal .. . E Van Winkle, Myron H. .Private E Van Wort, Benjamin Private K Wallace, Alonzo , Private .... A Wallace, George W Private .... A Westbrook, Martin V . . . Private E Weeks, F. Augustus Corporal ... K Welch, Morris Private H Weeden, Charles Private D Whitmore, William E. . . . Private E Whitmore, Emmet M. . . .Private ... E Whitbeck, Wessel T Private E White, Harrison .... Private K Wood, Henry Private K Wood, Esty E Private G Worden, Edwin Private .... G * '* Missing in action at Gettysburg ; no further record.' 15 226 New York at Gettysburg. 119th regiment INFANTRY. Name. Co. Adams, George Private A Austin, James Private A Barton, William H Sergeant .... A Bennett, Elijah* Private K Camp, Henry Corporal . . . . H Carpenter, Walter Private H Clark, Peter Private K Coles, Jacob Corporal . . . . F Dilpert, Gottlieb Private C Droeber, Heinrich Private B Dwyer, William Private A Engelhardt, George . . . .Sergeant . . . E Friederici, Julius Sergeant . . . D Germer, Joseph Sergeant . . . C German, Bernhard Private D Haigue, Samuel Private A Halbing, George Private G Harding, William H . . . .Corporal. ... A Harrison, James Private A Hergt, Otto W.* . . Corporal. . . . D Hesterberg, William*. . .Private E Name. Rank. Co. Hinterwald, Julius Private D Hoeger, Franz Private D Hoesch, Adam Private D Hoffman, Joseph* Private E Irving, Henry Private F Junck, Peter Private E Kief er, Frederick Private C McGiff, Christopher ...Private A Monaghan, John Corporal ... I Muller, Martin* Private E Neumerkel, Edward*. . .Private C Rieger, Theodore Sergeant D Roth, William Corporal E Rothlauf, George Corporal. . . E Rasemann, Matthias Lieutenant . . G Roseville, Charles E Private . . . . H Speedling, John F Private H Strippel, George Private E Trost, Emil Lieutenant . . E Trumpelman, Otto Captain C White, Peter Private F 120th REGIMENT INFANTRY. Abrams, William I , Private . . . Barnes, Josiah D Corporal . . Barker, Ayres G Captain . . . Bell, William H Private . . . Bray, Hilan Corporal . . Burhans, Abram Private . . . Burhans, John R lieutenant Burkins, Levi* Private . . . Burns, William Private . . . Carle, Jason Lieutenant Christiana, George Private , . . Cornell, Isaac N Private . . . Cockburn, William J . . . .Lieutenant Creighton, Michael E. . .Lieutenant Curry, Daniel D Private , . . Dederick, Francis W. . . .Private . . . DeWitt, Andrew M Corporal . . . Delanoy, James M Corporal . . . Dubois, Charles W Private . . . . Dumond, Philander W. .Private . . . . Eighmey, Miles N Private . . . . Felton, Dennis Corporal . . . Frieleweh, Frederick . . . Lieutenant . Haun, Stephen Private . . . . Hendricks, William H . . Private . . . . Hollister, Lansing ..,,.. Captain . A Hotchkiss, Orin W Private .... F . I Hulbert, Jasper Private . . . . H . K Jennings, Elijah Private . . . . H . F Johnson, William H Private .... G . B Ketchum, Edward H . . . Lieutenant . A , I Kelly, Edward Private G . I McCloskey, Dennis Private . . . . K . B Myer, Gilbert Corporal ... I , I Newkirk, iManassah Private .... G . G Rose, "William H Corporal ... F . A Sheeley, William Private .... E K Slater, William Private . . . . H . H Smith, George L Sergeant ... G . H Snyder, John S ........ Sergeant ... A E Teetsell, Solomon Private .... G D Thompson, Rufus Private ... C H Thompson, Isaac L Corporal ... C I Tibbals, George H Corporal... K G Trudden, John Private . . . . H A Van Debogert, Theodore. Private ... I I Van Demark, Josiah .... Private .... B G AVarner, Justus Private I , E AVheeler, Truman H . . . . Private . . . . K D Whitcomb, Rush M Private E C York, Morris Private E D * '' Missing in action at Gettysburg ; no further record.' New York at Gettysburg. 227 n2-D REGIMENT INFANTRY. Name. Rank. Blake, Stephen Private . . Casey, Daniel Corporal Cain, John Private . . Fanning, Patrick Private .. Hilts, Hiram G Corporal McCarthy, Dennis Private . . McHale, Michael Private . . Co. Name. Rank. B Parker, George S Corporal . G Sanders, Carlton Private . . K Sidnam, John Private .. C Travis, John L Corporal . C Whitworth, William W. . . Corporal . K Wickham, James W Private . . H Co. . H . H . H . G . K . E 123d REGIMENT INFANTRY. Bell, John Private . . Huntington, Wesley P . . . Private . , E Thayer, Nelson A Private K C AVeer, Norman Fox Captain .... E 124th REGIMENT INFANTRY. Allen, Cornelius S Private Barton, Walter Private Brown, Milnor Lieutenant . Campbell, William Private Carroll, John Private Cromwell, James Major Corbet, Thomas Private Cox, William H Sergeant . .. Dawkins, William H Private Decker, Isaac Corporal . . . Drake, John D Sergeant . . . Edwards, Charles Private Ellis, A. Van Home Colonel Flagg, Benjamin F , Private Gillson, Isaac C Private Glanz, John Private Harris, Hezekiah Private I Holland, Robert J Private . , G Homan, James E . , Private . , I Hulburt, Ambrose S.... Private .. G Knapp, Orlando U Corporal K Lamoreaux, William .... Private . , - Lent, J acob Corporal G Moore, William Private . , H Moores, James B Private . , G Nichols, Isaac Captain . K Partington, James Private . . F Pembleton, James Private ., I Quick, Amzi W Private . , - Rourke, James Private . , C Scott, John Corporal F Stephens, George H ....Private .. B Storms, Harrison H Private . . E Whan, William Private . , B H K F B A I E G I D F G E K B I 228 New York at Gettysburg. 135th regiment INFANTRY. Co. Rank. Bereau, Edward Private . . Brownell, Charles Private . . Carmody, Bartholomew. Private .. Cornelius, Abram , Private . , Crandell, Chauncey J . . . Private . . Cross, Francis Private . . Callen, William A Sergeant Davis, Henry J Private . , Defreest, John W Corporal Dunham, Dalmer W Corporal Eagan, John Private . . Eaton, John T Corporal Finnegan, William Sergeant Higgins, William H Private . . Hitchins, George M Private . . Hiscox, Marshall E Sergeant , Horton, William Private . . Hyde, Andrew B Private . . Ives, Charles W Private"] . . Johnson, James D Private .. I Lappens, Jr., Henry ....Private .. K McCoubrey, James H. . .Private .. A Moss, George S Sergeant . G Raisch, Jacob Private . . K Rose, David Private . . G Slemmer, William H , . . .Private . . Smith, Lewis Sergeant . B Smith, Marvin Private . . H Snyder, Robert Private . . Southwick, William H. . . Private . . Travis, Lafayette Private . Usher, A. B Private . . D Varnum, Jedediah Private . . B Vanderpool, Sylvester ..Sergeant . C Watts, Robert Private . . D Weber, Christian Private . . G White, Chauncey Private .. D Willard, George L Colonel . . H Wood, Ephraim Captain.. I Wood, Morgan L Corporal . A E D F 126th REGIMENT INFANTRY. Adams, William H Private ... K Axtell, William Private A Bassett, Erasmus E Sergeant ... B Bailey, Cornelius L Corporal ... C Barnes, Edward J Sergeant ... E Bachman, Jacob H . . . . , Corporal ... I Blue, Samuel Private .... C Boyd, James P Corporal ... E Brodie, John Private .... D Burns, Robert Private . . . . H Bunce, Melvin Private .... B Cadmus, Abram C ..... Private .... I Clark, Samuel J Private .... F Comstock, Truman B... Private .... D Cook, Henry P Sergt. Major - Crandall, Charles C Private .... D Cunningham, Michael ..Private .... E Day, Daniel Private . . . G Farnsworth, Charles H. . Sergeant . . . G Finger, John W Private .... B Garrison, Mortimer Private .... B Gaylord, Charles AV .... Private B Goff, David H Sergeant ... A Grant, Jonathan T Private C Harris, Charles T Sergeant ... C Herendeen, Orin J Captain . . .. H Holmes, Rufus P .Lieutenant G Hobart, William L Private . . . B Hollowell, Joseph Private .... B Hopkins, Peter J Private H Huson, James P Private .... B Kelly, George Private .... C King, George C Private C Lewis, Hosea Private . . . . Morgan, William Private . . . Nelson, Lester Private . . . . Nicholson, George H. . .Private . . . . Nichols, Samuel A Corporal . . . Norris, Elias A Corporal . . . Perry, Oliver Private . . . . Phillips, John K Private . . . . Phillips, Lorenzo - Private . . . Poole, Robert H Private . . . , Pursell, Joshua B Private . . . . Raymond, William Private . . . , Saulpaugh, John H Private . . . . Sebring, Thomas Private . . . . Sherrill, Eliakim Colonel . . . . Shimer, Isaac Captain . . . . Sherman, Jacob .Lieutenant Sloat, John F Private . . . . Snelling, John Private . . . Snyder, Tyler J Sergeant . . Stevenson, James G Private . . . Stacy, Theodore P . . . .Private . . . Stewart, Wilmer Private . . . Thompson, John W Private Turner, George W Private . . Tyler, Edwin W Sergeant .. . Vaughan, Elisha D . ... Private . . . Walters, Charles, Jr Private . . . "\A'heeler, Charles M Captain . . . AVillson, Henry W Private . . . Wilson, Harvey Private . . . Wood, Hiram B Corporal . . Co. . E . H . C . I . G . G . C , B . E , G , K . D , A , I . G , I K . H K D I K H B B E E E A C B E I F E E F G G H C E E D C I K D E D New York at Gettysburg. 229 134:TH REGIMENT INFANTRY. Name. Rank. Barkhuff, James H Private . . Barry, Jeremiah Private . . Bentz, Christian Sergeant Becker, John B Private . . Bieber, Peter Corporal Bice, Benjamin B Private . . Brownlee, James Private . . Brown, Harvey Private . . Buhler, John J Private . . Coton, Daniel Private . . Cater, James D Private . . Chamberlain, Jesse P... Private .. Chapman, George Private . . Cornell, John Private , . Corl, Robert C Private . . Cosgreve, Charles Private . . Creighton, David W Corporal Dana, Philip Private . . Dougal, John E Private . . Douglass, George W. . . .Corporal Earl, Wilber N. Private . , Ferguson, James A Corporal Geiser, Jacob Private . . Grimm, John Private . . Glenn, Henry [P Sergeant Haner, David Private . Hawkins, Leroy M Private . . Hummel, Ransom S Private . Huebner, William Private . . Hyart, John T Private . . Jennings, James Private . . Keller, Charles Private . , Lemmer, Theodore Private . . Link, Peter Private . Co. Name. Rank. H Manchester, John A.... Private Co. C Martin, William Private K . . K Mead, Lucius r .. -Lieutenant . B . A Miles, Stephen A Private . . . B . K Nichols, Nathan Private I , . A Palmatier, Daniel Private . . . . G , . G Palmer, Peter S Corporal ... A , . C Palmer, Henry I .......Lieutenant. I . K Peek, Henry Corporal ... B , . H Proper, David S Private .... F . . I Reagles, George M Private .... H , . H Salisbury, Amasa Private .... I . A Shellkopf, John Private K , . H Scripture, Nelson R Private .... G , . G Slater, William Private G , . D Schmidt, Joseph Private . . . . K , . E Smith, Frederick Private .... A . . E Sweet, Sylvanus Private.... D . . H Thomas, Thurston Private D , . G Thomas, John B Private.... E , . I Tolles, Cicero Private .... A . B Tolles, John A Private A . . K Trask, Jacob Sergeant ... F . . K Vaughn, Robert Corporal... G . B Van Arnam, Alonzo ... .Corporal .. . F . . G Van Slyke, Cornelius . . .Private .... C , . B Van Dyke, Elwood Private C . . G Van Zandt, A. K Private B . . A Vrooman, John W Private.... E . . F Watson, John J Private . D , . I Weidman, Septimus Private .... D . . F Wilbur, Hiram Private E , . K Wilbur, Philip C Private . . . . E .. K 136th REGIMENT INFANTRY. Baker, Aaron B Private . . . Barber, Zack A Private Blackall, George Corporal . . Confer, Daniel E Private Connor, Nicholas Private Doran, James Private . . . , Elwell, Charles C. c Private . . . Folinsbee, John Private Franklin, William Private Gage, Elias Private ... Gibbs, George Corporal . . Hannigan, James ... Sergeant . . , Hover, William Sergeant . . , B Hull, Daniel V Private . . K Ikins, Simeon Private . . G Limerick, Henry Private . , I Mosher, George H Private .. E McWhorter, Wm. H Private . . E Smith, Lucian J Corporal H Stout, Marsena S Private .. G Stowell, John Private . . H West, Arzy Private . . B Wiggins, Zelotus C Private . . B Wise, Solomon L Private . . E Wood, Francis M Private . . G Youells, Richard Private .. . G . K . F . H . B . G . F . H . H . E . I . H . B 230 New York at Gettysburg. 137th regiment INFANTRY. Name. Rank. Archibald, Frederick A. Private Besemer, William Private Boyce, Franklin W Corporal . . . Brockham, Jacob W Sergeant ... Brundage, John P Private . . . . Casad, Jacob A Private . . . . Carmine, John Private . . . Clark, Benjamin Private .... Clark, David Private .... Cole, William C Corporal . . . Coon, Admiral T Private . . . . Dodge, William N Sergeant . . . Dore, James Private . . . English, Oliver Private .... Foster, Wallace Corporal . . . Fox, Charles F Sergeant . . . Gee, Josephus Private .... Gregg, Joseph H Captain .... Hallett, Henry G Lieutenant . Hill, Peter Sergeant . . . Johnson, Henry Private .... Lamont, John Private .... Leipe, Ira Private .... Loomis, Elisha Private .... Co. Rank. C Martin, Ira, Jr Private . . . D Maybee, George W Private . . . K Manning, Charles Private . . . C Mullen, James H Private . . . C Nichols, Horace W Private . . . I Pardee, Mahlon J Private . . . E Phelps, Frederick M Private . . . K Rorick, Lyman Private . . . D Ryant, Elijah Private . . . G Rush, Richard W Private . . . B Sirrine, George J Private . . . F Smith, Samuel A Sergeant . . B Stanton, Alexander Private . . . A Strong, George W Private . . . C Sutliff, William T Private . . . A Swift, Dean J Corporal.., G Tilbury, Perley Private . . . I Travis, Timothy Private , . . , E Van Emburgh, John H. .Lieutenant E Van Valkenburgh,Wm.H Private . . . , A Vining, Lucian Corporal . . , C Wesley, Venable Private . . . , G Wheeler, William W Private C Williams, Oscar C Captain . . . , 140th regiment INFANTRY. Allen, David W Private .... Allen, John Private . . . Baker, Robert Private .... Banta, Aaron E Sergeant . . . Blair, Robert Corporal . . . Bochsler, Jacob Private .... Buckner, Philip Private .... Burns, Michael Private .... Clapp, James G Sergeant . . . Curkeek, Stephen Private .... Eisenberg, Justus Private .... Evans, John A Corporal . . . Feith, Frederick Private . . . . Healey, John Private .... Heindell, John Corporal . . . Hoyt, George Private .... Keenan, Jeremiah Private .... Klein, Charles P Lieutenant . Klauck, Victor Corporal . . . Kleinhaus, George ...... Private A Kohler, Samuel Private . . . C Larouche, Joseph Private . . . E Marks, William Corporal .. E McGraw, Hugh Lieutenant D Messinger, Frank O Sergeant .. G Newman, Ferdinand ....Private ... D O'Rorke, Patrick H Colonel ... C Pf eiffer, George Private . . . G Ross, Thomas Private . . . E Ross, Alexander H Sergeant.. D Shields, Robert Private . . . D Spiesberger, Charles Private ... F Steele, George V Private A Stottle, Kinzie Private ... C Strowbridge, George. . . . Private A Taylor, Herbert C Private G Warner, William , Private I Webb, Sanf ord Private . . . H Whipple, Theodore B. . .Corporal . . H Zubler, John Private . . . Co. . K , D . C , B , F F C I K A I D C G B A B C B G A D F G G H E K I G H E E C D A A E A E G A B Reilly, John 14oTH REGIMENT INFANTRY. . . . Private C Scott, Winfield W Private 146th regiment INFANTRY. Dennis, Frank M Private . . . England, Robert W Sergeant . . Hyde, Ezra J Private . . , Miller, Frederick Private . . , D Otis, Amos , Private K K Palmer, James Private D B Schneebacher, Joseph ..Private F New York at Gettysburg. 231 147th regiment INFANTRY. Name. Rank. Allen, St., Morgan L. . . .Private . . Amgen, Louis Private . . Aylesworth, Edwin G. . .Private . , Banister, Thomas W. . . .Private . . Barbarick, Theophilus. .Private .. Bartley, Albert Private . . Berkley, Celestine Private . , Brown, Orrin Private . , Burr, Joseph W Corporal Butler, John S Private . . Carpenter, Samuel Private . . Cheever, Horace B Private . . Church, Jonathan B.... Private .. Clary, Franklin B Corporal Cole, Charles H Private . . Distin, Joseph W Private . . Doyle, Michael* Sergeant Dolbear, Judson Corporal Dowd, Martin W Private . . Edmunds, William Sergeant Ershmann, Frederick. . .Private .. Green, John C Private . , Guard, James Private . , Hart, John Private . . Hanness, Elias Private . . Hanness, Degrass Private . . Hale, Horace B Private . . Halsey, Franklin H Corporal Hall, Adelbert P Private . , Hayden, David Corporal Hebron, Harvey Private . . Hinchcliff, John Sergeant Hutson, James Private . . Jordan, Michael Private . . Legault, Oliver Private . . Lemay, Joseph Private . . Le Roy, Alexander Private . . Le Sage, Samuel Private . . Mayo, Henry B.* Private . . Co. Name. Rank. Co. C Mace, Guilford D Lieutenant . F G Mahoney, James Private .... B G Martin, William Corporal ... B K McAssy, Daniel Lieutenant. I K McAmbly, Alexander. . .Private .... G C McGrath, Dennis Private I G McGrath, Duglin Private I A Miller, Henry Private B C Mills, Harlow Private C D Morton, Henry F Private F E Mosheizer, John Private .... G F Pettengill, Asa Private F F Plantz, Stephen Private .... B C Porter, Jr., Seth Private ... E A Potter, Simeon F Private .... F D Potter, Adelbert D Private E B Preman, Louis Private .... F F Quick, Sylvester Private . . . . K I Raw, David Private . G F Rife, Frederick Corporal . . . G G Russell, Decatur Sergeant . . . H H Schenck, William P Lieutenant . D A Sears, James F Private .... B C Shutts, Peter Sergeant . . . G C Snell, Chauncey Private .... F C Stowell, Hiram Private . . . . G C Stoughtenger, Joseph. . .Private .... G F Stuyvesant, Joseph Sergeant ... C B Taylor, Sylvester J Lieutenant. E B Thorp, Walter B Private A E Tidd, W. Delos Corporal... B K Tryon, George W Private .... E K Van Dusen, David G . . .Lieutenant . D I Verginia, Frank Private A A Warner, Conrad Sergeant ... B A Welch, David Private E A Williams, John Private .... E A Zeigler, Peter Private G F i49TH REGIMENT INFANTRY. Eaton, Loren S Private Foster, Chauncey Private Frey, Jacob Private Holmes, Charles C Private Jehle, Conrad Private Moore, Henry Private D MoUoy, Michael Private K Nichols, John Private B Sheppard, George W Private K Tyler, Henry Private G Ulmer, Gilbert , Private H C B K K B 150th REGIMENT INFANTRY. Barnes, William H Private Burnett, Bernard C Private Howgate, Charles Private Murphy, Judd Private I Rust, Levi Private .... A G Van Alstyne, John Corporal ... A A Wing, John P Private A E Wood, Talmadge Private C * " Missing in action at Gettysburg; no furtlier record." 232 New York at Gettysburg. 154th regiment INFANTRY. Name. Rank. Bishop, Lewis , Sergeant . Bouton, Joel M Corporal . Chase, James F Private . . Heath, Ebenezer Sergeant Humiston, Amos Sergeant Mericle, Albert Corporal . Co. Name. Rank. C Moore, William Private C Myers, Isaac* Private D Paugh, John Private F Reynolds, Thaddeus Private C Snyder, Dennis Private H Wiggins, Byron Private Co. I , I , I , I D 157th REGIMENT INFANTRY. Adams, George A Captain — Anguish, Horace Corporal . . . Arrowsmith, George Lt. Colonel . Backus, Jason K Captain .... Bort, William L Private . . . . Brooks, Frederick G Private . . . . Boney, Jonas Private . . . . Bridge, Albert D Private Butler, John Private . . . . Campbell, Eugene W. . . . Private Carpenter, William W. . .Private . . . . Coffin, Henry J Corporal . . . Conner, George W Private . . . . Culver, Miles A Private Dean, Timothy Private . . . . Eaton, Francis E Private . . . . Frank, Harrison Captain . . . . Gazlay, Dallas W.*. . , . .Private Giff ord, Emery Private . . . . Haley, Thomas Private . . . . Harrington, William .... Sergeant . . . Hart, John A Private Hatch, Albert Private Heeney, Joseph F Adjutant. . . Haupt, John P Private Hough, Broughton Private . . . Johnson, Jerry Corporal . . . H Johnson, Luzerne E Private .... G I Joyner, James E Corporal ... E - Leigh, Lewis B Private A E Lower, Randall D Lieutenant. I B Markham, T. Leroy Sergeant ... D C McDougall, James Private . . I McKevitt, Eugene Private . . G McLaughlin, James F. . .Private . . I Moore, Durell Private . B Owen, John B Private . . D Parden, Patrick Private . . C Patchen, Wallace H Private . . D Pierce, James L Private . . E Rainbow, Simeon Private . . B Rorabacker, Isaac* Private . . E Shattuck, Morris I Private . , G Stickney, Clark ... .Sergeant , C Stone, Philander Corporal D Smith, John Private E Snyder, Martin* Private . . B Torry, Daniel M Corporal G Topping, Amasa C Private . . I Wenbau, Henry L Private . . - Whitman, H. Harrison. .Private .. E Wilson, Alfred D Private . . K Wiggins, Joseph G Private . , C Yau, Andrew Private . , G H A G D I K K C C D D H C I F D I B E H B 1st REGIMENT U. S. SHARPSHOOTERS. Haight, Smith Private D McLean, Charles D Captain .. D 5th REGIMENT CAVALRY. Hurley, Daniel Private 6th REGIMENT CAVALRY. Brussoux, Charles Private .... D Gannon, Thomas Private . , .. D 8th REGIMENT CAVALRY. Edson, Albert H Corporal ... A Sahlman, John .... Private . . . . D Follett, Charles D Captain. . . . D Slocum, Edwin A ist Sergt ... A Macomber, Jonathan . . .Private . . . . M * *' Missing in action at Gettysburg ; no further record." New York at Gettysburg, 233 9th regiment cavalry. Name. Rank.. Co. Name. Rank. Co. Cave, Franklin C Private I James, Cyrus W Corporal . . . G Godfrey, Landrus A. . . .Corporal . . . G 10th regiment CAVALRY. Bentzel, Philip Private E Voser, Jacob Private .... C BATTERY B, 1st REGIMENT ARTILLERY. Barry, John Private B Radue, Charles W Private B Darveau, Louis D Sergeant ... B Rorty, James McKayf . . Captain ... B Gavin, Hughf Private .... B Rosegrant, Henry C . . . . Private .... B Halloran, Michaelf Private B Twitchell, Napoleon L. .Private ... B Kelley, Patrick F.f Private B Wright, Harrison Private B Maynard, Amos F Private B BATTERY G, 1st REGIMENT ARTILLERY. Tompkins, Georgef Private G BATTERY I, 1st REGIMENT ARTILLERY. Brunner, Albert Private .... I Kussenberger, Mathias. .Private .... I Gmelin, John Jacob Private .... I Sonnenberg, Edward . . . Private .... I BATTERY L, 1st REGIMENT ARTILLERY. Conn, John P Private L Costello, Edward Private .... L 1st INDEPENDENT BATTERY, L. A. Billings, Otis C Private - Mcllroy, Jacob Y Private ... - Gray, James A Private .... - Peto, Edward Private ... - Hitchcock, Henry Private - 3d INDEPENDENT BATTERY, L. A. Blume, F. J. T Lieutenant - 4th INDEPENDENT BATTERY, L. A. Smith, Isaiah Private .... - Thompson, John A Corporal ... - 5th INDEPENDENT BATTERY, L. A. Begg, John C.J Private - Wittenberg, Adolph Private . . Thalheimer, Antoine. .. .Private - 10th INDEPENDENT BATTERY, L. A. Fotheringham, Edward§. Private - Verity, John W.§ Private .. 13th INDEPENDENT BATTERY, L. A. Burns, Patrick Private 15th INDEPENDENT BATTERY, L. A. Brady, Dennis Corporal ... - Neeson, Charles Private . , Finlen, John Private - O'Neil, Patrick Private . , + Of the 14th New York Independent Battery j temporarily attached. i Killed by accidental explosion of a caisson limber, July 2, while going into action. § Temporarily attached to the 5th Massachusetts Battery, 234 New York at Gettysburg. DEDICATION OF NEW YORK STATE MONUMENT, July 2, 1S93. Prayer by Rev. W. B. Derrick, D. D. Almighty and Everlasting God, Father of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, creator and preserver of all things visible and invisible, we come to Thee, gracious Lord, thanking Thee for all Thy kindness and Thy tender mercies. How manifold have been the proofs and tokens of Thy faithfulness. Thou hast preserved our lives, unprofitable though they may be, from many dangers, while others are laid upon beds of affliction or cut down by sudden death; we are still among the living to acknowledge and praise Thy name. Thou knowest the cause of our gathering on this occasion, on this sacred and historic spot; Thou knowest the motives which prompted the projectors of the movement that has caused the erection, and now, the dedication of a monument, as a token for our fallen heroes who so willingly and bravely gave their lives in the defence of the nation's honor. O, God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob ! We call upon Thee to let Thy divine approval rest upon the exercises of the hour; and grant that all our acts and all our sayings may be to Thy name's glory, and to the peace and prosperity of our beloved country. We pray Thee to let the spirit of conciliation sink deep in all our hearts, and that the healing balm of Thy Divine grace may heal the wounds made during the days of war; not only do we pray for the healing, but for the complete oblitera- tion of every scar which would remind us of past offenses, so that when coming generations shall read the writings of the historian, they may read in sympathy and not in vengeance. Remember the homes, we pray Thee, from which went husbands, fathers, sons, and brothers in defence of the nation's flag, and whose bodies are resting to-day beneath the cold sods of the valley, and whose spirits are with the spirits of just men made perfect at Thy right hand, where there are pleasures forevermore. Remember these homes in mercy; send Thy Divine Comforter to comfort the hearts of those loved ones who still mourn tlie loss of their kindred and friends. We pray Thee to bless the chief magistrate of the nation. Grant to him a prosperous and happy reign over us; likewise the Governors of the States of Pennsylvania and New York, States which have furnished the territory and means, upon and with which the monument is erected; and may they con- tinue to conduct and control the interests of these great commonwealths of which they are the chief magistrates, with wisdom and righteousness until their life work is accomplished. When, with the members of the committee to whose charge the planning and building of this token of appreciation has been committed, they shall have succeeded in building their own monuments in the hearts and aflfections of their comrades and countrymen, may they at last enter into that haven of eternal joy, where the wicked shall cease from troubling and the weary are at rest. New York at Gettysburg. 235 Remember in mercy these yenerable bishops who are here present to take part in these exercises, as the representatives of Thy church upon earth; direct them by power divine that they may continue to shed abroad the hallowed influence by which they have succeeded through life's pilgrimages, in moral- izing and Christianizing the nation and the world. Have mercy upon them! Have mercy upon them, O Lamb of God, which taketh away the sins of the world ! May the exceeding riches of Thy grace exercise constraining influence on all our hearts and lives, that we may conquer all the evil propensities of our nature ! Give us peace of conscience and charity toward all men, and make us more solicitous about the one thing needful, the only enduring riches of eternity. Make us thankful for the blessings which we now enjoy, and for the hope possessed by us in the enjoyment of the life which is to come. The Lord grant to us mercy, peace, and happiness, now and forevermore. Amen. ADDRESS BY MAJ. GEN. DANIEL E. SICKLES, U. S. A.^ President of the Day. Comrades, Ladies and Gentlemen: My colleagues have requested me to preside on this occasion. It is my agreeable duty, to extend to the guests of the State of New York, who are present, a cordial welcome. Conspicuous among them, for their numbers and their claims upon the public g;ratitude, are 7,000 veteran soldiers of New York, survivors of the battle of Gettysburg, who have availed themselves of the in- vitation extended to them by our Legislature. They are here to-day to take part in the dedication of this imposing column, and other regimental and bat- tery monuments erected by a grateful Commonwealth to commemorate the heroic services of the sons of New York on this battlefield. To you. Governor Flower, and to your associates in the legislative and executive departments of our State government, the Board of Commissioners tender their congratulations upon the completion of our work upon this field; to which you, sir, and your predecessor. Governor Hill, have contributed so much earnest co-operation. (Applause.) His Excellency, the Governor of Pennsylvania, telegraphed us in reply to our invitation, on Tuesday last, these graceful words : " Pennsylvania wel- comes you to the State which has been so conspicuously honored by the gallant New York troops." Governor Pattison is with us to-day; we thank him for his presence on this occasion; and to him and to his colleagues in the State government of Penn- sylvania we offer our heartiest greetings. (Applause.) I am sure that all in this great audience will unite with me in expressing our satisfaction that we are honored by the presence of the Right Reverend Bishop of New York, who will deliver the principal dedicatory address on this occasion. 236 New York at Gettysburg. The Legislature of New York, at its recent session, designated this, the thirtieth anniversary of the battle, as " New York Day." The State monument near which we are assembled, stands alongside of the plot in which 1,200 New York soldiers, killed in this battle, are buried ; and, as you will see by the inscription on one of the bronze tablets, the column is placed on this spot as a testimonial of the State to these heroes. The statue, which surmounts the column, is the impersonation of the Commonwealth of New York. You see in her hands wreaths of flowers, which she would place on these graves in token of her sorrow for her lost sons, a sentiment the artist has touchingly expressed in her tearful eyes and quivering lips. These men, who are buried here, are entitled to the noblest epitaph a soldier can desire, " killed in battle." The Board of Commissioners are directed by an act of our Legislature to present, in the name of the State of New York, a bronze medal to each of her surviving participants in the battle of Gettysburg, whose name shall be like- wise inscribed on " Muster Rolls of Honor," and filed in the office of the Secre- tary of State. On the face of the medal the arms of the State are shown in relief; on the obverse, the State monument is represented. We may be sure that every soldier, decorated with one of these medals, will appreciate it as the gift of his fellow-citizens of this generation, bestowed for seiT^ices given by him to his country in the hour of her greatest peril. (Applause.) New York may always remember with satisfaction the distinguished part borne by her soldiers on this memorable field. In Reynolds' battle of July ist, our six divisions of infantry were all led by New York commanders. Double- day, Robinson and Wadsworth of the First Corps, — Schurz, Von Steinwehr and Barlow (wounded) of the Eleventh Corps. Brigades of infantry were commanded by Von Gilsa, Coster, Von Amsberg and Krzyzanowski, all of New York. Wainwright and Osborn, of New York, were chiefs of artillery; and Devin, of New York, commanded one of the cavalry brigades of Buford's Division. Doubleday took command of the First Corps when Reynolds fell. In the battle of July 2d, the right and left flanks of our army were held by the Twelfth and Third Army Corps, commanded respectively by Slocum and Sickles, of New York. The brigades of Ward, De Trobriand, Graham, Carr, and Brewster of the Third Corps, — the brigades of Zook, Willard, and Kelly of the Second Corps, Ayres' Division and the brigades of Weed and of Rice (who succeeded Vincent) of the Fifth Corps, — all New York command- ers, — sustained the many fierce combats that ended in the final repulse of the enemy on our left flank. Of these leaders, Zook, Weed, and Willard were killed, and Sickles and Graham were wounded. The heroic Greene, with a brigade of five New York regiments, supported by two others sent to him by Howard and Wadsworth, firmly held our prin- cipal entrenchments on Gulp's Hill against the persistent assaults of a division of the enemy, under Johnson. Among the commands prominent in the events of the third day, when Lee made his desperate attempt to retrieve the fortunes of the battle, were the brigades of Webb, of the Second Corps; and of Shaler, of the Sixth Corps, both of New York; the latter included three New York regiments and helped Slocum recover our lines on Gulp's Hill. And when Webb's Brigade met the shock of Armistead's Virginians on Cemetery Hill, the enemy had fired his last shot. New York at Gettysburg. 237 Besides the chief of staff of the Army of the Potomac, General Butterfield (wounded), and the chief of engineers. General Warren, we have seen that three army corps, seven divisions and twenty brigades led by New York com- manders, — not including the brigades of Russell, Bartlett and Nevin of the Sixth Corps, in reserve, — were all conspicuously engaged in the battle of Gettysburg. More than 40,000 men fell on this field. On our side we had 85,000 in the battle. Of these New York contributed 27,000. The loss in the Union army was about 23,000, of which 6,707 was borne by New York troops. Shot and shell mowed down the unripened grain and tore the limbs from unnumbered trees. The green meadows and the gray rocks were crimsoned. The graves in this cemetery are filled with thousands of the fallen, shrouded in their blood- stained uniforms. The State of New York raised 400,000 men for the Union army. Of this vast number 53,000 died in service. Of the 300 renowned battalions, whose losses in killed and wounded were the largest, as shown by Fox, the historian, fifty-nine regiments were New York troops. From '61 to '65, the State of New York expended $125,000,000 in raising and equipping its forces. The New York regiments and batteries fought in more than a thousand battles, engage- ments and skirmishes. Apart from this battlefield, hundreds of military and naval monuments are already placed in as many towns and cities in our State. There is no better way, my comrades as you know, to prepare for the next war, than for the people to show their appreciation of their defenders in the last war. (Applause.) No nation can long survive the decline of its martial character. When it ceases to honor its soldiers, it will have none. (Applause.) W^hen it ceases to honor its soldiers, it will deserve none. (Applause.) It cannot be said of our republic that it has been ungrateful to its defenders. We give more than $100,000,000 a year to the soldiers of our wars; and let no man be chosen to rule over us who will take a dollar from the pension of a worthy veteran. (Applause.) In all ages of the world's history, and in all countries, the admiration of the people for their military and naval heroes has sought expression in costly monuments, built in honor of great commanders. In this country, the dis- position is to exalt the virtues and services of our citizen soldiers, upon whom the brunt and burden of our Civil War mainly fell. Eighty-three regimental and battery monuments, erected on this field by New York, will have a touching interest for all time to our citizens, and above all, to the descendants of the men who served in our New York commands. It has been the aim and purpose of the Commissioners, so far as their authority permitted, to supervise the designs and the execution of them, in order that these tributes of a grateful and patriotic people, offered to the memory of their defenders, shall not be deemed unworthy of the culture and art of the epoch in which we live. Gettysburg was a decisive victory, won at a moment when defeat might have been ruinous to our cause. It marked the beginning of the decline and fall of the Southern Confederacy. Our success was gained over the most formid- able army ever encountered by the Union forces. The advance of General 238 New York at Gettysburg. Lee to the Susquehanna marked the extreme limit ever reached by the in- vading forces of the South; and it is, surely, most fitting that, upon a battle- field so conspicuous in American annals, and in which our volunteer soldiers bore so distinguished a part, New York should be represented by monuments not inferior in impressiveness and beauty to those erected by any other State. By common consent, this famous battlefield has been chosen to signalize the patriotism, fortitude and valor of the defenders of the Union, in the great Civil War. Eighteen States have erected monuments on this field in honor of the services of their citizens. Three hundred and forty memorials have already been placed here, and the list is not yet completed. The time has come when this battlefield should belong to the government of the United States. (Ap- plause.) It should be made a national park, and placed in charge of the War Department. Its topographical features not yet destroyed by the vandals, who are even now defacing them, must hereafter remain unimpaired. The monuments erected here must be always guarded and preserved, and an act of Congress for this purpose, which I shall make it my personal duty to frame and advocate (applause), will contain a clause establishing a military post at Gettysburg, including the battlefield among its dependencies, to be garrisoned by artillery, to the end that the morning and evening gun may forever salute the flag and the Union which were so heroically defended on this historic ground. (Great applause.)* The battles of Waterloo and Gettysburg are sometimes compared. Both are included among the decisive conflicts recorded in history. The tactics in both battles have been much discussed and freely criticised. The contending hosts were not unlike in numbers, until the arrival of Blucher made the allied forces almost twice as large as the French. The military genius of Napoleon failed him at Waterloo, where his army was destroyed, as the good fortune of Lee deserted him at Gettysburg, although his retreat was not interrupted. Water- loo had its Mount St. Jean and Gettysburg its Round Top. Both have been called " Soldiers' Battles." The contrasts between Waterloo and Gettysburg are more obvious than the resemblances. The defeat of Napoleon was soon followed by his downfall. The escape of Lee prolonged the Rebellion for nearly two years. Sometime after the close of our war, I asked General Alexander, who commanded Lee's artillery at Gettysburg, what would have been the result if our reserves of infantry and cavalry had been thrown on the right flank and rear of the Confederates, after their defeat. He answered: "The war would have ended in an hour." Waterloo terminated the military supremacy of France in Europe. Gettysburg assured the perpetuity of the American republic. Waterloo was the triumph of the reigning monarchs over the French Revolution. Gettysburg prevented European intervention in our Civil War. Waterloo restored France to the Bourbons. Gettysburg broke the chains that fettered millions of slaves, giving force and effect to Lincoln's Proclamation of Emancipation, which before was only an edict. * The battlefield of Gettysburg was made a National Military Park by an act of Con- gress, approved February 11, 1895. This act was drafted and introduced by General Sickles, then a member of the House of Representatives from the city of New York. New York at Gettysburg. 239 Two great armies fought on this field. They were nearly equal in numbers and were better equipped, more thoroughly trained and more accustomed to war than any which had confronted each other since hostilities began. In the stillness of a summer morning, broken by the solemn tread of many battalions, the opposing hosts were gathered for the momentous conflict. Gettysburg had not been chosen by either commander as a battleground. General Meade was moving his widely extended columns towards Pipe Creek, where he hoped to force General Lee to fight him. General Lee was manoeuvring to cover his lines of communication, menaced by the Army of the Potomac on his flank and rear. An unforeseen conflict between Reynolds and Hill on July 1st from which, although outnumbered, Howard seized good positions for the coming battle, changed the plans of Lee and Meade. Both determined to bring all their forces to Gettysburg. Both armies bivouacked here the next day. The army of General Lee, says General Hood, one of his distinguished commanders, " was never so buoyant, so confident of success." The temper of the Union forces was grave, earnest, resolute. Our men knew that defeat on the line of the Susquehanna meant ruin to their cause. Our lines of battle stretched for miles, — from Gulp's Hill to Round Top. It was a picturesque arena for contending armies. The movements of our troops were plainly visible from the heights that mark the ground. The enemy was masked by forests. We had few entrenchments. There was no time to construct them. When Longstreet advanced to assault our left, the battle lines met each other face to face, man to man. The solemnity of the hour was felt when the Irish Brigade, approaching my headquarters, knelt and received absolution from their chap- lain. Father Corby, and then deployed for the deadly encounter. There is a day and an hour in the life of every nation when its fate hangs on the issue of a battle; such a day and hour — thirty years ago — was the crisis of the battle of Gettysburg on the afternoon of the 2d day of July, 1863. From the Emmitsburg Road, through the Peach Orchard and the Wheat- field and Devil's Den to Little Round Top, the same ground was won and lost and won again, both sides fighting like heroes, until evening closed the struggle with the final repulse of the attack on the left flank of the Union army. The losses in killed and wounded on July 2d were larger than on the 1st and 3d combined. Lee's assault on Cemetery Ridge, our center, on July 3d was a forlorn effort to save a lost battle. It was a useless sacrifice of brave men. His 200 guns, answered by as many on our side, under Hunt, made little impression on our lines. Longstreet's columns, advancing towards Cemetery Ridge, torn by our artillery and crushed by the fire of Hancock's infantry, disappeared like ocean waves dashing against a rock-ribbed shore. Stewart's cavalry ■ — -sent by Lee to assail our rear, while the Confederate infantry attacked in front, — was driven back by Gregg. Twelve thousand sabres flashing in the July sun, — the tread of 12,000 horses charging over the turf, revealed the greatest cavalry combat ever seen on this continent. There is no thought suggested by this occasion, that should give pain to any of our countrymen to-day. We rejoice, yes, as all of our countrymen may 240 New York at Gettysburg. rejoice, in a Union successfully defended; in a government whose authority was here maintained; in a Constitution firmly established; in Republican in- stitutions made imperishable. In these results, to which the victory of the Union arms at Gettysburg contributed so much, every American, and every well-wisher of America, may find satisfaction. If the sacrifices made on this field were greater than in any other combat of the war, the results were compensatory. We have seen our reunited republic augmented in resources and strength, take a foremost place among the great powers of the world. The men who fell here, gathered to-day in the spirit- land, alongside of their comrades who fell on many other battlefields, say to us, " We have fought the good fight." They unite with Lincoln, the martyr, now, at this hour, in rejoicing over a Union saved and a Constitution per- petuated; " that the dead shall not have died in vain; that the nation shall, under God, have a new birth of freedom; and that government of the people, by the people, and for the people shall not perish from the earth." (Long continued applause.) ORATION. Bv Right Rev. Henry C. Potter, Bishop of New York. Thirty years ago to-day, these peaceful scenes were echoing with the roar and din of what a calm and unimpassioned historian, writing of it long years afterward, described as the " greatest battlefield of the New World." Thirty years ago to-day the hearts of some thirty millions of people turned to this spot with various but eager emotions, and watched here the crash of two armies which gathered in their vast embrace the flower of a great people. Never, declared the seasoned soldiers who listened to the roar of the enemy's artillery, had they heard anything that was comparable with it Now and then it paused, as though the very throats of the mighty guns were tired, — but only for a little. Not for one day, nor for two days, but for three raged the awful conflict, while the Republic gave its best life to redeem its honor, and the stain of all previous blundering and faltering was washed white forever with the blood of its patriots and martyrs. How far away it all seems, as we stand here to-day! How profound the contrast between those hours and days of bloodshed, and the still serenity of nature as it greets us now! The graves that cluster round us here — the peaceful resting places of a nation's heroes — are green and fair; and, within them, they who fell here, after life's fierce and fitful fever, are sleeping well. And we are here to tell the world, to-day, that we have not forgotten them. It seems a tardy honor that we come to pay them; but through all the years that have come and gone we have kept their memories green. No single anniversary of their great achievement has returned that they, who count it chiefest honor that they may call these men brothers, have not come here to bring their grateful homage, and to recite the splendid story of their splendid deeds. Nay more — in far-off towns and hamlets, north, and east, and west. New York at Gettysburg, 241 in every home from which they came, no year has passed that ardent voices have not sung their valor and iron pens traced upon imperishable pages the story of their sacrifices. It is a long day, indeed, from that in the year of our Lord, 1863, to this in 1893; but if we seem to be late in raising here this monument, you who behold it here to-day will own that it is not unworthy of the men and the deeds that it commemorates. I may not rehearse the story of those deeds this afternoon. Already they have become a part of our common heritage, and have passed by a process of spiritual assimilation into the very fibre of the nation's life. There is no schoolboy now who has not read the peerless and incomparable story — read it, and flushed and glowed with the fire of a passionate patriotism while he read it, — all the way along from that first moment when long before the dawn of July 1st " Meade, himself," as the historian has described him, " came upon the field at i o'clock in the morning, a pale, tired-looking, hollow-eyed man, worn with toil and lack of sleep, with little of the conventional hero about him, but stout in heart and clear in mind," — on through that early morning when the heroic Reynolds, grasping the situation with a great commander's swift intui- tion, dashed along the Emmitsburg road to seize, if he might, the great oppor- tunity that confronted him, and a little later was shot dead by a bullet through the brain, — on through that bloody morning and afternoon, when Hancock and Howard came, when Slocum seized and occupied his vantage ground, when our own Sickles, with his dusty and travel-stained veterans, came in haste from Emmitsburg and forced the fighting, — yes, on through all that memor- able night that followed, and that knew no rest nor pause of hurrying battalions and tramp of armed men — on, till the morning dawned that ushered in this tremendous and never-to-be-forgotten day, — how well, now, we remember that incomparable story, and with awe and reverence recall it! For here, friends and countrymen, the world witnessed a battlefield dis- figured by no littleness and spoiled by no treachery. So long as the world lasts men will diiifer about the best strategy in war, and the schoolmen in arms will dispute concerning the wisdom of commanders, and the quality of their generalship. But though the critics may tell us what, in this or that emer- gency, might or might not have been done here thirty years ago, no criticism, however clever or hostile, can at all belittle that which was the one supreme splendor of this day and this field. Here the world saw a great army con- fronted with a great crisis and dealing with it in a great way. Here, for a time, at any rate, all lesser jealousies and rivalries disappeared in the one supreme rivalry how each one should best serve his country and if need be, die for her. Listen to the keynote of those great days as the general commanding himself struck it: " Headquarters of the Army of the Potomac, ) " June 30, 1863. ) " The Commanding General requests that, previous to the engagement soon expected with the enemy, corps and other commanding officers will address their troops, explaining to them briefly the immense issues involved in the struggle. The enemy are on our soil ; the whole country now looks anxiously 16 242 New York at Gettysburg. to this army to deliver it from the presence of the foe; our failure to do so will leave us no such welcome as the swelling of millions of hearts with pride and joy at our success would give to every soldier of this army. Homes, firesides, domestic altars are involved. The army has fought well heretofore; it is believed it will fight more desperately and bravely than ever, if it is addressed in fitting terms. " By command of Major General MEADE, " S. Williams, "Assistant Adjutant General." Such words were not wasted. Whatever else was wanting, here were not wanting" a high purpose, and heroic souls to follow it. And so we come here to-day, my countrymen, we come first of all, to honor that which in human nature is the best — unflinching courage, unfaltering sacrifice, and over all, a patriot's pure devotion to the right. Let no man say that in raising this monument to our dead heroes we are setting up one more altar wherewith to glorify the cruel god of war. There is, indeed, no one of us here, I am persuaded, who does not see in war and its attendant train of evils and horrors, that of which any man or nation may wisely be in dread. There is no one of us here, I am no less persuaded, who, listening to that blatant jingoism, that, from some safe retreat, from time to time shoots its envenomed fang of swagger and hate to inflame, if it may, a great people to some silly deed of arms alike unworthy of its power and its enlightenment — there is no one of us, I say, who listening to such foolish talk does not hear it with equal amusement and contempt. But, all the same, we may not forget that there may come in the history of every nation emergencies when all the resources of diplomacy and all the cleverness of statesmanship having been exhausted, there remains no other arbitrament but the sword, no last court of appeal, but to arms. And surely we who have lived, as have many of us here, through that memorable era which preceded the struggle which we are here to-day to commemorate, can never forget that there were ideas which were at war, first of all; and that the life of the Republic was bound up with the triumph of those ideas for which this battlefield must forever stand — yes, their triumph, peacefully if it might be, but with the sword, and shot, and shell, if it must be. Believe me, my countrymen, we need to remember this! Into this sacred and august presence — the presence both of the dead and the living, — and amid these gracious and tender ceremonies, I would not introduce one dis- cordant note. It is well that as the years go by the rancors that once divided children of the same Republic should be forgiven and forgotten. But there are other things that may not be forgotten, and it is at our peril that we forget them. We may never forget that the struggle of which these graves are the witnesses was a struggle for eternal righteousness. We may never forget that the cause which was substantially decided here was the cause of freedom, and justice, and the everlasting equities, as against a despotism, which, however amiable its ordinary exhibitions, had in it, as Sumner said of it, the essence of that " crime that degrades men." We may never forget that, behind the New York at Gettysburg. 243 cause of the Union, was the cause of unpaid labor, of bartered manhood, of a traffic which dealt in human hearts. We may never forget that the greatest victory in the War of the RebeUion was the triumph of great principles. And, above all, we may never forget that a nation which has won its freedom from dishonor with a great price, can only maintain that freedom by struggles and sacrifices equally great. These halcyon seas on which we float — O my countrymen, they are not always friendly to a nation's best well-being. The institutions which, at such cost, we have rescued from disintegration and ruin, win not long survive unless you and I are concerned as to those foundations on which they rest, and unless, above all, we watch with jealous eye whatever alien hand would abuse or pervert them. It was the tragedy of that struggle which we are here to-day to remember, that it was an internecine struggle. They were of ourselves who lifted the flag of revolt and disowned the authority of the Government; and it may be — alas only lately we have been reminded how easily! — that those in high places shall even be the apologists of the red flag of anarchy and of the red hands of its ensanguined followers. This day, this service, and most of all these our heroic dead, stand — let us here swear never to forget it — for the sanctity of law, for the enduring supremacy of just and equitable government, and so for the liberties of a law-abiding people ! In their honor we come here, my brothers, to consecrate this monumental shaft What, now, is that one feature in this occasion which lends to it its supreme and most pathetic interest? There are other monuments in this city of a nation's dead, distinguished as these graves that lie about us here can never be. There are the tombs and memorials of heroes whose names are blazoned upon them and whose kindred and friends as they have stood round them have repeopled this scene with their vanished forms, have recalled their linea- ments, have recited their deeds, and have stood in tender homage around forms which were once to them a living joy and presence. But for us to-day there is no such privilege, no such tender individuality of grief. These are our unknown dead. Out of whatever homes they came we can not tell. What were their names, their lineage, their human mien and aspect, of this no less we are ignorant. One thing only we know. They wore our uniform. In one form or another, by cap, or sleeve, or weapon — somewhere upon the sacred and mutilated forms that once lay dying or dead within sight of these historic hills there was the token of that Empire State whence they had come — ■ whence we have come, and that makes them and us, in the bond of that deal" and noble commonwealth, forever brothers. And that is enough for us. We need to know no more. From the banks of the Hudson and the St. Lawrence, from the wilds of the Catskills and the Adirondacks, from the salt shores of Long Island, and from the fresh lakes of Geneva and Onondaga, and their peers, from the forge and the farm, the shop and the factory, from college halls and crowded tenements, all alike, they came here and fought and fell — and shall never, never be forgotten! Our great unknown defenders! Ah! my countrymen, here we touch the foundations of a people's safety — of a nation's greatness! We are wont to talk much of the world's need of great leaders, and their proverb is often on our lips who said of old, " Woe unto the land whose king is a child." Yes, verily, that is a dreary outlook for any 244 New York at Gettysburg. people when among her sons there is none worthy to lead her armies, to guide her counsels, to interpret her laws, or to administer them. But there is a still drearier outlook when in any nation, however wise her rulers and noble and heroic her commanders, there is no greatness in the people equal to a great vision in an emergency, and with a great courage with which to seize it. And that, I maintain, was the supreme glory of the heroes whom we commemorate to-day. Do you tell me that they were unknown — that they commanded no battalions, determined no policies, sat in no military councils, rode at the head of no regiments? Be it so! All the more are they the fitting representatives of you and me — the people. Never, in all history, I venture to affirm, was there a war whose aims, whose policy, whose sacrifices were so absolutely de- termined by the people, that great body of the unknown, in which, after all, lay the strength and power of the Republic. When some one reproached Lincoln for the seeming hesitancy of his policy, he answered — great seer as well as great soul that he was — "I stand for the people. I am going just as fast and as far as I can feel them behind me ! " And so, as we come here to-day and plant this column, consecrating it to its enduring dignity and honor as the memorial of our unknown dead, we are doing, as I can not but think, the fittest possible deed that we could do. These unknown that lie about us here! Ah! what are they but the peerless repre- sentatives, elect forever by the deadly gage of battle, of those sixty million of people, as to-day they are, whose rights and liberties they achieved ! Unknown to us are their names; unknown to them was the greatness and the glory of their deeds! And is not this, brothers of New York, the story of the world's best manhood, and of its best achievements? The work by the great unknown, for the great unknown — the work that, by fidelity in the ranks, courage in the trenches, obedience to the voice of command, patience at the picket-line, vigilance at the outpost, is done by that great host that bear no splendid insignia of rank, and figure in no commander's despatches, this work, with its largest and incalculable and unforeseen consequences, for a whole people, — is not thi. work, which we are here to-day to commemorate, at once the noblest and mos vast? Who can tell us, now, the names, even, of those that sleep about us here and who of them could guess on that eventful day when here they gave their lives for duty end their country, how great and how far-reaching would be the victory they should win? And thus we learn, my brothers, where a nation's strength resides. AA^'hen the German Emperor, after the Franco-Prussian War, was crowned in the Salles des Glaces at Versailles, on the ceiling of the great hall in which that memorable ceremony took place, there were inscribed the words: " The King Rules by his Own Authority." " Not so," said that grand man of blood and iron who, most of all, had welded Germany into one mighty people - — " not so; ' the Kings of the earth shall rule under me, saith the Lord.' Trusting in the tried love of the whole people, we leave the country's future in God's hands ! " Ah ! my countrymen, it was not this man or that man that saved our Republic in its hour of supreme peril. Let us not, indeed, forget her great leaders, great generals, great statesmen, and greatest among them all, her great martyr and President, Lincoln. But there was no one of these men who would New York at Gettysburg. 245 not have told us that which we may all see so plainly now, that it was not they who saved the country, but the host of her great unknown. These with their steadfast loyalty, these with their cheerful sacrifices, and these, most of all, with their simple faith in God and in the triumph of His right — these they were who saved us! Let us never cease to honor them; and let us see to it that neither we nor they shall ever cease to trust in that over-reaching Providence that all along has led them. This field, you know, was not the field originally chosen by Meade and his lieutenants whereon to fight this battle. The historian whom I have already quoted tells us that " While Meade was sending his advance to occupy Gettysburg, it was with no thought of fighting there. It seemed to him merely a point from which to observe and occupy the enemy's advance and mask his own movements to what seemed to him a better line in the rear." " But in spite of these prudent intentions * * * ^yfQ formidable armies were approaching each other at their utmost speed, all through the 30th of June, driven by the irresistible laws of human action — or, let us reverently say, by the hand of Providence." Yes, by the hand of Providence. " Trust- ing in the tried love of the whole people," said Bismarck, " we leave the coun- try's future " in the people's hands 1 Nay, but " in God's hands ! " " If I did not believe," said this great leader of his time, " in the Divine government of the world, I would not serve my country another hour. Take my faith from me, and you take my country too ! " Pregnant words, not alone for these times, but for all times. It was God in the people that made the heroism which, in these unknown ones, we are here to-day to honor. It must be for- ever, God in and with the people that shall make the nation great and wise and strong for any emergency. In that faith, men and brethren, we come here to rear this monument and to lay the tribute of our love and gratitude upon these graves. May no alien nor vandal hand ever profane their grand repose who slumber here ! And when the sons of freedom, now unborn, through generations to come, shall gather here to sing again the praises of these unknown martyrs for the flag, may they kneel down beside these graves and swear anew allegiance to their God, their country, and the right! REMARKS OF HIS EXCELLENCY, ROBERT E. PATTISON, GOVERNOR OF PENNSYLVANIA. Governor Flower, General Sickles, Patriots of New York: We bid you welcome to Pennsylvania to-day. We are perfectly willing, upon this occasion, at this hour to be designated as " New Yorkers." I am sure I express the sentiment of the more than three hundred and fifty thousand men who went from Pennsylvania, as also that of the population of to-day, when I give expression of welcome to you. It is not the mere formal sentiment of welcome but it is the spirit of cordiality, spoken from the bottom of the heart. 246 New York at Gettysburg. We stand with you uncovered, to-day, in the presence of this monument you are here to dedicate. As the great Lincoln said upon an occasion nearly thirty years ago, standing almost within the sound of my voice : " In a larger sense," said he, " we can not dedicate, we can not consecrate, we can not hallow this place. The brave men who gave their lives have dedicated it beyond our power to add or to detract." As I speak to you to-day, I would summon the spirit of the great com- manders; I would summon the spirits of the departed, and let them speak from this platform. In their absence, I would command the voices of the men who survived and are here to-day, to speak of their work, of their struggles, and their labor to maintain and preserve the Union. There is one here from Pennsylvania, who upon this field, thirty years ago, at a critical period in the struggle of the battle of Gettysburg, performed a service to the nation that never can be repaid. I refer to the distinguished Pennsylvania soldier, General Gregg. He is here to speak to you as he spoV'i on that day. While I rejoice with you upon this occasion in the honor which you are paymg to your distinguished dead, I can not but be impressed with the lessons which ought to go out from here. The men of 1776 fought, suffered and died to estab- lish this nation. Generations succeeding them, honored, loved and revered their presence so long as they survived. The older men can recall, as the tottering form of the survivor of the Revolutionary struggle lingered among us, how we loved him, how we honored him, how we respected him. So let me say to you, veterans of the war of 1861, that the same love, the same regard and the same reverence, which characterized the people of America for the soldiers of 1776, will characterize them, with regard to the soldiers of 1861. Don't think for one moment that there is any doubt as to the sentiment in any American heart as to the soldier of our late War. Mr. Lincoln said, in his last message, when he spake with words of prophecy: " Our work is now to heal the wounds and to care for the men who bore the brunt of battle, their widows and orphans." So, as we remember the principles of our fathers and as we dedicate our- selves to those principles, let us at the same time, as citizens of this great nation, dedicate ourselves to care for and to perpetuate the memory of the men who made it possible for us to have such a country as we now enjoy. NEW YORK DAY AT GETTYSBURG. By Col. De Witt C. Sprague. I. E'en thirty times the year has ceaseless run Her rounded course since Gettysburg beheld The awful pageantry of war, the dun Of battle gather on her hills where swelled The bloody tide and bellowed hoarse the giant gun. New York at Gettysburg. 247 Through mist and cloud which melted fast away That summer sun in blazing splendor broke, Throwing his rays where mighty legions lay. Which morning drum and trumpet soon awoke. And marshalled into ranks of battle's dread array. Freedom along the ridge — the rock-browed — j. Far through the vale her rocky bulwark formed. And waved her starry banner high and proud. Where soon the thundering combat surged and stormed. And with its screaming, burning bolts red furrows plowed. II. Here comrades fought and fell, whose memory We fain would honor; and to-day we bring Affection's sacred token, although we Can not but feel our pious offering Is feebly wrought, and nobler, worthier far should be. We know the world of what we say will take But little note and not remember long; Yet what they did forever here will wake Its voice of praise in eloquence and song — (Like this, in nobler words, immortal Lincoln spake.) The humblest soldier is remembered now; Each did his duty in his. proper sphere. And though no laurel crowned his living brow. The land he fought for holds his memory dear. While comrades at his tomb with reverence bow. And we remember, too, that lonely grave. With simple, touching epitaph, "Unknown!" — But freedom knows and guards her nameless brave. Blessing their dust, she claims each as her own. While tears from eyes unseen the flowers above it lave. For what a priceless stake these dead contended 1 Their country's life — the hope of all mankind. But they were faithful to their trust, and bended Their souls to do what duty had assigned. Though lowering death itself over them there impended. They fell, O land, redeemed and disenthralled! For thee the measure of devotion filled. They felt that never yet had men been called To draw the sword for holier cause. They thrilled The Nation's sinking heart — Rebellion fled away appalled! 248 New York at Gettysburg. III. And now we dedicate a monument To these heroic men who nobly stood Between their country and her foes, and spent For freedom and for their loyal blood, That hallows evermore the ground with which it blent Mutely, though eloquently, it will well, — More eloquently far than human tongue — The story of their patriotism tell. And in these vales, these hallowed hills among', At morn, as Memnon sang of old, their anthems swell! And yet no storied column towering high. The royal brave who struggled here require; Their peans heaven-born freedom shall supply. For them old Honor strike his loftiest lyre. Their monuments are glorious deeds that can not die! They rear themselves a living monument. Who for their country fight and die for her; That 's hallowed ground with which their dust is blent, Earth's tenderest bosom is their sepulchre; For them with grateful tears their countrymen lament. Though perish every trophy of their fame, Though massive column crumble all away. Still their proud memory would live on the same. Preserved and honored to the latest day In human hearts, where freedom keeps her vestal flame! IV. O Gettysburg! forever more thy fame With freedom's proud achievements will be found; And grateful patriots with glad acclaim Will point to thee as consecrated ground. Nor Marathon nor Bunker Hill is holier name. Yes, consecrated ground and doubly blest; For here the Nation's periled life was saved. And here her faithful children honored rest. Who for her sake the deadly conflict braved. And rushed to death as back the stubborn foe was pressed! Yet, Gettysburg, e'en while I sing to-day. My cheeks are burning with the sense of shame. For I behold how Speculation's sway Has tarnished deep the beauty of thy fame — Rudely, with greedy hand thy treasures torn away! New York at Gettysburg. 249 Here Freedom's heritage is bought and sold, Her sacred precincts made a selfish mart, Where Desecration, now grown proud and bold. May practice all unchecked the Vandal's art, Despoiling even hallowed scenes for lust of gold. O Nation saved through blood I North, South, East, West I O Southern Grayl O Comrades everywhere! (Even these loyal dead mutely protest) O gallant chiefs whose brows the laurel bear, Save Gettysburg, and her Despoiler's hand arrest! Tread softly! Freedom's voice hath blessed this grourd. Here sleep her children. Never, never more The rolling drum will call, or bugle sound, Or them alarm the cannon's awful roar — Sleep on in peace, O honored dead, in peace profound! V, Dear natal State, thy loyal sons have bled On many a glorious field for Freedom's right; Whether into the deadly breach they led To break the Tyrant's or Rebellion's might, They won an honored place with earth's illustrious der.d. Thy dead rest well, but oh, thy living brave. The maimed, the crippled, wrecked in health are there! Naught can restore what they so freely gave — These claim thy warm solicitude and care. O, let them not as mendicants thy bounty cravel My country, thou canst never more forget The priceless service they did render thee! Thou never canst repay the mighty debt. Yet thou canst ever just and generous be To them who saved; let them their sufferings ne'er regret All tenderly, my country, should thou guard Widow and orphan of thy loyal dead. The lot of many a one is sad and hard. Oh, stand thou in the lost protector's stead. And let his child or widow be thy cherished ward. VI. Our morn and noon are gone and fast the sun Of life rolls downward to the close of day. Oh, may we feel our duties are well done; That when the final tattoo sounds, we may Lie calmly down, conscious an honored name is won. 250 New York at Gettysburg. O, Sun of Peace, shine ever on our land I O, Freedom, with thy sacred aegis guard! O, Truth and Justice, rule from strand to strand! O, Light of Progress, lead us still onward! O, God! let us at all times feel Thy favoring Hand! ADDRESS BY HON. ROSWELL P. FLOWER, GOVERNOR OF NEW YORK. Mr. Chairman, Comrades and Friends: This impressive scene is the homage which a great State renders to its martyred sons. The bidding of 6,000,000 people has sent us here to dedicate their token of love to the memory of their soldier dead. The battle in which they fought was one of the great battles of history; the cause, the highest for which human blood was ever shed. The scenes of bravery and hardship are embedded in the memory of every American; and the victory here won deter- mined the integrity of the Union, and insured the establishment of human freedom in this land. For participation in such a conflict and in aiding the accomplishment of such ends, no homage of a grateful State is too profuse, no mark of appreciation is too generous, no expression of love is undeserved. But in this presence and amid these hallowed surroundings, as I look upon the scarred faces and maimed bodies among these thousands who accompanied us from our State to be present at these ceremonies, and to visit once more the battle ground they helped to win, I feel that out of her boundless gratitude and generosity our great State could have rendered no more grateful tribute to the memory of those who sleep beneath the sod at Gettysburg, than to send hither, as she has, 7,000 living survivors of that terrible conflict which took place on these hills and in these valleys. You, comrades, of all the living, are most deserving to be here to-day. The great State which I have the honor to represent on this occasion, and which we are both proud to call our home, delights to pay this mark of respect and appreciation to your services. To you, equally with those who sleep around us, belongs the praise and gratitude of your State and Nation. Thirty years ago to-day, 30,000 of you, all from New York, risked your lives, with your countrymen from other States, on this field against the attack of as brave an enemy as ever fought, — ready to pour out your blood to save your country. Over a thousand of that noble host fell in battle and are buried beneath these stones. Some gave up their lives in other battles, and Time, the great reaper, has gathered thousands of others to their last resting place. Only you are left, and many of you are bowed and gray. A few years and you will join your comrades on the other side of the great river. But you have the proud satisfaction of knowing what those of your fellows who went before do not know, — unless from Heaven they look down upon these exercises, — that neither time nor space nor events have effaced from the hearts of your countrymen, or ever can efface, a profound sense of admiration and gratitude for the patriotic service which you rendered New York at Gettysburg, 251 to mankind. The ceremonies of to-day have this double significance — that in commemorating the virtues of the dead they bear vivid testimony to the heroism of the Hving. Broad and liberal in her judgment as is the Empire State, tolerant as she is of radicalism in political or religious ideas, her heart has ever beat true to the harmony of the Union, and she has ever steadfastly adhered to the maintenance and preservation of the Federal system in all its original integrity. H^r patriotism has never been halting or sparing. Within her borders the first scheme for a Union of the colonies in resistance to the tyranny of Great Britain was formulated. Her territory was the scene of many struggles of the Revolution. Her sons were foremost in constructing the Federal government. So, when Sumter was fired on and disunion threat- ened the proud nation, which she had done so much to establish and build up, the Empire State was found in the van of patriots, pouring out men and money and inspiration to preserve the Union intact and inviolable. No sooner had the President of the United States issued his proclamation on April 15, 1861, calling on the States for militia, than New York responded with men and arms. The quota assigned to New York was 13,280 men, and on the day following the President's proclamation Governor Morgan ordered all the available organ- ized militia, numbering 19,000 men, to hold themselves in readiness to march to Washington; while, on the same day, the Legislature passed a bill providing for the enrollment of 30,000 volunteers to serve two years, and appropriating $3,000,000 for expenses. Within a week from the firing on Sumter, the Seventh Regiment left New York for Washington, and within three weeks 46,000 armed men had gone from the State to fight for their country. In New York city 200,000 men and women met in mass meeting to take action on the affront to the American flag, and the wave of popular indignation there started swept like a tide through the loyal States. The city of New York appropriated a million dollars toward suppressing the Rebellion, besides the hundreds of thousands subscribed by individual citizens. Nearly a score of the members of the Legislature enlisted and went to the front. Here was a splendid demonstration of the spirit of the people and the soldierly qualities of the organized militia. Throughout the war this exhibi- tion of patriotism was continued. Under Governor Seymour tens of thousands of men were put into the field, — so many in fact that when the New York riots broke out there were but few companies of militia remaining in the State, and the rioters had their own way for a time. Because Seymour went to the metropolis and in seeking to suppress disorder addressed the disturbers as " my friends," he was maligned by opponents for lack of sympathy with the Union cause. But Seymour's sympathy was demonstrated in a more practical way. He had sent all available State troops to fight for the Union at the seat of war, and was not looking for enemies to fight in his own State. In all. New York furnished for the defence of the Union 400,000 men, or over one-fifth of her entire population. The cost to her in actual outlay of money is conservatively estimated at about $200,000,000, while the loss of human life in actual service comprised 52,933 men. Patriotism is not usually measured by statistics, but figures such as these, the equal of which no other State can 252 New York at Gettysburg, present, must forever stand as a monument of New York's courageous devotion to Liberty and Union. In the great battle fought on this hallowed ground, New York's part was prominent, and the bravery of her men conspicuous. No small share of the Union victory is hers. Most of the heroes of the struggle were her sons. A third of the soldiers on the Federal side were in New York regiments. In cavalry, artillery, and infantry organizations, equivalent to seventy-three regi- ments. New York had not much less than 30,000 enlisted men and officers on the field. The battle was opened in the morning of July 1st by videttes and skirmishers of the Eighth New York Cavalry, and Buford's Cavalry, of which the Sixth, Eighth and Ninth New York formed part. They engaged the enemy stubbornly until the infantry arrived, and then efifectively supported the latter during the day. The division of James S. Wadsworth, a son of New York, of the First Corps, arrived first on the field, and came to the relief of the cavalry. In this division there were the Seventy-sixth, Eighty- fourth, Ninety-fifth, and One hundred and forty-seventh New York Volun- teers. The latter regiment lost that forenoon 207 killed and wounded out of 380 men; the Seventy-sixth lost 169 killed and wounded out of 375 men; while the Eighty-fourth and Ninety-fifth Regiments, in a charge with the Sixth Wisconsin, captured nearly the whole of a rebel brigade. About the time this occurred. Gen. Abner Doubleday, of our State, and the Second and Third Divisions of the First Corps, the former commanded by John C. Robinson, also a New Yorker, and in them the Eightieth, Eighty-third, Ninety- seventh, and One hundred and fourth New York Volunteers, arrived on the field, and at once took part in the struggle. In one attack on a brigade of Robinson's Division, the Eighty-third and Ninety-seventh received high com- mendation, and the latter regiment captured a battle flag. The Eightieth, Ninety-fourth, and One hundred and fourth are also praised in the official reports, and General Robinson says : " Soldiers never fought better or inflicted severer blows upon the enemy." In this day's fighting, Reynolds' Batteries, L and E, of the First New York Artillery, bore their share and earned deserved commendation. About the time all of the First Corps was engaged, the Eleventh Corps in which were Battery I, of the First Artillery, the Thirteenth Battery, the Forty-first, Forty-fifth, Fifty-fourth, Sixty-eighth, One hundred and nine- teenth. One hundred and thiity-fourth. One hundred and thirty-sixth. One hundred and fifty-fourth and One hundred and fifty-seventh Regiments, New York Volunteers, arrived and took position and their part in the engage- ment. Francis C. Barlow, von Steinwehr, and Carl Schurz, all New Yorkers, commanded the divisions of this corps. The fighting of this, the first day, was of a desperate character, and those engaged, deserve all praise for their bravery. While they were compelled to give way, they finally held the position at which the battles of the succeeding days were fought. With the Commanding General of the Army of the Potomac, General Meade, there arrived on the field of battle his Chief of Staff, Gen. Daniel Eutterfield' New York at Gettysburg. 253 of our State, who had served not only in our volunteers, but also in New York's militia before the war commenced. By the forenoon of the second day all of the Third Corps, commanded by General Sickles, had reached the field, the First Division arriving there on the evening of the first. In the afternoon it was attacked by a superior force, and a furious conflict began. Our State was represented in this corps not only by its gallant commander, but also by Gens. Joseph B. Carr, J. H. Hobart Ward, and Charles K. Graham, the Fourth Battery, and Battery D, First Artillery, the Fortieth, Seventieth, Seventy-first, Seventy-second, Seventy-third, Seventy-fourth, Eighty-sixth, One hundred and twentieth, and One hundred and twenty-fourth Regiments of infantry. I need not remind you that it was here in this plucky fight our brave presiding oiEcer lost his leg. His courage won for him immortal fame, and the conduct of his troops found deserved eulogy in the reports of the division and brigade commanders. The Fifth Corps arrived in the forenoon of this day, and with it the Twelfth, Forty-fourth, One hundred and fortieth and One hundred and forty-sixth Infantry, and Battery C, of the First Artillery, of the New York Volunteers. Of its general officers, Romeyn B. Ayres, and Stephen H. Weed were also of New York. In coming to the support of the Third Corps, the Fifth took pos- session of the Round Top Ridge, a most important position, and maintained their hold. The loss suffered was very severe, and amon^ the killed was Gen- eral Weed. The corps commander reports that the men of the Fifth Corps sustained their reputation. The Second Corps arrived on the battlefield on the morning of the 2d, and was placed in position. Its First Division assisted the Third and Fifth Corps in the battle of the afternoon; in fact, nearly the whole corps became engaged in repelling the enemy's attack, made originally on the Third Corps. The Tenth, Thirty-ninth, Forty-second, Fifty-second, Fifty-seventh, Fifty-ninth, Sixty-first, Sixty-third, Sixty-fourth, Sixty-sixth, Sixty-ninth, Eighty-second, Eighty-eighth, One hundred and eighth. One hundred and eleventh. One hundred and twenty-fifth, and One hundred and twenty-sixth Regiments of infantry. Battery B, First Artillery, and the Fourteenth Battery, served in this corps, and Gen. Samuel K. Zook, a New Yorker, was killed in the conflict. Gen. Alexander S. Webb, another New Yorker, also served in this corps. The Sixth Corps arrived on the afternoon of the 2d, and worthily assisted the Fifth Corps in its struggle with the enemy. In this corps, were the New York Thirty-third, Forty-third, Forty-ninth, Sixty-second, Sixty-fifth, Sixty-seventh, Seventy-seventh, One hundred and twenty-first, and One hun- dred and twenty-second Regiments of infantry, the First and Third Batter- ies, and Gens. Joseph J. Bartlett and Alexander Shaler, of this State. Gen. Henry W. Slocum, whose noble heroism and military skill his country honors equally with the Empire State, commanding the Twelfth Corps on this occasion, had arrived and taken position on the evening of the ist. On the 2d, in the afternoon, portions of his corps moved to the assistance of the Third and Fifth Corps, and soon thereafter the remainder of the corps, com- manded by Gen. George S. Greene, another New Yorker, who is also with us to-day, had a severe engagement of nearly three hours' duration, but, sup- 254 New York at Gettysburg. ported by parts of the First and Eleventh Corps, held its ground. New York's representatives in this corps were, besides Generals Slocum and Greene, the Sixtieth, Seventy-eighth, One hundred and second. One hundred and seventh, One hundred and twenty-third, One hundred and thirty-seventh. One hun- dred and forty-fifth. One hundred and forty-ninth, and One hundred and fiftieth Regiments of infantry, and Battery M, of the First Artillery. Gregg's cavalry division, in which served the Second, Fourth, and Tenth New York, arrived on the 2d, and had a severe engagement in the afternoon. Kilpatrick's cavalry division (Kilpatrick was a New York volunteer before being promoted brigadier-general), in which the Fifth New York served, ar- rived late in the afternoon of the 2d, and also had a successful engagement with the enemy. Early on the morning of the 3d, the whole of General Slocum's Twelfth Corps having been united during the night, returned the attack of the previous evening, and the ground lost was fully regained; two brigades of the Sixth and some regiments of the First Corps supported this attack. The Sixtieth New York captured two battle flags. Soon after noon of this day, the enemy opened a tremendous artillery fire, and the Artillery Reserve, in which were the Fifth, Tenth, Eleventh and Fif- teenth Batteries, and Batteries G and K, of the First Artillery, which had ar- rived on the 2d, and portions of which were engaged that day, took part with the other batteries in reply to this cannonade, and in the final repulse of the charge which followed it. The report of the chief of artillery of the Army of the Potomac speaks well of their work and bravery. About two hours after the commencement of the artillery fire, the enemy advanced and charged the position held by the Second Corps. They made a gallant charge, but were finally repulsed at all points. Of the troops who directly assisted in the repulse, the Eightieth New York was especially men- tioned; the Eighty-second captured two, the Forty-second, one, and the Fifty- ninth, two battle flags. While this charge was made principally on the Second Corps, there were engagements all along our line, and Kilpatrick's Division, with the Fifth Cavalry, had a sanguinary action with the enemy. Victory everywhere rewarded the bravery of our troops. I make no excuse, before 7,000 veteran survivors, for recalling the proud parts which you and your absent associates took in this great battle. Before you, I need but state the bare outlines of these three days' engagements. At every point, in every action, the men of the Empire State were found in the van, doing their full duty, with credit to themselves and the State. The daring deeds of officers and men, the hairbreadth escapes, the wounds, the deaths, the miseries, the anguish, the courage, the hopes, the despair, the triumphs, — all these your memory recalls more vividly than brush could paint or pen narrate. Sweet to you must be the proud conscious- ness of having gone down into the Valley of Death for your country's sake. And sweet to you particularly must be the revived memories of this field since you have been spared to witness the fruition of its hardships and sorrows m a restored and peaceful Union. New York at Gettysburg. 255 To us of maturer age, the battles of the Revolution were firmly impressed in our memories as we read their history, not by gas or electric light, but by tal- low candle, and as we gazed long and intently at the pictures of the heroes and heroic struggles of those days. The picture of " Old Put." riding down the steep hill, Washington crossing the Delaware, all in steel engraving, are vividly impressed on my mind to-day. But no picture of the past is worthier of an honored place in our memories than this of to-day. Here are Sickles, and Slocum, and Butterfield, and Greene, and other brave officers, and this mag- nificent background of 7,000 New York veterans — all joint participants in this fight for the Union, and all sharers in its glorious triumphs. Soon they, too, will be in steel plate, and our children will revere and remember those who fought for our freedom and won it 100 years ago. We are here to-day as New Yorkers, bringing sad but proud associations to the celebration of the deeds of neighbors and kinsmen in a great national battle; but we are on the territory of another State, and we are here to turn over to the custody of other people the monuments which our hands have built and which our acts topday dedicate. But not to strangers do we confide this token of our love, — not to people indifferent to the sentjment which attaches to our action. The blood of Pennsylvanians is mingled here with the blood of New Yorkers. The memory of the battle is sweetened with the thought of the Christian charity which Pennsylvania's sons and daughters showed toward the dead and injured on this field. Gentle hands bound the wounds, and min- istered to the wants of our mangled comrades. Sympathetic hearts sent to many a sorrowing home the last messages of dying soldiers. The deeds of valor in the battle were not more memorable than the acts of self-sacrifice among the sufferings of the wounded. Charity here knew neither state nor section, neither Union nor Confederate soldiers, but suffused its tender mercies among all alike. This is pre-eminently the battlefield of the nation. Men of nearly every state participated in its action. Nearly every state contributed to the exhi- bitions of bravery, and no less brave were those who fought in the Union army than those who followed the Confederate flag, and fought behind their superb leader, General Lee. No charge in martial history was ever more daring or courageous than that of Pickett's men. It has an immortal place among mili- tary annals. Around us sleep the dead of nearly every state. The same green sod covers the grave of Union soldier and Confederate soldier, and the firm texture which nature has woven over the dead bodies of those who were once in mortal conflict here, is symbolic of that close feeling of affection, sympathy and respect which now binds together the people of the North and South, and forgets, in one common, fraternal and patriotic impulse, the wrongs and injuries of days gone by. In dedicating these monuments to our own heroes, we do not forget or withhold the praise due to the heroes of sister states, but in our exercises here we merely reflect the attachment and respect which extend to all. We have always — " Love and tears for the Blue, Tears and love for the Gray." 256 New York at Gettysburg. Standing here on this ground thirty years ago next November, and conse- crating this burying place for the dead, Abraham Lincoln, before the war was yet over, in what has been called the most eloquent speech of his life, gave utterance to these words. " In a larger sense we can not dedicate — we can not consecrate — we can not hallow — this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember, what we say here. It is for us, the living, rather to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us — that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion — that we have highly resolved that these dead shall not have died in vain — that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom — and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth." To this solemn task no man gave truer devotion than the great martyr who uttered this sad and earnest injunction. Before the work was completed, he was taken away. He was only allowed to behold a stricken nation, torn by dissension, wasted by war, its integrity saved, but with the embers of civil strife still burning and complete reconciliation still invisible. You, his associates in this task, have been spared to see its full accomplishment. To-day the Civil War is but a part of history. Time and the fraternal instincts of our people have effaced all bitterness and discord. Great as was the magnitude of the Rebellion, terrible as it was in its effect, the great lessons which it taught us was to future ages worth the teaching, and the memory which it left will be a perpetual warning. For generations to come — let us hope forever — there can never be in this country another civil war. The ties of friendship and love are now too closely knit together to permit the arraying of one section against another in deadly conflict. It would be the everlasting shame of the United States if, advanced as they are in civilization and with the warning of the Rebellion behind them, they should permit any difiference of political opinion to lead them to warfare. We are confronted with dangers, but not from sec- tional conflicts. Peace and order will be threatened, but such outbreaks must necessarily be spasmodic, and the strong arm of the law will be put forth to quell them. For this purpose we must equip and maintain our citizen soldiers, our State militias, in sufficient numbers and proper discipline. They are our mainstay against riot and disorder. They were the first to rush to the defence of the Union, and were the nation's main reliance. They must be maintained and encouraged, not for the cultivation of a war-like spirit, but for the preserva- tion of peace and order. The existence of an efficient militia prevents the engendering of disorder, not by use of weapons, but by the moral presence of military discipline and strength. We need our militia to prevent riots as well as to suppress them. The real dangers which confront us, however, are not from martial conflicts or clash of arms. They operate more insidiously. They sap our moral strength and warp our political ideas. In the battle against these enemies, we New York at Gettysburg. 257 are all soldiers under the same flag. For our inspiration we come to these historic scenes, and drink anew the patriotism which springs from noble deeds and brave words. If the immediate task in which Lincoln invited your co-op- eration thirty years ago is done, the banner of Liberty and Union which he carried must still be held aloft, and the nation which he and you defended must be preserved from corruption and decay. In that work, let the memory of Gettysburg cheer us on and make us all true Americans, consecrated to America's highest welfare. 17 258 New York at Gettysburg. REUNION OF GREENE'S NEW YORK BRIGADE, GETTYSBURG, PA., JULY 3, 1893. (NEW YORK DAY.) Address of Maj. Gen. Henry W. Slocum. Comrades: I am happy to meet on this historic ground so many men from my own State who fought here thirty years ago. The Empire State did her full share on this field, as she did on every other field during our Civil War. Since the close of the war she has never failed to show her appreciation of the valor of her sons and her gratitude for the services performed by them. In her civil service she has given them preference over all other classes of her citizens. She has established within her own borders a Home where the old veteran can spend his declining years in company with comrades; she has erected on this field a beautiful monument to mark the place where each organi- zation fought; and finally she has wisely and generously afforded us this oppor- tunity to meet here and renew the ties of comradeship on the ground where the fate of the nation was decided. We have not come here to laud New York, nor to boast of the services of our own corps. We have not come here to rake up matters of controversy. All these matters we can well afford to leave to the historian and the military critic of the future. It is our right and duty to speak of facts known to us, and let others pass judgment upon them. On June 27th, thirty years ago, our corps was at Middletown, within a short march of Williamsport, the point at which General Lee crossed the Potomac. On that day I received from General Hooker a letter directing me to hold the Twelfth Corps in readiness to march at a moment's notice to Wil- liamsport. General Hooker stated that it was his intention to place the troops at Harper's Ferry under my command, and throw this force and the Twelfth Corps on General Lee's line of communication. In the meantime, he would concentrate the other corps of his army within supporting distance. At 7 o'clock on the previous evening, General Hooker had telegraphed to General Halleck, asking permission to evacuate Maryland Heights and use the garrison at that point in the field. At 10:30 on the morning of the 27th, General Hal- leck telegraphed a reply, refusing his consent to the removal of the troops from Maryland Heights. At a later hour on the same day. General Hooker repeated his request, saying : " Ten thousand men are at Harper's Ferry, in condition to take the field. At that point they are of no earthly account. All public property could be secured to-night, and the troops marched where they would be of some service." This second request having been refused by Gen- eral Halleck, General Hooker requested to be relieved from command of the army. General Lee's report of his operations in Pennsylvania states " that on the 27th of June, Longstreet and Ewell were encamped near Chambersburg, * * * It was expected that as soon as the Federal army crossed the Potomac, New York at Gettysburg. 259 General Stuart would give notice of its movements; and nothing having been heard from him since our entrance into Maryland, it was inferred that it had not yet left Virginia. Orders were, therefore, given to move upon Harrisburg. * * * The advance against Harrisburg was arrested by the intelligence received from a scout on the night of the 28th, to the efifect that the army of General Hooker had crossed the Potomac and was approaching the South Mountain. To deter him from advancing farther west, and intercepting our communication with Virginia, it was determined to concentrate our army east of the mountains." The disposition made by General Hooker of his army undoubtedly saved Har- risburg. Had the request of General Hooker to use the 10,000 men at Harper's Ferry been granted, that force and our corps would on the 28th of June have been on the line of Lee's communication, with ample time to entrench. That we should have been able to hold our position till General Hooker could have brought all the other corps to our assistance, I feel very confident. On June 28th, General Meade assumed command of the Army of the Poto- mac. In General Halleck's letter, informing General Meade of his assign- ment to the command of the army, Halleck says : " Harper's Ferry and its garrison are under your direct orders; you are authorized to remove from command and send from your army any officer or other person you may deem proper, and appoint to command as you may deem expedient. In fine. Gen- eral, you are intrusted with all the power and authority which the President, Secretary of War, or the General-in-Chief can confer on you, and you m^y rely upon our full support." With the unlimited power thus granted him. General Meade, without a moment's delay, did the very thing General Hooker had asked permission to do; and before retiring to rest, the order for the evacuation of Maryland Heights was issued, and the 10,000 troops doing guard duty at that point were brought into the field to meet Lee's army. From Middletown our corps marched via Knoxville and Frederick City, and encamped on the night of June 30th, at a point about one mile from Littlestown, on the road leading to Hanover. On the morning of July ist, we moved, as ordered by General Meade, to Two Taverns, there to await further orders. On the afternoon of that day, while resting in the fields along the roadside, a citizen came down the road leading to Gettysburg, who reported that a battle was being fought near that village. Maj. E. W. Guindon, of my staff, with part of the cavalry attached to corps headquarters, was ordered at once to Gettysburg to learn the truth of the story. We had not heard a sound of the battle, because of the range of hills between us and Gettysburg, and because the wind was blowing to the north. The troops were ordered on the march at once, and while on the road to this place my staff officer returned, confirming the truth of the story, saying that he had met General Hancock and General Howard, and both desired the Twelfth Corps to be brought to the field as rapidly as possible. The leading division, under Gen- eral Geary, was placed on the left of a portion of the First Corps, and between it and Little Round Top. The First Division was placed temporarily on the high ground south of Rock Creek, and west of the Baltimore Pike. When General Meade arrived, about i o'clock on the morning of July 2d, and decided 26o New York at Gettysburg. to concentrate his army at Gettysburg, the two divisions of the Twelfth Corps were ordered to Gulp's Hill, and the line where we now stand was established. The balance of the night and part of the 2d of July was spent in constructing this line of works, which has been so well preserved. When the attack was made on the left of our line, along Gemetery Ridge, and at Little Round Top, I was ordered by General Meade to move the entire Twelfth Gorps to the support of the left. I issued the order, but information came to me from both General Williams and General Geary that the enemy was in their front in strong force. No attack had as yet been made on our right, and General Meade undoubtedly thought these reports exaggerated. I urged that a division be left here to guard the line held by the corps, but as the pressure on the left was very heavy, and as portions of that part of our line had been pressed back. General Meade would not consent to leave but a brigade to defend the position and works of the Twelfth Gorps. For this im- portant work. General Greene's brigade was selected. It consisted of five New York regiments — the Sixtieth, under Gol. Abel Godard, the Seventy- eighth, under Golonel Hammerstein, the 'One hundred and second, under Gol. Lewis R. Stegman, the One hundred and thirty-seventh, under Gol. David Ireland, and One hundred and forty-ninth, under Gol. Henry A. Barnum. The brigade had but 1,350 effective men in line. While General Greene was engaged in extending his men so as to defend as much as possible of our line, he was vigorously attacked by a f>ortion of Ewell's Corps. All thought of defending the line of works held by Williams' Division was abandoned. General Greene threw back the One hundred and thirty-seventh New York, so that it protected to some extent his right flank, and it did good work against the enemy occupying the entrenchments of Wil- liams' Division. When the attack commenced, General Greene sent to Gen- era] Wadsworth, of the First Gorps, on his left, and to General Howard, com- manding the Eleventh Gorps, for assistance. Both these officers responded promptly by sending to him the Sixth Wisconsin, Colonel Dawes; the Four- teenth Brooklyn, Col. E. B. Fowler; the One hundred and forty-seventh New York, Maj,or Harney, all from Wadsworth's Division of the First Corps; also, the Eighty-second Illinois, Colonel Salomon; the Forty-fifth New York, Colonel von Amsberg; the Sixty-first Ohio, Colonel McGroarty of the Elev- enth Corps. Darkness closed the contest, and preparations on our part for regaining our position were commenced at once. The First Division (Wil- liams') and the two brigades of the Second were ordered to return to this part of the line. Shaler's Brigade of the Sixth Corps, the One hundred and twenty-second New York, Colonel Titus, aiid the Fourteenth Brooklyn, Col- onel Fowler, were ordered to assist the Twelfth Corps, and all did efficient service. Battery F, Fourth United States Artillery; Battery K, Fifth United States Artillery; Battery M, First New York, and Knap's Pennsylvania Battery were placed in position during the night by Colonel Best, and at 4 a. m., on the 3d, we opened the fight. The task of regaining our line proved to be more difficult than I had anticipated. The explanation is given in the report of General Ewell. He says: "I was ordered to renew my attack at daylight on Friday morning, and as General Johnson's position was the only one afJford- New York at Gettysburg. 261 ing hope of doing this to adyantage, he was reinforced by Smith's Brigade of Early's Division, and by Daniel's and Rodes' old brigades of Rodes' Division. Just before the time fixed for General Johnson to advance, the enemy attacked him, to regain the works captured by Stewart the evening before." Both sides had been strongly reinforced ; both were ordered to attack at day- light, our side hoping to regain the ground lost on the previous evening; the enemy determined, and expecting to advance to the Baltimore Pike. The battle was fought with great vigor and bravery on both sides, continuing nearly seven hours, and resulting in our regaining every foot of the ground lost by the removal of our troops on the previous day. Speaking of the final result, General Ewell, in his report, says : " Repeated reports from the cavalry on our left that the enemy was moving heavy columns of infantry to turn Greneral Johnson's left at last caused him, about i p. m., to evacuate the work already gained, and he (Johnson) finally took up a position about 300 yards in rear of the works he had abandoned." This closed the battle of Gettysburg, so far as the right of the line was con- cerned. It was followed on the left by that great artillery duel, the magnifi- cent charge of the Confederates, under General Pickett — an exhibition of bravery on both sides such as has seldom, if ever before, been witnessed on any field. Upon no battle ever fought were such great results depending. It was the turning point in our Civil War. It was a contest, the history of which is better known than is that of any other great battle. Even before the dead were buried or the wounded removed from the field, the military student commenced his study. Since the close of the war, the field has been visited by the leading actors on both sides, who have located their positions and told their stories. More important still, and far more interesting, is the fact that every official report, every important communication written at the time by the actors, has been preserved, and is to be found in the publications of the War Department. Here are portrayed the designs, the hopes and the fears of all the actors in the great battle fought on this field. During the battle, I knew little of what was done except here on our right; but, if time permitted, I would gladly glean from the reports of Confederate and Union officers a brief history of the events on other parts of the field, — of the scene where the great leader and magnificent soldier of Pennsylvania, John F. Reynolds, gave up his life. I would speak of the fight in the Peach Orchard and the Wheatfield; of the cavalry fight on our right; of the contest for possession of Little Round Top; of the hand-to-hand fight in Devil's Den; of the magnificent charge of Pickett, and its equally magnificent repulse. But the duty assigned to me to-day was to speak of the operations on Gulp's Hill. Every Confederate report shows that on their side it was regarded as of great importance. How near we came to losing it, is shown in the report of General Ewell. Speaking of operations at the close of the first day, he says : " The enemy had fallen back to a commanding position known as Cemetery Hill, south of Gettysburg, and quickly presented a formidable front there. On entering the town, I received a message from the commanding general to at- tack this hill if I could do so to advantage. I could not bring artillery to bear 262 New York at Gettysburg. on it, and all the troops with me were jaded by twelve hours' marching and fighting, and I was notified that General Johnson's Division (the only one of my corps that had not been engaged) was close to town. Cemetery Hill was not assailable from the town, and I determined to take possession of a wooded hill to my left, on a line with and commanding Cemetery Hill. Before Johnson got up, the enemy was reported moving to outflank our extreme left, and I could see what seemed to me to be his skirmishers in that direction. Before this report could be investigated by Lieut. T. T. Turner, aide-de-camp of my stafT, and Lieut. Robert D. Early, sent for that purpose, and Johnson placed in position, the night was far advanced. I received orders soon after dark to draw my corps to the right in case it could not be used to advantage where it was; that the commanding general thought from the nature of the ground that the position for attack was a good one on that side. 1 represented to the commanding general that the hill above referred to was unoccupied by the enemy, as reported by Lieutenants Turner and Early, who had gone upon it, and it commanded their position, and made it untenable, so far as I could judge. He decided to let me remain, and on my return to my headquarters after 12 o'clock at night, I sent orders to Johnson, by Lieutenant Turner, to take possession of this hill if he had not already done so. General Johnson stated in reply to this order, that he had sent a reconnoitering party to the hill, with orders to report as to the position of the enemy in reference to it. This party, on or near the summit, was met by a superior force, of the enemy, which succeeded in capturing a portion of the reconnoitering party, the rest of it making its escape. During this conversation with General Johnson, a man arrived, bringing a despatch, dated at 12, midnight, taken from a Federal courier, making his way from General Sykes to General Slocum, in which the former stated that his corps was then halted four miles from Get- tysburg, and would resume his march at 4 A. M. Lieutenant Turner brought this despatch to my headquarters, and at the same time stated that General Johnson would refrain from attacking the position till I had received notice of the fact that the enemy were in possession of the hill, and had sent him further orders. Day was breaking, and it was now too late for any changes of place." Such was General Ewell's statement about the early occupancy of Gulp's Hill. The fact is that the reconnoitering party to which he refers came in contact with a small force sent here to protect our engineers, who were engaged in marking out the line to be occupied by the troops of the Twelfth Corps. The troops of Geary's Division did not commence taking position here till about 3 A. M., and the last of Williams' Division was not in position till after 8 a. m. In General Lee's report it is stated that General Ewell was ordered, on July 2d, to attack our right simultaneously with the attack of General Longstreet on the left. To the fact that General Ewell's attack was not made till an hour after Longstreet commenced his attack, was due the weakening of this part of our line, and making the task assigned to General Ewell easier than it otherwise would have been; but the delay also prevented General Ewell from realizing the great advantage he had gained. It gave us the night between the 2d and 3d to strengthen our position and prevent his further advance. Now, comrades, I am glad to meet here so many men of my old corps. My New York at Gettysburg. 263 only regret is that the men from Massachusetts, Connecticut, Maryland, Penn- sylvania, New Jersey, Ohio, Indiana and Wisconsin, who were your comrades in the corps, are not with us to-day. New York's part on the field of Gettysburg is known to all! Of the Union army on this field, about thirty per cent, were New York men; of the killed and wounded, more than thirty per cent, were New Yorkers. When the stranger, visiting this field, asks his guide to take him to the places where the hard fighting was done, he will, at every place, have within his view, some of the monuments erected by New York. If he goes to the scene of the first day's operations, where Reynolds fell, he will find it dotted all over with New York monuments; he will find them on the Wheatfield, in the Peach Orchard, and on the scene of Gregg's cavalry fight. If he ascends to the summit of Little Round Top, or goes into Devil's Den, he will find them. All along the crest where Longstreet and Pickett made their greatest eflorts, he will find monuments marking the position of New York troops. Of the 1,350 New York soldiers who, under the skillful management of Gen- eral Greene, so bravely defended our position on July 2d, only 400 are present to greet their old brigade commander. I feel thankful that a kind Providence has lengthened out the days of this venerable man, now in his ninety-third year, and has permitted him, after the lapse of nearly one-third of a century, to return to this field on which he served with so much distinction, and here meet the men of his old command. I know you are impatient to greet him, and I will no longer deprive you of that pleasure. ADDRESS OF MAJ. GEN. GEORGE S. GREENE. Soldiers and Citizens: On this, the thirtieth anniversay of the great battle for the preservation of our Union, which was fought here, it seems meet that I should recite on this hill where the Third Brigade of the Second Division of the Twelfth Corps — the White Star Brigade — fought, what took place on the night of the 2d, and morning of the 3d of July, 1863. It is of you that your gallant and distinguished commander. Gen. Henry W. Slocum, has said, " that it is due to the gallant conduct of this brigade that the enemy did not occupy your lines on the right and penetrate to the rear of our army," on the night of the 2d of July, 1863. On the morning of the 2d of July, 1863, the Third Brigade, with the Second Division, was on the extreme left of the Army of the Potomac at Gettysburg, at Little Round Top. At sunrise we marched to the extreme right of the army, to Gulp's Hill, to which we to-day return in great numbers after an in- terval of thirty years. We thank God that so many of us are present at this time in health and in vigor, and able to rejoice in a happy and united country. We were ordered to erect defensive works on the crest of this hill on the line as we here see them to-day. The Third Brigade took position on the extreme left, extending to the first angle. I directed the details of the align- 264 New York at Gettysburg. ment, the men worked vigorously, and in a few hours we had a good breast- work, made with a few trees cut, and with cordwood and loose stones which we found in the immediate vicinity. This was completed early in the day, almost exclusively by the Third Brigade. The One hundred and thirty-seventh New York Colonel Ireland, commenced a traverse on our right, which was extended for about twenty yards, and which was of great value during the subsequent fight. Next on the right was General Kane, with about 400 men of the Second Brigade; and on his right was the First Division of the Twelfth Corps, under General Ruger, General Williams having been placed in command of the Twelfth Corps, General Slocum commanding the right wing of the army, the Fifth and Twelfth Corps. After the completion of the intrenchments early in the day, we rested on our arms. Meanwhile the fight was going on our left at the Peach Orchard and Devil's Den, while large bodies of the enemy were seen, as they had been all day, massing on our front, at a considerable distance beyond Rock Creek, at Banner's Hill. Artillery was brought up to the apex of Gulp's Hill, and batter- ies of the enemy located on Benner's Hill were driven under cover or destroyed. This was about 4 o'clock in the afternoon. Later in the day, orders came to the general commanding the right wing — General Slocum — to send the Twelfth Corps to the left of the army, then suffering a fierce attack from Longstreet. General Slocum fully understood the importance of occupying Gulp's Hill, and instinctively believing that the enemy must be in force in our front, ordered that the Third Brigade remain in their intrenchments, as you have just heard, which order was approved by the General-in-Chief; and it is due to General Slocum's knowledge and fore- sight that the enemy did not occupy this strong position and penetrate to the rear of the army with a large force. The First Brigade of the Second Division was reserved for picket duty, and did not occupy the lines of field fortifications on Gulp's Hill on the 2d of July, excepting for a short period in the morning. When the First Division, and the First and Second Brigades of the Second Division left Gulp's Hill, the Seventy-eighth New York was brought from the left of the brigade, and sent to the front of the Third Brigade to picket and skirmish, and to relieve the details then on that duty at and beyond Rock Creek. The Twelfth Corps, excepting Greene's Brigade, moved out about sunset, the Third Brigade extending its lines to cover as much as possible of tlie division line, attenuating it to a considerable degree and leaving about a foot between each man in the breastworks. The First Division reached its posi- tion on the left of the army, while the First and Second Brigades of the Sec- ond Division, mistaking the line of direction, moved eastwardly over the Bal- timore turnpike, across the bridge over Rock Creek, excepting Kane's Brigade, the Second, which, hearing the firing in attapk, returned early in the night to Gulp's Hill. The regiment on picket was attacked by the enemy in force immediately after the Twelfth Corps had left the works, and was driven back to our lines. The New York at Gettysburg. 265 enemy moved on our lines vigorously, their men behaving gallantly, but their great losses forced them to fall back, only to renew their attacks and charges at short intervals. These attacks were continued at short intervals till about 10 o'clock p. M., when tliey made a strong attack on my front and right, forcing back the One hundred and thirty-seventh Regiment which occupied Kane's lines of breastworks, to the traverse on our right, where they reformed in good order and maintained their position. At the same time the enemy attempted to pass my right where I had two regiments from Generals Howard and Wads- worth, resting on their arms, in reserve. I immediately called up these regi- ments; they quickly advanced, and the enemy did not follow up their attack. At the same time, General Kane, with his brigade, arrived, and made his arrival known by a volley on the enemy. The enemy retired, and their attacks ended. General Kane, hearing the firing on our lines, while marching east on the Baltimore turnpike, had ordered his brigade to countermarch and return to the point of attack. On marching west on the turnpike, the enemy's pickets, who had crossed over the unoccupied intrenchments of the First Division of the Twelfth Corps, had advanced to the vicinity of the pike and fired on Kane's troops. During this fire, I correctly divined that it was a fire on our return- ing troops, and sent an officer of my staff down the pike to pilot them to my right, which brought General Kane to my right on the line of the enemy's last attack and repulse. General Kane's timely arrival tended to secure my right and discourage the enemy. We shall always hold in memory this gallant man who, with the true instincts of a soldier, marched straight to the battlefield on hearing the sound of the guns. There were no attacks after about 10 p. m., though there were random shots occasionally and volleys at i and 2 a. m. The First Division of the Twelfth Corps returned to its position near our lines about i o'clock a. m. On the morning of the 3d of July, as you have just heard, the attack of the Twelfth Corps was made early in the morning on the enemy, and the former position in their lines occupied after a severe fight of seven hours. The Third Brigade was vigorously attacked on their front, four separate charges being made until 10 a. m., when the attacks ceased and the enemy retired. In this morning fight, the Third Brigade was reinforced by General Lock- wood's and General Shalcr's Brigades, and also by some regiments of the First Brigade of the Second Division, from Wadsworth's Division, First Corps, and a regiment of the First Division. ' This fight continued with great energy from daylight until about 10 o'clock, a. m., July 3d. At i o'clock, p. m., the men went down our front to Rock Creek to get water. No enemy were seen. They had evidently withdrawn from our front, shattered and beaten. In the morning fight, July 3d, the Adjutant-General of Gen. Edward John- son's Division (Maj. Watkins Leigh), mounted, followed an attacking party to within fifty yards of our line. He was killed with five balls in his forehead and breast. About fifty men of the force which he was urging up to our lines got too close to retreat, and running up under our breastworks, threw away their muskets and surrendered. The Adjutant-General was taken up by our 266 New York at Gettysburg. burying party and buried, a proper compliment to the memory of a gallant soldier. I have thus given you a short summary of the incidents of the gallant ser- vices on this line, hoping that it may convey to our posterity some idea of what the Third — White Star — Brigade did for their country in the hour of her greatest need. REMARKS OF MAJ. GEN. DANIEL E. SICKLES, U. S. A. Comrades: This is a very fortunate day for all of us. It is a very remarkable scene — men who fought on this battlefield, listening to General Slocum, their corps commander, reciting the story of the battle in which they partici- pated. You have heard him tell of your movements. You have acquiesced, and thus the facts as he detailed them can be considered the true history of the battle on this part of the line. Let all amateur historians, who hereafter may think that they can write an account of the Twelfth Corps on Gulp's Hill, either tell it properly or be silent if they can not! Governor Flower said he hoped you would each live to be as old as Gen- eral Greene. I move an amendment — 'that you may be as good as he is, and as handsome. But you will have to hurry up for the rest of your lives, or you won't succeed. It always does me good to look in the faces of the men who saved this Union. This country is a joint-stock company in which we all hold shares. Consequently, when our enemies set fire to our property, we all hurried out to extinguish the conflagration. And for over four years they kept igniting the fire and we kept putting it out, until at length we conquered and captured the incendiaries. Now we know that everything is safe, and there is no further need of insurance companies. I wish to say for the Monument Commission, that if the State of New York is not properly represented among the memorials that grace this great field, it is our fault and not that of the State. Everything we asked for has been freely and gladly given us, and we have been hampered in no way; and to the State, and Governor Hill, and Governor Flower, the veterans are truly thankful. ORATIONS AND ADDRESSES DELIVERED AT THE DEDICATION OF THE MONUMENTS EEECTED IN HONOR OF THE NEW YORK REGIMENTS AT GETTYSBURG. ' uti r }nA0i I F 1 "i ^ I T INT F. J. SEVERENCE, PHOTO. 10th new YORK INFANTRY. On Cemetery Ridge, Meade avt^nue. Loukin;^' southeast, the Taneytown Road in the distance New York at Gettysburg. 269 (INSCRIPTIONS) (Front) 10th NEW YORK INFANTRY, (NATIONAL ZOUAVES) 2d brigade, 3d DIVISION, 2d corps. JULY 3d 1863. (Reverse) Mustered in April 27, 1861 At N. Y. City for 2 yeaks Mustered out May 7, 1863 Re-organized as lOTH Battalion New York Infantry April 26, 1863 Mustered out June 30, 1865 Held this position With 8 Officers and 90 enlisted Men as Provost Guard Hays's Division During Pickett's charge July 3, 1863 Casualties Killed 2 Wounded 4 Partici ated in all the campaigns of the Army of the Potomac 270 New York at Gettysburg, DEDICATION OF MONUMENT 10th battalion infantry — " NATIONAL ZOUAVES." September 2, 1889. Address by Lieut. Frank M. Clark. Comrades, Ladies and Gentlemen: By the courtesy of the committee, the distinguished honor has been conferred on me of dehyering the introductory address upon this most interesting occa- sion. I shall not occupy your time with any lengthy description of the momentous events which took place here, and of which you have heard so much during the past two days, told in the most eloquent manner. Our thoughts naturally revert to the scenes enacted upon this ground twenty- six years ago, when this quiet, peaceful, rural hamlet, almost unknown beyond the limits of this county, suddenly sprang into world-wide distinction; for here was fought during three days, in July, 1863, the greatest battle of modern times. More than 100,000 men struggled for the mastery, of which number 40,000 were placed hors du combat. Victory finally came to the Union army, and Gettys- burg became historic. We have met to-day upon this battlefield to dedicate a monument com- memorative of the services and sacrifices of the Tenth Regiment, New York Infantry, from Big Bethel to Appomattox; and we thank you all for your presence with us, — beautiful women and brave men, lending grace and dignity to the occasion. As the presiding officer of the day, I am privileged to introduce to you a gentleman who entered the service of the United States as a commissioned officer in the Tenth New York, upon its original organization, served with you through the entire war, and was finally mustered out at the disbandment of the army. It was his good fortune to command the battalion in the engagement upon this spot twenty-six years ago. I present to you my friend and comrade, Col. George F. Hopper, Chairman of the Monument Committee. ADDRESS BY MAJOR CHARLES W. COWTAN. Ladies and Gentlemen: Chosen by my comrades of the Tenth New York Volunteers to formally sur- render to the Gettysburg Monument Association that symbol of our four years' service for the Union, so generously and gratefully erected by the great Empire State, it seems proper that, before performing that acceptable and pleasant duty, I should briefly refer to some of the incidents that render this New York at Gettysburg. 271 dedicatory ceremony so sacred to the hearts of the survivors of the regiment, whether present with us to-day, or absent by force of circumstances. The tidings of the fall of Fort Sumter had scarcely ceased vibrating the telegraphic wires, when the active organization of the National Zouaves was begun in New York city by a body of young men who had, since the previous December, been banded together in anticipation of such a necessity arising. Within three weeks the regiment could have marched to the front if arms had been furnished them, crude in material and formation, it is true, but brave and earnest in purpose and enthusiasm. The three additional weeks that elapsed at Sandy Hook Camp, before marching orders were received, perfected the organization of the regiment, and launched a compact body of more than 800 soldiers upon the soil of rebellious Virginia. The Tenth New York Volunteers was one of the thirty-eight regiments of New York State troops mustered in for two years' service. Before that term had expired it had experienced the inevitable and always remembered vicissi- tudes of early and amateur camp life; had served on garrison duty for several months under Regular Army officers; had joined the afterwards historic Army of the Potomac, and under its banners had baptized with the blood of its bravest young heroes the battlefields of that army from Gaines' Mill to Fred- ericksburg. It is not my purpose to dilate here upon the incidents of bravery and devotion so dear to the memory of the survivors of our regiment and their kindred, nor to enumerate in detail the battle losses sustained. It is the part of history to engrave these facts in indelible characters upon the annals of the Nation. The two-years regiment as an organization was mustered out of service May 7, 1863, after fitting encomiums from its commanding general. The men who had enhsted after the regiment had left New York in 1861, and whose term of service was construed to be three years, remained in the field under veteran officers. This little battalion, numbering scarcely 100 present for duty, received its first baptism, as a separate organization, at Chan- cellorsville, only two or three days after the departure of the two-years men for home. Designated by General French to perform the duty of provost guard for his division (the Third, of the Second Army Corps), it was acting in that capacity, though now under Gen. Alexander Hays, as division commander, during the days of battle which drenched the green hills and valleys around Gettysburg with blood, and ultimately turned the tide of rebellion. Doing arduous duty in several positions, with its own and other divisions, after arriving upon the field on the night of the 1st of July, the battalion was posted, on the 3d, directly in rear of its own division, when the gallant and renowned advance of Longstreet's columns was directed upon the front of the devoted Second and Third Divisions of Hancock's Corps. The loss of the battalion upon the field was 2 killed and 4 wounded. General Meade, at the critical moment, had personally directed the little body of soldiers to assemble and advance to the main line to render what assistance they could, and while obeying this order they were met by a wave of nearly 2,000 Confederates, who had dropped their weapons, entered General Hays' lines, and were rushing madly to obtain the shelter from their own artillery which they imagined the depression of the 272 New York at Gettysburg. Taneytown road might afford. These prisoners were taken to the extreme rear during the night by our battalion. The little band of veterans who, upon this bloody field, so modestly and yet earnestly upheld the glorious record of their old regiment, were to be the nucleus of a battalion which was destined, during the next two years, to leave its dead upon many famous battlefields. Returning to tine duty, and reinforced with some of the bravest of veteran recruits, forming a portion of a dauntless brigade that was often summoned by General Hancock in emergent necessity, the battalion of the Tenth left a bloody trail through the Wilderness, at Spot- sylvania, Cold Harbor, Petersburg, and through the eventful campaigns which led directly to the culmination of the rebellion and the fall of its keysttBic at Appomattox Court House. On the 23d of May, 1865, the remnant of the Tenth New York Volunteers participated in the ever memorable parade in the capital city of the Nation, when 80,000 soldiers of the grand old Army of the Potomac passed in review, with worn uniforms and tattered ensigns, a pageant impressed forever «pon the minds of those who witnessed it. On the 30th day of June following, the National Zouaves were finally mustered out from the militarj' service of their country after continuous duty of more than four years. Some of us here to-day were with the command from its inception to the end. Most of us bear scars, won while battling under its well-loved colors, and all of us treasure reminiscences of that past which will linger witli us while life lasts, and which make the memory of our battles, marches, and privations a sacred heritage to be left to our posterity forever. Statistics show that the number of commissioned ofi6cers mustered into the regiment during its entire service was 96, some of whom, however, were promoted and served in more than one position. Of this number, 6 were killed or died of wounds; 3 died of disease; and 20 were wounded. A close estimate places the number of enlisted men in the r^ment at 1,900, of whom 106 were killed or mortally wounded; 66 died of disease, and we have the names of 214 who were wounded in battle, although it is certain that this estimate of the wounded falls short of the actual number. There were also 23 of our comrades who are reported as " missing," and who probably fell unnoticed in battle or perished in captivity. The casualties in the regiment will thus be seen to have been 438, as far as it is able to judge with certainty, and this total does not include a number who were made prisoners in battle, and suffered in the charnel houses, misnamed Confederate prisons. Such, in brief, is the history of one of the regiments from the Empire State. And now, sir, in the name of the survivors of that command, I turn over to you, as representative of the Gettysburg Memorial Association, this shapely granite. " May it ever stand, an inspiration to American citizenship and valor!" New York at Gettysburg. 273 POEM BY PRIVATE CHARLES H. LUDWIG. In far distant future days, When war shall nevermore be known. And men shall sing the heavenly lays Of love and peace alone; And tattered flag and sword and gun Adorn antique historic halls, Or hang as curious relics on The antiquary's walls. Then as the generations, with untiring tread. Through the long aisle Of centuries shall file, And children shall approach with reverent head. And ask in wonderment, What means this pile? Its thrilling words will tell to eager ears The deeds heroic, wrought in olden years, Of valiant men, who, at their country's 'hest When by rebellious hands distrest. Left home, and wife, and child. And toiled by day in hunger, heat and cold. And lay at night wrapped in the chilly fold Of stormy skies, and tempest wild, Without a whispered cheer Of faithful wife, or mother's fond embrace — So comforting and dear To men of noble race — The men who lifted up their good right arm To shield their land from harm. And, uncomplaining, bled. And fell — the conquerors, though dead. Not they who shout are conquerors alone. For they who fall before the day is won Are also victors, and the laurel'd crown Fitly adorns the warrior smitten down. No martyr dies A fruitless sacrifice; Heroic deeds Are the immortal seeds — Nourished by blood and tears — That grow the fruit of Liberty And conscience free. Through Time's unresting years. Beneath the peaceful skies, 18 274 New York at Gettysburg. And with the Father's smile, We dedicate this pile To sacred memories Of men of elder as of modern day. Whose place of burial to man unknown Is all unmark'd by monumental stone — To nameless heroes slumbering in the sea, The sighing winds their ceaseless lullaby, Who seem, as 't were, to need more care of God Than they who sleep beneath the churchyard sod; We dedicate this pile to the dead brave who share The grassy resting places of the town, Enwreath'd by loving hands in flowering May With garlands fragrant, and as Eden fair, And grander in the Father's eye than monarch's jewell'd crown. O land of all the lands by Heaven most blest! Who strikes at thee doth strike at Freedom's breast If she must bleed, let not the blow Be dealt by children's hand again. But by a foreign foe. O North I O South! O East! O West! Away with jealousy, suspicion, hate! Joint heritors are ye of one estate, Forevermore to hold. Ample and broad, so filled with bread and meat The recompense of honest toil. That ye might welcome all the world to eat; A land whose hills are iron, coal, and gold. Whose valleys run with oil; A land of churches, schools, and charities That heal the mind and give the sufferer ease. Yea, every ill assuage. From orphan'd infancy to helpless age; A land of freedom for right, deed, and thought. The just and equal law its only King, Which none may set at naught What would ye more? What lacks your earthly store? O happy land! to God thank offerings bring; Let the dead past, and all its curse and scorn Be buried, with no resurrection morn! Stand forth, O land, in unity and might. Loving the truth and valorous for right! Down to the unreturning depths be hurl'd All things by truth abhorr'd, And stand thou everforth a blessing to the world. New York at Gettysburg. 275 ORATION BY PRIVATE JOSEPH KAY. Ladies, Comrades of the War, and Gentlemen: Looking back over the more than six and twenty years that have elapsed since the great and bloody struggle which then took place between armed forces, sons of a common mother, on these now sacred hills, — and Gettysburg made a part only of the great work which was necessary to crowd four centuries of progress into four years of cruel and relentless war, — there is much about this field of glory which no American citizen can contemplate without a feeling of just pride in the Union as it is, and especially so in case he was permitted to share in what occurred here in those trying times. Little did the prophet — Lincoln himself — realize when, in yonder cemetery, in language which will be remembered as long as the world shall last, he helped to lay the corner- stone of a National monument to the known and unknown of the Union Army who died and are buried here, what Gettysburg accomplished for Liberty and Union. But hold! It is said the darkest hour is just before dawn. When the clouds hung as a funeral pall over this Nation; when disaster had followed quick upon disaster to our armies in the field; when our business people at home were discouraged and disheartened; when the cause of the Union — except among the brave boys at the front, and they never faltered — was considered a failure; when the power of the National Government to successfully conquer rebellion was doubted even by some of the best friends of the Union; when foreign powers were congratulating themselves and each other that the States of the American Republic were to be disintegrated and torn apart, and the permanent success of self-government by a great people be proven impossible, — it was then that Gettysburg, forever glorious Gettysburg, was fought. Here, the silver lining to the cloud on our horizon as a Nation was first disclosed. Here, and at Vicksburg in the West, the inspiration came which led to the final culmination at Appomattox. Each in itself a great victory for the Union, coming nearly together in point of time of concurrence, they became rainbows of promise, finally, grandly fulfilled in 1865, with the armies of treason surrendered, and brothers become brothers again. These events encouraged the armies; they put backbone in the people; they helped make the Union we now enjoy a home of the free in fact as well as in name, and a united country once again a possibility. And who were they who composed these armies of the Union at Gettys- burg and Vicksburg, do you ask? Unlike myself, on this occasion, they were not substitutes. When these battles were fought there was no hireling in the Union Army or Navy. Every man stood, his body a wall between the Nation and its enemies. He was not a proxy, — he represented American manhood; he represented himself. They were not conscripts serving against their will. Remember also that they were not wearing the yoke of oppression, nor were under the iron heel of a monarch in such servitude. No. They were the bone and sinew of loyalty, the boys of America. They are, to some extent, the men of to-day. Every 276 New York at Gettysburg. man who served was a monarch in his own right, whether to the manor born or not, because they were patriots and volunteers. Remember this. They were here for principle. They were here for Union. They were here in the cause of that right which was eternally right, and against that which they knew was as eternally and forever wrong. They were here for America. Many of us were here then, and that is why we are here now. Lincoln said, in referring to the men who fought, speaking especially of those who died here: " The world will little heed nor long remember what we say here. It can never forget what they did here." A fraternity which means something brings us here to-day. We remember that this field was baptized in the blood of patriots who were our comrades, that it was dedicated and made forever sacred by the immortal words of a martyr. We know also that it is nurtured and guarded by a grateful, loyal people. This spot, for all time to come is the shrine at which will worship all who honor and love America — land of the brave, home of the free. Here valor and freedom will be commemorated forever, as twin sisters. Here will our posterity receive an inspiration stronger even than that which prompted us, their ancestors, to dare, to do, to die, if needs be, for the per- petuity of the inestimable blessings of a Union restored, now one and inseparable, where all mankind are free. Our forefathers built a house founded, so long as slavery existed, on sand. We redeem and leave as a heritage to our children and our children's children, free America. It is now a nation founded on a solid rock, — human liberty. Who would change it if they could? My mission here to-day is nearly ended. Boys of the war, crowd together. I conjure you to stand by each other until the curtain is rung down on the final act in your lives. These dead have not died in vain : their work is ended on earth, but its results are as eternal as the fixed stars in heaven. -■^^ J. B. L"\iiN' ITUNT. 39th new YORK INFANTRY. On C'emeter-y Ri(l;,'e, iinar the '■Angle." p. J. SEVERENCE, PHOTO. New Yokk at Gettysburg. 277 {INSCRIPTIONS) (Front) 39th NEW YORK INFANTRY, (GARIBALDI GUARDS) 3d BRIG. 3d DIV. 2d corps. (Reverse) This Regiment at about 7 o'clock p. m. July 2, 1863 being ordered to support General Sickles' line charged and drove the enemy recapturing the guns and EQUIPMENT OF BaTTERY I, STH U. S. Artillery A STONE Tablet marks the place where this incident occurred. (Left Side) (Right Side) This Reciment Casualties COMPOSED OF Killed 15 4 Companies Wounded 80 HELD this position Total 95 July 2 and 3, 1863 2/8 New York at Gettysburg. DEDICATION OF MONUMENT 39th battalion INFANTRY — " GARIBALDI GUARDS." July I, 1888. Oration of Lieut. Frank M. Clark. Comrades and Friends: We have assembled to-day upon this historic battlefield to pay a tribute of honor to the patriotic heroism and unselfish devotion of the gallant heroes who died that the Nation might live. ** Passed away before life's noon. Who shall say they died too soon? Ye who mourn, O cease from tears! Deeds like these outlast the years." Twenty-five years have passed away since the embattled hosts, numbering more than 100,000 men, faced each other here. The echoes of the reverberating thunders of grim and ghastly war have melted away, and only its mem- ories, softened by the hand of time, remain. The bitterness engendered by fratricidal strife has been forgotten by the men who met each other in deadly combat, and we now greet our former foes with fraternal embrace, and recount, with lively interest and without acrimony, the grand achievements of the pro- tracted struggle. In extending the right hand of fellowship, we yield nothing of principle, we make no compromise with an unjustifiable rebeUion; but we maintain that fraternal spirit which characterized the immortal Lincoln who, " With malice toward none, with charity for all, pressed toward the right as God gave him to see the right." The grand old Army of the Potomac, in its proud strength, had marched and countermarched. It had left its crimson glories at Yorktown, West Point, and on many another battlefield. It had been in sight of the promised land of Richmond, and yet, like one of old, entered not in. Its veterans had traversed swamps thick with the white, luminous vapor of pestilence. Under midnight skies their bodies drank in foul, heavy mists, while the scorching sun by day told on wasting strength, as one after another of those whom battle had spared fell by disease. Following this, the long and dispiriting retreat bore sadly on many of them. Thousands fell by the wayside, and other thousands lingered for weeks and months and, at last, died miserable deaths. Sometimes defeated, but never discouraged, the Army of the Potomac at no time refused to perform its whole duty. It was a magnificent body of intelligent soldiers, patient, true, brave and obedient; an honor to the country, commanding the admiration of the world. To you, my comrades, who were a component part of that army, will recur the memory of the four years of terrible war from Bull Run to Appomattox. What pen can fitly describe, or what voice fully express, the details of that heroic struggle? No troops took a more honorable part in the several engage- ments than the Thirty-ninth Regiment, New York Volunteers, to whom this monument is erected, and whose history it is intended to perpetuate. New York at»Gettysburg. 279 The regiment was organized in the city of New York, was mustered into the service of the United States on May 28, 1861, and remained in the service, actively performing field duty, until July i, 1865, when it was mustered out in pursuance of orders from the War Department. It is entitled to bear upon its colors the names of the following battles in which it took gallant part: First Bull Run, Wilderness, Cross Keys, Cold Harbor, Gettysburg, Totopotomoy, North Anna, Petersburg, Bristoe Station, Strawberry Plains, Po River, Reams Station, Mine Run, Deep Bottom, Spotsylvania, Appomattox. It took into the battle of Gettysburg four companies, the remnant of the regiment, consisting of a fraction of over 300 men, of whom 15 were killed and 80 wounded. It especially distinguished itself upon this field by charg- ing the enemy, driving them from their guns and retaking Battery I, Fifth United States Artillery, which had met with great loss of men and horses, and had been abandoned. The regiment conveyed the battery safely to the rear. Lieut. Samuel Peeples, of the Fifth United States Artillery, was with the Thirty-ninth at this time, and, among those who fell, severely wounded, was Comrade Albert E. Seifert, the popular President of the Veteran Association of the Thirty-ninth Regiment. It is fitting and appropriate that these marks of honor be raised upon this ground; for, very near here, occurred the famous charge of Pickett's Divi- sion. A distinguished Union soldier and writer, in speaking of the part taken by the Second Corps (to which the Thirty-ninth was attached), says: " Probably no grander sight was ever seen in the war than when the Con- federate line, as if on parade, moved forward to the attack of Hancock's Corps. On they came, while the thundering cannon made great gaps in their ranks; closing up, with the promptness of a drill, they passed on; nearing our lines, the guns were double-shotted with canister, and dealt terrible devastation. On they pressed, until there were hand-to-hand encounters over the guns. Hearts beat quickly, and it seemed almost as if the day was lost; but Hancock was there, with his heroic Second Corps, and, at every point, the charge was repulsed." Hancock and Gettysburg are inseparably connected. A part of that grand old corps, who were always invincible, was the Thirty-ninth New York Volun- teers, whose monument we this day dedicate. I cannot refrain from reading, at this time, the grandest and most perfect memorial oration ever delivered, and it is highly proper that it should be read upon this spot; for it was here, on the 19th day of November, 1863, that Presi- dent Lincoln delivered the original. " Fourscore and seven years ago, our fathers brought forth upon this con- tinent a new Nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now, we are engaged in a great Civil War, testing whether that Nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to 28o New York at Gettysburg. dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting-place for those who gave their lives that that Nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate, we cannot con- secrate, we cannot hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it far above our power to add or detract. The world will little note nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us, the living, rather to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us; that, from these honored dead, we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion ; that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain ; that this Nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom; and that government of the People by the People and for the People shall not perish from the earth." " Peace hath her victories, not less renowned than those of war." The gratitude of a free people has called some of us to fill high civic stations, and has imposed upon all of us stern responsibilities. The lessons we all learned amid the roar of artillery, the exact and uncornpromising teachings of the God of Battles, have made us mindful of our duties as citizens. We were linworthy of the name of patriot-soldiers should we fail to comprehend the necessities of our citizenship. We plowed the furrows in which the seeds of our new liberties were scattered; we would be but poor husbandmen if we should fail to nurture and to tend the fruit of our own planting. And, if to review with pride these evidences of our workmanship shall be esteemed undue egotism on our part, we accept the criticism that may be applied to us; for, while life sends its currents through our veins, while memories of the old flag endure, while comrades live for us to cherish, or while the names of our dead heroes remain engraven upon the tablets of our hearts, we shall meet to rehearse the story of our common dangers, resulting from our common impulses and culminating in our common glories. Thank God for the history we have made! Thank God for the Union Army which, formed from the citizens of the land who moved solely under the inspiration of patriotism, rushed to the defense of an assailed country! Comrades and Friends: While we glory to-day in the success of the Union Army, which preserved our heritage, while, with uncovered heads and with hearts throbbing with gratitude, we dedicate this monument to our heroes " gone before," let us, gathering instruction and inspiration from the past, bury in ine grave all prejudices and passions born of conflict. We are one Nation, from the Lakes to the Gulf, from the Atlantic to the Pacific; one Hope beckons us, one Destiny awaits us. The times call for clear heads, pure hearts and loyalty to Truth. In the ranks of loyalty to every interest of our favored land, and, with the cadenced step of fearless virtue, let us march on to the fairest fields of Liberty. " By few is Glory's wreath attained, Though Death, or soon or late, awaiteth all, To fight in Freedom's cause is something gained And nothing lost — to fall." New York at Gettysburg. 281 UNVEILING OF MONUMENT July 2, 1895. Oration of Lieut. Henry Dietrich. On this spot Battery I, 5th U. S. Artillery, was on the second DAY OF July, 1863, retaken from the Enemy by the 39TH Regt. N. Y. Vol. Kameraden des 39. Regiments und verehrte Anwesende! Diese wenigen Worte, welche Sie auf den Granitblock vor Ihnen einge- meisselt sehen bekunden den Zweck unserer heutigen Zusammenkunft. Die Regierung des Staates New York, in Anerkennung und gerechter Wiirdigung der ehrenhaften Wafifenthat, welche an jenem denkwurdigen Tage des 2. Juli 1863 von dem 39. Regiment mit Erfolg ausgefiihrt wurde, hat jenen Markstein auf demselben Flecken errichten lassen, wo vor 32 Jahren Battery I stand und mit vernichtender Gewalt ihre Geshosse in die Reihen des Feindes sandte, bis sie, der Uebermacht weichend, von diesem genommen, aber durch uns seinen Handen wieder entrissen wurde. Und zur Einweihung dieses Monuments sind wir, die wenigen iiberlebenden Veteranen jener denkwurdigen Epoche, hier versammelt. Kameraden! Wem von uns schlagt das Herz nicht hoher, aber wem kommen auch nicht Thranen der Wehmuth und Riihrung, wenn wir zuriick denken an jene ereignissreiche Zeit, jene blutigen Jahre des Bruderkampfes? Damals jung, kraftig, in der Fiille der Jugend, boten wir trotzig und furchtlos dem Feinde die Stirn, und heute — als alte Veteranen, auf deren gefurchten Wangen und gebleichtem Haupte der Griffel der Natur mit deutlichen Ztigen das her- annahende Alter gezeichnet, stehen wir mit dem Palmenzweige des Friedens in der Hand auf demselben Boden, der eine unserer schonsten WafTenthaten kennzeichnet; auf die wir mit Recht stolz sein und auf die wir zu jeder Zeit hinweisen konnen, ohne uns des Selbstlobes und der Selbstiiberschatzung schuldig zu machen. f Als wir am Nachmittage des 2. Juli von unserer Position aus in ostlicher Richtung dem linken Fliigel zu auf dem Hohenzuge im Schnellschritt dahin- eilten, ahnten wir nicht, was uns bevorstand, und selbst als von unserem braven Brigade-General Willard das Commando gegeben wurde: " Charge bayonet, forward march! " war uns der Zweck unseres Angriffs noch nicht klar; aber mit dem echten Spursinn des alten Soldaten fiihlten wir, dass uns heisse und harte Arbeit erwartete, and vorwarts ging es im dichten Kugelregen, ohne Trommel- schlag oder Trompetensignal, aber mit einem Hurrah das wie Brausen des Sturmes in the Reihen des Feindes drang und der nach kurzer Gegenwehr in den nahen Wald zuruckdegrankt wurde. Die Battery war unser und die Ehre des Tages gerettet aber nicht ohne schwere Opfer, 15 Todte and 80 Verwundete standen auf der Liste. 282 New York at Gettysburg. Kameradenl Ich kann hier die Einzelheiten des Kampfes nicht schildern, aber das Bild jener Stunde wird Jedem von Euch unvergesslich vor Augen stehen. , Mit lodernder Flamme schwang die Furie des Krieges ihre Fackel und ehe die Sonne zur Neige ging, hatte manches junge Leben den Heldentod gefunden. Zerstampft war der Boden und zerknickt die Blumen des Feldes, auf dem wir standen. Sie waren der einzige Schmuck, den wir unseren gefallenen Kame- raden noch mit auf die lange Reise geben konnten und kiissten selbst im Welken noch ihren Bliithenduft auf die kalte Stirn der Gefallenen. Das war vor 32 Jahren. Heute stehen wir auf demselben geweihten Boden. Neues Leben ist der keimenden 'Flur entsprossen, aber " Heute stort kein Schlachtenruf die Ruh' " Und unsre Kameraden die gefallen, " Deckt lange schon der griine Rasen zu " Waren sie doch heute hier, die alten Jungen! Ihnen wurde das Gluck nicht zu Theil, das Resultat der Arbeit zu sehen, an der sie so heldenmiithig mitge- holfen haben, und die sie mit ihrem Blute besiegelten. Ihnen wurde die Freude nicht zu Theil, dieses stolze Monument zu erblicken, welches eine dankbare Regierung in Anerkennung unserer Waffenthat errichtet hat. Aber ihr Andenken wollen wir wahren, und so lange noch ein Veteran des 39. Regiments lebt, sollen ihre Namen in Ehren gehalten werden. Schauen Sie hintiber nach jenem Monument. Es ist das Geschichtsbuch unseres Regiments und seinem Andenken gewidmet. Es wird da stehen, dem Zahn der Zeit trotzend und spateren Generationen Aufschluss geben uber die Thaten des Regiments. Wir aber, die wenigen Ueberlebenden, die wir in Reih und GHed zusammen gestanden und die Gefahren des Krieges muthig getheilt, uns bindet die gleiche Kette der Kriegskameradschaft fur ewige Zeiten, und so lasst uns denn Ange- sichts dieses Monuments auch fernerhin treue Kameradschaft geloben, bis der Letzte von uns zum Appell in die grosse Armee abberufen wird. THE GARIBALDI GUARD AND ITS SERVICES. The Thirty-ninth New York was the first regiment from the State to enlist for three years. The thirty-eight regiments accepted prior to its muster into service were all sworn in for two years. It was, also, the first of the fourteen regiments which the President authorized the Union Defence Committee to organize and equip on account of the city of New York. The Thirty-ninth was remarkable for its mixed nationality and the large number of European countries represented in its ranks; there were three com- panies composed of Hungarians, three of Germans, one Italian, one Swiss, one French, and one composed of Spaniards and Portuguese. Many of these men had served in Europe before coming to America, and some of them had experience on the field of battle. New York at Gettysburg. 283 Recruiting commenced at the first call to arms, and on May 28, i86r, the regiment was mustered into the United States service, with the following field officers: Frederick George D'Utassy, Colonel. Alexander Repetti, Lieut. Colonel. George E. Waring, Jr., Major. The regiment adopted the title " Garibaldi Guards," as its designation, by which synonym it was known throughout the war. It was provided with a distinctive uniform, by the Union Defence Committee, of dark blue cloth, black leather leggings, and Garibaldi hat with black plume. Three flags were presented with appropriate ceremonies before it left New York. One was a National flag — stars and stripes — made of heavy silk with gold fringe and tassels, and a golden eagle on top of the staff. Another was a richly embroidered Hungarian standard with red, white and green stripes, bearing within a wreath the motto " Vincere Aut Morire," while over and under the wreath appeared the name of the regiment. The third flag attracted considerable attention, as it was one of the tri-color standards borne by Gari- baldi's men triumphantly in the campaign of 1848-49, and which the revolu- tionary hero once planted with his own hand on the battlements of one of the castles in Rome. The regiment left New York on May 28th, cheered by the thousands who assembled to witness its departure. It proceeded to Washington, where it was reviewed by President Lincoln on its arrival, after which it crossed the Potomac into Virginia and encamped at Alexandria. Having been assigned to Blenker's Brigade, of Miles's Division, it was pres- ent at the battle of First Bull Run, where the division, which was held in reserve, covered the retreat of the army. The loss of the Thirty-ninth was 2 killed, 5 wounded, and 54 captured or missing; total, 61. After this battle the " Garibaldis " encamped at Roach's Mills, where they w^ere engaged in drill and picket duty. They also worked on the construction of Fort Blenker and other fortifications. In November, the regiment went into winter quarters near Hunter's Chapel. During the winter it was assigned to Stahel's Brigade of Blenker's Division, a division composed entirely of regi- ments in which the men were of foreign birth, the most of them being Germans. When General McClellan's army advanced in March, 1862, Blenker's Division, then in Sumner's (Second) Corps, made a reconnoisance to Warren- ton Junction, Va., driving the enemy across the Rappahannock. Upon the embarkation of the Army of the Potomac for the Peninsula, this division was writhheld and ordered to join Fremont's Army in West Virginia, where it arrived after a series of long and fatiguing marches, made in stormy, inclement weather, without proper food and supplies. Stahel's Brigade was hotly engaged on June 8, 1862, at the battle of Cross Keys, Va., in the Shenandoah Valley, where the Garibaldi Guard won especial mention in the official report of General Fremont. Lieutenant Jordan was mortally wounded in this action. A few weeks later the Thirty-ninth was detached from Blenker's Division, and assigned to Banks's Corps. 284 New York at Gettysburg. When Gen. Julius White's Brigade, to which the Garibaldi Guard was then attached, fell back from Winchester to Harper's Ferry on September 4, 1862, the regiment accompanied it, and so was included in the subsequent surrender of that stronghold. Previous to the surrender, the Thirty-ninth participated in the fighting on Maryland Heights where 15 of its men were wounded. At the capitulation the entire regiment, numbering 545 officers and men, became prisoners of war. Having been released on parole, the regiment marched to Annapolis, Md., from whence it was ordered to Camp Douglas, at Chicago, there to await exchange. Notice of exchange being received, the Thirty-ninth returned to Washington, arriving there November 27, 1862. Proceeding to Centreville, Va., it went into winter quarters, where it remained during the ensuing seven months. In the meantime Colonel D'Utassy was dismissed from the service, May 29, 1863, and Augustus Funk was commissioned in his place. While at Centreville, the brigade consisted of the Thirty-ninth, One hundred and eleventh, One hundred and twenty-fifth and One hundred and twenty-sixth New York, Gen. Alexander Hays being in command. On June 25th the brigade was ordered to join the Army of the Potomac, then on its march to Gettysburg, and was assigned to the Third Division, Second Corps. General Hays having been placed in command of this division, Col. George L. Willard, of the One hundred and twenty-iifth New York was given command of the brigade. Breaking camp on the 2Sth of June, it overtook the Second Corps near Gettysburg by making a forced march of several days, and on the morning of July 2d, the second day of the battle, the brigade went into position on the right of the corps, on Cemetery Ridge, at a place near Cemetery Hill. The regfment, which had been consolidated into four companies, numbered 322 present for duty, and was under command of Maj. Hugo Hildebrandt. Soon after its arrival, General Hays ordered the four companies of the Thirty-ninth forward to the skirmish line. The battalion deployed and for over four hours was actively engaged with the skirmishers of the enemy, rendering efficient service, and eliciting the admiration of all who witnessed the movements and courageous bearing of the men. But the skirmishers of the enemy fought well also, and the Garibaldis lost 28 in killed and wounded while holding their line. Lieut. Adolph Wagner was mortally wounded dur- ing this affair. About 4 o'clock the brigade was ordered to the left of the line to assist in the desperate fighting which was raging around the position of Sickles' Corps. Willard formed the three other regiments of his brigade for a charge, placing the Garibaldis on his left to protect his flank. The charge was successful, but the gallant Willard fell from his horse dead at the moment of victory. The men of the Thirty-ninth were not in this charge ; but, while guarding the left flank of the brigade, they were asked to retake the guns of Watson's Bat- tery (I, Fifth U. S. Artillery), which had been captured by the Twenty-first Mississippi, of Barksdale's Brigade. Led by Lieutenant Peeples of the bat- tery, the battalion of Garibaldis rushed forward, cheering as they went, and driving the Mississippians from the guns, assisted the batterymen in turning them on the retreating Confederates. New York at Gettysburg. 285 After this affair on the left, the brigade returned to its position near Ceme- tery Hill, where, on the next day, it lay under the terrific fire of the enemy's batteries during the grand cannonade that preceded the great infantry charge of Pickett's and Pettigrew's divisions. The Thirty-ninth took an active part in the repulse of Pettigrew's Division, losing some more men killed and wounded. During its two days fighting at Gettysburg the regiment lost 15 killed and 80 wounded, including those mortally so; total, 95. There were none missing. Major Hildebrandt was severely wounded; Lieut. Theodore Paush was killed, and Lieutenant Wagner mortally wounded. The loss in the regiment was over 50 per cent, of the number carried into action. The Garibaldi Guard accompanied the Army of the Potomac in its pursuit of Lee's retreating forces, and, recrossing the Potomac, returned to Virginia. Major Hildebrandt recovered from his wound, and, returning to the regi- ment, commanded it at the battle of Bristoe Station and in the Mine Run campaign. On December 12, 1863, the battalion went into winter quarters at Stevens- burg, Va., south of the Rapidan River, the main army being in that vicinity and near Brandy Station. During December, 1863, and January, 1864, a large number of recruits were received, in number sufficient to organize six new companies, and the Garibaldi Guard regained its ten company formation. This accession of recruits made a great change in the nationalities represented in the regiment, most of the new men being Irish or Americans. A reconnoissance in force was made by Hays' Division, February 6, 1864, the troops crossing the Rappahannock River at Morton's Ford. The Gari- baldis, under command of Lieut. Col. James G. Hughes, a newly-commissioned officer who had joined the regiment but a short time before, forded the cold and rapid river, then waist deep, and assisted in driving the Confederates from their rifle pits on the opposite side. The regiment carried 18 officers and 390 men into this action, most of them recruits who encountered here their first experience under fire. It was the second regiment of the division to form line on the enemy's side of the river. In this affair the Thirty-ninth lost 21 men killed and wounded, and 15 captured. The Army of the Potomac was reorganized on March 25, 1864, by the con- solidation of some of the corps. Under this new arrangement the Thirty- ninth was assigned to Frank's (Third) Brigade, Barlow's (First) Division, Han- cock's (Second) Corps. This brigade, in which it served to the end of the war, was commanded by Col. Paul Frank, and was composed of these regiments : Thirty-ninth New York, Col. Augustus Funk. Fifty-second New York, Maj. Henry M. Karples. Fifty-seventh New York, Lieut. Col. A. B. Chapman. One Hundred and Eleventh New York, Capt. Aaron P. Seeley. One Hundred and Twenty-fifth New York, Lieut. Col. Aaron B. Myer. One Hundred and Twenty-sixth New York, Capt. Winfield Scott. Although two new regiments were added, the brigade remained, as at Get- tysburg, a New York brigade, and one of which the Empire State might well be proud. 286 New York at Gettysburg. In the fighting at the Wilderness and Spotsylvania, the regiment lost 216 in killed and wounded; also, 49 in missing or captured; total, 265. Lieutenants O'Keefe and McGarry were killed at Spotsylvania. At the Wilderness, the colonel, lieutenant-colonel, and five line officers were wounded. At Spotsyl- vania the regiment had the misfortune to lose its colors. Another one of the field officers being wounded here, the command devolved on Capt. D. A. Allen. After further fighting at Totopotomoy Creek and Cold Harbor, the regi- ment, under command of Captain Allen, arrived at Petersburg, where it par- ticipated in the assault of June i8th, losing 28 in killed and wounded, and 24 missing or captured. The term of the original Garibaldi Guard having expired, the survivors then in service, about 150 in number, under command of Captain Rasmussen, returned to New York, where they arrived June 10, 1864, and were mustered out of service soon after. The departure of the old battalion reduced the Thirty-ninth to six com- panies; but in October, 1864, a company of recruits, composed of one-year men, raised at Malone, N. Y., joined the regiment. The Thirty-ninth was actively engaged in the trenches during the long siege of Petersburg; also in the battles of the Weldon Railroad, Deep Bottom, Strawberry Plains, and Reams' Station. In the latter engagement, Capt. Theo- dore F. Rich, a brave and accomplished officer, was killed. On March 29, 1865, it started on the final campaign and series of battles which ended at Appomattox. At the battle of White Oak Ridge, March 31st, Colonel Funk was wounded, after which Major Hyde commcftided the battalion until the close of the fighting. Lee having surrendered, the Thirty-ninth, with the Army of the Potomac, returned to Washington, where it marched in the Grand Review with which the army appropriately finished its glorious and successful career. The regi- ment was mustered out of service at Alexandria, Va., on July i, 1865, after which it returned to New York, where it was disbanded. J. h. i.y.>s PRINT. 40th new YORK INFANTRY. In Fluni Run Valley. Big Komid Tup in the distaiic.', on the left. F. J. SEVERENCE, PHOTO, New York at Gettysburg. 287 (INSCRIPTIONS) (Right Side) 40th N. Y. INFTY (MOZART REGIMENT) 3rd brig. 1st DIV. 3rd CORPS JULY 2, 1863; 4.30 P.M. Casualties Killed 23 Wounded 120 Missing 7 (Reverse) This Regiment WAS mustered IN June 27, 1861 Mustered out June 27, 1865 Companies B, G, H, and K, were FROM THE State of Massachusetts Casualties in the Regiment DURING THE WaR Killed, Officers 9, Men 220. Wounded, Officers 40, Men 692. Missing, Officers 2 Men 266. Total, 1,229 288 New York at Gettysburg. DEDICATION OF MONUMENT. 40th regiment infantry. July 2, i888. Oration of Corporal James Tanner, Comrades of the Fortieth, and Friends: An impaired physical condition and a deep sense of the poverty of words on such an occasion as this impel me to brevity of speech. I count it not the least by far among the honors of my life that I am per- mitted to stand here on this occasion and at least try and voice your heart thoughts. But no words of yours or mine are necessary to make secure the fame of those whose heroic endeavor is typified in this memorial we meet to formally dedicate to-day. That was secure for all time when twenty-five years ago the rattle of the musketry and the roar of the cannon were hushed on the field of Gettysburg. Here was met and beaten back the topmost wave of rebellion's bloody crest. Here the God of battles thundered forth, " Thus far, and no farther shalt thou go." Among the almost countless memorials which now or may hereafter deck this one time bloody field, our tenderest affections cling to this in memory of our dead. They were our associates in camp and on march, in bivouac and battle. With us, they trod many a hard fought field, shared our defeats and triumphs, 'till some fateful day when, with the hot breath of battle full in our faces, we heard one short agonizing cry, and a glance right or left told us that a dear face, a familiar form was only to be found hereafter in the presence of the patriot host, gone before. How fully this insensate stone tells the story! 1,229 killed, wounded, and missing! Verily, they wrote their record in their hearts' blood. That was a grand oration we listened to a few moments since from the elo- quent lips of the orator of the Excelsior Brigade. The men he spoke of deserve every laudatory word uttered, and I thought, as with you I sat under the charm of that eloquent tongue, how heartily we of the Fortieth could applaud every sentence uttered; for when all has been said of them that can be said, we take our places here by the side of our memorial, and with hearts full of the richness of memory of the grand comradeship it was our privilege to enjoy during those bloody years, we proudly proclaim, " This we dedicate to the memory of those who were the equals of any." Intimacy of association with the members of the Fortieth, beyond that which came from membership of the same division, was denied me during the war. In my active service I followed the flag of the Eighty-seventh, and it was not till I had done with campaigning that the Eighty-seventh was consolidated with the Fortieth, and those with whom I had touched elbows fell into your ranks. Then to my bed of pain there came loving messages from under your flag, and thus it was that through all your weary and bloody wanderings, my heart, and hopes, and dreams and prayers were indissolubly knit with yours. New York at Gettysburg. 289 I am particularly rejoiced to see so many of the later generation with us on this occasion. I wonder sometimes if it be possible for them to realize the awful responsibility which fell upon us in those days of '61. Life was as fair and beautiful to us then as it is to you in these summer days of '88, youngf men. Hope was as high in the heart, ambition as fully fired in the brain, busi- ness opportunities looked as faTorable, woman's eye beamed as brightly, her cheeks were as rosy, her lips as sweet to us then as you will each find your particular hers to-night. Suddenly, like a clap of thunder from a clear sky came the roar of the guns from Sumter, and in an instant these men to whose memory we dedicate this testimonial of their valor and our loving appreciation, realized that they stood face to face with a crucial test. All unused to the arts of war, familiar only with paths of peace, they were called in an instant in the presence of an enlightened and observant world, with the founders and preservers of the Republic looking down from regions of the blessed, to stand forth and prove whether or no they were worthy sons of honored sires. How well they answered all history tells, and in such a manner that generations yet to come shall shout their acclaim. They came from mill and mart, from court and college, and city's busy ways, and country's quiet walk, down hillside and through valley. Their hastening footsteps left their imprint on the verdure covered plains of the West, their iron clad heels rang out a chorus of patriotic defiance as with swinging rhythm they tramped the stony pavements of our great cities. They belted this country across with a line of blue, and against the swelling, rushing hosts of rebellion they threw up a breastwork composed of their own great hearts. Ah! those were grand days. Those were grand men. They went out for the Union. " The Union as it was," was the first cry. No talk or thought of interfering with any of the old time institutions of the land or with any part thereof. We fought on that line for some time. Thank God we were licked on that line, and finally it dawned upon the brains of those who sat around the table of the Council of State, it was recognized by the generals commanding our armies — ■ aye, it was canvassed among the humble braves that gathered around our bivouac fires — that God Almighty had His hand upon that row and would not let it still till equal and exact justice had been done to all His creatures without regard to color. Then it was that you could hear our line of march and our camp fires resound with th^t grand anthem, "As Christ died to make men holy, so we'll die to make men free." By that sign, in that spirit we conquered, and at last there dawned the proud day when that fair flag of ours floated not only over the land of the brave, but the home of the free. We tore the venerable lie from its folds, and all men walked with prouder step 'neath it as we came to know that not on this Republic's soil was there either master or slave. I lay down as a broad and unassailable proposition this fact, that their spirit of self-sacrifice, gallantry of effort and glory of achievement have never been excelled and seldom equalled except as you match them with the unselfishness of spirit in which they strove. Not for their children alone, not for North, East or West, but for all the Nation did they make their gallant endeavor; and in our time, thank God, we see the broad beneficence of the work they did so 19 290 New York at Gettysburg. well for all. As the years shall go rolling down the corridors of time, I am happy in the belief that among those who most rejoice that the victory rested with us, will be found the descendants of those whose mad ambition the prowess of our comrades sent to disaster and defeat. I greet with special pleasure the presence to-day on this historic field of so many who have come to the posses- sion of life or years of understanding since this " Valley of Death " reverberated with the roar of battle and the rush of contending hosts. One result of this presence must be to correct some of the fallacies which to a considerable extent exist. The student of current magazine literature, the observer of the numerous cycloramic exhibitions of the battle of Gettys- burg may possibly, and it is to be hoped will, come to understand that Pickett's charge was a thirty minute incident in a three days' contest, and not all of the battle. Heroic it was, but let it be borne in mind that it took equal heroism to meet it and break it and hurl it back in disaster. Gallant it certainly was, and as hopeless and useless as gallant. It was magnificent, but it was not war. Comrades of the Fortieth, it was a grand experience we had, a rich com- radeship which was vouchsafed to us. I trust we are better men therefor. The army was a great school. No crucible ever yet tested metal more thoroughly than army life tested character. How often it was that parties we had almost deified in our mistaken estimate, suddenly, when put to the test, shrunk and withered away; and how often when the great hour of trial came, some modest soul alongside of whom we had been marching, all unconscious of its great worth, was suddenly unfolded before us, and we came to know so often that our association was with those of true knightly character. How tenderly precious those memories are in this hour. A quarter of a century ago our comrades entered into their last bivouac. To-day we have seen the reaper of the peaceful husbandman trundling its course over these fields where twenty-five years ago the great harvester Death held such fearful sway. Birds build their nests in the mouths of cannon which now for all time shall silently mark the field. The Blue and the Gray, in friendly converse recall " the brave days of old." The land is at peace and. united, thank God. We who survive are on the far side of the hill of life. Heads are whitening, vitality is weakening; soon shall sound the bugle calling us to rest, and each will soon lie down " beneath the low green tent whose curtain never outward swings." When that hour comes, the world will judge in its worldly way whether our lives have been successful or not. Whatever that judgment may be, we have the satisfaction of knowing that we can look back in the years and see a riven Nation which by the hearts' blood of the best and bravest, and with our help was welded together for all time. We see a race enslaved in the past; but we bid good-bye to a Nation of free men as we shall pass on to join the fathers. Some men seek the selfish success of life; others, in the grand endeavor for the betterment of mankind, grasp enduring fame. Such has been the happy fortune of our comrades. To their memory, on whatever field they fell, we here formally dedicate this memorial. When you and I have long been dust and ashes, this insensate stone, until it shall by the action of time be reduced New York at Gettysburg. 291 to the elements, will tell to all people the story of those who held life so cheap and country so dear that they cheerfully flung away life for country. After its fitful fever they sleep well. General Sickles, to you, sir, as a commissioner representing in this matter the great State of New York, it is my duty, honor and pleasure, representing the Veteran Association of the Fortieth New York Volunteers, to formally transfer this monument to be, by you at the proper time, handed over to the proper authorities. TO THE SPIRIT OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN. (Gettysburg, July 2, i888.) By Richard Watson Gilder. Shade of our greatest, O look down to-day I Here for three suns the awful battle roared. And brother into brother plunged his sword; Here foe meets foe once more in dread array; Yet, not as once to conquer and to slay, But to strike hands, and with sublime accord To weep heroic tears for those who soared Straight from earth's carnage to the starry way. Each fought for what he deemed the people's good And proved his bravery with his offered life, And sealed his honor with his outpoured blood; But the Eternal did direct the strife, And from this sacred field a patriotic host Looks up to thee, thou dear majestic ghostl ADDRESS OF GEORGE E. HARRINGTON. Comrades: We have met together to-day for the purpose of dedicating to our dead comrades this beautiful specimen of the sculptor's art. It is the generous gift of the States of New York and Massachusetts, so many of whose sons offered their lives for the preservation of our glorious Union. I ofifer no apology for the position I have assumed in appearing as the eulogist of the dead and the mouth-piece of the survivors. I was one of the youngest men of the regi- ment, and though there are many far more capable of portraying the various scenes and incidents through which we passed while aiding to prevent the dis- memberment of our beloved country, the lessons inculcated by the rigid dis- cipline in the school of the soldier have never been effaced. So, when notified that the duty devolved on me to give a brief review of the history of our beloved regiment, I felt that it would be an excess of scrupulousness on my part to hesitate; and that no option remained but to obey the behest. Hence I trust my shortcomings will be overlooked. 292 New York at Gettysburg. AVhen the shot fired at Sumter electrified the country, the loyal youth of the North, South, East and West sprang to arms, eager to wipe out the insult to our flag and sustain its honor in the time of peril. Among these were banded four companies from the State of New York, four from Massachusetts, and two from Pennsylvania, who were subsequently consolidated together under the flag of the " Mozart Regiment," typical of the Union for which they fought. They were mustered into the United States service at Yonkers, N. Y.,- between the 14th and 27th of June, 1861, and on July 4th of the same year, left for the front under the command of Col. Edward J. Riley. In conjunction with the Thirty-eighth New York and the Third and Fourth Maine Regiments, they formed the First Brigade of the Army of the Potomac, under command of that sterling patriot. Gen. John Sedgwick. Its history during the following winter was that of all the other regiments — fatigue duty, drill, and picket duty incessantly. On March 17, 1862, the regiment was in the van of that brave army which heroically struggled through the Peninsular Campaign. At Yorktown it was among the first in the enemy's works, and it was here baptized in the shedding of its first blood for the Union, Company H having left 7 men killed and woimded upon the field by the explosion of a torpedo. At Williamsburg, May 5, 1862, the regiment was tried on the field of battle. Here permit me to quote from General Kearny's letter to the Governor of New York as to the record they then made. " New York will ever hold her place as the Empire State wrhile represented by such sons as these." Again in his report he says : " The left wing of Colonel Riley's Regiment, the For- tieth New York (Mozart) was then sent for, the right wing under Colonel Riley being gallantly engaged in front. They came up brilliantly, conducted by Capt. G. W. Mindil, chief of General Birney's staff. They charged up to the open space, silenced some Hght artillery, gained the enemy's rear, and caused him to relinquish his cover. The victory was ours." In his supple- mentary report he says : " The Fortieth New York performed noble and efficient services. Colonel Riley, with great spirit, held the right wing with half his regiment, after the other half, with the Thirty-eighth New York, had been withdrawn to act under my personal direction. The part of the Fortieth acting on the road against the central pits and abattis, charging down the road into the plain, passed beyond the enemy's flank, and by their severe fire drove off several pieces of artillery, brought expressly against them." General Birney, the brigade commander, also, in his report used the same language almost verbatim, adding: " Captain Mindil and Captain Gesnor, of the left wing behaved well under the terrible fire that greeted them and led the brave offi- cers and men under them gallantly and worthily ;" and still further adds : " I ask that Congress by special resolutions authorize the Thirty-eighth New York to place upon its flag the names of Bull Run and WiUiamsburg, and that the name of Williamsburg be placed upon the flag of the Fortieth New York." He still further remarks: "I trust that the general commanding the division, seeing how well two of my regiments carry out his orders, will never hesitate to rely on my brigade." New York at Gettysburg. 293 At Fair Oaks, May 31 and June i, General Birney says: "I led forward the Fifty-seventh Pennsylvania and Fortieth New York and succeeded after a sharp contest in driving back the enemy." Colonel Ward, who succeeded General Birney in command of the brigade, says: "As the enemy advanced and their fire increased, I gave the order to fire, and immediately thereafter to charge. This movement was most brilliantly performed, and the terrified enemy driven before them." This feat was accompHshed by the Third Maine, Thirty-eighth, and Fortieth New York. Colonel Egan says : " I then ordered my men to charge bayonet, and in an instant they were advancing at double- quick, which the enemy perceiving, and not relishing the cold steel, turned and fled. Here many of my men fell; notwithstanding, not one faltered, but with tremendous cheers continued to advance, driving the enemy from the woods and scattering them in all directions, although resisting desperately." Some idea of the terrible fire of the enemy may be formed from the fact that out of 213 men engaged we lost 96. Every member of the color guard was either killed or wounded. General Birney says: " I take pleasure in speaking of the high state of discipline evinced by the Fourth Maine and Fortieth New York." It would simply be but a repetition to quote from the various reports wherein the Fortieth is honorably mentioned. Suffice to say that in all the seven days engagements — White Oak Swamp, Charles City Cross Roads and Malvern Hill — from in front of Richmond to the James River, they, in common with the other gallant regiments of Kearny's famous division, did vaHant service and received high encomiums from their commander. At the Second Bull Run, when others faltered, they heroically pressed to the front, and endeavored to stem the tide of disaster which had turned against us. The gallant Kearny in the last report he ever wrote, says: "All my regi- ments did nobly, and my Fortieth New York suffered most." Again, at gloomy Chantilly, where the thunder of Fleaven's artillery exceeded that of war, and the lightning's flash was far more vivid than that of our rifles, the Fortieth stood bravely at the front; and their colors, flaunting defiance to the foe, were the last emblem of his country that the vision of that Bayard of the Northern Army, Maj. Gen. Philip Kearny, saw as he passed on to immor- tality. When the smoke of the battle had risen from that disastrous field, the regiment in common with the rest of General Kearny's command was reduced to a skeleton, and the gallant division, which had never known defeat in five months of fighting, was reduced from 12,000 to less than 2,000 men. This remnant, together with the Third Corps, was left in the defences of Wash- ington while the army marched away to Antietam. On the night of the battle of Antietam we were ordered to the Monocacy to prevent the enemy from crossing the Potomac. From here we waded the river and made a raid on Leesburg, where we captured General Longstreet's personal baggage. When General McClellan was superseded by Burnside, the regiment was thrown forward in an endeavor to bring on an engagement at Culpeper. From there, crossing Waterloo Bridge, we marched on to Fred- ericksburg. Here, again, we were called upon to make another sacrifice; for, as you are aware, although we were said to be in the reserve, when General 294 New York at Gettysburg. Franklin made the assault on the left, and the splendid diTision of Pennsyl- vania Reserves were forced back, the Fortieth and the other regiments ol Ward's Brigade were thrown forward to check the advancing, exultant enemy, in which effort we were successful. Here some of the bravest of our comrades fell, while the entire loss was more than one-half of the men carried into the fight. Still, again, at Chancellorsville, when disaster had befallen the Eleventh Corps, and Birney's Division was cut ofi from the balance of the army, when General Sickles ordered that famous midnight charge where the orders were to " Remove the caps from the guns, fire no shot, take no prisoners, but do all the work with the bayonet," the Mozart Regiment led the van. For this they were duly commended by General Sickles, while General Birney recom- mended the promotion of our commander, the gallant Col. Tom W. Egan. On the 13th of June we broke camp in front of Fredericksburg, and passing through the familiar scenes around Manassas, commenced that long and tedious march which ended at Gettysburg. On the evening of July ist we were at Emmitsburg, guarding the Seminary. In the early morning of the 2d we passed over the Emmitsburg Pike and were soon in bivouac near Gettysburg, in the grove of oaks opposite the Wheatfield. Here we remained until the order came that called us into action. From this point we crossed the Wheat- field, and, passing in the rear of the artillery, moved by the flank through Smith's Battery to a position on the extreme left of the Third Corps. Hood's Division, which by a movement en echelon was endeavoring to gain the crest of the hill, we held there in check for upward of thirty minutes, thereby giving Vincent's Brigade the golden opportunity of reaching Little Round Top, which General Meade says was " the key to his position." I maintain, without fear of contradiction, that but for our presence on this spot at this opportune moment, the day would have been lost to the Union cause. I say this without boasting, and without the remotest thought of attempting to detract from the merits of any other regiment that was with us on this blood-stained field. Nor would I be so recreant to honor and justice as to withhold due credit from our gallant brethren, the remnants of the Thirty- seventh, Thirty-eighth, Fifty-fifth, Eighty-seventh and One hundred and first New York Regiments who were incorporated with us under the same banner, thus forming a glorious unit. I will quote here a description of this part of the battle from the pen of Capt. James G. Smith, of the Fourth New York Independent Battery. He said: " We had been swept from the crest of the Devil's Den, leaving three of our guns behind, and had opened with the remaining three from a position sev- enty-five yards nearer Little Round Top. Our fire was directed at the enemy stationed at or near Plum Run Gorge. We were trying to keep up the char- acter of a fight, hoping for help. The enemy were about to charge, in which event our weakness would be discovered, and then our bold front would avail us nothing. All that men could do, the artillerists of the battery were doing. If the enemy would stand off and fight us, the battle would last as long as there was a man left to load a gun ; but when it came to a charge, we must fall back or yield. During this critical moment the fate of Little Round Top hung in New York at Gettysburg. 295 the balance. Five minutes more and the battery must retire or fall into the hands of the enemy. The Round Tops were still defenceless. General War- ren, who had gone in search of troops for the purpose of defending this import- ant position, had not yet returned. Time was precious. The Nation was greatly in need of men at this point of the Federal line. Brave men had fought over this ground but a few minutes, and left many of their comrades to tell the tale of this unequal contest. Still the harvest was incomplete; more human grain must be garnered before the demon of destruction could be appeased. Help was coming. The Fortieth New York, led by the indomit- able Tom W. Egan, had heard the roar of cannon, and, without waiting orders, following the true instinct of a band of heroes, moved at a double-quick and were soon charging through the battery. A new lease of life was given us; in fact, this timely assistance enabled the battery to renew the contest and, with the aid of the Fortieth, secure a longer delay of half an hour from the troops of General Hood, thereby giving the needed succor to the gallant men under the command of Vincent, O'Rourke, and others — just sufficient time to enable them to scale the summit of Little Round Top, together with Hazlett's Bat- tery, and after a short, sharp struggle to repulse the foe." The importance of Colonel Egan's intelligent and soldierly manner of mov ing his command to a point of our line where he could do the most good cannot be estimated. As soon as he arrived, he divined the enemy's intentions and made such disposition of his troops as to best delay, if not entirely thwart, his purpose. If, as has been stated by General Meade, the enemy lost Little Round Top by less than five minutes, what can be said of the Fortieth New York's timely arrival and the importance of its fight at the Devil's Den? Comrades, we stand on hallowed ground, made sacred by the blood of our brave companions. A quarter of a century has passed away, and while gazing into the faces of the small remnant who have met to do homage at this shrine, the vivid scenes of the past pass before me like some vast panorama. In my mind's eye I seem to see the sabre of glorious Tom Egan flashing before me, and ever pointing to the foe. Again do I feel the touch of a comrade's elbow when coming into line, and again hear that soul-stirring cheer as we advance. Again do I hear the resounding din of musketry and cannon. Again can I see the ardor and enthusiasm with which the regiment met the foe. Again, alas I I see a thin line of blue, some silent in death, while others lie wounded and dying, and on the cap of each comrade the proud emblem of Kearny's Division and the number Forty. Of those who here offered up their lives in their country's cause, some rest in yonder Cemetery; others, cared for by loving hands sleep peacefully among their kindred in the village churchyard or in the more pretentious cemetery of some city. The missing never returned, and must be numbered with the dead. Doubtless they fell unobserved, and possibly, like some poor wounded animal, crawled to some cover where, alone with their God, they passed over to the other and brighter shore, leaving nothing by which they could be identified, and now are resting on yonder hill in nameless graves, — graves bearing upon their headstones that, to a soldier, the saddest of all epitaphs, the one word " Unknown." 296 New York at Gettysburg. Comrades, I have done. My story ends with Gettysburg. Volumes could be written eulogistic of the Mozart Regiment from the date of its entrance into the field until the fratricidal war was over, of which service I have given you but a brief abstract. The regiment was in every engagement that was fought by the Army of the Potomac, with the exception of the battle of Antietam. The soil from Yorktown to Appomattox has been moistened by the blood of its members. Mustered into the service of the United States, June 2^, 1861, they were mustered out on the same date in 1865, a period of exactly four years. In this time the loss of officers and men in killed and wounded, and missing was 1,244 as certified to by the Adjutant General of the army. But one regi- ment from the Empire State suffered more in battle, and but ten regiments in the whole Northern Army exceeded it in point of loss. Our record stands imperishable in the Temple of Fame, with naught to mar or shadow it. And why should it not, — with such commanders as Riley, who moulded the crude material into efficient soldiers, infusing true courage into them by his magnetism and stern discipline until they were ripe to follow the leadership of Egan, whose dash and eclat ever carried him to victory against all odds; and, vvhen he had advanced to a higher command, the gallant Cannon who com- bined the soldierly qualities of both? What would such a regiment have done without such leaders; and what could those leaders have done without such men ? Their brilliant achievements have passed into History. Our descendants, through generations yet unborn, may proudly exclaim, " My ancestors were members of the band representing three of the original States, New York, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania, who at their country's urgent call when in her dire distress, sprang to arms, patriotically rallying together in a generous spirit of emulation under the flag of the Mozart Regiment, and fought to the bitter end for the salvation of our glorious constellation, leaving us that noble heritage, our ever-cherished Union, with " Freedom's soil beneath our feet And Freedom's banner waving o'er us! " HISTORICAL SKETCH. By Lieut. Joseph Murphy. The organization of the Fortieth New York Volunteers dates from April, 1861, when parts of two companies, then known as the "Advance Guards," and one company known as the " Highland Guards," Captain Mason, were quar- tered at Elm Park, on the Bloomingdale Road, in the upper part of New York City. After a short stay here, they moved into barracks established in the Althouse Iron Works, corner of Houston and Green Streets, in the lower part of the city, and formed what was then known as the " Constitution Guards," under the command of Col. John S. Cocks, of the Twelfth Militia. New York at Gettysburg. 297 About this time, at the solicitation of the " Mozart Hall Committee," of New York City, it took the name " Mozart Regiment," and although it afterwards received a numerical designation from the State, it was known to the end of the war as the " Mozart Regiment, ' or Fortieth New York Volunteers. From this time, vintil mustered into the United States service, the Union Defence Committee provided for the care and maintenance of the regiment. This committee gave them a munificent outfit, consisting of uniforms, arms (smooth-bore, caliber 69), 200 common and 40 officers' tents, camp equipage, 2 brass 12-pound howitzers, 10 wagons, and 4 ambulances, with teams, and a large quantity of ammunition, disbursing in round figures, the sum of $87,550- About June ist the regiment moved to Yonkers, N. Y., on the Hudson River, where it went into barracks in a large brick flour mill and machine shop, on the canal. Here Colonel Cocks, who had commanded the regiment up to this time, was deposed, and Col. Edward J. Riley was put in command. No more recruits being received from the State, except through the State authorities, the organization was completed by taking four companies from Massachusetts, — B, G, H, and K, and two companies from Philadelphia, Pa., F and A. The regiment was mustered into the United States service by companies, for three 3''ears, at Yonkers, between June 14th and July 1st. A committee consisting of Fernando Wood, Mayor of New York City, and Messrs. Prosper M. Wetmore, A. T. Stewart, Moses H. Grinnell, and Judge Pierrepont, representing the " Union Defence Committee," presented the regi- ment with a stand of colors. The men at this time were encamped in a large field on Vineyard Avenue and High Street, the camp being known as " Camp Wood." On July 4, 1861, the regiment, 1,030 strong, embarked on steamers for Elizabethport, N. J., proceeding thence by rail to Washington, D. C. Arriving at Washington, the Fortieth encamped at the head of Seventh Street, and on July 17, 1861, crossed the Long Bridge into Virginia. It was stationed at Alexandria to garrison that town, and to guard the Orange & Alexandria Railroad. During the battle of First Bull Run four companies held the road until the last of the great rout had passed, and, when peremptorily ordered to retire, brought off from Burke's Station a large quantity of ammunition and stores. For several months afterwards the regiment was engaged in building Fort Ward, on the Leesburg Turnpike, assisting to build Fort Lyon, on the old Fairfax Road, in road making, and in picketing at Bailey's Cross Roads, on the Occoquan and Accotink Creeks. In September, the regiment moved out on the old Fairfax Road, and encamped opposite the old " Octagon House," the headquarters of Gen. John Sedgwick, who commanded the brigade. This was known as Camp Sedgwick. Here they were brigaded with the Thirty-eighth New York, Col. J. Hobart Ward, the Third Maine, Col. O. O. Howard, and the Fourth Maine, Col. Hiram Berry, all crack regiments with commanding officers who were destined to achieve distinction and promotion in the cam- paigns yet to come. The Fortieth was now in the First Division of the Third Army Corps, com- manded by Gen. S. P. Heintzelman. In November the regiment, with the 298 New York at Gettysburg. brigade, moved out about two miles nearer the enemy, then at Munson's Hill, on the Leesburg Turnpike, where it remained until March, 1862, doing fatigue and picket duty, drilling, etc. This camp was known as Camp Sackett, and while here a theatre was built, known as " Sedgwick's Brigade Lyceum," capable of seating about 1,500 people, the actors and actresses coming from Washington to give performances. On March 17, 1862, the regiment, with the Third Corps, sailed from Alex- andria for the Peninsula. At Hampton, the corps awaited the arrival of the whole army, and then moved in the advance towards Richmond, arriving before Yorktown, April 4, 1862. It was assigned to the right centre of the besieging forces, where it was actively engaged in digging trenches, building mortar redans and batteries until May 4th. On May 4th, with part of the Thirty-eighth New York, all under command of Col. Edward J. Riley, the Fortieth was picketing the front. Having dis- covered before daybreak that the enemy was evacuating his works, the regi- ment with others was ordered to charge and seize the forts, and its men were the first to enter. In this advance Company A lost 7 men killed and wounded by the explosion of torpedoes, — the first men killed in the regiment losing their lives here. After a wearisome march through deep mud and drenching rains, the " Mozarts " arrived before Williamsburg, May 5, 1862, and here occurred their first experience on the field of battle. In this engagement the regiment lost 29 in killed and wounded, their steady bearing under fire and efficient services eliciting the highest praise from the brigade and division commanders. At Seven Pines and Fair Oaks, May 31 and June i, 1862, they again distinguished themselves and proved their valor beyond question. The Fortieth, for its conspicuous and distinguished courage was, in general orders, complimented in the highest terms by General Birney, commanding brigade, General Kearny, commanding division, and General Heintzelman, command- ing corps. Some idea of the terrible fire of the enemy during the battle of Fair Oaks, June 1st, may be formed from the fact that out of four companies (231 men) engaged with the Fifth and Eighth Alabama regiments, 96 men fell, every member of the color guard being either killed or wounded. Col. Edward J. Riley, who, on the day previous, was seriously injured by a kick on the head from a vicious horse, was thrown from his horse early in the engagement, and injured so as to be compelled to leave the field. On the 4th of June, 1862, he resigned, and Lieutenant Colonel Egan succeeded to the command. The many skirmishes and numerous reconnoissances prior to the Seven Days Battle attest the devotion and gallantry of the Mozart Regiment. At the battles of The Orchards, Savage Station, White Oak Swamp, Glendale, Charles City Cross Roads, Malvern Hill, and Flarrison's Landing, Colonel Egan and the " Mozarts " added new glory to their banners, already resplendent with the deeds of patriotism and devotion, and the Fortieth New York became a synonym of perfection in the Army of the Potomac. After a stay of six weeks at Harrison's Landing we broke camp and marched down the Peninsula to Yorktown. We proceeded thence by boat to Alexan- New York at Gettysburg, 299 dria, and thence by rail to Warrenton, where we arrived August 23, 1862. Here we had an all night's scout, marching near Greenwich, and thence around to Manassas Junction and Bristoe Station, where the cars and stores destroyed by Stonewall Jackson were still smoking. More marching and counter- marching, interspersed with numerous skirmishes, and then we met the enemy in pitched battle at Manassas Plains on the 27th of August, 1862. During a period of three days and nights the Fortieth was almost continuously under arms, or engaged with the enemy. Falling back to Centreville on the 1st of September, the Mozarts participated at Chantilly in the last battle of General Pope's campaign. In this series of actions, known as Second Bull Run, the Fortieth lost 147 in killed, wounded and missing. The regiment now sadly reduced in numbers was ordered to Alexandria, where, encamping near Fort Lyon, two weeks were devoted to the double purpose of re-equipment and rest. While here the regiment, owing to its heavy losses and depleted ranks, was consolidated, on September 6, 1862, with the Eighty-seventh New York, and the officers of that regiment were mustered out as supernumeraries; but the men served until the expiration of their terms of enlistment, in the Fortieth. On the isth of September, 1862, we were once more en route for a campaign, and a lively march of two days found the regiment at the mouth of the Monocacy River, near Poolesville, Md., where Colonel Egan was placed in command of some troops assigned to him for the defence of the Monocacy Bridge. While occupying this post the Fortieth made frequent raids into Vir- ginia, crossing the Potomac by wading at different fords in that vicinity. In the meantime the main army was engaged on the Antietam campaign. When the Army of the Potomac moved into Virginia after the battle of Antietam, the regiment was ordered to rejoin the division, and was thrown forward in the endeavor to bring on an engagement at Culpeper. From there, crossing the Rappahannock at Waterloo Bridge, we marched on to Falmouth, and there went into winter quarters November 20, 1862. On December 13th the regiment was called upon to make another sacrifice. It was the battle of Fredericksburg. We were in the reserve; but when General Frankhn made the assault on the left, and Meade's splendid division of Pennsylvania Reserves was forced back, the Fortieth New York and the other regiments comprising Ward's Brigade, were thrown forward to check the advancing, exultant enemy. We were successful, but many of our bravest comrades fell, while the entire loss was more than one-half of the men carried into the fight. The casualties were, 19 killed, 74 wounded, and 30 captured 01 missing; total, 123. On March 26, 1863, we participated in a grand review of the Third Corps by Major General Sickles, corps commander, and Governor Curtin, of Pennsyl- vania. On April 8th there was a grand review of the Army of the Potomac on the Plains of Falmouth by President Lincoln and Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker, commander of the Army. On April 28, 1863, we received marching orders, and the men, heavily loaded with eight days' rations, besides their ammunition and equipments, started for Chancellorsville, arriving after a fatiguing march at the United States Ford, on the Rappahannock River, on April 30th. On the morning of May ist we 300 New York at Gettysburg. crossed the river on pontoons. Here the rebels had some earthworks thrown up, which they abandoned on the advance of our troops. After marching about four miles we were halted in some woods where we remained nearly all day. Towards night the firing became very brisk, and we were ordered to the front. Soon everything became quiet, and we slept in the woods along the Plank Road without being disturbed during the night. During the 2d of May everything remained quiet until afternoon, when some wagons were seen moving to our right and front. Our division — Birney's — was ordered to advance. We soon made our way through the woods, the enemy leaving as quickly as possible. Here the Twenty-third Georgia Regi- ment was captured by the Berdan Sharpshooters, assisted by our brigade, the wagon train belonging to Jackson's Corps being captured also. While this was going on in our front, Jackson's Corps attacked and flanked the Eleventh Corps, cavtsing them to fall back. Much to our surprise we were ordered back in double-quick time, arriving on the field where we were in the morning, at a place known as Hazel Grove, but better known to the boys as the " Dark Alley." At about ii o'clock p. m., Capt. George W. Cooney of the Second Brigade Staff, came with orders from General Sickles to, " Form column, fix bayonets and charge; to take no prisoners, but do all the work with the bayonet." He informed us that we were surrounded and must cut our way through. The Mozart Regiment led the charge, which was successful. It was now after dark, and during the desperate fighting attending this movement Gen. " Stonewall " Jackson, the great Confederate leader, was killed. On Sunday morning, the 3d, the enemy attacked in strong force, and from daylight until 1 1 o'clock the battle raged with great fury. I never heard such a continuous firing. To my mind the battles of the Peninsula were as nothing in comparison to it. Our army was never in better spirits, and I never saw them fight better. Our troops fell back slowly about a mile beyond the Chancellor House. The enemy did not dare to follow, but threw a few shells at us during the afternoon. During the 4th, we threw up some rifle pits to protect us from the rebel shells. Skirmishing was kept up all day, and towards night the enemy brought out some artillery and commenced shelling us, but doing very little damage. On the morning of May 6th we recrossed the river, and marching back to our old camp reached there towards dark, wet, covered with mud, and completely used up. May 29, 1863, the three years' men of the Thirty-seventh and Thirty-eighth New York Volunteers, and the members of the One hundred and first, and Fifty-fifth New York, who had already been consolidated with these regiments, were transferred to the Fortieth New York. From this time they were known and recognized as a part of the " Mozarts," making up to this time the remnants of five glorious fighting regiments which, like the Fortieth, had been reduced by severe and terrible losses sustained in battle, to less than the minimum number required by army regulations. The regiment broke camp on June 11, 1863, in the afternoon and started on the Gettysburg campaign, passing on the march, Warrenton, Bealton Station, and Catlett's Station, reaching Manassas on the 15th after a very fatiguing march. New York at Gettysburg. 301 Here we lay in the rifle pits along Bull Run doing picket duty until the 17th, when we marched to Centreville, passing over part of the old battlefield of Bull Run, where we stayed until the 19th, when we again took up the line of march. Arriving at Gum Springs, we encamped there until the 25th, when we again broke camp, and after a severe and fatiguing march of more than thirty miles that day, crossed the Potomac River at Edwards Ferry on pontoons. We then marched up the towpath of the Baltimore and Ohio Canal to the Aqueduct Bridge, over the Monocacy River, and halted for the night. The greater part of this march was made in a severe and drenching rain, marching in wet clothes, which made it more trying. Resuming our march on the 26th, we passed through Jefferson, Middletown, Frederick City, Boonsboro, over South Mountain, through Crampton's Pass, and Taneytown, arriving at Emmitsburg, Md., late in the afternoon of June 30th. In the early morning of July 2d, we pressed forward over the Emmitsburg Pike, and were soon in bivouac at Gettysburg, in the grove of oaks opposite the famous Wheatfield, where we were shelled by the enemy at a lively rate. Crossing the Wheatfield and passing in the rear of the batteries, we moved by the flank through Smith's Battery, into a position on the extreme left of tKe Third Corps to the support of Ward's Brigade, at what is known as the " Devil's Den," where we held the extreme left of the corps. Here we push in, the fighting being very hot, with the rebels not more than twenty paces oS and outnumbering us three to one. But we held Hood's veterans in check long enough to enable Vincent's Brigade to occupy and save the all-important position on Little Round Top. General Birney, in his official report, says : " The Fortieth New York, Col. Tom. W. Egan, was sent by me to strengthen Ward's line, and led by its gallant colonel they charged the enemy and drove him back from his advanced position." General Ward says, in his report : " The valuable services rendered by Col. Tom. W. Egan and his noble regiment, the Fortieth New York (Mozart Regiment), at an opportune moment cannot be overestimated. Their steadi- ness and valor were not unknown to me, I having commanded them on former occasions. They came to me at the right time, and well did they perform their duty." On the night of the 2d, the regiment was moved to a position a little to the left of the clump of trees, near which General Hancock was wounded, which position we occupied that night and the next day during the time of Pickett's charge. Although not actively engaged, we were under a murderous fire from the enemy's batteries during all the terrible cannonade which preceded the grand infantry charge of Pickett's and Pettigrew's Divisions. The loss in the Fortieth, at Gettysburg, was: 23 killed, 120 wounded (including the mortally wounded), and 7 missing; total, 150. The next day — the 4th — we were employed in burying the dead and caring for the wounded, and on the 5th again started for Virginia, with the rest of the army, in pursuit of General Lee. From this time on the regiment con- tinued in service with the Army of the Potomac until December 29, 1863, when the regiment re-enlisted as veterans almost to a man. 302 New York at Gettysburg. Upon the consolidation of the Third Corps with the Second, the Fortieth New York became a part of Ward's (First) Brigade, Birney's (Third) Division, of the Second Corps, in which command it served during the rest of the war. During the Wilderness Campaign, May 5-31, 1864, the gallant old regiment sustained its reputation for hard fighting, losing in this series of battles 358 in killed and wounded in less than a month. It participated in the assault on Petersburg and in the long siege that followed, during which the men were constantly under fire in the trenches. It fought with honorable distinction in the battles of the Weldon Railroad, Deep Bottom, Strawberry Plains, Boydton Road, Hatcher's Run, and Farmville, ending its services on the memorable field of Appomattox. Colonel Egan's gallant record was recognized by a promotion as brigadier general, and, subsequently, by a commission as brevet major general. Upon his promotion Lieut. Col. Madison M. Cannon succeeded to the command of the regiment, and Maj. Augustus J. Warner was commissioned lieutenant colonel. The regiment was mustered out on Hart's Island, in New York Harbor, July 7, 1865, having been in service over four years with a record for gallantry smd hard fighting that was second to none. . a. LYON PRINT. 41sT NEW YORK INFANTRY. On northeasterly slope of Cemetery Hill. p. o. SEVERENCB, PHOTO, New York at Gettysburg. 303 ilNSCRIPTIONS.) (Front.) 41ST N. Y. INFANTRY 1st brig. 1st DIV. 11th CORPS. (DE KALB REGIMENT) JULY 2, 3, i, 1863. (Reverse.) Casualties Killed 15, Wounded 58, Missing 2; Total Loss, 75. 204 New York at Gettysburg. DEDICATION OF MONUMENT 41st regiment infantry. " De Kale Regiment." July 3, 1893. Historical Sketch. At the first outbreak of the Great RebelHon the German citizens through- out the Northern States rallied promptly and unanimously to the support of the Union, their loyal action in the hour of need doing much to dispel the cloud of doubt and uncertainty that hung over the land. The first three regiments raised in St. Louis were composed of Germans. In New York City thousands of Germans tendered their services at the firing of the first rebel gun on Fort Sumter. During the war fully 175,000 men of German birth or descent enlisted in the Union Army. In the beginning of the war it was natural and proper that this foreign element should organize into regiments by itself, and select leaders from their own class, choosing men whose military ability and gallantry had made them distinguished in foreign wars. Among these patriots who came to the front at the first call to arms, and around whom his countrymen rallied, was Leopold von Gilsa. He had served in the Schleswig-Holstein war, with the rank of major, but at the close of that war came to the United States and became a citizen. He was engaged in teaching when the Rebellion broke out, but bidding his pupils adieu he tendered his services to his adopted country. He was given the colonelcy of the Forty-first New York Infantry, a regiment which he was largely instrumental in organizing, and which contained a great number of German soldiers who had served with him in Holstein. This regiment was recruited at Conrad's and Landmann's Parks, in New York City, under special authority of the United States War Department. The recruiting was carried on under the auspices of the Union Defence Com- mittee, R. A. Witthaus, Esq., a patriotic citizen, assisting materially in the work. The regiment was composed almost exclusively of Germans, of wliom about 700 had fought in the Prussian Army against the Danes, in the war of 1848-1851. Twenty-three of its thirty-three officers were veterans who had seen service in European campaigns. The choice for lieutenant colonel fell on Emil Duysing, a heutenant of the regular army of Hesse-Cassel, and fresh from the Danish war. Eight companies were raised in New York; Company G was recruited in Philadelphia, Pa., and Company H in Newark, N. J. Company F was permanently detached, November 20, 1861, and reorganized as the Ninth New York Independent Battery. Company A, known as the " De Kalb Zouaves," was organized before the war, and the newly formed regiment adopted the name. A fine band of twenty-five pieces, with a drum corps of twenty, were attached to the command. New York at Gettysburg. 305 On June 19th a set of colors, including the National flag, the State flag, and a pair of guidons, were presented by Mr. and Mrs. R. A. Witthaus and Miss Pauline A. Witthaus, of New York. The regiment was drawn up in a hollow square and Colonel Von Gilsa, on receiving the colors, replied in behalf of his men with a feeling and patriotic speech. The ceremony was participated in by the donors of the flags, Hon. George Folsom, Hon. George Bancroft, Frederick Kapp, Esq., and the Liederkranz Society, in the presence of mem- bers of the Union Defence Committee, other distinguished guests, and a vast crowd of enthusiastic friends and spectators. The regiment was mustered into the United States service, June 9, 1S61, and a month later left New York, 1,041 strong, for Washington. It arrived there July loth, and on the i6th crossed the Potomac into Virginia, encamping at Fort Runyon. It was assigned to General Runyon's Division, with which command it was present at the Battle of First Bull Run, though not actively engaged. The division rendered important service, however, in covering the retreat of the army from that disastrous field. After serving in various brigades the Forty-first was assigned in October, 1 861, to Stahel's Brigade, of Blenker's Division. This division was detached from General McClellan's army in April, 1862, and ordered to the Shenandoah Valley, where it was to join General Fremont's command; but it did not arrive there until May 9th. The condition of the men when they arrived, according to General Fremont, " was not such as could have been desired. They were worn and exhausted by hardships scarcely credible, and in spite of efforts to supply their wants, a large proportion were without articles of first necessity for service in the field. Of shoes, blankets, and overcoats there was especially great need." In fact, the German regiments which composed Blenker's Division, had been shamefully neglected by the War Department. These loyal troops had no friends at court; but, though overlooked and neglected, they endured all without a murmur, and throughout the battle summer of 1862 fought as readily and bravely as if every requisition had received attention. At the Battle of Cross Keys, Va., June 8, 1862, Stahel's Brigade was hotly engaged, the Forty-first New York acquitting itself with honor in this its first battle under fire. In June, 1862, the troops in the Shenandoah Valley and West Virginia were reorganized into three corps, and designated as the Army of Virginia, those formerly under the command of Fremont forming the First Corps of that army. This corps was placed under the command of Gen. Franz Sigel, and the army under Major General Pope. Under this new arrangement Stahel's Brigade found itself in Schenck's (First) Division, First Corps, A. V. Under command of Lieutenant Colonel Holmstedt the Forty-first fought at the Battle of Manassas, August 29 and 30, 1862, where the regiment lost 103 in killed and wounded. Among the killed was Lieut. Richard Kurz, who fell in the action on August 30th. After this battle Sigel's Corps was assigned to duty in the defences of Wash- ington, with headquarters at Stafford Court House, Va., where it remained until the Chancellorsville campaign, in May, 1863. In the meanwhile the corps designation was changed to that of the Eleventh Corps, Army of the Potomac and General Sigel was succeeded in command by Gen. O. O. Howard. 20 2o6 New York at Gettysburg. On April 28, 1863, the Forty-first broke camp at Stafford Court House, and inarched away to Chancellorsville. The regiment numbering 371 present for duty was under the command of Maj. Detleo Von Einsiedel, Colonel Von Gilsa being in command of the brigade. The Eleventh Corps held the right of the Union line at Chancellorsville, being in position in the woods along the turnpike. Von Gilsa's Brigade held the extreme right of the corps, and the Forty-first New York the right of the brigade. On the afternoon of May 2d, Von Gilsa advanced his pickets, who sent in word that large masses of the enemy were forming on the right flank of the Union Army and were preparing to attack. Von Gilsa transmitted this information promptly to his superiors in command, but unfortunately no atten- tion was paid to it. No reinforcements were sent to the threatened point, and of the troops on that part of the field no disposition was made to meet the impending attack. The Eleventh Corps remained in the position which it had taken, faced to the south, while Stonewall Jackson's troops were marching to attack its flank from the west. When the attack came. Von Gilsa and his regiments were not surprised. They knew it was coming and were calmly awaiting it, although they were aware that through the neglect or incompetency of some one they were in a false position. Lieutenants Searles and Boecke of the Forty-first were stationed on either side of the pike with a detachment of sharpshooters, at some distance beyond the termination of the Union line. As Jackson's skirmishers advanced they struck these sharpshooters who, falling back slowly as they exchanged shots, gave the alarm. Jackson had seventy regiments of infantry and several batteries of artillery. His force numbered fully 28,000 men. His troops were formed for the attack in three lines, the first line being over one mile long. Opposed to this veteran army was the Eleventh Corps alone, which, owing to the absence of its strongest brigade — Barlow's — did not number 9,000 men, — and was out of position at that. Even had they been in position to meet this attack, Jackson's line, one mile long, would have reached around them on either flank. And yet the Eleventh Corps made a sturdy fight. These troops did not fall back until over 1,800 of their number had fallen and 600 had been captured. Retreating slowly through the forest, their muskets flashing defiantly through the gloom of the nightfall, they retarded Jackson's victorious advance so that two hours elapsed before the Confederates reached the Twelfth Corps' position at Fairview. The Forty-first New York, on whom the first attack fell, fired three well- directed volleys, and then retreated, stopping from time to time to rally with other regiments at various points and deliver their fire. Some of the m.en joined in the stampede, usual under such circumstances, but the body of the regiment moved steadily, and in company with the brigade formed again at General Hooker's headquarters where it protected three batteries. General Devens, who commanded the division, speaks highly, in his official report, of Colonel Von Gilsa's resolute exertions in rallying the retreating columns and checking Jackson's advance. The casualties in the regiment aggregated 61 in killed, wounded and missing. New York at Gettysburg. 307 On June 12, 1863, the Eleventh Corps left its camp at Brooke's Station on the Aquia Creek Railroad, and started on the Pennsylvania campaign. The nine companies of the Forty-first were under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Von Einsiedel, the brigade being still under the command of Colonel Von Gilsa. The corps arrived at Emmitsburg, Md., on June 30th, and was engaged the next day in the battle of the First Day at Gettysburg. But the Forty-first was not engaged in this fighting on July ist. The regiment, its nine companies now numbering 14 commissioned officers, 187 enlisted men and 17 musicians, did not arrive at Gettysburg until 10 o'clock in the evening of the first day. It went into position on Cemetery Hill where it was engaged during the fighting on the Second and Third Days, sustaining a loss of 76 in killed and wounded. Lieut. Reinhold Winzer was killed in this battle. In August, 1863, the brigade was transferred to the South CaroHna Coast where it was assigned to Gordon's Division, Von Gilsa still retaining command of the brigade. The regiment remained in the Department of the South one year, during which time it was engaged in the affair at John's Island, S. C, February 11, 1864, where it lost 14 in killed and wounded. The term of enlistment of the original members of the regiment expired June 10, 1864, whereupon Colonel Von Gilsa, with 360 men and officers, sailed from a deputation of German citizens and a committee of the Common Council. In their march through the city they were escorted by the Fifth Regiment, New York Militia. This part of the Forty-first Regiment was then mustered out. The Forty-first had received during the war about 800 recruits or substi- tutes, of whom 520 remained in the field under command of Lieutenant Col- onel Von Einsiedel, having been consolidated into a battalion of six companies. One entire new company of recruits — F — joined the regiment in November, 1863. In August, 1864, this battalion embarked at Hilton Head and pro- ceeded to Washington, where it was assigned to the Twenty-second Corps ; and, subsequently, in September, to the Army of the Shenandoah. In De- cember, 1864, the battalion was ordered to Bermuda Hundred, Va., where it was placed in Ferrero's Division, Army of the James. It was mustered out December 9, 1865, under command of Capt. Alfred Theinhardt, at City Point, Va. Colonel Von Einsiedel died, August 23, 1865, of disease. He was a gallant officer and had commanded the regiment in nearly all its battles. 3o8 New York at Gettysburg. HISTORICAL NOTES FORTY-FIRST NEW YORK INFANTRY By Lieut. Charles Bornemann. Onr regiment — the Forty-first New York — encamped during t&e night of June 30th at Emmitsburg, Md. About 2 o'clock in the morning of July 1st, we received an order to detail 200 men, fully equipped, under command of Capt. Clemens Knipschild, to arrest all the farmers and civilians in the vicinity of Emmitsburg. At that time I was sergeant major, and received the order personally. By a mistake the 200 men were allowed to leave the camp without blankets and knapsacks. About 7 o'clock in the morning of July i, 1863, the regiment was ordered to march to Gettysburg; but at this time the 200 men had not returned. Colonel Bourry, commanding our brigade, to whom the facts were reported about the absence of the 200 men, ordered the regiment to the rear guard to wait for them, and at the same time to escort an ammunition train to Gettys- burg. We arrived at Gettysburg about midnight, July i, 1863, and took position behind a stone fence, near Cemetery Hill. In the morning early, July 2d, the regiment was ordered to move near the entrance or gate of the Ceme- tery to cover the batteries on Cemetery Hill. While doing so the batteries of the enemy shelled us, the regiment losing several men killed and wounded. On the afternoon of July 2d, we were ordered to advance to a stone fence again, about 300 or 400 feet in front of our batteries, as we could plainly see the enemy advancing in three lines. Between each line was a distance of about 500 feet or more. We were in our new position when the battle com- menced. During the attack the enemy broke through our regiment, and four companies of the Second Battalion were driven nearer to Gettysburg. Our line then had the form of a triangle as far as I could observe. As we had lost several officers killed and wounded, I was ordered to take charge of a com- pany on the evening of July 2d. During this battle of July 2d, the enemy made a charge on the batteries in the rear of us, — on Cemetery Hill, — and a cannon came hurling down the hill in our ranks and killed or wounded a man. In the morning of July 3, 1863, heavy firing was heard on our left, and many shells exploded in our line, wounding several of our men. On this day I was ordered to look for the four companies of our regiment, which were pushed back July 2d, and found them right in front of Gettysburg. Capt. Henry Arens, who took command of these four companies, told me that he had lost several men by the enemy's sharpshooters, July 3d. On July 4th the regiment was together again, and marched into Gettysburg. It took a position in the public square where it remained for some time ; but towards evening the regi- ment was ordered back to its old position on Cemetery Hill. On July 5th, about 6 o'clock, p. m., we started from Gettysburg in pursuit of the enemy to Williamsport, where we could see the rear guard of the enemy crossing the river. From there we marched to Alexandria, Va., and em- New York at Gettysburg. 309 barked for Charleston, S. C, where the regiment remained until mustered out of service in August, 1864. The Forty-first New York was mustered into service on June 6, 1861, and left New York City July 8, 1861. It was at the First Battle of Bull Run, July 21, 1861, but not in action, after which it marched back to Washington, and stayed there four days. Crossing the Long Bridge again into Virginia, it moved to the heights opposite Georgetown or Chain Bridge, where our men built Fort De Kalb. From here we were transferred to Blenker's Division, then en- camped at Hunter's Chapel. On March 10, 1862, we broke camp and started towards Richmond; but at Warrenton Junction we received orders to march through Manassas Gap, and report to General Fremont. We went up the Shenandoah Valley as far as Mount Jackson, then came back and were engaged at the Battle of Cross Keys, Va., June 8, 1862. We had more fighting at Sulphur Springs, Waterloo Bridge, and Rappahannock Station. We marched to Culpeper Court House on our way to Cedar Mountain, but we arrived too late for the battle. Then we went to the Rapidan. From there we marched to the Second Battle of Bull Run, August 29-30, 1862. After the battle we retreated and passed through Chantilly ; came nearly to the Potomac, and marched to Centreville; there we remained in camp about four weeks, and then marched to Gainesville, Aldie Gap, Chantilly, Fairfax Court House and Station, Dumfries, and to Fredericksburg, December 15, 1862, arriving there at the close of the battle. From here we marched to Stafford Court House where we encamped for about four weeks. Leaving Stafford we marched to Aquia Creek, and thence to Brooke's Station, where we remained in winter quarters till April 26, 1863. We then started on the Chancellorsville campaign, crossing the Rappahan- nock at Kelly's Ford. At Chancellorsville, we were engaged in battle on May 2 and 3, 1863. We recrossed the Rappahannock again at United States Ford, and marched back to Brooke's Station. We left there June 12, 1863, and marched to Centreville, Leesburg, and Goose Creek, crossing the Potomac June 24, 1863, at Edwards Ferry; thence to Burketsville, Middletown, Frederick City, Adamsville, and along South Mountain to Emmitsburg and Gettysburg. We left Gettysburg July 5, 1863, marching back to Emmitsburg, Frederick City, Middletown, Boonsboro, Hagerstown, Sharpsburg and Williamsport ; thence to Hagerstown, Middletown, Marysville, and Jeffersonville to Berlin where we recrossed the Potomac. From here we marched to Leesburg, New Baltimore, Warrenton Junction and Alexandria, where we arrived August 6, 1863. Here the regiment embarked for Charleston, S. C, where it arrived August 13, 1863, and encamped on Folly Island. On September 7, 1863, we marched to Morris Island, near Fort Wagner, where we witnessed the bom- bardment of Forts Sumter and Moultrie by our fleet. On the 9th we returned to our camp at Folly Island. September i6th-i8, we were under arms early every morning fearing an attack by the enemy. September 22d the regiment passed in review before General Gordon, our new division commander, and on the 25th we were reviewed by General Gilmore, the department commander. November 13, 1863, the regiment was ordered to go to Kiawah Island, where 310 New York at Gettysburg. we camped on Vanderhorst's Farm. We crossed a muddy creek with the intention of attacking a sugar mill during the night; but by some delay of the troops the attack was postponed, and we returned to Folly Island. On November 26th we received 337 recruits, and on December 2d, 119 recruits. December 24th, 3 officers and 100 men of our regiment were ordered to Legareville on the Stono River. The next morning (Christmas) we were attacked by the enemy, but the war vessels. Pawnee, Marblehead, and C. P. Williams took part in the fight, and the enemy was repulsed with heavy loss. February 5, 1864, the regiment was reviewed by General Terry. On the 6th we marched again to Kiawah Island, to Vanderhorst Farm, to Seabrook Island, to the Sugar Mill, and thence to John's Island where we had an engagement with the enemy in which the regiment lost several men killed and wounded. On the I2th, having burned the Sugar Mill, we returned to Folly Island. February 22d at 5 o'clock, p. m., the regiment broke camp and marched to Pawnee Landing, on its way to Florida, but receiving counter orders returned to its camp on Folly Island. April 2ist the regiment went again to John's Island on picket duty, but returned the same day at 9 p. m. April 23d, 150 men went to Cole's Island on picket duty and returned to camp April 26th. April 29th the regiment was again on picket duty at Cole's Island, returning to camp May 1st. May 21st, an expedition went to John's Island and returned May 22d. June 6th, the regiment left Folly Island for Hilton Head to be mustered out of service, v/hicb finally took place at New York City, August 27, 1864. J. B. LTOS PRINT. 42d NbW YORK INFANTRY. On Cemetery Ridge, near the "Clump of Trees.' F. J. SEVEHE.NCE. PHOTO. New York at Gettysburg. (INSCRIPTIONS.) 311 (Front.) 42nd NEW YORK INFANTRY. 3rd brigade, 2nd division, 2nd corps. TAMMANY REGIMENT (Reverse.) This Regiment was raised AND organized BY CoLONEL William D. Kennedy under the patronage of the Tammany Society, and OF THE Union Defence Committee of New York City. (Left Side.) Mustered into U. S. service, June 22, 1861. Total Enrollment i,2iq. Participated in 19 Battles. Killed 92, Wounded 328, Missing 298. Mustered out July 13, 1864. (Right Side.) July 2, 1863. — Went to support of 3D Corps, ABOUT 5 p. M. Held this POSITION July 3, and ASSISTED IN repulsing the assault of Pickett's Division. Casualties : Killed 15, wounded 55, Missing 4. 312 New York at Gettysburg. DEDICATION OF MONUMENT 42d regiment infantry. September 24, 1891. Oration by Maj. Gen. Daniel E. Sickles, U. S. A. The Forty-second New York Infantry was raised and organized by the Tammany Society, in the City of New York, in May and June, 1861. The regi- ment was taken to the field by the Grand Sachem of that year. Col. William D. Kennedy, who died a few days afterward in Washington, in July. Colonel Kennedy was succeeded by Capt. Milton CogsweH, an accomplished officer of the Regular Army. Among the Sachems of Tammany who were conspicuous in their efforts to raise this famous battalion, I may mention Elijah F. Purdy, Daniel E. Delavan, Isaac Bell, Thomas Dunlap, Smith Ely, and John Clancy. Early in the same year, 1861, several other Tammany leaders raised regi- ments and brigades for the war. Among them were the Chasseurs, organized by Gen. John Cochrane, the brigades of Gen. Thomas Francis Meagher, and General Corcoran, and the brigade of General Sickles, which was composed of five regiments. Meagher's and Nugent's Sixty-ninth Regiment lost more men in battle, killed and wounded, than any infantry regiment from the State of New York. Sickles' First Excelsior lost the most men killed and wounded in one battle, having lost at Williamsburg, 79 killed and 168 wounded, including 7 officers killed and 22 wounded out of 33 officers present. At Antietam, 8 color-bearers of the Irish Brigade were shot down at Bloody Lane, but the brigade carried the position. At Fredericksburg the color sergeant of the Sixty-ninth was found dead with his flag concealed and wrapped around his body, a bullet having pierced the flag and his heart. At Antietam, the Forty-second, then in Dana's Brigade, Sedgvnck's Division of the Second Corps, charged with Sedgwick into the woods around the Dunker Church, where it lost 180 out of the 345 who were engaged. Maj. James E. Mallon, afterward colonel of the Forty-second, is especially mentioned by General Howard and Colonel Hall, the brigade and division commanders, for his efficient and fearless ser- vices in keeping the men in ranks under fire, and for his daring in recovering the fallen colors of his regiment in the face of the advancing enemy. Col. Edmund C. Charles, of the Forty-second was left wounded, supposed mortally, at Nelson's Farm, one of the Seven Days' battles. In the Chancellorsville campaign, the Forty-second, under Mallon, was pres- ent at the assault and capture of Fredericksburg ; and here again the regiment is especially commended by the brigade commander, Col. Norman J. Hall, not only for its coolness and steadiness in battle, but also for the admirable dis- cipline that under the most trying circumstances saved its position from the efifects of a panic, created by a false alarm in the night. Again, at Gettys- burg, the Forty-second, under Colonel Mallon, was distinguished for gallant conduct in the second and third days of this battle. In the final charge of Armistead's Brigade of the enemy, Sergt. Michael Cuddy, the color bearer, New York at Gettysburg. 313 was mortally wounded. Already distinguished at Fredericksburg for daring courage, this heroic soldier, a moment after he fell with his colors, rose in the face of the advancing enemy, and triumphantly waving the flag he so dearly loved, this flag I now hold, dropped dead — his body covering the standard. At Bristoe Station the brave Colonel Mallon, then commanding a brigade, was killed at the extreme front while rallying his own regiment under a heavy fire. At Ball's Bluff, in 1861, under Cogswell; in the Seven Days' Battles, in 1862, under Charles; at Antietam and Fredericksburg, in 1862, under Bomford; at Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, and Bristoe Station, in 1863, under Mallon; in the Wilderness Campaign, in 1864, under Lynch, this intrepid old regiment gained fresh honors in every conflict, until its term of enlistment expired July 13, 1864, when it was mustered out of service, transferring a number of its men who re-enlisted, together with the recruits, to the Eighty-second New York. The Forty-second took part in 36 battles and engagements. The largest losses of the regiment were in the great battles of Antietam and Gettysburg, in which it lost in killed and wounded 18 officers and 223 enlisted men; and considering the total number of men present in the line of battle in the regi- ment, this record gives the Forty-second the right to be included, as history has already included it, among the great fighting regiments of the war. The history of the Tammany Society which raised this regiment at the outbreak of the war, dates from the foundation of our Government. This his- torical organization was conspicuous among the founders of the great political party with which it has always been identified. Among its illustrious roll of Sachems are included the names of George Clinton, Philip Schuyler, Walter Eowne, Brockholst Livingston, Samuel Osgood, Daniel D. Tompkins, Garret Sickles, Stephen Allen, Michael Ulshoeffer, John A. Dix, Samuel J. Tilden, Augustus Schell, John Van Buren, Churchill C. Cambrelling and John T. Irving. Jefferson, Madison, Clinton, and Jackson found their strongest supporters in its ranks. Established as a bulwark against the aristocratic traditions and tendencies inherited from British ancestors, it supported Jefferson and his policy of shaping our institutions and customs according to the maxims of the Declaration of Independence. In the War of 1812 with England, the Society of Tammany sustained President Madison and Governor Tompkins in all the war measures that brought that memorable conflict to an honorable peace. It resisted the efforts of secessionists and the treasonable overtures then for the first time heard in the East. It supported Jackson in his meas- ures for the suppression of nullification in South Carolina; and it sustained him in his long struggle against the money power, which, under the leader- ship of the Bank of the United States, assumed to control the financial policy of the Government. It supported Polk and Marcy in the War with Mexico, in the annexation of Texas, and in the acquisition of California, which estab- lished our boundaries on the Pacific and the Gulf of Mexico. When the Civil War of 1861 followed the election of Lincoln, the influence of Tammany Hall was instantly shown in the patriotic action of the Common Council of our city, where its pov/er was supreme, pledging to the President 214 New York at Gettysburg. all the resources of the municipality, in men and money, for the support of the Government, in the enforcement of the laws, and to maintain the Union. Let me here recall the concluding resolutions of the series, unanimously adopted by the New York Common Council at a special meeting of the Board of Aldermen, convened on the 19th of April, 1861, while the echoes of Sumter were still heard. These resolutions I had the honor to draft. Resolved, That we invoke in this crisis the unselfish patriotism and the unfaltering loyalty which have been uniformly manifested in all periods of national peril by the population of the City of New York; and while we reiterate our undiminished affection for the friends of the Union who have gallantly and faithfully labored in the Southern States for the preservation of peace, and the restoration of fraternal relations among the people, and our readiness to co-operate with them in all honorable measures of reconcilia- tion, yet, we only give expression to the convictions of our constituents when we declare it to be their unalterable purpose, as it is their solemn duty, to do all in their power to uphold and defend the integrity of the Union, and to vindicate the honor of our flag, and to crush the power of those who are enemies in war, as in peace they were friends. Resolved, That a copy of the foregoing preamble and resolutions be transmitted to the President of the United States, and to the Governor of the State of New York. I well remember the words of President Lincoln, referring to this action of our city government, a few days afterward, when I called upon him for instructions touching the command I had undertaken to raise on the invita- tion of Governor Morgan. He said : " Sickles, I have here on my table the resolutions passed by your Common Council appropriating a million of dollars toward raising men for this war, and promising to do all in the power of your authorities to support the Government. When these resolutions were brought to me by Alderman Frank Boole and his associates of the Committee, I felt my burden lighter. I felt that when men break through party lines and take this patriotic stand for the Government and the Union, all must come out well in the end. When you see them, tell them for me, they made my heart glad, and I can only say, God bless them." This action of the Common Council of New York made the great city a unit for national defence; it united all parties for the Union. Men and money were given without stint for the war; gold flowed from Wall street to the National Treasury Hke the stream of another Pactolus; every house and every shop was a recruiting station. The electric flash that brought the news of Sumter to the North was not quicker than the martial current that sped from man to man and from woman to woman, transforming our people from civilians to soldiers. The flag low- ered at Sumter was unfurled everywhere on spires of church and cathedral, in Wall Street, in market place, in every village and every schoolhouse, and over the homes of the rich and poor, far and near. The newspapers, like mirrors, reflected the universal war movement of the people. Public meetings were as spontaneous as the April leaves that fill 1jie woods, and Union Square could not hold the thousands poured into it from every avenue and street, Hke unloosened streams hurrying to the sea. Go where you would, there was but one theme to talk about — the impending war. Traffic lost its thrift, industries New York at Gettysburg. 315 were tedious, amusements lacked zest, and it was only the sound of the drum and the bugle that won every ear. The flag so long without meaning, unless seen far away from home, on some distant sea, or in a foreign land, all at once had a new charm; it filled our eyes and stirred our hearts. We counted its stars; it stood for the Union. For the rich, it meant their wealth; for the poor, who have only a country and a home, it meant everything they held dear ; for the slave, it meant freedom. We saw the colors proudly carried by the battalions hastily summoned to Washington; and among the multitudes that filled the streets, gayly decked with a thousand banners, there were not many who did not wish themselves in the ranks. The State of New York raised 400,000 men for the Union armies. Of these vast numbers, 53,000 died in service. Our State has erected 76 monuments on this battlefield, commemorating the heroic services of its battalions and its batteries. Of the 300 renowned battalions in the army, whose losses in battle, in killed and wounded, as shown by Fox, were the greatest — 59 were New York troops. In this number are included 4 of the 5 regiments of Sickles' Brigade. From 1861 to 1865 the State of New York expended $125,000,000 in raising and equipping its troops. The New York regiments and batteries took part in more than 1,000 battles, engagements, and skirmishes. Of the 250 regi- ments of infantry, cavalry, and engineers raised in our State, 127 of them were organized and mainly recruited in the city of New York. The very large enlistments for the navy, besides, were mainly drawn from our city. The municipal authorities and our citizens never faltered a moment in their efforts to advance the cause of the Union. The City Hall Park was filled with bar- racks; the families of the city volunteers received an allowance toward their support from the city treasury, a bounty nowhere else given. Millions were voted by the city to equip the municipal regiments. And afterward we sup- ported enthusiastically the heroes of Antietam and Gettysburg for the highest honors in the gift of the Republic. This is the honorable war record of our patriotic metropolis. There are nearly 400 monuments on this battlefield; all but two of them commemorate the services of the soldiers who fought this battle. I have seen many monuments in other countries erected in honor of commanders of armies, but it was reserved for us to signalize in this manner the heroism of the rank and file of our battalions. Apart from this battlefield, a hundred of these memo- rials are already placed in as many towns and cities. There is no better way to prepare for the next war than to show your appreciation of your defenders in the last war. No nation can long survive the decline of its martial strength. When it ceases to honor its soldiers, it will have none. It cannot be said of our Republic that it has been ungrateful. We give more than a hundred mil- lion dollars a year, in pensions, to the soldiers of our wars. We recognize their right to share in the grand result of their achievements. Our people help the helpless survivors; we try to save their families from want; we erect monuments to the men who fell in battle. The military power of this country rests in the ranks of its reserves, the 6,000,000 of citizens ready to volunteer to take up arms whenever the exigency demands their services. 3i6 New York at Gettysburg. There is a day and an hour in the annals of every nation when its life hangs on the issue of a battle; when it stands or falls by the sword. Such a battle was Gettysburg. You are now standing on the field where the destiny of this Republic was decided. Right here, are some of the brave soldiers, vet- erans of the Forty-second, who helped to win the decisive victory for the Union. You stand, right here, on a spot that was a vortex of battle; man to man, steel against steel, rifle and cannon and sword, shot and shell, the hoarse voices of desperate combatants, the smoke and flame and the clash of arms. Right here, near this clump of trees the resolute onset of the veteran divisions led by Pickett and Pettigrew and Trimble met the solid front of Han- cock's Corps as the ocean wave strikes the rock, and like the wave, was dashed into spray as the advancing lines of the enemy broke into fragments against the wall of Hancock's bayonets. Right here, in the thickest of the combat stood your own gallant Forty-second, under the eye of the young and gifted Mallon. He says in his official report: " I formed the regiment in line, facing the decisive point; the line was but fairly established and but just started in the direction of the contested point, when Colonel Hall, our brigade commander, with words of encouragement cheered us forward. With the impetus conveyed by these words, the regiment vigorously advanced, and in that charge which rescued our batteries from the hands of our foe, which saved our army from disaster, which gave to us glorious success, this regiment was foremost and its flag in the advance." Right here, too, the brave Michael Cuddy fell with his flag, this very flag, and here he rose once more, as Mallon says, " and waved his flag in the face of the enemy not ten yards distant — that flag he loved so well, of which he was so proud, and for which his precious life without a murmur was freely given up." All honor then to Meagher, O'Rourke, Kelly, Corcoran, De Lacy, Mal- lon, and Cuddy — glorious types of the Irish-American soldier. Of the effective force of 80,000 men, on our side, engaged in the Battle of Gettysburg, 27,000, fully one-third, were New York troops. And of the total loss in the Union Army, 23,000, our loss was 6,707. The day is not distant, I trust, when the War Department will establish a military post here, at Gettysburg, which shall include the battlefield among its dependencies, so that all of the topographical features of the ground may remain unimpaired, and the numerous monuments erected by eighteen States on this field, may be properly guarded and preserved. Such a military post should be garrisoned by at least one company of artillery, with its appropriate equipment, to the end that the morning and evening gun may forever salute the flag of the Union which was so heroically defended on this consecrated ground. To-day Europe is a camp. The soil trembles with the tread of millions of armed men that listen for the command that will begin a conflict such as the world has never seen. Happily, here we enjoy the tranquillity of perfect peace. Our battles are fought; fraternity at home and good will abroad are stronger guarantees than armies. France, Germany, Austria, and Russia are now dis- ciplining their vast armies in sham battles, the school of war. We spend our money in teaching our children the arts of peace, and while you enjoy its New York at Gettysburg. 317 blessings you have chosen a fit moment to commemorate the men who won this boon for us at the cost of precious sacrifices. Tlie soldiers of 1861 were not enlisted in a war of conquest. They did not follow an ambitious usurper; they were not tools of kings to rivet chains on unwilling hands. They took up arms for the people, of whom they were a part, to save the people's government, and to maintain the people's Union. The volunteers of 1861 were the flower of our young manhood. If they were poor in purse, they had at least a home and a country, and for these they gave all they had to give — their time, their services, and their lives. For their homes and country and for you they risked wounds, disease, privations, and poverty. Compare the situation of this country in 1861 with its position now, and you will all comprehend why it is that so many States and cities and towns have erected soldiers' monuments. The same comparison helps us to understand why it is that we give a hundred million dollars a year in pensions to soldiers and sailors. These proofs of public appreciation and gratitude mark the esti- mate put by our citizens on the services rendered to the country by the Army and Navy from 1861 to 1865. In our time no ruler will be chosen in this country who will take a dollar away from the bounty given by a grateful nation to its defenders. Standing near the magnificent tomb of Napoleon in Paris, some years ago, my son, then a boy of six or seven years, said to me, " Father, does Napoleon know what a beautiful monument he has?" This question, like many others asked by inquisitive boys and girls, was not easy to answer. I trust that the brave and faithful soldiers of the Republic who fell in the great conflict, far away from home and kindred, now see and know what is done for their memory by the men and women of this generation. I trust they know something of the splendor and the strength of the Republic they died to save. Let the presence of your own heroic dead consecrate this monument. Let it stand for uncounted years, to tell the story of Tammany's devotion to the country in time of war, and of her love for her soldiers who fell in the great conflict. American from head to foot in its beautiful design, graceful in form, impres- sive in its grand proportions, let this memorial remind the coming generations, as long as bronze and granite lasts, of the debt they owe to the Tammany Braves of 1861. 3i8 New York at Gettysburg. THE PATRIOTIC DEAD. Dedicated to the Veterans of the Tammany Regiment, at the Unveiling of the Monument at Gettysburg. By William Geoghegan. Gaze on this spot! 'Tis sacred ground We tread upon to-day; The mould that forms each sacred mound Is loved and honored clay. For here within its breast reclines The dust of those who died, — Who met the foe in serried lines On many a green hill-side. Pause! for the brave are sleeping here. And war's wild trumpet roar Can wake them not with hope or fear; The battle's strife is o'er. The tumult and the fight have passed. And brothers, we, to-day, Unmindful of the gory past. All hail the blue and gray! We raise a column o'er the brave Who died that we might be A ransomed people, and the slave Might bask in liberty. We honor those who fought and bled. The first in Freedom's van, When Tammany to glory led Its great and fearless clan. "On to the front! " the order came; They echoed prompt the battle-cry. And each walked forth with heart aflame In battle line to fight or die! "On to the front!" and every man Leaped to his post as freemen should. Careless of race, or creed or clan, And only as a freeman could. New York at Gettysburg. 3^9 " On to the front! " They met the foe — What reck we now — the past is gone; In every heart a burning glow Flames for the flag of Washington! " On to the front! " That shout no more Can rouse the soldier from his sleep; His toil, his pain, and strife are o'er; And by his grave his comrades weep. Down where the rolling river Runs out to meet the sea. Where willows and the aspens quiver. And daisies deck the lea; Where mountains frown in glory Above the eddying wave. There, shrined in song and story. Repose our patriot brave! As onward the river dashes Resistless to the sea. As deep in the soul there flashes The fire of the brave and free. Of those whose fearless daring Shone bright as the summer sun. Who of life and fame uncaring, Remember Washington, — They died for the cause of Freedom, In field, on mount, in glen, With Tammany men to lead them. And all were Tammany men! Raise high the storied column Above the patriot dead! It tells in silence solemn How well they fought and bled. And let it tell that when the foe To shreds our flag would tear, To guard its fold through weal and woe The Tammany men were there. Our buried braves in slumber rest; Peace to their souls to-day! They are commingled with the blest. Though they have passed away. Their patriot spirits move each heart With hope, and joy and pride. To act, like them, a brave man's part. And die as they have died. 320 New York at Gettysburg. ADDRESS By General Martin T. McMahon, U. S. V. During the century of existence of the Tammany Society there has been no event more full of interest to those of us who assemble here to-day, under the name and the auspices of the Columbian order, than that which brings us together. The dedication of this monument to the memory of those brave men who gave their lives to prove that they firmly believed in the motto of the organization, — " Civil Liberty and Glory of Man," — is the purpose and motive of our assembling. When the first signal of civil strife was sounded in the land, the banner of the Tammany Society was raised aloft, and the Forty-second Regiment of New York Volunteers was organized under its folds. This regiment served through- out the war, achieving a record excelled by none. Later, after the unfortunate suspension of recruitment, at a time when the soldiers were more than ever needed, when our armies had been depleted by the casualties of war, the Tammany Society surrendered its ancient building to the uses of the Government, and converted the Wigwam and its Council Hall into a recruiting depot under the gallant soldier who stands as the most con- spicuous officer who served and bled upon this field — Winfield Scott Han- cock. We are proud that the name of the old order is thus associated with the illustrious Hancock, who, under the skillful generalship of another great soldier, George G. Meade, made this gathering to-day a possibility, and the Union which we love an immortal thing. In the early days of the Civil War many of you who served under the match- less leadership of McClellan, on the Peninsula, may remember a circumstance connected with the Chickahominy. Of the several bridges over the treacherous river that were built by the almost incredible labor of the troops, through those long weary days and nights, but one alone remained in the hour of trial and tribulation. During the battle of Fair Oaks, wher it was necessary to send troops immediately to the assistance of the left, on which the whole of John- ston's army had been hurled, one after another, as the mad river rose, the bridges were swept away. One alone remained, and over this the gallant Sedgwick, with his division of the Second Corps, including the Forty-second New Yor.:, passed to the relief of the left and turned what might have been a defeat into victory. This bridge which alone resisted the rushing waters of the river, lashed as it was by cables to the trees on both sides, had been con- structed by the strong hands of the Forty-second New York Volunteers, under the gallant Maj. Peter Bowe, and was known throughout the army as the " Tammany Bridge! " Brothers of the Columbian Order, you are here to-day to do honor to the illustrious dead. Let their memory and example be ever present in your minds, to the end that the high principle of pure American patriotism which is the foundation stone of your organization and which was the light that guided them to honorable and necessary death for their country and for liberty, may never fade from your hearts nor be absent from your councils. Your vener- New York at Gettysburg. 321 able Society stands as the connecting link between the days that followed the successful Revolution of our fathers and the present hour. Faith in your country and its institutions, fidelity to the American Union, even unto death, are deeply imbedded in your Constitution. May you be for unending years a patriotic bond, uniting the generations as they succeed each other in loyal fra- ternity, holding them as the Tammany Bridge held our broken army, united against the rushing waters of fanaticism and all the evil purposes of men. ADDRESS By General Ely S. Parker, U. S. V. Mr. Chairman, Survivors of the New York Tammany Regiment, and Comrades: Twenty-eight years ago last July, many of you were here under different cir- cumstances, and for a totally different purpose than that which recalls you here to-day. Then you came to maintain the doctrine of the indivisibility of the Union of the American States, whose organic law was the liberty and equality of all men. You came to maintain the integrity of the American flag, and the right that it alone should float over this free country, extending from the icy regions of the north to the tropical climes of the south, and east and west from ocean to ocean. But then you came here more especially and directly to repel an invasion that was being made into this State by a hostile army, whose avowed object was the dissolution of the Union you were seeking to preserve, and to perpetuate the institution of slavery which your success would abolish and destroy forever. Here, by your courage, skill, bravery, and heroic determination, the rebel schemes were defeated, and to-day you have returned to commemorate the sad but important event by the erection and unveiling of a monument to the honor of your comrades whose dust mingles with the dust of this ground. I can hardly comprehend how or why I am honored with the privilege of addressing you on this occasion, for I can say nothing but what has been better said before by somebody else, except it is, that one of the prominent features of your monument is the figure of Tammany, the Delaware Indian chief, who is said never to have had his equal as such. During the Revolu- tionary War his enthusiastic admirers among the whites dubbed him a saint, and he was estabhshed under the name of " St. Tammany, the Patron Saint of America." The Delaware Indians, of whom Tammany was chief, were once a numerous and powerful tribe and were masters of, and occupied the whole territory lying between the Hudson and Susquehanna Rivers. They were a warlike race, and, Hke all other primitive peoples who ever existed on the face of the earth, were at perpetual war with their neighbors, and were ever ready to battle for the lands they claimed and for the graves of their ancestors. They and all other Indians of this continent, whether living in the dense forests, on the vast prairie plains, or in the fastnesses of the mountains, enjoyed 21 322 New York at Gettysburg. liberty in its largest and most liberal sense. They loved their freedom, and believed that when the Great Spirit made this country, He made it free, and placed His red children here to enjoy it. The power of the Delawares was finally completely broken and the people subjugated by the more powerful and proud Iroquois of New York. I am not here to give you a lecture on the Indian problem, the solution of which agitates so many great minds at the present day, or to enumerate the causes which have led to their extinction, or to excite your sympathy by rehearsing the wrongs, cruelties and many violations of faith they have endured and suffered at the hands of the pale face, although, as one of them, I, naturally and emphatically sympathize deeply with them. The two races have ever been antagonistic, though all writers agree that the Indians always received the new comers with most open handed hospitality. At first the Indian looked upon the pale face as a God from another world. Soon, however, the antagonism of the two races revealed itself, and pure friend- ship and brotherly confidence at once ceased to exist, and deadly hostilities commenced, continuing ever since, almost without cessation. In the Indian bosom was then planted, and growing fiercer with time, that implacable and unconquerable aversion, amounting almost to hatred, to the civilization and Christianity of the new comer. Their hostility was so persistent that it soon became apparent that their continued presence constituted an almost insur- mountable barrier to the advancement of the eastern progressive and aggres- sive civilization and the successful planting and dissemination of that religion which teaches " Peace on earth and good will toward all men," but which, alas, was not to extend to the Indian until the lamp of National life was nearly extinguished. To the doomed race did the chief, Tammany, belong. He was a brave warrior, a mighty hunter, and a wise counsellor. Very little indeed is known of him ; yet, it is written of him that " he was in the highest degreee endowed with wisdom, virtue, prudence, charity, affability, neatness, hospitality, — in short, with every good and noble qualification which a human being may pos- sess." He was supposed to have an intercourse with the great and good Spirit, for he was a stranger to everything tliat was bad. It is not known when, or where, or how he died, but presumably in one of the wars in which his people were constantly engaged. His memory was ever reverenced among his people, and his name is still perpetuated among the whites of the powerful Society in New York which bears his name. I beheve that if ever there was a good Indian, he was one; and that too before he was a dead one. This monument, too, while it transmits the memory of heroes who fell here, also perpetuates his name in this beautiful monumental field, where was fought perhaps the most earnest battle of the war, and one which nearly decided the fate of the Union. This field and this beautiful valley was indeed the Ther- mopylae of America, defended not by the Spartan king and his unconquerable heroes, who never turned their backs to the invading millions, but by Amer- ican patriots, as brave, daring, and as fully imbued with a healthful, lofty, and patriotic, martial spirit, as any warrior band that ever marched to a field of New York at Gettysburg. 323 slaughter. Their watchwords were Union, Liberty, and the starry flag forever ; and they contended stoutly, with masterly constancy and unyielding tenacity, for the maintenance of the principles enunciated in the imperishable Declara- tion of Independence, the god-like truths which their fathers had established after many years of doubt and suffering and many hard-fought battles. These wise fathers had electrified and horrified the civihzed world when they announced their political belief, imheard of before, " that all men are created equal, and endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights, among which were life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness." On this field upon which we this moment stand, not only were the lives and liberty of the immediate participants in danger, but the lives and liberty of millions of human beings not here; and what was more important than all, the life and liberty of the Nation was imperilled and at stake. Here, and yonder, and yonder, you stood like walls of adamant, and resisted the vast horde who would have done all this wrong. At every point you met them with a firm, unshaken determination to do or die. Your serried ranks were thinned and broken by the savage minie, and the howling, shrieking and screeching shot and shell, whose infernal noise mercifully deafened the cries of the wounded and dying around you. The earth moaned and groaned as it swallowed the blood of the contestants; yet as if Mother Earth had here a plantation of the mythical dragon's teeth, other soldiers and comrades seemed to spring out of their bosom, refilling your depleted ranks and reforming your shattered lines, reviving your nearly exhausted energies and strengthening your hopes for final success. But so oft repeated were these scenes of bloody carnage on that eventful day, that it appeared at times as though every man must march into the jaws of Death before the dreadful contest could be decided. Physical endur- ance has its limits. Bright hopes had almost succumbed to black despair, liberty was about to shriek even louder than when Kosciusko fell, when the Supreme Arbiter of Nations and the God of Battles dropped his wand and gave to you the field of battle. Praise be to Him, forever. Cannot someone now paraphrase on some monument erected in this valley to the honor of the men who died here in the cause of liberty and a righteous government, the couplet on the monument at the pass of Thermoplyae, and say: " Stranger, the tiding to the world tell That here, obeying our country's command, we fell." The Battle of Gettysburg has been written up by many as the most im- portant of the war. Perhaps it was; I cannot judge. But on the same day that you were executing on this field such wonderful and unparalleled feats of military strength, courage and dauntless heroism, equally as important and exciting transactions were being enacted in and about the Gibraltar of the West on the Mississippi. There, the invincible, strategic warrior. General Ulysses S. Grant, was closing his anacondian coil on the city of Vicksburg, which resulted the next day, the ever-memorable Fourth of July, in the surrender of Lieu- tenant General Pemberton, with his entire army and the city of Vicksburg. Then, as has been beautifully expressed, " the waters of the Mississippi again 324 New York at Gettysburg. flowed unvexed by hostile forces from its sources to its mouth." The would-lie Confederacy was severed, and the field of future operations circumscribed. This too was vitally important; yet neither Gettysburg nor Vicksburg closed the war. The battles of Lookout Mountain, Missionary Ridge, Atlanta, Nashville, the Wilderness, Spotsylvania, Cold Harbor, Five Forks, Petersburg, and Sherman's March to the Sea, were yet to be executed, ere the field of Appo- mattox Court House could loom up to witness the closing act of the gigantic conflict. At many of these points you, my comrades, were actively engaged. Upon many of these fields you have left companions who had stood shoulder to shoulder with you in battle, or shared with you the dangers of the picket fine, tented and bivouacked with you in winter and summer, in storm and stmshine, and who did not return with you, when the war closed, to the homes they had left. It is to their memory and honor, and to their unselfish, patriotic virtue, that these monuments are properly erected, dedicated, and consecrated. To the survivors on any field they are reminders of struggles endured, not for glory, but for their country's good; of the principles they contended for, and of the necessity burdened upon them of indoctrinating into the minds of their chil- dren, as they grow up around them, and of their neighbors who come from other lands, the sacredness of the charge and the inestimable inheritance they had left to them at so great a cost of life and treasure. I have a foolish belief that all true and honest patriots, whether they labor in the civil or military service, who die in their career, do not cease their connection with the onward march of their country; hence, as a matter of honor and justice to all such, I would that every American child could be taught thoroughly the history of his country from its discovery and settlement onward. They should be taught to comprehend and understand, how first the pioneers and early settlers grappled in deadly conflict with the aborigines of this continent, to wrest from them their country and to make it a land flowing with " milk and honey," and the " wilderness to blossom as the rose." How, again, while yet in the infancy of their growth toward a national manhood, they battled with their own mother country for the causes so eloquently and clearly set forth in the immortal Declaration of Independence, to which I have already referred, and for the maintenance of which declaration, they placed their " reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, mutually pledging to each other, their fives, fortunes, and sacred honor." Passing from that time through minor, though important wars, we may bring them to the last struggle in which you, my comrades, were prominent actors to preserve the unity of the Republic, maintain the sanctity of the Flag, save the life of the Nation, and make a truth of the theory long since announced to the world that all men are created equal; for you freed 4,000,000 of slaves who were held in bondage to their fellow men, and made them citizens, equal with you. Fully understanding and comprehending all this, it will be their plain duty to preserve the country and government you helped to save, and by their wisdom to carry forward its aims by every means consistent with justice and the general constitution. New York at Gettysburg. 325 The present commercial, industrial, and agricultural prosperity of the whole country, the universal spread of education and the consequent dififusion of general knowledge, the freedom of speech and of the press, the free and untrammeled discussion on all political subjects and theories of government, the unprecedented development and growth in every branch of the arts and sciences, and the unrestrained and unrestricted exercise allowed in all civil and religious liberties, unknown to any other country of the world, are so many safe guar- anties that these United States will never again seek to deluge themselves in fratricidal blood. I will now close by repeating, with your permission, a few lines written of Tammany a long time ago : " Immortal Tammany, of Indian race. Great in the field and foremost in the chase; No puny saint was he, with fasting pale, — He climbed the mountain, and he swept the vale. Rushed through the torrent with unequalled might ; Your ancient saints would tremble at the sight; Caught the swift boar and swifter deer with ease, And worked a thousand miracles like these. To public views he added private ends. And loved his country most, and next his friends; With courage, long he str0Y,e to ward the blow; (Courage we all respect ev'n in a foe.) And when each effort he in vain had tried. Kindled the flame in which he bravely died. To Tammany, let the full horn go round; His fame let every honest tongue resound; With him let every generous patriot vie. To live in freedom or with honor die." ADDRESS BY BARTOW S. WEEKS, COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF THE SONS OF VETERANS, U. S. A. Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: After listening to the eloquence ui those who have preceded me I realize more fully than ever that I am invited to address you, not because of any merit of my own, but as the representative of that body of 60,000 young men of this great Republic, which for the time being, I have the honor to command. Standing upon this historic ground with the memorials of so many brave soldiers on every hand, and in the shadow of this beautiful tribute of our own brave ones, I feel still prouder of the Order of Sons of Veterans, and more deeply impressed with the propriety, aye, the necessity, of its existence. We are organized to perpetuate the memory and history of those to whf^m this monument is erected, and to assist the survivors of that memorable conflict. It 226 New York at Gettysburg. is our proud privilege to point to tlieir achievements as the highest example of the best quaHties of American citizenship. In the tattered folds of Old Glory, now waving over a united country, we read the lessons taught by the struggles and sacrifices, the trials and battles of those whose memory we are assembled here to honor. We see in that emblem the symbols of our Order, — the red recalling to our minds the patriotic blood which flowed so freely that the country might be saved, that bond of friendship dearer and closer than all others; the white, the purity of motive which impelled our heroes to lay aside all personal interests at their country's call and which symbolizes that greatest of virtues, charity ; the blue, the true blue of loyalty which, never wavering, never faltering, forms a firmament in which are gemmed the stars of our Union. And here to-day upon this field which marks the beginning of the end of that great strife where hissing ball and bursting shell and the heavy smoke and carnage of battle have given place to the unbroken quiet of blue skies and grassy swards, we feel that, as we keep alive the fires upon our 3,000 altars by the memory of their noble deeds, we are inculcating the best principles of citizenship. Nor are we unmindful of the debt we owe; for to them is due not only our national existence, but our national prosperity. Many years ago, so runs the legend, there stood in silent grandeur an old cathedral, whose dim aisles echoed with the sacred strains of divine harmonie=, mingled Vv"ith the prayers of the penitent, where the still air was filled with mellowed memories of martyrs flickering through the stained glass windows, and from whose Heaven pointing spire rang out the silvery chimes. As time went by a new bell was to be cast and swung up high in the tower to call the faithful to their devotions, and to echo forth the solemn vespers. All preparation had been made, the mould was set, the fires were lighted, and around the glowing furnace stood priests and people watching for the molten flood to be let loose. All was joy and glad anticipation. The flashing stream was loosed and sped swiftly, smoothly toward the mould, when suddenly the joyous crowd was hushed. Some great impending trouble stilled their songs — a paralysis of fear seemed to seize them. The cast was not yet complete, and the supply of metal was almost exhausted. Something must be done, or all would be lost. A moment of hesitation, an instant of indecision, and then moved by one grand impulse all rushed to the great crucible. Women tore from their fingers their rings, from their arms, their bracelets ; men brought from their houses their silver vessels and hoarded stores; the priest brought the plate from the sanctuary and flung them into tlie seething, boiling caldron, and the bell was saved. Far up in the tower it was hung, and no bell all the world over had a sweeter sound. The sacrifices of the faithful made its notes of silver and of gold, and its throbbing voice seemed to echo some divine melody. The bell that proclaimed liberty in Philadelphia has been replaced by this new casting; and now above the struggle and the strife, the tumult and the New York at Gettysburg. 327 turmoil, we hear the silvery notes of peace, the golden melody of prosperity; and let us not forget that it owes the richness of its tone to the purity of purpose and the noble self-sacrifice of those whose memory we are gathered here to honor. No words can add to their glory, no work of man can render more sacred this hallowed ground or more enduring their fame; but we erect to-day this memorial in grateful appreciation of their services. Their work is done — the glorious results are ours. Freedom's new birth baptized in the life blood of the Nation and blessed by the approval of the Almighty is our priceless heritage. Let us then in the dedication of this monument dedicate ourselves to that sacred trust, the preservation of their memory, and the perpetuation of the Union which they died to save. PRESENTATION REMARKS By Maj. Gen. D. E. Sickles, U. S. A. Colonel Buehler and Gentlemen of the Battlefield Association: In behalf of the State of New York, and of the Tammany Society, which has contributed a very large addition to the State appropriation for the erection of this monument to the regiment it raised for the support of the Government at the outbreak of the Rebellion, and in the name of the survivors of the Forty- second New York Infantry who are present here to-day, I have the honor to place this memorial in the custody and care of your Association. I cannot fitly perform this duty without giving expression to the surprise and indignation felt by the veterans of this famous battalion when they see their monument standing on a rear line, from which they advanced and repulsed the approaching enemy, while troops that refused to advance in obedience to the repeated orders of their brigade commander, are permitted to place their monument on a line much far- ther to the front than they ventured to march, until after the victory was won. I know that the trustees of the Battlefield Association are in no sense responsible for this outrage upon history. You, sir, and all your associates, resisted this proceeding by all the means in your power; and it was not until you were con- strained by your respect for a judicial decree that j^ou desisted from your opposition to this injustice. My duty is discharged when I protest, as I do solemnly protest, in the name of history, and truth, and equity, against a judg- ment that awards honors to a battalion that failed to earn them on this field, and denies to the Forty-second New York Infantry the recognition it received from its brigade, division, and corps commanders. ,28 New Yokk at Gettysburg. ACCEPTANCE OF MONUMENT. By Hon. Edward McPherson. Mr. President, and Ladies and Gentlemen: You will all understand that my duty on this occasion is merely formal. It is to accept on behalf of the Gettysburg Battlefield Memorial Association the custody of this beautiful monument. Our Association dates from the clost of the Battle of Gettysburg. It was then conceived, and the next year it came into being. From that day to this, its directorship has been assiduously devoted to the gathering of the multitudinous facts which have been required for the accurate marking of these extensive Hnes of battle. This work has been pressed with ardor and industry, with the result that the field of Gettysburg has been marked to an extent and with an accuracy surpassing that of any other of the great battlefields of the world. As you will observe, it is easy for the visitor now to go to the spot occupied by every regiment, battery or command, and to see the precise field lines on which it moved. This now all seems simple, but the labor of preparation and of execution has been enormous. In the pursuit of these duties the Associa- tion has had but one thought — fidelity to truth. It has sought to ascertain the facts, and has then fearlessly stood by them. It is to the credit of the Association that its plans have been carried out with absolute im.partiality, and that the field, as a whole, has been marked upon a simple, clear, distinct and comprehensive plan. Every regiment has its monument upon the line of battle occupied by it, with the single exception alluded to by General Sickles — that of the Seventy-second Pennsylvania Infantry. According to the view of the Association, that monument is not properly located, because it is not upon the hne of battle of the regiment, but is upon an advanced position occupied by it. As all other regiments were restricted, in placing their monuments, to positions on their lines of battle, the decision which permitted this regiment to advance its monument from its battle-line to an advanced position tem- porarily occupied by it with other regiments, operates as a discrimination in favor of the one and against the other. As such discrimination between mer- itorious comrades is unnatural, it is to be deeply regretted; and, with the sub- duing influence of time, its correction may reasonably be expected to be made with the consent of the parties themselves. The field affords glory enough for all who were actively engaged upon it; and every regiment can afford to stand and ought to be willing to stand by a just rule equally applied to all. What has been said by General Sickles of the history of the Society which the Forty-second New York Regiment especially represents, is noteworthy. Its identification with partisan affairs for a period of a century is an interesting and significant fact in this country of change and unrest, where it is much the rule that the institutions of to-day rest upon the foundations of the overthrown institutions of yesterday. It is certainly something in the Hfe of a man to have membership in a society which dates back to the beginnings of our Government, and which has had a virile existence during those momentous years. Whatever may be said of the policies of the Society during the century of its life, com- New York at Gettysburg. 329 ing generations, it appears to me, will certainly regard as the greatest achieve- ment of the Tammany Society, the alacrity with which, when the issue was forced upon it, it sprang in 1861 to the side of Abraham Lincoln in mainte- nance of our threatened Union, and in defence of a common country. That service was a commanding one; for the issue then tendered by the Confederate Government was the weightiest ever addressed to the American people, and most heroically was it met. Upon this field that issue was practically decided in favor of progressive liberty, protected by an indissoluble Union of inde- .strucuble States. Here, amid roar and smoke and blood, the American Union received a new baptism and a new consecration. It remains for me to simply say that the Association, which I have the honor vo represent, will care for and protect from harm, while it has authority and existence, this tasteful and elegant memorial of the glory and valor of the Forty-second Regiment of New York. 330 New York at Gettysburg. (INSCRIPTIONS.) (Froiit.) 43d new YORK INFANTRY, 3d brig. 2d DIV. 6th CORPS. ARRIVED ON FIELD 4 P. M., JULY 2, 1863. HELD THIS POSITION FROM THE MORNING OF JULY 3d until CLOSE OF BATTLE. (Reverse.) The State of New York erected this Monument in honor OF the Forty-third Reg't New York Infantry. Organized AT Albany, N. Y. Mustered into the U. S. service Sept. 22, i86i. Served with the 6th Corps, Army of the Potomac, throughout the War. Mustered out June 27, 1865. Bore A PART IN the engagements OF YoRKTOWN, WiLLIAMSBURG, The Seven Days' Battle, Crampton's Pass, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Marye's Heights, Salem Heights, Gettys- burg, Rappahannock Station, Mine Run, Wilderness, Spotsylvania, North Anna, Totopotomoy, Cold Harbor, Petersburg, 1864, Fort Stevens, Winchester, Fisher's Hill, Cedar Creek, Petersburg, 1865, Sailor's Creek, Appomat- tox Court House, J. B. LYOX PRINT, 43d new YORK INFANTRY. On Wolf Hill, the extreme right of the TTnion line. F. J. SETERESCE, PHuTO. New York at Gettysburg. 331 DEDICATION OF MONUMENT 43d regiment infantry. September 17, 1889. Address of Capt. William Russell. Comrades: Six and twenty years have come and gone since last we stood together on this same spot at Gettysburg. How changed is everything! Then, in the midst of war and the Nation's deadly peril; now, surrounded by peace and the Nation's wonderful prosperity. The youth and enthusiasm we owned that day are pretty well gone, my friends, for we have sobered down into middle age and are beginning now to wear the gray. But the loving memory of the past remains with us, and has brought us together once again to dedicate by simple services this handsome monument erected to mark the spot where the old Forty-third stood shoulder to shoulder in line of battle a quarter of a century ago. A brief review of our history through those four years will not prove uninteresting, I am sure. The Forty-third New York Regiment was organized in the City of Albany, and consisted of seven companies from that city and three from the City of New York. On the 22d of September, 1861, they were called to the front, and under the leadership of their first gallant colonel, Francis L. Vinton, were mustered into the United States service for " three years, or during the war," being almost the first of the three-year regiments. They were assigned to Hancock's Brigade, then stationed at Lewinsville, Virginia, and spent the winter (with the rest of the young and growing army) in learning the details of a soldier's duties. Early in the following spring the regiment advanced with McClellan's army upon the Quaker guns of Manassas, its first real taste of an active soldier's life. Then on to our never-to-be-forgotten experiences upon the Peninsula — first, on the i6th of April to Lee's Mills, around whose fatal swamps we left many of our beloved comrades, brave fellows, who died fighting — not an open, living foe, but the secret deadly malaria. On from there, through Yorktown, into the fierce fight at Williamsburg, with the gallant Hancock; into the morasses of the Chickahominy; up to the hot fight at Golding's Farm, and our first tussle with Gordon's famous Georgians; and then those seven days and nights of fighting and retreating that brought us, torn by battle and worn by hardships, through Savage Station, White Oak Swamp, and Malvern Hill, into a haven of rest at Harrison's Landing on the James. Here our shattered ranks v/ere made compact again by consolidation, and we took our march along the Peninsula once more to Fortress Monroe, thence by transport to Alexandria and out to the fatal field of Second Bull Run, to the support of the unfortunate and struggling army of General Pope. Back from there to the defences of Wash- ington, and then into fair Maryland, whose friendly citizens greeted us with cheering words and well-cooked food, and bade us " God speed " as we tramped cheerily to check the advance of the north-bound rebs. into the battles at South Mountain and Crampton's Pass; and then, on this day twenty-seven years ago, 332 New York at Gettysbueg. the old Forty-tliird did its full share toward the glorious and hard won victory at Antietam. On that field our brave brigadier, Hancock, won his second star, — and well deserved it too. A few days later our thinned ranks were swelled by the arrival of five full companies from Albany, and we became, again, in fact as well as in name, a regiment. The retreating army of Lee we followed back into " old Virginny," and at New Baltimore we bade farewell to our first commanding general " Little Mac," and to our dashing Colonel Vinton. Then on with our new commander. Burn- side, to the Rappahannock and to Fredericksburg, with its desperate fighting and its wearisome mud marches. Then into winter quarters near Falmouth, during which period " Fighting Joe Hooker " took Burnside's place, and " Uncle " John Sedgwick came to us as a corps commander. Here, also, we had allotted to us our distinctive corps badge, the simple Greek cross. That grand old emblem — though plain, unornamental and severe in pattern to our eyes at first — took new beauty as the days rolled on, and each new peril passed rehallowed it to us. We love it still, I think, and should be proud, my comrades, to remember that we bore it to the end with honor. At Falmouth, we became part of the famous " Light Division," and with Sedgwick and the good Sixth Corps stormed and carried Marye's Heights, capturing guns and prisoners, but losing in the action 200 men and 11 com- missioned officers. Then came Lee's second attempt to invade the North, and our long marches in pursuit, that last most wonderful march of all, from Man- chester up to this historic field, o'er-topping all that the Forty-third and Sixth Corps had ever done. Thirty-six solid miles were covered between midnight and the early afternoon with scarce a halt, thirty-six miles under the hottest of hot suns and over the dustiest of dusty roads; into position here, and holding our position until the beaten Lee was forced to turn in his tracks again and seek more southern climes. In yonder woods that brave young officer, Gil- fillan, fell, sword in hand and face to the foe. Closest to the pursuit of the retreating rebs was our brigade, — on across Berlin Ford, through the Blue Ridge until tile enemy were hunted out of sight, and we settled down at Sulphur Springs near Warrenton. Then in the early November, we rushed into the thick of the brilliant victory at Rappahan- nock, and from there to camp at Brandy Station. (Don't let us mention " Mine Run," comrades; the simple recollection of that well-avoided spot is dreadful enough.) At Brandy Station came the general order giving the boys the chance to re-enlist, and nobly did the Forty-third respond, the veterans taking their well-earned furlough. Then, on May 4, 1884, under General Grant, began the greatest campaign of the war — forward into the Wilderness where our old regiment received its most stunning blow, but where it made its bravest fight — where we lost our entire staff, almost a score of our line officers, nigh upon 300 of our enlisted men, our regimental colors and color guard entire — every- thing almost except our reputation; where we made a stand, in fact, that needed but daylight and the historian to have become world famous. From there to Spotsylvania (where the loved and lamented Sedgwick fell), into the fierce charge there; then a part of that literal hell at the "bloody angle;" on to the North Anna and Totopotomoy ; through the terrible scenes at Cold Harbor, and New York at Gettysburg. 333 finally crossing the James River to face the intrenched rebs in the front of Petersburg. Soon came the call for help from Washington, and the wearers of the Greek cross were hurried to the rescue. A sharp fight and a complete victory at Fort Stevens; then we were off to chase Jubal Early through the Valley of the Shenandoah. Do you remember those grand days there? How thoroughly we thrashed them at Winchester and Fisher's Hill (under that fighter among fighters, Phil. Sheridan), and how we wiped out old Jubal entirely at Cedar Creek? From there, back we went to the front line at Petersburg, where we remained with promiscuous fighting and endless picketing until the morning of April 2, 1865, when the old Forty-third fitly rounded out its glorious career by its prominent work in forcing the enemy's fines, and breaking at last the tough and hitherto unbreakable backbone of the Confederacy. Our brave battalion had suffered much and fought its best all through the weary years. Privation, wounds, captivity, and death had fallen to its lot; but our reward had come, and we who stood in the ranks through those early days of April, 1865, can never forget the fullness of the joy that poured up from our hearts and burst forth in glad hurrahs from our lips as the full realization came of a final victory. After that, little needs to be told. There came hard marches in pursuit ; then Sailor's Creek where the Sixth Corps fired its last gun; then to Danville; the final march back to Washington, that farewell tramp along Virginia's familiar roads; the grand review before disbandment; and our final muster out on the 27th of June, 1865, bringing us who had survived the perils of that long conflict back again to home and citizenship. HISTORICAL SKETCH BY MAJ. JOHN L. NEWMAN. At the Battle of Gettysburg the Forty-third New York Infantry, Neil's Brigade, Sixth Corps, occupied an important position on the extreme right of the Union line, at Wolf's Hill. In company with the Sixth Corps the regiment marched from Manchester, Md., on the night of July ist, and arrived on the field in the afternoon of the 2d, having made a forced march of 36 miles. For this unparalleled effort the Sixth Corps received its reward; for by its arrival the Fifth Corps, which had been held in reserve, was enabled to go to the relief of the Third Corps on the left, where the latter had been fighting at fearful odds with Longstreet's forces; and, soon, the Sixth Corps was also ordered to that part of the field to support the wavering Union line. But Neil's Brigade was sent to the right to reinforce General Slocum and the Twelfth Corps. An attack was made by Slocum on the morning of the 3d for the purpose of retaking the rifle pits which Johnson's Confederate Division had captured on the previous evening. The rebels fought furiously to retain them, for they hoped to turn General Meade's right flank and rout his army. But Neil's Brigade, passing to the right of the Union line, attacked Johnson's left, who, finding his troops thus outflanked, vacated the breastworks and withdrew to the farther side of Rock Creek. Ewell's Corps was thus prevented from 334 New York at Gettysburg. working around the right of the Union line and gaining the Baltimore Pike, where General Meade had parked his wagon trains and ammunition and located his hospitals. If Johnson had succeeded, the result would have been most disastrous. The loss of the Forty-third at Gettysburg was small as compared with most battles in which it took part with the Army of the Potomac, particularly in comparison with Second Fredericksburg, where a few weeks before it had come out of the fight with a loss of 19 killed, 62 wounded, and over 100 missing. But its loss at Gettysburg was keenly felt when Captain Gilfillan fell in the charge of July 3d at Wolf's Hill. A gallant officer, he met death bravely, and " fell with his face to the foe." He had been mentioned in general orders for gallantry at Fredericksburg only a short time before. Of the ten companies in the Forty-third, five companies were recruited at Albany; one in Otsego County; one in Montgomery County; one in Washing- ton County; and two in New York City. The regiment, under command of Col. P'rancis L. Vinton, left Albany September 17, 1861, and arrived in Wash- ington on the 22d, where it was mustered into the United States service and assigned to Hancock's Brigade. Before starting on the Peninsular Campaign, the regiment exchanged its smooth bore muskets for Austrian rifles. The first engagement in which the Forty-third participated was at Lee's Mills, near Yorktown, Va., in which the first man killed in the regiment met his fate, on the 28th of April, 1862. On June 27th occurred the fight at Garnett's Hill where the regiment lost 2 killed, 40 wounded, and 29 missing. In this afifair the Forty-third held an important position on the extreme right of the line. At Harrison's Landing, in July, 1862, the regiment was consolidated into five companies, and a detail was sent home to Albany to recruit five new com- panies if possible. This was speedily effected, and in September five new com.- panies, composed of superior material, marched down State Street in Albany, on their way to the front, almost equaling in numbers the original regiment. They carried a beautiful silk flag, a present from the ladies of Albany, to replace the tattered but honored colors which the regiment had carried up to that time. These five new companies, after a short stay in a Camp of Instruction at Alexandria, Va., joined the Forty-third immediately after the battle of Antietam, September 17, 1862. The regiment, now encamped at Hagerstown, Md., presented a finer appearance than ever before in its existence. Its ranks were well filled with excellent material. Albany justly and proudly claims the Forty-third as an Albany regiment, ten full companies having been raised there to complete its organization. Soon after the Battle of Fredericksburg, in which the regiment was engaged, the famous " Light Division " was formed to do skirmishing, outpost duty, forced marching, and similar duty in the Sixth Corps. The regiments chosen for this purpose were the Thirty-first New York, Sixty-first Pennsylvania, Fifth Wisconsin, Sixth Maine, and Forty-third New York. The command was intrusted to Gen. Calvin E. Pratt, former colonel of the Thirty-first New York. The " Light Division " went into camp at Belle Plain, Va., for the winter, where it underwent a thorough drill to fit and prepare it for its peculiar duties. New York at Gettysburg. 335 On May 3, 1863, the Light Division was assigned the task of storming Marye's Heights, a line of hills south of and near the City of Fredericksburg, Va. The assaulting column was led by the Sixty-first Pennsylvania and Forty- third New York, the latter being the first to plant its colors on the enemy's works. The assault was successful, the troops capturing the entire line of in- trenchments, together with some guns belonging to the Washington Artillery. The Forty-third lost about 65 mien in this attack, including Captain Knicker- bocker and Lieutenant Koontz. Pushing on to Salem Church, on, the road to Chancellorsville, where the main army was fighting, the Sixth Corps en- countered there a strong force of the enemy. Unable to dislodge them, Sedg- wick withdrew his corps across the river at Banks' Ford. Through the negli- gence of a staff officer, the Forty-third was not notified of the movement, and extricated itself from its .perilous position with difficulty, losing a large number of prisoners in the movement. Capt. Douglas Lodge was killed here while on the skirmish fine. General Sedgwick complimented the regiment for the gallantry and soldierly qualities displayed in rejoining the corps under such trying circumstances. Losses at Fredericksburg and at Banks' Ford, were, 20 killed, 62 wounded, 123 missing. The Llight Division was disbanded soon after, and the Forty-third was ' assigned to General Neil's Brigade, on the special application of that officer. With this command it participated in the battle of Gettysburg, and, on Novem- ber 7, 1863, in the brilliant affair at Rappahannock Station where the Sixth Corps added fresh laurels to the many already won. In this engagement the regiment lost 10 men, killed and wounded, including Sergeant Moorhead and Christopher, two worthy and efficient officers. The Forty-third shared in the Mine Run campaign, after which it went into winter quarters at Brandy Station, Va. While there four companies re- enlisted, December 24, 1863, and received the usual furlough of thirty days. In the Battle of the Wilderness, May 5 and 6, 1864, Getty's Division of the Sixth Corps, to which the regiment belonged, held the right of the line. In the terrific flank attack made by Gordon's Georgians the right was driven back and doubled up, throwing it into great confusion. In the melee that ensued, Color Sergeant Hackett and the color guard were captured and taken to Andersonville Prison. Some of Hackett's fellow prisoners maintain that he never surrendered the colors to the enemy, but that he wore them concealed about his person, and that the flag was thus buried with him when he died in the prison pen. Corporal Davis who carried one of the guidons when he was captured, preserved it in the same way, and before his death sent it to Albany by a fellow prisoner who was paroled. It was in this battle that Colonel Wil- son, Major Fryer, Captain Wallace, and Lieutenant Bailey were killed. Losses, 21 killed, 106 wounded. Col. B. F. Baker, of the Forty-third, in an address at the reunion of the regi- ment, in speaking of Colonel Wilson and Major Fryer said that they were men of exceptionally noble character. Each one was an only son of a widowed mother, and each entered the service of his country at the first call for troops. They served honorably, without a blemish on their record from the beginning of the war to the moment of their death, honored, beloved and admired throuo-h out the whole corps. They resembled each other strongly in personal appear- 2^6 ^EW York at Gettysburg. ance. Both were tall and commanding in stature ; both were gentle in manner, modest, unobtrusive, and conscientious gentlemen. They loved one another like Damon and Pythias, and whenever release from the care and duties of their position made it possible, they sought each other's society. They tented together, and almost every interest was held in common. In their lives they were lovely, and in their deaths they were not divided. At Spotsylvania and Cold Harbor, losses were, 6 killed and 44 wounded. At the battle of Fort Stevens, July 12, 1864, Lieutenant Colonel Visscher fell while leading an assault on that memorable field, v/ithin sight of the dome of the Capitol, while the men of his gallant little regim.ent, fighting under the eye of President Lincoln and inspired by his presence, won fresh honors and renown. Losses, 7 killed, 29 virounded. While passing to Washington on its way to Fort Stevens, the regiment re- ceived a beautiful silk flag which was sent to them as a present from the Albany Burgess Corps. The flag was carried by the regiment during the rest of the war, and was brought home in honor to Albany. In the spring Campaign of 1864, the Forty-third became so depleted by casualties in battle and loss from disease, that it only numbered 4 officers and 76 men when the fighting ended at Spotsylvania. Some recruits were received while in front of Petersburg, prior to starting for the campaign in the Shenan- doah Valley. But the regiment was still small in numbers, and when the officers and men, who had not re-enlisted, left for home September 21, 1864, the Forty-third was consolidated into a battalion of five companies, under the command of Lieut. Col. Charles A. Milliken. The battalion was actively engaged in all of Sheridan's battles in the Valley, suffering a severe percentage of loss in the hard fighting which fell to its lot in that bloody campaign. On the field of Cedar Creek the men, acting under orders, succeeded in pickjng up enough good Springfield rifles to arm the en- tire battalion, after which their old Austrian rifles were turned over to the Ordnance Department. The regiment was mentioned on many occasions in general and special orders, while the rank and file, in many instances, were honored by the State and by Congress, with brevet commissions for service in the field. At Fred- ericksburg, May 3, 1863, the men captured three cannon from the famous Washington Artillery of New Orleans. At Spotsylvania Capt. Daniel Burhans captured two rebel flags, and when last seen was cheering on his men to the second line of works where he fell. Anthony Knifer, of Company E, captured the colors of the Forty-fourth Georgia Infantry, May 10, 1864, at Spotsylvania, and delivered them to Colonel Bidwell, the brigade commander. Private James Connors received a personal letter from General Sheridan and a Medal of Honor from the Secretary of War for the capture of a Confederate flag in the fight at Fisher's Hill, Va., Septem- ber 22, 1864. Sergeant Frank Shubert captured two flags in the final assault on Petersburg, April 2, 1865, for which he received a Medal of Honor from Con- gress. The regiment captured a flag at Sailor's Creek, Va., April 6, 1865, the staff of which they used for their own flag, their own staff having been shattered by a, shot at Petersburg, while in the hands of the color bearers. The flag of New York at Gettysburg. 337 the Forty-third on the rebel staff is now in the Snreau of Mihtary R.ecords at Albany. In General Orders, No. 53, Headquarters Army of the Potomac, May 19, 1863, the following officers and enlisted men were especially mentioned for gallantry and distinguished conduct in the battles of Marye's Heights and Salem Church : Lieut. Col. John Wilson, Maj. John Fryer, Adj. C. A. Milliken, Capt. John L. Newman, Lieut. W. H. Gilfillan, Sergt. Maj. E. B. Goodyear, Color Sergeant Sands, Sergt. John J. Davis, Priv. James Rogan, Priv. George W. Smith, Priv. Edward Casey, Priv. Philip Miller. At the Battles of the Wilderness and Spotsylvania, Sergt. W. H. Stebbins was mentioned for distinguished bravery, and, also, at the Battle of Opequon, September 19, 1864. Sergt. George Anderson, a color bearer, distinguished himself in the battles at Winchester, Fisher's Hill, and Cedar Creek. The United States Congress issued brevet commissions for " gallant and meritorious service " to Col. B. F. Baker, Lieut. Col. C. A. MilHken, Adjt. Thomas Lynch, Lieut. Col. William H. Terrell, and Maj. Richard L. Annesley. Col. William F. Fox, in his book, " Regimental Losses in the American Civil War," says: " The Forty-third New York was a fighting regiment, and was known as such throughout the corps and at home. It was assigned to Gen. W. S. Han- cock's Brigade, and participated with that command in its brilliant manoeuvre at W^illiamsburg. It was selected as one of the rive crack regiments to form the famous ' Light Division ' of the Sixth Corps, the division which took such a prominent part in the successful storming of Marye's Heights. The three field officers. Colonel Wilson, Lieutenant Colonel Fryer, and Major Wallace were killed in the Wilderness campaign. At Spotsylvania the regiment, though thinned and shattered, was one of the twelve picked battalions which General Upton led in his historic charge, and in which the Forty-third with its usual dash captured some of the enemy's flags. The Third Brigade bore the brunt of the battle at Fort Stevens, Washington, D. C, where the Forty-third fought under the approving eye of the President, and helped save the Capital from Early's invading army. Lieutenant Colonel Visscher commanding, was killed in this action." Colonel Fox also says: "The loss of officers in the Third Brigade, Second Division, Sixth Corps " — to which the Forty-third belonged — " was without a parallel in the war, the five regiments losing 72 officers, killed in action." The loss of the Forty-third in officers killed or mortally wounded was as follows : At the Wilderness, Col. John Wilson, Lieut. Col. John Fryer, Maj. William V.'allace, Lieut. John M. Dempsey, Lieut. Richard Castle, Lieut. David Meade, and Lieut. Theodore S. Bailey; at Fort Stevens, Lieut. Col. James D. Visscher; at Marye's Heights, Capt. Flugh B. Knickerbocker, and Lieut. George FI. Koonz; at Salem Church, Capt. Douglas Lodge; at Gettysburg, Capt. W. H. 22 238 New York at Gettysburg. Gilfillan; at Spotsylvania, Capt. David Burhans; and at Winchester, Lieut. John B. Carter. . The regiment participated with the Sixth Corps in all its battles in the Army of the Potomac, and shared in the final glorous consummation at Appomattox. The official records show that during its campaign the regiment sustained a total loss in battle of 692 in killed, woundedj and missing. It was mustered out of service, July 27, 1865. The writer of this sketch has endeavored to give a concise history of the Forty-third Regiment, New York Infantry, as he remembers it, and as he gathers from data in his possession. It is necessarily brief and imperfect, but the eloquent facts stated can all be substantiated. A list is given of the names of commissioned officers killed in battle, but the writer has no com- plete record of the names of the 200 and more noncommissioned officers and enlisted men, who after the most faithful and honorable service, no less bravely gave up their lives in defense of the Flag. Nor has he a list of those heroes who suffered and died in Confederate prisons. They are carried on the honor-roll of the Nation they fought to preserve, and in the archives at Washington their names are sacredly preserved to be handed down to posterity among those who died that the Nation might live. The Forty-third had as commandants : First. Col. Francis L. Vinton, an honor graduate of West Point, to whom the Forty-third owed much of that discipline and fighting quality which ciistinguished it. Colonel Vinton was promoted Brigadier General, and while in command of his brigade was wounded at Fredericksburg, and incapacitated for further service. He was worthily succeeded by Col. Benjamin F. Baker, who had been successively Major and Lieutenant Colonel. Colonel Baker, a brave officer, gallantly led the regiment through many of its most arduous campaigns and fiercest battles. The third Colonel was John Wilson, who entered the service at the beginning of the war as Captain, and had been promoted Major and Lieutenant Colonel. Colonel Wilson was mentioned in General Orders on several occasions for bravery. He was an intrepid soldier, a man " without fear and without reproach," a born leader, an heroic soul who met his death bravely in the W^ilderness. Lieut. Col. James D. Visscher next took command, and the regiment was ordered to the defense of Washington. He was killed at Fort Stevens, bravely leading his regiment in the charge. Lieut. V. V. Van Patten was in command after the battle at Fort Stevens, but was in a short time mustered out with the part of the regiment whose term of service had expired. The regiment now became a battalion of five companies, and Lieut. Col. Charles A. Milliken was its last commander. He rose from the ranks, was four times wounded, and mentioned in General Orders for gallantry and good conduct in battle. Colonel Milliken was in command of the battalion in the campaign in the valley under Sheridan, and in front of Petersburg, and was mustered out with the regiment. r* 1 •J^-,«^i»»*iai«t; ~ i. , LYUN l^KINT. F. J. SEVERENCK, PHOTO. 12th and 44th new YORK INFANTRY. On Little Round Top. New York at Gettysburg. 339 ilNSCRIPTIONS.) (Front.) 12th N. Y. infantry, or some part of it was Present at all Battles OF THE 5TH Corps. Army of Potomac, from Hanover Court House, May 27, 1862, to Appomattox, April 9, 1865. 12th N. Y. infantry, D AND E. Companies Lt. Col. H. W'. Ryder, Com'd'g. 3d brigade. 1st division, 5th corps. On duty at 5TH Corps Headquarters July i, 2, and 3, 1S63. 340 New York at Gettysburg, DEDICATION OF MONUMENT. 12th battalion INFANTRY. July 3, 1893. Remarks and Addresses. Gen. Butterfield. — It is proper that I should say in presenting the Com- missioners of the State of New York, that we have acted upon the suggestion that nothing should be said here that would give rise to any comment or con- troversy. As I shall not speak again or go into any details, I must make this answer to those who have requested me to speak here upon certain matters, that I shall not tell you why this field v/as not occupied earher. I shall only tell you that it was not the fault of General Sickles. He insisted upon its occu- pancy at the earliest hour in the morning. I shall not allude to other things in connection with the remarks of General Slocum. But I shall ask you to thank the Governor for his presence here, and the honor he has thus conferred on us. Gov. Flower. — I am glad to be with you on this historic ground to-day. As I look over this valley I am reminded of the Spartans of old, who taught their sons to till the ground and to be fighters at the same time. The Macedonians, on the other hand, taught their sons to fight, and used their slaves to till the ground. The Southerners, like the Macedonians, had slaves to culti- vate their farms and raise their crops. They taught their sons to be gentlemen, and to iight if necessary. The Northerners were tillers of the soil, and were educated to believe in the institutions of this county, and this method of government. We know the valor of the Southerners, and they respect ours. We are bound together by commercial interests, and by ties cemented on the battlefield. Gen. Butterfield. — • Comrades, every soldier in the Forty-fourth and every veteran from the State of New York, owes a debt of gratitude to the Gettys- burg Monuments Commission. They have honored you ; they have honored the brigade; they have honored me in acceding to my request that they should be here. The Chairman of the Commission, General Sickles, earned our gratitude and deserves the thanks of the people throughout the United States. What- ever criticism has been made upon his position on this field, was answered bv General Longstreet when he said that if Gettysburg was the decisive battle of the war. General Sickles was the man that decided it: I call this to your mind in introducing him to you as the Chairman of the Commission that erected this beautiful monument and the State monument here upon this battlefield. The Commission has shown to your committee the greatest con- sideration and kindness in allowing you to postpone the completion of your monument until the funds could be raised to make it perfect. I take great pleasure in introducing General Sickles. Gen. Sickles. — General Butterfield has kindly referred to the Board of Commissioners, of which I have the honor to be Chairman, and to. our task assigned to us by the State in erecting monuments here on this field in honoi of her heroes in battle. An expression of the sentiments of oiy New York at Gettysburg. 341 colleagues, as well as my own, is that it has been a labor of love. We have given some years of time and study and diligent labor to the execution of our task. It seems now to be done, and it is a source of great satisfaction to us to be told during the last two or three days that you and your comrades are pleased. Reference has been made by your eloquent orator to the Forty-fourth in its early days. He has told us that you were a fine body of young men, gathered from all parts of the State, and judging from your good looks to-day, I can well understand how handsome you must have been; and as good looking young people always like to have their pictures taken, I think it quite natural that you should have that desire. I think you might have your pictures taken once more on this historic ground, and I think the photographer could do no better than to get in position now. I know a little more about the Twelfth than I do about the Forty-fourth. I used to belong to the Twelfth when I was a youngster. I was associated with that regiment when it was organized by my friend, Col. Henry G. Stebbins. It consisted of several of what we called the crack companies of New York. We adopted a uniform proposed by Col. Stebbins, which he copied from the Austrian army ; a very handsome uniform. I recollect a little incident about that uniform that might amuse you. I was a captain in the Twelfth when I was invited by Mr. Buchanan to go to England as Secretary of the Legation. I took my uniform with me. I was rather proud of it. We had some trouble about that time in regard to the American diplomatic uniform. It was abolished later. We had to go to Court in what was called the plain dress of an Ameri- can citizen. We found that the plain dress of an American citizen was exactly like that worn by the Queen's servants. There was a great risk of somebody asking me to bring a glass of water, or something. I didn't fancy wearing that dress, and so I consulted the master of ceremonies, and asked him if my uniform would be acceptable. " Oh, yes," he said, " the Queen likes to see all her guests who are entitled to wear uniform, in full dress." The next occasion when we were invited to attend the Queen, was at the opening of Sydenham Palace. All the Diplomatic Corps were requested to accompany Her Majesty on that occasion. Perhaps 200,000 people were assembled in various parts of the palace. It was during the Crimean war, and any one look- ing like a German or Austrian was very unpopular. As I was seen walking at the side of Mr. Buchanan and our associates of the Diplomatic Corps, the mob recognized the Austrian uniform which I wore, and there was hooting and howling and hissing, — " Put him out! " I had felt very proud in m^' uniform up to that moment, and I never suspected for an instant that I was the object of all this criticism. But Mr. Buchanan discovered that I was the victim, and of course felt somewhat uncomfortable. When we reached the end of our walk, and were surrounding the Queen, she called me to her side and expressed her regret that one of her guests should be treated so badlv by the crowd, and had caused messages to be sent through the palace explaining to the multitude their error, when I had the satisfaction to receive, in the uniform of the Twelfth Regiment, as hearty a cheer as any American ever received when the crowd discovered their mistake. ',A2 New York at Gettysburg. Comrades, reference has been made to my presence on this field on the 2d of July, 1863. It is true that I was assigned to a position by the commanding general, on the left of the army. But perhaps I can recall an incident that will explain why that position was assigned to me. On the afternoon of the ist I reached this field in compliance with the request of General Howard, sent me at Emmitsburg, ten or twelve miles away. We made a forced march down here with our first division, and here we met General Slocum, and General Hancock, and General Howard, and we reconnoitered this field. I rode around from Gulp's Hill on the right to Cemetery Ridge in the centre, to Round Top, here where we are now, on the left; in other words, visiting all the command- ing heights and positions on the field. After conferring with General Slocum, and General Hancock, and General Howard, and finding that we were agreed that this was a good place to fight a battle, I sat down and wrote General Meade, expressing these sentiments. But it occurred to me, as I find from the records, that while it was a good battlefield, it was vulnerable on the left, in my judgment. That impression I got from looking around from Round Top here, seated in the saddle, and perhaps it was in consequence of that that it is now on the records of the War Department. And I am not sure whether it is printed in the Official Records or not, but I have a copy taken from the files of the War Department. It may have been in consequence of that suggestion that General Meade said, " Well, Sickles, do you think that the left is a vulnerable and a dangerous place? Suppose you go over there and look after it.'' I asked General Meade, in view of my apprehensions about the left, and the opportunities it afforded for a flank movement by the enemy, to place here a division of cavalry, which he did, and sent Buford's Division of cavalry here. As my flank was covered by that noble division, I felt very comfortable. I knew I would have plenty of notice for anything I had to do, and that Buford would entertain the enemy as he had done the day before, giving me notice and ample time to make my dispositions. But unfortunately I was obliged to go over to General Meade quite early in the morning of the 2d, and call his attention to the fact that Buford's Division, after staying here two or three hours, had moved away, and that our left flank was entirely uncovered, and that this position was unoccupied; that it was quite impossible for me to extend my line from Han- cock's Ridge to Round Top, and leave any force to protect this important and commanding position ; and asked for reinforcements, and asked that if Buford could not be sent back here, that another division of cavalry be sent here to protect this place ; and a promise to that effect was given me by the command- ing general, that an ample force should be sent here at once. General Meade did not expect an attack from the enemy on tliis part of the field. His attention was then occupied with the contemplated assault that he expected to instruct General Slocum to make on our extreme right. Gulp's Hill. For good and sufficient reasons presented by General Warren, endorsing the views of Gen- eral Slocum, that attack on the right was not made. Later in the day, having discovered that the enemy was massing a very large force to attack this flank of the army, again urgent requests were made by me in person ; again and again I sent them over to headquarters calling attention to the fact that double our numbers were already massed for the attack in this direction. New York at Gettysburg. 343 Now more than that I do not care to say. I choose to say it here and now because I say it in the presence of Tremain and Moore and Butterfield, Butter- field being Chief of Staff, and Tremain and Moore my pnncipal staff oncers, and can confirm what I state. I quite agree with General Butterfield m his desire to avoid on this occasion any remarks calculated to provoke contro- versy or ill feeling. And here we are, alive by the grace of God! And I beheve it to be our duty to tell the truth and state the facts as we know them to be, for the benefit of the historian, not intending criticism upon anybody. As Lincoln said, " There was glory enough at Gettysburg to go all around, and cover every- body, " and I am not here to take a leaf from the laurel that wreaths the brow of anyone who fought here, or commanded here. I say, God bless them all, and God be with them all! Now, comrades, this is the last time I shall ever have the privilege of meeting any of you upon this field. Your orator has well pointed out some of the features that distinguished the American volunteer. Governor Flower has eloquently pointed out the fea- tures that characterize our Republic and American soldier. Bounties certainly did not entice the men of the Forty-fourth, for they had to pay $ioo apiece for the privilege of taking up a musket in defence of their country. You took up arms because you belonged to a large joint stock concern that owns this country. You took up arms in defence of what was your own property, your households, your firesides, your farms, your institutions; and when misguided men came forward to set fire to your homes, you took means to put the fire out, and to arrest the incendiaries, and to preserve your homes from misguided hands, and to make your liberties imperishable forever, and you performed that duty. God bless you for it! Gen. Butterfield. — We are honored by the presence of a member of the Monuments Commission, one who has added to the services and honors won on this field as commanding the right wing of the army, on Gulp's Hill. It gives me great pleasure to present to you General Slocum. Gen. Slocum.^ Comrades, I had made up my mind to return home this morning, but when General Butterfield invited me to come up here, my long acquaintance and friendship prompted me to attend. We have had a good many soldiers on this field during this reunion, but there is no other man that could have gotten us up and moved us around in such perfect order as General Butterfield has done. I Hstened with great interest to your orator. If he was as good a soldier as he is a speaker, there is no wonder that he was an officer in your regiment. It was a good choice. There is one part of his address that he might have omitted, because it was something that we would have all known. He says that when General Butterfield was drilling his regiment, he made them get up and take their meals at the sound of the bugle. The only wonder is to me that he did not order them to go to sleep at the sound of the bugle. Comrades, if I had come up to this field a stranger, and had been taken up into the vicinity of that monument and asked who designed it, I should have xnown that it was Butterfield, because there is so much nice detail about it. bo much attention has been paid to transcribing the names of the officers and 344 New York at Gettysburg. men. Those names will stand for all time. The choice of the site and the formation of the monument is simply perfect. It is not excelled by any monu- ment of this field, for the place on which it stands ; and I think you will agree with me that our State monument is not excelled in this country. Now, what I say here will be forgotten. You all want to go up there and have your photographs taken. Gen. Butterfield. — Comrades, we are honored and gratified by the pres- ence of the oldest living participant in this battle. He has nothing but glory and honor in his record. His services on this field in command of his brigade on the night of the 2d at Gulp's Hill, and on other fields where he served with me have not been surpassed in ability and gallantry. He has been spared to enter his ninety-third year. He is the oldest living member of the Military Academy, and it is an honor to have him here present, as it was to have him yesterday as an honorary Grand Marshal. Gen. Greene. — Soldiers, I am glad to be with you here to-day. I am glad to see this noble monument erected in honor of your services and those of 3'our comrades who have gone before you, and I can only say that it is the greatest pleasure that I have in seeing that monum.ent, that it will bear your names and carry your memories as long as this government stands, which I hope will be forever. Gen. Butterfield. — Comrades, we are further honored by the presence here of the highest official of the Episcopal Church of the State of New York in the person of its Bishop, who gave us the magnificent and careful address of dedi- cation at the New York Monument, and as we propose to close this meeting now, and have a further meeting afterwards for discussing some business details of the regiment, I take the liberty, without consulting him, of asking my personal friend, the Bishop, to invoke the blessing of Almighty God upon us. Benediction by Bishop Potter. HISTORICAL SKETCHES. The Twelfth New York, S. M. " Independence Guard." Due credit has never been given to the New York City regiments which went to the front in 1861 during the first week of the war. The country saw and applauded the thrilling display of p;:triotism and willingness to^ face the perils of the field, but took little note of the sacrifice of personal interests and business prospects incurred by the marvelous promptness with which these men responded to the first alarm of war. History has accorded ample recog- nition to the glorious deeds of the volunteer regiments in the Great Rebellion ; let it also point out plainly the noble record and valuable services of the militia organizations. The Twelfth New York Militia will always hold a conspicuous place in the history of the war on account of the promptness with which it moved to the New York at Gettysburg. 345 front and the efficient aid which it rendered at the outbreak of hostilities, thpse trying, anxious days which formed so critical a period in the Great Rebellion. Organized in 1847, the regiment has had a long as well as an honorable recofd. Its rolls bear the names of many who have attained national prom- inence, men of both civic and military renown. It never failed to respond to the call of duty, and in the Mexican War it was represented by the First I\ew York Volunteers, in which a large portion of the officers and men were furnished by the Twelfth. At the time of the Astor Place Riots in New York, May 10, 1849, the regiment was called out and rendered honorable service. At that time it was commanded by Col. Henry G. Stebbins and Lieut. Col. John Jacob Astor. The colonelcy was held by various incumbents until December 7, 1859, when Col. Daniel Butterfield succeeded to the command. Under his direction the regiment attained such a high state of efficiency that, on the occasion of the parade of the division, October 11, i860, in honor of the Prince of Wales, a most notable event at that time, Major General Sandford detailed the Twelfth to receive the Prince and act as his escort. When the war clouds first began to lower in 1861, a meeting of the officers was called, on February 22d, at which they requested Colonel Butterfield to ofifer the services of the regiment to assist in maintaining order at the inaugura- tion of President Lincoln; but the tender was declined by General Scott with thanks.* At a subsequent meeting held April 5, 1861, before Sumter was at- tacked, the services of the regiment were again tendered, " for the expedition for the relief of Fort Sumter," and again declined. When the first gun was fired. Colonel Butterfield renewed his offer, but re- ceived a response tha.t the regiment was not strong enough in numbers. Fie answered promptly that he would bring one thousand men to the front on twenty-four hours' notice. The regiment was accepted, and Butterfield, who v.'as then in Washington, telegraphed in cipher to Lieutenant Colonel Ward to open a recruiting office immediately and make the necessary preparations to march. In twelve hours the regiment was recruited to a thousand men and made ready for a start. In the meantime Colonel Ward raised $10,000 in sub- scriptions from friends in Wall street for the further equipment of the com- mand. On Sunday, April 21st, the regiment paraded in Union Square, where it received its colors from the hands of a former commander. Col. John S. Cocks, and then with Butterfield at its head, marched down Broadway amid the tumul- tuous cheering of the thousands who in dense crowds lined the route to the wharf. One of the companies, as was customary in the militia organizations of that day, was designated as an artillery company, and was equipped with two " prai- rie " howitzers. Another company served as an " engineer corps," leaving eight companies of infantry. Embarking on the steamer Baltic, the regiment sailed for Fort Monroe, where, on their, arrival, they could plainly see the smoke of the conflagration at the Norfolk Navy Yard, a reminder that grim visaged war was abroad in the land. Thence the steamer proceeded to Annapolis, where, after two days of tedious *FortIiisand some other interpstinsr sfRtements the author Is indehted to an addre? delivered hv Tp i WiUiam G. Ward, April 31, 1S'.13, and a historical sketch by Col. John Ward. 346 New York at Gettysburg. a locomotive was found which had been disabled by rebel sympathizers and thrown off the track. After a thorough search the missing parts were found. Some skilful machinists in the regiment, under the direction of Private Schutte, put the engine in order, cleaned and oiled its parts, and in four hours had it on the track with the fire lighted. It was then sent back to Annapolis, from where it returned with a train of provisions and the howitzers of Company I. The regiment arrived at Washington on Sunday evening, April 28th. After a brief stay in temporary quarters with the usual discomforts, suitable barracks were erected at " Camp Anderson," in Franklin Square, under the supervision of Captain Fowler, an experienced builder. On May 2d, the men were mustered into the United States service for a term of three months by Maj. Irvin Mc- Dowell, U. S. A. — afterward Major General McDowell and commander of the Union army in Virginia. The stay at Camp Anderson was improved by a thorough course of daily drill — squad, company, and regimental — under the competent direction of Colonel Butterfield, whose watchful eye took in every detail and noted every error. He was assisted by some West Point cadets of the class just gradu- ated, who instructed the different companies and drilled the officers in skir- mishing. The band and drum corps attained commendable proficiency. The evening dress parades attracted daily a large throng of spectators, while the general appearance, drill and discipline of the regiment elicited hearty praise from the regular officers on duty in Washington. The movement into Virginia across the Potomac and over the famous Long Bridge occurred on the night of May 24th. The Twelfth New York had made such a good impression by its superior drill and general efficiency that it was honored by General Mansfield with an assignment to the head of the column, and was the first regiment to enter Virginia, the first to receive a chal- lenge from the enemy's pickets, which were encountered as soon as the bridge was crossed. After a stay of ten days at Roach's Mills, a place about six miles from Wash- ing, the Twelfth returned to the city and reoccupied Camp Anderson. Hav- ing been ordered to join General Patterson's army at Martinsburg, W. Va., the regiment left Washington on July 7th, and moving by rail through Baltimore, Harrisburg, and Hagerstown, marched to Williamsport, ]\Id., where it forded the Potomac on the 9th and pushed on to Martinsburg. Here it was brigaded with the Fifth, Nineteenth, and Twenty-eighth regiments of New York MiJitia, with Colonel Butterfield as acting brigadier, leaving Lieutenant Colonel Ward in command of the Twelfth. During the ensuing three weeks of the campaign the regiment was actively engaged in field service connected with the movements of General Patterson's forces. In the course of its marches and reconnoissances, it occupied important positions at Bunker's Hill, Charlestown, Harper's Ferry, and Loudoun Heights. It did picket duty in the face of the enemy, and participated in a foraging ex- pedition into the enemy's territory. The regiment in the course of the campaign was present at several skirmishes, but without sustaining any loss. The term of service for which the Twelfth enlisted expired on July i6th; but Colonel Butterfield tendered its services until August 2d, an offer which was New York at Gettysburg. 347 promptly and gladly accepted by the War Department. On its return to New York the regiment was greeted with an enthusiastic reception that plainly showed the favor with which it was regarded by the populace. The march up Broadway was through vast crowds that at times impeded its progress, but who cheered long and loud at the sight of the sun-browned ranks that swept by with even step and perfect alignment. But the services of the Twelfth New York were not to end here. It was destined to serve in other campaigns, while a portion of it, in a different com- mand, but under the same regimental number, was to fight on historic fields, and fill many a soldier's grave. Colonel Butterfield's valuable services were recognized at the War Depart- ment by a commission as lieutenant colonel in the regular army, and a pro- motion to the rank of brigadier general, after which his connection with the regiment ceased, and Lieut. Col. William G. Ward succeeded to the command. Upon the muster out of the Twelfth, Henry A. Weeks, who at one time was a lieutenant colonel of the regiment, received authority to reorganize it for a term of three years' enlistment. The old regiment, however, maintained its existence, although the new one thus organized was recruited largely from its ranks. Captains Boyle, Huson, Ryder, Cromie, and Fowler, and Lieutenant Hoagland each raised companies from the old Twelfth for this new organiza- tion, which was also called the Twelfth Militia to distinguish it from the Twelfth New York Volunteers, an Onondaga County regiment that was already in the field. Colonel Weeks raised eight companies, which were mustered into the United States service for three years. In January, 1862, Company A was transferred to the One hundred and second New York Volunteers; and the seven remain- ing companies were consolidated into five, B, C, D, E, and F. Company G was merged into Company B, and K into E. This battalion of five companies, under command of Colonel Weeks, left the State, February 5, 1862, and on the 8th was consolidated with the five company battalion of the Twelfth New York Volunteers, thereby completing the organization of that regiment. The five companies from the Twelfth Militia preserved their company organiza- tions, and each retained its company letter. Colonel Weeks was placed in com- mand of the regiment thus organized, but the designation of the Twelfth Vol- unteers was adopted to distinguish it from the old Twelfth Militia, which still preserved its organization and subsequently served two more terms of enlist- ment at the front. From this time on the record of these five companies was identical with that of the Twelfth New York Volunteers, a history of which appears farther on in the pages of this sketch. The regiment was assigned to Butterfield's Brigade, and thus the men were again to follow the fortunes of their former commander. But the war was not over. The patriotic services of the old Twelfth Militia did not end with its first enlistment.* On May 27, 1862, the regiment having reorganized and recruited, was ordered to the front, and left New York on June 6th, with Col. William G. Ward in command. At this time it contained nine companies, numbering 750 officers and men. It was stationed first at Fort McHenry, Baltimore, where some time was spent in drill and guard duty. * Neither did it end with the War of the Eebellion. The Twelfth served in the Spanish war of 1S98. 348 New York at Gettysburg. Leaving Company A on duty at the fort, the regiment moved to Harper's Ferrjf, where it joined Colonel Miles' command, then a part of the Eighth Corps. This corps was under the command of Gen. John E. Wool, with head- quarters at Baltimore. By daily, unremitting drill and faithful instruction, the Twelfth soon established a reputation for efficiency second to none in the gar- rison. When its term of enlistment expired, the men were asked to remain for the defence of that important post during the Antietam campaign, and they gallantly volunteered their services for the exigency. With Lee's invasion of Maryland, Llarper's Ferry was surrounded and besieged by Stonewall Jack- son's forces. Colonel Ward was assigned to the command of the brigade, leaving Lieutenant Colonel Satterless in charge of the regiment. In the fighting that ensued during the siege, the Twelfth was stationed on Camp Hill in sup- port of a battery. Two howitzers were gallantly served by a detachment under- Captain Acorn of Company I. During the prolonged, heavy sheUing of the place the men evinced a gallantry and steadiness under fire which elicited praise from all who observed their conduct. When the capitulation occurred the Twelfth was included in the surrender, and 30 officers and 530 men marched out as prisoners of war. The regiment having been paroled was mustered out at New York, October 12, 1862, and declared exchanged on January 12, 1863. In the Gettysburg campaign, when the news came that Lee's Army was marching through Pennsylvania, the Twelfth was again called upon to respond to the emergency. On June 18, 1863, it was ordered to Harrisburg, and, under the command of Colonel Ward, left the city on the 20th with ten com- panies, 820 strong. On arriving at the front the regiment was assigned to Yates's Brigade, Dana's Division, Couch's Corps, a command made up entirely of emergency troops. Brigaded with the Twelfth were the Fifth, Thirteenth, and Forty- seventh New York Militia. In Lee's retreat from Gettysburg the Twelfth was in the column which pressed closely on the rear of the defeated Confederates. After marching to Chambersburg and Greencastle the news of the draft riots in New York was received and the regiment was recalled hurriedly to the citv, where it rendered valuable and timely assistance during those perilous days. On July 20, 1863, it was mustered out, and re-entered the State service. Its campaigns in that war were over. During the many years of peace which have since elapsed the Twelfth has preserved its organization and its efficiency. Whenever, in time of riot and disorder, the safety of the community has required its services it has always responded promptly. The past record of the regiment is a long and honorable one. May the future add to its laurels! TWELFTH NEW YORK VOLUNTEERS. The first call of President Lincoln for troops, in April, 1861, met with a ready response from the patriotic young men of Onondaga County, who hast- ened to enroll themselves for the defence of the National Government and the New York at Gettysburg. 349 flag. The Fifty-first Militia, an Onondaga County regiment, immediately ten- dered its services to Governor Morgan for three months, but the governor, un- der the Act of April i6, 1861, was not authorized to accept militia, and so the men proceeded to organize a regiment of volunteers. Seven companies were recruited immediately in Onondaga County, six^ of which were raised in Syracuse. The regiment was completed by the addition of three companies which came from Canastota, Batavia and Homer. The ten companies were accepted by the State Military Board for a term of two years, after which they were ordered to Elmira, N. Y., where they arrived May 2d. Comfortable quarters were assigned them in barracks, which had formerly been used as a barrel factory. On May 8th, the organization was designated by the State authorities as the Twelfth New York Volunteers, and on the 13th it was mustered into the service of the United States for three months by Capt. W. L. Elliott, U. S. A. Two days after the arrival at Elmira an irregular election was held at which Ezra L. Walrath was chosen colonel, James L. Graham, lieutenant colo- nel, and John Lewis major. This choice of officers was subsequently ap- proved by the State officials and commissions were issued accordingly. At this time the total strength of the regiment was 785 officers and men. The Twelfth left Elmira, May 29th, and proceeding by the Northern Central Railroad, throughWilliamsport, Harrisburg, and Baltimore, arrived at Wash- ington the next day. It marched to East Capitol Hill, where it erected quarters which received the name of Camp Onondaga. The ensuing six weeks were spent in drill, instruction, guard duty, and in preparation for the active cam- paign which all knew must soon commence. The men were armed with the old-fashioned United States percussion muskets, model of 1842, calibre 69, and wore a gray uniform. Having been assigned to Richardson's Brigade, of Tyler's Division, the regi- ment marched, July loth, to Chain Bridge. Leaving Vienna on the 17th, the brigade started on the march which culminated in the memorable battle of Bull Run. On the i8th it was engaged in the preliminary action at Black- burn's Ford, an aflair which was confined to the troops of Richardson's Brigade. During the course of the engagement the Twelfth New York was ordered to advance through a piece of woods and drive out the enemy. In executing this movement it suddenly encountered a severe fire of musketry and artillery from the Confederate troops which were posted in a concealed and advantageous position. The most of the Twelfth was driven back by this fire and retreated some distance in confusion; but, two of the companies, A and I, remained on the line and gallantly maintained the unequal contest. In this, the first battle of the Army of the Potomac, the Twelfth New York sustained a loss of thirty- four in killed, wounded, and missing. Three days later the battle of Bull Run was fought, but in this engagement the regiment supported a battery and was not actively engaged. The thirty-eight infantry regiments first organized in New York were all mustered into the United States service for two years, except the Twelfth which v/as sworn in for three months only, the same as the militia regiments. In August, 1861, at the expiration of the three months, many of the soldiers insisted 350 JN'ew York at Gettysburg. upon their discharge. But the regiment when organized had enlisted in the service of the State of New York for two years, and so the governor issued a special order (No. 321, August 2, 1861) by which the men were held at the front for the remainder of that term. This arrangement created much dis- content among the men. Colonel Walrath resigned September 26, 1861. Lieutenant Colonel Graham had already resigned in June. In October, Major Lewis was killed by a fall from his horse. The regiment, which never had been recruited to the maxi- mum required by army regulations, had decreased rapidly in numbers through sickness and discharges granted for disabilities. On February 3, 1862, it was consolidated into a battalion of five companies, — A, C, H, I, and K. Lieut. Col. Robert M. Richardson, a gallant and capable ofificer who succeeded Graham, was placed in command of the battalion. Maj. Henry A. Bamum who succeeded Major Lewis on the death of that officer, retained his position. On February 8th the battalion of five companies recruited from the old Twelfth Militia, under command of Col. Henry A. Weeks, was added, and the Twelfth New York Volunteers became once more a ten company organization and with full ranks. It now had an aggregate strength of 1,040, Colonel Weeks was placed in command. During the winter of 1861-62, the Twelfth was stationed in the vicinity of Washington, where it occupied Forts Ramsay, Tillinghast, Craig, and Buffalo. On March 13, 1862, it was assigned to Butterfield's Brigade, Porter's Division, Heintzelman's (Third) Corps, and many of the men, who had served in the Twelfth Militia, found themselves again following the fotrunes of their former commander. On the 22d the regiment embarked at Alexandria for the Peninsular cam- paign. Landing at Fort Monroe the next day, it marched to Yorktown where it participated in the siege operations around that place. On the evacuation the brigade embarked on transports and sailed up the York River to West Point where the troops landed and remained a few days. Then came the march through mud and rain to the White House, on the Pamunkey River, a move- ment long remembered for its toil and discomfort. On May i8th (1861), the Fifth Corps was formed by taking Porter's Division away from the Third Corps, and uniting with it Sykes's Division of regular troops. The Twelfth New York thus became a part of the Fifth Corps in which it remained during the rest of its service. Butterfield's Brigade, now the Third Brigade of Morell's (First) Division, was composed of the follow- ing regiments: I2th New York, Col. Henry A. Weeks. 17th New York, Col. Henry S. Lansing. 44th New York, Col. Stephen W. Stryker. i6th Michigan, Col. T. B. W. Stockton. 83d Pennsylvania, Col. John W. McLane. Colonel Butterfield was a strict disciplinarian, and, at times, the men were disposed to grumble over the thoroughness with which he enforced the rules and regulations. At the same time they admired and respected their briga- New York at Gettysburg. 351 dier as was plainly evinced by the good-natured way in which they sang their accompaniment of ■I I I I r I I .1 r '' Dan, Dan. Dan But ter field, But ter field. when his bugler sounded the pecuHar call of the Third Brigade. Sometimes the call interfered with their wishes or comfort, and then the sturdy fellows would change the letter n in Dan's name to an m, and sing it accordingly. The army moved nearer Richmond, and on May 26th Porter's Corps rested on the Chickahominy near Gaines's Mill. Here Porter was ordered on an expedition to cut the Fredericksburg and Richmond Railroad, and disperse the Confederate troops concentrated at Hanover Court House under com- mand of General Branch. In the course of this movement Morell's Division fought a bloody battle on May 27th, in which Butterfield's Brigade was promi- nently engaged. Maj. Thomas E. Morris in his interesting article, " From Hanover to Malvern Hill," gives an account of the fight near Hanover Court House, and in the course of his narrative says: " General Morell, commanding the First Division, comprising the brigades of Martindale, Grififin, and Butterfield, was to move from New Bridge and attack the enemy in front, while General Warren from Old Church, moving by the Hanover Road, was to strike his flank and rear. Late on the evening of the 26th, after tattoo, regimental orders were received to march with three days' cooked rations, forming on the color line the following morning at 3 o'clock. The rain falling in torrents made cooking almost impossible; so, when the men fell in, their haversacks were but scantily filled. Promptly at 3 a. m., on the 27th, the lines were formed in full marching order, standing hour after hour in cold downpouring rain, awaiting the tardy movements of the First Brigade. At 7 a. m., leaving tents standing and camp in order, under proper guard, the division moved out. The roads were nearly impassable from the heavy rains, but the men toiled on through drenching torrents, water, and mud. ^ At 10 o'clock the rain ceased, the sun breaking through the clouds with, intense heat. Soaked blankets, overcoats, and shelter-tents were cast off to lighten the load and make marching more endurable. Numbers over- come by heat and fatigue dropped by the wayside utterly exhausted. At noon the distant booming of the cannon told that General Emory was engaged. As the Third Brigade approached the junction of the Ashland with the New Bridge Road, the increased roar and crashing of shells among the trees an- nounced that we were in the presence of the enemy. The wounded of our advance were being carried back to the field hospital, a mile from the junction. The Third Brigade, with the exception of the Forty-fourth New York, whichj with a portion of Martindale's command, had been left to guard the rear, was immediately ordered forward to attack the lines of battle in Kinney's Field General Butterfield moved the brigade across the road to the woods, halted them, threw off blankets, knapsacks and shelter-tents, advanced through the woods 400 yards and beyond a fence at its farther border, in full view of the or 2 New York at Gettysburg. enemy, again halted, and carefully formed for attack in two lines, the Eighty- third Pennsylvania and Seventeenth New York in first line, the Sixteenth Michio-an and Twelfth New York in close column by division in second. This formation and advance with fixed bayonets was almost an exact repetition of our field drills on Hall's Hill in the fall of '6i. It flashed across the minds of many of us instantly, — here we are with the real thing. The bugle call, " For- v.'ard," was sounded by General Butterfield in person, and, in perfect order, ranks dressed with all the precision of dress parade or review, the right and left general and color guides taking direction, in exact time, with cadenced step, the Hues advanced. The enemy's fire opened at short range, plunging shell and canister in the close ranks. Silently, and in accordance with the orders and directions personahy given by General Butterfield, without firing a shot i.i return, the lines moved grandly on, with no check or falter, the perfect forma- tion never for a moment broken, with eyes directed to the front, every step in exact time, flags flying, the sunshine flashing from thousands of ghttering bayonets, and with all the ' pomp and circumstance of war,' the glorious line swept fearlessly on. " It was a grand and glorious spectacle of war that will never, never be forgotten by any soldier that participated. With his black moustache seeming to be larger and more fierce than ever, his rosy cheeks, his erect and martial figure, our young general looked the very picture of delight and eagerness, as with his sviford he pointed at the glistening line of bayonets and the flash of the enemy's cannon in front, and commanded with his clear, strong, firm voice, heard above the roar of the enemy's fire, ' Steady, m,en; forward.' Over the stiffening forms of the dead skirmishers, lying with pale, upturned faces ; on, passing wheat-stacks, down one slope and up another without a pause, to where the enemy's lines of battle and the battery stood in the uncut wheat beyond, their guns glistening in the sun; but without waiting to receive the mighty bloviT, the enemy abandoned his artillery and falling back, was now in full retreat. Our brigade then halted to secure prisoners and guns, the first and only artillery captured in the field and under fire by the Army of the Potomac in the Peninsular campaign, — a glorious trophy and reminiscence for Butter- field's Brigade. Again, pressing forward, no halt was made in the pursuit until Hanover Station was reached." The battle, however, was not over, and the men had scarcely time to rest when the brigade was ordered to the assistance of Martindale's command which was being hard pressed by an attack from the rear. Butterfield's troops gallantly re-entered the fight and contributed materially to the victory which followed. In this second period of the battle the Forty-fourth New York, which was assisting Martindale's Brigade, suffered a severe loss. The Twelfth, under command of Colonel Weeks, conducted itself with steadiness and gallantry during the entire action; but, owing to its position it did not encounter any severe fire, and hence sustained but few casualties. General Butterfield won his spurs in this battle in a double sense. The field officers of his brigade, in testimony of their appreciation of the courage and generalship displayed by him at Hanover Court House, presented him with^ a pair of gold spurs, Lieut. Col. Strong Vincent, of the Eighty-third, making the presentation speech. New York at Gettysburg. 353 The day following the battle was spent in gathering the fruits of the victory and burying the dead, after which the division returned to its camp at Games s Mil!. The ensuing month was passed in drill and picket duty, and then the movement of the army to the James River commenced. At the battle of Gaines's Mill, June 27th, the Twelfth New York, under com- mand of Lieutenant Colonel Richardson was hotly engaged, and acquitted it- self with honor, receiving high commendation in the official reports. For three long hours the brigade withstood firmly the repeated attacks of superior num- bers, retiring only when nearly surrounded by the enemy. The regiment car- ried 538 officers and men into action, of which number it lost 11 killed, 66 wounded (including the mortally wounded), and 54 missing; total, 131. Many of those reported missing were killed, as was subsequently ascertained. Among the killed were Lieutenants Henry C. Birton and Edward M. Fisher. The latter was an aide on the brigade staff, and received the fatal shot while he was in the act of delivering an order to the colonel of the Eighty-third. General Butterfield, in his official report for Gaines's Mill, makes honor- able mention of Lieutenant Colonel Richardson and Major Barnum. In his regimental report Richardson says: " The whole battle and all the movements of our regiment were under the immediate supervision of the general, whose soldierly, confident bearing as he rode along our lines gave encouragement and spirit to my entire command. The officers behaved handsomely and were constantly encouraging their men to a vigorous fight. The gallantry of Major Barnum gave life and spirit to all. Captains Randall and Hoagland, though sick in camp, hearing the firing, joined the regiment and did good service in the engagement and retreat. Captains Wood, Huson, and Fowler, Lieu- tenants Estes, Behan, Auer, and Smith acted bravely. There were many in- stances of real bravery exhibited by the non-commissioned officers and pri- vates, but I cannot mention them by name now, but will do so when appoint- ments are to be made. Allow me here to mention with approbation the con- duct of Quartermaster Sergeant Hilton, who, after riding up and down the ranks encouraging the men, dismounted, took a musket, went into the ranks, and did good service as a soldier." For his heroic and able services in this battle. General Butterfield was awarded a Medal of Honor by the War Department. Four days later, on July ist, the regiment participated with the brigade in the battle of Malvern Hill. In this action it numbered 407, all told, and was still under command of Lieutenant Colonel Richardson. Marching to a point on the left where some heavy fighting had occurred, the Twelfth relieved the Fourth Michigan, and then, at 6 in the evening, made a gallant charge up a steep slope, from whose summit it drove the enemy back into his rifle pits at short musket-range beyond, the Michigan men cheering them on and, with some of their number, joining in the charge. The regiment held this position, continuing its fire about an hour, and then, darkness coming on, it was with- drawn. In this famous battle the regiment lost 11 killed, 55 wounded, and 4 missing; total, 70. Lieutenant Colonel Richardson wh ocommanded it so ably and gallantly in this fighting, says in the course of his official report; " On the summit of the 23 354 New York at Gettysburg. hill the gallant and lamented Barnum fell, mortally wounded, while cheering on our men to victory. The color bearers of the enemy fell four times during the engagement from our fire, and at one time he displayed the American colors. Our officers and men exhibited great coolness and courage during the fight. Captains Wood, Fowler, Root, Hoagland, and Huson rendered important service, and seemed to redouble their efforts after the fall of the major, v/ho was the life of all. Captain Fowler aided me very much in encouraging the men, continually passing along the lines from right to left. Captain Root was wounded during the action. Lieutenants Ludden, Stanton, Behan, Clark, Bates, Smith, and May behaved handsomely, and were constantly at their posts. Blackburn's Ford had fixed a stain upon the reputation of the regiment, and every one was determined to wipe it out. The same general that censured there, commended here." Major Barnum's wounds were not fatal as supposed at the time. He was reported as dead, and many sincere regrets were expressed in the official reports and elsewhere at what was deemed an irreparable loss. But he sur- vived to fight again and win high honor on other fields. The Army of the Potomac remained in camp at Harrison's Landing, on the James River, during the ensuing six weeks, in which the regiment had an opportunity to rest and recuperate. On August 14th the withdrawal of the army from the Peninsular commenced. Marching through WiUiams- burg and Yorktown, the brigade reached Newport News on the 19th, where the troops embarked for Aquia Creek. From there they moved by rail to Fredericksburg and thence to Manassas Junction, arriving there on the 28th. A general engagement had already commenced in that vicinity between the armies of Pope and Jackson, and on the 29th Morell's Division went into position on the left flank of the Union forces. Leaving its place of bivouac at daybreak of Saturday, August 30th, without supper the previous evening or breakfast that morning, the regiment marched seven miles to the old battlefield of Bull Run, where one year before it had fought in the first battle of the war, and where before night it was to pass through a still more terrible and bloody ordeal. The division marched on the battle-ground at Manassas early in the morning, and, passing to the front of Sigel's Corps, deployed its lines. General Butterfield being temporarily in command of the division. Colonel Weeks, who had returned to the regiment, assumed charge of the brigade, as the senior and ranking officer present. During the forenoon the regiment was under a severe artillery fire, but with little injury as the men lay in a sheltered place. In the afternoon, about 5 o'clock, the brigade advanced through a piece of woods and went into action, where it maintained various positions until forced to retire on account of the withdrawal of the supporting troops on its flanks. In this fighting the Twelfth encountered a severe fire from the enemy's infantry which were protected by a ridge while it was occupying an exposed position in an open field. At the close of the battle the brigade fell back to Centreville, where it covered the retreat of Pope's army to Washington. In this engagement the regiment lost 143 in killed, wounded and missing, out of 16 officers and 336 men present for duty that morning. Colonel Weeks was among the wounded. He was New York at Gettysburg. 355 sRot through both legs, and received also a severe concussion from the ex- plosion of a shell. He was carried from the field, and Colonel Rice, of the Forty-fourth, succeeded him in command of the brigade. Captain Root, of Company K, who commanded the regiment, was wounded early in the action, whereupon his duties devolved on Captain Huson, who led it fearlessly during the battle. In his official report the latter praises Captain Fowler who was wounded, but refused to leave the field, and commends, as " examples of bravery and coolness," Adjutant Watson, Lieutenants Oliver, Estes, Bates, Behan, Auer, and Smith, and Color Bearer Fairnie. After a few days of much needed rest the regiment started, September 8th, with McClellan's army on the march through Maryland to the battlefield of Antietam. In that engagement the Fifth Corps was held in reserve and was not actively engaged. In the pursuit of Lee's defeated army the regiment participated in the skirmish at Shepherdstown Ford, on the 19th, where it sustained some loss. The Fifth Corps accompanied the Army of the Potomac on its marches and subsequent movements through Virginia to the occupation of Falmouth Heights on the Rappahannock River. The corps was now commanded by General Butterfield, the division by General Griffin, and the brigade by Colonel Stockton, of the Sixteenth Michigan. The brigade had in the meantime been increased by the accession of the Twentieth Maine, a fine regiment under command of Col. Adelbert Ames, an officer who in later campaigns became one of the renowned generals of the war. On the afternoon of December 13, 1862, the Twelfth New York, under Lieutenant Colonel Richardson, crossed the river with its brigade over the lower pontoon bridge and marching into Fredericksburg formed line of battle in rear of the town. Just before sunset the brigade bugler sounded the ad- vance, and the line moved forward, up the slopes, a distance of half a mile or more, under a heavy fire of bursting shell and musketry, taking the position as ordered. Darkness soon followed, but the brigade held the position during the night and the following day. On the 15th the army recrossed the river and the troops returned to their camps. In this battle the Twelfth, though small in numbers, behaved with commend- able spirit and helped sustain the gallant reputation of the old brigade. They suffered a severe loss in the death of Capt. William D. Hoagland, who was killed in this battle. He had served with conspicuous ability from the com- mencement of the war, having been a member of the old Twelfth Militia. During the severe shelling on the I3tlt he was lying down with the reserves, but raising his head to give some instructions to his men a bullet struck him under the eye inflicting a mortal wound. His last words were, " How beauti- ful the sun goes down." He was buried on the field, but his body was ex- humed a few days after and sent to his relatives in Ncav York. Throughout the winter of 1862-63 the Twelfth was encamped with the rest of the brigade at Stoneman's Switch, near Falmouth, Va., engaged in an un- eventful round of camp and picket duty. Lieutenant Colonel Richardson re- signed February 6, 1863. On his return he engaged in the work of raising 256 New York at Gettysburg. the Fifteenth New York Cavalry, a regiment in which he served as colonel during the rest of the war. The Twelfth had now become so reduced by disease, wounds, and death, that it numbered only 317 present for duty, with 268 absent. On May i, 1863, the five companies, containing the two-year men of the original Onondaga regi- ment, left the field, their term of enlistment having expired, and returned to Syracuse, where they were greeted with an enthusiastic and flattering reception. Of the five remaining companies left at the front, one (" E ") had been detailed as provost guard at corps headquarters, its commanding officer, Capt. Henry W. Ryder, being provost marshal of the corps. The four other com- panies, under Captain Pluson, marched away to Chancellorsville with the Fifth Corps, which was now commanded by Gen. George G. Meade, Butter- field having been designated as chief of staff of the Army of the Potomac. The brigade left its camps near Falmouth on the morning of April 27th. Crossing the Rappahannock on pontoons at Kelly's Ford and wading the Rapi- dan at Ely's Ford it arrived at Chancellorsville about 11 o'clock on the fore- noon of the 30th. The four companies of the Twelfth Battalion were sent to the United States Ford, on the Rappahannock, to disperse a small force of Confederates on picket there, and open communication with the opposite side of the river. This service having been performed the battalion returned to Chancellorsville the next day. The Third Brigade occupied various positions during the battle which ensued, rendering effective assistance, but without becoming seriously engaged, and on the 6th acted as rear guard of the army in its retreat. Marching through rain and mud the tired and defeated columns recrossed the Rappahannock at the United States Ford, and returned to their camps. I'he five companies of the Twelfth, owing to their reduced numbers, were now consolidated into two, D and E. Captain Huson was mustered out May 17, 1863, at the expiration of his term of service, and Captain Ryder succeeded to j^he command of the two companies, which were assigned to duty as a provost guard at Fifth Corps headquarters. These two companies were present at the battle of Gettysburg, where they rendered meritorious services in their line of duty. Though they sustained no loss during the battle, they were exposed to the enemy's fire in the course of their movements much more than some commands that appear in the report of losses. And yet, the Twelfth New York was well represented in the casualty lists, for there were three generals on that field who had previously served in the old Twelfth, each of whom was wounded, — Generals Sickles, Butterfield, and Barlow; and on Gulp's Hill the gallant Barnum, formerly major of the Twelfth Volunteers, was doing some grand fighting as colonel of the One hundred and forty-ninth New York. The Twelfth New York was at Gettysburg in more capacities than one; and in the brilliant, soldierly qualities displayed by these famous officers, one naturally recurs to their early service in the training school of the old Twelfth Militia. The battalion was held in such high favor at corps headquarters that it was retained on that duty during the rest of its service. Its efilciency was further New York at Gettysburg. 357 recognized by the promotion of Captain Ryder to the rank of major. The two companies participated in the Wilderness campaign under General Grant, and were present at the battles of Spotsylvania, North Anna, To topotomoy, Bethesda Church, and Cold Harbor. On June 2, 1864, the battalion was transferred to the Fifth New York Veteran Volunteers, after which its history is merged in the record of that command. Major Ryder was promoted to the lieutenant colonelcy of the Fifth with rank from date of transfer. The ofificers and men of the Twelfth Bat- talion served with the Fifth New York until the close of the war and shared in the honors of Appomattox. Capt. William S. Woods, who commanded one of the companies in the headquarters battalion, fell at the battle of the Weldon Railroad, a hotly contested fight, in which he was killed by a bayonet thrust. The Fifth New York was mustered out August 21, 1865, and the little rem- nant of the Twelfth, part of whom had fought from Bulf Run to Appomattox, returned to their homes to enjoy the honors due their long and eventful service. The battle-stained colors which had waved amid the smoke of so many historic fields were furled, and the veterans laid aside their arms confident that history would accord an honored place to the name of the Twelfth New York. 358 New York at Gettysburg. (INSCRIPTIONS.) (Front.) 44th N. Y. infantry 3rd brig. 1st DIV. FIFTH CORPS. (Reverse.) The 44TH N. Y. Infantry, Lieut. Colonel Freeman Connor, Commanding, held position about ioo feet in advance of this Monument, designated by a marker, from about 5 P. M. July 2, to about ii a. m. July 3, 1863. Number engaged 313. Casualties. Killed, — 2 Officers, 24 Enlisted Men. Wounded, — 5 Officers (of which one died) 75 enlisted Men (of which ten died). Total loss, 106. At noon of July 3, was placed in reserve to the right of Little Round Top where it remained until the close OF THE Battle. The 44TH New York Infantry was organized at Albany, N. Y., August 8th— October 21, 1861. Number enlisted, 1096. Assigned to Brigade commanded by General Daniel Butterfield — subsequently known as 3D Brig, ist Div. 5th Corps, A. P. In October 1862, two full Companies, one of Albany State Normal School Students, and the other from Yates Co., N. Y. were added. Total enrollment, 1585. Engagements. Yorktown, Hanover Court House, Gaines' Mill, Malvern Hill, Groveton, Antietam, Shepherdstown Ford, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Middleburg, Gettysburg, Jones' Cross Roads, Rappahannock Station, Mine Run, Wilderness, Spotsylvania, North Anna, Bethesda Church, Cold Harbor, Petersburg, Weldon Railroad, Poplar Spring Church. Casualties. Killed, 3 Officers, 122 Enlisted Men. Wounded, 35 Officers (of which one died), 504 Enlisted Men (of which sixty-two died). Died of disease, 2 Officers, 145 enlisted Men. Missing in Action, 50 enlisted Men. New York at Gettysburg. 359 DEDICATION OF MONUMENT 44TH REGIMENT INFANTRY , July 3. 1893- Oration by Capt. Eugene A. Nash. Comrades: On a short notice and amid numerous other engagements I obeyed the command of our worthy President to briefly address you at this time. It would not be human to stand here and not be profoundly impressed. 1 o any person who loves his country, the battlefield of Gettysburg is now, and will remain, a spot of uncommon interest. To a soldier who took part in its stir- ring events it awakens a train of vivid reflections. But to stand upon that battlefield, surrounded by conspicuous commanders and comrades, after many years of separation, reflections and emotions crowd upon the mind which no language can express. It is said that a venerable Doge of Genoa, while standing amid the splendors of Versailles was asked what caused him the most surprise. He replied, " To find myself here." Whoever took part in the battle of Gettysburg and sur- vived it a single day, with some reason could express a surprise to find him- self here. But he who took part in the battle and has survived the years which have intervened, may truly and thankfully exclaim, it most surprises me " to find myself here." In his address in laying the corner stone of Bunker Hill Monument, the great Webster said, " Venerable men, you have come down to us from a former generation. Heaven has bounteously lengthened out your lives that you might behold this joyous day." The surviving veterans present may well feel truly grateful that Heaven has bounteously lengthened out their lives that they might behold this joyous day. But to my comrades standing before me, boys of other days, I hardly dare say, even now, " venerable men." It must be admitted, however, that thirty years are quite a prolongation of boyhood days. A celebrated poet makes his ideal hero say — " For time and care and war have plough'd My very soul from out my brow." It is here apparent that you have escaped such a forlorn experience, for traces of the " old boy " can still be seen lurking in your faces. Yesterday was New York Day. To-day, in part, is Forty-fourth New York Day. This much is premised that comrades of other organizations may not think us partial in referring more particularly to the history of the organization and services of that regiment. When the body of the lamented Colonel Ellsworth lay in state in the Capitol in Albany, a meeting of patriotic people of that city was held at which it was decided to raise a representative regiment in his honor, by taking one man from each town and ward in the State of New York. Mayor George H. Thacher, Hon. Erastus Corning, and Charles Hughes, Esq., were appointed 26o New York at Gettysburg. a committee to carry out the details of that plan. Circulars were sent through the State asking the co-operation of the people. These circulars stated the required qualifications of applicants for membership, and fixed the 8th day of August, 1 86 1, and the City Hall in Albany, as the time and place for appli- cants to convene. It was required that each applicant for membership should be an active, able-bodied man, unmarried, at least five feet eight inches tall, of good habits, and between i8 and 30 years of age. It was also required that each applicant should bring credentials to the effect that he represented some town or ward, and was possessed of good moral character. He must also pay into the regimental fund the sum of $20. It was no mean standard. The 8th day of August came. From all parts of our great State came appli- cants for membership. All avocations were represented. Some special plead- ing was resorted to by applicants to show they were up to the required stand- ard, and some anxiety was manifested while waiting the decision on applications. When the ranks were filled it was as fine a body of ten hundred young men as ever marched to the beat of the drum. The regiment was also fortunate in obtaining for officers a number of the original Ellsworth's Chicago Cadets. They had been drilled and disciplined by Ellsworth, and some of them served under him in the New York Fire Zouave Regiment. They proved themselves to be thorough, competent offi- cers. The State of New York was honored by their gallant, faithful services. They mingled their blood with the sons of New York in a common cause. A few weeks were spent at the barracks in completing the organization of the regiment, in changing the garb and habits of civilians for the garb and habits of soldiers, and in acquiring a partial knowledge of drill. Then came the order to move to the seat of war. On a bright autumn morning, the wide gate leading from the barracks swung open, and the Forty-fourth New York Volunteers, otherwise known as the People's Ellsworth Regiment, marched forth on its three years' pilgrimage of war. With new uniforms, bright mus- kets, and buoyant steps, regulated by the stirring music of Schreiber's cele- brated band, amid the plaudits of the people, it took its departure. A short halt was made on State street. A beautiful flag was presented by that excellent lady, Mrs. Corning. In making the presentation. Mayor Thacher, in feeling words referred to it as the emblem of our country, that it should be borne in safety and honor. When the commanding officer of the regiment received it he said, "Boys, shall that flag ever fall?" With one acclaim from ten hundred voices, the reply came " Never." It did fall, how- ever, when the hands that bore it went down in death, but it was sacredly watched by all until it was again raised aloft. Its silken folds became tat- tered and battle-stained, but it was never lowered in dishonor. In passing to the front, a difference in scenery, climate, and popular senti- ment was discovered. The regiment was received enthusiastically in New York, hospitably in Philadelphia; but in Baltimore the "small boy" marched boldly up under our loaded muskets and said the S. N. Y. on our belts meant Snub-Nosed Yankees. We reached Washington in cattle cars in the night, and engaged lodgings on the sidewalks. The Government seemed oblivious of the fact that we had arrived. Our sojourn at the Capital was brief, and New York at Gettysburg. 3^1 our entertainment by the Nation was quite economical. It was hardly up to the entertainment recently accorded to the Duke of Veragua. We slept one or two nights on some vacant lots in the suburbs, and took the chief part m cook- ing our own meals. After a brilliant, fatiguing review, we started by personal transportation for the front. Had the Army of the Potomac been waiting for us? We did not then know. The starry heavens and the numberless camp fires only added to our bewilderment. After a long march a halt was ordered and arms stacked. What were we to do? There were no hotels in sight. The embarrassment was brief. The excellent old Eighty-third Pennsylvania Regiment invited us to supper, and helped us put up our tents. It was a gracious, welcome act, and the beginning of an endless friendship. The next morning our mihtary and geographical position proved to be General Butterfield's Third Brigade of Porter's Division, Hall's Hill, Va. The other regiments of the brigade were the Eighty-third Pennsylvania, Sixteenth Michigan, and Seventeenth New York. They were splendid regiments, and became closely identified with our army life. The brigade was fortunate in its first commander. General Butterfield was an accomplished officer and one of the ablest commanders in the army. While he was thought, in the outset, to be rather too strict, the sequel proved he was laying a proper foundation for the severer duties which were to follow. Like Henry of Navarre, his "white plume led in the path of honor and glory." It has been thought it was a mistake that he became separated from the Fifth Corps. Drill and discipline became the order of the day. It was as regular as the movement of the stars. The ten-hour law had never been heard of. There was squad drill, guard mounting, police work, company drill, battalion drill, brigade drill, and dress parade. There was reveille, breakfast call, sick call, dinner call, supper call, tattoo, and taps. To fill in, there were guard duty, picket duty, and lessons in tactics. It did no good to sit down in your tent and emphatically declare that the routine of daily duties was based on the assumption that twenty-seven hours constituted a day. There is a little bit of history of that first winter that has never been made public. It is now related only under the pledge of profound secrecy. To fill in the time. General Butterfield held a school for the instruction of commis- sioned officers. The first one attended by the officers of the Forty-fourth New York was in a large tent at brigade headquarters. An air of military pro- priety seemed to hover around the place. The engagement soon opened. The General said to someone, " You may give the position of a soldier." You know that is pretty near the A, B, C, in military; it is among the elements. Well, officer number one went on a little, and he was informed he was not correct and might sit down. Number two was designated, and he soon failed. Then in succession several others were tried, and with no better result. The General then asked, " Is there a single officer present who can give the position of a soldier? " No one volunteered to try. No other question was asked. In a tone of mingled surprise and sorrow the General suggested we had been drill- ing our men about four or five months, and not a single officer could give cor- rectly the first important lesson. Like Napoleon Bonaparte in his Moscow 262 New York at Gettysburg. campaign, we had been overcome by the elements. There was no faikire at the next meeting. I will venture to say there is not a single officer who was then present who cannot to-day give the position of a soldier without a single skip. The utility is apparent. A ^military instructor must be exact. It is not sufficient to speak in a general way. It will not answer to instruct " heels about on the same line, and about as near together as the calves will permit." Since we have the General present, there is another little bit of history I am inclined to tell. During the fore part of our service the General formulated a new system of picket duty. The system, in substance, consisted in having alternate sentries on the picket line patrol in opposite directions until they should meet, when they should turn and patrol in the opposite direction until they should meet the sentries at the other end of their respective beats. In this manner it was possible to send a communication to and from remote parts of the picket line. Captain Root of the Twelfth New York, a model officer, had occasion one dark, stormy night to visit the extreme end of the picket line. While there he decided to try the new system by sending a communication to the headquarters of the picket reserve. Whether it was the system, the dark- ness, or the weather, his communication took the form of poetry. As I remem- ber, it ran thus — The sentry walks his lonely rounds On these accursed rebel grounds, And if a traitor shows his head We'll catch the cuss or shoot him dead. A system that could survive the transmission of such poetry ought to have a place in history. With lessons in tents, lessons on the drill grounds, lessons on the picket line, the winter was spent. Spring brought a new phase of military life. Campaigning began. The Army of the Potomac moved. The first year of its service the Forty-fourth New York took part in the affairs and battles of Centreville, Big Bethel, Yorktown, Hanover Court House, Gaines' Mills, White Oak Swamp, Malvern Hill, Second Bull Run, Antietam, and Shepherdstown Ford. The second year included Fredericksburg, Chancel- lorsville, Aldie, Gettysburg, Jones' Cross Roads, Williamsport. The third year included Rappahannock Station, Mine Run, Wilderness, Laurel Hill, Spot- sylvania, North Anna, Bethesda Church, Cold Harbor, Petersburg and Weldon Railroad. The enrollment and casualties were: Total enrollment of the Forty-fourth i>585 Total killed or died from wounds 182 Total killed and wounded 643 Died in prison of disease and accidents 147 Missing and captured 79 Promoted from the ranks 141 Officers and men in Battle of Gettysburg 313 Killed and wounded in Battle of Gettysburg 1 1 1 New York at Gettysburg. 363 In the battles of Malvern Hill and Second Bull Run the regiment lost one- half of all who were engaged. In other battles in which it was engaged it did not fail to perform its full duty. But to name its battles affords an inadequate measure of its service. To recount the number of its killed and wounded but meagerly expresses its privations, fidelity and bravery. Time will not per- mit us to dwell upon the distinguished part taken by the regiment in each battle in which it was engaged. Much less are we able to recall the heroic deeds of individuals. The three years of its service were years of anxiety, toil and danger. They were years that left their imprints on the lives of all who survived. They were years in which was enacted an important chapter in the destiny of a great nation. About the end of the first year the regiment was augmented by two new companies. One came from the central part of the State; the other came from the State Normal School at Albany. The latter company brought along some of its teachers as officers. We have often heard of the professor in politics; but here was an instance of the professor in war. It seemed to be quite a nat- ural step to pass from Cssar's Commentaries to Casey's Tactics. Both com- panies proved themselves to be worthy of the regiment. They shared in its privations and dangers; so should they share in its history and glory. On the 3d day of June, 1863, the two opposing armies confronted each other on the Rappahannock. After the battles of Fredericksburg and Chan- cellorsville, the enemy became bold and defiant. Lee decided to change to offensive operations. Discontent in localities in the North, foreign sympathy and assistance favored the design. The Confederate plan was carefully and skillfully inaugurated. Cautious manoeuvring extended from the Rappahan- nock to the Susquehanna. Lee faihng to elude Hooker by his strategy, decided to capture Harrisburg. It was a comprehensive plan. After the fall of Har- risburg, the capture of Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington were among the possibilities. The grand old Army of the Potomac was the only obstacle. Whether wisely or unwisely, we " stopped to swap horses in the middle of the stream." The change was to some extent an experiment. Meade, a trusty subaltern, had never held an independent command. On the 28th day of June, Reynolds, with his command had approached the Confederate forces in such a manner that Lee was obliged to abandon the capture of Harrisburg and concentrate his army. In his report, Lee says, " I was unexpectedly con- fronted by the Federal army. I had not intended to fight a battle, unless attacked, so far from my base." A fierce and obstinate engagement was fought on the 1st day of July, between the First and Eleventh Corps of our army, and about one-half of the Confederate army. The result was decidedly favorable to the Confederates. Our troops engaged were driven from their position with heavy loss. The gallant Reynolds was killed. Hancock arrived, surveyed the field, and recommended that the battle be fought on the line to which our troops, which fought the day before, had recoiled. The balance of the army was ordered up. The Forty-fourth New York still belonged to the Third Brigade, First Division, Fifth Corps. The balance of the brigade was the same as originally organized, except the Twentieth Maine had taken the place of the Seventeenth 264 2"ce, photo. New York at Gettysburg. 443 DEDICATION OF MONUMENTS. GREENE'S NEW YORK BRIGADE 60th, 78th, 102d, 137th AND 149th REGIMENTS INFANTRY. July 2, Invocation by Chaplain Arvine C. Bowdish, 149th N. Y. Vols. Almighty God, Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, we recognize Thee as our Creator, as our Preserver, and as our constant Benefactor. We worship Thee ; we magnify Thee; we praise Thee for Thy goodness and mercy to the children of men. Hear Thou, in heaven Thy dwelling-place, our supplications at this solemn hour, and grant us Thy blessing. We are assembled on this memor- able spot to dedicate these monuments to the memory of the brave men who, a quarter of a century ago, fell in these rifle-pits in defence of their country's honor and for their country's safety. We call to mind their noble deeds, their supreme devotion, and their God-like patience in the camps and on the march, and in the hot battle. We tenderly cherish their memory, and with grateful hearts we gather on this hallowed spot to commemorate their heroism. We thank Thee for this land ; we thank Thee for our National pros- perity and renown; we thank Thee for our privileges and for our American institutions; and may we always keep in mind that America's altar and America's statute-book will ever be the true and enduring sources of America's prosperity. Our prayer to Thee is, not so much for a state of harmony between capital and labor, though this is greatly to be desired; not so much that panic and distress shall show their ugly heads no more, though these things would make us, as a people, better every way; not so much that peace, and honor, and happiness shall evermore be the heritage of this great Nation, though these blessings would go far towards our National betterment; all these would not be enough. Our great need is more men; men who are of more value than North or South; men who are of more value than this whole Nation; men who are of more value than the whole world. We need men of indomitable courage ; men of great energy of character; men of tenacious will, so that when they have settled upon a course of right action, they will pursue this course to the end, with an utter disregard of the opinions and compromised judgments of all other men. Give us men who shall possess a burning desire to labor that ,all other men shall have an equal chance, and a fair start in the race for riches and honor; men who hold the outposts of human thought, and who, while living and when dead, leave their impress on the form and the body of these times. May we, as citizens of this great Commonwealth, resolutely seize the sword that has fallen from the nerveless grasp of our dead comrades, rush into the stern conflicts of the hour, and assure the nations of the earth, that it is never safe to do wrong. We are here to-day, experiencing feelings of mingled sadness and joy — sadness for the fallen brave, and joy for the triumph and permanency of the cause of freedom and our nationality. And as we 444 New York at Gettysburg. stand beside these monuments, may we remember, and remembering say, " we who are now alive are placing the capstone on the structure whose foundations were laid by the brave men, whose bodies are mouldering at our feet." We would not, O God, forget the lone widow and the orphan children of our dead comrades. May their hourly pressing needs be fully met by a gen- erous government, whose life and honor were saved by their death. May they never be compelled to cry for bread. May their sons and their daughters, in their holy pride, heroically unfurl our national banner to the breeze, with the inscription, " He is a free man, whom truth makes freer; all are slaves besides," written thereon. O, Holy Father hear us, and grant us Thy favor, through the name of Him who has taught us to say: Our Father which art in heaven, hallowed be Thy name, Thy kingdom come, Thy will be done in earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread, and forgive us our trespasses as we forgive them that trespass against us. And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil, for Thine is the kingdom, and the power, and the glory, forever, Amen. BATTLE ODE. By Col. Juan Lewis. O Gettysburg, fair Gettysburg! From out the gloom of gathered years, From homes of peace that love endears. With shattered ranks we come: Not now as when, a hell of men And blood and tears, in murderous years, We left thee silent, dumb. O Gettysburg, stern Gettysburg! Before thy storms of fire and death, And leaden hail, and cannon's breath. We were not dumb that day: For freedom spoke in battle smoke, And now, in peace — Christ's blessed Peace - Pray God she speaks alway! O Gettysburg, loved Gettysburg! Here shall thy future pilgrims meet. With clasping hands and staying feet. And joy-songs of the morn: For not in vain, this battle plain, If War's red root brings Freedom's fruit. To freemen yet unborn. New York at Gettysburg. 445 O Gettysburg, dear Gettysburg! Yon marble lips in voiceless speech, A far off reverent age shall reach, In Wisdom's nobler plan: And they shall kneel, and steadfast feel The Patriot's hope have larger scope; They, too, can die for man. O Gettysburg, sad Gettysburg! ' Thy turf is billowed o'er with graves Of friend and foe, alike — ^ our braves — Oui hero-souls, new-born: For every sheaf, and bud, and leaf. Proclaim an hour, true souls shall flower. This resurrection morn. O Gettysburg bright Gettysburg! Thy fire-scathed hills to-day are calm; The lapsing years — Time's healing balm. Rest lightly on thy sod: Shine out, glad sun, where valor won, And sound o'er all Life's bugle call, Of Love, of Home, of God. ORATION OF GEN. HENRY A. BARNUM. Here we stood! Here, at its fullest flood we met and pressed back the angry, blood-flecked tidal wave of fratricidal war, whose stubborn resistance, in God's good time, settled back into the blessed calm of National peace. Later, on yonder sacred ground, stood he, whose simple name will ever be its own synonym for grandeur of moral character and achievements of lasting deeds of good for his people, unsurpassed in all the ages — Abraham Lincoln! Thus spake he: " Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth upon this con- tinent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, test- ing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of the war. We are met to dedi- cate a portion of it as the final resting place of those who here gave their Hves that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this: " But in a larger sense we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here have consecrated it far above our power to add or detract. The world will little note nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished 446 New York at Gettysburg. work that they have thus far so nobly carried on. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us, that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to the cause for which they here gave the last full measure of devotion — that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain; that this Nation shall, under God, have a new birth of freedom, and that the government of the people, by the people, and for the people, shall not perish from the earth." This is our lyric poem of American loyalty and patriotism, clothed in matchless prose, and should be repeated on all similar occasions while patriots live to salute and bear aloft the starry banner of free America. This were enough ; yet, you would longer linger with the theme. This place, these days, suggest the July days of '63. It were fitter that now, as then, some great civilian, from the heights of his own patriotic achievements, might recount the valor of your deeds, here and elsewhere done, a quarter of a century ago; but to me has been assigned the duty. I earnestly wish that I were equal to this great occasion. For two bloody years had the brave sons of the valorous South and the brave sons of the unyielding North desperately contended for supremacy. In the East and West their armies had swayed backward and forward in alter- nate defeat and victory. Westward the Union armies were closing in upon the Gibraltar of the South, and the echo of the victory of Gettysburg was the 'glad acclaim that greeted the fall of Vicksburg and the bulletin of ovtr great captam, that once again the Mississippi flowed unvexed to the sea. And what of the Army of the Potomac and of the Army of Northern Vir- ginia? I need not recount the details. Suffice that history has already recorded that here on the heights of Gettysburg their giant struggle reached its climax; and this victory of the army of McClellan, of Burnside, of Hooker and of Meade is crowned with the special glory that in the army of Beauregard, of Johnson and of Lee they found their equals in desperate valor and undaunted courage — -Americans all — foes then, friends now! Where all strove so grandly, where all did so nobly, it would be invidious to make comparisons; but it will not be deemed amiss for us of the corps of the skillful and gallant Slocum, and of the brigade of the sturdy and immovable Greene, to here repeat the recorded fact that battle's fitful circumstance gave the Third Brigade, Second Division, Twelfth Corps, on the night of July 2d, the proud but costly privilege of saving the Army of the Potomac from dire disaster, if not from ignoble defeat. And history will fail of truth and justice if to the Sixtieth, Seventy-eighth, One hundred and second, One hundred and thirty-seventh and One hundred and forty-ninth New York Volunteers, and its gallant commander, Gen. George S. Greene, — to the first soldier of all New York's more than 400,000 volunteers, Maj. Gen. Henry W. Slocum, command- ing Twelfth Corps, who, with steady nerve, with eagle eye, with lion heart, from Powers Hill, just over there, directed our movements, — if to this small body of veterans of the Army of the Potomac, is not given the grand dis- tinction I here claim for it. This brigade arrived on this field on the afternoon of July ist, took position in front of Little Round Top, and advanced skirmishers to the Emmitsburg New York at Gettysburg. 447 Road. At evening it picketed this front. Early in the morning of July 26. it took position here on Gulp's Hill, built these works, and July 2d and 3d, aided by gallant reinforcements, successfully defended them. Time will not suffice for details of the sanguinary contests here fought. This was the key to the whole battle Hne. That it was stubbornly, valiantly held against repeated and madly desperate assaults of vastly superior forces is all that need now be said; unless I may add as an illustration, that in this front and mostly in front of this brigade, nearly 1,400 of the enemy's dead were found at the close of the battle; and to point to this torn and broken flag (the Gettysburg flag of the One hundred and forty-ninth New York Volunteers), whose staff was twice shot in twain, and on folds and staff showed the marks of eighty bullets. This service was enough for renown, but their glory ended not here. Trans- ferred soon after this battle to the vicinity of the beleaguered Army of the Cum- berland, at Chattanooga, this brigade was in the fore of the wild midnight fight at Wauhatchie, Tennessee, where Longstreet's veterans, who had also fought at Gettysburg, were signally defeated, and where our noble commander. General Greene, was severely wounded; it climbed the bristling heights of Lookout Mountain, and in the front rank, nearest the towering palisades, it planted its flag in victory above the clouds, and crowned with immortal and poetic fame, the name of Fighting Joe Hooker. It captured more than half of all the flags taken in the battles of Lookout Mountain, Missionary Ridge, and Ringgold, and was honored by our hero, Gen- eral Thomas, by the selection of one of its officers to convey to the President at Washington all the flags taken by all our forces in these battles. When Sherman, with his mighty battle-axe, was cleaving the Confederacy in twain, this brigade was there; it led our armies in forcing the crossing of the stream at the sanguinary battle of Peach Tree Creek, July 20, 1864; it was in all the 100 days of battle from Chattanooga to Atlanta, and among the first, under General Slocum, then commanding our Twentieth Army Corps, formed of the consolidated Eleventh and Twelfth Corps, to enter that Gate City of the South ; it bore its dancing banners gaily in Sherman's famous march " from the mountains to the sea," and, receiving the surrender of Savannah ere daylight, while, save the sentries, all the rest of those armies were asleep, it planted its banners on the public buildings, just as the sun of December 21st rose from its morning bath in the waters of the blue sea at our feet. " Proud, proud was our army that morning That stood where the pine grandly towers. When Sherman said, ' Boys, you are weary. This day fair Savannah is ours; ' Then sang we a song for our chieftain. That echoed o'er river and lea, And the stars on our banners shone brighter For Sherman had marched to the Sea." Again the resistless columns move in the campaign of the Carolinas, and with them this brigade. The swamps of the Coosawatchie, Salkahatchie, 448 New York at Gettysburg. Edisto, Congaree, Wateree, Pedee and Saluda, deemed impregnaBIe since Marion, the Swamp Fox of the Revolution, made them historic, scarcely delay their march; before their majestic power Charleston, the cradle of secession, and Columbia, the proud capital of the Palmetto State, bow in sudden submis- sion; at Averasboro and Bentonville they brush away the foe; at Raleigh they are " in at the death " of the Rebellion; and soon .he veterans of this brigade enter Richmond by a path made easy by their old comrades of the Army of the Potomac, and, anon, the long, swinging strides of Sherman's men, up Pennsylvania Avenue, and their " bronzed and bearded features," set with reso- lution that only death could relax, showed to the assembled representatives of crowned heads, how they had campaigned across half a continent. Our tents are indeed folded and our weapons are rusting in these halcyon days of peace; but he is none the less the good citizen who recalls for personal gratification, and as guides to present duty, the days of the bivouac and the charge, whose happy issue has made such an hour as this possible. A happy hour this! The interchange of greetings, the renewal of friendship, the new fidelity to the Union, evoked by backward glances at the struggle which has made it what it is; the resolution always to be true, as we were then true, to the government we have helped to perpetuate. One sad reflection mars our festival — the thought that so many who were with us in the long marches, by the cheerful camp-fire, in the desperate assault, cannot be with us here. They would come as freely at the call of friendship as they went from homes of comfort at the call of duty. But the cause for which they fought is sanctified in their deaths. We revere their memories. The vacant places in our ranks are more suggestive than the presence of the living. Call the roll of honored dead! Nay, call not the roll, for time would not suffice to repeat the names of all who, through the sacrifice of their lives, preserved the charter of 'Our liberties. These monuments, are fitting tributes to organizations of valiant soldiers, and there are imposing monuments to officers of high rank, whose marble is none too eloquent in their praise. There are pages of our history which tell none too forcibly their achievements, but there are also simple mounds in country churchyards, there are unknov,-n graves that billow Southern fields, inclosing the clay of heroes to whom chilling circumstances forbade distinction, who are as worthy of our remembrance as the gallant slain, whom a more fortunate fame lifted to the summit of a deserv- ing popularity. Call not the roll! Their memory is in our keepirrg, is indeliblv engraved upon the tablets of our hearts. They need no proud memorial to symbol their devotion. " Emblem and legend may fade from the portal, Keystone and column may crumble and fall. They were the builders whose work is immortal. Crowned with the dome that is over us all." New York at Gettysburg. 449 GENERAL LONGSTREET'S REMARKS. Gen. James Longstreet, of the Confederate army, was present and made a short address. His appearance was greeted by the veterans with cordial and enthusiastic demonstrations of _applause. He congratulated the old soldiers present, and said he was glad to find so many of them alive after so many repeated efforts on his part to lessen their number. He was glad to meet with them, and spoke in glowing terms of the prosperity of the reunited country. The General alluded to the importance of the position on Gulp's Hill, and conceded to Greene's Brigade the credit of having successfully prevented the Confederates from turning General Meade's right flank. He spoke pleasantly of General Greene, saying that he knew him in the old army before the war, and that there was no better officer in either army. 450 New York at Gettysburg. DEDICATION OF MONUMENT. 60th regiment infantry, July 2, 1888. Historical Sketch 'by Lieut. Edwin A. Merritt. The Second Division of the Twelfth Corps reached the vicinity of the Gettysburg battlefield at about 4 p. m., where we remained, lying upon our arms, until 6:30 a. m., on the morning of the 2d of July, when we took up position in line of battle, about half a mile to the right of Cemetery Hill, on Gulp's Hill, the Sixtieth connecting with the right of the First Corps, where we threw up intrenchments connecting with the One hundred and second New York Volunteers on the right. The men worked with a will, and had by 9 a. m, completed a breastwork, that commanded the brow of Gulp's Hill, which, on the righ-t, extended to low ground. We were now about one mile from the enemy's front. Our men. were permitted to lie quietly behind their stacks of arms, in rear of the work, until 4 p. m. At this time, discovering the enemy in line, supposed to be about one brigade in strength, General Geary, commanding the division, placed five guns in position, which opened on the Rebels, and drove them from sight. The fire, however, was returned, and some of the cannoneers having been wounded v.-ere replaced by men from the Sixtieth who understood artillery practice. About 5 o'clock all was quiet on that part of the line and remained so until 7 o'clock, when the Rebel infantry advanced in force. Our skirmishers, falling back, unmasked our line, which opened upon the enemy at close range a most destructive fire for about four hours. The fire of the enemy being somewhat slackened, a portion of the regiment was ordered forward. The men eagerly leaped the works and surrounded fifty-six of the enemy, including two officers, whom they brought in as prisoners. They also cap- tured a brigade battle-flag, said to belong to Jones's Brigade, and one regi- mental banner, which, as we learned from one of our prisoners, was a present from the ladies of the district in which the companies were organized. Seven Rebel officers were found dead on the ground covered by the colors and guard. The capture of these flags and prisoners shows how desperate a defence our men made. The effects of our fire was so terrible that the flags were aban- doned, and the prisoners were afraid to either advance or retreat. The color bearers were both killed. One of them had advanced within twenty paces of our breastworks. The officers and men, on the arrival of these trophies, were greatly cheered and encouraged. They felt as though they had done a good thing. The ammunition had to be replenished several times, which was promptly done. The regiment was not entirely out of ammunition but once. On the discovery of this fact Colonel Godard ordered them to " fix bayonets," which they did, and in that position waited until they were again supplied. Great coolness was displayed by both officers and men. Our loss, during this night's action, v,-as 9 men killed and 16 wounded. About midnight New York at Gettysburg. 451 the firing almost ceased, except by sharpshooters and skirmishers, which was kept up until daylight, when we were enabled to discover large numbers of the Rebel dead within fifty feet of our fine. The regiment, in this action, consisted of Colonel Godard, commanding regiment. Lieutenant Nolan, Acting Adjutant, 16 line ofificers, and 255 enlisted men. Irregular picket-firing continued until 4 a. m., on the 3d, when the enemy again advanced, and heavy firing opened on both sides, which continued until 10 a. m., the enemy being steadily held in check, at which time they retired, leaving only sharpshooters, who kept up an irregular fire during the day. At 2 p. m., the regiment was reheved for an hour, when it again returned to the intrenchments, and remained until 2 a. m., July 4th. During the battle on the 3d we lost 2 enlisted men killed, and 19 wounded, and 2 officers — Lieutenant Stanley, wounded severely in the head, which proved fatal on the 7th day of July, and Lieutenant B. T. Bordwell, in the foot. The Sixtieth, it will be observed, was on the extreme left of the Twelfth Corps, and joined the right of the First Corps. The flags were properly inscribed with the record of capture, and forwarded to headquarters. It m.ay not be inappropriate to speak of the operations of the Third Brigade, of which the Sixtieth formed a part, commanded by Gen. George S. Greene, and the honorable part it performed at the battle of Gettysburg. The universal praise awarded it is justly due. The credit cannot be subdivided. The regi- ments comprising it were the Sixtieth, Seventy-eighth, One hundred and second. One hundred and thirty-seventh, and the One hundred and forty- ninth New York Volunteers, containing within their organizations as good and brave men as ever the Empire State sent to the war. This brigade was on the left of the Twelfth Corps. The Second Brigade of the Second Division was on our right. Thrown forward at a right angle, on the crest of a hill in front, was a heavy growth of timber, freed from undergrowth, with occasional ledges of rocks. These afforded a good cover for marksmen. The first duty, after getting into position, was to intrench, which, by noon on the 2d, was successfully accomplished, having constructed a breastwork of such material as was found convenient, of earth, stone, and logs. This work subsequently proved of great service, as by its assistance a vastly superior force was kept in check. At about 6:30 p. m. the Twelfth Corps was withdrawn from the line for some purpose, and General Greene directed to occupy the whole front of the corps with the Third Brigade, which order he was attempting to carry out, and had placed the One hundred and thirty-seventh New York in the trenches occupied by the Second Brigade, when the whole line was attacked. This was about 7 o'clock p. m. At 8 o'clock the enemy succeeded in gaining the intrenchments on the right, in the portion of the line formerly occupied by the First (General WiUiams's) Division, which was nearly perpendicular to the line of the Second Brigade, now occupied by the One hundred and thirty-seventh. The enemy attacked our right flank, vdiile also attacking the front. This necessitated the changing of the front of the One hundred and thirty-seventh, which was successfully done under fire. Four separate and distinct charges were made on our line before 9:30 o'clock, which were effectually resisted. The situation becoming 452 New York at Gettysburg. critical, one regiment was sent to its support, which was placed on our right (" The California Regiment "), but was soon withdrawn, leaving the right, as before, yery much exposed. Subsequently, reinforcements were received from General Wadsworth's Division of the First Corps, and from the Eleventh Corps — about 350 men from the former, and 400 from the latter — who ren- dered important aid, relieving the men so that they could clean their guns and replenish their cartridge-boxes, which they had entirely emptied of ammunition. At the close of the attack the brigade held its position. At 1 :30 a. m., on the 3d, the right was reinforced by the return of the First Brigade of the Second Division, who took position in support of the right of the Third Brigade. Artillery was placed in position to attack that portion of the Rebel forces then occupying our intrenchments on the right; and at 4 a. m., opened on them, and the attack was general on our whole line, lasting until 10:30 o'clock, when the enemy was driven back, all retiring except their pickets. During this attack the fire was kept up constantly and effectively along the whole line. The enemy having been early driven from the trenches, they were again occupied by the Second Brigade, and the First Division. The men were relieved occasionally by others, with a fresh supply of ammu- nition and clean arms, the relief going forward at the double-quick with cheers, and the troops relieved falling back through their files, when they arrived in the trenches. The men, by this means, were comparatively fresh, and their arms in good order. Capt. A. B. Shipman served on the general's staff as an inspector general, and Lieut. C. T. Greene as aide-de-camp. The brigade contained about 1,300 men. The loss of the enemy greatly exceeded ours. We found after the action in our front, of their dead, 391, and there were across the creek a number of dead, estimated at 150; making a total of 541. We picked up 2,000 muskets, of which at least 1,700 must have belonged to the enemy, showing clearly a loss on their part of killed, wounded, and missing, in addition to those who may have carried their arms off the field, estimated at 500, and, including 130 prisoners captured, of 2,400 men. Their loss in officers was heavy. The troops opposed to us proved to be Johnson's Division of Ewell's Corps, in the night attack of the 2d; and the same division, reinforced by Rodes's Brigade, on the 3d. General Johnson's assistant adjutant general was killed, and left on the field. The casualties were as follows: killed, 6 officers; 56 enlisted men; wounded, 10 officers, 203 enlisted men; missing, i officer, 31 enHsted men; total, 17 officers, 290 enHsted men. The Sixtieth Regiment was organized at Ogdensburg in the autumn of 1861, and started for the seat of war November ist, of that year. It was stationed on guard along the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad during the following winter. On the retreat of General Banks' army in the Shenandoah Valley, it was ordered to Harper's Ferry, and thence up the valley to Winchester. It was ■ on active duty at the front again, during the Second Bull Run campaign, under General Pope. It participated in the battle of Antietam, where Col. William Goodrich was killed; also twenty-two others, killed and wounded. The regi- ment also participated in the battle of Chancellorsville, in which 9 were killed, New York at Gettysburg. 453 44 wounded, and 8 were missing. At Gettysburg, 11 were killed and 39 wounded; at Lookout Mountain, 37 were killed and wounded (the Sixtieth capturing one cannon and battle flag); at Ringgold, 4 were killed and 14 wounded. The regiment at this time had only 175 men fit for duty. After the close of the campaign and while located in Lookout Valley it re-enlisted as a veteran regiment, received furlough, and returned to Ogdens- burg as a regiment. Returning to the Army of the Cumberland before the opening of the campaign in 1864, it participated subsequently in the battles of Resaca, New Hope Church, Peach Tree Creek, and the movement on Atlanta. It marched with Sherman to the Sea, and northward through the Carolinas, and was in the battle at Bentonville. After the surrender of the Rebel armies under Generals Lee and Johnson, the Sixtieth marched with the victorious army to Washington, and was in the Grand Review of Sherman's army. Soon after that event it returned to Ogdensburg, where it was mustered out of service. From first to last it had a most honorable record. "RUSSELL ON THE GRASSK" By Edward Reynolds.* A soldier of the Sixtieth lay dying on Gulp's Hill: There was lack of tender nursing, there was dearth of surgeon's skill; For the battle hot was raging, and each moment added one To the thousands that lay dying in the hot midsummer's sun. A comrade, fighting near him, bent to hear what he might say — To receive his latest message to the dear ones far away. The dying soldier faltered: "Ned, I'll never more, alas! See my home and friends in Russell — dear old ' Russell on the Grassel ' " If you're among the lucky ones who, when the war is o'er, Returning home in triumph, hear the ' Hi^h Falls ' greeting roar, And see the sister's sunny smile and mother's gleam of joy, When the one beholds her brother, and the other clasps her boy; If, with trembling voice a maiden asks about her brother ' Will,' You can tell her that you saw him fall on Gulp's foe-girded Hill. And tell her, too — 'twill soothe her grief — how traitors fled en masse. When they met with men from Russell and the towns along the Grasse. *Of the Ninth New York Gavalry. Gomrade Reynolds served at Gettysburg as mounted orderly for General Slocum, and in the course of his duties was on Gulp's Hill, where a friend of his boyhood, Sergt. William W. Glark, of the Sixtieth New York, lay mortally wounded. This poem, like " Bingen on the Rhine," contains the message of a wounded soldier. The Sixtieth New York was a St. Lawrence Gounty regiment, many of the men having enlisted from the town of Russell on the Grasse River. The author, also, came from Russell on the Grasse. 454 New York at Gettysburg. " Tell my brothers when they gather round, the story of to-day — How gallant Greene's 'New York Brigade ' held Ewell's hosts at bay, And tell them that 'twas at the point where foemen turned and fled That their brother ' Bill ' was found, among a score of Rebel dead. Tell my sister not to weep for me, nor grieve that o'er my tomb No roses planted by her hand, nor violets may bloom; And tell her if she's true and good her soul at death shall pass To a happier home than Russell — happy ' Russell on the Grasse.' "There's another — not a sister — you will know her when she speaks By the music in her voice and by the roses on her cheeks — But no — her voice will lose its ring, the roses take to flight. When she reads my name to-morrow in the death-roll of the fight Last night, in dream, I stood within a church, and by my side, Her hand confidingly in mine, she stood my queenly bride: A happy dream! but oh! 'twill never, never come to pass! We shall meet no more in Russell — peaceful ' Russell on the Grasse.' " In coming years, when you relate the story of ' the war,' — Of the days when 'millions marched to beat of drum and cannon's jar,' — You can truly say the sons of old St. Lawrence were as bold As the boldest of their comrades — brave as bravest knights of old. And of all the gallant regiments that faced the ' fire of death.' None faced it with a firmer front than did the Sixtieth; And, 'mid the bravest of the brave, were none who could surpass In courage men from Russell — loyal ' Russell on the Grasse.' " He paused — the comrade lower bent to hear his latest word; The swelling roar of battle was the only sound he heard; The wounded heart had ceased to beat, the spark of life had fled; Another happy home was filled with sorrow for the dead; One more recruit was mustered in to swell the length'ning train, Of "troops en route from Gettysburg to Heaven's peaceful plain." And none who knew him doubts that g:ood St. Peter let him pass ; And showed him where the boys were camped from " Russell on the Grasse."